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f .
aUPPLEliENT TO THB ACADEMY,!
14 July, 1000. J
The Academy,
A WEEKLY REVIEW OF LITERATURE AND LIFE.
JAN U AK Y-JU N B.
1900.
VOLUME LVIII.
PUBLISHING OFFICE: 43, CHANCERY LANE, LONDON, W.C.
19U0.
f SUPPLEMENT TO THE ACADEMY
L 14 July, IWO.
LONDON :
PRINTED BY ALEXANDER AND SHEFIIEARD, LTD.,
LONSDALE BUILDINGS, CHANCERY LANE, W.C.
PPLBHBNT TO THE AOADSMT 1
14 Jaly, 1900 i
CONTENTS OF VOLUME LVIII.
PAOB
■ ■ • • • ■
REVIEWS.
Abbott*! (Dr. Bvelra) Hittorvof Greece
Aberdeen's (Ooanteei of) edftum of The Inter*
fuUu)n€d Congress of Women 108
Affleek*t (WilliBm) tnmalation of Oodet'e Intro-
duetion to the New TeMamemt 79
Aldeieail't (Lieaft.-OoL} Pink and Scarlet 488
Alereiwler'a (Dr. P. T.) Darwin and Darwinism ... 9BB
Arbuthaot'B (F. F.) The Mysteries of Ohronologff .. 184
Ababa's iflWiam) America To-daif 900
tnadatioa of Ibsen's When
We Dead Awaken 807
••• ■•• •■• •»• • •• • ■ I
Amold-Fofter'a (H. O.) Our Great City; or,
Ijondon, the Heart of the JCmpht 612
Arnold'e (Tlioniefl) Passages tn fi Wandering Life . 861
A^be'e (B. Oliver) Besieged by the Boers 384
Atkiee'8 (J. B.) The Reiief of Lady smith 884
B«4en-Powell'8 (Bt. Uol.£ a B.) Aids to Scouting 187
»i9!i^y*B {J. V.)9akaeBiOt English Elegies 8
BeiUfe-Gitohmea's (Mr.) Sport and Life 185
Bubo's (Louis A.) edition of Verne's Le Tour du
Monde en Qnaire-vingts Jours F6
BarinrOOD]d*B (8.) In a Quiet Village 447
Barnes's (Dr. W. B.) The rambridge Bible for
Schools: Chronicles 56
Barr'H (Bobert) Th^ fnchanging l->ntt 812
Btftholonew's (J. G.) edxttonof The Iloyal Atias
of England ami Wales 5U
BeeeUag'B (Bey. H. G.) editioa of The Poftlcni
Works of John Milton ..882
Bellow's (dSlatae) Paris 549
Benaett^S (Biefaaid) Two Million Civilian Soldiers
of the Queen 168
Bent^s (Theodon sad Mm.) Sovuhern A rabia ... 290
Bentlers (Bev. W. Bolmsa) ISoneenny on the
t ongo ... ... ... .„ ... ,„ ... ,,, ,.. ,,^ 48B
Bey's (A. F. Inglott) Dictionary of EHglish
i/omonum* , „ 81
Bhldloss's (Herold) A Wide DowUnion 106
BiireU's (Aognstine) Collected Essays 149
Bishop's (MXL LB.) The. Yangtse VaUry and
oeyona ••« ... ... ... •.. „, ,,, .,, ,,. ,,, 80
Black's (William) Xarratite of Crimes m the Medi-
terranean •■« ,.* M« ••• ••• M* ••• •*• (M 8B6
Black's Guide to London and its Environs a2
Blind, Matkilde, The Poetical Works of 478
Bhttfs (Besinald) Historicol Handbook to the
Parish of Chelsea 6S9
Boer War, The History of the 801,884
Homm^MjOexxmei) Lavengro 287
BoviB's (Be?. Jobn H ) Satives under the Trans-
vaal Flag ... „ ... 140
Bovd's (Harj Stoait) Our Stolen Summer 408
grinton'sjBelwyn) Correggio 888
Brown's (Dr. John) I'uritan Preaching in England, 804
{BMx6ld) War with the Boers SSS
Binihl's (Laden Levy) Modem Philosophy in
France ... ... ,.. ... ... ... ... ... ,,,
BkTinker's (Lieat-CoL H. M. 1.) Boer War, 1898<
aWW... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ,,, ... ... 14U
BOrnr's (GottfiEkd AagnM) /.«iior<> 504
Bmleigh's (Benaet) The Katal Campaign 96R
*^ ' I'S CUAylftSbA) The Passion Play
(Bir tUehard F.) The Kastdah of H^Ji
■ •• • ■ ■
AbdA Alr-Yasdi ...
Buy's (J.B.) editian of Gibbon's Decline oud Fall
of the Roman Emipire 488
Bldj^'S (damuel) Shakespeare's Sonuete 18
(Bowaid Ckosby) ScotiamPs Jttaned
^*Z.P^m ••? ••• ••• ••• "■ ••• ••• ••• ••. ... ni m
Ciddiek's (Helen) A White Woman in Cmtral
Ajrtea ... ... ... ... ... ,,, ,,, ... ., ,,, 144
Ostod's (John) The Fundamental Ideas of Chris-
"anny ... ..■ ... .. ... ... ... ,, ,, xSSl
Osllow's (E.) From King Orry to Queen Victoria ... 12
Old London Taverns 188
I's (Dr. Colin) The First Three Gospels in
Vw* ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... f^ ,,j Yy
LITERATURE.
/
BSYJEWS—eonUnued,
FAOI
12a
318
Oufyle's OL M. and A J.) Hugh Ixttimer
Csrpeaters (J. K| edi ion of Soldier Songs
(Bdward) Tlie Story of Eros and Psyche
from Apuleiu$f and the First Book of the Iliad of
MMOfet^r ••• ••« «s« aa« ••• ••■ ••■ ••• eee •■■ Ot^S
CasselVs Guide to London 612
Csatiglione's (Coimt Boldassare) The Book of the
K/Ourtter ... , ... ,,. .., „. ... I8a
* ChambetB*s(8traeey)" T^lb^XAor/^viVziw ... 619
Ghailes'B (Dr. B H.) Critical History <\f a Future
Life in Israel Judaism and in Christianity 946
Ghastian's (F. W.) The Caroline Islands 866
Ghnrchiirs (Winston Spencer) London to Lady-
snuthf yflA Pretoria ,. ... ... 484
Churk's Willis) Old Priands at Cambridge ... 164
Clodd's ^wx^) Grant Allen 647
Oobbold's CKslph P.) /nn«nnM< ^Wa 18i
Coleridge's (Bmest Hartley) editian of Byron's
Collingwood's ( W. O.) The Life of John Buskin ... S88
(Toilet's (Collet Dobeon) Taxes on Knowledge ... 8 9
Gonybeaie's (Bdwaid) Alfred and the Chroniclers 262
(}oone]l'8(F. Nofxeys) A>ir goWerai^A^ 12
Constaniinoplej BrAsafOndthe Troad^ Handbook for
Iravellers iNm. ... ••• .m ... ... .. ... ... 629
Conway's (Moneoie D.) Solomon and Solomomic
Ijtterature .. ... ... m. ... ••• 270
Cooke's (C. Kinloob) Memoir of Princess Mary
Adelaide^ Duehese of Teck 148
Chok*s Historical and Literary Map of London .^ 611
Coolidse's ( W. A. B.) e ition of Jhnbcs's Tr^tpels
Through the Alps ^ 629
Cornishes (F. Wane) Amiti>v*i<e// 810
Corson's (Oiram) .in Introduction to John Milton 88
Cowper, The Letters of 849
Gmmp'^s (a G.) editton of The History of the Life
of I'homas JOwood 161
Catbbertson's (W.) By Shore and Wood 168
Cayillier-Fleiiry's .-< n 0W4an« Z>iAry 489
Dale's (T. F.) Hiding, Driving, and Kindreti
CVOT*9 •■• ••• ••• ••• ••■ ••■ aa* ••• •■« «•■ Jl^D
D'Annmudo's (Gabriels) TAe Dead City 464
D'Arey's (Rev. Cb«rlee F ) Idealism and Theology 79
Oearmer's (Ferey) Highways and Byways in
Normanay ... ... ... ... 487
De Balsac's (Honor^) Uttore to Madame Honori de
i*WM*CIC ••■ •■• ••■ ••■ ••• ••• ••• •■• a«« ««« 4flO
D« Conbertin's (Baron Pierre) Franoe Since 18U 683
De lisle's (Kdwin) editian of PoteeU's Life and
Letters of Amtbrose Pkiliippe de Lisle 189
DeDiker's(J.) rA«J7acefo/Jtfaii 104
Derbyshire Campaign Series, The 268
Deverenx's (Bof) Sidelights on South Africa 104
De y<»fi^s (ViooBte B. M.) Cofurs Hussee 66
DIaon's (Charlea) .4men^ the Birds in Nortkem
O^'wC^ •»■ ■•• •«• •■• ••• ••• aae ••• see ••
-(W. Scaxtk) The Sport of Kimg»
. _ , _ ••• ... eRs
Doweon's (Bmest) Decorations, in Verse and Prose SK
Drew's (Maty nanoes) trsnalsHon of The
Passion-Ptag of Ober-Ammergam 288
Drommond sad Berry's Charles A. Berry, D.D, :
a Jaemoir ... ... ««« ... ... , 48
Donne's (F. P.) Mr. Dooley in the Hearts of his
(jou^rymen ... ... m ... ... ... ... ... ... 1V8
Dyde's (S. W.) trsnsiation of The Thratetusof
tiato ... ■•• ... ... ... ... .. 00
Isrle's (Alios Mbise) Child Life tn Cf^o,wti Da^* 101
Edgar's (Dr. E. M'Glieyne) Th^ Genius of Prot^-st^
antism 444
Bdwarda's (Nerille) TA/ Transvaal in War etnd
*iPOCC «•• •■« ••« ••• mmm »•• ••« ••• ••• •■• VOO
Ellis ft Godlei's editin of Ifota Authologia
Oxoniensis 189
Mnenon's (Bdwin) P^ys*s Ghost 262
Baan-BmKb's (A.) edition of Honsfaye's 181$:
WW CwnvwiOv •■• ••• ••■ ••• ••• mn% •#• ••• ••• O^XI
** Bnopean Lttecators, Pinloda of " 881
REVIEWS— <om4mi«imI.
PAOB
Farrar's (Dean) The Life of Lives. \ Farther
Studies in the Life of Christ 486
FhioUaea'B (tfary McNeil) Ou< of the Kest 166
TwhBt*s{J.R) FinUmdandthe Tzars 104
Fitchett's (W. H.) How England Saved Europe ... 49
FitsGersld^s (B. A.) The Highest Andes IQ
Fbunmarion'b (Osnille) The Vnknown 606
flemiag's (Dr. D. Hay) edition of Dr. MitcheU's
Scottish ll' formation 880
Forbes's (Js^nes D.) Travels Through the Alps ... 629
f^ltheringham's (Jamss) Wontsworth*s ** Prelude "
as a Stuiiy of Education ... 66
Fkechette^S (Louis) Christmas in French Canada ... 184
French & Osbom's A/^m^nfary ^4 Z^eAm 90
Funek-Bietano's (ftenta) Legends of the Bastdle... 19
Famess's (HonMS Howard) edition of "Macb
Ado Aboat Nothing " 828
Qoga^*B (Jobn) Among the Man-Eaiers 222
Gmmer's (George B.) tnmelation of Cicero De
^ 'JjRC^^A ••« ••• «■• ••• •■• •«• •■• •■• ••• •■■ OW
(8 E.) Th^ First Dutch War ... 871
Gardner's (Prof. Perey) Explomtio Etangelicn ... 210
Gasquet's ( Piaacis Aiden) The Eve of the Reformat
tif>n • ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 4f
(Neddie's (John) Romaulic Edinburgh ... .. ... 428
Ghicksteln's tS. M.) Queen or Presitlentf An In-
dictment of Paul Kruger 268
Glide's (JoKo) Life of Edward FitzGernld 827
Godct's (Dr. F ) Introduction to the AVic Tentawtent 79
Gwst's (flaiold B.) The Earl of Beaconsfield 164
Gower, John, The Complete Works of 180
Graat-DaiTs (Sir M. £ ) yt»tesfnnn a Diary ... 228
(irrece. Handbook for Tnt tellers in 50
Greg's (Walter Wilson) List of English Plays
If ritten btfore 1648 ... m. ... ... ... 888
QTthk*B{J.'i!.) Dramatir Critirimn 144
Groser'S (Horace G.) Field- Marshal Loni Iiolp*rt9 801
Godeman's (Alfred) selections ol Ijatin Literature
of the Empire , 60
GlUnbiU'S iBer. J.) The Morals of Suicide 812
Gwynn's (Stephen) edition of The ode« of Horace:
Hook 1 \ » ... ... ... ... .•• ..* ••• .•• Ow
Hagan's (Dr. J. F.) The Life and Works of Dante
^*1 ifffni^l^i %tm ••• •« ••■ •>■ •■• ••• see ••• 4r
Hannah's (J. CJ Bistonf of Eastern A^ia 4SB
Hardy's (Ber. m. J.) Mr. Thomas Atkins^ 804
Barknef 8 ft Motley's Introduction to the Theory of
Analytic Functions ... ... •., ••• .*• 60
I'S (frank) How to Beat the lUnr «.. m« ... 140
I'S (ftederic) Tenny/*im, Punkin, Mdl^and
other Literan/ Extiiuatts 87
— ^■^— (J. A.) First Sl^ps in Earth Kuowlfdye 58
Hanptmann's (Geihart) The Hunkm lieii 448
Hayes's (Captsin) A moug Hors*n in li'uii.tia , 184
(M. H ) Among HorsfA in South Africa ,,, 869
Henderson ft Parker's Intnxinctiim to Annitfticai
\jneni istry ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .*• .•• flV
Henley's ( W. £.) editaoa of CastigUoae's Book of
the ( ourtier ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ••• 182
Herfoid's .C. H.) translation of Ibsen's Lf>vf's
I ttw^ay ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... o*i
Heweti'a (iarah) A'wMM »{.« dm/ ('/-'/ N( »«'/■< 581
Hime's (Ucnst-OoL Henry W. L.) Lucion the
Syrian Satirist ... ... ••• ... 106
Hobson'B (J. A.) l^he War in South Africa 163
Hoby's (Sir Thomas) tnnshitkm of OsstiglioM's
BiHik of the Courtier 182
Holland's (Bernard) edition of The Poews of
George Cnthhe ... ... 811
Hollingshead's (J<dm) Acetmhug to My I.ighfs m* 106
Holmes's (T. Bfcp) Co sot's Conquest of iiaml ... 1(10
(EAmdA) Whntitt Pi>etr*jf ... ^ ...199
VojfVn^^ ^on,) Songs of thr Morning 200
Hort^s (Dt. Fenton John Anthony) Village Ser-
mons in Outline
Hoasman's (Laurence) P>*e
HoQSsaye's (Henry) 1815 : Water'oo
•«• —4
•■• ■•• *e>
•• i •«■
444
... 108
... fit's
IV
CONTENTS OF VOL. LVIII.
fBlTPPLBMBNT TO THIS AOADEMt.
L . 14 July, 1900.
REV lEWS—coHfinited.
Pi.6B
Habert*B (Philip O.) The Stage ok a Career 487
Hodsoa'sfW. W.) Nature in DownUiiul 610
Hunt's (Williain) The Kttglish Church (607-106)) 13
Iboen's (Henrik) When We Dead Avoaken ...' ... 807
. ... 687
ik) When We Dead Awaken
■— jA>vt * Comedy
•■• ■•■
Inge's (Dr. William Balph) OhriHtinn MyBtkhm... 79
Innes'H (Arthur B.) Cmnnier ami the He/ormatUnt
• in England ... 444
Israel's (Josef) J!^in 106
Jack's (AdoInhQi Alfred) rA« /'riMCt; 921
Jtpp^s (Dr. AlfiTandffir H.) Our Comwon Cuckoo^
and other Ouekoot and Parasitical Birds 80
JefTerson's (Bobert L.) A New Ride to Khiva .. 31
JekylPs (Gcotoude) //om« and Garden 184
Jerome*! (Jerome K.) ITiree Men on the Bummel •., 406
JvnDM*B (FimJuB ) IC^olution ...- 854
Keane*8 (A. H.) The Bo r 8tate$y Land, and PeopU 801
Keith's mr. O. S.) ri«a for a Simpler IJ/i 206
KellT'e (B ) Government or Human KvolHtion ... 408
Keleey's (Fkaaois W.) tranalation of Hau's
* Irfll^Jolf «■« •■• s«« mm* ••• ••• ■*■ ••• ••■ ••■ A£m
Kent, Eastf Guide to 612
King's (L. W.) Babylonian lUligion and Mythology 141
(Bolton) IHetory of Italian Unity 360
KingdeT'i (Georae H.; Sotee on Sport and Travel 8W
Kinnf ar's gifted) To Madder Biver with Methuen IGS'
Kipling's (Buiyard) /'VotM 5^a eo iff^a 219
Koll man's (Lient. Fliul) Victoria Nyanm 106
Lake*, Knaliah, &»iie to the 612
Lane's (CSarles Henry) All about Doge 668
lAng's (Andrew) History of Scotland from t\e
Roman Oeoipation 404
Lavf without I^tcyera. By Two BarriBters-at-Liw 268
Laycock, Samuel, OoUe^ed Writings o/ 809
Lazare's (Jules) Gems of Modem French Poetry .. 66
Le Bon's (Onstave) The Psychology of Socialism 368
Lees's (J. A.) PtfaJkff and Pi««5 106
Le Gallienne's (Bidiaid) The WorMpper of the
Image 141
• ■ Budyard Kipling : A
wfflvSCrivMn ^^% a«* •■• ■•• ■•■ ••• ■■• >•■ ••« 49*
• Travels in England ... 610
Ldand's (Charles Godfrey) The rffpublished
Legends 6f VirgU 119
Lilly's (William Samuel) Firsi Pr.nciples tn
x^JvUICw •«« ■•• ••• 4k, ••« »«c tflt ••■ ••« ««■ X^KI
Litchfield's (Frederick) Pottery and Porcelain ... 146
Lloyd's (A. B.) Jn DwarJ Land and CaniiiStal
sJonnM^y • ... ... •«« ••• .•• ••• ••• ••• .*• oSt
Lommel's (Eugene) Experimental Physics 60
I/ywdl's (James BosseU} Impressions of Spain ... 184
Lyster's (A. ■ ) Mathematical Facts awl Formula! 00
Maoaulai'fl (O. C.) edition of Oower's French
WW Ofn-*f ••• ••• ■•• «•• ••• ■•■ •«■ aaa XC^I
Haekennal'-s (Dr. Alexander) Haunts and Homes
of the Pilgrim Fathers 272
MaoUnnon's (James) History ofKdwanlih*' Third 862
ICadeod's (Fiona) The Divine Adventure ; lona^ dc 443
Mac^ierjon's (Hector) Herbert Spencer ... 424
Kalian's (Oapt. Alftrod T.) Lessons of the War
with Spain, d'C 407
Major « Speight's Stories from the Xorthnn Sagas 66
Major's (Thomas) Leaves' from a S^iuaHers Soto-
%r\}QK • ■ • fl m% ••# ••• ••« ••• ••• ••■ ••• •■■ OOO
Mallock'B (W. H.) Doctrine and Doctrinal Di«rujf
''Crl «•« ««• «aa a«a ««« ^^a ••■ ■•• • •« ••• ■■« 09(r
Mann's (Arthur Bmile) translation of Houssaye's
IBIS: Waterloo ... 606
Msstetman's (C F. G.) Tennyson as a Bdiyious
Matheaon AMayle's //<imp5/ra/f Jfin'/n; lOS
Mathew's (John) Kaglehawkand Croic 206
Man's (Axu:u8t> /'<>»/>fi7.- iVjf />'/r rinr; J/7 182
Maurice's (Major-General) Tht Framt^German
wf''s ••• ••■ •■• ■•# ■•• •■ •«■ ■•• ■•• ••• OA
Mellowa's (Bmma Salisbury) The Story of FugUsh
Literature 183
Meltzer's ((Tbailes Henry) truisUtion of Hkupt-
mMTili'B Tht Sunken Itrf I ...448
Meyncll's (Mth ) Jo'm ItuAkin -168
MiWa (EustftceH.) y/c»»/ ^' /.^'//« /V/;/o/«,^y ... 66
Mitchell's (Dr. Alexandi-r F.) Thf Scottii>h
H'fonniUloH 3,10
Molitre, Quivres Coinplet'S dr 2-11)
Molteno's (P. A.) Lift a„>l Times of Sir John
Charlfx MtHt'no 406
MonorieiTH (Hope) edition of Black's Guid» to
London and its Environs 612
Moore's (George) The Bcndisg of the Bough: a
V "9ncu^ * *_* *** *** '*' *"* *■* *** *■• *■• *■■ ^ ^o
Mon-Ah's (Herbert) edition of The Littrary Year
Book, 1900 ... ., 802
Moule's (Dr- Handley C. G.) Kphesiin Studies 444
Mnlrhsad's (J. F.) Tlte Ijand of CoutrastM 81
Monro's (Bobert) Ilambhsand Studies i* BoMnla,
Ileisrgovina, and Dalmttia 629
Murray^B (Dr. James A. H.) AVh* Fugliyh
Dictionary 4.S
(Gilbert) Andromache 329
Muzzey's (1>a>id SayiUe) The lii>*e of th Xeu-
Testament 414
Myers's (G. W.) translation of liommel's Kxpni-
menial Physics 60
Navillc's (Prof. B.) The i'fmsvaal QutMum 14(»
"Senn^B 7ne Making (if Furope 65
Neve's (Dr. Arthur) /Vc/M/ASYU/ A'rt •.7, ;«;,• 105
Nevinson's (H. W.) Iwlysmith: Vf Diary 0/ a
O 'rwC ••• ••• ••• «aa •■• ••• ••* ••« «■• *lOl
Ninet'a (Marguerite) My ri,st FrencJi Book 5?
yorthumherltnd, History of 272
Offlond's (T. S.) Th' liomnntic Triumph , 881
O'Neill's (Moira) Souqs nfthr Gknn of Antrim ... 181
Orsi's (P/of. Pietro) M,uhrn Italy ... 31a
REVIBWS-c^M^iiittdd.
rioi
Osbom's (E. B.) Greater Canada 468
Osborne's (Oliver) In the iMnd of the Boers 140
Owen's (B. C Ever Aid) Selections from Tennyson* s
£^0^0%*^ •« ••■ »«ff ••0 «•■ »«■ «aa «■» ««« ««■ 00
Ptiris, Guide to ... „ 518
Exhibition 618
Parry's (I). H.) Thf Death or Glory Boys 168
PA^ton'a (George) Mrs. Delano {Mary Granville) 888
Pearse's (H. M. B.) Four Months Besieged : the
Storu of La/lysmilh 484
Pelisner 8 (Bogdne) edition of Da VogQe's Cofurs
P^mberton'fl (P. Edgar) The Kendalt 818
Percival's (A. 8.) Optics: a Manual for Stml*-nt* ... 60
Perowne's (^en. T. T.) edition of The Cambridge
Bible for Sdiools : Proverbs 61
PhibWs '(Miss) Visit it the Russians in Central
^IkV'U •«• ■■* •■• ••• !•• ••* ••• ••■ • k • ••• A^ff'
•Ph''lip*s Handy Volume Atlas of London ...611
Pike s (Oliver G ) In Bird-land with Fiell-
Glasses and Camera ^ 558
FInnington's (Edward) Sir David Wilkis 804
Vi\aMti*Bi^.lSL) Unierlttsn Laws and Lieii's ... 64
Potocki's (Joieph) ^por( m A>ma^7<ira/< 125
Prior's (Edward 8.) History of Gothic AH in
^*9l^l€tH€^ .^^ ,,a .«» «,, «,, ,fa ,,, ,,, ,9a .,, JmM
Pro Ohristo et Kcclesia „ 444
" Pttnch," An Fvcning with 637
PuToelrs (Bdmund Sheridan) Life, and Letters of
Ambrose Phillippsde Lide 189
Quiller-Gouch's (A. T.) Historical Tales from
Shakespeare ... ... 148
Backham's (H ) edition of The Prometheus Bound
of ^ntchylus.t, ... „ ,,, ... 66
Ralph's (Julian) 7V>ii;arr25 P/-e<orui ... 868
Bamaay's (Prof. W. M.) Historical Commentary on
St. Paul's Epistle to the Galatians 3S4
Band's (Theodore H.) edition of A Treasury of
Canadian Verse 555
Beeves's (William Pember) The Long White Cloud 82
Bcbertson's (JohnM ) An Introiuction to English
AfnitiCS ... ... ... ... ,,, ,,, ... ... ,,, ,,, OmJ
Bobinson's (Oanon) Nigeria 164
-(WilfrilC.) Bruges: an HistoriealShtch 406
Bosooe & Clergue's George Sehcyn : His Letters and
"•S Ij\JC.,% ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ,,, ... wo
Bossbsry's (Lord) /S/V i?o&rW A^l 82
Bosuetti^s (Dants Gabriel) translation of Burger's
■*^*"«r#'' ••< •* • • ••• •■• ■•■ ••• ••• *•■ ■•■ IR^B
Boose's (W. H. I>.) Demonstrations in Cfrcek
Iambic Verse 60
Bules. Hightr (Mathematios) 60
Rosbforth's (G. McNeil) Carlo CtivtlU 818
Byland's (Frederick) edition of Pope*e *' Rape of
• fC J-dV^K ••■ ••■ «• ••* ««■ ««» «a« • ■• «ai
Sabatier's (Paul; elition of Traclatusde Indulge^tia
S, Maria de P»rtinnculn 488
Bayoe's (Prof. A. H.) Babylonians and AMsyrivtt 141
Schooliog's (J. Holt) A Peep int) ■' Punch " 687
Schudkburgh's (E^'elyn S.) translation of The
Lett' rs of Cicero 7
Seaman's (Owen) /a (7ap am/ .B«a5 «• 11
Sedffwiok's (Lieut-Ool.) l^e Advance of Knoip-
i^i»ffC m- mU9 ••• >■• ••■ ••■ •■• «•«
Sense's (Bev. P. G.) A Free Inquiry into the Origin
of the Fourth Gospel ' „ ^ 79
Seton's (MoDsignor) Jla (>M /''amt/.v 682
Sherwood's (Bev. W.'R.) Oxford Rowing 688
Shore's (Arabella) First and Last Poems ... ^ 406
Skeat's (Prof. Welter WiUiam). Vafay Magic .. 908
— — 37ie Chaucer Canon 425
Smith's (Gold win) The United Kingdom: a Politi-
cal History ... 81
(A. H.) Village Life in China 144
(Alice Dsw) The Diary of a Dreamer ... 447
(Justin H.) The Troubadours at Home ... 467
Boames's (Laura) Introduction to English, French,
and German Phonetics 66
Speocer's (Edward) The Great Gams 864
Starbuok's (B. D.) The Paychtdogy of Reiigion ... 162
St.Aiigustmr^ The Confession^ tf 628
titeb])iD{;'s (Williim) edition of Charles Henry
I't%rs<m : Memorials of Himself , his Wife, and
his Friends 650
8teevcn»'« (O W.) From Cape Town to lAtdysmith 187
Stephen's (Katharine) French History for Schools 66
Stevens m's (F. 8.) Robert Grosseteste, Bishop of
Lincoln . .".. 261
" Story of the Nations " Series 818
8tn?et*H 'G. B.) The TrlaU of the Bantocks 353
Sullivan'tf ^James F.) Queer-Side Stories 165
SutdiiTe's ^Halliwell) By Moor and Fell 22.3
Swifi's (Lindsay) Brook Farm 616
Symons'H (Arthur) ITie Symbolist Movement in
Literature ... 247
66
••• .•>
I
Imagee 0/ Good and Evil 416
translation of D'Annunzio's
J The Dead City 464
Taylor's (Beniamia) 5toryy/o^y ,351
Tliomi)8on's (Robert) Tfie Gnrdcner*s Assiitant ... 483
Thorold's (Algar) F say in Aid of the Better
Appreciation of Catholic Mysticism 808
Thorp'a ;Fmnk Hall) OuU\h<'s of Industrial
Kftftfit-^fi^/ ••• ••• ••« ••■ ■•■ ••• •«■ ••• aaa UV
Timmins's (H. ThornhiU) Nooks and Corners of
Shroi'shir*" 272
Tod's '^A. H.' Charlerhouse... , -148
Traill's (H. D.) The New Lncian 179
I TrateJ, Sjfrt, and Adventure, Pictures of. By
"The Old Pioneer" 125
Tylur's (Louis) Fcfow Wayfarers ... .' 143
• Underbill's (John Garrett} Spanish Lilerature in
the England of the Tudors... ., ^105
BEVIEWS— CO A/mMM<.
PAGE
Verity's (A. W.) edition of Shakespeare's ** As
J OU JaXke, It ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 09
Verne's (Jules) Le Tour du Moide en Quttri-
vingte Jours ... ... 56
Victor's (Prof. Wilbelm) editUm of Soamea's
Englinh, French, and German Phonetics 66
Vincmt's (Dr. Mtrtin B.) History of the Textual
Criticism ft f the New Testamsnt ...
Von Eji'smberg's (Moritz) Memoirs of the Baroness
Cecile de Courtot ,. . 888
W4liaz3Wiki's (K.) History of Russian Literature 967
Walker's (James) Introiuction to Physical
C/hemitt^y ... ... ... oO
Wallace & Smith's (Jeorge Buchanan 110
Wwe'u (TPtLhisin) Ettueation'a Beform 64
Waroer s (G. T.) Brief Survey of British History 66
V.Y.) Criekdin Many Olimet 4^
Warren's (Henry) How to De U with your Banker 448
Watsoi's (WiQiam) edition of Thompson's
Gar'len*r*s Auistant •« 48^
Waugh's (Arthur) Robert Browning 668
^ellt's (H. G ) 37(4 Tiste Machine 636
The War of the Worlds 686
The Wheels of Chance 485
— — Love and Mr. Lewisham 685
Walton's (P/of. J.) The Logical Bases of EducUion 64
Wh*eb-r*8 (Mrs. Crosby H.) Misnions in Eden . 882
White's (CaioUne A.) Sweit Hampntead and its
^{ssoctations 661
W?40*e Who at the War 201
Wide World Adventure ... 449
Wilkios's (W. H.) edition of Lady Bnrioa'a The
Passiou'I'tay ... 888
■ The Love of an Uncrowned i^ueen 396
Willooek's (John) Sir '7'homas Ft^tihart of
yromartte ... ... •• ... ... Xvm
Wilson's (ff. W.) The DownfaU of Spain ... .,. 270
Willson*s (Beokles) The Great Company 887
Without a God " 160
Wood's (Ciharles W.) In the Valley of t'te Rhone 356
Woolbem 's (George) Wild Fden 150
Woodward's (W. H.) The Fxpansion of the
British Empire £6
Wormrtley's (Katharine Prescjtt) translation of
Letters to Mme Honori de Balzac .. ... 4"^
Wor«fold's (W. BasiIi The Rtdt-mptioH of Egypt SO
Wright's (M. E. 8.) Rhymen (Hd and Sew 871
Wurtsburg's (0. A) selections of Readings in
,fohn /in.ik'u^s *' Fors f'lavigera^*... ... ... ... 66
Wye, Guidt to th>' 612
Wyeth's (John A.) An American General 278
Wylly's (Msj jr H. C.) The XCVth Regiment in the
yf ' • "• " « ■ • ■ • ■ •■• ••■ ••■ •■• ••« ■•• «•• XOO
Wynn's (Bev. Walter; The Apostle PauVs Reply
to Lord Halifax 79
Yeats's iW. B.) A Book of Irish Verse 285
Yorkshire, a Pi-(urcsfiue Jlistory of. , ... 618
Zangwill's (Israel) They that Walk in Darkness 99
Zurbriggen's (MatUas) From the Alps to the
A a /Cf « C «P «•• ■■■ •■• ■■« ••• aav as» ««« ^%^ »•« A V
3»
FICTION.
Barry's (Dr. WiQiam) Arden MassiUr
(John D.) The Aerob<tt
Bird's (li.) /xio-7'i the Celestial 806
BramaVs (Ernest) The Wallet of Kai-Lung ... 814
Brooke's (Emma) The Engrafted Rose 273
Buchanan's (Bobert) Andrcmeda: an Idyll of the
Great Rircr ... 864
Burgin's (G. B.) 7y,e Tiyer's Claw 606
Burnett's (Fnmoes Hodgson) /n Connection with
the de WUlytighhy Claim . 88
Gapes's (Bernard) From Door to Hoor 499
Oaatle's (Agnes and Egerton) The Bath Comedy 419
Chtmbers's iR. W.) Thp Cambric Mask 878
Ghatterton's (Q. G.) The Anytl of thmce 688
Churchill's (Winston Spencer) Savrola: a Tale
of the Hevoluton in Laurania 185
Oobb's (Thomas) The Jndyment of Helen 60
— — — — Scruples ^ 278
Connor's (Balph) The Sky-Pilot ^, 888
Ooraish's (J. F.) Sour Grapes 88^
(Jrane's (Stephen) J f^fc ^'"/•wc*' 13
Crockett's (8. B.) Jo^ln of the Swoni Hand.., ... 633
De 8oissoD8' (8 C ) traiutUtion of Bodziewlez*s
Aniina Vi/is 460
Dickinson's (Evelyn.) Ilfart-t Importunate 606
Drnmmond'8 (Himilton) A Man of his Age ... 819
Dudeney's (Mrs. Henry B.) Folly Corner ... 186
Bver/ey's ( Wynton) The Dean of I/arrrndale ...889
Grier's (Sydney C.) The Kiuyn of t/u Eom 4C»9
Hamilton's (Bernard) .1 A'v for a Kimfdom ... 88
Hardr't) (Francis H.) To the. ihnliug i,f'thf Sea 668
Harlanl'H (Henry) 7V« Cardinal !> Snuff-Box ... 489
Hayes's (F. W.) .1 Kn,t Sj,nrc ... 469
Howells's (W. D) Th-ir Silnr Wedding Journty 805
Hyne'S (.Cutalilfe) Further Advfntnns of Capta'H
t\rlTlf .,, ... ,,. ... ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,, ,,j
Lichbald's .A. V.) Princess Feather
Johnstone's Miry) By <»rdtrojthe Compmy
King's (K. DoukI"^) '/-^'^'^
Lefroy's (Ell i Napier; J'/if Man*s Cans*
hioke't^ {yriMxnra J.) The White Dove
Lorimer's(Norma) 3/(>/y Jn/<
MuDonUd's (Ronald) The Sword of the King
MacIlwAine's (Herbert C.) Fate thv'FiddUr ...
"MAKon&lAllg'B Parson Kelly
Mathers's (Helen) i3<;c^/ .„
•••
146
• • •
14
■ ••
863
«■•
653
• « ■
186
•••
186
• ••
185
• •f
651
• ■•
48)
••r
145
•
•*•
449
fi(TPt>LnM«Kf TO THB AOADBinrn
14 July, 1900. J
CONTENTS OF VOL. LVIII.
FICTION— e<m(iattMi.
VAOE
^Uthew*! (Fnucik) One Queen Triumphunt ... ^ 106
M' A.nliiy*8 (AUtn) TV /?Ayin«r 355
lCooie*B (FrAnkfort) N^H G-voynn, ComfAian hbi
OuSd».*a The Watfrf 0/ J'Aiera 818
Pnzley B (Francis LtvalllD) Maitinnd of Oorhzia 291
BaWBon't (Mra. Btepncy) A Liidy of the Ueqe^cy .. 469
Bcdzie\ncz*B (Mary*) Anma Vilia: A Tali of the
Great. Siberian St fppf. ...450
Bhifll's (M. P.) CoM £'/«<'Z ... 84
SbiptoirB (Helen) The Strong God Circumstance ... 88)
BSSbacnA' Bf^.lj.) The EncluMier 34
Botdiffe'B (Halliwell) Shameless Wayne ..125
TBTkingtOiTB (Booth) The Gentleman from Indiana 469
Tolstoy's (Leo) Jiesurreetion 224
Tynaa B (Katharine) She Walks in Be%uty ... ... 106
WatB0n*8 (H. B. Haxriott) The Princess Xenia .. m
• Thf liehel 291
Wedmore'B (Frederiok) TJie Collapse of the Ptnitent 4i9
Weyman's (Sttxdey) ^f>/)/i(« 409
"Whitens (Percy) The Jn/attmlion o/the Countess ... 60
Wilaon's (Mir. J. Qlenny) Two SHmmers 866
SUPPLEMENTS.
Competition
Eluoalnnal
Spring Annoanoements
l^uri.t
•••
•••
••a
•••
3)7-3«
61-6
285-234
507-514
ARTICLES.
Alt, Descriptive ••• ... *
** Anthors. Disappearing "
Balzac li^tters Contnvecsy, The
Bible, Tinkeriog The
Blind's (Iffathilde) Poetry
Book of the Winter Season, The
Bookman, A Fervent ... m* •.• »»* •••
Books-/ " Crowned " : Awards for 1899
— — Aboat places
for Chiidren^The Best Hiudred
— — Within Books
Oanadian Muse, The
Comedy or Faice ? (" She Stoops to Conquer ")
Copyright, How Long Should it last T
Crane) Stephen
Critic. The Amateur :
On the Abuse of Dialect
... 36
... 817
... 391
... 4S1
... 478
... 127
... 149
... 63
... 509
... 107
... 615
... 666
.. 109
... 16
... 491
l%e Topomphy of Beading ..
Inkhom Terms
• •a
•••
Superfine Engllih
. How I Think of Bladanore
Buskin on War ... ... ••
An Articulate Colonr
A Han and His Work ... ^
**Pm[^ Woffington"
. The Style-lCaker'B Style
JL ■KAiiy OX Blftll .«> ••• ••» .•• ■•■ ■•■ •■• •«•
^ Commendatory Vevses
, A Book that Held Me
Dismal Fiction ...
*' Dainty Kdftioni," Doubts Abaut
** Drudgory," A Pysdigree of
XagletiThe:
I. M. Bofttuid, Suah, andPirls
n. Whidi-tbe King of Bome, or Master
A^UuuwjO 1 ■■ ••■ ••• ••• ■•• ••• ••• ••• •••
Bspariment, a Famous
Farringd^nSf The, The Author of
Fiction, The, of Popular Magazines
, HiHtorical, The Craze for, in America ...
Hardy, Thomas : sn Bnthusiaam
Hovey, Riohar J, The late
Huzlei^ The Rise of
IndesjBspurgatoriusof Words, An
Irish UtsraryMovement, The
Journalism, The Revolution in
Kipling, Mr., and Mark Twain
Teenier, Sidney
L%ureatd*s Satire, A
i^Ub, A liicerary ... ... ... ,,. ... ... ... ...
lAbraiy, The Idesd Circulating
Literature, A Gap in
Maeterlinck, The A.B C. of
Magazines, Popular, The Fiction of
Martioeau, James
Meredith, <3eorge, and his Critics
Fferis Letters IGU, 183, 886, 418» 492
Pluses, Books about 609
Preacher, A Grc%t ^.Dr. Joseph Parker)...
AcncA Book*. Two
Puritan Drama ...
Pym. 0. P.
87
87
87
87
8B
89
198
12S
128
168
168
SOS
209
SO)
817
658
256
266
616
411
167
276
ac8
886
815
371
835
207
887
147
462
277
85
169
471
167
65
883
Rabelais, The Words of
** ReminisoeDC«8.'* The Vogue of
Ruskin, Th? Making of
, The Prose Style of
SchoUrs, 7h(\ and the Poet : a Parable...
Spencer, Herbert, A Birthday Tribute to
Steevens, Oeorgc Wairington
895
687
317
66
293
451
85
S3
452
319
87
ARTICLES— cofi<f»f<«d.
Stsvenson Lacks In
Text-Bodks, School, The Choice of
Twaio, Mark, and Mr. Kipling
Unfinished
Unknown, A Noyeliit of the
Words, An Index Bxpurgatorius of
Writing, Made
TfllNOS BEES-coHtinued.
riOB
.. S9i
.. 63
.. 237
.. 187
.. 535
.. 371
.. 15
CORRESPONDENCE.
■ ■ ■ • ■ ■
••• see
••fl •■■
• ■ • • ■ fl
• ■ • •• •
■ ■ • • a ■
• •• •« ■
••• ■•• •■•
«•• «>• see
•«• •••
■•• ■«•
« ■ ■ ■ •■
• • • • • ■
Africa, South, An Inquiry from
A riel*H Press Cutting Agency . .
Arnold's School Series^
Balzac
Barrie's (.T. M.) natter Dead
'* Beagle.'* The Etymology of
Blind, Mathilde
Book-Titles ...
*'Bnlka largely"
*• Cog" and "Mich"
Oonnell'sfF. N.) IJow Soldiers Fiyht
Cuckoo, Tne Decident
•* Curate's Eyes " Epigram, The
DowBOQ, Brnett
"Drift"
"Eggs, Her Sky-blue"
EUot, Cieorge, at Richmond
" Esquire." The Appellation
Explanation, Personal (Anthony C. Deane) ...
Fiction, The Supremacy of...
Flowers, The Chaatity of
Heine's Ghrave
JbKea*B Love's Comedy
Italian Affirmative, Tho . . .
Johnson, Dr., The Thunder of
Journalism, A Revolution in ...
Lang, Mr. Andrew, on Fiction ...
Liwstm, Henry
Lcttres d VEtmngire
Lever, "Disappearing" ..
Maeterlinck and the Contemporary R^viexc
877, 297, 818, .33^
ess •■• ■•• ••• *•■ ••! ••■
••« •■• «•■
« •• • • ■ •••
••e ■••
• • • « «•
• • • • • •
« • ■ • « •
««• •••
168
129
110
474
256
... 373
517
454
88
210
89
.. 128
... ••• 838
668
... 588, 658
170
olo
... 896
... 210
... 458
68,89
... 110
•t« ■•• «»•
• ■ • • ■ •
..« 868
... 618
... S38
433, 478
... 458
207
877
• • ■ • a ■
It
*' Man, The, Who T^aunped
McClure (S. S.) Company, The...
Misquotations
MudioS ... .«•
Novdliet, The Name of the...
Novels and Logic ...
• •• « ••
• • •
•«• ••■ •••
••• ••• ••• ■••
••• ene •••
•«« ••• •«•
• • ■
«■• •• 1
« • • • ■ «
638
... 38
... 638
... 296
414
... 49 i, 617
" Puuch, Mr." : A Protest : An American View 668
Rhythm, Quintuple 88
Ruskin on War ... ... 129
Shakespeare in Fiction ^ 414
Spanish Translations 68,88.110,115
*' Stevenson Looks In " :)37
Stevenson's Beginnings ...189, 809, 837
"Style, Contemporary" and "B.H." 18
Titie to a Title, The ...498
Urquhart, Sir Thomas 164>
veivet. Soft as ... ... ... ... ... ... 453
WatMm'B (^0 Fuable on the.Boer War ... 116, 149
wishart, ueorge ... n. ... • ••• ••• 873
Word, The Missing 896, 818, 389, 878, 884, 414,
484, 45i
Woids Worth Reviving 110, 116
, SB^Ush Obaolete 888
, Index BxpurgatoriuB of 483
Worsfold's (W. fi.) The Redemption of Egypt ... 63
THINGS SEEN.
••• ...
... ...
••• ...
••• ..t
... ...
.The Work of... 68, 187
After Many Days .
Age ...
Altmiam
Augury
Autwuttio, The
Beasts, The King of
Beggar, The ...
BillDistributor, The
Conductor, The
Consoienoe, A Gaae of .
Critidsm, The Lower ...
Dog, The ...
Door, At the ...
Educational ...
Ferret-Lover, The...
Flag, The ..
Fiower, The
Guard, The
Harvest Home, A ...
Imperialism
Juggernaut
Lenon, The
Mercy, The Man with ...
Mongrel, The
Passsngers
Preserve, The ...
" Priest. A Cfsrtain "
Rabbit, The
Real. All
Relief
Schooner, The
Sei-Qulls ... .M M
• • « • ••
•■• •••
•■• ••■
••e •••
• • ■
• •B
««■
• ••
■ •■
• ••
■ ••
■ a*
#•■
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• • ■
• • ■
see
see •••
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•v« see
•ei
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• ••
• ••
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• • ■
« • •
• •«
• ••
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• ••
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• ••
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• ••
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• • •
• •■
■ •*
««B
• ••
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• ■•
• ••
• ■•
e«f
• ••
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• ••
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•••
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«••
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• ••
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• ••
■ ••
• •B
■ ■■
• • ■
• ••
• •e
• ••
• ••
■ • «
• •■
• ••
•••
• • •
■ ••
• ••
• ••
• ■ *
• «•
■ ••
■ ••
•••
• • ■
•«■
■ «•
•••
■ e«
■ •■
• « •
393
148
616
276
4H2
148
472
667
6S
383
17
516
492
4(>
10t»
2:iG
816
3l>3
636
188
636
233
267
412
as J
1.J2
3)6
17
^6
316
118
ffluidowB
Solomon's Seal
Sower, The ..•
Toy-8hd|i, In a
Volunteer, The
War Time, In ...
Well Deck, From the
Window, Lighted, The. . .
!•«
VAB%
... 867
. 418
667
... 492
... 67
. 67
... 478
... 169
POETRY,
•ee see
fl*e •••
686
816
Arri\'al, The New
Autumn, Invocation to
Bronte, Anne and Emily, VerHcs by 386
(3ouple, Married, For the Bookplate of a 498
Dawn, The Moekiog ». ...869
DobsOQ, Mr. Austin, Verses to 347
felegy, A Fine : " Death of Arnold Toynbee " ... 867
Hi^^'B (Thomas) "The Souls of the Slain" ... 863
TUic Jaoet ...
niuslon
••• •••
169
• •f ••« ••• ••• eiB ■ ••
•ee «•• ••• ••« •«• ••• ••• ••• ••■ OB&y 910
In Memoriam : B. H. M. S 870
MaUock's (W. H.) " Concerning the Nature of
xQUlgB ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... lit
Phillips's (Stephen) "A Man" , 116
^^ageuy, xne ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... oo
Wind a!&d City ■,. ... 472
a • • • ■■
... 176
... 176
THE LITERARY WEEK.
Academy of Lettei^, Russian ..
of Immortals, American ...
Access, Open, Battle of, in the library World ... 244
Allen's (James Lane) Story "The T^vo Gentle-
iHWli ••• •«« »«fl --• •«« ••« mm9 ess ••• ••• ^^V
Apocrypha, Difficulty of obtaining the 304
Archer, Mr. William, on the Mauser Bidlet 116
Argyle, The Duke of, as a Writer and Pdet 346
Arnold's (Sir Edwin) Article on Qpring 461
" Authors. Disappearing " 846,877,325
Authors, The Society of 419
Baden-Powell's (Maj.-Sen.) The DoumfaU of
' r^Si\p"n .«• ««a •■« «»« ••« ««« 9, a B,, 9»a ••• Oi*
Bellamy, Mr., and Mr. Edwin Markham, Parallel
OOvWwUJI *•• ••• ••« ••« %•% ••• ••■ ••• aae ■ ■ • Jl A I
BishopBgate In-Mtitute library 881
Black (William) Memorial, The ... 2S8
Blackmore, Mr. R. D., Beminiscencee of 76
"BwiiM^ f'onst»lationsof FhUoaophy 400
Booh-Iiuyer's Summary of Tianaattantio Ltten^
•^^A^ ••• ••■ ••4 ••• ••• ••• ••« ■•• •#• ••• ^»
Book-Plates Stolen from Harvard Univenity
^•iUMM •!" JT »■■ ••■ •«• .•« «« ••• ••• •«■ ««■ •■• OW
Production, StatiBtloB of^or 1899 ... :.. 86
Reviewfaig ; A Chicago writer on 461
Boohs, Favourite, in Ameriea... ... 6, 886, 888, 401
Boirow, Fragment by Mr. Lowtriaon on 879
, Gharacter-flketch of ^ 400
Bow]m*b (MiaB)Charloae Leyland .. 489
Brahmin. The Young, and Mr. W. B. Yeata ... 894
British Museum, Catakwuing at the
Annual Report (1899-1900) ... 648
, "Supgrfloous'' liteiatae at
wMP •■• ••■ •■■ ••• ••• «•■ ••• ••■ «•• •■• ««fl OSV
Brod lick's (Hon. O. C.) Memories €usd Impressicns 816
Bronte, Anne and Emily, Poetioal FbwerB of.
Compared ... ... 826
, Mr., Letter by, to Mrs. Gaakdl 881
Barton's (Sir Bichard) Poem : Kasidah ^ Hdji
Aftta AUYnzdi 491
Cable'K(Mr.Oeorire)yenei: "TheNewArriral" 686
Ctflyle Letteis, The New 864
Censarahip, Russian, of English Books 84
Churchill, Mr. Winston : " OurB " and " ThOn " 2 }
Glodd'B (Mr. Edward) Memoir of Mr. (Haat
^^en ... ... ... ... ..1 ... ... ... ... ... vctv
ColliuM^B (Ghurton) edition of the Earlg Poems of
Al/rtd, Lortl Trunyson 440
Copyright, Perpetual, Dr. Johnson's Opfaiion
respecting ., , ^ ^. 84
,Mai^ Twain on 294
Ooralli's (Miss) Work outeide the limitB of
•■• •••
«•• •• •
••■ ••• •«• •••
••• ■•• set «•■
•■• ••• ■«• >Bfl
• • ■ • • •
Fiction ...
Cowper*B CharacteristioB
life in London ...
Cowperiana, Unpablished
Crane, Mr. Stephen, A Critical Esiay on
Croiland'8 (T. W. H.) Humorous Odes...
Da/;/ A'riTii Prize Competition
Daly's (Mr. Augustin) Books, Sale of ...
Daudet. Alidionae, Statue to
"Decadence" of Style
Dedications 23,835,880,480,488,001
D nn-n'l ri'J-h' Atlr>rtisn', The ,^ ...845
*J>^"P?;^V^"»*?>'™P*«d8P«^Mngof 516
Donnellv, Mr., and Shakespeare 546
Dooley, Mr., on the War Expert 218
, on the Paris Eihibition 421
Dorkug.KtuJiv'l'of ^ 6|6
Dowson, Mr. Ernest Christopher, Career of
. „ 176, 400, 480
AVAud^Pu/.^ and Eaglish Fiction 97
-•• ••• ■•• set eee 4U2C
... 316
... iMQ
... 880
... 479
... 684
... 46
264
304
76
••■ 90% ■•■
••• «•• ••■ «««
VI
THE LTTBRABT WKSK—eonHnusd,
PAOB
BAwvUa^u (H. Satheilaod) Ftrsoual Jiecolleelion* 440
.Smff ^ n0 ••• •■• ■•• •-> <•< • ••• ••• •••
Elioi» George, Tietter bf, to Dr. Alexander Main 381
Slflinoie, raakesMeie'B Ghflioe of, in '^Hamlel" 166
" R^entoy " BhaieipeMe, The ^ 626
Irii Ai^Jt^ TWanuMi iti ... ... ... 544
FitsOenia, Bdward, KoCct for a BibUognyhr of
245, i64
,aaaHogt .. 402
Pletohar, Mr. A. E , on " The Ideal Newspaper" 844
Voihce, Mr. Archibald, as a War Correspondent
886, 286
Fnnoe, M. Anatole. The litcnry Ohaiaeter of
460, MO
Fnatr'B (Mifs Oiaoe) " Tan'olocioa Tale " ... 9H
Fkeytiiff*s (Hen OnstiT) Advioe to Wou'd*be
XHOTeuBce ••• ... ..■ ... ••• .•• ••• •.. ••• <•
CMrtin, Thomaa, Mr. Laonnoe Binyon's Btadj of 380
Giarisg. Mr. George, Miaa FindUtri's Tribute to 400
Oodkin,Mr. B.LL,andhi8Czitie4 25
Oosioout Academy, The 420
Gwynn, Mr. StqineB, on Anthony TroUope 44
, on the Tramiog of Children 381
Hardy's (Thonuw) " The Bonis of the Slain *' ... 263
Haopbnann's (Crarhart) Flay "Sohlnok nad
Janoh
»f
... ...
... ...
... ...
77
(Gerhaii) Personal Appearance
BUU W iraK^ •*• •■! ••■ ••• ••■ ••• •■• ••■ tXf4
H«nley. Mr. W. E.. on the Beadieg Public 166
Hindu Proverbial Philosophy 137
HtatorJeal M88. Commissbn, The 4
Hough's (Mr. B.) Article on ** The West, and
Censln literary Dirooverits " 97
Howells, Mr W. D., on the Art of the Novel ... 600
Hayuans (M J. K ), Betirement of 77
Ibsen's Attitude defined by Prof. Herford 880
Inlemational Art Kotes 216
/fit, new Fkench Magasine 420
Uah Literary Theatre Society 156
— — Movement, The 244
Irring's (Washington) Inspiration for " Bip Van
vTuULlC ••• ■•# ••• ••• ••« •■• •■• -•• 4«2C
James, Mr. Henry, on Bobert L. Stevenson's
^^0^vVKS ••# ••• ■•• ••« ••• ••• • •■ «•• •• • ■ ■ • 4v
JonmalielBwhosoirflredintheBoerWar 489
KUgsiey. Hiss ... .•• ... •.• ••• eTV
Kipling, Mr., and lb. Bobert Buchanan 4
— — — — , and the Aattoaa/ Oh/trrutr 441
Knspp'a (Prof) edition of George Borrow's
vT CUW ■•• ••• ••« ••■ ••• •■• >•• »■• ••■ ■•■
Kruger, President, and his chosen Psalm
LadygmUh Lyre^ The
Lambkin Bev. Mr., Educational Views of
Laog'sCMr.) "Bignof the8hip"
Law-salt. Btraage literary, at fiome
'* Libraries, TraveUing*'
Lfbmry, Girenlating. Who invented it /
literature ss She is Poshed in America
literary Woik, Unnropitious Times for
London Topographical Bodefar
Maeterlinck on ' ' The Evolution of Mysterv " ...
Mafeking. The Poet Laureate's Stanzas Ccuebrat-
iof the Belief of 488
Magazines, School 266
Mannis and Headlam's Pray^ rn from the P(trtn 24
Mallock's (Mr. W. H.) Versiflcation of Lucretius 96
— ^— ^~— New Wo A on Science and
XaOU^aOB •• ••• ••■ ■•• ■•• •■■ ••• ••■ •*• ••• 200
MW*Mfflft"* Vgif T.iKi»ATy ,^ ^^^ 390
196
.. 45
24, 96
... 46
,.. 2M
... 644
.. 8
... 694
... 886
... 197
... 306
469
Markham, Mr. Edwin, and Mr. Bellamy, Parallel
UOv^vvCD«*« •■» ••• «■• «•• «•• ••• •■• •■■ ••• AAl
MlUer, Mr. A. H., on the Omar Khayyam Cult ... 601
Misqnotstiooa, Common. A list of 001
Mivart,Pr. St. George, Career of 284
Moli^re,Quotatioiis from, in Use in England ... 246
Moore's (Mr. George) Firewell of London as a
f^Btte os Arc ... ..a ... ... ... lO
CONTENTS OF VOL. LVIII.
r StTPPLEKENT TO THE ACABBMT,
L 14 July, 1900.
THE LITEBABY WEEK--coM^tfiflie<f .
PAOB
Moore's (Mr. George) Pliper on Xto^Iish Fiction 808
Murray's (Gilbert) Orkrinal Hay : "Andromache " 848
AVtr Liberal Jifxnno The 643
Novel, American ffistorical. The 894
——, The "Powerful" 488
Titles, The Clashing of 649
Novelists' Mistakes in Dealing with Foreign
Novels, Tl&e Best Twenty of the Lsst Ten Years 879
Paiii Bxhibitioa, Cdlleetian of Britiah Books at... 266
Paul's (Mr. Howard) Defence of Maoaulay 2S4
POaoock's (Wadham) Story of the Inter-UniversUy
JiO^**^ ikO-C^ •«• ■•• ««■ •■» ••■ ••• «•• ••• ••■ iK/O
Pension Fund for A,uthocs. Proposed 8, 176
Persian literature. Modem 686
PUlUps's (Stephen) Poem on the Boer War 116
Beading of Paolo and Fntmceaea 9b
Prison Librarians. The Dutl*s of 46
Baleigh's (Mr. Walter) Addmss on ** The Study
of AJt in a k£odem Univtitsity " 26
Bawosley's (Canon) ItaUadxo/tke War 264
Beputations, literary. Shortest and Uncertainty
o)
see •••
••• vst
• •• • ••
116
Bostand's (Bdmond) Home Sarroun4iogB
Boyal Literary Fund. The
Buskin Union. The
, Mr., Popularity of the Books of
- , Reminisceneee of . . . ...
, Counterblasts to the Praise of
, I>etter ftom, to his Publisher .
-, The Will of
■•• ••■
« « • ■ •
— , on the Choice of Books
••• •••
879
2B4
76
76
176
386
421
462
177
196
—
PRIZE COMPETITIONS.
rAOK
No 16, New Series, Besult oi
« « •
• ■
• ■
• •V
. 18
No. 16,
n
»•
• •■
■ ••
••
• ••
... 98
No. 17,
ft
ff
•«s
• ■•
• ■S
• • *
... W
. Nal8,
91
tf
• «■
•••
• •■
■ ■•
... 91
No. 19,
»t
ff
• «•
• ••
• ••
• •e
... Ill
No. 20.
If
fl
• ••
• ••
«••
■ • •
... 129
' No. 91,
tf
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■••
• ••
• ••
•«•
... 161
, No. 88.
If
»9
«•
• ••
• •«
*«•
... 171
1 No. 83.
99
S»
«■•
^
«••
•••
... 190
No. 84,
«9
••
• •«
• « ■
•♦•
• ••
... 811
No. 86.
If
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• ••
•■*
■ ••
• ••
..• mPI
•-No. 86,
ff
ft
• « •
• ■»
• V*
■ •■
... 260
No. 27,
'f
If
• > •
• ••
• ■ ■
»«•
... 878
frMo. 2S,
No. S9,
f»
ff
■ ••
• • «
• •«
« •■
M. 298
»f
f«
• •■
• ••
• •V
• «•
... 819
No SO,
»*
H
• ••
■
* • •
• ••
... 840
■ No. 31,
Tf
99
• *•
■ •■
• *«
• ■•
... 874
Na32,
99
fl
• ••
• •■
• • •
• ••
... 896
No. 38,
99
If
■ « •
• a*
»•■
• ••
... 416
No. 84,
fl
19
■ ■•
• •■
• ••
• •1
... 486
No 86,
No. 36,
19
If
• ••
>■ •
#••
• ■•
... 466
If
ff
• »•
■ ••
• ••
■ ■ ■
... 476
I No. 87,
tf
ft
KB •
• •■
• > ■
«••
... 486
No. 88,
It
99
•■•
■ ••
« ■ •
• ■•
... 619
No. 89,
II
If
■ ••
• ••
••a
• • •
... 689
l^peclaf CompetitiaBs
II
■•• •••
•••
■ ■•
• ••
• ••
•••
• ••
M. 669
... OBV
Scott's Proof-sheeU of ItfdgaunUfi
Shamrock to be Worn by Iri>h Soldiers
**S<gn of the Cross, The," Effect of, on iti
Audiences • ... 6
Snowdrift Lubriosnt for Bngineers and Quota-
tions from Sbakespevre 80S
Souldiers ('at^chiiinr^ Thf 186
Spsnith Poem, Translation of 116,461
Speight's (£. O.) Tkf New BngllA Poetry Book ... 186
Bpelliog, Changed, Adopted by Chicago Uni-
versity 117, 401
Steevens, Mr- G. W., Beminiioenoes of ... 76, 176, 816
— — , Last Hours of 816
; , When He Joined the Daily
Bteveoson, R L , Amusing New View of 244
, Mr. B. A. MTOareer of ... S2% 460. 684
Street's (0. S ) Article on ''Sheridan and Mr.
^■Mft W •• •■• ••• «•■ ••■ ••• ••■ ••« ••• ■VJ*
SjmboUsm, Literary, Mr. Arthur Bymoos on ... 196
T^nka, The Japanese 167
Teonyion and ImpeTialism 866
Tire buck. Mr., an Appreciation cf 97
Tit-Bit Literature, Oiowih and Solidification of 217
Tolstoy ontioised by Verestchagin 481
Tram's (H. D.) '* The Unflinching Realist " ... 96
^'*^"^*^^'^^* ^^M^^M^^— ^^B^lrtl ••• ■•• *•* ••• ••• ••• lOO
Traosvaal War, Poems on the 116, 116, 166
Trollope's (Anthony) Novels 96
Tntin's (J. R.) edition of Richard Craahaw's
Jt WUMB ••• ••• ••" ■•• ■•• •■• ••• ■•• «*fl ••• Vf
Yale Sh%keR>eaTe, The ... 216
Wallace Collection in Hertford House 523
Walton, Izsak. Facsimile of the Writii^ of ... 157
War Verse, The Weskneas of 217
War CctfreqKudents who fell in the Soudan
WW UX ••■ ••• •«• ••• «#• #*• • ..« ■•• •••
Ward's (Mr« Humphrv) Intr eduction to Bmily
Bronte's Wttthrrlug HfighLf 166
Watson's (Mr. William) Parable on the Boer
VVBa*** >■• ••• «•• ••• sa« ••• ««« «•• X&Oy A44/
Wigan, The Free Public Library of 600
Words, Old, worth Reviving 116
Yeatfl's (Mr. ) ** The Shadowy Waters " 440
"Yellow Peril, The" ^ 499
... ...
ILLUSTRATIONS*
Cover-Design for Prayers /rom the Poet*,,,
FitzOeiald, Edward, Fortout of
Oodkin,Mr.E.L,Po tcaitof ...
JohttHtioe Miss Btary, Portrait of
Parker, Dr Joseph, Portratt of
Bome. Tlie King of. Portrait of
Buskin, Mr. John, Portrait of ...
, Facsimfle of MB. of
Stsevens, Geosge Warrington, Portrait of
••• »••
■ •• •••
a •• • • •
••• •••
84
887
96
843
206
866
86
75
87
DRAMA.
>f
at Her
"Midsummer Night's Dream, A,'
Majesty's rheatre ... 66
** Samson Agonistes'* at South EensfaigtoB Leo-
tare Theatre 317
**Phe Stoops to Conquer," at the Haymarhet
XuOftKv ... a.. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... lUo
OBITUARY.
Argyll, The Duke of
BlackaiovB, Mr. B. 1>.
Crane, Stephen
DowHon, Mr. Ernest Christopher
Forbes, Mr. Archibald
Kiogsley, Mins
Martineau, Dr. James ..
Mivart. Dr. St. George..
Reynolds, Mm. Rlcbard
RuHkin, Mr. John
SteeveoM, Mr. George Wanington
Bteveoson, Mr. R. A. M.
Traill, Mr. H. D.
••• «••
••• ••• *•• •••
• ••
• ••
§••
• ••
••s
••• ese
«•• ••«
•»• AS*
••• ees •4a ••«
• ••
• ••
•••
•ee
•••
• •f
• St
••
■ ••
•••
• ••
9 •»
• •• ••• €9^6
•ee ••• lO
... 480. 491
176
... 8BS, 2«
479
66
.. 294
316
76,86,86
76, 87, 88
82
••• see
■•e • • •
•se *••
••• see
■ ■ • •••
••« *••
The Academy.
THE LAST OF lO.OOO SETS.
u
The UNPRECEDENTED SUCCESS of the
Clbrarp of ?amou$ Eiterature
*f
IjQavea less than 4,60O Beta to be sold at tbs Preaent Frloee and Terms.
IF TOO WISH TO SECURS THE LIBB&BT AT i REDDCTION OF OHE-HALP IH THE PRICE TOUR ORDER HOST BE SEMT HOW.
(Th« •ntir* 30 Handsoma Volumaa may ba had now upon tha Prallmlnary Paymant «r HalT-a^ulnaa.)
Ths EDOoeu of Th^ StandarSt luae of Thi Librabt of Fahocb
LiTEKATDBE hu be«n tha dirtln^iihtu^ featnre of tha year in
book*. Of anoh » work, indeed, mnoh might naturallr have bsen
expected. Under the seneml editorial inpetrition of Dr. Qamett,
C.B., Mid npreBBiiling the ooUabontlaii of man; of the moat dia-
tingiiiahed Uving men of lattan, thia rematkable attempt to oom-
paot the beat of the World'a llteiatnie into twen^ hand? and con-
venient volnmea ooald not have ceanlted otherwlae than In a moat
notable book. The utoniahinK number of advanoa anbioriptiDnB
whiob have been received imder the special offer made b; The
Standard revraled that it waa a timal; work ai well. The more
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110,000 large royal octavo volnmea. It is certain that antdi an
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terma. Thia neana that leaa than 4,600 leta now tem^, and la
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d.y
WHAT SOME EARLY SUBSCRIBERS SAY.
Ita OompralMtta
*' Tb# LlbTBTr ot Famoua Lilfltnv
■illliejin(loli|iUl«iit. iKtomedLncU
'*Si a, I9M>
Mo Battar MaadlnK far tha Vouns-
Fukhlll UiHUIL BmU. HfKmJMa. IS, ima,
f*n oDODinff mj Tolumet <* tha "■ LIbniT « PMn-nu ut«n'
Inn," I wu eitnueli pleurd and nsUflid tX thi iMit g( Oh
hulRme book., the hSI^tital laiM, l£iiitnUiiwr>» lun
SIM. uhI nti hunUume UhIuk Tilt nUM mm" Ixlna
> eblel (bliu. hoinitr. I ftii^ ms I ■Sg3l15>UMto
tuTe iliue IhiDklDfl tod wrltlnf lKt»ii.
To Uut pBTflDt who can jiffpM It. vlut tmUr plHiar*
HMldbeclna tiMabjrpreviitliiTlliefetof b«kibt iiul.t«il-
«Mtev«f plw 1i« mdi. he mty -n Akaml he ft TeedlDV eboloe
nuUer UMl Ajle th>t biLi ttood thu t»t of tine oc IBVtn
i!iir.i^.=?ss
Bore iianlVBUrij beoBUte (ho eiiUftpl<«ol the Wl
rf wolki loleeHif in ID ''"'••"'ffi-f'.'!S?HTSfiTEi
Pully CAtleflad with tha Library.
r* Ml fnlli ■tbOal with Ibeni. ilihoulh osr oiiwUt
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Those nho nilMcribe now. In advanc* Of |*Hb*
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The CARLSBAD TREATMENT
And Now to Oarry It Out Anywhoro.
Bj LOUIS TARLETON YOUNG, M.D.
Demy 8vo, doth, lOs. ed.
WITH SAMPSON THROUGH
THE WAR.
Bj W. A. M. GOODS.
An Aooount of tho Naval Oporatlono
duHnir tho •panloh War of ISM.
With. Chapters specially Contributed by
Rear.Admiral SAMPSON, Captain R. D. kVANB,
and Conunandw C. C. TODD.
With Portraits of Naval Officers, lUustrationB,
andlCaps.
London: W. THACKER k CO.,
2, Greed Lane, E.O.
MAOMILLAN'S
LIBRARY OF . . .
ENGLISH CLASSICS
TTNDER the above title Messrs. MACMILLAN & CO.,
LuuTBD, propose to iaeae reprintB of T&rions
STANDAED WORKS OF ENGLISH
LITERATURE
for which they believe there is a demand, printed from large type, in
demy 8vo voluTnes, and sold in cloth at ihe uniform price of 38. 6(/. rlH
per volume. The hooks will contain neither ntvj Introductions nor neiu
Notes, the idea being to present typographically perfect reprints of the best
existing texts. In deciding ihe question ai to which is the best edition to
reproduce, the publishers have been fortunate in obtaining the assistance
of Mr, A W. POLLARD, Hon. Sec. of the Bibliographical Society, and
beyond a bibliographical note to each book from his pen, the Series will
contain no fresh editorial matter.
The aim of the pvhlishers wUl be to give complete and accurate texts,
so that lovers of English Literature may have the opportunity of
possessing the works of their favourite wiiters in a form at once Iiand"
some and inexpensive, and printed in the demy %vo size, which has
always been regarded as most suitable for the study of a private
gentleman, and for the shelves of a PtMic Library.
The publisJiers hope that if the Series meets with the support they
anticipate for it, it 'moy eventivally run to a considerable nuviber of
volumes, but they do not pledge themselves to bring out more than the
twenty-five volumes mentioned below, all of which, however, will appear
during the year 1900.
The folUnving is a list of the first tiventy-five volumes of the Series : —
BACON'S ESSATS; OOLOUBS
of GOOD and EVIL ; and ADVANCEMENT
of LEABNING. 1 vol. IBeady,
SHEBIDAN'S PLATS. 1 voL
TRAVELS of SIB JOHN MANDE-
VILLE. With niiiBtiatiTe Narratives from
Hakloyt. 1 voL
HALOBT'S MOBTE DABTHUB.
2 vols.
DON QUIXOTE, Translated by
Shelton. 3 vols.
WALTON'S LIVES and COM-
PI.BTE ANQLSR. 1 ToL
THE WOBKS of LAUBENOE
STKBMK. I ToU.
FIELDING'S TOM JONES.
2 vela
WHITE'S NATUBAL HISTOBT
of SELBOSNE. 1 vol.
BOSWELL'S LIFE of JOHN-
BON. 9 vols.
DE QXnNCET'S CONFESSIONS
of an ENGLISH OPIUM EATER ; MURDER
as a FINE ART; THE ENGLISH MAIL
OOAOH, and other Essays. 1 vol.
LOCKHABT'S LIFE of SCOTT
ff vols.
CARLTLE'S FRENCH REVO
LUTION. 2 vols.
MACMILLAN & CO., Limited, London.
The Academy
A Weekly Review of Literature and Life.
No. 1444. Established 1869.
6 January, 1900.
Price Threepence.
[RegisUred as a Newspaper, "]
The Literary Week.
The scheme for a Pension Fund for Authors put forth
this week by the Society of Authors presents noble out-
lines. The proposed fund is intended to supplement the
operations of the Eoyal Literary Fund, which grants only
donations, and the Civil List pensions, which amount to
only £400 a year and are still somewhat capriciously
granted. The first thing to be noted about the Society of
Authors' project is that it aims to establish a pension fund
for authors, to be supported by authors themselves, not by
appeals to the public. Other points are these :
The fond will be utilised for peDSions only.
The pensioDB giveo will not be less than £30 or more
than £100 per annum.
CaDclidfttes for pensions must have attained the age of
sixty years.
For other details of this admirable scheme we refer our
readers to the January number of the Author,
100
5
100
Meanwbile, the support of authors is asked for, and
the following subscriptions have been already promised :
Mr. George Meredith (President of the Society)... £100
Mr. J. M. Barfie (if nine others subscribe the
same amount)
Mr. A. W. a Beckett (per annum)
8ir Walter Besant
Tlie Rev. T. G. Bonney (for present year, and
continue same as long as existing circumstances
also continue)
Mr. Austin Dobson (as much as possible per
annum)
Dr. Conan Doyle (p«r annum, when the scheme
assumes a practical basis)
Mr. Douglas Freshfield (if nine others subset ibe
the same amount)
Mr. Anthony Hope Hawkins
Mr. Jerome E. Jerome (per annum, and perhaps
AiUvA ^9 4*« •«• ••• ••■ «•• •■«
Mr. J. Scott Eeltie (per annum for five years) . . .
Mr. Budyaid Kipling
Mr. Gilbert Parker
Mrs. Humphry Ward (per annum)
10
100
200
5
o
100
100
10
Ibsen's new play, "When We who are Dead, Awaken,"
will be shortly issued in ten different languages. Mean-
while the Daily News explains that the play opens in the
grounds of a sanatorium in the north of Norway. Prof.
Eubek and his wife (Fru Maia) are discovered talking.
They have been married five years, and the conversation
discloses that they have grown tired of each other. He
is elderly and distinguished : she young and lively. She
complains that he has not fulfilled his promise "to take
her with him up a high mountain and show her all the
world's grandeur." To them enter a third character (there
are only four in the play), a hunter of " eagles, wolves,
women, elks, and reindeer." To him the professor's wife
falls a prey. They go hunting together, which gives the
f>rofessor an opportunity of renewing acquaintance with a
ady who has been haunting the hotel grounds. That is
the bare outline of the plot.
In opening the new Free Library at Acton, on Wednes-
day, Mr. Choate, in a delightful speech, explained to
his hearers how " travelling libraries " are worked in
America. These libraries, each consisting of one hundred
books, are sent round to outiying villages and into remote
districts where stationary libraries do not exist. Mr.
Choate added that he did not know whether any parts
of Great Britain were so remote as to need such an
institution, but he commended the utility of the system.
Undoubtedly there are remote parts in England (some
within thirty miles of London) which need the travelling
library. What is more, some get it. Travelling libraries
for English villages were organised six years ago by Mr.
Stead, and have been made successful and self-supporting.
Nor did Mr. Stead claim originalisty for his idea. Such
libraries had already an existence in Hampshire and
Yorkshire.
Are We in the Twentieth Century?
Oh, ask me not, one thing is plain :
To-day I see the sun.
But on my tomb will beat the rain
When men count Twenty -one !
Mr. Bernard Shaw
apropoH the spelling of
page 16: "Why am
common English right
please ? I refrain from
cally forced on me in
giving trouble. But I
character of a man is in
sends us this genial remonstrance
a certain name in his article, on
I denied by the Academy the
to spell Shakespear's name as I
striking out the final e so tyranni-
the proof because I shrink from
protest all the same. The whole
the way he spells Shakespear."
As to the merits of the play which amazed and delighted
Sussex last week we must be silent. Nor are we allowed
to mention the actors and actresses by name or to criticise
their performance. But we have permission to print a
facsimile of the first page of the programme, giving the
title of the play and the names of the authors. It was
called
Tft£ aftOST.
Written by
Mr. Hbnry James, Mr. Robert Barr,
Mr. Gborge Gissing, Mr. Rider Haggard,
Mr. Joseph Conrad, Mr. H. B. Marriott-
Watson, Mr, H G. Wells, Mr. Edwin Pugh,
Mr. a. £. W. Mason and
Mr. Stephen Crane.
The play was in two acts: *'I. Empty Boom in Brede
Place " ; ** II. Same as Before." The text of *» The Ghost "
will never be printed.
The Academy.
6 January, 1900.
Mrs. M. L. Gvttnn^s Birthday Book, just published
by Messrs. Methuen, unfortunately does not appear to
be free from error. Last week we quoted four lines
from Chaucer that Mrs. Owynn has printed upon her title-
page. The quotation, which our printer copied exactly as
it is printed in the Birthday Book, has drawn the following
remonstrance from Prof. Skeat :
'^May I be allowed to draw attention to a quotation
from Chaucer given in the Academy, December 30, 1899,
at p. 760 ? It appeared in the following form, as a quota-
tion from some compilation :
Oat of the olde fieldes, as men sayeth,
Cometh all this new come from yere to yere ;
And out of olde bookes, in good faithe,
Cometh all this new science that men lere.
It seems piteous that such fine lines should be so sur-
prisingly misspelt. It would seem that Middle English is
an uimiown umguage; no one would dream of Seating
Latin or Greek or German after this sort. It is marvellous,
moreover, how anyone could imagine that such lines can
scan. The utterly shocking errors, ruining the metre, occur
in the use of ^ new ' for l£e dissyllabic newe ; * come ' for
the monosyllabic com ; ' yere ' for the monosyllabic yew in
the former of the two instances ; * faithe ' for the monosyl-
labic faith (better feith) ; and again, the form * new ' for
newe, in the last line. Besides these, 'fieldes* should be
fildeSj and ' sayeth ' should be mUK And it must be borne
in mind that * Cometh ' represents ComHhy a monosyllable.
One thing to which Englishmen look forward with longing
hope is the advent of a time when Middle English spelling
shall be understood and duly respected.''
Ws must say that we sympathise with Mrs. Gwynn.
Her Birthday-Book, which is by far the handsomest that
we have seen, would not, we imagine, have been sent by
any editor to Prof. Skeat for review. But because we
used her Chaucerian motto to adorn a blank space,
and because the text of that motto is not a good text,
Mrs. Gwynn comes under the displeasure of the greatest
living authority on Chaucer. The moral seems to be
that compilers of Birthday Books should look to their
Middle English.
It is a convenient provision of Nature that a hen, when
she has laid an e^^^ clucks — thereby informing the world
that ishe has laid an q^^, A disposition to cluck, or, to
use his own phrase, '* advertise a little," would, .in Mr.
Q. S. Street's opinion, add to the usef ubiess of the His-
torical MSS. Commission. Mr. Street has reason to
feel a little sore about the Commission's humility. A
while a^o he read with some excitement a paragraph
announcing that a large number of George Selwyn's
Letters to the fifth Earl of Carlisle had been discovered at
Castle Howard and would shortly be published. Mr.
Street, being an authority on Selwyn, wrote in haste to
the publisher for an advance copy of this book. He got
it, and he tells his readers in the January Blackwood i '^ I
was congratulating myself on the business-like promptitude
with which my inevitable article would appear, when lo !
I heard that these new letters and many others besides had
been published by the Historical MSS. Commission more
than a year ago." A splendid e^^ had been laid by the
Commission and Mr. Street had not heard of it.
The suggestion Mr. Street now makes, that the His-
torical MSS. Commission should issue its publications in a
less official* looking form, in volumes easier to handle,
and printed on better paper, that it should advertise, and
send out paragraphs to ^^ impenetrable editors," is doubt-
less only a part of his fun. Let the Commission do this,
and we foresee a demand for illustrations and fancy
bindings and gay prefaces. Moreover, the vigilant expert
would then have no chance. Mr. Street overlooked a prize
for a year, but, after all, he received his advance copy of
Mr. Eoscoe's and Miss Clergue's book, and is first in the
field (the magazine field) with his criticism.
The scruples which sensitive people felt in reading the
Browning love letters have not been so acute in the case
of Eobert Louis Stevenson's letters. Yet the two publica-
tions must finally be cited together — doubtless along with
others — in determining the rights of the dead and the
duties of biographers. The world was glad — more than
glad — to have these books. But we are not wholly out
of sympathy with the writer in Macmillan who questions
whether Stevenson's letters have not been too hastily and
prodigally given to the world. Such misgivings are not
inconsistent with a keen enjoyment of the gift, and a
willingness to use it when given. As the writer points out,
Stevenson has been dead only five years, and '^ he did not
write those letters for the eye of whomsoever chooses to
buy the book." At all events a new tradition has been
started under which the dead are likely to be treated with
as much freedom by biographers as the living already are
by the gossi^pers of the press. The disturbing question
is, Where will it end ?
Mr. Bobert Buchanan's onslaught on Mr. Kipling in
the December number of the Contemporary Review has
brought forth a reply, in the same quarter, from Sir Walter
Besant. Mr. Buchanan, it will be remembered, suggested
that Mr. Kipling was a literary hooligan, who is leading
this generation away from the humanitarian teaching of
forty years ago. The term '^ hooligan " was most offen-
sive, and we are not surprised that Sir Walter Besant's
knightly solicitude for the digpiity of literature has been
stirred to its depths. His reply to Mr. Buchanan takes
the form of a confession of his own love for the writings of
Mr. Kipling, in (^hom he sees a fine ^' enthusiasm for
humanity."
Always, in every character, he presents a man : not an
actor : a man with the passioas, emotions, weaknesses and
instincts of humanity. It is perhaps one of the Soldiers
Three : or it is the Man who went into the moontaius be-
cause he would be a King : or the man who sat in the
lonely lighthouse till he saw streaks : always the real man
whom the reader sees beoeath the uniform and behind the
drink and the blackguardism. It is the humanity in the
writer which makes his voice tremulous at times with un-
spoken pity and silent sympathy : it is t>ie tremor of his
voice which touches the heart of his audience.
Of course neither Mr. Buchanan's attack nor Sir Walter
Besant's defence belong to the domain of cool literary
criticism. Indeed, it seems to us that Sir Walter mis-
understands the case when he treats it as an abhorrent
attack of one author on another author. At bottom the
quarrel is political rather than literary. Mr. Buchanan
sees in Mr. Kipling a misleader of the nation, and in that
character he attacks him with the rancour and fury which
are still not wholly banished from political controversy.
No doubt the literary element is bound up with the social.
Still, Mr. Buchanan did not storm and rage on a question
of style, or a school of fiction, or a point of academics ; he
made it a question of social politics and of religion —
subjects on whioh strong feeling is natural. Mr. Buchanan
may be wrong, but we have no doubt that he is sincere,
and we are sure that he is courageous.
Mr. Herbert Spencer has addressed a letter to the
Westminster Gazette denying that Mr. Hector Macpherson's
forthcoming monograph on himself has passed under Ms
eye. Mr. Spencer writes :
In one of your issues last week was a paragraph re-
ferring to a preceding statement which had been made
concerning Mr. Hector Macpheraon^s monograph on ray
6 January, 1900
The Academy.
5
works. Apparently the statement was that I had seen all
the sheets of Mr. Macpherson's work before they went to
press, and in the paragraph named it was said that this
statement was incorrect. The rectification is an inadequate
one. Incorrect may mean partially true but not wholly
true — may mean that I have seen some proofs but not all.
Instead of being called incorrect the statement should
have been called entirely false. I have not seen, and I
have declined to see, a single page of Mr. Macpherson's
work in proof, in MS., or in any other shape.
conyerse is not always experienced. Quo Vadis^ David
Marum, and When Knighthood teas in jp/otr^haye "boomed*'
in America ; they haye not '^ boomed " here.
A FEW years ago dialogue, as a literary form, became
distinctly popular, and one reputation at least was founded
on its practice. It was a fleeting fashion ; but fashions
trayel, and the present home of Dialogue appears to be —
Natal ! A young British officer was endeayouring, a few
weeks ago, to signal from General Buller's camp to Lady-
smith, but he sopn found that his messages were being
read and answered by Boers. Thereupon the following
conyersation took place :
Katal. Who are you ?
Boers. The Boyal Irish Fusiliers.
N. What is the Number of your r* giment ?
B. I am Corporal Stevens, 18th Hussars.
N. What are you doing ?
B. Ladysmith was taken last night; I escaped.
N. You are Boers, aren't you ?
B. Tes, and you're English. Where is Buller P
N. I don't know. Where is Joubert ?
B. He has gone to Pretoria with General White as
prisoner.
N. How is old Kruger ?
B. All right, thank you.
N. Why won't you wait for us? We have p?enty of
cold steel for you, and our 100 rounds are getting rather
heavy. Grd help you if you do.
B. Yes, He is sure to.
" A smart dialogue with a grim ending " says a contem-
porary. A grim dialogue with a smart ending would also
describe it. Smart, however, is too poor a word to apply
to the final Boer repartee, and it must be confessed that
the dialogue is marred by the British officer's explicit
bellicoseness : but what a document !
A CURIOUS index to popular reading-taste in America
is found in the May - to - December Cumulative Book
Index, containing a dassified list of American books
published in that interyal. From this it appears that the
three writers most in vogue among readers and critics — as
judged by mere number of publications — ^are
1. Kipling.
2. Shakespeare.
3. Omar Khayyam.
It is also gravely stated that though " it is manifestly
unfair to Kipling to compare such a collection of authors
as the Bible with him alone, yet the entries under * Bible '
are scarcely a third more in number." We infer that even
here Mr. Kipling is '^ creeping up."
The six ''best selling" books in the States an,d
Canada during December are named in the order of
demand by the American Bookman :
Janice Meredith, By Leicester Ford.
Richard (JurveL By Winston Churchill.
When Knighthood was in Flower, By E. Caskoden.
David Harum, By E. N. Westcott.
Via Orucis, By Marion Crawford.
Air, Dooley in the Hearts of his Countrymen, By F. P.
Dunne.
Of these books, three — Nos. 2, 3, and 4 — survive from
the BookmanU September list. It is stated that Mr. E.
Caskoden's novel. When Knighthood was in Flower ^ is in its
150th thousand. This is another illustration of the fact
that whereas the large sale of a book in England is
generally accompanied by a large sale in America, the
'' A OALLus periodical " was the term applied recently
by Harper's Weekly to our own quarterly Anglo-Saxon
Review, Thereupon one of its readers applied for a
definition of ''gallus." Gallus is but old gallows writ
decent, and it means '' reckless, dashing, showy." Pro-
moted from the hangman's yocabulary, it is still no
better than slang. The Weekly quotes this snatch of an
old song :
He was a gallus boy, boys, and he was mighty fine,
And he used to drive a mule team on the Denver City line.
The Weekly further expounds the word by saying : ** If we
should speak of District- Attorney Asa Bird Garainer as a
gallus jurist it would probably be an appropriate use of
the word." And now we expect a letter asking us:
" Who is District- Attorney Asa Bird Gardiner ? "
Mr. Walter H. Page, formerly editor of the Atlantic
Monthly, has become a partner in the S. S. McGlure
Company of New York, and will devote himself to the
literary work of the firm. Mr. J. L. Thompson, Mr.
Henry W. Lanier fson of the late Sidney Lanier), and
Mr. 8. A. Everitt, will all be admitted into partnership. Mr.
James MacArthur, formerly editor of the Bookman, will
represent the house in London. The name of the company,
it is expected, will be changed eventually to Doubledaj,
Page & Co.
The first number of the International Monthly, issued by
the Macmillan Co., of New York, contains five articles, the
place of honour being given to Mr. Edouard Hod, who
writes on ** Later Evolutions of French Criticism." In
size the magazine is somewhat smaller than the Nineteenth
Century, and the price is 25 cents. The editor is Mr.
F. A. llichardson, of Vermont, who is assisted by an
Advisory Board '* composed of one person in America,
representing eacli of the twelve departments of contem-
porary thought with which the magazine deals, who has to
co-operate and associate with him one person residing in
France, one in England, and one in Germany." The
International Monthly will not languish for lack of advice.
The new and enlarged series of Punch, with its extra
pages, its story by Mr. Conan Doyle, its full-page pictures,
its clean type and good paper, makes an attractiye
miscellany. AU the contributions are now signed with
initials, even down to a brief notice of a reference book
which is signed by Mr. Lucy. Mr. Seaman contributes
some capital parodies. But the supply of ''fill column
jokes " must have run very short when Mr. Punch was
obliged to use this ''Sad Case": "An eminent literary
man, who for many years had invariably used quills,
found himself without a single one ; and so, in order to
gain his livelihood by the sale of various articles, he was
reduced to steel pens ! ! "
A Church Qatette interviewer has been talking to
Mr. Wilson Barrett about the effect of the " Sign of the
Cross " on its audiences. Said the interviewer :
" Bumours reached the outer world on the first presen-
tation of wonderful ' conversions ' wrought by its means.
Do the ' conversions ' still continue ? *'
** Yes. Letters still keep pouring in upon us. Only
a few days ago we had a letter from a disting^uished Parsee
telling us that the ' Sig^ of the Cross ' had given him quite
a difiFerent conception of Christianity from the one he used
to have. A clergyman, after telling us that he had never
seen such a play in his life, winds up by saying : ' I have
been preaching for twenty years, but I never preached
such a sermon as you did to us the night before.' "
The replies of the distinguished Parsee and the clergyman
The Academy.
6 January, 1900
were certainly guarded. This evangelical play-acting
reminds us of Defoe's satire on an alliance between
Cbnrcli and Stage in his day: "Peggy Hughes sings,
Monsieur Eamadon plays, Miss Santlow dances, Monsieur
Cherrier teaches, and all for the Church ! Here's heavenly
doings ! Here's harmony ! Your singing Psalms is hurdy-
gurdy to this Music ; and all your preaching- Actors are
Fools to these."
Mfads and Mands is the title of a new illustrated art
magazine, to be published monthly at the price of sixpence.
The scheme the editor proposes is ambitious.
To the January number of the JVarth American Revieio
Mr. Henry James will contribute an article on the Letters
of K. L. Stevenson, and Mr. Edmund Gosse a character
study of Sir Eedvers Buller.
On Saturday evening a dinner was given to Mr. Hugh
Chisholm, on the occasion of his retirement from the
editorship of the St. Jameg'^s Gautte, A large number c.f
Mr. Chisholm's friends and well-wishers were present,
including seven editors, three artists, two publishers, and
the staff of the St. Jameses Gautte. The chair was taken
by Mr. Edmund Gosse, and the vice-chair by Mr. Theodore
A. Cook, the new editor of the St. James's, who has the
distinction of being the only editor who has rowed for his
University in an Oxford and Cambridge boat-race.
The sixty-first anniversary festival of the News-
vendors' Benevolent and Provident Institution will take
place at the Whitehall Eooms, on May 22. Mr, C. Arthur
Pearson will preside.
Bibliographical.
PERHArs the most notable of the " new departures " made
by Mr. Punch this week is the initialling of most of the
matter he prints. I think this a good move, because I
believe it will attract to the ** Fleet-street jester" a good
deal of talent which hitherto, probably, has been with-
held from him. Mr. Punch has never been unwilling — at
any rate, of late years — to let his young men reveal
their identity and proclaim their work ; witness, for
example, Mr. Warham St. Leger's Ballads from '' Punch,'^
issued in 1890 ; Mr, Punch's Music Hall Songs and Dramas,
by Mr. Anstey (1892) ; Mr. Punch's Prize Novels, by Mr.
Lehmann (1892 also), and so forth. Several other living
writers, notably Mr. Seaman, have been allowed to identify
themselves publicly with their contributions to Punch. In
the same way with the pictorial artists. We had Mr.
Heed's Prehistoric Peeps in book form in 1896, and Mr.
Phil May's Songs and their Singers in 1898. On the volumes
of cartoons by Tenniel and sketches by Du Maurier-to go
no further back— I need not dwell. In truth, Mr. Punch
has for some time been accumulating rapidly the material
for an inevitable Bibliography.
For reasons of my own, I have not yet read any of the
"notices" of Mr. Phillips's Pao/a and France »ca, and I do
not know, therefore, whether any comparison has been
instituted between it and Leigh Hunt's rhymed narrative
on the same subject, published in 1816 under the title of
The Story of Rimini. As a matter of fact, no comparison
is possible, for Hunt's "poem " is written in the so-called
easy, but actually slipshod, fashion which that well-meaning
bard affected in such cases. The Story of Pitniniis Mvell
known to all literary students ; it is not so familiar a fact
that a play on the subject of the famous love-story was
written by the American G. H. Boker, and duly in-
cluded in a volume of his Plays and Poems published in
1856. Moreover, Francesca di Rimini, as Boker called his
work, was duly enacted in America in 1857, and revived
there in 1882 and 1883. I have not read Boker'splay, but
it would be interesting to compare it with Mr. Phillips's,
which, I feel sure, need not shrink from the comparison.
Says a correspondent, writing from Edgbaston, Birming-
ham : "On page 199 of Stevenson's Letters, Vol. I.,
reference is made to Penn's Fruits of Solitude. Stevenson
sends a copy to Mr, H. F. Brown, with this remark : * If
ever in all my "human conduct" I have done a better
thing to any fellow- creature than handing on to you this
sweet, dignified, and wholesome book, I know I shall hear
of it on the last day. To write a book like this were im-
possible; at least one can hand it on — with a wrench — one
to another.' Can you tell me, through your Biblio-
graphical page, if this book has been reprinted here ? If
not, can you get a publisher to take the hint ? " To this
I may reply, that Penn's Fruits of Solitude in Reflections
and Maxims has been published more than once in
England. The latest edition I can trace was one issued
by Messrs. J. Clarke & Co. in 1886, at the small price of
one shilling. Whether this, or the previous edition by
Messrs. Groombridge (1881), is still in print I cannot say.
Should the book really be out of print, it would be worth
somebody's while, I think, to resuscitate it.
By way of supplement to what I wrote last week about
a new and revised edition of Mr. Swinburne's poems, I may
remind those of my contemporaries who have suggested a
one-volume Selection from those poems, that such an
anthology is already in existence — that which was pub-
lished by Messrs. Chatto & Windus in 1887. I have some
ground for thinking that this selection was made by the
poet himself, or, at any rate, approved by him. To me —
and, I should think, to most of his admirers — it was any-
thing but an adequate work. Selections from a man's
poetry should not be made by the man himself ; he will
choose according to personal preference, not according to
the varied character of his output. Were I Messrs.
Chatto & Windus I should try to get Mr. Swinburne's
consent to the publication of an anthology of his verse, put
together by an independent authority. Such a volume,
really well done — with an eye to the tastes and distastes
of the general public — would havp been, and would still
bo, I believe, a popular success.
The first biographer of Lord Beaconsfield (if I remember
rightly) was Mr. T. P. O'Connor, who published his some-
what personal attack on the unfortunate statesman (if my
memor}' serves me) during his subject's lifetime. Then
there was that portentously dull Public Life of Beacons-
field by Mr. Francis Hitchman, a sort of antidote to which
(one may say) was produced by Mr. P. W. Clay den under
the title of England under Beaconsfeld. In 1881 came a
little Life by Edward Walford, and the critical Study by
George Brand es. After that, the topic lapsed till 1888,
when Mr. T. E. Kebbel issued a sympathetic monograph
on the Tory leader. Two years later came the admirably-
written, but nevertheless unsatisfactory, memoir by J. A;
Froude. Now we are told to expect in a few days yet
another memoir, from the pen of Mr. Harold Gorst. For
my part, I think the best account of Disraeli is that which
he gave of himself in his Home Letters and Letters to his
Sifter, covering the ground between 1830 and 1852.
We are promised a collection of literary extracts, advo-
cating toleration in religious matters, to which the compiler
has given the title of The JJl'der View. It is not a bad
title, and is certainly none the worse for recalling that of
a little book written by Dr. Samuel Cox and published in
1883 — The Larger Hope. This was a sequel to Sahator
Mundi, by the same author, both being written in the
interests of what was then called **Universalism."
The Bookworm.
6 January, 1900.
The Academy.
7
Reviews.
The Glory that was Rome.
The Letters of Cicero, Translated into English by Eveljn
S. Shuckburgb, M.A. 4 vols. Vols. I. and II. (George
Bell & Sons.)
Mr. Shuckbukgh has done a great service in giving to
English readers the wholly admirable translation of
Cicero's Letters, of which the first two volumes are now
before us. To say it is scholarly would be inadequate.
It is that and something more than that ; it is an excellent
piece of literary work. Fidelity to the original is com-
bined with easy, idiomalic English in a really remarkable
degree. He accomplishes the feat of making us forget
that we are reading a translation. It is brilliant work.
It was time we should have a good translation of these
letters. They are, perhaps, the most interesting letters in
the world. They draw the curtain which hides from us
the intimate life of antiquity, and show us breathing
Home — not the mere Rome of history, but a Rome which
touches us as men. Here you have the people who con-
quered the world laughing, chatting, quarrelling, litigating,
money- making, and behaving just as we behave. You
hear the hum of the Forum, the latest gossip, the latest
politics. You rub elbows with men of old renown ; with
Cato, the morally inflexible and very much of a prig ; with
LucuUus, the conqueror of Alithridates, but yet more cele-
brated for his dinners, a fine specimen of the patrician ;
nay, you come close to Ctosar and Pompey themselves.
And the penetrating, urbane, cultivated, irresolute man
who wrote them — greatest of Rome's orators and perhaps
greatest of her prose-writers — is always chatty, observant,
winning and human.
Thus you have delightful human little glimpses of
domesticity, touching in these stern old Romans. A large
portion of tiie letters are to the orator's old friend Atticus,
and are full of allusions to his wife and his daughter — a
child of twelve when the letters begin. Tullia is her
name, but he uses generally the tender and musical
diminutive, Tulliola. Atticus forgets to send her a pro-
mised present, and Cicero writes :
My pet Tulliola claims your present, and duns me as
your security. I am resolved, however, to disown the
obligation rather than pay up for you.
Turn another page and you find a sneer at Pompey's
arbitrary ways and militarism. '^ I don't like his wlute
boots and leggings." Turn yet again, and you come on a
letter of advice to his brother as pro-consiU, which might
have been written to an English Governor-General.
Towards the middle of the second volume the corre-
spondence is streaked by the red line of the great Civil
War between Cresar and Pompey ; and Cicero appears as a
war- correspondent. These ** letters from the seat of war "
would be valuable in any age, but in that age are price-
less, for there is nothing like them in antiquity. One of
the great crises of the world is unconsciously depicted for
us by the greatest writer of his day. The tribunes,
expelled from the Senate, had fled to Crosar's camp on the
Gallic border, and invoked his protection. The Senate
had launched a decree against lum ; he had directed a
menacing letter to the Senate and had crossed the famous
Rubicon. It was the situation in the Transvaal The
Roman loyalists had been pushing matters to a fight, and
when it came Crosar overran Italy. Pompey's great plan,
about which heads in Rome had been mysteriously
wagging, proved to be non-existent. He left Rome, with
the Senate and the consuls, to raise levies and prepare the
defence of Italy ; but the loyalists found themselves
scattered and shut up in the Italian towns where they were
captured in detachments. Pompey himself retreated to
the sea-coast of Apulia, whence he ultimately fled to
Greece, and the Senate with him. Most living and
modem is Cicero's picture, from day to day, of the 6on-
stemation and uncertainty during those opening weeks;
when Ciosar was on the march, and everyone waiting for
the development of Pompey's plans, Cicero is fiul of
hesitation. He believes that C»)sar will turn out a monster
of cruelty, and talks about him as some of us talked about the
Boers at the outset. On the other h^nd, he realised before
the rest of the loyalists that Pompey was a fraud, and had
no idea of defending Italy. Thus he begins when the
Senate has thrown down the gauntlet, and he is quitting
Rome to take over the defence of the Capuan district —
knowing only that Csosar is on the march. He wrote to
his dear Atticus, who quietly stays in the city to look after
his private a£Eairs : .
I don't know, by heaven, what to do, now or in the
future : such is the agitation into which I am thrown by
the infatuation of our party's most insane decision. . . .
What plan our Enceus (Pompey) has adopted oris adoptinf^
I don't know ; as yet he is cooped up in the towns and
in a state of lethargy. If he makes a stand in Italy,
we shall all be together ; if he abandons it, I sball have
to reconsider the matter. Up to now, unless I am out of
my senses, his proceedings are all fatuous and rash.
Two days later he breaks forth again, in a breathingly
vivid picture of ancient Italy on the eve of invasion :
What in the world does it mean ? What is going on ?
I am quite in the dark. '* We are in occupation of Cingu-
lum," says nomeone ; '' we have lost Ancona "; '* Labienus
has abandoned CeBsar." Are we talkiog of an imperatur
of the Roman people or of a Hannibal? Madman!
Miserable wretch, that has never seen even a shadow of
virtue I And he says he is doing all this to '* support his
honour ! " How can there be any honour where there is
no moral right? Can it be morally right to have an
army without commission from the State ? To seize cities
abandoned by one's fellow citizens as a means of attack-
ing one's own country? To be contriving abolition of
debts, restoration of exiles, hundreds of other crimes ?
Which Ca}3ar was perfectly guiltless of contriving. But
Cicero is on his best oratorical platform for the moment,
and very much frightened besides. He calms himself
with a little philosophy, of the right Stoic pattern, and
goes on :
In the name of fortune, what do you think of Pompey's
plan ? I mean in abandoning the city P For / am at
a loss to explain it. Nothing, again, could be more
irrational. Do you mean to abandon the city ? Then you
would have done the same if the Qauls were upon us.
** The Republic," says he, ** does not depend on brick and
^mortar." No, but it does depend on altars and hearths. . . .
On the other hand, I gather from the indignation in the
miminpiaj and the conversation of those whom I meet,
that this plan is likely to prove successful in a way. There
is an extraordinary outcry at the city being without magis-
trates or senate. In fact, there is a wonderfully strong
feeHng at Pompey's being in flight. Indeed, the point of
view is quite changed ; people are now for making no
concessions to Cnesar. Expound to me what all this
means.
It certainly meant that '^ concessions" no longer mattered,
since C»>sar was coming to take them. But how swift he
came they did not yet know, these good loyalists of Rome,
though tJiey were getting painfully conscious how alow
was their own leader. You can see, in this letter, the
agitated groups gossipping in the streets and in the
market-place — that open- air dub -room of ancient Italy —
the catching at news and the questioning of couriers.
You can feel the shock throughout Italy, when it was
known that Rome was abandoned to the rebel soldier
from Gaul. Three days later he is still waiting for news,
and growing more doubtful of Pompey :
You ask me to be sure to let you know what Pompey
is doing : I don't think he knows himself ; certainly cone
of us do. I saw the consul Lentullus at Formifo on the
twenty-first ; I have seen Libo. Nothing but terror and
uncertainty everywhere ! Pompey is on the road to
8
The Academy.
6 January, 1900.
Larinum; for there are some cohorts there, as also at
Luceria and Teanum, and in the rest of Apulia. After
that, nobody knows whether he means to make a stand
anywhere, or to cross the sea. If he stays in Italy, I am
afraid he cannot have a dependable army : but if he ^oes
away, where I am to go or stay, or what I am to do, I
don't know. For the man whose fury you dread will, I
think, spare no form^of brutality : nor will the suspension
of business, nor the departure of senate and magistrates,
nor the closing of the treasury, cause him to pause. But
all this, as you say, we shall know before long. ... It
is all but certain that Labienus has abandoned him. . . .
For myself, I am convinced that it is true. Pray, though
you say you confine yourself to the limits of your own
house, do give me a sketch of the city. Is Pompey missed ?
Is there any appearance of 'a feeling against CsBiar?
What is your opinion as to Terentia and TuUia ? Should
they stay in Bome, or join me, or seek some place of
safety?
Such is the terror inspired by the march of the ogre
from Gaul. Cicero was soon to learn that Pompey, not
Ceesar, was the man whose cruelty was to be feared. The
desertion of CsBsar's great lieutenant, Labienus, is a gleam
of hope to him :
Labienus [he writes] I regard as a demigod There has
been no political stroke this long time past more brilliant.
. . . For us, however, where shall we be able to raise our
heads, or when ? How utterly iocapable our general is you
yourself observe . . . and how devoid of any plau of
campaign the facts are witness. . . . Everyone agrees
that he is in a state of abject alarm and agitation. . . .
His whole hope rests on the two legions somewhat
treacherously obtained. . . . For as yet, indeed, those
whom he is enlisting are men reluctant to serve, and
averse from fighting.
But Pompey was not so panic-stricken, perhaps, as
Cicero sweepingly asserts. He had '' 'eard the East a-
calling/' and he could ** 'eed nothing else.'' He was eager
to get away to the scene of his early glories, and rouse the
kings of the East against Italy, as Cicero soon came to
penetrate. He had thrown a detachment into Corfinium,
the Kimberley or Maf eking of the campaign ; but he made
no effort to relievo it. Cicero has a gleam of hope that
Cresar will accept terms; Labienus has assured Pompey
that his ex-leader*s army is weak, and Pompey, in much
better spirits, writes that he will soon have a kurge army.
But very quickly Cicero discovers that the peace proposals
were a blind, that Caesar has not halted a moment, and
that he is rushing on the heels of the scattered and retreat-
ing loyalist detachments. City after city he has taken.
Again poor Cicero rails at Pompey. Caosar he can scarce
bear to name, it is always ** he " or " that man."
I can see that there is not a foot of ground in Italy
which is not in his power. About Pompey I know
nothing, and I think he will be caught unless he has
already embarked. What incredible rapidity ! Whereas
our general !
From Corfinium, Domitius Ahenobarbus cries for help —
Shakespeare's *^ strong Enobarbe," but a poor enough
ruffian in history. The next day comes word of the final
blow, and Cicero sums up the inglorious campaign in dis-
gusted language.
What a disgraceful, and for that reason what a miserable
thing. He had fostered Ctvsar, and then all of a sudden
had beguu to be afraid of him ; he had declined any terms
of peace ; he had made no preparations for war ; he had
abandoned the city ; he had .lost Piceuum by his own
fault ; he had blocked himself up in Apulia ; he was pre-
paring to go to Greece ; he was going to leave us without a
word, entirely uninformed of a movement on his part so
important and unprecedented. Lo and behold, there is
suddenly sprung on us a letter from Domitius to him. But
our hero, biddiug a long good-bye to honour, takes himself
to Brundisium, while Domitius, they say, and those with
him, on hearing of this, surrendered.
It is a just indictment, m about a month and a half
Pompey had lost Italy, and embarked for Greece. How
differently from cold history does it all read in these
letters, palpitating with the passion of a partisan and a
contemporary, lit up by the little personal details which
give actuality to the drama! If history were properly
written, these letters would be more copiously quoted than
they are.
A Book of Tears.
English Elegies, ("Bodley Anthologies.") Edited by
J. C. Bailey. (Lane. 5s.)
Mb. Bailey has woven a mortuary chaplet of elegiac
verse, and ofifers it with a preface wherein he discusses,
not merely the history of the elegy in England, but also,
with both thoughtf ulness and erudition, the precise nature
and essence of this particular genre of poetry. Like most
words in the vocabulary of criticism, the term *' elegy "
has been used in a variety of more or less related senses,
which can hardly be brought within the boundaries of a
common definition. Two attempts at such a definition Mr.
Bailey quotes as at least approximately just. One is that
of Coleridge : '^ Elegy is the form of poetry natural to
the reflective mind. It may treat of any subject, but it
must treat of no subject for itself, but always and exclu-
sively with reference to the poet himself." The other is
due to Shenstone : *' Elegy in its true and genuine accepta-
tion includes a tender and querulous idea, and so long as
this is sustained it admits of a variety of subjects." And
he adds that the subject of an elegy must be '^ treated so
as to diffuse a pleasing melancholy." We do not think
Mr. Bailey is much in love with either of these definitions.
Certainly we are not. From one point of view they are
too wide. They are applicable to elegiac poetry as a
whole, while elegy, nowadays at least, generally bears a
narrower connotation than elegiac. From another point
of view they are too narrow, for the Elegiae of Ovid's
AmoreSf and the ^' Elegies " into which Marlowe translated
these, and the *' Elegies " of Donne and others, to which
they served as models, are by no means always * ' tender
and querulous," and not invariably even ** reflective."
Some of them are expanded epigrams ; others are narra-
tives of gay and gallant adventures. On the whole, it
seems better to maintain the distinction between Elegy
cuid Elegiac, and to confine the former to the notion of
lament. Mr. Bailey gives yet another formal definition,
which regards Elegy as ^'that form of poetry in which
anything is described as at once desirable and not present."
Even this is not quite satisfactory: to please us the
closing words should be, instead of ^^ not present," '' no
longer present." The notion of desiderium, or longing for
what has been and is no more, is surely essential. Fitz-
Gerald writes :
Ah, Love ! could you and I with Him conspire
To grasp this sorry Scheme of Things Entire,
Would we not shatter it to bits — and then
Be-mould it nearer to the Heart's Desire ?
This satisfies the definition just quoted, Omar's ideal is
'^ at once desirable and not present." But clearly it is not
elegy. Let us then insist on desiderium^ and define elegy,
if a definition is wanted, as **that form of lyric in which
the dominant mood is the yearning for that which hiis been
and is not." This definition allows a certain range of
subject for elegy. It may include, if not, as Mr. Bailey
suggests, laments for unrequited or unhappy love, at least
complaints over absent or faithless or forgotten love. It
may include the lament of the exile for the mother country,
of the townsman perforce for the meadows of his child-
hood. Actually, of course, the subject is, nine times out
of ten, death, and from this one class of funeral elegies,
6 January, 1900.
The Academy.
the whole of Mr. Bailey's own admirable collection is
drawn. He says truly tiiat the material for choice was
ample:
My difficulty throughout has been not where to find
matter for insertion, but how to find room for it. We
English have time out of mind been a grave people, apt
more than others to meditate on the transitoriness of
human things, and in tb^ midst of life to let our thoughts
move in the direction of death. And our poets, from
An^lo-Saxon times to our own, have in this matter been
no ill representatives of the natioual character.
Mr. Bailey's choice amid so much wealth is a judicious
and catholic one. His knowledge of the earlier writers
is wide, and he has been fortunate enough to obtain leave
to reprint much beautiful modem work which is still
copyright. He has, for example, Arnold's '^Thyrsis" and
** Geist's Grave " ; Lefroy's " Quem Di Diligent " ; several
elegies by Mr. Swinburne, including the '* Ave atque
Yale " upon Baudelaire, and the '^ Lines upon Walter
Savage Landor " ; three by Mr. Bridges, of which one is
the magnificent ''Eleffyon a Lady, whom Grief for the
Death of her Betrothed Killed " ; Mrs. Meynell's '' To the
Beloved Dead " ; Mr. Watson's '' Lachrymse Musarum,"
which nobly stands the test of historic comparison; and
Mr. Le GalUenne's *' Robert Louis Stevenson."
Naturally, no two anthologists ever make the same
selection, which is the excuse for multiplying antholojries ;
and while we could dispense with a few of Mr. BaUey's
gatherings, there are some half-dozen poems which we
could never have brought ourselves to exclude. Side by
side with Drummond of Hawthomden's lines ''To Sir
William Alexander " we would have had the same writer's
'' Lament of Damon," with its exquisite couplet :
Bud doth the rose and daisy, winter done,
But we, once dead, no more do see the sun.
We would have had the charming scene in Ben Jonson's
'' Sad Shepherd," where iEglamour laments for Earine :
Earine,
Who had her very beinff and her name.
With the first knots or buddings of the spring,
Bora with the primrose or the violet,
Or earliest roses blown.
From a later age we would have had Gharlee Lamb's
"Hester" and, perhaps, "The Old Familiar Paces."
And, finally, if Mr. Mackail would have permitted it, we
would have had his beautiful poem " On the Death of
Arnold Toynbee." We fancy this is not so well known
as it deserves to be, but we count it second only to Mr.
Bridges's '' Elegy on a Lady " among the regrets of these
latter days. Two stanzas we must find room for here :
Even in this English clime
The same sweet cry no circling seas can drown,
In melancholy cadence rose to swell
Some dirge of Lycidas or Astrophel,
When lovely souls and pure before their time
Into the dusk went down.
These Earth, the bounteous nurse,
Hath long ago lapped in deep peace divine.
Lips that made musical their old-world woe
Themselves have gone to silence long ago,
And left a weaker voice and wearier verse,
O royal soul, for thine.
The first of these stanzas might serve as a motto to such a
collection as Mr. Bailey's.
And now a final word of reproach. Mr. Bailey's book
is, unfortunately, a chaos. The elegies are not arranged
chronologically^ on the whole, the best method where the
subject-matter of an anthology does not itself suggest any
marked divisions. Nor are they, so far as we can ascer-
tain, arranged in accordance with any other principle
whatever.
The Man Dante.
The Life and Works of BanU Alighieri. By J. F. Hagan,
D.D. (Longmans.)
Yet one more of the many aids to the study of Dante
which pour in a yearly increasing tide from the press. In
the present case it deserves special commendation ; not
only because it is scholarly and thorough (for that is a
quality happily not rare among Dante studies at this day),
but for its unusual completeness as a survey of its subject.
It consists of two parts. The first is a biography of Dante,
as full as our limited knowledge of him will allow ; the
second is devoted to a detailed analysis of the JDivine
Comedyy together with the Vita Nuova and the prose works
of Dante. The reader has thus, in a single volume, every-
thing required to assist him in making we acquaintance of
the great Florentine.
The greatest of Italy's writers was bom in Florence in
1265 ; in that thirteenth century when the life of Italy,
poetical, artistic, and political, was rising like a young
tree, and the Tusccui which he was to g^ve supremacy above
all Italian dialects was plastic and waiting for a supreme
sbaper. His father, Foloo Alighieri, was a professor of
jurisprudence in Florence ; and Uie family, though old and
noble, held only a moderate position in the city. The vexy
family of his mother, Bella, is unknown, and both his
parents died while he was still young. His name, Dante,
is an abbreviation of Durante. His parents' death left
him under the guardianship and tuition of Brunetto Latini
— ^a notable event for little Dante. Brunetto was not only
a distinguished citizen, but one of the most learned men of
his day. He unquestionably laid the foundations of that
encyclopeedic knowledge which is as marked a feature in
the Divine Comedy as it is in Paradise Lost. The time was
yet to come when a great poet might win his way to the
Muses with '* little Latin and less Greek" — or what
ponderous old pedantic Ben considered little Latin, though
it might be recKoned by us a tolerable ha'porth. Not con-
tent, moreover, with studying at Padua and Bologna, Dante
'^ finished" at Paris, principally for the sake of philosophy
and theology, as a young Englishman nowadays might
finish at a German university. It was a wonderfully
thorough education, the like of which no young man of
fashion would dream of nowadays. But then it was
possible to aim at universal knowledge, and pretty nearly
to attain it. Besides his studies in what we should call
science and general knowledge, his special knowledge of
the arts and letters, Dante was as thorough a master as
any cleric of the received philosophy and theology of the
day — a fact of which his readers obtain painiul and
laborious assurance.
But no pedant was the future poet. The first thing on his
return from Paris he fought at Campaldino for his native
Florence against Arezzo. It was not the cause in which
he was ultimately to suffer so much, for the Florentine
army was Guelphic. Already, when he was but nine
years old, he had begun that other discipline of love.
Then, at a May party in the house of the Portinari,
whither he went with his father, he met the little daughter
of the house, Beatrice, one year younger than himself^
and fell soleinnly and precociously in love with her. Such
is the stoiy; and it is like enough with a child of his
temperament. Back in Florence from the wars, Dante
begaii the life of a brilliant young poet and politician.
His associates, such as Guido Cavalcanti, his fellow-pupil
with Brunetto, and his elder and predecessor in poetical
fame, Cino da Pistoia, and Lapo Gianni, were all ultra*
Ghibellines ; poet and Ghibellme, indeed, were almost
synonymous : and so it was inevitable he should take sides
against the popular party of the Guelphs for which he
had fought at Oampiudino. The belief that the salvation
of Florence and Italy lay in the submission of the country
to the German emperors became the fixed creed of hia
16
The Academy.
6 January, 1900.
life, and his abilities gradually made him conspicuous
among the Ghibcilline party.
Meanwhile he had met and renewed his passion for
Beatrice Portinari ; but it did not prosper. There are
signs that young Dante, like young Shakespeare or young
Donne, led rather a wild life ; and once, at least, Beatrice
refused to salute him in the street. To crown matters, she
finally married another ; but still the platonic passion con-
tinued and was recorded in the immortal Vita Nuova ; where
the foundation may be love but the edifice is certainly
allegory. At last she died young ; and after an interval
of mourning he married another lady, Gemma Donati — of
whom we only know that he wrote no poetry about her.
The same inference has been drawn as in the case of
Shakespeare and Anne Hathaway. And we are bound
to say that when a poet's wife never by any chance
gets into his writings, while another woman most con-
spicuously does, it looks as if one has the right to infer.
Nor were the great Florentine's politics more successful
than his love matters. Poetry was the only mistress that
smiled upon his suit. That during those years he must have
stamped his personality upon his fellow-citizens as some-
thing more than a rising and somewhat laz-living poet
is clear by the great catastrophe of his life. He had
come to be recognised as a force in the turbulent afPairs
of Florence — a fatal distinction. Better for him had he,
like his predecessor, Guido Guinicelli, been known as a
mere maker of songs, which all parties might admire.
For there was struggle in Florence : the Ghibellines drove
out the Guelphs, and reigned supreme in a Pyrrhic
triumph — as it proved. The government of the city was
eorganised on Ghibelline lines, and Dante was placed at
^ts head. Dante, the poet, ruler of Florence ! It is an
extraordinary tribute to the man's versatile faculty and
commanding character. Poet rulers there have been before
and since, but not ruler poets. That is, there have been
rulers — ^kings and others — who were poets of some dis-
tinction, but not poets who rose to be rulers. Victor Hugo
made a poor thing of it as a parliamentarian. One has
only to look at Dante's iron face to see the stufE of rule in
him ; but his companions were men of weaker stufip. It
was imperative that an envoy should go to plead their
cause with the Pope. There was no one whom Dante
could trust to go but himself. There was no one he could
trust to leave behind but himself. Painfully misdoubting
what would happen among his loggerhead fellows if he
were away, he yet (in an evil hour for his cause and
himself) decided to leave Florence on the embassy. While
he was in Home came the counter revolution in Florence.
The Ghibelline leaders were expelled, decree of banishment
was pronounced against the absent arch-Ghibelline — soon
to be tho arch-poet— and a price set on his head. The
interesting experiment of the ruler-poet came to a pre-
mature end.
Then began the famous wanderings of Dante. From
the castle of one little Ghibelline war-lord to another
the sombre and now ageing exile drifted, bearing his wrongs
in his bosom and immortality in his pocket ; for during
this enforced absence from politics and family he fell back
upon the composition of the Divine Comedy. We should
doubtless have had it none the less had he stayed in
Florence; but many persons of very good family might
have escaped hell. To Paris again he wandered, and,
coming back, had a gleam of hope. For Henry of Luxem-
burg was elected Emperor of Germany, and forthwith
revived the pretensions of his predecessors by invading
Itedy. Lombardy at Milan gave him submission and the
Iron Crown, but Florence stood out ; and Dante exultingly
beckoned his vengeance upon the haughty city. But the
Luxemburger marched on to Eome, fortune turned
against him, and when he returned to besiege Florence
his army melted away before the pestilence. He retreated
to die, broken-hearted ; and all was over with the poet. Of
Dante's residence and bickerings with Cem Grande at Verona
you may read in Rossetti's fine poem.. There, too, you
may read a splenlidly poetised account of his answer to
the insulting amnesty which Florence offered him, on con-
dition that he should pay the fine, and undergo the public
ignominy of the coiners pardoned by custom on St. John
Baptist's Day. The offer was made known to him by a
Florentine Franciscan ; and his actual letter is sternly
grand enough, without the added magic of Rossetti's
numbers. Thus the close of it runs :
A Flor. Monk.
** No, good father ! That is not the way for me to
return. But should a way be found by yourself or others
that shall not take from Daute*s fame and honour, be sure
that I shall follow it. Should no such way be found by
which I can enter Florence, then its gates I shall never
pass. And what P Shall I not see wherever I turn the
bright rays of the sun and of the stars? Can I not
everywhere under heaven speculate on the sweetest truths
of life without submitting myself to the people of
Florence, stripped of my glory and covered with ignominy ?
Not even bread shall fail me."
With Guido Novello, Lord of Ravenna, Dante found a
final asylum. There he completed his days and the great
poem, the gradual publication of which had already made
him famous. As he had been exiled during one embassy,
it was his fate to die after another. On his return from
an embassy he had undertaken to Venice for Guido, he
caught a fever and expired. The last portion of his
poem was only found and published after his death. So
Florence kept her living poet an exile to the last. And
ever since she has been vainly striving to recover from
Ravenna his dead bones. Which thing, is it not an
allegory of the world's treatment of its poets ? That is
what we know of the life of one of the world's greatest
poets — a story sad, terse, dignified, and worthy of the
man.
The Hero as Mountaineer.
The Highest Andes : a Record of the First Ascent of Aeon-
cagua and Tupungato in Argentina^ and the Exploration
of the Surrounding Valleys, By E. A. FitzGerald.
(Methuen. 30s. net )
From the Alps to the Andes, being the Autobiography of a
Mountain Guide, By Mattias Zurbriggen. (Fisher
Ilnwin.)
Ever since Falstaff — himself no hero — reviled "the
cankers of a calm world and a long peace," it has been the
custom with certain philosophers to look on war as the
most fertile breeder of the heroic virtues and to cloak its
savagery with sentiment. To such thinkers Mr. Fitz-
Gerald's long struggle in the service of science with the
elemental forces of nature, if it appear heroic at all, will
appear but a heroism of the lower order, but to such as
have no love for the hot-blooded heroisms of the bayonet
and yet believe endurance and courage to be the basal
virtues, this story of the conquest of Aconcagua will be of
high inspiration. It is not a record of mountaineering in the
ordinary sense ; to ice and rock-craft there is little explicit
reference ; the arch-enemy is not the mountain, but the
atmosphere, and the issue of the assault depends less on
axe and rope than on temperament.
Aconcagua rises twenty- three thousand and eighty feet
above the sea, and Mr. FitzGerald's highest camp — where
he spent, on and off, many weeks — was only some four
thousand feet from the summit, yet the circumambient air
of that last three-quarters of a mile presented a more for-
midable obstacle than ho had ever before encountered.
The assault on this invisible barrier by tho handful of
intrepid men that formed his party — falling back exhausted
time after time, yet for ever hurling themselves against it
as in some forlorn hope — is an epic in action. Three of
6 January, i^oo.
The Academy.
II
them at last pressed through — first the chief guide, Mattias
Zurbriggen, then Mr. Stuart Vines, the geologist of the
expedition, with the g^ide Nicola — but the leader himself
had finally to abandon the attempt, an heroic yictor never-
theless, though disappointed in lus supreme ambition.
The effect of these high altitudes upon the individual
explorers is described in the book witn much detail, but
perhaps nothing else will convey to the man in the plains
such a forcible impression of the physical havoc they
caused as the following homely comparison. ** Nobody
can conceive/' writes Mr. FitzGerald, '^ unless he has tried
to work under similar conditions, the feeling of utter
lassitude that overtakes one. I have heard people com-
plain of the same sort of feelings from acute sea-sickness.
' Having suffered badly from that malady myself, I can say
that a man could go about and cheerfully do his work
while suffering from the worst attack of sea-sickness far
more readily Uian he could take his pocket-handkerchief
out to blow his nose at an altitude of 19,000 feet." Add
to this that there were times when some of the men — all
hardened mountaineers — ** sat down, and absolutely cried,
great tears rolling down their faces, simply because of the
cold," and that*' the stoutest-hearted man " Zurbriggen
ever knew *' wept bitterly," because he had broken a
bottle of wine, and we shall have some slight notion of the
transformation to be effected by rarified air.
In one sense the most absorbing chapters in the book
are those in which Mr. Vines describes his ascent. Who
will not be glad that he has attempted to describe what
lay before him as he stood on the highest point jet reached
by man ? Of the view to the west he says :
No lens or pen can depict the view on the Chilian side.
I looked dowQ the great arete, past the western peak of
1 he mountain to ri&rht and left, ovf r ranges that dwindled
in height as they neared the coast, to where, a hundred
miles away, the blue expanse of the Pacific glittered in the
evening sun. [He had left the camp at 8.30, and reached
the summit at o.] Far down to the south, and fifty leagues
away to the north, stretched the vast blue line. The sun
lay low on the horizon, and the whole surface of the ocean
between the point of vision and the sun wai sufiPased with
a blood-red glow. The shimmering of the light on the
water could be distinctly seen.
He stayed more than an hour on the top, and then, as he
began the descent,
the sun [he tells ns], a great ball of blood-red fire in a
cloudless sky, was dipping into the waters of the Pacific.
Bapidly it sank, and disappeared from view. Tet, as if
still straggling for supremacy with the fast-approachins
night, an after-glow of surpassing beauty spread over land
and sea in a series of magnificent changes of colour. The
mighty expanse of water from north to south, together
with the sky above it, was suffused with a fiery red glow.
While the red in the sky remained, tbe waters, through
a variety of intermediate shades of colouring, turned slo^y
to purple and then to blue. And yet we were not in
darkness, for with the sun's departure the risen moon bad
declared itself with wondrous brightness, penetrating the
thin atmosphere and flooding everything with its colder
light. The effect produced by such a combination of
brilliant moonlight and glorious sunset was beautiful
beyond words. For daring half-an-hour that wonderful
glow rested on the horizon of the Pacific — a great red line
of subdued fire suspended in mid-air, the darkness that
had fallen Uke a pall on sea and land beneath severing its
connexion with the earth.
But the most important part of Mr. FitzOerald's work
was the exploration of the environing country, and in that
he met with the fullest measure of success. His labours,
indeed, have materially added to our knowledge of that
out-of-the-way part of the world — its topography, its
geology, its fauna and fiora, and (it may be added) its
manners and customs. The record, moreover, possesses
the additional interest of robust adventure ; and whether
we are triangulating in the Horcones valley with Mr.
FitzGerald ; volcano-hunting in Southern Chili with Mr.
Vines ; crossing the Cumbre Pass (12,800 feet), with
revolvers and half a ton of precious baggage, in the teeth
of an appalling blizzard, with Mr. Lightbody ; or collecting
specimens in the wastes of Inca or the vineyards of Lujan
with Mr. Gt)sse, we are sure of a '^crowded hour of
glorioiis life."
The expedition started from Southampton with eighty
tons of luggage ; lasted seven months ; included five Swiss
glides and an innumerable host of native carriers ; cost
we know not how many thousands ; ended in serious
illness for many of the party ; and was, withal, a notable
achievement. And the booK that enshrines the record is
in all respects worthy. With its elaborate appendices, its
excellent maps, and its numerous illustrations — many of
rare beauty — it is even a greater material triumph than
the same writer's previous volume on the Alps of New
Zealand.
Mr. Zurbriggen is, by common consent, the finest ex-
ploring g^ide the world has yet produced. Bom in 1 856,
m the heart of the high Alps, it was not till 1 880 that,
driven from pillar ta post in the valleys by an innate rest-
lessness, he determined to devote his life to the mastery of
the great mountains. Since then he has made conquest
after conquest — all detailed in the present volume — ^not
only in his own Switzerland, but in the Himalayas, in
New Zealand, and in the Andes, where, as Mr. Fitz-
Gerald has just shown us, it was he who first set foot on
the hitherto untrodden summit of Aconcagua.
The life-history of such a man, told in the rough, spon-
taneous eloquence of his native tongue by hut or bivouac-
fire on the crag of some great peak, would flood the soul
of the fortunate listener with many emotions, whereas the
same thing on paper, in the elaborated idiom of transla-
tion, with embellishments and enlargements by the trans-
lator, stuck between conventional covers and besprinkled
with illustrations sometimes uncalled for and sometimes
unworthy, loses a large part of its most characteristic
quality and scarcely reveals a personality.
And so it comes to pass that the writer of this auto-
biography lives more truly in other men's books than in
his own, not because he tells his tale clumsily or incom-
pletely— though there is a marked reticence on many of
the matters that go to make up a man — but because it is
not the real man who is telling it. The book, judiciously
edited, should have revealed an unconscious hero ; it shows
us instead a good fellow and a skilful climber, with a
constitution of iron, an indefatigable energy, a passion
for adventure, a touch of piety, and a liking for bottled
beer and a clear. But this is not Mr. Zurbriggen's fault ;
it is the faiut of his friends. The book, nevertheless,
will be attractive to many ae being the first attempt of
any g^ide to give an account of himself and his doings in
print, and as containing a record of mountain-adventure
that few climbers — and certainly no guide — could match.
Mr. Seaman's New Volume.
In Cap and Bells, By Ovren Seaman. (Lane. 3s. 6d.)
Well-meaning, educated readers say of Mr. Seaman's
verse that it is ** not unworthy of Calverley," that *'he is
on Calverley 's level," that he is *' almost as good as
Calverley." It is, perhaps, a blunder to make the com-
parison, but as it is made bo frequently, everyone
interested in good work is driven, in the first instance, to
approach Mr. Seaman from that particular standpoint, and
every just mind is soon forced to admit, with ail admira-
tion for Calverley and without the least disparagement of
his gifts, that, as a parodist and in technique, Mr. Seaman
is Calverley's superior. Some, preferring generous before
sardonic humour, would even maintain that the second
comer is the better wit. The amusement to be found in
12
The Academy.
6 January, 1900.
Calverlej is certainly, for the most part, embittering.
There may be laughter, but there is little true gaiety in his
verse, ^s parodies, again, are ingenious, yet they are
rarely sympathetic. Take, for instance, his parody of
Browning — **The Cock and the Bull." It is stupidly
funny. Browning's intellect is never once taken into
account: he wrote every way except foolishly, and to
burlesque his manner where he himself, as m certain
portions of ''The Bing and the Book,'' is taking some
elbow-room at the expense of dull dogs shows a want of
criticcd perception. And so ''The Cock and the Bull"
misses its mark. This is not the case with Mr. Sea-
man's " Hesigpnation " — ^a dramatic study after the same
master. Here the subject is seen as Browning might
have seen it, and it is treated with the irony which no one
commanded more often than Browning himself. Other
parodies in Mr. Seamen's new volume are wonderful
examples of this difficult art : the Stephen Phillips, the
Alfred Austin, the Watts-Dunton, and the George Meredith
are faultless. And, further, not one of these distinguished
writers would find anything ofiPensive or ill-bred, or,
worse still, imknowing in these remarkably skilful pro-
ductions.
Mr. Seaman has imitated, in each case, with a poet's
appreciation, the treatment and the musical tone, but
he employs, in the subject-matter, his own observations
and his own ideas. Calverley, on the other hand,
lacked imagination, or what is sometimes called the
instinct for beauty. He wrote as a man of the world,
not as a poet, not ds an artist. His verse is correct
enough, and it looks well on the page. Poetry,
however, is for the ear and voice, not for the eye.
There must be sound and feeling as well as sense.
These indispensable characteristics are never absent in
Mr. Seaman's brilliant work. Calverley's lines are
often tortured, curiously harsh, and difficult to speak —
common effects among parodists who catch the time and
not the tune of a poet's literary style. He was also an
uncompromising realist : sentimentality, we may believe,
irritated, bored, perplexed him; he had, as one says,
" no patience with it," and was consumed by an anxiety
to get the first laugh — ^an uneasy, fatal habit among
English authors of this generation. Mr. Seaman,
less self-conscious, and therefore much stronger, writes
with the straightforward ease of those who, acutely
susceptible to what is droll, have not sacrificed every
high faculty and ideal to that relatively small side in
human affairs. There are many modem minds who are
capable of seeking for the humorous aspect of the Agony
in Gethsemane. Mr. Seaman possesses the great quality
of discrimination, and his new volume is much more than
a collection of extraordinarily clever poems and burlesques.
It is a chivalrous book — a book with what may be called
" a whole soul." And lest any one with the fear of chivalry
before his eyes should suspect that a " whole soul " is not
racy, let us hasten to add that it is the best company
possible, and English in the most gallant sense.
Other New Books.
Fbom Kino Orky to Quesn Victoria.
By E. Callow.
" This is not a guide-book," says Mr. Callow. It is not.
It is such a popular history of the Isle of Man as may
well satisfy the thirst for information of the summer
visitor to that delectable isle when he has exhausted the
g^ide-book. It should lie upon the table of every hotel
coffee-room and every lodging-house parlour in Douglas.
Mr. Callow has no pretentions to be a scientific historian,
but he has gathered his material with care, and has put it
together in a readable and anecdotal form. Those who
regard the Isle of Man as a sort of ancestral estate belong-
ing to Mr. Hall Caine will be surprised to learn that he is
not, to the best of our belief, so much as mentioned in the
volume. The King Orry who appears in the titie was
a Norse Viking who conquered the Celtic inhabitants of
the island in the tenth century, set up a dynasty, and, if
tradition may be credited, founded the representative
House of Keys upon Tynwald Hill. To this day Man,
unlike its greater Celtic neighbour, possesses Home Bule.
It is an independent unit in the British Empire ; the Queen
of Great Britain is also Lady of Man. In the thirteenth
century Hakon Hakonson of Norway was defeated by
Alexander III. of Scotland, and Man became an appanage
of the Scottish Crown. Edward I., and after him
Edward III., conquered it, and it was held with the title
of king by divers noblemen and Court favourites. Ulti-
mately Henry IV. granted it for an annual tribute of
a cast of falcons to Sir John Stanley. From him sprang
the Earls of Derby who remained until 1504 " kings," and
until the eighteenth century "lords," of Man. Then it
passed through the distaff line to the Dukes of Athol,
who ruled it ill and selfishly. In 1765 it was sold to the
British Crown for £70,000 down and certain annuities.
But the final claims of these ducal " horseleeches" — ^it is
Mr. Callow's word— were only settled, in 1 829, by a payment
of £400,000 more. (Elliot Stock.)
How Soldiers Fight.
By F. Noxeeys Coxnbll.
The popular taste appears to demand books of the
drum-and-trumpet order just at present. Wherefore Mr. F.
Norreys Connell has felt called upon to put forth a volume
in which he essays to describe the duties which the various
branches of the Army are called upon to perform, and the
feelings of the soldiers who perform them. Mr. Connell
as a writer of stories we know, and have been able to
commend ; but we have not been able to discover that
Mr. Connell has any special knowledge of warfare, or any
claim to rank as an authority on the doings and the
feelings of soldiers. It is true that he exhibits an en-
thusiasm for " blugginess" ; and in reading his book there
came back to our memory some lines from some dreadful
stanzas that were current about twenty years ago :
O ain't it a jolly lark,
A-outtin* of the throats
Of them Boer blokes,
An' wadin' through blood in the dark !
Bloodshed may be necessary, but it is not for us who sit
at home to take pleasure in the contemplation of it. Thus
does Mr. Connell counsel the private of the line :
Of the tactics of infantry there is no end, but there are
some simple rules for the individual foot-soldier to re-
member when lost in the chaos of battle. If you cannot
bayonet your enemy, shoot him ; if he goes away, aim at
the base of his spine. But do not let your attention be
distracted from business by the consideration that other
people are making a mark of you. It is your duty to kill
the nighest possible number of those opposed to you, not
to save your own skin.
Such counsel as this is not likely to reach the infantry
soldier, and it leaves an unpleasant taste in the mouth of
the civilian reader. (Jcunes Bowden. 3s. 6d.)
Legends of the Bastille. By Frantz Funck-Bretano.
In this merciful, researchful age the worst men and the
worst institutions of the past stand a good chance of
receiving justice or, at the least, a coat of whitewash.
M. Funck-Bretano sets himself to demolish those legends
which represent the Bastille of the eighteenth century as
the abode of disease and tortures. We are no longer to
believe in iron cages, underground dungeons flooded by
the Seine, toads, lizards, rats, scant furniture, clanking
chains, Cimmerian darkness, and unknown accusations.
These are the dreams of melodrama, and the prison was a
desirable residence. Each prisoner had a large room,
adequately furnished, and he could add to the furniture.
6 January, 1900.
The Academy.
13
He could procure whatever clothing he needed, and could
even indulge his fads. Paris was ransacked to find *'a
dress of white silk spotted with green flowers/' for a lady
named Sauve, and when the gaolers could find only a
white dress with green stripes theirs was the dejection !
Gk>od flres blazed, pens and books were in plenty, and
there were concerts in the prisoners' rooms and in the
governors' rooms. Prisoners could pursue their hobbies,
or they could walk on the platxorm of the fortress and
watch the crowds on the boulevard.
As for Latude and his tales — pooh! He never stood
waist deep in water ; on the contrary, he was removed to a
better cell when the floods arose. When he complained
of rheumatism furs were provided for him, and when he
wanted a dressing-gown of '' red-striped calamanco " it
was obtained. His Memoirs are ''a tissue of calumnies
and lies," and it is pointed out that this man, who alleged
that he had sufiPered torture and exposure for thirty-flve
years, was active and gay at seventy-flve, and died at
eighty. There is, of course, no doubt that the extra-
vagance of the French devolution infected its memories and
legends, and that not all these have been corrected by later
historians. M. Funck-Bretano's defence of the Bastille is a
striking one, and is supported by documents, but that it
will prevail against the forces of settled tradition is
doubtful. Tradition says that the Bastille was a *' hell of
living men," and that it was taken by storm. M. Funck-
Bretano says it was a comfortable hotel, and that it was
entered in a quarter of an hour. Tradition quotes the
poets, M. Funck-Bretano prefers contemporary records.
An interesting book, with an introduction from the pen of
M. Victorien Sardou. (Downey. 6s.)
Thb English Chubch (597-1066).
By William Hunt, M.A.
This is the first instalment of a somewhat comprehensive
undertaking, a complete History of the English Church on
a scale considerably larger than any other modem work —
for modem histories, civil or ecclesiastical, are generally
little more than Introductions and Outiines — and incor-
porating the results of recent research. The task is
obviously one too great for any single scholar of these
degenerate days, and it has been divided into seven periods
and put into the hands of seven men. Mr. Hunt's share
reaches from the coming of Augustine to the Norman
Conquest, and among the names of writers to whom
later sections are assigned we notice those of such com-
petent historians as Canon Capes and Dr. Gairdner.
The general editors are the Dean of Winchester and Mr.
Hunt himself. In order, we suppose, to avoid controversy
other than historical, it appears to be intended that the
work should close with the eighteenth century. Mr. Hunt
adds to real learning an adequate narrative style, and we
especially commend the judicial and scholarly temper in
which he approaches his theme. He says of the volume :
While it is written from the standpoint of a member of
the Church of England, it has not been my design either to
advocate the principles of a party, or even to exalt the
Church. Whether the fact that the Church held certain
beliefs and enjoined certain practices a thousand and
more years ago is any reason why it should do the like
now is not for me to say. Everything recorded here
has been inserted either because it seemed to me necessary
to my narrative or interesting in itself. It ha9 been
my earnest wish to present a thorousbly tnithfid picture
of the Church during this period, and not to misrepresent
anything. No c%use seems the better for the art of the
special pleader, still less for disingenuousness. Nor would
the interests of the Church, even if they could be saved by
such methods, be so sacred to me as historic truth.
We are a littie surprised, in view of the scale and import-
ance of this history — " the first attempt," says Mr. Hunt,
*'to write a continuous History of the English Church
before the Norman Conquest with any deg^ree of fulness " —
that Mr. Hunt has not thought it desirable to give full
references to the authorities for his statements in foot-
notes. Instead of this, he only g^ves a brief general lisl
of authorities at the end — why not the beginning ?— of
eveiy chapter. (Maomillan. 5s. net. )
Shakespeabe's Sonnets.
By Samuel Butler.
We had thought — shall we say, hoped ? — ^to have heard
the last of the Sonnets for some time. But Mr. Butler
comes late and eager into the field, with an elaborate
introduction, footnotes, a reprint of the Quarto text, and
all the rest of it. Mindful of a recent volume in which
Mr. Butier tried to prove that Nausicaa, of all people,
wrote the Odyssey, we were quite prepared to find him
ascribing the Sonnets to Queen Elizabeth, or Lettice
Devereux, or Mary Fitton herself. On the contrary, witii
the exception of a slight tendency to indulge in the some-
what dangerous pastime of re-arranging the order of the
Sonnets, he faces the problem in a thoroughly sober and
scholarly mood. We have not space to discuss his views
in full, but the volume is one which no serious student
can afford to neglect. J^riefiy, Mr. Butler is neither a
Herbertian nor a Southamptonian. He tilts indifferently
at Mr. Archer and Mr. Sidney Lee. But he takes the
common-sense view that the '^ Mr. W. H. " of the preface
was the person to whom the Sonnets were written, and he
thinks, chiefly on the ground of the italicised Hews in
Sonnet 20, that the initials conceal some unidentified Will
Hews probably of obscure social standing. It may be so.
In any case, we think that few scholars will follow Mr.
Butier in the belief that the Sonnets were literally the
work of Shakespeare's *^ pupil pen," and were written
between 1585 and 1588. (Longmans.)
Letts's Dlabies.
We have received a parcel of these well-known publica-
tions, the merits of which are too well known to need
statement. But LeMs Diary No. 8, which is in a con-
venient octavo size and gives a page to each day of this
year, strikes us as an excellent type of diary for the
literary man. (Cassell & Co.)
Fiction.
Active Service. By Stephen Crane.
(Heinemann. 6s.)
The hero of this novel is the editor of the Sunday edition
of a New York paper, Eufus Coleman, a down-East
Yankee of the most resourceful and clear-headed type.
Coleman faUs in love with Marjory Wainright, daughter
of a college professor. The professor declines the young
man as a son-in-law, and then, his daughter proving
obstinate, takes her and his wife to Greece, with a party of
young students. Kufus follows as correspondent of his
paper, and there follows also a divette named Nora Black,
who has something more than a preference for the great
young Sunday editor. The presence of all the characters
in Ghreece can only be explained by the fact that Mr. Crane
has spent some time in Greeoe as a war-correspondent, and
must have a large quantity of descriptive stuff to '^ work
off." Otherwise it has no significance. Mr. Crane makes
of the Turko-Qreek war a rather effective background to
a romantic love- tale with a ''happy" conclusion. The
book is full of those feats of description for which
the author is famous — some of them really excellent,
others nothing but trickeries in which a certain effect
is obtained by applying to men the epithets of things
and to things the epithets of men. But let us admit
that Mr. Crane can handle the epithet and the simile
with surprising, almost miraculous dexterity. The best
chapter in the book is that in which is set forth the strenu-
ous life of the sixteenth floor of the New York Eclipse
u
The Academy.
6 January, igoo*
building. It is a piece of sheer impudent vivacity, the end
justifying the means. If it had not succeeded it would
have been obviously crude ; but it does succeed, and the
sixteenth floor of the Eclipse building lives for you as in a
biograph.
A large part of the book is occupied with the American
University student, of whom Mr. Crane presents several
varieties in what one of his characters calls a '' calcium
light." These persons are not wholly fascinating; their
passion for slaog amouots to a disease — a disease which
has communicated itself to Mr. Crane. If a slang phrase
will roughly serve his turn he never hesitates to use it.
The students' conversations have picturesqueness :
In the corridor, one of the students said offensively to
Peter Tounley :
*' Say, how in hell did you find out all this so early P "
Peter's reply was amiable in tone.
** You are a damned bleatinic little kid, and you make a
holy show of yourself before Mr. Gordner. There's where
you stand. Didn't you see that he turned us out because
he didn't know but what you were going to blubber or
something? You are a sucking-pig, and if you want to
know how I find out things, go and a^k the Delphic
Oracle, you blind ass."
** You'd better look out, or you m%y get a punch in the
t >»
eye
**You take one punch in the general direction of my
eye, me son," said Peter cheerfully, "and I'll distribute
your remains over this hotel in a way th«t will cause your
friends years of trouble to collect you. Instead of antici-
pating an attack upon my eye. you had much better be
eDgsged in improving your mind, which is not at present
a fit machine to cope with exciting situations. There's
Coke I Hello, Coke, heard the news ^ Well, Marjory
Wain Wright and Bufus Coleman are engaged. Straight H
Certainly ! Go ask the minister."
On the whole, Active Service is a little below Mr. Crane's
best. It is mannered, and the mannerisms of a writer
with methods so audacious and novel as Mr. Crane's are
apt to irritate. But it quite deserves to be called a
remarkable book.
Princess Feather, By A. C. Inchbold.
(Hutchinson & Co. 6s.)
Mr. Incubold (if, indeed, it be a man ; but we are by no
moans sure) has written a novel of peasant life on the
Sussex shore at the end of the eighteenth century. His
heroine, Elizabeth, sprang originally from the Foundling
HospitEil. She was carefully brought up, and arrived at
the status of a lady's maid. Pretty, clever, refined, reliable
and good, she was a valuable pearl among lady's maids.
One day she went with her mistress to stay at a country
house. She there saw a sheep-shearing festival, and fell
in love with the braggart but picturesque Michael Tagg,
captain of sheep-shearers. She married him. Thence-
forward her history is one of sorrow and declension.
Michael was a smuggler and a bully — masterful, drunken,
immoral, bestial — in fact, we suppose, an average
eighteenth century peasant husband. In vain Elizabeth
exercised amiability, obedience, and conscientious en-
deavour to please. He knocked hor down with a single
blow. She found herself a peasant's wife. Mr. Inchbold 's
concern is to make us feel what it was to be a peasant's
wife in years before the battle of Trafalgar. He succeeds.
The picture is sinister, but it convinces. Imagination has
been put into this promising book. It is a book dominated
by a sincere effort after truth — both dark truth and light.
The realism is relentless, but it is a fine, selective sort of
realism too. The difficult Sussex dialect is handled with
skill, and the author has a pastoral, open-air sense of
things which enables him to build up round his characters
a genuine atmosphere of England's green and England's
sea. In short, Princeis Feather^ no doubt a first atteiupt,
may be called rather notable, since it has strength, colour,
and a broad, just outlook. Some of the scenes possess a
memorable stringency. The most dramatic is that of the
wife auction (marking the lowest point of Elizabeth's fall),
where the once prim and proud lady's maid is sold by her
husband to a soldier for five sovereigns. We should like
to quote from it, but a short extract would be inadequate.
The psychology of the soldier and the subsequent pas-
sages between the soldier and Elizabeth are well and
subtly done. They disclose a talent at once ingenious and
agile, and, above all, honest with itself and its subject.
That is the leading characteristic of this novel : a simple,
unaffected intention to be real. On the whole, the style is
the least satisfactory feature of the story. The author is
too much inclined (as Schopenhauer puts it) ** to think in
phrases" — the worn-out stock-phrases which may have
been fresh centuries ago — instead of constructing his
sentences word by word.
Notes on Novels.
[These notes on thf week^s Fiction are not necessarily final.
Reviews of a selection will follow. ^^
The L\dy from Nowhere.
By Fergus Hume.
The author of The Mystery of a Hamom Cab again takes
a murder as his theme. It occurs in a Lmdon suburb,
the victim being an eccentric young lady who — to quote
her landlady — " dined off a chop and potatoes, and dressed
in silk and lace to eat them." Eyeing her room, with its
violent yellow tone and gorgeous furniture, the detective
Gebb rubs his hands : ** By the sight of|it, this is going to
be a romantic case." (Chatto & Windus. 6s.)
A Pure Child-Face.
By E. S. Padmore.
A didactic story in paper covers. The period is laid in
the early days of Christianity, and the priest of the Sun
has much to say. There are fairies and converts. The
last sentence points the moral : " Better the Paradise of
fools than the Gehenna of a sated soul." (Simpkin
Marshall. Is.)
While the Lotus is Closed.
By Michael Grant
A love->tory with a background of wealth and titles and
country life. The heroine ** walked slowly across the
lawn, the frou-frou of her skirts keeping time to the soft
throb of the Blue Hungarian Band." (H. J. Drane.
3s. 6d.)
She Stands Alone.
By Mark Ashton
The central character in this story is Pilate's wife,
'* the Maid of Athens," who is treated in her character of
pleader for Christ during His tried before Pilate. The
story may be said to be written round the text " Have
thou nothing to do with that just Man." Part of the
novel is laid in Britain. *' * The great Julius has maligned
Britain,' she observed. . . . *It is not nearly so savage a
country as I anticipated, and as to the barbarous natives
who gave him such a rough reception, where are they
hidden, centurion y ' " (Hutchinson. 6s.)
The Kingdom of a
Heart.
By Effie Adelaide Rowlands.
A love-story of great length and many incidents, in
which two sisters are the heroines. Tragedy, intrigues,
secrets, and mistakes pass away. Then ** Rachel's old
audacious look danced in her eyes," and Anne ** will le
an ideal Rector's wife." The story ends on baby-socks ;
** Baby likes the pink ones best." (Routledge. 63 )
6 anuar}', 1900.
The Academy;
J5
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denin^ towards the misty hiUs that rise heyond the
creaming valleys and the hanging woods. The east burns
into fiery rose ; a tiny wreath of cloud floating above a
blaok mass of foliage changes hue and shape, and floats
away, still chaug^u^.
too.
Made Writing.
Travellers for Ever is the title borne by a dainty little
book of '^ fantasies and sketches" written by Mr. L.
Cope Comford, and just published by Mr. Nutt. Mr.
Comford has recently written a very creditable study of
the life and achievemont of Kobert Louis Stevenson. It
is evident that he owes something of his style and vocabu-
lary to Stevenson, something also of these to Mr. Henley ;
but we do not wish to make a point of this. The point
we are led to make — after reading these essays not once,
nor twice, but several times — is that Mr. Comford is
very typical of a multitude of young writers to whom
a St. Paul, in the dawn of a new century, might say
in gentle but convincing tones : ''I perceive that in all
things ye are too styleful." Paul would say " styleful"
— unpleasing word — because it would carry his meaning.
He would not say: *'I perceive that in all things ye are
too careful of style " ; that is impossible in young writers.
Style in excess is the evil — style conceived as the root
instead of the flower. The fault, no doubt, leans to virtue's
side ; but just now it frequently is found leaning at an
angle that demands correction. It does so in Mr. Corn-
ford's essays.
Mr. Cornford's theme is the open road, that leads from
cities into the fields and woods. It is a theme on which
every man has leave to write, the condition is that he
shall write well. In the limited sense that he writes care-
fully, and with a curious search for fit and musical words,
Mr. Comford does write well. It is, indeed, ** evidently
manifest," to use a phrase of his own, that Mr. Comford
has spent whole afternoons in making and pruning his
style. Yet by his style — we are sorry to say — he is con-
demned. Everywhere it suggests things read, rather than
things seen or felt. It is curious that in seven essays
eulogising the country he hardly ever names a tree, bird,
or plant. He writes — as might any of the "horde of
sedentary persons " with whom he peoples London — of
** fir-woods," ** old-grown woods," " shores alive with wild
fowl," " bird-voices," ** pollarded willows," " leviathan
beeches," and "virginal birches." Once he names the
hollow clapper of the cuckoo — a phrase that could be
learned from a cuckoo-clock — but when "a bird in the
thicket flutes a solo," we are not told what bird ; and the
" strange broken speech of the wild fowl, that sometimes
sounds like words," is attributed to no species. Indeed,
definiteness is the last quality of these polished but peri-
phrastic essays. Landscapes are lost in adjective and
metaphor. Thus :
All tbe eastern sky is glowing amber ; westward, riding
high, the moon stares from the empyrean of cold azure
washf d with silver, a disc of polished brass. Wreaths of
mist fill the valleys, like fleeces of carded wool. The far,
lusty clarion of chanticleer rings through the hushed
expectancy. The east bums redder, melting into the blue,
paling the brassy moon. The icy air grows warmer, and
breathes an odour of gra«s and flowers. A grey continent
of cloud, leaning from the western sky, flashes here and
there with igneous flakes of red, and, yawning into
cavernous deeps, slowly breaks in pieces, and drifts, red-
[111 cnang^ug.
We are afraid that the impression floats away
We quote another passage :
Out of the city the wayfarer follows the road ; the road
which runs up sheer into the lifting sky and leaps tfab hill,
and, winding through shaughs and blowing meadows,
leads past ancient churches grey with lichen and over
shining water, trending always to the sea. Across the
azure bloom of the summer champaisn sweep vast shadows
chasing gleams of silver light, until the sun goes down
into his country of the sunset beyond the purple hUls.
Down the road, to the music of beating hoofs and tinkling
bells, roll the harvest wains loaded high with wealth of
sheaves; follows, heavy with toil, the train of bronzed
labourers. Upon a dark bank, high above the road,
stands a peasant woman holding a child in her arms,
encircled and magically illumined by the western radiance.
This is Nature seen in engravings. The style cries for
substance, for personality — all that makes style a virtue.
To call the country alluring is not to make it so. You
may write of "the jolly wind," "ribbons of running
water," the " haunting, eager wind," and the ** amorous
braverv of the spring"; you may swear that the land
" smells of fairies," and point to "the long silhouette of
a town rising beyond the golden pastures of a lucent sky ";
you may distinguish the colour of the sea as " lilac," and
declare that old beeches are "writhen like fossil serpents";
you may speak of " a gaudy chime of bells " ; and you may
set these phrases in shapely sentences and paragraphs —
still it may be naught. For to communicate only words,
not things, or to communicate more words than substance, is
to fail. Style is not the art of finding beautiful words and
arranging them well; it is the art of fitting words to
things, and arranging both well. Many pitfalls await the
young author who thinks of words before things. He
borrows unusual words from one model, or a few
models, and the result is that in trying to bejewel his
vocabulary he narrows it. Mr. Comford uses words
like "scanted," "brash," "hebetude," " wried," "immo-
bile," "purview," "writhen," "ceiled," "scission" and
" lure " (as a noun). It is made a point by many young
writers to bring such words into use. Against that
we have little to say, provided the words are come by
rightly. But a writer should not try to tickle his readers
by a word which he has not by processes of thought
truly made his own. What we notice in Mr. Cornford's
booK is that the presence of unusual words does not
give him a large vocabulary. His repetitions are many.
On one page he writes: " You shall hear the tramp of
ancient armies ring upon the ribs of earth "; on another,
" the weapon digged from the adamant ribs of earth."
A "white plume of smoke" is emitted, on p. 24, by a
railway train, and on p. 36 a "level plume of smoke"
floats from an outward-bound steamer. On p. 32 we have
the " valiant sun," on p. 63 the " valiant stars." On
p. 24 "the lusty clarion of chanticleer shatters the still-
ness"; and on p. 50 "the far lusty clarion of chanticleer
rings through the hushed expectancy." Twice or thrico
is the sky "lucent," and twice we have "the myriad
wheels of circumstance." These repetitions, occurring in
about fifty small pages, betray the dominance of words
over things, and thn dominance of a model over words.
And here it may be said that the writer who takes Mr.
Stevenson or Mr. Henley as his master makes a cardinal
error : instead of contemplating these, who are two, he
should study their models, who are many. Instead of
imitating their writing, he should emulate their reading.
Nothing wearies like the excess of style over matter.
For in such cases the disproportion is not all : the matter
is sure to want quality as well as (quantity. The thought
seems caught out of the air. It is delicately worded, but
i6
The Academy.
6 January, 1900.
it is of no account. It is pretty, but it is not true. Mr.
Comford will have it that the lovers of the open road are
elect. He draws tenebrous pictures of city life, of the town's
*' poisonous wilderness," its ^'sour gloom," and of the
multitude who *' out their staves into shopmen's yards, and
settle down to fatten peaceably in villas." He sees nothing
between ''the immemorial, elemental life of man, and
civilisation's buckram parody." The " horrible shrill city "
is to be flown. The town-dweller is admonished thus:
You read, vaguely, in the newspapers of the Army and
the Navy, the ColoDies, and the Agricultural Interest, it is
true ; n^vertiieless, you shall come to believe in time that
the District Bailway circumscribes the habitable world;
and you go contentedly to and fro, like tame pheasants in
a ring-fence preserve. But the drop of savage blood still
throbs in some of vou ; and, although Esau may com-
promise with Jacob (for substantial reasons), he still refuses
ultimate aUiance with his smooth-faced Idnsmen in ^e
black coat and varnished boots.
This is what we may term " made " writing. It answers
to no large essential facts. Need we point out that Uie
wearer of varnished boots is no tame town pheasant, but a
shooter of pheasants. Need we point out that the desire
to see the country, and at last to live in die country, is the
ruling passion of Londoners. What is suburban life but
a tribute to the countiy ? Every London suburb is a leaf
straining to the light. Has Mr. Comford seen a chrysan-
themum show at &e People's Palace ? Has he attended
a bulb auction in Poultry? or met the Spring in the
Strand ? A writer is not obliged to write all truths about
his subject, but he must have a saving sense of them.
And nothing obscures that sense more than a pre-
dominance of the wish to write over the wish to think.
We have examined Mr. Comford's book with un-
usual keenness because we believe that he means to
challenge criticism on his style, and because that style
seems to afford a good object of inquiry at the present
time. If it had fewer virtues we shoiild have found fewer
faults. Mr. Comford has acquired a great deal of crafts-
manship : his sentences as sentences, and his paragraphs
as paragraphs, are very well turned ; he has the t^te for
words. But .
How Long Should Copyright
Last ?
Afn Bernard Shawns Views,
In our issue of December 2 we printed a number of replies
which we had received from authors to the questions : Is
Perpetual Copyright in books desirable ? and. If not, how
long should Copi^right last ?
To these questions Mr. Bernard Shaw replied as follows :
The proposal of perpetual copyright is a piece of rapa-
cious impudence. Would it benefit anybody if the heirs of
John Bunyfin were now wallowing idly in royalties on The
Pilgrim*8 Prof/resa instead of working honestly for their
living ?
Gonsideriog that an inventor who enriches the world is
granted patent rights for fourteen years only, it is not
dear why an author, who possibly debauches it, should
get from thirty to over one hundred years' copjrright. The
pi^sent term is too long, except in a very few speciid cases,
for which extension should be granted on application to
the courts. If the descendants of authors want copyrights,
they can earn them by writing books.
In our issue of last week we printed the views of Mr.
Herbert Thring, secretary of the Society of Authors, who
concluded his remarks as follows :
It appears to me extraordinary that none of your con-
tributors have taken into account the fact that neither the
pubhc nor the author's descendants reap the benefit, but
the publishers.
Bo I understand that it is the general opinion of literary
men that the profits arising from the judicious administra-
tion of Uterary property should belong to the pubhsher,
rather than the author's representative or the public ?
Mr. Shaw now sends us the following rejoinder :
''Mr. Herbert Thring is mistaken in concluding that
the point he raises has escaped my consideration. What
is of more importance, he is also mistaken in supposing
that a publisher can make anything out of a copyright
of which he has no monopoly. The entire works of
Shakespeare can be purchased for sixpence less than Mr.
Pinero's worst single play, because the publisher pays
nothing for Shakespeare's work and can charge notning
for it. If he attempted to nut a penny on to me price on
Shakespeare's account his eoition could instantly be under-
sold to that amount by his competitors, who have the
same access to Shakespeare as he. I can take a copy of
' Hamlet ' into a jobbing printer's to-morrow and get it
reprinted as cheaply as I oould an equal quantity of copy
onering rewards for lost dogs. Dent may charge me
eighteenpence for 'Hamlet,' Cassell threepence for it^
and DicKs a penny; but what I pay them for is the
design of the book, the printing, the paper, the binding,
the size, the copyright illustrations, the editorial notes,
not for Shakespeare. Him I get for nothing. '
Mr. Thring, nevertheless, thinks that a copyright which
has become common property by the expiration of its
monopoly is not really a national possession. In a sense,
he is right. The Englishman who never buys a copy of
Shakespeare's works, never reads one, and never goes to
the theatre, may contend that he has never got anything
by his share of the national inheritance of Shakespeare's
P^enius, and that the readers and playgoers have used that
inheritance without sharing it with him. He may claim
that the Government should levy a royalty on all copies
sold, and apply the proceeds to the general benefit in
relief of taxation or otherwise. Similarly a Londoner who
never goes into Hyde Park may contend that, to enable
him to share its benefits with those who do go into it,
a charge should be made for admission, and the proceeds
devoted to the reduction of London rates. Or a bedridden
ratepayer might demand that the street should be made
a turnpike, so that the actual users should pay an
equivalent^ for the wear and tear of the pavement into
a common *fund for the benefit of the bedridden and the
active alike.
The answer to these perfectly logical proposals is, first,
that their adoption would be so exceedingly inconvenient
and costly if carried out consistently in every department
of life, that they would make society physically impossible,
whereas the existing communistic methods work fairly
well. And second, that it is not true that the actual first-
hand users of an institution are the sole or chief bene*
ficiaries. Take the case of the British Museum Library
and Keading-room. Is it a place kept up by the nation
for the benefit of the readers ? No : as we authors and
journalists and literary hacks know to our cost, it is a
place which benefits the nation through the labour (often
miserably underpaid, and largely gratuitous) of those who
work there. Take again the case of railways. They
benefit everybody, but only on condition that a certain
number of people face the discomfort and risk of travelling
by them. Hence, when other Socialists have advocated
free railway travelling, I, better advised, have advocated
payment of railway travellers, a juster and more popular
reform.
Mr. Thring, then, need not fear that the copyrights
which have lapsed into the common stock benefit only
the publishers who make use of them. On the contrary,
the real difficulty is to induce publishers to touch them
and face the competition that follows success with them.
They prefer the monopoly of copyright. When I was a
boy t^e American publishers vied ydik ^aeh other in
6 January,' 1900.
The Academy.
17
briogiiig out editious of the latest works of our English
novelists, who cried Thieves and Pirates with all their
might. What was the result? The American public
read all our leading works of fiction for a few cents, to
their g^eat benefit and to ours (since it was thus that they
learnt to love literature) ; but the publishers were brought
to the verge of ruin. To-day, when they ask me for new
copyright matter, I tell them that a million words of my
best writing lie at the disposal of every publisher in
America ; but they prefer to pay a royalty for a monopoly,
and they are right. If we turn to the stage, we find that
Sir Henry Irving, instead of pouring royalties into the
pockets of Sardou, Pinero, Jones, and Ghrundy, has availed
himself of the national property in Shakespeare. With
what residt? That he tells us that the non-oopyright
system has left him £100,000 to the bad. He is now
glad to call in Sardou and pay him heavy royalties. It is
a mistake to suppose that either publishers or managers
profit by free books and plays. To them, monopoly is
always worth the royalty it costs.
May I, in conclusion, say publicly what Mr. Thring
knows privately : namely, that I am not one of those
literary blacklegs who are not ashamed to earn a few
disgraceful shillings by reviling the Authors' Society, and
belittling the work which will make Sir Walter Besant
famous, not as a mere author — that might happen to
anybody — but as a great Trade Union secretary. Only,
I have fought from the first against the clamour of the
author for a perpetual literary property, and against the
argument that if other men are allowed to quarter their
descendants idly on the labour of future generations, why
shouldn't we ? Even if the claim were honest, and the
argument worthy, what chance has either of acceptance in
an age of increasing death duties, of jealous public
limiting of concessions to electric lighting and tramway
companies, of a general revolt of the public conscience
against perpetual pensioners of all sorts ? In this matter
Sir Walter has the notions of 1860, and Mr. Lang those
of 1870. ' It is now 1900 — time for my ideas to have a turn.
Mr. Nutt, I grant, is up to date: he faces the choice
between the attitude of the Socialist and the attitude of
the Struggle-for-Lifer, but does not give any reason why
the Struggle-for-Lifers who are not authors should tax
their posterity for the benefit of a seventeenth Dake of
Besant or Marquis of Shaw. Perpetual copyright is an
Alna8char*s dream, all the less worth troubling about in
view of the fact that the copyrights most in need of help
from the Society of Authors have a natural life — inex-
tensible by any legal device whatever— of from twenty-
four hours to eighteen months.
G. Bernard Shaw."
Things Seen.
The Lower Criticism.
The Beadle was a bland, elderly, sententious man, with a
taste for wisdom, and a paternal interest in the shrubs
and flowers of the Public Garden under his charge.
As my homeward route at the dose of every working-
day took me through his garden, a casual friendship grew
up between us. We always exchanged greetings, which
now and again expanded into conversation, as on one
December evening when the trees stood out black and
bare against the flying clouds. On that night the windows
of the church at the comer of the garden were alight, and
the frosty air was filled with melody.
'* Choir practising, I suppose ? "
The Beadle nodded, and tilted his bland face a couple
of inches nearer the heavens. ''It does one good to
(tand outside and hear them rolling the psalm to wintry
skies," he said. ** I don't go to church now. I've given
up goin^ to church. My wife goes to church, but women
don t think the same way as men."
He was silent for a minute, gazing at the sky.
" Perhaps she's right," he continued ; " but I don't see
how a man can go to church if he doesn't believe the
Bible's all true. Do you, sir ? "
I gave a small, non-committal cough.
The singing ceased.
'' Well, it's tea-time,'* he said ; and as we paced along
the asphalte path he inquired if I had seen the new
Bible Dictionary. Without waiting for my answer, he
continued: ''It's a wonderful book. A gentleman, a
great barrister living over there in the Inn, lent me the
first volume. It goes from A to D, and plays havoc —
great havoc, sir — with the Bible. It's queer reading for
a Ohristian woman, so I keep it locked up, out of the way
of my wife. It's no gpood upsetting one's womenfolk.
They haven't got the same brams like us.". He clutched
my arm and lowered his bland face to mine : " 'Tisn't
only the Old Testament they play havoc with. There's a
German professor says that the Star of Bethlehem shines
only in the legend, and — and — ^his voice sank to a whisper
— they don't even let St. Paul alone. But I must keep it
from the missis. It don't do, sir, to upset women."
By this time we had reached the lodge. He pushed
open the door, disclosing a bright room with the cloth laid
for tea. In a low chair bv the fire sat an old lady, with
an open book upon her xnees. She smiled upon her
husband and greeted me pleasantly.
" I was getting anxious about you, William, dear."
" I've been having a bit of a talk with this gentleman,"
said William.
"And what have you been talking about?" asked the
old lady.
William looked uncomfortable : " It's not the kind of
talk that you would want to hear, Mary."
She glanced up quickly at her husband. There was
such divination in the look — such a kind, reproachful
comprehension shone on her wrinkled face — that I was
moved to say : " Your husband has been regretting that
he can no longer go to church because — because the
higher criticism has made such havoc with the Bible that
he can no longer accept its infallibility."
" Dear William ! " said the- old laay, and she took her
husband's hand. " Dear William ! "
She did not speak for a minuter— she only looked at him,
as one might look at a forgiven child.
" Dear William," she said, " I knew what was troubling
you, and I knew that you was trying to spare me. Oh,
William, 'tisn't what men have said or written that's given
me peace all my days and happiness now that I'm an old
woman. If every line of the Bible was proved to be
false, if aU the learned men in the world came to the
door and told me I was an old goose, it wouldn't make no
difference. Dear William, it's what I know that makes
me happy and sure — so sure. Nobody can teach me, and
nobody can take it away from me, William, dear." And
then she read aloud this from the book upon her knee :
" I know not where His islands lift
Their fronded palms in air ;
I only know I cannot drift
Beyond His love and care."
All Real.
He was a big man, and a veritable red-neck. Looking at
him as he sat next me at the long counter of a London
restaurant, I surmised thus: — An office in the City, a
house at Crouch End, a wife and four children, a
good deal of smoking and billiards, a good deal of sleep
and tubbing. Yet this formidable Englishman had
propped before him a well-thumbed copy of Short Stariei,
a penny weekly publication. While he was cutting his
stewed steak and conveying it to his mouth his eye
never left the frivolous page leaning against the water-jug.
1.8
The Academy.
6 January, ii,oo»
The contradiction betvreen the man whose back sloped
away like a mountain side and the frail penny literature
which interested him more than his food fascinated me.
Long he munched and read, and long I was conscious of
his tall silk hat tilted back, and his staring forward gaze
at the paper. A colophon on the page showed that the
story was ending. My curiosity was great. At last he
started, summoned the waiter, and counted out his money.
Meanwhile I was able by an efiPort to gather the conclu-
sion of the story which had held him. This is what I
read in difficult glances :
'' On the Gbeen Boom couch lay Nanine; on one side stood
Lord Borrodaile, Harold Methuen on the other. . . .
She opened her eyes. There bending over her stood
her mother and Harold Methuen, hand in hand.
She raised herself. ' The cue, prompter ; quick, the
cue.'
Harold bent over. . . . ' I love you, I love you.'
She rubbed her eyes. * Yes, cue, love.'
* I love you with all my heart.'
' Curtain, quick, curtain.'
* No, dearest, this . . . beginning of the act.'
She looked . . . dazed way, . . . recognition came.
* Not acting, . . . real, all real. Oh, I . . . happy
now:
T » »'
Correspondence.
"E. H." and ** Contemporary Style."
Sir, — Could you not bestow a New Year's boon on the
majority of your readers by spiking " E. H.'s " gun, or
taking away his breech-block, and so putting an end to his
pedantic effusion on a subject already fairly well under-
stood by many educated persons ? He does not appear to
note the difference between a report written against time
and calculated to convey an idea of the situation to eager
and anxious readers, and Count Tolstoy's MS. — which
makes one long to be his typewriter !
Now if you oould persuade " E. H." to send his lucubra-
tions to the prisoners at Pretoria, history would be repeated,
and no doubt the prisoners would be charmed. On May 2,
1818, Mr. William Cobbett wrote a dedication to his
Grammar, of which the following is a portion : — "To Mr.
Benbow, shoemaker, of Manchester. Dear Sir, — When,
in the month of August, 1817, you were shut up in an
English Dungeon by order of Lord Sidmouth, without any
of the rules or forms prescribed by law of the land ; without
having been confronted with your accusers ; without having
been informed of the charge against you ; while you were
thus suffering under the fangs of absolute power, I did
myself the honour to address you, from this place, two
Letters on Unglish Grammar^ and in those letters I stated
to you my intention of publishing a book on that subject."
How delighted Mr. Benbow must have been ! I am
told a prisoner will read anything.
Well, in the course of Mr. Cobbett's work, he quotes
startling errors from Dr. Johnson's writings in the Rambler,
It is quite evident the Doctor either emended his writing
till he forgot his subject, or else thought quicker than he
could write. The majority of books are marred by stilted
grammatical (?) sentences, which delight reviewers, but
stop all action. Fancy you and I on the top of a fire-
escape pausing to consider our Addison ! " Get on, or
let me," would be about our form; we should wait till
afterwards to note the "lurid glow," and **the myriad,
wind-swept sparks falling in showers like a labyrinthine
firmament." May we never try. A happy new year. —
I am, &c.. Eyre Hussey.
Bromsberrow, Ledbury: Jan. 3, 1900.
["Fancy you and I on the top of a fire-escape." By
fancy Mr. Hussey means imagine or suppose. In any
case, the word is an active transitive verb, and should have
governed the accusative. — ^E. H.}
Our Weekly Prize Competitions.
Result of No. 15 (New Series).
Last week we offered a prize of one ^neft for the best set of
mottoes to be placed over the doors of (a) a dininfif-room, Qi) a
masio-room, (0) a library, and (fi) a bedroom. The mottoes were
to be ohoeeo from English authora and none were to exceed two
lines in leDgbh.
A not naexpected feature of the mottoes sent to uh is that almost
every set oontalns at least one happy BUflrgestion. Not a few sets
oontain three good mottoes bat break down in the fourth.
The best complete set of mottoes oomes from Mr. Bomell Payne,
78, Wimpole-street, Oavendish-aquare, W., to whom a cheque for one
guinea has becm sent. Mr. Payne's set is as follows :
Dining -ROOM.
*' Now, good digestion wait on appetite,
And health on both." Shakespeare.
MUBIC-ROOK.
" Here will we sit, and let the sounds of music
Creep in our ears.*' Shakespeare.
Library.
" Come and take choioe of all my library."
Shakespeare,
Bed-room.
" O sleep ! it is a gentle thin?.
Beloved from pole to pole ! '* Coleridge.
Among other sets a^e these :
Dining room.
" Across the walnuts and the wine." Tennyson.
Music-room.
" The world is too much with us." Wordsworth,
Library.
" The rest is silence." Shakespeare.
Bbdroom.
•' He giveth His beloved sleep." The Bible.
G. D., Horley, Surrey.
Dining-room.
" Be merry, masters, while ye may.
For men much quicker pass away."
W. Morris.
Music room.
'* From harmony, from heavenly harmony,
This universal frame began."
Dryden,
Library.
" The assembled souls of all that men held wise."
Leigh Hunt.
Bed-room.
" For worst and best
Right good is re^t." William Morris.
M. A. C, Cambridge.
DiNIXG-ROOM.
" Kissing don't last ; cookery do." Meredith.
Music-room.
" Here will we sit, and let the sounds of mufric
Creep iu our ears." Shakespfare.
Library.
'' Her<3 are books, if we have brains to resd them."
Thomiis Carlyle.
Bed- ROOM.
" Let still Silence trew nisrht watches keepe.
That sacred peace may in assurance rayne."
Spenser.
E. U., Campden Hill, W.
Dining-room.
*" Now, good dig&«tion wait on appetite,
And health on both ! " Shakepp?are.
Music room.
*' God has a few of us whom He whippers in the ear ;
The rest may reason and welcome : 'tis we musicians know."
R. Browning.
Library.
" 0 blessed Letters, that combine in one
All ages past, and make One live with All ! **
S. Daniel.
Bed room.
" He giveth His beloved sleep." The Bible.
M. A. W., Watford.
Replies received also from : B. D , Nnwington Botts ; G. E. B ,
Forest Gate ; A. T., Reigate ; N. F.. Glap^ow ; E B., Liverpool ;
A. E C , Biiffhton ; J. B.. Edinburgh ; W. B. K., London ; A. E. T,
Bristol ; C. K., Dublin j Rev. R. F. MgC, Whitby ; S. A G., South
6 January, i^oo.
The Academy.
'9
Haokney ; A. H. W., Westward Ho ; A. M. J^ Eoo1«b ; B. B., Bir-
miTiyham ; J. D. W., London ; A. B. B , Malyern ; D. M. L. S.,
London ; L. P., Inverneis ; G. M. J., Hexham ; 0 J. P. C, Cam-
taridgre ; M.C.,Dor]dn||: ; 0. S., Brighton ; J.R , Aberdeen ; W.H. B.,
P]ai8tow; H. B. C, Egluun ; H. F. MoD., London ; 8. T., London;
W. J. F., Birmingham ; £. L. C, Bedhill ; F. L., London ; O. B.,
Aberdeen ; J. B., Wimbledon ; E. G. B., Liyerpool ; E. E., Malvern ;
H. W. F^ Cork ; G. E. M., London ; H. D. B., London ; E. H., Dida-
bnry ; G. 8., Edinburgh ; H. G. H., Whitby ; A. H. C, Lee ; A. U.,
London.
Prize Competition No, i6 (New Series).
Thib week we pet oar readers an exercise in ingenious versification.
A little booklet, entitled More AnagrarM^ by " Some Minor Poets/*
jnst issued by Messrs. Spottiswoode, contains 100 examples of the
application of the anagram to rhyme. For example :
My Mnse, who often to treat
Of trifles, now has persevered
To tell of him, whoee fearless fleet
Once the haughty Spaniard's beard.
By bold , in daring age,
Drake his name on history's page.
And again :
Macbeth, by all his
forsaken,
^Rm
Died fighting rather than be taken ;
With less to fear and hopes more sb'ght
Did to the fight
le first of these verses is completed by arranging the letters
D-E-I-G-N-S in four ways to fill tiie four blanks. The verse then
reads:
My Muse, who often deigns to treat
Of trifies, now has persevered
To tell of him, whose fearless fleet
Once singed the haughty Spaniard's beard.
By bold design^ in daring age,
Drake signed his name on history's page.
Similarly, the second verse i? completed by arranging the letters
T-H-A-N-E-S as Thane*, Athens, and hasten.
We offer a guinea for the best anagram-verse of this kind.
The subject of the verse must have a literary flavour.
The key-words must be supplied to us, and these should be
w^ritten below the verse, not inserted in the blanks.
The pith and quality of the resulting anagram- verse will be our
main consideration in awarding the prize.
BULIB.
Answers, addressed '^Literaiy Competition, The Aoadbmt, 43
Ohanoerv-lane, W.O.,'* must reach us not later than the first post
ot Tuesday, January 9. Each answer must be accompanied by
the coupon to be found in the first column of p. 20 or it can-
not enter into oompetitlon. Competitors sefnding more than one
Attempt at solution must accompany each attempt with a separate
ooupon ; otherwise the first only will be oonsidered. We wish to
impress on oompetitors that the task of examining replies is mudi
fadlitated when one side only of the paper is written upon. It is
also important that names and addresses should always be given :
we cannot consider anonymous answers.
OuB Spscial Pbizb Gompstitions.
{For particulars see inside page of cover,)
Beceived this week : J. D.
New Books Received.
\Th$s6 notes on some of the New Books of the week are
preliminary to Reviews that may follow. '\
By August Mau.
a translation of Herr
PoMPEn: It8 Lipb aitd Art.
The present work is in no sense
Man's earlier and numerous oontributions to the subject. The
plan of the book falls naturally into several divisions, the first
of which recounts the early history of the cit^ and its destruc-
tion. A larg^ portion is devoted to a description of the excava-
tions which have been made, and the various buildings, public
and private, which have been uncovered. Ten full-page j^oto-
gravures, and more than two hundred " half-tone '' engravings
are provided, and the book is in aU other ways handsomely
equipped. (Macmillaa. 258. net.)
DABwm AND Darwikism. Bt p. T. Alexansbb.
A clearly written and manifestly rinoeie critioiam of many
of Darwin's positions. Mr. Alexander acknowledges "the
master's " wonderful gifts of observation, but like some other
I
critics — distrusts his conclusions. Only certain lines of inquiry
are opened in this book, of which the " argument " is stated
very succinctly under eleven heads. The au&or's first point is
to endeavour to show that the Origin of Species, in its main
character, was superseded by the Descent of Man, The misuse
of the word instmct, bv Darwin and his disciples, is another
of Mr. Alexander's tnemes. (Bale, Sons A Danielsson.
78. 6d. net.)
Pulpit Poiwts from Latest
LiTBRATUBE. By J. F. B. TcnJOfO.
'* Illustrations are necessary to a preacher, and a large
proportion of them should be fresh." Accordingly Mr. Tin-
nng has made tbis collection of short extracts from the books
of 1898, touching on all manner of pulpit topics, as : '* Apathy,"
" 0£&cial Corruption," <' Meeting Death," ** A True Gentle-
man," « Marriage Without Love,^' « Night Befuges," &c. It
is his hope to issue such a volume yearly. (Hodder A
Stoughton. 5s.)
Life and Happiness. By Augusts Mabot.
A practical unpretending little book of advice about the
care of Body, Mind, and Soul, by one who, finding himself
strong and happy, wishes to see his readers similarly blessed.
This personal tone distinguishes the book from most budgets of
advice. (Eegan PauL 28. 6d. net.)
OSBERN
AND
URSYNE
A drama in three acts.
BY
JOHN OLIVER HOBBES.
PRESS NOTICES.
" The work before us reveals a sustained nobility of stvle And this short
essay in dramatic verse can only add fresh proof of the tine catholicity of
her genius.*'— OwiH Sbaxav, in the Morning Pott, Nov., 1899.
"There is a play l^ John Oliver Hobbes in verse, which, soleom and
pathetic as it is, is quite as admirable.... ..as her lighter prose."
Scotsman, July S, 1899.
'* This is a striking poetical play writun partly in rhymed dialoffae. partly
in blank verse, and partly in prose There is reaU poetry in the play, and it
has more than beauty enou|irh to make it please any lover of pieiry who takes
it np."^SeoUman, Kov. 11, 1899.
" John Oliver Hobbes*s new vooture is a tragedy, and in some sense a
stronflT one. It is good to read and might easily be adipted for the stage. It
has the merit of concentration, and, if carefully mounred and skilfully acted,
would produce powerful effects. Its plot is one which might hsve inspired
.Cschylus or Shakespeare to produce a great play It is a powerful play,
and is full of striking lines and passages. Wt ether it is put upon the stage
or not, it may be said with truth that the suthor has achieved a soocess that
has in It some of the elements of greatness."— O/m^oio Herald, Nov. 11, 1889.
'"Osbem and Ur^yne,* a drama in three acts in verse, seems to us very
beautiful and melodious."— Z>(ifi|f ChronieU, June 80, 1899.
" In 'Osbem and Ursyne ' the theme is dramatic, the handling imagina-
tive and powerful."— William Abckbb, in the DaiVy Chronicie, Nov., 1899.
" Written partly in blank and partly in rhymed verse, with an occasional
subsidence into proee, 'Osbem and Ursyne' contains pretty passages and some
striking ones One is stirred by the keynote of the droma'-a love great
enough to make a woman kill her beloved for his good, and a love great enough
to enable a man to commit murder to save his sweetheart from a taint."
Outiook, Nov. 11, 1899.
"John Oliver Hobbes'a blank verse Anglo-Saxon play. ' Osbem and Ur^me,*
has subtlety. It is also lofty and poetical In reading it yon cannot help
feeling tha*. she understands the principles of tragedy."— Ummw, July S9, 1899.
"Mrs. Craigie's play both in bilk and literary merit is the moetr im-
portant contribution to the * Anglo- 9axon.' "^Standard, Juno SO, 1899.
" The play ia a very fine piece of dramatic literature, in which all the clear*
ness of viskm and insight into motive which crystiilises into narkling
epigram in this author's novels, has been used to form poeiic periods which
are neither artifleial nor unduly stilted. Some of the latsages are almost
Shakesperian, and will easily bear comparison with extract from Rostand's
'Cyrano.' Considerable knowledge of stage technique Is also manifest
throughout, and it is evident thtt lira. Craigie has devoted considerable
time and used the results of copious study in the construction of the J^ar."
BrooUwn BagU, Nov. i9, 1889.
JOHN L^By The Bodley He id, Vigo Street, London.
The Academy
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London : SAMPSON LOW, HaRSTON & CO., Ltd.
13 January, i oo.
The Academy.
21
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The SUN-OBILDBEN'S BUDGET
haturv.br Mtu UdH Hue. FrtHil*!. ijuanorlr : pott frev
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' AOKLinS •■■IQIANTV HBH NOVKU
A RISE IN THE WORLD.
B7 cha Author at "Blake of Oriel,"
■' A T»ln»ble Life," *o., 4e.
Mr. OLARK RUMILL'I NIW ROMAMOK.
A VOTAOE AT ANCHOR.
By the AuUior of " Tbs Vrnk ol Ibe 'Groareuor,' "
kc, tc.
"Thladellahrtnl stor; U in Ur. W. ClKik Riueell'B
b&ppieec tt^le."— ^cofimM.
" A iM<r idee whicli worki ont venr sacoesetDUr."
_^_^__ IFdTm.
FLORINOE WARDIN'S LATEST NOVKb.
A LOWLT LOVER.
Bj tbe Aalbor ot " Tbe Hooee on tbe MueV 'tc., Ao.
" Tboro^ghlr Intereeting."— Bfei'* aad White.
WHAT A WOMAN WILL DO.
B7 the Aafiorof "Launu," " The lionbi of
the Uol.f Tear," Ao.. Ac.
"Full of amer', end bitter writlDs, rmdabla uid
BDiiuinB in every pa^."—Aradtniy.
" a iveU the attention, end intemta the raacler up
lo Ibe veiT last ywii."— Punch.
" A really en'erttin'iiB book. "—KeniauKi^iie ITerf.
H.
F. V. WHirB k CO
B«l(.rd Street, Strand,
w.o.
LORD ROBEBERT'B
SIR
ROBERT FEEL
.i!!.-fi-
s
ait... Prio* 3*
haianenlnuteoIFM
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Lid., London, and all
Od.
IFB of BISHOP HMYTHIBS.
BY THE BAKB AOTHOB.
r ETTEBSfrom BAST AFRICA, 1896-1897.
PORTRAIT SUPPLEMENTS
"THE ACADEMY,"
ContUiing of Thirly-ttvm Pyrlrails of Old
and New Ctlthriliei in Literature, may
ttill be cbtaintd, lirtglt/, or ii> complete
Ktt/orSt.ed., on application lo the Office,
43, Ckancery Lane, W.C.
Dsbern and
** Ursyne:
A DRAMA IS THREE ACTS.
JOHN OLIVER HOBBES.
PRESS NOTICES.
" Tbe mA before ua rercala a lustained nobility
ofetyla .....And this abort eoay in dramatic veraeoan
ODiy add fnah proof of Iha Bne eatholieily of ber
Owav Suwir, in the Momitg Patt, Kor., 1899.
"Then ia a play bj John Oliter Hobbea in verse,
*hieh, Bolemn an pathetlo aa it is, ia qoite u ad-
S«<.».fla,Jtilr3,l|f».
"Tbii ia a btiiltintr poetical play nrittcn panly in
rhymed dialogue, partly la blank verde. and partly
proae There ia real poetry in the play, and It bee
more than beauty enoogb lo make it pleaM any lover
of pntty whoHkee it up."— &i>f<iiui>. Nov. 11,1899.
" John Oliver Hobbea'a oeir reolure ia a tragedy."
azid in aomH aen^ a eirjDg one. It ta ffood to read
and might eaaily be adaptfd for the atage. It bae tlie
skilfully aotel, won'd produce powerful electa. Ite
plot ia one nhiob might have inipired -Cacbylue or
Bbakaapeaie to produce a great play It la apoirer-
ful play, and is full of airiking linee anl pagaages,
Wiether it is put upm tbe ttege or not, it may be
aald with truth that tbeauther haa achieved a enoceaa
that haa in it aome of the olemenia of greatoeaa."
01a«(oioir«™ld, Nov. II, 1998.
" *Oabern and Urayne,' a drama in t^ree acU ia
Daitt Chrmicle, Jone SO, 1899.
•'In'OabemandUriyne' the thBaLOisdramat'c
AicEii, la the Dailf Chronicle, Kov., 1999,
" Writtfn partly iu blank and partly io rbymed
lene, niih an occaelonal eubsitlence into proae,
'Oabem and Urayne' contal us pretty peasagee and
Bome atrikiui onej On) is stirred by the keynote
ot (lie dram k -a love great enough to make a woman
kill her belorel for hia good, and a love great anougb
hsart from a taint."— OtiWoo*, Kov. II, 1999.
-John Oliver Hobbea'i b:ank Teres Anglo-Saion
play, 'Oabem and Ureyne,' bae .....anbtlety. It it
also lofty and poetical In reading it yon cannot
help fecUng tha\ ahe ur.derAanda the principiaa of
trajfedy." — QHeen, July E9, 1999,
" Ura.' Crugie's play boCh in bilk and literary
merit, le the moat important contribution lo the
' Anglo-3ft>DD.' "Standard, Jane S9, 1SS9.
" The play le a very flue piece of dramatic litera-
ture, in which all tbe clsamcaii of vision and lonljlht
into Eaotive wbichciyetalliHea into spitrkling epigram
in tLia author'! novels, h»e boen need to form poe-.lc
periods which are neither artificial nor nndnly stilted.
Some of the pasaagea are almost Bhakeeperean, arid
will easily bear compariaon with eitrac~.a from Boe-
tand'i ' Cyrano.' Oonaiderable knowledge of alage
technique Is aleo manifest throughout, and it ia
evident that Ura. Oraigle haa devoted conaidenble
lime and used the resulte of c ipioos atud; in the oon-
atrucLion of Uie play,"
BrooHtn Baglt, Nov. 19, IB'9.
JOHN LANE, The Bodley Head,
Vigo Street, London.
The Academy
A Weekly Review of Literature and life.
No. 1445. Established 1869.
13 January, 1900.
Threepence
[RigUttr§d at a Nnnpapir^
The Literary Week,
In our issue of next week we shall announce the names
of the six books published in 1899 which we have selected
for the Academy's awards to authors in recognition of
sincerity and thoroughness in literary art. The sum of
One Hundred and Fifty Guineas will be divided into six
portions of Twenty-five Ghiineas each. These will be
awarded to the authors of books, representing various
branches of literature, which, in our opinion, have not
received the notice they deserve.
OuB issue of next week will also contain a Special
Supplement containing a survey of recent educational
puDucations, with artides of interest on the subject.
It is said that the competition between publishers for
books about the war is much less keen than was fore-
shadowed at the outbreak of hostilities. This is quite
natural considering the enormous number of writing men,
either accredited correspondents or freelances, who are in
South Africa or on their way there, the majoritv of whom
will probably write books. War volumes mav be expected
from Mr. O. W. Steevens, Mr. Winston Ohurchil^ &&.
Julian Ealph, and Mr. Knight. It will be interesting to
see who is first in the field. Mr. G. W. Steevens, who, we
are glad to hear, is convalescent, has had plenty of leisure
at Ladysmith to write a book on the siege.
The speed with which Dr. Nansen gave to the world a
popular account of his famous Arctic expedition is only
equalled by the deliberation with which he has prepared
his scientific records of the same expedition. These are
now just nearinff completion : they will form a series of
« memoirs," which Messrs. Longmans will publish. Eecog-
nising the comparative newness of his subject, and the
Problems he deals with. Dr. Nansen has entered into great
etail. He will give in most cases his original observations
in full, so that the reader may compare his conclusions with
his facts.
*' Eleaivob,'' Mrs. Humphry Ward's new novel, begins
in the January number of Harper^ 9 MagaMin$, The opening
chapter is placed in Italy in a villa fifteen miles from
Home, and mtroduces us to a brilliant youth with a political
past, a charminff woman who is in love with him, and
a visitor with whom he is apparently destined to fall in
love. Mr. Barrie's '* Tommy and Grizel" opens in
Ser%lmer*$, It is the sequel to Smtimmtal Tommy^
begins with the arrival of Tommy in London with lus
sister Elspeth, and launches him as a writer who suddenly
becomes celebrated with a book called ZetUr$ to a Young
Man about to he Harried. The chapter is full of Mr.
Barrie's particular humour, and contains a delightful
sketch 01 a Colossus among writers of penny stories, one
0. P. Pym.
HsitMANK SuDEBMAim's uew play, on which he has been
at work for the past year, is to be entitled '' Johannis-
feuer," the name given to the midsummer-day sports
common in Germany. It preserves the mystical element
found in his ''Three Heron Feathers." The new play is
to be produced at the Lessing Theatre.
Our Mr. Winston Ohurchill is about to publish a novel
called Sanrola : a Tale of the devolution in Laurania,
'< Our " Mr. Winston Ohurchill is, of course, the Mr.
Winston Churchill, author of The River War^ who has
done such splendid work for the Morning Poet in South
Africa. He is not the American Mr. Winston Churchill,
author of the successful novel Richard Carvel. The two
writers are not related in any way. The only connexion
between them is the remarkable fact that they bear the
same Christian and surnames. '' Their " Mr. Winston
Churchill is the only son of Mr. E. S. Churchill, of Port-
land, Maine. He is twentv-eight years of age. '' Our "
Mr. Winston Churchill is the eldest son of the late Lord
Eandolph Churchill. He is twenty-five years of age.
The dedication of Parem KeUy^ Mr. A. E. W. Mason's
and Mr. Andrew Lang's new novel of the Pretender days,
is as follows :
TO THE
BABON TANNEGUT DE WOGAN
THE BEFRBSERTATTVE OF A HOUSE ILLUSTRIOUS FOR ITS
ANTIQUITY :
IN PROSPERITY SPIJEin)n> I IN EXILE AND FOYERTT
GAY AND constant: OF LOYALTY UNSHAKEN;
is dedicated
this narrative, founded on the deeds of his ancestor,
The Chevalier Nicholas Be Wooan.
Dr. St. George Miy art's novel, which is on the ev^ of
publication, will be called CaeUe or Manor ? It is described
as a story of social life, and was completed some time ago.
To pubush a first novel at the age of seventy-three is
something of a feat.
The second number of the King contains a picture that
marks a new departure in the history of illustrated
journalism. It is a photograph of Lord Methuen directing
the Battle of Magersfontein, which was taken by the
'' telephoto " lens, an adaptation of the telescope to photo-
graphy, at a distance of over a quarter of a mile.
Lord Eosslyn, who has found time in the midst of his
stage work to edit Seottieh Life, is now on his way to
Soutiki Africa to represent the 2>0t^ Mail and the Sphere.
The Spear is the title of a new paper registered
Stationers' Hall in Uie name of Sir William Ingram,
24
The Academy.
The Ladytmith Lyre — ot which copies have reached this
conntiy — ia amiuiug, even in London. The Editor says :
The Ladytmith Lyre U published to supply a long-felt
want. What 70D want in a beaieKed town, cat off from
the world, is news which you can absolutely rely on as false.
The rumours that pass from tongue to tongue may, for
all you know, be Dccuii>nally true. Oar news we
guarantee to be false. In the colleotion and preparation
of falsehoods we shall spare no effort and no e^)ense.
We call Sir "Walter Besaikt's immediate attention to the
Lyrft notice to contributors :
Accepted contributions will be paid for at the rate of £10
per 100 words, or portion thereof, over the first hundred,
which will be accepted gratis.
No contribntioD will be accepted which exceeds 100
We feel an interest in the prospects of publishing at
Ladjsmith.
Pubushek's CoLuutr.
New edition j oit published, revised, and enlarged :
"Minor Tactics '—By Major-General Sir P. Olery, &c..
" Deep Level Mining and the Mineral Riches ot Lady-
smith "—By the Baddler-Sergeaut of the I.LII.
" Lady smith Revimted " — A volume of poems, by ^ent
Bnssn (shortly).
" From Park Lane to Pretoria " — By Winston L.
Spencer Ohurohill (in preparation).
"A Handy Guide to Ladysmith " — By 2nd Lieut.
Hooper, 5th Lancers (ready).
" Natal by Boad and Bail "—By Commandant Schiel.
But is no one writing a volume of "Things Seen" at
Lady smith P
bookseller), Dr. Johnson was zealous against a perpetuity ;
but he thought that the term of the esctusive right of
authors shoiud be considerably enlarged. He was then
for granting a hundred years.' "
A coRBKSPoHDENT ot the Daily Newt sends from Ruswn
a curious and undleasant aooount of the applicadon of
the censorship to English books arriving in Russia as
Christmas presents. These, being obviously innocent, are
not treated with obliterative "caviare," they are merely
ripped to pieces with a dissecting knife, "presumably in
search of revolutionary literature." Nursery books and
pictorial A B G's are mutilated in this barbarous way.
Even Pickens is detained :
A neighbour of mine purchased some three months ago
the Daily News edition of Diokeus. The books have been
lying at the censor's office for a month past, although it ia
perfectly well known to the ofScials that the great English
writer nowhere refers to Bussia. All Dickens's worlu are
now translated into Russian. Perhaps in another month or
so the official will grant his imprijiuitur to my neighbour ;
but there ia no use in attempting to hurry the censor, who
is a Uhiiioorik against whom no appeal or proteat will
carry.
We should like to have Sam Weller'a comments on this
subject Or Mr. Dooley's.
Pbrpbtdal Copyright did not commend itself to Dr.
Johnson. Uiss E. C. H. Dart writes to us : " While reading
my Boswell the other day, I chanced upon a passage which
struck me with added interest, for it was concerned with
that burning question of literary copyright and its tenure.
So I copy it for those readers of the Academy who may
not remember and yet appreciate its purport, or at least
attach a certain significance to the opinion ' of that great
Cham of literature, Samuel Johnson.' The point at
issue was an Edinburgh bookseller's action in selling cheap
editions ot popular Enghsh books in defiance of the
supposed common-law rignt of literary property. Boswell
says : ' It is remarkable that when the great questioQ
canceming literary property came to be nltimately tried
before the supreme tribunal of this country, in consequence
of the very spirited exertions of Ur. Donaldson (the erring
P. Stetson's recent \oh
OGod
Is Prayer* from the
Poett (Blackwood), the
cover-design of which we
reproduce, we have on an-
thology happily inspired,
and worked out with
skill and care. The com-
pilers, Mr, Laurie Magnus
and Mr. Cecil Headlam,
have drawn their material
from a great many souroes,
and have sought and found
permission to print a num-
ber of copyright verses.
The editors' catholicity of
taste is shown by their
inclusion ot poems so
widely diilerent as Keniy
Yaughan's " Lord, bind
me up, and let me die,"
and Mr. Henley's " Out of
the night that covers me,"
which appear on the same
page. A poem which
Messrs. Magnus and Head-
lam may Uke to note is
contained in Mrs. Charlotte
., In Thit Our World :
lot ssk Thee ti
I have done wrong.
Thy law is just ; Thy law maat live—
Whoso doth wrong must suffer pain.
But help me to do right again—
Again be strong.
A FBiBND of the late B. L. Stevenson writes : " Here is a
specimen ot the way our Italian friends do their ' con-
veyancing,' it is taken from a publisher's advertisement.
The italics are mine :
■ II Fortone del Sire de Ualetroit, Novella di AniUrson,
tradotta da Sofia Fortini-Santarelli ; Citta di Castello : S.
Lapi, Tipografo-Editore 1899."
We believe that the open access system in Free
Libraries has worked very badly in some instances, hooka
being stolen, or mislaid, while a larger staff is rendered
necessary. But the Librarian at Croydon finds human
nature pretty good : he reports that the books are not
stolen, that they are not often mislaid, and that the staff
is rather reduced than increased, while the number of
books issued has gone up by many hundreds since the
system was adopted.
In her Introduction to the new edition of Shirley (Smith,
Elder), Mrs. Humphiy Ward prepared us for a warm
eulogy ot VilletU. Nor are we disappointed. Keferring
to Mrs. Gaskell's statement that VtUette "was received
with one burst ot acclamation," Mrs. Ward says :
There was no question then among " the judidous," and
there can be stiU less question now, that it is the writer's
masterpiece. It has never been so widely read as Jane
£yre ; and probably the majority of English readers prefer
Shirley. The narrowness of the stage on which the action
passes, the forragu setting, the very fulness of poetry, of
viiuslising force, that runs through it, like a fiery stream
bathing and kindling all it touches down to the smallest
detail, are repellent or tiring to the mind that has no
energy of its own responsive to the euergy of the writer,
The Afcaderaiy.
25
But not Boldom the quftlilies which g^ive a book immortality
are tha qualities that for a time giiam it from the crowd —
till its bloom of fame has grown to a safe maturity, beyond
injury or doubt.
Many English readers have hardly heard the name of
Hr. E. L. Godkin, who for many years has had the
reputation of being one of the etrongest and moat biilliant
joarnaliBta in the United States. As editor of the New
^oeH-mrgeoa. It is as a surgeon, we find, that Dr. Doyle
ds'to g« oai. Se will be attached to the Ijangman Field
(Hospital. -An epigrammatist oontributee the Killowing to
^oeiitf&h-io^ Olid Book* of To-morrow :
Major Conam Doyle, V.C.
iSriS Dr. Robertson Nikola concerning Sherlock Holmea
>l{Vho'B volunteered for Africa aa a cbaugo from writing
' " He canna weel ignore the least of meeleetary cues,
For the modem aoldier learns to fight by Uultiple
BeriewR."
Thb statistics of book-production for 1899 just issued
by the Publiiher$' Circular present some unusually interest-
ing features. To begin with, in spite of the war and the
disturbed conditions Uiat preceded it, the number of new
books and new editions in 1899 exceeded by Mtj those of
1 898. Other things to note are these ;
In fiction the number of new tdilionii is 88 greater than
in 1898. That is a healthy sign.
In belles-lettres, essays, monographs, &c., there is an
increase of 102 books over 1898.
In poetry an increase of 23 volumes.
Oddly enough, political and kindred books hare fallen
by 70 from the total of 189S, and by 177 from the total of
1897.
being practically a weekly edition of the first, Mr. Oodk
has given and taken hard blows since 1882. He has just
retired from the editorship of these papers in consequence
of ill- health, said to have been contracted while he was in
London last summer. Mr. Qodkin.'B early joumaliatic
training was English, for it was m correspondent of the
Daily Newt in the Crimean War that he started work.
It is now Mr. Oodkii
spr
and read divergent opinions 1
For instance, these :
vilega to sit in his i
a -chair
. bimaelf and his career.
The
Grilir" {Nein Tork).
' Mirror " (St. Louii).
a jaundic^i exclu-
Dnring the period of recon-
struction after the Civil War,
and in the long - continued
Struggles for tariff reform, the
purifloation of the ballot, tha
elevation of the civil service,
the estabtishmeut of the
finances of the country on a
sound basis, the separation of
municipal a&ira from state
and national politics, and,
finally, the curbing of the
preeent lust for expansion by
force of arms, be has been
an aggressive and persistent
fighter. No one identified
with journalism in New Tork
rivals him in the length and
brilliancy of his service ; and
on tha occasion of his receiv-
ing the degree of D.C.L. from
Oxford in 1897, a leading
English writer declared him
to be perhaiM the most distin-
guished of living jonmalists.
It is not often, by the way, that a critic flatters more than
T/>e
Hb'
^sive, hypercritical, nnsympa-
thetic publicist. Ha was
always against whatever ap-
peal^ most to the common
people. Ke saw little but the
deSi^iendes of popular govem-
m«nt, rarely its great nierits.
He had high ideals, but they
were frosty. He was so per-
tinaciously critical of things
American aa to be almost
entitled to the epithet of un-
American. He had braios,
but his character as a publicist
was repellent. His Imlliancy
was practically nnllified by
bis acerbity. . . . Bile over-
balanced his brain. His intel-
lectualism took little account
of toleration for human frailty.
He was a polite and graceful
Thelites , stu pendously wro Dg-
headed in his leanings toward
the eicluBive's views.
Thbbe is always room for solid, well-printed and
bound reprints of the olassics, and we have no hesita-
tion in commending the new "Library of English
Olassics" just begun to be issued by Messrs. Maomillan.
The books in this library are in a rather large octavo size,
and are bound in dull red canvas. Each book has a
bibliographical note, otherwise it is left to shine in its own
light, and by the ^d of the best typography. The series
has started with The Play* of Sh^dan and Baeon't Ettay»
and Advaneenunt of Learning. Complete and accurate
texts may be looked for in this series, which will speedily
include Malory's MorU (CArihur (2 vols.), Shelton's Don
QuixoU [3 vols.), Boswell's Li/s of Johnion (3 vols.), Ijook-
hart's Lifi of Scolt (5 vols.), a collection from De Quinoey,
and many other standard works. The price is 3b. fid. net
per volume.
Whru we enumerated some weeks a^o Dr. Conan
Doyle's many qualifications for making himself valuable
in South Abica, we ended by remarking that he was a
From Tlu Philiitine, of East Aurora, N.Y. :
NOTICE. — Systematic attempts having been made by
the tribe of Romeikn to secure the gifted anthor of the
Riibaiyat as a subscriber for clippings, this is to notify all
parties that Col. Khayyam dorsn't care a dam what the
nevrspapers say about him, one way or the other.
Ma. WaiiTsb Balkioh, whose treatise on Style von
him some honour two years ago, has recently delivered
an address on " The Study of Arts in a Modem ITniver-
sity" to the students of the University College at Liver-
pool. The address is the first of a series of annual
addresses to be delivered to the students in the Faculty of
Arts. Mr. Kaleigh's address sparkles, as his book did,
with neat thoughts expressed in rather lapidary diction, as
witness these sentences :
The poetry of Catullus has survived the passing of a
religion and an empire; the diary of Mr. Samuel Pepya
will be as fresh as at the day of its birth when the FMth
Bridge is oxide of iron and London a geological pancake
of brickdust.
It is not likely that man will ever be dangerously reluc-
tant to form moral judgments, and to act upon them.
But that, he cannot and will not undarstand— that is hia
daily disease ; so that hia moraUty becomes a kind of
wandering ague, shaking him with hot and cold fits.
" Rousseau, Hir," said Dr. Johnson, " is a very bad man.
... I should Uke to have him work [in the plantations."
There is then no more to be said. But it you study
26
The Academy.
13 January, 1900.
Boiuseau in his own world and his own country, how
engrossing and difficult a study it is, and what gleams of
lofty thought flash through the clouds of sentimentality
and mania that veil his head !
• ■••••
Charles Darwin sauntered into the garden of litersture,
one day in his later vears, and remarked, with rare and
admirable candour, that the plays of Shakespeare made
him sick. The remark is weightier, and more ioteresting,
than the majority of literary criticisms.
It will be understood that without their contexts these
extracts indicate, rather than convey, Plrof. Ealeigh's
thoughts.
In a '^ Thing Seen " published in our last issue, called
^* The Lower Griticism," the troubled Beadle of a Public
Garden, opening his heart to a sympathetic friend, remarks
that *'1^e new Bible Dictionary plays havoc — great havoc,
sir — with the Bible." Messrs. T. & T. Giaxk ask us to
state that the remark did not apply to their publication
called The Dictionary of the Bible, edited by Dr. Hastings.
A Beadle is a Beadle, but his words should not be liable
to misconstruction. Acting on his behalf we gladly make
the correction.
BibliographicaL
After what I have already said in this column on the
subject of '^ introductions" to literary classics, I need
hardly say how delighted I am that in Messrs. Maomillan's
new series of such things *' introductions " are to be con-
spicuous by their absence. That is why I am able to
congratulate the said firm for once more putting before us
Mandeville'e Travels^ Malory's Morte d^Arthur^ Shelton's
Bon Quixote, Walton's Livei and Angler, White's Selhome,
and so forth. To judge from the frequent reproductions
of the same works, one would imagine English, literary
classics to be singularly few ! The edition of Sheridan's
Plays I rather welcome because, though it has had several
predecessors, cheap and otherwise, it was always possible
to improve upon them. A very attractive book in many
ways was Sheridan's Comedies, as published in England
fifteen years ago, with "introductory" matter by Mr.
Brander Matthews, and pictorial illustrations by E. A.
Abbey, C. S. Beinhardt, Fred. Barnard, &c. In this
volume " The Rivals " and " The School for Scandal "
were reprinted from the edition of 1821, which was
prefaced by Moore. Unfortunately "The Critic" and
"The Duenna" were omitted from this volume; the rest
(such as "St. Patrick's Day" and "Pizarro") one can
very well do without.
One is inclined to be very well pleased that the biblio-
graphical part of Messrs. Macmillan's new series should
be undertaken by Mr. A. W. Pollard, who is also to choose
the editions to be reproduced. Mr. Pollard, as all know,
has already done good work in the direction of illustrating
by his pen the Mstozy of English literature. There is,
for example, his little book on Miglish Miracle Plays, now
nearly ten years old. Then there are his Chaucer Primer
and his ^rly Illustrated Books, both belonging to 1893.
Add to these his Odes from the Greek Drama, and it will be
seen that Mr. PoUard is a scholar in whose hands literary
classics may safely be left.
Talking of classics, there are those which the Scottish
Text Society proposes to give us in a new shape by and
by. For instance. Archdeacon Bellenden's translation of
five books of Livy's Annals ; secondly, the works of Eobert
Henrysoun, of which, I fancy, there is not at present a
complete edition, though some of them were reprinted by
the Bannatyne and Maitland Clubs ; thirdly, the Hymns
or Sacred Songs of Alexander Hume (1599V which have
long awaited reproduction; and the Scots works of James I.
of England, whose prose writings were collected in 1616,
and some of whose work was reprinted by Mr. Arber.
For all of these promised new editions something is to be
said.
I take it that Mrs. Meynell's monograph on Mr. Euskin
will be rather critical than biographical, or even ex-
pository, in form. The biography of the sage has often
been written, and its details are familiar to the public.
One of ihe first to deal with it was Mr. J. M. Mather, in
a book published in 1883-4. Then there were Mr. W. G.
CoUingwood's two volumes in 1893, preceded by Mrs.
Eitchie's essay in 1892. A good deal of light on Mr.
Euskin's relations with the Pre - Eaphaelites has been
thrown by a recent volume of Mr. W. M. Eossetti's. On
Mr. Euskin's autobiographical work I need not dwell.
The books devoted to criticism of his writings and teach-
ings are fairly numerous. He was dealt with, anony-
mously, as an Economist in 1884. Mr. E. T. Cook's
Studies in Buskin date from 1890 ; Mr. CoUingwood's
analysis of his Art-Teaching came out in 1891. Mr. 0.
Waldstein's discussions of his Work in general and his
relation to Modem Thought belong to 1893 and 1894
respectively. It wiU be remembered that one of the
earliest and most enthosiafltic critics of Mr. Euskin was
Charlotte Bronte.
A collection of Mr. George Meredith's epigrams ! That
should be at once easy and difficult to make— easy because
of the wealth to choose from, difficult because of the
universal brilliancy. Theoretically, one objects to these
gatherings together of disconnected sentences ; practically,
one rather enjoys them, and even finds them useful. That
they are popuuur may be assumed from their increasing
number. I do not refer to the more solid books of
extracts, such as those of the Selections from Mr. Euskin,
Matthew Arnold, and the like. I refer to the small
anthologies, usually in the form of birthday books, and so
forth. There is, for instance, a little book of sentences
from Disraeli's writings which I keep habitually at my
bedside, together with similar selections from favourite
writers. Aja epigram or a maxim may suggest a whole
train of thought; it may even conduce to somnolency!
What is certain is, that this sort of book should really be
a booklet; one does not want a volume full of maxims
or epigrams.
I reiad the other day, somewhere, a very favourable
notice of a new book of verse called The Foremost Trail,
and written (to quote the title-page) by C. Fox Smith.
The reviewer assumed throughout that the author was a
man, and, if I remember rightly, made some encouraging
remarks about his future career. Now, a reviewer should
always be suspicious of initials on a title-page. They are
sexless, and may lead one wrong. Sometimes, I beueve,
they are deliberately placed as traps for the iinlucky
commentator. However that may be, it is certain that
C. Fox Smith is no man, the **C." standing for the word
'^ Cecily " — a name whidi adorned the title-page of the
young lady's first book of verse, published some uttle time
ago. Miss Fox Smith, I am told, is still in her teens, a
remarkable testimony to the extent to which the spirit of
an English girl can be informed with the most enthusiastic
patriotism.
I wrote the other day concerning the difficulty of
recording and describing the prose and verse printed in
connexion with private clubs and societies — opuscula
which must needs be lost to the world if not reproduced
some day in volume form. A somewhat similar difficulty
meets me bibliographer in the case of the publicatioxis
issued by theatrical managers in connexion with their
various productions. These sometimes have a literary
interest, especially when they have reference to Shake-
speare's plays. They are usually the work of experts, and
occasionculy are somethinfi^ more than compilations. There
are those who make ooUections of such fugitive issues;
but it is virtually impossible to catalogue them. Th^
have their day and cease to be. Thb Bookwobk.
13 January, 1900.
The Academy.
27
Reviews.
Sober and Substantial.
Tmnytm^ Jttukin, MiUy and other Literary JEBtimatss. By
Frederic Haniflon. (Maomillazi. 8b. 6d. net.)
Mb. Fbbdbbio Habbison ie a man of yersatile g^ift, as we
are aware. For years his pen has touched, in the prin-
cipal reviews, various themes of the day ; and his soope
has not been limited, while he has always shown hiTn«|ftlf
an accomplished gladiator. But it is as an intelleotual
gladiator that we diiefly think of him, and as the gladiator
of a special cause. He stands to us for the high priest
and protagonist of Positivism. Instinctively, at the sound
of his name, there leaps to our memory that deft pas-
quinade—do the younger generation know it? — of Mor-
timer Collins :
Churches and creeds are all lost in the mists,
Truth must be sought with the Positivists.
Wise are their teachers beyond all comparison,
Oomte, Huxley, Tindall, Mill, Morley, and Harrison ;
Who will adventure to enter the lists
With such a squadron of Positivists P
The squadron, alas! is scattered; viseerunt. No longer,
in compact ranks, do they ride the fields of literature, and
bear down all before them, as (Comte excepted) they did
in the earlier times of the century. Mr. John Morley and
Mr. Frederic Harrison alone survive to witness a reaction
against the principles they valiantly championed, and
which they still unfaintingly maintain. But it is not Mr.
Harrison the gladiator who now, in this volume, confronts
VLB, He enters the silken lists of pure literature, contro-
versy (save incidentally) laid aside. Unarmed and pacific,
he casts a backward eye upon some of the principal writers
who have been his contemporaries, whom ne has known in
the campaigns of literature. These essays, consequently,
cover no small part of the great figures in Victorian letters ;
and such, he tells us, was the delH)erate plan of his book.
Mr. Harrison has vezy considerable equipment for such
a task. His style is always cultivated, equable, lucid, and
graceful ; though it cannot claim the distinct and indivi-
dualising stamp which is the token of genius. He has a
tolerant appreciation of multifarious ezceUenoe; and his
taste only falls short of the last and keenest edge with
regard to verse. But it does so f aU a little short ; and
also (which is well-nigh an inevitable limitation) his appre-
ciation is confined ma^y to the writers of his own youth
and prime. Beyond these there is a level line of silence-
not the lees felt for being mostly inexplicit, merely indicated
by reticence. In a book which covers (through successive
essays) Tennyson, Euskin, Arnold, Symonds, Lamb, Keats,
Gibbon, Froude, Freeman, and John Stuart Mill, the
writer can scarce narrow himself entirely to pure literary
criticism. The man must show at intervals through the
critic ; not only his idiosyncracy, but his general views,
his prejudices, his personal attitude towards life and life's
froblems. Therefore, as we have hinted, the veteran of
Wtivism emerges now and again : we are not suffered
to forget under what banner Mr. Harrison fights ; and the
reader, after his several kind, must allow for the critic's
peculiar views. For the most part, however, these are
expressed with courtesy, if also at times with energy ; they
are offensive only in the martial sense. It is exceptional to
encounter (in the fine essay on *^ Buskin as IVophet ") a fleer
at ''tender mothers adoring the divine judgment which
consigns their children to hell-fire " — exceptional, and we
note it with regret. Such an utterance is in hopelessly
bad taste, not merely because it is crass, perverse, and
unfair — ^a hit below the belt — but because it is calculated
wantonly to wound the deepest feelings of multitudes
among Mr. Harrison's fellow-citizens; and especiaUy of
the tcoidereet dass. It is as if he had buffetea a woman.
So cheap a sneer might be left to the scurrilous rank of
controversialiBts ; it is not worthy of Mr. Harrison — ^let us
trust he will see fit to suppress or modify it. But because
of its rarity we note it : Mr. Harrison is not given to hit
below the belt
Not in vain has he studied his favourite master in
criticism, Matthew Arnold, whose balance and sanity he
conscientiously strives to imitate. Dealing with so various
a range of writers, he holds a level balance in regard to
all ; no easy feat, requiring a judicialihr combined wi^
Catholicism of taste, not in these hasty days too common.
In detail we may, and do, freely dissent from him ; but
there is seldom much fault to be found with the broad
scope and trend of his judgment. This is high praise of
essays which compass so large a field. Yet with all their
merits they do not rank Mr. Harrison among the illumi-
native critics ; there are neither flashes nor broad lights of
insight, bringing to sudden view unsuspected aspects, dark
recesses in tiie great authors analysed. We do not feel
as we rise from our reading that we know substantially
more of them than we did. The best which is held in
solution by the better criticism of our day has been pre-
cipitated and presented to us in crystalline form ; our most
truthful previous impressions are pleasantiy confirmed and
interpreted to us ; but beyond sitting and discrimination
these polished essays hardly go. The best of them is
perhaps the elaborate study of Buskin, which runs through
three successive essays : it is eloquent, it is enthusiastic —
as in these reactionary days a study of Euskin ought to
be; it analyses his prose with understanding love; it
defends his greatness as teacher with selective sense of his
limits, wealmesses, perfervid extravagances, and appre-
ciation of his power more generous than could be surmised
from a rival apostie, professedly out of touch with many
of Buskin's most basic beliefs. But there is like fair-
minded justice, if (on account of the subject-matter) less
eloquenuy set forth, in the studies of those two most
opposite and antagonistic historians, Froude and Freeman,
in the perhaps too genially balanced notice of Addington
Symonds.
Perhaps, however, we may study Mr. Harrison's defects
and qualities in representative equipoise by considering
the essay on Arnold. After some remarks on Arnold's
admitted felicity as a phraeeurf he proceeds to discuss his
poetry, with the disputable opinion that in poetry he
reached his finest vein, and by it will be longest remem-
bered. To this succeeds the assertion that no poet in our
literature, unless it be Milton, ''has been so essentially
saturated to the very bone with the classical genius."
Much depends on the interpretation of this sentence, and
one must confine it to the poets of Mr. Harrison's own
prime. His remarks on the sense in which Arnold is
classical — '* the serene self - command, the harmony of
tone, the measured fitness, the sweet reasonableness of his
verse " — ^would need for their due discussion an essay on
what is permanent, essential, universal in Ghreek poetry,
apart from what is local, external, and externally imitable.
Mr. Harrison thinks that the full acceptance of Arnold's
poetrv has yet to come — which we may seriously doubt,
calculated as its appeal was for his special time. That
Arnold's equableness is attained at the expense of height
and passion Mr. Harrison perceives. Arnold is, he says,
peculiarly a ynomie poet, a moralist on life and conduct.
He credits mm with seeing into the intellectual world of
our age "more deeply and more surely than any con-
temporary poet." If this somewhat inexplicit sentence
means that Arnold reproduced the tone of thought common
to the cultured circles of his day, it is true. That is just
what he did. But we cannot extend it further. ''A
resolute and pensive insight into the mystery of life and
of things " we cannot discern in him, but rather a resigned
pausing at the gates of the mystery. The ethical lesson
of nature preoccupies him when he is not dealing directiy
with human conduct Mr. Harrison recognises. It is no
loss to Mr. Harzison — ^though it is to us — ^that Arnold,
28
Tke Academy,
13 7atmaiy, ^^ag.
unlike his beloved preceptor, Woftsworth, halts at the
ethical lesson of nature, is insensitive to the spirit within
and behind nature which was the solemnly convinced
burthen of Wordsworth's song.
To this '* concentration of poetry on ethics, and even
metaphysics," Mr. Harrison attributes Arnold's limitations
and '* loss of charm." Yet, at the same time, he says that
Arnold, imlike Wordsworth, is " never prosaic." Here it
is that we find that falling short of the keenest poetic
sense which we have attributed to Mr. Harrison. Arnold,
unfortunately, is too often prosaic — for line after line,
passage after passage. Perhaps, as a subsequent portion
of the essay would suggest, Mr. Harrison is not insensible
to this ; and we should take him to mean that Arnold is
never prosy. That is the exact truth ; he is too much an
artificer to prose like Wordsworth, but prosaic he is fre-
quently, to a level extent — that is to say, his language is the
^^g^UAgo of very fine and distinguished prose. Even when
he rises higher, he too often hovers on the doubtful
border where we hesitate to pronounce it poetry, are
loath to pronounce it prose. And though it is true that
the g^atest poets are seldom directly didactic, it is not this
which depresses Arnold ; it is the lack of inspiration to
give wings to his thought. The greater the burthen of
intellectuality, the more of sheer inspiration is necessary.
** Dramatic passion," ** tumultuous passion " — not these,
as Mr. Harrison regretfully supposes, does Arnold need.
Wordsworth had them not, and yet soared into regions of
which Arnold but desirously dreams. It is inspiring
emotion, the solemn passion, intense in its still ^our,
appropriate to intellectual poetry, which Arnold needs.
It is really passion of the intensest order, deceptively calm
through its equipoise with the weight of thought. The
calm which results from the careful husbanding of effort
may imitate it with the multitude, but can never deceive
the elect. In the main, Arnold reaches only this latter
calm ; and that Mr. Harrison should identify it with that
inspired tranquillity and impassioned peace of Wordsworth
(at his highest), the supreme Greek poets, and Dante,
shows that Mr. Harrison — as we say — has not the keenest
edge of poetic sensitiveness.
That is why Mr. Harrison feels that Arnold, though
faultless, is "not of the highest rank." It is a misnomer,
in fact, to call such poets " faultless," whether it be
Bacine or Arnold, when in line after line there is the blot
of absent inspiration, when there is not the only possible
word in the only possible place. The greatest of aU faults
in a poet is to lack poetry, and that is theirs. At the
same time Mr. Harrison does not, perhaps, lay sufiicient
stress upon Arnold's occasional success in touching the
mark at which he aimed. The austere and noble sonnet
on Shakespeare, with other brief achievements of the
kind, are worth more than long poems full of fine thought,
but only now and again inevitable in expression. For
they are integral ; and it is that quality which makes for
permanence. Mr. Harrison (in this influenced by Arnold
himself) is too apt to set store by detached lines and
passages, which poets of no high power can often forge in
tolerable quantity, to the great comfort of reviewers who
pant for "quotes." He ignores too much the supreme
value of relation and organism. Thus he depreciates,
justly enough, the quali^ of Arnold's metre; but the
reason he alleges is quite unconvincing and inadequate—
namely, that Arnold has lines containing harsh collocations
of consonants. The same could be alleged against Shake-
speare, could be— and has been — alleged against Milton,
ijowell rightly replies that metre may aim either at melody
or harmony ; that while the former demands smoothness,
the larger music of harmony not only admits but makes
use of occasional roughnesses, as discords have their
function in the harmonies of music proper. To cite these
individual lines of Arnold's, disjoined from their relation,
proves nothing. Yet Mr. Harrison is right in his judg-
ment, though defective in his reason : Arnold was lacking
in metrical"power, though he- could strike out tfine imita-
tive music in occasional passages.
When we leave details, and attend to Mr. Harrison's
summing-up, we find, indeed, that he is mainly right, and
that our objections ha;ve caught largely on side-issues.
By temperament and by training he, who at birth " was
breathed on by the rural Pan/' was deprived of that
fountain of delight that is essential to the highest poetry,
the dithyrambic glow — the iu^^piBfioy 7/\o<r|io—
The countiess dimples of the laughing seas
of perennial poetry. This, perhaps, more than his want of
passion, of dramatic power, of rapidity of action, limits the
audience of Arnold as a poet. But those who thirst for
the pure Castalian spring, inspired by restrained and lofty
thoughts, who care for that high seriousness of which he
spoke so much as the very essence of the best poetry, have
long known that they find it in Matthew Arnold more
than in any of his even greater contemporaries.
That is a good specimen of Mr. Frederic Harrison's
style, and it states the case for Arnold as a poet with a
diiscrimination which leaves litUe to desire. Partiy, indeed,
it agrees with our own criticism of Mr. Harrison's criti-
cism, or so nearly that the difference seems to become
inconspicuous. And this excellentiy exemplifies the
studiousness of balance which characterises Mr. Harrison's
appreciations. Not once nor twice does he thus in his
summary disarm the reviewer, and leave him half-
apologetic for differences which are finally made so small.
What may in the body of the essay have erred by over-
emphasis or omission is here usually rectified and supplied.
His picture of Arnold altogether (though he gives less
space than we coidd desire to the prose) is urbane, sympa-
thetic, and observant of poise. If we doubt his forecast
of an extended future for Arnold, it is because we think
his aloofness from the many is due to more than his mere
distinction and those other fastidious causes set forth by
Mr. Harrison. Arnold as a teacher was pre-eminently
undecided (to use an adjective thrown out by Mr. Harrison
himself). A teacher of delicate incertitude, a watchman
who has no word of the night, a prophet who disclaims
prophecy, and
Whose only message is that he sees nought,
is never likely to have acceptance with the many who still,
as of old, ads. for a sign. And even among the few his
cultivated stoicism and half -complaisant, half- melancholy
indecision is scarce likely to be the fashion of the future.
Even the cultured and sovereign few now begin to cry for
a gospel and a hand from the cloud. But that constant
reference to conduct, which Mr. Harrison rightly adjudges
his dominant note, will doubtless secure to him long his
measure of influence with the practical Saxon mind. His
spirit has done a worthy posthumous work in prompting
the eminent sanity of Mr. Harrison's extremely able,
though not strongly original, book.
A Man of Fashion — and More.
George Selwyn : His Letters and His Life, Edited by E. S.
Eoscoe and Helen Clergue. (Unwin.)
Although it is natural to regard this book as merely
supplementary to the late Mr. Jesse's George Selwyn and
His Contemporaries^ it is nearer the truth to say that it
supersedes that work. That is to say, there is more of
Selwyn in this one volume than in the four volumes of
Jesse. The biogpraphical sketch of Selwyn here given is as
good as Jesse's — in some respects it is more discerning —
while the body of the work is composed of Selwyn's own
letters ; not, as in Jesse's volumes, of letters that Selwyn
received. How Mr. Jesse missed these letters, or whether
he was denied access to them, we do not happen to know.
He must have suspected the existence of Selwyn's letters
13 January, 1900.
The Academy.
29
to the fifth Earl of Carlisle, seeiog that he printed the
letters of that peer to Selwyn. Fifty-five years after
Jesse's volumes were published, these lost letters stole
from their obvious hiding at Castle Howard, and ranged
themselves in the Fifteenth Eeport of the Historical
Manuscripts Commission. There they attracted little
attention save from Mr. £. S. Hoscoe and Miss Helen
Clergue, who are to be thanked for bring^g them to our
arm-chairs escorted by a discerning memoir and many
notes.
Critics are grateful and captious in a breath, and we
must point out a few trifling faults of editing before we
go fiurther. Selwyn's English is slovenly in grammar
and unessential details, but it was a pity to sprinkle
si€*s over his text. Far better have announced George's
weakness, and then left him to placate the reader by his
good qualities, which he would have done before he had
written three letters. As it is the »ic^B are for ever tripping
one up. '* There has \^sic'] been no events this week that I
know of," is the sort of thing, and one soon wearies of
seeing so good a fellow as Selwyn checked for writing like
a gentleman instead of like a scholar. And the editors
have contrived to double the infliction by making it
uncertain. So that the absence of a sic when Selwyn
writes *' You was," on page 41, is as trying as its presence
when he writes '* There has [sic] been no events," on
page 43. If '* terrible [sic] long " appears on one page,
why should *^your extreme kind letter" go unscathed on
another ?
This is not quite all; the footnotes are pointed and
informing, but they are hardly numerous enough. On
page 73 two notes are required. We read of Charles
James Fox: "Vernon said yesterday, after dinner, that
he and some others — ^Bully, I think, among the rest-— had
been driven by the rain up into Charles's room ; and when
they had lugged him out of bed, they attacked him so
violently upon what he did at Bath, that he was obliged
to have recourse, as he did last year, to an absolute denial
of the fact." What was this adSair at Bath ? Maybe no
one knows; but a query at the foot of the page would
have been rather better than nothing. Ag^ain : " Lady
Albemarle, who is not a wise woman, certainly, was at
Lady Gower's the other evening, and was regretting only
that Charles had not been consumed in the Fire, instead
of the linnets." The reader soon understands that the
fire was at Holland House, but he would like to know
more about the linnets which suffered vicariously for
Charles. **I had rather have heard Walter play upon
his hump for nothing," comments Selwyn on an expensive
evening at Yauxhall ; but without a note it is difficult to
gauge nis regret.
We come to the Letters. Their value is twofold. They
are full of matter ; they bring back the habits, tones, and
follies of high life in the most interesting part of the
eighteenth century. Reading them, we eaten the manners
as they flew when George HI. was kinff and America was
rebellious. In 1781 Selwyn writes to nis young friend —
the Carlisle of these Letters : *'I have ... a perpetual
source of intelligence, for although j> nefais rim qui vaiUe^
I am always doing or hearing something, as much as those
who are employed about more important matters, and if
among these a circumstance happens to interest or amuse
you, je ne serai pas fdche de vcus f avoir mandie,^^ Fortunate
young Earl ! Though often out of London, now abroad,
now in Ireland, now ensconced in his seat at Castle
Howard, he had in Selwyn a friend, older than himself,
who was a kind of lay confessor to the choicest people of
the age, who united a love of gossip with a sound judg-
ment, and was never happier than when transmitting
smart news and shrewd comment to those whom he loved.
Hence these Letters take us into fine company and yield us
many secrets. We are constantly at Almack's, at White's,
at Holland House. We go to &e House of Commons to
hear Fox, and leave it to escape Burke. We whisper
dark things about duchesses, and calculate the losses of
young bloods at faro. We intrigue for sinecures and
punt for fortunes. And always we watch the squalid
comedy of Charles James Fox — noblest, weakest of men —
giving his eloquence to his country and his furniture to
the bailiffs. Let us dwell for a moment on the gambling
scenes in which Fox rose and feU, was hated and wor-
shipped. On May 29, 1781, Selwyn writes to his friend :
Ton must know that for these two days past all
passengers in St. James'-street have been amused with
seeing two carts at Charles's door filling, by the Jews,
with his goods, clothes, books, and pictures. He was
waked by Basilioo yesterday, and Hare afterwards by
his volet-de-chamhre, they being told at the same time that
the execution was begun, and the carts were drawn up
against the door. Such furniture I never saw. Betty
aud Jack Manners are perpetaaUy in a survey of this
operation, and Charles, with all Brooks's on his behalf,
in the highest spirits. . . . What business is going on I
know not, for all the discourse at which I am present
turns upon this bank. Offley sat up till past four, and I
believe has lost a good part of his last legacy.
Two days later Selwyn reports : " Never was a room so
crowded or so hot as this was last night," and then ho
names the punters. A little later :
The Pharo Bank is held in a manner which, beinz
exposed to public view, bids defiance to all decency and
pouoe. The whole town as it passes views the dcuEtler and
the punters by means of the candles and the windows
being levelled with the groimd. The Opposition, who
have Charles for their ablest advocate, is tjmte ashamed of
the proceeding, and hates to hear it mentioned.
Gambling pervades many pages, but never to the
exclusion of deaths, marriages, divorces, dinners, baUs,
and levees. Sometimes Selwyn goes down to Gloucester
to cajole his electors, and spend some weeks of boredom
at his lovely seat, Matson. He makes speeches which he
is glad no one hears but the Corporation, and is delighted
when Hony Walpole turns up in those benighted parts —
'* someone to converse with who speaks my own language."
If his constituency is tiresome, not less so is Parliament.
Between these two boredoms Selwyn is never happy unless
poised in the beatific regions of St. James's-sixeet. Of
uterature we do not hear much. Topham Beauderk
seems to be the one link between Selwyn and the John-
sonian circle. Once or twice Selwyn dines with Gibbon.
He is not a great reader. One day he buys Mme. Du
Barri's Anecdotes^ and they amuse him; he buys also
Dart's Antiquities of Westminster Abbey, but seems to think
more of the price, £6, than of the book. We ajre alert
when we find nim buving Dr. Johnson's Lives of the Poets.
But it leaves him cola :
I have bought Johnson's Lives of ike Poets, aod repent
of it already ; but I have read but one, which is Prior's.
There are few anecdotes, and those not well authenticated ;
his criticism on the poems, false and absurd, and the
prettiest things which he wrote passed over in ulence. I
told Lord Loughborough what I thought of it, and he
had made the same remarks. But he says that I had
begun with the life the worst wrote of them all.
In truth Johnson was not an author to lure Selwyn from
his wines and his hazards and his own triumphs of wit.
Every post brought him letters, every scandal and every
posture of affairs in Parlianient brought him sunpliants
for advice. He was liked and pestered by au. He
gave sympathy so freely that he came to need it, and the
ttle note of tragedy in Selwyn's life, which was single to
the end, is accentuated in this confession to the friend he
trusted most :
To fiod a person who really interests themselves about
you, and is able and willing to give you such advice as
applies immediately to your case, is of all things in the
world most difficult to meet with, but the most comfort*
30
The Academy.
13 January, 1900.
able when yon do, and is the utmost service which I ever
expect from anybody in this world, and 3ret what I des-
pair of finding, in the circle in which I move.
Here, indeed, we come to the second grounds on which
we taJce delight in these Letters: they reyeal Selwyn's
best self ; they make him more lovable and human than
he has ever showed before. Hitherto Selwyn has shone
in the public memory as a wit, and as a pious attender
at executions. But in this book of his own letters
his wit is not assertive, and his love of hangings is
hajrdly mentioned. Yet one feels that we have the true
Selwyn here. As for his wit, it died with lum. The jokes
called Selwyn's are mostly sorry reading ; probablv many
of them were not his ; and even the best 01 them lacking
Selwyn's manner, and the atmosphere that eave them
birth, lack all. We are told that he delivered his witti-
cisms in a listless, drowsy way, turning up the whites of his
eyes. Selwyn's love of executions was but his love of
variety. Far too much lias been made of his journeys to
the gallows-tree. It is forgotten that everyone else went,
and that his were days when telescopes were regularly
placed in the Strand in order that people might gloat on
the heads above Temple Bar, at a penny a peep. Apart
from his lost wit, ana his inessential love of a criminal,
Selwyn has been supposed to have been an idle
dog. But Lord Ohesteroeld's chaffing description of his
normal day, in a letter to Selwyn himself, has been
taken too seriously. Said ChesterQeld : *^ You get up at
nine ; play with Baton tUl twelve in your night-gown ;
then creep down to White's to abuse Fanshawe ; are five
hours at table; sleep till you can escape your supper
reckoning ; then make two wretches carry you, with three
pints of daret in you, for a shilling." Even if the outline
were correct, Selwyn filled it in with a hundred kindly
offices and not xinworthv social duties. Above all, he
filled it with his love of children — a singular trait in this
polished clubman.
Selwyn's love for his Mie Mie runs like a thread of
untarnished gold through all his tanffled pleasures. Mie
Mie's paternity is still a matter of doubt. She was the
daughter of the Marohesa Fagniani, and the Duke of
Queensberry and Selwyn each l^lieved himself to be her
father. Selwyn would have been awarded the child by
Solomon, and, for the most part, she lived in Selwyn's
house in Gleveland-row, St. James's, delighting his heart
and xinconsciously tempering and refining his morals. On
June 1, 1781, he writes to Carlisle : *' I am at this moment
employed fort pedagoguement, I have taken into my own
department Mie Mie's translations out of English into
French. That is, I am at her elbow when she translates,
and by that means can see what faults she makes from
insufficiency, and what are produced from carelessness. . . .
To-day I give a dinner to the bankers [he means the
faro bankers at White's]." Although devoted to Mie
Mie, Selwyn had plenty of love to spare for other
children; and his inquiries about George and Caroline,
the Earl of Carlisle's children, mingle with, and sweeten,
his worldly gossip. ''I found mys^ [at Lady Lucan's]
with a parfy of Irish, Dean Marly, Lady Cler-
mont, and with her Mrs. Jones, whom I was ravished
to see, for she had given a ball where Caroline was, and
commended her dancing, and I tormented the poor woman
with such a number of questions about her, that I believe
she thought me distracted. ... I must be quite wore out
with infirmities . . . if seeing Caroline appear to advantage
will not give me pleasure." Indeed, there are a hundred
things in these pages which go to justify Horace Walpole's
eulogy of his friend in his letter to Miss Berry : '* I am on
the point of losing, or have lost, my oldest acquaintance
and friend, George Selwyn, who was yesterday at the
extremity. These misfortunes, though they can be so but
for a short time, are very sensible to the old ; but him I
reaUy loved, not only for his infinite wit, but for a thousand
good qualities."
Books of Travel.
The Yangtu Valley and Beyond. By Mrs. I. B. Bishop.
(John Murray. 21s.)
Mes. Bishop* 8 name wHl have to be written very large in
the list of travellers who have enabled the West to under-
stand the East. This is her twelfth travel volume, and no
one needs to be told how much she has added to our
knowledge of the regions stretohing from Kashmir to
Korea. The fact that Lord Salisbury has accepted the
dedication of it to himself is the highest proof both of its
importance and its interest. Books on China are multi-
plying nowadays, but they do not always illuminate the
country that has been *' coming" for centuries. Mrs.
Bishop's last work is one on which unstinted praise must
be bestowed. Her sympathies are wide, her loiowledge is
deep, her style is bright, and her photographs deserve most
honourable mention. Her opinion of the race of which
she is writing is summed up thus : *' The Chinese are
ignorant and superstitious oeyond belief, but, on the
whole, with all tneir faults, I doubt whether any other
Oriental race runs so straight." She had experience of
their superstition and bigotry at least once in the course
of her plucky journey, for she was pelted and insulted as a
'* foreign devil and child-eater " with a vigour that would
have daunted a less daring lady chronicler. The method
of her narrative is to carry the reader with her f rofti point
to point of her journey, and she avoids the trivialities of
travel which are so often apt to weary without enlightening.
Politics, domestic life, commercial prospects, scenery,
glorious and all but unknown, fall naturally into their
places, and by the time that you have read a few chapters,
vou become aware that you are the wiser by many a
little unobtrusive observation on the point 01 view of
one of the most intorestinff communities in the world.
'^ China is certainly at the dawn of a new era. Whetiiier
the twentieth century shall place her where she ought to
be — ^in the van of Oriental nations — or whether it shall
witness her disintegration and decay, depends very largely
on the statesmanship and influence of Great Britain."
That is Mrs. Bishop's view of the Far Eastern question.
The Redemption of Egypt. By W. Basil Worsfold. (George
Allen. 258. net.)
Mr. Worsfold seems bent on annexing Africa with his
pen. Having written a book on South Africa, he has now
compiled one on Egypt. He seems to have a dear con-
sciousness of his own limitations, for he tells his readers
plainly that in December, 1898, his knowledge of Egypt
was contained in four words — ^Pyramids, Wile, Cairo,
Khartoum ; but that before the day of his landing ended
he had to add a fifth — ^Mosquito. This is not a very pro-
found, nor is it an original, opening to a work with so
serious a title ; and one is soon fain to confess a sense of
confusion when one finds Theocritus jostling a Chamber of
Commerce report, and Catullus called on to compete with
Lord Cromer's latest views, all within the compass of some
twenty or thirty pages. And as one goes on this sense of
confusion grows, for the author seems to be in hasto to
prove that he is at one and the same time archaoologist,
historian, artist, litterateur^ and reproducer of a hohday
diary, written by himself. He has obviously considerable
interest in the subject of which he has chosen to write ;
but such elementary slips as Lybian for Libyan should not
have escaped the eye of a Master of Arts, who can quote
Herodotus in a translation. However, there is a deal of
instructive fact in the book, and if there were only an
index to guide one to it one would feel that a not very
judicious enthusiast had added something to our knowledge
of the reforms carried out in Egypt since Sir Alfred Milner
gave us his masterly work on the subject. Here is a small
sample from the end of the last chapter that fairly
typines Mr. Worsfold's capacity of criticism : '' But
13 Januaiy, 1900.
The Acadeitiy.
31
whether fhe instniction be oonfiaed to the merest rudi-
ments of useful knowledge, or all the soieuces of Europe
be taught, if only the Gh>raon OoUege can infuse something
of the spirit of we man whose name it perpetuates into its
aktmmy it will prove a potent factor in the regeneration of
the Sudan." We are sorry to say it, but most of the
author's comments do not rise above this not vezy lofty
Coade of platitude. He has compiled somewhat too
tily a mass of records on an extremely interesting
subject, and has added many vezy charming illustrations.
The Zand of Contrast. By J. F. Muirhead. (John Lane.
6s. net.)
Mb. Muibhbad, as compiler of Baedeker's handbooks to the
United States and to Ghreat Britain, has had exceptional
chances of " sampling " American characteristics, and he
has made most excellent use of his opportunities. Botiti to
those who know, and to those who do not know, the States
his series of studies will prove diverting and instructive.
Even in America the bode should have a good run, for
Mr, Muirhead is as kindly a critic as he is well qualified.
He has read widely as well as travelled widely, and
without parade he draws on his accumulations of study
and observation to show John Bull where he may learn
from Brother Jonathan. American women, children,
journals, amusements, and humour are all surveyed. " If
American women have been well treated by their men-
folk, thev have nobl^ discharged their debt," he says;
but of the child he is not so appreciative. Here is a
typical tale of a youthful Transatlantic :
Bven in trying oircumstanoes, even when serious mis-
fortune overtakes the youthful American, his aplomb^ his
confidence in his own opiuiOQ, does not wholly forsftke
him. Such a one was foimd weeping in the street. On
being asked the cause of his tears he sobbed out iu miogled
alarm and indignation : " I'm lost ; mammy's lost me ; I
told the darned thing she*d lose me."
On sport Mr. Muirhead is laudably judicial, though he has
some justly hard things to say of football d rAm&rieaine.
Thus : *' In old English footbdl you kicked the ball ; in
modem English football you kick the man when you can't
kick the ball; in American football you kick the ball
when you can't kick the man." In the chapter on *' Some
Literary Straws " the selections from the late Miss Emily
Dickinson's poems will attract mere Britishers, for to most
of them she will prove a novelty. There is an abundance
of ^;ood things on more solid subjects than these. Mr.
Mmrhead has a light touch, a wide range, direwd sense,
and commendable impartiality.
A New Ride to Khiva, By Bobert L. Jefferson, (Methuen
& Co. 6s.)
Attsmfttng the impossible remains the pastime of a few ;
and for some Khiva seems still to have special attractions
in this respect. Colonel Bumaby rode there because, as
he tells us, he was '* contradictorious." They told him the
task was impossible. Therefore he undertook it, and
accomplished it satisfactorily to himself and with a profit-
able extension of English knowledge of a region then very
little known. Mr. JefEerson's reasons for his ride were
similar, if its results are slighter. Some Catford cyclists
told him he could not '' bike " to Khiva ; so, of course, he
started off. But he took almost the first train back, and
being aware from earlier journeys in Central Asia that he
was Bkely to find IHtie tiiere to reward his journey, can
hardly be blamed for not stopping longer.
Here was Khiva, but what a Khiva ! I saw irregular
lanes bordered bv tall ffloomy walls, all in an extreme state
of decay, stretching here and there. Filtiiy ditches ran
down the centre of these lanes ; shadow and ffloom were
everywhere. The atinosphere was white with dust and
reeked horribly. Down these narrow lane-like streets we
picked our way cautiously, stumbling in the gloom against
crouching SSiivans or kicking out of the way sore and
miseraUe dogs that prowled everywhere. At the comers
beggars, blind, maimed, or covered with horrible sores, sat
in small clusters with hands outstretched.
Within the compass of thirty pages Mr. Jefferson tells
all the littie there is to teU of Khiva. Mat Murat, its
Premier and the richest man in the city, lives in a mud-
built erection. The Khan and his son were courteous but
not communicative. Both talked mainly of the Spanish-
American war. But, as Mr. Jefferson says, Russia is
killing Khiva with a war indemnity she cannot possibly
pay, and is sitting by waiting till she dies. The only
disooveij^ he made of any live interest is that of a German
socialistic colony near Khiva. For the rest, the journey,
though a good deal of it is over familiar ground, is brightiy
described, and the illustrations are numerous and good.
A Dictionary of Bad Puns.
A Dictumary ofJSn^liih Homonymi. By A. F. Inglott Bey.
(Kegan Paid.)
What is a homonym that it should have a dictionaxy all
to itself ? What m a homonym ? we asked. '* It is some
sort of relation to a synonym,'' said one. *' It is a kind of
horse," said another, wiser and more flippant, vaguely
remembering Oulliver and his goings on. A few moments
of philological reasoning, however, brought the conviction,
which was confirmed by a glance at the preface, that
homonjms are English words, similar in sound but differ-
entiy spelled, conveying different meanings. A further
examination of the pages of the dictionary discloses
mvriads of words, such as "centaur," "centre," "sender,"
which sound a littie alike, followed by definitions of their
respective meanings. The author must have taken an
amazing amount of trouble, but it is not easy to imagine
anyone to whom the book could be of the slightest use.
As the preface itself is written in three languages — ^Eng-
lish, French and Italian, he presumably hopes to aid the
foreigner in his struggle with the English tongue. We
will quote the paragraphs devoted to one word — " hair " :
Hair, n. htir, the mass of filaments growing from the skin
or bulbous root of animals.
Oapelli.
Cheveux.
Hartt n. har, a well-known timid auimal like a rabbit.
Lepre.
lievre.
Her, pro. h6r, objective case of She.
Lei; colei.
Son; sa; elle; Im; la.
From the translations appended one would infer that Mr.
Infflott Bey was seeking to give the Frenchman and the
Itiuian a due to the maze of English phonetics. But if
the foreign student did not know the meaning of " hair,"
he woula not get much information from the statement
that it was the mass of filaments crowing from the
skin or bvdbous root of animals. Moreover, the list is
obviously incomplete. If we are to hedge against the
Sossible misconceptions of the Frenchman who is taking
own an English speech, we must not omit '' heir," " air,"
" e'er," "here," "hear," " ear," and so on. Turning the
pages at random we come to " cousin." The intelligent
foreigner is warned against confusing the "son or daughter
of an undo or aunt " with " chosen." Surely the strtmger
who cannot observe the distinction for himself would do
better to remain on his native soil. Nor do we think it
necessary to write a book to persuade people that " craze "
is not the same word as " grays," and to define the latter
as "Horses called so from their colour of black and
white."
Perhaps, however, we are on the wrong tack. After all,
a homonym is only a pun writ large ; and if the author
were not so tremendously serious, we should at once
32
The Academy.
13 January, 1900.
conclude that he had foreseen a revival of the Gaiety
burlesque, and had compiled a dictionary of homonyms
for the benefit of possible successors to liir. Bumand and
the late Mr. H. B. Famie. When we find under " ear-
ring" such words as "erring," " hearing," ** herein," and
^ * herring " suspicion is justifiable. Surely Mr. Inglott Bey
has compiled a dictionary of puns. Bemembering the
absurd suggestion that a homonym is a horse, we turn
up the word, and to our astonishment it is not there.
Incredulous, we glance at the opposite page. Yes, here
is " hoarse." Surely here we have innumerable pitfalls
for the imwary foreigner, infinite opportunities for tne bad
punster. But whether he aims at the foreign student or
the native jester, Mr. Inglott Bey fails miserably: he
gives only ** horse" as a homonym to "hoarse," and
defines it as '* the animal that neighs." One might as
well define man as the animal that writes dictionaries. If,
as we gather from this work, " except " is a homonym to
"expect," and "higher" to "eyre" (what »« an Eyre
apart from a Spottiswoode ?), the author has missed golden
opportimities here. Picture the foreigner astray or the
punster agape among the homonyms to " horse 'M " Oars,"
"hawse," "haws," "awes," "hoers," " erse," "hearse,"
" 0. R-'s," " ours," " hours " — why Mr. Inriott Bey
might have written a shelf-full of volumes before he
had done with his homonyms, in which case he would
worry the foreign student back to his native land, and
reduce punning to an absurdity. As it is, he has written
an inadequate dictionary of bad puns.
An Articulate Colony.
The Long White Cloud, By William Pember Beeves.
(Horace Marshall & Son. 6s. net.)
Mothers remember their sons, mother - countries for-
get them. There is always a long period of neglect,
broken only by fits of irritation: it is the child that is
loyal. We see this to-day when colony after colony offers
us help. And this book — which has reached a second
edition and is worthy to reach a third and a fourth —
makes a proud and undeniable claim on the mother-
country. New Zealand has had its share of shrugs and
buffets from England; but it has fought and pushed its
way to manhood, and it now sends us this vivid story of
its struggles, in which there is no reproach save what we
read between the lines. Let us say at once that New
Zealand has found an eloquent spokesman in Mr. Beeves.
His book is really a book, having soul and speech ; and
therefore it is fascinating reading. How strange that the
struggles of our young colonies have not been recognised
as literary material of the finest, the most piquant !
Mr. Beeves knows New Zealand from end to end, and
has been concerned in the administration of the country ;
we are not, therefore, surprised that he has information.
What pleases us is iliat his book is an artistic fusion of
all the elements in New Zealand life. There are no
abrupt transitions, no yawning gaps. Mr. Beeves under-
stands that what we need is a complete picture of the
country, as a thoughtful Englishman would see and expe-
rience it if he settled at Auckland to-morrow. This is
what he gives, and it was a point of wisdom to begin with
the scenery of the islands. At once he enchants and
allures us by his descriptions of the " cool, noiseless
forests " of New Zealand, with their mingled dignity and
luxuriance, their wealth of lichens, ferns, waving Hanas,
and the wonderful pohutu kawa, a flowering tree, which
the wind tosses into strange contrasts of colour as its
blood-red flowers mingle with the upper (dark) and lower
(white) sides of its leaves. As a whole, New Zealand, in
both its north and south islands, is a land of mountains
and rivers. Some of its mountains recall the west of
Scotland, but their heights are alpine. To see the rivers
one must go inland and find them " as they are still to be
found in the North Island, winding through untouched
valleys, under softly-draped cliffs, or shadowed by forests
not yet marred by man ; or, in the South Island, thoy
should be watched in the Alps as, milky or g^en-tinted,
their ice-cold currents race through the gorges."
All through these pages one is under a strange spell.
Here is a country where English law and order prevail
with more than English freedom, where you may wear a
tall hat in a canoe rowed by Maoris, where you may read
the latest London news, and listen to smoke-room tales of
cannibalism sixty years ago. A free, dean country, full
of hope and Nature, touched with the romance of a dying
race, and thrilling with the uncrowded activities of a new
one. Not without blood and error has New Zealand
become a white man's paradise. From October 6, 1769,
when Nicholas Young, a boy on Captain Cook's Undeavour,
sighted the first bit of New Zealand ever seen by English
eyes, down to the present day, a strange and varied drama
unrolls itself. Human greed and injustice stain its pages,
yet the pages brighten as we turn them. We can do
no more than indicate the trend of the narrative, pre-
ferring to record its ultimate impress on the mind. Mr.
Beeves understands the Maori race and the pathos of their
hospitality to the white man. The adventures of gold-
seekers and land- sharks, the efforts and failings of
missionaries, the aims of politicians and the destinies that
overruled them, are set forth with masterly clearness.
And what of young New Zealand to-day? What is its
manner of life ? " Two-thirds of the New Zealanders live
in the country, in villages, or in towns of less than 5,000
inhabitants. . . . There are very few spots in the towns
where trees, flower-gardens, and grass are not dose at
hand, and even orchards and fields not far away. . . .
Bright, windy, and full of the salt of the ocean, the air is
perhaps the wholesomest on earth." The intellectual
life of the people is in its youth. Let Mr. Beeves charac-
terise the sons of the pioneers :
Of artistic, poetic, or scientific talent, of wit, originality,
or inventiveness, there is yet but little sign. In writing
they show facility often, distinction never; in speech
fluency and force of argument, and even, sometimes,
lucidity, but not a flash of the loftier eloquence. Nor has
the time yet arrived for Toung New Zealand to secure the
chief prizes of its own community — such posts and dis-
tinctions as go commonly to men fairly advanced in years.
No native of the country has yet been its Prime Mmister
or sat amonfi;8t its supreme court judges or bishops. A
few colonial-bom have held subordinate Cabinet positions,
but the dozen leading Members of Parliament are just
now all British-bom. So are the leading doctors, en-
eineers, university professors, and preachers ; the leading
barrister is a Shetlander. Two or three, and two or three
only, of the first-class positions iu the civil service sre
filled by natives. On the whole, Young New Zealand is,
as yet, better known by collective usefulness than by
individual distinction.
We can pay Mr. Beeves no higher compliment than to say
that his book gives the town-pent Engush reader a heart-
ache. The ''Long White Cloud" is a doud such as a
child watches, and longs to inhabit.
Rosebery on Peel.
Sir Robert Peel, By Lord Bosebery. (Cassell & Co.)
Last year the private papers of the great Sir Bobert Peel
were judiciously edited and given to the public. Lord
Bosebery's review of those volumes originally appeared in
the Anglo-Saxon Review , but as that publication is not for
all men, he has done wisely to republish his article in volume
form. The littie book is doubly interesting. It gives us a
very fine portrait of Sir Bobert in certain aspects, and it
also throws a powerful sidelight on Lord Bosebery him-
self. Ostensibly the ex-Premier is writing of his great
13 Javuaiy, 1900.
The Academy.
33
predecessor, but behind the rugged mask of Peei we oiton
see the rounder features of Lord Bosebery. Nothing,
for example, oould be more delightfully personal than
the following passage. It is not often we enjoy seeing
a man who has held one of the highest positions on earth
baring his own heart under the pret^ce of dissecting
another man :
" What is a Prime Minister ? That is a question
which it would require a pamphlet to answer, bat in a few
sentences it may be possible to remove a few hallucina-
tions. For the title expresses much to the British mind.
To the ordinary apprehensiun it implies a dictator, the
duration of whose power finds its only limit in the House
of Commons. So long as he can weather that stormful
and deceptive ocean he is elsewhere supreme. Bat the
reality is very di£ferent. The Prime Minister, as he is now
caUea, is technically and practically the chairman of an
Executive Committee of the Privy Council, or rather, per-
haps, of Privy Councillors — the influential foreman of an
executive jary. His power is mainly personal, the power
of individual influence. That influence, whatever it may
be, he has to exert in many directions, before he can have
his way. He has to deal with the Sovereign, with the
Cabinet, with Parliament, and with public opinion, all of
them potent factors in their various kinds and degrees.
To the popular eye, however, heedless of these restrictions,
he represents univmal power ; he is spoken of >as if be had
only to lay down his views of policy and to adhere to them.
That is very far from the case. A First Minister has only
the influence with the Cabinet which is given him by his
personal arguments, his personal qaalities, and his personal
weight. But this is not all. All his colleagues he must
convince, some he may have to humour, some even to
cajole : a harassing, laborious, and ungracious task. Nor
is it only his colleagues that he has to deal with ; he has
to masticate their pledges given before they joined him,
he has to blend their public utterances, to fuse as well as
may be all this into the policy of the Government ; for
these various records must be reconciled, or glossed, or
obhterated. A machinery Uable to so many grams of sand
requires obviously all the skill and vigilance of the best
conceivable engineer. And yet without the external
support of his Cabinet he is disarmed. The resignation of
a colleague, however relatively insignificant, is a storm
signal.
This is a long quotation, but hardly a word could be
omitted without destroying its value. It possesses a keen
and vivid interest which few essays on the person and
policy of Sir Hobert Feel, or any other statesman of the
past, have for the living generation Nominally it deals
with the Prime Minister and the Cabinet of the early
'forties ; actually it pictures for us those of the early
'nineties. Every man may guess for himself the colleagues
who had to be convinced, to be humoured, to be cajoled.
Some, perhaps, will do it for the forgotten ministry of Sir
Eobert Peel ; more, we suspect, will search for those who
filled the various roles in the Earl of Bosebery's own
Cabinet five or six years ago.
As the judicious will observe from the extract quoted.
Lord Bosebery's style is not impeccable. It is usually
fresh ; it is frequency vivid, and the little inelegancies are
probably due to careless revision. But the voice of the public
speaker is heard all through the book. As we read we
seem to hear the orator punctuating his phrases with his
fist, or cunningly leading up to a passage which almost
demands 'Moud cheers," in brackets, after it. At other
times Lord Bosebeiy lapses into the gprandiloquence of
Gibbon — as, for instance, in the following passage : ^' But
as to the philippics arising from Peel's refusal, it may
perhaps be felt oy politicians that it would be a churlish
and mawkish morality which would deny to bafB.ed
ambition the natural outlet of invective and lampoon."
This is a splendidly purple patch, but it has not many
fellows.
Of Lord Bosebery's estimate of Peel it may be said that
it is quite tolerant and appreciative. Evidently Sir Bobert
has long been a hero with the ex-Premier. In under a
hundred widely-printed pages Lord Bosebery has succeeded
in giving a very pleasant picture of his subject, but he has
doBuB so much more by way of self-portraiture that the
interest in the man of the lortieB pales before the interest
in the man of to-day.
Milton's Autobiography.
An Introduction to John Milton. By Hiram Corson*
(Macmillan.)
P&OBABLY few readers of the Acadbmt ever heard that
Milton wrote an autobiography. He did not, indeed, in
the obvious and literal sense of the statement ; but he was
so interested through life in the history of his own career,
and incorporated so many references to it into his
writings, that from these references almost alone his
tale might be told. Of course such passages have
been used often enough by Prof. Masson and others for
biographical purposes ; but to consult them at first hand
you must disentangle them from a mass of irrelevant and
sometimes repellent controversy. Prof. Corson has had
the happy thought to string them together in the chrono-
logical order of the events to which they refer, and thus
to make of them a most valuable introduction or com-
panion to all editions or lives of the poet. Our g^titude
to him would have been even greater if he had been con-
tent to publish a small book, and had not thought it
necessary to pad it out to three times its normal size by
appending fully annotated and perfectly superfluous editions
of '^Oomus," "Lycidas," and '^ Samson Agonistes." No
doubt these are, in a sense, autobiographical; but they
certainlv do not, like the other passages, want collecting,
and still less editing.
Looking through this volume we are struck once again
vrith the remarkable and, as far as we know, unparalleled
fashion in which Milton, having formed a great literary
ambition in early life, and having been debarred for
twenty years by the stress of the world's work from
realising it, yet kept it before him throughout, until the
day came when he oould turn serene! v to the great achieve-
ment. Let us trace briefly the evidence of this singidar
obsession b^ an idea through two decades. In 1637, the
year of '' Lycidas," Milton writes to his friend, Charles
Diodati : '* You ask me what I am thinking of ? So may
the good Deity help me, of immortality ! And what am I
doing? Orowing my wings and meditating flight."
Three years later the Lonff Parliament called liOlton
from his dreams to practical life — to the scholar's share
in practical life, which is controversy. But in his most
arid or his least savoury pamphlet he will from time to
time wax lyrical and g^at at the thought of what for
him, and for England, the future has in its womb. Hear
him in the Considerations of Reformation in England :
Then, amidst the hymns and hallelujah;! of saints, some-
one may perhaps be heard offering at high strains in new
and lofty measures, to sing and celebrate the Divine
mercies and marvellous judgments in this land through-
out aU ages.
Hear him in the Anitnadversions upon the Eemonstranfs
Defence:
And he that now for haste snatches up a plain un-
gamished present as a thuikoffering to Thee, which could
not be deferred in regard of Thy so manv late deUveranoes
wrought for us one upon another, may then perhaps take
up a harp, and sing Thee an elaborate song to generations.
But, to conclude, the best passa|^ are found in The Eeaeon
of Church Government urged agatnet Prelaty^ where he goes
back over his own youth, and tells how
I began thus far to assent both to them and divers of
my friends here at home, and not less to an inward prompt-
ing which now grew daily upon me, that by labour and
intense study, (which I take to be my portion in this life,)
joined with the strong propensity of nature, I might per-
haps leave something so written to after times, as tney
should not willingly let it die.
34
The Academy,
13 January, 1900.
Fiction.
The Enehant&r. By U. L. Silberrad.
(Macxaillan & Go. 68.)
Thebe is something imusual and something strong in this
novel. Though it shows many faults, ue auUior has
imported into it a forceful freshness which must neces-
sarily attract. The figure of Nicholas Fycroft, whose
boyish ambition it is to be an ^'enchanter," and who
ends as a scientist of European fame, is original and
rather charming. His early predilection for the com-
panionship of Nature, his simple and passionate interest
.in all forms of life and all natural phenomena (even to an
abandoned river-bed), his sensitiveness to the feeling of
places, his directness of intercourse, and that absolute
reliance upon instinct which carries him safe through
difficult crises: these things— characteristics not ofton
recommending themselves to our novelists — ^are weU ren-
dered, and they constitute a hero of real nobility. For us
Nicholas Pycroft is the whole book. We do not consider
that there is much else in it which can be called entirely
satisfacton^. The '' enchantment " business — ruined tower,
Eastern IdfS., elixir of life, vampire, insane genius, death-
struggle amid the inevitable thunderstorm — ^is certainly
not satisfactory, though the author does her best to be
effective with the outworn material.
Slowly, very slowly, the two figures, which looked like
one in the dim light of the low fire, tamed. Nicholas
was uppermost now ; in the long pause that foUowed he
wonderod by what accident it had happened. How the
wind screamed I He had never heard it scream so before.
How the old Tower rocked, rocked, swayed with a strange
Bickening sway ; had the end come ? No, the foundation
still held, the walls were almost motionlcM again, only
shuddering. Something fell in the room beneath, and
here, in this room, five bottles on a high shelf came
totterinff to the ground. One held some red solution : it
streamed across the uneven floor and then settled in a
hollow, looking like a pool of blood.
Slowly, very slowly, the figure beneath was relaxing
its hold, and ever, as it loosened, the grasp of him who
was uppermost tightened, till it was as the grasp of death.
This is not good. Nor is Nicholas's love-afiEair Rood. At
the beg^inning of the book, when Nicholas, the vulage boy,
and Ira, the proud child of rank, come together, and Ira
orders Nicholas about, and Nicholas obeys her and snubs her
within the same hour — we know that the pair will marry,
after the girl has spent a sufficient number of years in hating
the youth. It has been done a hundred times before, and
it wUl be done a himdred times yet again. But there seems
no valid reason why Miss Silberrad should have done it.
And in particular there seems no reason why she should
have taken hero, heroine and villain to a remote spot in
Asia, and there caused the hero to free the heroine from
an imprisonment wickedly contrived by the villain. The
Asiatic scenes are quite unconvincing.
Miss Silberrad writes with correctness, and her style is
dear and terse. She does not, however, appear to have
any feeling for verbal dignity and beauty, and if a phrase
of the street serves her purpose she will use it. Few
novelists have any feeling for verbal dignity and beauty,
but Miss Silberrad's promise is such that she ought to
cultivate that feeling ; without it she will never do herself
justice.
sometimes that he wrote CM Steel at so many francs per
line, like Eugene Sue hSiA feuiUeUme. But these are meiely
superficial (maracteristics. There is good stuff in Cold
Steel, partly obscured beneath various affectations. The
central point of the tale is a girl named Laura Ford, of
peerless beauty— the male characters call her ''a tasty
moppet " — who excites the dangerous admiration of Henry.
With much ingenuity Mr. Shied weaves round this girl a
court intrigue of amazing complexity :
Most of the five parties—the King's, the Queen's,
Anne's, Du Ballay's, and Wolsey's — come to seise Bessie
and Laura Poid, were astonished at the presence of all the
others at the Bell.
They were nineteen : the King's three — ^Fitz, Mac, and
Bonner ; Du Ballay, with four French knights, on steeds
caparisoned in goodlv trappings with purfles ; hot-headed
younff Peroy of Northumberland, sent by Anne, with three
stout livery-men ; the Ooud§ Alvarada, with the ferocious
huge Sir John Perrot and two Queen's-men ; and,^ lastly,
three blood-hounds of Wolsey, gentlemen of his bed-
chamber, gallants famed for tiltmg at the quintain, running
at the ring, or jousting in single combat.
Of all these, Alvarada alone knew that the girls were
locked in a chamber, and where. The keys of the chamber
he had in his doublet.
To these is soon added King Francis of France, whose
aim is as sinister as that of Henry himself. Some three
hundred paffes of cut-and-thrust are consumed before
Laura is safely united to a faithful student with whom in
the early part of the book she has had a love scene of the
most *' passion-pale " sort. Here is a sample of the
fighting :
They met ; and at once with clattering hruequerie and
spurts of sparks the engagement commenced, the white
and whetted steel of Percy's slenderly-curved axe-blade
operating fiereely, notching the sword of Alvarada, and
cleaving bis armour, every time. The defect, however, of
the axe in armoured combat is its inabUity to pierce, its
effeoti btdng for the most purt fiesh wounds — a defect
which gave rise to the invention of the halberd ; and at a
moment when the cuirass of the Spaniard ran three streams
of red. a sudden deft prick in the ribs caused Perey to
close his spurs in an involuntary spasm : his mare leapt
forward ; as his sick left arm tore at her mouth, there was
an ooze of blood from the elbow- joint; at that moment • . .
Cold Steel is not a fine book, but it has its fiery moments
of imagination and force. We consider that if Mr. Shiel
abandoned every master save his own literary conscience
he miffht produce good work« His JPrtnoe Zaleehi was
decidedly no ordinary achievement.
Cold SUel By M. P. Shiel.
(Ghrant Bichards. 6s.)
Thb title of this novel of the reign of Henry the Eighth is
fairly descriptive of its contents. The story contains more
fightinff than any novel that we remember — not excepting
The Three Musketeers, Mr. Shiel appears to have haa it in
mind to imitate Dumas' methods of narration, or rather
his mannerisms, especially in the disposition of paragraphs
and the frequency of short lines. One is inclined to tmnk
Notes on Novels.
[^These notes on the weeVs Fiction are not neeessarUy final.
Reviews of a selection will follow, 1
Pabson Kblly. By A. E. W. Mason and Andrew Lanq.
This story of the period of the Pretender — to which
Mr. Lang has brought much Jacobite erudition — opens in
Paris in 1719. It is continued in the London of Steele
and Addison and Lady Mary Wortley Montagu. The
parson hero, who is an agent of the Pretender, makes a
striking figure. (Longmans. 6s.)
Thb White Dove. By William J. Looks.
This novel, by the author of Derelicts, shows how Ella
Defries's love is contended for by a rising surgeon of cold,
but sterling, virtues, and a hollow-hearted, raving apostle
of Art. (John Lane. 6s.)
Beneath the Moon. By Dolly Pentreath.
A melodramatic novel, hot with India and intrigue.
The heroine is a fragile adventuress, whose husband,
realisinfi^ his perils, contrives to be drowned, and then
Lady Eaeanor oegins adventuring in earnest. (Simpkin,
Marshall. 6s.)
13 January, 1900.
The Academy.
35
THE ACADEMY.
Editorial and Publishing Offices, 43, Chancery-lane.
The Aoaduct vHU he tent poe^free to every AnnuoU 8tib§ertber
in the United Kingdom,
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The Ideal Circulating Library.
By a Reader.
It is a carious fact that at the present time, when the
doors of the twentieth century are soon to swin^ back to
let the hurryinff world rush through, we have no circulating
library in London that is conducted upon '' up to date "
lines of modem commercial enterprise. We have, it is
true, several long-established firms that let out books for
a consideration, and these are admirably managed; but
we, the reading public, have now reached a staffe in our
development at which the old-fashioned methods cannot
supply our enlightened demands. Let me sketch a few
of the characteristics of my ideal library, in the fond hope
that the Twentieth Century will see it conyerted into a
reality.
Li the first place, the organiser must be a man who has
fathomed the grand secret of success in trade. This is so
simple that it may be told in three words — *' Study your
customer." Feel his pulse, anticipate his desires, supply
his wants in the manner most easy and agreeable to
himself. Pamper him, in short, and be sure that he will
repay you. It will be news to many people that it was not
always the custom for shops to send home their customers'
purchases free of charee. A few enterprising tradesmen
began the fashion, and the rest were soon compelled to
follow suit. Provision merchants not only sent home
goods, but called for orders daily, and found themselves
well rewarded for their trouble. Only the big libraries
held out, and still hold out. Once a week (in some cases
twice) they contract to exchange books at their cus-
tomers' houses and at their customers' expense. Fancy
the blank astonishment of the British matron if Mr. Peter
Bobinson or Mr. Whiteley were to inform her that he woidd
be happy to send home her purchases on a Friday — his
regular day — ^but that he would be obliged to make an
extra diarge for porterage. It may be objected that the
cases are not on all fours, since the books are only hired,
while the other goods are bought outright; but let the
objector hire a bath, a lamp, or some crockeir at any of
our large stores, and the goods will not only be conveyed
to bim, but fetched awav again free of charge. It is really
a Bathetic siffht on a ramy, windy day to see middle-aged
laoies strug^ing along New Oxford-street with a strapful
of books, an umbrella, and a long skirt. The first big
library that starts a motor van for each district that it
serves, supplemented if necessary by tricycle carriers, and
exchanges oooks daily at its customers' houses will win the
public gratitude. At the present time there are, it should
be mentioned, a few small libraries in connexion with
stationers' shops whose proprietors send home customers'
books, but tbe stock at these establishments consists, as a
rule, almost entirely of novels, with a sprinkling of popular
biographies and travels, and is of little use to the reader
who desires to range over a wider field of literature.
The " back-stock" of the ideal circulating library should
rival that of the London Library, while modem publica-
tions should be provided on the most liberal scale. The
proprietor should dear his mind of red-tape, and discard
all obnoxious little charity-school rules. At most of the
existing libraries the rules seem to be framed with a view
to saving trouble to the smployis instead of to the customers.
Take one or two striking examples. It is, I believe, the
rule at every big library uiat clients may not change books
more than once a day. Of course, in a general way, they
would not want to. But consider the hiud case of a man
who only subscribes for one book, and who, having taken
it home, finds that he has already read it, or that he does
not want to read it. Is he to be left for the whole of a
possibly wet day and sleepless night without any fresh
sustenance for his mind, or— to put it on the lowest
Krounds — ^any effectual antidote for his sordid worries?
Another irksome rule ordains that no country reader may
" break a set " ; that is, if he wants to read a three-volume
novd he may not have one volume at a time^he must take
all or none. Now, when a Londoner goes into the country
for his holiday, he becomes a country customer for the
time being, and subject to country rules. If, just before
starting, he has read the first two volumes of a novel, and
desires to take the third with him, he is obliged to saddle
himself wititi the two volumes already read. This rule is
less irksome now than formerly, because the three-volume
novel is practically dead ; but there are plenty of old books
by such writers as Mr. Gissing and Mr. Henry James which
are still alive, but which can only be obtained at the
libraries in three-volume editions.
Again, a customer desiring an early opportunity of
reading a book which is in considerable demand may put
his name down for it at the libraries, but only on condition
that he leaves a volume in pawn. Now, this is mere
pandering to the big subscribers. The rich man whose
subscription entitles him to ten or twelve volumes at a
time, can always afford to leave one or two in pawn, and
thus carries off all the new publications. The poor man,
who only subscribes for one or two volumes, has never one
to spare, and consequently seldom obtains a book until it
is ^m four to six months old, which is like getting
Saturday's loaf on Monday morning. The system of
putting down names of applicants to be dealt with in
turn would be perfectly fair if it were not accompanied
by a demand for a hostage. But without that condition,
say the authorities, the system would involve too much
trouble. Trouble to whom? To the employh. The
convenience of customers should be taken into account.
The proprietors of most of our important libraries ignore
the immense floating population of London, which wants
to hire books by the night, the week, or the month. As a
rule, subscriptions cannot be taken out for less than three
months, the small profits and quick returns so dear to the
heart of all practical tradesmen being entirely disdained.
The virtuous librarian of my dreams would arrange a
separate department for clients who desired to subscribe
for a shorter period than three months. No doubt the
working of sudi a department would give a good deal of
"trouble," but in any other lines of business the fear of
trouble does not prevent tradesmen from letting out
their goods by the night. It would be rather hard upon
the hospitably-indined if they were unable to hire plate,
palms, and rout-seats for a period of less than three
months I
A few years ago the libraries combined to boycott the
three-volume novel published at a guinea-and-a-half.
They insisted that all novels should be published in one
volume at 6s. or 3s. fid. There was a tacit agreement that
the libraries would take so many more copies at these
reduced prices that the trade would suffer no loss, while
the reading public would benefit enormously. The actual
result of the barg^ain has been that authors, booksellers,
and the patrons of circulating libraries are all worse off
than they were six years ago. The ideal library of the
future, having raked in all uie custom, would be able to
compel the publishers to follow the good example set
by foreign firms, and issue books in paper covers at half-a-
36
The Academy.
13 January, XQoa
orown, or thereabouts. As soon as these covers became
soiled or torn, a limited number of copies of each work
that was thought worthy of the honour could be cheaply
bound (by the libraries) in plain, strong covers. This
seems to be the method practised at Bolandi's, and other
foreign circulating libraries. Twice or four times a year
there should be a sale of surplus unbound copies at a
uniform price of one shilling. The volumes should be
conveniently arranged, for the inspection of customers, on
long trestles. Every big draper recognises the advantage
of letting people (more especially women) turn over goods
upon the counter. Purchases through the post consist of
necessaries only, but purchases in a shop, at bargain time,
consist of opportunities seized and temptations yielded to.
Another leaf which the libraries should take out of the
book of the big drapers is the tea-room. This should be
well supplied with comfortable chairs and illustrated
papers, and on each of the little tables should lie a monthly
list of new books and a pencil, so that customers could
read and mark while drinking their tea.
Descriptive Art.
In the January number of the National Review Miss J. H.
Findlater writes interestingly on << The Art of Narra-
tion." Her main point is, that descriptive writing has
made more marked advance of late years than almost any
other form of literature. '' The change is from prolixity
to brevity; from colourless detail to vivid outline; from
long words to short ones." Miss Findlater's examples of
the old and new styles of description are happily chosen.
She aptly contrasts an old and a new writer in the follow-
ing passages :
Mr. Kipling,
The animal delight of that
roaring day of sun and wind
will live long in our memory
— ^the rifted purple flank of
Lackawee, the long vista of
the lough darkening as the
shadows fell; the smell of a
new country, and the tearing
wind that brought down
mysterious voices of men from
somewhere high above us.
Sir WcdUr Scott,
The Cheviots rose before
me in frowning majesty ; not,
indeed, with the sublime
variety of rock and cliff which
characterises mountains of the
primary class, but huge, round-
headed, and clothend with a
dark robe of russet, raining
by their extent and aesolate
appearance an influence upon
the imagination which pos-
sessed a character of its own.
Here, of course, the advantage is with the later writer,
but we shall have a word to say on the value of such
comparisons. Meanwhile, we are glad to see that Miss
Findlater is alive to the young vices as well as the maturing
virtues of the new school. She deprecates the method
which relies too much on '^ words which express them-
selves." Such words are rarely classical, and they produce
a sense of violence. They are expensive, in the old
sense, and the best proof that they are in the long
run ineffective is that they tire the reader. In The
Red Badge of Courage Miss Findlater finds many
examples of this assertive writing: *' His canteen banged
rhythmically, and his haversack bobbed softly. . . . The
purple darkness was filled with men who jabbered. . . .
The ground was cluttered with men. ... A spatter of
musketry. . . . His knees wobbled," &c.
Another doubtful method is the staccato. As Miss Find-
later says : '' Nothing is easier. The method is simple.
It presents no difficulties. It is distinct. It appeals to
many. It is new." The growing use of simile in descrip-
tion is, perhaps, too incautiously approved by Miss Find-
later. We agree that a few similes may easily double the
force of a descriptive passage ; but Miss Findlater does
not seem to recognise tnat here also many come to g^ef .
A simile must be absolutely right to be acceptable: it
must be accurate, and it must enlighten the reader swiftly
and graciously. We have noticed a strong tendency to
drag in similes where none are needed, and to aim at
clever juxtaposition of remote and unfamiliar things. We
discussed this subject last October in connexion with Mr.
Capes's fine novel, Our Lady of Darkness. Mr. Capes
is of the new school of narration, and his enterprise is
beyond praise ; but we found him saying of a girl who
was skimming cream : '* The tips of her fingers budded
through the white, like nibs of rhubarb through melting
snow." Very likely they did, but it was scarcely wise or
helpful to say so. Mr. Capes also wrote : " The girl stood
solid on end, like a pocket of hops," which is simile run
wild. Not that simile may never be pushed into new
regions ; but there is a discretion. Mr. Kipling is justified
of this : " The weather was glorious — a blazing sun, and
a light swell to which the cruisers rolled lazily, as hounds
roll on the grass at a check." Of the following simile-
laden passage from Tess of the i>' Urhervilles Miss Findlater
thinks : *' Description can no further go."
There had not been such a winter for years. It came on
in stealthy and measured glides, like the moves of a chess-
player. One morning the few lonf'ly trees and the thorns
of the hedgerow appeared as if they had put off a vege-
table for an animal mtegument. Every twig was covered
with a white nap, as of fur grown from the rind during
the night, giving it four times its usual dimensions ; the
whole bush or the tree forming a staring sketch in white
lines on the mournful grey of the sky and horizon.
Cobwebs revealed their presence on sheds and walls where
none had ever been observed tiU brought out into risibility
by the crystallising atmosphere — hanging like loops of
white worsted from salient points of the outhouses, posts,
and gates.
This is good description. But is it better than the
following passage, which has no similes, in Eothen?
Kinglake is describing the desert march of a caravan :
You look to the Sun, for he is your task-master, and
by him 3 ou know the measure of the work that you have
done, and the measure of the work that remains for you
to do. . . . No words are spoken, but your Arabs moan,
your camels sigh, your skin glows, your shoulders ache,
and for sights you s«>e the pattern, and the web of the
silk that veils your eyes, and the glare of the outer light.
Time labours on — your skin glows, and your shoulders
ache, your Arabs moan, your camels sigh, and you see the
same pattern in the sific, and the same glare of light
beyond, but conquering time marches on, and by and by
the descending Bun has compassed the Heaven, and now
softly touches your right arm, and throws your lank
shadow over the sand, right along on the way for Persia ;
then again you look upon his face, for his power is all
veiled in his beauty, and the redness of flames has become
the redness of roses— the fair, wavy cloud that fled in the
morning now comes to his sight once more — comes
blushing, yet still comes on—comes burniug with blushes,
yet hastens, and clings to his side.
What we miss most in Miss Findlater's paper is a sense
of the comparative unimportance of descriptive writing.
She concludes her paper by expressing the belief that the
younger men of the new school of writing may yet produce
classics. True, but Miss Findlater has been talking about
little beyond style, as applied to descriptions of scenery ;
and it is certain that this is not a basis of immortality.
The masterpieces of fiction take their rank by virtue of
qualities which are hardly hinted at in Miss Findlater's
paper. In fact, to discuss the art of description apart from
creation and insight is a rather dangerous proceeding.
Mr. Crane's book, for instance, has substance and in-
sight, and these are more important to it than its
diction. Novels are not judged by their backgrounds.
They live by their interpretations of human character,
and that is why Scott's interpolated descriptions do
not matter, and are even liked for their placidity. As
candidates for the classical shelves, our young writers
need something before style ; even thought, penetration,
and abundance.
ij January. 1900.
The Academy.
37
The Amateur Critic.
\_To thin page we invite our readers to contribute critivism^
favourahle or otherwise, of hooks new and old, or remarks on
striking or curious passages which they may meet with in their
reading, No communication, we wotdd point out, must exceed
300 words.']
On the Abuse of Dialect.
A WRFTEB in the Academy has justly given high praise
to On IHal as a work of art, prophesying that in years to
come, when the popular fourth-rate novels of the moment
are forgotten, the work of " Zack " and of Walter Kaymond
will be remembered. But to the West Ooimtry-man there
is a wide difference between these two writers. The author
of Two Men o' Mendip must be " Zummerzet*' bom and bred,
and it would seem to be an absolute impossibility for him
to make a mistake in the dialect. He can probably think
in it with as much ease as in modem English. The village
folk in his tender idylls and sombre tragedies are therefore
convincing, not only by reason of tiieir strongly-drawn
characteristics and individuality, but also because their
speech is true to nature. The charm of their quaint
sayings goes straight home to the hearts of all dwellers in
the West, and although it may be contended liiat this does
not add to the literary or artistic value of the stories, I
cannot but think that the writing of fiction in a dialect
which never existed, save in the imagination of the author,
must in some measure detract from &eir value.
It is in this respect that '< Zack," with so many others,
o£Pends. The others do not matter. It is not necessary to
read their novels. But it is a real loss when the power
and beauty of a work are made as nought by the unskilful
handling of the dialect. Life is Life contains fewer errors
than On Triail, though the reader will be brought up
sharply now and again by some Midland or North-country
expression never heard in the West. As a rule the swing
of the dialect is true, and that is the chief thing. But in
On Trial it is all wrong. The groundwork certainly is
Devon, and liiere is a hint of Somerset which is also
admissible in an Exmoor story. But why will "Zack"
scatter over her pages such words as " happen," " main,"
"liefer," and "alles"? The last is particularly aggra-
vating, and its continual occurrence is enough in itself to
destroy the Devonshire atmosphere of the book. It should
be either " alwes " or "alwa-a-ys," with the accent on the
second syllable. The negatives, too, betray the unpractised
ear. "Her'll no profit" may be Scotch, but it is not
Devonshire.
These are a few isolated examples, and may seem of
small account, but to a West Country reader the muidenng
of his beloved dialect is as irritating as the murdering of
the Queen's English must be to one who has a keen
delight in style. " Zack " is not dependent on any one
form of expression. She is an artist, and should work in
a medium she understands. She can write pure English,
even if she cannot master the Devonshire dialect, and will,
perhaps, one day give us an unspoiled work of art.
Blacktnore and Walter Rajrmond are unrivalled in their
use of the West Country speech, and for an example of
the restrained suggestion of dialect Hardy's Wessex folk
are unapproachable. The author never tortures the lan-
guage with strange spelling, me^ng it difficult for the
uninitiated to understand ; and yet by little turns of speech
he suggests the intonation and the rhythm which, after
all, are the chief features of dialect.
M. H.
The Topography of Reading.
Not the reading of topography. Oh, no! I mean the
topography of one's own reading. I speak of that
charming association which links a good book to the place
where one first read it Only yesterday, in walking down
Holbom, I saw a copy of Mr. Tarver's Life and Letters of
Oustave Flaubert offered as part of a *' remainder " for 2s.
I boueht it. In 1895 I had borrowed this book from
Mudie's, and I see now the little heath, with its brambles
and sandpits, and its little overflowing ponds that made
skies in the grass, where I read the burning, sensuous
thoughts and flashmg atheisms of the author of Salammbo,
Hugo, the GK)ncourts, Chateaubriand, were with me, and it
seemed that only Frenchmen could write. A couple of
horses, out to graze, moved off slowly as I read, and
seemed always gravely keeping their distance. Over
yonder hedge stretched the mues of Essex marsh ; beyond
these the MapUn Sands, and then the blue, dangerous sea,
with the light-ships.
Seldom is the topography of reading logical or appro-
priate. Therein lies its charm. I first read Jane Austen
in the window-seat of a Cornish farmhouse on a wild day.
Cape Cornwall loomed out of the wrack, and retired ; and,
far away over the Atlantic, rain-storms moved slowly, like
squadrons on a plain. I wonder whether my preference
of Ann Elliot over all Jane Austen's heroines was assured
in that hour ?
Such experiences are the marriages of the mind, and
they never fade. Never do I think of Carlyle but I am
walking up and down a York playground. Down there,
over the lawn, a football match is writhing. But I walk
up and down with my book — ^my head in the clouds — and
the Minster bells, chiming the quarter, set golden accents
on the words of ike Sage : " Came it never over thee like
the gleam of preternatural eternal Oceans, like the voice of
old Eternities, far-sounding through thy heart of hearts ? "
W.
Inkhorn Terms.
No doubt Stevenson's work is responsible for a good deal
of the made writing of the present day, as the contributor
of the article in the Agadbmt for this week seems to
suggest. But the practice of fine writing is of tolerable
antiquity, and one can guess how such work will be valued
in the future when one looks back, for instance, on the
work of the Euphuists which followed John Lyly's famous
book tiiree hundred years ago. One cannot help deploring
that there should be such a lack of thought in the work of
Stevenson's imitators, for he never descended to mere
verbiage. The following passage in Thomas Wilson's
System of Rhetoric, published in 1553, might be quoted
and practised, I think, with some effect at the present time :
Among other lessons, this should first be learned : that
we never affect any strange inkhorn terms, but to speak as
is commonly received ; neither seeking to be over fine, nor
yet living over careless ; using our speech as most men do,
and ordering onr wits as the fewest have done. Some
seek so far for outlandish Bnglish, that they forget
altogether their mother's language. And I dare swear
this, if some of their mothers were alive they were not able
to tell what they say, and yet these fine English clerks
will say that they spwc in their mother tongue if a man
should charge them with counterfeiting the king's English.
James Postlethwaitb.
Superfine English,
The article on '^ Made Writing " in the Academy for this
week reminds one of a comment on K. L. Stevenson's work
which appeared in one of the daily newspapers at the time
of his death. The writer claimed that Stevenson had even
influenced the journalist, who now found time to put some
finish into his work. It was a good influence — for there is
some truth in the contention — ^but it is to be feared that
it also had some doubtful effects. Stevenson, who loved to
write about his work, has been the cause of sending a
whole host of young men down a remarkably steep place,
somewhat with the same residt as did John Lyly three
hundred years ago with his Euphues. The man who has
something to say is in no danger of making such a descent,
but the mere stylist seems to follow Lewis Carrol's advice
to ^^ Take care of the sound and the sense will take care of
itself " with a result such as you instance. A. Babton.
38
The Academy.
13 January, 1900,
Correspondence.
" Bulks Largely."
Sib,' — ^As my use of the words '* bulks largely" in
2 hat Reminds Me has been twice mentioned in your
columns, I beg leave to say — ^though I am not enamoured
of the phrase, and though 1 know uiat anyone who writes
in a newspaper is expected to lie down under any reproach
of bad English — that I find the use of " bulk '' as a verb
accepted without question in Murray's Dictionary. It is
there attributed to writers who wrote in 1672, 1725, 1832,
1859 respectively; and among these is Oarlyle, who wrote
'^ bulked much larger." If the objection is to the adverb
'* largely " I fail to see that the use of it is more offensive
than that of the adjective; and, if that matters, the
adverb may seem to some more grammatical. — ^I am, &o.,
Edwabd Eussell.
The Daily Poat^ Victoria-street, Liverpool :
Jan. 2, 1900.
[Our objection to the phrase ''bulks largely" had
reierence to Sir Edward Hussell's context, in which
cynicism was said to bulk largely in table stories. We
think that the phrase '' bulks largely " becomes incorrect
when applied to an abstract quality like cynicism. A man
may bulk largely in the dark; cotton ^ods may bulk
largely in our exports ; but surely cynicism cannot bulk
largely anywhere. — ^Ed. Academy.]
Quintuple Rhythm.
Sib, — Will you allow me to ask some of your readers
who are learned in the subject of poetical rhythms if th^re
are any examples in English verse of the quintuple rhythm
which is often effectively used by musical composers, and
notably by Tschaikowskyin his '^ Svmphony Path6tique " ?
I do not know if the experiment has been tried or if it is
worth trying.
In the doggerel I send you the beats are, I think, fairly
correct, at any rate.
** Hear how merrily monks siog,"
Cnut King callt.
"Bow we cheerily, comrades,
Near their halls.' '
« Can we emulate their love
For their heavenly King ?
Can we raise our souls till tiiey
Likewise sing " ?
— ^I am, &c.,
Belfast: Dec. 25, 1899.
CHAsaxz.
'* How Soldiers Fight."
Sib, — While in no sense objecting to the general tenour
of your critic's strictures on my book. How Soldiers Fight,
I would like to correct a false impression he appears to
suggest as to the reason why it saw the light — ^to wit, my
desire to cateh the pennies of people who gloat over the
present South African horror. As one who, maugre '^an
enthusiasm for ^ blugginess,' " has sacrificed material gain
to his aversion from our unhappy policy in the Cape, I
think I have the right to ask you to allow me to deny
this.
How Soldiers Fight, slight as the volume is, and what-
ever its shortcomings may be, represents not less than
thirteen years' study of &e history of warfare and ite
science. The writing of it was commenced in the year
1897; several of the articles (including that containing
the phrases which your critic quotes) appeared in a popular
magazine in the spring of 1898 ; and tne whole book as it
now stends was in the hands of the publisher at least
three months before hostilities were declared between this
country and the Boer Eepublics. — I am, &o.,
Jan. 7, 1900. F. Nobbbys Gonnell.
The S. St McClure Co.
Sib, — ^In your issue of January 6 it is stated that Mr.
Walter H. Page, formerly of the Atlantic Monthly, together
with other gentlemen whom you mention, is to become a
member of the S. S. McClure Company. Permit me to
say that these statements are entirely erroneous and quite
misleading. There has been no change in the member-
ship of the S. S. McClure Company, and no change is
contemplated. Neither is the firm's name to be chai^^,
in any way, as you state. Yoiir paragraph, doubUess,
refers to the operation of another concern. — ^1 am, &c.,
BOBEBT MoOlUBX.
10, Norfolk-street, Strand, W.C.
Our Weekly Prize Competitions.
Result of No. 1 6 (New Series).
L^ST week we offered a prize for the beet applioation of an anagram
to Yene after a model which we sapplied. We have received a
large number of replies, bat the task of awarding the Guinea has
been n^asnally easy. It goes to the Rev. Boa^lyn Brace, St. Ann's
Beotory, Soho-sqnare, W. Mr. Bmoe's anagram-verae is as follows
Nay, great Kh^yrim t a power more strong than wine
Oontrols earthfs empires and the heavens above :
Thus Hamelin*8 piper sang of some divine
She-rat^ which stirred the he^rats^ hearts to Love.
Among other attempts are these :
Thou Muse, who rulest verse and trope,
May*8t shed a lustre on my name.
Thou lurest me, e*en me, with hope
Of fair result to purm and fame.
[I. H. T., British Museum.]
Pedantic Muse ! why doet thou bore us so
In artful anagram to robe our thought,
While Boer and Britinh still give blow for blow.
And '' Gantuar ** and <* Ubor " help us naught ?
And yet the brave who bear War's bitterest tests
Have time for other games, and life for laughterous jests.
[H, A. W., PortobeUo]
If Art prove ervel^ and appear too proud,
Make lucre Qod, and pinder to the crowd :
Let some Thersites play the hero's role.
And bare to all the %Ueer of his soul.
[F. E. W., London.]
Ah ! had I time, my teeming brain
Should conntlciis anagramn emit.
And not an Ueni prove unfit
Its mite of eulogy to gain.
[M. A. W., Watford.]
Thit wi«e son of Zevi^ of whom Browning told,
Gould live his life bravely, and bravely grow old ;
He SAW through the veil God's purpose revealed,
And evil and good were two sides of one shield.
[H. M. S., Manchester.]
The heart of earth is fflad because of spring.
Fierce hater she of winter s cold and dearth,
The rathe primrose and the violet sing
With fragrant breath to herald the new birth.
[A. L., London. |
My fame will flame aloft when pales
Your ineffectual fire ;
To tteal the least of your stale tales
Is far from my desire !
[B. B. J., West Kensington.]
These silent counsellors with patience wait,
Not decked ill tinsel, but adorned with gold,
Symbol of words we listen to, elato.
That eiUist the mind, while treasures they unfold.
[Scotia.]
The ablest poet he whose fluent style
On tabliu broad can show the stable strength
Of massy peaks, whose fronts the lightning dare.
But paints with skill no less sweet Ohloe's smile
For piping Oorydon, who lolls at length,
Of bleats of thorn-caught ewe-lambs unaware.
[F. H. B. I
Mastering his pride, sets out King James,
With followers few, down streaming Thames.
Like emiarantSy they all repair
To breathe 8t» Germain's weltering air.
43 January, -lyx).
The Academyi
39
Replies reodved also from : J. D. A-t Eab'ng ; J. E. Y^ Kilbnrn ;
W. Sm Baxton ; Gt, M. P., Birminffham ; T. E. 0.. Brighton ; E. B.,
Liverpool ; J. B. W., Hove ; 8. B., Malvern ; G. E M., London ;
Rev. R. McG., Whitby ; M. G. B., London ; J. P. B. B , Liverpool ;
E. B., Liverpool ; A. F., Sutton : K. P^ Banfcor ; J. G. F., Elmdon ;
L. W., London ; T. C, Buxted ; D. M. 8. S., London ; K. de H., Lon-
don ; B. P., London ; £. F. 8 , Bristol ; A. 8., Edinboriph ; K. K.,
Belfast ; H. G. H , Whitby ; E. G. B., Liverpool ; F. L., London ;
H. B. R., Bradford ; M. F. L., Stafford ; P. A. K., Dalkeith : A. B. C,
London : H. H. C, Lee ; J. A. B., Birmingham ; H. G H., Man-
ohester ; J. L. H., West Norwood ; Miss G., Reigate ; T. M., Candle ;
Miss C., London.
An Ethical Sonday-sohool.
Bt Waltbb L. Sheldon.
Prize Competition No, 17 (New Series).
This week we return to more serions work. In a reoent issue of
the ACADBMY, a contributor to our ** Amateur Gritic " page, refendng
to a new edition of Earle'a MioroeMmography in the *' Temple
Classics " series, wrote :
'* It is to be hoped that this admirable gallery of seventeenth
century character studies will have an extended popularity. Now
is the time for some modem Theophrastus to arise and give us a
new series of characters of our age. I venture to submit the
following titles for some of the word-portraits of modem literary
characters : 'The €^ood Authon -Agent,* *The Virtuous Publiiher,'
*A Roaring Journalist,' •The Downright Lady- Novelist,' * A \exj
Laureate/ *A Mere Dull Contributor/ and 'A Grab-street Phan-
tastiqae.' '*
We offer a guinea for the best character-sketch of the kind
indicated. It should not be imitative of Earle's archaic style, on
the contrary it should be modem in subject and tone.
Freedom of choice is given in the selection of a ** character.*' We
have no objection to competitors using the subjects suggested by
our contributor.
The length of a character-sketch must not exoeed 200 words.
BVLSB.
Answers, addressed ** Literary Competition, The Aoadbmt, 43
Chancery-lane, W.C.,'* must reach us not later than the first post
of Tuesday, January 16. Each answer must be aocompanied by
the coupon to be found in the first oolumn of p. 40 or it can-
not enter into competition. Competitora sending more than one
attempt at solution must aooompany each attempt with a separate
coupon ; otherwise the first only will be considered. We wish to
impress on competitors that the tank of examining replies is much
f adlitated when one side only of the paper is written upon. It is
also important that names and addresses diould always be given :
we cannot consider anonymous answers.
Our Special Pbizb Compktitiokb.
(^For pq,rtieularg see inside page of covdr,)
New Books Received
[TheM notes on some of the Nsw Books of the week are
preliminary to Bevietps that may follow,']
This sketch of an ethical Sunday - school will be
studied by social workers interested in the yt)uiig.
The Sunday - school in question is at St. Louis, and
the feature of the teaching is that boys and girls
aire first grounded in the rules of morality. ''It has
not been our purpose in any way definitely to an-
tagonise religious beliefs. But instead of beginning
our teaching with talks about ' God/ this latter feature
comes in ... at the end of the course, about the time
when the young people are passing on into young man-
hood and young womanhood." The foundation of the
teaching is a catechism, or ''responsive exercise.*' The
subjects illustrated in this sketch — ^it is confessedly no
more — include the Bible, Habits, Home, the State,
Eeligious Beliefs, &c. A suggestive little book, f uU of a
new spirit. (Sonnenschein. 3s.)
The Aoe of Johkson.
By Thomas Secoombe.
This book takes its place in the excellent series of " Hand-
books of English Literature " which includes* Dr. Oamett's
The Age of Dryden and Mr. John Dennis's The Age of
Pope, Mr. Seccombe's qualifications for treating of
eighteenth century literature are well established, and he
brings to his task feeling as well as knowledge. Thus ho
deprecates the cold-shoulderiog which the eighteenth cen-
tury has received from a long line of able critics who " have
denounced the age unsparingly as dull and unprincipled,
u^ly and brutal." As to dulness, Mr. Seccombe thinks the
allegation is arrived at " by the same process that many
Englishmen pronounce German literature stupid, and by
which George III. doubtless decided that mucn of Shake-
speare was ' sad stuff.' " The period covered by Mr.
Seccombe is 1748-1798 ; the book is written on the orderly
plan of its predecessors, and concludes with a useful
chronological table. (Bell & Sovs. Ss. 6d.)
A Dividend to Labour. By Nicholas Paiete Gilman.
Profit-sharing systems, called in the United States
Employers' Welfare Societies, are among the most signifi-
cant of modern developments in commerce. Mr. Gilman's
book is, as far as we know, the first survey of such
systems in Germany, France, Holland and Belgium, Great
Britain, and America. The book is an intelligent account
of the rise of humane and " moralised " relations between
employers and workers, and its interest for both these
classes at the present day is great. The particulars
given about many English firms are both minute and
readable. (Gay & Bird. 7s. net.)
Chatterton : a Biography.
By David Massok. Jjj addition to the above, we have received :
Forty-four years have passed since this biography was
first published as part of a collection of essays. It has
long been out of print, and is now re-issued in a handsome
volume, revised throughout, with the concluding chapter
much enlarged. It is a good and sympathetic piece of
work, none the worse for a certain old-fai9hioned air that
hovers about its leisurely pages. As in his Life of Milton^
Prof. Masson suggests the atmosphere of the time, and the
conditions of the period in which Chatterton lived out his
brief, unhappy life. (Hodder & Stoughton.)
In Tune with the Infinite. By R. W. Trine.
This is one of those helpful, sympathetic little books
about the conduct of life and the reiEdity of the unseen
world that are a particular characteristic of America.
Their parent is Emerson ; they champion no creed ; they
seek to unravel the ** golden thread that runs tlm)ugh
every religion in the world," and they are widely read.
The volume is printed from the twenty -first American
edition. Mr. Trine writes in clear, straightforward
language, and his book makes for happiness and content-
ment. (Bell. ds. 6d.)
thbologioal and biblical.
S^paions (F.), Isaiah (Headley) i tf
EMis , J.), Tools for t!ie Mas&er*8 Work Allen^m) 1,6
POETRY. CaiTIJISM. AND BBLLE3 LErTBSB.
Raskin (John), On the Old Road, a vols. (Beprinta) (Allen) each net 5o
Barle (W.), Tnought Sketches (Allen) net 1 ni
H. B.. Lambkin's ttemaios (Vincent) 2/1
Lingham (H. C. J.), The Last Hoars of a Lion Heart
(MLelyiUe, Mallen, & Blade)
Thorpe (Elphinstone), lorries from Lazyland (Glaisher) net 2, ti
HISTORY AND BIGGBAPHY.
Randerson (Edgar t. Historic Parallels to L' Affaire Dreyfus . .(Hatchin^nn) 6/o
WiUon (H. W.), The Downfall of Spain (Sampson Ldw)
Bjsatit (Annie), The Btoryoi the Oreat Wsr: Some Lessons from the
Mah&bh&rata (Theosopb. Pub. Boo.)
MISCELLANEOUS.
Th9 Catholic Dir^etort,\^'i (Bums A Gates) net l.«i
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(Mowbray & Co.) net lo/)
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KEV7 EDITIONS.
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Larger Tdmple Shakespeare: Vol*. V. and VI (Dent) eacb net l fl
40
The Acadein)'.
13 January, t<,<M.
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The Academy.
41
Volume III. Ready Next Week.
THE
ANGLO-SAXON REVIEW
A QUARTERLY MISCELLANY
BDITBD BY
ItAOV t^AHMPH SPEKCEt cHOHGHmit.
I
Small folio, (oniid in Leath'-r. Price 2l8. net.
CONTENTS.
On tbe Binding of this Voloxse
War MemorioB
Spain : Financial and Politioal
Some Letters of George Oanning
(mostly nnpablished)
ncrecins on liife and Death
Talbot of Ursiila
Onr Sea-Fff^hts with the Dutch
The Merciful Soul
Notes on the Veneauelan Arbitration ...
Paolo and Franceaca
CrSIL DAV.BHP0BT, F.8.A.
Stbphbh' Orlsm
Sbvob Motrr y Pbivdbkgajtt
E lited by the Bbv. C'anob RiVBv
W. H. Mjlllook
Gbbtkudb Athbbtov
DaTXS HAVBfY
Lavbiitob Alva Tadbma
G. R. AsKWiTS
RiCHABD GABirBTT, LL.D.
Four Poems written in Norway in 1809 Edmuvo Oossb
Ohanges in Parliamentary Speech
On the Art of Going to War
The Unflinching Realist
Pskt and Future in South Africa
The Outcasts
Chinese Doctors and Medical Treat.
ujCuw •■• •■» «•• ••• ■••
Sikhs and Boers : a Parallel
Some Battlepieces
Impressions and Opinions
Notes on the Portraits of Bonaparte, LiovBt Cvar, F.8.A., Director of the
the Shelleys, and Mary of Lorraine National E*ortvait Gallezy
Hob*. Alvbbd Ltttbltov, M.P.
SpBHIBB WiLKlHSOV
H. D. Tbaill
LlOBBI, PHILLirs
H. DB Ybbb Stacpoolb
IsAQiLiu L. Bishop
SrBpBBJT Whbblbb
SiDBBT Low
ILLUSTRATIONS.
Napoleon Bonaparte
George Canning ... .m
Percy By at he Shelley
Mary Shelley
Padertowski
Marie da Gnise-Loiraine •••
Dbvov
GAivesoBoueH
AXBLIA OUBBAjr
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The Academy
A Weekly Review of Literature and Life.
No. 1446. Established 1869. 20 January, 1900.
Price Threepence.
[Registund as a Nimspaftr^
The Literary Week.
We print, on page 63, the titles of the six books pub-
lished in 1 899 which we have selected in connexion with
the Academy's Awards to Authors.
There are ninety-five entries under the name of the
late Dr. Martineau in the British Museum Catalogue.
These include a fair proportion of new editions and a
number of single addressee, pamphlet?, &c. In mere
number of catalogue entr! s Dr. Martineau does not
compare with Dean Farrar, who has more than two
hundred to his credit, or with the late Mr. SpiTrgeon,
who has a still larger number.
We hope that some efForfc will be made to compile a
worthy and representative volume in which Dr. Martineau's
ethical teachings, and the grace of his spiritual life, may
be made easily available to readers to whom his works
are still unkno\Tn»
The public will soon have an opportunity of reading
English translations of two further plays by Ibsen. To
one of them, his latest work, " When We Who Are Dead
Awaken," we have already made reference. The other,
*' Love's Comedy," begun forty-five years ago, and not
completed till seven years later, has been translated by
Prof. Herford, and will be published by Messrs. Duck-
worth in their '* Modern Flays" series. Asked by the
Daily Mail for a specimen of his translation. Prof. Herford
obliged with the following :
Nay, Svanhild, do not jest ! Behind your sooif
Tears glitter. O, I see them well enough.
And I see more ; when you to dust are fray'd
And kneaded to a shapeleM lump of clay,
Each bungling dilettfuite's scalpel-blade
On you bis dull devices shall display.
The world usorps the creatnre of God's hand
And liets its image in the place of His ;
Transforms— enlarges that part, lightens this —
And when upon the pedestal you stand
Complete, cries out ui triumph, " Now sle is
At last what Woman ought to be ! Behold
How plastically calm, how marble cold !
Under the lamplight's soft irradiation,
How well in keeping with the decoration ! "
(ffepftsaionately seizes her hand,)
But if you are to die, live first ! Come forth
With me into the glory of God's earth !
Soon, soon the gilded cage will claim its prize,
The Lady thrives there, but the Woman dies ;
And I love nothing but the Woman in you.
There, if you will, let others woo and win you.
But here my spring of life be^an to shoot.
Here my song-tree put forth its firstlin^c fruit,
Here I found wings and flight ; SwanhUH, I know it.
Only be wise — ^here I shall grow a poet !
The ill-luck of authorship takes many forms. One of
them is for a writer to discover, when he is approaching
the end of a laborious task, that a fellow author has been
working at the same subject. It sometimes happens that
the two books are published in the same week. Three
recent instances occur to us. During the past six months,
at intervals of a few days, two books on Dantan were pub-
lished, two on Cheek Terra- Cotta Figures^ and two on
Pompeii, And publishers are not exempt from this form
of ill-luck. Messrs. Methuen, who had begun to prepare
a series of Classical Texts, have just discovered that the
Clarendon Press has a similar series in hand. After
some negotiations it has been decided that the existence
of two rival series would be unfortunate, and Messrs.
Methuen have agreed to abandon their series and co-
operate with the Clarendon Press in the issue of the
Oxford Classical Texts. Unfortunately such a combination
is not possible to authors.
So many conflicting reports have been published as to
arrangements that have been made in regard to Mr. Stephen
Phillips's Paolo and I^aneesca, that it may be well to state
just how the matter stands. Mr. Phillips has had three
offers for Paolo from American managers, among them
being Mr. Bichard Mansfield. Mr. Alexander, however,
declined to surrender the American rights, as he proposes
to make the play a feature of his American tour. Mr.
Mansfield thereupon commissioned Mr. Phillips to write a
poetic play, with no restrictions as to subject, which he
will produce in New York in the autumn. Mr. Phillips
has also had a proposal to translate and produce Paolo in
Paris ; and it may be seen in Vienna.
More English as she is wrote. Messrs. A. & C. Black
send us the following letter from an Italian newspaper
editor, applying for a copy of Prof. Ward's Naturalism
and Agnosticism, The letter is a printed form, and runs as
follows :
"Sm, — Tou will made a thingh gracious to us and at
the time useful to diffusion of knowledge, if you will send
to us as a gift your recent publication signed in the
adress.
That might be useful, in the limites of our power to the
diffusion of the book.
We will send to you the fascicles, in which the book
will being announced and examined, and if the exchange
of gifts will be pursued, our Review might be sent to you
regularly. . . . The Dirf ction and Redaction
of the NUOVO RISORGIMENTO.
Hardly a week passes but there is some change to
announce in the journalistic world. The news of the week
is that Mr. Mudford has retired from the editorship of
the Standard, He is succeeded by Mr. G. Byron-Curtis,
who for the last twenty years has been assi<«tant editor.
Then we are to have another sixpenny weekly. It will be
conducted by Mr. Lathbury, late editor of the Guardian,
We understand that the IVibune — that is the name of the
new paper— will carry on the policy in ecclesiastical
matters which the Guardian followed during Mr. Lath-
bury 's sixteen years of editorship. With four new
weekly sixpenny papers, the first month of the new year
opens luxuriantly.
44
The Academy.
20 January, 1900
Thebe is much talk about the forthcoming rivalry
between the Sphere^ conducted by Mr. Olement K. Shorter,
and the 8pear^ which will be launched, or shall we say
hurled, by Sir William Ingram. The clashing of names
is imfortunate, to say the least. Mr. Shorter's title was
first in the field, and we shoidd not have supposed that
competition would have been carried so far as to confound
the public ear. Folk will have to take their choice, and
enunciate their words plainly at the bookstalls. We
have heaj^d only one objection raised to the title the Sphere.
It was made by a grave young man in a railwav carriage,
who, being assed what he wought of this title, said he
disapproved of it on the ground that it clashed with —
the Globe \
The American Book Buyer^i summary of Transatlantic
literature in 1898 takes the form of a comparison between
English and American achievements. Admitting that '' we
have produced nothing to set beside the Letters of Steven-
son or the Life and Letters of Mrs, Oliphant^^^ that '* we
have no Mr. Lecky to write for us," and that *' we have
no poet's work to rank with Mr. Swinburne's tragedy," the
Book Buyer takes courage to make a few comparisons
against us. *' We can offiset Stephen Phillips's *• Paolo and
Franceeca' with Mr. FenoUosa's ^Lucifer,' and feel that
we have done well. ... In fiction we have been sufficient
unto ourselves. . . . For Mr. Churchill's Bichard Carvel
and Mr. Ford's Janice Meredith English fiction during the
last twelve months offers no parallels. . . . Mr. Anthony
Hope's The King*8 Mirror is best compared, so far as
exquisite workmanship is concerned, with Mrs. Wharton's
The Greater Inclination,^^
Thxbs was some excellent work in The Greater Inelina-
tion^ but we knew nothing about the life of its author,
Mrs. Wharton, till, turning to the Book Buyer's '^ Literary
Querist " pages, we found this choice specimen of a -literary
reputation in the making according to modem methods :
Who is Edith Wharton P Has she not written poems
as well as The GreaUr Indinaiion ? Where does she live,
and what does she do besides wiitiog P — M, W.
She is Mrs. Edward Wharton, and was Miss Edith
Jones, of New York. She has Uved abroad for several
years. The June Book Buyer contained a reproduction of
her portrait painted by Mr. Julian Story. Her writings
indude, beside her volume of stories, a book entitled The
Decoration of Houses. She is the author of several poems
which have appeared in 8crib)i^r*s Magazine,
Mrs. Wharton's rise is proceeding on lines the most normal,
the most correct.
Mbssbs. Maomillajx & Co. will publish early in January
a work on Malay Religion, by Mr. W. W. Skeat. This is
a minute study of folk-lore, ceremonial observances, and
maffic in the Malay Peninsula — a country where Moham-
medanism only superficially overlays a mass of aboriginal
beliefs and customs. From a discussion of the more
general views which the Malay holds as to the Creation,
man's place in it, his relations with the supernatural, and
the number and attributes of the gods, the book proceeds
to detail the charms and ceremonies by which man attempts
to influence nature — ^weather, beasts, water, and fire ; and
then deals exhaustively with magic rites affecting the life
of man, in birth, marriage, death, &c. The work is
specially addressed to students of folk-lore, and more par-
ticularly of Oriental custom, but should have some interest
also for the general reader who has welcomed such books
as Frazer's Golden Bouyh and Spencer and Gillen's Native
Tribes of Central Australia,
Mr. Henry James's article on Kobert Louis Stevenson's
Letters in the North American Beview is as intimate and
subtle as anything that has been written about Stevenson.
The man, the author, and the friend are all touched on
with a fine pen ; yet the article, taken alone, leaves the
impression that Stevenson is for the few, not for the many.
Mr. James seems to speak in low tones to the elect He
concludes with the following valedictory classification of
Stevenson :
It has been his fortmie (whether or no the greatest that
can befall a man of Irtters) to have had t* consent to
become, bv a process not purely mystic aud not wholly
untraceable — what shall we call it P— a Fiffore. Tracing is
needless now, for the personality has acted and the incar-
nation is fulL There he is — ^he has passed ine&ceably
into happy legend. This case of the figure is of the rarest,
and the honour surely of the greatest. In all our Utera-
tore we can count them, sometimes with the work and
sometimes without. The work has often been great and
yet the figure nil, Johnson was one, and (Goldsmith and
Byron ; and the two former, moreover, not in any degree,
like Stevenson, in virtue of the element of grace. Was it
this element that settled the business even for Byron ? It
seems doubtful ; and the list, at all events, as we approach
our own day, shortens and stops. Stevenson has it at
present^ may we not say ? — ^pretty well to himself, and it
is not one of the scroUs in wmch he least will live.
In that broad, sagacious book, Government and Democracy,
and Other Essays, Mr. John Jay Chapman had something
to say about literary naughtiness in high places. '* The
literary man," he wrote, ''is concerned with what will go,
like the reformer who is half -politician. The attention of
every one in the United States is on some one else's
opinion, not on truth." That such reflections dwell in
Mr. Chapman's mind is shown by some remarks he makes,
in the January Critic, on the fleeting, yet tyrannical,
fashions of literary criticism. Mr. Chapman says :
If any man doubts the hidebound character of our
journals to-day let him try this experiment: Let him
write down what he thinks upon any matter, write a
story of any len^^, a poem, a prayer, a speech. Let him
assume as he writes it that it cannot be publuihed, and let
him satisfy his individual taste iu the subject, size, mood,
and tenour of the whole composition. Then let him begin
his peregrinations to find in which one of the ten thousand
journals of America there is a place for his ideas as they
stand. We have more journals Uian any other country.
The whole field of ideas has been covered, every vehicle of
opinion has its policy, its methods, its precedents. A
hundred will receive lum if he shaves this, pads that, cuts
it in half ; but not one of them will trust him as he stands.
«• Good, but eccentric." '* Qood, but too long." " Good,
but new."
liY the January Maemillan Mr. Stephen Owynn, who
startled many by his onslaught on Jane Austeoi, writes
with warmth and discrimination on Anthony TroUope.
He says with justice that though Thackeray's and Scott's
characters are more charming, and have more interesting
traits than Trollope's, they are not more alive. In his
truUi to average JBnglish life Mr. Gwynn thinks that
TroUope '^ immeasurably surpasses the novelists who are
in fasnion to-day." Mr. Gwynn then boldly compares
Trollope's delineationB of society with those to oe found in
Mr. Benson's Mammon Sf Co,, Mr. Whiteing's iVb. 6,
John Street, and Miss Fowler's Concerning Isabel Camaby,
His conclusion is that the notions of society conveyed by
these novels are correct only as well-collected facts may be
correct. They do not really supersede those which one
might gather from the newspapers. Whereas TroUope,
wiui less experience of society, but working from the
essential to the accidental, produced dukes who Uve,
financiers who breathe, and great ladies whose social
power we understand. Hence, Mr. Gwynn concludes,
TroUope can never be whoUy out of date. Many things,
indeed, would surprise us more than a revival of TroUope.
Why has the sixpenny reprint passed him by ?
30 January, 1900.
The Academy.
45
The Monthly Guide to Pirtodieal Literature^ of which the
first number has just been issued bj the Advertising
Agency of London, Ltd., promises to be a useful publica-
tion. It is simply an index of the contents of the month's
magazines, and it will be issued early in each month. The
contents of fifty-four magazines are dealt with in the first
number under the heads of their subjects and authors.
Poetry, fiction, and serial fiction are dislinguished by
a simple device, and the whole arrangement of the Guide
is dear and business-like.
It 88 danger in this respect in a conntry where the majority
of authors are Protestant. Suitable intellectoal food must
be provided also for the many really cultured men in
oonnaemeDt (there are not many cultured women).
On the whole, it would seem, there is a good deal to be
learned about books and their readers behind the prison
bars.
Stalky Sf Co.\& a militant sort of book, but we did not
dream tliat it would lead to a libel action. Yet it is
annoimcd that an action has been brought by the Cam-
hridge MagasUne against the Cantab, for stating that four
articles which appeared in the first-named paper, and pur-
ported to be written by McTurk of Stalky ^ Co., were not
* written by McTurk. Mr. Kipling has been summoned to
ffive evidence at the trial, which will take ^lace shortly at
Cambridge Assizes, Mr. Justice Eidley presiding.
As we anticipated, the Daily News has found the adjudi-
cation in its competition for a £10 prize to the compiler of
the best list of a nundred Children's Books no light tcLsk.
Our contemporary is, however, grappling manfully with
its task : ''an election count is notning to this '' is its
perspiring remark. The prize will ultimately go to the
competitor whose list is most approved by the Csts of all
his rivals. Meanwhile, the ''first report^' of the judges
touches lightly on a number of questions si:q^gested by the
lists now under inspection. "What is a Cmld ? " is one
of these. "Up to 12 or 13," " 8 to 16," " 4 to 18 "—such
are the age limits selected by various competitors. The
proper proportion which boys' books should bear to girls'
booKs, and the necessity for any such distinction, are
difficulties.
IiniENSE eagerness characterises the letters and com-
ments of the competitors, many of whom have been dis-
tracted by afterthoughts, and have sent new suggestions
in letters and postcards. " One of these was written m
a train by a competitor, who was so agitated by his
* ghastly misgiving ' that he foigot to say who he was."
ML kinds of classification have been adopted. The most
eccentric paper received contains the following list :
Eight Bbitish Battles.
LiPE OF Chbist.
Oabbots.
More and more do we admire the wisdom of our con-
temporary in applying the unanswerable plebiscite system
to its adjudication. The competitors include librarians,
clergymen's wives, a Bishop's wife, authors, and a town
missionary.
The duties of a librarian in one of Her Majesty's
prisons are not so simple as may be commonly supposed.
In the current Library World Mr. William Harvey, chief
clerk to the Prison Commissioners for Scotland, pointii out
the difficulties that arise in fitting books to the needs and
prejudices (both of which are carefully considered) of the
prisoners. He says :
A large percentage of the prisoDera are unable to make
use of works which contaiii what is commonly called
'* stiff" reading ; another section, bein^ Irish and Boman
Catholic, must have books which contain no attack upon
the doctrines, customs, or priests of their Church. Bomola
may not be issued to a Catnolio prisoner because it records
Savonarola's declaration that " a man without virtue may
be Pope " ; Eamond, too, would be placed on the priests'
Index, because those portions of the story which deal with
the duplicity of Father Holt and his fellow-workers for
the Stuart cause might be read as an attack on Cathdios
in general. . . . Care must also be taken that no book is
admitted which is calculated to undermine the influence
of the chaplains of the Beformed Churches ; but there is
Whatevee is to be said against President Kmger, it
must be allowed that he has a keen eye for a text. His
message to tiie Boer ^nerals — " Bead Psalm 33. The
enemy have fixed their faith on Psalm 83" — is worth
following up. The verses in these Psalms which have
rewarded President Kruger's untiring securoh of the
Scriptures are evidently these :
Psalm 33 : Boer. Psalm 83 : British.
B'essed is the nation whose They have taken crafty
God is the Lord: and the counsel against Thy people,
people whom He has chosen and consulted against Thy
for His inheritance. hidd«-n ones.
There is no king saved by They have said. Come and
the multitude of an host ; a let us cut them off from being
migbty man is not delivered a nation; that the name of
by much strength. Israel may ba no more in re-
An horse is a vain thine for membranoe.
safety ; neither shall he ddiver Fdl their faces with shame ;
any by his great strength. that they may seek Thy name,
Our soul waiteth for the O Lord.
Lord : He is our help and our Let them be confounded
shield. and troubled for ever; yea,
let them be put to shame and
perish.
One cannot but admire the President's selection of a
Psalm containing the verse : " An horse is a vain thing
for safety," since, humanly speaking, the Boers owe very
much to their ponies. President Kruger's statement that
*^ the enemy have Jlxed their faith on Psalm 83." tends to
turn the words quoted against the Boers themselves:
for the Uitlanders might wdl have adopted Psalm 83 as
an expression of their g^evances.
The educational views of the Bev. Mr. Lambkin — to
whose witty book we refer in our '* Books Keceived" column
— arrive in happy time to be noticed in our Educational
number. We recommend his address on ''The Tertiaiy
Symptoms of Secondary Education among the Poor." K
was delivered in 1868 to the Hip^her Spinsters, or rather
to the ''League of Progress" in which the Spinsters
had been incorporated. Having smiled genially, and
drunk " a draught of pure cold water from a tumbler at
his side," Lambkin said :
'* The Tertiary symptoms of Secondary Education among
the Poor " is a noble phrase and expresses a noble idea.
'Why the very words are drawn from our Anglo-Saxon
mother-tongue deftly mingled with a few expressions
borrowed from the old dead language of long-past Greece
and Rome.
What is Education? The derivation of the word
answers this question. It is from " e " — ^that is, ** out of";
" duc-o " ** llead," from the root Due = to lead, to govern
(whence we get so many of our most important words
such as ''Duke" ; *'Duck" = a drake; &c.), and finally
the termination '* -tio," which corresponds to the English
" -islmeBs.'' We may then put the whole phrase in simple
lang^uage thus, ** The threefold Showings of twofold Led-
out-of-ishness among the Needy."
We must leave Lambkin's further argument to his in-
tending readers.
But we should like to quote from the address of
Lambkin, as Bursar, delivered in Hall on the morning
upon which the College went down :
In the past term ... I know that life has become
fuller for you . . . Tou arrived siire of a number of things
which you had learnt at school or at your mother's knee.
Of what are you certain now ? Of nothing ! It is neoes«
46
The Academy.
20 January, i do
svry in the mysterious scheme of education that this blind
faith or oertitude should be laid as a foundation in early
youth. Bat it is imperative that a man — ^if he is to be a
man and not a monster — ^should lose it at the outset of his
career. My young friends, I have given you the pearl of
great price. You have begun to doubt ... As to the
religious state of the College it is as you all know, excellent
— I wish I could say the same for th') Inorganic Chemistry.
There is one last thing that I shall touch upon. We have
been constantly annoyed by the way in which under-
graduates tread down the lawn. The Oxford turf is one
of the best signs of our antiquity as a university. There is
no turf like it in the world. ... I wish you a very Merry
Christmas at the various country houses you may be visiting,
and hope and pray that you may find united there all the
members of your own family. Mr. Ghirge will remain
behind and speak to me for a few moments.
A coRBESFOKDENT sends 118 the following '' educational "
'* Things Seen " :
" I was in the early suburban train to town. Wedged
into the far comer of my compartment was a little fellow
of, perhaps, ten, in the regulation hat and collar of a
famous London school, listlessly getting up his home-work
— as my professional eyes informed me — from a school
edition of the Second Book of Samuel.
In the opposite comer was an adult enlargement of the
picture, but with a characteristic difEerence — the father
had superseded the historian.
For some twenty minutes the situation was unchanged,
then, without a word, he folded his Sportsman^ and scoring
a passage with his thumb-nail, handed it to his son. The
boy's eyes gleamed at the distraction; the paragraph
evoked a responsive nod ; some modem concrete interest
took possession of his soul, and Samuel was dropped and
forgotten."
BibliographicaL
The announcement of the approaching appearance of
biographies of Coventry Patmore and Edward FitzGhsrald
suggests a direction in which the literary class might find
some honourable labour. The Lift of Patmore will be
official, and based in all probability upon wholly new
material, ignoring, for example, such glimpses of Patmore
as we get in the Journal of the '' P.R.B.," just pubHshed
by Mr. W. M. Eossetti. But glimpses such as these are
often very illuminating — sometimes more significant than
anything we find in ^* authorised " biographies. Now,
why should not some industrious and careful persons go
through the Sonnets, Diaries, Eeminiscences, and Memoirs
of, say, the present century, and compile from them a
series of Anecdotal Biographies, to be used as supple-
ments to the official Lives ? This is very much, though
not quite, what Mr. Melville did in his recent Life of
Thackeray, and it is a useful, if a humble, work. I
make a present of the idea to my brethren of the pen.
Judgment would have to be shown in the selection,
and skill in the handling of the material collected ; and,
with those qualities present, the Anecdotal Biographies
I suggest should be not only of much service, but very
readable.
I have not yet seen the Index to the Songs, Snatches, and
Passages in Shakespeare which have been Set to Music,
compiled by Mr. Kelsey White, and published by Mr.
J. E. Tutin ; but when it comes my way I shall have the
pleasure of comparing it with the Handbook of Shakespeare
Music compiled by Alfred Eoffe, finished by him in 1867,
and published by Messrs. Chatto & Windus in 1878.
This work includes '^an account of three hundred and
fifty pieces of music set to words taken from the plays
and poems of Shakespeare, the compositions raufzring from
the Elizabethan age to the present time." Eofie*s book
had been preceded in its turn by John Caulfield'« Collection
of the Focal Music in Shakespeare'* s Plays, which was, in the
main, a gathering together of the melodies traditionally
associated with songs and passages in Shakespeare. Thus,
Oaulfield took the trouble to "take down" from the
pretty lips of Mrs. Jordan the airs which she had been
accustomed to sing when appearing in the character of
Ophelia.
The *'boom " in naval history and biography still con-
tinues, as we see from the announcement of volumes on
Our Naval Heroes and Britain^ s Sea-Kings and Sea-Fights.
The trnth is, however, that books of this sort have always
been popular in our midst. I remember that, when I was
a boy, one of the most successful of books for juveniles
was called NeptuneU Heroes, or the S^-Kings of England,
and that, later on, much vogue was obtained by a work
from the same hand, entitled Famous Ships of the British
Niavg. This reminds me that, about a dozen years ago, a
two-volume work was issued under the title of England at
War : the Story of our Great Campaigns, Would it not be
a good idea to bring this work up to date, and re-issue it ?
England at War ! — that, surely, would be a name to con-
jure with ju^t now.
The Daily Mail, I see, has been publishing " advance
paragraphs" about Prof. Herford's translation of "Love's
Comedy," which our contemporary blandly announces
as "Ibsen's latest play." It is, of course, the latest
of Ibsen's plays to appear in an English form — that
is all ; and it is a little surprising, truly, that it should
have been so long ignored by our translators. It was
begun in 1855, but not completed till the summer of 1862,
and not published till the following winter, when it
appeared as the New Year "extra number" of the
jllusteret Nyhedsthad, Ibsen started to write it in prose,
which, however, he soon set aside in favour of the rhymed
iambics which Prof. Herford has essayed to represent
in English verse.
Mr. Alfred Austin, in one of his latest products, has
been putting forward the confident assertion that
Who dies for England sleeps with God.
To this it has been objected that England has no spedcd
monopoly in the duke et decorum est. But Mr. Austin has
very good' poetic authority for assuming that Providence
takes particular care of Englishmen. Does not Tennyson,
in his Wellington Ode, call upon us to
Thank Him who isled us here, and roughly set
His Briton in blown seas and storming showers ?
" His Briton," you observe !
A correspondent asks me to give him the name and date
of the " little book of sentences from Disraeli's writings "
to which I made allusion last week. I have pleasure ia
doing BO. The booklet is entitled The Beaconsfield Birth-
day Book, and was published by Messrs. Longmans in 1884.
A much larger collection, called Wit and Wisdom of
Benjamin Disraeli, had been issued by the same firm
in 1881 ; but for reading in bed it is too heavy to hold,
nor, moreover, is the selection particularly well made.
As an old pupil (at the Denmark Hill Grammar School)
of the recently deceased Mr. 0. P. Mason, I may be for-
given for drawing attention to the continued vitality of his
educational works — such as his First Notions of Orammar
for Young Learners, which reached its thirteenth edition
in 1891, and his English Grammar {including Grammatical
Analysis), which attained its thirty-seventh edition ih 1896.
The last-named may fairly be regarded as a classic in its
way.
It is very nice of i^Q Edinburgh Review to state that "the
work of Mr. Watson, Mr. Francis Thomson, and Mr.
Yeats ... is quite worthy to rank with that of Herrick,
Crashaw, and Carew " ; but why deprive Mr. Thompson
of the " p " in his name ?
The Bookwobm.
20 January, 1900.
The Academy,
47
Reviews.
The Other Side.
Th$ Eve of the Reformation. By Francis Aiden Gasquet.
(Nimmo. 128. 6d. net.)
Father Gasquet describes his new book as '' Studies in
the religious life and thought of the English people in the
period preceding the rejection of the Koman jurisdiction
by Henry YIII." In his introduction he explains that the
time has not yet arrived for a history of the Eeformation,
or for any detailed and accurate picture of the period
which preceded it. The volume, therefore, consists of *' a
series of separate studies, which, while joined together by
a certain connecting thread, '' in no sense claim to be a
complete account. The various essays deal, in no progres-
pive order, with a number of common allegations about the
Bef ormation and the state of the Church in the preceding
age, and attempt to prove their utter falsity. The whole
object of such proofs is to argue away the necessity for a
reformation of the Church — at any rate, of so drastic a
kind as happened.
The Church was not hostile to learning ; the people did
not object to the jurisdiction of Bome ; there was no an-
ta^nism of clergy and laity ; the Church was not hostile to
the Bible in the vernacular ; religious life in England was
vigorous in the age before the Heformation. According
to our author, the mischief involved in the separation of
England from the Boman See was due to a combination
of Henry YULl.'s lustful desires and the invasion of
Lutheran teachers. With Mr. James Gairdiner, he thinks
that WydifEe has no claim to be called '^ the morning star
of the Beformation," for that his influence, whatever
it was, had long died away. On the other hand, it is
strongly urged that the term *' the New Learning," which
Mr. Green has taught us to apply to the Benaissance, in
the mouths of contemporaries referred to the new theo-
logical beliefs imported from Germany, and that the
condemnation of Tyndale*s translation of the New Testa-
ment was aimed solely at the deliberate mistranslations
which it contained, with a view to disseminating the
opinions of the Lutheran reformers.
In support of all these assertions much contemporary
evidence is marshalled. We have all heard of the
comment on the vehement speaker, ^'that man says,
' and that's the truth,' so often that I begin to think he is
telling a falsehood." Father Gasquet so overwhelms us
with written testimony that we incline to suspect its
absolute value. Any ueory from the pen of Sir Thomas
More would command our respect, but, dutiful son of the
Church that he was in matters regarding the faith, his
desire to defend and justify his own religious position would
outweigh, as it has dono in many wise and good men at all
times, the critical sense which he would freely employ in all
other departments of life. This consideration does not, of
course, rule out of court all that he or any other defender of
an existing system may advance in its behaU. All we mean
to urge is that such evidence is not as conclusive as we are
desired to believe it. The writer has done well in laying
stress on the amount of real work which the Church
was still doing. He has already shown us that the
monasteries at the time of their dissolution were not
nearly so black as they were painted by Henry YIII.'s
Commissioners.
This did not mean that they were all the homes of pure
and undeflled religion. Thus we may well hold that in
the century which preceded the Befoimation church life
was still a real thing in England without believing that
the whole of the anti-Papal movement was a trumped-up
thing. Bevolutions do not take place without a cause.
The defender of the Aneien Rigime sees no need for the
French Bevolution. The violence which attends all great
upheavals ends by discrediting the original movement and
obscurinfi^ the necessity of any change at aU. If the
Church had really been doing its duty, if the church
building and beautifying, on which Father Gasquet lays
such stress, had really represented the strong and
spontaneous love of Church people, if the teaching and
preaching had really been as effective as we are led to
suppose, not only would there have been no need for the
Beformation in England, but we woidd venture to maintain
that it would never have taken place. Henry YIII.'s lust
explains much in his reign; it does not explain the
practical acquiescence of the people in the anti-Boman
position which he took up. After all, advantage always
lies with the party in power which commands the machinery
of organisation. Why was the Church at the mercy of
the &own? Why did the Pilgrimage of Grace not
receive universal support? Why did an ecclesiastic of
the stamp of Garainer accept the changes made by
Henry ? Such questions are not answered by the
antiquarian researches of our learned author. They
are only to be solved by a careful study of the general
course of English history for the two centuries before the
Reformation.
Father Gkwquet quotes very freely and appositely from
More's writings to prove that no obstacle was placed by
the Church in the way of the popular study of the Bible in
the vernacular. WyclifEe's and Tyndale's translations
were condemned because they contained deliberate mis-
translations with intent to mislead the ignorant readers,
and since most of those who called for such translations
were suspected of unorthodoxy, the clergy did well to
discourage the spread of the vernacular Scriptures. '' As
for the other old [translations]," says More, '^ that were
before Wycliffe's days, they remain lawful, and are in
the possession of some people, and are read." But what
and where are these pre-Wycliflite translations ? If they
had existed, they would scarcely have disappeared alto-
gether. All that our author can say is that it is by no
means so dear " that such translations did not exist."
We would suggest that so far as More's words state a fact
they may have referred to translated portions, extracts
issued under some ecclesiastical sanction. It is scarcely
conceivable that a vernacular copy of the Scriptures if it
was in circulation would have been lost or would have
escaped subsequent mention, any more than WyclifPe's
translation was lost. Father Gasquet seems to wish
us to infer that such was the perversion of heretical
writers that whatever copies do remain owe their con-
tinued existence to the malicious unorthodoxy of their
authors.
But apart from the particular argument of these essays,
and despite the somewhat tedious quotations from con-
temporary literature, the volume is full of interesting
matter. It is always g^d to see the other side, and here
we have set out with great knowledge and greater skill
all that is to be said for the mediH)val Church in England
at the period which is generally marked as the period of
its greatest corruption. The concluding chapters on the
influence of the Church and the daily life of the people are
full of interest and instruction. Anything that increases
our knowledge of the fifteenth century is to be welcomed ;
but the scantiness of material drives our author to depend
mainly on information from the early years of the six-
teenth century. The material to which he has had re-
course shows over how wide a field the modem historian
roams. Chronicles as such play practically no part in the
working up of the picture presented to us ; contemporary
literature of an ephemeral kind, wills, g^d statutes, are
the records to which Father Gasquet prefers to appeal.
Nothing could be better. The author himself deprecates
premature conclusions on the important matters of which
he treats. His controversial object has probably carried
him further in this direction than perhaps he originally
intended.
48
The Academy.
20 January, 1900.
In a Glass Coach.
A New EnglUih Dictionary, Edited by Dr. James A. H.
Marray. Glass-coach — Graded. (Clarendon Press.
28. 6d.)
The new part of Dr. Murray's K][e&t Dictionary opens con-
Teniently witii Glass-coach. We will e'en borrow that
glass-coach and driye rapidly up and down the serried
columns of the middle G's. A glass-coach, need it be said,
was a coach into which glass windows had been let ; they
were thus swerior to the hackney-coaches, which had only
curtains. It follows that they were better horsed.
" Abroad to White Hall, in a hackney-coach with Sir W.
Pen," writes Pepys in 1667, "... we were forced to
leap out. . . . Query, whether a glass-coach would have
permitted us to have made the escape." Query, eternal
query! " Gentlemen may have a Glass-Ooach or Ohariot
instead of a Curtain Coach," says an advertiser in the London
Oautte twenfy years later. Serjeant Ballantine could re-
member, in 1890, how "when middle-class people went
to the play . . . they performed the operation in what
was called a glass-coacn "— so recent is antiquity! No
doubt the users of hackney-coaches "glavered" on
the users of glass-coaches. To glaver, need we say,
was to fawn upon with words of glozing courtesy, to
flatter deceitfully. A seventeenth century preacher
advised his hearers to cany themselves "at an equal
distance from contempt and hautiness on the one
hand and sneaking and glavering on the other" — thus
sweeping the glass-coaches and the hackney-coaches into
one net In 1 753 the word was used in the Oray^s Inn
Journal^ and one hundred and twenty-three years later it
suddenly started to life in the Athenmtm of July 7, 1866 :
" The doorkeeper is a wily, elderly Italian. . . . He . . .
holds his face forwards, and looks down, with a steady
glavering smile, or simper, in the comers of his moutih."
Surely a useful word untimely dropped. A beautiful old
word was Gleed, meaning a live coal, an ember. " Those
few weak gleeds of grace that are in me," wrote Bishop
Hall, " might go soon out, if they were not thus refreshed " ;
and Bunyan speaks of "the sweet and warm gleads of
the promise." The word survives until 1891, but not
beautifully: "They poke out the gleeds at the bottom
with the tickler, and put them at the top with the tongs,"
a gleed being now a cinder used by nail-makers.
Gleg, meaning quick in perception, has had a long
career, recently helped by Stevenson and Mr. Crockett.
" Ye're no very gleg at jumping" — we foi^et who says
this in Kidnapped, "The Lord did not stint me as to
glegness of eye," says one of Mr. Crockett's people. The
word has done tragic duty too : " Death snaps the thread
Wi' his gleg shears" writes a Georgian Scottish poet;
here it means sharp, keen. Oddly enough, a water-tap that
turns too easily and leaks from wear is still said, in
Northumberlana, to be gleg — i,e,^ smooth.
Glib has had -more varied meanings in the past. We
apply it now only to a loose, facUe tongue, but Bro¥ming
recisdled an older shade of meaning when he wrote in
"Ivan Ivanovitch," "The snow lies glib as glass and
hard as steel" — t.*., slippery as glass, and, lie glass,
offering no foothold, or resistance to motion.
Glimpse as a verb is become rare, but Lowell wrote in
his Study Windows : " I seem to glimpse something of this
familiar weakness in Mr. White." How much sweeter than
" detect " ! Less happy was Hawthorne : " Glimpsine in,
you see that a cottager's life must be the very plainest
and homeliest that ever was lived by men and women."
How much worse than " peeping " ! Glissade is a good
word on occasion. Spurgeon said : ' ^ The descent to eternal
ruin is easy enough, without making a glissade of it."
And Edwardes in his Ballroom Repentance writes, unex-
pectedly enough : " The hundred thousand nules glissade
of some shooting meteor"; but a fall through space is
not a glissade, which implies a steep place down which
objects slide with contact. " Here and there dwarf thicket
clinging in the general glissade," wrote Stevenson in the
Silverado Squatters,
Gloom is now but gingerly used as a verb. Morris
wrote archaically in the Earthly Paradise :
Bat whoso gloomed at tidings men might show,
It was not Kiartan.
Tet Thackeray has the word, and Froude used it happily :
"The Stanleys, Howards, Talbots, and Nevilles were
glooming apart, indignant at the neglect of their own
claims." And Tennyson wrote in a letter : " A black yew
tree gloom'd the stagnant air." Glory as a verb meaning
to boast is a fine old word, of which examples are
given no later than 1673, A seventeenth century critic
could write : " We have seen a glimpse of that perspicuity
and modesty which is gloried to be in these annotations."
What a scent of old leather bindings is wafted here !
Gnar, which means to snarl or growl, is a strong word
invalided. Oarlyle, who gave new life to many an old
locution, used it; and Tennyson uses it finely in "In
Memoriam ":
A thoasand wants
Gnarr at the heels of men,
thus spiritualising the word as it is used by an older poet :
No lion here the traveller assails
With midnight roar, nor ruthless panther guars.
Gk>lly as part of a veiled oath is familiar, but golly
meaning to shout with a thick voice is quoted only from
Carlyle and Mr. Crockett. " The Annandale Voice goUying
at them." " We heard the wrathful gollying of the great
voice." Goody-goody seems to be very modem. The first
instance of its use given is from Dr. Smiles's Character,
Examples follow from the Christian World and Bishop
Fraser. In the Minutes of the Congregational Council of
the United States it is written: "Thick-headed goody-
goodies, who were fit for nothing but to hold prayer-
meetings and look after Sunday-schools." Those Minutes
must be full of surprises. Gore, in its meaning of " a
small strip or tract of land lying between larger divisions,"
survives, of course, in Kensington Gore. A whole indict-
ment of certain modern literary methods is summed up in
the quotation from Mr. Buskin under gorgeable. Appar-
ently no one else has used the word. " Chopping up its
formerly loved authors . . . into crammed sausages or blood
puddings swiftiy gorgeable." Gracile is a delicate word,
not much employed since De Quincey. It has no con-
nexion with grace, and should not be used to mean grace-
fully slender. It means no more than thin, slender, or
lean. De Quincey wrote: "In person he was tall, fair,
and gracile." Mil man even wrote: "As the niches
became narrower the saints . . . shrunk to meagre
gradlity."
We have not found space to dwell on the interesting
histories of such words as glee, glide, glow, gold, gospel,
and gossip. Nor have we so much as touched on the
thirty-four columns devoted to Go. Our fflass-coach
would infallibly have stuck in such wonderfully intricate
and interesting columns. God and Gt>od are treated with
the same care, and the whole "part," which is the work of
Mr. Henry Bradley, is rich in notable words.
A Popular Preacher.
Charles A, Berry, B,B, : a Memoir, By James S. Drum-
mond and Mrs. Berry. (Cassells. 68.)
Dr. Berry was of the people, the son of a small tradesman,
and was educated in a Wesleyan day school. A promising
pupil, he was picked out by his master to receive the
training of a teacher ; and when that career proved un-
congeni^ he served in a subordinate capacity for two
years in the post-office. But alreadv he knew himself a
preacher. In his pinafore he had held forth to the edifica-
20 JaDuary, '900.
The Academy.
49
tion of his Bisters' dolls ; and clasped to his mother's heart,
had been hailed by her fondly as the answer to her prayer
that she might be the parent of a minister. At sixteen he
knewhimself '^adedicatedspirit"; andatOhristmas, 1869,he
was sent to Airedale College. In the oourse of the follow-
ing year he went forth, his pocket bulging with lumps of
sugar (which he supposed to be g^ood for the voice), and in
his memory an original sermon written beforehand with
diligence upon a slate, to supply the place of the evangelist
at Grassington. He had the good fortune to preach with
great acceptance on '^ cross-bearing." "Yen's a lad,"
discerned an elder, " wi' a bit o' grit." And in 1874, at
the age of twenty-two, he was appointed to St. George's-
road Church, Bolton. While tiiere he quickly won his
way to the front rank in his sect. He travelled as he
found the opportunity, and enlarged his acquaintance,
becoming intimate incidentally with the proprietor of the
Greatest Show on Earth (whom he described as " a man of
deep spirituality "), and with Henry Ward Beecher. It is
the principal glory of Berry's life, according to the mind of
his "co-pastor" and biographer, that from the other side
of the Atlantic, upon Beecker's death, there came to him
an invitation to occupy his room at Plymouth Chapel. To
have declined this distinction is counted to him aa self-
sacrifice in the heroic deg^e.
The federation of the Free Churches was the noble
obsession of his middle years ; and for the furtherance of
this end he set out, in 1891, upon what should have been
a voyage round the globe. His health was precarious ; he
needed rest ; and by this time he was a person of sufficient
importance to travel incognito. A Mr. Maodonald was
among the passengers, and a common secret presently *
drew the two together. They swore eternal friendship
and a treaty of silence. But the third day out an American
doctor, from Wisconsin, came up to Berry, and, said he :
That frieod of yours ain't Maodonald, anyway. Do von
think it respectable to keep up a ten-cent fraud like this,
and keep your fellow-passengers from the proud privilege
of knowing that they are ploughing the deep in company
with Rudyard Kipling, eh P I found his picture in Plain
Tales fn/m, the Hills ; here it is ; look at it, and then call
your friend Macdonald if you can.
Upon his return, his views as to the possibility of a
closer union between the bearers of the Christian name
grew more comprehensive ; and at the conference ridiculed
by the profane as the '' Ghrindelwald Picnic," he became
known to Bishop Pero¥me of Worcester and the ex-Car-
melite Pere Hyacinthe, and had the honour of preaching
before them in default of Dr. Guinness Kogers. His views
as to the relation of the sects to the Kin^om of God he
thus expressed to Mr. Gladstone, who, the biographer
assures us, listened '^ with delighted aoquieeoence " ;
I took [said Berry] the heaveoly city and its twelve
gates, some of which were diametricaUv opi)Osite to the
others, as illustrating the vastness ana variety of the
Christian Church. . . . Through each gate crowds of
people are hurrying to the one central spot of magnificent
sunshine, in the glory of which all are iMkthed, and beneath
the blaze of which all differences melt away. . . .
But his breadth did not include the Unitarians. On the
Incarnation he was orthodox to the last : '* for months he
carried out a oourse of wide reading on the Kenosis,"
and among his papers was found a careful digest of St,
Anselm's Cur Deus Momo,
As he lived his life before the eyes of his brethren, so
he died a sing^arly dramatic death* He was conducting
a funeral service. ^'Thou knowest that we would bear
this burden for her," he was saying, alluding to the
widow, '^if we oould, but this Thou dost not permit."
With that he fell forward, and, after a few troubled
seconds, died.
Of the way in which the biographer has done his work
we can speak with warm, if not unqualified, praise. To
those for whom the book is primarily intended — for the
disciples, the admirers, the relatives of Dr. Berry — this
record of his doings, and this unstinted tribute to the best
qualities of the man, will be precious ; we others should
have relished the dish better, it may be frankly confessed,
for a pinch of salt. For the man must have had weak
points— -little vanities, little insincerities and jealousies.
Which things are so endearing !
Powder and Shot.
How Migland 89t>ed Europe. In Four Volumes. Vols.
I. and II. By W. H. Fitchett. (Smith Elder. Each 6s.)
Having dealt with ** Fights that Won the Flag" and ''Deeds
' that Won the Empire," Mr. Fitchett now sets out to tell
the long and stirring story of En (gland's struggle with
France between 1793 and 1815. We find no falling off
in his industry or accomplishment.
It is not necessary to examine his new narrative in
the light of historical accuracy. Its general accuracy is
patent, and it makes no challenge to the scholar. AU
we wish to do is to point out that the author knows
how to play upon his readers' minds. Not the least
of his distinctions is his economy of verbal thunder. He
has learned from the soldiers and sailors whose fights
he describes to reserve his fire. He has the tact to com-
pare great things to small instead of straining to compare
great things with greater. ''The four British seventy-
fours may be regarded as a claw clutching at the feathers
in the French admiral's tail." " Nelson was throwing an
* overwhelming force on each ship of the French van in
turn, and crushing it like a nut in a pair of crackers."
He notes and registers some poetic moment — some haunt-
ing picture — in the quickly changing battle. Such a
moment he finds in the grey dawn of the First of June,
when Howe was clinging to the weather gauge and longing
for the sky to clear.
Now and again a long line would open through the fojgf,
and the ghostly imaflre of a great ship would cross it,
whether French or Eaglish it was hiud to tell. The
British look-outs, too, x)6rched aloft, would sometimes Eee
over the drifting fog, as across some continent of snow,
the limp topsails of a dozen great ships, more peaks of airy
canvas, with no hall visible beneath them.
Here is a scene in the battle of that day :
The Brunswick drifted into the fight with aU the ports
on her lower deck strictly closed, and Harvey, its captain,
sent an officer down with orders that not a port was to be
lifted, nor a gan fired, until he gave the signal. The
ofiioer ran down with the order ; the lower deck, with its
double line of guns, and every officer and man at his
station, was in perfect darkness. Coming out of the
glittering sunlight into the worse than Egyptian gloom,
the officer coold distinguish no one. Stwciaing on the
lowest st(*p of the ladder, he called out at the top of his
voice that not a gun was to be fired till the word was
given. Out of the darkness came in cheerful accents the
voice of the lieutenant of the lower dock, *' Tell the captain
we do not mean to fire till we get the word, and that we
are all as happy as princes, singing * Rule Britannia.' "
A fine minor effect is caught by Mr. Fitchett in the
Battle of the Nile, when the Goliath, anticipating Nelson's
wish, manoeuvred round to the land side of the French
fleet to the amazement of the enemy :
Steadily the great English seventy-four kept on its
course. The bUtery on the island spluttered angrily, but
ineffectively, upon it. The shadow of the tall masts of the
Goliath cast by the westering sun swept over the decks of
the Guerrier; and just as the centre gun of the British
ship's broadside covered the Frenchman's bowsprit, the
whole length of the Goliath broke into the flame of an
overwhelming broadside.
That picture of the soft shadows of the Goliath*s masts
and rigging caressing the Quarter's decks, just before the
fatal moment, is aa good aa it need be.
50
The Academy.
20 January^ 1900.
Fiction.
Thi Judgment of Helen, By Thoma« Oobb.
(John Lane. 6g.)
Mr. Oobb is making progress. Of his three books, this is
the best It is oonsiaerably better than Carpet Courtship,
and somewhat better than Mr, Famnaham, He ought,
however, to produce work on a much higher plane in the
near future. The present novel, like its predecessors, is
thin, scraggy. Mr. Oobb, if we may use the simile, should
cultivate a tendency to emhonpoint In literature emhon^
point means plot — ^plot which some clever writers have
affected to despise, but which the greatest have always
utilised for the furtherance of their greatest effects. Mr*
Oobb is scarcely fertile in the invention of incident. He
begins with a good situation (though by no means a new
one), but he does not cany it de£iitely forward until the
conclusion of the book is reached. !niat Helen should be
cajoled into an engagement with the plutocratic and
admirable Mr. JosifSi Barbrook was quite probable, and
that within three weeks she should convey to her mother
her absolute refusal to marry the man was also quite
probable ; for Helen is well dra¥m. And the predilection
of Helen's stolid cousin Patty for the stolid Mr. Barbrook
is fully justified by their respective characters. Thirdly,
it is obvious that young Maurice Yaughan is exactly the
male creature for Helen. Indeed, all the signs point to a
felicitous sorting-out of couples. Tet that sorting-out is
postponed and postponed while interviews and petty in*
trieues occur in haphazard succession — ^in fact, while Mr.
Oobb writes his novel. The fault of the book is that the
initial situation is capable of an immediate solution.
Helen's mother, Mrs. Ohristopherson, is only a sham
obstacle, especially after she in turn is wooed and won by
a well-preserved widower.
Still, the tale is imif ormly agreeable — light and bright
in its winding attenuation. Some of the scenes have wit.
Thus, after ue engagement between Helen and Barbrook,
and before the former has decided to acquaint the latter
of her intention to jilt, the country clergyman calls :
" He thouffht it necessary to offer us both a great deal
of advice; aunost a sermon," Helen explained. ''And
then he adced us to pray with him.'*
*'How extremely provincial! " cried Mrs. Christopher-
son. <* What did tfosiah say to that P " she asked.
" He only looked at me. Of course, it was very em-
barrassinff. But I didn't like to object, so we kneeled
down and Mr. Hodgson prayed."
** What a mercy no one entered the room ! " exclaimed
ber mother.
''I didn't think of that," said Helen. '' Mr. Hodgson
seemed very earnest. I shouldn't very much have objected
if — ^but, mother," she cried with a good deal of feeling,
** he prayed that we might live happily together."
<* What execrable taste ! " .
Mr. Oobb is a man of good promise. In future we
hope that he will give the rein to his imagination and the
spur to his invention.
The Infatuation of the Countees, By Percy White.
(Sands & Oo. 6s.)
Thb obiect of the Oountess's infatuation was Arthur
OammeUyn, a young and handsome fencing instructor at
a Brompton gymnasium. The young wife of an elderly
husband, Lady Heedsdale was one of those women who
play with the emotions as gracefully as Mr. Percy White
plays with women such as Lady Eeedsdale; and it was
only because Arthur G-ammellyn was in love with Oonnie
Adair, a new species of new woman, and because he was
possessed of an innocence rather surprising in a man who
has served Her Majesty in the ranks, that the Countess
did not come to terrible grief
The comedy plays itself lightly out in the fencing school,
in Oonnie Adair's studio, and in the boarding-house
*' situate in the neighbourhood of the park, the gardens,
and the museums," where Arthur Gummellyn lives, and
tries to keep his father the major in the paths of sobriety
and financial rectitude. The major, with his magniloquence
and his surreptitious borrowings, is the most amusing
character in a very amusing book. Ouriously enough the
only unconviQcing character in the story is the hero,
Artiiur Oammellyn himself. We can be interested in the
women; but it would perhaps be impossible to interest
us in a rather priggish young athlete whom coimtesses
adore for his beaux yeux and young lady artists yearn to
model in clay for his magnificent neck.
Notes on Novels.
[Theee notes im the weeVs Fiction are not necessarily final.
Reviews of a selection will follow,']
Sour Grapes. By J. F. Oornish.
A good, readable novel, in which the dark sides of life
are shown ; but the end is peace and wealth. '* The
fathers have eaten a sour grape, and the children's teeth
are set on edge," is the motto of a story which anyone
may read and enjoy. (Ohatto & Windu^. 6s.)
Lao-Ti the Celestial.
Bt M. Bird.
Ohinese life seems to offer a basis for many novels. In
following the story of Lao-Ti we have glimpses into
respectable family life in China, and many fine traits of
character are presented. (Hutclunson. 3s. 6d.)
Yeoman Fleetwood. By M. E. Francis.
In this story, by the author of The Duenna of a Genius, we
are in rural England of the early years of this century.
Later we are introduced to the Prince Kegent's gay life at
the Pavilion, Brighton. Mrs. Fitzherbert and her mis-
fortunes, and Beau Brummel and his eye-glass, move
across the pages. (Longmans. 6s.)
A Fantasy in Fustian. By George Wemyss.
A pleasant, well-conceived story, showing how town-bred
Zenobia Gliddon, being left an orphan, goes to live at an
old farm-house where contact with Nature refines her
tastes. Her final choice between town and country re-
solves itself into a choice between a farmer and a fop,
and she chooses well. (Downey & Co. 6s.)
The World's Old Story. By Frances Scott.
An artless love-story, helped out with italics. ** 1 was
glad and thankful for it/' says the hero in Chapter II.,
^* as rendering me perhaps more acceptable in the eyes of
somebody, my reader knows who,^^ (Digby, Long. 6s.)
Ben Comee. By M. J. Canavan.
A tale of 1758-59, mainly concerned with the wars with
the Indians and the French, in which the English fought
under Abercrombie and Howe. The assault on Ticonderoga
is an incident, and the tale closes just before the War of
Independence. (Macmillan. 6s.)
We have also received Edgar^s Ransom, by 0. Rysbridge
(Digby, Long. Bs.), a beginner's novel, on novelette lines;
A Comedy of tlie Cloth^ by Thomas A. Lewis (Digby, Long),
a better novel, showing how a farmer's coquettish daughter
played on the hearts of two curates ; Narcissus^ by John
Bede (Elliot Stock. Ss.), a short novel written to expose
Ritualism ; Father Fox^ by Dorothy Martin (Elliot Stock.
5s.), a story written with the same end in view ; Brake and
His Yeomen^ a romance founded on the achievements of
Drake. (Macmillan.^ 68."^
The Academy y Jamiary zoth^ 1900,
Educational Supplement.
^^gm^<t % % Ml
PROM MR. MURRAYS EDUCATIONAL LIST.
SIR WILLIAM SMITH'S EDUCATIONAL SEBIES«
LATIN OOURSK.
Th« Veun^ B«0lnn«r'« Oeuraa. 28. each- T. Flrgt Latin Book.
Onmmar, Eaay Qaestioni, Exerciset, and Vooabularies.— TI. Second LaUn Book. An
Easy Latin Reading Book, with AjDalyala of Sentenoea— TIT. Third Latin Book, fixer-
dsea on the Sjntax, with VocabuUries.— lY. Fourth Latin Book. A Latin Vocatulary
for fieginnen. arranged aooonling to *nbjeot8 and Etymologies.
Prinelpl* Latl«ta, Part I. Oontaining Gramm&r, Delectns, Exercise
Book. Vooabnlariet. fto. Tliirty-elghth Edition. Ss. 6d.— Appendix to Part L Addi-
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Llvy. Book XX [I. With Notes aud Vocabulary by Rdv. W. W. Oafbs, M-A^
and J. E. MKLiicita, M A. Is. 6i.
PhSBdrus.— Fables. With Notes and Vocabulary by Rev. G. H. Nall, M.A.
Is. fld.
Select Fables. With Notes and Vocabulary by Rev. A. B. Walfoli,
M.A liLfld.
Virgil.— £neld. Book IX. With Notes and Vocabulary by Rev. H. H.
Stkphkxson. M.A. la fld.
Xenophon.— Anabasis. Book III. With Notes and Vocabulary by Rev.
(}. H. Naix. M.A. is. fld.
The Acts of the Apostles. With Introduction aud Notes by T. E. Paoi,
M.A.. and R.v. A. 8. Waltole, MA 2s. fld.
MACMILLAN & CO., Limited, St. Martin's Street, Londonj W.C.
20 January, 1900. TKc Acadcmy Educational Supplement.
S3
Bbucattonal Supplement
SATURDAY: JANUARY 20, 1900.
The Choice of School Text-
Books.
Views of Schoolmasters.
Of the making of scliool text-book^ there is no end. A
catalogue which came under our notice the other day
contained no fewer than twelve school editions of " Julius
Ceasar*' and ''Bichaid 11." Every conceivable subject
has its range of text-books. The stream never ceases.
So the question arises, How is one to decide which are
the best ? ^perienoe is the only real guide ; but for the
sake of those who are still buying their experience we
asked three schoolmasters — men keenly interested in their
profession, and of wide experience— to draw up inde-
pendent lists of thirty books suitable for use in a modern
secondary school. We print List A in full without criticism,
adding a note on the points that have struck us in com-
paring it with Lists B and 0.
List A.
This list is based on the principle of what may be
called stock text-books. The common idea of a school-
book is realised by a little blue-backed volume, used
for a term, wearily embellished with rude portraiture, and
most gladly cast away when its service is over. But there
is no reason why a boy should not be trained to preserve
his school books, if not to love them ; and he will learn
more, and at less cost to his parents, by being soaked, so
to speak, in a few good books rather than dipped in a
sequence of bad ones. Whether the saturating process is
pleasant or not will depend on the teacher who presides
over it. Leaving, however, ar^ment aside, and sup-
pressing a few obvious assumptions, here is my list of
thirty stock text-books, grouped according to their
subjects :
A. — ^English (in a school seose).
1. English Grammar. By Mason. Bell ft Sons. 38. 6d.
2. English History. By Oman. Edward Arnold, oj.
3. Geography. By G. G. Ohisfaolm. Longmanii. 3<. 6d.
4. School Atlas. By A. Keith Johnston. W. & A K.
Johnston. 12s. 6d.
5. Golden Treasury of Songs and Lyrics. By Palgrave.
MacmiUan. 2s. 6d.
Many repetition books have been compiled in the faith
that boys nave no imaginatioA and can grasp nothing
beyond John Qilpin. Why not bring into the schoolroom
the best anthology that we have, and trust the teacher to
make his own choice of the flowers ?
B. — Mathematics.
6. Arithmetic. By C. Pendlebury. Bell ft Sons. 48. 6d.
7. Elementary Algrbra. By HaU and Km'gbt. Maomillan.
38. 6d.
8. Elements of Badid. By Beightoa. Bell ft Sons. 4s. 6d.
9. Elementary Trigonome&y. By C. Pendlebury. Bell &
Sons. 4s. 6d.
10. Elementary Mechanics. By Briggs. Olive. Ss. 6d.
The text-book last mentioned by no means holds the
field against all rivals ; but it has much to recommend its
use where candidates are sent in for the examinations of
London University, and, indeed, elsewhere.
C— SCIEKCE.
11. Elementary ScLenoe. By Jones and SimmonF. Mac-
millan. 33. 6d.
12. Lessons in Elementary Chemistry. By Boscoe. Mao-
millan. 48. 6d.
13. Chem'cal Arithmetic. By Sidney Lupton. MacmiUan.
4b. 6d.
D. — Miscellaneous.
14. First Lessons in Political Economy. By F. A. Walker.
Maomillao. os.
15. Geometrical Drawing. By A. J. Pressland. Rivingtons.
28. 6d.
E. — Latin.
16. Bevised Latin Primer. By Kennedy. Longmans. 28, 6d.
17. Bradley*8 Arnold. Bivingtons. ds.
18. Latia Elegiac Verse. By Gepp. Bivingtons. 38. 6d.
19. Svihool Atlas of Classical Geography. By A. Keith
Johnston. W. & A. K. Johnston. 128. 6d.
20. Smith's Smaller Classical Dictionary. Murray. 78. 6d.
21. Dictionary of Classical Antiquities. By Seyffert. Son-
nenscbein. lOs. 6d.
22. History of Borne. By Smith (and Greenidge). Murray.
38. 6d.
23. School Latin Dictionary. By Lewis. Clarendon Press*
18b.
History of Rome is classed here as being a commentary
on the texts stujlied. The mention of a Latin Dictionary
(23) raises the vexed question of its merits in comparison
with separate vocabularies for each author read. Suffice
it now to say that most teachers prefer the vocabulary
system for younger boys, but grieve to see the effort of
older ones reduced to a minimum. English-Latin and
English-Greek Dictionaries are alike taboo for constant
use, but occasional access to desk copies may be allowed.
F.— Fbench.
24. French Grammar. By Fasnacht. Maomillan. 3b. 6d.
2d. ClasB > book of French Composition. By Blouet.
Haohette. 28. 6d.
26. French Dictionary. Cassell & Co. 38. 6d.
G. — Gbebk.
27. Greek Grammar. By Goodwin. Maomillan. Bb.
28. Introduction to Greek Prose Composition. By Sidg*
wick. Bivingtons. 58.
29. Elementary History of Greece. By Oman. Bivingtons.
4s. 6d.
30. Greek Lexicon abridged from Liddell and Scott. Clar-
endon Press. 78. 6d.
H. — Grrhan2(<m !<^lto^°<^tive t) Greek ; whence the double
numbering).
27a. Gtermau Couversatiou Grammar. By Otto. Nutt. 6b.
28a. Materials for German Composition. By Buchheim.
Bell & Sons. 48. 6d.
29.1. Buohheim's Deutsche Lyrik. MacmiUan. 28. 6d.
30a. Fiiigers German Dictionary. Whittaker ft Co. 6b.
The limit imposed (thirty books) has prevented the
whole school domain from being covered. Ajid of the
text-books named many are unsuitable for beginners ; bat
most of these (^.y., Nos. 1, 7, 12, 16, 24, 27a) have elemen-
tary introductions by the same authors, so that uniformity
of treatment and terminology is secured."
Of these books only two appear in all threelists (Noa. 6
and 7); ten in lists A and B (Nos. 11, 12, 14, 16, 17, 23,
25, 27, 30, 30a) ; two in lists A and G (Nos. 5 and 14) ;
and two in lists B and C (Abbott's How to Farse^ and
Gow's Method of English). The average price in A — and
price has to be reckoned with — is something over 58., in
B something under 3s., and in 0 something over 2s.
B gives Bansome for history, Meiklejohn for geography,
Gifl for chemistry, and a choice of '* Literature Manuals "
for [the drybones of] literature. C is more progressive,
inclining to the ** JParallel Grammar Series," Dent's
'* French and German Books," and Meiklejohn's How to
Write English, omitting exercise books altogether, and
substituting, wherever possible, for annotated editions of
authors such plain texts — printed, in the case of modem
languages, in the foreign country — as would attract the
boy in the street. ** To-day," he condudes, "your
British boy's idol is Henty. Saturate him with a French
Henty, th6n, in French, throwing grammar and exercise
to the dogs."
54
The Academy Educational Supplemerii;. 26 January, 1^
X
Reviews.
The Theory of Education,
T?ie Logical Bases of Education, By J. Welton, M.A., Pro-
fessor of Education in the Yorkshire College. (Macmillan.)
The teacher deeiriDg to know the raison d*itre of this book
should first read through the last two chapters. The most
ciirsory glance through that dealing with Definition, Classifi-
cation, and Explanation will show the necessity for going a
step further back than the ordinary text-books on special
subjects. Prof. Welton selects those on grammar for ezampUs
of confused thought and consequent blundering; but a
thoughtful reading of the chapter will well repay teachers of
subjects other than language. The last chapt^ is in a double
sense the conclusion of the whole matter. The gist of the book
is here admirably put; here and elsewhere there is a dis-
crimioating criticiem of educational reformers, and of some of
their past and present watchwords. The various points made
must give pause to the reader. How far should the educational
development of the child follow that of the race P What
part must au^ority play in education P Is it mere learning
of facts horn books, or development of the power to think
and initiate, that if of prime importance P What are the
best metiioda of education r These are some of the questions
raised and answered. The author states in his preface that
** but little of the traditional formal logic will be found in the
book." This is a definite gain, and a careful reading of the
book justifies the statement. There is a sane treatment of
the syllogism ; and the various forms of it and their uses are
worked out in a most interesting manner. The modem mind
can well dispense with tbe mnemonic Barbara, Celareut, Darii,
Ferio, &c., although Dante has put its ingenious author into
Paradise. The test of inference should be mental, not
mnemonic. It is well to note, too, that logic is not so mudi
a thing apart from ordinary talk and reasomng as once it was,
and that no longer does it reject, as the traditional logic did,
all inferences which do tot give a certain and definite condu'-
sion, the reason being, as Prof. Welton points out, that we are
not so sure of our starting-point now as in the time when the
axioms were ** Nature abhors a vacuum," *' All men are equal,"
" All children are bom wholly inclined to evil," and the like.
Indeed, the modem treatment of the subject is much more
iuteresting and far more profitable than the study of the
tradition^ logic. There is a fascinating chapter on the value
of evidence. Apt illustrations and quotations abound through-
out the book. One here given of tbe value of Froude's
testimony is amusing: **u.e had. visited the city of Ade-
laide in Australia. * We saw,' says he, * below us, in a
basin with a river winding through it, a dij of 150,000
inhabitants, none of whom has ever mown, or wul ever know,
one moment's anziej^ as to the reciuring regularity of his
three meals a day.' Thus Froude ; now for the »cts. Adelaide
is built on an eminence; no river runs through it; when
Froude visited it the population did not exceed 75,000, and it
was suffering from famine at the time." No wonder the
writers here quoted come to the conclusion that Froude suffered
from ** chronic iuaccuracy." But the book should be read as a
whole ; it is an excellent example of logical exposition.
Educational B*form* By Fabian Ware. (Methuen.)
Iv these short essays, some of which have already appeared,
Mr. Ware discusses the educational organisation of our country,
indicating, very roughly, where it is weak, and where strong :
in pardcular, be concerns himself with the ref 01 ms which the
Board of Education may effect in Secondary Education. Of
course, the Board of Education Act commits the Government to
nothing tangible, but many educationists hope, now that the
first sttp has been taken — the formation of a Central Educa-
tional Authority— that very soon we sball have a register of
efficient SecoLdary Schools, a Secondary School inspectorate,
registration of teachers, and the formation of local authorities.
The discussion of these and kindred subjects make up the material
of this book. Mr. Ware does not address his appeal so much
to the expert as to the general reader, although one soon
discovers that the author is not only thoroughly withiu
his province when tackling questions of organisation, but
also^ when he is criticising educational theories and ideas.
Be is opposed to all regufitions which will destroy initiative
on the pATt of the teaohet by *' hedging him in with too
many restrictions," and although ''the nation must inust on
tbe attainment by all secondary teachers of a certain standard
of scholarship, of a knowledge of the principles which underlie
their art, and of skill in its practice before they can be re-
cognised as fully qualified," yet this must be secured without
" crushing personulity and reducing all teachers to one dead
mechanical level." We have not space at our disposal to do
more than notice one point. On page 131 Mr. Ware writes
that '' France, owing to an incalculable extent to the subordi-
nation of the ethical to the intellectual aim in her education,
has, it is true, so immeasurably weakened the moral founda-
tions of her former greatness, that Uttie short of national
regeneration will restore her to the position of a rival to be
feared." This is assuredly an entirely misleading statement.
As M. Ghistave Le Bon has shown repeatedly, education in
France is not properly intellectual at all : what passes there for
education is an atrophying of faculty by an oppressive and
severe discipline. The result is a loss of initiation and real
individual freedom, a consequence of which is an excessive love
of bureaucracy and militarism. If the fVench would only
change their educational system, and make it genuinely in-
tellectual, then they would soon rise again, not to be feared as
rivals but to be loved as friends. On uie whole, then, this is a
very readable and useful book ; it is a popular exposition of the
questions thrust into notice by the Board of Education Act, and
we are therefore somewhat at a loss to know why Mr. Ware
should anticipate severe oiitioism. He has stated his views
with clearness and evident sincerity, and we cannot think that
any critic could seriously differ from tiie great body of his con-
<dusion8.
Careers from the Inside.
Unwritten Laws and Ideals, Edited by E. H. Pitcaira. (Smith.
Elder.)
This is a collection of essays, by "expert" writers, on the
unwritten laws and ideals of the professions in which they
have attained eminence* The succe&sful student will find on
reading the volume that much that makes for effectiveness in
an active career has, naturally enough, not got into the
examination syllabus. A barrister must know some law ; but
his real work is, says Mr. Augustine Birrell, " to get his client
out of a hole" (and, we presume, the other man into one).
Learning becomes a schoolmaster, as roses a garden, but to win
the confidence of boys and to get them to do their best with
their gifts, or, in Dr. Welldon*s words, *' so to train boys that
they can after a time dispense with his training," is, for all
Bacon's saying, a rare possession. Not many youths look —
and it is well — to the embassy as a profession. If Sir Edward
Malet speaks truth, the ambassador should be more sensitive
than the most delicate chemical balance. He must take his
hostess in to dinner, and sit at her right hand, or '* his dinner
will be as ashes in his mouth." He must not betray any sign
of boredom when complaints are being poured into his ear.
Nor is this all. He cannot, poor man ! marry whom he would.
Listen I ''The ambassadress should be British- bom, and of
equal or higher rank than her husband; she should know
French as well as she does her own language; and be not
without such a grounding in other languages as would enable
her to attain proficiency in them if necessary, &c., &c." Who
ever was so compact of virtue as to satisfy these — ^fiiero are
many more— demands P At the other pole shall we place the
NavyP Even here the ''unwritten law" is sterner than the
written. " Any lie," it says, " is justified to screen a shipmate
who has ' got into trouble,' as the expression goes. More par-
ticularly is this the case if the trouble has arisen through
smuggling liquor into the ship." And the Army P Disobedi-
ence may someti'mes be necessary. ' ' Suppose that under given
circumstances I know that if I exercise my judgment in a matter
entrusted to me and am wrong, I may be professionally ruined
or shot, but have positive evidence under my eyes that if I do
not vary my instructions the lives of thousands of men under me
will be lost t . * nothing can morally excuse me if I set up the
plea of discipline—the means against the end."
And BO we might go through all the professions ; but
each demands qualities of heart and brain known only to the
initiated and experieuced : heuce his collection of essays by
" expert " writers will reveal to the uninitiated some of the stem
realities of life ; and therein lies their use. There is another
side to the shield, and we should have read the book with
greater pleas'-.te if the " amenitiei " had been more emphasieedi
20 January, 1900. The Acadcmy Educational Supplement
55
Text Books, School Books, &c.
English.
A Brief Survey of BritUh History. By G, T. Warner, M.A.
(Blackie & Son.)
Mk. Wabner says, in the preface to this little book,
that he has selected from each historical period what he
considers the most important events ; and he has endea-
voured, so far as it was possible within such small compass, to
present these events as Jinks in a connected series of events.
Considering the ground covered, it seems to us that he has
accomplished what he set out to do. An example will
make clear the author's method. In the chapter dealing
with the Black Death and the Serfs, he shows how the real
cause of the Peasants' Bevolt (1381) was not the levying of the
PoU-Tax — ^its immediate and apparent cause— but the terrible
scourge which destroyed one-tbird of the population in less
than three years (1347-1350). This plague, by decreasing the
supply of labour, increased the independence of the serfs,
raised their wages, and set going a train of events which
resulted, by the time of fiUizabeth, in the complete abolition of
serfdom. What has here been oondensed into a few words is
idlotted five pages of text, so it will be evident that the
beginner is taught, at the threshold of his subject, to look
upon events, not as isolated phenomena, but as acts in a drama.
The maps, plans, and synopsis add very much to the useful-
ness of the book, although we miss illustrations of buildings,
armour, dress, coins, &c.
Bow to Learn Philology. By Eustace H. Miles, M.A. (St^an
Sonnensohein.)
Thesb can be little doubt that the student who works care*
fully through Mr. Miles's book will obtain a sound, if
elementary, knowledge of philology, textual criticism, and
ot^er rdlated matters ; and, turther, if the subject is taught in
class on the lines laid down by the author in his preface, very
gratifying results must follow. But this is not a book to put
mto the schoolboy's hand, for it contains the answer — whole, or
in part — to every question set, and, therefore, the teacher would
never be sure that his pupils' work was the result of thought
and effort rather thui mere ** cram." If Mr. Miles would
BpUt this book into two, or, better still, supplement the present
volume by one specially written for class use, then we could
heartily recommend the present text-book as a teacher's aid to
the intelligent teaching of a most fascinating subject. The
truth is, that too many text-books are written which are
intended primarily to supplement bad teaching; such books
enable the pupil to acquire the information necessary to pull
him through an examination, but inasmuch as they do not
encourage independent thought and research they are not
properly speakmg educative at all. Mr. Miles's book is an
excellent specimen in the *' old" style, but the least admirable
in the ** new " style is better than this. Of course^ the pupil's
part should be something more than a mere collection of exer-
cises: it could be made bright and interesting bv facsimile
reproductions from Latin and Greek codices, and photographs
of inscriptions. The footnotes should be suggestive and stimu-
lative rather than complete and tiresome. In this way the
pupil would leam the look of an onemendated and contracted
passage, and would also acquire under the g^dance of the
teacher a knowledge of his suoject in the same historical order
and by the same methods in which the subject has been built
up to its present stato*
Introduction to JEnyliehy Prencfi, and German Phvneticd, With
Beading Lessons and Exercises. By Laura Soames. New
Edition. Bevised and Edited by Wilhelm Yietor, Ph.D4,
M.A., Professor of English Philology in the University of
Marburg*
To ntter clearly and correctly the sounds of a language is an
aooomplishmenc of such rarity that none can possess it without
winning the gratitude of his auditors* Why is this P Possibly
because very little attention hitherto has been paid to the
training of the ear at the only time when such training is
effective — in childhood. It has been said that a false quantity
has much less chance of passing unchallenged in the House of
Commons than the mispronunciation of an English word. If,
however, the interest which is now being taken iu phonetics
is sustained, there is hope that before long to speak beautifully
will be as precious to us as the affected drawl of the public
schoolboy is now.
Miss Soames's book, revised by Prof. Victor, will be found
an easy introduction to phonetics; and we recommend the
student to turn first to the reading lessons, and than, after
^•imiliarisiDg himself with the new symbols for the sounds, he
Till find it not difficult to understand the way in which the
dounds are produced.
We have one criticism to make : why are the reading lessons
prepared for children who have already gone through the
grind of learning to read and pronounce words in anomalous
spelling? After a child has learnt to pronounce and spell
correctly *' cough," what possible sense can there be in spemng
it " kof " ? The anomalous spelling should follow, not precede,
the phonetic spelling. If a child knows two ways of spelling
the same word, what probability is there that it will choose one
way in preference to another ? Another cause of irritation is
that, although Prof. Yietor has himself written a book on
phonetics, the symbols for the sounds in his own book are
totally different from those in Miss Soames's book. Phonetics
for some time to come will be useful mainly for learning to
read and for learning the sounds of a foreign language ; but
we think it most inadvisable to attempt in schools the run-
ning of two systems of spelling, seeing that the anomalous
or present system presents so many difficulties and wastes so
much school time. The following selection will enable the
reader to realise the value of phonetics in learning a foreign
lang^uage : ** Det pti sarson d la vil, Bicha : r 6 Qusta : v,
s'§gard : r eun jou : r <&nz un 6pd : s ford. Anfdn i trouvd : r
un petit ob^rj, 6 milyeii d la ford, 6 iz i antr^ :r pour i p4s6
la ntii."
The Making of Europe. By Nemo. (Nelson & Sons.)
What object Nemo had in view in writing this bsok it is im-
possible to find out by reading it, and it lacks a preface. It
JLias the appearance of a text- book for use in schools ; but a
history of Europe without maps, or illustrations, or significant
dates, cannot possibly be meant to be put into the hands of
children, unless Nemo's aim is to make them hato history for
the rest of their lives. The book is merely an unintereitiDg
collection of snippets.
The Expansion of the British Empire, By W. H. Woodward,
As history grows from more to more, and as the picturesque
and popular story of a nation too often veils the real significance
of events, it is becoming more and more common for writers to
detach a few strands from the meshwork of facts, and to leave
to the student the reweaving of them into the general fabric.
Unless Mr. Woodward's story of our territorial expansion is
fitted into the body of general history, very much as a tile is
fitted into a mosaic pavement, the effect of such a book as this
is to do violence to the historic sense, and make the part seem
greater than the whole. The purport of a sentence like the
toUowing, for instance, is quite lost if the reader cannot ** fix
up " the politicians referred to : *' Clarendon showed, indeed, a
broad and intelligent spirit in his Colonial policy, and in
Shaftesbury he found an able colleague and successor.'* With
this reservation the book can be c<mfidently recommended ; it
continually provokes in the reader a mental reaction, and
pushes him on to further inquiries j it contains some weU-drawn
maps, has an index and a table of important dates.
Readings in John Buskin's '*Fors Clavigera," 187M884.
Selected by C. A. Wurtzburg. (Allen.)
Gbkatlt daring would be the schoolmaster who should use
Fora Clavigera — as yet — for his handbook of ethical instrnction,
and many are the dovecotes which would be fluttered by
the reports brought back by impressionable youth of the
strange new teaching. For such a purpose Mrs. Wurtz-
burg's carefully made selection of essential passages would be
invuuable. She gently brushes aside the irrelevancies of the
master, and under three heads — *' Ethic," "Eccmomic,"
'* Didactic " — gives the gist of his social gospel. If an end of
education is stimulus to thought, no book could be better
designed to effect it,
Bhakt'speare's *'A8 You Like It.*' Edited by A. W. Verity.
(Pitt Press.)
Mr. YiiKiTY'a school editions of Shakespeare*s plays have by
now their acknowledged position. *' As You Like It " is the
most elaborate and iu some ways the best he has done. The
commentary and illustrative matter is fuller thau is usual with
him* He prints the story of the play from Lamb's Tak$, and
56
The Academy Educational Supplement. 20 januaiy, 1906
makei an interesting appendix out of extracts irom Shake-
speare's source, the euphuistic romance of *' Roselynde," by
Thomas Lodge. Mi*. Verity's work is admirable throughout.
We demur, however, a little to his method of supplyiog
ocs!;hetic comment largely in the foim of extracts from other
critics, who nataraUy do not always agree ei(her amoog them-
selves or with Mr. Verity.
r..;/e'« ** Rape of the Lock.'' Edited by Frederick Ryland.
(Olackie & Son.)
We do not like the use of Pope for educational purposes nor
do we quite think that the undeniable merits of the **Bape of the
Lock '* are procis^y those best fitted to catch the imagination
of ttie s-dioolboy. The edition, however, is a good one. Mr.
Ryland has made it his chief object "to make as clean as
I)088ible the literary and social environment within which the
poem was produced. To impart merely philological informa-
tion has not been his aim." He is well acquainted with the
eighteenth century, and his long introduction and brief notes
are full of fa^ts and interest without being pedantic.
8electi(»i6 from Tennyson's Poems, 1832 - 1855. By E. C.
EverardOwen. (Arnold)
The introduction, which covers the whole of Tennyson's
life and work, is full and good : but the notes give one
the impression of having been written currente calamOf
without much reflection as to the priucii)ltfs of annota-
tion or the difficulties which a young student is or is not
liktfly to feel in reading the poeuis. The citation of purallfl
pusages U constant and childish. Mr. Churton Collins is
general editor of '* Arnold's School Series," and bis meihod of
commenting on Tennyson is not worthy of imitation. Nor is
a selection of Tennyson's poems from 1832-1855 in the lea^^t
wanted. The latter year is not a turniog point in Tennyson's
work: it is only the purely accidental period at which con-
siderations of cox)yright obbged the editor to sti*p. We do not
for a moment believe that ** Charing" Cross has anything to
do with chere reine That is mere folk-etymology. There are
other statements in Mr. Owen's notes which seem to us equally
habty.
Stories ff^tm the Northern Sayas* Edited by Albany F, Major
and E. E. Speight. (Marshall.)
A CAPITAL reading book for junior forms -if translations are
considered legitimate for the purpose. The extracts are from
publications of William Morris and Eirikr Magnusson, Prof.
York Powell, Sir George Dasent, and others, ail of whom in
their various ways have caught some share of the swing and
vigour of the Scandinavian originals. Theie are no notes, but
Prof. York Powell contributes a brief preface, and each Saga
drawn on has a few lines of explanatory introduction.
The Cambridge Bible for Schools : Chronicles, Edited by W. E.
Barnes, D.D. Proverbs, Edited by the Ven. T. T. Perowne,
B.D.
Nearly every book of the Bible, with
included in the P<>ntateuch, has now
excellent series, excellent alike for its
arrangement, for the high scholarship
and for the liberal attituae which many
matters of criticism. The new volumes
to the standard.
the exception of those
been included in this
clear and convenient
of most of its editors,
of them adopt towards
will be found well up
Wordsworth^s ** Prelude" as a Study of Education, By James
Fotheringham. ( Marshall.)
A THOUGH FFUL little paper, which should be of value to all
teachers, as a supplement to M. Emile L-^gonis' monograph on
the "Prelude."
French.
My First French BooJe. By Marguerite Kinet. (Blajkie & Son.)
Mlle. Ninet has laid child-learners under a further debt by
putting iato their hands this pretty little book of pictures and
lively an^Hsdote, well-suited to please and instruct. The li^ts of
words which head the lessons will, of course, be learnt by
heart. Two words, rou^e (p. 40) and bien (p. 67), seem to have
escaped registration.
Gems of Modtrn French Poetry, By Jules Lazare. ( Sachette.)
This is a selection of short poems by authors of the present
century, and illustrates well the grace and music of the
French language, both in its deeper and its livelier tones.
Those on child-life and on warlike themes are, perhaps, most
attractive, and Mme. de Pressent^e's imitation of Longfellow's
**Pdalmof Life" (p. 30) presents an interesting study. The
introduction deals brieHy but sufficiently with the various
forms of French verse : if space had allowed, the section on
poetic licouces should have given the historical explanation of
them, and not left the impression that they are arbitrary. The
biographical notes are woU done, and all needful help is given
in a few i>ages of vocabulary.
Le Tour du Motide en Quatre-i^iiijts Jours. Par Jules Verne.
Edited by Louis A. Barbe. (MacmilUn.)
M. BajlbI: has ^ven boys and girls an excellent and amusiog
class-book in thu addition to Siepmann's Series. The story of
Phineas Fogg's achievement has been skilfully condensed, and
the extravagance of some of the episodes will be no fault in
boys* eyes. The notes are satisfactory, and so is the vocabulary.
But sous bin^Jice d'inventaire is best rendered by our own legal
phrase ** without prejudice " (p. 73) ; with interdit should have
been noted the idiomatic use, *' struck dumb "; and we think
that it would have been more useful, and less troublesome^, tn
include a'l common irregular verbs in the list given, instead of
only those that occur in the text.
Cfturs russes. Par le Yicomte E.-M. de Vogiie. Elited by
Eugene Pelissier. (Maomillan.)
This pleasant book gives an instructive view of the pathos and
beauty as well as of the mental chaos of the great Russian
people. The notes are adequ<^te. Two things we would
suggest to the editor : might not references be uniformly
made to Fanju;ht's grammar? and might not the philological
chapter be dropped, and the pupil referred to Darmestett-r's
Historical French Orainmar ?
French History for Schools. By Katharine Stephen. (Mac-
millan.)
Miss Stsphbit, who has an hereditary title to her task, here
gives us an interesting sketch of the growth of France from
the earliest times down to the present. All the msin facts of
social as well as political history are noticed, and the style is
easy and attractive. There is, however, some lack of propor-
tion in the narrative, and at times the effort after simplicity
seems straiued. The appendices are excellent, and so are the
m>*ps ; but the chief dates should, we think, have been given
in the text as well, and we should have liked uniformity of
scale in the m%pi of France at diff«jrent stages of her history.
As a first book on the subject we can recommend the work.
Greek and Latin.
The Prometheus Bound of ^JCschylus, Edited by H. Backham.
(Cambridge : University Press.)
It is a pleasure to read over again, in such learned and helpful
company as Mr. Backham's, this most moving of Greek traffe-^
dies* The introduction is good, showing complete knowledge
of the subject of the drama, and illustrating it from the latest
sources as well as the earlier. The text is every way admirable,
and the critical notes at the end show scholarship and sound
judgment. The longer notes— e.^., those which deal with lo's
journeyings, with Atlas, and with the mythology — present
learning in most attractive form.
The Thecetetus of Plato, A Translation with an Introduction.
By S. W, Djrde. (Maolehose & Son.)
Me. Dydx's work is pleasant proof that we are linked with our
great colonies by sympathy of intellectual pursuits, no less than
by more tangible bond^. The translation reads well, and it is
DO small test of soholardhip to give an agreeable version of one
of Plato's great dialogues But the author's chief labour has
been spent on the introduction, which forms half the book,
and to which the translation is illustrative and subsidiary. The
examioation of Plato's style and method, of his relations to the
Sophists generally, and especially his points of agreement with
and antsgonism to Protagora, is full and thorough ; and the
whole scheme of Plato's philosophy, as developed ia this and
the cogoate Dialogues, is traced with full understanding.
20 January, 1^00 Thc Acadcmy Educational Supplement.
57
NOW READY.
Royal 8yO| oloth extra, 30 j. net ; 756 pp.
THE IMPERIAL
RUSSIAN NAVY :
Its Pas^ Present, and Future.
BY
FRED T. JANE,
Author of «< All the World's Fighting Ships,"
'* The Port Qnard Ship,*'
'* The Torpedo in Peaoe and War,*' &o., &c.
With over 150 Illnetrationfl.
SO^E OF THE PR NCIPAL CONTENTS.
The Germ of the Rnaaian Navy, 865-1645.
Peter the 0reat*8 founding of the Russian
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tion from that time to the present day.
Detailed description s (with photographs
and plans of all the Ships at present on the
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Russia's Shipbuilding programme.
Projected Ship Oanals.
The Personnel of the Fleet Full details
of the pay, uniform, training, armament,
equipmeiit, organisation, drill, diaoiplinp, and
abilities of Russian officers and men ; and the
influence of Peter the Great as felt to-day.
Particulars of the *' magnetic shell" will be
found in this section.
Anglo-Russisn relations from both the
Russian and British standpoints. Ru8f>ia in
the Far East and her true aims. England's
mistake in dealing iiith Russia. Russia's
weak points. Russia and Constantinople.
Obher navies as feen through Ruraian
»pdctacles. Anglo-Saxon vernu Slav: Some
problems of the near f oture.
There is also a copious Appendix, which,
amongst other matters, contains full details
of British officers who have rerved in the
Russian Navy in the pasr, with thsir
biographies and services; a large number
of. plans of battles, official reports, and
corru spondenoe relating to historical matters,
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lished in any shape or form. These include
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Russians of the use of internationsJly pro-
hibited " fire-shell " at the battle of Oogland
in 1788.
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War Ships, built and building ; a history of
famous Russian ship names ; and a compre-
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e & Co., 18, BoDTerit Bt,, E,0
nherm
ECBO.—" Ml""
irell."
L niUMiod hltb«t« la wThUot ia part.... Can
llJoD ol Lamb'i worki (now bilBf taiudi moil n
..,__ -jqplria.^ ., . .
" A TolniBt wtUi iwmr pliaiaBl IMnn Lb It"™ "eybV" t J« .
mult Ukv ill pbee onue ibalTH of ul tnaloTanof Cbarla iiOndOu :
"tlS^'llS'lliTa.WB, V* 8»«tW. JOHK LOSO, 6, 01i«.4« St-M, Sliui
20 January, 1900. THc Acadcmy Educational Supplement.
59
DtiMyndratioM in Greek Iambic Vene, By W. H. D. Bouse.
(Cambridge : TJniTenity Press.)
The author has here given us a first-rate book on Chreek verse,
somewhat after the model of Sargent's Lectures on Latin
Prose, including a long and careful introduction. The prac-
tical part, showing *' how it is done," deals with some twenty
well-chosen pieces of English poetry turned phrase by phrase
into very good iambics.
Latin LiteraJture of the Empire. Vol. I. Prose. Selected by
Alfred Ghideman. (Harpers.)
Ths prose authors of the Roman Empire, from the elder
Seneca to Boethius, are here presented to us in a useful
anthology. A brief critical estimate of each author is prefixed
to his work. The extracts are long and skilfully chosen, so as
to show at once the writers at their best, and to give occasion
to the reader for comparison between them both for style,
method, and difference of opinion on matters of interest and
importajioe. Thus we view Tiberius with the eyes of Tacitus
and of Paterculus, Christianity with those of Pliny and
Minucius Felix — ^to eive but two instances. The only author
we miss is Aulus GmUius, from whose Nodee we should have
liked something.
The Odea of Horace : Book IV* Edited by Stephen Gwynn.
(Blaokie & Son.)
Thb distinguishing feature of this new series of Classical texts,
superintended by Prof. Tyrrell, is the illustrations. Those in
the present volume are intmsting and appropriate, being
taken nearly aU from ancient sculpture and vases. Apa^i from
this, the work is well done. Mr. Gwynn's introduction is
excellent, and shows independence of thought. Hie martial
and patriotic character of many of the Odes makes Book IV.
specially fit for school use.
Gicero De Officiia* Translated by George B. Gardiner. (Methuen.)
A SHORT introduction describes Cicero's book, and records the
concurrent judgment of the ages as to its value, and incidentally
the translator compares it wit£ Chesterfield's Letters, very muoh,
and justly, to the disadvantage of the latter. The translation
is careful and the style good, and it stands well the test of
reading without any reference to the original. It is absolutely
without any notes ; but we think that quotations should have
been traced, and that the original .Latin terms in philosophy,
&c., might have been given in brackets*
Science.
Chemistry.
OtUlines of Industrial Chemistry, By Frank Hall Thorp.
(Macmillan.)
An Introduction to Analytical C/iemiatry, By G. G. Henderson
and M. A. Parker. (Blaokie & Son.)
Introduction to Physical Chemistry. By James Walker. (Mac*
millan.)
The rapid development of chemistry during the last half-
oentury, and the marvellous increase in the applications of
chemical knowledge to industrial undertakiogs of all kinds,
have made it impossible for a single individual to become an
authority on the whole of this extensive subject. The conse-
quence is that in no branch of science is there greater speciali-
sation than in Chemistry. The chemist, witii, say, an expert
knowledge of the ceramic industries will probably have but the
most casual acquaintance with the chemistry of brewing or
tanning ; or the experimenter who researches in the direction
of artificial dye-stuffs will most likely know very little about
electrolytic processes. Such considerations will lead to a due
appreciation of the difficulties with which Dr. Thorp had to
contend in writing a text-book for students on industrial
chemistry. By no means the least difficult point to decide
was what to leave out, but, on the whole, the author has used
a wise discrimination. The subject of metallurgy has been
entirely omitted, since there are several good books available
dealing with it alone. The chemistry of the coal-tar colours
has been condensed into about nine pages, and is, consequently,
little more than indexed. Analytical processes are not included,
for they do not fall within the author's definition of his sub-
ject, which is to describe '* the more important industrial
chemical processes." The broad principles of chemical and
physical knowledge are not referred to, inasmuch as Dr.
Thorp intends his volume for students familiar with the ele-
ments of general chemistry and physics. The book is likely
to supply a distinct want in the technical institutes of this
country. We know of no other volume on precisely the same
lines published on this side of the water. Tne subject-matter
is generally quite up to date, though one or two exceptions
must be made : especially in the incomplete treatment of
electrolytic methods of manufacture is there room for imjprove-
ment in the next edition. The book is provided with nmeW-
five illustrations, which add very much to the clearness of the
explanations.
The little book which Prof. Henderson and Mr. Parker have
produced ^ves a clear, though short, account of the quaUtattve
and quantitative analysis of typical substances from the regions
of both inorganic and organic chemistry. The work dealt with
is supposed to be done under the direction of a demonstrator
by students who have already had some experience of praotioal
exercises in a chemical laboratorv. There can be no donbt
that though qualitative analysis does not form for beginners
an educative introduction to chemistry, yet for students who
have already become familiar with the principles of chemistry
alone <* heuristic" lines, such test-tube work constitutes an
intellectual exercise of a most valuable kind.
Prof. Walker's latest book reminds us that, though it is con-
venient for the purposes of classification to refer to various
parts of the stuay of science by different names, it is quite
impossible to draw hard and fast lines between the divisions
generally recognised. Chemistry shades into Physics, and no
strict delimitation is possible. This explains such titles as
** Physical Chemistry " and ** Chemical Physics." Throu^out
his most interesting book Prof. Walker gives indisputable
evidence of his great teaching ability. He is persistently
explanatory, and the intelligent schoolboy who has been
properly taught the fundamentals of the two subjects, which
m this book overlap, should have no difficulty in appreciating
every atep of the author's argument, and at the end of the
volume mid himself duly equipped for the serious study of the
original work of tiie pioneers — Ostwald, Nemst, andvan't Hoff.
Though no very extensive knowledge of mathematics is taken
for granted by Prof. Walker, he yet manages to present his
readers with a ^ood working account of those thermodynamic
relations on which so much of the modern work in this border-
land subject is based. The book is well printed and suitably
illustrated.
Physics.
Optics: a Manual for Students. By A. S. Perdval. (Blao-
millan.)
Experimental Physics^ By Eugene Lommel. Translated from
the German by G. W. Myers. (Kegan Paul.)
First Steps in Earth Knowledge. By J. A. Harrison. Edited
by W. J. Harrison. (Blackie & Son.)
Tbghkical processes to be of real value must be based upon
the sure foundation of exact sdence. Mr. Perdval, in writing
his book for ophthalmic students, has duly considered this fact ;
and, takine into account the strictly limited amount of time at
the disposal of this class of readers, he has brought together in
his 400 pages nearly everything in the acieo ce of optics of import*
ance to an ophthalmic sur^^n. The book is tnus one with a
special purpose. Though it is unsuitable for the student who
is studying physics, as it ignores the experimental treatment of
the subject, it will at the same time serve as a very good
in^oduction to geometrical optics for mathematical students.
It is extremely difficult to refer to any x>articular subject, since
the book is unprovided with an index — an omission which is
inexcusable in a scientific work.
Why the volume on ExperiinentaH Physics was translated into
English we cannot imagine. There are many other books deal«>
ing with all the subjects included in this treatise which are
better in every way. The title, too, is misleading. The treat-
ment is not experimental in the sense that we understand the
expression. The first German edition was published in 1893,
6o
The Academy Educational Supplement. 20 January. 1906
and the examination to which we have subjected the contents
leads us to the conclusion that very few alterations and
additions have since been made. The section (§ 45) caUed
'' Universal Gravitation" contains no mention of the r^etition
of Cavendish's experiment by Prof. Boys. The declination and
inclination charts on pp. 264 and 266 are dated 1860 ! The
it I formation which is given about the speotra of common metals
is sadly incomplete, and in some cases distinctly misleading —
f.^., the number of lines in the spectrum of iron is stated to be
about 460, whereas there are more than 2,000. Judging from
the confusion between the terms '^mass" and ''weight" on
p. 8, we suspect the translator does not always correctly in-
terpret the original of Prof, von Lommel. Whatever be the
source of this want of precision, it very much detracts from the
value of a treatise on physics. The ^lustrations are poor and
not always well chosen. Why is the lecture form of the
quadrant electrometer (p. 325) given instead of the pattern
which is used in all serious experimental work ? Aud why is a
** clinical " thermometer called a ** fever" thermometer ? The
book has few merits and many faults and no useful purpose
will be served by its publication.
Though Mr. Harrison has chosen an unfortunate name for
his book, which is an experimental introduction to physics and
chemistry, he has certamly produced an attractive and trusts
worthy little volume. The new Code of Begulations of the
Education Department for the examination of pupil teachers
contains a syllabus of work in elementary science which is, with
the exception of a short section on terrestrial magnetism, very
well covered by First Stem in Earth Knowledge, The book is
excellently printed, well illustrated, and provided with examiu-
•ation questions ; it will doubtless be used by a larfi:e number of
pupil teachers and students of the first part of Physiography
in classes under the Department of Science and Art.
Mathematics.
Introduction to the theory of Analytic Fundioiia. By J.
Harkness and F. Morley. (Aiacmillan.)
Slementary Algebra {to Quadratics), By C. H. French and G'.
Osbom. (J. & A. Churchill.)
Mathematical Facts and Formiiloi, Compiled by A. E. Lyater.
(Bhickie & Son.)
Higher Rules, (Blackie ft Son.)
Thsse books represent fairly well the different grades in
English education, from the university to the elementary school.
Each class of student would appear to have well-marked
characteristics which make it desirable to present knowledge
to the members of each grade in particular ways.
The volume of Profs. Harkness aod Morley is intended
for the best of the mathematical students at the universities.
It is not in the ordinary sense an elementary book, though the
authors speak of it as supplying ** a consecutive and elementary
account of the fundamental concepts and processes employed in
the theory of functions.'' Some acquaintance with this theory
of functions is necessary to the proper equipment of the
student of the higher branches of physics ; and as previously it
was necessary to read widely to obtain the information which
is here convenieatly collected and arranged, the authors have
performed an act of public service in lightening the labours of
the already over-burdened student.
It is onij necessary to read a few pages of their book on
algebra to be convinced that Messrs. French and Osbom are
teachers of exceptional power. While always t()rrect, they
invariably manage to make their subject sufficiently simple for
an ordinary iutelligeDt schoolboy to understand it, and this, too,
without hurting the boy's dignity by being childish. The large
number of oral exercises is a strong point in the book's favour,
and the shortness of the earlier chapters is an additional
merit. The typing of the explanations and worked examples
is admirable, aud we shall be much surprised if the book does
not soon become a favourite in schools.
Mr. Lyster's compilation is likely to be most useful in
technical institutes where the students have to condense a large
amount of work into a short time. Its use cannot be recom-
mended for boys at school.
The book with the title Higher Rules is a little arithmetic
for boys who have passed through the standards of an ele-
liieutur)' EcLool.
Small orown 8vo, bound in doth, prioe 2s. 6d.
A MANUAL OF
ESSAY WRITING.
For Colleges, Schools, and Private Students.
By J. H. FOWLER, M.A.,
Asiidtant Master at Clifton College.
" Schoolboys will be the wiser and the better for reAdingr ICr. J. H. Fowler*a
little manual on ' Essay Writini^.' "—Literature,
** The book, altogrether, is one of oonspienoos merit, and cannot fail to be
warmly welcomed by those engag^ed in the teaching of a sabjeot of Booh
difficalty as this is univ^ersaUy acknoirledged to y»:*-'Bdueatunutl Ifews.
" The directions he gives are admirable, and the notes ia Part 11. poeaess
the great merit of su^Mtireneas."— Pji62ic Sehooi MjkgauBine,
" This is a distinctly helpfol book We heartily commend the bo^k to the
notice of stodents preparing for all Higher Standard examinations at which an
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A capitsd book on a practically difficult subject."
The Educational News of South Jfriea,
f I
«<i
The best book of its kind which has fallen into our hands yet. It ia
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essays."— 2^A« Bdue<ttional Review,
" Mr. J. H. Fowler's ' Essay Writing * may bo unreservedly reoommended
for the higher forms in public schools, and for teachers of composiUon of all
grades. The author's aims are high, his method of handling nis subject is
dignified as we!l as practical, and his book offers in itself an excellent example
of that clearness of thought, sobriety of judgment, and purity of style which
he wishes to aid his readers to attain. The duties of a composition master are
not— according to Mr. Fowler's conception of them— limited to the developntent
in his pupils of a certain facility for spinning out a meagre stock of ideas in
language grammatically correct, and possessing a certain shallow fluency and
sparkle ; his aim should be to make the writing of an essay an oocasion for the
acquisition of ideas, the wideniufc of knowledge, the cultivation of habits of
research, and the exercise of individual thought and critical judgment. The
earnestness and jkill with which Mr. Fowler develops this idea constitute the
chief claim of his work to consideration, and raise it head and shonlderB above
any other teit-book on composition which we have Boen."—Ouardiau,
A, & 0. BLACK, Soho Square, London.
HARPER & BROTHERS' PUBLICATIONS.
NKMf KOITION, NOW RKADY.
MR. H. B. MARRIOTT WATSON'S NEW NOVEL.
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** Distinctly clever and original."— jBinasfi^Aaiii Gazette,
THE BABRTS: a Novel. By Shan F. BxOlock,
Author of ** The Charmer," &g. Cloth, 68.
" Mr. Bullock's novel is the best we have read this autumn. Bveiy srene»
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THE MARTYRDOM OF AN EMPRESS. With
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*' Never perhaps in the course of history have the tragic eecrets of a palace
been so unreservedly revealed."— ^^. James* s Gazette,
TALES OF SPACE AND TIME. By H. O. Wdk,
Author of " When the Sleeper Wakes," " The Time Machine," ftc.
" Mr. Wells never for a moment fails to maintain his grip on the reader.
That is why his stones are so deservedly popular."— JfaiurAtftfer Ouardian,
"The ingenuity with which the abiding principle of romance is adapted to
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NEW EDITION, NOW READY.
THE HOT'S BOOK OF INVENTIONS. By Ray S.
BAKER. With about SOO Illustrations. Large crown 8vo (6^ bj8|),
400 pages. Cs.
The Author here tells for the jounger generation stories of the Marvels of
Modern Science, such as Telegraphing without Wires. Liquid Air, Flying
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Kites, X-Rays Photography, the Sea Moto-Cycle or Submarine Boat. This
chapter conlaius a graphic account of a voyage on the bottom of the sea. The
fascination of auch a volume is only equalled by its instructiveness and value.
H^RPfiR & BROrHEaS, 45, Aibemailc Street, LondoDi W.
JO January, 1900. THc Acadcmy EducatioHal Supplement.
61
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Homer -Odyssey. Bk. VI. By E. E. Sikes, M.A., Felloe
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Ovid-EleATlac Extracts. By A. R. F. Htslop, M.A.,
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Sallust-Ju^urtha. By J. F. Smjsdlrt, MA., AsBiBtaoi
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Ifepos— Select Lives. By Rev. B. J. W. Houghton, M.A.,
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The Academy Educational Supplement. 20 January, 1900.
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The Academy.
63
THE ACADEMY.
Editorial and Publishing Offices, 45, Chancery-lane.
The AoADEifT vfiU he eent poO-free to every Annuai SubioHber
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■^ ^^ ■■■■■■ III - _. _i__i__i_ ^^^_^^^— ^^^^— ^—
Our Awards for 1899.
The ** Crowned '* Books.
Lr aooordanoe with an announcement in our issue of
December 16, we have this year extended the scope of the
Academy's Awards to Authors. We have divided the sum
at our disposal, One Hundred and Fifty Guineas, into six
portions of Twenty-Five Guineas each, which we have
allotted to six books, representing various branches of
literature, notable for promise, sincerity, and thoroughness
in literary art. An author's first book, we remarked in a
preliminary announcement, would be the ideal candidate
for an award; but we did not bind ourselves to search
among first or even second books. Our Awards are :
POBTRY.
TWENTY-FIVE GTJINEAS to Mr. W. B. Yeats for
The Wind Among the Beede.
FionoN.
TWENTY-FIVE GUINEAS to " Zack " (Miss Gwen-
doline Keats) for On Urial.
BlOORAFHT.
TWENTY-FIVE GUINEAS to Mr. Hilaire Belloc for
2>anton : a Study.
HiSTOBT.
TWENTY-FIVE GUINEAS to Mr. G. M. Trevdyan
for England in the Age of Wyeliffe.
Tbanslation.
TWENTY-FIVE GUINEAS to Mrs. Gamett for her
translation of the novels of Turgenev.
MlSGELLANBOUS.
TWENTY-FIVE GUINEAS to Mr. H. G. Graham
for The Social Life of Scotland in the Eighteenth Century.
Mr. W. B. Yeats and " The Wind Among
the Reeds.**
Mb. W. B. Ybats is one of the most active and prominent
leaders of that movement in present literature iraich goes
by the somewhat high-flown tifle of the Celtic Benaissance.
It numbers both poets and prose- writers belonging to the
kindred kingdoms of Ireland and Scotland.
None among them has a more genuine, more distinctive
and personal note than Mr. Yeats. His work has been
slender in quantity : but it has quality. It is artistic and
conscientious. His prose iuGlines to a poetised style : it is
good of its kind, but not eminently good. With all its
poetic infusion, it haa nothing tawdry. With all its self-
conscious artistry, the note is not forced : its rhythm is a
true prose-rhythm, with none of that terrible bastard
movement — ^like blank verse gone very much to the bad —
whi(di makes most writing of this sort anathema. Yet it
is not sufficent for a reputation. That reputation must rest
on Mr. Yeats's poetry. Here he stands quite alone: a
poet he is, and — ^to our thinking — a poet only. In every*
thuig else which he writes he suggests the ^oet As poet
he suggests nothing outside fK>e^ — ^the smiple essence ;
not poetic embodiment of this tlung or that, but just
poetry. His is not a large or wide gift. It is, in truth, an
exceedingly contracted gift ; but a gift it is, authentically
his and no man else's. Whether from singular self-
C^gment or the good-hap of sim^e sincerity, Mr. Yeats
practicallv recognised this. He haa known that his
gift was small ; he nas known that his g^ was narrow ;
he has known that his gift was hie gift---or he haa acted
as if he knew, which comes to the same thing ; and he
haa held to it and within it, unswerving and contented as
the blackbird on the bough.
In proportion as he becomes, or tries to be, definite, his
power passes from him. It is when he is obeying the
oictates of an emotion, a sentiment, as insubstantiiu and
uncapturable as a gust of the night, that he achieves his
most delicate and evanescent charm. With a true instinct
of his own prevailing quality he caUs this latest book Hie
Wind Among the Eeede, No less frail and mysterious than
such a wind is the appeal of Mr. Yeats's best verse.
"Zack'^ (Miss Gwendoline Keats) and **0n
Trial."
It seems impossible that this simple story of Devonshire
folk should fail to arouse enthusiaam among students of
good fiction. As you read the pages you feel, beneath the
surface of expression, the strong, easy, leisurely pulse of
an imagination calmly exulting in its own power. There
is no question here of '^ making the most " of a talent— of
piecing it out with ingenuities and painstakings and heavy
labours. Glearly, "Zack" has much to give, and she
gives it easily. She is exempt from the cares of imagina-
tive poverty. She sees, she feels, she writes, and doesn't
count the cost. She can afford to be generous.
In a novel where style and matter have an equal dis-
tinction we have only one fault to find. Call it a quasi-
fault. To our mind. On Triai is scarcely a novel: it is
a short story elongated, and elongated a trifle too much.
Towards the middk of it one might urge that an inevitable
climax was not being approachea with sufficient directness.
The incidents cease foi^ a time to be indispensable.
SmoUett (who waa a great man) once wrote : '* A novel
is a large and diffused picture, comprehending the charac-
ters of life, disposed in groups. . . .," &c. We think
much of the importance of that phrase ''large and dif-
fused." It seems to us to touch the essence of the matter.
On Trial is neither large nor diffused. It is an episode.
Dan loses a letter, and tries to keep it back from a certain
destination; but it reaches the destination. That is all.
The mere letter is too continuously prominent. You can't
write a novel about the adventiues of a letter. It is a
short story. Yet there is enough stuff in this short story
for half-a-dozen six-shilling novels. Only reviewers know
how excessively rare is tms quality of plenteous inspira-
tion, and how delightful the sense of security which
it induces in those who spend their lives in watching
fountains trying not to run ory.
This is Miss Keats's second book. Her first, a collec-
tion of short stories, was published in 1898 under the title
Life ie Life.
64
The Academy*
20 January, 1900.
Mr. Hilaire Belloc and *• Danton : a Study."
Mb. Belloc, althougli he lisis but just taken his degree —
he was a Brackenbury scholar of Balliol College, Oxford —
is already a man of yarious achievement. He has proyed
a most eloquent President of the Union, has inspired or
helped to inspire a renascence of Oxford Liberalism, has
worked a new yein of humour in Th^ Bad Boy^s Book of
Beasts and its successors, and he has written Danton,
This is really notable among recent historical biographies.
It is not particularly learned. Mr. Belloc takes his facts
mainly from modem French writers who have gone over
the subject, and probably adds less of his own than an
older scholar, Mr. A. H. Beesly, whose Danton appeared
almost simultaneously with his. But it is a genuine
attempt to paint, broadly and in a strong key of colour, a
great historical portrait. It aims at doing more than
modify our intellectual conception of Danton : it would
transform and reconstruct our imaginative notion of him.
This is the most difficult task of a biographer who has the
traditions to wrestle with. Mr. Belloc accomplishes it, or
nearly accomplishes it, not by persuasion, but by sheer
impressiveness. He puts all his strength into the great
moments. As a rule, his style is not impeccable, inclining
too much to paradox, to smartness, to the oracular. But
when a real call is made on it, as in the chapter which
handles the grim close of Danton's meteoric career, then it
rises to the occasion. The narrative becomes large in its
movement, stirring through its picturesque qualities, its
sureness of dramatic touch. The method has its dangers.
It suggests the inevitable comparison with Carlyle. It
skirts the exuberant, the bombeistic, the grandiose. We
can imagine many people disliking Mr. Belloc's book
exceedingly. We cannot imagine any competent judge
failing to find himself in contact with a vigorous and
stimulating mind, and one open to perceptions and to
ideas.
their admiration. The younger writer approaches them in
their beginnings, as they first emerge upon the fi©ld of
history against the incongruous background of the failing
Middle Ages.
Mr. G, M, Trevelyan and " England in the
Age of Wycliffe."
Mb. Tbbveltax was, as a historian, bom in the purple.
The son of Sir George Trevelyan and the great-nepnew of
Macaulay, he renews in a third generation the historical
triumphs and the historical ideals of his house. His
England in the Age of WycUffe appeared shortly after his
election to a Fellowship at Trinity College, Cambridge,
and was at once recognised as a valuable contribution to
the study of Church and State in the fourteenth century.
It is good historical writing, in more than one way. It
has the quality of erudition, for it sums up the results of
the author's valuable and painstaking research into the
documents of the Feasants' Eising. It has also the
quality of interest, for Mr. Trevelyan is of those who feel
that, history should be written, and not merely compiled ;
a constructive work, not a precis of records. He has a
critical period of the national evolution to tackle, and he
brings to the task a vigour of the pen and an ability for
correlating details which enable him to produce a satis-
factory survey of the whole state of English civilisation
at the turning-point. Also, he dares to have enthusiasms,
and, without swerving from impartiality, avoids the temper
of neutral detachment which leaves so much of modem
history drab. Here comes in the touch of heredity, for,
in the main, his enthusiasms are his by tradition. He is
faithful to the themes of the middle-class domination in
England, of Whiggery in State, and Nonconformity in
Church. When Macaulay dealt with William of Orange,
or Sir George Trevelyan with Charles James Fox, these were
the tendencies which occupied their thoughts and excited
Mrs. Garnett's Translation of Turgenev,
Of all departments of literary labour that of translation
is, perhaps, the most exacting and the least satisfactory —
especially to the translator. In it failure is bitterly
condemned as an outrage on the original, while success
must expect no more than a condescending and perfunctory
approval. Complete success is impossible, or almost im-
possible, and none knows this bettor than the translator,
who on that account needs in a peculiar degree qualities
which are not too often combined — restraint, audacity, and
disinterestedness. The skilled and conscientious translator
therefore deserves from us a particular encouragement and
appreciation. In the region of imaginative literature no
more prominent instence of this can be found than Mrs.
Constance Garnett, whose English version of Ivan Turgenev,
begun in 1894, was completed at the end of last year.
To translate the complete works of one of the greatest
European masters — an artist, moreover, renowned for rich-
ness and beauty of style — was a great undertaking in
itself ; and the difficulties in the case of Turgenev were
enhanced by the notorious complexity of the Russian
tongue (so majestic, but so formidable to the foreigner),
and by the fact that any English translation must, per-
force, on the European stage, challenge comparison with the
superb French verson prepared under the eye of Turgenev
himself. That Mrs. Gamett has conspicuously succeeded
in a long and arduous task is beyond doubt. Her trans-
lation is faithful and correct. It is tuU of ingenuities
unsuspected by the casual reader ; and it has a quiet and
modest grace. As we survey the fifteen volumes of the neat
and dignified edition we cannot but feel that Mrs. Gamett
has deserved exceedingly well of her countrvmen. Sincelvan
Turgenev is pre-eminently a master of technique, his work
must be specially valuable in a oountxy whose writers
have, for the most part, been content to under-rato
technique. Upon a larger and more human consideration,
these novels, which by universal consent are counted
among the supreme works of imaginative genius, are the
heritege, not of Eussia, but of &e world; and he who
worthily makes that heritege effective to his own race
has, indeed, laboured to a nota^ble end.
Mr. H. G. Graham and ^* The Social Life of
Scotland in the Eighteenth Century,"
The task of writing the social history of any period
demands two things, at least, in a writer : industry and
imaginative sympathy. Without the first he cannot collect
the right materials; without the second 'he cannot give
them life and colour and verisimilitude. Mr. Graham has
brought these qualities to the task — ^never before under-
taken with such a comprehensive aim — of drawing the
social life of ScoUand in the eighteenth century, a life
widely different, because far more young and crude, than
that which we associate with the London and England of
Queen Anne and the Georges. He shows us a Scotland
in which the gentry were just beginning to drink tea,
adorn their rooms with wall-paper, and wear linen next
the skin. He sketches the rise of the theatre, art, and a
new literature in Edinburgh. The dress, the sports, the
eating habits, and the social amenities oi the age take
life again in Mr. Ghraham's pages, in which literary style
is the efficient, not obtrusive, handmaid of what ma^ be
called tessellated history.
20 January, 1900.
The Academy.
6s
9»
''A Midsummer Night's Dream.
We have all heard of the gentleman in Moliere who was
mor^ amufiing than he had supposed. That is often
Shakespeare's situation with regara to ourselves. His
innocent blunders have become a source of delight. The
mere line on the playbill, '< Theseus, Duke of A^ens," gives
us a pleasing thrill — or would give, had not Mr. Tree (it is
his one failure of tact) substituted ^* Theseus, Prince of
Athens." This thrill you get from the strange blend of
classic and romantic. One age is refracted through another
for the pleasure of a third. So we enjoy a luxury denied
to Shakespeare himself. In a footnote to the fifty-second,
and last, chapter of his Decline and Folly G-ibl>on says:
'^From these Latin princes of the fourteenth century,
Boccacce, Chaucer, and Shakespeare have borrowed their
Theseus duke of Athens. An ignorant age transfers its
own language and manners to the most distant times." It
does, and in so doing it stores up gratification for a later
age which, by acquiring the historic sense, has gained
the capacity for being pleased with the incongruous. The
incongruities of *' A mdsummer Night's Dream " are, of
course, not all unconscious : the intaision of the artisan-
munmiers into fairyland, the ** topical " allusions to Queen
Elizabeth from the mouth of a fairy king. But Shakespeare
could not have felt, as we feel, the charm in the juxtaposition
of the two mythologies, the northern fays and elves and the
Greek heroes and amazons ; nor can he nave anticipated our
relish of the quaint in the sight of Warwickshire peasantry
clowning in Ghreek tunic and sandals; nor would that
*^ wood near Athens " have delighted him as it delights us
merely because we find good English oak and greensward
there and no olive-dad rock. What a comfort (for us)
that Shakespeare, after all, was not Bacon ! For then he
would have entered into the spirit of antiquity — " recon-
stituted an epoch," as the jargon goes — and baulked us of
all the pleasure we now get from his free-and-easy con-
fusion of time and place and race. The later stage
anachronisms — Ghmricirs Macbeth in scarlet coat and
powdered wig, Gluck's Eurydice in sack and paniers d l^
Waiteau — ^have their special flavour, too, for the judicious
connoisseur ; but Shakespeare's quaintness in this kind is
more racy and thorough-going — the quaintness of your true
Primitive and naif, your Masaocio and Botticelli. For my
part, I should like to see '* A Midsummer Night's Dream "
given something of the Boccaccio atmosphere. Titania
should wear the *' bunchy " draperies of the woman on the
right-hand of Botticelli's *^ Birth of Venus"; Peaseblossom
and Mustardseed should be little Florentine bambim ; and
through the *'wood near Athens" we should have a
glimpse of the dumpy hills and curving stream to be seen
behind the Monna Lisa.
But that is another sort of dream, and I have no fault to
find with the more traditional setting at Her Majesty's.
I say "traditional," but a little hastily; for, after all,
what is the tradition here ? Probably the play was at first
presented with all the crude, garish materialism of a
masque. As Mr. Archer rightly says, the play is in form
a masque, with Bottom and his friends to play the con-
ventional anti-masque. But a masque is no more dream-
like than a Lord Mayor's Show, and bv degrees, as people
new to take a lees matter-of-fact view of dreams, the
demand for something more vague and impalpable in the
presentation of this play became urgent. Phelps, at
Sadler's Wells, met this demand in a rough-and-ready
fashion by the device of a green gauze curtain between
performers and public. That is to say, like Johnson when
mterrogated by an inquisitive lady about ghosts, he " left
the subject in obscurity." Now we have artful devices of
illumination, electric lights dancing like Will-o'-the-wisps
in '* inspissated gloom," and so forth. In the last scene a
peculiarly uncanny effect is produced by constructing
what* appear in daylight to be the massive pillars of
Theseus's palace as hollow transparencies, which, at the
wave of Oberon's wand, glow with coloured fires. As the
fairies troop off, the lights die away, and at the end the
stage Lb plunged in danmees. Thus the vision dissolves,
leaving ''not a wrack behind" — ^a romantic conception,
romantically carried out.
Traditional or not, the fairy scenes are the best things in
this revival. Mr. Walter Hann's "Another part of the
wood near the sea " is, if one must make a choice, the
very best thing. The way in which the natural declivities
and acclivities of a woodland clearing have been reproduced
shows not merely mechanical skill, but a real, loving obser-
vation of Nature. And the naturalness of the '* estate "
extends, as Sir Anthony Absolute would say, to the *' live
stock " on it. The fairies are all young children ; some of
them are mere babes, in very truth, lumost small enough
to—
Creep into acorn oupi and hide them there.
And they are left to romp very much at their will; all
suggestion of the artifice and elaboration of a ballet is
avoided. Mrs. Tree is, perhaps, a slightly too " smart "
Titania, a Queen of Mayf airyland ; but I really do not think
the Oberon of Miss Julia Neilson could be bettered — so
gracious is she, so regal, living so manifestly that auguiie
vie quotidienne^ which M. Maeterlinck, in a very different
connexion, ascribes to Hamlet. Of the other elements in
the cast, three, I should say, err on the side of modernity.
Yes, modernity, for there is the paradox ; though the in-
congruous blending of ages be one of the delights proper
to mis play, it must offer no suggestion of our own agr.
The enchantment of anachronism must always be accom-
panied by the enchantment of distance. Now, Mr. Tree,
when he dwells, as he does, on the eahotinage of Bottom,
when he represents Bottom as anxious in the play-scene to
make a speech to the audience, is obtrusively modem.
And Miss Sarah Brooke, as Hermia, in the scene of the
quarrel with Helena, is obtrusivelv modem. And Miss
Louie FreeiEur, as Puck, is obtrusively modern. There are
other things besides these velleities for the modem in tho
acting both of Mias Brooke and Mr. Tree — and very artistic,
tactful things. But the Puck is all modem, hopelessly
modem, vu%arly modem — a Cockney Puck, a ''cheeky"
street-arab Puck, a Puck whom you expect at every
moment to break out into '' sister Mary Jane's top-note."
In short, the Puck \a a mistake But the revival as
a whole is no mistake ; the intimate charm of the play, the
sheer beauty of it, the fresh and blithe spirit of it, are
there. A. B. W.
James Martineau.
Hs helped me at every mental and moral crisis of my life.
To the young soul, first awaking to a sense of the sadness
of loss, came the words as a possession for ever : *' God
only lends us the objects of our affections; the affections
themselves He gives us in perpetuity." In the struggle
that comes to many of us later, between the imbibed faiths
of childhood and the scepticism of new-born free thought,
there was strength and healing in the injunction to *' trust
to the highest intuitions of our best moments." Worn and
wearied with the strain of middle life, and threatened at
times with the worst loss of all — ^loss of faith in self — there
came a message from The Tidee of the Spirii^ gently but
forcibly persuasive, b^ every mental, moral, and physical
analogy, that '* these mtermittent movements of the Spirit
are the signs of divine life, not of human weakness."
Dr. Martineau's especial charm lay in a certain stately
humility. He expressed with childlike simplicity his
unstinted gratitude to all who, in his own woids, ** have,
by their deeds, words, writings, helped us on our heaven-
ward way." To the last he would listen patiently and
respectfully to the preaching of some younger man
66
The Academy.
20 Januaryi 1900.
whose best utterances were an ecno of his own ; and at
the age of ninety-three he sent a pathetic acknowledg-
ment of comradeship to one who, as his equal on the score
of affe alone, had thus addressed him. But with all these
gentle and kindly courtesies, and amid the more famillcu'
inteioouise of lua happy family life and intimate friend-
ships, he still seemed to stand apart in a certain aloofness,
which he has himself described as characteristic of souls
self-surrendered to GK>d in these words :
Hence the quietude and evenness of all tbeir ways ; a
certain gentle, solitary air that seems too mild to give out
BO much power, a half mystic reserve . . . The oompletest
self-sacrinoe gives the completest self-possession ; only the
captive soul which has fluog her rights away hias all her
powers free. Simply to serve under the instant orders of
the living Gk>d is the highest qualification for conmiand.
The inspirations of Martineau's own life were his abso-
lute trust in GK>d and his fidelity to tiie ideal Christ.
These find utterance respectively in two hymns which he
contributed to the collection made by himself as *' Hymns
for the Christian Church and Home." One begins :
Thy way is in the deep, O Lord,
E'en there I'll go with Thee.
And the other :
A voice upon the midnight air
Where Kedron's moonlit waters stray.
Some might wonder that he who wrote these hymns should
be the author of The Seat of Authority in Religion, the
conclusion of which leaves but the barest minimum of
historical "fact" in the accepted Christian record. But
Dr. Martineau was no iconoclast, delighting in his work of
destruction, and triumphantiy reckoning up the number of
idol statues defaced and columns overthrown. He did his
work with gentie, even reluctant reverence; and if the
earthly temple had to be destroyed, he strove to lay the
foundations of another not made by hands, eternal in the
heavens, and possibly to be yet reflected on earth as " the
Church of the future."
To Dr. Martineau's Huguenot ancestry may perhaps be
traced some of the sterner sides of his nature, his f ecurless
independence, his ready sacrifice of all and everything for
the tiruth's sake, his rapier-like thrusts in argument. But
the influence exercised by him over the minds and hearts of
men, women, and children flowed from his own individuality.
There was never the faintest bid for popularity. The test
of a public speaker's utterances lies in the effect they
produce when read, and here Dr. Martineau never failed.
The printed word has all the uplifting charm of the spoken
one; and yet who that ever heard him can forget the
inspiration of the far-seeing, upward gaze, and the rapid,
nervous diction, tempered ever by a professorial reticence
and dignity.
In the exquisite prayers forming part of the two con-
cluding services of the ten which he mainly compiled,
and of which these two are all his own, he petitions:
"Amidst the din of earthly interests and tiie storm of
human passions let the still, small voice of Thy Spirit be
inly felt, and, though all else declines, may the noontide
of Thy grace and peace remain." The keynote of his
teaching was, that if the letter killeth, the spirit giveth
life. He was the apostle of spirituality. To me he wiU
always remain one who walked thus earth as a spirit
clothed with flesh as but with a gcurment.
E. M. H.
O. p. Pym.
Enter O. P. Pym to the gallery of Fiction. " O. P.
Pym, the colossal Pym, that vast and rolling figure" —
these are the opening words of Mr. J. M. Bame's new
novel, Tommy and Orizel, now auspiciously begun in
Scrihner, Of course we are to be interested mainly in
Tommy, and yet Mr. Barrie must begin with Pym, cannot
keep his hands, as it were, ofE the great man, whom he
calls the king of the '* Penny Number." And worthy he
is of the tide ; there is notiiing pettifogging about Pym.
He ''never knew what he was to write about until
he dipped grandly." It is true that on the evening of our
first acquaintance with Pym, his publishers had removed
his boots in order to make it easier for him to finish his
work at home. That was mere routine. We find Pym
on his sofa at 22, Littie Owlet-street, Marylebone. We
say his soll^ because on this evening he happened to have
a sofa. His room at No. 22 was a movable feast, for
''he was a lodger who flitted placidly from floor to fl^oor
according to the state of his finances, carrying his apparel
and other belongins^s in one great amf ul, and spiUing by
the way." Let us look at Pym on his sofa. He "lolled,
gross and massive," with one leg over the back of the
sofa, "the other drooping, his arms extended, and his
pipe, which he could find nowhere, thrust between the
buttons of his waistcoat, an agreeable pipe-rack." His
yellow dressing-gown was pulbd up and concentrated
as a pillow under his head — and what a head I — ^big and
round, " the plentiful gray hair in tangles, possibly beoauae
in Pym's last flitting the comb had dropped over the
banisters. . . . There was sensitiveness left in the thick
nose, humour in the eyes, though they so often watered,
the face had gone to flabbiness at last, but not without
some lines and dents, as if the head had resisted the body
for a space before the whole man rolled contentedly down
hill." There you have the portrait of 0. P. Pym. Is it
not promiseful? Insensibly, almost, we glide into his
opinions :
He had no beard. " Toung man, let your beard grow."
Those who have forgotten all else about Pym may recall
him in these words ; they were his one counsel to Uterary
aspirants, who, according as they took it, are now bearded
and properous or shaven and on the rates. To shave costs
threepence, another threepence for loss of time — ^nearly
ten pounds a year; three hundred pounds since Fym*8
chin first bristied. "Vl^th his beard he could have bought
an annuity or a cottage in the country ; he could have had
a wife and children and driven his dog-cart and been
made a churchwarden. All gone, all shaved, and for
what ? When he asked this question he would move his
hand across his chin with a sigh, and so, bravely to the
barber's.
Pym's door is haunted by his publishers, " two little
round men," who represent the great public — which is to
say, the public of nursemaids and milliners and other
light, insatiable readers. It is a public that will not be
denied. Immense issues, commercial and sentimental,
wait on Pym to-night : the new story mu9t be begun.
But Pym has no ideas. The very plot of the story is
non-existent in Pym's brain. The crisis is becoming
unbearable, yet Pym declines to budge. " While all the
world waited, this was Pym's ultimatum : ' I shall begin
the damned thing at eight o'clock.' " To do Pym justice
the situation was sometimes reversed. When Pym had
the ideas, and the publishers had the money, Pym would
sternly demand his '* honorarium," which by the ag^reement
was not due imtil he had finished the tale. If his request
was not listened to, a chapter in the middle of his tale
would break oS. like this :
Several years have passed since these events took place,
and the scene changes to a lovely garden by the bank of
old Father Thames. A young man sits by the soft-flow-
ing stream, and he is calm as the sceoe itself, for the storm
has passed away, and Percy (for it is no other) has found
io January, £900.
The Academy.
67
au anchorage. As he sits musiag over the tMst, Felicity
steals out by the French window and pats her soft arms
round his neck. <<My little wife!** he murmurs. The
End, unleM you pay up hy mesBenger.
When Tommy became Pym's amanuensis he brought
diligence and ideas to 22, Little Owlet-street. The first
qu^dity was appreciated by Fym, who was much in need of
a careful person at his elbow. '^ Among the duties of this
amanuensis was to remember the name of the heroine, her
appearance and other personal details, for Pym constantly
forgot them in the nigat, and he had to go searching back
through his pages for them, cursing her so horribly that
Tommy signed to Elspeth to retire to her tiny bedroom at
the top of the house." No wonder that Pym, struck by
Tommy's worth, took more frequent walks round the
corner, and that his absences on business became more
protracted. Meanwhile Tommy's ideas were luxuriating.
He found out that Pym's characters were not flesh and
blood, and that opportunities for noble thought and
sagacious comment on the springs of human conduct were
neglected by Pym. Tommy, working on Pym's orders
al<>ue, began to exceed his instructions. ''With a nen
in his hand and woman in his head he had such noble
thoughts that his tears of exultation damped the pages as
he wrote, and the ladies must haye been astounded as well
as proud to see what they were turning into."
One day the inevitable happened. The publishers
called and told Pym that he was falling ofE. Pym dis-
missed them haughtily, and then sat down '' heroically to
do what he had not done for two decades, to read his
latest work."
At first Pym's only comment was : '* It is the same old
drivel as before ; what more can they want ? "
But presently he looked up, puzzled. " Is this chapter
yours or mine P *' he demanded.
*' It is about half and half," said Tommy.
** Is mine the first half P Where does yours begin P "
''That is not exactly what I mean," explained Tommy,
iu a glow, but backing a little ; " you wrote that chapter
first, and then I— I "
** You re- wrote it ! " roared Pym, " you dare to meddle
with " He was speechless with fury.
** I tried to keep my hand off," Tommy said, with dig-
nity, ** but the thing had to be done, and they are human
now."
** Human ! who wants them to be human P The fiends
seize you, boy, you have even been tinkering with my
heroine's personal appearance ; what is this you have been
doing to her nose P "
** 1 turned it up slightly, that's all," said Tommy.
** I like them down," roared Pym.
** I prefer them up," said Tommy stiffly.
** Where," cried Pym, turoing over the leaves in a panic,
** where is the scene in the burning house ? "
'* It's out," Tommy explained ; ** but there is a chapter in
its place about— it's mostly about the beauty of the soul
being everything, and mere physical beauf y nothing. Oh,
Mr. Pym, sit down and let me read it to you."
But Pym read it, and a g^at deal more, for himself. No
wonder he stormed, for the impossible had been made not
only consistent, but unreadable. . . .
** A few more weeks of this," said Pym, ** and we should
all three be turned out into the streets.'^
Tommy went to bed in an agony of mortification, but
presently to his side came Pym.
** Where did you copy this from P " he asked. *' * It is
when we are thinking of those we love that our noblest
thoughts come to us, and the more worthy they are of our
love the nobler the thought, hence it is that no one has
done the greatest work who did not love Gk)d.' "
"I copied it from nowhere," replied Tommy fiercely;
"it's my own."
Pym's real greatness begins when Tommy's is fore-
shaaowed. Already we knoyr that when Tommy's Letters
to a Young Man About to he Married took the town by
storm, and made Tommy the hero of a hundred draw-
ing-rooms, no one was more pleased than '^big-hearted,
hopeless Pym." We like 0. P. Pym.
Things Seen.
The Volunteen
He was fair and looked so youn^ that when he an-
nounced at the boarding-house dinner table that he
had volunteered for active service we did not take the
news very seriously. "Can you ride?" I asked. He
laughed, and said: ^'I begin the lessons to-morrow."
From that day forward he Hved in riding breeches and
a Norfolk jacket. He was always late for dinner, and
when he took his seat it was with a flushed face, elated or
depressed, according to the progress he had made in the
riding school. And still we did not take him very
seriously. It seemed absurd that such a stripling should
be going to the front, and on a horse too. Then he began
to buy Uiings — a telescope, a pocket camera, a knife that
could do twenty things and none of them properly, a tin
of acid drops guaranteed to be thirst quenching, and a
pair of khaki puttees, which pleased him more than
anything else. 1 believe he slept in them. Still we did
not take him seriously till one evening when he came back
in a state of great excitement, and told us that he had
passed in ridmg. We subscribed two shillings each,
and gave him a compass with a luminous face. A
few days later he told us tiiat he would sail on the follow-
ing Saturday. It was on tiie tip of my tongue to ask,
"Is your mother going with you?" but I refrained.
Even then I could not t£e his departure seriously.
Two nights before he left he distributed the more bulky
of his possessions. I received a patent trouser-press.
Later in the evening he sent a message, asking me to
come into his bedroom. It was littered with strange
clothes, and he was polishing a bayonet with a flannel
shirt. He introduced me to an elderly man with a pro-
fessional air and a pen in his hand. Lying on the table
was a document, headed "The Last Will and Testament
of ." I signed my name.
In War Time.
"Awful Disaster at Oolesberg! British Losses!" The
quiet Square awoke and shivered !
Then a girl in black stepped out from a little door in
the high wall adjoining the Convent.
It was my friend for whom I was waiting.
" You saw your sister ? "
"Yes. Oh, it's sad, sad," she broke out, in sudden
passion. " Not the mere seeing her behind the grille, not
being unable to put one's small gifts in her hand — one gets
accustomed to those things in seven years. Not even the
pity of her having given up a world whose opportunities
she had not guessed at in her three-and-twenty years ! "
I did not answer. What was there to say ?
"It is a small community," she went on presently.
"Twelve have taken the final veil and there are two
postulants. Of that number, six have brothers and cousins
at the War, not counting friends. One— Grace, my sister
— ^has two brothers and seven cousins. The rest have
friends. Last Sunday I went there for Benediction, and
aiterwards had a 'parlour' — that is, saw my sister. The
Mother, too, came in; her veil was, of course, lowered.
They drank in my news of the War like thirsty children ;
their interest surprised me. I searched my memory for
details."
She caught her breath.
" Here is my sister's letter," she said. " Head it."
I read by the light of a street-lamp.
" I must rely on you, dear one, to let me know all the
war news you can in your weekly letter. Even our Mother
does not get the papers. Occasionally some friend may
send a ' cutting ' — that is all. The men call their dreadful
news around our enclosure walls — so often, oh, so often—
68
The Academy.
20 January, 1900.
and with no other response than a most fervent prayer,
if one has the misfortune to hear them."
We looked back, in silence, to the black walls, behind
which, also in silence, fourteen women listened, and prayed.
''I told them the news to-day," my friend said ; ''but
to-morrow ? "
Outside the enclostire a remaining street hawker took
fresh breath and heart, and altered his cry :
" (Jrave Disaster ! Long Cas-u-al-ty List ! "
The Conductor.
With many others I was seated in an omnibus. The
time was 11 a.m., and the place a crowded thorough-
fare in the metropolis. Not very young, accustomed
to the country, and somewhat of a novice as regcuxled
town life, a sense of nervousness oppressed me as
we passed through one (to me) unknown street after
another, never apparently getting any nearer our various
destinations. My neighbours seemed to be possessed by
calm faith, and were content to leave themselves entirely
in the hands of the conductor, but I, being of an anxious
temperament, wondered often if I had taken the right
omnibus — ^if I were near my destination, and if I should
be able to secure a place when I arrived.
" Put me down at the City Temple," I said to the guard,
for the second time.
'* In course," he responded, a trifle impatiently. '' They
all gets out there." Then, turning to my opposite neigh-
bour, he continued: ''I was there myself, once, and my
what a time we 'ad ! We larf t and we cried, and we ^ad a
rare time. I'm goin^ again some dye when it's my turn
orf. You see," and ne lowered his voice confidentially,
'"im that preaches is so 'uman, and 'e's not so damned
serious as some of those parsons are."
He directed his eyes, almost unconsciously, to the unmis-
takable cut of my clerical clothes as he spoke, but I bore
the scrutiny with calmness, for a word — nay even a look to
the wise is sufficient, and I took home with me a lesson
which has since borne fruit.
On consulting Dr. Murray's New English Dictionary on
the word << enforced," I find Shakespeare's '' Bichard m."
quoted. Act III. Scene Y. line 9: '^Ghastly looks are
at my service, like enforced snules," not violaisd smiles. —
I am, &c., W. F. Golueb.
C orrespondence.
The Chastity of Flowers.
Sir, — It seems to me your recent correspondent " S. G. 0."
attempts a very extravagant reading in to Shakespeare's
touching lines. When me moon looks with a watery eye
the chastity of every little flower is maintained, not
violated. The most inappropriate word, violated, would
apply more to very fine weather, most favourable to the
seeding of flowers, just reversing the lament in the verse.
It is also making the flowers too much like human mortals
to lament a violation of chastity, which in nature is no
violation at all ; violation in such cases is only human.
It is impossible to read anything in to the beautiful
passages quoted, including Ferdita's :
Pale primroses
That die unmarried, ere they can behold
Bright Phoebus in his strength, a malady
Most inddeut to maids,
except in the sense that Shakespeare had an idea of the
sexes of flowers. The expression " every little flower " is
very significant, for centuries before in the East, in the
case of the date and the figonly, the analogy had occurred
(I ihink to Herodotus). The whole of Ferdita's talk on
flowers in Act IV., Scene III., of the " Winter's Tale " is
worth studying in this connexion, and the *^ streaked gilly
flowers," &c., might be read with the " Merchant of Venice,"
Act I. Scene III. line 72. I see no good reason why
Shakespeare should not have hit upon the poetic notion of
the sexes of flowers, and have given the men of science
the clue to be followed sixty years after. It is the only
interpretation to be put on his pathetic verse without
reading in to his words what is very far from being there.
A Translation.
Sib, — I am inclined to think that some of the artificial
forms popular in Spain present the g^atest task by reason
of their short lines, tneir simplicity, and their music.
Here, for instance, is a peUnera:
Por ti me olvid6 de Dios
For ti la gloria perdl,
Y ahora me voy a quedar
Solea triste de mi,
Y ahora me voy a quedar
Sin Dios sin gloria y sin
Por ti me olvide de Di
Por ti la gloria perdi
Will any of your readers translate it? With apologies
to the shade of Cervantes, who held such temerity to be
certain of disaster, I give you an attempt of my own, well
knowing that the best way to encourage others is by
showing a bad example. You will see that the sixth line
of the original (perhaps the best) has got away from me
altogether, while other failings are no less apparent.
But here it is:
For you I put G-od and all by,
To von I gave honour and all.
And now you have left me to die
Alone with the pains of my fall ;
And now you have left me to die
Without even hearing my call.
When for you I put Gk>d and all by,
To you I gave honour and all.
— I am, &c., Abthub Maquarie*
•* The Redemption of Egypt.'^
Sib, — ^In the notice of the above, which appeared in
your issue of Saturday. last, your reviewer writes : *' Such
elementary slips . . . should not have escaped the eye of
a Master of Arts, who can quote Herodotus in a transla-
tion."
It has been pointed out to me that these last words may
convey the impression to your readers that I have made
extracts from a translation of Herodotus. Will you allow
me to say that this is not the case ? The translations from
the Greek and other authors which are given m Ihe
Redemption of Egypt are. done by myself, except in the one
or two instances where the contrary is expressly stated in
the text or notes. — I am, &c.,
Jan. 15, 1900. W. Basil Wobsfold.
From a Reader.
Sib, — ^Two passages from two masters of literature were
recalled to me as I read your issue of last Saturday. Your
article on ''Made Writing" might have for its text the
maxim from Goethe : '' The duty of an artist is not to
make beautiful descriptions, but to describe beautiful
things." When I saw the exquisite couplet on page 9 —
Bad doth the rose and daidy, winter done,
But we» once dead, no more do see the son —
I instantly repeated to myself that pathetic wail of Horace
(Carm. IV. vii. 14) :
Damna tamen celeres reparaut coelestia Iudsb :
Nos, ubi decidimus,
Quo pater ^aeas, quo dives Tullus et Ancus,
PulviB et umbra somus.
— I am, &c., Fbank Walters.
Newcastle-on-Tyne : Jan. 8, 1900.
20 January, 1900.
The Academy.
69
New Books Received.
\_Thes0 noUt on. soms of the New Booh of the week are
preliminary to Review that may foUaw,']
The Complete Works of John
QowEB. Vol. I. By Q. 0. Maoaulay.
We have here the first volume of a work which promises
to take high rank in the esteem of students of romance
and of early English literature. It is singular that no
satisfactory text of (jK>wer's Confe%t%o Amantis exists,
although the means of producing such a text exist at
Oxford. At the desire of the Delegates of the University
Press, Mr. Macaulay widened the task which his personal
predilections had indicated, and consented to produce texts
of Oower's French works as well as his En^ish. Hence
the first volume is devoted to the French poems, par-
ticularly to the Speculum Meditantee or Mirour ie V Omme,
a didactic poem of nearly 30,000 lines. The second and
third volumes will contain the English works, and will
carry out Mr. Macaulay's main objed; — ^the publication of
the correct text of the Confeuio Amantis, A fourth volume
will contain the Vox Clamantie, and other Latin poems.
The entire work will be a monument of indust^ and
a demonstration of the splendid resources of the Bodleian
Library. (Glarendon Press.)
The DowifFALL of Spain. By H. W. Wilson
Mr. Wilson brings to the naval history of this war
the expert knowledge which enabled him to produce his
valuable work Ironelade in Actum, The attractiveness of
the theme to such a writer is greatly increased by the
abundance of data on the American side, so freely fur-
nished to all the world by the U.S. Navy Department.
Although Mr. Wilson's main object is to print matter
which diall be of use to the naval student, his work is
written on broad literary lines and with full appreciation
of the tragedy of Spain's utter helplessness. The book is
well equipped with diagrams and photographs. (Sampson
Low.)
HiSTOBio Parallels to l' Affaire
Dreyfus.
By Edgar Sanderson.
Mr. Sanderson undertakes to show instances in modem
history of '^ crimes not rivalling the Bennes atrocity, . . .
but procedures in which religious bigotry, popular panic,
and political rancour, singly or combined, played a leading
part." The narratives he offers are those of sufferings
of John of Bameveldt, who was beheaded in 1619 at The
Hague; the Eoman Catholic victims of Titus Oates;
Jean Calas, the Ptotestant martyr of Toulouse, who was
broken on the wheel on the false charge of murdering his
son; and Lord Cochrane, who suffered extraordmary
injuistice for assailing naval corruption, and was charged
with conspiracy. The book has onJi^ an adventitious
interest, but it is well and carefully prepared, and is as
readable as a novel. (Hutchinson. Gs.)
Lambkin^s Bemains. By H. B.
This book, by the author of Danton: a Study and The Bad
ChiWs Booh of Beaite, is not for eveiyone. But the Eev.
J. A. Lamblan, the fatuous uj^holder of English respecta-
bilities and upper-class traditions, is a delicious creation.
His essays on '' Success" and ''Sleep," his address on
« The Tertiaiy Symptoms of Secondaxy Education among
the Poor," his '' Sermon," and his " Axtide on the North-
West Comer of the Mosaic Pavement of the Eoman Villa
at Bignor," are full of delightful fooling. (The Pro-
prietors of the J» CM. at J. Vincent's, Oxfoid. 2s. 6d.)
The Mysteries of Chronology. By F. F. Arbttthnot.
'' This very slipshod work " is the author's own descrip-
tion of this book. His frankness need not be taken too
serionslyi it being Mr. Arbuthnot's opinion that to write a
really good scientific work on chronology would take about
fifty years. Here the reader, or the student, may find
clearly stated the most accepted facts about the date of the
Christian era into Europe, about the date of the introduce
tion of "Anno Domini,'' &c., &c. An interesting chapter
discusses in order the dates of the births, accessions,
and deaths of our English kings and queens from the
Conqueror down. (Heinemann.)
Vespers and Compline : By the Bev.
A Soooarth's Sacred Verses. Matthew Bussell, S.J.
In this and its companion volume, IdyU of Eill&wen,
Father Bussell has collected all that he wishes to preserve
of three volumes of verse now out of print. Many of the
verses in this volume deal with the lives and faith of
saints, as St. Patrick, St. Monica, St. Thomas Aquinas,
and others. (Bums & Oates. 3s. 6d.)
Missionary Travels and Eesearchss
IN South Africa.
By David
LrVINGSTORE.
This is the first volume in a new issue of the Minerva
Library, to which works not hitherto included will be
added. The book derives interest from the fact that it
contains Dr. Livingstone's account and indictment of
the Boers. The new dress of the Minerva Library is a
handsome one of red canvas, with gold design and lettering.
(Ward, Lock. 2s.)
On the Old Boad.
By John Buskin.
What Arrows of the Chaee did for Mr. Buskin's scattered
letters to the press, these three volumes do for his fugitive
articles. The first two volumes contain essays on A^ the
third contains literary and other matter. Many of the
contents are of great interest, as, for instance, ^'Pre-
Baphaelitism," first published as a pamphlet in 1851 ;
'^ Letters on a Museum or Picture Q-allery," from the Art
Journal, 1 880 ; " Eailways in the Lake District " ; << Samuel
Prout," &c., &c. (Allen. 3 vols., each 5s. net.)
A Manual of Church
Decoration and Symbolism.
By the
Bev. Ernest Geldart.
This book has evidently been a labour of love, but yet a
great labour. Its aim is to '* direct and advise those who
desire wor&ily to deck the church at the various seasons
of the year" and to offer ''the explanation and the his-
tory of the svmbols and emblems of religion." The
iUustrations fill many pages, and equally with the text
challenge the criticism of experts. Mr. Geldart is Bector
of Little Braxted, and is himself an architectural designer.
(Mowbray & Co. 10s. 6d. net.)
Child Life in Colonial Days. By Alice M. Earle.
Only Miss Earle could have produced this book, which
is a companion to her Some Life in Colonial Daye, Here,
as there, one is struck by the rarity and choiceness of the
material collected. Tears of seardi and reading, and of
what Emerson calls ''a catlike love of garrets, presses,
and comchambers, and of the conveniences of long house-
keeping," have gone to the making of these beautiful
memoirs. (MaomiUan. 8s. 6d. net.)
History of the Staffordshire
Potteries.
By Simeon Shaw.
Simeon Shaw, a not very flourishing author, published
this account of the Potteries in 1829. Despite its faults,
one of which is its fulsome compliments to everv manu-
facturer mentioned by him, Shaw's book was well worth
reprinting. It is full of information on ite subject, and of
topographical facts. A good unsigned introduction com-
mends the book anew to the world, and gives supplementary
information. (Scott, Ghreenwood & Co. : Pottery Oawette,)
70
The Academy.
20 January, QOO
In addition to the foregoing, we have received :
THBOLOaiOAL AND BIBUGAL. •
Smith (R. B.), The Epistle of St. Paul's First Trial (MacaaiUan A Bowob)
POETRY. CRITIOISM. AND BELLES LETTRBS.
Fruit (J. P.), The Mind and Art of Poo's Poetry (AUenson) 5,0
POETRr. ETC.
Hudson (Etev. J.)> Saint Augustine : Seatonian Prize Poem, 1890
(Macmillan A Bowes) net 8 '0
Marble (A. R.)( Natore Pictures by American Poets .^ (Macmillan) 6/0
HISTORY AND BIOGRAPHY.
Kirkup (T.), A History of Socialism (Black) 7/6
TRAVEL AND TOPOORAPHY.
Kinf^ley (Geo. H.), Notes on Sport and Travel (Macmillan) net 8/0
BDUOATIONAL.
Cambridge Series for Schools : Virgil, jSIneid, V. ; Xenophon^nalnsis. V. ;
Geometrical Drawing, Part I. ; Gcesar, De Bello Gsllico, Y. : Ovid, The
Tristia
Nicol (J. 0.), M. Tnlli Ciceronis (Oamb. Univ. Press)
Eve (H. W.), Abhalie (Camb. Univ. Press) 3/0
Ssrgeaont (John). Virgil— Georgica, Book IV (Blackwood) 1/6
Beak <Qi. B.). A Compeodiou<t German Reader (Blackwood) 2/0
KA8tner (L. E.), Si lect Passsges from Modem French Authors
(Blackwood) 2/6
CHILDREN'S BOOKS.
• Allen (Phoebe), Jack and Jill's Journey (Wells Grtrdner) 3/6
Lancaster (Veronica), Ann-Mary's Aftermath (Curtis)
MISCELLANEOUS.
Chicken (R. C), An Index to Deering's Nottinghamia, Vetos and Nova
(Frank Murray, Nottingham) net 10/0
Young (8. M.), Apis Malina: Verses Translated and Original
(Macmillan k Bowes)
Ellis (W.A.). Richard Wagner's Prose Works (Kegan Psul) net 12/0
Hayes (M. H.), Among Horses in Russia (Everett A Co.) net 10/6
Hasluck (P. N.), Glass Working (Oassell) 1/0
Parker (T. J.) and Haswell (W. A.), A Manual of Zoology (MacmiHan) 10 0
Allen (PhGebe)and Godfrey (Dr. H. W.), The Sun-Childreo's Budget. Vol. I.
(Wells Gardner! 3/0
WoTsfold (W. Bssil », The Problem of South African Unity (Allen) net /O
TAtf Fear'tf -4 r^ 1900 (Virtue) 8/6
NEW EDITIONS.
Raskin (J.>, Prspferits. Vol. HI (Allen* net 6/0
Whyte-MelviUe (G. J.». Holmby House (Ward, Lock) 3/6
Dickens (Charles), Bleak House (Temple Ed.) 3 vols , each 16
Craig (J. Duncan), Real Pictures of Clerical Life in Ireland (Stock) 6/0
Adeler (Max), Out of the Hnrly-Barlv : (Ward, Lock)
Ward (Mrs. H.)i The Hisiory of David Grieve (Newnes) /6
%* New Novels are aeknawUdged eUewhere^
Our Weekly Prize Competitions.
Result of No. 17 (New Series).
Last week we offered a prize of One Oaiaea for the best character-
sketoh not exceeding 200 words in length. Competitors ba^e found
this task difBoult. The best sketch sent in is the following by
Miss Gl«rtrude Winter, Beechwood, The Park, Hall, to whom a
cheque for one guinea has been sent:
A Rbal Abt Student.
He was a real art rtudent, and his name was Robinson. This he
protested against, and longed for even Brown or Jones, which it has
been proved m*y be made beautiful with prefixes and genius.
He was enthusiastic, and admired very nearly rightly. He was
broad-minded, because, thouirh his education was limited, he learned
continually and his power of sympathy was immense. " Think like
the man you're studyin' and you'll get the hang of 'im," was his
arflrument, and he put it into practice. Studying Nature, painters,
and students— thus he gained a great deal. He had not a large
vocabulary ; good things were either '* heavenly," "smart,* or "all
right," but his way of saying it allowed for a whole dictionary.
His " not much there," was equally sufficing when his contempt
was raised.
Of his own work we never knew exactly what he thonght — if we
praised it, he contradicted ; if we ran it down, he smiled. When
pleased, he sof Uy rubbed the back of his head, and a little tuft shot
up, stiffly signalling his contentment. An occasional theatre and
cigarettes were all that money could buy.
Att was his all. Happy fellow 1
Among other oharaoter-aketohes received are the following :
Thb Prboioub Gentleman.
The Precious Gentleman dwells on green slopes apart from the
world. His study is book-clad, and conspicuous in it are A^cauin.
and Nicoleta and a Froben folio of 1531. The glass of its windows
is tinted with pink, which to the Precious Gentleman paints a
blush on the ohmk of youngsters who sing an English song. In
the comer is a mechanical Pan which pipes soft Gregorians, and on
the table stands a silver-gilt Priapus, with outstretched hands
holding a phial of ink. The written words of the Predoos (Gentle-
man are arranged ai a collector of butterflies arranges his specimens
— ^they are impaled on the point of his pen and conveyed to their
allotted poritions on the paper. The Precious Gentleman's Lady is
Nature, or Nature and his lady are interchangeable, for the hills
that he sees on his walks will remind him of her, and a glimpee of
her beauty will set him thinking of bnnches of ripe cherries. His
mission is to supply mankind with " little sacred cells filled with
the gold of his stolen kisses." His food is the same as the food of
other people.
[0. £. H., Richmond.]
The Incobbigible Oompetitob.
Week after week he competes, goaded by some dim, mysterious,
indeterminate cBstrnm. It is not the poetic impulse which stirs his
blood ; he is as void of poetry as a blown nightingale's egg. It is
not desire of gain, for he never pouches the editorial guinea. It is
not love of approval, for he goes consistently unapproved. He
knows, dimly, that he is the victim of a debasing habit Every
Saturday he vows he will compete no more Every Sunday, every
desecrated Sunday, he traduces de Musset into d)girerel, concocts
anacoluthic anagrams, catalogues lists of books suitable for the
knapsack or the bedside, or begets epigrams without sting in head
or taiL That redeems him. He cinnot sting. Drive him to admit
that others carve cherry-stones more deftly than he, and his innocent
mind emits a schoolbov tag of immemorial Virgil : ** Non equidem
invideo, miror magis ! " Can you not see him with his patient smile,
devoid of all envious rivalry ? AUow him that thin praise, and
dismiss him to his hebdonuiaal, Sisyphean, inexorable, ineluctable,
inexpedible but not unpleasing task ; his one weekly reward, to see
in print his initials !
[ J. D. A , Baling.]
We have also received character-sketches from : A. E. C,
Brighton ; T. E. O., Brighton ; G. D , Harley ; E. U., London ;
S. W. (no address) ; E. C. M. D , Greditoa ; A. £. S.-H., Brighton ;
E. S. C, Redhill; G. C, Briflrhton ; H. J, Orouoh End; and
*' Scotia."
Prize Competition No. i8 (New Series).
This week we ask our readers to make \UU of six obsolete or
rarely used old English words which in their opinion might be
revived by authors with advantage. Portions of the review of
the New MnglUh Dictionary (Glass>ooach— Graded) which we print
on page 48 will show what we have in view ; but, of course, com-
petitors are in no way limited to the letter G.
To each word recommended should be added its meaning and the
briefest possible statement of its value, illustrated, or not, by a
quotation.
Rules.
Answers, «ddresBed " Literary Oompetition, Thjs Aoadbmt, 43,
Chancery-lane, W.G.," must reach us not later than the first post
of Tuesday, January 23. Each answer must be aooompanied by
the coupon to be found in the third column of p. 72 or it can-
not enter into competition. Oompetitors sending more than one
attempt at solution must accompany each attempt with a separate
coupon ; otherwise the first only will be considered. We wish to
impress on oompetitors that the task of examining replies is much
facilitated when one side only of the paper is written upon. It is
also important that names and addressed should always be given :
we cannot consider anonymous answers.
Our Special Prize Competitions.
QFor particulars see inside page of cover,)
Received : Martlet, Cabrion, Caeceliui, Rojc Haydon Bridge.
Special cloth oases for binding the half -yearly volume of
the Academy can he supplied for 1«. each. The price of the
hound half-yearly volume is 8«. ^d. Communications should he
addressed to the Fuhlisher, 43, Chancery-lane,
20 January. 1900.
Tl}e Academy.
71
READY, FRIDAY, JANUARY 26th.
THE GREAT NEW ILLUSTRATED WEEKLY NEWSPAPER.
Edited by CLEMENT SHOBTEB.
XIICES
SX
ESBrCES.
The First Number of THE SPHERE will be published on January 27, and will be obtainable
of all Newsagents and Booksellers, and at all the Railway Bookstalls.
THE S-P-H-E-V-E will contain the most interesting: pictures of the War in South Afrca.
from Sketches and Photographs by our Six Special War Artists.
THE 8-P-H-E-R-E will be a bright, up-to^ate paper for the home.
THE S-P-H-E-R-E will be printed by Messrs. EYRE & SPOTTISWOODE, the
Queen's Printers, on line paper, and will be got up in all respects in the very best style.
THE S-P-H-E-R-E win spare no expense to illustrate all current events of interest in the
finest and most artistic manner,
THE S-P-H-E-R-E win take its place In the front rank of Illustrated Newspapers, and
will be a distinct advance in illustrated journalism.
THE S-P-H-E-R-E win not be overcrowded with advertisements. It will appeal to everyone
who can afford to take in a sixpenny weekly paper.
ofir ofpeeia/ War ^rti4fy.
A number of the most distinguished Newspaper Artists, and of the most
famous Writers of the day, will contribute to THE SPHERE.
The WRtTBBH whoM work will be fnind in the First Volume include--
S. Baring-Qould
Robert Buchanan
Shan P. Bullock
Hall Calne
Robert W. Chambers
Miss Marie Corelll
P. Marion Crawford
Mrs. Andrew Dean
Austin Dobson
Qeorge Qissing
Thomas Hardy
E. W. Hornung
Jerome IC Jerome
Sidney J. Low
The
W. D. Almond, RI.
Stanley Berkeley
A. Birkenruth
Miss Maud Clarke
Oscar Eckhardt
J. FInnemore, RI.
Hedley Pitton
M. Qreiffenhagen
James Qreig
ABTI8T8 whoMe work wiU
, Miss Chris Hammond
Dudley Hardy, RI.
A. Standish Hartrick
John Hassall
Q. Orenville Manton
Phil May, R.I.
Sidney Paget
Wal Paget
J. Bernard Partridge,R
Maarten Maartens
A. e. W. Mason
P. Prankfort Moore
B. Nesbit
W. E. Norrls
Ouida
Max Pemberton
appear in THE SPBEBE
I Carton Moore Park
I Robert M. Paxton
Fred Ptfgram
Joseph Pennell
Ernest Prater
Charles Robinson
L*nley Sam bourne
W. T. Smedley
1. 1 Lancelot Speed
W. Pett Ridge
Adeline Sergeant
Flora Annie Steel
J. A. Steuart
Mrs. Humphry Ward
Charles Williams
include—
I Solomon J. Solomon,
I A.R A*
I B. J. Sullivan
Lance Thackeray
Hugh Thomson, R.I.
i P. H. Townsend
Edgar Wilson
T. WaJter Wilson, R.L
' W. B. Wollen, R.I.
OM SALE EVERYWHERE, FRIDAY, JANUARY 26ih,
Every Newsagent can supply it if it is ordered at once. He can procure all that may be
required if he orders at once, but he cannot ensure this after the date of the publication.
FOR a FAITHFUL PICTORIAL RECORD of the WAR see
Publishing Office: 6, GREAT NEW STBEET, LONDON, EC.
72
The Academy.
20 January, i oO.
0ATAL0QUE8.
SOTfltJEAN'S PRICfi CURRENT
OF LITEEATtJRB.
MONTHLY tilST OP KB WLY^PUaC EASED
SKOOND-HAND BOOK84
CKo. 6M), jast pabliahed for JiLNUAEY.
Feet freb f itom
fiENtlY BOTHBRAN A CO., BookseUen,
140, Stnnd, W.G. ; and 87, Piccadilly, W.
TTTILLIAMS ft NORGATE,
^ IMPOKTBB8 or rOKBIGH BOOKS,
14, Ranrtotta Btnat, Oovant Gaidan, M, Bontb rradtrtok 8t
■dinbwfh, ud 7, Broad BftrMi, Ozf ocd.
OATALOGDIB poti fna on apidioattoB.
FOREIGN BOOKS and PERIODICALS
promptly tappllad on modonta trnns.
OATALOGUBB ea appUoattoa.
DULAU * 00., S7» BOHO BQUABB.
• I
Has OPBNED an OFFICE at
1, SOHO SQUARE, W
Where he hat on Tiew a COLLECTION of
XV. & XVI. CENTURY BOOKS, EARLY
AMERICANA, &c.
The List of Unknown and Loal Books ii in Frepantion.
Ofllee Honra, 10-1 and ft-5.
W
HAT D»YB LACK?
Aik Mim MILLARD, of Teddiugton. Middlesex, for any Book
erer Issaed sloee the adrent of printing (however rare or plen-
ttfnl) up to the ywj last work published ; also for anj curio or
object ct interest under the canopy of heaTen. for she pride»
herself on being enabled, nine times out of ten, to supply these
wants. She has the largest assemblage of Misoellineous Bijou-
terie in the world, and is always a ready, willing, and libera
buyer for prompt cash.
**A MIGHTY BOOK HlTNTBE8S."-OonfinDaUonby a
gentleman of supreme eminence.
Sir UAaav Poland, Q.C., says: " He in faot wrote it so thai
she might use it, as he considered the books a great find. . . .She
will have achieved a wonderful success in book-floding."
If a book exists for sale In any nook on earth Miss MILLARD
(who positively will not fsil) will find it ; nothing daunts her
in this fascinating literary sport. Address all wants
Miss CLARA MILLARD, Teddlngtoo. MidJlesex.
BOOKS WANTED — 25s. each offered. —
StevtfiBon's Edinburgh, 1879— Tennyson's Poems, 1880^
SymondiTs Age of the Despots, 1S76— 8ymonds*s Bssavs, t vols..
I»0-flyinonds's Sketcht* and Htudifcs in Italy. 1879-Inland
Voyage, UTB— New Arabian NigbU, 9 vols, 188»-Hawbuok
Grange. 1847— Wild Wales, S vols., 1861— Moore's Alps in 1804-^
Sorope's Salmon Fishing, 1843— Crowe's Painting in Italy. 6
vols., 1884-71— King Olumpus : an Interlude. 1837. Rare Books
Bupplied.-BAKER'S GREAT BOOKSHOP, BIRMINGHAM.
IMPORTAMT.-PRIlfTING AMD FUBLDSHIMQ.
EWSPAPERS, MAGAZINES, BOOKS, ftc.
l^ —KING. BELL * RAIUX)M, Limited, high-elaas
Priattf* and PnbUsben, 11, Gooxh Bquara. 4, Bolt Ooort, Fleet
Stxwt.B.a. haTaspeoiaUy-tinilt Rotaiy and otherfast Machines
for prmtiag Ulustnited or other PubUoatlons and speeially-bullt
Mashtnea for fast folding and eovwlng 8, 16, M, or ta^age
Joamala at one operation.
Advloe and aaristsnoe given to aayooa wiihiagto oonuaeaee
Maw Joomaliu
Faellitles upon the prandfaa for Editorial Ofiositiea. AdT«>
tiling and PnbUahlng Departmsnts oonduotad.
Telspbone flBllL Telsgxaph ** afrioaniam, London.*
T ITERARY RESEARCH. — A G«iitleman,
A^ azparienoed in Literary Work, and who has aooass to tha
Britlih Moaeum Beading Room, is open to anaage with
Author or any person requiring assistanoe in Literary Ra.
•aaieh, or in seslng Work through the Prass. Translations
nadsTtakw from Franeh, Italiaa, or Spanish.-. Apply, by
letter, to D. C. Dallas, ISl. Strand, London, W.C.
TYPE-WRITING.— Anthora' MSS., Playe,
.Legal and Scientific Documents, Ac., at usual ratea
TrsadaUons fn.m ud into Foreign Languages.— W. T. Cdktis.
10, Haningay Park, Crouch End, London, NT
TYPE- WRITING promptly and aoooraiely
done. lOd. pn 1.000 words. Samples and referenoes.
MaU]-Ooples<-Adib«aB, Miss E. M.. 18. Mortimer Onsoent, N.W
TRAFALGAR LITERARY and TYPB-
WRITING BUREAU (DE MOMET A WALKER),
». Trafalnr Buildings, Northumberland Avenue, W.C —
Typing. Xhxplicating. Shorthand. Reporting. Translations
(all Languages). Literary Researches. Press (^tUngs.
V
NIYeRSITY of WALES.
MAfRICULAd^ION EJEAMINATION, WOb.
The Uniterrity Court will shortly appoint MATRICULA-
TION EXAMINERS as follows:-
sriUEon. racsssTT xiAKiirBBS.
English Language
}
'Professor J. W. Hales, It. A
Proftassor J. K. laughton. M. A.
of EngLuid an&
Wales
T^un / E. a. Shuokburgh. It.A.
^"* 1 •Professor E. A- Sonnensohflin. M.A.
Greek *E. D- Hicks, M.A.
Welsh Professor John Rhys, M.A.. LL.D.
French H. E. Berthon, B.-4B.-L.
Genutn "Professor Kuno Meyer, Ph.D., M.A
Dynamics *Profeisor G. M. Minehin, M.A., F.B.S.
Chemistry s •H. F. Morley. D.Se., M.A.
Botany Professor J. BJqrnolds Green, D.80., F.R.8l
The Examiners whose names are marked with a * have served
for the full period of three rears.
Particulars will be given oy the RaoistaAB of the University,
Brecon, to whom ap|ilicatlons must be sent on or before
January 30th, 190a
IVOR jAMEli,
Registrar of the University of Wales, Breoon.
December, 1890.
THE PRINCESS HELENA COLLEGE,
EALING, W.
Established 1890. Inoorporated by Royal Charter 1688.
Pre«ident-H.R.H. the PRINCESS OHRISTlAN.
Hich-ohiss education for the DAUGHTERS of GBNTLE-
MEN| as Resident «r Day Pupils. Prepanttion for University
' ~~ Spacious grounds. Supervision in
Ajsn. as JMSiaens or iMi]
and Art Examinations.
Training departmoit for kindergarten students in prepara-
tion for Froebel Union Examination for Teachers.
Therd is. a Home in oonniction with the OoMsge for K.G.
Students and for a few children under ten years of ago.
LENT TERM wiU begin MONDAY, January Mud.
MARGARET WILLIAMSON, Lady Filnclp«L
ST. PAUL*« SCHOOL.- An EXAMINA-
TION for FILLING-UP VACANCIES on the Founda
Uon will be held on the I8th. 17th. 18th, 19th and 99nd instant
For information apply to the Bcbsaa of bt. Paul's School.
West Kensington.
ROYAL INDIAN ENGINEERING
COLLEGE, Cooper^ Hill. Staines.
The Course of Study is arranged to fit an Bngfii^wr for Em-
ployment in Europe, India, and the Colonies. About 40
Students will be aiUnitted in September. 1900. The Seoretary
of State will ofTer them for Competition— Twelve Appuintmencs
as Anlstant Engineers in the Public Works Depsotmsnt, and
Three Appointmenta as Assistant Superintendents in the
TelMnraphs Department, Ore in the AooountanttT Branch
P.W.D., and One in the Trmflic Deiwrtment Indian Stale
ftallway.— For particulars apply to SacaitTARY at College.
lONDON LIBRARY,
Li ST. JAMES1B SQUARE, aw.
PAvaov— H.K.H. THE FRINCm OF WALES, K.G.
Paasmnr-LBSLIS STEPHEN, Em/
Vioa-Paasn>B«tB-Tbe Right Hon. A. J. BALFOUR. M.P.. the
Right Rev. the LORD BISHOP of LONDON,^HBRBiuiT
SPENCER, Esq. ; the Right Hon. W. E. H. LkCKY. M.P.,
D.C.L.
TausTBas-Richt Hon. Sir M. GRANT DUFF, Right Hon
^^2^SJ^^^^^ B^-» *-P- ^1>* Hon. MARL oi
ROSEBERT.
The Library oontaina about S00,ooo Volumes of Ancient and
Modem Literature, in Various Languagea. Subscriptioo, £i,
a yew ; Life-Membership, aooording to age. Fifteen Volomft
are allowed to Country and Ten to TownMembers. Readinp
Room Open till half-past «. CATALOGUE, Fifth Edition
S vols., royal 8vo, price Sis. ; to Members, 18s.
O. T^HAOBERG WRIGHT. LLJ>.^ Secretary and Librarlaa.
PORTRAIT SUPPLEMENTS
TO
''THE ACADEMY/'
Consisting of Thirty-seven PTiiraits of Old
and New Celebrities in Literatvre^ may
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sets for Ss,6d,, on application to the Office,
4S, CJiancery Lane, W,C,
IBTABUBHED 1881.
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RELATION TO THE UNSEEN.
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SngUeh Chur^wum.
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"A useful popular outline of the Evangelical
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the fact that the modem Roman in England is using
his Bible as an instrument of propaganda; and we
can confidently recommend Mr. Nichols's essay as a
usfl^ corrective to this Italian 'wresting' on the
plain words of Scripture."— Jbrorrf.
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The Academy
A Weekly Review of Literature and Life.
No. 1447. Established 1869.
27 January, 1900.
Price Threepence.
[RigisUrtd or a Niwspapir,'\
The Literary Week.
On Thursday ihe mortal remains of John Buskin were
laid in the churchyard of Coniston Village. The natural
wish that he should be buried in Westminster Abbey
could not be granted if his strict injunctions were
to be observed. Long ago he had said: '*If I die at
Heme Hill, I wish to rest with my parents in Shirley
Churchyard, but if at Brantwood, then I would prefer to
rest at Coniston." Among the floral tributes sent was a
wreath of true Greek laurel from Mr. G. F. Watts, E.A.,
with this message from Mrs. Watts: ''It comes from our
garden, and has been cut before three times only— for
Tennyson, Leighton, and Burne-Jones."
The following list, which we take from the Daily News^
shows the extent of the popularity of Mr. Buskin's books.
The list refers to those books only which are published
in a single volume. Modem Painters and Sianss of
Venice are still too expensive to be widdy popular. The
second book on the list, however, consists of selections
from Modem Painters, The figures give the number of
copies sold since the several books were republished in
their present cheaper form :
Mb. Busein possessed the original MSS. of three of
Scott's novels. From a child he m&. fed on the Waverley
novels, and his quotations from and allusions to Scott
woidd fill a volume. He was a boy when the series
was drawing to a dose, and he has written : '' I can no
more recollect the time when I did not know them than
when I did not know the Bible." Some of his judgments
on Scott's work are superbly downright in their admira-
tion. The Battle of Flodden in Marmion he thought
''the truest and grandest battle-piece that, so far as I
know, exists in the whole compass of literature ; the abso-
lutely fairest in justice to both contending nations, the
absolutely most beautiful in its conceptions of both." Of
certain of the Waverley novels he said that they "or^,
whatever the modem world may think of them, as faultless
throughout as human work can be," Although devoted
to Scott, Mr. Buskin had a fancy for modem stories of a
certain kind. The last book from which Mrs. Arthur
Severn read to him was Miss Edna Lyall's In the Golden
Bay%.
Sesame and Lilies
40,000
Frondes Agrestes
34,(00
The Crown of Wild Olive
31.000
Unto this Last
30,000
Seven Lamps
29.000
King of the Golden Biver
22,000
Queen of the Air
14,000
Time and Tide
13,000
A Joy for Ever
12,000
Moroings in Florence. . .
-11,000
The Eagle's Nest
11,000
Mb. Buskik's annual income from the sale of his books
was, for many years, on the average, £4,000. Yet
he did not " work " his writings for what they were
worth. New editions, which would have been highly
profitable, were delayed and delayed until the first editions
rose to fabulous prices. It is doubtful if he woidd have
approved the suggestion that the memorial to him should
take the form of an edition of his works at a price within
the reach of all. Mr. Buskin's private fortime, derived
from his father's capable and honest trade in sherry, was
enormous ; and it is believed that he gave away not less
than £200,000 in his life. He parted with material
wealth as one whose spiritual wealth was inexhaustible.
The touching details of Mr. Buskin's last hours recall
Lockhart's beautiful passage describing the death of Scott.
Into the sick room of Sir Walter came the sound of Tweed
pouring over her pebbles. Through the turret-window of
the room in which Mr. Buskin had just passed away came
the glow of the first sunset he had missea for many a day.
"The brilliant, gorgeous light illumined the hills with
splendour ; and the spectators felt as if Heaven's Gate itself
had been flung open to receive the teacher into everlasting
peace."
What were Mr. Buskin's methods of writiog? Mr.
M. H. Spielmann tells the readers of the American Book-
Buyer that Mr. Buskin disliked the drudgery of the pen,
and abhorred proofs, at reading which, indeed, he was a
poor hand. Mr. Harrison corrected his punctuation for
years, and even set right "strans^ irregularities in
grammar." He liked an inclined desk, and thought a flat
to.ble for writing injurious, but in after years he let this
doctrine go by the board. It is not surprising that he
liked to take a difficult task away to very peaceful sur-
roundings and there wresUe with it. Still, he soon tired.
J^, 4,u.^*M^ A. ^-
"-«:
o^cy^iUcT^ I MLo^f^TZ^M-i
^Ijrz^A. Ht.6U<A U*--^>^ ^^■^-^A^
J
UM-^
-^t-Wj yWt-A>«'^-*S| '^<-*CA-^-«-r^
J -^t-rT.-T.^ ^ ^t^-cd-^ -p-^JT^ OCA^^
i ^i .^^t^CJt^
^
.^
FBOM ONE OF MB. BUSKDt'S MAJNUSCBIPTS.
76
The Academy.
2*7 Januaryp i^oo
'^8ir Walter Soott," he said, ''wrote as a stream flows,
but I do all n^ brainwork like a wrun^ sponge." He
had his peculianties about payment for his work. When
he wrote a certain artide, to appear in the Magaatine ofArt^
he would neither ^e the article for nothing nor receive
its market price. Me simply insisted on " a penny a line,
neither more nor less." This article, on "The Black
Arts " (the arts of engraving, &c.)) from which we repro-
duce a sentence of the MS. in facsimile, will be included
in Mr, Spielmann's forthcoming biography of Mr. Buskin.
Mb. B. D. Blaokmobe was a writer who ever refused to
be gazed at bv the public for whom he wrote. He wrote
novels for a living, but grew pears and peaches for his
pleasure. The novels paid best. Yet even these, it may
be suspected, ow^ most of their success to the author's
descriptions of nature. Blackmore drew characters that
live, as John Bidd and Loma Doone and Clara Yaughan
bear witness. But the spell which he threw over his
readers is insepcurable from the West Country settings in
which he placed his dramas. He knew Devonshire and
all the morning and evening beautv of its lanes and
valleys, and his , own brisk delight m it went into his
writing. He created a Blackmore country, and tourists
have streamed thither ever since the days of Lama Loone,
Yet Blackmore was a Berkshire, not a Devon, man.
Mr. Blackmohe lived to be tired of the praises lavished
on Loma Boone, The success of that book was really
something of a millstone round his neck. He felt he could
not repeat it, yet he felt it was not his best. The devo-
tion of the public to Loma was a beautiful, yet maddening,
obstacle to further progress, which Blackmore never over-
came. Only in PerlycroM did he again seem to hit the
bull's-eye. Not long ago Mr. Blackmore saw his indocile,
unswerving readers snap up 150,000 sixpenny copies of
their first love. It grieved him, and he returned to his
peaches.
In its obituary notice of Mr. Blackmore, the Timet says
of Loma Boone : " Its merits were seen and appreciated at
once." This is hardly true of the publishers, for no fewer
than eighteen firms, it is said, rejected the book, which
the author put away in a drawer for a year. Nor were
the public much more discerning when the novel at last
appeared. They let it alone until the title got absurdly
mixed up with the marriage of Princess Louise and the
Marquis of Lome. From that day the book began to be
inquired for, and its merits soon won the recognition
Loma Boone deserved.
Ws have recorded in another column our deep regret at
the death of Mr. G. W. Steevens. The love and admira-
tion that he inspired is shown by the messages of con-
dolence that have flaedied to this country from djl over the
civilised world. He was buried at midnight, in order that
the officers at Ladysmith might have an opportunity of
attending his funeral. Loid Boberts, amid the engrossing
character of his present task, found time to telegraph his
sorrow. Lord Kitchener has made the following state-
ment to a correspondent of the Baily Mail:
I was anxious to tell you how very sorry I was to hear
of the death of Mr. Steevens. He was with me in the
Soudan, aod, of course, I saw a great deal of him and knew
him well. He was such a clever and able man. He did
hi:i work as correspondent so brilliantly, and he never
gave the slightest trouble —I wish all correspondents were
like him. I suppose they will try to follow in his foot-
steps. I am sure I hope they will. He was a model
correspondent, the best I have ever known, and I should
like you to say how greatly grieved I am at his death.
The Baily MaiJ^ towards the success of which Mr.
Steevens contributed so much, published the following
tribute from Mr. Henley :
We cheered you forth— brilliant and kind and brave.
Under your oountry*s triumphant flag you fell,
It floats, dear heart, over no dearer grave-
Brilliant and brave and kind, hail and farewell.
The following <' In Memoriam " lines aooompanied the
Morning Posfs memoir of Mr. Steevens :
The pages of the Book quicklv he turned.
He saw the languid Isis in a dream
Flow through we flowery meadows, where the ghosts
Of them whose glorious names are Greece and B ime
Walked with him. Then the dream must have an end.
For London called, and he must go to her,
To learn her secrets — ^why men love her so,
Loathing her also. Yet again he learned
How GKkL, who cursed us with the need of toil
Relenting, made the very curse a boon.
There came a call to wander through the world
And watch the ways of men. He saw them die
In fiercest fight, the thought of victory
Making them drunk like wine ; he saw them die
Woun^d and sick, and struggling still to live
To fight again for England, and again
Greet those who love them. Well indeed he knew
How good it is to live, how good to love,
How good to watch the wondrous ways of men —
How good to die, if ever there be need.
And everywhere our England in his sight
Poured out her blood and gold, to share with all
Her heritage of freedom won of old.
Thus quiduy did he turn the pages o'er
And learn the goodness of the gift of life ;
And when the Book was ended, glad at heart —
The lesson learned, and every labour done —
Find at the end life's ultimate gift of rest.
One word more. An old friend had set Stevenson's
beautiful lines to music :
Under the wide and starry sky
Dig the grave and let me lie.
*Glad did I live, and gladly die
And I laid me down with a will.
This be the verse you grave for me :
Here he lies where he longed to he;
Home is the sailor , home from the sea.
And the hunter home from tJie hUL
He said one evening at his happy home in Merton Abbe^,
before he started on his last journey, that, when out in
the Soudan, he crooned himself to sleep night after night
with those lines which had been set to music by his friend.
It is fitting that he should lie at rest out tiiere in the
spacious country, " under the wide and starry sky."
The American BoohmanU << Letter Box" contains the
following question this month : '' What is the significance
of the word decadence when it is applied to style?"
It may be worth while to preserve the answer furnished by
Theophile Gautier, to whose style, as also to Beaudelaire's,
the word was applied in the early fifties :
The style of decadence is nothing else than art
at that extreme point of maturity produced by those
civiUsations which are growing old with their oblique
suns — a style that is ingenious, complicated, learned, full
of shades of meaning and research, always pushing further
the limits of language, borrowing from all the technical
vocabularies, taking colours from all palettes, notes from
all keyboards, forcing itself to express in thought that
which is most ineffable, and in form the vaguest and most
fleeting contours ; listening, that it mav translate them,
to the subtle confidences of the neuropath, to the avowals
of ageing and depraved passion, and to the singular
hallucinations of the fixed idea verging on madness. This
style of decadence is tiie last effort of language, called
t>
37 January, i^oo.
The Academy.
n
upon to express eveiTihmg,. and pushed to the utmost
extremity. We may remind ouraehres, in connexion with
it, of the language of tiie later Roman Empire, already
mottled with the greenness of decomposition, and, as it
were, ^mey, and of the complicated refinements of the
Byzantine school, the last form of Greek art fallen into
deliquesoeDoe. Such is the inevitable and fatal idit»m of
peoples and civilisations where factitious life has replaced
the natural life, and developed in man unknown wants.
Besides, it is no easy matter, this style despised of x)edant8,
for it expresses new ideas with new forms and words that
have not yet been heard. In opposition to tiie classic
style, it admits of shading, and these shadows teem and
swarm with the larvcB of superstitions, the haggard
phantoms of insomnia, nootnmal tcorors, remorse which
starts and turns back at the slightest noise, monstrous
dreams stayed only by impotence, obscure phantasies at
which the daylight wonld stand amazed, and all that the
soul conceals of the dark, the unformed, and tibie vaguely
horrible, in its deepest and furthest recesses.
Mr. Oeobge Moobe has written a play which he has
called '' A Tale of the Town." It will be produced first at
a Dublin theatre.
• •
With this fair warning I can only say that I shall be
happy to see you here either as negotiator or visitor when-
ever you have half an hour to bestow on me,
'^ Happy to see you " is good.
NxxT week will be performed, for the first time, at the
Deutches Theatre, Berlin, Oerhart HauDtmami's new play,
'' Schluok und Jauch," written in the Suesian dialect The
plot is described as slight and fantastic — an elaboration
of Lamb's little chimney-sweep who found himself in a
ducal bed. Schluck and Jauch are boy and girl, and are
met on the country road by a fine company hrom the
neip^hbouring castle bent on amusing themselves. Schluok
is invited to the castle, and is treated as if he were a
prince. He succumbs to the dazzling illusion, but is
finally sent back to his native fields with Jauch for his
sweetiieart, and a cottage and fields for his support. The
burlesque scenes and situations evolved are said to be
distmctly oomicaL
Last October we gave some account of the retrospects
and prospects of M. J. K. Huysmans, and referred to his
intention to retire to Ligug6 to pass the remainder of his
days in solitude. It is now stated that M. Huysmans will
definitely join the Benedictine Order on March 19. ''On
that date," he says, ''I shall put on the clothes of an
oblate, and shall thus have mounted the first step of the
celestial ladder." We note, however, that M. Huysmans
does not intend to put off the clothes of a novelist As
an oblate, indeed, M. Huysmans will not have to wear Uie
dress of die order at all times, nor will he live within the
walls of the monastery. He will reside in his own bouse
at Ligug6, and one of his first occupations will be to
complete his biography of St. Lydwine of Schiedam, and
his novel, L^Ohlat.
HuTSMAVs' career has been a strange one. The routine
of many years' quill-driving at the Ministry of the Interior
did not weaken his capacity for violent mental and
spiritual experiences. In Zd-Bat Huysmans looked down
into &e fetid abyss of Parisian Satanism. Through
pessimism, mystioiBm, satanism, and what not, Huj^ans
reached Catholicism. It would be stupid and unjust to
question the sincerity of Huysmans' conversion, but one
feels that his is a Hf e that must be lived out before it
can be understood.
Mr. Edward Marston has this week given some in-
teresting reminiscences to the Ikiily CknmtcUn Oharles
Beade had a fine way with him when dealing with his
publisher. He wanted £3,500 for Mard Ca$hj and this is
now he wrote to Mr. Marston :
Dickens has pronounced it incomparably my best pro-
duction, and,, looking at the reseanm and laliour I have
bestowed, I should not be compensated by the sum I ask,
Mr. Marston seems to regret the demise of the three-
volume novel, and his view of the new six-shilling system
is compact and interesting :
The truth is this : of an average novel the libraries buy
as few as they possibly can, frequently not as many as
they used to buy in the three-volume form ; and if they
will not set the example the public assuredly will not buy.
I am aware, of course, that tnere are exseptions, but only
sufficient to prove the rule. In the three- volume days the
risk of producing an average novel was reduced to a
minimmn. Now it can hardly be produced at all, except
with a positive certainty of loss, for now there is nobody
to buy, and borrow they cannot, because the libraries
confine their purchases almost wholly to the books by
authors who have been fortunate enough to get a hold on
the public. All others — ^good, bad, or indifEsrent — are
alike shunted. This is, of course, good for the Ubraries,
but surely it is bad for young authors and too venturesome
publishers.
YoTTKO novelists and would-be novelists might do well to
ponder the advice just given by Herr Gustav Freytag to a
student who had sent him the MS. of a novel for his
opinion. Herr Freytag excused himself for not reading
the novel, and then wrote (his words have a direct
application to many a young man now in business, or in a
non-literary profession, who ** thinks seriously of taking to
literature ") :
Even if you possessed the greatest poetical power, and a
talent for narrative as great as that of Walter Scott,
Dickens, and others of the best, you ou^ht not at present
to think of putting your scientific studies into the back-
ground, ana risk your future existence on novel writing or
other poetical activity. You must first, by serious work
and the position it may make for you among your fellow-
men, ripen to manhood, and you must ^ain a certain
mastery over life before you can have the right to idealise
in an artistic work the fate of man. On the path you now
are inclined to follow vou will only reap disappointment
and probably a speedy deduie of your powers.
In the empty and uncertain existence of an *' author,"
you will only learn to know the time imperfeotiy and from
the wrone side. Observation alone does not edaoate a man,
it needs at)ove all a firm position in a circle of worldly in-
terests and dear duties. As a young author you would,
after a half -success, only be able to gain a tolerably secure
place as a journalist, a profession very unfavourable to
artistic creation. Mv warning is the result of what I have
observed during my life of the fate of many young writers,
and it is a truth wmdi I have repeatedly had cause to state ;
for the number of those who, like you, would like to choose
the pleasant game of free invention instead of the self-
denial and exertion of scientific research, is very great
Whether your talent is strong enough to sapport your
whole life, I can say as little as any other man. If the
impulse you have lasts, and the strength to carry it out, it
wiU in any case break through all obstacles ; and, if you
now do your nearest duty perfectly, you may trust the
future.
On this subject Mr. Andrew Lang is also pessimistic in
Longman^B Maganine. Nobody, he bewails, can give to
writers " security of tenure ":
There are good reasons why educated young men should
beware, more than ever, of drifting into either joumaUsm
or literature witiiout some more regular profession or
occupation or source of income. They may be super-
annuated at thirty-five, or the *< fashionable ace " may
come to be fixed even earlier. EvennoveUsts with a vogue
must see that a vogue is often ephemeral. Above all,
times unpropitious for the providers of mere luxuries are
coming upon us : and books are the first luxuries which
people cut down. The <* softness " of the penman's « job "
78
The Academy.
27 January, 1900.
attancts people ; it is amusing, too, and oSen a promise of
notoriety, if not of fame. Bat it becomes less and less of
a stable and permanent job; the recruit of to-day is a
veteran (and often not " a useful veteran") the day after
to-morrow. Lawyers, doctors, dentists are not super-
annuated so rapidly. My sermon is accurate, but, like
other sermons, will be unprofituble.
An Edgbaston correspondent asks for the autfaorBhip of
the following lines :
Thou art dead — who lived so well.
Thou art dead : but who can tell
Of the wondrous blood of ihee.
Enriched by thy fertility ?
In the veins of each sweet child
Buns a torrent undefiled, &c.
The Bev. Walter Hobhouse, head master of Durham
Grammar School, has been appointed editor of the
Guar MaUf in succession to Mr. Lathbuiy.
Bibliographical.
Buskin, Blackmore, G. W. Steevens, Oanon Dixon, and
W. E. Tirebuck — all have passed from us since this column
last appeared. In the case of Mr. Blackmore and Mr.
Steevens there is not much for bibliography to do, the
achievement of each having been limited — ^in the one case
from choice, in the other from necessity. In Mr. Buskin's
case the bibliographers had long been on the writer's
track. The author of Modem PainUrB^ like all great
modem men of letters, had enjoyed fame during his life-
time, and had had both his biography and his bibliography
'^ brought up to date." Canon Dixon, it is safe to say,
had no great vogue. His work in verse was known to,
and spoken kindly of, by a few, including Mr. Swinburne ;
but it will hardly attract much bibliographical enthusiasm.
The latest volume from his pen that I have handled was
his little collection of 8<mg9 and Odes, in the " Shilling Gar-
land " (1896). Previously to that we had had (in 1891) a
second edition of the most considerable of his performances
— 3fano : a Poetical History in Four Boohs^ which first saw
the light in 1883. In 1891 also we had the fourth (and, I
suppose, last) volume of his Church of England from the
Aoolitum of the Roman Jurisdiction, He is enshrined, of
course, in that elaborate '^ omnium gatherum," The Poets
and the Poetry of the Century, wherein he is celebrated by
that penetrating and authoritative critic, Mr. Alfred Miles.
But even that distinction, perhaps, will not secure to him
the popular appreciation which, I fancy, whatever they
may say, all verse-writers are anxious to obtain. Mr.
Tirebuck was a native of Liverpool, where he became
connected with the journalistic profession, and was for
some years on the staff of tiie Liverpool Mail, Some six
years ago he retired from journalism. He was the author
of some critical and biographical works, among which
may be mentioned Chreat Minds in Art, published in Mr.
Fisher Unwin's "Lives Worth Living'^ series in 1888.
He also wrote many novels, of which Saint Margaret was
the first.
Somebody with leisure should set to work and write the
history of the Literary or Dramatic Sequel. Mr. George
Alexander reopens the St James's Theatre on February 1
with Mr. HawJuns's dx^natisation of his own Rupert of
Senttauy and the manager aimounces that he will give,
during the " run " of " Bupert," afternoon performances
of ''The Prisoner of Zenda," so that those enthusiasts
who like to pass the afternoon and evening of a day in
Buritania can do so. This is excellent as an idea, however
it may prove in practice ; and one wonders why somethmg
of the sort has not occurred to somebody before. Have
modern playgoers ever been invited to witness in Uie same
twenty-four hours representations of the two parts of
"Henry IV."; or, still worse, the three parts of
''Henry YI. "? Something might be said, from tho
educational point of view, for p&ying "Julius OsBsar"
in the afternoon and "Antony and Cleopatra" in the
evening of a day; but exertion of that sort is im-
possible, perhaps, to anybody but schoolgirls. Could any
average person survive immediately-successive perform-
ances of "Our American Cousin" and "Lord Dundreary
Married and Setaed," of "The Ticket-of-Leave Man"
and "The Ticket-of-Leave Man's Wife," and other such
daring combinations? In the case of prose fiction, the
thing is different. If the sequel in book form bores you,
you can put it down.
My reference last week to the late Mr. C. P. Mason and
his educational works has brought me several interesting
communications— one, for example, from an experienced
schoolmaster in the N.E. district, who testifies eloquently to
the merits of Mr. Mason's books on English nftrnmar;
another, from a dweller in County Down, Ireland, who
was a pupil of Mr. Mason's at Denmark Hill Grammar
School between 1853 and 1857, and who evidently has
many pleasant recollections of his stay there. " Living in
this part of the kingdom," he writes, "I have, through
all these years, heard little or nothing of our old school-
master or of any of my schoolfellows. Would it be possible
to get the ' old boys ' of Denmark HiU together ? I would
go all the way to London for such a re-union." I should
be very glad to hear from " old boys " on this subject.
Two correspondents cure so kind as to address me on the
subject of my remarks on a proposed selection from Mr.
George Meredith's prose epigrams. Both remind me of
the production in Boston, U.S.A., in 1888 (with an intro-
duction, fifty pages long, by Mr. B. F. Gilman), of an
anthology called Th^ Pilgrim^ s Scrip ; or, Wit and Wisdom of
George Meredith, I was, of course, aware of the existence
of that book, though I have never seen a copy of it. And
one of my correspondents, writing from Edgbaston,
Birmingham, says: "It may serve to illustrate the short
term of life books have in America, when I say that I
searched New York and Boston for a copy of this some six
or eight years ago, and even in the puolisher's own shop
was unable to find one."
I can quite believe that " Mr. Bichard Mansfield, the
New York actor, has written a volume of essays composed
of studies in dramatic literature and other matters dealing
with the stage." Mr. Mansfield is a very clever man, and
particularly nimble with his pen. I have on my shelves
a play which he wrote (and produced in America) on the
subject of Don Juan. But why call him " the New York
actor"? He is not an American. His youth and early
professional life were spent in England. He was educatea
at Derby School, and learned his "art" in the British
provinces.
Prof. Goldwin Smith is showing great cerebral activity
in his old age. The other day he gave us two solid
volumes on the United Kingdom, and now we are pro-
mised one on Shakespeare the Man, That naturally reminds
us that we still await Mr. Frank Harris's book on the
same subject and with the same, or nearly the same, title.
Why tarrieth it ? Invincible is this desire to penetrate
into the personality of the Bard, despite Matthew Arnold's
confident assertion that it is not to be discovered. I
remember that Mr. Gerald Massey used to lecture a good
many years ago on " The Moral Shakespeare." But Mr.
Arnold was right, I believe, after alL
It is pleasant to know that " The Gk>lden Legend " (not
Longfellow's, i'faith) is to be included in the pretty
" Temple Classics," and that the text will be vouched for
by Mr. F. S. Ellis. There is evidently a revival of
interest in the work, for it is only fifteen months or so
since an elegant little volume, callea Leaver from the Goldttn
Legend, was put upon the English book market. Mr.
Ellis's text, I take it, will be complete.
Thb Bookwobh.
27 January, 1900.
The Academy.
79
Reviews.
Theology of the Day.
ChrUtian Ifyttieistn (Bampton Lectures for 1899). By
William Ealph Inge, M.A. (Methuen. 12s. 6d. net)
Idealwn and Theohgy : a Study of Premppositimu (Donellan
LectureF, 1897-8), By Charles F. d'Arcy, B.D. (Hodder
& Stoughton. 6s.)
The Apottle PouPb Reply to Lord Halifax. By Walter
Wynn. (EUiot Stock.)
A Free Inquiry into the Origin of the Fourth Ooepeh By
P. G. Sense, M.A. (Williams & Norgate. 7s. 6d.)
Introduction to the New Testament, By F. GK)det, D.D.
Translated by William Affleck, B.D. (T. & T. Clark.)
The First Three Gospels in Qreek^ Arranged in Parallel
Columns. By Colin Campbell, D.D, Second edition.
(Williams & Norgate. 5s.) -
Mysticism, in its wide sense — the immediate stretching
forth of the soul towards the Divine — is an air breathed
by all religions, alike of East and West. Christian mys-
ticism, in these Bampton lectures, Dr. Inge traces through
St. Augustine and Piotinus (who, outside the Church, was
the pmecter of Platonism) to Plato, ''the father of
European mysticism '' :
Both the great types of myotics may appeal to him —
those who try to rise through the yisible to the inviriUe,
through Nature to God, . . . and those who disfcrnst
aensaouB representations as tending " to nourish appetites
whioh ought to starve," who look upon this earth as a
place of banishment, upon material thmgs as a veil whioh
hides GK)d's face from us, and who bid us '* flee away from
hence as quickly as m<iy be," to " seek yonder," in the
realm of the ideas, the heart's true home.
The true Christian mvsticism is distinguished from Pla-
tonism pure and simple, inasmuch as it *' follows St. Paul
in choosing as its ultimate goal the fulness of Christ, and
not the emptiness of indifferentiated Godh^td."
In an appendix to this learned and temperate treatise
Mr. Inge considers the erotic mysticism to the revival of
which, particularly among English Roman Catholics, so
great an impetus was nven by the appearance of Mr.
Coventry Patmore's Unmoum Eros odes ; though of Pat-
more the Bampton lecturer has nothing to say. His
conclusions are eminently sane and uninteresting :
. . . We are forced to remember that in our mysteriously
Gons'itated minds the highest and lowest emotions lie very
near together; and those who have chosen a life of detach-
ment from earthly ties must be especially on their guard
against the '* occasional revengHS " which the lower nature,
i^en thwarted, is always plotting against the higher.
In Idealism and Theology the Eev. Charles F. d'Arcy
reviews the fundamental doctrines of the Christian religion
from the standpoint of modem idealism. ''Christian
theism is the final philosophy " — so boldly does he enun-
ciate his thesis. To him idealism is " the true stepping-
stono to an appreciation of the philosophic value of
theology." Christian theism is to be established "bv
making use of idealism to gain a higher position." AU
that is valuable in idealism " will be found to have taken
its place in the higher system." It is not possible to do
more in this place than to indicate the standpoint of this
notable book. Materialism, as a system, no longer holds
what it had won. The fallacy it involves inevitably
betrays itself to the earnest thinker. Matter may, indeed,
win recognition, but its recognition implies a something,
not itself, which recognises it and reasons about it. And
that—call it mind or spirit — is,- therefore, logically ante-
cedent to it — nay, we are within our right in going further
and prodaiming matter to be altosether contingent. We
may, if wd like, suppose it realfy to exist; but all we
perceive is our own sensations and the relations between
ihem. " Matter is thus explicable in terms of mind, while
mind is not explicable in terms of matter."
Is the world, therefore, phuitasmal — a mere show of
fireworks let off against a background of nothingness f
No, it is real ; for it is a common possession : the appeal
is to the experience, not of one, but of many. For at this
point the idealist breaks away from the tyranny of mere
logic, which would identify the universe with the indi-
vidual percipient, and acknowledges himself to be one of
many similar beings. Finally, as the idealist teaches that
every element in the material world implies a spiritual
principle which makes it possible, so Mr. d'Arcy seeks
" to make plain the principles which underlie the possi-
bility of a spiritual universe in which mind stands over
against mind and will against will." This design he
works out with an ingenuity that may or may not carry
conviction to the reader — ^for in this matter temperament
is everything — but must certainly excite interest and
admiration.
We step down on to another plane in opening The Apostle
PauPs Reply to Lord Halifax. The general aim of the Bev.
Walter Wynn, its author, may be gathered from the title.
The Epistle to the Galatians is an ea^er protestation of the
liberty of Christians from the vexatious ceremonialism of
the Jewish law. It is possible to apply the argument of
its writer against ceremonialism in the Christian churches,
at least by way of analogy. Quite a strong case, as is
fully realised by the apologists of sacerdotal Christianity,
may thus be made out. But Mr. Wynn seems not to
understand that the Apostle is addressing himself to the
consideration of one particular ceremonial system; and
further, that the argument from analc^y can render, at the
most, but a probable conclusion. His manner^ too, is
unfortunate ; it is singularly ill-fitted to persuade. Neither
can one who reverences the genius who did more than any
one man, save his Master, to mould the mind of Christen*
dom, easily stomach the wordv, acrimonious paraphrase by
which Mr. Wynn, projecting himself into the person of the
Apostle of the Gentiles, would present to the English
Church Union the true sense of his deathless words.
Besides, Mr. Wynn lets his prepossessions run so furiouslv
away with him ! St Paul wrote : " Paul an Apostle. . . ."
In die course of six solid pages of elaboration, we read :
" Peter did not ordain me, nor James, nor any of the church
officials at Jerusalem." Upon whioh two comments may
fairly be made : that the writer of the Epistle does relate
that at the conclusion of his three years' retreat in Arabia
(upon which he entered shortly after receiving a revelation
of his apostolic commission on his way to Damascus) he
went up to Jerusalem, and there for some time remained in
communion with Peter and other " church officials " — ^at
which time he may very well have received hofy orders by
the layinff on of nands ; and, secondly, that the denial of
his apostolate does not imply a negation of his priesthood,
any more than — ^to take an historical parallel — ^in the days
of the Great Schism the refusal to recognise a certain
papal election implied a doubt as to the episcopal consecra-
tion of the putative pope. Of course, it is not for a reviewer
in a secular paper to set himself to prove any theory of the
Christian nunistry. Our attitude towards the questiona
which rend the National Church at this moment is neutral.
Judging Mr. Wynnes paraphrase, therefore, merely upon
its merits, we find it ill-adapted to win assent from taoseto
whom it is addressed, and too bitterly declamatory not to
meet with a welcome from the more violent of those whose
views tally with his own.
Mr. Sense is a man with a theory, which he would
crown with a practical corollary. His theory is that the
Gh>spel known by the name of &e Beloved Disciple was in
its main outline the composition of Cerinthus. Now
Cerinthus was a heretic ; whose teaching, as we leam from
IrensBUs, was in effect, that upon the man Jesus descended
at His baptism, in the form of a dove, Christ — an emana-
So
The Academy.
27 January, ".goo*
tion from the Deity ; that at the crucifLzion Christ went
forth out of the person of Jesus, Jesus died. The author
of the Fourth Gospel narrates the descent of the form of
a dove upon Jesus at His baptism ; he says nothing of the
dove's going forth. And here it is that Mr. Sense, break-
ing boldly away from the traditional respect for the
written word, proposes to supply (in xix. 34) for ^' forth-
with came idiere out blood and water" — ''. . . and a
dove." This startling suggestion he backs by a reference
to the authentic history of the martyrdom of Polycarp,
bishop of Smyrna in the second century, which throughout
preserves a remarkable parallelism with the Fourth Gos-
pel. There it may be read — ^for despite the ingenuity of
mvstified commentators the phrase has survived — ^now,
when the flames failed to consume the old man's body, the
executioner pierced it with a sword and '' there came forth
a dove ana a quantity of blood." Having made his
emendation, Mr. Sense goes through the whole Evangel
with a blue pencil, scoring out the passages inconsistent
with his hypothesis. These inflations he attributes in
bulk to a revision *' committee " assembled under Ireneeus ;
and a good deal of rather intemperate language is poured
out upon the head of these unscrupulous clergymen. At
this point Mr. Sense works himself up into hot an^er
against a principle which he desi^^tes, by a vocable
unknown to Dr. Murray, Credomsm. This nefarious
spirit he discovers at the root of most social evils. He
proposes, therefore, the foundation of a society for the
practice of Christian virtues (we seem to have heard of
something of the sort before) from which even bishops and
deans shall not be excluded, but onlv their distmctive
dress. Also that the practice of confession among Roman
Catholics shall be created a criminal offence. Mr. Sense
thinks '^ there would be no difficulty " in enforcing this
regulation. In spite of his many lapses from good taste
and practical wisdom, from correct grammar and or-
thography (the habit of writing '^ impassable " when he
means '^ impassible " does not inspire us with confldence
in our theologian), Mr. Sense has written an interesting
and suggestive book.
Of a veiy different temper is Dr. GK>det's Introduction to
the New Testament, of which we have from the hand of Mr.
William Affleck a tolerable translation of a part of the
second volume. Dr. GK)det's first volume comprised the
Pauline Epistles. The present instalment discusses the
origin of the four Gospels, and treats in detail that accord-
ing to Matthew. Dr. GK>det rejects the theory which, in
various forms, is fi;enerally favoured by exponents oi the
Higher Criticism both in this country and upon the Con-
tinent— that, namely, which derives &e Synoptic Gospels
mainly from two sources: the writings of Mark for the
narrative parts, and the ** Sayings " of Matthew for the
teachings of Jesus. Also, with Zahn {Hietory of the Canon
of the New Testament), he attributes the formation of the
tour-fold Gh>spel, not to the second half of the second
century, but to the end of the first. He sees the three
authentic biographies emerging from the crowd of more or
less puerile documents in which the wilder spirits had
clothed their fancies, and receiving at Ephesus the seal of
the last of the apostolic band. In the fourth he discerns a
document from the hand of the Beloved Disciple himself,
designed especiallv to supplement from the treasure-house
of his memoiy the scanty record of those three years'
teaching. Thus the umveisal Church, by a kind of instinct,
singled out those pictures of her Founder which the cor-
roboration of 1800 vears has approved. In the quadruple
Gospel is revealed me Christ in four several aspects :
That Christ of Matthew, in whom are revealed the riches
of the work of God in the past of Israel ; that Christ of
Luke, a living germ of ttie ftdure of the regenerated
world ; that Christ of Mark, acting, speaking, living before
our cr^es in His glorious and incomparable present ; in fine,
that Christ of John, hovering above the past, the present,
and the future, like the eternal God whcse image He ifl.
The Decadent Cuckoo.
Our Common Cuckoo, and other Cuckoos and Parasitical Birds.
By Alexander H. Japp, LL.D., F.E.S.E. (Burleigh. 6s.)
Dr. Japp has here fulfilled an ambition he shares with
other modem naturalists — ^viz., to write a long book about
the cuckoo. To our elders it was a poet's bird: " Loud
orieth cuocu" was spring's unmistwable symbol, and
this went on till past Wordsworth's day. But Dr. Japp's
interest is more scientific than literary, and he doubts if
the bards of old would have dared to glorify the bird had
his history been known. It is testified by infallible signs
that the nation of cuckoos is in decay. First, the males
outnumber the females to the tune of seven to one, say some
naturalists ; others have it twenty. This saps all virtue,
for as is well known the domesticities count for as much
among the citizens of the air as amone us poor plumeless
ephemerals. The most affectionate of birds is the bullfinch
— ^tender to his wife, kind to his children, faithful even to
a human friend, and, as might be expected, he mates for
life. When the last scarlet hips are rotting on the bare
hedgerow, you may still see him and the wife he courted
in we ^^reenwood eating and roosting together. But the
cuckoo IS at the other end of the scale. He has not the
decency to stick to his wife even for a season, and she
spends summer flirting with a succession of males, and laying
eggs from about the 9th of April to the middle of June.
A lady robin or hedge-sparrow, Imowing that she will have
to feed and nurse her offspring, takes care that they shall
not number more than four or five. The cuckoo doesn't
care. Without makins^ a nest she lays her eg^ at the
hedge root, and then flies with it in her mouth to the first
home that comes handy. She does not even inquire into
the character of the nurse, since her e^^ has been found
among those of over a hundred species, ranging in size
from the wren to the wood-pigeon. From so carolees and
disreputable a parent is it reasonable to expect any but a
monstrous progeny ? But the young cuckoo, though
wicked, is mteresting. Indeed he presents to students of
evolution a problem that becomes more difficult and
fascinating as the facts become more fully ascertained.
When newly out of the shell, the naked, feeble, sprawling
monster proceeds to shoulder his foster chicks or eggs out
of the nest. Long after Jenner's famous observation
naturalists refused to believe a story so contradictory of
nature's usual methods. If true it meant that an incal-
culable number of our sweetest and most harmless birds
are annually sacrificed to preserve the worthless cuckoo.
Further, it is a cardinal doctrine of evolution that a
counter instinct is developed to meet every destructive
one. Here there is nothing of the kind. Mr. Japp is not
only able to reproduce the testimony of witnesses like Mrs.
Blackburn and Mr. Hancock, and Mr. John Craig and Mr.
Scot Miller — ^who show the process by a series of instan-
taneous photographs — but he furnishes proof that the
mother acquiesces in this murder of her rightful progeny,
and lavishes her kindness on the usurper. So much is
now placed beyond the region of controversy. There are
naturalists who go further, and say with Tom Speedy that
a littie bird like the wren will sometimes starve itself to
feed the big foster-child, and though this is probably an
over-statement, it is certain that many species take kindly
to nursing the young cuckoo. Equally well known is it
that litde birds will sometimes mob an old one, as they
do a hawk or an owl.
There is much about the cuckoo that, though curious,
is open to plausible explanation. The present writer is of
opinion that in regard to variation in cuckoos' eggs there
has been much exaggerated writing. Withm limits,
variation occurs in the eggs of every species of bird ; but
a collection of nearly two hundred cuckoos' eggs made in
the Home Oounties during the last three or four years
shows no such difference in the markings as a merely
book student might expect to see. That a cuckoo can
J
2j January, i^oo.
The Academy.
8i
adapt her egg to match in oolour those of a particular nest
we belieye to be a fable. Many of those reierred to were
placed in the home of the hedge-sparrow ; but not one is
blue. One cannot dispute that a cuckoo might produce
oggB of this oolour, but, though Dr. Japp fully accepts it,
the evidence of Messrs. See^hm and Mwes is not con-
clufiiye. It amounts to this, that they beHeved that on
breakiiig one they found on Ihe embryo the characteristic
zygodactile foot of the species. But how easy to make a
mistake when dealing with the very tiny foot of a chick
found in an egg remarkable for its smaUness ! At any
rate, a blue cu&oo's egg is most rare.
But the murderous instinct of the nestling leaves a
question unsettled in natural history. It ccmnot be in-
herited. If , as is generally supposed, the migration of
the cuckoo shows that its original habitat became unsuit-
able, we may assume that in prehistoric times it hatched
out its own younff. In India and America the species
does so still, uiougn Dr. Japp insisto on the evidence tiliat
parasitism is growing among them too. At what period,
then, in this decaying process does the nestling begin to
^ect those who would o&erwise shorten its fo^ supply ?
To say that the instinct is supematurally implanted would
be tantamount to asserting that, with one bird at least,
the spirit of evil had had his way ; and the evolutionary
hypothesis is equally at fault. There is nothing to fit tike
case. Perhaps some brilliant Darwin of the future may
be able to suggest an adequate explanation. In the
meantime, Dr. Alexander Japp has done excellent service
by getting together this body of definite and trustworthy
information. We are sorry not to be able to congratu-
late him on his illustrations — some of the more interesting
are badly reproduced, and the Hst at the beginning is
incorrect. There are no pictures on p. 28, and Mrs. Black-
bum's drawing is on 13, not 15.
** Battles Long Ago.''
Ths Franco^ German War^ 1870-71. By Generals and other
Officers who took paort in the Campaign. Translated
and Edited by Major-Gtoieral J. F. Maurice and others.
(Sonnenschein. 21s.)
Aftkb the arid Official History of the Campaign of 1870-71
had suffidentiy bored even a^ent soldiers, a desire arose
for a popular account, in which the living forces, national
and mdividual, that '^rode the whirlwmd" should be
more vividly realised. This book, now first made English,
is the result. It is an admirable performance, resplendent
with knowledge, dignity, and conscience. It must take a
foremost place in every military library. But we cannot
say that even this book, despite its many and crying merits,
appeals to us primarily as a plastic himian record. For
ite himian agency is occasionally as impersonal as its
events, and both, amazing as they are, astound us with a
sense of Brobdignagian machinery. We are oppressed by
the whirr and clang of innimierable wheels ana hammers
doing their appointed work with the god distinctiy out of
the contrivance.
But here and there souls whom one can visualise take
shape in the crowd of mere names. General von Hart-
mann. Commander of the Second Bavarian Corps on the
field of Worth, presented the painter Bleibtreu with an
unconscious portrait of himself toat challenges comparison
with the choicest of its kind. He wrote :
It was a heart-stirring thought for me that I had been
present at the battie of Waterloo in 1815, and that I had
hi 1870-71 led an army corps against the enemy, on the 6th
of August, in my seventy-sixth year ; that I had remained
on horseback for fully seventeen hours, at Froschweiler,
Heiohshofen, and Kiederbronn, and had had no food all day
except a piece of the privates' black bread. I was enabled
to do this by the great cause for which I fought. On my
jubilee day, on the Ist of December, all the cherished remi-
niscences of the campaign, of the kindness and hearty
sympathy which was shown me in every quarter, and espe-
cially by the Grown Prince, came back to me and found
expression in words of heart-stirring joy and deep gratitade.
The wreath of laurel which my most gracious master sent
me at Chatenay, by his Excellency General Blumenthal, lies
iu my room, on a vase made by Benvenuto Cellini, and the
Prince's honour-conferriug words, carefully framed, are
hung up near it. I thank the Almighty for this beautiful
evening of my life, and my prayer is that it may in no way
be embittered.
Night has closed over the glorious old man, and in the
day that has since dawned ms Worth seems as obsolete as
his Waterloo. Nearly thirtv years ago a child pored over
a slight contemporary record of the war, full of pictures.
Now the same eyes explore the pages of this weighty
history, again in search of pictures. There is a riotous
abundance of them, and they are so much alive as to
supply the vitality we sometimes miss in the text. But as
combat after combat is disclosed, one is haunted by the
notion that one views the batties of a lapsed warfare.
Cataracts of sabre and cuirass rave around clubbed masses
of men fringed with fire and volleying multitudinous
smoke. Hundreds of acres are ridged with bayonete,
and at the centre of each frantic line dance the delirious
colours. Armies face armies with a turnip-field between
them, and blaze away like princes at a battue. Officers
cross blades at the heiad of tneir battalions like champions
in a ballad. And while the majesty of the catastrophe
is Miltonic, huge bodies of troops move, as troops probably
will never move again, save in destined error, in Miltonic
^^ rhombs, and wedges, and half -moons, and wings." For
it is more than possible that the Arcadians of the Veldt
are teaching the nations a neW|Art of War.
History for the Greneral Reader.
The United Kingdom : a Political Hi9tory, By GK)ldwin
Smith, D.C.L. 2 vols. (Macmillans. 15s. net.)
Some years ago a team of English cricketers had returned
&om a tour in Canada, in the course of which they had
spent a few days at Toronto. An Oxford tutor asked his
pupil who had been of the company, whether they had met
Uoldwin Smith. '^Oh," said the ingenuous youth, *^we
did meet an old fellow called Smith, who talked a fearful
amount of rot." An older generation recalls the brilliant
Professor of Modem History at Oxford, and the Joint
Secretary with Dean Stanley of the first XTniversities'
(Oxford) Commission of 1854. The present writer re-
members with delight a chance meeting with a stranger
who turned out to be the quondam Oxford professor,
one of the most brilliant talkers of his time. Mr. Goldwin
Smith has given the world far too Httle Hterary work at
any period of his life, and much of what he has done is
avowedly of an ephemeral character. His most sub-
stantial achievement in point of bulk, to use the writer's
own expression, '^has been performed by the hand of
extreme old age."
Mr. Ooldwin Smith may be described as almost the last
of our literary historians. There is little or no trace in his
works of that laborious research into manuscript and
muniment room, which a more scientific age seems to
demand from its instructors. To him the merit of his
written work would seem to be not in its appeal to new
material, but in its Hteraiy dress. There is httie attempt
at a dispassionate stetement of facts : the author's political
and religious opinions colour every page. Whatever may
be the case in his other writings, the author's avowed
intention here is '* to give the ordinary reader ... a clear,
connected, and succinct view of the political history of the
United Kingdom as it appears in the light of recent
82
The Academy.
27 Jaiiuar}', 1900.
research and discussion/' but a list of the chief works and
authors which he has consulted shows us that the research
and discussion are not his own, but that of acknowledged
masters of the craft. It would then be a captious criticism
to say that Mr. Goldwin Smith is not absolutely up to date
in his treatment of some important periods and subjects.
He has nothing to say of Boman Britain. For him the
history of the island begins with the coming of the English
tribes. The substance of the few pages that he devotes to
the Anglo-Saxon period is drawn entirely from the writings
of Dr. Stubbs and Mr. Freeman ; but the historical student
knows that however much we owe to these two great past-
masters in historical craft, recent research has profoundly
modified many of their most important conclusions. Dr.
Stubbs would probably be the first to acknowledge this.
But of any such modifications the reader of Mr. Goldwin
Saodth's book would be utterly unconscious. Indeed, the
very small space of fifteen pages into which the writer has
compressed all that he thinks it necessary that the
''ordinary reader" should know about the six himdred
years before the Norman Conquest, betrays a rather un-
pardonable ignorance of the modem literature on the subject
or of the importance attached by recent investigators to this
long period in the making of the nation.
The question of proportion of treatment in narrative
history is always a difficult one. Or<Unarily the historian
accepts the division of media3val from modem history at
the close of the fifteenth century, and divides in the pro-
portion of one- third to two -thirds respectively.
Mr. Goldwin Smith's work extends to eleven hundred
pages, of which three hundred bring us to Henry YIII.,
and the remaining , eight hundred are spent on the
more modem period. Apart from his evident predi-
lection for recent centuries, the author would defend his
division on the ground that '' the histories of Scotland
and Ireland now mingle their streams with that of the
history of England." But considering the title of the
book — the United Kingdom — the space given to the rest
of the British Isles is disappointingly small. ''The title
of the United Kingdom," says our author, speaking of
the union of the Scottish and English Parliaments in
1707, "was to be 'Great Britain,' which, however, its
want of simplicity, combined with the force of tradition,
has prevented from effectually displacing that of 'England'
in the language of the world." To these influences,
despite his evident intention, Mr. Goldwin Smith has
unconsciously succumbed. Again, the only excuse on
which, in our opinion, the writer might have based his
disproportionate treatment of the mediaoval and modem
period would have been the ground of the imperial growth
during the last two centuries. A single chapter of not
quite fifty pages, at the end of the book, does not satisfy
our sense of proportion. This is not the modem history
for the general reader who is filled with the imperial
spirit. Perhaps that spirit is of too recent a growth yet
to find its historical exponent. We may confidently
expect that the English histories of the future, when
dealing with the last two centuries, will deal hot so much
with the obscure and unedifying party politics of the
British Parliament as with the marvellous expansion of
the nation. Meanwhile, no one would have been so fit as
Mr. Goldwin Smith to point the way in which such history
should be written. But to our thinking he has lost himself
too much in the questions of religion and politics with
which historians of past generations chiefly busied them-
selves. The battles that raged round the names of
Ar mini an and Puritan, Whig and Tory, are too real for
him, and he cannot refrain from taking sides. In his
hands the great contests of English history far too much
assume the form of the "good soldiers" and the '^bad
soldiers " of our children's games.
But, after all, this method of treating history is only a
drawback in the eyes of serious students. To the general
reader, for whom Mr. Gbldwin Smith intends his book,
this partisanship, whether conscious or unconscious, will
only tend force to the brilliant and incisive style. Such a
reader may rather find a hindrance in the extreme allusive-
ness which seems to tike for granted a very considerable
knowledge of the groundwork of historical facts ; indeed,
the whole two volumes are rather a brilliant essay on
English history, with the interpretative interest that
belongs to the essay form, than a narrative account of
events. To the ordinary reader, then, for whom it was
written, we may cordially recommend this literary treat-
ment of the story of England's past. Since the appear-
ance of Mr. J. B. Geeen's Shorter RUtory of the MnglUh
People there has been none with such literary finish. The
-sentences have all the incisiveness of youth; the judg-
ments, though often ingrained with prejudice, represent
the thought of a vigorous and able mind. This History
will not take a permanent place in English literature ; but
we are glad that the author yielded to the importunities of
his friends. The result is an eminently readable, if some-
what ephemeral, volume.
Light on Darkest Africa.
In Dwarf Land and Cannibal Country. By A. B. Lloyd.
(Fisher Unwin. 21s. net.)
This, we believe, is a first book. Mr. Lloyd gives a clear,
full, and interesting account of his journey across Africa
from Zanzibar to the mouth of the Oongo in suitable,
natural English. If Mr. Lloyd did not realise when he
left Eagland, in 1894, how varied are the gifts that the
GK)spel vanguard is called upon to exercise, he soon learned
that a missionary's life is by no means that of a Sunday-
school teacher every day of the week. Here is his own
view after a few weeks' experience :
He is a teacher, but he must aUo be a builder, for houses,
cattle-pens, stores, and out-houses have to be con^truoted
by the missionary. He must also be a doctor of mediciae
and a dentist ; he must dose the sick natives, who will
trust him implicitly to cure them of even leprosy, and he
must be able to draw the most soHdly-rooted molar that
ever grew in the skull of a black man. More than this, he
must be his own cobbler, and when his boots wear out he
must be able to re-sole them with good uuderstandtngj
and must be content sometimes with nothing but a few
French nails and a piece of cowhide with which to accom-
plish it. His own socks he must darn, and keep his
temper while he does it. . . . He must be his own car-
peoter and house decorator, as well as furniture maker. . .
Bat he must also be his own lawyer, accountant, and
book-keeper, and when the curreuoy takes the form of
cowrie shells, as it does in Uganda (where three hundred
tiny cowries make a shilling), it is not easy to keep the
accounts ri^ht. He must marry and divorce, give judg
ments, and baptize. He must be gardener, cook, and
dairymaid; grow his owa food and look after his live
stock. In addition to all this he is the parish minister to
help and comfort all who come to him.
Through all these little trials Mr. Lloyd goes rejoicing
along. But he faced many real hardships and dangers as
well. Fevers and chills, drenchings and exposure to the
burning sun, were frequent incidents of his march up
country : and it can hardly have been consoling to know,
as he did daily in part of his march up country, that if
any of his bearers dropped out from fatigue or laziness
they promptly formed part of the next meal of the tribes
on either side of his route. Now and then an unfriendly
black was apt to stick his spear through the tent side — as
one did to a colleague of Mr. Lloyd's, piercing the very
bed on which he lay, but happily leaving him un wounded.
But more serious and steady peril awaited him when he
reached Uganda, for it was the time of the Soudanese
rebellion : and he himself was a good deal under iire in
the series of fights which happily ended in the breaking
2j January, i^oo.
The Academy.
83
of the power of Mwanga and Kabarega last April. This
seems a strange entry for a missionary's diary :
I was standing by my men. who wato firing volleys at
inUrv^als undt^r a very heavy retarn fire from the rebels,
when a bullet struck my hat, pieroing the orown and just
missiog my skull. Then a rash was made upon the left
flank, which wm occupied by the Waganda, and who re-
tired. It was with the greatest difficulty that I got my
men turned in time to meet ^e attack. My boys, who had
accompanied me on this oocasion, also diaplayed great
bravery. I was next sent up to the right flank to look
after a Sikh who had been badly wounded. J found the
poor fellow dying, and while I was by his side another
rush WAS made upon us, and about twenty desperate
fellows came charging down uxK>n us, firing as they
advanoed. However, our Maxim was turned upon them,
and they retired a little only to renew their efforts in a
siuiilar way; this time the Maxim jammed and had to
be carried to the rear ; we turned our flank and a second
time repulsed them.
For pages, in fact, Mr. Lloyd is acting as a very capable
war correspondent as well as a couraffeous combatant when
he has to take his share. The litue word-picture of the
Soudanese captain who, after his right arm had been
shattered, drew his revolver with his left, and despatched
the rebel who had killed his white leader, is one that
haunts the reader. But to many the most attractive
passages will be those in which Mr. Lloyd tells of his
brief intercourse with the Pigmies. His introduction
to them was nearly fatal, for he was out shooting for the
camp pot when, having failed to make a bag, he saw what
he thought was a monkey. He had all but let fly when
his ''boy" stopped him with ''Don*t fire; it*saman!"
(Subsequent acquaintance proved the Pigmies to be pleasant,
sharp little fellows. They are only four feet in height, but
they are
broad-chested, with muscles finely developed, short, thick
neck, and smiJl bullet head ; the lower limbs were massive
and strong to a degree. The chest was covered with black,
curly hair, and most of the men wore thick, black beards.
Each carried either bow and quiver of arrows, or short
throwiDg spear. Round their arms they wore iron linffs,
and some of them bad these round their necks also. Tne
women were very comely little creatures, and most
attractive, with very light skins — ^lighter even than the
men, being a light tan colour; the usual fiat nose and
thick lips of the negro and black curly hair ; but their
eyes were of sing^ar beauty, so bright and quick and
restless they were ihat not for a second did they seem to
fix thoir gaze on anything.
From these few extracts it will be seen how pleasantly
and picturesquely Mr. Lloyd can describe the incidents of
his eventful journey; and the photographs and pictures
which accompany his text, in spite of Uie losses caused
by stampeding elephants and the like, deserve the
hifi^hest praise. On the whole it is a light, bright book on
a dark land, containing the unassuming record of a great
deal of quiet courage and dominant common sense, such as
one would expect from one who can traverse Africa
practically unarmed.
The Tragedy.
Oh, the fret of the brain,
And the wounds and the worry ;
Oh, the thought of love and the thought
of death —
And the soul in its silent hurry.
But the stars break above,
And the fields flower under ;
And the tragical life of man g^s on.
Surrounded by beauty end wonder.
/Vom *'The Man with the Hoe, and
Poemif^* by Edwin Markham.
Fiction.
In Connection with the de Willoughhy Claim. By Frances
Hodgson Burnett. (F. Warne ft Go. 6s.)
It is not to be denied that Mrs. Burnett can tell a tale,
and put into it some imagination. This book is better
than the author's recent productions. It is of America,
and almost of the present time ; and we may hope now
that she has finished with her excursions into England and
the eighteenth century. When we consider Hie Grace of
Osmond, with its ingenious but sterile invention, and then
this large, oomjplicated, spontaneous, forcible picture of a
national Hf e wmch she reially understands, we lament that
Mrs. Burnett has wasted so much time on things British.
The story begins before the Oivil War, in a remote village
of North Carolina, where huge Tom de Willoughby,
estranged from his family by their fault, passes his exist-
ence in good-humouredly jpretending to keep the post-
office and a store. It was inevitable, perhaps, tiiat huge
Tom, who had once nearly been a doctor, should usher into
the world a helpless girl, and should adopt her — the mother
dying and the supposed father deserting. Felicia's queenly
life in the rough village is done accoraing to Bret Harte,
but done well and sincerely. From such an inception the
most elaborate intrigue is made to expand itself^ and Mrs.
Burnett is obliged, again and again, to throw back in her
narrative so that, family by family and group by group,
the characters may be fully presented. Felioia ultimately
marries a handsome cousin, and the divulging of the
mystery of her birth makes a melodramatic chapter in the
history of a famous preacher. The whole book is tinged
with melodrama, and we are bound to say that the au&or
relies too often upon an effect of pathos, and exhibits a
strong prejudice against certain characters. These three
defects apart, the matter of the tale is sound, and some of
it is brilliant. The recital of Margery's death, and the
episode of Susan Chapman are indeed excellent.
Mrs. Burnett writes as crudely as ever, and this is a
great pity. She does not always even achieve grammar :
He invested in tons of machinery, which were con-
tinually arriving from the North, or stopping on the way
when it should have been arriving.
As regards the writing, the most annoying part of the
book is the dialogue. When Mrs. Burnett uses dialect
her dialogue is quite convincing, but when her characters
speak English they usually lapse into something which is
as unlike human conversation as it well could be. Thus
Margery, describing the minister to her protegee, the mill-
giri:
'* There is one g^tleman who comes sometimes to see Mr.
Barnard at the studio. He is so wonderful, it seems to me.
He has travelled, and knows all about the great galleries
and the pictures in them. He talks so beaatifolly that
everyone listens when he comes in. . • . Ton would think
he would not notice a plain little Wiilowfield girl, but he
has been loifely to me, ousaa. He has even looked at my
work and criticised it for me, and talked to me. He
nearly always talks to me a little when he comes in ; and
once I met him in the Gardens and he stopped and talked
there, and walked about, looking at the flowers with me.
They had been planting out the spring things, and it was
like being in fairyland to walk about among them and
hear the things he said about pictures. It taught me so
much.'*
Maigery never talked so. It is merely that Mrs. Burnett
has reported her carelessly.
other
A Kieefor a Kingdom. By Bernard Hamilton.
(Hurst & Blackett. 68.)
This novel is a different thing from The Light Y by which
Mr. Hamilton arrived at some sort oi reputation. As he
says in a quite unnecessary preface, it is founded on
" simple fancy." The fancy, in truth., \b over ample, and
84
The Academy.
27 January, .900.
there is no imagination at the back of it. Mr. Hamilton's
hero is a broken-down baronet, Sir Bonald Dering, who
answers an advertisement for a '* gentleman of birth " to
assist in a '' hazardous business." The advertiser proves
to be one Julius Oeesar Jones, a stage- Yankee with an
income of a million or so a year. Mr. Jones wants a man
with the ** English tradition " of fidelity, and he explains
himself thus :
" Well, you're honest anjway," he said, gazing forward
at the shore growing quickly nearer, "but that's what I
value you for. Other people are bound to me only by
money, but you also by honour. Now we're alone I don't
mind teDing you, thm's a girl, a beautiful ^1, in the
States. She's rich herself, but she says Amumcans can't
do nothing else but pile up dollars. Well, it's pretty bad
when a man of my age is took with a girl, 'specially a
smart girl like Clorrie, but when she said that, I said, ' I'd
do anything. Tou're my queen.' 'Very well,' says she,
smart as you please, * make me one. When you can make
me a queen I'll marry you.' I couldn't get anything
more out of her, but I've got her crown ready, right here
in my gripsack, and I guess she won't have long to wait
now. Lord, how I've loved that girl. And now we'll be
kinff and queen together, and sit on thrones. In fact, I
don't mind being a king myself. It's a great idea of
dorrie's. We nmlionaires learn how to ^et, but not how
to spend. There's nothing very distinguished in being a
milhonaire nowadays. There're too many of us. I want
to get out of the herd and be a king."
Mr. Jones does, in fact, become king — of the erstwhile
Bepublic of San Marino, but only to be jilted by his
Glorinda, and subsequently to be killed. There is much
slaughter, of a peculiarly horrible kind, in the book.
Ultimately Sir Bonald finds himself king, and then abdi-
cates in order to marry and live peacefully with a lovely
creature whom he met at the Oafe de la Paix in the first
chapter.
Taken as a wild narrative, the book is readable and
fairly diverting. It is by a clever writer who has yet to
learn that few things are more distressing than literary
flippancy. The plot is ingenious ; some of the descriptions
good, some of the situations dramatic ; but all is marred
By the author's scampering, sniggering method of nar-
rative.
Notes on Novels.
\_lheM H0U8 on the WMk's Fietian ars not necessarilg final,
RivmP8 of a uUctUm wiU follow.']
Shameless Watne.
By Halliwell Sutcliffb.
Mr. Sutoliffe is the novelist of the Yorkshire Moors,
and here, as in Ricroft of Withens^ we have a story of
elemental passions set in a wild country. The terrific
feuds of the Waynes and the Katcliffes yield page after
page that holds the reader. The story opens with these*
significant sentences : " The little old woman sat up in the
belfry tower, knitting a woollen stocking and toUing the
death-knell with her foot. She took two and seventy
stitches between each stroke of the bell, and not the
church-dock itself could reckon a minute more truly."
(Unwin. 6s.)
Folly Oorneb.
By Mrs. Henby E. Dodeney.
Another strong study of marriage and heredity by the
author of The maternity of Harriott Wicken, The action
passes in London and the country, and sombre backgrounds
are the rule. A searching eye is brought to bear on
sordid social conditions. Says one character: ''When
I was at the Buttery buying things of the cottagers I had
a fixed rule by which I ingratiated myself. If a woman
was under fifty I inquired after the baby ; over fifty, I
inquired after the bad leg. It sounds horrid, but was
invariably successful." (Heinemann. 6s.)
A Secret of the North Sea. By Algernon Gismng.
A stirring story by the author of The Scholar of By gate.
Wind, and passions rage and range through it. A
mother thus prays for her boy : '' 0 mercif u' and powerfu'
Gt)d ! GK>d 0' the wind and water, o' the dark as weel as
o' the light, have a oare o' the lad ye hae taken imm me !
Guide him thro' the wild waste 0' this world, and in
Thy ain good time bring him safe back to me."
(Ohatto. 6s.)
A EiSE IN THE World. By Adeline Sergeaitt.
A readable novel, opening with a committee meeting of
the Society for the Help of Friendless Girls, attended by
Lady Susan Pierrepoint, the Hon. Ida Oarruthers, the
Countess of Astolat, the Hon. Mrs. Wvndham, and others.
A servant-girl case brought forward quickly assumes a
dramatic interest. The story of a rash youth's marriage
and its sequel. (White & Go. 6s.)
Tempest-Tossed.
By M. E. Winchester.
The hero is a young medical student, born with a silver
spoon in his mouth, and indolent in consequence. His
loves and fortunes make the story, which is readable
enough. (Digby, Long & Co. 63.)
In the New Promised Land. By Henryk Sekneiewigz.
Translations of stories by the author of Qao Vadit are
raining on us. This opens on an emigrant ship bound
for America. The action passes on the Atlantic, in New
York, and in a pioneer settlement. (Jarrold. 2s. 6d.)
Negro Nobodies.
By NoiiL DE Moxtagmag.
^'A negro — at least, a Jamaica negro — ^is frequently a
man of such excellent character that one is glad to make
his acquaintance. More than this, he can be something of
a gentleman. The truth is, there are some fine black
people in Jamaica, and here is a book concerning them."
M. Montagnac*s little book is added to the '^ Overseas
Library." (Unwin. 2s.)
Pharaoh's Broker. By Ellsworth Douglas.
Another novel of Mars. The red planet is reached in a
projectile by Dr. Anderwelt and a youug broker of
Chicago, named Isidor Werner, who had made a corner in
wheat. Isidor stayed three years on Mars, and on the
whole was distinctly bored, and glad to return to Earth.
After again cornering wheat, and marrying Huth, the
author announces his intention of visiting Venus. (Pear-
son Ltd. 6s.)
In London's Heart. By George R. Sims.
The inevitable is often the readable. Here we have the
lights of London, money-lending, murder, detectives, a
twin brother, '* just deserts," and then : '^ A beautiful girl
comes laughing through the orange trees, followed by a
young man who is carrying her sunshade and her work.' '
(Ohatto. 6s.)
Through Fire to Fortune. By Mrs. Alexander.
The title of this story, by the author of Broum, F. C,
reveak its tenor. Lawyers and love, entails and engage-
ments, manors and marriage. (Unwin.)
The Wooing of Monica. By L. T. Meade.
A wicked guardian and a true lover woo Monica. The
usual complications and the usual ways out of them
are cleverly handled by Mrs. Meade. (White & Co. 6s.)
On Both Sides of the Line. By Phil Maril.
Two love stories and their complications, starting from
the schooldays of the two heroes. There is a wicked Earl
who is deservedly knocked down in a dub. The end of a
readable story of infidelity and dissipation is improbably
happy. (Red way. 68.)
2/ January, 1900.
The Academy.
85
THE ACADEMY.
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including postage,
American Agents for the Aoadbicy: Brentam^s^ 31, Unton"
square^ New York,
The Making of Ruskin.
The mother of John Bosktn was one of those creatures
to whom riches or poverty, culture or the comparative
want of it, a sunny path or a grey, are of small
account : she was '' a prudent woman." She had the
bright, firm efficiency to which everyone pays homage,
seeing in the
person so endowed
a centre of ri^t-
ness and a spectacle
of sure daily living.
What England
t)weB to such women
is beyond statisti-
cal or philosophical
reckoning ; it is
enough to contem-
plate a new and
illustrious instance.
Margaret Buskin
was not of a very
good family, and
she was not highly
educated. Her
father was a sailor,
who sailed many
times from Yarmouth in the herring business, and
came home to Oroydon to spoil his children in all
matters except untruthfulness, which he visited with
broom twigs. He died .when his children were young.
Margaret, a staid, clear-headed girl, and a bom house-
wife, went to Scotland to keep nouse for the paternal
grandfather of her future husband ; her sister married a
Croydon baker. In after years, when quite a child,
Johnny Buskin noticed — ^without at all comprehending it
— " just the least possible shade of shyness on the part of
Hunter-street, Brunswick-square [his birthplace], towards
Market-street, Croydon." In the Scottish home Margaret
put on stature in body and mind ; she became a ^^ faultless
and accomplished housekeeper, and a natural, essential,
unassailable, yet inoffensive, prude." One knows exactly
what Buskin meant by this description of his mother as
an '^ inoffensive prude " ; but he mought it worth while
to instruct one or two dense newspaper writers on the
subject. *' There was a hearty, frank, and sometimes
even irresponsible, laugh in my mother, never sardonic,
} et with a very definitely SmoUettesque turn in it" She
enjoyed Humphrey Clinker with her husband, and '^ could
exult in a harmless bit of SmoUettesque reality." She
hid no passage in the Bible from her boy, placing trust
both in the Bible and in him. While stewardess in the
Scottish home she pursued her brisk, careful, and sagacious
life, never unbalanced by sentiment, though inclined to
teke a needless interest in moral philosophy — indeed,
Buskin tells us, in one of the delightful pawky asides of
Praterita: ^'I noticed that [in recalling those days] she
never spoke without some slight shyness before my father,
nor without some pleasure to other people, of Dr. Thomas
Brown."
The boy of the house, Buskin's father, an active, sensi-
tive youth of sixteen, sought the advice of his f our-years-
Photob^'] JOHN BUSKIN. lF,HoUif€r,
older cousin on all occasions; ^'her sympathy was
necessary to him in all his flashing transient amours." He
was destined for commerce, but his equipment included
Latin, learned thoroughly under Adams of Edinburgh,
and he was bom in happiest time to see his native city of
Edinbui^h basking and flaming in the rays of S<x>tt's
fenius. A frank cousinly relation went on between the
oy and girl, until, at three-and-twenty, the young feUow
excogitated a notion ihat Margaret was *' quite the best
sort of person he could have for a wife." He spd^e and
was accepted. Buskin says that his father chose his
mother ^* much with the same kind of serenity, and
decision with which afterwards he chose his clerks."
Thev were married after a nine years' en^gement,
spent by the young man in unremitting attention to his
business, and by the young woman in making up, as best
she could, arrears of education. When her son came Mrs.
Buskin solemnly devoted him to God, and for years the
parents hoped to see their son wear the cloth. Even to
his Oxford days the father's forecast of his son was this :
'* That I should enter at college into the best society, teke
all the prizes every year, and a double first to finish with;
marry Ijady Olara Yeie de Yere ; write poetry as good as
Byron's, only pious ; preach sermons as good as Bossuet's,
onlv Protestant ; be made, at forty. Bishop of Winchester,
and at fifty. Primate of all England." It matters not
what end the father and mother had in view, the memor-
able thing is that in their home their son found soil and
air for the surest and most auspicious growth. The home
on Heme Hill, on the southern fringe of London, shows
as a kind of paradise in the descriptions of him
who grew there. It was a home of calm and unwasted
energies. ''The routine of my childish days became
fixed, as of the sunrise and sunset to a nestling." John
James Buskin was a merchant in sherry, honest and con-
summate, with whom everything went well in the best of
all possible worlds. The dignity of home life was com-
pletely respected, and the child laid up no gnawing, soul-
dwarfing memories. Perhaps the essential makine of
Buskin is comprised and explained by him in the follow-
ing passage :
For best and truest beginning of all blessings, I had
been teo^ht the perfect meaning of Peace, in thought, act,
and word. I neyer had heard my father's or motiier*8
voice once raised in any question with each other; nor
seen an angry, or even sliffntly hurt or offended, glance in
the eyes of either. I had never heard a servant scolded ;
nor even suddenly, iwssionately, or in any severe manner,
blamed. I had never seen a moment's trouble or disorder
in any household matter; nor anything whatever either
done in a hurry, or undone in due time. I had no concep-
tion of such a feeling as anxiety ; my father's occasional
vexation in the af teruoon, when he haa only got an order
for twelve butts after expecting one for fifteen, as I have
judt steted, was never manifested to me, and itself related
only to the question whether his name would be a stop
higher or lower in tiie year's list of sherry exporters ; for
he never spent more than half his income, and therefore
found himself little incommoded by occasional variation in
the total of it. I had never done any wrong that I knew
of — beyond occasionally delaying the commitment to heart
of some improving sentence, that I might watoh a wasp on
the window pane, or a bird in the cherry tree ; and I had
never seen any grief.
In the first volume of Pneterita will be found the key
and satisfying explanation of all Buskin's love of the
beauty of the world. In those days Heme Hill was
beautiful. Infinite smoke has gone up to the sky since,
infinite noise and u^ness have circled around the quiet
grove on which the Kuskin garret windows looked down.
It was the beautiful South London described by Byron in
Don Juan, turnpike and orchard and villa graduating town-
ward. Again we quote Praterita :
The house commanded . . . those comparatively smoke-
less dajs, a very notable view from its garret wiudows, of
the Norwood hills on one side, and the winter Bunrise over
86
The Academy.
27 January, 1900.
them ; and of tiie val'ey of the Thames on the other, with
Windsor telesoopioally clear in the distance, and Harrow,
conspicuous always in fine weather to open vision against
the summer sunset.
Even the Sunday suburbanites and rather dismal chapel
fi;oings to Walwozth were subiect to glorious obliterations,
for the family travelled much on business and pleasure,
and Buskin could recall such transitions as this — how
wonderful to a boy !
Imagine the chauge between one Sunday and the next —
from the morning service in the building, attended by the
families of the small shoplieepers of the Walworth-road, in
their Sunday trimmings (our plumber's wife, fat, g^ood, sen-
sible Mrs. Goad, sat in tne next pew in front of us, sternly
sensitive to the interruption of her devotion by our late
arrivals); fancy the change from this, to high mass in
Bouen Cathedral, its nave filled with the white-capped
peasantry of half Nonnandy !
The boy was an incessant traveller. He accompanied
his father and mother through England in a chanot, in
unhurried quest of orders for uierry ; he paid long visits to
Scotland, where he passed his days ^' much as the thistles
and tansy did, only with perpetual watching of all the
ways of running water," the water being that of the Tay
rudiing round the precipices of KinnouU. Books and
pictures became sorely and insensibly mingled with all
these pUgrimages. Scott gave glory to the North, Miss
EdeeworUi to Matlock, and Mrs. Sherwood to Tintem and
Malvem : '^ So that there was this of curious and precious in
the means of my education in those years, that my romance
was always ratified to me by the seal of locality — and
every charm of locality spiritualised by the glow and the
passion of romance." There came a day when the elder
Kuskin brought home Front's sketches in Flanders and
Germany. Father and son gloating over the places
depicted, the mother said : '" Why should we not go and
see some of them in reality?' My father hesitated a
little ; then, with glittering eyes, said : ' Why not ? ' " So
they went, coaching it round Europe, paying their way
in the most oomfortable fashion, keeping all their
energies for exclamation and delight. The tour gave the
boy his first view of the Alps, and his written recollection
of the si^ht is a joy. They had trundled into SchafEhausen
at midnight; they slept, and next day wandered about
the place.
It was drawing towards sunset when we got up to some
sort of garden promenade— west of the town, I believe ;
and high above the Rhine, so as to conunand the open
country across it to the south and west. At which open
country of low undulation, far into blue — gazing as at one
of our own distances from Malvem of Worcestershire, or
Dorking of Kent — suddenly— behold — beyond !
There was no thought in any of us for a moment of their
being clouds. They were clear as crystal, sharp on the
jmre horizon sky, and already tinged with rose by the
sinking sun. Infinitely beyond all that we had ever
thought or dreamed— the seen walls of lost Eden could not
have been more beautiful to us ; not more awful, round
heaven, the walls of sacred Death . . .
I went down that evening from the sarden terrace of
Scha£Fhausen with my destiny fixed in SH that was to be
mcred and useful. To that terrace, and the shore of the
Lake of Geneva, my heart and faith return to this day, in
every impulse that is vet nobly alive in them, and every
thought that has in it nelp or peace.
And there we may leave the newly-arrived boy and the
oft-returning man. It has seemed well to us to go back
to the boy and just see him starting on the career, thein
undreamt of, now the heritage of generations. Buskin's
home-life is scarcely imitable by most parents or children.
But the record of it is priceless alike in the substance
given to it by the parents, and the beauty of statement
conferred on it by the son. It is a vindication of the
middle-class home against its shallow critics and traducers.
It is a cUssic instance of the environment into which every
unborn child would love to enter ; and, quite definitely and
undeniably, it is the story of the making of Euskin.
Ruskin's Prose Style.
When we consider Buskin as a writer, we must first of all
recognise the cardinal fact that he was magisterial. He
was not only one of the great masters of Victorian prose,
not only one of the great masters of nineteenth-century
prose ; he was one of the great masters of English prose.
He was a classic. He ranks with De Qnincey, Landor,
Carlyle, with those eiffhteenth-century masters, so different
in aim, and with Baleigh, Milton, Hooker, Browne, aiid
Jeremy Taylor-^the eanier masters, some of whom were
his masters. His aim and (what is much more important,
since high aims are frequent enough) his achievement
were from first to last nothing short of the '^ grand style."
And the grand style he attained — ^his own grand style,
which is the ultimate cachet of every writer who reaches
the oligarchy of classics.
If, however, we essay to give any account of his style,
we are fronted by the difficulty that there are in Bu&in
several styles, not merely one. It is the way with every
progressive writer. The public has perversely elected to
recognise him solely as the author of Modem FainUrij and,
by choosing certain passages of youthful "and sufficiently
incontinent eloquence as representative of that book, has
formed to itself an idea of *^ Buskinese " remote indeed
from the matured Buskin. He was, in our opinion, right
in protesting against the assumption that Modem Fainten
was— even in point of style — ^his greatest work. The later
writings have a far truer, though less clamorous, beauty.
Even in Modem Paintere itseH (as has been remarked by
a delicate critic of Mr. Buskin's works) there are two
styles in conflict Buskin had been a scientific student, as
well as a student of art; and the scientific side shows
itself in the logical and anything but verbose style in
which the levelportions of the book are couched. There
is a manifest e^rort alter clearness and precision. When,
on the other hand, his subject-matter gives occasion for
some '' purple patch" of eloquence, he remembers the
seventeenth-century writers, and breaks into those elabor-
ate and vehement passages which snjpport the popular
conception of Buskin. A feminine admirer of his edited a
selection from Modem Paintere^ which he prefaced with his
usual benevolence — it is well known. Yet even in such a
preface he could not but regret that she had selected
preferentially many passages which he did not care to
have the public dwell on. In truth, the selection is full of
just such passages as those to which we have referred,
whereas the master would naturally have chosen more
thoughtful or observant work. They are for the most part
passages of natural description, and because they represent
the popular view of Buskin cannot be ignored. Nor, for
that matter, on their own account. Their defect is, in one
word, lack of reticence. Mr. Frederic Harrison has
recently noted the over-emphasis of adjectives in such
passages ; and to this corresponds their outward form, with
its too evident endeavour alter Nilotic pomps and ampli-
tude of sound. In many cases the sentences are shoreless
deluges indeed. He was imitating such men as Hooker,
not wisely but too well. The restlessness of adjective,
however, is altogether modem ; and upon this, more than
upon their merits, one may fear the popular approval was
founded. Upon this, and upon sensitive sweetoess carried
here and there to the too-much which is near the senti-
mental, or the florid. The most successful of these passages
were undoubtedly fine, in a deliberate bravura waj which
we should ungrudgingly applaud, had not their author
done so much higher work. The best known is this — a
rhapsody on the cloud-forms :
Those war-clouds that gather on the horizon, dragon^
crested, tongued with fire— how is their barbed strength
bridled? what bits are these they are diamping with
their vaporous lips ; flinging off flakes of hiiok foam ?
Leagued leviathans of the Sea of Heaven, out of their
nostrils goeth smoke, and their eyes are like the eyelids of
ij January, 1900.
The Academy.
87
the mominK. The iword of him thui laveth at them
oaoiiot hold ; tiiie «pear, the dart, Dor the habergeon.
When ride the oaptaiiu of tb«lr armie* ? Where are set
the neasuTee of th^ maroh F Fierce muritiaren, answer-
ing each other from morning until eveoiag — what H>bake
is this which has awed them iiit'> peaoe ? what hand has
reined them baok bjr the waf by which they came P "
Fine this is — but to the trained taste has a certain air of
effort ; not te say that it depends for its effect largely on a
cunninir paitieeio of Biblical phrases. It ia the Buskin
generuly admired — not, we think, the greatest Ruskin,
In his work eubsequeat to Modern PainUri the nwearch
of precision and lucidity gradually adjusted itself with the
lomantio instinct ; and did so, we think, under the influ-
ence of platonic study. The affinity of sbrle in thoae later
lectures IB too marked to be accidental. The love of
restraint, of terse yet open symmetry had drawn him
towards the great Hellenic lecturer whom be often quotes.
He acquired something of the Greek's noble limpidity
without forgoing his own Gothic spirit of poetry, his own
Teutonic love of colour and sensitiTeneBB to external nature.
This is for us the authontatireBuskin; upon this balanced
and matured style our estimate of him is based. Let it be
said that it is impossible to separate, in this perfected
style of hie, meolianiBm from substance. This is as it
should be. In the greatest work both are indissoluble ;
the outward form being the limbs and lineaments of the
inward meaning, and without signi^cance apart from it.
Despite those leonine roars of invective in which he
remembers Carlyle, the true Huskin is eseentially feminine
and persuasive. That later style of his is a wonderfully
adaptable thing, gracious and pliant, lending itself alike
to exposition, description, playfulness, eloquence — all the
needs of the lecturer. The old Hellenic verbal teacher
was reincarnate in our midst. The sentences were mostly
short, unintrioate, but ruled by a supreme sense of form.
Most subtle and suave, they moved in an atmosphere of
exquisite liuninoaity and clarity. The earlier insistence of
adjectives disappears, while the sense of apt and chosen
epithet remains. He can be anstero in gnomic wisdom, or
full of fluent charm in description. And there is no trace
of effort. He attains the note of the complete master, the
presiding groatness of a sweet and lovely peace. Out of
this un-self-oonscions style, at grips eolely with the explicit
delivery of its message, the loftier pass^^ee blossom
naturally. Such is that on the Oumtean Sibyl of Botticelli
in Ariadne Flortntina.
Therefore, if anything ia to be conceived, righUy, and
chiefly, in the form cf the CameDut Sibyl, it mubt be of
fiMliDg virginal beaaty, o[ enduring pathos, of fai-looking
into faturity. . . . She is armed, fur she is the propheteis
of Boman lortitDde ; but her faded breast scarcely raises
the corslet ; her hair floats, not falls, in waves like the
current of a river — the sign of endoriog life ; the light ia
full on her forehead : abe looks iuto the di^ta-'ce aa in a
dreaiD. It ia impossible for art to gather together more
beautifully or intensely every image which can expreaa her
true power, or lead na to understand her lesson.
There is no straining after eloquence; but impreesive-
nees is beautifully, because righteously, attained. And
the greatness of Buskin's style at its best is that of most
sweet adequacy and entire fulfilment ; the adornment not
a thing put on, but tlie expression of an innate grace.
It is, of conrse, the duty of alt good economists, and kind
pearsons, to prove . . . that respect for the dead is not really
shown by laying great atones on them to tell oa where they
are laid; but by temembeiiog where they are laid without a
steoe to help us ; tmstiag them to the sacred gnMs and sad-
dened flowera ; and still more, that reapect and love are ahown
to them, nit by great monument! to them which we bmld
with our hands, but by letting the monnmei<ta atand which
they built by their own."— VoAn Smhia in " A Joy for
Sver,"
G. W. Steevens.
He died at thirty in a beleaguered town thousands of miles
from home. The work he did in his few years of life
has made his nEime famous in four continents ; yet now,
wh«i it is all over, it is the lad himself that lives in
the memories of those who knew him. It is strange
to think that he whose heart was tender as a girl's, who
went to and came home from his campaigns as if they had
been summer-day picnics, should be the 0. W. Steerens
known to the world; but under that modest, amused,
enigmatic manner there was grit. He did not talk about
what he was going to do, he did it; he was thorough,
and he never broke faith ; he seemed to do things easily —
that was his way ; suoceaa made no change in him. He
was always ready to help others, to ^ve sympathy, to
t(^e his share in the interests of his ever widening oirole
of devoted friends. Through it all that alert, curious,
brilliant brain grew, widening and hardening.
The few years of his working life told upon him, not
upon his fine, swe^t nature— that never changed — but
on his appearance. From the ourly-haired boy who came
to the PmI ifali QaitlU fresh from Oxford, seven yean ago,
hia featuree developed the keen, resolute look, shown in
Mr. John Collier's portrait : battles, and all they mean,
brought that. But he himself remained to his friends the
child who never grew old ; he had all the child's wateh-
fulnees, the child's curious interest in the little details of
life ; he did not speak much in company, but you always
knew he was there ; he smiled often, but it was the sntile
of a reflective man, not of a man of action.
He came home from the Dreyfus trial last summer for
a fortnight's holiday betoro starting for South Africa.
When Iiadysmitb was cut off from the world his letters
home ceased. It was not known that he had been down
with enteric fever till the news that he was recovering was
heliograph ed. The relief of Ladramith meant that he
could be removed to Durban. But it was not to be.
One of his last actions before his illnees was to send a rose
grown in his garden at Ladysmith to the one he loved
best — his wife, who devoted her life to him.
L. H.
88
The Academy.
27 Januaiy* I90O
Mr. Steevens^s Work.
It has been our lot so often to draw attention in this paper
to the brilliant qualities of Mr. Steevens's work as a Special
Correspondent that we do no more at this time than remark
once again upon the happy fortune which laid before his
readers so unique a blend of sagacity, sense of colour,
foreefulness, and humour. Those arm-chair travellers who
prefer to do their globe-trotting by deputy were perfectly
safe in Mr. Steevens's hands. He was careful that they
missed nothing that was interesting, and lie never scamped
a description. Not only that : he brought the atmosphere
of the country into his pages, giving not merely the par-
ticular object but the general spirit.
Consider his industi^. For the Daily Mail, a pap^r only
four years of age, Jie went to America and wrote The Land
of the Dollar, to Qreece and wrote With the Conquering Turk,
to Egypt and wrote Egypt in 1898, to the Soudan and
wrote With Kitchener to Khartum, to India and wrote
In India, to Ilennes and wrote The Tragedy of Dreyfus, to
Ladysmiih and be^an From Capetown to Pretoria, doomed,
alas I to be unfini^ed, or finished by other hands. Also,
he described Germany in a series of papers, and Paris in
a series of papers, and he had begun a new series on
London when he left England. And it was all good work,
all carefully thought out and shaped, rich in striking
phrases, in bold metaphors, in good sense and shrewd
insight.
So much for his journalism, by which his name is
known, and which often and often overstepped the bounds
and became, as in the story of the Battle of Omdurman,
literature. Latterly he had been meditating and occasion-
ally working upon a novel, John King, but that, we
fear, is only a fragment. One little book, however, he
published in 1896, which has not, except by the few,
won the recognition it deserves — Monologues of the Dead
(Methuen). n.erQ we see the scholar and wit, rollicking in his
cleverness. The work is a kind of imaginative gloss upon
Gibbon: one by one emperors and o&er great Eomans
and Greeks are set up by Mr. Steevens to reveal their
innermost thoughts. The medium of the monologue is
a fascinating one, and Mr. Steevens handled it with
amazing dexterity and with a boldness that almost takes
one's breath away, as when Vespasian is given the manner
of speech of a vulgar vestryman, or the mother of the
Gracchi talks like the late Eose Ledercq in a cynical
comedy. But the end justifies the means : Mr. Steevens
made his creatures live, even if one may demur now
and then to their characterisation. We quote three brief
passages from this little volume. This is Alcibiades :
What's that just put in at the quay P The despatch
packet from Atheos, if I know her. I wonder what the
dirty democrats have got to say this time. Give me the
tablets; I believe Fm general-admiral. "The Athenian
people to Alcibiades, son of ..." O furies ! O earth and
hell ! O, plague rot the beasts ! . . . Ha, ha, ha ! I'm
not general-admiral after all, it seems . . . Superseded by
Styx ! Superseded, when to-morrow I was to do the
filthy dogs the best turn of their lives! A board of
ten and Diomedon for the interim command ! Where's
Diomedon ? O yes, I knew you would be somewhere near.
Ton, you, you're commander here, ycu mominff star of
war, and you're a blockhead and a timorous fool to boot,
if it's any service to you to know. Take the fleet and the
army to hell, inspirod Diomedon, by all means. Tou'U
find me there to welcome you. Here, where are my
people ? Gtet out a pinnace. Tes, there goes Antiochus,
of course, licking his new master's broken boots. I sail
to-night for my castle in the Chersonnese. And this is
the cursed Government I was idiot enough to f>ave four
years g^ne ! Put the girls aboard— that new girl Phryne
with them. Three or four of you go into the city and
offer the rhapsode — the tolerably good rhapsode ; you
know him, I suppose, dolts ? — offer him a talent to come
too. If he won't, carry him. He shall recite me the
Wrath of Achilles. Ha, ha ! Bun her out there, }ads,
handsomely, handsomely.
Thus Xanthippe talks to a stranger who has questioned
her concerning Socrates :
Well, and then you know what he did when he was in
prison. Tou must know that, because Plato put it in a
book. I don't like Plato ; he stares so hard and steady at .
you, just Uke Socrates used to, till you don't know wh^re
to look. But about the prison; you know what h<* did
the last night P Gossipped with his young men, and me
and the boys outside, crying our eyes out. Well, then,
when we went in, I just burst out, bad husband and all as
he'd been to me, I couldn't help it. Any wife worth the
name would have done the same in my pLioe. Then what
does he do, the cruel wretcb, but have me sent away —
carried out by his men friends, I trouble you. Tou
wouldn't catch me crying for him again. Then dying
without leaving me an obol ! If it hadn't been for Plato,
we should have all starved, and he did about as little for
us as he well could.
What say? I've forgotten the most important thing
about him? Well, I Uke that If his own wife didn't
know him, who should, I'd like to know? A philo —
what? A philosopher I Ah, I don't know; I can't tell
you anything about that.
And here are some of Caligula's ravings :
I am perpetual : perpetual am I ! I shall pile up all the
gold of the worid and swallow it. I shall oat the throats
of all the world, men and women and babies, and drink
the blood. Then I shall wax and swell till I burst through
heaven and squash the stars like flies on the walls of space.
Them I shall shove down outwards, and extend on and on,
for ever and ever and ever. There will exist nothing,
nothing at all ; only I. Great, perfect, only, all I ! Oh !
I. ..I. ..I...
The Monologues of the Dead were published in 1896, but
written earlier, and contributed partly to the National
Observer, where much of Mr. Steevens's uncollected work is
to be found, and pardy to the New Review. That is to
say, they were written when their author was somewhere
in the early twenties. A man who, having such a wonder-
ful University record as Mr. Steevens, could do such work
then, and in his late twenties could become the trump card
of the leading London democratic newspaper, must have
had a great and unique career before him.
The Amateur Critic.
[To this page we invite our readers to eonirihute criticism^
favourable or otherwise, of books new and old, or remarks on
striking or curious passages which they may meet with in their
reading. No communication, we wotUd point out, must exceed
300 words.']
How I Think of Blacktnore.
I don't want to know what the newspapers are saying
about him. The friend who said, ''Blackmore is dead,^'
said it very quietly, as such a thing about such a man
should be said, and he told me he was grown old when he
left this noisy place for the smiling placidity of the Blysiaii
Fields. But I am not to be persuaded of his age : to me
he is imperishably young, and brave, and good ; one who
loved lovers, and all fair and gracious and wholesome
things. Novelists and poets who keep out of the crowd,
to be seen of it, are wise. Once I passed an evening with
a distinguished poet, and I have never since been Me to
read his poetry witii just the same pleasure ; he said a
thing that made me see his feet of day, and the spell was
broken. And quite lately I was in the company of an
equally distingmshed novelist, and now his boots nave lost
somethinfi^ of their charm for me. But there has been no
such fatal intimacy in the case of Blackmore : the enchant-
ment of his imaginative atmosphere remains. You need
not begin to say he was this or that as a writer ; I am so
37 T&nuaiy, 1900.
The Academy.
89
poor a critic that, if I listen, I shall not heed. I know
nothing of his personal life, but I do know and love his
books, and I Know, too (or at least beHeve), that in
creative art the artist must needs reveal his true, his pro-
foundest self. There is a great, strong calm, a lucid
honesty about him, and in fretful moments I like to be
under his influence. I think of him as one who worked
in the ideal way — the remembrance in tranquillity.
Surrender to him is so easy that I have come strangely
to fancy the touch of his hand on mine. He says
to me : ** Be not over anxious.'' He has little of
the spirit of revolt, so he is not for all seasons ; he is
not of the greatest, I suppose. He cannot appall me
in the deeps : he has never brought me to my Imees by
taking me to the mouth of hell. £ut in the quiet ways
he is a verv gentle, solacing guide. He is a scholar,
and writes like a gentleman. His is the style of abso-
lute sanity; and the treasures of the humble are in his
thoughts. He has sweetened many an hour for me, lifted
me gently out of many a psychologic morass. I can read
him in bed, and there is no ironical smile when I wake
and see him lying beside the Bible. He is so dean and
manly, and so Ilnglish in his prejudices. He is the ]ast of
the supreme painters of old-fashioned heroes and heroines ;
he loves the country ; from the wayside comes his cheexy
voice : ** Good morning, Oripps ; good morning to you ! "
I can hear him call. And so I am not going to let myself
be disenchanted. I shall continue to think of him as one
living in a beautiful old English garden, now radiant in
the sunshine of spring, summer, autumn, now mystical
under hoarfrost and tiie winter moon — and the lovelier
mystery of lovers' secrets. And I am sure there is an
orchard ; for do I not see the apple blossoms on a sapphire
sky ? And I am sure there is a farmyard ; for do I not
see those glorious Aylesburys waddline down to the horse-
pond ? So let me think of him ! And if it is not all quite
right — ^well — after all, the most precious things in life are
one's idealised thoughts of good men.
V. Beown.
Ruskin on War.
What a bewildering teacher Buskin is! To think that
he of all men should favour war. Just now I picked up
The Crown of Wild Olive ^ and on page 116 I find this
passage:
All the pure and noble arts of peace are founded on
war ; no great art ever yet rose on earth, but among a
nation of soldiers. There is no art among a shepherd
people, if it remains at peace. . . . There is no great art
possible to a nation but that which is based on battle.
I for one do not read Buskin for his opinions. I read
him for his magnificent prose. Again and amin his
phrases arrest and gladden one like a sudden burst of
sunshine. In the same volume is a passage that always
leaps to my mind whenever I read of the swift awful
killing of brave men in South Africa :
The more I thought over what I had got to say, the
less I found I could say it, without some reference to this
intangible or intractable question [as to whether bis
audience believed or disbelieved in Eternal Life]. It made
all the difference, in asserting any principle of war,
whether one assumed that a discharge of artillery would
merely knead down a certain quantity of once living clay
into a level line, as in a brickfield; or whether, out of
every separately Christian-camed portion of the ruinous
heap, there went out, into the smoke and dead-fidlen air
of battle, some astonished condition of soul, unwillingly
released.
How it tells, especially the last lines ! There is style,
there is temperament, there is literature !
Chables Quartermain.
Correspondence.
" Love's Comedy."
Sib, — ^Permit me to correct an erroneous statement
which, through no fault of yours, occurs in your reference
to my forthcoming translation of Ibsen's LaveU Comedy in
last week's Aoabbmy. You say that having been '* asked
by the Daily Mail lot a specimen of his translation " I
'^ obliged with " the passage which you quote. I am not
a reader of the Daily Mail, and I have not seen, or desired
to see, the reference to me in its columns upon which your
statement is doubtless based. But I am bound to sav that
if the Daily Mail has incurred anv '' obligations " m the
matter, at my hands, it is by publishing this extract from
my work, without my authority or knowledge, as it it
directiy emanated from me. I have had no communica-
tions whatever with the Daily Mail, or with anyone to my
knowledge connected with it, on this or any other subject,
at this or any other time. In May or June last, however,
I did supply this extract to an acquaintance in the Press,
with leave to make use of it, which he did shortiy after-
wards in an American jpaper. I do not therefore blame
the Daily Mail for having published the extract, which it
had a right to do, but for completely disguising the cir-
cumstances under which it came by it ; and even here I
conceive that the editor was merely mided by one of his
purveyors of '' information." — ^I am, &c.,
Jan. 24, 1900. 0. H. Hbrfobd.
Other Versions.
Sib, — Mr. Arthur Maquarie's poetically-charming trans-
lation will probably have the effect of deterring others
from entering the liists. But, with all due respect, I hold
him to have erred by not being more literaL
The foUowing lines will be found fairly exact as a
translation, though they may lack beauty :
For you I threw €h)d from my mind,
My hopes of bright heaven I threw,
And now I find myself left
Without God, without heaven-^or you :
For you I threw God from my mind.
My hopes of bright heaven I threw.
It is an agreeable change to find anyone trying to
arouse a littie interest in the rich literature of the Penin-
sula.— I am, &c.,
Jan. 22, 1900. E. E. G. S.
Snt, — The following seems to me a closer translation
than Mr. Maquarie's of the Spanish rondel, and I think
would sing better, one of the objects of the originaL Oan
he fix the date ?
For thee my God forgot,
For thee my honour lost,
Now there remaineth not
That love of priceless cost.
Lo, there remaineth not
Thee, God, nor honour's boast ;
For thee I God forgot !
For thee my honour lost I
— ^I am, &c., Ambs Savilb.
Jan. 20, 1900.
The Chastity of Flowers.
Sia, — ^It seems your correspondent, Mr. W. F. Collier,
errs as much in one way as " S. G. 0. " does in another.
The passage round which the discussion has arisen is:
The moon metbinks looks with a watery eye ;
And when she weeps, weeps every littie flower,
Lamenting some enforced chastity.
Now, I think if Shakespeare, whose descriptions of nature
90
The Academy.
z'j January, i^oo.
are as accurate as thej are beautifuli had intended the
'* chastily '' to f^e that of the flowers themselves he would
not have employed the indefinite ^' some^'' but would have
written :
. . . weeps every litt^.e flower,
Lamenting iU enforced chastity.
The ''chastity" is not that of flowers, but of human
beings, or perhaps fairies, and the crux lies solely
in the meaning of ''enforced," and not in a question of
botanical knowledge at all; although I am willing to
believe, on the evidence of other passages, that Shake-
speare divined the sexes of flowero.
On reference to Schmidt we find that Shakespeare used
the word enforced very often, and in the following senses :
to constrain, compel, provoke, obtain by force, to open
with violence, urge, demand, lay stress upon, put in act
with severity, and to violate.
I think it will be found, however, that where the ex-
pression is employed in direct reference to feminine
chastity the sense is invariably that of violation. See
" Henry V.," V. ii., 328 ; " Richard III.," III. vii., 8 ;
"Oymbeline," IV. i., 18 ; and " Lucrece," 1623.
Mr. Collier's example, "an enforced smile," is beside
the mark. One cannot compare a smile to chastity. —
I am, &c., S. Wellwood.
Cathcart: Jan. 20, 1900.
[This correspondence must now cease. — Ed. Academy.]
New Books Received.
[Theee notes on some of the New Boohs of the week are
prelminarf to Reviews that may follow,']
BiOHABD Waonbb's Pbosb Tbanslated by
WoBKS. VoL Vlll. ^William Ashton Ellis.
Mr. Ellis has now achieved his long and remarkable
task of doing Wagner's voluminous prose works into
English. In this v:olume he gives us posthumous writings
and fragments of Wagner, "embracing all but half a
century, from the first eesthetic criticism of youth ... to
the last philosophic reflection of the master within two
days of immortality." (Kegan Paul. 12s. 6d. net.)
Dramatic Criticism.
By J. T. GfiBiir.
Many playgoers, and particularly those who hold
advanced ideas, will be glaa to have in volume form these
criticisms on plays and womatic questions of 1898. They
include papers on " An Academy of Acting," " The Grave
Hesponsibilities of Dramatic Criticism," Ac. Among the
plays considered are Sudermann's "Johannes," "Pelleas
and Melisande," " The Ambassador," " Cyrano de Ber-
gerac," " Eobespierre," &c. A preface and a better
arrangement of the title section of the book wotdd have
been an improvemldnt. (John Long.)
LiQHT AND Shadows of a
Long Episcopate.
By Db. Henry Benjamin
Whipple.
Dr. Whipple was, and is, the first Bishop of Manitoba.
The interest of the book centres, of coursC) in Dr.
Whipple's well-known work among the Indians. In
the fierce Indian wars of the sixties he played an
important part as a peacemaker, and the pages in which
he recalls these stirring years are remarkable reading.
(Macmillan.)
The Mirage of
Two Buried Citjes.
By John Fletcher Horne, M.D.
This work makes no pretensions to profound scholarship.
It is as a "mere tourist " that Dr. Home has visited and
studied Pompeii and Herculaneum, and the book before us
is really an expansion of a brochure on the same subject
which he wrote years ago. As a popular, well-illustrated
account of the buried cities of Vesuvius, Dr. Home's
work is full of excellence — is, indeed, a fascinating book.
(Hazell, Watson & Viney, Ltd.)
EXPEBIICBNTS ON AnIMALB. By StEPHXN PaGET.
Mr. Paget is not himself directly interested in his
subject, but, as Secretary of the Association for the
Advancement of Besearch by Medicine, he has had to give
close attention to its polemical aspects. His aim is to state,
and prove, the good that has resulted from the researches
condemned by the Anti- Vivisection party. Lord Lister
contributes a brief introduction. (Unwin.)
Pottery and Porcelain.
By Fbedebigk Litchfield.
Although this beautiful book is an expansion of Mr.
Litchfield's handbook on the same subject, it is virtually
a new work. It embodies all the information of the hand-
book, but the list of Ceramic factories, with their marks
and monog^ms, has been lengthened, and revision and
augmentation are the rule everywhere. Carefully ar-
ranged, and admirably illustrated from choice examples in
public and private collections, the book forms an alluring
guide to its subject. (Truslove, Hanson, & Comba, Ltd.
15s. net.)
Among Hobses in Eussia. By Captain M. H. Hayes.
Captain Hayes has produced a small library of books
on the horse. In this new work he tells us that he
is the first foreigner who has been allowed to visit
the Eemount Depots of the Bussian Cavalry Eeserve.
The information he collected in those visits is tiie core of
the book ; but there is much pleasant chit-chat besides.
Having now studied horses in England, India, and Bussia,
Captain Hayes hopes to visit Australia and New Zealand
on the same congenial errand. [R, A. Everett & Co.)
Old London Tayebns.
By Edwabd Callow.
Mr. Callow has drawn upon the treasures of a long
memory. In 1845 he was- a City clerk, taking his meals
at the old City chop houses, of which few examples remain.
In these pages, trainsferred with I'evision from the columns
of the City Press, Mr. Callow talks about all the old
taverns and coflee houses and eating houses he can
remember, and some which he cannot. The book is
clearly arranged and fairly well illustrated. (Downey
& Co. 6s.)
A Kipling Pbimeb. By Fbedebic Lawrence Knowles.
This is the second study of Mr. Kipling's writings issued
within a year. We believe that a tliird is on the way.
The book befure us was originally prepared for American
readers. Mr. Knowles considers Mr. Kipling's character-
istics under such heads as ''Originality," ''Imperialism,"
" Treatment of Nature," " Characterisation," " Mastery of
the Short Story," &c. More than half the book is devoted
to a descriptive index of Mr. Kipling's writings. (Chatto.)
St. Peteb in Home. By Aethub Stapylton Babnes.
The intention of Mr. Barnes is succinctly expressed in
the last sentence of his book. He "will feel himself
amply rewarded if he has . . . contributed something to
the historical basis on which we hold it to be a most
certain fact that the prince of the apostles lived and died
in Home, and is buried beneath the glorious dome of
the greatest church that Christendom has ever known."
(Sonnenschein.)
The Ybab's Abt, 1900. Ed. by A. C. R. Cabteb.
The twenty-first issue of this indispensable handbook
has a series of portraits of the more prominent workers
in Decorative Art. An article on " Applied Art," by Mr.
Edward F. Strange, appears for the first time. (Virtue.)
tj January, 1900.
The Academy.
91
111 addition to the f oregoiag, we have reoeived :
THBOLOGIOAL AND BIBLIOAL.
B<vnr (Qolntln), The Story of Pefcer, From Bethialda to Babylon
(Manhall k. Son) 6/0
Condrr rOol, 0. B.\ The^Hebrew Tragedy (Blackwood)
MOIer (Kdward), A Textn<il Commentary upon the Holy Gospels
(Bell A Sons) 5/0
Banks (John B.)» The Development of Doctrine (Kelly)
poErBT, dainoiSH. and bblles lvftrbs.
Ifasterman (Charles F. 6.)t Tennyson as a Religious Teacher ...(Methnen) 6/0
Mellows (E. G.), The Story of English Literatore (Methaen) 8/d
Bell (J. J.), Bongs of the Honr (ScoU Pictorial Pnb. Co.) /i
HISTORY AND BIOGRAPHY.
Conybsare (Edward), Alfred in the Ohroniders (Stock)
(Frans), Life of Ohopin (RecTes)
(Lewis RJ, Francis Lieber (Colombia Univ. Press) net 7/6
I (H. T.)t A History of the Ancietit Chapel of Stretford. Vol. I.
(Chetham Society)
BDUOATIONAL.
FeiidleibiDry (Charljs), A Short Coarse of Elementary Plane Trigonometry
(Bell & Sons)
NEW EDITIONS.
Ffeaqiielle (L.)* Lessons in French (Cassell)
-Coleridge (S. 1'.), The Rime of the Ancient Mariner (Grav k. Bird) 5/0
Bvonti t (Charlotte), The Professor, with an Introdnction by Mrs. Humphry
Wart (Smith, Eider) 6,t)
%* N9W NwU are aehnawUdged elsewhere.
Candidates for the Vocabulary.
Our Weekly Competition.
Result of No. 18 (New Series).
In raponae to onr invitation for new words— or rather for old words
worthy of revivification— a orowd of claimants reach us. The beet
list, we think, is ^at sent by Mrs. G-. Browne, 39, Rodney-street,
Liverpool, because at least four of her words are not mere
synonyms, bat convey a meaning not now conveyed by aoy one
word. Unless a synonym is a very g^d or pret^ one (as *'bird-
4doiie " for ** solitaiy," for example), there is no advantage in adding
it to the vocabnlar^. Thus ** yare,'* which someone advocates, is
no better thim "nimble," its equivalent. This is Mrs. Browne's
list:—
1. Mlamping, Enlightening like a lamp, A word snitabTe for
•oyolistB.
" As when the oheerfnl son, elamping wide,
Glads all the world with his uprising ray."
O, Fletcher,
i. Onnmorient, Dying together. A good word in time of war.
** To which may be added equal and common constellations, the same
oompatient and commorient fates and times.'* — 8ir O, JByck,
3. Bejade. To weary. ** But if you have no mercy upon them,
yet spare yourself lest you h^ade the good galloway." — Milton,
4. Fulvid, Tawny yellow. Too poetical a word for this century,
perhaps.
** And colours to the life depaint
The fulvid eagle with her sun bright eye."
More's '* Pstjokozia."
6. Fardel, A package, bundle, burden, &c. " You could hardly
oroM a street, but you met him puffing and blowing with hia /ardel
of nonsense under his arm." — Dryden,
6. Fridge, To dance or play about. " The little motes or atoms
ibtdt fridge and play in the beams of the sun." — Holywell (1681).
To Mrs. Browne a cheque has been posted. Other lists besides hera
and those quoted below contain each one or two words with strong
claims to 1m taken again into use. Among them we find : " Dimpses,"
*. ** twilight "; " Tirrines," ». " fits of passion "; " Inwyt," n, *• con-
soience*'; '' Besplend," v. ** to be resplendent*'; "Wimpln," t>. *'to
wind like a brook"; " Cantelous," o^/. '* crafty"; "Purfle," v. "to
ornament with trimmings"; " Lurdane," adj, " stupid."
Other lists follow :
1. Assentation, Flattering, lip assent. According to Trench
ihe word was last used by Bishop Hall : " It is a fearful presage of
ruin when the prophets conspire in assentation,^*
2. Malapert, A word whose meaning lies between insolent and
j9ert,
3. Maugre, As the English language is too monosyllabic, this
preposition might be used instead of the periphrasis *' in spite of."
4. Qentlesse, The character or qualities of a gentleman. We
have no abstract noun with this significance.
6. Oeervart, ShakesF|eare uses the participle oerparted of an
«ctor unable to sustain his role.
6. Astoil, This word could be used for " absolved," " discharged,"
in cases where there ia no sense of legal acquittal.
[F. G. C, Hull.]
Each of the following words, now fallen into desuetude, is to be
found in the writings of old masters, and each, I think, conveys
a shade of meaning distinotlv its own, which would be lacking in
the substitution of any single word in popular use at the present
time :
1. Squiny. In the sense of squinty, awry, crooked.
2. Roynish, In the sense of mean, mangy, despioable.
3. Imptne, In the sense of to wager.
4. Foison, In the seose of plenty, abundance.
5. Sortanee, In the senee of adequacy, suitableness.
6. Squarer, An argumentative, contentious person.
7. Jiook. In the sense of to harbour or shelter.
8. Suhdolous, In the sense of deceitful, subtle, sly.
But there were only to be six.
[C. B. B., Bhirl^.]
1. Agnize, To acknowledge or confess.
'' . . . . I do agnixc
A natural and prompt alacrity."
Shakespeare s " Othello:*
2. Birdahme, Solitary. "Then fared she forth birdalone:'^
William Morris,
8. Dole. Grief. "Then made they all great dole because of
bym." — Malory,
4. Latered, Delayed. ** As when a man is latered or tarried." —
Chaueer,
5. Aoyovs, Hurtful. "There is a virtue that is called fortitndo
or strength that is an sffectioa through which a man despiseth
noyous things." — Chaucer.
6. Wanhope, Despair. " Now oometh ivanhope that is despair.'*
— Chancer,
fE. U., London.]
1. Algate (conjunotion). Expresses the idea "at any risk,*' "at
aU costs,'* by a single wend.
" And that to late is now for me to rewe,
To Dyomede algate I wol be trewe*' — Ckaueer,
2. Bush (verb). To prepare oneself, to get ready U^ go No
word in pretent use qaite expresses the idea. " Bushed hem to the
boure." — Piers the Plowman,
3. Derworth (adjective). Oombines the ideas of affection and
value. " It ia as derworth a drtwery," &c — Piers the Plowman.
4. Hade (noun). A better word than either " declivity " or
" slope " to describe the descent of a hilL
5. Lithemess (noun). Want of moral oourtge — an English
anonym, c.g,y in perhaps a slightly different sepM. *' Let her [Philo •
sophy] hardly remit this vrall lithemesse unto evill.** — Florio's
''Montaigne."
6 Wanhope (noun). Hope which has turned to despair. " Well
ought I sterve in wanhope and distrcbse." — Chancers ^' Kuighf*
TaU:*
[A. T. G., Malvern.]
Answers reoeived also from F. M D., London ; £. S. H., Bradford ;
" Abbot,*' Winchester ; E. T. P., London ; T. G , Buxted ; E. L.,
Burton ; G. M. P., Birmingham ; C. W., London ; M. A. C, Cam-
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Didsbury ; S. B. F., Grediton ; B. If. G., Whitby ; M. B. G., Egbam ;
and G. 8. J. G., Edinburgh.
Prize Competition No. 19 (New Series).
EvEBTONB knows Lamb's Popular Fallacies, in which he takes one
by one certain weU-wom aphorisms, as " Enough is as good as a
feast," " Handsome is as handsome does," and so forth, and riddlf ■
them until they have not a leg to stand on, ac any rate, as accurate
generalities. We offer a prise of a guinea to the best exposure of a
popular fallacy on similar lines. In no case must 150 woids be
exceeded.
BtruBB.
Answers, addressed "Literary Gompetitioii, The Aoadkmt, 49,
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of Tuesday, January 30. Each answer must be accompanied by
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fadlitated when one side only of t^ paper is wriiten upon. It is
iJso important that names and addresses should always be given :
we oazmot consider anonymous answers.
Cub Special Prize Compatitions.
(/f»r particulars see inside page of corer.^
Received : Xottim, Ebnracum, The Outsiders, Lorentia, Moods,
Warrington, Bouillon de Gatccn.
92
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94
The Academy.
3 February, noo.
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The Academy
A Weekly Review of Literature and Life*
No. 1448. Established 1869.
3 February, 1900.
Price Threepence
[Registered as a Newspaper,"]
The Literary Week.
Two unpublUhed plays by M. Maeterlinck, entitled
reepectiyely '^ Sister Beatrice " and ^' Oviana and Blue-
beard/' are beine translated into blank verse by Mr.
Bernard Miall, i£e original text being in unrhymed
hexameters. The *' Sister Beatrice " of the former play
is none other than the truant nun of Mr. Davidson's
« Ballad," both poets having borrowed the story from the
Flemish legend. The French versions of the plays are
being set to music.
The Siege o/Zadysmith, by Mr. G. W. Steevens, will be
published by Messrs. Blackwood at an early date. It will
contain the letters he sent home from his arrival at Cape
Town till the day when he was struck down by enteric
fever and- could write no more. At a later date a volume
will be issued containing his London, Paris, and Berlin
letters. A memorial edition of his works will be published
towards the close of the year. The first volume will
include a memoir by Mr. W. E. Henley, and a selection of
the articles Mr. Steevens wrote for the National Observer^
Blackwood's Magatine^ the New Review, &c. The Memorial
Edition, which will be published by Messrs. Blackwood,
will contain all his best work.
Wb have already g^ven some account of the clever and
amusing contents of the Ladysmith Lyre, It was edited,
says the Natal Witness, by Mr. G. W. Steevens. It is not
difficult to infer who was the author of '' The Diary of a
Citizen." Here are a few of the entries :
November 21. — ^Hear good authority that gunner of Long
Tom is Dreyfus.
Novtmber 22. — Dreyfus rumour confirmed.
November 23. — Hear good authority that gunner of Long
Tom IB KuBsian.
Novtm})€r 24.— Qunner of Long Tom believed to be
Esquimaux.
November 26.— Boers broke Sabbath, firing on our bathing
parties. Believe they were so infuriated by sight of
people washing that they quite forgot it was Sunday.
Not^ember 27. — Boers opened fire at breakfast time from
forty-seven new Long Toms. Oh, Lord !
Dr. Fxtrnivall will be seventy<five years old on the 4th
of next February, and it is proposed tliat the congratula-
tions of his friends take shape (1) in a personal present,
(2) in a Festschrift, and (3) in a public endowment. Dr.
Fumivall's fondness for sculling suggests a boat as an
appropriate personal present. For the Festschrift, to the
contents of which English scholars in both Europe and
America will contribute, Professors Skeat, Napier, and Ker
have promised their editorial services. These first two
objects are already provided for by Dr. Fumivall's personal
friends. For the public endowment a public subscription
is of course necessary. This endowment is to be a fund
which shall put the Early English Text Society on a firm
financial basis.
In the new Fortnightly Mr. George Moore takes an
affecting farewell of London as a centre of art. With a
velvet delivery, and an assurance worthy of an archdeacon,
he chastises us in tones of languid regret. Thus :
For some time the necessity of explaining the intentions
of the Irish Literary Theatre has been pressing upon us.
So I take advantage of the publication of my play, ** The
Bending of the Bough," to explain why Mr. Marfyn, Mr.
Teats, and myself prefer to have our plays produced in
Dublin rather than m London. . . .
It is because we believe London to be too large, too old,
and too wealthy to permit of any new artistic movement,
and this bcdief rests upon knowledge of the art history of
fhe world and some experience of London theatrical con-
ditions. . . . We have therefore turned our backs upon
London as men turn their backs on a place which has ceased
to interest them. But we did not decide on our homeward
journey without having considered the reformation of
London. After some doubts, some hesitation, it suddenly
came upon us that it was impossible. It was suddenly
borne in upon us that England had produced her dramatic
literature (since Shakespeare only two plays have outlived
a generation); England seems to us to have reached the
age of manhood, an age at which a nation ceases to pro-
duce art, for art belongs to the youth of a nation as
empire belongs to its manhood, if it attains to manhood.
. . . For some reason, so deep in the heart that we cannot
define it, the glory of empire does not compensate for the
loss of the song and the bust ; without them the crown is
incomplete and its glory the pallor of ashes. We become
aware of this as we cross Trafalgar-square. . . .
Dear man !
Mrs. Mbykell's book on Buskin, to which she is
devoting herself to the exclusion of all other work, will
hardly be ready before the end of February. In form it
will be something of a text-book, Kuskin's principal books
being analysed and considered in separate cnapters.
C. K. S., in his excellent Literary Letter in the Sphere,
with which we are glad to renew acquaintance, states that
Mrs. Ghrant Allen is about to open a bookshop in St.
George's-street, Hanover-square. The Sphere, the first
number of which was published after we had gone to
press last week, is a welcome addition to the ranks of
illustrated weekly papers. It is a handsome, well-designed
production, and shows every sign of endurance and success.
Mr. Jambs Lane Allen, author of that strong and
beautiful story The Choir Invisible, has just finished a new
novel. It is called The Reign of Late : a Story of the
Kentucky Hemp Fields,
Wb learn from an American paper that Bar id Harum
is selling largely in the Kansas belt, where it is advertised
as **by that popular young author, E. Kipling."
A COMMITTEE is being formed for the presentation of a
testimonial from members of the Press to Afr. E. F.
Knight, of the Morning Post, who lost his arm while
acting as correspondent for that journal in South Africa.
96
The Academy.
3 Februaiy, 1900.
Mr. EiTSKisr has gone, and Count Tolstoy is openly pre-
paring to go. '^Although I am much better," he has lost
said to an interviewer, " my health is far from good. The
end draws near. But I am quite untroubled thereat, and
I go gladly forth to meet the inevitable." In the mean-
time, Tolstoy has something to say about things so
mimdane as the drama and literature. He oonsiders the
drama to be decadent. " There is a great deal of talk about
Ibsen. I have read his last drama, ' When We who are
Dead Awaken.' It is simply a delirium, and is devoid of
life, character, and dramatic action. Thirty-five years ago
such a drama would have been stifled by a cutting parody
in the Press, and the piece would have been ridiculed to
death. How can one now speak of the serious tasks
before the theatre? They are at an end." Literature,
the Count thinks, is as good as dead : ''the daily Press
has destroyed it."
A coRRESFONDEiVT writos : "It may possibly interest you
to know that some time ago I bought at a ' sale of house-
hold effects,' at a Scottish watering-place, a volume con-
taining Buskin's Fosms, Arrows of the Chaee, and another
for sixpence ! " That was a good bargain. A few
years ago a small knot of bookish young men established
a small club which they called the '' Treasure Trove Club,"
of which the fundamental idea was this : that the members
should dine together once a fortnight, and that after a
modest feast each member should produce a book which
he had picked up for a sum not exceeding sixpence. The
''finds were even more surprising than the one men-
tioned by our correspondent ; and the discussions that
followed were often delightful.
resemblance of his style to that of the illustrious Mr.
Surriehill appeared to him to be purely fortuitous."
"Publish it." That was all that Colonel Baden-
Powell wrote on the proofs of his little book on Scouting,
when he posted them to Messrs. Gale & Polden from
Mafeking. The little package arrived safely in London in
the same wrapper in which it had gone out, only reversed.
The book must have passed, says the Daily Mail, through
the Boer lines. It is now in its fiftieth thousand. Nearly
everyone going to the front wants it, for it is the best
work on its subject, and one chapter was actually written
at Mafeking. Messrs. Gale & Polden give a South
African address where the book can be obtained. This
runs : " Pritchard- street, Johannesburg (after British
occupation)."
The new number of the Anglo-Saxon contains several
contributions of literary interest. Mr. H. D. Traill
exploits his gift of parody and analogue in a sketch
called " The Unflinching Eealist." Very wittily does Mr.
Traill hit o£E some of the literary affectations of the day.
The realist, Amiel Ingham, had so much originality and
" so many other qualities ending in ' ality ' that it was a
little singular that his style should not have come to him
by nature." Yet styles came to him, and Mr. Traill
illustrates them. Amiel would feel an inspiration to write
thus:
She wavered to him pityingly on a little SL^h.
It was but the swaying of the sapling-tip — no more :
stem of purpose still straight, and deep roots of resolve
immovable below.
But Rodomont, man-like, triple-brazed in vanity, saw
only the flickering of the frond.
He would have clasped her. Mimosa shrank from him,
elusive.
''Not, cousin, if I know it," she flashed. And then
Rodomont knew, and cursed his confidence. She had tried
to temper the blow to him ; but he had chosen to meet it,
full face, thwack on sconce, after Dame Fortune's oldest-
fashioned way of hinting to us that she is adverse.
"And when he wrote like this," says Mr. Traill, "the
Mr. W. H. Maxlock, impressed by the. resemblance,
which has been noted by scholars, and by FitzGerald
himself, between the philosophy of Omar Khayydm and
that of Lucretius, has versified parts of Lucretius in the
metre employed by FitzGhsrald in the Rubaiyat, The idea
of thus reducing both poets to "a common literary
denominator " is curious and, on the whole, felicitous.
Moreover, Mr. Mallock's verses justify his experiment.
They have a fine movement, and are full of haunting
phrases and stanzas. Indeed, Mr. Mallock's are the best
verses we have met with in a magazine — nay, in a new
book of verse — for a long time. Lucretius was the Boman
poet of science : he held that men have no souls that can
survive their bodies ; and in his poem, " Concerning the
Nature of Things," he unfolded " the gospel of the ever-
lasting death." Here is part of Mr. Miuloek's poem :
Globed from the atoms falling slow or swift
I see the suns, I see the systems Uf t
Their forms ; and even the systems and the suns
Shall go back slowly to the eternal drift.
Those blue and shining seas in delicate haze
Shall go ; and yonder sands forsake their plaoe ;
And where they are, shall other seas in turn
Mow with their scythes of whiteness other bays.
Behold the terraced towers, and monstrous round
Of league-long ramparts rise fron out the ground.
With gardens in the clouds. Then all is gone,
And Babylon is a memory and a mound.
. • . • •
Where is the coolness when no cool windi blow ?
Where is the music when the lute Ues low ?
Are not the redness and the red rose one.
And the snow^s whiteness one thing with the snow ?
• . . . .
Death is for us, then, nothing — a mere name
For the mere noiseless ending of a flame.
It hurts us not, for there is nothing left
To hurt : and as of old, when Oarthsge came
To battle, we and ours felt naught at all.
Nor quailed to see the invadiuff ruin fall
On all our quiet homes, nor heard our fields
Shaken beneath the hordes of Hannibal,
But slumbered on and on, nor cared a jot,
Death to the stress, and tumult, though the lot
Of things was doubtful, to which lords should fall
The rule of all — ^but we, we heeded not—
So when that wedlock of the flesh and mind
Which makes us what we are, shall cease to bibd,
And mind and flesh, being mind and flesh no more.
Powdered to dust go whistling down the wind,
Even as our past was shall our future be.
Others may start and tremble, but not we,
Thouffh heaven be darkened with the dust of earth
Or all the earth be sunk beneath the sea.
Sir Walter Besant recently deplored the freedom with
which authors attack each other : his whipping-post being
Mr. Buchanan's article on Mr. Kipling in the Contemporary.
We do not know with what feelmgs Sir Walter will read
the speech which Sir Edward Olarke delivered at the
Browning Settlement the other day. After discoursing on
the delights of reading, Sir Edward came to present-day
literature, and putting a sting into the tail of nis speech,
said out loud :
It was humiliating to think that in the year just dosed
perhaps the two most notable books published were that
shocking production of Mr. Swinburne's, RoBamund^
Queen of the Lonibnnh, the manupcript of which ought to
3 February, 1900.
The Academy.
97
have been buined ; and another book, almost as bad — he
referred to Stalky it Co. To come down to those {nroduc-
tions from the works he had spoken of was a depth of
degradation in regard to whidi he sincerely pitied the boys
of the present day. They had, however, a remedy, and
that was to avoid following literature down to the gutter
into which it had run.
AxTHOuGH the ^ho de Paris is one of the most
truculently anti-English papers in Paris, it is proud to
reg^e its readers with good English fiction. Thus, at the
present moment, Mr. Kipling's The Finest Story in the
World is running in its columns While that draws to a
close, the following promise of more good things from per-
fidious Albion is held out to Parisians :
Imm^diatement apr^s la PLUS BBLLE HI8T0IBE
Dn MONDE, de RDDTABD KIPLING, nous commen-
cerons la pubUcation de :
TESS D'URBERVILLE
PAB
THOMAS HARDY
est Thistoire infiniment toudhante, suave et tragique, d'une
jeune paysanne issue d'une tr^s andenne et trds aristo-
cratique famille de TAngleterre tomb^e peu i pen dans
Tindigenoe et I'oubli.
En m^me temps qu'un roman d'amour, Tess d'lJrber-
ville offre une admirable peinture, sans analogue en
France, de la vie des champs. Les Amotions de rh§roine
se manifestent dans un milieu nistique, tour a tour plein de
frafcheur po^tique et de farouche grandeur, oil les travaux
de la campagne, merveilleusement observes, se deroulent
en puissante narmonie avec les phases successives de ses
douleurs et de ses joies id^ales.
Tesa d'TJibervUle est peut-^tre le chef-d'oeuvre du
tr^s c^I^bre romancier Thomas Hardy.
In the Century Magazine there is a capital artide, entitled
''The West, and Certain Literary Discoveries; or. How
Fiction may be Stranger than Truth." The writer, Mr.
E. Hough, points out uiat novels of the West are written
in the East, and without knowledge. Incidentally he
gives this accurate chaffing recipe for a New England
novel :
In order to wtite a novel of New England life, it is
necessary that one have at hand a mortgage, a spinster of
rather slender habit, a young man who went away, and
a quiet graveyard. These, with accessories such as an old
setrle or two, a tall clock, and a household interior of
wax-like neatness, will always serve to meet a certain
standard in books descriptive of life in New England, and
from books of such nature a great many persons gain a
portion of their knowledge of that region. It may be
urgfd that such a knowledge must of necessity be a narrow
and imperfect one. This is perhaps true. Yet you shall
not chimge this thing I
SiMiLABLT, the West is written up by East writers -who
imagine vain things about cow-punchers and red shirts
and revolvers. Mr. Hough sadly points out that one fact
about the West which these writers overlook is the simple
one that the West no longer exists. It costs a thousand
dollars now to kill a grizzly, and you may not kill a
bufEalo at all. In a generation the face of things has
been changed. Miles of wire, and of railroad, have
crossed the plains, tearing the antelope and frightening
the buffalo. We could quote some fine passages of
description, notably one in which the writer found a single
line of wire fence crossing a boundless, untenanted
wilderness, issuing from the horizon and fading into the
horizon opposite. We will quote, however, a few sen-
tences in which Mr. Hough criticises '^ tiiat slovenly form of
literaxy art,
the realism of which necessitates a continual search for
' local colour.' The literary market demands this. It is
not necessary to have a knowledge of a field. The writer
finds nothiog in the environment immediately about him,
because he already knows it too well. He goes into a
new field, his senses receive a fillip, and he — writes. It is
not always necessary for him fint to see and think, not
to say first to sympathise and understand. True, such
work does not endure. No great book was ever written
in such haphasard fashion. Yet at the hands of such
crude craftsmanship as this the West has certainly suffered."
Here Mr. Houffh touches larger issues, and there is
wisdom in what he says. The great novelists have never
been curious searchers for local colour.
A GOBBESPONDBNT has sont us an appreciation of Mr.
Tirebuck's work, whose death we bri^y acknowledged
last week. The commimication is too long to print, but
we find room for a few extracts: ''His most ardent
admirers felt that his best was yet to oome. They could
not but feel that parts of his work were greater than
the whole— to use a seeming paradox. Everywhere
there .were indications of a power to body forth
character, to create a fitting atmosphere, to give move-
ment and solidarity in the record, out the power came
and went like blown flame. It is not too much to
say that there is fiction of a very high order in some
of Mr. Tirebuck's books — ^notably in miss Grace of All
Souls and Sweetheart Owen, Mr. Tirebuck was greater
than his work. His right foot, as it were, was never
really put foremost. The singularly sweet seriousness
that was his ; the quiet impressiveness ; the curious way
he had of entangling common things in a transforming
web of fancy ; the winsome, affectionate manner ; the deep-
sea soundings that dropped suddenly into his ordinary
conversations ; the gentleness that charmed while it plainly
indicated that it had no kinship with weakness; the
absolute refinement of feeling; the flow of delicate and
quaint humour, and — in days like ours, perhaps, most
notable of all — ^the humility and disinclination to advertise
himself, although he very much believed in himself ; these
are known only to the friends who have loved and lost
him."
The method of buying books by instalments, through
the agency of a newspaper, has proved so popular that we
are not surprised to see new enterprises announced. The
latest ofi^er of the kind is made by the British Weekly,
which undertakes to supply lots of 100 or 50 books in the
Bohn Library on the instalment plan. Thus a reader may
have 100 volumes and a copy of Webster's International
Dictionary for twelve guineas, in twelve monthly instal-
ments ; and fifty bocScs on proportionate terms. An
excellent feature of the scheme is that each purchaser may
select what volumes he will from the Bohn Library, which
now includes nearly 800 standard works. Seldom has a
better chance occurred of forming, or completing, a good
private library.
Wb have received copies of two volumes of a new
edition of the poems of Bichard Orashaw, from so un-
likely a spot as Bedale, in Yorkshire. It is really
refreshing to find that down there, at Bedale, Crashaw's
poems have been lovingly edited and accurately printed.
The editor, Mr. J. B. Tutin, writes a modest and raUier
naive preface, in which he adopts the editorial we, and
ends a para^^ph with the word '' of." But Mr. Tutin's
work is genume and valuable. His task has been mainly
to present the best text of the poet, to arrange his poems
in the best order, and to print them in the oxthoeraphy of
the present day. Every page has been worked up in a
leisurely way, idmost as rare in these days as the apparition
of Bedale on a title-page.
Looking through the larger of Mr. Tutin's volumes,
containing ''The Delights of the Muses," ''Steps to the
98
The Academy.
3 Febraaiy, 1900.
Temple," &c., we are glad to renew our acquaintance with.
Orasiiaw's Divine Epigrams. Here are three examples :
Dives AsKma a Drop.
A drop, one drop, how sweetly one fair drop
Would tremble on my pearl-tipp*d finger's top !
My weaJth is gone ; O go it where it will,
Spare this one jewel ; I'll be Dives still !
Two Went Up into the Temple to Pba.y.
Two went to pray ! O, rather say,
One went to brag, th' other to pray ;
One stands up close and treads on high,
Where th' other dares not send his eye.
One nearer to God's altar trod.
The other to the altar's God.
On the Mibaole of Loaves.
Now, Lord, or never, they'll believe on Thee ;
Thou to their teeth hast proved Thy Deity.
Messrs. Mudib's new catalogue, just out, presents some
notable improvements on previous issues. In it books are
for the first time classified under subjects as well as under
authors ; hence subscribers can quickly look up works
under Arts, History, Poetry, Sport, Travel, &c. It is the
intention of Messrs. Mudie to make this classification more
detailed and useful from year to year.
A CLEVER little '^tautological tale," by Miss Grace
Eraser, is published in the February St, Nicholas, Miss
Eraser begins by declaring that she dreamed she was Dr.
lloget, the author of the Thesaurtu of English Words, AU
who know that useful work will appreciate the narrative of
her dream, in which ** a gentleman behind me was admonish-
ing me to hasten, with the words :
*Come, come, my good fellow, bowl, trundle, roll
along!'
' S'm,' thought I, ' what it is to be stout ! Quoting
my very words, is he ? I'll show him ! ' And turning,
I exclaimed :
' Go ! begone ! get you gone ! get away I go along ! be
off! off with you! get along with you! go about your
business ! go your way ! avaunt ! aroynt ! away with
you !'
' Whew ! ' cried the saucy man. ' What an irascible,
susceptible, excitable, irritable, fretful, fidgety, peevish,
hasty, quick, warm, hot, touchy, testy, pettish, waspish,
snappish, petulant, peppery, fiery, passionate, choleric
fellow it is ! '
This annoyed me.
*Sir,' I said, 'you shall not ridicule, deride, laugh at,
mjck, quiz, rallv, flout, twit, roast, taunt, or make game
of me ; this is ill-treatment, annoyance, molestation, abuse,
oppression, persecution, outrage, of a kind that I sludl not
sUnd!'
The man apparently wanted to fight, for he continued
meditatively : * What a corpulent, stout, fat, plump,
chubby, chub-faced, lubberly, bulky, unwieldy ^
This was more than flesh and blood could stand."
Exciting incidents followed, but finally the conversation,
'^ which could hardly be called a model of conciseness,
brevity, terseness, compression, condensation, or pithiness,
came to a close, termination, conclusion, finis^ finale^ finish,
determination, and end."
Bibliographical.
The example Mr. George Alexander has set in preparing
and publishing an illustrated history of the theatre over
which he presides is one which ought to be followed. Let
each actor-manager in London do the same — that is to
say, when he has anything to record, which is hardly the
case with, say, Mr. Tree (at Her Majesty's) and Mr.
Wyndham (at the theatre named after him). Truth to
tell, the old theatres in London are but few. The Lyric,
the Shaftesbury, the Comedy, the Prince of Wales's,
Daly's, Terry's, are comparatively mushrooms. But there
is a good deed to be told about Dniry Lane, Covent
Garden, the Strand, the Olympic, and even about the
Vaudeville, the Opera Oomique, the Globe, and the
Criterion, which, though by no means ancient, has made
its mark upon the drama of to-day. Drury Lane found an
historian in Edward Stirling, me playwright; but his
work is scrappy at the best : moreover, it is much out of
date. The CkronicUs of the Gaiety, as we all know, have
been written, down to quite recent times, by Mr. Hollings-
head. The late E. L. Blanchard told the story of many
of our theatres in successive issues of the Era ''Almanack " ;
he did not, however, ooUect and reprint his work, and so
the only available accounts of London theatres generally,
in volume form, are Mr. Michael Williams's Some London
TheatreSy Past and Present, published in 1883, and Mr.
Barton Baker's London Stage, brought out in 1889.
Are Anthony Trollope's novels bought nowadays? Bead,
no doubt, they may be at the public and circulating
libraries; but do people purchase his stories? To the best
of my knowledge, none of them have been reprinted in the
'nineties ; and in the 'eighties the reprints were confined,
apparently, to a baker's dozen out of all his imaginative
progeny. It may well be that the time has come for a
reissue of his fictions ; but, if I were the publisher, I
should make a careful selection for the purpose. The
" Barchester " series, we may take it, will live ; but how
about the many tales put forward by their author after
the Last Chronicle of that cathedral town? Like Mrs.
Oliphant, Trollope probably never wrote a wholly worth-
less story ; but for the merely mediocre there is no life
nowadays or hereafter. Trollope has lately enjoyed the
distinction of being praised both by Mr. Stephen Gwynn
and Mr. C. K. Shorter. One wonders, however, whether
these writers have not commended the fertile Anthony
somewhat as Calverley eulogised the organ-grinder :
But I've heard mankind abuse thee;
And perhaps it's rather strange.
But I thought that I would choose thee
For encomium as a change.
So we are not to have a new Life of Leigh Hunt from
the pen of Mrs. Thornton Williams, or any one else.
Canmdly, I do not think any such work is needed. We
have Hunt's autobiography, to begin with ; we have his
correspondence (edited by his son) ; and we have the
monograph, by Mr. Cosmo Monkhouse, in the '' Great
Writers'* series. It seems hardly worth while to write
another biography in order to prove that Hunt was not
the ^' original " of Harold Skimpole. At the same time, I
hold that the prevailing opinion of Hunt's work and
influence in literature is lower than his deserts, and im-
plies a limited acquaintance with his products. The
fairest estimate of mm as a writer is contained, I think,
in Alexander Smith's Iheamthorpe,
It is to be feared that the theatrical newspapers, what-
ever their other merits, do not cultivate a very dose
acquaintance with published literature. I notice that in
its current number the Era (the Bible and Prayer-Book of
'^ the profession") commits itself to the statement that
'^ ^ Aglavaine and Selysette' is the name of the new one-
act play by Maurice Maeterlinck." Now, we know that
''Aglavaine and Selysette" is in five acts, not one, and
that an English trandation of it was published two and a
half years ago. The Era, therefore, perpetrates two
inaccuracies in one short sentence.
More Meredithiana. A courteous correspondent, writing
from Liverpool, tells me that in 1898 he printed, "for
private circulation only, " a Calendar of Mere<Uthian Philo-
sophy. This I have not seen, but my correspondent
promises that I shall have the opportunity of inspecting
a copy, and, in that case, I may describe it to my readers.
All these things go to show how sharp an impression
Mr. Meredith's " philosophy " has made upon his English-
speaking contemporaries. The Bookworm.
3 February, 1900.
The. Academy.
99
Reviews.
The Art of Mr. Israel Zangwill.
They that Walk in Darkness, By Israel Zangwill.
(Heinemann. 6s.)
Mr. Zangwill is that rarliy — a man who knows
the homeless race not merely by a few columnar
figures, standing grandiosely in the world's history, as
Disraeli knew them ; not by philosophical induction, as
George Eliot was more or less obliged to know them ; but
by beiDg a Jew, by living the Jew life, by loving the Jew
language, and (it cannot be impertinent to add) by loving
the Jew religion. You read tnat Mr. Zangwill was head
boy in the Jews' Free School in Spitalfields ; that he
remained at the school as a teacher ; and that, in the
leisure afforded by his laborious occupation, he studied to
such purpose that he graduated B.A. at London University
with triple honours before he was twenty-one. The
character of Herbert Strang, the gold medallist in The
Master, shows that Mr. Zangwill is the last person to claim
that the promise of brilliant success in letters was held
out by his academic successes. Indeed, he began — shall
we say, as a Jew ? — flashily. The Premier and the Fainter,
written in collaboration with Mr. Louis Go wen, is just
what you would expect during that period of insincerity
when an abnormally clever writer is plotting to hit the
public taste. Yet it is a work to be viewed indulgently,
inasmuch as it is delightfully droll. It is the history of
events which took place after an exchange of environments
e£Pected by two people who were, physically, almost the
doubles of each other. One is the prime minister, the
other an artisan. The history is written from the point
of view of remote posterity. Characters such as Lord
Bardolph Mountchapel and Sir Stanley Southleigh give
the book the characteristics of a transparent roman a clef,
and the way is clearly pointed for a serious burlesque like
Mr. Max Beerbohm's 1880, The book would have gained
artistically if the footnotes — one of its most amusing
features— had been more numerous. Nothing could be
more ludicrously typical of a certain kind of sober history
than the footnote on Mr. George E. Sims :
A. popular journalidt and dramatist of the peiiod —
afterwards member for a Metropolitan borough. Not to
be confounded with Sims Beeves, a famous bass, not a
baritone (as the author of Social Life in the Reign of
Victoria affirms), who seems to have been referred to
among his friends by his Christian name.
So far, and even in The Bachelors^ Club and The Old
Maids^ Cluh, we see Mr. Zangwill an entertainer of the
public, scarcely an artist. His sense of humour is an
asset upon which he draws at random. He is at times as
fatuously foolish as the young clerk making himself agree-
able at a tea-party. Yet he can also write so witching a
line as " I lent him the shilling with which he cut me off."
An atmosphere of balderdashery surrounds the Club
books, and all apparently because Shakespeare punned!
It is not an atmosphere which a cultivated person can
breathe with patience, however close together may be the
intermittent flashes of real sprightliness. A peep into
Ariel confirms one's opinion of the inequality of Mr. Zang-
will's humour. Listen to this. It is the '* new version "
of the Lord of Burleigh :
He is thought a bold highwayman
By the village maiden's pa.
Who may hang as high as Haman
Though he boldly laughs Ha ! Ha !
Is it not shocking — parody in the pit, so to speak ? But
the series entitled ^* AriePs Press Cutting Agency" — a
series of newspaper pages imitated both typographically
and as regards literature from various '' esteemed contem-
poraries," were delicious essays in that difficult art. Ariel
died February 5, 1892, and Mr. Zangwill proceeded tathe
publication of a really great book. The Children of the
Ohetto is a veritable epic of London Jewry, It is over-
laden with effects of melodrama ; it insists on entering
our sympathies by a sort of pugilism. But how it glows
and tingles with life ! how copious is its information !
Note, too, how the story depends on the local colour.
His sophisticated and voluble Jews of the West are but
stuffed men, however, compared with his Malkas and
Moses Ansells. Pinchas, the Hebrew poet who replied
'^ it shall be all besom " when the actor-manager reminded
him that a broom should figure prominently in his play,
is a marvellous portrait. Any of the figures in the Club
books must needs shrivel up if set beside him, for he is,
like one of Leighton's models, drawn from the very bones —
a genius, a wind-bag, a colossal egoist, a child. Beb
Shemuel, devout and recklessly generous, is a portrait
which almost convinces one of the reasonableness of
Judaism in spite of the reaction of his belief upon the fate
of his daughter. A perusal of The Children of tne Ghetto and
the other Ghetto books strikingly illustrates the rooted
Judaism of their author. Even now we can hear Hannah
slam the door in her lover's face, and listen to his mockery
of the law which prohibits a Cohen from marrying a
woman who has got Gett. Yet Gentiles though we are,
and deeply sensible of the tragedy of this love, we feel as
the Celts felt when one of their number was called by the
Ninth Wave, that David Brandon had to go forth alone
and see his Hannah no more. Hannah was right in obey-
ing the Eabbis, though all the Babbis were wrong. It is
the tragedy of the agnostical martyr. Once a Jew always
a Jew would indeed seem to be one of Mr. Zangwill' s con-
victions. One recalla four death-bed scenes at least where
erring Jews yield up their ghosts to the slow music of
orthc^oxy. No one knows better than Mr. ZangwUl that
the religious sense is indestructible, and that there is no
such thing as '^ emancipation " from it. For the rest he
would seem to be in sympathy with the poet who ex-
claimed :
Children of men I the unseen Power, whose eye
For ever doth accompany mankind,
Hath look'd on no religion scornfully
That man did ever find.
The remarkable little story in his last book about the
Jewish mother who took her blind boy to Eome to be
healed by the Pope, and a chapter (YII. of Book 11.) in
The Master, may be cited in this connexion.
In The Master Mr. Zangwill turned his back on the
Ghetto. It is the story of an artist's struggle to succeed,
and of the moral conflict which ensued on his success.
From working in a saw-mill Matthew Strang proceeds,
vid house-painting and bird-stuffing, to exhibiting in the
Boyal Academy. It is a very hard climb, and described
wi&L so much circumstantiality that the reader shares the
fatigue of it. Marriage makes Matthew a hostage to
fortune — marriage without love. Not even Douglas Jerrold
has depicted with more relentless realism the special terror
wielded by the feminine nagger than Mr. Zangwill in
Eosina. She has intoxicated Matthew once as women
do ; anon she fades ; she has no secrets, no resources of
intellect. And Matlliew falls in love again. It is his
author's decision that he shall not leave Bosina ; it is the
one note of Judaism in the book : as a man has sown, so
shall he reap — a noble note when a man sounds it to him-
self. So Matthew gives up his sensual dream, and paints
as he had never painted before. The book contains
several vivid portraits of artists, and a great deal of clever
studio talk. Yet one would not exchange Colthurst for
Matthew or Culpepper or any other of Mr. Zangwill's
artists, for about Lucas Malet's stutterer is a charm of
more intimate humanity. Matthew, the self - taught,
listening intelligently to a German song while he is
swimming, is a little too Crichtonian. To return from
particularisation, he is a little too vague as a man, however
important he may be as a '' master." The Nova Scotian
lOO
The Academy.
3 February 1900.
local colour of the first part of the story is admirably
vivid. Here, at least, is a man who paints.
Li They that Walk in Darkness, tna latest book, Mr.
Zangwill returns to the Ghetto, the Ghettos of the
world. It has been said that he is repeating himself.
This is scarcely true; but it is true that ms Jewish
love of sublime effects is a little undisciplined. He
invites us to trace the decay of his imagination by com-
paring << Satan Mekatrig" with <<Bethulah.'' There is
no dscatff and '^Betbulah" is more delicate work than
'^ Satan Mekatrig," which is a decade younger. Satan
disports in ''an imspeakable eeriness, an unnameable
unholiness '' ; and it is easy to believe, as one listens to one
daptrap effect after another, that the story is in very truth
tiieproductof youth. But is ''Bethulah"qxute good enough?
A blafipheming Jew, spending his nights with Satan, and
rescued by his wife's prayers, is an ambitious theme ; a
virgin waiting at the grave's gate to ^ve birth to the
Messiah is a theme either to be teeated with such irony as
only an agnostic of genius can command or with such pity
as only a poet of genius can express. Mr. Zangpvill is not
agnostical enough, he is not daring enough, he is not
poetical enough for his theme. Grant that the stoiy has
imagination, you must admit its incondusiveness, its arti-
fidimty. But The Keeper of Canscienee is worthy of the
hand that draw Bosina and Malka- The coarse and
vulgar natures whom Salvina, the board-school teacher,
tries to keep in seemliness are felt by the pained reader to
be fundamentally stronger than she; it is their very
identity which they vindicate in their shameless triumpn
over their mentor.
To sum up, Mr. Zangwill is the unrivalled exponent of
the modem Jew. Jews who read him admit it : there are
other Jews who cannot bear with him, but who do not
deny his accuracy. He has the gift of minutifid. He has
tapped the wealth of higgling, sordid lives. He has a
tenaemess rare in philosophers. He knows the pathos of
toil and of atrophy in the midst of strenuousness. His
women are drawn with the hand of native chivalry. Such
women as Hannah and Debby and Buth cannot die,
though it be a mortal hand that shaped them. The genius
of patience is his, for to tell what you know is so hard a
thing. Even he had first to write his topsy-turvy romance
andtftub books. But at last, instead of at first, he writes
like an artist of what he knows — the thing he knows being
a special world full of symbols and shibboleths, at whi(£
the public pricks up its ears. And this world is at home.
To travel widely is to see things with splendid perf unctori-
ness ; to talk to everybody is to litter one's language with
argot. Hence — with genius — Mr. Kipling. Mr. Zangwill,
tireless in pursuit of his race all over the world, is still at
home, for they are homeless, and his argot is of stately
origin. Hence— with genius — another great man, and a
far more intellectual one. But it is just that intellectuality
which makes him less great than he might be. The man
of ideas has not quite Teamed how to become the artist in
expression, partly because he has the lecturer's abnormal
fluency. Hi« metrical gift, however, evinced in the fine
sonnet on the two greatest Jews of all time, which serves
as a prelude to Dreamers of the Ghetto, and the remarkable
achievement in choral prose at the end of that work ('' Chad
Gadya "), suggests that he may yet realise his own perfect
definition of Art—'' a revelation of beautiful truth through
the individual vision."
The Making of a Book.
Casar's Conquest of Qaul. By T. Bice Holmes. (Mac-
miUan. 16s.)
Iv a singularly interesting preface to this monumental
book, Mr. Holmes tells how he came to make it. He set
out with the simple and kindly object of writing an English
narrative of the Gallic wars which should induce school-
boys to believe that there is really Kood reading in the
Commentaries. He looked forward to an easy task,
a recreation after serious historical toil. He was un-
deceived. He had not reckoned, as he thinks, with the
character of his material; in reality, with his own tempera-
ment. Unfortunately for himself, but fortunately for
historical science, Mr. Holmes has the instinct for doing
things thoroughly. He began to fill in Csosar's gaps, and
then aU was up with trifling.
In the first place, the very narrative of the Commentaries
raises more questions than it solves. Whatever Csasar's
object in writmg them was, it certainly was not to explain
everything to an inquisitive modem.
He has left many questions obscure — questions of
geography, of ethnology, of sociology, of relis^ion, of
poUtios, and of military siieDce. To throw Hght upon
these questions, and to explain the difficulties in his
language, has engaged the labour of a host of soholarB —
geographers, antiijaaries, anthropologists, ethnologists,
archaBologists, mUitary spedaUsts, philologists, learned
editors; and the works which they have produced, the
greater part of which are scattered in the learned
periodicals of foreign countries, would fill a large library.
If the bulk of these works are mainly controversial or
exegetioal, if they are largely devoted to the discussion and
eluoidation of ancient texts, yet on this point or on that
many of them are virtually ori^^ioal authorities. They
contain scraps of genuine iaformation, which enable one to
fill up gaps in the memoirs of the conqueror. Excavators
have discovered disputed sites. CoiuB, inscriptions, rusty
weapons, and even skulls have added items to our store of
knowledge. Soldier-scholars, trained to observe the
geographical features of a oouutrv, have travelled, Oom-
mentaries in hand, through the length and breadth of
France, and Belgium, ana Alsace, and Switzerland ; and,
if prejudiced zeal or local patriotism have often misled them,
their united efforts have not been in vain.
Furthermore, Mr. Holmes was bound to be curious on
certain points which lay outside his main theme, but were
at least implied by it. Who were the Guuls ? What were
their ethnological relations to their German, their Iberian
neighbours? To what level of political, of religious
culture had they advanced before the Conquest ?
Once launched on these lines, Mr. Holmes " read on year
after year." His bibliographical note gives some idea of
the formidable mass of printed matter through which he
has waded. In the result, the "English narrative," as
may be guessed, shows but small beside the vast mass of
illustrative, controversial, and critical matter with which it
is accompanied. This amounts to a complete survey, not
only of the history of the conquest in its minutest detail,
but also of every possible aspect of the pre-history of un-
conquered Gaul. The narrative occupies an hundred and
fifty out of eight hundred and fifty pages. It is followed
by a long essay on the nature and object of the Com-
mentaries, and of Csosar's credibility as an historian.
This Mr. Holmes defends vivaciously against numerous
attacks. Then come elaborate and profoimdly learned
sections on the races of Gaul, on the geographical names
in the Commentaries, on the sociology of Gaul, on the
military structure of Ca)sar's army, and, finally, a series of
discussions on one moot point after another, to the number
of about a hundred, which the historian's own account of
his campaigns affords. Finally he tops up, at the end of
the preface, with a note on " The Busts of Caasar," and
another in which he pulverises an unfortunate recent
edition of the Commentaries for some hasty theories with
3 February, 1900.
The Academy.
lOI
regazd to Golonel Stoffel's militax^ exoavatioiis on the sites
of Ayaricum, Gtergovia, and Alesia.
Of the total outoome of Mr. Holmes's labours we do not
attempt to offer a critical opinion: that is work for a
Mommsen. To the pains with which he has summed up a
vast mass of erudition — gathered together, most of it, from
innumerable and often profitless monographs, programmes,
and periodicals ; to the judicial temper in whidi he has
sifted his material, and to the lucid manner in which he
has set forth the outcome, we can at least bear witness.
It is a book with which every future scholar, English or
Continental, who touches the subject must reckon. Let
us conclude by quoting, as a specimen of Mr. Holmes's
manner, a passage from the close of his long inquiry into
the alleged mala fidet with which the Commentuies were
written :
No history is absolutely true ; and Oeosar assuredly made
mistakes. He is often laoooic to a fault : he often writes
with a looseness of expression which was uataral in a busy
man who did not write for cayillers, who made large
demands upon the intelligenoe of his readers, and who,
moreover, had not the fear of modem critics before his
mind : he was sometimes either uncritical or careless in re-
producing the statements of his lieutenants ; writing as a
politician, not as a historian, he may have thought it dis-
creet to withhold valuable and interesting information : he
doubtless exaggerated, consciously or unconsciously, the
numbers of his enemies, and the losses which he or his
lieutenants had inflicted upon them : he may have glossed
o?er a mistake or two ; he may have concocted a partial
narrative of the one defeat which he himself sustained;
and I am willing to believe that his memoirs leave upon
the mind an impression of his prowess, if not of his cluir-
acter, more favourable than would have been produced by
the narrative of an impartial and well-informed historian.
I am willing to believe that, if he had had a solid
political object to gain, he would have had recourse, as we
are told that Bismarck had recourse, to brazen mendacity.
Mendacity is a weapon which, in this wicked world, no
statesman can afford to do without. I do not claim for
OaBsar that he had the passion for truth that inspires Mr.
Rawson Gardiner. Even Mr. Baring Gould would hardly
maintain that if Oeesar could have armed himself for his
duel with Pompey by garbling the history of the Gallic
war he would have resisted Sie temptation. Only the
temptation was not there. On the whole, Osesar could
afford to tell the truth. He did full justice to his lieu-
tenants : he wrote generously of .his enemies ; and I see no
reason for believing that he was ashamed of anything he
had done.
The Child and the Colony.
Child Life in Colonial Days, By Alice Morse Earle.
(Macmillan. 8s. 6d. net.)
This is a companion and supplemental volume to Miss
Earle's delightful book. Home Life in Colonial Days, It is
written and illustrated on the same plan as that work, and
resembles it in the wealth of its rare collected informa-
tion, its museum-like surprises. Miss Earle rightly points
out that she gives us the fruits of many years of search,
and of what Emerson calls '' the catlike love of garrets,
presses, and comchambers, and of the conveniences of long
housekeeping." Miss Earle has her hobby, and her books
could be written by no one else.
The children of the Pilgrim Fathers ! How little one
has thought of them — those wide-eyed, twice dependent,
children who crossed the Atlantic witii their stem parents.
It is delightful to learn from an old chronicler that they
landed on a June day, '' with a smell on the shore like the
smell of a garden.'' Dark and deathful days were to
follow. The conditions of life proved too rough at first
for the younglings; the winters nipped them at their
birth. The cmld that was bom in winter had need to be
bom, not made, a Spartan. Within a few days of his
coming he was baptized in the meeting-house with water
obtained by breaking the ice in the clu'istening bowl. It
seems incredible, but it was so. Judge Sewall, the grand
old judge of Whittier's '' Snowbound," diarised as fdlows
under January 22, 1694 :
A very extraordinary Storm by reason of the faUing and
driving of Snow. Few woman could get to Meeting. A
Child named Alexander was baptized in the afternoon.
Alexander the Great could hardly have stood that. In old
family Bibles Miss Earle has found the saddest records of
child mortality, yet it is a question whether the children
perished most of privation or of the nostrums with which
they were dosed. In 1647 a shocked observer wrote ''a
Most Desperate Booke against taking of Phissick " ; it
was ordered to be burned.
But if children died in heartrending numbers they were
bom in numbers that ensured the continuance of the race.
Families of twelve to well-nigh thirty children were
common. Sir William Phips was one of twenty-six
children. Green, the printer of Boston, was the father of
thirty. Franklin had sixteen brothers and sisters. The
Eev. Cotton Mather had fifteen children. Mme. Austin,
of Narrangansett, had sixteen children, all of whom lived
to seventy years or more. And so on, and so on. The
children received names packed with religious significance.
''Mr. Buck celebrated the PeUgging, or dividing of Vir-
ginia into legislative districts, by naming his third child
Peleg." A widow of a barber-surgeon who had died in
the snow in his endeavour to reach a distant patient,
named her child — ^very beautifully and sadly — ^Fathergone.
In the Boper family Seeth was a common name. It was
plucked by a pious Boper from the text, ''The Lord
seeth not as man seeth." "My child shall be named
Seeth," was his exclamation, as he closed the family
Bible. An entry in Judge Se wall's diary: "I i^funed
my little Daughter Sarah. Mr. Torrey said, 'Call her
Siurah and muce a Madam of her.' I was struggling
between Mehetable or Sarah." How long the struggle
might have lasted we know not, but the usual searcmng
appeal was made to the Bible, and the'good judge adds :
" when I saw Sarah's standing in the Scripture, viz. :
Peter, Galatians, Hebrews, Eomans, I resolv'd on that
suddcoily." The children of Roger Clap were named
Experience, Waitstill, Preserved, Hopestill, Wait, Thanks,
Desire, Unite, and Supply ; and Bichard Gridley named
his three successive infants Betum, Believe, and
Tremble.
The children were sent regularly to the cold school-
houses, and the parents supplied logs as part of the school
pay and as the only assurance of their children's warmth
when at lessons. The child of a parent who failed to send
his tale of firewood was banished to the coldest part of
the schoolroom. Paper was scarce, and the children did
their sums on birch bark, which they took from the
fragrant woods. The importance of the birch tree in the
colonial educational system cannot, therefore, be easily
exaggerated. Birch trees were wofully plentiful,, and
" Massachussett's schools resounded with strokes of the
rod." Queer, cruel chastisements were in vog^e. The
" flapper " was a piece of leather, six inches broad, with a
hole in the middle, and fastened to a stick. " Every
stroke on the bare flesh raised a blister the size of the hole
in the leather." A brutal Boston schoolmaster bastinadoed
his boys. A boy would be sent out to cut a branch from a
tree ; the cut end was then split, and his nose placed in it,
making him suffer and look ridiculous. Miss Betty Higgin-
son, who ran a school in Salem, used to make a child hold
a heavy dictionary by a single leaf, and woe to the child
who allowed the leaf to tear. It is only fair to record
Miss Betty's generous reward of real merit : she would,
on occasion, divide a single strawberry into six portions
and divide these among the good scholars ; to the very
best boy or girl she gave a "bussee" — that is to say, a kiss.
I02
The Academy.
3 February, 1900.
Girls fared badly at school, and when more enlightened
days came a farmer expressed the older feeling in these
words : ** In winter it's too far for girls to walk ; in summer
they ought to stay at home to help in the kitchen." The
back-board, not me black-board, was the chief instrument
of girls' training. Stays and coats were stiffened with ribs
of wood and metal, and the race of women became erect
and flat-chested, as their portraits show.
The story of Puritan life is always the story of a growing
gaiety. In 1684 Increase Mather could preach against
'* Gynecandrical Dancing, or that which is commonly
called Mixt or Promiscuous Dancing of Men and Women,
be they elder or younger Persons together." 6ut such
preaching became more and more futile. Dancing, how-
ever, was taken seriously. A maiden who forgot her turn
in a country dance at the Philadelphia Assembly was thus
reproved by the M.O. : " Give over. Miss. Take care
what you are about. Do you think you come here for
your pleasure?" Sermons against dancing ceased, and
** Ordination- balls" became an institution in the Church.
But in Miss Earle's pages we never stray far from the
wholesome restraints of the old order ; we peep shyly at
the world, and are kept from the flesh and the devil.
Urquhart of Cromartie.
Sir Thomas Urquhart of Cromartie, By John Willcock.
(Oliphant, Anderson & Fender. 6s.)
Becent times have shown the oddest sort of revival of the
fame of Sir Thomas Urquhart, the translator of Kabelais,
as all men know him, the most fantastic creature of
mediaeval romance and media3val imaginativeness, as a
few are now beginning to recall. In truth Urquhart may
almost be said to have been the last of the media)valists.
The age to which he was bom was emphatically the
beginning, the throwing open of the gates, as it were, of
modernity. Cromwell and the Restoration do not sound
particularly media3val. Yet here was one of that age who
practically, despite an extraordinary literary capacity, sub-
scribed nothing original of any sort or kind to the advance
of any modem thought, or to anything which should be
in the least to the advantage of posterity. Milton was
writing Paradise Lost, Shakespeare was dead, Bacon had
published De Augnhentis and the Novum Organum ; yet here
was a man belonging to an age subsequent to that of these
men, himself at one time a prisoner in the hands of the
Lord Protector, a man of amazing keenness and subtlety
of intellect, learned, accomplished, and living every ounce
of his life, standing with his back turned most deliberately
upon the times with which he was contemporary, and
intent upon nothing but the curious love and intimate
researches of an age that was as dead as Sisera. It is for
that reason that we are persuaded that, had he never
translated Babelais, his name would never have emerged
from the roll-call of his own generation. Everything he
did, all his dreams and desires, came to the world a
century and a half old. They were stillborn ; and all the
fantastic powers of his vivid and vital brain would not
save his theories from their necessary fate.
Yet the man himself must always have extraordinary
fascinations for the student. An imagination at all times
bordering upon absolute intoxication, an acc^uisitive power
over words to which Shakespeare's vocabulary can alone be
compared, a belief in himself of the sublimest and most
complacent kind, an aspiring and scheming brain which
reeled o£E panacea after panacea for nothing less than the
whole universe — he would ^not have been content with
a bauble less splendid — a dreamer, a poet, a soldier, a
mathematician, a traveller, a wit, a scholar, a theorist,
a philanthropist (in speculation), a philosopher, a lover of
fine dress, and a man of most elegant and charming
presence — what picttire could be more engrossing or more
provocative? Thanks to his translation of Babelais we
have the desire and the wish to make the acquaintance of
so volatile and exquisite a spirit ; for, as we have said,
save for that amazing work, it would likely have gone
hard with Urquhart's lasting fame. Yet, again, if we
perpend, his Kabelais was still part of his innate — we say
innate, because there is no sign in his life that he con-
sciously fought for an ideal — medisovalism. For Kabelais
points both ways — backward to the abuses of history,
forward to the remedy of those abuses. And it is only
reasonable to suppose that Ur(£uharfc was rather attracted
to the backward pointing of his great hero than to the
voice of the prophet.
Mr. John Willcock, in his endeavour to portray the
character and undertaking of Sir Thomas Urquhart, has
made rather than written a book. He has gone to the
works of the Knight of Cromartie for his material, and he
is not sparing of quotation. But we cannot conscientiously
say that he has done his work well. It is good that a
book of this kind should have been written, but it might
have been so much better done. A great deal of the
comment is merely fatuous. Let us speak by the card.
It appears that in the sixteenth century vacations were
suppressed at the Aberdeen University. Mr. Willcock
actually adds a footnote to say that an '* eminent York-
shire educationist " introduced ^* the same rule into the
establishment under his charge." Mr. Willcock refers to
Mr. Squeers! ** One of the ways," says he, "in which
the elder Sir Thomas succeeded in impoverishing himself
and his family was in becoming bail for people who
absconded." This he ** infers," because there is record
that it happened once. Mr. Willcock describes Portia as
" the fair critic " ; and a little later on, «gain in a foot-
note, in all seriousness he trots out Mr. Micawber and Uriah
Heep as illustrations of outright historical facts. These
are all eclipsed, however, by the remarkable statement:
" It is probable that he died much sooner, a victim in all
likelihood to flery restlessness of spirit. This conjecture is,
however, improbable" How can a man bring himself to
think so loosely ? When Mr. Willcock is playful he can
gambol like any icthyosaurus. "One of them [the Muses],"
he writes, describing a picture, " seems inclined to give
Sir Thomas a sprinkling; but refrains either because it
was unnecessary or for fear of spoiling his nice new
clothes." Mr. Willcock's reference to Browning's enjoy-
ment of " a joUy chapter of Kabelais " " over a bottle of
Chablis" is: "Some have turned over Kabelais and
searched for the jolly chapter in vain, and have, perhaps,
attributed their failure to the want of a bottle of Chablis."
Comment is superfluous. Finally, a little specimen of Mr.
Willcock's grammar: "Francois Kabelais was bom in
Touraine, according to the date usually given, and which
there is reason," &c. In a word, Mr. Willcock has not, as
a matter of fact, produced a worthy book on Urquhart.
His writing is loose, his criticism is a trifle vague, and his
humour is deplorable. We should have looked to the
chapter on the translation of Kabelais as the most inter-
esting in such a work ; but we grieve to say that it is
extremely thin, containing no novelty either in style, in
thought, or in criticism. (In spite of a grammarian's
protest, the present writer thinks that " either " and " or "
may be applied to any number of qualities, for the simple
reason that you may have any number of alternatives, or
because there are more than two colours!) Page, after
page of this chapter, which is by no means a long one,
consists simply of quotation from the translation — no
less, that is, than twelve pages out of twenty-six. The
remainder is to quite an appreciable extent gathered from
other writers — Mr. Tytler, Sir Theodore Martin, and
others ; while Mr. Willcock's own contributions to the
subject seem to us of quite insignificant value. In a word,
the true Life of Urquhart, which shall be a brilliant
summary of the man and his writings, has yet to be
written.
5 February, ir,oo.
The Academy.
103
Fluent and Unselective. .
RiL6» By Laurence Housman. (The Unicom Press.)
To go about with a perpetual pencil, so to speak, ready to
jot down perpetual utile poems upon the smallest thought
or impulse, is a perilous way of writing, and to commit
them wholesale to print is a perilous way of publishing.
We do not say that Rue was written in this way ; but it
contains far too much evidence of fluent and unselectiye
composition. A poet should look askance at some of the
moods which present themselves for verse, or at least he
should be exacting as to the results. The remark as to
the "perpetual pencil" was rather called forth by the
appalling facility of versifiers in general at the present
day than applied literally to Mr. Housman's book. We
are, and have been, consistent admirers of Mr. Housman's
poetry. In his first volume of religious poems, especially,
we found a distinguished quality of compact and novel
thought, taking one by surprise in its imion with a quick
and orig^al fancy. But it is impossible not to express
the fear that Mr. Housman is writing too much, or rather
too fast. His books of late have followed on each other's
heels ; and Rue^ in particular, comes when we had scarcely
risen from the review of The Little Land, Quick publica-
tion, we are aware, may be deceptive. It may result from
the accumulated store of years, not from hurried pro-
duction. But the internal evidence of Mr. Laurence
Housman's books tends to confirm our misgiving. The
Little Land was distinctly more loose, less full of matter,
than his previous volume, and this, we are sorry to say, is
weaker than The Little Land, The Little Land, moreover,
was leavened by some fine work, and one quite notable
bit of work in the shape of the strikingly-lovely " Cupid
and Christ.'' Here we have found no such radiant star.
It is by way, apparently, of being a sequence ; but the
connecting thread is in the poet's mind ; it is not made
out — nor does it seem Mr. Housman's intention it should
be made out — to the reader. That would matter little
were the poems individually of interest. Our complaint is
not that Mr. Housman has become cheap, or careless, or
essays the modes of easy popularity; it is that he has
become diluted. Of the poems wluch compose Rw we
must needs say that they are thin. And that is exactly
what we should expect from too much writing.
There is the old air about the poems, the point and
neatness of expression ; poem after poem wakens expecta-
tions of matter to come ; but it fails, and we finish with
a sense of disappointment. The thought, the idea, is
not quite distinguished enough. A little more, you often
feel, would have done it ;
But the Httlo more, and how much it is !
And the Httle less, and what worlds away !
as Browning sang. We want that little more of Mr.
Housman, and with a little less production he might surely
give it us, as he has done before.
Another point in some of these poems is their difficulty.
Mr. Housman has always been fond of curiously-knitted
expression (in the higher sense of the word " curious "),
and partly, perhaps, it is this carried to some interior
extreme whidi accounts for the deficiency. Still more, we
think, it is a complete failure to realise how Uttle he has
done to put his reader at the same mental standpoint with
himself — the same initial standpoint. Of course, a poet
may play the trick of stimulating his reader by keeping
him in the dark up to the final stanza, and then bursting
the meaning on him like an apex-bud. Mr. Housman
does it at least once ; but it is perilous, and cannot, more-
over, account for all the difficulty we experience. There is
a poem on page 17 which we have read several times ; and
the apparent insanity of each individual stanza can only be
surpassed by the apparent insanity of the whole. The
central conception remains in Mr. Housman's mind, and
finds no way into the poem, which is like programme-musio
without the programme. What is meant by such an
image as —
Day drew forth its mandrake-root ?
In Mr. Housman's better vein is such a poem as '' An
Empty Hermitage," with its fine idea regarding the prayer-
hollowed stone :
Who knows in what dark anguish ailed
Yon soul of flesh and bone ?
The prayer, because the spirit failed,
Hath carved itself in stone.
Would all were like that ! But though Rue shows that
Mr. Laurence Housman remains a poet, it is not the best
we expect from him — and still expect.
'* Practical John."
According to My Lights. By John HoUingshead. (Chatto
& Windus. 6s.)
Many of the papers in this book are very short, very thin,
and have lost the interest they had upon their first appear-
ance in newspaper or mag^ine. But they make pleasant
reading, because of the genial personality behind them,
the personality of a man who has known both success and
failure, and has taken both with a delightfidly cynical
optimism. To most of us Mr. Hollingshead is known
mainly as the manager of the Gaiety Theatre, the guardian
of the '^sacred lamp," the caterer of popular amusements.
" Caterer " is the word he would use ; for he has no illu-
sions as to elevating the masses; he only wants to let
them enjoy themselves in their own manner and pay in
their own way. But he has played many parts in his
time. Not only has he managed the Gaiety and rented a
Bowton cubicle; he has been the friend of Thackeray
and Dickens, and the two most interesting papers in his
book are concerned with the famous editors for whom he
wrote. Thackeray, it seems, had no head for business;
but he had very long legs. Mr. Holling^ead remembers
him on the box-seat of an omnibus. '^ I have often seen
him going through Eegent-street, in the middle of the day,
with one of his long legs hanging down far below the foot-
board." For the Comhill Thackeray tried "(hard for
him) to get a new set of writers together." But at the
inaugural dinner " it was Tom, Dick, and Harry shaking
hands with Bill, Sam, and Bob, and our chief standing
before the fire smiling, with his hands under his coat-tails."
"It's no use," he said, "trying to get new men; there's
only a certain number of cabs upon the stand." Of
Thackeray's manner of work Mr. Hollingshead has some
curious observations. He had a secretary in Onslow-
square, "a feeble secretary, but a good companion," who
had acted in the same capacity to Carlyle. But Thackeray
seems to have fled from his secretary :
He wrote a very small, neat hand, and used sUps of
note-paper. These he would often gather up and put in
his coat pocket, leaving his secretary at work, and stroll
down to the Athenajum Club. Here, if he could get a
comfortable table and was not waylaid by any gossip, to
whom he was always ready to give an attentive ear, he
would pull out his slips and carry his story a few steps
further. In an hour or two he would again collect the
scattered papers and go on to the Garrick Club, where, if
not iiiterrupted, he would resume his writing. This habit
of composing in public frightened many of the old club
fogies, who thought they were being caricatured for pos -
terity, and no doubt helped to get him blackballed at the
Travellers'.
Dickens, for whom Mr. Hollingshead acted as Champion
Outdoor Young Man on Household Words, "was as great
a contrast to Thackeray in appearance as he was in his
writings. Dickens was a short, upright man of spare
figure, who held his head veiy erect, and had an ener-
104
The Academy.
3 Februaxy, 1900.
getio, industrious, not to say bustling appearance/' He
was supposed to do all bis literary work oetween ten in
tbe morning and two o'clock :
But when he was struggUog with a new and perhaps
difficult story, this hard and fost rule was relaxed. At
two o'dock he would start on those monotonous twenty-
mile walks, undf rtaken with a mistaken idea that intellectual
work required to be balanced with a plentiful amount of
physical exercise. His walks were always walks of
observation, through parts of London that he wauted to
study. . . . He was a master in London ; abroad he was
only a workman.
Mr. HoUingshead thinks this physical exercise helped
to kill Dickens before his time :
He knew and felt that he had earned his tombstone in
WoetmiDeter Abbey. That he retired to this resting-place
so soon as he did I fully belieye was mainly due to his
mechanical walks, and the exhaustion and excitement
caused by his '* dramatic readings." A day or two before
he died, I am told on good authority, he was found in the
groimds of QadshiU, acting the murder scene between
Sikes and Kaocy.
There are other curious reminiscences in Mr. Hollings-
head's book; but the two opening articles on Dickens
and Thackeray are by far the most interesting.
Other New Books.
Sidelights ok Soitth Atbica.
By Eot Deyebbux.
In this little book Mrs. Deyereux gives a most readable
series of impressions of all the chief centres of interest in
South Africa. Cape Town, Kimberley, Mafeking, Pretoria,
Johannesburg, Pietermaritzburg, not forgetting Zanzibar,
Portuguese and German East .^%ioa, are all sketched, and
very ably sketched too. But one regrets that a writer who
has so fine a fancy and so good a gift of hitting off both
scenes and men should fill so much of her book with
statistics and dry arguments easily found in the works of
reference. This little pen-picture of Oom Paul shows her
perspicacity and her fairness at once :
The spectacle of an ignorant peasant imposing a vexa-
tious nue over an educated multitude strikes one as a
rdic of barbarism, the subsistence of which is, after all, the
greatest testimooy to President Kruger's ability. His is
the strength to sit still — ^that invulnerable strength which
only comes from the lack of learning and of imagination.
. . . The younger generation of Boers who disagree with
his policy either fear to oppose it or are powerless to do
so. The Executive tolerate his despotic will because of
what he has done for the land, believiog that the end of
his activity is not very far off.
And here is a pretfy sketch of the view of Table Mountain
from the atoep of Groote Schurr, Mr. Cecil Bhodes's South
African home:
In the foreground is a series of terraces that mount the
grassy lull, radiant with red salvia, and golden with
oranffe trees. Two giant cedars, standing like sentinels
on £e summit, throw a trellis of frail black branches
across the background of tbe mountain. It rears its
height in dreamy opalescence against the sky, which is
always here the bluest of things Uue.
These are samples of Mrs. Devereux's style. Anyone
who can detach his mind from war details for a moment
will have a very clear and up-to-date idea of the land we
are battling for after reading these picturesque sidelights
on South Africa. (Sampson Low & Co.)
Finland and the Tzabs, 1809-1899. By J. E. Fisheb.
That a barrister-at-law wrote Finland and the Tzars is
evident on every page of this most iudicial contribution to
English literature dealing with Finland. " Of late years,"
says Mr. Fisher, ** one or two ladies have written bright
and readable sketches of travel in Finland, but these
writers could naturally devote but little space to the
political and historical questions that have now come to
the front." To these questions Mr. Fisher gives full and
exhaustive treatment in a work which is certainly not
primarily bright and readable, though once and again the
wisdom in it brightens into wit, as when, in dealing with
the notorious " Tartars " episode of the spring of last year,
there is made this comment: ''It was a reversal of the
Napoleonic mot : they scratched the Tartar and they found
the Bussian." It is in connexion with that episode, duly
set forth in all its grotesque hideousness, that Mr. Fisher
so far throws off the stem restraint which he has imposed
upon himself as advocate for Finland as to use the expres-
sion '' blackguardly tactics." Having used that expression,
however, he characteristically adds that no one would wish
to hold '' respectable Eussian publicists or officials, still
less the Emperor himself," responsible for the tactics thus
described. Yet to some of us the saddest aspect of the
Finnish question is that really quite respectable Eussian
publicists and officials, and with them another quite
respectable person, would seem to have succumbed to a
form of delusional insanity which makes them, how wise
and fair soever in other directions, quite unable to distin-
guish here between fair and foul. If Mr. Fisher refrains
from comment on that staring fact with a view to conciliating
those potent persons, and thus helping towards a con-
summation devoutly to be wished for, well and good.
Well and good, too, if he hopes to win credence when he
writes that while there are comprehensibly points concern-
ing which disputes '' might honestly arise " between Eassia
and Finland, '4t is beyond all possibility of argument that
the question of conscription is not one of them." The fact
is, that only after reading and weighing the admirable
arguments put forward by Mr. Fisher in dealing with this
matter will it cease to be with many — as it has hereto-
fore been with the present writer — a rooted belief that
the Panslavists here stood on very strong ground. In
sum, while Mr. Fisher is perhaps at his Dest, as he is
certainly at his bravest, in dealing with the army question
between Eussia and Finland, his book throughout is good
and profitable reading. (Arnold.)
The Eages of Man.
By J. Denikbb.
Dr. Deniker's contribution to the '^ Contemporary Science"
series falls into two parts. To adopt a current but not
very valuable distinction of terms, the first half is anthro-
pology, and the second half ethnology. That is to say,
the first half is an account of the distinctive characters of
man as a species of the animal world, in which stress is
laid at once on such characters as relate him to and
differentiate him from other mammalian species, and on
those which, by the greater or less amount of variability
which they present, afford a basis for the further sub-
division of the species into varieties or races. These
variable characters range, of course, from such physical
ones as head-form, hair-colour, and eye-colour, to such
psychical ones as social orc^niBation and methods of war
and commerce— a wide fidd, which Dr. Deniker surveys
in a most learned, orderly, and suggestive fashion. The
second half deals with the distribution and relationships
of existing races, and with the assumed pure human
varieties, or, as the writer prefers to call them, ^* somato-
logical imits," which went to form these. It, therefore,
covers much the same ground as Mr. Keane's Many Fast
and Present, reviewed a few months ago in these columns.
Dr. Deniker, however, although evidently acquainted with
the work of Mr. Keane and of the great Italian ethnolo-
gist with whom Mr. Keane has so much in common,
rrof. Sergi, gives in many respects a very different treat-
ment of the vexed question of the origin of the European
peoples. Instead of the threefold classification of JETomo
3 Februaiy, 1900.
The Academy.
*0S
JEuropeui^ Aiptntu, and MeditemtneuSf which they posit, he
suggests a more elaborate one implying six principal and
four secondary races. Between them the two booKs give
a very fair idea of the present position of science with
regard to this difficult problem. A forthcoming work by
Prof. Bipley will perhaps take the matter further.
(Scott.)
Spanish Litkbatitbe m the
England of the Tttdors.
By John Gabbett
Underhill.
This is a thesis for a Columbian degree : it belongs,
therefore, to a class of work very familiar in Germany,
but almost unknown in our own country. Somewhat
painfully and tediously written, it contains the results of
genuine research, and should provide useful material for
future historians of sixteenth-century literature. Mr.
Underhill traces the history of Spanish influence upon
English writers from the time of the Humanists to the
close of Elizabeth's reign with the Kreateit minuteness,
but he makes no attempt to magnify his office unduly.
Indeed, he does not conceal his opinion that the extent of
this influence as compared with that either of France or
Italy was very slight. Three or four names sum up the
most of it: there was Ludovicus, or Luis Vivos, the
Humanist, who began to lecture at Eichard Foxe's fine
new college of Oorpus Ghristi, Oxford, early in the
century ; there was Antonio de Guevara, to the English
translators of whose terribly ^' faked '' historical writings
we owe the beginnings of Euphuism ; there was Monte-
mayor, whose pastoral romance of ''Diana" afforded a
model for Sidney's ''Arcadia," and provided Shakespeare
with hints for plots; finally, there were the innumerable
pamphleteers of adventure, whose artless chronicles formed
the basis of Hakluyt's immortal " Voyages." To aU of
these Mr. UnderhiU does full justice, and earns the
gratitude of the student with a bibliographical appendix
which must have been truly laborious in the compiling.
(Macmillan.)
The "Hampstead Annual."
Edited bt G. E. Matheson and S. G. Maylb.
This interesting " annual " has again descended from the
heights into London, reporting Ham^tead's beauty,
Hampstead's culture, and Hampstead's pride in its notable
inhabitants of old. Among mis years contributors are
Prof. Hales, Dr. Gamett, Canon Ainger, and Mr. Arthur
Waugh. Oanon Ainger writes a biographical appreciation
of Miss Margaret Gillies, who paintM a miniature portrait
of Wordsworth at Bydal Mount. She painted no fewer
(we grieve to say that Oanon Ainger says " no less ") than
nve portraits of the poet, in two of which Mrs. Words-
worth appeared. Miss Gillies's residence in Church-row,
Hampstead, during some of the later years of her life,
brings her record within the scope of the Annual.
Prof. Hales's paper on the sign of the "King of Bohemia,"
which occurs on an old inn in the Hampstead High-street,
is quite a solid historical essay. Dr. B. F. Horton dis-
courses on " suburbanity " ; after pointing out that Hamp-
stead now contains as many free citizens as did Athens,
and that "man for man they are as good or better," he
inquires why Athens was " wreathed with beauty and
genius and glory," while Hampstead has only villa culture
and an Annual,
The most literary paper in the volume is Dr. Garnett's
" Notes on Some Poets Connected with Hampstead," and
the most interesting point in this paper is the author's
attempt to identify tne source of nieats's famous lines
about "stout Cortez," and "a peak in Darien" in his
sonnet on Chapman's Homer. Dr. Garnett thinks that
Keats must have read a certain foot-note to Wordsworth's
" Excursion " in which Wordsworth refers in kindly terms
to a crazed poet named William Gilbert, author of " The
Hurricane." Wordsworth quotes a note appended by
GKlbert to a passage in that poem. It is this note of
GKlbert's Dr. Garnett suspects to be the source from
which Keats took his grand simile :
Like stout Cortez, when with eagle eyes
He stared at the Pacific — and all bu men
Looked at each other with a wild sormiie —
Silent upon a peak in Darien.
Gilbert's passage is not unworthy to have inspired a
poet. This is it :
A man is supposed to improve by going out into the
world, by visiting London. Artificial msn does; he
extends with his sphere ; but, alas ! that sphere is micro-
scopic; it is formed of minutisB, and he surrenders his
genuine vision to the artist, in order to embrace it in his
ken. . . . But, when he walks along the river of Amazons,
when he rests his eye on the unrivalled Andes, when he
measures the long and watered savannahs, or coittemplaUs
from a sudden promontory the distant, vast Pacific— ana ioelU
himself a freeman in this vast theatre, and commanding
each ready produced fruit of this wilderness, and eacm
progeny of this stream— his exaltation is not less than
imperial.
Dr. Gamett*s surmise is supported by the fact that the
"Excursion" was published m 1814, three years before
Keats's sonnet appeared.
Books of Travel.
No one who read and enjoyed Three in Norway is likely
to need incitement to buy Peaks and Pines (Longmans).
Mr. J. A. Lees is as sprightly and entertaining as
ever. The humours of "rouo^hing it" and his love
of Nature race for the reader's attention, and his
drawings are amusing where they are not intentionally
artistic. Another excellent book on roughing it, in grim
earnest this time, is Mr. Harold Bindloss*s A Wide
Dominion (Fisher Unwin), which describes the experi-
ences of those who are yearly opening up the un-
developed comers of Canada. A journey undertaken
under far more comfortable conditions is Miss Fhibbs's
Visit to the Russians in Central Asia (Kegan Paul).
With a partjT of English ladies and gentlemen, under a
special pernut from General Kuropatkin and the escort
of courteous Eussian officers, she and her companions
travelled as far as Samarkand. Hot pictures of the
sights of Central Asia, her deft allusions to their old-world
glories and heroes, and her friendly view of Busaia's
mission in those parts, combine to make her little volume
most interesting. The photographs are well chosen and
admirablv repr^uced. Equal praise may be bestowed on
the excellent photographs contained in Dr. Arthur Neve's
Picturesque Kashmir (Qanda & Co.). The author has spent
eighteen years in l^ashmir, and here gives an itinerary
of various trips within and beyond its borders to
Thibet, into which he and his friends penetrated so far as
to Ladak. As a medical missionary he has much know-
ledge of the human nature of Kashmiris and Dogras,
Chitralis and Tibetans : but it is of the beauties of Nature
in that land of mag^nificent mountains that he has most
to tell us. Similarly Mr. Jozef Israels, in his Spain (John
0. Nimmo), has found most suitable material for his
sketch-book, and some thirty-nine of his sketches are
reproduced. The veteran Dutch painter — he is over
seventy-six — depicts with vivid brush and agreeable
farrulity what took his e^e in his tour through Spain.
Uustrations abound also in the account of the Victoria
NyansM (Swan Sonnenschein & Co.), by Lieutenant Paul
Kollman. But their interest is ethnographical rather than
artistic, for they are mostly sketehes of the various native
utensils, weapons, &c., which the author has brought home
with him from German East Africa. His accounto of the
various tribes are conscientiously complete, and likely to
prove useful to students in the future.
io6
The Academy.
3 February, igoo.
Fiction.
One Queen Triumphant, By Frank Mathew.
(John Lane. 6s.)
This novel, of which one of the chief scenes is the
execution of Mary Queen of Scots, brings to mind that
great neglected historical novel of Balzac's, Sur Catherine
de Medici, the first part of which gives a superb picture of
the same Mary and the tragic close of her brief idyll as
the young wife of Francis II. of France. Mr. Mathew has
this in common with Balzac, that his principal concern is
with character rather than event. He can draw a great
character on great lines. His Elizabeth, the principal
person in the book, is well done. She is no con-
ventional swaggering Bess, but a woman of true over-
mastering force, imposing herself upon you as an authentic
creation. Mr. Mathew's sense of style helps him to render
her " royal " speeches extremely effective :
"Tea speak despairingly/' she said smiling. *'Tou
are free. Yon woald do well to leave England. Sail to-
morrow, if you like, but return. You will forget this brief
fancy. Bemember how the philosopher Thales was asked
when a man should marry, and answered, ' A yoimg man
not yet, an older one not at all.* These fooleries will please
you less when you hear creeping Time at your gate. I am
past my rehsh for them. I am glad of it. I was not
moulded to dandle babies, croon mllabies to them, and
please them with idiotical talk ; no, nor to woo a man's
tenderness and be a toy for his leisure. Cherish your free-
dom. When you are unfit for toil it will be time to enfeeble
yourself with amorous dallying. Here comes the dainty
witch," she went on, as Mistress Winifred entered. ** Child,
the still moonlight has a home in your heart through all
the troubled day. In this February dusk you are April,
with cheeks heralding the dawn of the roses.''
There is no fustian about this. Mary is not so good,
possibly because in her case Mr. Mathew has too much
tried to be subtle. But the narrative of her execution is
noble.
The book is episodically so good that one closes it
with a sense of keen disappointment, for Mr. Mathew,
though he has gifts, does not know how to use them
fully. What he lacks is constructive power, a feeling for
cumulative effect. One's idea is that, through some
failure of technical equipment, he is continually missing
fire. We are inclined to urge that Mr. A. E. W. Mason
should give him a few lessons in the savoir faire of fiction.
He plans his intrigue so clumsily that at the back of the
reader's mind is always the lurking fear : ^^ Has some
important point escaped me ? " He also allows himself
sometimes to be pretty in a ieeble, unoriginal manner.
The sugary close of the novel, and tho constant employ-
ment of the " Nut-Brown Maid " song, and the vaticina-
toiy use of the ^^ Morte d' Arthur " are instances of this.
She Walks in Beauty. By Katharine Tynan.
(Smith, Elder & Co. 6s.)
Pbesumably this novel is meant for " girls of all ages."
It is constructed according to a recipe with which Mrs.
Hinkson has made us familiar, and which, though she by
no means originated it, has been greatly improved under
her accomplished hands. If the novel for girls must be
written at all, it could not easily be better than this. For
Mrs. Hinkson has not only grace, she has humour, Irish
humour. The characters and scenes are usually Irish, and
she can contrive a scintillation of sparkling wit as well as
any Irishwoman that ever wrote. It is on that account that
we are inclined to pardon the too- saccharine quality of
much of the novel, and the conventionality of many of the
people in it. We can even pardr the scene in whirh
Mr. Qraydon, impecunious heir to a title and wealth, goes
to see the stem '^ old lord " in the aristocratic square, and
chats with the man-servant (who had married tiie house-
keeper), " * Why, it is Master Archie ! ' he said, quavering.
* Master Archie after all those years ! ' " We can even
pardon the final scene in which the sister of the heroine
(so that all may be duly happy) herself proposes to that
other old lord whom the heroine had jilted in favour of
" Sir Anthony," her first love.
The humour — unfortunately it cannot be cut out in
sections for quotation — saves the book, and indeed almost
lifts it into the category of literature ; but we doubt if it
is the humour which will chiefly appeal to the book's
special audience. It is rather the sweetness which will
captivate. As thus :
" After to-day I will not call you darling till I have the
right before all the world. After to-day. I meant to
have held my tongue, but you bewildered me, Pamela.
You are not augry with me ? "
" No," came almost in a whisper.
* ' Lift up your eyes to me and say it. That is right.
How beautiful your eyes are, Pamela ! Say *Tony' now."
"Tony."
*' Dear Tony."
"Dear Tony."
** How sweetly you gay it ! It is like silver in your
voice. But, come now, we will go home. I have to be
wise, you know. Ah, Pamela, Pamela, why did you bring
me to the Wishing Well r '
Mrs. Hinkson has a tact, a ** touch," an <^ indefinable
something," which carry her through these impossibly
ideal episodes of girlish and boyish love with positive
brilliance. A single slip, one error of literary discretion,
and the scene might be either mawkish or ludicrous, or
both. But that error is never committed. We regard
She Walks in Beauty as a most adroit and successful essay
in a branch of fiction full of peculiar and special difficulties.
Notes on Novels.
[These notes on the ioeek^s Fiction are not neesssarily final.
Reviews of a selection will follow,"]
The Lost Continent.
By Cutclifpe Hyne.
There is almost a sense of loss in a book by Mr. Cutcliffe
Hyne where Captain Kettle does not figure ; but as this
work tells of the splendour and the disappearance of the
mythical continent of Atlantis a place could not well be
found for the redoubtable Captain. Those who like a story
crowded with adventures, where mammoth beasts and
priests with occult powers over the forces of nature jostle
one another, will like The Lost Continent, In tho end
Atlantis is submerged by the sea. Only two people
survive. They sail away in an ark to repopulate the
world. A spirited, incredible yam. (Hutchinson. 6s. )
Onora.
By EoSA MuLHOIiLAND.
Lady Gilbert's new story, like those which have pre-
ceded it, is intensely Irish, and prettily and sympathetically
written. It is a happier book than her last, Nanno^ which
was gloom throughout. Onora is an Irish peasant girl,
who after many privations comes at last to good fortune.
(Eichards. 3s. 6d.)
A Court Tragedy.
By Albert D. Vandam.
A story within a story, telling of a German Court and
the curious fatality attending performances of ** Othello"
at the State theatre. On the eighth day after every per-
foimance a death occurred in the Eoyal Family. (Chatto
& Windus. 3s. 6d.)
3 February, 1900.
The Academy,
107
THE ACADEMY.
Editorial and Publishing Offices, 43, Chancery-lane.
The AoADEiCT vnll he sent pod-free to every Annual Suhecriher
in the United Kingdom.
Price for One leeue. Threepence ; podage One Halfpenny, Price
for 52 issuee, Thirteen ShUlinge ; poetagefree.
Foreign Hates for Yearly Siibacripiiom 20s,
including postage,
American Agents far the Aoadsmt: £rentano*Sy 31, Union-
squarSf New York,
''The Best Hundred Books for
Children."
The list of one hundred books for children, just com-
piled by the united efforts of nearly a thousand readers of
the Daily News, is interesting, but it is hardly admirable.
This list has been used by the judges as their touchstone
in judging the prize of £10 ; for, according to the terms of
the competition, the award was to go to the sender of the
list approximating to it most nearly.
First, of this plebiscite list. It is interesting because it
shows what nearly a thousand readers regard as (here we
quote the Daily News* original announcement) the *' Best
Hundred Books for Children " selected with '* the immediate
object of furnishing suggestions which may possibly be of
use to the Corporation of West Ham in a most excellent
scheme which they have on foot : the establishment of a
Children's Library for the use of their borough."
It will be noted that under the express terms of the
Competition all competitors were constituted literary ad-
visers, so to speak, to the West Ham authorities. They
were not asked to determine what are now the most popular
books in the nursery. They were asked to advise as to
what books should be placed in the hands of children by
a responsible body, anxious to form a good library for
children.
Here, then, is the pUhiseiie list, with the number of votes
given to each book :
RobiD8on Crosoe 921
Andorsen'B Fairy Tales 877
Alice in Wonderland 867
Tom Brown'H Schooldays 8 jl
Pilgrim's Progress 821
Grimm's Fairy Tales 8)7
Little Women 767
Arabian Nigbts 730
Little Lord Fauntloroy 727
Alice Through the Looking*glas8 723
Waterbabies 712
Lamb's Tales from Shakespeare 706
Uicle Tom's Cabin 705
Treasure Island 706
Swiss Family Robinson 601
Ivfinhoe 670
Gulliver's Travels 680
Westward Ho! 632
Jungle Book 675
Wide Wide World 520
/Gsop'H Fables 517
Heroes 606
Hereward the Wake 488
Masterman Ready 481
Jackanapes 467
Carrots 460
Erie 427
Kidnapiied 400
Last of ihe Mohicans 882
Iajs of Ancient EU)me 3r>(>
Story of a Short Life 365
The Talisman 310
Little Men 341
Blue Fairy Book 341
Black Beauty 337
St. Winifred's 330
Madam How and Lady Why 3)6
Mr. Midshipman Basy 331
Stories from Homer 328
King Solomon's Mines 827
Children of the New Forest 322
The Rose and the Ring 820
David Copperfleld ^V*
A Flat Iron ror a Farthing 300
Twenty Thousand Leagues under
the Sea 3i)2
The Daisy Chain aoi
John Halifax, Gentleman 2h9
Tangle wood Tales 2h7
The C)M Curiosity Shop 2il
Uncle Remus 2s3
Coral Island 282
Second Jungle Book 2hO
Parables from Nature 278
At the Back of the North Wind. . 277
Jessica's First Prayer 275
Don Quixote 273
A Peep Behind the Scenes 270
Boy's Own Annual 265
Ministering Children 261
Red Fairy Book 258
Child's Garden of Verse 251
Round the World in Eighty Da^ s 252
Good Wives 245
Feats on the Fiord 211
Lamplighter 213
Loma Doone 213
From Log Cabin to White House 241
The Cuckoo Clock 236
The Little Duke 236
Dickens's Christmas Books S35
Helen's Babies 234
Longfellow's Poems 2)0
Oliver Twist - t'.Vi
Scotfs Poems %t\
The Vicar of Wakefield 216
Fairyland of Science 216
Vice Vens'i 213
In the Days of Bruce 212
Heir of Redcliffe 211
Qneechy 210
Fifth Form at St. Dominic's .... 206
Three Midshipmen 206
Dove in the Eagle's Nest 205
Keniiworth 205
Peter Simple 201
Misunderstood 202
Sweetheart Travellers 201
Child's History of England 200
Christmas C'arol 2O0
Saudford and Merton 101>
The Schonlwrg-Cotta Family ... UH
Christie's Old Organ 107
Six to Sixteen 107
Pickwick Papers lOJ
Jau o' the Windmill 101
A Gentleman of Franco HH)
Girl's Own Annual 1H5
Voynjfe of the " Sunbeam " I'^S
Quentiii Durward Im'J
Littlj Me^'H Children 170
The most conspicuous feature of this list is the enormous
dominance of fiction. No fewer than eighty-nine of the
books named come under this head. Thus, only eleven
books are left to represent science, travel, biography,
poetry, natural history, and what not. A pretty com-
mentary on the wisdom of the many-headed ! The convic-
tion grows that this ''standard" list reveals simply the
books which are believed to be most popular with children.
Indeed, we are disposed to accept it as a fairly veracious
statement of the obvious reading-tastes of the nursery.
But as an advisory document compiled for transmis-
sion to West Ham the list is a failure. As a matter of
fact, it has already reached West Ham; and Mr. A.
Cotgreave, of the West Ham Library, has given his views
upon it. These are just what we should have anticipated.
Mr. Cotgreave feels " bound to say that, after due con-
sideration, I believe that the larger number would more
merit the title of popular than of best." Mr. Cotgreave
holds, and we agree with him, that a children's library —
formed, as any such library should be, with a mingling
of sympathy and sagacity — ought to include " a fair
proportion of interesting and simple works of a higher
order than mere story-books." He adds, " I therefore regret
to see how entirely these instructive books are excluded
from the competition lists from which your analysis is
made." Certamly, nothing would be a lamer action on
the part of the West Ham authorities than the adoption
of the Daily News plebiscite selection — a selection for
which, of course, our contemporary is not responsible.
To dismiss it, it contains : 89 stories, 4 books of poetry,
2 books of science, 1 book of travels, 1 biography, 3
annuals (mainly fiction).
We now come to the list which — by approximating most
closely to the plebiscite list — has taken the prize. It
was sent in by Miss May Price Williams, and its agree-
ment with the standard list is represented by the frac-
tion ,'y„ ; that is to say, it names sixty-one books which are
approved by the united wisdom of all the competitors, and
thirty-nine books which are not so ratified. It is on these
thirty-nine that we at once concentrate our attention, and
we are not surprised to find that the competitor who has
shown by at least sixty-one inclusions that she understands
the more obvious tastes of children, is alive to their rarer
tastes and aptitudes. We find that Miss Price's unratified
thirty-nine books include such capital stuff as the follow-
ing:
Life of Onr Lord (Mrs. Marshall'.
Little Arthnr's History.
The Story of the Heavens.
Glancus.
Evenings at Home.
%
How I Found Livingstone.
Tales of a Grandfather.
Homes Without Hands.
Men Who Have Made the Smpire.
Under Drake's i^'lag.
With Clive in India.
Book of Nonsense.
Miss Price's list is better than the standard list inasmuch
as it combines sympathetic knowledge of what children
like in the way of stories, fancy, and fun, with a certain
good judgment of what they may be led to like in the way
of histories, deeds, and natural wonders.
The Daily News has published one of the unsuccessful lists
— sent in by Miss Grace Mackay. This deserves the praise
awarded to its workmanlike qualities. It is impossible,
without more space than we can afford, to compare Miss
Mackay's list with the plebiscite and " champion " lists.
It will be found in the Daily News of January 30. But it
has many good inclusions, and if it errs, it is on the side
of solidity ; yet four books of natural history can hardly
be too many in a hundred, nor six books of travels, nor
five of biography, nor three of poetry.
It is amazing to find how few of all the many hundreds
of children's books which have poured from the press in,
say, the last ten years have been included in the lists.
The proportion of such books is almost infinitesimal, and
whether we take the fact in connexion with the pUbificite
list or the ** champion" list, the fact is significant.
io8
The Academy.
3 February, 1900
Paris Letter.
(From our Fr&nch Corr$»pondent.)
L^Agonie de r Amour, by Edmond Jalouz, is a brilliant and
an artistic novel, which, in its own form, casts upon the
wearisome wave of decadent literature words of wisdom
and truth. The writer has the greatest defect of the hour —
too much style, and he abuses metaphor. When clouds blot
the sun, he compares them to a crowd of dwarfs grouped
on the breast of an assassinated god. His phrases are too
bejewelled, his prose is too perfumed, too tiuted, if I may
borrow a French word. With a larger manner, less
brilliance and more simplicity, M. Jaloux might aspire to
become a great novelist, for this remarkable book contains
all the essential elements of literature. Ideas of solid
value abound, the satire is forcible and arresting, the
characterisation admirable, the lesson penetrating and
convincing. Dialogue is always more sparingly used in
French fiction than in ours, and here it serves but to reveal
the character and temperament of each figure in the book.
Of course there is the usual charge of indiscretion to be
brought against M. Jaloux. He follows his miscreant
hero too faithfully, and shows him to us in places and in
moods, knowledge of which we would infinitely prefer to
dispense with. But this is part of French sincerity.
While English novelists depict cdl their heroes as saints or
inoffensive sages, and suppress all indication of the brute
which slumbers in every man, the French prefer to tell the
truth about themselves. They are apt to go too far, we
know, for on this ground the reader gains by the writer's
reticence. Still, as the object of L^Agonie de V Amour is to
show us what a vile and heartless and futile thing the
mere man of literature may become, M. Jaloux' indis-
cretion is part of tlie pungent lesson of his satire. Luc
d'Hermony is a poet, a brilliant young man of letters,
with all the modem and contemptible taint of his calUng.
All life for him is literature, and consumed by this shallow
and miserable mania of words, he has ceased to be capable
of an honest or virile sentiment. His single quality is the
sincerity with which he values himself. ^' Is it my fault-,"
he bitterly asks, ^' if I belong to a race unquiet and suffer-
ing, impoverished and poweness, whidi has no passions ? "
and the last line is a still bitterer cry, when he falls most
infamously : ''Am I then a crapulous beast ? " and recog-
nising the fact, adds : '' Very well, then, I am a crapulous
beast, and I can't change myself."
The tragedy lies in the fact that the poor wretch honestly
aspires to rise to better things. In the first chapter we
find him at war with his books, bored and unhappy.
"Books," he cries, "are like men. Few have a som."
He stamps on them, and kicks them furiously about his
study. Modem novels, he laments, have ruined life for
him. He has been the servant of a desolating and
subtilised literature, which has only procured him disgust
and apathy. He cannot love nor burst the shackles of a
"moi" that has become his prison. When he thinks of
Byron, Shelley, and Chateaubriand with envy, he says :
"Ah, they suffered, but their sufferings were profound
and superb. Their lives were full to overflowing, whereas
I have come too late into a world without the unexpected,
where there are no longer even Bed Indians." At a
symposium of choice decadent spirits, he bursts out
against the absurd legend of love. "Love is but the
awakening of all that slumbers in us of barbarous, anim^
and primitive. The day it enters our life we become
stupid, vain and jealous ; we betray our friends, our time is
passed in the most mediocre occupations, we endure humilia-
tions, outrages, dishonour even." This is where M. Jaloux
inserts his excellent sermon. Among all these cynical and
blighted youths, with nothing to live for except art and litera-
ture, which have utterly demoralised and unmanned them, is
a grave and earnest fellow, a doctor, Apremont. Somebody
has defined love as a microbe, the element of fermenta-
tion and dissolution in society; and Apremont breaks out
in a just and eloquent indignation. Love he calls " the
terrible and mysterious breath which comes from the
depth of the centuries, from the brazier wherein Troy was
burnt and Dido killed." What have their mere sensual ex-
periences to do with love ? he asks, and forces them to admit
that they know nothing about the mighty passion. Debauch
was all they understood; they were cowards, retreating
before the intensity of life, frightened of lovine, frightened
of suffering, frightened of responsibility. Unaer the mask
of youth were lines and wrinkles of premature age.
Wrapped up in themselves, full of envy and the thirst of
success and money and luxury, they were incapable of
sacrifice, of devotion, of generosity : their thoughts, their
speech were simply bad Bterature. And then when Luc,
in his moral distress, consults him, Apremont continues his
sermon in still more eloquent tones. The entire chapter
is admirable. Love, he preaches from illimitable ex-
perience, is not the gross, sensual affair Luc regards it,
but the eternal need of the human heart. To be lifted
above the animals we must live for somebody, devote
ourselves, find our centre of existence in another soul;
our vocation should be to love, to console, to help another.
Happiness consists in making the happiness 01 another.
Instead of marrying two freish young lives, full of illu-
sions, to-day the rule is to marry an ignorant, delicate,
and sensitive girl, with ardent heart and an immense
desire to devote herself, to a man morally aged, abominably
selfish, tired of life, surfeited with experience, disillu-
sioned, with heart as wrinkled as his visage, sometimes
cruel, ever jeering against sentiment, worn by pleasures
and deceptions. Is it wonderful, he asks, if, under such
circumstances, the wife should seek a warmer and fresher
sentiment elsewhere ? and are not such unions made
exclusively in the interest of adultery ? The fault -lies
with men, he bitterlv adds. Ennui is the mortal disease
of the hour ; titie only cure is to return to purer, holier,
and more natural sentiments. " Love simply," he abjures
Luc; "devote yourself, give up this eternal mania of
analysis, and make a young woman the aim and end of
your existence." Wishful to profit by this excellent
advice, Luc looks round inquiringly. He stumbles upon
a celebrated 'Norwegian with extreme hope. But the
delightful Norwegian only cares for rum and brandy.
Then, in despair, he goes off to his native Provence, and
here he fondly believes he has found the word of his
.destiny. He persuades himself that he has fallen in love
with an exquisite young girl, and that he is redeemed.
It proved but a radiant illusion. He soon perceived that
his romantic love was only literary reminiscences. He
was too saturated with literature for an honest emotion.
Not even this cultivated love can lift him out of the old
state of p ^werless and bitter egoism. Genevieve dies of a
gallopping consumption. Then her lover discovers the
nothingness of his sentiment for her. His behaviour is
monstrous. He is stupefied by his own want of feeling.
" Drunk with unsatisfied anger, he flung invectives at the
Deity, whom he only remembered in his hours of fury,
and then merely to cast upon somebody the burden of his
suffering." In telling himself that he could not possibly
survive Genevieve he had almost a physical impression
of his falsehood. 'H.efiU it was not true, he knew himself
so well. This is the tragedy of this powerful study. The
hero is a humbug and a blackguard, who would, if he
could, be a hero and a sage ; and he is horribly conscious
of the fact. His sense of bereavement, in the face of the
death of his betrothed, is, he knows quite well, artificial.
He loathes himself, because he understands how differently
Genevieve would have mourned his death ; and returning
from her funeral, he is placidly running after an unknown
woman. " I am a blackguard," he moans, and continues
his course.
H, L.
3 February, 1900.
The Academy,
109
Comedy or Farce?
Thx recent prodaction of '^ She Stoops to Conquer '^ has
inaugurated at the Haymarket Theatre a season of '* old
English oomedies." Of this play, too seldom seen in
London, one may say with enthusiasm that it is worthy of
its renown. After 127 years, behold Goldsmith teaching
the art of true lauG'hter to a generation which has
forgotten broad En^sh humour in the sinister and
monotonous futilities of ''adaptations from the French.'-
The play has undoubtedly earned the right to be called a
masterpiece of mirth. At the same time, there is a notice-
able tendency, as often with a classic, to apply to it the
wrong terminology, and to praise it for quauties which it
does not possess. To begin with, Mr. Austin Brereton,
in a brochure given with the prog^mme, describes the play
as a " comedy." He also remarks : '' The characters are
types, not caricatures ; therefore they are as much relished,
because they are felt to be true, to-day as yesterday.''
Further: ''The character-drawing is superb. The story
and incidents are extremely interesting, and there is the
same fidelity to nature " [as in " The School for Scandal "].
Now, in calling (Goldsmith's play a "comedy," Mr.
Brereton, of course, followed uniyersiEd custom. But is it
a comedy? If it be, then the word "farce" may be
erased from the dictionary as useless. The distinction
between comedy and farce is that, whilQ comedy must be
faithful to nature and probability, farce may use any
means towards the end of hilarity. A comedy should
show the effect of character on cliaracter, of character
on event, and of event on character. It may be either
serious (on this side of tragedy) or humorous, or both.
"Gymbeline" is a comedy, and "Un Mariage sous
Louis XV.," and " An Enemy of the People." But in the
category which contains these there is no room for a piece
like " She Stoops to Conquer." To ^k the audience to
accept it as either possible or nearly related to nature
would be to insult their intelligence. Gk>ldsmith's aim
was pure fun. He arrived at it, but not by the route
of comedy. What he wrote was a farce. After the first
scene, which is introductory, everything is sacri^ced to
mirth. And even the first scene, dramatically ineffective,
has to be bolstered up with thd interjected horseplay of
Tony's passage across the stage. The inn scoie, diarply
and clumsily divided into (two halvefluis simple farce from
start to finish, and there we see that Gtddsmith is about to
avail himself of the old haggard farce-motive, Mistaken
Identitv. Thenceforward no semblance of probability is
maintained. The plot gathers way, aAd, guided by Tony,
plunges headlong mto a rollick of gorgeous mirth. Some
of the improbability (to use the polite term) might have
been avoided, or at least glossed over, with ordinary care.
For instance, it is inconceivable that Marlow never looked
at Miss Hardcastle's face during their first interyiew.
Some better device could surely have been invented to
explain his subsequent acceptance of her as a barmaid.
But (Goldsmith seemed not to trouble himself about tech-
nique. The Vicar of Wakefield is one of the worst-
constructed novels ever written by a man of genius.
As for his alleged character-drawing, where is it ? I> it
to be discovered in Marlow, who is labelled only by his
freedom with harlots and his diffidence with modest
women? Or in Hastings, as colourless a heau gargon as
ever stepped the boards ? Or in testy Hardcastle and his
vain old wife, conventional figures both ? Or in Kato and
Constance, who, wenches of equal and similar spri^htli-
ness, might change places with no damage to the piece ?
If there is character-drawing in " She Stoops to Conquer,"
it is confined to Tony Lumpkin, who is decidedly the most
human puppet of the crowd. One may admit that Tony
has an existence apart from the mere intrigue ; his col-
leagues have not.
A single character, however, will not make a comedy.
And " She Stoops to Conquer " is not a comedy. It
certainly has, to quote Mr. Brereton, '' a high and endur-
ing place in our estimation," but that place is by no means
due to ite " truth to nature." That place is merely due to
the fact that Gbldsmith set out to be farcically humorous,
and was farcically humorous. He must have said to
himself : " At all costo I will make 'em laugh." He did
make England laugh, as England has not often laughed
before or since. Hence, and for no more serious reason,
his immortality as a dramatist !
E. A. B.
Things Seen.
The Ferret-Lover.
I. — ^A FOEAY.
The half-moon had a star over it, and the top of the
throne of " that sterred Ethiop queen " was visible amid
reposeful clouds, but the earth clasped a deep darkness to
its bosom. "Just the sort of night to catch them," said
the man ; " my ferret 's famishin' for a sparrow." He led
with a lajitem, and, when they were come to the farmyard,
he whispered to the boy : " If you funk it because you hear
a bark I'll kick you black and blue." But nor dogs nor
poultry were surprised. The man picked out a hayrick
the eaves of which he could reach with his hands. " Are
the birds up there ? " the boy asked. " Tou keep quiet ! "
The man scratehed the hay. " I see them." He held up
the lantern, and ran its light across the eaves. " They'U
fly out ! " said the boy. " No, they won't ; they're dazed
by the liffht." He gave the boy the lantern, and, standing
with his breast to the rick, put up his hands, A bird flew
out ; something fluttered faintly. " Have you got one? "
" Yes, but it's been starved." He broke its neck with his
finger and thumb, and threw it away. Again he put up
his hands, stretching himself on tiptoe; and again there
was a feeble fluttering. " This one'U do ; nice and fat "
He killed it, and thrust it in his pocket. "I do believe,"
said the boy admiringly, " you could cateh another."
" Easy," answered the man; "but one's enough for his
supper, and he likes them fresh. Give me the lantern."
n. — ^The Fbbding of the Ferbbt.
They returned to the house ; and the man, sitting before
the fire, plucked the n>arrow dean, letting ite f earners fall
inside the fender. Then he broke all ue bird's bones.
" Crack, crack," he said, looking at the boy. " What for
do you break ite bones?" "Because they might choke
him. Why shouldn't he have his supper dressed in proper
style ? " They went into the scuUery, and the man lifted
the lid of a box. The big dop^-f erret stood up on ite hind
legs, and the man, making a nng of his finger and thumb
round ite neck, pi^ed it out and let it cra^up his breast.
The boy gazed open-mouthed on the long white creature,
fascinated by ite sinewy strength and relentleBs purpose ;
the beautiful undulations of ite body were horrible to mm ;
the dead-luminous pink of ite eyes, peering through the
man's beard, suggested incredible, iltimiteble evil to his
imagination. "I donno if he's lookin' at me or not," he
gasped. "Do he like to be kep' in the dark?" "Of
course he does. How do you s'pose he'd live, you fool ? "
The man, having stirred the straw, and teken out an
empty saucer, stroked the ferret affectionately, and then,
on a sudden, glaring horribly at the boy, put ite head in
his mouth. The boy shrieked, and the man called him a
name. " As if I'm frightened of him ! I dug him out of
a hole once, and there he was, with seven rabbite killed,
and him on top of them, fast asleep, gorged with blood."
He unbuttoned his waistcoat and let the ferret creep in on
his flesh. "He's cold, poor old fellow; but he'll be aU
right when he gete his fill of blood." He let the ferret
down into the box, and dropped in the naked sparrow.
" You'll not see a scrap of it left in the momin'." The
boy said : " When I'm a man I'll keep a ferret, like you."
I lO
The Academy.
3 February, 1900.
Correspondence.
The Poetry of Soain.
Sir, — ^As some of your readen; uxpressed an interest in
the poetry of Spain, I send you tlie following specimen,
which seems to me peculiarly characteristic.
'The translation of the poem given in the Academy of
January. 20 was so successful that perhaps some one may
be able to render these lines into English verse.
I should be glad if any of your readers could supply the
date and the author.
Tin pajarito que yo tenia
Be me escapo,
T una muchacha que me queria
Se me murio ;
Asi son todoB en este mundo,
Asi son todos oomo estos dos ;
Uno8 se march an, otros se mueran,
T el hombre dice : vaya por Dios !
The following is merely a literal translation :
A little bird I once possessed
Escaped from me,
And a woman who loved me
Died.
All things in this world are so,
All things are even as these two,
Some depart from us, the others die,
And a man says : It is the will of God !
-yl am, &C., E. FORSTER.
Holm Chase, Ashburton, Devon :
Jan. 30, 1900.
Heine*s Grave.
Sib, — Anent the paragraph in the Academy of December
30, the writer is mistaken in naming the Parisian necropolis
of Pere Lachaise as being the place of interment of Heinrich
Heine. There one may find the graves of Molicre, La
Fontaine, Bacine, Honore de Balzac, Beranger, and Alfred
de Musset, but Heine rests in the cemetery of Montmartre
— ** trim Montmartre," as Matthew Arnold has described it.
Thither I went one bright Sunday in the summer of
1893, and, not without difficulty, found the poet's grave,
marked by a plain tombstone with a simple inscription
thereon : '^ Henri Heine," and beneath the illustrious
name, ^'Madame Henri Heine." A beautiful wreath of
artificial flowers had been placed there as a token of
admiration.
The bust by Hasselriis, besides commemorating the
qentenary of Heine's birth (he was bom December 23,
1799, and died February 17, 1856), should be an adorn-
ment to the poet's resting-place.
The grave of Theophiie Gautier is but a short distance
from that of Heine. — I am, &c.,
Edinburgh: Jan. 17, 1900. Alwyn.
i Arnold's School Series.
SiR,-r-In a notice of pur Selections from Tennyson^ s Poems ^
edited by the Rev. E. C. Everard Owen, you say: "Mr.
Churton Collins is general editor of * Arnold's School
Series,' " and proceed to criticise "his method of com-
menting on Tennyson."
As this may create an erroneous impression, will you-
kindly permit us to state that Mr. Churton Collins had
nothing to do with the preparation of our Selections from
Tennyson^ and that he is not the general editor of " Arnold's
School Series " ?
Mr. Collins kindly acted as the general editor of our
School Shakespeare, and of a small series called ^ ^ Arnold's
British Classics for Schools " ; but the Selections from
Tennyson are not included in the latter series. — I am, &c.,
Edward Arnold.
London: Jan. 23, 1900.
Words Worth Reviving.
Sir, — The public service done by you in endeavouring
to revive certain good old words induces me to trouble you
with three lists of six words each. Three guests of mine
were discussing your recent competition. They agreed
that the requirements were too vaguely stated for any list
to be very useful ; as the poet, the thinker, and the lover of
a fine sonorous prose woidd all have different root ideas of
words wanted. On this basis we draw tip: List A, of words
the poet would welcome as new rhyme- endings ; List B, as
making for more accurate thought-expression ; and List C,
for expressive or impressive sound :
Cote
!lrhole
Rede
Blee
Dwine
Pleach
In wit
Outwit ...
Buxom ...
Ruly
Fay
Kitting . . .
Calenture
Gyre
Spoom
Stour
Leman
Rood
— ^I am, &c.,
Jan. 26, 1900.
List A.
Endosmre, shelter.
StifiFer, endure.
Counsel, advice.
Complexion, aspect.
To fade gradually.
Intertwioe.
List B.
Intuitive knowledge.
Acquired knowledge.
* * WiUing, ' * good-natured .
Taking kindly to discipline.
For fairy (which is incorrectly used).
For kitten (a pure English diminutive
instead of a hybrid form.
List C.
Feverish heat.
Circular course.
To run before the wind.
Battle.
Mistress.
The Cross.
r. c.
New Books Received.
[These notes on some of the New Boohs of the week are
preliminary to Reviews that may follow,']
The Great Company (1667-1871). By Beckles Willson.
Mr. Willson's two volumes are of a convenient size,
well illustrated, and handsomely stamped with the arms
of the Company. No pretensions to exhaustiveness are
made, and Mr. WiUson refers in generous terms to the
progressing works of two rivals. An interesting point
about this great Company, which was established under
Charles II., is that '* it did not go forth among the natives
with the Bible in its hand. Evangelisation was not even
one of its excuses. Yet it was a true friend to the Ked
. ." (Smith, Elder. 18s.)
man.
The History of the Lii^e of
Thomas Ellwood.
Edited by C. G. Crump.
Thomas Ellwood, Quaker, is known to the world as the
pupil of Milton, and, above all, as the friend who, after
reading Paradise Lost in manuscript, said to the poet :
** Thou hast said much here of Paradise Lost, but what
hast thou to say of Paradise Found?" Milton expressly
gave Ellwood credit for having thus suggested Paradise
Regained, Ellwood*s autobiography is almost a classic, and
as a picture of early Quakerism and a revelation of char-
acter it has been continually ** called up higher" by book-
men who can recognise a "document." Mr. Crump
furnishes an historical introduction to this complete reprint
of EUwood^s book. (Methuen. 6s.)
3 February. 1900.
The Academy.
1 1 1
AYasiobum Edition of
Shakespbabe.
Edited bt
HOBACB HOWABD FijBinsss.
This edition of Shakespeare's plays is, without question,
America's greatest literary giit to England. In this
Tolume of 420 pages we have Much Ado about Nothing,
preceded by one of Mr. Fumess's delightful prefaces. We
nave a sneaking sympathy with Mr. Fomess when he
writes of Shakespeare : '' His life was so gentle and so
-clear in the sight of man and of Heaven that no record of
it has come down to us ; for which failure I am fervently
grateful, and as fervently hope that no future year will
-ever reveal even the faintest peep through the divinity
which doth hedge this king." (Lippinoott. 18s.)
fioUTHBBN AbABIA. Bt ThEODOBE BeXT AlO)
Mbs. Theodobe Bent.
The journeys recorded in this book were undertaken in
1889 and afterwards by Mrs. Bent and her late husband —
the distinguished traveller. The narrative is partly from
Mrs. Bent's pen and partly from her husband's; but,
wisely, there nas been no attempt to separate or distin-
guish these portions, the authorship of which is often
revealed by internal evidence. An excellent portrait of
Mr. Bent is given as frontispiece. (Smith, Elder.)
A HiSTOBY OF Gothic Abt
in England. By Edwabd S. Pbiob.
This nobly produced book will probably give experts
<$ause to wrangle, for Mr. Prior runs a-tilt at the doctrine
that French architecture was the mother of all the GK)thics ;
•and again, he will not allow that there was a central
Masonic Guild whose organisation monopolised design.
He has found '' rather national and local variations than
European solidarity in Gothic, and would wish to point to
the constant English tradition as proof, since the Conquest,
of a native craftsmanship, free ahke from Continental im-
portation and Masonic dictation." (Bell & Sons.)
YiLLAOE Life in China.
By Abthub H. Smith.
Dr. Smith's lonp^ missionaiy experience of China has
•enabled him to write this book about Chinese village life,
which will be welcomed bv readers of his ChineM Character-
istics. The book is well and plentifully illustrated by
photographs. (Oliphant, Anderson & Ferrier. Ts. 6d.)
The Gbammab of Science. By Pbof. Kabl Peabson.
This second edition of a great work has been revised and
enlarged by its author. It now contains two entirely new
chapters on Natural Selection and Heredity, embracing a
popular account of Prof. Pearson's own more recent work
m this direction.
In addition to the foregoing, we have received :
THEOLOaiOAL AND BIBLIOAL.
BobertaoQ (J. M.), Stadies in BaliffiooB Fallacy (Watts k Go.) 3,6
HISTOBY AND BIOOBAPHY.
Harley (Lewis R.)t Francis Lieber (Oolombia Univ. Press)
TomUnaon (Mary), The Life of Charles Tomlinson (Stock) 6/0
TBAVBL AND TOPOGBAFHY.
Oaddick (Helen), A White Woman in Cantral Africa (Unwln) 6/0
80IEN0B AND PHILOSOPHY.
Herts (Heinricb^. The Principles of Mechanics. Translated by D. B. Jones
and J. T. Waller (Mtcmillaa) net 10/0
Zittel (Karl A. Von). Text-Book of Palaeontology. Translated and edited
by Charles B. Bastman. Vol.1 (Maomillani net 25/0
Palgrave (R. H.)t Dictionary of Political Economy. Vol. ni. : N— Z
(^^Msmillan) net 21/0
BDUOATIONAL.
Baker (A. T.>, Outlines of Firench Historical GrammaT (Dent) net 8/6
Peame (J. W. E.). Tales of Ancient Tbessaly (Blackwood) 1^0
BAlfoor & Co., How to Tell the Nationality of Old Violins ..( Balfoar A Co.) 2/6
MISOBLLANXOUS.
Mair (William), Speaking (Blackwood) 3/0
Hope (A. B.). Half-Text History : Chronicles of School Life (Black) 8/6
Kingsley (G. H.), Notes on Sport and Travel (Macmillan)
Oxford (M. N.), A Handbook of Nnrsing (Methuenl 9/6
Handel (Fritz). New Pocket English-Gmnan Dictionary (Pitman)
'Calverley (W. 8.), Notes on the Early Sculptured Stones and Monuments
ii the Present Diocese of Carlisle (Wilson)
Blumhardt (J. F.), Oataloffue of the Hindi, Panjabi, and g^'^^mfni MB&
in the Library of the British Museum (B. Mnsenm)
Stanylton (H. B. C), Second Series of Eton School Lists (Drake) net 21/0
Wyl^ (Major H. 0.), The 05th (The Derbyshlro) Begiment in the Crimea
(Swan Somnensohein) net 1/6
Bstlake (AllanX The Ooeida Community (Bedwaj) net t/S
Lyitelton (Bev. the Hon. E.), Training of the Young in Laws of Sex
(Longmans) net 2/6
Fegan (J. H. C). and Others. FootbaU, Hock«y, and Ijiorosse ...(Unwin) tM
The Folk-Lore Society. Vol. XLIII (Folk-Lore Society)
(}atalogue of a Collection of Objects Illustrating the Fcuklore of Mexico
_ (Nutt)
The BopU SjftteM of Vm^Hlation (Boyle A Son)
The Anglo-Saxtm Msview. Vol. III. December, 1890 (Lane) 21/0
NEW EDITIONS.
Tennyson (Lord), The Princess, and Other Poems „ (Dent) 1/6
The Bibelots : Some Meditations of Marcus Aureliaa ((iay A Bird) 2/6
Defoe (Daniel), A Journal of the Plague Year , (Dent) 1/6
Montgomery (Florence), Transformed (Macmillan) 6/0
Our Weekly Prize Competitions.
Result of No. 19 (New Series),
We asked last week for the expojure of some more Popular
FallacieB, on the lineB made familiar by Charles Lamb, in a epaoe
not ezoeedlngr 150 words. In ooneeqaenoe of this request a number
of venerable and highly respected proverbs have oome in for a bad
time. The prize, we think, is due to Miss M. A. Woods, The
Pleasaunoe, Watford. Herts, for her treatment of the adage,
" Speech is silvern ; Silenoe golden.'* Here is her thesis :
This overpraises a merely negative attitude. Man lives to ezproiB
himself ; or rather, by means of the thing he calls ''himself,*' to
express some greater thing behind it. Silenoe may be noble, but
too often it is ignoble — ^the result of pride or fear. The reticent
man is a miser who hoards his money lest he should spend it
unwisely ; a sailor who hug^ the shore rather than launch out into
the deep. Even the good forget that the world suffers lees from
things said than things unsaid. la noble hands silence is made
subservient to speech ; it gathers strength, like the lull in the
storm, for a mightier onset, or waits kneeling for a new iospiration.
Silenoe prepares for speech, as the snows prepare for the bloom and
fruitage of summer, and has no other value. Surely we should
reverse our proverb, and say : *< Silence is silvern ; speech golden."
Other interesting fallacies follow :
That *' We are all aiming at the same place."
"True! true!" assents the parson absently to this everlasting
adage on the Upi of his parishioners. Why discuss the fallacy with
" Noakes, Stoakei, Styles, Brown, and Thompson ? " Tet he muses,
"The ianw place." Noakes*8 ideal is probably convivial, "a tavern
with five fiddles going." Mrs. Scoakes's aim is stereotyped in the
epitaph :
*' Don't weep for me friends, don't weep for me never :
I'm going to do nothing for ever and ever ! "
Dreamy Miss Styles yearns with Baudelaire, *' J*aime les nuages. . . .
les nuages qui passent ... les merveilleux nuages." Gammer
Brown with that ''solar look" envisages *'a truth the brilliant
Frenchman never knew." Doctor Thompson is of the religion of all
sensible men, which (Disraeli says) sensible men never reveaL The
parson ejaculates, with a smile, J^ Videbunt faoiem Ejus" "All
aiming at the same place ? " *' A tantot, mes amis, Je orains que
non ! " [R. P. McO., Whitby.]
That " Tis better to have loved and lost than never to have loved at
alL"
This is the cry of tJie disappointed suitor. It is the fictitious
balm for his wounded dignity, and by it he thinks to preserve his
self-esteem in the ^es of the world. Misguided oreature ! Why,
it is as though a man, insisting on bathing in a dangerous spot,
after being carried away, and only rescued fix a semi- animate con-
dition, were with his first returning breath to srssp, " Well, I had
my bathe, anyhow 1 " Again, do we not repent when, after feasting
on trifle or mince pie, we are reminded by internal discomfort that
such delioaeies are not always to be eaten with impunity 7 1 for
one should smile at anyone who asnertod that it was better to have
incurred the penalty of injudicious indulgence than to have sub-
sisted on pliiner fare. No, the only reason " to have loved and
lost " is valuable is that it, like the bather*B peril or the gourmand's
pangs, unpleasantly warns you to avoid doing anything of the sort
again. And can to have had an unpleasant, if salutary, warning be
better than to have never needed it ? [E. C. W., Oxford.]
That " Good wine needs no bnsh«"
Whether this was true or not in the "good old days" (which.
I)erhaps, need a " bush " themselves to indicate their antiquated
merits), it is certainly a fallapy now. However good the wine mtj
be, it must be pointed out to a blind and careless generation, who
112
The Academy.
3 February, 1900.
diaoom nothing for thenuelyeB, by flaming poaten, brilliant aky-
signs, and endleae postal oommonioations. The moet important
*' bnah " of these diqrs Ib the one known botanioally as " PreBda
Spedoea." It is absolutely a neoessary one for statesmen, actors,
artists, and authors. Poor Mr. Balfour has had several " bushes *'
lately, coTered with thorns, which but a short time since offered
him tiieir sweetest flowers. Still, a prickly bush is better than
none. Another world may recognise our goodnees without one.
This one will inevitably pass us by. [H. S., London.]
That ** Procrastination is the thief of time.*'
To say that ** Procrastination is tbe thief of time*' is both uDjnst
and illogioaL For to defer is to prolouRr ; to prolong is to leogtihen
— in other words, to add to ; so that we can prove, and that most
oondosively, that procrastination, or the art of not doiog to-day
what can be done to-morrow, actually increases the time at our
disposaL To secure the full eojoymeat that is to be derived from
an ill-spent day it is necessary to ooostantly remind ourselves of
that wmch we ought to do and are not doing. For by that means
our time is doubled, and every moment stolen from unpleasant duty
becomes more precious ; and that which is precious we ding to, and
do not lightly lose. The thief of time ! Nay ; it is the very forge
of time, time measured, not by minutes, but by heart-beats.
[Q. M. P., Birmingham.]
That '* Honesty is the best policy."
It is a matter of right prindple, not of polipy at all. A man is
honest in his dealings with his fellow-men in proportion to his sense
of honour, not to his desire of success. In a world of " rings " and
'* comers,*' of bogrus companies and other forms of gambling, where
light scruples nuJce heavy pockets, and the serpent's wisdom pre-
vsdls, the upright man wins Fortone^s prizes in spite, not because, of
his honesty. This proverb may possibly keep sordid souls, whose
only indncement to be honest here i«i the hope of gain hereafter, in
comparatively straight paths. But to Mr. Worldly Wiseman it is
unbusiness-like, to Mr. Valiant- for-Truth it is contemptible ; it is a
fallacy, not a proverb; one man's wit, posdbly, but few men's
wisdom. [G. N., Bristol.]
That " Honesty is the best polipy."
This links together two incongruous things. Policy implies
compromise ; honesty Booms it. Honesty insists on right in any
case ; policy iB content with ezpedienpy. The proverb reduces
honesty to prudence. Honesty cannot conmder what will be gained,
but only what must be done. Reward may ensue, but the thought
of it can never give to honesty its cue. The man who thriven
through honesty will become corrupt if he adopts it in order to
pro»i)er. The fallacy of the aphorism is in taking the result and
suggesting it as a motive. Honesty finds its reason in the moment
of its call. It makes no conditions ; it may fail or suffer, but it
cannot calculate. It is an impulse ; whereas policy is a phm. The
proverb indeed lifts policy into a higher region, but it is false in
Bm>posing that honesty can make its choice l^ reference to con-
sideratioDs of advantage. [H. W., Mai ton.]
Answers received also from M. S., Manchester ; 0. M , London ;
M. S., Manchester ; R. W. M., London ; 0 , Bedhfll ; D. E. B.,
London : J. D. W., London ; P. W. B., Birkenhead ; J. D. A.,
Ealing : F. E. W., London ; A. H. Darlington ; B. R., London ;
E. E., Bala ; G. H., Glasgow ; W. a, Ghalfont St. Giles ; F. G. C,
HulL
Competition No. 20 (New Series).
A COBBESPONDBNT writcs : ** Might I suggest for a competition in
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subjects " ? We adopt the suggestion, and offer a guinea for the
best B€t of mottoes for the following four bookcases : (a) History,
(b) Poetry, (0) Fiction, (d) Biography. The quotations must be
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Bulks.
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attempt at solution must accompany eadh attempt with a separate
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facilitated when one side only of the paper is written upon. It is
iJso important that names and addresses should always be given :
we cannot conaider anonymous answers.
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*" f eoman Fleetwood' will, I am sure, take its place amoog
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The Academy
A Weekly Review of Literature and Life.
No. 1449. Established 1869, 10 February, 1900.
Price Threepence.
[RggisUrtd as a Nnupapir,']
The Literary Week.
On Tuesday last an imnortant first nieht was held at
Chriatiania, the oocasioix being the initifu peiformanoe of
Ibsen's new play, " When We who are I^d Awaken."
The performance, we learn, was an entire success, the first
and tnird acts producing a strong impression.
Thb play of "Hamlet," according to the printed copy
of 1603 known as the First Quarto, will be acted by the
Elizabethan Stage Society, on Wednesday, February' 21,
at 8.30 o'dock, at the Carpenter's HaU, London Wall.
The text of the play where corrupt and imperfect will be
rerised from the First Folio. The performance will be given
on an Elizabethan stage in Elizabethan costume, and on
this occasion the women's parts will be played by boys, as
in Shakespeare's time. The original music will be reviyed
on instruments of the sixteenth century under the direction
of Hr. Arnold Dolmetsch.
Mb. Oonbad's beautiful story, "Youth " (which appeared
in Blaehwood in 1898), his "Heart of Darkness" (which
appeared in Ihe same magazine last year), and " Lord
Jim " (which is just ending) are about to be published by
Messrs. Blackwood, under xh& title Thre$ Tdei.
Mb. W« E. Henley's spirited verses, " England, my
England," which we quoted recentlv, have been set to
music b^ Mr. Ernest A. Dicks. The words and score
are published by Messrs. J. Ourwen & Sons.
A JOT7BNALI8TIO situation of some interest is piquantly
hit off in "The New Who's Who," a page contribution to
Messrs. Hatchard's Bi>oU of To-day and Booh of To-wwrrow :
INGRAM, Sir William, Proprietor of lUusiraied
London Nevo9, Sketch, Spear, &c. Publication : Sbotter
edition of ' De Amidtia,' 1900. Motto : < Dam Sphereo
Spearo.'
SHORTER, aement King, late editor of Ilhuirafed
London Neir$, Sketch, &c. Founded The Sphere, 1900.
Pseudonym : Nicholas BreakBX>ear.
Setsbal correspondents have sent us versions of the
Spanish poem printed in our correspondence columns last
week. Here is Mr. Walter Oumei^s translation :
A Uttle biid that I held dear
Flew awinr.
My love who loved me yester-year
Died one day.
So the oonrae of love must run ;
All things fade boieath the son ;
Life is doomed ere ]f et beffun ;
And we say, ** God*B will oe done ! "
In answer to Mr. Forster's inquinr as to the author, Mr.
Arthur Maquarie writes : " I don^t happen to be able to
give any assistance in discovering the author of the
original, but it is by no means necessary to suppose that
he is known even in Spain. One cannot look to learn
names in anthologies of popular verse of this sort, for
though there is at present a custom for strolling trovadorti
to seU printed copies of their songs (at halfpenny a sheet),
great numbers of those now in books may have had to
pass through a hundred mouths before finding themselves
there."
Many rumours are afloat as to the new morning paper
which Mr. 0. Arthur Pearson is about to establish. . We
can state with authority that it will be called The Daily
Expren^ it will be ready in a few weeks, it will cost a half-
penny, and Mr. Pearson, not 0. Arthur Pearson, Ltd.,
will own it.
The competition among halfpenny morning papers shows
signs of being as keen as that among sixpenny illustrated
Thbee poets during the past week have expressed them-
selves on the War. Mr. William Watson reduced his
opinion to the following parable which he contributed to
the Morning Leader :
A certain man, quilting his own house, went to lodge in
the house of anouier, and there demanded to have voice
and authority in the ordering of the whole household.
And the other said: *'No. Ton are free to remain or
to depart, but this is my house, and I will sufftir in it no
secona master out-mastering me."
So the lodger called unto his brave and gallant kinsmen
to bludgeon that householder into submission.
Mb. Stephen Phillips sounds a larger note in the poem
he sent to the Daily Chronicle. It is called simply
"A Man":
O for a living man to lead !
That will not babble when we bleed ;
O for the silent doer of the deed !
One that is happy in his height ;
And one that, m a nation's night,
Hath solitary certitude of light !
Sirs, not with battle ill-begun
We charire you, not with fields unwon.
Nor headlong deaths against the darkeoed gnu ;
Bot with a lightness worse than dread :
That yon bat laughed, who should have hd,
And tripped like danoer^ amid all our dead.
You for no faflure we impeach,
Nor for those bodies in the breach,
Bat for a deeper shallowness of speech.
When every cheek was hot with shame,
When we demanded words of flame,
O ye were busy but to shift the blame !
No man of us but clenched his hand,
No brow but burned as with a brand,
Tou ! you alone were slow to understand !
O for a living man to lead ! .
That will not babble when we bleed ;
O for the silent doer of the deed !
ii6
The Acajemy.
10 February, 1900
Mb. Austin Dobson contributed these touching lines to
last week's 8ph&re^ illustrated by a remarkable drawing
by Mr. Hartrick :
O undistingaifihed Bead !
Whom the bent covers or the rock-strewn steep
Shows to the stars, for you I mourn, I weep,
O undistinguished Dead !
None knows yoor name.
Blackened and blurred in the wild battle's brant,
Hotly you fell . . . with all your wounds in front,
This is your fame !
Mb. William Abchbb says that if he were a poet he
woidd write an ode to Mr. Mauser. In an artide in last
Monday's Morning Leader he gives his reasons for this
quaint aspiration. It has revealed to him a great deal
about his country and himsdf . Nicholson's Nek was the
eye-opening, heart-reaching incident. Mr. Archer con-
cludes as f oUows :
That the blot of unredeemed disaster should blur back
through all our military history — ^that it should appear to
dim the glories of Wellington and Marlborough — was
Sirhaps natural enough. But what have Shakespeare and
ilton, what have Newton and Darwin, to do with Tommy
Atkins and his fortunes ? Do they not dwell in an ampler
ether, a diviner air? They ought to, no doubt; but I
found that, in my own instinctive conception, they did
not. It was not only the existing generation l^t seemed
to have suffered hunuliation— it was the whole Pantheon
of the past. Nay, in some still more inexplicable fadiion,
the physical beauties of England seemed to have fallen
into eclipse— a light had vanished from her valleys, lakes,
and woodlands; her castles, cathedrals, universities ap-
peared less stately and less reverend* In short, I reslised
that the idea of << England" was to me nothing but a
many-faceted jewel of pride, whereof no one facet could
be dimmed but the others must pale in sympathy. And
this the Mauser bullet taught me.
But Mr. Archer does not tell all. Having learned these
things, he straightway went out and enrolled himself in a
corps of volunteers.
Apbopos "P. C.'s" list, in our last issue, of old words
worth reviving, Mr. Eyre Hussey sends us the following
as ** an illustration of the extreme value of resuscitated
verbiage." We should first state that the new words
suggested by *' P. C. " were :
• ■ • • • •
Enclosure, shelter.
Suffer, endure.
Counsel, advice.
Complexion, aspect.
To fade gradually.
Intertwine.
Intuitive knowledge.
Acquired knowledge.
" Willing," good-natured.
Taking findly to discipline.
For fairy (which is incorrectly used).
For kitten (a pure English diminutive
instead of a hybrid form).
Feverish heat.
Circular course.
To run before the wind..
Battle.
Mistress.
The Cross.
Mr. Hussey's amusing illustration follows :
The wind howled as it slammed the frout door behind
me and left me to 9tour with its icy blast. Outwit led me
to recollect that if I took a gyre the contest would at
least be drawn, for then, in the latter portion of my short
journey, I could apoom. As I entered the churchyard Ihe
rood upon the chancel roof stood out clearly cut against
the sky ; one tiny star gleamed above it hke the wand-tip
of some celestial /ay.
The black branches of the yew trees bent and skij^ed
like some gigantic kiUiiig, It was a lonesome spot ; but
Cote
Thole
Kede
Blee
Dwine ...
Pleach ...
In wit ...
Outwit ...
Buxom ...
Buly ...
Fay
Kitting...
Calenture
Gyre ...
Spoom ...
Stour ...
Leman ...
Bood
what matter P Was I not there to meet the huxom leman
of my heart P
Still, human nature cannot thole everything. I was
compelled to seek some coUt for in the calenture of antici-
pation I had, contrary to the rede of inwitt left my nlster
at home.
I waited in the porch ; it was lonesome, but I am rtdy
by nature, and knew well enough that Sophia was often
late.
I pictured her with the rosy hUe upon her face dunning
as she stood before me with pleacTied fingers to beg
forgiveness
(fo be continued when a suitable supply of language is
furnished. Impatient readers may as well know that,
owing to cold weather, Sophia displayed her inwH by
staying at home.)
Mb. Andbew Lang's recent observations on the ahortneas
and uncertainty of literary reputations find an echo in the
February American Bookman, The Bookman has joat
completed its fifth year. Reviewing one short lustrum of
its existence, it heaves a sigh of fatigue and bewilder-
memi:
During that brief time many literary reputations have
risen and waned; men and women whose names were
household words ia 1895 have, in the beginning of 1900,
reached a commonplace acceptance even more cruel than
their original obscurity ; books that two or three or fiva
Sears ago stirred the female subscribers of the village,
brary to wire pulling and intrigue, and the occasional
male subscriber to blasphemy, now repose undisturbed^
upon the shelves. There is infinitely more downright
irony in this, the commonplace record of half a decade,
than Washington Irving put into his Mutability of
Literature.
The Bookman illustrates its remarks by stating that in a
town library not twenty-five miles from New York the two
copies of IHlby possessed by the library have not beibn
borrowed for six months ; and it adds :
A magazine writer was reoentiy asked to contribute a
paper on Bohemian Paris to a new review. The works
suggested as deserving treatment in such an article in-
cluded Henry Murger's La Vie de Boheme, W. C. Morrow's
Bohemian Pari$ of To-Day ^ The Stones of PariSf and several
others. But of Trilby, that book which brought home to
American and English readers all the romance, the poetry,
the charm of the southern half of the French capitfd as no
other book has ever done, and probably as no other book
will ever do, no mention was made. The slight was in no
way intentional. Trilby had simply been forgotten.
But if books are short-lived, their writers commonly
attain to longevity. Mr. William Boscoe Thayer, writing
in the Forum^ shows that the average age of literary men
in the nineteenth century has been distinctly high. Take
novelists, for instance. Mr. Thaver gives this table of
twenty-six novelists and the ages tney readied :
Anfi:ier, 79.
Irving, 76.
Conscience. 71.
Meredith, 71 (Uving).
P. de Kook, 71.
Auerbaoh, 70.
Andersen, 70.
Bnlwer, 70.
Balzac, 51.
Beade, 70.
Heyse, 69 (living).
A. Trollope ^67).
GoUins, 65.
Kayne Beid, 65.
Cooper, 62.
Du Manrier, 62.
Hawthorne, 60.
Maupassant,
Ebers, 60.
Scheffel, 60.
Flaubert, 59.
Diokens, 58. •
Daudet, 57.
Marryat, 56.
Thackeray, 53.
Sue, 53.
43.
The average age of these writers is sixty-three years.
Forty-six poets attained the average of sixty-six years.
The ages of forty ''men of letters" work out to the
average of sixty-seven years. Historians live even longer ;
the average of thirty-eight of them was seventy-three
years. Mr. Thayer includes musicians, philosophers,
agitators, statesmen, and intellectual women in his survey;
and his inference is striking :
The assumption has been that modem conditions are
destructive to the vitality of just this upper class of brain-
workers. The fact is, that these persons lived on an
lo February, 1900.
The Academy.
117
average sixty-eight years and eight months — that is,
nearly thirty years longer than the population as a whole.
Were we to double the number of names the result would
not be Tery difPerent.
An inquiry of some literary interest concems boys
and girls. The following question, among others, was
put to a large number of school children, and their
answers, whid^ were given in writing, have been examined
and compared : '^ Which man or woman of whom you have
eyer heiurd would you most wish to be, and why ? " The
list of answers includes Shakespeare, Sir Thomas Lipton,
and Mr. Kipling. The boy who wanted to be Kipling
gaye the sensible reason : '' Because he writes about
soldiers who fifi^ht now, and not historical pieces like
Shakespeare and Scott."
The adyentures of a story. In the New York LiUrary
Life of January appears the following paragraph :
KiPLiNO. — During Kipling's illness Henry James was
one night riding home in a cab from his dub in London.
The news had just come that the crisis was passed, and Ihe
great writer on the road to reooverv. As he stepped out:
on the sidewalk, Mr. James handed the paper he had
bought to the cabman. '* Kipling*s all right,*' he said.
The cabman took the paper, and leaned down with a
puzzled look on his face. "I don't seem to know the
name o' the 'awse," he said.
Our readers will remember that this story first appeared
in the Academy. But the incident did not happen to
Mr. Henry James. It was the personal experience of one
of our staff — quite a humble person. The story flew to
the ends of the earth — ^the New York yersion is a mere
ricochet.
The New York Bookman makes the following curious
parallel between the late Mr. Bellamy, the author of
Looking Backward^ and Mr. Edwin Markham, the author
of " The Man with the Hoe " :
When Mr. Bellamy wrote
Looking Bachaard he wrote it
simply as a good story, a bit
of miHginative writiog, and
with no particular intention
of promulgating a new form .
of Socialism. But as soon as
the book leaped to its extra-
ordinary success, thousands
upon thousands of impression-
able persons intisted upon see-
ing in it a new sociological
gospel. Then Mr. Bellamy
himself began to feel that he
had unwittingly done a great
thing, and that he must have
been inspired when he com-
posed the pages of his novel.
Then he practically gave up
literature and started a crank
paper, and gave his time and
nis talents to the foundation
and encouragement of clubs
for the propagation of the
theories set forth in Looking
BackuHird. .■ What ^ was the
result P The faddists who
took up the Bellamy craze
soon ^ew tired and dropped
both it and him ;^ bis paper
failed ; and he himself died, a
literary wastrel and a sociolo-
gical joke.
Mr. Edwin Markham's work is, of course, of a very
different character from Bellamy's. '' The Man with the
Hoe," which America read as it has not read any new
And now here is poor Mr.
Markham going the same
way. His '' Man with the
9oe" was very good verse.
He doubtless wrote it as he
might at a less mature age
have written about The GKrl
with a Beau. From a literary
standpoint it is all right.
Bat now he has become per-
suaded by his admirers that
the poem is full of hidden
meanings, of profound lessons,
of unutterable things, and he
is going about the country
exfuaining to ''social reform
dubs " just what those hidden
meanings are. No doubt he
is enjoying himself hugely,
and the people who belong to
the clubs will for a day or
two speak with bated breath
of his soul-searching elucida-
tions; but to us it is all so
pathetic ! Why cannot every
human being have a little of
the saving sense of humour ?
Poor Mr. Markham !
poem for years and years, is an appeal to mankind to do
something to lighten the burden of the agricultural slave,
to widen his outlook and stimulate his higher feelings.
The volume containing this and other of Mr. Markham's
poems has just been published in England.
There lies on our table a book on which half a dozen
vlsitors.have already cast a longing eye. It is a large quarto,
bound in a rich brown canvas, acbnirably stamped, with
end-papers of a dusty old-gold ; the edges are tinted in
brick colour ; and the whole appearance of the volume is
excellent. It suggests a work on the stained-glass windows
of Nuremburg ; or a budget of ProvenQal songs, and their
old-time musical scores ; or a series of readings from Oon-
fucius for family use — in fact, anything grave and stately.
It is, however, none of these things; out is the new illus-
trated Catalogs of the BoyU System of Ventilation, As a
volume for the drawing-room table we commend it. Messrs.
Boyle & Son should come into the book business at once.
When receiving a testimonial at University OoUege last
week. Dr. Fumivdl expressed the opinion that the l&glish
lanffuage was destined to be the universal language of
civmsation. In face of the following statement, we take
leave to doubt it :
The '' Congregation " of the University of Chic%go has
adopted the following minute :
Resolved, That the adoption by the Board of the Uni-
versity Press, for use in the official publications and
journals of the University, of the list of words with
changed spelling, accepted by the National Educational
Association, be approved.
The list of words thus '' reformed " is as follows :
Program (programme).
Tho (thouffh).
Altho (although).
Thorofare (thoroughfare).
Thru (through).
Thruout (throiighout).
Catalog (catalogue).
Prolog (prologue).
Decalog (dectuogue).
Demagog (demagogue).
Pedagog (pedagogue).
Seriously, this divergence of spelling between English
English and American English is very unfortunate at a
time when the two nations are, more and more, reading
the same books, and when every notable author in the one
country commands readers in the other.
LiBRA&iANS take their work seriously. But card-
catalogues and cross-references are not everything, and we
feel some sympathy with a writer in Seribner^e who com-
plains that librarians are too mechanical and are apt to
provide their libraries with everything except that atmo-
sphere of peace and leisure necessary to the browser.
Let us suppose that the browser meets the cold glsnce
of the ^oung woman in shirt-waist and eye-glasses, who,
at the circulating desk, is handling books with up-to-the-
minute movements that indicate that this is no world to
moon in. The browser's mood changes, and with the
result that he finds it difficult to draw the two ends of
the magic circle that before encompassed him together
again.
This clearly is not as it should be. The perfect librarian
is a subjective beiug. . . . He is subdued to the reverence
of what he works in, and has the student's perceptions,
discreet and catholic He helps to create the ambient
with which a library should be i)ermeated, and even to
those who have no feeling for the right spirit of the place
his manners and personality are an instruction, uncon-
sciously absorbed, and leading them to a humaner attitude.
The humaner attitude is perhaps coming. At anv rate, it
is a good sign that librarians are becoming playful at their
own expense. In the Library World a writer gives ten
good stock statements useful to librarians who are suddenly
called upon to explain a decrease of borrowings to their
ii8
• The Academy.
10 February, »900.
oommittee. The last reason is worth quoting for its
deb'ghtfolly-mixed reasoning and probable success.
We have to draw attention for the first time nnoe the
openiog of the library to a decrease in the total number
of books circulated duriog the past year. This decrease,
however, is entirely due to the fact that the demand has so
far exceeded the supply that hardly any of the more
popular books were to be found on the shelves, so that it
has been a customary thing for borrowers to go empty-
handed away. ThiR, though pulling down the issues, is
an eloquent testimony alike to the zeal of our readers and
the urgent need for more books.
A LITTLE magazine, bearing a dose likeness to the
Quartm' Latin, has just been begun at Oxford under the
title the Quad, Mr. Dent is the London publisher. The
following neat and reasonable quatrain meets the reader's
eye at the start :
To THB Bbadeb.
We ask you (as our labours' modest meed)
Firstly to buy, and, secondly to read :
Then, having bought and read with kin<11y eyes,
Thirdly, and not till then, to criticise.
Messbs. Wabd, Look & Go. will in future publish, from
their offices in Salisbury - square, the Hoad, and its
affiliated publications : Th Road Coaching Alburn^ The Road
Coach Guide, and The Road Coaching Programme, The
monthly periodical^ the Road, will shortly enter upon its
tenth year of existence, and the occasion will be celebrated
by adding to its attractiveness and utility.
Mb. Quilleb-Couch thus dedicates his Mistorical Tales
from Shakespeare to Mr. Swinburne :
TO
ALOEBNOK CHARLES SWDTBURNB
WHO WITH THE NEABE8T CLAIM AMONG LIYINO MEN
TO AFPBOACH 8HAKBSFSABE GONFIDBNTLT
HAS WITH THE BEST BIQHT
SET THEM THE EXAMPLE OF BEYEBENT AND
HUMBLE STUDY.
BibliographicaL
The rumour that Mr. Bret Harte contemplates the
publication of a second series of Condensed Novels is one
that all lovers of prose parody will hope to find true. The
first series, which came out in 1867, was called Sensation
Novels Condensed; but it is to be assumed that the forth-
coming travesties will have a wider range, the '' sensa-
tion " novel being by no means the most striking feature
of our present-day fiction. No ; what we want is parody
of our Marie Oorelli, our (George Moore, our Ueorge
Egerton, and so forth; and Mr. Harte might well give
some of his attention to the younger persons of both
sexes who have distinguished themselves lately by
startling novelty of subject, style, and treatment. The
field to be covered is broad and rich — much broader
and richer than that in which Thackeray wrought in his
Novels by Eminent Sands,
The last few years have witnessed an agreeable revival
of interest in the verse written by the sisters Louisa and
Arabella Shore — ^the " A. and L. " of publications dating
several decades back. The death of Miss Louisa Shore
suggested the issue in 1896, by Mr. Lane, of the Poems of
that lady, prefaced by a memoir from her sister'spen and
an '^ appreciation " from that of Mr. Frederic Harrison.
Then came, in 1897, Poems by A. and L,, issued by Mr.
Grant Eichards, and, in 1898, from flie same house,
Mannibal, the mammoth dramatic poem by Miss Louisa
Shore. The forthcoming First and Last Poems of Miss
Arabella Shore will probably bring to a dose this brief
but interesting series of Shore volumes. The deceased
sister had, I tmnk, a genuine poetic vision, but very little
of the " faculty divine." Her powers were not suflfeienfly
cultivated.
The announced new edition of the third Lord Shaftes-
bury's Characterisiics of Men, Manners, Opinions, and Times
should be welcome to many. It is by no means de trop.
The work itself is one of those which are more often
talked about than read. Few know, for example, that it
is a collection of seven distinct literary efforts — indudinj^:
a ** letter," an "inquiry," a "philosophical rhapsody,"
"miscellaneous reflections," ana so forth — published
separately at varied intervals. It appeared as a whole in
1711 and again in 1713. Gray wrote about Shaftesbury
as a philosopher in rather scornful fashion (see his Letters).
Pope, who was a friend of Shaftesbury's, thought, it will
be remembered, that the Characterisiics "had done more
harm to revealed religion in England than all the works
of infidelity put together."
A London morning paper, " noticing " a new edition of
the works of Shakespeare, mentions that it has " a pleasant
biographical introduction by Mr. Henry O. BeU.'' This
"Mr. Henry G. Bell," were he living now, would be
annoyed at we reduction of the second word in his name
from " Glassford " to mere " G." There was a time when
Henry Glassford Bell was a person of some potency in the
literary world, and especially in that part of it which lies
north of the Tweed. Some of us remember him best by
a "poem " on Mary Queen of Scots, which used to be by
far too great a favourite with the reciter-demon. Still,
even the perpetration of this "poem" scarcely justifiee
one in describmg him now as " Mr. Henry G. Bell." ^
Mr. Wilson Barrett is rapidly acquiring a name in the
literary as well as in the theatrical arena. That he turned
his " Sign of the Cross " into a prose narrative we all
know; uien came his " noveHsation " of his "Daughters
of Babylon," but in that he had the co-operation of Mr.
Hiohens. Now he comes forward with a tale called In
Old New York, in which he has collaborated with Mr.
Elwyn Barron. This, I believe, is a " noveHsation " of
a play by Messrs. Barrett and Barron which has not yet
faced the footlights. Mr. Barron is already known here
through his Manders, published in this country about
sixteen months ago.
Mr. Israel Gbllancz was hapj^ily inspired when it
occurred to him to reprint, along with In Memoriam, in the
" Temple Classics " series, the poetical remains of Arthur
Hallam. We must not forget, nowever, that the credit of
reprinting these remains in recent years belongs to Mr.
Le Gallienne, who, in 1893, republished not only
Hallam's poems, but his essay on the poems of Tennyson.
Mr. Le Gallienne's little volume, wnich was issued by
Messrs. Mathews & Lane, is, indeed, the best possible com-
panion to In Memoriam, and I hope it is still in the market.
By way of motto to his new Dook, In the Valley of the
Rhone, Mr. C. W. Wood prints the well-known lines :
NoiselefiB falls the foot of time
That only treads on flowers.
These he attributes to "Spenser" — a rather unfortunate
misprint. And yet how natural on the part of a com-
positor! Who reads nowadays the works of that Hon.
William Bobert Spencer whose vers-de-societe were once in
everybody's mouth ? It is not the first time that the two
men have been confused, as students of Charles Lamb will
remember.
Studies in Dedication — ^the title of Miss Amold-Forster's
new book — is a little misleading. It makes one think at
once of literary dedications, whereas it is of church dedi-
cations that the lady writes. It will be remembered that
Mr. H. B. Wheatley contributed a pleasant little volume
on The Dedication of Books to the "Book-Lover's Library."
The Bookwosm.
10 February, 1900.
The Academy.
119
Reviews.
Santo Virgilio.
I7te Unpuhlished LegendB of Virgik Collected by Charles
Godfrey Leland. (EUiot Stock.)
Baylb, in his article upon Vii^ — a plague upon the prob-
able accuracy of pedantry which writos Yergu ! — ^remarks :
'' II n'y a rien de plus ridicule que ce que Ton conte de sa
magie, et des pretendus prodiges qu'il fit voir auz Napoli-
tains." After which trenchant and terse verdict there
follows, as usual, one of those delightfully colossal notes,
which, for very wantonness of erudition, always remind us
of Burton. But that magie and those prodigM have been
the theme of laborious scholarship, and found to be of
much significance. Signor Gomparetti, of Florence —
perhaps the most variously learned of living men — ^has,
in his work on Virgil in the Middle Ages, given us once
for all the finest word of scholarship upon Ihe matter ; and
new there comes to us from Florence a little work, by way,
as it were, of supplement to that masterpiece. Mr. Leland,
creator of Hans Breitmann, translator of Heine, anthro-
pologist among American Iiidians and European gypsies,
has of late devoted bimaftlf to a singular, a fascinating,
an (to put it Oermanwise) in -difficulties -and -doubts -
abounding field of investigation. A few years ago he
published his Roman Mrusean EemaiiM in Papular Legend^
wherein he claimed to show that in Italy there exists,
side by side with Christianity, a most venerable and
primitive Paganism; not the formal civic religion of
ancient cultured Bome, but a thing of the villages and
woods and fields and vineyards — a true product of lusty,
wild Mother Earth — never spoken of in senatorial edicts,
nor merged into the hierarchical order of State religion.
Etruria — ^that mysterious region of a vanished civilisation
— was its chief home; and its practices remain, in the
form of sorcery and magic, wizardry and incantation,
witchcraft and necromancy, in the present Italy of to-day,
dying, doomed to die, yet discoverable by research and
patience stilL In a word, that popular body of beliefs and
superstitions, whereof the old classics, by tantalising
glimpses, make us well aware as having prevailed in
classic Italy, has never perished from the soil sS- Italy.
Impoverished, contaminated, debased, jealously hidden out
of sight, it is still there. Have patience and cunning, and
you will find it in the hearts and upon the lips of withered
crones, of peasants versed in ancestral folklore. * It will
reach you in the rudest of Italian dialects, and from the
least modernised of Italian districts ; but it also lurks even
beneath the shadow of Santa Croce, at Florence, and of St.
Peter's, at Home.
Mr. Leland is incapable of dulness, but he has his
defects. He is vivid, picturesque, dramatic, exciting, at
the expense of orderliness, sobriety, method. He gives us
a brilliant bundle of notes and sketches, rather than a
finished book. He would sooner be careless than pedan-
tic, inaccurate than dogmatic. He is a writer whose
veracity one cannot question, but whose authority one
hesitates to quote : he is more enjoyable than useful. It
is sometimes hard to make up one's mind whether or not
he wishes to be of real assistance to the scientific student
of anthropologv. His light-hearted indifference to pre-
cision infects his proof-reading : we shrink, in the present
volume, from misprints which make Browning unmeaning,
Martial both unmeaning and unmetrical. Anc^her flaw,
or fault, derogatory to any serious and courteous scholar,
is his constant girding at the Christian religion, especially
in its Catholic form, in a vein of humour which entirely
fails to be humorous, and which would ^tiil be offensive
even if successful. But let us turn from this, and come
to the more alluring theme of Santo Virgilio,
Signor Gomparetti devotes his great work to the study
of the mcdiooval Virgil as he appears in the literature
of the learned, and of that literature as applied to the
amusement of tiie less learned and the illiterate. He speaks
of little else but what can be read in extant MSS. or print,
and gives but a few lines to the Virgil whose transmogri-
fied phantom flits yet in living legend underived from
literary sources — that is, of course, to say, not immediately
and consciously derived, but traditional. Mr. Leland,
struck by this fact, set himself to collect, by his usual
methods, Virgilian legends alive among the people, with
the result that he presents to us some fifty tales ; and it is
safe to say that many, if not most, of them are assignable
to no known source in the mass of mediaeval Virgilian
legend extant as literature. Obviously, the medueval
writers, of whatever kind, who have preserved for us the
fantastic Virgil of popular myth could not record all they
knew or heard ; and there came a time when such legends
ceased to be collected. Bat they did not therefore cease
to be handed down among the people ; and the popular
Italian memory, which is a museum of confused relics,
and the popular Italian imagination, which is a factory of
things fanciful or gprotesque, have between them produced
these extraordinary narratives, wherein the medley mediaeval
conceptions of history and science and the supernatural
are in full vigour. Eecorded at the close of the nineteenth
century, they essentially belong to the ages which made
''Virgil, Dake of Naples," the contemporary of Homer
and of King Arthur and of the Soldan of Babylon : they
descend in spiritual and imaginative lineage from the
times when
Son nom, balbati^ par les hommes nouveaux,
Fit se lever, dans les ten^brps des oerveaux,
Laur^ d'or et de feu, le fantome d'mi mage.
Le peuple, qui ventre encore son image,
Broda sur sa m^moire uq etrange roman
De sorcier secourable et de bon n^croman.
Assuredly, it is as ' ' sorcier secourable et bon n6croman " that
this " translated " Virgil figures in Mr. Leland's books ; he
has still the '' white soul " that Horace loved, and is still,
despite his strange transformations, the Virgil over whose
tomb at Puteoli, so they sang in the churches of Mantua,
Saint Paid wept and said : '* Ah, what manner of man had
I not made of thee had I but found thee living, 0 prince
of poets ! " True, he is frolicsome, prankish, as well as
helpful and benevolent ; but then, as Faustus felt, if you
are a magician, the texnptation to merry jests and praotioal
jokes is irresistible. Here, with one exception, ne does
nothing quite unworthy of the Virgil whom primitive and
later Christianity haileid as the herald of the r^ativity, the
first discemer of the Star of Bethlehem, the Virgil who
chaunted in his inspired ''Pollio" the Desire of the
Nations, Him who should come. There is nothing of the
Virgil whom harsher spirits accused of working wonders
'' by whitohcraft and mgramansy thorough the hdp of the
devylls of hell." This, according to one of Mr. Leland's
stories, was the fashion of Virgil's own coming, and it is
exquisitely imagined of him whom Benan calls *' le tendre
et clairvoyant Virgile." There was a lady of Home called
Helen, the world's wonder for beauty, but she would not
wed for terror of childbirth; she therefore fled to an
impregnable tower far without the walls ; but — and here,
as Mr. Leland notes, we have the Danae myth — Jupiter
descended as a shower of Kold-leaf , and it fell into her cup,
which she had no fear to drink.
Bat hardly had Helen drank the wine before the felt
a strange thrill in all her body, a marvellous rapture,
a change of her whole being, followed by complete
exhaastton. And in time the found herself with <^d«
and cursed the moment when she drank the wine. And
to her in this way was bom Virgil, who had in his forehead
a most beautiful star of gold. Three fairies aided at his
birth : the Queen of the Fairies cradled him in a cradle
made of roses. She made a fire of twigs of laurels, it
crackled loudly. To the crackling of twigs of laurel was
he bom ; his mother felt no pain. The three each gave
him a Uessiog; the wind as it blew into the windov
I20
The Academy.
10 February 9 1900.
wished him good forkine ; the light of the stars, and the
lamp and the fire, who are all spirits, gave him glory and
song. He was bozn fair and strong, and strong and
beautiful; all who saw him wondered.
It is characteristic, this mingling of Helen, Danae,
Jnpiter, the Fairies, Kome; elsewhere in the piece we
have the King of the Magicians, the Emperor, and the
Turks. It were nothing wonderful if we also had
Abraham, Socrates, Julius Caesar, and the Pope, all
meeting in this wonderland out of time and space. We
should he grateful to Mr. Leland had he rescued for us no
more than the perfect passage quoted, so unconsciously
superb and glittering a praise of the everlasting Virgil.
And there are other things in the book hardly less beauti-
ful, together with a mass of legends depicting, in a strain
of innocent jocularity, this Virgil of the mediteyal phantasy,
saint and mage. Li this aspect, the work, as we have
said, is a complement to l^ignor Comparetti's elaborate
study ; but it also continues Mr. Leland's studies in the
survival of that secret paganism ineradicable, at least in
spirit, from the thrice haunted earth of Italy. Here are
spells, incantations, remembrances of infinitely ancient
deities and powers, which at once impress the reader as far
older in spirit than the tales and legends in which they are
embodied; as older, not only than the historic Virgil, but
older than the first foundation and walls of Borne.
** Naturam expellas furca, tamen usque recurrit ": worship
of '* Madre Natura " is in some form inevitable. With the
educated it turns to poetry or a poetical pantheism ; with
the less sophisticated it abides as something much more
practical.
No poet has shared the astonishing fate of Virgil : no
other writer of antiquity has been so familiar a name to
Christianity. Signer Oomparetti has supplied an abun-
dance of historical reasons why this should be so, and, as
all scholars know, a special veneration began, even in his
lifetime, to gather round the person, and upon his death,
round the tomb, of him whom Eome regarded as the
laureate and paramount poet of Home ; in his own realm
he held the throne, wore the laurel and the imperial robe.
History explains why, even in after ages insensible to his
essential greatness, he retained the pre-eminence. And
yet that veneration, which is at its noblest height in
Dante, at its lowest in certain of the most insensate myths
concerning him, seems to have about it an inner propriety
and congruity and significance. For the poet of imperial
Borne is also the poet of human sadness and mortal longing;
in him is the craving for a Oolden Age, the apprehension
of suffering and death, the feeling of fatality, the sense of
the mystery of things, the mingled exultation and melan-
choly of man, the haunting appeals of nature, the mystical
meanings of beauty, the manifold marvel of existence.
Virgil is one of his own pale ghosts, stretching forth his
hands toward ''the farther shore," and dreaming of a
world regenerate ; he embodies
the prophetic soul
Of the wide world dreaming on things to come.
''The chastest poet and royalest that to the memory of
man is known," as Bacon caUs him, has a note of. univer-
sality, a kinship with all the race of man. The " courteous "
Virgil, as Dante loves to say, has a dignity of compassion,
a priestly bearing, an ever gracious and majestic utterance.
In a sense far deeper than that of mediaDval writers or
modern peasants of Italy, he is a magician, an enchanter,
touching hearts to tears and thoughts of reverence. Like
Plato, he sometimes seems trembling upon the borders of
Christianity, groping for it wistfully, filled with the
emotions of desire which it satisfies. Grotesque as often
were the travesties made of him, in his mediaeval char-
acter of supreme thaumaturgist and lord over the wisdom
of the universe ; absurd as it may sound to hear him
spoken of to-day as a great " signor," something between
Simon Magus and Saint George, and Haroun Alraschid
and Don Quixote and Ptospero; yet we are not taken
utterly aback by the unique destiny which has effected
this. For in the melancholy majesty of his mighty line
we commune with the '' white soiu " which, at the neight
of Bome's magnificence, was not of that age, but of all
ages, in virtue of an intense humanity. If he did not, in
man's service, control the powers of nature, none has more
profoundly expressed and praised them, the august work-
ings amid which man lives. If he did not with authority
go about doing good to men, none has more fully and
peif ectly given a voice to the iidnite longing of their souls,
nor spoken with a tenderer austerity.
The Ancestor of Liberalism.
George Buchanan ("Famous Scots" Series). By Robert
Wallace. Completed by J. Campbell Smith. (Oliphant,
Anderson & Terrier. )
This contribution to the " Famous Scots " series is at once
interesting and disappointing. Dr. Robert Wallace (to
give him the title by which he was formerly known) was
the late editor of the Scotsman, an able man, whose com-
petence as a biographer of Buchanan does not need the
certificate here given it by Mr. Campbell Smith. It is
shown in the biography itself. His purpose, as he tella
us, was to condense and popularise the work of Dr.
Hume Brown " and the other scientific biographers " of
Buchanan ; while he disclaims for himself any originality
of research. But he handles his subject like a man who is
master of it, and his style has a vivacity for which we
have probably to thank the editor rather than the theo-
logical student. He is overmuch given to explaining
away the most trifling allegations of defect in his
hero, and claiming for him a well-nigh ideal standard
of character; but that is a malady most incident to
biographers, and we are disposed to take it good-
humouredly.
The trouble is that we have not enough of it. It is a
fragment. Its author's death causes it to break off in the
very outset of the biographical portion proper, leaving
behind a torso. The biographical section is indeed con-
tinued by Mr. Campbell Smith, who brings it to a summary
conclusion, apologising for the lack of facts regarding
Buchanan ; and this is all, with the addition of an explana-
tory epilogue and super-explanatory prologue. Mr.
Smith's prejudices, as it happens, are only less strong than
his language in expressing them, and are curiously mixed.
He wifi hear no words against Mary Stuart, but he
launches vituperative epithets worthy of M. Henri Roche-
fort and the IntransigSant against all monks and Queen
Elizabeth. Franciscans are " the solid, well-fed, red-faced
exponents of infallible truth." As for Elizabeth, she is
" one of the cleverest, falsest, most hateful of women of
all history " ; and it is well Mary was no worse thstn she
was "in a world with her royal cousin and rival flaunting
her fictitious moral and physical beauties at the head of it,
and getting prematurely canonised as the Good Queen
Bess.'' Therefore, he concludes, "let the modest and
honest muse of History cease howling and canting about
her (Mary's) crimes, and try to refrain from lavishing
eulogy upon her kindred in position and in blood — Henry
YIII., the Royal Bluebeard, and his inconstant and deceit-
ful daughter." From all which it will be gathered that
the quality of Mr. Smith's censures is not strained.
The valuable portion of the book is therefore limited to
a monograph on the genius and character of Buchanan,
which — good though it be — is hardly sufficient to equip
the book for its place in the series. One would have ex-
pected some account of Buchanan's writings, beyond the
general reference to them in the opening, such as Dr.
10 Febniaiy, jqoo.
The Academy.
121
Wallace eyidently intended to give at a later staffe ; and
this, one thinks, at any rate Mr. Smith mig^nt have
supplied. As it is, the book is far too incipient to be
satisfaotoiy — and in a degree that might have been further
remedied.
Qeorge Buchanan waa a man whose work is important
SQOii^ to merit modem reeoUection. By a smgular
cbaiwe^. ooe of the moet learned men of the sixteenth
GflntitiEy w«9.Ioi>g reoembexed chiefly as a jester — a Scotch
Joe HiUev— in ratae of a veiy tomble lest-book which
paned undaor hia name. 13ioii||^ he had uie reputation of
a humorist in life, Dr. Wallafiva speeiinens of his humour
prove chiefly Dr. Wallaoe's want of it This George
Buchanan, wliom Hie modem world has somewhat for-
gotten, was of an old but poor Stirlingshire family, a lad
whose flrst tongue was the Gaelic. "VHiat would Agricola
have said had he been told that a descendant of the wild
Caledonians, the very Afridis of his day, would in time i^
come be a poet in the Eoman tongue, the tongue of Wist^
and Oatullus, nay, write history in it like his avn friend
Tacitus ? For that and much more wae Quenee Buchanan.
He was a great scholar in an age «dkam iiieSealigers and
Oasaubon uyed, when it wtm 110 tmf thing to be a great
scholar ; he wasa poweK&deiimet ; a keen controversialist ;
he wrote a yiihaHn liistoiy ; he mingled with men of
ry to political assemblies ; he flogged
founded '^ Liberal principles " — ^at least, in the
iwBtiiml order. GK)ing very young to the university of
Paris, he spent nearly all his early life on the Continent,
except for an interval during which he was in Scotland,
first as tutor to the Earl of Oassilis, and afterwards in the
same capacity towards a natural son of James Y. He
taught at the university of Guyenne, where he had Mon-
taigne for pupil ; and it was on the Continent that he made
his name — a European name — as a scholar and as the
finest Latin poet of his day. Latin poetry was no such
trifling then as it now appears. When many of the
European languages were still half-barbaric, and there
was no such thing as a literary public, it was only in Latin
that a man could acquire a polite reputation as a poet.
Aiid Buchanan wrote as a poet, not as a mere Latin
versifier. His Latin poetry not only receives the applause
of modern scholars, but — ^what is a far higher guarantee
of its poetic power — one of his poems was pronounced by
Wordsworih to be equal to anything in Horace.
It was midwav through his career when he landed in
Scotland, about the same time as Maiy Stuart, and began
Ihe rearing of his Scottish — ^and modem — reputation. He
was am things to all men ; read IAyy with Queen Mary —
who would take naturally to the Gtdlicised Scotsman — ^and
chatted with the reforming nobles. But it was to the
Reformation that his sympathies were given, and it was in
its cause that he wrote most of his later works. He broke
with Mary, and received distinguished political employ-
ment from her adversaries in the events which followed.
He even drew up for them a too famous accusation against
the Stuart queen. We do not think that Dr. Wallace
successfully defends this act. Conviction might force
Buchanan to oppose the cause of his patroness ; but it
could not oblige him to take away her fair fame. He was
made tutor, after her English imprisonment, of the young
King James YI., and held the office nominally till hin own
deam.
But his great achievement of this period — greater than
tl^e. history of Scotland, which time has necessarily put out
of date — was his book 2^ Jure RegU^ put forth to defend
the proceedings of the reforming nobles. It became,
throughout Earope, the store-house of those political prin-
ciples on which modem Liberalism rests. In virtue of
this it is, chiefly, that this account of Buchanan appeals to
modem readers. For this humorous, versatile, choleric
phroieWf statesman and scholar-poet in his day, was
virtually, so far as any one man could be said to be, the
founder of modem liberalism.
Principal Caird.
The Fundamental Ideas of ChrUtianity, By Jdux Caird,
D.D., LL.D. With a Memoir by Edward Oaiid, D.C.L.,
LL.D. Two vols. (Maclehose.)
These '^GifEord Lectures," left unfinished at Principal
Caird's death, continue the argument of his Introduetiim to
the Philosophy of Religion^ which appeared as long ago as
1880, and which is reoogniMdon all hands as probably the
best statement existing of the Hegelian view as to the
relations of philoaophy and religion. That work dealt
with the broaoeet outlines of its subject, the arsniments for
the being of Ck)d, the '' necessity of religion," me develop-
ment ol Ibe religious consciousness, and the connexion of
with morality. The present Lectures go further.
wa tak
taking up one by one the distinctively theistic and
Christian doctrines — Ihe Moral GK)vemment of the World,
the Divinity of Christ, the Atonement, the Origin of Evil,
the Future Life— attempt, still upon Hegelian lines, to
present these in a form in which they may be justified
before the bar of reason.
It will be doing the memory of Principal Caird no
injustice to say that the sheer intellectual qualities
displayed in the book are less striking than the spiritual
fervour and grace of rhetorical style with which they were
written. For the impression which you gather from the
Master of Balliol's excellent *' Memoir" of his brother is,
that even in the opinion of those who knew and loved him
best, he was less an orig^al thinker than a great preacher.
His part in the idealistic reaction of the last hafi century
was no small one ; but it was rather in the liberalising of
theology than in the spiritualising of philosophy. The
former task was for T. H. Green, for B. L. NetUeBhip, for
the present Master of Balliol himself, for Prof. Wallace ;
Principal Caird was destined to do something of the same
work m the Church of Scotland which Dean Stanley did, or
essayed to do, in the Church of England. In the earlier
days of his ministry, his lack of unction in preaching the
specific dogmas of Calvinism awoke a suspicion of his
'' soundness," and although he came to attach more
importance to dogma in his later life, yet even then he
kept what he regarded as " essentials " before him, and
*'was almost indifierent to the causes of disagreement
between the main denominations into which the Christian
Church is divided." He was a bold man who, when con*
senting to address a congregation of U.P. Scotchmen,
told them pliunly that '* he would not take the trouble of
crossing the street in order to convert a man from their
denomination of Christians to his own."
The testimony to his oratorical ^ifts is unanimous.
'^ He spoke," says his brother of him m his youth, '' with
an earnestness and vehemence, with a flow of utterance
and a vividness of illustration which carried his hearers by
storm. . . . They were too much moved to be critical."
The more chastened and reasoned eloquence of his riper
years was not less impressive. Dean Stanley considered a
sermon of his delivered at Balmoral '*the best single
sermon in the language " ; and to the lost he never lost the
power to move and influence his audience. Withal a man
of single purpose and unconscious simplicity.
He was, I think, the most modest man I ever knew in
his estimate of bis own abilities and acquirements ; and his
great power as a speaker never seemed to awake in him
any feehng of self-satisfactioD. It was, indeed so habitual
and, I might say, natural to him to move men by his ^ft
of speech that he never seemed to attach any special im-
portance to it. On the other hand, he was apt to idealise
and over-estimate the gifts of others, especially if they
had any knowledge or ability which he did not himseU
possess.
122
The Academy.
10 February, 1900.
A Victim of Sore Thunderbolts.
Hu^ LaUmer. By E. M. Carlyle and A. J. Carlyle«
' (Metbuen.)
•
" My fatlier was a yeoman and had . . , a f drm of three
or four pound by the year at the uttermost, and thereupon
he tilled as much as kept half-a-dosenmen. He had ^p^dk
for a hundred sheep ; and my mother milked th,ix^ kine.
He was able and did find the king a harness, and himself
and his horse, while he came to the place that he should
receive the king's wages. . . . He kept me to school, or
else I had not been able to have preached before the Kiuff^s
Majesty now. . . He kept hospitality for his poor neigh-
bours, and some alms he gave to the poor."
These homely words we quote out of the mouth of Master
Latimer, as he spok^ them, in the days of his prosperity,
before the court of Edward YI.
In 1509 he was elected a fellow of Glare Hall, Cam-
bridge. Warham was Archbishop of Canterbury, and a
good friend to him ; so was Fox, Bishop of Winchester.
Henry YII. sat on the throne, and Carmnal Morton was
his principal adviser. The new learning was already
enlarging the outlook; the mediaeval luminaries, St.
Thomas and Duns Scotus, were in eclipse ; and Cambridge,
more than Oxford, was sensitive to the uitgeUt. Yet at
tiie time when Latimer was pursuing his studies he was
"as obstinate a Papist as any was in England " ;
alid, indeed, it was characteristic of his whole career
that he approached the controversies in which the
g:e was entangled from the side of life and of utility.
e sounded the keynote of his life's symphony in his
sermon on The Card, preached in 1529 before his own
university. It was a denunciation of those who leave
"necessary" works and "bestow the most part of their
goods in voluntary [t.^., supererogatory] works." In 1531
he was appointed by the King to the parsonage of West
Kingston, Wilts, where he bad "more business, what
with sick folk and what with matrimonies, than he should
have thought a man should have in a great cure "; so that
he wonders " how men can go quietly to bed which have
great cures and many, and yet peradventure are in none
of them at all." He soon fell under suspicion, and was
summoned to London for examination bv the Bishop's
court. There was made an attempt to involve him in
heresy ; for when a very crafty and cunning question had
been put by a certain one,
" * I pray you, Master Latimer,* said he, ' speak out, for
I am very thick of hearing.' I . . . began to misdeem
and to have an ear to the chimney [which was covered
with an arras]. And, sir, there I h^ard a pen walking in
the ehimnsy behind the curtain, "
Neverthdess, he prospered. He preached before the King
and by his honesty did so win him that he was appointed
to the see of Worcester. He was one of tiie bishops deputed
to draw up the Institution of a Christian Man ; and when
Queen Katharine's confessor. Forest, was roasted alive for
maintaining the papal supremacy, Latimer improved the
occa49ion. Thenceforward he continued steadily to approach
the ideals of the Continental reformers.
He denounced " solemn and nocturnal bacchanals and
prescript miracles " ; he preached in unmeasured terms
against "our old purgatory pickpurse that was swaged
and cooled with a Franciscan's cowl upon a dead man's
back." But the promulgation of tiie Six Articles, affirming
the whole of the Roman doctrine except oxily the authority
of the Pope, drove him to resign, and presently turned
upon him the keys of the Tower. *.* Marry, sir, this was
sore thunderbolts ! "
Eeturning to public life in the next reign, he preached
in 1548, 1549, 1550 against the evils of the day. Par-
ticularly he denounced the covetousness by which the ruin
of the yeomanry was being wrought, thous^h this, in fact,
was no more than the appfication to agriculture and cattle-
raising of economic laws which in these days are recognised
as sound. He dcldares— strangely enough — that leamiog
is no longer patronised as in tiie days c^ Popexy. As to
the jud^, he likens himself to Esay, who denounced the
unjuflt ]udg«B of IsraeL He knows very well how the
thmg works : " Somewhat was given to them before, and
they must needs give somewhat aeain ; for G-iffe-gaffe was
a gtK>d fellow : this G-ifEe-gaffe led them dean away from
justice." For such there lacks a Tyburn tippet, though
it were my Lord Chief Justice himself. His brethren of
the clergy are not spared.
Came Maiy; came Pole; came bulls of absolution,
reconciliation, and what not. Came aUo a pursuivant tc
summon Latimer to the Boyal presence. Whither he
went, said he, "as willingly, being called by my Prince to
render an account of my doctrine, as ever I was at any
place in the world." He was lodged first in the Tower;
at Oxford the prison in the Com Market, known as
Bocardo (after one of the figures of the syllogism), was
the meet abode of this impugner of the ancient logic.
There he enjoyed the company of Bidley and Cranmer,
and together they confirmed themselves in the conviction
that in the New Testament was no warrant for the doctrine
of a corporal presence in the sacrament. And there
Latimer in his exercises "did so inculcate and boat the
ears of the Lord G-od as though he had seen Gt>d before
him and spoke unto Him face to face."
Of the examination of the three in St. Mary's Church
we can here give no partictdar account. Only, we quote
Strype's description of this poor old clergyman — who had
forgot his logic, whose memory was gone and his tongue
unused for twenty years to use Latin — ^at the moment of
his appearing before his judges :
He held a hat in his hand, he had a 'kerchief on his
head, and upon it a night-cap or two, and a great cap
such as townsmen used with two broad flaps to button
under his chin ; an old threadbare Bristow freez gown,
girded to his body with a penny leather girdle, at whioh
hanged by a lopg string of leather his Testament; and
his spectacles without case hanging about his neck upon
his breast.
The proceedings seem to have been somewhat huddled,
and their result, consummated six months later, is familiar
to every English child. It was one point at which the
English Reformation touched heroism. The lurid record
kept the hearts of Englishmen hot against the appeal of
the Eoman Catholic Church for three hundred years : not
even the madness of the Powder Plot was so efficacious.
The work of the joint authors has been done with
admirable efficiency. There is positively nothing in the
record that could hurt the feelings of any reader, whatever
his convictions on the dogmatic questions involved. It is
the storv, told to a great extent in his own words, of an
honest old Englishman who was content to give his body
to be burned for what he doubted not to be the Ooepel
of Jesus Christ.
Mau's Pompeji.
Pompeii: its Life and Art. By August Mau. Translated
into English by Francis W. Kebey. With numerous
Illustrations from Original Drawings and Photographs.
(Macmillan. 25s.)
To the list of about five hundred books relating to Pompei
in Forchheim's Billiothdca FompeiaHa^ published 1891,
there are bv now several important works to add. Prof.
Sogliano's learned Guide de Pompii came out last April at
Eome, and M. Pierre Gasman's magnificent idition deluxs^
entitled Pompei : la Ville^ Us Mmurs^ les Arts, was published
at Paris in December. We now have the latest, which is a
translation, specially prepared for English readers by an
American gentleman, of a new German MS. by Prof. Man,
similar in some respects to the work that appeared in
Germany about three years ago.
10 February, x .00.
The "Academy.
123,
.It would be absurd here .to. djoscrlbe f ompei's history
and destruction ; all know its modem aspect. It is only
necessary to refer to the late Senator Fiorelli, who died in
1896, lu^ed seventy- two ; who was in charge of the excaya-
tions tifi 1875, when he went to Borne as Superintendent-
General of Museums and Excavations ; and was succeeded
by Michele Bugisiero^ followed by Giulio^ de Petra, and
now by the aotucu Director of the Pompeian excavations,
Prof. Sogliano, de Petra bein^ Director* of the Naples
Museum and of the excavations m the province.
The twelve plates of this volume are beautifully soft and
clear, and the plcms and 263 illustrations all that can be
desired. The restorations are very different from the fan-
ciful and absurd attempts in Dyer's Pompeii: in that
of the Forum Mau has rightly taken a suggestion from
a marble relief; and anouier of the Ghreek temple and
southern houses and walls of the city, by Weichardt,
who happens to be the German Emperor's architect, is
both beautiful and reasonable. The description of the
Basilica restored is more trustworthy than that in older
works, but it can never be thoroughly satisfactory owing
to the insufficiencv of the remains. Quite in me best
German vein is the excellent comparison between the
busts of Zeus from Otricoli and Pompei ; thorough, clear,
and pleasant reading, it is summed .up by declaring that
'' the Pompeian god is more a sovereign ; the Zeus of
Otricoli is more poetic, more divine."
We knew already that Prof. Hau had shown the building
to the west of the Stabian baths to be the town reservoir.
But we notice several serious omissions ; amone others,
there is no plan, view, or description of the temple lately
excavated between the Basilica and the Porta Marina.
This, according to Dr. SogUano's Ouide^ is named the
temple of Augustus, while M. Gusman claims it for that
of Venus ; and, as his reasons seem good, and we know
that there were priestesses to Ceres an4 Venus in Pompei,
we are inclined to agree with tiie lattor. It is remarkable
also in so complete a work that there is no mention of the
few wells that have been found, of which the list, with
depths, was given by FitzGerald ICarriott's Facti about
Pompei in 1895. Nor are Mason's M|urks more than re-
ferred to ; and the authorities quoted omit mention of both
Bichtor*s list in AntHe Steinme&Meiehsn (1885), and the lator
and only complete series of reproductions in twelve pages of
liarriott's work. Moreover, all references to the identifica-
tion of the Family Portraits of the inhabitants of the houses
by the latter author, portrayed both by him and in Gas-
man's elaborate Pompet^ seem to be strangely ignored.
The chapter on ''Three Houses of Unusual Plan" is
interesting, bnt there is littie about the extremely unique,
five-storied, terraced cli£E-houses in Begione YIII., 2,
14 to 23, such as is given in Facte about Pompei] though
a slight description of the older-excavated and smalbr
house, known as that of Giuseppe Secondo, is given as an
example. Among new subjects described in full, how-
ever, are the country villa at Boscoreale and the House of
the Yettii, excavated in 1894-95. Prof. Mau naturally
describes everything, when possible, from the point of
view which he has made peculiarly his own — i.^., that of
the style of decoration from which the comparatively later
buildmgs can easily be classed under four periods ;
the successive, gradual development of these styles indi-
cated by Marriott is here investigated on wider lines;
and the fascinating origins pointed to are as far off even
as Bome, Alexan<ma, and Ajitiocli, which is news for the
elder school of British Arohasologists, These latter have
too long ignored the four distinct styles of Pompeian and
Soman house decoration, and are especially perversely
Snorant of that delicate variety of the third style, which
an, in his well-known German works, but not in this,
distinguishes as the '' candelabrum." His chapter on
''Painting and Wall Decoration " is of the utmost value,
that being Man's strong point, as we know from his
Oeechichte der deeorativen Wandmalerei in Pompeii,
In speaking of." Samo" limestone it would have been
better to say Samus ; and a lew other orthographic flaws
exist But in spite of defecte and omissions, this valuable
and substantially-bound book has much that knew, and
is the most thorough and- extensive work on Pompei in all
ito many aspecte that has yet appeared in the English
language.
The New Dooley.
Jfr. DooUy in the Hearte of hie Countrymen, By F. P.
Dunne. (Richards. 3s. 6d.)
Wx have from time to time said so much about Mr.
Dooley that it is needless again to lay emphasis on the
great merits of this laughing satirist and philosopher.
Our readers know abeady how we regard hioi. His new
book shows no falling off : his wit is as nimble as ever»
his eye as quick to note incongruities, his satire as well
directed and as brilliant. In one respect Mr. Bjoley in
the Searte of hie Countrymen has an advantege over Mr,
Dooley in Peace and War^ which preceded it : for whereas
the earlier book was almost exclusively American in
application, the new one gives several chapters to the
Dreyfus case and to English subjecto.
For most readers the cream of the volume will be these
Dreyfus chapters. Certainly Mr. Dooley never approached
a scandal with more gusto and levity, and never left it so
thoroughly exposed. His own evidence — as contained in
an imaginary address to the Oourt at Bennes — ^shows his
excellent good sense no less than his excelling gift of
ridicule. Though he writes in Euglish (of sorte), Mr.
Dooley is not an Anglo-Saxon. Fortunately for his readers
hfi is a Oelt, and is thus in a position to hit all round.
From the salutary lecture which Mr. Dooley delivered to
CoL Jouaust we take the following passage :
" Th' throuble is, mong colonel, lady an' giatlemen, tha^
it aia^t been Gap Dhryfau that's been on thrile. bat th *
honor iv th' natioa aa' th' honor iv th' ar-rmy. If 'twas
th' Gap that was charged, ye'd say to him, * Cap, we
haven't amiy proof again ye ; bit we don't like ye, an'
ye'll have to move on.' An' that 'd be th' end iv th' row.
The Cap 'd so over to England an' go into th' South
African minin business, an' become what Hogan caUs ' A
Casey's bellows.' Bat, because some la-ad on th' gin'ial
steff got caught lyin' in th' stert an' had to lie some more
to mue th' fir«t w«n stick, an' th' other gin'rals had to
jine him f 'r fear he might compromise thim if he wint on
telling his fairy stories, an' they was la-ads r-runnin'
newspapers in Paris that needed to make a litUe money oat
iv th' popylation, ye said, 'Th' honor iv th' Fr-rinoh
people an^ th' honor iv th' Fr-rinch ar-rmy is on thrile ' ;
an' ye've put thim in tii' dock instead iv th' Cap. Th'
honor iv Fr-ranoe is all right, me boy, an' will be so lonsr
as th' Fr-rinch newspapers is not read out iv Paree,' I
says. ' An'> if th' honor iv th' Fr-rinch ar-rmy can stand
tlum pants that ye hew ont iv red flannel f 'r thim, a little
threachery won't injure it at all,' I says. 'Yes,', says I,
' th' honor iv Fr-rance an' th' honor iv tii' ar rmy'll come
ont all r-riffht,' I says ; ' but it wudden't do annv harm f r
to stnd th' honor iv th' Fr-rinch gin'rals to th' laundhry,'
I says. ' I think ye'd have to stnd CKn'ral Meroeer's to th'
dyer's,' I says. * Ye niver can teke out th' spots, an' it
might as well all be th' same color,' I says* 'Mdng
colonel,' I says imprissively, ' so long as ivry man looks
out f 'r his own honor, th' honor iv th' oounthi^'ll look out
f'r itsilf,' I says. * No wan iver heard iv a naticm steaHn'
a lead pipe or oommittin' perjury,' I says. * *Tis th' men
that makes up th' nation that goes in fr these diversions,'
I says. * I'd hate to insure again burglars th' naytional
honor that was ||^aarded be ttuit ol' gazabo,' says I, indi-
oatin' Merceer with th' toe iv me boot."
The Dreyfus Oftse is^'perhaps, the best thing in the new
volume, but we recommend also particularly '* A Hero who
worked Overtime," **The Optimist," "The Performances
of Lieutenant Hobson," and, for true Irish exaggeration
and irresponsible fun, ''The Union of Two Qreat
Fortunes."
124
The Academy.
10 February, 1900.
Other New Books.
HOHR AND GaBDUT.
Bt.Gxbtbusx Jkkyll.
Wood and Garden, Miss Jekyll's first book, kept us in
the open air: in Home and Garden, its sequel, or com-
panion Yolume, we are taken indoors as well, and are
regaled with more intimate and personal conversation and
reminiscences than the author offered before. . OUierwise
the books are very much alike :. the same charm is in both,
the same love of Nature, the same striking good sense and
distinguished taste. Perhaps the most interesting passages
in Home and Garden are those describing the building of Ifiss
Jekyll's house at Munstead. The buHding of the house in
"Wlueh the rest of one's life is to be spent is a serious
liimhiouu not to be lightly entered upon, and few experiences
tf% 1IM6 interesting than this can be to almost everyone,
whaltiflM their temperament. But to a mind so active
and BdttMt «ad luminous as Miss Jekyll's the spectacle,
nay, the ANiM^ of home-building is absolutely absorbing
and full ot njgfc&fcwince. Nothmff is too snuJl for her
notice and apMdMieb. She revds in every office, how-
ever mean, that imIMs forward steady and thorough
completion. While Int IwmBe was building Miss Je^ll
occupied a little cottage eigl^yiads awav, where ^e could
feast upon the sounds of theioMilli^^PMk. "How well I
got to know them ! " she remarks^ «Biril>lAis IkuB Hst, which
there can be few of our readers so atftdl^ VNlMtrant as
not to recognise vividly :
The chop and rash of the trowel taking up its lo«3 1^
mortar from the board, the dull slither as the moist mass
was laid as a bed for the next brick in the course ; the
ring^g music of the soft-tempered' blade catting a well-
burnt brick, the muter tap of its shoulder settling it into
its place, ended by the down-bearing pressure of the
fio^r-tips of the left hand ; the sliding scrape of the tool
taking up the over-mach mortar that squeezed out of the
joint, ana the neat slapping of it into the cross^ joint. The
sharp, double tap on the mortar-board, a sig^l that more
stuff was wanted. Then, at the. mortar-mixing place, the
fat-popping of the slakiiig lime throwing off its douds of
steam ; the working of the mixing tool in the white sea
ODclosed by banks of sand — a pleasant sound strangely
like the floppiDf of a small boat on short harbour wave-
lets; the rhythmical sound of the shovel in Ihe sloppy
mortar as it turned over and over to incorporate the lime
and sand.
The house itsdf, judging from the photographs reproduced
in this book, is in externid design what it should be. That
it is a piece of honest thorough English — shall we say
Huskinian ? — work is demonstrated by the simple fact that
it is Miss Jekyll's property. An owner who can feel thus
about the timber which is employed will not be put off
with anything but the host labour :
Then there is the actual living interest of knowing
where the trees one's house is buut of reidly grew, the
three great beams, ten inches square, that stretch across the
ceiling of the sitting-room, and do other work besides,
and bear up a good part of the bedroom space above (they
are twenty-eight feet long), were growmg fifteen years
ago a mile and a half away, on the outer edge of a fir
wood just above a hazel-friuged hollow lane, whose steep
sandy sides, here and there levdi enough to bear a patch of
vegetation, grew tall Bracken and great Foxgloves, and
t^>e fluest wild Canterbuij Bells I ever saw. At the top
of the weetetn bank, their bases hidden in cool beds of tall
fern in summer, and clothed in its half-fallen warmth of
rusty comfort in winter, and in spring-time standing on
their carpet of blue wild Hyacinth, were these tall oaks ;
one or two of their fellows still lemain.
That passage is typical of Miss . Jekyll's mind. It is
inspired by what we might call the Saner Sentimentalism.
The architect of Miss Jekyll's home, though he comes in
for many eulogies, is pret left unnamed by her. We are
tempted to commit an indiscretion and say that it was Mr.
Lutyens.
Home and Garden is not inferior to Wood and Garden^ and
all peDscma who own the one will need theotheor. They
ruffoal togeflMT ona of the moii inierestiBg and aitoaBlbre
personalitiee to be found in veeent literatnze. (LongmaiMk
lOs. 6d. net.)
Impbbssions of Sfaibt.
Bt Jambs Bussbll Lowsll.
This, we fear, is book-making pure and simple. From
1877 to 1880 Lowell was American minister at Madrid,
and while holding that office he sent home a number of
official despatches. From these a selection of some eighty
pages, enclosed in double lines with side titles, has been
made, prefaced by sixteen pages by Mr. Adee — ^in Lowell's
day American ehar^i ^affairet at Madrid — and five by Mr.
J. B. Gilder, who <' introduces " the book. We learn that
on Lowell's arrival at Madrid the leading Government organ
welcomed *' the poet Bussell equally with the diplooiatiat
Lowell," while another paper alluded to him playfully as
'' Jos6 Bighlow." But Spain was a disappointmeut to the
lover of Don Quixote (who first learned Spanish in order to
be able to read that work) and his writing in this volume
is a disappointment to us. The LoweU of the golden
and honeyed mouth is not here. The observation shoim
in these passages from his despatches may be sound, but
the matter, comparatively speaking, is always dull, and,
speaking positively, is often dull. A good special corre-
spondent for a paper makes far better reading and not
much inferior prose. Here are a few — '■ exceptionally
^haiaoteristic — ^words concerning a bull-fight :
sHi fliBiH wnsHBB aa «bb jMnBuaiim ws vbbbvbb^w
colour, a^ disoomfofrt flnft ISbn nightmare of a bankrupt
livery stableman could have invented. All the hospitals
and prisons for decayed or condemned carriages seemed to
have dischan^ed their inmates for the day, and all found
willing victmis. And yet all Madrid seemed flockine
towara the common magnet on foot also. I attended
officially, as a matter of duty, and escaped early. It was
my first bull-fight, and will be my last To me it was a
shocking and brutalising spectacle, in which all isry sym-
pathies were on the side of the bull.
(Putnam's.)
Among Hobsbs in Eussia.
Br Captain Haybs.
This is less an equine book than those with which
Oaptain Hayes made his reputation. It is gossip, remini-
scence, recreation. It stands in the same relation to The
Points of the Horse that an evening at the hippodrome does
to a day with the Pytchley. But Oaptain Hayes is always
entertaining, and his new volume, loosely written, slangy
and happy-go-lucky as it is, will give '' horsey " people a
few agreeable hours. The author first went to Eussia in
order to gain information as to the exact kind of horses
needed by the Chevaliers Oardes at St. Petorsburgh, the
supply of which he had undertaken. While on this
visit he broke in a young horse in the presence of the
Grand Duke Nicholas, the Inspector - General of the
Eussian Cavaby, a feat which led to his employment as a
horse expert in various capacities. The narrative of his
experiences is full of spirit, although the gallant captain's
prose model, we regret to stato, is more ofton Mr. John
Oorlett thui, say, Mr. Matthew Arnold. He speaks of
" doing himself well" on Haut Sautome, port and green
Cura9oa, of *' gees," of ''fagging" at his books, and so
forth. But what mattor ? The picture given of Eussian
cavalry life is the fullest that we know, and Captain
Hayes's photographs are extremely interesting. Here is
the account of a bad Baltic Province stable boy named
Liipke :
Acting on the advice of Sorel, who had been in the
circus with Liipke, I gave this Baltic Province bo^ a
tenner to stimuhite him in looking after the grey geldmg.
He admired so much the breeches I rode in that I gave
him a fellow pair to them. Then he got so uneasy in his
10 February, 1900.
The Academy.
125
mind oyer a soarf-pin that I let him have it, lest he would
do the gelding an injury. My only consolation now is
that he got the order of the boot from the Grand Duke,
and that the circus ^rl, whom he married, wears the
metaphorical and possibly my breeches. If I could only
leirn that she stuck the pin into him I'd be quite happy.
Toe way nice horses get messed about by incompetent
people is sickening.
Oaptain Hayes is excellent company throughout. (Everett.)
Sport ly Somalilind.
By Joseph Potocki.
Few departments of literature enjoy such magnificent
editions as the department of Sport. Even the poets
scarcely surpass sporting writers in glory of binding
and illustration. Another sumptuous volume on African
sport now reaches us — the record of the big game
expedition of a foreigner. Mr. Joseph Potocki is a
young Pole who left England in the autumn of 1895
to go hunting in the '' Horn of Africa," otherwise
Somaliland, a country which was not long ago un-
known and utterly inaccessible, but which is now, thanks
to English and Continental sportsmen, quite a fashion-
able resort for those who wish for wilder shooting
than the rest of the world provides. Mr. Potocki
started from Berbera, and worked his way due south
to Hargeisa and Farfanyer, and then, marching east-
wards, struck north again by way of Hodayu to Berbera
and the coast. The book, which is an excellent record
of sport, is translated from the Polish by Mr. Jeremiah
Gurtm ; and, as far as can be judged by one innocent of
the Polish tongue, is smoothly and readably done. But
the illustrations are the most valuable part of the book.
The frontispiece is a coloured portrait of the author, and
there are fifty-eight coloured illustrations, eighteen page-
photogravures, seven text figures, and a map. The
pictures are wonderfully good, and the studies of lions,
leopards, rhinoceroses, elephants, and such like, are
drawn with far more knowledge and truth' than is
usually the case in books on shooting. This is a
volume which no one who has ever gone abroad in
pursuit of big game will care to be wiwout. (Bowland
Ward.)
PicTUBXs OF Travel, Sport,
AND Adventure. By **The Old Pioneer."
Another good book on sport is this work by Mr. George
Lacy, " The Old Pioneer," which deals with hunting in
the Amaswazi and Gaza countries of South Africa, the
Hot Lake District of New Zealand, the gold-fields of
Victoria, the diamond-fields, Basutoland, the Orange
Free State, the Transvaal, and Natal. Such a list
of semi-savage countries should satisfy even the most
exacting appetite, and *'The Old Pioneer" has certainly
had no lack of adventure. He calculates that he
has travelled about 190,000 miles, of which five thousand
were done on foot, eight thousand on horseback, and
twenty thousand in cart or coach. As everyone is now
trying to pronounce South African names oorrocUy, it may
be as wml to record, on the authority of ''The Old
Pioneer," that the name De Yilliers is the Smith of South
Africa, and is pronounced ''Filgee," for some unknown
reason. Mr. Lacy traded a good deal in the Orange Free
State and among the Boers, and found that a fine barrel-
orean which he had bought from an eccentric Englishman
helped him greatly in his trade. He and his companions
used to play it after outspanninff at a house. The organ
was afterwards sold to Moshedi, the great Basuto chief,
and it helped to solace his declining vears. Mr. Lacy
recounts his adventures with a good deal of freshness and
spirit, and is altogether a most cheery companion. The
book is well illustrated with reproductions from photo-
graphs. (Pearson Ltd.)
Fiction.
Shameleu Wayns. By Halliwell Sutdiffe.
(Fisher Un win, 6s.)
Herb, in the big way of big passions, we seem to have
the genuine market-]^ace article. The book is in the true
spirit of romance : the reader is never brought Quite down
to lite, and never taken quite away from it. The pages
resound with the shock of the last feud of the houses of
Wayne and Eatdiffe; and nature, in her most violent
aud giffantic moods, fills the background. Each family
has a lair daughter : so there is fierce and lawless love.
Each is barbaric, revengeful : so there is much bloodshed.
In the end the home of the BatolifEes becomes a shambles ;
the last fight is vividly described, and the Yorkshire moor
would be the sweeter when the carcases were under-
ground. The tale will have an attraction for certain
minds. It is dlfihise, but that will be no bar to its popu-
larity, for readers of this sort of thing like plenty of it
The work is strong, wholesome, and honest. The slaughter-
ing has a downright manly vigour that makes one think
of a thoroughly English stand-up fight ; and at least one
reader wanted to have a look m at that final splendid
rumpus ! It i% capital reading ; but one misses tne note
of awe. Killing may or may not be tragic, but death
always has its own peculiar grandeur ; and the act of
slaying can surely have no artistic importance unless it
appals. In Mr. SutclifEe's new book men are slain
n^t and left and there's an end of it ; the wind wails over
the moor, the skies are majestically terrible, but the
President of the Immortals seems to be sound asleep all
the while. The characters are not analysed : they are
painted ; and with a tragic motive —the feud begins with
the dishonour of a woman and the murder of her husband
— we require something more than surface anguish.
Shameless Wayne, on the murder of his father, '* sobbed
as men sob once only in their learning of life's lesson."
We are not moved : a strong man sobbing is an awful
sight, but it is not enough to tell us that he sobbed. And
Wayne never learned life's lesson except through the
operation of his animal instincts, which scarcely make for
intelligence. In short, in ShameUn Wayne we have the
fabric of both tragedy and romance. The romance is very
good, but the tragic vol remains unlifted.
FoUy Corner. By Mrs. Henry E. Dudeney.
(Heinemann. 6s.)
One reads this book under the insistent impression that it
is the work of an extremely clever woman. As a story it
is really interesting, and ito interest does not depend upon
the surprises of an intricate plot, but on the adequate
development of a dramatic theme. The dialogue of the
chapter in which the mysterious gaol-bird (a fascinating
degenerate) suddenly confronts Pamela and Jethro at
Folly Comer might be used almost bodily on the stage.
The writing is generally vigorous and often brilliant ; the
comedy is first-rate. GainfUi is a remarkable creation, and
the dullest reader will realise Mrs. Glutton as a living
being. It is, in fact, in the objective medium, a successful
novel. The scene is laid in the Weald of Sussex, and the
natural scenery is admirably done. Mrs. Dudeney wisely
refrains from trying her hand at the Sossex dialect. The
people, however, do not appear to have been so intimately
stuoied; the present writer knows the county from end
to end, and he finds it difficult to believe that during
Pamela's drive with Farmer Jayne '^ every small girl they
met bobbed her little skirts in the dust." Mrs. Dudeney
is rather hard on cockneys ; but this is cockneyism, stark,
staring. Had the story appeared anonymou^y, the sex
of its author could easily have been guessed. A young
man is '* hideous in his Sunday clothes " (he is merely
driving past, and there is no reason whatever why his
126
The Academy.
10 February, r^oo.
olotlies should be mentioned), and. Pamela is *^ one of those
mexcurial women who can be made happy by a bar of
French chocolate, and miserable by a shabby hat/' Does
it need a mercurial temperament in woman to be made
miserable by a shabby hat? A graver objection is that
this does not at all harmonise with what we are told about
Pamela. And let Mrs. Dudeney try to imagine George
Eliot (say) writing about a countryman's '* hideous
clothes " ! Which brings us to the gulf between subjective
and objective art. Nor does Mrs. Dudeney's dashing fancy
seem to take kindly to the simUe: '*Her basket was
three-parts full of seed-pods — ^like the fingers of dainty
gloves stretched over bones," is not felicitous. She never-
Uieless reaches at times the expression of insight, or at
least of poetic observation : '* The anemones were widely
blown, with the quiet watchfulness which comes before
death." Sometimes she comes near to spoiling her picture
by an excessive use of adjectives: "They went up the
path to the brooding house in its tangle of ivy and its
unpruned jungle of ancient plum-trees." This house is
overdressed ; and what kind of a thing would a pruned
jungle be ? Glevetness, indeed, exceptional devemess, is
all that can be assigned to Mrs. Dudeney's new novel.
It is deficient in the highest qualities of imaginative
creation. Her people compel a considerable interest. But
one is rarely caught up in that fervent sympathy which
makes one feel that all hearts have been opened, and that
there is no more to be said.
The Man's Cause. By Ella Napier Lefroy (** E. N. Leigh
Fry"). (Lane.)
Mrs. Lefrot's book belongs to that almost obsolete
category, the novel with a purpose — oh, but quite naked
and unashamed. Need we say that the purpose, in this
case, is to educate public opinion in the matter of masculine
continence? A very laudable purpose; and seeing that
the public at large dislikes tracts and is greedy for stories,
who shall blame the vehement propagandist who selects
the more appealing mean ? Also from the day when a
man wrote the lamentable history of Job this has been so.
Besides, Mrs. Lefroy does apologise. ** I know," she says
in effect, in the person of Mrs, Chesney, the amiable and
accomplished widow, recently set free from the ''smothering
horror" of an xmcongenial marriage — ''I know I am in
the way to bore you, but what can a poor woman do who
has had it laid upon her to say these things and, if
possible, to make herself heard ? "
So Mrs. Chesney, ''a woman who knows a sight too
much," is dumped down in the midst of a house-party of
familiar types. The weakly animal is there, the bestial,
the ecclesiastical worldly, and some tailor-made young
women. There, too, is the distinguished author of
'^ Triumph's Evidences," a collection of essays. To the
essayist, as a congenial spirit — ^to whom, indeed, she owes
it that in a fit of revulsion against the ''smothering
horror" she had not some years ago made away with
herself — the lady explicates her views at large. Common-
sense views enough, it may be confessed, if a trifle super-
ficial : the laws of heredity, for instance, are, to the mind
of this reformer, "remarkably plain and straightforward."
Having frustrated, by very outspoken remonstrances, a
certain number of marriages to which the tailor-made
young ladies had been basely tempted, and having been
proved absolutely right in those cases in which her advice
was disregarded, the sprightly widow winds up the story
by forgetting tlxe stam set upon her by her previous
loveless union in favour of the author of "Triumph's
Evidences."
The book is pleasant to read, and in places comes near
wit
Notes on Novels.
[^TheM notes on the week's Fiction are not neeessarihf find!*
Reviews of a selection will follow.']
Thb Heart of the Daxcer.
By Percy White.
A melodrama redeeme 1 by a light touch, and a sense of
gay aloofness that does not desert the author of Mr.
Bailey-Martin, even when he is describing tragedy. ^ A
dancing girl, a decadent poet, a military hero, a foreign
prince, a young woman — ^plain, rich, good — these are the
feople of the book, and their love affairs are its backbone,
t is all quite readable ; it is not in the least memorable ;
and when you have finished you just want to say to the
author : " Thank you for a pleasant evening." (Hutchin-
son. 6s.)
By Wilson Barrett and
In Old New York. Elwyn Barron.
A novel founded on a play by the same authors. It
tells of the nobility of a young Dutchman who, after a life
of self-sacrifice, is slain in a duel by the young man he has
done most to befriend. There are, indeed, three duels in
the book and a horse-race (in which the favourite is shot
dead a few yards from the winning-post^. The authors
have not quite succeeded in excluding limelight from their
pages. (Macqueen. 6s.)
The Chains of Circumstance. By T. W. Speight.
An ingenious melodramatic story by a skilful hand at
such fabrications. The central character is our old friend the
respectable merchant with a past. A figure from this past
visits him in an early chapter, they scuffle, the merchant
kills him with a paper-weight, and the merchant's head
derk buries him in a ceUar. From that moment the
merchant is in the hands of blackmailers, and remains
there until it is discovered that the figure from the past
was not really killed and buried at all. (Digby, Long. 6s. )
With Sword and Crucifix.
By E. S. Van Zile,
A florid romance of French adventurers in America in
the seventeenth century. " ' Beware the omnipresent ear
of the Great Order, Monsieur Le Comte ! ' exclaimed La
Salle, rising to his elbow and searching the shadows
behind him with questioning eyes. . . . 'Where I go are
ever savages or silence, but always in my ear echoes the
stealthy footfall of the Jesuit.' " Later, Indians and
Spaniards are added to the mixture. (Harper. 6s.)
Under the Linden. By Gillan Yabb.
A staccato, sentimental German story. The heroines are
twain, two twin sisters Ottila and Gertrud, and life goes
not too happily for them until the day when, side by
side, they die of their own accord by asphyxiation ; but
sadness is mixed with gaiety in this 'curious and very
feminine romance. (Digby, Long. 6s.)
Grace Wardwood. By "Athene."
A happy-go-lucky, genial Irish story, written sometimes
in the present tense and sometimes in the past, rambling,
sentimental, and always right-minded. It is dedicated to
the author's mother and *'to all who love a Christmas
tale told in the delightful warmth and pleasant light of the
crackling blaze of the Yule log, ana who bring to the
entertainment a pure heart, clean hands, and a clear con-
science." (Dublin: Duffy.)
Thou Shalt Not
By Stanton Morich.
In the first chapter Mr. Calvert, a Clapham pietist and
City speculator, turns out to be a forger and thief. He
is removed to prison for fourteen years, leaving a young
second wife and a daughter of about the same age. The
story is concerned with the two women, life on the stage,
and seamy people. The end is happy, but the way thither
is rather muddy. (Pearson.)
10 February, 1900.'
The Academy.
127
THE ACADEMY.
Editorial and Publishing Offices, 4^ Chancery-lane.
The AoADBiCT will he eetd poit-free to every Annual Subscriber
in the United Kingdom.
Price /or One iBeue^ Threepence ; poitage One Htilfpenny. Price
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Foreign Bates /or Yearly Subsor^pUons 20s.
including postage.
Ammean Agents for the Aoadsmy: Brentano^s, 31, Union'
square^ Nina York.
The Book of the Winter Season.
It is red, but it is not Bed Pottage. Bed Pottage is bulky :
the book of the winter is only four and a half inches by
three and a half, and a quarter of an inch thick. It has
only 138 pages, and it teUs no story; has no characters
save one — the author; is not written, in the literary
sense, at all; and has but one picture, and that a very
poor one. And yet within a week or so fifty thousand
copies were sold, and it is being sold at this moment at a
prodigious rate. It is called Aids to Scouting* and the
author is he whose full style is Bt.-Col. E. S. S. Baden-
Powell, F.E.G.8., 5th Dragoon Guards, but who, by all
who know him, and by all who admire him (and who does
not ?), is called simply ** B.P." " B.P.," then, is not merely
the invincible and resourceful commanding officer at
Maf eking; he is also the most popular author of the
1 899- 1 900 publishing season.
Why do we now pick up a modem military novel
with only languid attention? Because war, so far as
the outsider can judge, is no longer — if ever it was —
an interesting pursuit for rank and file. The Com-
manding Officer, one supposes, has an absorbing enough
time in preparing his plan of action ; but tnereafter
the progress of &e campaign is in the hands of men
in packs. Emergencies may, of course, arise in which
individual resource will be tried to the uttermost that
adventurous man can want ; but they are rare, and for the
most part the soldier is a cog in me machinery, a thing
quite apart from its motive power. That is why one has
come to look to stories of modem war without any of that
rapture which is excited in us by a romance of courage,
cunning, and address such as The Three Musketeers.
D'Artagnan, we feel, would be no better to-day, in a
meUe on Spion Kop, than the stupidest recruit from
Little Pedlington. Not aU his wit could save him from
the true aim of a Boer sharpshooter, nor would avail
aught the might of Perthes, the craft of Aramis, or the
steel wrists of the Count de la F^re. It is this dread fact
which has caused our makers of romance to hark back to
the '45 and earlier times, or to invent German kingdoms
where hand-to-hand contests and intrigue are still
possible.
But the perusal of ''B.P.'s" tiny red book reminds
us that in excepting the Commanding Officer as the
only one who finds in war full interest and full scope
for his genius we have made a mistake. There is
still another figure, belonging usually to the other
extreme of the army — the scout. In modem warfare, it
may be roughly said, the Commanding Officer and the
soout divide between them almost all the opportunities
for individual resource and interest ; and perhaps the scout
has the best of it After all, if he fails he is only a scout,
whereas the Commanding Officer. . . . Novelists who have
their eyes open for the possibilitieB of the present conflict
will do well to give the scout full attention, and by way of
Saving the way they should read this little book without
elay, for though it will go in the waistcoat pocket, most
* Aidf to SoomtiMg. By Bc.-Col. B. 8. S. Baden-Powell. (Gale
k Polden. Is. net.)
of the romance of modem war is between its scarlet covers.
Here is a passage to the point :
Use deep shadows of bushes, trees, and banks as much
as possible. In danger lie close to the groimd so that yon
can see anyone moving against the stars. Ufe your ears
as much as your eyes.
By squattins; low in the shadow of a bush, and keepioff
quite still, I have let an enemy's soout come and stand
within three feet of me, so that when he turned his back
toward me I was able to stand up where I was and flins:
my arms round him.
D'Artagnan, then, is not yet extinct! There is still use for
the strong arms and the stealthy tread, still employment
for the brain of the opportunist. Again :
Sleep whenever you can get the chance in safety, because
there is no work that is more trnng than the continual
alertness required in scouting. But when you sleep be
careful not to be caught napping. I believe it to be a
matter of practice that a man can not only wake himself at
any hour he may wish to, but also that he can sleep so
lightly as to be awakened by the slightest sound or by the
movement of anyone near him. It is a habit with me ; as
is also that of taking ten minutes* sleep here and there,
and waking up as refreshed as if I had had a couple of
hours' rest.
When sleepinff be careful to have your revolver fastened
to you by its lang^ard. Many men sleep with it under
their head or pillow, and as that is where a thief would
naturally look for it, a better place is under or behind your
knees, where it is safe and ready to your hand.
General Buller has been commenting lately in his
despatches on the disregard of scouting shown by the
ordinary British officer. After reading ''B.P.'s" little book
it seems to us a marvel that anyone enlists to be anything
but a scout. The scouts have all the fun. To use '^B.P.'s"
phrase, they enjoy the best sport in the world.
But it is not only potential scouts and novelists who will
be interested by this book. A man of peace might do
much worse than permit Bt.-Col. Baden-Powell to quicken
his observant faculties for him. Bloodless scouting might
become a popular and serviceable pastime for pedestrians
in a dull country. Measuring a river with the eye, after
" B.P.'s " rules, would pass naif an hour very capably.
This is his plan :
Select a tree or other object on the opposite bank and
one where you stand. Then move cff at a right (square)
angle to these and pace a distance — fay, 100 yards ; plant
a mark (your swora will do^ and g^ on half as much
again (another 50 yards). Then turn at ri^ht angles to
your original line and walk away from the nver, counting
your paces imtil you brinff the sword in line with the tree
on the opposite bank. The distance you have paced since
turning inll be one-half of the distance across the river.
Thus, if you find you have paced 90 yards, the river in 180
yards wide.
(It is unfortunate that in the edition of the book which
we possess there should be two serious errors on this i>age.
They are, it is true, pointed out in an errata slip, but
errata slips are often disregarded. A third error is in the
diagram, the measurements of which do not tally with the
results.) To measure one river is, however, to measure all
rivers. More varied fun will come from the game of
deduction. The author gives a specimen pacific morning's
work of his own. This is Example 11. :
While following the tracks of the rickshaw, I noticed
fresh trades of two horses coming towards me, followed by
a big dog.
They had passed since the rickshaw (over-riding its tracks).
They were canterina (two single hoof-prints, and then
two near together).
A quarter 0/ a mile further on they were unilking for a
quarter of a mile. (Hoof -prints in pairs a yard
apart.) Here, the dog dropped behind, and had to
make up lost ground by galloping up to them.
(Deep impression of his olaws, and dirt kicked up.)
r28
The Academy.
10 February, 1900.
They had JinUhed the vjalk ctbout a quarter of an hour
before I came there: (Deoiose the horse's drop-
pings at this point were quite fresh ; covered with
flies ; not driea ontside by the snn.)
They had been cantering up to the point where they began
the walk, but one horse had shied violently on passing
the invalid in the rickshaw: rBeoause there was a
great hide up of gravel ana divergence from its
track just where the rickshaw trade bent into the
side of the road» and afterwards over-rode the
horses* tracks.)
Dbdtjction.
The tracks were those of a lady and gentleman out for a ride,
followed by her dog.
Because had the horses been only out exennsing with
syces they would have been g^ing at a walk in single file
(or possibly at a tearing gallop).
They were therefore ridden by white people, one of
whom was a lady ; because, 1st, a man would not take a
big, heavy dog to pound along after his horse (it had
poimded idong long after the horses were walking) ; 2nd, a
man would not pull up to walk because hit horse had
shied at a rickshaw ; but a lady might, especially if urged
to do so by a man who was anxious about her safety, and
that is why I put them down as a man and a lady. • Had
they been two ladies, the one who had been shied with
would have continued to canter out of bravado. And the
man probably either a very affectionate husband or no
husband at all.
The Amateur Critic.
An Articulate Colony.
Under this heading in the Academy of January 13 the
reviewer quotes the following words from Mr. Eeeves's
book : ''Of . . . poetic . . . talent . . . there is yet but
little sign. In wHting they (New Zealanders) show facility
often, distinction never." As far as the poetry goes 1
humbly demur to this sweeping dictum. Chance, nearly
three years ago, put into my hands a book of poems,
entitled Poems by a New Zeahnder (Kegan Paul), and it is
in this slim and green-backed little book taat I find
evidence of the '^ distinction" which has been denied to
New Zealand writers of the past and present. I have no
idea whether '^ A New Zealander " is a man or woman,
but I have no hesitation in saving he (or she) is a poet,
and to support my statement will quote from an '* Ode to
England," the England called <<Home," but hitherto,
*' save in dreams," unvisited by the poet. The difference
in the seasons is noted, but —
'Tis only that the months wear different hues,
And change for us wan violets to warm sheaves.
November here forgets her early dews,
Dun fogs and frost : she gives us lingering eves,
Incessant roses, ever lovely views
By peak and vale ; is prodigal of leaves ;
Busies the easer bees from mom till night;
Love fledgnngs, do¥my chickens, dragon flies,
And the bright creatures of the summer skies,
And in the first red cherries hath deh'ght.
'^Incessant roses" is summer painted in two words.
I give one more quotation (from a '^ Song "), and hope
that these two examples of how the Muse is tended in
Greater Britain may send other readers to a book of verses
not unworthy to stand beside those of Lindsay Gordon
and A. B. Paterson on our bookshelves :
Take what thou wilt, thou canst not take away
My joy in loving thee !
Love doth not spring nor perish in a day ;
And though thine cease to be,
Mine still lives on, to be its own sure stay.
Its own unasked felicity.
H. G. H.
A Man and his Work.
A NOTICEABLE feature which may be met with in almost all
the obituary notioes of the late Mr. B. D. Blackmore is the
prediction wat his fame will depend solely on LonM Doone.
The fact of this book's great popularity above his other
novels is emphasised as if it waa the ainralar fate of Mr.
Blackmore to have won the approval of the public but
once. Yet, if one reflects, it is oy no means a rare thing
{or an author to be associated with one book. Others
he may have produced — as did Mr. Blackmore — of even
greater merit than the work which brought him his fame ;
but the public is obtuse in matters of taste, and often as
not it refuses to divide the honours of its first choice with
late comers. Take the case of Mr. Shorthouse, who con-
tinues to be described as '' the author of John Inylesanty"
notwithstanding that there are several other brilliant
works bearing his name, but, imhappily for the public,
they are too little known. This attempt to summariae a
man and his work in a single sentence has the dis-
advantage of popularising but one book, and that one
not necessarily the best. Its origin is not far to seek :
when a book first arrests the public attention, its author
cannot be more than a mere abstraction to the general ;
in the second stage he gains a notoriety as its author;
the third stage in the author's prog^ress, in which his
personality is regarded apart from his writings, is only
reached by a favoured few. No doubt, once upon a
time it was ^^ Mr. John Milton, the author of Paradise
Zosty^* imtil his work became duly focussed in the public
mind, when he was " John Milton the Poet." ThacKeray
is still known as the author of Vanity Fair, although he
wrote Esmond and The Newcomes] and Charlotte Bronte
as the author of Jane Eyre^ though Villette is her really
g^at novel. But this I hope, that to future generations
the name of Blackmore will brine to mind not only Loma
Doone but a dozen delightful novels.
JoKATHAN Dean.
'' Peg Woffington."
A GOOD many people have doubtless been reading Charles
Beado's Peg Woffington lately, incited thereto by the pub-
lication of Mr. Hugh Thomson's illustrations. I wonder
whether many have noticed two rather curious inaccur-
acies.
In Chapter II , Cibber, speaking in the green-room of the
Oovent Cheuden Theatre, says : " When I was young two
giantesses [Mrs. Bracegirdle and Mrs. Oldfield] fought for
empire upon this very stage. . . . They played Boxana
and Statira in the ' Eival Queens.' " Now this contest,
which was immediately followed by Mrs. Braoegirdlc's
retirement from the stage, took place in 1707, not at the
Covent Garden Theatre, which was not opened till 1733,
but at the Haymarket. The rivals, too, appear to have
played not Boxana and Statira together, but Mrs. Brittle,
in '^The Amorous Widow," on successive nighta.
The other is, perhaps, a smaller matter. The date of
the tale is (Chapter I.) '' about the middle of last century " ;
and as Mrs. Bracegirdle, who was alive at the time, died in
1748, it cannot be later than that year. In Chapter YH.
we find Mrs. Woffington going by coach to Hercides
Buildings, Lambeth, pursued by Sir Charles Pomander and
Mr. Vane. Other land journeys to and from the same
place are mentioned later. But Westminster Bridge was
not opened till 1750 ; and it is very improbable that any-
one would go from Covent Garden to Lambeth by way of
London Bridge, the only bridge till that at Westminster
was built. Water would certainly be taken for part of the
way. Of course there was the Horseferry ; but it is not
likely that it would be used for such journeys.
Such are the pitfalls that beset the writer of romances
who brings in real persons, with their fixed and inexorable
dates. C.
to Pebroaiy, 1900.
The Academy.
129
Correspondence.
Ruskin on War.
Sib, — ^The opinion of John Euskin upon any subject
must necessarily be of gieai interest and importance. For
the moment the question of War v^sui Peace is aU-
t>erTading, and, in addition to the reference to the subject
which Mr. Charles Quartermain has pointed out in jour
last issue, in Ths Crown of WUd OUve, may I remind you
of another in the third volume of Modem Faintsra? I
ttolieve it was written at the lime of the Crimean War,
ibd the sentiments expressed therein go far to prove that
Buskin's opinion on. the subject, was a setfled one — an
opinion, not a hasty thought. I venture to quote the
following :
I beUeve war is at present prodaotiYe of good more than
of evil. I wiU not argue tiiis hardly and col^y, as I
mijg^ht, by tracing in past history some of the abundant
evidence that nations have always reached their highest
virtue, and wrought their most aooomplidied worn, in
times of straitening and battle ; as, on the other hand, no
nation has ever yet eojoyed a protracted and triumphant
peace without receiving in its own bosom ineradicable
seeds of future decline. I will not so argue this matter ;
• but I will appeal at once to the testimony of those whom
the war has cost the dearest. I know what would be told
me by those who have suffered nothiDg» whose domestic
happiness has been unbroken, whose daily comfort undis-
turbiBd ; whose experience of calamity consists, at its
utmost, in the incertitude of a speculation, tiie deamess of
a luxury, or the increase of demands upon their fortune
which they could meet fourfold without inoonveoience.
From these, I can well believe, be they prudent economists
or careless pleasure-seekers, the cry zor peace will rise
alike vociferously, whether in the street or senate. But
I ask their witness, to whom the war has changed the
aspect of the earth, and imagery of heaven, whose hopes it
has cut off like a spider's web, whose treasure it has placed
in a moment undw the seals of clay. Those who can
never more see sunrise, nor watch the climbing light gild
the Eastern clouds without thinking what graves it has
gilded, first, far down behind the dark earth-lioes, who
never more shall see the crocus bloom in sprinfr* without
thinking what dust it is that feeds the wild flowers of
Baladava. Ask tJieir witness, and see if they will not
reply that it is well with them, and with theirs ; that they
would have it no otherwise; would not, if they might,
receive back their gift of love and life, nor take again
the pniple of their blood out of the cross on the breast-
plate of England. Ask them: and ^ough tiiey diould
answer only with a sob, listen if it does not gather upon
their lips into the sound of the old Sevton war-cry —
"Set on."
— ^I am, &c. Guy Wilfbid Hayleb.
Capenhurst, Chester: Feb. 1, 1900.
The Decadent Cuckoo..
Sir, — ^Allow me, in thanking you for the excellent
review of my cuckoo book, to say that the illustnitionB are
all given in it That which should have been placed at
page 28 was, by the binder, put at an earlier page ; and,
in the list of illustrations, page 15 is an unfortunate mis-
print for 13< Your inserting this may save others who
already have the volume from being puzzled, and these
errors are put right in later copies. I exceedingly regret
they should have occurred. — I am, &c.,
ALSXAin>ER H. Japp.
National Liberal Club, Whitehall Place, S.W.
that it was I, not Mr. Zangwill, who contributed to Ariel
the series. of '' press cuttings *' which you praise so highly.
They have be^ attributed to my fnend Mr. ZanRwiU, I
know, by a variety of papers of less consequence than the
AcADBMY, and I hope l may not be considered unduly
vain for not allowing the statement to pass without con-
tradiction in the magisterial columns of the Academy.
For I recognise that some people may not think so
generously of those bagatelles as your reviewer does.
1 know one person who does not. Yet it is a gratification
to him to know that he is not the only one by whom they
are stUl remembered. — I am, &c.,
Feb. 7, 1900. Edwabd Mobton.
Our Weekly Prize Competitions.
Result of No. 20 (New Series).
Wb asked last week for mottoes for four bookoases oontaiDine:
reepeotively works of History, Poetay, Fiotioo, and Biogfraphy. TIm
qnotatioDS were to be from EngfUsh authors, and saitable to be
really employed for tiie purpose named. The followinir series, sent
by Bfiss Evelyn Underhill, 3, Oampden Hill-plaoe, London, W.,
seems to us the most euitablB :
SUtory —
History is Philosophy teaching by examples. — Bolinghrohe,
Poetry—
The orown of literatore is poetry. — M, Armld,
Fiction —
An honest tale speeds best, being plainly told.
" Richard Ilir ir. 4.
Biographjf —
111 books we find the dead, as it were, living.
Miehard de Bury,
Replies reodved also from : T. C, Bnxted ; D. H. W., Pwllheli ;
B. D. B., London ; E. B. Y. 0., London ; B. 0. W., Oxford ; 0. W.,
London ; J. A. 8. B., Edinburgh ; H. A. W., Portobello ; E. L. E.,
Boohdale ; A. 8. W., Westward Ho I ; A. M. P., Linooln ; G. 8.,
Brighton ; G. N., GUf ton ; M. H. M., London ; W. D. E , Wimbledon ;
A. T., Bdgate ; E. T., Manchester ; Miss G., Newtown ; L. G.,
Gambridge ; F. L., Manchester : B. Qt. W., Kirkby-Bavensworth ;
F. E. W., London ; L. P., Inveme^s ; D. G. B., Birkenhead ; E. B. L.
Leioester ; H J., London ; T. M., Bundle ; E. H. Didsbury ; D. S.,
Iioadpn ; Miss G-., Beigate ; B. G., Barnaburv ; H. B., London ;
Mrs. W. H. P.. Alton ; S. G . Brighton ; F. M., London ; J. B.,
Aberdeen ; G. B., Aberdeen ; . F. H. D., London ; 8. 8., Gambridge ;
A. D. B., Liverpool ; A. G., Edinburgh ; D. G. R., Birkenhead ;
B. W. D. N., London ; M. A. G.,* Cambridge ; G. B., Liverpool-;
B. W. M , London ; 0. R, Edinburgh ; L. K., Highgate ; and
B. F. M. G., Whitby.
^^ After s Press Cutting Agency/*
Sib, — Tour references, in the current issue of the
Academy, to Mr. I. Zangwill's '' delicious essays in the
difficult art " of parody are so extremely flattering to fne^
that I cannot deny myself the pleasure of writing to say
Competition No. 21 (New Series).
Etbbt family where writing gamies are popular has flome game of
home mannfactnre. We offer a prize of a guinea to the description
of the best original writing gams— that it to say, of the best game
for an evening party in which paper, peooils, and brains are
involved. The word original would not exclude a good tdaptation
of a well-known game, which is the form that home-made games
often take. .
BULIB.
Answers, addressed ** Literary Competition, The Academy, 43,
Ghanoery-lane, W.G.,'* must reach us not later than the first post
of Tuesday, February 13. Each answer must be accompanied by
the coupon to be found in the second column of p. 132, or it can-
not enter into competition. Gompetitois sending more than one
attempt at solution must accompany each attempt with a separate
coupon ; otherwise the first only wiU be ooosidertd. We wish to
imprrsj on oompetitcn that the task of examining replies is much
facilitated when one side only of the paper is written upon. It is
also important that names and addresies should always be given.
We cannot consider anonymous answers.
Our Special Prize Competitions.
(/br particulars see iniide page of cover,)
Received daring the week : Iidfi, G-rangemouth, The Outsider
Brin-go-br»gh, Lancet, Unfledged, Kingston, NarciMus, Tredegar.
I30
The Academy.
10 February iqoO.
New Books Received.
[Theu noUB on some of the New Boots of the week are
preUmifUSty to Reviewe that may folhwJ]
Amsbioa To-Day. Bt Wiluah Aschbb.
Last year Mr. William Archer braved the Atlantic to
make a study of the American stage. He also accepted
a commission from the PaU Mdll Gautte and Magazine to
jot down his impressions of America daring an eight
weeks' sojourn. Tne book before us contains those Jottings
or obsenrations, together with four essays, dealing with
American subjects, somewhat weightier in character, to
which he has given the title of ' ' Reflections. " (Heinemann. )
Le Mobte Dabthub.
By Sib Thomas Maloby.
The two new volumes of Messrs. Macmillan's '* Library of
English Classics." The page is ample and the type large.
Mr. A. W. Pollard's bibhographical note reminds us that
Caxton (whose preface is included in this edition) finished
printing the first edition on the last day of July, 1485,
some fifteen or sixteen years after Malory finished tiie
book. An index has been supplied by Mr. Henry
Littlehales. (Macmillan. 2 vols. 7s. net).
John Euskht.
By M. H. SpiELMAinr.
Mr. Spielmann's monograph on Mr. Euskin is ready
betimes. Portions of it were written for the Graphic^ and
one chapter appeared in the Maga%ine of Art. All has,
however, been revised. An article on " The Black Arts,"
which Mr. Buskin wrote for the Maga%%ne ofArt^ is reprinted
here, together with some correspondence concerning the
article which passed between Mr. Euskin and the author
of this book. (CasseU & Co. 5s.)
HisTOBicAL Tales fbom Shakesfbabe.
By D. T, Qtjillbb Couch.
This is the book which was first announced under the title
of Q^e Take from Shakespeare. Therein Mr. Couch supplies
certain of the plays omitted by Charles and Mary Lamb.
His original idea, he tells us, was to follow their plan of
using only Shakespearian words, but in time he eave this
up and wrote in his own manner. The plays are
" Coriolanus," " Julius Csesar," " King Jolm," the two
'• Eichards," and the three ** Henrys." (Arnold. 6s.)
How England Saved Eubofe. By W. H. Fitchbtt.
The third volume of Mr. Fitchett's history of the
great war. The reader now reaches the war in the
Peninsula and the Duke of Wellington — a tract of time
covered in Sir Herbert Maxwell's Life. The two books
would make an interesting comparison. Maps of battles
and portraits of soldiers ulustrate the volume. (Smithy
Elder & Co. 6s.)
The EoMANnc Tbitjmfh. By T. S. Omoni).
•
The new volume in Messrs. Blackwoods' '' Periods of
European Literature" series. The Eomantic movement
had its impulse in the last century — Eousseau in France,
Ossian in Ghreat Britain, Burger in Gennanv, were among
the leaders. Burger, of course, influenced Scott, for it
was the ballad of ''Leonore" which first turned his
thoughts towards romance. The movement soon gathered
strength, and Mr. Omond traces it all over Europe.
(Blac^ood. 58. nei)
\* Owing to pressure upon our space further acknowledg-
ments of New Books are held over till next week.
Special cloth cases for binding the half-yearly volume of
the Academy can he supplied for \s. each. The price of the
hound half-yearly volume is 8«. ^d. Communications should he
addressed to the Puhlisher, 43, Chancery-lane,
NEW WORK
bt the LA'rB
Q. w! STEEVENS,
War Correspondent of the '^ Daily MaiL"
IMPORTANT NOTICE.
Messrs. WM, BLACKWOOD
& SONS, wUl jpublish about the
end of FEBR UAR Y " FBOM
CAPETOWN to LADTSMITH:
an Unfinished Record of the
South AMcan War/' by G: W.
STEBVENS, Author of " With
Kitchener to Khartum/ ** In
India" <Stc. In One Volume,
crown Svo. With Maps.
45, George Street, Edinburgh; ft 37, Paternoster
Bow, London, E.C.
THE BOOK OF THE HOUR.
THIRD EDITION.
OUB LIVING GENERALS.
By AKTNUR TBMFLK, Aaibor of " The Making of the Smpire."
Art Yellnm, gilt top, price Ss. 6d.
Biogmphioal Sketches with fine Portraits of Twelve Generals^ so fewer than ten
of whom are now at the front.
** Pleaiant and proad reading."— Ai£iir<iaif Seeimo.
** A capital book, breestly and brightly written."— i9^. Jamn'B Budget.
" The list ia well chosen. Men of whom the nation ia jnatly proad,"
Naval amd Militarjf Maeord.
A NOTABLE BOOK OF DAILY HEADINGS.
Bookt of Bible Beadinga are common enough, bmt onlw
once in mnn^ yeare does one appear whieh takeg a dia-
iinctime place, amd leave into a large and permanent
popularitw. Such a book is "IN TUB HOVB OF
Wlencs:*
IN THE HOUR OF StLENOE.
By ALSXANDBE SMBLLIB, M.A. Price tt.
Author of " Torohbearera of the Faith."
** All is original and all of choioett qoality Th« thought fi never abetnue, bat in tooeh
with the limpre realifcicf of oar ipiritual life: yet it it uwajifkeih....Welia?«]Mytliada
book of daUy meditation so near to what it ought to be ■■ thit ia, though manj have tried to
furalth oDe.''-'xpo«U(»ry Timu.
** Tber^ is moral Tision in the book and the kind of teaderaeH whieh ia onlj boraof ripe
spiritual conricUon.*— 7*« Speaktr.
CHILD VOICES.
By W. B. GTJIiB. Price Ss. 6d. net.
Prornsely llliutratcd by Charles Robinson.
" In every way the book ia a beautiful one."— ^onttaa.
FAIRY STORIES FROM THE UTTLE MOUNTAIN.
By JOHN FENNBMOBB. Price 2s. 6d.
Charminsly Illnstrated by James B. Sinclair.
'* The book is a real addition to fairy literature. Ore of the beet booki of the kiul the
year baa produced. The illuatiatioos are excellenf*— IfoAfemaii.
TORCH BEARERS OF THE FAITH.
By ALEXANDBB 8KBLLIE, M.A. Price Ss. 6d.
Author of*' In the Hour of Silence," &o.
" What hai upecially captivated vu i» * Tordtbrnrtrt t^ tkt fWfh,*
whieh i»oneo/ the very b€»t b»ki o/tkt kkmd I ham wer mm. . . „ Whtr^
ever I have tvn^d I have been fa$eniaUd amd cAarwed. 7 ham alnadg
proevred aeveral copieM and git'en them away.... I txpeet <l to b< «i|f
ttandard voi,%nne far thi§ purpom /or a Umg hme to cow.— i't un
einetnly, / Jf. QlBSOy, L.O."
ANPMW MBLROSB, 10, Piii^rim Str^^t* London V.Pe
lo February. 1900 TllC Acadeiliy. I 3 I
TO IMTEHDIMtt SUBSCRIBERS i—
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of atteriraidi ndudog Ibii prioe fn
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lbs ebarmoMr Kud coat of tfan worV. Tbs ruoU at ihlsofler wiuaa advuica pnbliotioa offtt mmt be withdntwa. Toe prawnl arnDgtment, wbereb; it ~
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Dear Sirs.— Now that 1 have received my
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Yours TMT truly.
<Slgrn*<» PAYNE JSNNIHGS.
"Tha Work Mawta avery Raaaona
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th
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AM*.** ^r wM^^^^MM -r^i—d.^ „ ! raaUTu VndaovaDltaipriillloa»rrc«p»fUulvUiat^ab*1ari !
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* TiV"-7'i M u ^I'lTnii^iMiiaMTiaMNfT^ii ill ji' ' "* •••*•'*'■ IMBailna oT Qood ThlnK»» [[J^,^
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WHAT THI8 GREAT WORK 18. THE LIBRARY OF FAMOUS LITERATURE, special introductory offer.
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tlnin. The Llbary of Famooa LileratnrB preaeQte nM™Jbli't'MALfVooiNlAi?ui«SS^iyi?™^^
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Nor Ig msrs wit duplitd or hamonr neglected. In
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A tatterul and oonvenlent Bookcase will be
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hn wit of SberidAn LIBHAHY tir rAMyu* Liitii.* 1 .,iit» 1 i, i.'.*i i»"»i
132
The Academy.
10 February, 1900.
CURATOR, LIBRARIAN, or 8R0RB-
TAKY.-WORK Id one noh offloo dcbired by FELLOW
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WIMRLBDON HI(4H HCHOOL.— Mn.
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Training department for kindergarten students in prepaia-
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Thfr<t is a Home in connection with the College for K.G.
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17 February, i^oo.
The Academy.
133
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134
The Academy.
17 February, 1900.
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The Academy
A Weekly Review of Literature and Lifce
No. 1450. Established 1869. 17 February, 19CX).
Price Threepence.
[RegisUrtd as a Niwspap^,']
The Literary Week.
Mb. Hsbbert Spenoeb will complete his eigbtieih year
in April. A birthday address is being preparea in
Australia, which will be signed alike by those who accept
Mr. Spencer's philosophy and by those whom it has
merely stimulated to opposition.
On Sunday, February 25, the Stage Society will give
a performance of Ibsen's " The League of Toutiii." There
is a play, now in MS., which is well within the Society's
scheme — indeed, an ideal candidate for their consideration.
We refer to '^The Egoist." Adapted and arranged by
Mr. Alfred Sutro, it is an open secret that the dialogue,
which Mr. Sutro has drawn from the book, has been
revised, and sometimes rewritten, by Mr. Meredith. The
play is in five acts, and those who were present at a
Srivate reading last Monday speak enthusiastically of its
ramatic interest and force.
The death mask of a girl, supposed to have been found
drowned in the Seine, which gave Mr. Le Gtillienne the
idea for The Worshipper of the Image^ is a reality. Dis-
covered by a prowler after curiosities some time ago in a
shop near Covent Garden, purchased by him, and hung in
his rooms, the beauty of uie cast sent many to the shop.
Verses were written to this pretty, pathetic Unknown ;
she suggested a subject for one of our '* Things Seen ";
and now a book has been composed around her.
As our advertisement columns show, the books about
South Africa and the War are many and various, including
one by Mr. Frank Harris, wherein the late editor of the
Saturday Review entangles Dr. Johnson, Carlyle, George
Washington, and Lord Eandolph Churchill in the discus-
sion. In a few days books descriptive of the actual
fighting will be ready. That by Mr. Steevens may well
claim to be the most important. Called From Cape Town
to Ladyvnith : an Unfinisned Record of the South African
War, it will contain a long, final chapter by Mr. Yemon
Blackburn, which will take the form of a record of the
public interest and sympathy that Mr. Steevens's untimely
death evoked.
Mb. Bennett Burleigh, we hear, has also a book
nearly finished, and then there is Mr. Winston Spencer
Churchill's narrative of his capture and escape from
Pretoria. Mr. Alfred Kinnear also announces a volume,
which will be called To Modder River with Methuen.
The war has disturbed ordinary publishing, but Messrs.
Methuen have evolved a method of making it help the
sale of novels. In the new sixpenny story of their
** Novelist" Library, Prisoners of War, by Mr. A. Boy son
Weekes, will be found the offer of a prize of £ 1 00 to the
reader who names the day and the month on which the
Peace will be signed. There is the usual Coupon arrange-
ment, and the result will be published in a future volume
of the " Novelist " Library.
What with his history of the reoonquest of the Soudan,
his brilliant work as war correspondent of the Morning
Post, his forthcoming War book, and his novel, Savrola,
the son of Lord Bandolph Churchill is in no danger of
being overlooked. The hero of Savrola is a young
democrat, popular idol, orator, statesman, and fiighter.
This is Mr. Cnurchill's description of Savrola's library :
It was a various library : the philosophy of Schopen-
hauer divided Kant from Hegel, who jostled the Memoirs
of St. Simon and the latest French novel ; Rassblas and
La CiTRf:E lay side by side ; eight substantial volumes of
Gibbon's famous History were not perhaps inappropriately
prolopged by a fine edition of the Degamebon ; the Obioin
OF Species rested by the side of a black-letter BifaJe ; The
Republic maintained an equilibrium with Vanity Faib
and the History of European Mobals. A volume of
Macaulay's Essays lay on the writing-table itself ; it was
open» and that sublime passage whereby the genius of one
man has immortalised the genius of another was marked
in pencil. And history ^ while for the warning of vehemerd,
highy and daring natures, she notes his niany errors, will yet
delilterately pronounce thai among the eminent men whose
hones lie near his, scarcely one has left a more stainless^ and
none a more splendid name.
A LiTEBABY curiosity will be found in the Strand
Magazine for February. The last of the late Mr. Grant
Allen's Hilda Wade episodes was not finished at his death.
Dr. Conan Doyle has completed the story upon lines which
were laid down by Mr. Grant AUen himself in conversation.
The arrangement recalls Mr. Quiller-Gouch's more arduous
completion of St. Ives.
Between his sonnet sequence, The Silence of Lore
(published last year), and his new volume of poems Without
and Within (now in the press), Mr. Edmond Holmes has
issued an essay of a hundred pages on the question
What is Poetry ? It is refreshing to find a poet of to-day
asking, and trying to answer, a question of such antiquity
and breadth. We shall return to Mr. Holmes's little book.
Meanwhile, dipping into it, we are glad to find him
protesting agamst a notion which is now common that
the diction of poetry requires constant renewal ; that
golden^ for instance, the only English word which really
describes sunlight, is worn out and must be replaced by
amher, saffron, or yellow — words which convey less and,
under a replacement theory, must themselves decay and
be ousted. Mr. Holmes also holds that the effort to intro-
duce exact, as distinct from vague, words into poetry is
doomed to failure. ^'Vag^e words stir emotion; exact
terms repress it. . . ."
Mb. Punch this week makes a moving appeal on behalf
of the Hospital for Sick Children in Great Ormond-street.
This is the oldest and largest children's hospital in London,
yet its funds are now so low that unless money is quickly
raised its doors will have to be dosed. Mr. Punch says
he does not quote " Pay, pay, pay," but urges everybody,
everywhere, to ** Give, give, give." Donations should
be sent to Messrs. Bradbury, Agnew & Co., Bouverie-
street.
136
The Academy.
17 February, 1900.
The war is proJuoing reprints as well as new books.
Among the former is a facsimile reproduction of a very
curious old pamphlet called The Sauldters CaUehiatMy
printed in 1644. Only two copies of this Oatechism are
known to exist. The Bev. Walter Begley is the possessor
of one, and he is the editor of the reprint now put forth
by Mr. Elliot Stock. The author of this curious work
is unknown, but his aim is sufficiently dear. The
Puritan soldiers of Cromwell were peace-loving men, with
a natural and acquired abhorrence of war. These men
had to be convinced that it was right for them to fight,
and that the sword they were asked to draw was really
the sword of the Lord and of Gideon. Mr. Begley thinks
that the Catechism was '' probably written to order at the
suggestion of the chiefs of the Puritan Party. ... It was
evidently meant to be a companion to what is known as
Cromwell's Pocket Bible of the year before (1643)."
PiLAGTiOALLY Ths Souldiers CaUekume has been unknown
and unquoted for three hundred years. Its character and
aims mjay be judged by the following questions and
answers :
0.
VTT^a^ are the principall things requirid in a Souldier ?
A, 1, That hee bee reli^oos and godly.
2. That he be couragious and valiant.
3. 3 That he be skilf aU in the Militarie Profeffion.
Q. How do you prove that oar fouUiiera fhould he rdigious ?
^. 1. By Scripture: DeuJt. 23.9. Luk, 3.14.
2. Befides, there be many Iteafons to confirme it.
1. Becaufe they lie (o open to death.
2. They f tand in continuall need of Gods affiftance.
3. They fight for Beligion and Beformation.
4. Qod hath rais'd them up to execute juftic<>.
5. Men may be as religious in this Profeffion as in any other.
6. We read of brave fouldiers that have been very religious.
7. A well ordered Camp is a Sohoole of Yertue, wherein is
taught, 1. Preparation to death, 2. Gontinencie, 3. Yigilancie,
4. Obedience, 5. Hardneffe, 6. Temperance, 7. Humilitie,
8. Devotion, &o.
Last week we referred to Dr. Fumivall's recently
expressed opinion (which has, of course, been shared and
uttered by man^) mat the English language is destined to
over-run the civilised world, gradually busting all others.
An imconscious tribute to the reasonableness of this pre-
diction is furnished by an extraordinary scheme, recently
put forth by a writer in the Ewue des EevwSj for vitalising
and preserving the French language. This writer (M.
Jean I'inot) thinks that the only way by which to restore
the ascendancy of his native tongue is to make it more
than ever the language of literature. In short, he would
make the French language a kind of literary asylum or
receiving-house to which writers of all nations might
commit their thoughts. Becognising that in aU countries
there are many gifted men who cannot hope to become
'* articulate," and that there are countries like Bussia and
Italy where even the greatest writers can command only
small notice in their native tongue, M. Finot goes on
to ask:
Does not this condition present a grand opportunity to
France P Let her accept the noble and generous r61e of
introducer of all the talents which are bcdng stifled in the
narrow atmosphere of their own country. Let our litera-
ture, besides her own virtues and beauties, become the
godmother of the literatures and authors of the '* Great
Unknown/' and she will thereby attach to herself and to
her own destiny numbers of other tongues and cultivators
of letters.
In a word, we dream of making France once mora the
freat reservoir of intellectual humanity, where every pro-
action or idea of value, elevation, or originality shall find
a country of adoption. In this way Bussiaus, Italians,
Poles, Swedes, Danes, Qreeks, Finlanders, Boumanians,
Servians, Bulgarians, and many other peoples, would, aUke
from necessity and gratitude, be induced to study French
and its literature.
The idea is rather fine, and of late years it hajs even
been, to a small and natural extent, in process of realisa-
tion. Yet surely, at bottom, it begs the question. For if
the unwritten thoughts of Poles, Boumanians, and the
rest, clamour to be read, surely they will flow, of their own
volition, into the soundest and most capacious vessel — that
is to say, into English.
Pabekts and schoolmasters who are in search of a good
selection of poetry for children of, say, thirteen years and
upwards will do well to look at Th$ New Mifflish Poetry
Booh (Horace ManJiall & Son), which has just been com-
piled by Mr. E. G. Speight. The pieces chosen are at once
satisfying and germmative, and we are glad to see that
Mr. Speight considers his work done when he has made
the seieotion. There are no notes, oaly a short g^lossary,
and we heartily echo Mr. Speight's wish that '^ the children
be allowed to read without fear of the ordeal of examina-
tion, that their likes and dislikes be respected, and that
ample trust be reposed in their power of assimilation."
The book opens with some lyrics of Shakespeare^ Herrick,
Beaumont and Fletcher, and other Elizabethans. There is
a sprinkling of old ballads. What could be better than
the ballad of Sir Patrick Spens ?
'* I saw the new moon, late yestreen,
With the auld moon in her arm ;
And if ye gang to sea, master,
I fear well come to harm.'*
Sir Patrick and his merry men all
Were ance mair on the f aem ;
With five-and-fiftv Soots lorda' sons
That langed to be at hame..
Bat they hadna sailed upon the sea
A day but barely three,
When the life grew dark, and the wind blew loud,
And gorly grew the sea.
The poetry of to-day is represented in selections from
Mr. Swinburne, Mr. Henley, Mr. Bridges, William Morris,
and T. E. Brown. Mr. Henley is presented as a poet of
the sea to young Britons :
The full sea rolls and thunders
In glory and in glee ;
Oh, bury me not in the senseless earth,
But in the liviog sea !
Ay, bury me where it surges
A thousand miles from shore,
And in its brotherly unrest
I'U range for evermore.
Th£ birth-rate of new papers is abnormally high ; even
doctors are contributing to it. The Physician and Surgeon
is a new high-dass m^cal weekly review. Its aim is to
treat of all medical events and subjects in a style some-
what more broad and modern than that which is found in
medical papers established many yeainB ago. This aim is
intelligible, it also spells difficulty ; but the first number of
the Physician and Surgeon inspires confidence in the methods
and ability of its promoters.
Among magazines which enjoy less fame than they
deserve is the Friends^ Quarterly Examiner (West, Newman
& Co.), which has just begun its thirty-third year of issue,
in a new cover and under new editorship. In the
Examiner will be found from time to time articles of real
weight and charm, by such writers as Dr. Thomas Hodgkin,
Prof. Eendel Hams, Dr. Robert Spence Watson, Mr.
Jonathan Hutchinson, and other well-known writers whose
connexion with the Society of Friends is perhaps not
generally known. The magazine represents all the
widened ideals and sympathies of Quakerism; thus, a
gaper on the '* Cultivation of Artistic Taste," which might
ave astonished the readers of twenty years ago, is now a
typical contribution.
17 Februar)', 19CO.
The Academy.
137
^
*^
Wb are always ready to find wit in a new under-
naduate magazine. But in the Alma Mater, a new
Cambridge production, this quality is lacking, and is
replaced by no other. Indeed, Alma Mater seems
bom of the mere itch to write, or, shall we say, the
itch to edit. Essays on ** The Tyranny of Tipping,"
"The Delights of Dancing," "Drones," &c., are the
fare provided, and they are written in the old, old
amateur style, flicked with phrases of the hour. We
really wonder how anyone can care to print such remarks
as the following :
The contempt of an Autocrat for a humble slave is far
surx>as8ed by that pompous air of msguificent disdain
shown by a waiter who has been paid si^ipence for a
sixpenny drink.
Does the last-mentioned individual imaaine that some
consolation of a pecuniary nature is due to him, owing to
his sublime condescension in humbling himself by bringing
to us so plebeian a combinalion as a £)otch-and-Soda P
Woe betide the man who does not tip ; he will be lucky
if he gets his luncheon lukewarm, or his drink in half -an-
hour. The writer was once in -a London restaurant, and
by some mischance forgot to make the accustomed offeriog,
and he has not yet forgotten the looks of scorn cast at him
by the assembled minions.
Messbs. Mhthubn will publish, in a few days, a new
edition of A Booh of Irifh Fene, an anthology of Irish
poetry collected by Mr. W. B. Yeats. Mr. Teats has
revised and partly rewritten the introductory account of
the Irish poets, and added a preface dealing with the
literary movement in Ireland, and with the movement for
the preservation of the Irish language. The book also
contains some new poems which have appeared since the
first edition was issued.
"The Decorative Art of Sir Edward Bume- Jones,
Bart.," will be the subject of this year's EaeUr Art Annual
(the Easter number of the Art Journal), The letterpress
will be written by Mr. Aymer Yallance.
A WBiTEB in the New York Nation explores the field of
Hindu proverbial philosophy with interesting results. The
similarity of thought between the proverbs of ancient
India and those now in use in modem Europe is curious.
Thus, no one will need to be reminded of the English
counter-parts of the following proverbs, taken from a
recent collection of Marathi popular sayings :
If you kill, kill an elephant; if you rob, rob the
treasury.
Wake not the sleeping tiger.
Excivate a mountain, and take out a rat.
A gift cow : why has it no teeth P
Ai the watercourse goes, fto the water will run.
A lame cow is prime minister among blind cows.
When among other people, do like them.
Eochefoucauld's bitter saying, that there is something
in the misfortunes of our nearest friends not wholly dis-
pleasing to us, is bluntly anticipated in the Marathi
proverb: "Our goods are destroyed, our friends laugh."
The untrustwortMness of averages is embalmed in a say-
ing which has its origin in an old story. A traveller asked
a wise man how deep was the river he had to cross. The
scholar answered correctly, " The average depth is up to
the knee." The traveller began to ford the stream ana in
its deep middle was drowned, the sage's answer remaining
as a proverb on the misleading nature of averages.
Ma. Francis Edwards, of High-street, Marylebooe,
has shown enterprise in issuing a special and lengthy
catalogue of military books which his shelves contain.
Most of the books offered related to the wars of tiie
nineteenth century, and in all about a thousand works
are catalogued.
One might sit upon the ground and tell sad stories of
the deaths of ''series" — how some have . . . and some
. . . and some . . . But there are series which really go
on, and have unity and purpose. Such a one is Messrs.
Newnes*s "Library of Usefiu Stories." The number of
volumes it contains is approaching thirty, and — let thoce
mock at useful information who will — the set forms a
little library of sound and simple knowledge. " The Story
of the Stars," "The Story of the Weather," "The Story of
British Coinage," "The Story of Ice" — how many are
familiar with these stories? We are now offered "The
Story of Life's Mechanism," a biological primer embodying
and simplifying, within its limits, the latest conclusions of
scientists — a most useful addition to a well-conceived series.
Mr. B. D. Blagkmobe left instructions in his Will that
no biography or memoir of him was to be published.
It is announced that Prof. Knapp's forthcoming edition
of G^rge Borrow's Lavengro, to be published by Mr.
Murray, will ocmtain passages of the story which Borrow
suppressed. These, we understand, will be placed in their
proper positions in the text.
The accidents of the composing* room have produced
some strange results ere now ; none - stranger than the
following paragraph in the St, James^i Gazette of last
Monday :
At about midnight on Thursday the alarm was given at
the Boer headquarters that the Ladysmith garrison weie
trying to force a passage in the Pavonia, with drafts ; the
Malta, with Muitia and drafts; the Norseman, with
Oavalry ; and the Afric, with Imperial Yeomanry.
Bret Hartb's complete works in ten volumes are now
issued by Messrs. Ghatto &; Windus. The last volume is
entitled Talee of Trail and Town, and contains sixteen short
stories. The set of volumes forms a worthy collection
and monument of Bret Harte's writings.
The following entries appear in the catalogue of a book
sale which Messrs. Sotheby will hold at their rooms during
five days, beginning on the 26th :
Vbe propctti^ ot Ate. BUce ftipUiid.
10^3 EiPLiNO (Rudyard) Schoolboy Lysics, ia the
origiiial wrayper, which is decotated with two ptn
and ink dratuhtge of flower $y ti-c. {printed fur private
circulation only).
Lahore, priuiid ut the *' Civil and Military Oazttte**
Preee, 1881.
Excessively rare. Printed when the author was
only 16 years of age.
1044 Kipling (Rudyard) Echoes, by two Writers, in
the original wrapper, with the autograph if Alice
Kipling (R. Kipling'e Mother) ib. (1884)
*«* One of the scarcest of Kipling's writings privately
printed wbUe he was a young man on the staff of
the ** Civil and Military Gazette.*' There are the
following inscriptions in pencil at the beginning
and end of some of the poems: **J. L. K."
" Swinbump, R. K." ** Amorphous Modem Poet-
aster, R. K." <* Joaquin Millar's Arizoniau, R. K."
and " Written at School, R,K."
1045 KiFLXBG (Rudyard) Departmental Ditties, and
other Verses, tfie extremely rare first edition,
printed at the ** Civil and Military Gazette'' Prtse,
Lahore, fine copy in the oritfinal xvrapi^tr, with the
fr&ixt flop ; on the frout of cover is the iuecription
'* Mrs. Kipling." {no, 1 of 1886)
138
The Academy.
17 February, 1900
Among recent parodies we haye enjoyed an imitation of
Mr. Kipling by the " Arbiter " — a creation of the fertile
H. B. The •* Arbiter" is giving his views from week to
week in the Speaker,
It 16 my custom when I deal with tLe Arbiter to ai«k set
questions as though he were a book and I were a prig. It
goes against the gram, but I notice that all the Arbiter's
circle do it, especially John Doughty, the man with the
wooden head. So I aeked the Arbiter very solemnly:
'* What do you think was the chief mark of the nineteenth
century ; now past ? "
A good thick question in the middle-class manner has
the same e£Pect on the Arbiter that a glass of cold water
has on a sleeping man. He seemed to change his whole
being, and replied in a very constrained fashion, " I should
say it was fiham. The attempt to seem more learned than
you are especially, and hence the allusive style. . . .
« What's the allusive style ? " I asked.
The Arbiter, with the gesture of an overfed lion aroused
from deep slumber, uncoiled from his easy chair, and
fetched down one of tbe prose works of the Bard of
Empire (if, indeed, such a poet can be said to write prose
at aU).
" Listen to this," he said.
'* ' The king-bolt flew through the massy grease-choke
till the pivot caught the eccentric just under the pin-
wheel. McArthur watched with his eyes trundling from
his head like Dagawharri berries. ** My *' he screamed,
" •••• ??? My in . It
can't hold ! " Then the sob of a young teething child
escaped him, and I saw the thyroid process coupling on
the ganglion in his great throat, and he sobbed f^ingerly
as the Oentle Sarah took it over on the port, and settled to
the swing of the water! ' That's the allusive style," he
said simply.
•* Well, I call it very fine," said I. " I»m told that was
read to an optician and an analyst, and they both cried, it
was so accurate."
"Don't you worry," said the Arbiter, **He got it all
out of the Technical Dictionary. Do you suppose he'd
know the meaning of any of those words if you woke him
up in the middle of the night and taxed him with it ?
Why he'd cry for mercy I "
Bibliographical.
Da. A. H. Japp reveals, by advertisement, the fact, that
of four books lately published by him three bore on their
title-pages a pseudonym — that of " A. N. Mount Rose,"
or that of " A. F. Scot." It is a little surprising that
pseudonyms are not more largely in use, in literary circles,
than they are. The working man of letters, to gain a
living by book-production, must publish frequently ; and
if he always puts his name to his pubHcations that name
stands a very good chance of becoming, in time, obnoxious
both t > readers and to reviewers, who are apt to be bored by
repetition. The late W. B. Rands had no fewer than three
noms-de-guerre--^' M&ithew Browne," ** Henry Holbeach,"
and " Timon Fieldmouse." We know that the late Mr.
G-rant Allen had moro than one. And very wisely, too —
the more especially in those cases where the writer is
a specialist in several departments. The world is apt
to look askance at versatility, murmuring to itself the old
adage about "Jack of all trades and master of none."
That, I believe, is one reason why Bulwer Lytton failed to
impress his countrymen permanently.
It appears that the little pamphlet-full of verse called
Wagers of Battle, by Franklin and Henry Lushington,
consists for the most part of a reprint of some lyrics
entitled Fointe of War, published by these authors in the
days of thf* Crimean campaign. Only two of the pieces
are new— ** Lucknow, A.D. 1857," and **A.D. 1899, Play
Out the Game," both from the pen of the surviving brother,
Sir Franklin. Somebody with leisure should write an
account of English war poetry — I mean, of poetry con-
temporary with our wars, and immediately suggestc^d by
them. This would limit the field, for, of oourse, a good
deal of our martial verse has been retrospective in view
and subject. In our own days one remembers such things
as Dobell's Sonnets of the War, Gerald Massey's Siaveloek'a
March, and so forth, not omitting the war poems of the
Miss Louisa Shore of whom I wrote last week.
I gather from the preface to Mr. Pemberton's book on
The KendaU that Mrs. Kendal was unwilling that she
should be made the subject of biography. This coyness
was, I am sure, perfectly sincere. It does not, however,
wholly square with the fact that about a decade ago Mrs.
Kendal published a little work, practically autobio*
graphical, called Dramatic Opinions, wliich had previously
appeared in Murray^ s Magazine, It was issued here by
Mr. Murray, and in America by Messrs. Little & Brown.
To the American edition Mrs. Kendal prefixed a dedication
to her daughters Daisy, Ethel and Dorothy, signed '* Your
devoted mother," and quite of a '* personal" nature.
Why, indeed, should a leading actress refuse to discourse,
or be discoursed about, so long as there is no indiscreet
revelations of purely private matters ?
Mr. 0. D. Trantom, of Liverpool, has been good enough
to let me see a copy of the ''Calendar of Meredithian
Philosophy for 1898" which he compiled and printed
'* for private circulation only." Each day has its aphorism,
or epigram, or quotation of some sort, the selection being
made from thirteen of the novels, the '' Tale of Chloe "
volume, the '' Selected Poems," and the '' Essay on
Comedy." These are all mentioned at the back of the
''Calendar," with the names of their publishers. Mr.
Trantom could have had, of course, no difficulty in finding
material for his purpose; there would be, rather, an
embarrassment of ricnes. The result is eminently ' in-
teresting and suggestive, and one could wish that some
such "Calendar," which need not be confined to any
particular year, were within the reach of the general
public.
Miss Alma Tadema, who is to have a little play of her
own produced in London next week, has already displayed
her interest in thin^ dramatic by her translations into
English of Maeterlmck's "Pelleas et Melisande" and
"Les Aveugles." These appeared in a volume of the
" Scott Library," with a preface exhibiting a keen appre-
ciation of Maeterlinck and his work.
The issue of a treatise on the question, What is Poetry ?
must needs remind all students of belles-lettres of the
delightful variety to be found in the extant pronounce-
ments on that subject. Nearly every literary critic of
eminence, from Aristotle to Matthew Arnold, has had his
say thereon, and it is hardly too much to assert that no
two of them agree upon essentials. It would be a useful
thing if someone would bring together the views of the
most noted experts, and analyse and compare them. The
time is ripe for such a work. Until Mr. Holmes came
forward, Mr. Watts-Dunton had seemed to have said the
last word upon the topic ; but his dissertation, unhappily,
is not obtainable in separate and handy form.
When, the other day, I advised theatrical managers to
follow the example set by Mr. G-eorge Alexander in dis-
tributing a "chronicle" of his present playhouse, the
St. James's Theatre, I assumed, of course, that the history
would in any case be accurately written. In the case of
the St. James's the narrative is disfigured by several
misprints and at least one misstatement. We have, for
instance, "Daluna" for ** Duenna," "Vanderhoff" for
" Vandenhoff," " Dorincourt " for " Doricourt," and
" Angus Keece " for " Angus Reach." The plav of " The
Dean's Daughter " is described as " adapted from a
popular novel by Mr. Sidney GFrundy." As a matter of
fact, Mr. Grundy and Mr. F. C. Philips joined in adapting
a novel by the latter. Altogether, this hx^chure is dis-
appointing, and I cannot recommend it as a model for
imitation.
The Bookworm.
17 February, 1900.
The Academy.
139
Reviews.
An Engaging Visionary,
Life and Letters of Ambrose Fhillipps de Lisle. By Edmund
Sheridan Purcell. Edited and Finished by Edwin de
Lisle. 2 vols. (Macmillan. 25s. net)
Ambrose de Lisle, bom in 1809, was the eldest son of a
Leicestershire squire. To a strain of Huguenot blood on
his mother's side may perhaps be attributed the note of
mysticism which distinguished his temperament. His
health did not allow of his entering a public school, and
he receiyed his early education at a private academy,
where the gentle influence of an efnigri priest. M. Giraud,
dispelled the prejudice against the Koman Antichrist in
which he had been nurtured by an evangelical uncle. The
reaction was pushed further by a visit to the cathedral of
Paris in 1823 ; and that same year, when he had reached
the serious age of thirteen, true Antichrist was manifested
to him during one of his solitary rambles.
*' All of a sudden [he declared] I saw a bright Ught in
the heavens, and I heard a voice, which said : ' Mahomet
is the Antichrist, for he denieth iiie Father aud the Son.*
O 1 my return home in the next holidays I looked for a
Koran, and there I found these remarkable words : ' God
neither begetteth nor is begotten.' "
This theory he elaborated in later life, and upon it based
an argument in favour of Mr. Gladstone's Eastern policy
and much violent denunciation of the Ottoman Empire, of
which he prophesied that it must come to an end in 1898 !
It was characteristic of De Lisle that, having been received
into the Church, he permitted his life to be shaped largely
by the vaticination of a Koman recluse, one Marco Car-
riochia. For fifteen years this venerable personage, had
been praying, in terms that witnessed rather to the fervour
of his faith than to his progress in humility: ''0, my
God! give me these two great powers, England and
Hussia." He assured the young convert that he was the
instrument chosen of God for the conversion of England.
''And know this for certain," added the holy man, ''that
you shall not see death till you have seen all England
united to the Catholic Faith." The peculiarity of this
prophecy is that, falsified in the event, it has nevertheless
been put on record.
The prophetaster had spoken of " a great movement of
learned men of that kingdom," as the sign that the time
was ripe ; and the Oxford Movement answered reasonably
well to such a description. The Conversion of England
had been made the object of special intercession by
Gregory XIII. ; by St. Philip Neri, the founder of the
Oratory; by M. Olier, the founder of St. Sulpice; and,
among many other venerable names, by St. Francis of-
Sales. The Father of the Passionists, too, St. Paul of the
Cross, had been a steadfast intercessor, and in Father
Ignatius (Spencer), a recent convert and a member of that
Order, was found an ardent apostle of the same cause.
Europe resounded with prayer for the spiritual welfare of
England. The movement at Oxford was the manifest
answer, and the enthusiastic gentleman was presently con-
stituted a channel of communication between its leaders and
the Boman authorities. In his belief in its possibilities
he found himself, of course, in a minority; for the old
Catholic families regarded it with distrust and contempt,
and their organs in the press loaded it with clumsy
ridicule. Among those who, with De Lisle, recognised the
eamostness and sincerity of Newman and his disciples was
Lord Shrewsbury, to whom in 1 81 1 the sanguine squire
wrote :
I have been for some time now engaged in close corre-
spondence with some of the leaders of the Oatholick y^xiy
at Oxford, to which I can only allude in general terms, as
it is strictly confidential ; . . . but of this you may rest
assured, that the reunion of the Churches is cex^^dn. Mr.
Newman has received the adhesion of several hundreds of
the Clergy : this is publickly known, and therefore I state
it.
He believed in the validity of Anglican ordinations, and
recounts with confidence how Newman, celebrating at St.
Mary's, was permitted "to see our Lord in the Host."
The Association for Promoting the Union of Christendom
was founded to give effect to 9ie project of Corporate Re-
union, and De Lisle was its principal advocate with
Cardinal Barnabo. But he had overlooked the fatal flaw
in its constitution — the implication, inadmissible from the
Boman standpoint, that the Church is divided. The
Association was condemned by the Holy Office in 1857.
It was consistent with his general outlook that, against
Manning and Ward, he took a liberal line on the question
of permitting Catholics to enter the national universities,
on the advisability of defining the papal infallibility, and
on the question of the temporal power. This last, as a
part of his theory of Antichrist, he saw prefigured in the
text of the Apocalypse : " And the woman [the Church]
fled into the wilderness [entered into the world], where
she had a place prepared by God [Rome], that there they
should feed her a thousand two himdred and sixty days,"
which is the time allotted by Daniel to the dominion of the
Little Horn — ^which is Mahomet. The temporal power of
the popes, that is to say (prefigured in the phrase, " that
they should feed her "), was a providential but temporary
breakwater against the rising flood of Islam. And as to
the famous Syllabus of Pius IX. he scrupled not to write :
The idea of the modern civilised world accepting it as a
rule of conduct, if it ever entered into the narrow and
prejudiced coaception of some besotted theologian in the
obscure corner of a darkened cell, it is too ridiculous to be
entertained by any serious thinker who knpws what is
passing in the outer world.
> Newman once proclaimed that while the Anglican
appeal was to antiquity, it was rather upon her ubiquity
that Rome's claim rested. But De Lisle was one of a
group to whom antiquity was all in all. The life at
Garendon was toned to mediaeval shades, and in conse-
quence of the squire's intercourse with the leaders of the
new departure in the Established Church the place was a
focus of the Ritualistic movement. "It was what we saw
carried out in your beautiful chapel," wrote the Protestant
Bishop of Brechin with enthusiasm, " that first inspired
most of us to imitate it, so far as in our sad circumstances
we were able to do." The offices of the Church were
performed with conscientious exactitude, and the strains
of figured music never profaned the echoes of the chapel.
The plain song was rendered from a Gradual compiled by
De Lisle himself for the use of village choirs — who,
unfortunately, found it quite unintelligible owing to its
being printed in black letter! In De Lisle, when he
looked upon the screen and rood, Pug^n discerned "a
Christian after my own heart " ; and into his sympathetic
bosom the tumultuous architect poured his confidences,
rather after the manner of Boy thorn. " Do not deceive
yourself, my dear friend," he shouts in one of his epistles,
" do not deceive yourself : the Catholics will cut their own
throats, the clergy will put down religion." This when
Propaganda had condemned vestments of his designing.
At first he had hopes of " the Oxford men " ; but, to his
disgust, with their Protestantism they left behind them,
when they entered the Church, their taste for Gothic also.
De Lisle was almost as violent as his friend, and at one
time Newman must write a serious remonstrance in order
to compose differences of opinion between him and Father
Faber which had issued in something like a deliberate
malediction of the Oratory.
Such occasional extravagancies apart, De Lisle lived a
blameless life, directed towards high aims, happy in his
marriage, in his numerous offspring, and in his friends —
the men most distinguished in their time for earnestness
of religious conviction and purpose. The influence of such
140
The Academy.
17 February, i<;oo.
a man, 'Winonary" as Cardinal Manning fairly judged
him, is a factor of history of which it is right that the
world should possess a particular record.
The state of Mr. Parcell's health at the time when he
began his task, and the fact that he left it unfinished, are
a sufficient excuse for many imperfections. Of Mr. Edwin
de Lisle's editorial performance it is characteristic that
these two large volumes are issued minus an index.
South Africa and the War.
How to Beat the Boer : a Conver»ation in Hades, By Frank
Harris. (Pearson, Ltd. 6d.)
Natives under the IVansvaal Flag, By the Eev. John H.
Bovill. (Simpkin, Marshall. 33. 6d.)
In the Land of the Boers, By Oliver Oibome. (E. A.
Everett & Go. 2s.)
The TVansvaal Question, Prof. E. NaviUe. (Blackwood &
Sons. 6d.)
Boer War, 1899-1900, By Lieut.-Col. H. M. E. Brunker.
(Clowes & Sons. 2s. 6d.)
Ma. Harris has turned aside from his Shakespearean
studies to look into the causes of our failure in South
Africa. He puts his observations and conclusions into the
form of a conversation between George Washington, Dr.
Johnson, Thomas Carlvle, Mr. Pamell, Lord Bandolph
Churchill, and one Ay I ward, a Fenian. There seems no
particular reason why Mr. Harris should not have intro-
duced Socrates and Lord Byron ; but the dramatic form
of the pamphlet is not important. The spokesman of
Mr. Harris is Aylward, and he certainly talks some sound
sense. Briefly, Mr. Harris demands more brains, and five
thousand sharpshooters. Says Aylward :
I used to hate England so much I couldn't do her
justice ; but cow ... I can see her as she is, and when-
ever I want to understand her I think of a public school
boy. The fourth-form boy hates bi-ains, and admires
nothing so much as physical strength and brute courage,
and that is exactly Eogland's case.
Aylward goes on to show that there have always been
two theories of war : the barbaric, which believes in
numbers, and the better theory which places quality
before quantity. He tries to prove that l^gland won at
Crecy smd Agincourt by quality, and lost at Lexington
and Majuba by trusting to numbers and old-fashioned
methods. '^ I put no faith in numbers. The way to beat
the Boer is to send out men who are better fighters than
he, better exponents of modem scientific warfare than he
is." As we have said, Mr. Harris's practical suggestion
is the formation of a C3rps of five thousand sharpshooters.
We leave the reader to inform himself from Mr. Harris's
pages how these men should be found, trained, and led.
A striking and spirited pamphlet.
Wo know how the Boers treated the Outlanders. Mr.
Bovill's aim is to show how they have treated their in-
feriors, the native races in the Transvaal. As rector of the
cathedral church at LourenQo Marques, and also as British
Acting Consul there, Mr. Bovill has had good opportunities
of collecting sound information and forming just opinions.
His book is a scathing indictment of Boer oppression.
The Boer law as to natives is this : ** The people shall not
permit any equality of coloured persons wiui white inhabi-
tants, neither in the Church nor in the State." From this
principle have sprung three laws — viz., that a native must
not own fixed property ; that he must not marry by civil or
ecclesiastical process; and that he must not be allowed
access to civil courts in any action against a white man.
'^^hese regulations speak for themselves, but Mr. Bovill is
at pains to show with what varied banefulness they work
in practice. His book is a budget of orderly evidence, and
he drives his conclusions home with appropriate force.
'^ What would have become of us in our Indian Bmpire
and our Colonies if we did not maintain the laws relating
to property and marriage ? . . . ' A few Mauser bullets is
the best way of legislatine for the natives,' is the usual
answer one gets from the Boers when speaking to them on
this question." Mr. Bovill's book supplies new proofs of
the '^oevitability " that has long existed of dire trouble in
South Africa. We note that Mr. Bovill is also preparing^
a book on Delagoa Bay.
Mr. Oliver Osborne belongs to that cheery company to
whom hardship is a mere excuse for jocularity, and
positive peril seems generally to suggest nothing more
terrifying than a pun. Seven years ago he published an
account of the knockings about of himself and '^ the other
man " in South Africa, and counsel taken with himself has
led him to a revised issue of his record of nearly ten years'
wanderings in the land of the Boers. It is an eminently
readable record, for Mr. Osborne was in Kruger's country
at a veiy interesting time — ^the days of Barberton and the
l)d Kaap Mines, the days when the Outlander first began
to loom large in the Transvaal. Though he is distinctly a
jovial penman, who has not the slightest fear of lapsing
into slang, Mr. Osborne can be, and is, serious enough
when the mood takes him to mention a serious subject.
This is not often, but seeing that his wanderings took him
to Natal and Madagascar, Mauritius, Cape Colony, and
Beohuanaland, as wdl as to the land of the Boers, he has
occasion now and then to be instructive as well as amusing.
The following recipe for learning Zulu from one's '^ boy "
is typical of Mr. Osborne's style :
We adopted a kind of modified kindergarten of my own.
For instance, if I told Salt (the Zulu boy) to briag m9 a
spoon, and he brought me a shovel insteid (whioh, tea to
one he would)i I threw the shovel at him and said
** spoon " in my most impressive manner. This (after I
had hunted up the article myseH) would invariably cau^e
Salt to go to pieces on a smile, aud let loDse the Zulu
equivalent for ''spDon." In this way, in a very short
time, I aoquired a remarkable knowledge of the language,
which I propose to give to the worid at some future d^te,
in the form of a treatise on '^Tue Zulu Language in its
Kelation to Sanscrit,'' by " One Who Knows."
Anyone who wants to fortify his opinion of the rights and
wrongs of our war with the Boers can hardly do better
than expend sixpence on the purchase of Prof. Naville's
pamphlet on the Transvaal Question. It is a small com-
pendium of very valuable and accurate facts, written two
weeks before the war was openly declared. Its author is a
scientist, and foreseeing the natural bent of the foreign
press, he looked into the authorities on the subject as impar-
tially as could be expected. His conclusions are startling in
this respect: he finds the Transvaal Government in the wrong
in practically every case that they have had to deal in with
us since 1852, the year of the Sand Hiver Convention. He
is imperially impartial as a Swiss professor, who has given
up many years to a study of Egypt, should be ; but he
properly dissociates the doings of the Boers from the
dictations of the Boer Government. Impartial, sensible,
well-informed, and readable are our four words of praise
for M. Naville's study.
Lieut.-Col. Brunker's booklet of 125 pages, in a red paper
cover, is the Whitaker of the war. It gives lists of the
officers of all ranks employed in South Africa. The
letters k, w, m, and d indicate those who have been killed,
wounded, missing, or who have died of wounds. The
whole of the British forces are accounted for, and the
book makes a very useful companion to the newspaper.
It will also be a revelation to most civilians of the com-
plexity of the operations now being carried out between
Cape Town ana Mafeking, and between Kimberley and
Durban, A map, and a chart showing the distribution of
the forces, are given, and also a chronology of tha war
brouglit up to the Ist of February.
17 February. .900
The Academy.
141
i.
Popular Assyriology.
Bahyhniatu and Atsyritms. By the Bey. A. H. Sayce,
D.D., &c. (Nimmo.)
This is ihe first to appear, though the sixth in number,
of a series of handbooks on Semitic antiquities. In it
Prof. Sayce purports to deal, in a popular way, with the
life and customs of the two peoples named in the title.
Although he gives us no references to authoritieB — a
practice which is, perhaps, excluded by the scheme of the
series — he manages to fill some 300 pages yery agreeably.
Prof. Sayce's main position seems to be how yery
closely the life of the Assyrians and Babylonians resembled
our own. The likeness may not be mere coincidence, for
our own culture comes in direct line from that of the
Greeks, who, in their turn, owed it to what they were
pleased to call '^ the Phoenicians," or, in other words, to
the inhabitants of Western Asia. But a still more
plausible reason for the resemblance may be found in
the fact that the ^ Ba^bylonians (and, in a much lower
degree, their colonists the Assyrians) were, like ourselves,
a nation of shopkeepers. Not only did the rulers of the
country indulge in trade — the Belshazzar of Daniel was a
trader in wool ; and Gambyses, when Crown Prince, lent
money on mortgage — but the institution of the limited
company flourished exceedingly in Babylon ; and her
women were allowed to engage in trade, either alone or
in partnership wilh their husbands, a great number of
the tablets discovered relating to their transactions. On
all Ihese points Prof. Sayce discourses well and clearly ;
and we can understand from his book how it was that
''Babylonish g^arments" came to be such coveted possessions
among ruder nations like the Hebrews, and Babylonian
beds of ivory and gold and silver work became objects of
export to distant Mycenso in pre-Homeric times. Add to
this that Babylon was l^e birthplace of architecture, all
columns and pilasters being derived, apparently, from the
palm-triinks used to prop up its brick nouses in a stone-
less country; that reading and writing were there the
commonest of arts ; and that she anticipated the discovery
of printing by multiplying her clay books by means of
wooden blocks, and we may get a fair insight into the
circumstances which led to Babvlon being, as she ^as in
classical antiquity, the mart of the ancient world.
The fact that this should have been so may be full of
interest for us at the present time. Babylonia was as
unpromising a coimtry when first settled as can well be
imagined. She was, in fact, little better than a marsh
formed by the confluence of ti^e two great rivers the Tigris
and tibe Euphrates, and she had no mineral wealth, unless
it were an mexhaustible supply of day. Yet she had two
great advantages. From the earliest times she had an
easily obtained supply of food in the shape of wheat, which
there grows wild, and dates, on which a number of Asiatic
people still live. Thanks to this the Babylonians were
able to obtain a great body of cheap labour, the keep of
a slave being, as Prof. Sa^ce tells us, 2ji^d. a dav, and free
workmen being quite wiUmg to give their work in return
for food and clothing, while it enabled the Babylonians to
offer hospitality to immigrants of all nations who were
willing to live under their laws, and had anything to buy
or sell. Hence, neither war nor pestilence, and it* had its
fair share of both, could do the state any permanent injury.
"While Assyria, with far greater natural advantages,
devoted herself entirely to foreign conquest, imtil in one
of the periodical fits of exhaustion that it produced she
was triumphantly snuffed out amid the jubilanf shrieks of
her outraged neighbours, Babylonia held so ffet the even
tenour of her natural way that the Jewish banking firm of
Egibi of Babylon was able to hand down its Dusiness
unimpaired from the time of Sennacherib's predecessor
until the Persian dynasty of Darius. Although Alexander,
who seems to have been bom to make all things new, took
£30,000,000 in bullion and specie out of her cities, it was
not imtil the foundation of the Egyptian city which still
bears his name diverted the Eastern trade from her that
her national prosperity was seriously checked. So strong
and enduring a basis does trade lav for national existence.
Let us hope that England and America, who resemble
Babylonia in many things, may emulate her prosperity
and avoid her faults.
Babylonian Religwn and Mythology. By L. W. King, M.A.
(Kegan Paul. 3s. 6d. net)
This, too, is one of a series of handbooks which this time
includes Egypt as well as Chaldeea. Mr. King, who is an
official of the British Museum, acknowledges his obligation
to the larger work of Prof. Jastrow Tsee Acadismt of
February 18, 1899), but has avoided nis predecessor's
heretical disbelief in the pre-Semite inhabitants of Baby-
lonia. So far from following Prof. Jastrow in this
particular, he, if anything, goes rather too far the other
way, and thinks that the political power of the Sumerians
did not dedine till 2500 b.g. For the rest, he gives a
clear and satisfactory outline of the Babylonian religion
so far as it is known to us, and probably touches the
point with a needle when he suggests that the identifi-
cation of the different gods witii certain cities of the
empire indicated the division of the country among so
many kinglets before it was united under one head. In
his view of the relations between the Babylonian and
the Hebrew religions he is well up to date, and points
out that the accounts of Creation given in Qenesis are
51ainly derived from different versions of the legend of
'iamat, which he gives in eztenBo. The time of borrowing
he thinks to be that of the conquest of Canaan, though he
does not think the Hebrews took over the accounts of the
Flood, which he attributes to a like source, until a good
deal later. He is not very clear as to the origin of the
connexion which the Baoylonians attempted to trace
between their own deities and the seven planets (including
in that phrase the sun and moon), a connexion which has
so largely influenced all subsequent beliefs. Qranted that
the Babylonians thought each '^ planet " to be directed by
one of their chief gods, he does not show on what principle
any particular plemet was assigned to any particular god.
This is a very dLffioult question, on which Prof. Jensen, on
whom he here relies, will hardly help him. The present
writer's theory is that the Babylonians, who were great
observers of the stars, noticed the wind generally prevalent
when each planet was especially brilliant, and so divided
the planets among the more and the less benevolent mem-
bers of their previously-established pantheon. On the
whole, however, Mr. King has done his work excellentiy
well, and his books form as good an introduction to the
study of Babylonian religion as the general reader can
wish for.
Mr. Le Gallienne's Latest.
The Worshiper of The Image, By Richard Le QaUiennet
(John LsAO. 3s, 6d.)
Mk. Le Qalliennx has a pretty gift for writing, a delicately
lawless sensuousness, and an innate delight in sentiment
on which time and toil seem to have no effect. The matter
of The WarMpper of The Image does not interest us, and
its persistent note of sentimentality cloys ; but we hasten
to adcnowledge the freshness of the style, and the easy,
the almost too easy, grace with which the book is written.
The stoiT, which is exploited by four characters, is best
described as an allegory witiiout a moraL Antony, a poet,
with '^ a face shining with sorrow," is married to Beatrice.
They live in a valley by a wood, and they have one child,
called Wonder. The family is happy as the day is long,
till Antony has the misfortune to buy a plaster-cast of a
girl's head at a shop near Covent-garden, supposed to have
142
The Academy.
17 February, 1500.
been modelled from a girl who was found drowned in the
Seine. Thence all the trouble arises. Antony finds in her
his dream of ideal beauty, and we are led to suppose that
they hold converse together '* at the rising of the moon,"
and on other occasions. Silencieux— that is the name he
gives her — would seem to be an embodiment of the
adventurous La Qioconda, as described by Pater.
'' Tell me of your English lovers," said Antony on one
occasion to Silencieux.
** Best of them I love two : one a laughing giant who
loved me three hundred years ago, and tbe other a little
London boy with large eyes of velvet, who mid all the
gloom of your great city saw and loved my face as none
had seen and loved it since she of Mitylene. I found the
giant sittine by a country stream, holding a daffodil in
his mighty hands and whistling to the birds. He took
and wore me like a flower. I was to him as a night fngale
that sang from his sleeve, for he loved so mucb besides.
Yet me he loved best, as those who can read his secret
poems understand. But my Uttle London boy loved me
only. For him the world held nothing but my face, and
it was of his great love for me that he died.''
Antony's infatuation for Silencieux grows, and ends in the
practical annihilation of his wife, his child, and himself ;
but Silencieux, as the principle of eternal beauty, lives on
to agonise other sons of men.
If there had been more thought, more grip of the
subject, and more real feeling at the back of the concep-
tion, Mr. Le Gallienne might have produced a remarkable
contribution to this form of literature ; but that can never
be till Mr. Le Gallienne faces (from a literary point of
view) realities, and schools himself to avoid writing which
is just pretty and little more. The chapter, ^* A iSong of
the Little Dead," which follows the death of Wonder, is
an example. The unreality, the summer-day sentimentality
of it all, are so insistent that the death of the child ceases
to have any significance. It is merely a pretty exercise in
literary sentiment, and quite untrue to life. Here is a
passage:
It is on the little graves that the sun first rises at mom,
and it is there at evening that the moon lays softly her
first silver flowers. There the wren will sometimes bring
her sky-blue eggs for a gift, and the summer wind come
sowing seeds of magic to ttike the fancy of the little one
beneath. Sometimes it shakes the hyacinths like a rattle
of silver, and spreads the turf above with a litter of
coloured toys. Here the butterflies are bom with the first
warm breath of the spring. . . . There are the honeycombs
of friendly bees, and the shelters of many a timid earth-
born speck of life no bigger than a dew-drop, mysteriously
small. . . . Yes, the emperors and the ants of Nature's
vast economy alike love to be kind to the little graves.
Mr. Le Gallienne may possibly take exception to our
description of the book as an allegory without a moral.
He may mean that in Antony he has presented the tragedy
that must follow from the pursuit of ideal beauty on an
imaginative, ill-balanced mind. If so, the retribution is
indeed quick and sure. For Antony goes mad, Wonder
dies, and Beatrice drowns herself. We are left wondering
when Mr. Le Gallienne will g^ow up.
A Good Princess.
A Memoir of Her Royal Righnesi Princess Mary Adelaide^
Duchess of Tech. By 0. Kinloch Cooke. 2 vols.
(Murray. 32s.)
Mr. KixLQcn Cookb has no doubt had a difficult task,
but, taking this biography as we find it, we must pro-
nounce it far too long and diffuse. Its 850 pages might
have been reduced to three hundred, with advantage not
only to literary effect but to the memory of Princess Mary.
It is idle to suppose that any great number of people will
even attempt to read these volumes through. Their
formidable bulk is simply an invitation to skip. Princess
Mary's life was well worth writing, for it is the life of
a good woman. But why blurr the portrait with endless
trivial anecdote and volucninous details of drives, visits,
and luncheons ?
The reader, then, must sub-edit while he reads. If he
has the patience to do so, it will be because he has an
antecedent knowledge of Princess Mary's kind and ener-
getic character, and her unwearying efforts to do some
good in the world. Very probably he can call up the
vision of a grey afternoon in a London suburb, when
bazaar flags fluttered gaily on their poles, and the street
was all eyes and expectation. The event was the coming
of Princess Mary from Kew to preside at a local func-
tion. She was the ideal princess in such surroundings.
She played her part with an unusual freshness. Near
enough to the Throne to have all the glamour of royalty,
she was far enough from it to be very visibly human.
She was the typical philanthropic lady, genuinely charitable
and self-denying, yet finding real pleasure in her im-
portant work and the little pomps and occasions which
marked its successive accomplishments. Moreover, the
East End people adored a princess who looked as though
she thoroughly enjoyed her rank, her privileges, and her
carriage horses; and this sober certainty of royal bliss
cheered the weariest wife, and sent a pulse of romance
through every steaming collar- shop or laundry. The
amenities of such visits are well illustrated by Mr. Cooke
in the following anecdotes :
One day Her Boyal Highness was driving along a very
crowded thoroughfare. The street was narrow, and the
windows fuU of faces. It was Saturday afternoon, and
most of the men had returned to their homes early. Look-
ing up, the Princess saw at an open window a man in his
shirt-sleeves waving his hand to her. Entering into his
enthusiasm, she waved her hand in return, saying, " I can
see you ; I know you are one of my friends.'' Tnese words
were distinctly heard by those around, and a deafening
cheer went up from the densely packed multitude.
Another time Her RoyaLHighness had been openuig the
new wing of a hospital, and was driving away from the
gates, holding a bouquet of choice flowers presented to her
in honour of the occasion. In the crowded street leading
from the hospital stood a poor woman with a bunch of
rather faded wall-flowers in her hand; as the Princess
passed she attempted to throw the flowi-rs into the carriage,
but the horses had already got into their stride, and the
wall-flowers, falling phort, lay on the ground. Princoss
Mary, however, had seen the action, and, stopping the
carriage, bade the footman pick them up and bring thorn
to her ; then, laying the bouquet aside, she took the wall-
flowers in her hand, and drove on smiling, bowing her
thanks to the giver. All hearts were touched by the
Princess's kind action, and the people shouted themselves
hoarse with delight.
The training of the Princess in all royal accomplish-
ments, her childhood at Kew, her marriage at the
church in Kew Qreen, her stately life at Kensington
Palace, her friendship with Lord Beaconsfield, and her
constant association with the Queen, are recounted
(only too fully) in these volumes. Mr. Cooke has wisely
stood aside as much as possible, leaving the story to unfold
itself in the diaries of the Princess, who was an observant,
thinking woman. We might quote many passages which
show her appreciation of good literature and acting. Here
is one which illustrates her admiration of Dickens : it is
from her diary at Brighton in 1861 :
NvvemlM^r 8. — . , , We went to the Town Hall at eight
o'clock to attend Charles Dickens's reading of Nicholas
Nicklehy of Dotheboys Hall, and the Trial in Pickwick,
He rendtrs rather than reads his subject, and is admirable
in his change of voice and manner, especially in the comic
parts, which he g:ives with a great deal of drollery and
humour. The first part was deeply interesting — the
second intensely amusinp^.
Novcml*er 9, — . . . Home by two o'clock, to dress and
have our luncheon before driving to the Pavilion to hear
17 February, 1900.
The Academy.
H3
Charles Dickens read David Copperfield io six chapters,
four containiag the pith of the history of Ein'ly aad iSteer-
forth, Mr. Peggotty and Ham, one devoted to David's
bachelor dinner at the BCicawbers', and the sixth to his
courtship and marriage with Dora. In the two last
Dickens's comic drollery was irresistible, whilst his render-
ing of the pathetic parts was finer and more t )uching than
in Nicholas Nicklehy. It wai over, I thought, too soon.
Lord Robert Clinton was there in his chair, and thoroughly
enjoyed it.
Mr. Cooke has discharged a delicate task with tact,
though with no literary distinction. There is nothing in
these pages which can offend, and all who read them, in
whole or part, will admire the bright and busy virtues of
Princess Mary Adelaide of Teck.
We do not wish to enforce this point of instinct to the
exclusion of any word as to the merits of Mr. Quiller-
Couch's work. The historical plavs are in the main well
paraphrased ; they tell the story clearly ; but too little has
been done to translate Shakespeare into narrative form —
the real object of such a book. That is what the Lambs
did to perfection.
Sins Against Instinct.
Hhiorical Tales from Shakespeare, By A. T. Quiller-Couch*
(Arnold. 6s.)
*^ Instinct is a great matter," says Falstaff in this book ;
and his remark corroborated the thought which was
in our mind as we read on and on and thought the while
of those other Tales from Shaket^peare which it supplements.
For what Mr. Quiller-Couch has most notably lacked in
the prosecution of his difficult task has been that same
instinct which carried Mary and Charles Lamb so success-
fully through theirs. Instinct told them that the only
way was to read Shakespeare through and through, forget
him, and then tell the tale afresh ; instinct led them (old
maid and bachelor as they were) to do nothing unsuitably
adult, and certainly to avoid all expletives and oaths;
instinct warned them to omit Bottom from the ''Mid-
summer Night's Dream" and Autolycus from ''As You
Like It " — not that their retention was absolutely destruc-
tive to the scheme, but because not all Shakespeare is food
for babes, and there are certain things for which it is
better to wait. Mr. Quiller- Couch has done differently,
and his work is, we think, by so much the poorer. He
has not been content to read Shakespeare and forget him ;
but has performed his task with the plays beside him,
thus making his renderings less living tales than stiff and
creaking paraphrases. He has thought so little of the
safeguarding of the child's mind that we find such
sentences as these : '"It is damnable work,' he admitted
indignantly. . . . ' But as the devil would have it,' went
on FalstadS, ' three accursed fellows . . .' 'By the
Lord ! ' . . . * By Heaven ' . . . " and so forth. The
inclusion of Falstaff at all we hold to be a sin against
instinct. Falstaff is sacred : we must have him whole or
not at all. There is no call to chasten him and tame him
for the questionable amusement of children who would
infinitely prefer comic figures more after their own heart,
and who can well wait for Shakespeare's own treatment of
this great and conspicuously adult man. We say question-
able amusement, because robbed of their dramatic force
and turned into narrative the Falstaff passages have, in
Mr. Quiller-Couch's hands, very little flavour and spirit.
Most of it will be Greek to the nursery. Instinct would
have treated differently Falstaff's soliloquy after the death
of Hotspur, when Prince Hal leaves the fat knight for
dead too, remarking, "'Farewell, old Jack! I could
better have spared a better man. Lie there by Percy until
I return to see thee duly embowelled and buried.' " Mr.
Quiller-Couch continues: "Falstaff watched him out of
sight, and slowly heaved himself on his feet. ' Em-
bowelled ! If thou embowel me to-day, I'll give thee
leave to powder and eat me, too, to-morrow. Phew ! It
was time to counterfeit, or that hot termagant Scot had
paid me scot and lot too. The better part of valour is
discretion, sav I!'" Now what have children to do with
embo welling?
Sweetness and Light.
lellow Wayfarers. By Louis Tylor. (Richards. 33. 6d )
Thb Wayfarers were a little band of serious thinkers,
literate or simple, who met together in a West of
England seaport town. Their founder waa a retired
Indian soldier. Colonel Tristram, and the Wayfarers had
three ways : meditation in silence, after the manner of the
old Quakers ; worship of GK)d, whom, however, they refused
to define ; and the admission of equal rights, both in faith
and doubt, to those who differed from them. They met
in the little meeting-house which Colonel Tristram built ;
sat thoughtful for a while, and, after the meeting proper
had closed, there was a period for discussion and lor the
elucidation of problems by the minister. This little book
purports to give extracts from the records of these and
other discussions, as kept by one of the band. Enough has
been said to show that the book is not for everyone ; the
creed is too pacific, the tolerance too invincible, for such of
us as would proselytise almost " to the fire." The " exqui-
site rancour of theological hatred," as Gibbon calls it, was
as far from the Wayfarers as the West from the East.
Conduct was their concern, not dogma ; and yet dogmatic
questions now and then arose, to be considered in a spirit
of reasonableness. Here is a brief dialogue between one
of the more argumentative of the Wayfarers and their
second leader. Prof. Bemers :
** Well, the Trinity is far enough beyond my compre-
hension. Pray tell me what commonplace mystery ex-
plains it."
''Look around on this room: it has length, breadth,
and height, of which we speak as though they were
separate like wood, iron, and stone. Yet if I could turn
this room over, and twist it round as I can turn and twist
. the book which I hold in my hand, you would see that
what is now its length might become its breadth, or its
height — so, and — so. Thufi, in one sense, length, breadth,
and height are different ; but, in another sense, they are
similar ; yet we are so used to this seeming contradiction,
that we do not think it strange ; only, if we are very
precise in our language, we call diversities of this sort
distinctions instead of differences.
** Now, the greatest of philosophers found just such a
seeming contradiction when he considered these good
qualities which we call virtues. We give them separate
names, and, in one sense, we know them separately. Tet,
in another sense, we find it impossible to separate them,
for each seems to be the other, and, indeed. Virtue be-
comes vicious when we pull it to pi» ces. Try, for instance,
to separate Love, Justice, and Wisdom, and what is the
result ? Justice without Wisdom or Love makes a machine ;
Love without Justice or Wisdom, a brute; Wisdom without
Love or Justice, a devil.
** Thus the every-day puzzle which this room presents
when we measure it and try to imagine what it would be
under different circumstances, has its counterpart in the
world of thought. By le-tminK this nature- lesson we may
get some clue to the way in inmich the most Wise may he
also the most Just and the most Merciful, though Justice
sometimes seems unwise. Wisdom unmerciful, and Mercy
unjust."
A report spread that the Wayfarers were enlarging the
meeting-house.
Mr. Tylor, it will be seen, has the clear mind of the teacher.
He has wit, too, and an agreeable vein of humour, and we
commend his little book to the notice of all right-minded
persons who are called upon for popular exposition of
moral truths.
144
The Academy.
17 February, 190311
Other New Books.
A Whitk Woman in
Obntbal Africa.
Bt Hblen Oaddick.
Miss Caddick's travels took her from the mouth of the
Zambesi to Lake Tanganyika, and this book is the plea-
sant, gossipping reoord thereof. We cannot say that it is
exactly ^^ written," because the method is that rather of
the familiar letter or journal for family perusal than a
serious description in which any real effort Ib made to find
the best ad jectiTe. But brightness compensates for much,
and Miss Caddick is always bright. There are various
indications that she is no common specimen of her sex.
The fact that she took the journey above is evidence
enough. The temper of the following passage is another :
At Eawimbe the rats in the house were terrible at night.
They raced about my room and scampered over my bed in
a thoroughly happy manner. I comd not sleep at first ;
but at last I got used to them. I dropped off, only to
wake up and find a rat with his foot in my ear. One
night, at another station, something larger than a rat
dropped from the raftera on my bed and awoke me. I
lighted the candle, and saw it was a lemur. They are
lovely little animals, and are covered with thick fur, like
chinchilla, and have beautiful large round eyes. It
looked most fascinating ; but, not being sure what it would
do next, I thought I would try to send it out. I opened
the door which led on to the verandah, and proceeded
gently to drive it out; but, alas! it objected to going,
and sprang straight on to my shoulder, gripping my arm
with its sharp httle teeth, and refusing to let go till I
well pinched its tail. As it turned round to bite my hand
I tossed it out on to the verandah and shut the door.
The prospect of waking up and finding a rat's foot in
one's ear is enough to deter many a person of average
courage from visiting Africa at all. Miss Caddick seems
to have enjoyed it. A writer more intent than Miss
Caddick on getting the utmost possible out of a record of
travel would have made good comic reading of an account
of the little native boy who spoke English. Miss Caddick
merely says :
His Bngli?h, which he had chiefly learnt from the
Bible, was often extremely amusing and quaint. One
morning, soon after we set off, I called him several times
without any result ; at last I heard a scratching on my
tent and a voice : '* It is I ; behold I am come." At
other times he would use the words '* verily*' and *'lo**
in a droll way.
This is, altogether, a very agreeable book, if at times it
comes perilously nigh a mere chronicle of small beer.
There was a day, of course, when Zambesi small beer was
a notable brew by the time it reached England. But too
many books have spoiled its flavour. (Unwin. 6s.)
YlLLAGB LiFB IN ChINA.
By a. H. Smith, D.D.
Mr. Smith is an American missionary who has already
written an informing work on Chinese Character istieB. He
knows the people well and has a mind singidarly free
from prejudice or bigotrv ; and as he has a genuine gift of
observation and an inquiring mind, his chapters are both
valuable and entertaining. Most ixavellers who write of
China confine their attention to the cities, and either ignore
the village community or dismiss it with large generalisa-
tions. Mr. Smith describes it patiently and with know-
ledge. We quote a passage touching a village funeral :
It is when the almost interminable feasts are at last over,
and the loud cry is raised, ** Take up the coffin,'' that the
funeral's climax has arrived. Sixteen bearers, or some
multiple of sixteen (the more the better), wrestle with the
huge and unwieldly burden of the ponderous coffin and the
enormous catafalque supporting it. Only the bearers in
the immediate front can see where they are going, so that
it is necessary that a funeral director take charge of their
motions, which he does by shrill shouts in a faJsetto key,
ending iu a piercing cry by no means unlike the scream of
a catamount. To eaiji of his directive yells the whole
chorus of bearers responds with shouts resembling those of
sailori heaving an anchor. These cries, mingled with the
ostentatious wails of the mourners piled into a whole
caravan of village farm-cvts, combine to produce a tottl
eflfect as remote from our conception of -what a funeral
ought to be as can easily be ima^ned. When, by a slow
and toilful progress, the fanuly graveyard has been
reached, the lowering of the coffin into the grave— some-
times a huge circular opening—is the culminating point of
the many days of excitement. The cries of tiie director
become shrieks, the responnes are tumultuous and dis-
cor Jant, everyone adding his own emendations aocordiog
to his own point of view, and no one paying any attention
to any one else. Thus, amid the explosion of more crackers
and bombs, the fiercer wails of the mourners, the shouts of
the bearers and the grave-diggers, and the buzz of tbe
ijurious spectators, the Chinese is at last laid away to }m
long rest.
The sum of Mr. Smith's inquiry is that there are in
China many questions and problems, but only one great
one, and that is, How to set Christianity at work upon
them and thus solve all ? His reasons for believing that
Christianity is the panacea are given at some length; but
we must confess that the jpages preceding have contamed
so much evidence as to Chinese anti-Christian conservatism
that the task laid down for missionaries seems to U9 one of
a magnitude so considerable as to be practically impossible.
(Oliphant, Ferrier & Co. 7s. 6d.)
Dramatic Cbiticism.
By J. T. Gbeis.
This is not, as the title might suggest, a book m
" dramatic criticism " ; it is a book made up of criticism
which it is customary to describe — inaccurately, of course
— as ^' dramatic." The comment may seem captious ; but
the ordinary newspaper criticism of men and things
theatrical can never, in any sense, be " dramatic " in the
proper meaning of the word, and it is a pity that the
phrase has become so common as to be accented. Mr.
Qrein's criticism is of the theatre, concerning which he is
an enthusiast. Herein, as we iMnk, lies the pathos of
his situation. A Dutchman, we believe, by race, Mr.
Grein came to the front in stage matters, some years sgo,
in the ** dual r6U " of champion of foreign plays in Eng-
land and pleader for an English school of drama. An
alien by birth, Mr. Orein has distinguished himself by
being, in regaxd to our native theatre, more patriotic than
the patriots. He did his best to make contemporary
Enghsh plays known and appreciated on the Continent;
and if he supported English representations of plays by
Ibsen, Bjornson, Sudermann, and others, it was, we have
no doubt, because he thought that a study of foreign
methods and ideals would benefit both the English plA7'
wright and the English playgoer.
Now, after much striving both with pen and wiib voice,
Mr. Grein publishes a booK, compounded of his newspaper
criticisms in French and English, which opens with a paper
on **La Decadence, du Theatre Anglais." "Le theatre
Anglais est en plein doclin, apres une renaissance lort
courts " : so wrote Mr. Grein in La Revue d^Art DramH^
in 1897, and, as he has republished the sentence, that, pre-
sumably, is his opinion still. The spectacle is ead.
Sadder even is that presented by Mr. Grein in his discoui^
on " The Grave EesponsibiHties of Dramatic Criticise.
He takes both himself and his craft too seriously, ^o'
criticism (in the best sense of the term) the present-day
English theatre rarely supplies pabulum. Every n^
and then there is an interesting Shakespearean reviw,
occasionally there is an original play above the ^^^^
But how often, altogether, do these things happen? 1^^
frequently is our drama or our acting worthy of ca^^.;
and sustained analysis, of thoughtful and judiciona 'P^.^
No critic of the stage, however able, can hope to hje ^^
literature unless he has had for discussion ?*^']J^-*
permanent interest and value. That material abse
" into the night go one and aU "—critic and criticises
alike. (John Long.)
17 February, 1900.
The Academy
MS
POTTEKY AND FoRCSLAIN.
By Fkedbktgk Litchfxelb.
Tills id an expansion of a small handboak upon the
same subject which is too well known to collectors to need
praise. It is itself an imposing and most convenient
volume. A brief sketch of the history of ceramics, of the
ancient, mediseval, and renaissance types of pottery, and
of the introduction of porcelain into Europe, is followed by
some chanters of hints to collectors, a subject on which
Mr. Litchneld naturally speaks with knowledge and autho-
rity. But the bulk of the book consists of an alphabetical
directory of the chief factories, which is liberally illus-
trated both by facsimiles of ''marks" and by excellent
photographs of the leading types of ware produced by
each. The beginner in this fascinating study could have
no more useful book of reference. The only improvement
which we could suggest would be a short biblio^aphy of
the somewhat extensive literature of the subject. Mr.
Litchfield gives incidentally many bibliographical refer-
ences, but they are dispersed. The value of every book
of research or reference is doubled by a proper biblio-
graphy. Mr. Litchfield's historical chapters contain enter-
taining as well as instructive reading. Chinese porcelain
reached England early in the sixteenth century. As late
as 1588 Lord Burleigh sent Queen Elizabeth ** a porringer
of white porselyn and a cup of green porselyn" as a
valuable New Year's gift. Forcehmi takes its name from
the Italian porcellana, a shell shaped like a pig's back, and,
as the Chinese carefully kept the secret of its composition
from European travellers, it was popularly believed to be
made of egg -sheUs and sea -shells pounded small and
buried in the earth for a hundred years. Mr. Litchfield
quotes — ^Pope, is it ?
True fame, like porclain earth, for years must lay
Bailed and mixed with elemental day.
We are prepared to cap him with Donne, who used the
same metaphor, a century before, and still more happily.
It is in his '' Funeral Eleev on the Lady Markham ''^;
As men of Ohlna, after an age's stay
Do take up porcelain, where they burled clay :
So at this grave, her timbre — ^which refines
The diamonds, rubies, sapphires, pearls and mines,
Of which this flesh was— %er soul shall inspire
Flesh of such stuff, as God, when His last fire
Annuls this world, to recompense it, shall
Make and then name th' elixir of this all.
The belief, in its various forms, is gravely discussed
by Sir Thomas Browne in his Fseudodoxia Epidemiea.
(Truslove, Hanson & Co. 15s. net)
EiDiNo, Dbiving, and Kindred Spokts. By T. F. Dale.
A new series called '< The Sports Library " is now being
issued under the editorship of Mr. Howard H. Spicer, the
first volume of which is on riding, driving, and kindred
sports, by T. F. Dale, M. A. No better choice could have
been made for the opening volume, as Mr. Dale is a well-
known authority on polo, and is also an excellent mentor
on the subjects of hunting and racing. In a little over
two hundred pages Mr. Dale covers horsemanship, riding
to hounds, polo, driving, hog-hunting, jackal-hunting) and
racing, and on all of them he has something fresh and
instructive to say in a pleasant and straightforward
manner. His chapter on tandem driving is very good,
and his hints will be found of much use, for it is always
necessary and wise to remember that ''if your leader will
not work and wishes to turn round you cannot really
prevent him. Much must be trusted to the honour of a
leader." Tact and persuasion are needed, and Mr. DcJe's
remarks are worthy of all attention. This is a cheap and
useful little book. (T. Fisher Unwin.)
Fiction,
Parson KeUy, By A. E. W. Mason and Andrew Lang.
(Longmans. 6s.)
This Jacobite novel is dedicated by the authors to the
Baron Tanneguy de Wogan, a descendant of the Chevalier
Nicholas de Wogan, upon whose deeds the narrative is
" founded," It seems to us that the narrative is too much
founded upon the deeds of the said chevalier — ^that is to
say, it is too documentary, too servile in its attitude
towards history, and too correct in the exactness of its
detail. As a well of information concerning the frustrate
" Bloody Popish Plot " with which it so exhaustively deals,
it probably could not be bettered; but there are places
where the authors appear to have sacrificed legitimate
dramatic effect to considerations which should surely be
minor in a work of art. We cannot claim to be specialists
upon Mr. Lang's own special period ; but if we are mis-
taken in assuming this earnest zeal for historical accuracy
on the part of the authors, then so much the worse for the
book, which could not claim to be good history when it did
not happen to be good fiction.
For the most part, however. Parson KeUy is good fiction
of a liffhtsome kind. It has no passion and little feeling,
but it IS a diverting picture of manners ; and if the heart
is continually disappointed in the expectation of moving
drama, the fancy is well feasted upon wit and pleasing
inventions. The three principal characters are George
Kelly, the Chevalier Wogan, and Lady Oxford. Of these
the first and last are most effectively realised ; Wogan is
consistently too old for his age. Lady Oxford, that un-
conscious jade, is exceedingly well done throughout, and
the scenes in which she figures have a liveliness all their
own. Her ultimate appearance, aged forty, as a convert
to ''the people called Methodists," is one of the cleverest
things in the book. The long recital, too, of Lady
Oxford's somewhat stirring '^rout," in which Wogan,
Kelly, Lady Mary Wortley Montague, and that Bose
Townsley whom Kelly afterwards married, all pit them-
selves against her, is contrived in Mr. Mason's best sus-
tained manner. We think we can trace Mr. Lang's hand
and influence, and we are certain we can trace his erudi-
tion, in every chapter. The interview in the carriage
between Wogan and " Scrope," where the latter criticises
the young man's poem to Lady Oxford, '^Strephon to
SmiUnda running oarefoot over the grass In a gale of
wind," makes excellent ''Lang " :
'*Yoa seam to me t^ have missed the opportuoity
afforded by your sale of wind. A true poet would surely
have made great may with the lady's petticoa':8."
'* SmUlnda had none," again replied Wogau in triumph,
and he emptied his glass.
<* No shoes and stockings and no petticoats," said be in
a shocked voice. '* It is well ^ou wrote a poem about her
Instead of painting her portrait " . . .
« Don't you comprehend, my friend," exclaimed Wogan,
'* that Smmnda's a nymph, an ancient Boman nymph P "
" Oh, she's a nymph I "
**Yes, and so wears no clothes but a sort of linsey-
wolsey flrarment kirtled up to her knees."
'* W^, let that pass. But here's a line I view with
profound discontent. 'The grass will all its prickles
hide.' Tliistles have prickles, Mr. Wogan, but the grdhss
has blades like you and me ; only, unlike you and me, it
has no scabbards to sheathe them in."
« Well," said Wogan, <* but that's very wittily said."
" Now here's somethhig more. The wind, you observe,
makes lutestrings of Smilinda's hair."
'* There is little fault to be discovered in that image, I
fancy," said Wogan, lifting his glass to his lips with a
smile.
'* It is a whimsical image," replied Scrope. " It is as
much as to c ill her hair catgut."
There is the matter here for a leading article iu the
Daily News upon the latest darling of literary five-o'clocks
146
The Academy.
I J February, 1900.
Dirthsr Adventures of Captain KettU, By CutdifiEe Hyne.
(Pearson Ltd. 68.)
This sequence of stories about the already famous Captain
Kettle may be called bis Furgatorio, the purgatory being
the Cong^ country and other various remote hinterlands
and seaboards of the Dark Continent. Mr. Hyne describes
the river Congo with admirable realism in a score of pas-
sages ; also the native, the Belgian, and the Englishman.
And, further, he amplifies the quaintly noble character of
Captain KetUe till the man is more lovable, truculent, and
miraculous than ever. Much might be urged against the
Captain's morals and manners, but nothing against his
heart. He is of the race of great little men. We do not
know that these *' further adventures" are better or
worse than the original adventures; but they are very
good ; they must decidedly count among the best magazine
work of the day. Indeed, it is astonishing how Mr. Hyne -
has continued to be popular without offending a nice
literary taste. He writes well; he has imagination
(only a strong creative force could have moulded Kettle),
and he lias a fine broad outlook. Much, of course, he
owes to ; Kipling. We should call him a discipla rather
than an imitator of Kipling. Constantly the river scenes
remind us of Judion and the Empire^ and not greatly to the
disadvantage of the disciple. Mr. Hyne's sense 01 space,
his appreciation of a big deed, his feeling for ships, the
sea, cleanliness, nationalities, banjos, and flags, his notion
of the romance of that modem machinery which knits
together the British empire — all these things constitute him
of the Kipling school. The last story in the book, the
saving of the passengers of the burning emigrant ship
Grosser Carl is, perhaps, the best and most characteristic.
And might not this passige have been written by the
author of Captains Courageous ?
Bat, as it cbanced, towards the evening of next day, a
hurrying ocean g^yhound overtook theoi in her race from
New York towards the E ist, and the bunting talked out
long sentences in the commercial code from the wire span
between the Flamimjo^s masts. Fresh quartettes of flags
flicked up oq both steamers, were ackaowledged, and were
replaced by others ; and when the liner drew up alongside,
and stopped with reversed propellers, she had a loaded
boat ready swung oat ind-ivits, which dropped ia the water
the moment she nad lost her way. The Duoting had told
thepith of the tale.
"^IHien the two steamers* bridges were level, the liner's
captain touched his cap, and a crowd of well-dressed
passengers below him listened wonderingly. " Afternoon,
Captain. Got 'em all ? "
'* Afternoon, Gax>tain. Oh, we didn't lose any. But a
few drowned their silly selves before we started to
shepherd them. . . . Sorry for spoiling your passage."
The Uner captain looked at his watch.
<* Can't be helped. It's in a good cause, I suppose,
though the mischief of it is we were trying to pull down
the record by an hour or so. The boat, there! Are
you going to be all night with that bit of stuff? "
The cases of food were transhipped with frantic haste,
and the boat returned. The greyhound leaped out into
her stride again the moment she had hooked on, and shot
ahc^, dipping a smart blue ensign in salute. The
Flamingo dipped a dirty red ensign and followed, and
before dark fell, once more had the ocean to herself.
The desired effect is rendered with precision. It is to
such work as this that the epithet "graphic" may be
properly applied.
Notes on Novels.
[^These notes on the weeWs Fiction are not necessarily final.
Reviews of a selection will follow r\
Tub Waters of Edera. By Ouida.
The scene of Ouida's new novel is laid in Italy, where
we And a commercial company bent on diverting the course
of a river, thus reducing a village to destitution. The
principal character is a priest, Don Silvario, and the
exploring eye finds passages like this : '* As they bound the
sheaves, and bore Uie water- jars and went in noups through
the seeding grass to chapel, or fountain, or shrine, they had
the free, frank grace of an earlier time ; just such as these had
carried the votive doves to the altars of Venus, and chauntod
by the waters of Edera the worship of Xsis and her son."
A story of strong passions and purposes. (Methuen. 63.)
Savrola. By Wijtston Spekcsr Chuhchill.
Mr. Churchill's first novel. It was written in 1897, and
is dedicated to the officers of the 4th Hussars. The book
is a spirited description of a revolution in the imaginary
state of Laurania. Savrola, a young democrat, is the hero,
and it is owing to his genius (he is a wonderful orator)
that the tyranny of the President is overthrown. The love
interest is small, but important, for Savrola meets his
affinity in the President's wife. The descriptions of fight-
ing by land and sea are excellent. (Longmans. 6s.}
Mirrt-Ann. Bt Norma Ijorimer.
A story of Manx fisher and Methodist life by the author
of JosiaKs Wife, Miss Lorimer is practically a native of
the Isle of Man, and therefore she writes with knowledge.
Mirry-Ann — ** old Ned Gawne's girl " — ^is introduced as
a preacher. In the opinion of the Squire's sister, '*hor
religion's all humbug. ... I feel sure she is perfectly
well aware how much more striking she looks dressed like a
Quaker than decked out in curled crows' feathers and QO^^fm
roses, like the other village girls." (Methuen. 6s.)
An Octave. By W. E. Norris.
Eight short stories by the author of QiUs IttgUhy, The
first tells how Miser Morgan was transformed into a man
of generosity, and how his son was thought to be drowned,
but was livmg and well. The tales are slight, but only
Mr. Norris could have written them. (Methuen. 6s.)
The Cambric Mask. By E. W. Chambers.
An American story of avarice (and other passions) by
an author who is best known for weird and cosm.opolitan
romances. Some of the most unlovely money-grubbers in
fiction are revealed to the reader, notably Joshua Greed.
'^ ' Business,' said Creed, trying to smile till it hurt his
jaw. * A word,' he continued playfully, ' which ain't in
the briffht lexicon of the fair sect ' ; and he executed a
wink with one homy eyelid." (Macmillan. 6s.)
Ff:o. By Max Pbmbbrton.
Feo is an operatic singer beloved of Jerome, a scion of
the Koyal house of Austria. Austrian diplomatists spirit
her away to Paris to keep her from the young prince, and
for a while diplomacy wins. But with the assistance of a
mighty undergraduate from Cambridge, Jerome conquers
in the end. En route is much plotting and counter-
plotting. (Hodder & Stoughton. 6s.)
A Daughter of the Marionis. By E. P. Oppenheim.
The Marionis were a Sicilian family, and Margharita
was the daughter. Over her Count Leonardo kept guard
with the jealousy that only a Sicilian nobleman can muster.
Margharita' s love for a hated Englishman and Lord St.
Maurice's love for Margharita's friend lead to quarrels,
intrigue, and the duello. An intense romance. (Ward,
Lock. 3s. fid.)
Wiles of the Wicked. By William Le Qukux.
Another sensational story such as only Mr. Le Queux
can devise. Its object is to clear the honour of one of the
most powerful of the Imperial Houses in Europe. While
smoking a cigar in King's-road, Chelsea (after an evenisg
at the Bolton's), the narrator's tongue is pricked by &
poisoned needle hidden in the cigar, and he forthwith be-
comes unconscious for six years. Eventually, however,
all is well, and he marries Her Imperial Highness the
Archduchess Marie-Elizabeth-Mabel. (White. 6s.)
1 7 February, 1900.
The Academy.
M7
THE ACADEMY-
Editorial and Publishing Offices, 43, Chancery-lane.
The AoADBirr unll he teat poii'/ree to every Annual Suhioriber
in the Untied Kingdom,
FHce for One Iseue, Hireepence ; poeiage One Halfpenny > Price
for 52 ismiM, ThirUen ShiUinge; poitage/ree.
Foreign BaUe for Yearly SubacripUone 20«.
including poetage,
American Agents for the Aoadbmy: Brentano^e^ 31, Vhum-
square^ New York.
Sidney Lanier.
A FRiBin) asked me the other day where a certain quota-
tion in one of my articles came from. This was the
quotation :
As the marsh-hen secretly builds on the watery sod,
Behold I will build me a nest on the greatness of God :
I will fly in the greatness of God as tiie marsh-hen flies
In the freedom that fills all the space 'twixt the marsh and
the skies :
By so many roots as the marsh-grass sends in the sod
I will heartily lay me a-hold on the greatness of God :
Oh, like to the greatness of God is the greatness within
The range of the marshes, the liberal marshes of Glynn.
It made me proud and happy thus to have an opportunity
of introducing another reader to the poetry of Sidney
Lanier. Seven years ago Messrs. Gay & Bird published
an edition of his poems in this country, yet he remains
virtually unknown — and hundreds of poetry lovers are the
poorer for it. I had been fortunate enough to know him
two or three years before, through an article by Mr.
Stedman in an American magazine. Some of the extracts
then made had never forsi^Len my memory. With the
publication of Messrs. Gay & Bird's edition I took the
opportunit}' of knowing the whole poems ; and two of my
friends, not inglorious as poets themselves, will, I know,
recall a night of poetical debauch — I mean a debauch of
poetry ! — in which I passed on my new-found treasure to
them. They thought him no less wonderful than I did ;
and his strenuous, romantic, pitiful history moved them as
it moved me. For Lanier fought a battle with death
(technically, consumption) to which Keats's classic consump-
tion was child's play. It is so easy to fight anything, even
consumption, if you have nothing else to do ; but if you
have a home to keep g^ing as well, and only a pen to keep
it going with — well, you look upon John Keats as one of
the sybarites of immortality. Fortunately, Lanier had
a flute too, and thereby han^s much of his history, as
well as the explanation of his temperament and gift.
Lanier was one of the few poets who have loved music as
well as, if not more than, poetry ; and the music in him
had an interesting ancestry : it came all the way from ono
Jerome Lanier, a Huguenot refugee, a musical composer,
at the court of Queen Elizabeth, and it was successively
transmitted by Jerome's son Nicholas, who was '' in high
favour " as a musician with both James I. and Charles I.,
and Nicholas's son Nicholas apparently no less favoured by
Charles II. ** A portrait of the elder Nicholas Lanier, by
his friend Van Djck," I read in Mr. W. Hayes Ward's
memorial introduction to Lanier's poems, *' was sold, with
other pictures belonging to Charles I., after his execution."
Thus Lanier's flute originally came from that enchanted
period of English music when Campion was making his
'^ Books of Airs." There can be few more romantic
instances of the transmission of taste and faculty than this
reincarnation of Stuart music in a boy bom at Macon, in
Georgia, February 3, 1842. As a child he learned to play,
'^ without instruction," on every available instrument —
''flute, organ, piano, violin, guitar, and banjo, especially
devoting himself to the flute in deference to his father,
who feared for him the powerful fascination of the violin."
Ijl fact, his relatives generally were more alarmed than
happy about his music, as a man's relatives — very
naturally — are at the appearance in him of a serious passion
for any art. Besides, music used to induce in the young
Lanier states of trance ecstasy which left him shaken and
exhausted. That ecstasy, so feared by his friends, is, we
shall see, the very quality of highest value in his poetry.
But that all this artistic sensibility meant no lack of manly
fibre the war between North and South was soon to prove.
At the age of nineteen he was drafted— not forgetting his
flute — ^into tlie Second Georgia Battalion of the Confederate
Army, and with that armv he was to remain, seeing much
active service, and no little distinguishing himself, for four
years. Among other things he was a blockade-runner.
His blockade-running resulted in five months' imprisonment
in Point Look-Out, m>m which he was released in Feb-
ruary, 1865, to do a long tramp home to Georgia. It was
the strain of this that gave his apparently hereditary con-
sumption its opportunity; and henceforth, till his death
at tiie age of tmrty-nine, his life was to be a long fight
wit^ deat^ — a fignt carried on with a heroism which, in
one or two instances, seems almost excessive, and from
which it almost seems he might have been spared by
friends who helped him now and then so much, that it
seems as though they should have helped him more. He
gained his livelihood during this time partly by writing
and lecturing, and partly by his flute. He was *' the first
flute" in the Feabody Concerts at -Baltimore, and his
director has written of him as something like a great
performer. Only nine months before his death we read
that " when too feeble to raise his food to his mouth, with
a fever temperature of 104 degrees," he pencilled his
finest poem, called '^ Sunrise." Such, indeed, is what li[r.
William Watson calls ''the imperative breath of song."
All this, then, and how much more, lay behind the quota-
tion which took my friend's fancy. That quotation is from
an all too curtailed series of '* Hymns of the Marshes,"
whidi Lanier had intended to make one big ambitious
poem. There are four "hymns" in all, but only two are
of real importance, namely, " Sunrise " and the '' Marshes
of Glynn." In fact, had he written all his other poems,
and missed writing these (striking, suggestive, and fine-
lined as those other poems often are), he could hardly have
been said to succeea in his high poetic ambition — as by
ihese two poems I think he must be allowed to succeed.
In the other poems you see many of the qualities, perhaps
all the qualities, whidi strike you in the ** Hymns "—the
impassioned observation of nature, the Donne-like "meta-
physical " fancy, the religious and somewhat nystic eleva-
tion of feeling expressed often in terms of a deej^ imagi-
native understanding of modem scientific conceptions ; in
fact, you find all save the important quality of that ecstasy
which in the " Hynms " fuses all into one splendid flame
of adoration upon the altar of the visible universe. The
ecstasy of modem man as he stands and beholds the
sunrise, or the coming of the stars, or any such superb,
elemental glory, has perhaps never been so keenly trans-
lated into verse. Those who heard Lanier play remarked
upon " the strange violin effects which he conquered from
the flute." Is it fanciful to feel that in these long, sweep-
ing, and heart-breakingly sensitive lines, Lanier equally
cheated his father, who, we have seen, " feared for him
the fascination of tlie violin " ? I shall need a long quo-
tation, and even that may, properly, be inadequate to
illustrate what I mean. Lanier is often exquisite and
lovingly learned in detail ; but his verse is large in move-
ment, and needs room.
The tide's at full : the marsh with flooded streams
Glimmers, a limpid labyrinth of dreams.
Each winding creek in grave entrancement lies
A rhapsody of morning-stars. The skies
Shioe scant with one forked galaxy, —
The marsh brags ten : looped on his breast they lie.
148
The Academy.
17 February, 1900.
Oh, what if a Bound thoald be made I
Oh, what if a bound should be laid
To this bow - and - string tension o! beauty and silence
a-spring,—
To the bend of beauty the bow, or the hold of sUence the
string I
I fear me, I fear me von dome of diaphonous gleam
Will break as a bubble o'er-blown in a dream, —
Yon dome of too-tenuous tissues of space and of night,
Over-weighted with stars, over-freighted with light,
Over-sated with beauty and silence, will eeem
But a bubble that broke in a dream,
If a bound of degree to this grace be laid.
Or a sound or a motion made.
But no : it is made : list ! somewhere,— mystery, where P
In the leaves ? in the air P
In my heart P is a motion made :
'Tis a motion of dawn, like a flicker of shade on shade.
In the leaves 'tis palpable : low multitudinous stirring
Upwards through the woods ; the little ones, softly con-
ferriog.
Have (ettled my lord's to be looked for; so; they are
still ;
Bat the air and my heart and the earth are a-thrill, —
And look where the wild duck sails round the bend of the
river, —
And look where a passionate shiver
Expectant is bending the blades
Of the marsh-grass in serial shimmers and shades, —
And invisible wings, fast fleeting, fast fleeting,
Arebeatina;
The dark overhead as my heart beats, — and steady and free
Is the ebb-tide flowing from marsh to sea —
(Bun home, little streams.
With your lapfulls of stars and dreams), —
And a sailor unseen is hoisting a- peak.
For list, down the inshore curve of the creek
How merrily flutters the sail, —
And lo ! in the East ! Will the East unveU P
The East is unveiled, the East hath confessed
A flush : 'tis dead ; 'tis alive : 'tis dead, ere tlie West
Was aware of it : nay, 'tis abiding, 'tis imwithdrawn :
Have a care, sweet Heaven ! 'Tis Dawn.
I think this bears out what I have said — more than I
have said. Anyone who pleases may find little literary
faults. Even I could do that. But if only I could praise
it as it deserves ! Those who should imagine that Lanier
wrote in this apparently ** loose," Atlantic-roller, metre
from metrical ignorance are, of course, very much mis-
taken. On the contrary, he was a very learned metrist, as
those who have grappled with his book on The Science of
JEnglUh Verse will know. In that book the inherited music
in him came out once more as theory, his contention being
that metrical law must be based on musical law. Person-
ally, I have no opinion on the subject; and, however
valuable in its province Lanier's treatise may be, I can
only wish he haa spent the precious six weeks it took to
write it (only six weeks for over 300 closely-reasoned pages —
consumption too !) in writing another of his *' Hymns of the
Marshes."
I wonder whom these learned treatises on metre
benefit. Not the poets, I am thinking. I imagine that
Mr. Stephen Phillips would have written as good blank-
verse though Mr. Eobert Bridges's treatise on Miltonio
blank-verse had never seen that dim light of publicity
vouchsafed to technical masterpieces. It is to be feared
that poetry comes by nature— and there is no poetry with-
out a musical ear — and that all the metrical training a
poet needs is birched into him at school. Indeed, I think
most poets take lessons in metre after they are famous ;
for fear of awkward questions. The only training in
metre a poet needs is the reading of great poets; not
anatomically, but just — naturally. The study of metre is
the study of skeletons. The study of skeletons never
yet helped a man to dance. R. Le GALLiENinB.
Things Seen.
The King of Beasts.
When the last of the performing doffs bad trotted from
the stage, a thrill of expectation dectrified the vast
audience : the supreme moment was at hand. Automatio-
ally a cage, twenty feet high, rose from the ground and
enoirded the arena. Into it slouched a lion — enillen,
indifferent. He glanced contemptuously at the thousands
who were ^ther^ on the other side of the bars, blinked
at the lights, and settled down. One by one his com-
panions followed till the arena was alive with twenty-one
''forest-bred lions," tamed, ready to go throug^h their
tricks for the amusement of the (uiildren of men. Then
the tamer entered, the lion-king, tall and straig^ht, dad
gaily, and with a perpetual smile on his face. He carried
two whips, and wnen one of the beasts snarled he boxed
his ears, or rapped him over the paws. How amusing!
The twenty-one lions (not a child there but had been
taught to call the lion ''the king of beasts") played at
see-saw with one another, and among them chiding,
cajoling, frowning, smiling, moved the tamer. It was
a unique entertainment — and yet, somehow, one did not
fed unalloyed pleasure in the spectade of a dandy foreign
gentleman rapping twenty-one lions over the knuckles
when they misbehaved. Foolish, perhaps, but I could
not free my mind from the thougnt of what the lion
stands for in the Imperial history of my native land.
On the Koyal Standam he ramps and roars to every wind
that blows. Here with bleared eyes and broken spirit he
plays at see-saw in a circus.
Sea Gulls.
"Penny a bag?" said a boy, thrusting a paperful of
sprats towards me. I waved him away : Sprats — and not
fresh either — on Blackfriars Bridge — on Sunday after-
noon? Absurd. And yet a minute later I was leaning
over the parapet in a long row of men, throwing the fish
to the sea gulls. The birds were a thousand strong ;
they obliterated the river ; the world seemed full of grey
wings and hard, wide, greedy eyes. Backwards and
forwards, up and down, they flew and fluttered; their
wings beat within a foot of our faces ; one's eyes ached
with watching them. One could go mad in the midst of
fluttering white birds. It was restlessness supreme, but
now and then would come a moment of relief, a pause in
the tension, when a falling morsel, far below, an inch
from the river, was intercepted by a swooping bird sailing
masterfully, splendidly out of the darkness of the bridge
into the light. The peace, the assurance, the cool refresh-
ment of that majestic curve I It was like a sudden hush
in the midst of a terrific discord.
Age.
I YENTCJRED to ask him yesterday : " Do you remember
the building of the present London Bridge?" "Per-
fectly," he replied. " I was there on the opening day.
The river was packed with barges, and the barges were
packed with people. At first I appeared to have a poor
chance of seeing William and Adelaide, but, when they
arrived, there was a great surging of the crowd and
without any will of my own I was carried to the front and
saw everything. Oh, yes, I have crossed the older bridge
many a time. The water fell six feet when it passed £e
arches, and shooting the bridge was a sport and a risk.
That old bridge crossed the river a little lower down than
the new one, so that the Monument stood dose to the
bridge-end. There was a rumour that it was unsafe, and
many a time I went in fear lest it should fall on me.
The fire glowed ; a telephone bell rang in another room.
I thought that Time has its defeats.
17 February, 1900,
The Academy.
149
A Fervent Bookman.*
Mk. Birbsll is not a great critic. He ia a rollicking,
iTresponsibley lovable dog of a reader. Hence these
important looking volumes do not suit his essays half so
well as the old diimpy, wide-margined^ green-backed
books which started with Obiter Dicta. They are too
formal for such very informal talk about books as Mr.
Birrell's, and they seem to turn some of the old fun into
bulEoonery. " Literature is a solace and a charm," says
Mr. Birrell, and adds : ''I will not stop for a moment in
my headlong course to compare it with tobacco." Yet
Mr. Birrell is continually stopping in his headlong course
to do things as trivial and irrelevant. He has me tridc
of beginning an essay a hundred miles from its subject ;
thus, a paper on Sterne opens with a reference to a speech
of the late Sir Edward Watkin to a meeting of railway
shareholders; and in his essay on Milton Mr. Birrell
illustrates the poet's dramatic treatment of Gbd with a
twopenny-halfpenny story about '' an eminent barrister."
ibid yet in blabbing about his arm-chair relations with
books Mr. Birrell is delightful. His secret is merely this,
that he reads his books with zest, and loves to talk about
them in the position in which he chooses to think that
Milton dictated Paradue Lost — swinging his leg over the
arm of his chair. That is an attitude in which it is easy to
visualise Mr. Birrell, though as often as not he reminds us
of a lecturer who gets off a good point, and then takes a
happy drink from the adjacent tumbler. Mr. Birrell gives
us preferences, not criticisms. They are often preferences
which have good criticism on their side, but his language
is not: "This is good," but "IHke this; don't you?"
He quotes the final lines of Dr. Johnson's '^ Vanity of
Human Wishes," and then (seizing the tumber) says :
'^ If this is not poetry, may the name perish."
It is these personal, honest verdicts that delight us in
Mr. Birrell's pages. His quotations are often most happily
inspired, and nis playful insight sometimes works wonaers
in half a page. Take this story of Gowper :
In 1800, the year of Cowper's death, a relative of his,
a Br. Juhnson, wrote a letter to John Newton, sending
good wishes to the old irentlfmau and to his niece. Miss
Catlett ; and added : " Poor dear Mr. C!owper, oh that he
were tolerable as he was even in those days when, dining at
his honse in Buckinghimshire with you and that lady, I
could net help smuing to see his pleasant face when he
said : * Miss Catlett, shall I give you a piece of cutlet ? * "
It was a very small joke indeed, and it is a very humble
little quotation, but for me it has long served, in the
mind'tf (-ye, for a vignette of the poet, doomed yet
dibonnaire, Romney's picture, with that frightful nightcap
and eyes gleaming with madness, is a pestueut thing one
would forget if one could. Oowper's pleasant face when
he said, " Miss Catlett, shall I give you a piece of cutlet P *'
is a much more agreeable picture to find a small comer
for in one's memory.
That is delightful. AU Mr. Birrell's remarks smack of
book-in-hand judgments, formed in the glow of the fire-
light ; and the genial untidy style is appropriate to the
bluff, discursive criticism. Here are a few specimens :
She [Hannah More] flounders like a Luge conger-eel in
au ocean of dingy morality.
. • • • • •
Macaulay*8 position never admitted of doubt. We know
what to expect, and we always get it. It is like the < Id
days of W. G. Grace's cricket. We went to see the
leviathan slog for six, and we saw it. We expected him
to do it, andlie did it. So with Macaulay. . • .
• •••••
Great is De Quincey, but so elaborate are his movements,
so tremendous hia liti rary contortions, that when you have
done with him you feel it would be cruelty to keep him
stretched upon the rack of his own style for a moment
longer.
There are not many better pastimes for a middle-aged
man who does not care for first principles or modem novels
than to hunt George Dyer up-and-down Charles Lamb.
What silk merchant's apprentice in these hard times,
finding a place behind Messrs. Marshall ft Qnelgrove's
counter not jumping with his genms, dare hope by the
easy expedient of publishing a pamphlet on " The PMsent
State of Wit" to become domestio steward to a semi-
royal Duchess, and the friend of Mr. Lewis Morris and
Mr. Lecky, who are, I suppose, our nineteenth-century
equivalents for Alexander Pope and Jonathan Swift ?
There are any number of such ejaculations in Mr.
Birrell's essays. They will pall on some minds. The
man who wiU have his joke is sure to make a great many
poor jokes. Mr. Birrell does. But his preaching often
amuses when his jokes fail, and the words of Johnson,
Burke, Pope, Lamb, and Hazlitt are so mingled with
Mr. Birrell's own that we read on and on in easy delight.
Correspondence.
Audi Alteram Partem.
Sib, — Mr. Watson, as a poet, has no sincerer admirer
than myself, and I appreciate the ingenuity of his
parable ; but a concise parable is not always the soundest
way of presenting a difficult and very complicated political
problem.
I doubt not that many of your readers who share my
admiration for Mr. Watson's work will be impressed,
and possibly misled, by his brilliant little fallacy ; and this
must be my apology for venturing upon a counter parable,
clumsy enough, but having in it, I trust, the saving
element of veracity.
A Poet'B Parable,
A certain man, quitting his
own house, weut to lodge in
the house of another, and there
demanded to have voice and
authoritv in the ordering of
the whole household.
And tiie other said : ** No.
Tou are free to remain or to
depart, but this is my house,
and I will suffer in it no second
master outmastering me."
So the lodger calied unto
his brave and gallant kinsmen
to bludgeon wat householder
into submission.
A Cosmic Process,
A slave-fancier, feeling in-
J'ured by the emancipati'jn of
lis slaves, quitted his own
country and took possession of
a vast estate claimed by a
black man.
Some squatters, with hii
consent, took to working the
mines on a neglected part
of the estate.
When the sla^e - fancier
saw that their earnings were
large, he forcibly deprived
them of part of them.
Whereupon the squatters
said : ** G^ve us a sluure of
authority in the ordering of
the estate, and we will render
thee a share of our earnings."
But the slave-fancier re-
plied : '* This is my estate, and
I will suffer in it no second
mastets; and ye speaking a
foreign tongue shall train up
your offiipring in mine."
And before the squatters
had time to summon aid. he
mustered bis braves to blud-
geon them on the spot.
* Collected Essays, By Augustine Birrell. 2 vols. (Elliot
Stock.)
-I am, &c.,
Haslemere : Feb. 14, 1900.
Fbed. Jacksok.
ISO
The Academy.
17 February, 1900.
Sir Thomas Urquhart.
Sib, — In your notice of my book, Sir Thomai Urquhart of
Cromarlie, your critic has inadvertently ascribed to me an
error which I did not commit. He quotes the following
passage and quite truly describes it as ''remarkable":
*^ li M prohahU that [Urquhart] died much sooner, a
victim in all likelihood to iiery restlessness of spirit. This
conjecture is^ however y improhahU" And he adds : '' How
can a man bring himself to think so loosely ? " The first
part of the passage is itself a quotation from Sir Theodore
Martin. The second is my comment upon it. Sir Theodore
Martin thought it probable that Urquhart died several
years before the date usually given as that of his death, I
think the date usually given is correct. The use of in-
verted commas in the text of the volume makes my mean-
ing plain, though, as I have said, your critic has
inadvertently misread the passage. I quite agree with
him in the severe criticism ne has passed upon my book,
and have no doubt but that the volume contains many more
flaws than those which he has pointed out ; but I hope that
in justice to me you will kindly insert this letter in your
next issue. — I am, &c.,
Lerwick, Shetland : J. Willcock.
Feb. 7, 1900.
New Books Received.
[ These notes on some of the New Books of the week are
preliminary to Reviews that may follow,"]
Law Without Lawyeks. By Two Babristers-at-Law.
Into tliis volume of more than seven ^undred pages
has been gathered whatever legal information is most
likely to be required by those who consult it. It may be
described as a sort of first aid to litigants, and pro-
bably not its least service will be to restrain its readers
from going to law. Many good citizens hardlv come in
contact with the law between the cradle and tne g^ve,
but even to these this work may be useful as a
means of getting light on the conduct of law cases and
criminal trials of public interest. To tradesmen, rate-
payers, masters and servants, innkeepers, testators, and
many other classes and characters, special sections are
addressed. (Murray. 6s.)
Songs of the Glens of Antrim. By Moiba O'Neill.
Miss Moira O'Neill's wistful poems of the love of
Ireland have pleased many readers of Blackwood's Magazine
and the Spectator. She finds words for the old Bigh of
the exile, often banished no farther than to England — in
hay-harvest.
Ov' r here in England I*m helpin' wi' the hay»
An' I wisht I was in Ireland the livelong day ;
Weary on the English hiiy, an* sorra take the wheat !
Och ! Corrymecla an* the blue sJcy over it.
There's a deep dumb liver fiowin* by beyont the heavy
trees,
This liviii' air is moithered wi' the bummin' o' the bees ;
I wisbt I'd bear the Ciaddsgh burn go runniti' through
the heat
Past Ci/rryme^la, wV the blue thy over it.
There are twenty-five short poems — shamrocks all. (Black-
wood. 3s. 6d.)
The Earl of Beaconsfield. By Harold E. Oorst.
This is the new volume in the ^* Victorian Era"
series, which includes biographies, histories, and scientific
memoirs. Mr. Gorst says in his Preface :
Since the appearance of the existing biographies of Lord
Beaconsfield, fresh light has been thrown upon an incident
in his career by the recent publication, amongst the private
papers of Sir Robert Peel, of a letter addressed by Disraeli
to Peel in 1841. It will be remembered that Disraeh, m
1846, denied having asked Peel for office five jears before ;
and on that account the letter in question has been g^ene-
rally regarded as affording proof of a mean and diahanour-
nble action on his part. I have sabmitted this letter to a
high legal authority, and he at once pointed oat to me the
fact that Disraeli made no direct application for a po8t_ in
the government. . . . Both the letter and its explanation
find a place in this volume, and no doubt the unprejiidioed
reader will reidily adopt the latter, in preference to
tarnishing the otherwise spotless reputation of a statemnan
to whom the present generation owes a deep debt of
gratitude.
(Blackie & Son. 2s. 6d.)
so
06
1/0
l/«
36
In addition to the foregoing, we have received :
THBOLOaiOAL AND BIBLICAL.
De Margerle rA.). "St Francis of Sales " (Daokworth)
Badde (K.), Relifrion of Inrael to the Exile (Putnam)
Gaaqnoine(0. P.), Scieutiflc Theolofry (Watte A OoJ
Fraser (W. F.)» A Clcmd of Witnesses: Part I., St. Athanasius
(Welle Gardner)
Ingram (A. F. W.), Beaaons for Faith fS.P.C.K.)
Wjnne (Q. R.), CTonditions of SaWaiion as Bet Forth by our Lord(tf .P.C.K.)
POETBT. GR1TI0I8H. AND BELLES LEFTBES.
Hall (P.), A Few Bbort Poems (Burlei^hl net
Hendersm tBev. Geo.), Lady Nairioe and Her Soogs..... (Gardner)
Arnold (Sir B.). Golden Pages (Burleigh)
Jack (Adolphus A.), The Prince : A PIsy (Macmillan) net
Smith (W. F.),The First Edition of the Fourth Book of ihe Heioic Deeda
and Saying of the Noble Pantagrael (Privately Priatedi
rartnum (A. J.), Music of the Waves CJarrold)
Adams (Arthur H.), Maoriland, and Other VerMM
(Bulleiin Ne.rspaper (^., Lid , Sydney)
HISTORY AND BIOQRAPHT.
Tschudi (0), Napoleon's Ntother S^an Sonoenschein) 7/0
Reoonvier (Ch.), Viotor Hugo (A. CoIiaetCte.)
De A'bini (F ), Marie Autoinetie and tLe Diamond Necklace
(Swan Sonnansohein)
McNeil Rushforth (G ), Carlo Crivelli (Bell)
DowBon < EOf Memoirs of Cardinal Dubois. 2 vols. ^Smithers k Co.)
Brown (John •« Puritan Preachinff in England (Hodder A Stougbton)
Stokes (G. T.), Some Worthies of the Iri>h Church ..(Hodder A diooghton)
Bartlet iJ. V.). Eras of the Christian Church : The Apostolic Age
(T. & T. Clark)
Williamson (David), The Life Story of D. L Moody
(Sunday School Union) net
Clapham (J. H ), The Cans«>s of the War of 1702 (Camb. Univ. Pre»s)
Ros'bery ( Bight Hon. ihe Earl of), Oliver Cromwell : a Kulojry and an
Appreci'ition (Melrose) net 0/«
AtkiiiSOQ cC. T.), Michel de IHopital (Longmans) nei. 4/0
6^>
eo
60
6/0
I'n
GO
SCIENCE AND PHILOSOPHY.
Cams (Or. Paul), Kant and Spencer: A Study of the Fallacies of
Agnosticism (Kegan Paul) I/O
S irling (James H.), What U Thought? (T. A T. Clark) lu/W
TRATSL AND TOPOGRAPHY.
Robinson (C. H.), Nigeria (Marrtiall)
EDUCATIONAL.
Plaistow (F. G.) andMUls (T. R.), ^<chylu8: Prometheus Vlnotus
(Clive) 2/6
Speight (E. E.). The New English Poetry Book (H. Marshall) ne( 1^
Fearenskle (C. S.), The MatricoUtion Histnry of England (W. B. Clive)
Navin (J. C ), The Od.Tssey of Homer. Book XI (Csmb. Univ. Press)
Tribe (Rev. O. N.). Teachers in Training (S.P.C.K.) 0/6
WoodhoueeiW. J.), Isocrates: De Beffis 2/6
Gndeman (A.), Tacitus : De Yitaet Morbus Julii Agrioolse...(Allyn A Bacon)
MISCELLANEOUS.
Clark (I. W.). Old Friends at Cambridge and BUewhere .(Macmillan) 6/0
Bovill (Bev. J. H.), Natives under the Tranbvaal I'lag
^ (Simpkin. Mazahall) 3/d
Chapman (R. O.), Legalised Wrong (Revell Co.)
Conn (H. W ), The Storv of Life's Mechanism (Newnes) 1/0
Cousin8(J.H.).*' The Voice of One" ;....( Fisher Unwin) net 2/0
CsRsubon <M , The Wisdoai of Marcus Aurelios (Gay A Bird)
Murray (G), Carljon Subib (Heinemann)
Charley (Sir W. T), " Mending" arid ''Endine" (Simpkin, Marshall) 2/6
Reiwit of the U.S. Museum- under the Direction of tLe Smithsonian
Insiitnion •.-••
Den^more (Emmet), Coosumption and Chronic Diseases ... < Sonnensehein) 3 6
Bowley (A. L.), Wages in the United Kingdom (Camb. Univ. Press)
NEW EDITIONS.
Tennyson (Lord A.), The Frincesf, and Other Poems (Dent) 1 6
Defoe (D.), A. Journal of the Plague Year (Dent)
Shakespeare ( W.), Comedies, Hislories, Tragedies, ai d Pi ems. Vol. VII.
(Newnes)
Beckford (W.), •' VMtl.ek" (Greening A Co.) 8 6
Dickens (C^aa.), Little Dorrit (Macmillan) 3/0
Grey (Henry), The Plots of Some of the Mo»t Famous Old English Plays
(Sonnenschoin) 2/rt
Dickens (Cbas.), Christmas BookH (Dent) net l/ti
%* Ntw Novels are acknowledged elsewhere*
17 February, 1900.
The Academy.
151
Our Weekly Prize Competitions.
Result of No. 2 1 (New Series).
Wb xegret to say tbat this Competition has been disappointing^. The
oonditions were stated in the following tenna : ** Every family
where writing eramee are popalar has some game of home
mannfactnre. We offer a prize of a guinea for the desoription
of the best original writing game — ^that U to say, of the best game
for an evening party in whioh paper, peocils, and brains are
involved. The word original would not exclude a good adaptation
of a well-known game ; which is the form that home-made games
often take.*' Thip, we think, makes Pome originality in the game
a necewity ; but, with the exception of two or three, all competitors
send description? of games with whioh we have been familiar for
years. The best answer^an adaptation— is this, from Mr. G.
Howe, *^ Holwood,** Grove-park, Lee, S E. :
Everyone has heard of the " book tea" or *'book at-home," bat
few, perhaps, have thought of adapting it to the form of a writing
g^ame. A moment*s oonsideration will show that it oan be done in
a Borprisingly simple manner. Suitable slips of paper having been
provided, eaoh player sketches at the top a picture or diagram
representing the title of a well-known bojk. For example, to take
a few instances from my own knowledge, a picture of a polioeman
in full chase of a runaway piokpocke : has been made to represent
Kipling's A Fle^t in Being («A Fleeting Being ") ; the words
*' Robin Hood and his Merry Men " to represent T^e Forest Lovers ;
or portraits of Bailer and Roberts to represent Tke Heroes, Many
siinilar ideas will at once suggest themselves. The slips bearing
these sketches are then passed round, each player in turn writing
at the bottom of the slip what book he oonslders the sketch to
represent, addiog his initials, and taeu turning up the edge to cover
what he has written. When the sketches have returned to their
original owners thecorrejt solutions are given by each player in
turn, together with the guesses written oa the slip, one mark being
awarded the owner of every correct solution.
It is as well to limit the time for making the sketches, say, to
three or five minutes, any who are not ready in time not competing
in that round.
Answers received from : G. H., London ; J. C. S., Dulwioh ;
F. E. W., London ; E. C. W., Oxford ; B. R , London ; M. H.,
Twyford ; S., Gambridflre ; E. B., Coldharbour ; J. G., London ;
A. E H., York ; E CM. D., Griediton ; M. B. C, Egham ; E. H.,
Didsbory ; M. A. W., Watford ; L. E., Budleigh Salterton ; A. M.,
London.
Competition No. 22 (New Series).
To the current number of The Artist Mr. Charles Grodfrey Leland
oontributes some mottoes for the fronts of houses. We quote tiiree
expressing different thoughts :
Though it a thousand years should stay,
This house at last must pass away.
And ere its shortest life be o'er
We shall have gone long, long before !
This house I've built for me and mine,
May it be of peace a shrine,
And may no enmity or sin.
Ever find its way therein I
If this house be fine or not.
That was ne*er my serious thought,
But it will have gained its ends.
Should I fill it fuU of friends.
A prise of a guinea is offered for the best four-lined motto suit-
able to be inscribed on a house. Mr. Leland's quatrains are given
merely as examples : there is no need to follow their sentiments if
others occur.
RULXS.
Answers, addressed ** Literary Competition, The Aoademt, 43,
Chancery-lane, W.C," must reach us not later than the first poet
of Tuesday, February 20. Each answer must be aooompanied by
the coupon to be found in the first column of p. 162, or it can-
not enter into competition. Competitors sending more than one
attempt at solution must accompany each attempt with a separate
coupon ; otherwise the first only will be considered. We wish to
impress on competitors that the task of examining replies is much
facilitated when one side only of thtf paper is written upon. It is
also important that names and addresses should always be given.
We cannot consider anonymous answers.
Our Special Pbizb Competitions.
(^For particulars see inside page of corer,)
Received during the week : The Outsider, Tetigit, Novice,
A Variant, Illusion, Suberbia, ^'Florence Hope," *'Georgiania Alex-
ander,*' Adam White Queen, Redrae.
GEORGEALLEN'S LIST.
UNIFORM EDITION of RUSKIN'8 WORKS.
GIOTTO and his W0BK3 in PADUA. A New
Small Editioa, with lodex. and Explanatory Criticisms of tho Fresooes
depicting the Life of the Holy Kamilfr. The Yolame, with iU 66 Illastm-
tions, for^na a Guide 10 the Arena Gbapal. Crown 8vo, cloth, silt top,
58. 6d.net. iJust out.
Orown 8vo, Oloth, flit top, 5s. not por Vol.
PR^TERITA. Outlines of Scenes and Thoughts
perl ape Worthy of Memory in my Past Life.
Yolnme I. - With JEngravinff of " My T« 0 Aaots "—1810 to 1839.
Volame II.— With Plates of "Old Dover Packet Jib" and "The Castle of
Ann^ry »'— 185*0 to 1840.
Volame III.- Containing Chapters I. to IV"., together with Parts I. and II.
of DILECTA, and a THIRD hitherto nnpnbU&hed Part, in addition to a
Chronology and OomprehensiTe Index to the whole wo'k, and a Plate of "The
Grand Chartrense," from a Drawing by Mr. RubJcin— 1850 to 1861.
ON the OLD ROAD: a Collection of Miscel-
laneous Articles and Bstays on Literatare and Art. In 3 vols, (sold
separately).
The subjects dealt with are (inter alia) : My First Editor— Lord Lindaay*s
•• Christian Art "— Kastlake's " History of Oil Painting "—Samuel Prout-Sir
Joshua and Holbein— Pre-BaphaeUtism— Opening of the Crystal Palace—
Fiction, Fair and Fool— Fairy Stories— (Jsary— Home and its Economics.
SESAME and LILIES. With the Three
Lectures, " Einft*' Treasnries," ' ' Qaeens' Gudena," and " The Myatarr
ot Life." Jjang Frefaoe and Index. |^40M Thmttand.
THE GROWN of WILD OLIVE : Four Essays on
Work, Traffic. War. and the Future of Enorland. With Articles on the
Economy of the Kings of Prussia, and Index. [31«^ Thousand.
THE TWO PATHS: Lectures on Art and its
Application to Decoration and Manufacture Delivered 1858-60. With New
Preface, added Note, and Index. [lUh Thousand,
A JOY for EVER (and its Price in the Market) :
The Substance of Two Lecturer on the Political Economy of Art. With
Kew Preface, added Aiticles, and Index. [\2th Thousand,
LEGTUEES on AET. Delivered at Oxford in
1870. Revised by the Author. With New Preface and Index.
[13^A Thou$and.
THE ETHICS of the DUST. Ten Lectures to
Little HousewiTes on the Elements of Crystallisation. With Index.
[With Edition,
MODERN PAINTERS. Complete in 5 vols, and
Index. Crown 8vo, doth, gilt tops, £2 2s. net. With the 235 Woodonts,
the 1 Lithograph, and the 80 Full-page lUastrations in Photogravure and
Half-Tone.
The Text includes the BPUjOGUB written by Mr. RUB KIN in 1888. Vols.
I. and IL (not sold separately), lis. net ; Vol. III., 8s. net; Vol. IV., 9a. net;
Vol v., Ob. net ; Index, 6s. net.
THE STONES of VENICE, In 3 vols., crown
8vo. With the Full Text and the 110 Woodcuts, the 6 Plates in Colour,
the other 47 Full-page Illustrations in Photogravure and Half-lVme.
Eaoh Volume so.d separately, cloth, gilt top, lOs. each net.
FORS CLAVIGERA: Letters to the Labourers
ani Workmen of Great Britain. In 4 vols., eaoh with an Index, and all
tna Illustrations. Orown 8vo, doth, 6s. each net.
UNTO THIS LAST. Four Essays on the First
Prinoiplee of Political Economy. With Note and Index. Foap. 8vo,
cloth. So. net. [30iib Thousand,
SELECTIONS from RUSEIN. 2 vols., crown
8vo, each with Index and Portrait (s Jd separately), cloth, 6s. each net.
iFourth EdUion,
By AUQUSTUS J. O. HAM.
PARIS. An entirely New Edition. Revised and
brought up to date, with 50 lUustrations, in 2 voli. (sold separately).
Fcap. 8vo, o'oth limp, 64.
THE
LITERARY YEAR BOOK, 1900.
Edited by HEBBBBT MOBBA.H.
AN ENTIRELY NEW COHPILATION.
Considerably Enlarged, with Portrait of Leo Tolstoi.
Orown 8vo« 420 paffos, Oloth limp, 8t« Sd.
PART 1. includoo I— The ovonto of the P'i»t Year in ihe Literary
World— A Series of Articles dealing with the Prin^ i,>il Books of tue Year
by Mee.-rd. ANDREW LANG, W. B. HENLEY, J. J A : »bS, T. H. WARREN,
QUILLER COUCa, G. W. B. RUSSELL, H. WiNUHAM, and oiher
Representative Men of Letters.
Special articles on Foroia^n Books, Ths DrAinatlc Year, Tho
Law of Oopyriirht, and Book Sales. Obituary moticos
PART 11. contains mnnynew features inciu«liii(?— A PracLicaUv Cum-
plete list of Atithors' addre^isea, with Tules of Rjok* ieaa-d in iv,»!», and
names of their Pablishers— Plays produced in lS'.r.»-aud much otber ttjchnical
information.
London: GEORGE ALLEN, loG, Charing Cross Road.
152
The Academy.
17 February, 1900.
ONAMQB OF AO
DAVID NUTT,
IMPORTER OF FOREIGN BOOKS,
THEOLOGICAL, CLASSICAL, and EDUCATIONAL
BOOKSELIiER and PUBLISHER.
Of 870271, Strand, has REMOVED to
ilO«. 57»59. LOWQ AORK, W.g
OATALOQUE8.
TTTILLIAMS ft NOBGATE,
^^ mpoRTBBfl or ronmoN books.
14. HiBitette Btnat. OovMt Oudan. M. Boath rndtrlok Bt
BdJabntsli, aadr. Broad BtTMi. Oxford.
OATAXiOanXB port freo on appUflatfoo.
FORK ION LIT BRAT URB.
ALL intereated in F0BBI6N LITBBA-
TURB should write for tha ''BOOK CIRCULAR."
FEBRUARY Number Now Ready, poet frso from
WILLIAMS ft NORQATE.
14, Haniietta Street, Corent Garden, London; 90, South
Frederick Street, Edinburgh : and 7, Broad Street. Oxford.
JUST ISSUED.-P08T FREE OX APPLICATION.
/^ ATALOGUK of SECOND-HAND BOOKS
V ^ on ORIENTAL HISTORY. LANOUAOES, LITERA-
TURE, ftc.
WiLUAMS ft NoHOATc, 14, Henrietta Street. Corent Garden.
London ; 20. South Frederick Street, Edinburgh; and
7, Broad Street. Oxford.
F
OBEION BOOKS and PEBI0DICAL8
promptly luppUed on modorato tormt.
0ATAL08UBB on appUoatlon.
DULAU ft CO.. tr. BOHO BQUABX.
CATALOGUB of CHOICE, U6BPUL,
and CURIOUS BOOKS, containing Americ».n»-01d
Snglish Literature— Early Printing and Black Letter— Fine
Old Moroooo, Armorial and Historic Bindings-Rare Tracts-
Old County Haps snd Topography— Drama and Stage— Early
Woodcuts -• Arobaeology — Folk - Lore — Manuscripts — J ests —
Bongs— Early Military Treatises— Medical — Singular Trials-
Scotland— and other Rarities. Post free.
A. RUSSELL SMITH, 24. Great Windmill Street, London, W.
(One minute from Piccadilly Circus).
w.,
Has OPENED an OFFICE at
1, 80H0 SQUARE,
Where he has on Tiew a COLLECTION of
XV. & XVI. CENTURY BOOKS, EARLY
AMERICANA, &c.
The List of Unknown and Lost Books is in Preparation.
Office Kours, 10—1 and a— 6.
IMPOBTAlfT.-PRINTINe AND PUBLISHnie.
XTBWSPAFEBS, IIAGAZINES. BOOKS, fto.
i>i -Knie, BELL k BAH/rON, Limited. high.«Iaai
Ptintsn and Pnbliahflra. IS, Oou|^ Square. 4, Bolt Ooorl, Fleet
Btiest, B.a, haveipeoiallybnUt Rotary and otherfaat Maohinos
for printing Ulnatntod or other Pablioatl«M and •peoiaUy*bnilt
Madilnsaior faat folding and oovoring 8, It, 94, or n-pago
Jofomala at one operation.
AdTioe and aMistaooe given to anyonowiihingtoooinmenoe
How Jonmala.
IWiiUtlosnpon tha premiaes for Editorial Offloestrse. AdTor-
Using and PnbUshing Departments oondnotad.
Telaphone 6B191. Telegraph ** Afrloanism, London."
TTPB-WBITIN6 promptly and aoonrately
done. ICd. per l.ooo words. Samples and referenoee.
Xulti-Oopiea.— Addreas. Miss £. M.. 18, Mortimer Cresoent, N.W.
TBAPALGAB LITBRABY and TYPE-
WRITING BUREAU (DE MOMET ft WALKER),
S, TrafdAr Buildings, Northumberland Avenue. W.O. —
Typing. I>uplicatiug. Short baud. Reporting. Translations
iallLanguages). Litcnry Researches. Press Uuttinga.
TYPB-WBITBB.— AUTHOBS' MS&
COPIED with accuracy and despatch. Carbon Dnpli-
oates. Circulars, Examination Pai>ers, Ac- Miss E. TioAa.
93, Maitland Park ViUaa. Uarerstock UlU, N.W.— Estab-
Ushed 1884.
"THE ACADEMY"
LITERARY COMPETITIONS.
New Series.— No. aa»
AU readers attempting this week's
Competition {described ftMy on page
151) must cut out this Coupon
and enclose it with their reply*
THE RUSKIN UNION.— BIBMBER8HIP
FORMS may be had from Mr. Mabk H. J c doc. Treasurer,
7, Pall Mall; or Rev. J. B. Booru. Hon. See.. 4e, The
Albany. W.
TT7ILLASTON SCHOOL, CHESHIRE.
An UNSECTARIAN FIRST GRADE PUBLIC SCHOOL.
Fees £100 per annum (inolnslTe). Foundationers elected at
Half Fees.
TO BE OPENED SEPTEMBER. 1900.
Chairman of the OoTcmora • R^t. S. A. BTEINTHAL.
Headmaster- . • • GUY LEWIS. M. A.
For Proepeetns, Plana, fte^ apply to Mr. Lewis (at N»w
College. Eastbourne), or the Olork (Mr. E. W. Mariuall, S8,
Barton Areade, Maneheater).
THE PRINCESS HELENA COLLEGE,
EALING. W.
BstabUshed 1890. Incorporated by Royal Charter 1S86.
Preddent-H.R.H. the PRINCESS CHRISTIAN.
Higfa-oUiss education for the DAUGHTERS of GENTLE-
MEN, as Resident or Day Pupila. Preparation for Unirersity
and Art Ezaminationa. Bpaoious grounds. Supervision in
games.
Training department for kindergarten students in prepara-
tion for Froebel Union Examination for Teachers.
Tlisre is a Home in connection with the College for K.G.
Students and for a few children under ten years of age.
MARGARBT^WILLIAMSON. Lady PrineipaL
ROYAL INDIAN ENGINBBBING
OOLLEOB. Coopar'i HUl. Stainea.
The Coarse of Study is arranged to fit an Engineer for Em-
gloyment in Europe. India, and the Colonies. About 40
tttdents will be admitted in September. 1900. The Seeretary
of State will oflbr tbem for Competition— TwelTe Appointments
as Assistant Engineers in the Publio W<vka Department, and
Three Apiwintmcnts as Ajsistant Superintendents in the
TelMraphs Department, and Oi e in the AccountantaT Branch
P.W.D.— For particulars apply to SBcaRAar. at College.
MUDIB'S LXBRABY
(LIIOTBD).
For the CIRCULATION md SALS of
all the BEST
ENGLISH, FBBNCH, GBBM AN, ITALIAK,
SPANISH, and BUS8IAN BOOKS.
TOWN 8UBB0RIPTI0N8 from ONB OUINSA
par annum.
LONDON BOOK BOOUTT {lM:SS*^lIS$fS^^
at the hooMi of SabMxlboiB) from TWO GUINEAS per
OOUNTRY SUBSORIPTIONS from TWO GUIiniAS
perannnm.
N.K-TWO or ThrM Fzlaada amy UNITE te OHK SOB-
BOBIPTION, and tbna le«in theOovt i
Town and Village Chthe euppUed on Liheral
Proapectnaea and HontUy Llata of Booka cratis
and poet free.
SURPLUS LIBRARY BOOKS
Now OVFXXXB AT
GBEATLT BEDUCED PBICES.
ROYAL ACADEMY EXHIBITION, 1900.
RECEIVING DAYS.
IMPORTANT NOTICE.
A NEW CLEARANCE LIST (100 pp.)
Bent Gratia and poet free to any addreaa.
Tha Llat eontaina: POPULAR WORKS to.
TRA7BL, SPORT, HISTORY. BIOGRAPHY.
BCIBMOB, and FIOTION. Alec NBW and flUR-
PLUS Oopiee of FRENCH, ORBMAN. ITAIJAH.
SPANISH, and RUSSIAN BOOKS.
FRIDAY,
March
SOth.
WATER-COLOURS. MinUtures, Black and
Wbite Drawings, Engravings, Etohinn, Archi-
tectural Drawings, and all other Works under
glass
OIL-PAINTINGS-SATURDAY, Mabch tlst. and Monday.
April Snd
SCULPTURE— TUESDAY, AraiL Srd.
Works will only be Reoeived at the Burlington Gardens
Er> trance.
Hours for the Reception oi Works, 7 a.m. to 10 p.m.
Forms and Labels can be obtained from the Academy durins
the month of March, on receipt of a stamped and directed
envelope.
u
NIVBB8ITY of GLASGOW.
EXAMINERSHIP IN ENGLISH.
The University Court of the University of GUmow will
shortly proceed to appoint an ADDITIONAL EXAMINER in
ENGLISH for the Preliminary Examinations.
The appoin'ment will be for a peiiod no% exceedinit three
years as nom 1st February last, at an aunu«l salary of £43.
Candidates should lodge twentv copies of their aoDlicition
and testimonials with the undenUned on or before Thursday,
1st March.
ALAN E. CLAPPERTON,
Seeretary of the Glasgow Oniversity Court
91, West Regent Street. Glasgow.
LITEBABY BBSEABCH. — A Gentleman.
•Kperlenoed in Literary Work, and who has aooess to the
Britiah Moaenm Reading Boom, ia open to arrange with
Author or any person requiring aaslstanoe in Literary Re-
leareh. or in seelnc Work through the Press. Translations
ondarteken from rrsneh, Italian, or Spanish. —Apply, by
letter, to D. C. Dallas, 151. Strand, London, W.C.
80-84, NEW OXFOBD STBBBT;
Ml, Brompton Road, 8.W.; 48, Qoeen Viotorift
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And at Barton Arcade, Mav(
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Edited by BALPH DABLINGTON, F.R.G.S. Maps by BABTHOLOMEW.
Fcap. 8to. ONB SHILLING EACH. Illnstrated.
THE VALE Of LLANGOLLEN.— With Special ContribationB from His ExoeUoncy B. J.
PHBLPS. late American Minister ; Professor JOHN RUSKIN, LL.D. ; ROBERT BROWNINO;
A. W. KINGLAKB, and Sir THBODOBE MARTIN K.C.B.
BOURNEMOUTH and NEW FORXST. THE OHANNSL ISLANDS.
THE NORTH WALES OOA.8T. THE ISLE 07 WIGHT.
BRECON and its BEACONS. THE WYE VALLEY.
ROBS, TINTERN, and CHEPSTOW. THE SEVERN VALLEY.
BRISTOL, BATH, WELLS, and WESTON-SUPER-MARE.
BRIGHTON, EASTBOURNE, HASTINGS, and ST. LEONARDS.
LLANDUDNO, RHYL, BANGOR, BBTTWSYCOBD, and SNOWDON.
ABERYSTWYTH, BARMOUTH, MACHYNLLETH, and ABERDOVBY.
BARMOUTH, DOLGELLY, HARLECH. ORIOCIETH, and PWLLHBLL
MALVERN, HEREFORD, WORCESTER, GLOUCESTER, & CHELTENHAM.
LLANDRINDOD WELLS and the SPAS of MID-WALES.
Is.— THE HOTELS of the WOBLD. A Handbook to the leading hotels thzoii«rhont
the world.
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The Academy
A Weekly Review of Literature and Life^
No, 145 '• Established 1869. 24 February, 1900.
Price Threepence.
[RegisUrtd as a Nemspapir,'\
The Literary Week.
Thb death of Mr. H. D. Traill last Tuesday was a
shock to his friends, and to the public. It was known a
few days ago that he was confined to his room with a
' sprained ankle, but nobody thought that his fruitful life
was so soon to be ended. He was conspicuous in many paths
of literature and journalism, but it was as a brilliant
satirist, humorist, and parodist in verse and prose that he
shone. His orig^al work had not been so plentiful
during the past few years, owing, no doubt, to the en-
grossing character of his duties as editor of Literature \
but he was able to add four new Dialo^es to The New
Lueian, a new edition of which was published last week.
His prose was marked by a singidar indifference to any
kind of effect. He was always content to begin quietly ;
his humour was never forced — it occurred — and although
much of his fugitive work was merely "pleasant and
persuasive," it never lacked intention.
London, according to Mr. G^oi^e Moore, having become
'' too large, too old, and too wealuiy to permit of any new
artistic movement," the Irish Literary Theatre &>cieiy
have been holding their second meeting during the past
week in Dublin. Three plays were produced — '' The Last
Feast of the Fianna," a sketch of the heroic age in Ireland,
by Miss Alice Milligan ; " Maeve," by Mr. Edward
Martyn; and '^The Bending of the Bough," by Mr.
George Moore. The last has just been issued as a book.
Accoi^ding to the JDuhlin Daily Uxpress, the organ of the
Irish Literaiy Movement, and one of the few daily papers
in the United Kingdom showing a distinct interest in
literature, the performances were entirely successful.
The^ Irish Literary Theatre has also an organ of its
own — an occasional publication called BeUaine^ edited by
Mr. W. B. Yeats. In a pre&ice called ''Flans and
Methods" Mr. Yeats gives some account of the plays
which London is too large, too old, and too wealthy to
permit. **Our plays," says Mr. Yeats, "this year have
a half deliberate unity,"
Mr. Martyn's " Maeve," which I understand to symboliBe
Ireland's choice between English materialism and her own
natural idealism, as wdl as uie choice of every individual
soul, will be followed, as Ghreek tragedies were followed by
satires and Elizabethan masques by anti-masques, by Mr.
Georffe Moore's " The Bending of the Bough," which tells
of a like choice and of a contrary decision. Mr. Moore's
play, which is, in its external form, the history of two
Scottish dties, the one Celtic in the main and the other
Saxon in the main, is a microcosm of the last ten years of
public Ufe in Ireland. . . . Miss Milligan, not influenced
by Mr. Martyn, or by anything but old legends, has the
same thought in her '* Ihe I^hst Feast of the Fianna,"
which, as I think, would make one remember the mor-
tality and indignity of aU that lives. Her bard Usheen
goes to faery, and is made immortal like his son^s ; while
the heroes and Grania, the most famous of the beautiful,
sink into querulous old age.
The object of the Irish Literary Theatre is to make Dublin
a centre of intellectual activity. We wish them every
success.
That must have been an interesting moment when Mr.
Thomas Hardy's eye fell upon the account of the produc-
tion of "Toss of the D'lTrbervilles," at the Coronet
Theatre. Apropos, he has made the following communica-
tion : ^' As I find I am naturally supposed to have some-
thing to do with the production of ' Tess of the D'Urber-
villes ' at the Coronet Theatre, I shall be glad if you
will allow me to state that I have not authorised such a
dramatisation, and that I am ignorant of the form it has
taken, except in so far as I gather from the newspapers."
Tolstoy's new novel. Resurrection, a notice of which,
when it began in monthly parts, was printed in our issue
of September 9, will be published by the Brotherhood
Company early next month. Resurrection, written in the
rough by Tolstoy some years ago and foimded upon an
actual occurrence, has been completely re-written by
him during the last year and a half. The proceeds will
be devoted to aiding the Doukhobors, the sect who are
persecuted in the Caucasus for refusing to learn the art
of war. Mrs. Maude will set apart the remuneration she
receives for her translation to the same cause. The novel
will contain thirty-three illustrations by Pasternak.
With an inscription to attest its genuineness Mr.
Henley has contriouted to the Daily Mail * ^Absent-
Minded Beggar Fund " the inkstand which was used by
Stevenson during two years of his wanderings in the
Pacific. It passed into Mr. Henley's hands on Stevenson's
death. So far £15 has been bid for it.
The organist of Bloemfontein Cathedral asks for literary
guidance. His letter, which will be found in our corre-
spondence columns, is somewhat long, but we cannot resist
such magnificent detachment. Roberts ! The war ! The
organist of Bloemfontein Cathedral does not even mention
them.
Mr. H. D. Lowry, author of Make Believe, is writing
another book for children, entitled Blossom^s Word-Book,
It consists of a series of tiny essays on the vital meaning
of the words most used by children, some of them running
to little more than a sentence in length, while others are
longer, and include stray verses and miniature fairy tales.
The book will be illustrated.
'' Fierce books down Cellar " is the sign hung out by a
foreigner in New York. Is it a theological library ? In
the same city an Italian junk dealer has this sign : '^ A
Lot of Solemn Books Inside." Is this the humour of
which our fathers have told us ?
When the present war broke out we ventured to depre-
cate the idea that book production would be seriously
checked. Our hope has not been fulfilled to the letter,
but Mr. Joseph Shaylor, an admitted authority, has just
stated the actual effects of the war on the book trade, and
these do not prove to be very serious. Fierce books down
cellar, and solemn books elsewhere, have suffered, but
'^ fiction, juvenile literature, and books which appeal to
the multitude have suffered scarcely at all by the war."
IS6
The Academy.
24 February, i^oo
Mb. W. E. Henlet makes sdveral interestiiig remarks
about the reading public, or, rather, publics, in an article
on " Some Novels of 1899 '* in the North AmBriean Review.
He thinks the public is like a set of Japanese boxes, one
inside another, tne larger containing the lesser throughout
the series. Hence '^ a good writer and a good novelist is
very often felt to some extent a great way outside the
limits of the particular public which happens to be his."
Mr. Henley adduces Stevenson as an instance of a writer
whose appeal to his own first public, though seemingly
futile, was felt in faint and widening waves. Thus, the
comparative failure which attended the publication of
Treasure Island and Ths Black Arrow in the Youn^ Folks^
Paper appears to Mr. Henley in this light :
He was but a succhs cTestime ; and you would have
^ thought that he had worked in vain. But he had not.
The masters who wrought for Young Folks* Paper were (so
Stevenson told me) in no wise model citizens ; they bad
their weaknesses, and (on his editor's report) were addicted
to the use of strong waters, so that they bad to be litenJly
hunted for their copy. But, being writers, they were a
level or two above the public for which they wrote. That
public had seen little or nothing in Stevenson ; they saw
a great deal, and in his imitators Stevenson had, I believe,
a very considerable success with a circle of readers which
began by politely disdaining him. He had paid in gold,
and his gold was not recognised as current coin until it
was turned into copper. The currency was debased P Of
course it was ; and if it had not been — here is my point —
it would never have passed with that public which Steven-
son tried, and failed, to win. And this is the way in
which publics are, not made but, eifected and influenced
by talent. In Stevenson's case, the provocation was
unusually direct, the efPecis were unusually gross. But
the same sort of thing has ever been, and is ever being,
done all over the novel -reading world: so that many
thousands have rejoiced in the gift of Ainsworth and
Marryat, of Kipling and Barrie and Scott, who have
never so much as heard their name^.
In a word literature has solidarity as well as diversity, and
a writer's influence is not to be measured by the sales of
his book. This is a truism, but it is worth remembering.
Of the Younp Folks* Paper itself Mr. Henley says :
*' 'Twas a capital print of its kind, and its editor and pro-
prietor was a very able and intelligent man. . . . His
name was Henderson: a Scotchman and a Badical. I
rather think that he is dead ; but, dead or alive, he is a
person for whom I have a very great respect." Can any
reader resolve Mr. Henley's doubts ? The editor who
accepted Treasure Island is surely entitled to share the
triumph and partake the gale.
From a catalogue of autograph letters for sale at
Messrs. Sotheby's auction rooms on March 5 we take the
following passage. It was written by Browning to Mr.
P. B. Jackson :
'* I was not aware, nor I suppose can my publisher have
been aware, that * Hervieu Herve Kiel ' had appeared in the
Royal Header ; such an appearance without my knowledge
and consent was a theft, and punisbable. I consider the
poem rather the publisher's than my property, because he
gave me a hundred pounds for it, which I wanted for the
starving French, and it was only at his urgent request the
other day that I included the thing in a volume, which has
just passed through the press, and will be out in a day or
two. I could not, therefore, with propriety, allow that
transfer to your collection, which the honesty and courtesy
of your application would otherwise have induced me to
permit,"
year 1585 by the Burgomaster, had been destroyed by a
company of English actors. The names of these actors are
given, and they include some who are known to have
belonged to Shakespeare's company. The FrankfurUr
Zeitung^ whence the information comes, points out that
Shakespeare ''shows a curiously exact knowledge of the
local conditions of that little seaport." The Elsinore local
colour may not seem very strong to most of us, but
only those who are familiar with the town can be g^ood
judges either of its quantity or quality. Horatio's words
come back :
What if it tempt you toward the flood, my lord.
Or to the dreadful summit of the cliff
That beetles o'er his base into the sea.
So, also, one thinks of the lines :
Save yourself, my lord ;
The ocean, overpeering of his list,
Eats not the flats with more impetuous haste
Than young Laertes, in a riotous head,
O'erhears your officers.
It should be noted that Shakespeare's choice of Elainore is
curious. The older play which he worked up into his
own, and which followed the legend, placed the drama in
Jutland. Shakespeare's arbitrary preference of Elsinore,
and his truthful touches about that place, are easily
accounted for if we suppose that he consulted some of his
fellow-players who were of the party that broke down the
Burgomaster's fence. There is good evidence that troupes
of English actors did wander Western Europe at the
time necessary to establish this interesting theory. In
fact, the Earl of Leicester sailed to the Low Countries in
1585, taking his players with him, and four years later
Shakespeare, we know, was of that company. Many
things remain unexplained, but if the Elsinore document
be genuine there is ground for interesting research.
With a poet's ingenuity Mr. William Watson endeavours
to show that Nature is on the side of the Boers. He states
this proposition in two verses which appeared in the West-
minster Gazette \
Past and Presxnt.
When lof fcy Spain came towering up the seas
This little stubborn land to daunt and quell.
The winds of heaven were our auxiliaries,
And smote her that she fell.
Ah, not to-day is Nature on our side !
The mountains and the rivers are our foe,
And Nature with the heart of man allied
Is hard to overthrow.
The prosaic fact is that the mountains and the rivers
are on the side of those who at a g^ven moment can use
them best. A bolder figure than Mr. Watson's tells ns
that the stars fought against Sisera, but the stars only
watched; and the mountains only wait for the victor's
tread. But let a poet answer a poet. Sir Edwin Arnold has
this gruff " Reply " to Mr. Watson in the Daily Telegraph :
Imputes he mortal passions to the mountains ?
And, for a party stroke,
Feigns he that water-ways, and river-fountains
Fight for the Boer's ill yoke ?
Enough to answer England's slanderous son.
And brand his calumny,
/ bore her files to battle, every one. —
Her Lover — Ocean-^I !
A MINOR mystery of " Hamlet " seems to be cleared up
by a discovery which has just been made at Elsinore, the
scene of the play. An old document has been found in
the archives 01 that ancient seaport setting forth the fact
that in 1585 a wooden fence, which had been put up in the
Lord Kosebery has issued his own text of his recent
speech on Cromwell through Messrs. Hatchard's, prefixino'
to it the brief and pregnant preface :
Published in self defence.
The insertion of this remark has reference, no doubt, to the
version of the Cromwell speech already issued hy a
Scottish firm of publishers, and taken, with acknowledge
24 February, 1900.
The Academy.
157
ments, from the Daily News report. A comparison of the
two versions leaves us in no particular wonder that Lord
Eosebery has taken this course.
The first number of the Universal Maganirw (Horace
Marshall & Son) contains a vociferous article by Miss
Gorelli, entitled ** Patriotism — or Self -Advertisement ? "
We confess to some inability to read this article owing to
the portentous length of Miss Corelli's paragraphs, which
spread like prairies over the pages, relieved only by a
scrub of itahcs. Miss Gorelli is of those who consider
that Mr. Kipling ought to have written finer war verses
than the ^'Absent-Minded Beggar."
A real poem pushed vigorously down the public throat
would have made the piu>Iio voice sweeter and stronger.
A real poem would not only have built up a Fand, but a
Fame. Instead of degradiog ** Tommy,'* it might have
improved and diguifi^ his whole position. . . . '*The
Absent-Minded Beggar " stanzas will mark Mr. KipliDg^s
name with a fatal persistency as long as he lives, cropping
up with an infinite tedium and an exasperating sameness
at every fresh thing he writes ; and let him be wise as
Solon, classic as Virgil, and strong as Samson, he shall
never escape it. Like another sort of '' Raven," he shall
see it ** sitting, never flitting," on every *' bust of Pallas,"
or new work he offers to the public ; he shall demand of
it, '* Take thy beak from out my hfart and thy form from
off my door ! " and its reply shall be the one monotonous
devil's croak of " Nevermore ! "
Messrs. Sfaldinq & Hopge send us '^ a new and im-
portant work in five volumes." They are entitled Extra
Light Ant. Wove Quad Crown j and we have lovingly
handled them ever since they arrived. Bound strongly in
red cloth, stamped with a heraldic device in gold, and
gilt topped, these volumes are not marred by any im-
pertinent letterpress. The white vacuity of their 320
pages has refreshed our spirits, and inclined our hearts to
the paper trade. Seriously, Messrs. Spalding & Hodge
seem to know how to produce the best kind of book paper,
a paper firm and light, rough enough to please the hand
and eye, yet tractable enough to take photogravures.
Some of the critics have complained that Mr. Benson, in
his scholarly and interesting rendering of the character of
Henry V., errs in representing him as a markedly religious
character. Mr. H. C. Beeching, in a letter to the Morning
Posty shows that Mr. Benson had warrant for his reading.
'' The key-note of one side of Henry's character," says
Mr. Beeching,
** is struck in that speech to Falstaff with which Henry IV.
closes : * I know thee not, c*ld man ; fall to thy prayers.'
And in the play itself there is a great deal of religions
reflection. The ' God of battles ' to whom Henry
throughout appeals is not the ' Dieu de batailles ' by
whom the Constable Bwears. Many of Henry's clergy
would have been proud if they had originatea the ad-
mirable saying :
* There is a soul of goodness in things evil
Would men observingly distil it out."
But in case your cri<ic should say that the voice here is
Shakespeare's and not Henry's, I would refer him to the
ordinance after Aginoonrt reported in Act IV., which
reveals the mind of a zealot :
* Be it death proclaimed through our host
To boast of this, or take the praise from God
Which is His only.' "
A NEWSPAPER devoted to the interests of Free Church-
men, with especial reference to the work and thought of
Congregationalists, is about to be published. The new
journal will be issued weekly, price one penny. The Rev.
W. B. Selbie, M.A., of Highgate, will direct the theo-
logical policy of the paper, and with him will be associated
Mr. Anarew Melrose and Mr. David Williamson, the latter
as general editor.
The Trustees of the British Museum continue to issue
their series of facsimiles of royal, historical, and literary
autographs. Among new reproductions is a fly-leaf in
IzaaK Walton's prayer-book which contains the epitaph
which he wrote for his second wife :
St
i/Vom^un.
The epitaph should be read as follows :
Hera lyeth buried soe much ai could
dye of Ann, the wife of Izaak Walton,
who was
A woman of remarkable prudence,
and
of the primitive pietie,
Her greste and generall knowledg
being adom'd with snch t^'ew hnmilhtip,
and blest with soe much Christian
meckeness, as made her worthy of
a more memorable monument.
She dyed
(^as! Alas! that she is ded)
Aprill 17; 1662.
Those counterblasts to ''The Man with the Hoe" are
now disposed of; the prizes are awarded; and oblivion
threatens the incident. It will be remembered that Mr.
Edwin Markham's gloomy picture of the toiling agri-
culturalist in his poem, ''The Man with the Hoe," was
resented by one American reader, who wished to see
agriculturalists extolled and felicitated. He offered three
prizes, of 400 dols., 200 dols., and 100 dols., for the three
poetic replies to Mr. Markham's poem which should be
judged best by a committee of three. The competitive
poems were nearly a thousand, of which only a small per-
centage deserved attention. The awards are as follows :
<* The Man with the Hoe (A Beply to Edwin Markham)."
By John Vance Cheney. First prize (400 dols.).
"The Incapable." By Hamilton Schuyler. Second
prize (200 dols).
*<A Song (In Answer to 'The Man with the Hoe')."
By Kate Masterson. Third prize (100 dels.).
Will no deft poetic hand give us renderings of the
tanka^ those charming old songs collected in Japan eight
hundred years ago under the title of ITyahunin-iBihn ?
The man who has most right to the honours of the task
is, perhaps, Prof. C. MacCauley, who has been lecturing
on the subject to the Asiatic Society at Tokyo. The
tanla fall into three classes : songs of nature, songs of
sentiment, and songs of love. One tanka tells of love
perfected, and is rendered thus by the Professor :
From Tsukuba's peak
Falling waters have become
Mina's still, full flow.
So, my love has grown to he
Like &e river's quiet deeps.
15?
The Academy.
24 February, 1900.
Here is inother :
Like the salt sea-weed
Burning in the evening calm,
On Matsuo's shore.
All my being is aglow,
Waiting one who does cot c )me.
The question whether it is well to issue a masterpiece
of fiction with a searching critical introduction has not
perhaps ever been debated properly. Obviously both the
author's and the reader's interests are affected, and it may
be injuriously. Mrs. Humphry Ward seems to be con-
scious of a certain demur to her introductions to the novels
of the Brontes, for in introducing Emily Bronte's novel,
Wuthering Heights^ which forms part of the fifth volume of
the " Haworth " edition, she writes :
When we are under the spell of the Bronte stories we
admire and we protest with almost equal warmth ; we lavish
upon them the same varieties of feeliog as the poet, who
brings to his love no cold, monotonous homage, but —
" praise, blame, kisses, tears, and smiles." For inevitably
the critic's manner catches the freedom of the author's. He
will not hesitate dislike ; such a mental attitude cannot
maintain itself in the Brontes* neighbourhood. He will
fitfike when he ia hurt, and rai^e the paoans of praife when
he is pleased, with the frankness which such combatants
deseive. In eMch of her novels, as it were, Charlotte
Bronte touches the shield of the reader ; she does not woo
or persuade him ; she attacks him, and, complete as his
ultimate surrender may be, he yields fighting. He '* will
still be talking," and there is no help for it.
And as regards Wuthering HeightSy Mrs. Ward thinks that
criticism has a real work to do with this strange novel.
She quotes Prof. Saintsbury's belief that Emily Bronte*s
work has been '^ extravagantly praised," and Mr. Leslie
Stephen's opinion that Emily Bronte's ^^ feeble grasp upon
external facts makes her book a kind of baseless night-
mare, which we read with wonder and with distressing
curiosity, but with even more pain than pleasure or profit."
Charlotte Bronte herself wrote of her sister's story with
a certain caution, as did also Mrs. Gaskell. Mrs. Ward
allows much to these and other critics ; but her faith in
Wuthering Heights is stronger than theirs. She says :
'< Eor the mingling of daring poetry with the easiest and
most masterly command of local truth, for sharpness and
felicity of phrase, for exuberance of creative force, for
invention and freshness of detail, there are few things in
English fiction to match it."
Bibliographical.
Because I happened to say last week that readers and
reviewers "are apt to be bored" by the frequent appear-
ance of the same name on the title-pages of books, a
correspondent, signing himself "The Lobworm," suggests
that I have "let a literary cat out of the bag." Is it
possible, he asks with unconcealed irony, that reviewers
are influenced by names ? And he goes on to propose a
remedy for that evil. "Judges at shows are, or were,
supposed to be in ignorance of the contents of the catalogue
unto, the awards were complete. Why not hand over
books to reviewers with no clue to author or publisher
beyond a sealed envelope, 'not to be opened until the
review is written ' ? " An ingenious notion ! but one, I
fear, which would not commend itself either to authors or
to publishers. Authors, I fancy, would rather risk the
possible boredom of the reviewers than always come before
the world in anonymous fashion.
Talking of publishers, I note that an addition has just
been made to the number of publishers who write. Mr.
J. M. Dent himself supplies the editorial introduction to
the reprint of She Stoops to Conquer which he has just
added to his "Temple Classics." Every now and then
somebody revives the cry of " Every author his own
publisher." How very much more to the purpose would
be " Every publisher his own author " ! However, I see
in that suggestion a very real danger for the hiblio-
grapher. There is quite enough confusion of names as it
is. I see, for example, that Mr. Charles Dickens, grand-
son of the novelist, has been making a speech at a club
dinner. Now, this gentleman's father was also a Charlea
Dickens—" Charles Dickens the Younger," as he sub-
scribed himself. Well, if Charles Dickens the Youngest
should write and publish books, the poor bibliographer of
the future will have three Charles Dickens's to struggle
with — which will be hard upon him.
"Somebody of leisure," I wrote last week, "should
write an account of English war poetry " ; and now there
comes a "preliminary par" about a collection of war
song^ which is shortly to be added to the " Canterbury
Poets." So far as I know, this will be the first anthology
of the kind. We have had collections of patriotic verse
in which war poetry has been included, but that should
hardly bar the way of the new volume, which will, I hope,
fulfil in all strictness the prdmise of its title.
" S. G.," writing in the Pall Mall Ga%ette, says there is a
piece of information which he desires: "Who wrote
* Broken Vows,' the play which was in rehearsal at Mans-
field Park when the august Sir Thomas returned from the
West Indies ? " It is to be feared that this question will
not be answered until it can be put to Miss Austen her-
self-not, of course, by "S. G.," if it be true that he has
an objection to meeting the lady in Paradise. A play
called "Broken Vows" was produced in England about
thirty years ago, but that was after Miss Austen's day.
It is a little wonderful that there should not have been a
dramatic "Broken Vows" before 1871. "The Broken
Heart " and " The Broken Gold "—Miss Austen may have
heard of the plays so named ; but " Broken Vows " must
have been of her own coinage.
Her Title of Honour has proved, up to now, the most
lasting of the stories of the late Miss Harriett Parr. A
new edition of it appeared so recently as last October.
Next to it, apparently, in popularity are the Legendi of
Fairyland, of which there was a reprint in 1897. One
well remembers when this lady's Sylvan HoWs Daughter,^
Katie Brande, and so forth, were "books of the day.'
Her book of essays. In the Silver Age, was well worn
reading. It was a good thing that she elected to publian
as " Holme Lee " ; otherwise there might have been a
muddle in the public mind between Miss Harriett Tan
and Mrs. Louisa Parr, as there was for a time between
Miss M. B. Edwards and Miss A. B. Edwards.
I notice that Mr. Max Pemberton, in his new story
called F^o, makes a Frenchwoman say to an English girl:
" Ah, men have so much to live for, child. Your poet
Shakespeare has said it better than you or I will ever say
it. A woman's love is her little kingdom, but the man »
world is very wide." Is it possible that Mr. Pemberton is
under the impression that the lines —
Man*8 love is of man's life a thing apart,
*TiB woman's whole existence,
were written by the Bard of Avon ? Or is this only his
exquisitely subtle way of reflecting upon French ignorance
of English literature ?
There have been of late frequent announcements of the
fact that Sir Henry Irving's next production at ^^
Lyceum will be a play dealing with the Massacre of ol
Bartholomew and having Charles IX. for its chief fig^'
Nowhere have I seen any reference to the further fact that
the subject was treated by Marlowe in a play, "■*-h^
Massacre at Paris," which, however, has come down to d^
only in a fragmentary and (as regards the text) corrupt
state. Sir Henry's drama, apparently, is to be an adapta-
tion from the French.
The Bookwobm.
24 February, 1900.
The Academy,
159
Reviews.
The Trend of Young Verse.
By Shore and Wood. By W. Cuthbertson. (James
Thin)
Wild Eaen, By George Woodberry. (Macmillan. 58.)
Without a Ood. (Kegan Paul. )
Out of the Nest. By Mary McNeil Fenollosa. (Gay &
Bird.)
Nevbb since the '^ spacious days of great Elizabeth " has
there been such a "widespread spirit of song as now, and
song which quite frequently attains a level that demands
respect. The English language is spread over two hemi-
spheres, and from both this chorus of song arises, thickly
as the voices of a wet morning-grove. For America swells
the cloud of books of verse which descend on the editorial
table. It is easy to sneer at it as ''minor poetry," and
set it aside with fine Britannic scorn of anything so super-
fluous as minor poetry — in the disparaging sense to which
the word is now generally confined. Minor poetry in this
sense it is ; that is, work without strong and assured
inspiration and marked originality. Yet it . has its im-
portance. Without some such state of widespread impulse
towards song great poets seldom arise. These countless
volumes of verse that annually drift over the land are, if
you please, the dead leaves which quicken the soil of the
poetic year ; and many die that some one or two may grow
fusty and thrive. But they do not die fruitlessly, as the
Philistine would assert ; the poetic soil m the richer for
them, the more likely to fertilise g^at work. Not to say
that here and there is work which does not all die, which
has its charm for the unhasty reader who takes an interest
in the lesser verse as in the lesser flowers. Wild flowers,
if you will, not garden flowers ; but let us welcome them
with the daisies.
It is interesting, therefore, to note what these dragon-
flies, these many-hued ephemerides of literature, are
endeavouring to accomplish; interesting, and perhaps
instructive. What common impulse is working in the
singer from ultra-modem America, him who rhymes on
the garden-seat of a London omnibus, and the novice from
the ootmtry ? At first sight nothing seems so conspicuous
in this doud as its many colours, its extreme diversity.
One follows Tennyson, another leans towards Wordsworth,
Eossetti, Swinburne, and endless influences are apparent
as we turn the pages. Undoubtedly that is the case :
there is no school dominant at present, as Tennyson was
dominant in the earlier Victorian era, and wide indi-
viduality as regards manner and form is a note of this
lesser verse. But yet it is not impossible to arrive at
certain general characters, to educe a ruling tendency:
these venr various poets are more alike than they deem.
Let us take, as a first example, the work of an American
lady with the curious name of Mary McNeil Fenollosa.
Two of the very best of these recent volumes, by the way,
are American. This lady's poems are notable in two
ways. In the first place much of them is remarkably
good ; in the second place, more than half of them are
concerned with Japan. They are the records of an
American woman's residence in that delightful country,
and gain all the novelty of Japanese scenery, which yet is
not too novel — an important consideration as regards the
theme of verse. Ker work is full of promise, and contains
some excellent performance. She has sensitive observation,
a gift of really original fancy, and a rich and cultivated
diction, more classic than is usual in female poets. These
qualities she has applied to the illustration of a country
which is ready-made poetry, poetry asking but to be
gathered ; and the result is full of delicacy and charm.
Here is her vignette of '' Midsummer in Tokio " :
A copper sky, grey- veiled in heated mist,
Blue roofs, white-ribbed, and dumps of sullen trees
Set close for shade, and dark with purple gloom !
The long straight moats gleam dully, set between
Stone-patient walls, whose mossy crests are twined
With forms of crouching dragons, pines that writhe
Bed- sealed and rough, with fins of living green.
A crow beats heavily through the diluted air.
Aimless with years, and vaguely bound to lip
The ancient castle-gate, black-peaked and tall.
Lone sentry at the portal of the past.
Silence has slept, bat from the infrequent grass
Comes prickling mist of myriad tiny sounds ;
For there the acadsB, those little men.
Sit twirling summer through shrill reels of song.
Off in the busy town the streets lie bare ;
But imder booths of straw old dames sdl fruit
And many a cooling drink. There children play
More qniet for the heat, or, drooped like flowers.
Sleep in the doors with little faces flashed.
Ill long straight rows the nerveless willows stand,
Weeping green rain that never falls to earth ;
While, piercing down the vista, comes a sound.
The keen, recurrent, many-fluted cry
Of Amma San, a human cicada.
0*er street, and moat, and g^oite-castled isle
The dosty glare of muffled light has crept,
And choked the world with languor, till the soul
Stirs panting, like the air's white flames that rise
Made visible with tremor. Then is blown,
Cooling the air with shaded petal- waves,
The great sound-blossom of a temple-bell.
It is in such impressions as this that Miss Fenollosa-
shows best, for she has no power of passion. You note
the choice diction, the happiness of expression culminating
in such a line aa :
Sit twirling summer through shrill reels of song.
It shows also the writer's weakness : she is not artistic,
she is deficient in selection, compression, and sense of
form. Such a line as
Uader booths of straw old dames sell fruit
And many a cooling drink,
is prosaic and were better away ; whUe the whole deecrip*
tion is too resolved and categorical in its detail. But
despite all defects, it makes you feel and see the sultry
Japanese town. Here is a sonnet on '^ Fujisan bom
Enoshima" :
0 thou divine, remote, ineffable !
Thou Qone of visions based on level sea,
Thou ache of joy in pale eternity.
Thou gleaming pearl in night's encrusted shell,
Thou frozen ghost, thou crystal dtadel,
Heart-hushed I gaze, until there seems to be
Nothing in heaven or earth, but thee and me,
1 the faint echo, thou the crystal bdl !
Time roUs beneath me, as the waves' long foam.
And thoughts, as drifting weeds, float vaguely by,
Leaviog my ran8ome<l soul to fill the dome
Which carves, by day, thy cloud-fringed canopy.
Measured by gods, I draw my human height ;
Then hide me weeping, I have faced the height !
It is a far enough cry, apparently, from this lady to Mr.
W. Cuthbertson, the best pieces in whose By Shore and
Wood are ballades, rondeaus, and the like, couched in the
lighter vein. Whether angling and golf have yet had
their ballade we do not know ; but Mr. Cu^bertson, at
any rate, g^ves us both. His '* Ballade of an Angler" is
pleasantly touched.
When winds are breathing faint perfume,
And crimson tints the eastern skies.
When like a spectre from the tomb
The wan moon slowly fades and dies,
i6o
The Academy.
24 February, 1900.
When overhead the skylarks rise,
And love-notes from the willows steal :
This is the melody I prize,
The music of the ringing reel.
When overhead the pine-lrees gloom,
Where fitfully the low wind sighs —
The woof that threads the river's loom —
While o*er its face the swallow flies.
I mark the noon's half -sleepy eyes,
The murmuiing river's wash I feel,
And hear, while sink the deadly flies,
The music of the ringing ree^
When from afar the bittern's boom
Sweeps weirdly, and the landrail's cries
Come harshly, when the cornflowers bloom,
Like never-ceasine threnodies.
When o'er the da^eoed river flies
Mv careful cast ; to cheer my zeal
There oomes a note of sweet surprise,
The music of the ringing reel.
Envoy.
Princ**, hcwo'er grey or bright the skies
At morn or noon or night may steal
Their onward way, I only prize
The music of the ringing reel.
Alien enough those graceful dexterities from the muse of
the lady of Japan, you think ; particularly when Mr.
Guthbertson siogs of tobacco —as he does sing — and his
** triolet " we may quote :
There's no tobacco like Perique
Of all Ihat'd brought across the ocean ;
From Galveston to Chesapeake,
There's no tobacco like Perique.
To praise it you will find a week
A space too short for your devotion.
There's no tobacco like Perique,
Of all that's brought across the ocean.
Yet under the wide difference of form there is a likeness
between the two. Both are impressionistic, both are busy
with nothing but the effect of nature — or tobacco — upon
themselves. The more one examines, the more is this
seen to be a common note of all these younger singers.
With most tlie interest is nature, with some it is life ;
but all present to nature and life a purely passive attitude,
t^iey face them sensitively only. Take up Mr. George
Woodberry's Wild Eden and you find the same trait.
This richly-coloured picture gives us the purely impres-
sionistic note again :
One rich hollyhock warden.
High in the midsummer garden,
Motionless points its blossomioff spear .
Up to the honey-pale, amber-clear
Dome of the golden atmosphere.
Shut aloft by the foliage-wall
Linden, rock^maple, elms over all,
Embowering, umbrageous, massive, tall,
That make of the garden a little dell,
A place of Bluinher for blade and bell —
Of sleep and circumambient peace,
From the crimson hollyhock's flowered spire
To the one deep rose-plume drifting fire,
Where, duskily seen as the shades increase,
'Mid molten flakes of breaking fleece.
And trellised with many a fading spark,
Through her summer-lattice peers the dark.
Yes, all these young men and maidens, as with one
consent, are making sensitised plates of themselves ;
observing, feeling, reproducing, and no more. Therewith
is another and kindred symptom — the disappearance of
the "message." We note one poet, who publishes
anonymously with Messrs. Kegan Paul an appallingly long
and most contentedly and conscientiously prosaic poem,
Without a Gody wh'ch is a kind of autobiographic novel in
ver^e, MH'l i\f k\< \\\* 1 ♦mj' <ltv. Inp'n-rit of an imlividaal
soul, from the Agnostic standpoint. But the bulk care for
none of these things, and have no thoug^ht of a teaching
function in themselves. The '* message '' Ib not in season.
that is dear. This universal preoccupation with the
merely sensitive side of poetry is not quite a thing for
congratulation. It may be pardoned, on the ground that
it is the least ambitious way of writing. It is eminently
feminine, and, therefore, it is not surprising that women
are well to the front among these younger poets. In some
of the female writers there is a pathetic and wistful
consciousness of limited faculty, which does not go beyond
the detailed sense that life is bitter, or life is sweet. One
would not have these strain their throats. But in itself
the tendency to resolve poetry into a study of sensations is
regrettable — a vast abnegation of the greatest potentiali-
ties of English song. Thought and intellect disappear ; of
the Wordsworthian tradition but the husk remains, with-
out the life-giving soul. Yet, consciously or unconsciously,
the various flight of '* new poets " are aU in substance
impressionist — though you may search far for the delicate
methods of the French school which writes that title on its
banners. And a proportion of them, as we have gratefully
admitted and recognised, produce work having distinct
appeal and quality, though they may have far to go along
the difEcult way of perfection. On the meanings of life
their voice is weak and uncertain, if that trouble them at
all : they have gone far from the day of In Memoriam, still
further from the day of Browning. And since they are
content with
The little life of bank and briar,
it is ungrateful to ask them for more than they ofEer.
The Ox and the Corn.
First Principles in Politics. By William Samuel Lilly.
(John Murray. 14s.)
Mr. Lilly opens his treatise with what looks like a
paradox. From the general mind of to-day, he tells us,
the idea of law is almost unseated. We had supposed—
the opinion is in the air — that now at last, for the Urst
time, the popular mind had embraced the conviction that
things which happen, probably or improbably, happen in
subjection to law. But he mc^es good his pretension.
It is true, no doubt, that in the realm of physical phe-
nomena we ordinary men do at last understand that the
sun is not arbitranly eclipsed, that the weather is not
altogether fortuitous, and that our Sodoms and Gomorrahs,
when they happen upon cyclones and earthquakes, are
not by their sins the immediate cause of those shocking
cataclysms. But Mr. Lilly very well points out that, in
the ultimate signification, the sequence of cause and effect
among physical phenomena does not properly contain that
which law connotes : for necessity has no place in pure
physics ; it is not, for instance, of necessity that material
bodies attract each other according to a certain familiar
formula. It merely happens. Necessity can be connoted
properly only in the region beyond the physical. Law is
metaphysical, for law is a function of reason ; and it is
to the devotion of the world to what is called physical
science that the general obscuration of the idea of law
sdnsu stricto may be traced.
Particularly in matters politic is this exemplified. '^ My
dear fellow," said a contemporary to Mr. Lilly, "... there
are no first principles in politics, or last principles;
there are no principles at all, and no laws giving expression
to principles ; it is a mere matter of expediency, of utility,
of convention, of self-interest." This was the voice of the
Zeitgeist. And over against it he entrenches himself.
** Nothing is that errs from law " — law that, in the
order of thought, precedes all its manifestations, the first
fact of the universe. Upon that principle — not upon the
principle of might, or of utility, or of self-interest — the
24 February, 1900.
The Academy.
161
State is built up^ differing thus from the comities of
beasts — of wolves, of bees, of ants. For man is rational ;
therefore is free- willed ; and because he is free of will, can
do justice or refrain.
Justice recognises the rights of the individual. The
individual demands freedom ; and, with proper limitations,
Justice renders it to him, in four manifestations. He
has the right to exist, limited by the duty of labour,
lie has an indefeasible right to live out Mb own life,
to determine the use of his own faculties, so that they
be innocuously energised. He has a right to hold what
lie gets or acquires, so that he hold it, in some sense, for
the benefit of his brethren. Finally, in proportion to his
aptitude^ he has a right to a share in the legislation and
administration of his country.
80 far we go whole-heartedly with Mr. Lilly; it is
agreeable to fibad a man who in these days cares to set
forth his convictions on a broad d priori basis. The rest
of his work is concerned with the application of his prin-
ciples to the difficult details of our complex social environ-
ment ; and it does seem, despite our prepossession by his
calm and philosophic prolegomena, as though in the
questions of Strikes and Kings, of Trade Unions and Lock-
outs, he leaves matters very much where he found them.
Thus the old — the antiquated — theories of the school
that grew out of the masterpiece of Adam Smith had at
least the merit of an unimpeachable logic. Granted the
laws of Supply and Demand, of the Higgling of the
Market, and the rest, the conclusion that prosperity
depended absolutely and solely upon the strife between
individuals and the bare survival of the fittest, did in-
exorably follow. But now, when the Shaftesburys and
Euskins have rendered intolerable to the humane observer
the hideous cruelties which, in the name of Political
Economy, must necessarily accompany the process of its
actualisation, we find ourselves left, in effect — whatever
may be our theories — in the dusk of haphazard. What,
for instance, could be more futile than Carlyle's ''A fair
day's wage for a fair day's work is as just a demand as
governed men ever made of governing; it is the ever-
lasting right of men"? "Fair" — it begs the whole
question. Of course, a fair wage is a just demand : what
the new political economy has to settle is precisely what is
a fair wage, and upon what principles it must be deter-
mined. The gentle Pope's ''It is a dictate of nature,
more authoritative and more ancient than any contract
between man and man, that the remuneration of the
labourer must be sufficient to support him in reasonable
and frugal comfort" is less vague, and proportionately
less certoin. For not seldom it happens that labour,
eating and drinking as it goes, is found at the last to have
produced nothing — or less. Surely, nature's recompense
in such case would be famine.
The fact is, that there remains still room for an economy
which shall formulate, upon a basis of reason and justice,
the proportions accoiding to which the accumulations of
thrift, on the one hand, and, on the other, the industry
and skill of labour, may rightly divide their increment.
Milton^s Quaker Friend.
Thtf History of ths Life of Thomas Elwood. New Edition.
Edited by C. G. Crump. (Methuen & Co. 6s.)
T^o^[AS Elwood hardly ranks among the fathers of-
Quakerism. Not his, of course, were the spiritual
fountains which welled up in George Fox ; a comparison
between these men would be absurd. But his name
cannot be written alongside the learned Barclay, the
sagacious Penn, or the patriarchal Isaac Penington. He
was no son of thunder, able to control the London mob,
like Edward Burrough ; and he left no pages which
Charles Lamb could pore over with the rapture he
bestowed on those of the mild Dewsbury. Men as little
known as Francis Howgill and Hichard Hubberthome
were spiritual giants compared with Elwood. The eloquence
of these fulmined over £!ngland, and made the Quakers
a host of many times ten thousand ; they were live coals
from the altar. Unlike theirs, Elwood's books have no
prophetic fire, no Davidean tears. His journal is an airy
book, quaint, vivid, important by chance. This being so,
we think that Mr. Crump, to whom we are entirely grateful
for a correct text of Elwood's book, might have intro-
duced his hero in a lighter manner. FTio Introduction is
a capital resume of tiie history and social conditions of
early Quakerism, but it is serious and complete enough to
usher in a new edition of George Fox's Journal — a work
compared with which Elwood's is froth.
Elwood's couTersion to Quakerism was in this wise.
His father had stinted his education in favour of an
elder brother, and the result was that Thomas lived in
genteel idleness at home, attending his father, who was
a justice of the peace, to the Petty Sessions, and aimlessly
enjoying country life. Meanwhile a friend of the family,
Lady Springett, a sprightly widow with a sprightlier
daughter — the historic Guli who afterwards became the
wife of William Penn — had married Isaac Penington, and
was newly settled with her husband and her daughter Guli
(Springett) at Chalfont, only fifteen miles from the
Elwoods. What was more natural than thf^; Justice
Elwood and his son Thomas should saddle their horses,
and go cantering into Bucks to visit their friends? It
would have been less natural if they had known that the
Peningtons had become Quakers, but in blissful ignorance
of this they rode up to the door with light words of
greeting on their lips. Their disillusionment was sudden
and complete. '' So g^at a change from a free debonnair
and courtly sort of behaviour . . . did not a little amuse
us, and disappoint our expectation of such a pleasant visit
as we used to have."
Young Elwood was fascinated by the Quaker rule, and
began to visit the Peningtons on his own account. Lapped
in Quaker kindness, and wanting an aim, he became a
Quaker. He soon came to London, and was entangled in
the nets of persecution which filled Bridewell and Newgate
with inoffensive Quakers. Elwood's Newgate scenes are
vivid and valuable ; but the salt of his journal is in its
earlier chapters, in which we see the impact of Quakerism
on a family of social position. It is also to be found in
the story of Elwood's connexion with John Milton, which
he recounts sparingly, and drops as a '' digression." It
was as a young Quaker anxious to repair the defects in
his education mat Elwood was introduced to the poet, in
London, in the capacity of a reader and pupil.
I . . . took myself a lodging ... as near to his
house (which was then in Jewyn-street) as conveniently as
I could, and from thenceforward went every day in the
afternoon, except on the first days of the week, and sitting
by him in his dioing-room read to him in such books in
the Latin tongue m he pleased to hear me read. At my
first sitting to read to him, obeerviog that I used the
English pronunciation, he told me, if I would have the
benefit of the Latin tongue, not only to read and imder-
stand Latin authors, but to converse with foreigners either
abroad or at home, I must learn the foreign pronimciation.
To this I consented, he instructing me how to sound the
vowels ; so difierent from the common pronunciation used
by the English, who speak Anglioe their Latin.
Elwood's simplicity, his well-bred, candid address, and his
earnestness in reUgion won upon the poet. The casual
relation quickly warmed to friendship, and when Milton
wished to leave London during the Plague it was Elwood
who took " a pretty box " for him near Chalfont. And
here, visiting tne poet, Elwood was handed the MS. of
Paradise Lost by Muton himself :
He asked me how I liked it and what I thought of it,
which I modestly but freely told him, and after some dis^
course about it, I pleasantly said to him : ** Thou hast said
l62
The Academy.
24 'February. 1 ,o().
mush here of * Paradise Lost,* but what hast thou to say
of ' Paradise Found * ? " He made me no answer, but sat
some time in a muse ; then broke off that discourse^ and
fell upon another subject.
After the sickness was over, and the city well cleansed
and become safely habitable again, he returned thither.
And when afterwards I went to wait on him there, which
I seldom failed of doing whenever my occMions drew me
to London, he showed me his second poem, called '* Para-
dise Regained," and with a pleasant tone said to me:
'* This is owing to you, for you put it into my head by the
question you put to me at Chalf out, which before I had
not thought of."
That scene and dialogue are Elwood's patent of immor-
tality. Yet one must allow a closer significance to the
forgotten *' Testimony of the Monthly Meeting at Hunger-
hill" : '* He was a man of very acceptable and agreeable
conversation, as well as sober and religious ... his
memorial is sweet to us."
Tabulated Hysterics.
The psychology of Religion, By E. D. Starbuck. (Walter
Scott.)
Is outward aspect this work is commonplace enough ; to
the ordinary reader it will not make an immediate appeal.
But on opening it we found ourselves face to face with a new
departure, and in ten minutes had decided that it was one of
the most astonishing books of the day. For Dr. Starbuck,
wishing to probe the religious experiences of his fellow-
creatures, has adopted a method which, though fairly
common in America, has not yet taken firm hold on Eng-
lish prejudices. He has '* circularised" a large number
of people, setting them certain questions to answer as to
their age and weight, their mental and physical symptoms
before, during, and after conversion ; and, curiously
enough, he obtained quite a number of answers. *^ What
circumstances and experiences preceded conversion ? " asks
Dr. Starbuck ; ^' any sense of depression, smothering,
fainting, loss of sleep and appetite?" *^How did relief
come ? " he continues. " What were your feelings after the
crisis — sense of bodily lightness, weeping, laughing?"
Aiud so on up to Question Eleven. Fearing to miss a
single pang. Dr. Starbuck adds: ** State a few bottom
truths embodying your own deepest feelings."
The questions were addressed mostly to Americans, and
among the replies were bottom truths from Episcopalians,
Presbyterians, Baptists, Negroes, Japanese, and one
Hawaiian. Knowing the difficulty of skimming the merest
froth of thought, one sympathises with the solitary
Hawaiian trying to state a bottom truth about his deepest
feelings.
But this represents only the beginning of Dr. Starbuck's
labours. Having obtained replies from 120 females and
72 males, he set himself to make deductions from those
answers, and having collated the results, the weights, the
ages, the sexes, the loss of appetite, the insomnia of
the converts, he has set forth a series of tables
in which we have as clear a view of the '^ conversion-
curves " as the Meteorological Office gives us of the rise
and fall of the barometer. The age curve, for example,
shows us conversions starting at seven years, and mount-
ing gradually till it reaches its culminating point at six-
teen. But the curve differs in the cases of males and
females. '^ Among the females there are two tidal waves
of religious awakening at about 13 and 16, followed by a
less significant period at 1 8 ; while among the males the
great wave is at about 16, preceded by a wavelet at 12,
and followed by a surging up at 18 or 19." And the
chart gives evidence that if a man is not converted by his
twenty-third birthday he runs very small risk of being
converted at all. Moreover, the height and weight chart
gives practically the same results. For '^during the
period of most rapidly bodily growth is the time when con-
version is most likely to occur." This is only what might
have been expected d priori^ for the a^e of puberty is, of
course, .the period at which the angd stirs the pool of
emotion. But it is when he comes to the bottom truths
that Dr. Starbuck is most interesting, for the replies he
obtained do not by any means err on the side of reticence,
and one would have recommended a doctor rather than a
camp-meeting revivalist for the treatment of the symptoms
described. ''Loss of sleep or appetite" is pretty evenly
distributed between the sexes, but ''weeping" was
naturally a predominant feminine symptom. It is not easy
to conjecture why the number of males who were afflicted
with temporary deafness before conversion should more
than douole that of the females, though we might hazard
a reason to explain the fact that these premonitory
symptoms last with a youth nearly three times as long as
they last with a g^rl.
In justice to Dr. Starbuck, we should state that he treats
his subject with perfect gravity. But it is rather startUng
to find the emotional experiences which most people reg^d
as too sacred for open discussion set forth like the rise
and fall of market prices. Nor can we admit that he has
added anything to our sum of knowledge. We all know
that the phenomenon called " conversion " by revivalist
preachers is a sort of hysterical outburst which is likely
to occur at the moment when the child becomes an adult ;
nor do we need bottom truths from Hawaii to teach us
that.
From Oxford.
Nova Anthohgia Oxoniensis, Edited by Bobinson Ellis,
M.A., and A. D. Godley, M.A. (Clarendon Press.)
The power to write a neat copy of elegiacs or iambics is
no longer regarded as the crown and coping-stone of a
liberal education. Doubtiess this is as it should be.
Philology, archaeology, paleDOgraphy, and a dozen other
interests have stepped in to fill the vacant place, and it is
in every way better that the student imould read his
Greek and Latin texts largely, with some thought for
the ideas which they convey and the modes of life which
they mirror, than that he should spend his time in learning
to reproduce, however faithfully, the diction and the
prosody of a somewhat arbitrarily determined " dassioal "
period. Even style he will probably learn better, so far
as it is to be learnt at all, &om attempts to express him-
self in his own tongue than in any other way. Yerse
composition is an accomplishment, a pretty trick of the
finished scholar : it is not an instrument of education.
As an accomplishment, however, we hope it mav flourish
long ; and that it still does flourish, at Oxford at least, the
elegant littie volume before us is sufficient witness. The
contributors are some fifty in number, and their University
careers must cover among them about as many years. At
one end of the series comes the late Master of Balliol, the
only one of the company, we fancy, who is not still living ;
at the other Mr. J. S. Phillimore, the recentiy appointed
and very young Professor of Greek at Glasgow. A few
among them have attained to distinction in other than
academic fields. Does Sir Alfred Milner, in the heat and
dust of South African controversy, recall his " Kubla
Khan " in Virgilian hexameters ? —
And midst this tumult Knbla heard from fur
Ancestral voices prophesying war.
At longe resonare audivit avitas
.^aeas voces, certum et prsedicere bellum.
The average level of merit seems to us at least up to that
of any similar volume of the same kind with which we are
acquainted. One or two of the writers deal with their
difficulties rather cavalierly. The special point of "left
24 February, 1900.
The Academy.
163
the daisies rosy " is missed when it is tamed into *^ left the
lilies red behind her." On the other hand there are some
who are remarkably suooessf ul not merely in translating
the words of their texts, but in preserving much of the
atmosphere and poetic quality. In Latin we should single
ont the PreeideDt of Ma^^dalen's yersion of Tennyson's
Inyitation to the Isle of Wight :
You*U have no scandal while you dine»
But honest talk and wholesome wine,
And only hear the magpie gossip
Gbrrulous under a roof of pine.
Nil oenam tibi oondiet mali^;m
Sed sal candidior, salubre vmum,
Et solos prope f abolator aves
Finns culoiine teotas increpabit.
Also Prof. Phillimore's really charming bits from
" Thyrsis " and " The Scholar Gipsy " :
Shepherds had met him on the Hurst in spring :
At some lone alehouse ia the Berkshire moors.
Or the warm ingle-bencb, the smook-frocked boors
Had foimd him seated at their entering.
Bat, mid their drink and clatter he would fly :
lUam vere novo pastores ooUe vagantem,
Blum cinctutos peterent cimi nocto Sabinis
Montibus hosp tium, sola invenisee taberna
Agricolas, sella ante Lares Yestamque sedentem :
Mox fugere elapsom turba strepituque bibentum.
Also almost any of Prof. Robinson Ellis's renderings into
Latin lyrical metres. Perhaps the happiest is from Ben
Jonson :
See, see, her sceptre and her crown
Are all of flame, aod from her gown
A train of light comes waving down.
Sceptrum cerDitis ut vomat
Ignis flammif ero cum diademate ?
Ut de veste tremens deae
Decurrat liquidi fascia luminis.
In Ghreek Prof. Murray's choric ode and his Theocritean
hexameters are admirable and ingenious : but best of all
we think are Mr. Arthur Sidgwick's true and poignant
renderings from Brownine. Both " Never any more " and
'* 0 lyriclove " are as good as they can be. And Browning's
very modem subtlety must, so fax as difficulty goes, be at
quite the opposite pole from, say, *^ Samson Agonistes " or
''Sohrab and Eustum." The absence of any index to the
work of the different translators is most irritating.
South Africa and the War: II.
Ths War in South Africa: its Causes and Effects, By
J. A. Hobson. (Nisbet & Co. 7s. 6d. net.)
The Death or Ghry Boys. By D. H. Parry. (Cassell & Co. )
To Modder River with Methuen, By Alfred Kinnear.
(Arrowsmith. Is.)
Two Million Civilian Soldiers of the Queen, and How to Raise
Them, By Bichard Bennett. (Simpkm, Marshall. 6d.)
Mb. Hobson is on the side of the Boers, but he expounds
their case so temperately that the most imperialist reader
will find his book helpful. Indeed, all through these pages
there is a see-saw of statement and admission which pro-
duces thought rather than conviction. Mr. Hobson writes
with knowledge derived from a visit to South Africa in the
summer and autumn of last year. His opportunities for
studying the political situation were specially good : he
was at Pretoria during the critical negotiations, at Bloem-
fontein when the Free State resolved to stand by the
Transvaal, and at Cape Town when the first shot was
fired. He talked with prominent men in the two He-
publics and in the Colony, and that he made the most
of his time is dear; still it is necessary to point out
that a knowledge of South African politics acquired in
a few months can hardly be profound. Mr. Hobson says
many striking things, but he reveals the timidity of an
honest learner ra^er than the assurance of a ripened
student. Take Mr. Hobson's character-sketch of Mr.
Kruger. On one page we are told that a perf ectiy sound
explanation of his wealth is found in his legitimate land
operations. On another we have this cautious passage :
It is idle to shirk the accusations brought against the
President ; they are not merely the vague whispers of
agitators on the Rand. Many Iransvaalers not hostile to
the general policy of Mr. Kruger are evidently staggered
and perplexed by certain aspects of that policy and certain
incidento in his career. Enemies b Idly cast in his tetth
persobal corruption, insisting thit he has taken large sums
of money, not merely for the dynamite, but for other
concessions and dealings ; that he has allowed some
members of his family and a littie dique of peri<onal
friends to enrich tbemeelves by abuse of < mdal power and
by lobbying. Upon this matter I have probed many well-
informed persons, and can get no sure conclusion. One
thing is certain, that Kruger has not what we should call
a ''nice sense of honour'' in these matters. The case of
the Salati Bailway is conclusive on this point.
Again in his analysis of the Outlanders' motives we have a
double-action sentence like this :
Many of these men, as I shall show, were chitfly
prompted by purvly selfish motives, which would ulti-
mately lead them to nse politics against the common
weal ; but some were moved by a genuine interest in the
cause of ffood government, qniokened by the irritation
wbidi a sharp-witted business man feels when he sees
incompetent people round him muddling things and
wasting the public resources.
And when Mr. Hobson comes to the question of official
corruption, he g^ves facts, puts in demurs, redistributes
blame. But the same frank admission conies : '* There
does exist a corrupt gang at Pretoria." Then as to the
aims of the war. Mr. Hobson thinks that in effect '* we
are fighting in order to place a small international
oligarchy of mine-owners and speculators in power at
Pretoria." We fed very sure that if such motives
prompted the war, quite other motives will be enlisted in
settling the country after a costiy victory. But even Mr.
Hobson admits that this international oligarchy — which
we believe to have no future existence — ** may be better
for the country and for the world than the present or any
other rule." Mr. Hobson's honesty may weaken his
argument, but it is not wasted. His exposition of the
state of affairs in South Africa, as he sees it, should sow
valuable and humane ideas in the minds of those who read
his book.
A handy addition to regimental histories is that of the
17th Lancers, otherwise the ''Death or Qlory Boys."
The reg^ent, which is one of the smartest and most
famous of the British cavalry, was raised in 1759 by
Golond John Hale, the friend of Wolfe, who took the
despatches home after the fall of Quebec, and as a reward
for his services was allowed to raise and command a
regiment of light horse. Colonel Hale was not long in
getting to work, as in 1761 a draft of the regiment was
sent to Germany to serve under the cdebrated Marquess
of Ghranby and Prince Ferdinand. In 1775 it went to
America, where it fought in most of the actions in the
American War, returning home in 1787. In 1795-96 it
was in the West Indies, in 1806-7 in South America,
and from 1810 to 1820 in India. Later on it served
through the Orimean War, taking part in the famous
charge of the Light Brigade, the Mutiny, and the Zulu
and Afghan campaigns. Such a roll of services deserves
a vates sacer, and Mr. Parry has accordingly produced a
work which will be read with interest even by those who
have never had the honour of serving under the skull
164
The Academy.
24 Febniaiy, 1900.
and crossbones. Of course, Mr. Perry's book is ^ mere
tender to the Hon. J. Fortescue's standard Hhtory of the
17 Ih Lancers f published some years ago. But the 17 th is
a regiment worshipped of the people, and the price of Mr,
Fortescue's book soared above the ordinary pocket.
We hope that the desire to be early in the field with war
books will not be responsible for much writing so undis-
tinguished as Mr. Kinnear's. The following se^teDGeSy
wi& the amazing printer's bungle at the end, are not un-
typical of this hasty newspaper performance :
The losses amongst the rankers have proved so heavy,
however, that I am afraid to think of the track of sorrow
that must follow the return of the Brigade to the Metro-
polis. I draw a decent veil over the sickening anxiety of
the girls of the perambulator of the Bird Cage Walk and
the Oreen Park. Many of these young ladies, wheeling
their infantile charges in all innocence of the losses they
have sustained, will look, and look in vain, for the once
familiar faces, as I have said in detail, my friends the
Guards held Methuen's right, and assiettd in hurling the
Boers slowly across the river.
Mr. Einnear's book has its better and more informing
pages, but haste mars it throughout.
Compulsory service in the Volunteer forces, as these are
at present constituted, is suggested by Mr. Hichard Bennett
as the remedy for our un preparedness for a great war.
Every youth of eighteen years would, under Mr. Bennett's
scheme, be compelled to join the local equivalent of the
present Volunteer corps; and the author calculates that
this diluted form of conscription would yield a splendid
civilian army of two millions.
Other New Books-
Nigeria,
By Cawok E0BIN8ON.
Canon Eobinson, who is Canon Missioner of Eipon and
Lecturer in Hausa in the University of Cambridge, here
gives the results of his recent journeys among the Hausa
people in the Western Soudan. His volume, both for its
ethnological value and as an entertaining account of some
of the myriad inhabitants of our new protectorate, should
find many readers. It will perhaps oe particularly in-
teresting to those spectators of the Diamond Jubilee pro-
cession who were struck by the fine military fitness of the
Hausa troops. The Hausas, of course, are not to be
classed with savages in the ordinary use of the word :
they are Mohammedans for the most part, and do not
lack for good sense. Indeed, Canon Eobinson, who comes
to these people with much sympathy and a singularly
broad mind, admits the impaste into which their questions
occasionally led him. Once, for example, he was suggest-
ing to a native the undesirability of the Prophet's law
permitting four wives to each man. '*The argument
which he used," says the Canon, *' was one to which it
seemed impossible to suggest any reply " : he held up
his hand and drew attention to the fact that Q-od had made
it as a pattern of human society — as He had united one
thumb to four fingers so He intended one man to be united
to four wives. Another native — a boy — after being care-
fully instructed as to his divine origin, asked if God
(**Up-Up") had also made the mosquito (** buz-buz ").
The missionary hastened to say that He had. *'Then,"
said the boy, " why does Up-Up let the buz-buz eat me ? "
There is, of course, a reply to this question, but it seems
to be efficacious and satisfying only among more civilised
querists. Some of the quotations from Hausa poets which
Canon Eobinson gives seem to suggest that there is as
much moral wisdom among this nation as need be, and
example and practice alone are required from us. These
are fair specimens of the Hausas' higher sententiousness :
'* This life is a sowing- place for the next; all who sow
good deeds will behold the great city.'*
••Whoever chooses this world rejects the choice of the
lert ; he beizes one cowrie, but loses two thoueani
cowries."
'' We have a journey before us which cannot be put
8 side, whether you are prepared or unpiepared,
. Whether by night or just before the d^wn, or in Ihe
morning when the sun has risen."
But in certain practical matters the Hausas are less
happily inspired. For instance, they will not eat eggs,
the reason being that if the egg were left it would become
a fowl, and that would make a much better meal. A very
agreeable book. (Marshall. 58. net.)
The Earl of Beaconsfield,
By Harold E. Gorst.
The new volume in the curiously various and compre-
hensive ** Victorian Era " series. If we say of Mr. Qorst^s
book that it is a useful guide to Disraeli's career, we
shall, perhaps, be expressing the case fully enough ; for
it is much more that than a g^ide to Disraeli himself.
To penetrate that impassive Eastern exterior and lay bare
the very man requires gifts of a different order from those
exhibited in this work. But so far as it goes, the mono-
graph is praiseworthy, although the aumor^s view has
not the largeness we should have liked. He is a partisan
too steadily. For Mr. Gladstone and all his ways he has
profound disdain, and no opportunity is lost of aggrandis-
ing Disraeli at the expense of his great opponent An
historian of nicer perception would have known that this
is unnecessary : neither man was invariably right or wrong,
and Disraeli would lose nothing by an insistence on certain
of his faults. From the very first — when he went to the
theatre in velvet, carried a tasseled cane, cultivated a
bunch of ringlets over his left cheek, and wore his rings
outside his gloves — a glamour settled upon Disraeli's
personality ; but it has changed in character since his
death, and no one would be more amused than he to view
the reverence, almost as for a saint, in which his name is
now held by certain of the young Tory school — an emotion
which will only be fostered by Mr. Gorst's book. For good
Imperialists to venerate Disraeli's later policy and deeds
is only right ; but there is no call to drop the voice when
they speak of him. He was too humorous, too cynical,
too Oriental a man for that. With all his admiration,
Mr. Gorst does not, even politically, make so much of his
hero as he might. For instance, the very interesting and
characteristic story of the acquisition of the Suez Canal
shares is not told — a story in which Disraeli plays a
brilliant part. On Disraeli's social side the book is weak :
considering that his letter to Carlyle (his old enemy),
offering him a pension, is described as exquisite in its
delicacy, it ought to have been given, if only as an illus-
tration of Disraeli's epistolary tact. And why did not Mr.
Gorst find room for that perfect comparison of Gladstone
and Disraeli which was produced at Chelsea in one of the
old critic's more inspired sardonic moods ? It is true that
it hits Disraeli rather hard, but Mr. Gorst would have
had the satisfaction of knowing that it hit Gladstone
harder. (Blackie. 2s. 6d.)
Old Friends at Cambridge.
By J. Willis Clark.
Mr. Clark tells us that this volume must take the place
— at any rate for the present — of that volume of Recollec-
tions or Memoirs which frequently he has been urged to
write. It is not, we fear, a very good substitute. The
recollections of the Hegistrar of the University of Cam-
bridge— one who has known most of her sons for the
past half century, and is himself among the most zealous
of them — would certainly be more to the point than a collec-
tion of reviews and biographical notices reprinted from
the Church Quarterly and the Saturday, The book is in-
teresting, for it deeds, among others, with Whewell and
Thirlwall, Lord Houghton and Henry Bradshaw, E. H.
Palmer and Eichard Owen ; but it lacks the personal charac-
ter which we have the right to expect from a work entitled
Old Friends at Cambridge, Mr. Clark suppresses himself
24 February, 1900.
The Academy.
165
totally. Instead of the record of his own friendships, the
hook might he merely the fruit of perusal as critic of the
hiographies of these men as they have appeared. Bishop
Thirlwall, for example, Mr. Clark says he never even saw.
More, the articles, with the exception of that on
Whewell — the hest of them — have heen printed almost as
they were written, at periods ranging from seventeen to
four years ago ; which means that much interesting infor-
mation that has since come to light — and we are always
collecting new data about notable men in whom we take
an interest — has been disregarded ; while in not every case
have what Mr. Clark calls the obvious and necessary cor-
rections been made, for the author of the Life of Prof.
Falmer is alluded to throughout as Mr. Besant, although
he has been a knight since 1895. In short, we cannot help
looking upon this book as rather a scamped performance.
With the expenditure of more thought it might have been
a real biographical treasury — not, perhaps, worthy to stand
beside Dean Burgon's Twelve Good JHen^ for Mr. Clark
lacks the required temperament, but worthy of an adjacent
place.
We cannot find anything that is very quotable, but the
story which Mr. Clark repeats of Whewell's indifference
as a tutor may be new to our readers. Whewell took his
duties very lightly, and considered the whole thing a bore
and an interference ; so much so, that it is alleged of him
that among a list of pupils which he once gave to his
servant to bid to a wine party after Hall was an under-
graduate who had been dead some weeks. '^ Mr. Smith,
sir ? Why, he died last term, sir," said the man. '* You
ought to tell me when my pupils die," replied the tutor
sternly. (Macmillan. 6s.)
Qi7BER-siDB Stories.
By James F. Sitllivan.
Mr. Sullivan is not only an artist with an appreciation of
the queer side of things ; as a writer he is possessed of a
rather extravagantly boisterous sense of fun ; and many of
the stories in this volume are undeniably funny. Funny
is the precise word, for the reader's response to Mr.
Sullivan is rather a guffaw than a chuckle. When he
hits upon a good idea, as the idea of the surviving
Centaur, or tho man afflicted with the malady of foreseeing
the future, who can spot the winning number at Monte
Carlo, or see the coming misfortunes of his friends, then
Mr. Sullivan is really funny : and the good ideas give
colour to a considerable proportion of the volume. But
when he strikes on a worked -out claim, such as the
"Beauty College Co.," it is only natural that the comic
element is small ; for Mr. Sullivan depends entirely upon
incident ; and when the incident fails Mr. Sullivan fails.
As an instance of his method we may take the story of
Moozeby, which in motive has many points of resem-
blance to Mr. Wells's story of the man who could work
miracles. It illustrates admirably thd different methods of
treating the grotesquely supernatural which the two writers
adopt. Mr. Wells interests us in the commonplace clerk
who suddenly discovers himself to be possessed of miracu-
lous ^f ts ; indeed, the charm of the stoxy lies in the
pathetic inability of the stick-and-a-pipe young man to
raise his imagination to the level of his possibilities.
That is comedy. Mr. Sullivan's Moozeby is only a puppet
in the hands of circumstance, and we are interested only
in the absurdity of incident. Which is farce. But if
Mr Sullivan's characters are not characters at all, only
marionettes dancing to the jerk of the author's hand, it
must be admitted that he jerks shrewdly. (Downey & Co.)
LuciAw, THE Syrian
Satirist.
By Lieut.-Col. Henry
W. L. HiME.
enough, but he does n6t dispose of that first - hand
learnmg which marks M. Croiset's Esm% sur Zucien, nor
has he the critical gift which made the brilliant exposi*
tion of the Syrian writer in Mr. Charles Whibley's
" Studies in Frankness " so attractive a thing. In
fact, Lieut. -Col. Hime shows rather a heavy hand in
dealing with the literary felicities and delicate ironies
of his chosen author. His solemn indictment of Lucian's
morals can only provoke a smile. Lucian has no
reverence or humamty. He laughs at Helen among the
shades or the Cynic Proteus immolating himself in the
fiames out ofphilosophy — and in a dirty shirt. This, says
Lieut.-Col. Hime, is "awful mirth." Well, but what
does one go to Lucian for if it is not to be entertained by
witty inhumanity ? He does not claim our tears or our
aspirations ; and there are Stemes enough for the melting
mood. We do not wish to part on terms of ill-will with
Lieut.-Col. Hime, for after all it must tend to the
emollience of manners that modems should read the
classics, even with imperfect apprehension ; and, fortu-
nately, he puts us in a good temper by finishing up with
a long extract from the ever delightful Fera Historia. In
the company of the Hippogygians, who dwell in the Moon,
and are reigned over by none other than Endymion and
the Lactanopters who ride upon fowls with wings of
lettuce and wort leaves, and the Caulomycetes who have
shields of mushrooms and spears of asparagus stalks, and
the Cynobalians who are dog-faced men and bestride
winged acorns, and all the rest of the happy Selenian host,
we are willing to have done with criticism and end with
nothing less than gratitude. (Longmans.)
It is a Httle difficult to see the object of this volume.
Probably Lucian has been a leisure delight and solace to
Lieut.-Col. Hime, but that hardly justifies him in writing
a monograph. He has got up his subject carefully
Fiction.
The Princess Xenia. By H. B. Marriott Watson.
(Harper & Brothers. 68.)
Mr. Christopher Lambert was idling his youth away in
Dreiburg, the capital of an independent but particularly
small Teutonic State, when a lawyer from London called
upon him with the information that he had inherited four-
and a half millions of money. Christopher did not rush
immediately off to Paris to spend it, nor even to London.
Being a young man of fancies, he conceived the idea of
becoming Providence to this State and to the tw o equally
small and equally independent States which bounded it on
either side. Beginning with an entanglement in a revolu-
tionary society, he gradually inserted himself into the
politics of the three States, and took a hand in the great
game of playing o£P Austria against Germany. The
bestowal of the Princess Xenia in marriage made a large
item in the game. Xenia desired one prince ; policy
demanded another. Christopher used his millions to please
the lady. In the result his meddling brought death and
disaster into the lands over which Christopher had con-
stituted himself Providence. A German army corps inter-
fered, and, when confronted Avith a German army corps,
this Providence whose omnipotence extended only to four
millions and a half had to confess a miserable failure.
Xenia found herself without even a home, and we are led
to suppose that she married the ex-Providence, who had
still some three millions left.
Such, briefly, is the matter of Mr. Marriott Watson's
modem romance. It is a most readable and carefully-
wrought book, and though one may commence by being
prejudiced by the author's mannerisms and affectations
and his lack of resource at critical moments, one finishes
by a surrender to the general charm and glitter of the tale.
It is ingenious, subtte, and sometimes brilliant, and some
of the characters, notably the ^u(7«t-adventuress Katarina,
are very well done. The chief fault of it seems to be that
Christopher possesses but little talent for intrigue. He
1 66
The Academy.
24 February, 900.
has a habit of getting himself into oomers, and from these
Mr. Marriott Watson extricates him by means that are
neither novel nor convincins^. His escape from the session
of the secret society (end of Chapter II.) is an example of
this : ''A crash followed, the wall rocked and opened, and
his body disappeared beneath the tangled confusion of the
curtain/' The curtain device is really too old. The
author refers to the '^magnificent imperturbability" of his
hero. We may say that this imperturbability is carried to
excess. And further, Christopher uses his millions
crudely. He pays them, whereas a genius at the trade
would merely have manipulated them :
*' I underdtand that the claim of Germany is for ten
million marks. Your Highness, Herr Chancellor, gentle-
men of the Council " He felt swiftly in his pocket,
and produced a bundle of documents. '* There," he cried,
flinging them with theatrical effect upon the table—** there
lies this miserable debt ! In that p%cket you will fiod,
Mr. Treasurer, securities for close upon twelve million
marks. Your Highness, I think now that Germany can
trouble you no further."
Amazement ran round the room like an electric shock,
starting the faces of the Coundilors ; and then a cry broke
from the Treasurer, who loved a full purse and had a
X>edantic pride in his office, and who had seized upon the
roll.
''Ach, God! your Highness," he shrieked, *'they are
English ! It is good. English consols, English railways,
English corporation bonds — there is no sight so beautiful ! "
He wiped his spectacles, which had grown moist from his
emotion.
'* It is an answer to our prayers," murmured the Grand-
Duke.
We have referred to Mr. Marriott Watson's mannerisms
and affectations. These are mainly literary. We will
mention a few instances out of scores. Would a man in
the last distress speak to a girl thus : ''I have the mis-
fortune to be pursued ; my life is at stake. Believe me^ I
toould not disconcert you ho mtich upon a lesser provocation,''^
On page 92, Xenia's eyes are described as '4arge and
equitable." Did they, then, resemble a certain insurance
company, or a right of redemption under a mortgage?
On page 26 is the phrase : "A sudden thrill plucking at
his nerves." A string would vibrate after being plucked,
but how can a thrill pluck ? Finally, we consider that the
following sentence has been tortured out of both elegance
and correctness : '^ The maid took him to the door, and as
he passed out, placing his hat in the act on his silvered
hair, watched him with rude respect."
Babes in the Bush.
By Rolf Boldbbwood.
To remind the reader that this novel is by the author
of Rohhery Under Arms and The Squdtter^s Dream is to
indicate its character. Prairie life, sheep-bells, hard
riding, shrewd finance, and civilisation in the deeert —
these, and love, are the ingredients of a virile story.
(Macmillan. 6s.)
The Monet Sense.
By John Strange Winter.
A story with an avowed moral. "The story of
Angelique is not a far-fetched one ; alas ! it is not an un-
common one ; ... it is the story ... of any woman who
marries from other than the one motive ... A comfort-
able home — what is it ? A silken curtain — a flounce of
lace — an indigestible dish ! " (Grant Eichards. 6s0
Oindbr-Path Tales.
By WlIilAM LiNDSKY.
Athletics might well have produced more fictional litera-
ture than it has done hiiherto. Here we have nine
attractive short stories dealing with racing and juooiping,
&c., &c. A group of workmen who were "putting the
shot" in their luncheon hour are well described in
"The Hollow Hammer." Here we read: "Among
the few remembrances of my books is that dialogue
of Plato which describes the sensations of Socrates at
first seeing the beautiful youth Charmides. Well (may
Socrates forgive me the comparison), I had the same
feeling when I first looked at Angus MacLeod on that
June day, back in the ' 'sixties.' " (Grant Richards. 6s.)
Uncle Peter.
By Sb^a Jeb.
A work of somewhat tortuous autobiography. The
story is not easy to follow, partly by reason of the author's
interjections and asides ; but at the outset Uncle Peter and
he dwelt in unity on the Norway coast. Afterwards oome
school and university life, sport and love, and in the end
Uncle Peter deals in furs and converts the heathen.
(Unwin. 6s.)
Dora Myrl.
By M. McD. Bodkin, aC.
Mr. Bodkin's first work of fiction was Paul Beck^ the
Rule of Thumb Detective, Dora Mjrl supplies Paul Beck
with a companion, for she is a lady detective. This book
is a series of twelve episodes, all tending to display Miss
Myrl's superlative gifts of deduction and opportunism.
We must confess that some of the mysteries which she
unravels are fairly obvious. (Ohatto & Windus. 3s. 6d.)
Notes on Novels.
[^These notes on the weeh^s Fiction are not necessarily final.
Reviews of a selection will follow,^
Their Silver Wedding Journey. By W. D. Howblls.
A pleasant story, full of the Howellian detail, of
a tired New York editor and his wife who had met in
Euvope in their youth, and now, to brace their nerve
and escape from American ruts, re-visit Europe. Their
time is spent mainly in Germany. There is much plea-
sant travel gossip, and, indeed, this is strictly a novel
of travel, written with the quiet alertness and comparative
independence of dialogue which are the author's note :
" There were not many young people on board of saloon
quality, and these were mostly girls. The young men
were mainly of the smoking-room sort; they seldom
risked themselves among the steamer chairs. It was gayer
in the second cabin, and gayer yet in the steerage, where
robuster emotions were operated by the accordion."
(Harper & Bros. 6s.)
Captain Satan ; The' Adventures
OF Cyrano de Beroerao.
Prom the French.
This is a translation of Louis Gallet's novel founded on
the exploits of the seventeenth century ''poet, philosopher,
swordsman, and hero," who has become one of the most
striking figures in modem drama. A portrait of the hero,
whose full name was Savinien Hercule de Cyrano Bergerac,
is given as frontispiece, and the book has a timely relation
to the forthcoming production, by Mr. Wyndham, of an
English version of M. Eostand's famous play. (Jarrold. Os.)
The Preparation of
Ryerson Embury.
By Albert R. Carman.
A novel of industrial life and social purpose laid in the
Canadian college town of Ithica. The motto is from the
Light of Asia :
... But, looking d€ep, he saw
The thorns which grew upon this rose of life ;
How the swart peasant sweated for bis wage,
Toiling for leave to live.
(Unwin. 63.)
24 February, 1900.
The Academy.
167
THE ACADEMY.
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Tke AoADEMT ttnll he 9eni post-free to every Annual Subscriber
in the United Kingdom.
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/or 52 issuesy Thirteen Shillings ; posta^je free.
Foreign RaUs for Yearly Subscriptions 20«.
including postage,
American Agents for the Academy: Brentano^s^ 31, Union-
square^ Ne%D York,
The Fiction of Popular
Magazines.
An Inquiry.
Thb large circulations achieved by the three principal
sixpenny illustrated magazines are the fndt of the most
resolute and business-like attempt ever made to discover
and satisfy the popular taste in monthly joamallsn?. The
conductors of tiiese periodicals postulated an immense
remunerative public which knew only " what it liked,''
and cared for no other consideration whatever ; and then
they proceeded to prove its existence. They were so
fortunate as to be unhampered with any preconceptions
about art and the ethics of art. Training their ears to
catch the least vibration of that voxpopuli which for them
was divine, they simply listened and learnt; and they
learnt the quicker by sternly ignoring those beautiful and
plaintive cries which had misled their predecessors in the
same enterprise — the cries of originality, of force, of
cleverness, of mere loveliness, of artistic or moral didac-
ticism. In other terms, the great Commercial Idea was
at work naked and strenuous in a field where all previous
labourers had clothed themselves in the impeding mantle
of some genteel unmereantile Aim, divulged or uncon-
fessed. Singleness of purpose, especially when reinforced
by capital, is bound to triumph, and it has triumphed in
this case. After much research and experiment, the
formula for a truly popular magazine has been arrived at ;
development is accordingly arrested, at any rate, for a
time ; the sixpenny monthly is stereotyped into a pattern,
the chief details of which can be predicted with exacti-
tude from month to month.
Now the fine flower of every magazine is its fiction,
predominant among the other '' features " in attractiveness,
quality^ and expense. It is the fiction which first and
chiefly engages the editorial care, which has been most
the subject of experiment, and which (perhaps for that
very reason) is in the result the most strictly prescribed.
We shall be justified in believing that the imaginative
literature now printed in the popular magazines coincides
with the popular taste as precisely as the limitations of
human insignt and ingenuity will permit. It assumes, of
course, varied forms ; but we are concerned only with the
most diaracteristic form — that which is to be found equally
in each magazine, and which may, therefore, be said to
speak the final word of editorial cunning. This form,
without doubt, is the connected series of short stories, of
five or six thousand words each, in which the same
characters, pitted against a succession of criminals or
adverse fates, pass again and again through situations
thrillingly dangerous, and merge at length into the calm
security of ultimate conquest. It may be noted, by the
way, that such a form enables the reader to enjoy the
linked excitements of a serial tale without binding him to
peruse every instalment. Its universal adoption is a
striking instance of that obsequious pampering of mental
laziness and apathy which marks all the most successful
modem journalism. Dr. Conan Doyle invented it, or
reinvented it to present usee. The late Grant Allen added
to it a scientific subtlety somewhat beyond the appreciation
of the sixpenny public. Mr. Eudyard Kipling has not
disdained to modify it to his own ends. But the typical
and indispensable practiser of it at the moment is Mrs.
L. T. Meade. The name of Mrs. Meade, who began by
writing books for children, is uttered with a special
reverence in those places where they buy and sell fiction.
She is ever prominent in the contents bills, if not of one
magazine, then of another. She has the gift of fertility ;
but were she twice as fertile she could not easily meet tne
demand for her stories. With no genius except a natural
instinct for pleasing the mass, she has accepted the form
from other hands, and shaped it to such a nicety that
editors exclaim on beholding her work, '' This is it! " And
they gladly pay her six hundred guineas for a series of
ten tales.
In a sequence entitled The Brotherhood of the Seven
Kings, by Mrs. Meade and Mr. Eobert Eustace (it should be
stated that Mrs. Meade employs a collaborator who, to use
her own words, supplies ^' all the scientific portion of each
story "), the hero is a philosopher and recluse, young, but
with a past, and the sinister heroine is a woman of bewitch-
ing beauty who controls a secret society. Mrs. Meade has
said to an interviewer that her stories '^ are all crowded
witli incident, and have enough plot in each to furnish
forth a full novel." This is quite true. There is no
padding whatever ; incident follows incident with the curt-
ness of an oflicial despatch. In every story the recluse
and the beauty come to grips, usually through the medium
of some third person whom the latter wishes to ruin and
the former to save. In nearly every story the main
matter is the recital of an attempt by the heroine or her
minions to deal out death in a novel and startling manner.
Some of these attempts are really ingenious — ^for example,
those by fever germ, tzetse-tzetse fly, focus tube (through
the wall of a nouse), circlet and ebbinff-tide, explosive
thermometer. Others — such as those invdving the poison-
scented brougham and the frozen grave — seem a little
absurd ; and the same is to be said of the beauty's suicide
in an oxy-hydrogen flame giving a heat of 2,400 degrees
Centigrade. Besides all these mortal commotions, the
book teems with minor phenomena in which science is put
to the service of melodrama. Thus, after the detective
had covered the heroine with his revolver, '' the next in-
stant, as if wrenched from his grasp by some tmseen
power, the weapon leapt from Ford's hands, and dashed
itself with terrific force against the poles of an enormous
electro-magnet beside him . . . Madame must have made
the current by pressing a key on the floor with her
foot . . . ' It is my turn to dictate terms,' she said, in a
steady, even voiced" But perhaps the marvels of modem
science are best illustrated in this succinct and lucid
explanation of the destruction of a priceless vase: ''It
was not till some hours afterwards that the whole Satanic
scheme burst upon me. The catastrophe admitted of but
one explanation. The dominant note, repeated in two bars
when all the instruments played together in harmony, must
have been the note accoraant with that of the cup of the
goblet, and, by the well-known laws of acoustics, when so
played it shattered the goblet."
For the rest, the well-tried machinery of coincidences,
overheard conversations, and dropped papers is employed
to push the action forward. '^ It is strange how that
woman gets to know all one's friends and acquaintances,"
says the hero of the heroine. And it is strange. The
descriptize passages present no novelties. Of a duke it
is said : *' He was well dressed, and had the indescribable
air of good- breeding which proclaims the gentleman."
The symptoms of mental uplifting and extreme agitation
are set forth in quite the usual manner: ''Two hectic
spots burned on his pale cheeks, and the glitter in his
eyes showed how keen was the excitement which consumed
him." On the rare occasions when the hero allows him-
self to soliloquise for the reader's benefit, his thought and
1 68
The Academy.
24 February, 1900.
langaage are conceived on the simple theatrical lines of an
address to a jury: "From henceforth my object would
be to expose Mme. Kolusky. By so doing, my own life
would bo in danger ; neyerthelees, my firm determination
was not to leave a stone unturned to place this woman
and her confederates in the felon's dock of an English
criminal court." Lastly, it is to be observed and specially
remembered that the '^ove-interest," so often stated to
be indispensable to the literature of the British public,
amounts to nothing at all in The Brotherhood of the Seven
Kifigi, Certain pretty and amiable girls (Vivien Delacour
is one, and Geraldine de Brett is another) cross the stage
from time to time, bringing some odour of pure passion ;
but in the dry light of that science which aominates and
pervades every theme, these wistful creatures and their
adorations are absolutely negligible.
'^ Wonderful imagination ! " exclaims the reader whom
the stories are so cleverly designed to allure, echoing the
question of the hero's legal friend, Dufrayer: ''Who
would believe that we were living in l^e dreary nineteenth
century ? " Ask this reader what he wants in fiction, and
he will reply that he wants something '' to take him out
of himself." He thinks that he has found that magical some-
thing ; but he has not found it, nor does he in truth want
it. Nothing in a literary sense annoys him more than to
be taken out of himself ; ho always resents the operation.
The success of these most typical stories depends largely
on the fact that they essay no such perilous feat. In the
whole of The Brotherhood of the Seven King^ I have dis-
covered not a trace of imagination, no attempt to realise
a scene, no touch of vehemence nor spark of poetic flame.
Nor is there any spirituality or fresh feeling for any sort
of beauty. The spirit and the things of the spirit are
ignored utterly. That coma of the soul in which nine men
out of every ten exist from the cradle to the grave is thus
never disturbed as imagination must necessarily disturb it.
Imagination arouses imagination, and spurs the most
precious of human faculties to an effort corresponding in
some degree with the effort of the artist. To enjoy a work
of imagination is no pastime, rather a sweet but fatiguing
labour. After a play of Shakespeare or a Wagnerian
opera, repose is needed. Only a madman like Louis of
Bavaria could demand Tristan twice in one night. The
principle of this extreme case is the principle of all cases :
effort for effort, and the greater the call the greater the
response. The listener, the reader, is compelled by a law
of nature to do his share. The point about a member of
the sixpenny public is that he coldly declines to do his
share. He pays his sixpence ; the writer is expected to
do the rest, and to do it with discretion. There is to be
no changing of the aspect ; no invitation to the soul, that
poor victim of atrophy, to run upstairs for the good of its
health. The man has come home to his wife, his slippers,
and his cigar, and shall ho be asked to go mountaineering ?
What, Uien, is it in these gesta of scoundrels and detec-
tives which suits and soothes him ? It is the quality of
invention — a quality entirely apart from imagination. To
see the facts of life — his facts, the trivial, external, vulgar,
unimportant facts — taken and woven into new and sur-
prising patterns: this amuses him, while calling for no
exertion. He watches the wonderful process (and, of
course, it can be made wonderfid) as a child watches its
Australian uncle perform miracles of architecture with an
old, familiar box of bricks. But he surpasses the child
in simplicity, because he fancies the box of bricks has
clianged into something else. He fancies he is outside
the dull nursery of his own existence, and watching
brighter scenes; yet the window-bars were never more
secure or the air less free. Pathetic and extraordinary
self-deception !
E. A. B.
The Amateur Critic.
The Style- Maker's Style.
Allusions to Mr. Henley's old literary dictatorship, and his
brood of young stylists, are so numerous that it amuses me to
see how Mr. Henley is now writing with new pyrotechnics
of style. In the March Pall Mall Ifrgazine, Mr. Henlej
takes solemn leave of the year 1899. ** The year's end
was ever a time for meditation." Ye gods and little fishes !
Fancy Mr. Henley allowing one of his old contributors to
"meditate " in print at the end of a year. Brixton might
meditate, but no Scottish observer. " Mr. Phillips, who is
(I insist on it) [when did Mr. Henley insist in the old
days ? — He merely legislated], has taken up the formula of
Lear and Othello and Hamlet, and into this tremendous
mould has poured his hectic, earnest, amiable, extremely
well-meaning, and at times indubitably elegant self : with
the result that everybody must applaud and adoa.ire him to
a certain point ; and that nobody outside the chorus but
must urge him to cut Shakespeare and the form which
Shakespeare beggared and exhausted, and do (I can't help
it : slang is good enough for me in a high-toned case like
his) * a little bit on his own.' " Again, how different ! In
the next sentence we find Mr. Henley exclaiming : '' Keats
— dear Keats! You were reared in a sterner school."
Henley — dear Henley — so were you. " I can say little of
the Stevenson Letters ; for the very simple reason that I
decline to write, on any terms, about B. L. S. until the
final estimate is given to the world." Does Mr. Henley
expect to see the final estimate of Stevenson? I hope
he will, that so he may live long, or Stevenson be soon
" placed." Mr. Colvin's iloge of Stevenson is " a thing
chaste yet spirited, academic yet significant, elegant and at
the same time touched with vision and emotion." Dear,
dear ! — in the old days Mr. Henley wrote nouns. To-day
his " Ex Libris " is like his own description of A Double
Thread: **a fairy absurdity tempered by effects in epigram."
W. 8. H.
A King of Men.
I, TOO, have seen the forest-bred lions in the arena described
in your "Things Seen" last week ; but in the impression
it left upon me they did not figure as bleared-eyed and
broken-spirited ; nor can I think of their tamer as a per-
petually smiling gentleman. What I seemed to be seeing
as this wonderful performance went forward was a most
interesting pact between man and beast, a mutual com-
promise, an armed neutrality. In return for hours of
indolence and repletion, and not too severe a discipline,
the lions consent to a little submissive mountebanking
twice a day; but they keep their dignity even on the
see-saw, and a thousand signs during their possession of
the arena made it clear to me that their independence is
still intact, that the instant these terms are broken, the
instant that the indolence and the repletion are interfered
with or the hand of discipline is too heavy, the under-
standing will be broken, and the tamer must look to
himself. His nerve was superb, his watchfulness unceasing
and deadly. The faintest suspicion of mutiny and a domi-
nating glance shot out, the terrorising whip flicked, and
all was well. But think of the strain ! At first the lions
held all my gaze, but after a while it was the tamer and
not the tamed that won. There went a man who held his
life in his hand ; a momentary giddiness, a fall, a second
of mistrust in self, and the end would come : so one felt.
Sooner or later, it has been written, the lions always
conquer, the tamers always perform once too often. Yet
here was a man in the midst of a score of them. Surely
it is worth while for the king of beasts to be cramped and
humiliated a little if a king of mfen can be thUs evolved !
P. B.
24 February, 1900.
The Academy.
169
A Gap in Literature.
How is it that no one nowadays will be at the pains to
describe towns ? Is Leicester so like Norwich, is Leeds
so like Birmingham, and are all so like London that towns
are no longer worth distinguishing and describing? A better
field for observation than this does not offer, and yet it lies
fallow. Our topographers write fine things about the
country; they spin legends and day-dreams round our ruins;
and they digress — ah, how they digress ! — to London and
books. A tall chimney on the horizon is their signal to
retreat; and they boast of their iraorance of Sheffield.
Even small towns are lightly dismissed. Where shall I
find in a recent book four pages of observation and com-
ment on a town the size of Fontef ract ? I turn to Mr.
Arthur H. Norway's Mighwayg and BywayB in Yorkshire, a
charming book; but what do I find about Pontefract?
Mr. Norway stands on the castle hill and gossips and
laments in an improved Howitt vein about Eichard the
Second, and teUs a tale of the Cavaliers, and wishes he had
space to speak of ''half the memories of Pontefract."
Page after page passes, and I look in vain for a vignette
of Pontefract of to-day. Yet the past should be seen
through the present. The castle from which Mr. Norway
surveyed history looks down on fields of liquorice. This
liquorice is made into the Pontefract Cakes, tiny circular
sweetmeats, on every one of which an impression of the
(;astle is stamped ; and these cakes are sucked by children
all over the North of England. Not a word about this
in Mr. Norway's pages. Not a word about the oldest
inhabitant's memories. Ten or fifteen years ago a
giant lived at Pontefract; was there nothing to say
about him ? And surely my memory is not at fault
in recalling that Pontefract sent a prize-fighter to
represent it in Parliament ! Why do we miss these local
facts and flavours? When he comes to Whitby Mr.
Norway writes charmingly about Hilda — ^who could not ?
— but he has nothing to say about the Whitby jet, the
peculiar wealth of the beach, and a source of profit to
local lapidaries. In the same way York sufiPers by Mr.
Norway's dose pre-occupation with the antique and the
picturesque. He can rnapsodise on St. Mary's Abbey
without noticing Etty's grave. We are told nothing
about the Ouse, its traffic and its winter floods ; nothing
about the city's populous railway life, its campus martins
at StrensfiU. We are told how a very ancient mayor of
Scarborough was tossed in a blanket, but the present
place of Scarborough in the affections of Yorkshire, its
spa and harbour me, and its strong Quaker tone, are not
touched upon. When he comes to Leeds Mr. Norway
sees Kirkstall Abbey — that is all. He says that, with this
exception, *' I am as ignorant of Leeds as Tristram was of
Calais." As to Wakefield he is equally frank : It is '' the
town which was made illustrious by its association with
Pinder who fought with Eobin Hood," and Mr. Norway
adds in excuse for another dive into legend : '* I have neither
patience nor leisure to search through the hilly streets for
characteristics of the citizens." And yet this is the business
of topography. Without such observation towns become
mere texts for historical essays and sentimental retrospects.
Is English town life of no literary account ? I do
not love Leeds, but I think I could find something to
say about it. Leeds has its own life, and the Leeds man
is not as the Manchester man. Is the roughness and
jollity of Briggate not worth contrasting with the sober
buttoned-up behaviour of the people in Corporation-street,
Birmingham ? In Mr. Norway's pages I find no attempt
to describe Yorkshire towns ; Halifax and Bradford and
Sheffield are not even indexed. It may be said that this
is a book for tourists, but are tourists entirely without
curiosity in these matters ? In any case, where am I to look
for keen, clever characterisations of English towns as they
are ? Mr. Gt, W. Steevens's work was indeed unfinished.
W.
Illic Jacet.
Oh hard is the bed they have made him.
And common the blankets and cheap,
But there he will lie as they laid him :
Where else could you trust him to sleep ?
To sleep when the bugle is crying
And cravens have heard and are brave.
When mothers and sweethearts are sighing
And lads are in love with the grave.
Oh dark is the bedside and lonely,
And lights and companions depart,
But lief will he lose them and only
Behold the desire of his heart.
Oh thin is the quilt, but it covers
A sleeper content to repose.
And far from his friends and his lovers
He lies with the sweetheart he chose.
A. E. HOUSMAN.
Correspondence.
An Enquiry from South Africa.
SiE, — I have lately been reading Lord Beaconsfield*s
novels, and write to ask whether you could either supply
me with a key to the various characters, or else tell me
where I may find one? It would, no doubt, be an easy
task for anyone well posted in the political history of the
earlier part of this century to identify not only every
important character, but also all the important events
which figure in these stories ; and such a list would add
immensely to the interest of ordinary readers like myself,
who find themselves ill-supplied in this respect. There
might, in the case of Disraeli's novels, be more justifica-
tion lian usual for ttie " Introductions " so fashionable at
the present time.
In this connexion I have been wondering what may be
the technical definition of (1) the historical novel proper,
and (2) the modem raman d clef, and what the actual line
of demarcation between them ? In which class are we to
Elace Lord Beaconsfield's brilliant works? The subject
as raised some interesting questions in my mind, which
I should be glad to see treated at length by a competent
hand. For instance, how should we class Ths School for
Saints, by John Oliver Hobbes ? I am, unfortunately, no
historical student to appreciate fully the accuracy of Mrs.
Craigie's sketch of her period ; but I should suppose that
both The School for Saints and its companion, Hohert
Orange (which I have not yet seen), will rank, in the next
century, as standard historical novels.
Again, am I right in assuoiing that the true roman d clef
must present one or more portraits drawn not merely from
" the life," but from the life of some distinguished public
character? On this assumption, Mr. W. H. Mallock's
piquant New Republic would be a model of the roman
d clef for its characters are all thinly disguised portraits of
more or less famous persons. We know that many of the
actors in Dickens's and Thackeray's stories are literary
reproductions of obscure people, known to and studied by
these observant writers— but while they seem to have con-
fined themselves to the delineation of character rather than
of actual events in the lives of individuals, other authors,
whose names occur to me, have combined both character
and incident. The only instances among the classics
which I can recall, for the moment, are George Eliot in
one of The Scenes from Clerical Life, Charlotte Bronte in
The Prcfessor, and George Meredith in Sandra Belloni (?) ;
but among the modems examples are more numerous.
Stalky Sf Co., by Mr. Kipling ; The Green Carnation, Flames,
and **The Boudoir Boy" (short story), by Mr. R. S.
170
The Academy.
24 February, 190O.
Hicliens ; A Child of the JagOy by Mr. Arthur Morrison ; The
Joumalutj by Mr. 0. F. Keaiy ; Dodo^ by Mr. E. F. Ben-
son ; Aylwin^ by Mr. T. Watts-Diinton ; The Ilypocrite and
Mm Malevolent, by Mr. "R. G." ; The Colossus, by Mr.
Morley Eoberts; and The Individualist, by Mr. W. H.
Mallock, in whic^ {pace the author) it is difficult not to
detect more than one ''study from the life." It is com-
paratively easy for anyone acquainted with ''town" and
" Varsity " life since Uie early nineties to fit names to a
great many of the characters in the above list — ^but there
must be a g^at many more, either unread or undetected
by myself. I can, for example, well believe that several of
Miss Violet Hunt's creations have walked or do walk this
earth, though I have either not met or not recog^sed their
prototypes in the flesh. I cannot help feeling that a
thorough treatment of this subject by a professional
student of modem fiction would be of interest to the
reading public. — I am, &c., P. V. K.
South Africa : Jan. 29, 1900.
" Her Sky-Blue Eggs."
Sir, — ^I have read with much interest in my Academy
your review of Mr. Le Gallienne's latest work. A gentle-
man with such a pretty pen for describing nature as
Mr. Le Gallienne should know better than accuse a wren
of laying a sky-blue e^^, — I am, &c.,
Thomas Calloway.
Freshwater, Isle of Wight : Feb. 19, 1900.
New Books Received.
[These notes on some of the New Books of the week are
preliminary to Reviews that may follow.']
From Sea to Sea.
By Rudyard Kiflino.
Mr. Kipling has collected the stories, articles, and special
correspondence which he contributed to the Civil and
Military Oatette and the Pioneer between 1887 and 1889.
But he evidently does not wish these volumes to be
taken too seriously. He says : "I have been forced to
this action by the enterprise of various publishers who,
not content with disinterring old newspaper work from the
decent seclusion of the office files, have in several instances
seen fit to embellish it with additions and interpolations."
Yet no student of Mr. Kipling's writings would be without
his impressions of the United States, with the rollicking
description of San Francisco, and the terribly uncom-
promising picture of Chicago. (Macmillan. 2 vols.
6s. each.)
The Bending of the Bough. By George Moore.
This is one of the three plays which are being given
this week at the Irish Literary Theatre in Dublin. Mr.
Moore's play, which has five acts and eighteen characters,
deals with municipal life, its ideals and corruptions. We
have already quoted a portion of Mr. Moore's introduc-
tion, which appeared as an article in the Fortnightly Review,
(Unwin.)
The Engush Catalogue of Books for 1899.
Once more this indispensable annual catalogue is issued.
All the well-known and well-tried features are retained.
(Sampson Low. 6s. net.)
The Life of John Nixon. By James Edmund Vincent.
We have here a contribution to the literature of
self-help. Mr. Nixon, a great South Wales coal-owner,
rose from the position of a collier's overman to be a
millionaire. His name was not widely known outside
South Wales. Commercial self-interest was the prominent
principle of Mr. Nixon's life, and there is no endeavour
to place him on a pedestal; but it is claimed by his
biographer that he was the soul of honesty and "one
of the chief founders and a pioneer among the prin-
cipal promoters of the prosperity of a great district of
the country." (John Murray. 10s. 6d.)
The County Palatinb
OF Durham.
By Gallard Thomas
Lapslby.
A work like this is sure of its interested readers, few
but loyal. The aim of the book is clearly explained by its
author. " During the middle ages . . . the county of
Durham was withdrawn from the ordinary administration
of the kingdom of England and governed by its Bishop
. . . But tiie community of Durham had the same social
and economic requirements and dangers as the rest of the
kingdom; accordingly there developed in the county a
group of institutions reproducing all the essential charac-
teristics of the central government. To exhibit the growth
of these institutions ... is the object of the present study,
which thus becomes the constitutional mstory of an
English county." (Longmans. lOs. 6d.)
Gyclotjedia of Classified Dates. By Charles E. Little.
This is a big work in every sense. It contains about
95,000 entries of important lustorical events. There is a
threefold classification : first, the classification by countries,
or by geographical location ; second, the classification by
dates; third, the classification according to the nature
of the event itself. This classification, it will be noted,
answers the questions which one must ask concerning any
event: Where? When? What? (Funk & Wagnalls.)
In addition to the foregoing, we have received :
HT8T0R7 AND BIOGRAPHY.
Bartlett (J. V.), The Apostolic Age : Ite Life, Dootrine, Worship, and
Polity (T. A T.Clark)
Brierley (Helen), Monran Brierley (Rochdale: James Cle^g)
Groser (H. G.)i Field-Marshal Lord Roberts (Melrose) net 10
BOIENOE AND PHILOSOPHY.
HillerrH.Ch!oft), Heresies. Vol.11 (Rinfaards) 5/0
HalUhorton (W. D.), Handbook of Physiology (Marray) U'O
POETRY, ORinOISM. AND BELLB8 LBTTBEB.
Andrews (John\ A Jonmey Roand My Room. From the French of
DeMaistre (Bryan ft Co.) net 2/6
EDUCATIONAL.
Stock (St. George), Loeic (Blackwell)
Downie (John), Macamay's Essay on Horace Walpole (Blackie) 2/D
Lyde (Lionel W.), A Geography of the British Empire (Black) net 1 0
Lyde (Lionel W.), The Age of Hawke (Black)
lAming(W. Cecil), Li vy. Book V (Blackie) 2/S
Harvard Studies in ( Huioal Philology, Vol. X (Ginn ft Ck>.) net 6/0
MISCBLLANBOUS.
Wilson (Dr. Andrew), Brain and Body : The Nervoas System in Social Life
(Bowden) 1/6
Little (Charles E.), CyclopHMlia of Classiaed Dates (Fnnk ft Wagnalls) 40,0
Hymns of Modem Thought, with Music ...(Hoaghton ft Co.)
NEW EDITIONS.
Browning (Robert), The Earlier Monologues (Dent) 1/8
Tennyson tLord), Maad, and Other Poems 'Deni) 1/6
Spencer (B.), Cakes and Ale (Richards) 2/0
Boulger (G. 8.). Flowers of the Field (8.P.C.K.)
Borrow (George), Lavangro (Gresham Pnb. (3o.)
Goldsmith (O.), She Stoons to Concmer (Dent) net 1/0
Whyte-Melville (G. J. , The White Rgpe (Ward, Lock) 3.6
The Works qf Shakespeare, (Larger Temple Ed.) Vols. VI£. and VIU.
(Dent) net 4/6
Milton (John), Poetical Works ((Clarendon Press) 7/8
Milton (John), Poetical Works, Oxford Miniature Milton (Frowde) 3 6
%* New Novels are acknowledged elsewhere.
24 February, 1900,
The Academy.
171
Our Weekly Prize Competitions.
Result of No. 22 (New Series).
Wi asked last week for four-lined mottoes saitable to be insoribed
<m a hooae. The reepoiue has been very large, and we shoold like
to have room for more of the quatrains than are below jriven. The
most suitable is, we think, this by G. G. Bell, Epworth, Doncaster :
I who designed this Hoiise to be
As 'twere me outer Shell of Me,
Would that Myself in It ezprest
Might win my Friend to be my Guest.
Here is. a selection of the best of the others :
I prithee stay, good friend,
Here is thy ]oum^*s end :
A home of joy and peaoe
Where cares and sorrows cease.
[F. E. A., Manchester.]
Look East for Light,
Look West at Night,
Seek God above,
At home seek Love.
[E. U., London.]
A window on the sunny side,
A little door, too low for pride,
Too strong for want and woe to pass —
Sic habitat felicitat,
[A. B. B., Forest Hill.]
Whenever from my walls my sons depart.
However far they roam,
I still must be a memory in the heart,
For I am Home.
[S. L. 0., Gambridge.]
Brick is my body, human is my soul ;
Thus man and mansion make a perfect whole.
Body, long mayst thou unimpaired endure.
And soul, as long be happy and secure 1
[E. 0. W., Oxford.]
May this, my tent upon the field of life.
Prove a safe refuge from the ills of strife.
Here let me find, howe'er my fortunes trip,
Good sense, good humour, and good fellowship.
[F. E. W., London.]
Though built of mortar, brick, and stone,
Hope, fear, love, joy, and grief I've known ;
And wandering hearts where'er they roam,
Still turn to me, for this is Home.
[M. G. B., Ascot.]
Saws, enough to fill a tome.
Speak the joys of '* hearth and home'* —
Stones supply a hearth, I take it ;
But a home is what you make it 1
[L. W., London.]
This house of mine no palace is.
No lordly towers it hatii, I wis ;
Yet am I blest— in that its nooks
Oontain '' old wine, old friends, old books " !
[F. M., London.]
Say not this house was built in vain
If ever in these walls be heard
Just one small faith-reviving word,
Or one small utterance soothing pain.
[E. G. H., Gambridge.]
^ Beplies received also from : T. V. N., South Woodford ; G. E. M.,
London ; W. T. B., Manchester ; J. D. A., London : A. H., Witton
Park ; W. M., Newport ; W. G. C., London ; B. M., Brighton ; C. 8.,
Brighton ; G. B. G., Shelton ; B., West Bromwich ; M. H., Asoot
B. H., Didsbury ; H., Brighton ; M. P., Wallingford ; V. D., London
B. W. M., London ; J. G., Bradford ; L. L., London ; T. B., Artane
0., Bedhill ; E. G. B., London ; T. W. K., Goatham ; M. J., London
P. O. C., Hull ; J. B. H , Sheffield ; G. S. O., Brighton ; K. G. W.
Geizaid's Gross ; B. R. W., Sudbury ; K. E.-B., Matlock ; E. S. H.
Bradford ; W. M. R., Manchester : G. H. F., London ; M. H.
Twyford ; W. E. T., Gaterham Valley ; B. G., Barnsley ; E. B
Liverpool ; G. S., London ; G. M. W., Meltham ; A. G., Gourook
G., Beigate ; A. E. H., London ; F. G. G., London ; M. P. F.
Birmingham ; E. D , London ; G. N., Glifton ; A. B., Isleworth
J. B M., Manchester ; M. A. W., London ; H. P. B., Glasgow
G. W. S., London; T. G., Buxted ; P. S. W., Sutton; T. B.
Cheltenham ; T. G. A., London : S. F. W. S., Kingston-on-Thames
R. F. M., Whitby ; F. H. B., Sutton ; T. S., Brighton ; B. B.
London ; T. H. J., London ; A. P. W. ; Winchester ; P. M. S.
Bristol ; M. G., Braintree ; V. B. M., Gambridge ; G. M. G., New<
town ; E. E. L., Birkenhead ; £. G. M. D., Grediton ; L. L., London
D.., W., Aspley Guise ; S. H., Warwick ; H. S., London ; E. D.,
London ; W. A, T. F., London.
Competition No. 2^ (New Series),
Last week's oompeti^on seemed to find so much favour that we
have designed No. 23 on similar lines. We aak again for quatrains,
bu^i they are to deal thi4 time rather with birds than with domes-
tioity. We offer a prize of a guinea for the be^t four-lined poetical
inscription suitable to be painted on an aviary.
R1TLB8.
Answers, addressed "Literary Oompetition, The Academy, 43,
Ghanoery-lane, W.G.," must reach us not later than the first post
of Tuesday, Februaiy 27. Bach answer must be accompanied by
the coupon to be found in the first column of p. 172, or it can-
not enter into oompetition. Gompetitors sending more than one
attempt at solution must aooompany each attempt with a separate
coupon ; otherwise the first only will be considered. We wish to
impress on competitors that the task of examining replies is much
facilitated when one side only of the paper is written upon. It is
also important that names and addresses should always be given.
We cannot consider anonymous answers.
OuB Spbotal Pbizb Gompetitionb.
(^For particulars see imide page of eoter.)
Received during the week : GwyneM, Niphates, Valentine, Glub,
Rinaldo, Daffodil, Pater, Brevier, Shep, Wallis, H. B., Gleada,
Vag^rant, Ttie Angler, Marsyas, Andante, Neva, B. Besir.
NEW WORK by the late G. W. STEEVENS.
RSADV 27th rCBRUARV.
At all BOOKMLLIXS AVD B00K8TA.lt 8.
FROM
CAPETOWN to LAD7SMITH.
An Unflnished Record of tbe Sonth African War.
By G. W. STEEVENS,
Aatbor of "With Kitchener to Khartum/' *'In Inlia," &c.
With Maps. GiownSvo, Sa.6(l.
Summary of ConUntt.—VvnH Glimpses of the Strnff^fflo — The Army Corps
has not left England!— A Pastor's Point of View— WUI it be Civil War?~
Loyal Aliwal: A Tragi-Comedy— The Battle of Elandslaagrte -The Bivouac—
The Home-ooming from Dundee— The Story of Nicholson's Nek —The Guns a^
Rietfontein— The Bomhardment— The Devil's Tin-Tacks— A Diary of Dnlnees—
Nearing tbe End— In a Conning-Tower— The Last Chapter. By Yemon
Blackburn.
BY THE SAME AUTHOR.
TWENTY-FIRST EDITION.
WITH KITCHENER to KHARTUM. With 8 Haps
and Plans. Crown 8vo, 68.
THIRD EDITION.
IN INDIA. With a Map. Crowa 8vo, 6s.
FOURTH EDITION.
THE LAND of the DOLLAR. Crown 8vo, 6s.
CHEAPER EDITION
WITH the CONQUERING TUBK. With 4 Haps.
Demy 8vo, 68.
WILLIAM BLACKWOOD & SONS, Ediabnrgrh and London.
JUST PUBLISHED.— Crown 8vo, cloth, 28. 6d.
THE EARL OF
BEACONSFIELD,
By HAROLD E. QORST.
Forming^ the New. Yolnme of the '- Victorian Era Seriei.*'
London : BL.VCKIE k, SON (Limited), Old Bailey.
172
The Academy.
24 February, 1900.
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LLANDRINDOB WELLS and tin SPAS at UID-WALEB.
1S.-THE HOTELS of the WORLD. A Handbook ti
" WliAl would not the tntelUm
the lekding hoteli Uuongboat
a ^d«-book u thli, whigk
Iffent toQTiat in Paris or Home ffiT _ . .
the nBiial BCOpa or Bocli volmnss ! '— rK« IVnM.
" The best Handbook Ig London ovof iaaued."— iiwrpooi Dail)i Poit,
SECOND EDITION, ENLARGED, !■.— BO lUnitratunu, 14 Uapa and Plana.
LONDON AND ENVIRONS
By E. C. COOK *nd E. T. COOK, M.A.
With an additional Indtx of 4,500 Refermcn to all Strtttt and Plaoti of Intond.
3 March, 1900.
The Academy.
173
SOUTH AFRICA AND THE WAR.— BOOKS TO READ.
ILLUSTRATBO AND THOROUGHLY REVISED ESmON,
JESS. B7 H. Bider Haflrgard. With 12 Fall-
Pige IllastnUions by MAurice Greiirenh«gea, Crowa 8vo, 3«. 6d.
PA LL if ALL OAZtTTE.—" Tht stary is a capital on«. and tlie ioterett nert flags for
a mtnMnt TI10 aathor knows hi* xroand thomushly, and lits Tirld deseriptl ns of TratiSTavl
soeusfT and his oleT«r ikstohes of the inhabitants an all admirsMe."
RHODESIA AND ITS GOVERNMENT.
By H. C. THOMSON, Aathor of " The Chitral Gampaiffn " and of '* The
OatKoing Tnrk." With 8 IIListratioos and a Map. Liurge cr. Std, lOs. Od.
lyVESTORSr review.— '* a work (hat oncht to be raid br every Intelligent p^aitioian in
the three kingdoms «ho wiah»s to nnderstand the feiouth Anioan problem in its Tarious,
changelSM, yat sTer-ehanging phases."
London : SMITR, ELDER, dfc CO.. 15, Waterloo Plaoe, S.W.
KOW RBADY SrERYiVHERS.
THE WAR IN SOUTH AFRICA :
Its Causes and Effects.
B/ J. A. HOBSON.
Deioy 8vo, 7s. 6d. net.
<f '
, Precisely the book most needed at the present jonetnre most scrapn-
louslycautions, temperate, and intrinsically valuable."— feAo.
"Let the reader stady thi* book, and then, if he will, retarn to Mr.
Fitzpatrick's * Transvaal from Within.' "—WtttminsUr Oasette,
J. NTS BET k CO.. Ltd, 21, Bemera Street, W.
THE BOOK OF THE HOUR.
THIRD EDITION.
OUR LIVING GENERALS.
•y ARTHUR TCIiPLB, Aathor of " The Making of the Empire.*'
Art vellam, ^ilt top, price Ss. 6d.
Biographical Sketches with fine Portraits of Twe. ve Generals, no fewer than ten
of whom are now at the front.
" Pleasant aod prond retAiuft/'—SatHrdap Review,
*' A capital book, breezily and brightly written."— i9^ Jamst's Budget,
" The list is well ohoser. Men of whom the nation is jostlr proud."'
Naval and MUUary Rseord.
AHOnWW — «LWOS«. 16, Pilgrim atf—t. Lowdot* ■■O.
CAMBRIDQE UNIVERSITY PRE88.
THB OAMBRiDQB HISTORICAL SBRltS.
General Editor: G. W. PROTIIERO. Utt D , Hon. Fellow of KlmCa CoUece. Oambridge.
A HISTORY of the COLONIZATION of AFRICA by ALIEN
BACE8. By Sir H. U. .IOHN8T>iN. K.C IX, H.M. Speoial Commissioner in Uaanda,
Author of '^British Central Africa," ftc With 8 Maps by the Author and J. O. Bar-
tholomew. Crown 870. b*.
**Ai a tezt'book of African study hli bot>k snppliee a want wlilch has been generally
felt, and should be in proportioa waimly welcomed. —Himss.
THB OAMRRIDQB QROORAPHIOAL SBRIR8.
General Editor: F. H. U. GDILLEMARI>. U.D.. late Lecturer InOeognphyat the
University of CAmbridge.
OUTLINES of MILITARY GEOGRAPHY. By T. Miller
MAani&E, LLD.. of the Inner Temple, Barrlster-at-Law, Lieutenant Inns of Court
Kifla Volunteeis. Cmwo 8to. with S7 Maps and Illustrations. lOs. 6d.
Field-Marshal Lord Robkrts. V.C. writes : ** A most useful and insimetire book."
London: C. J. CLAY k 80XP. O^imbridge CTniTerslty Pre8< Warehoase. Ave Maria Lane.
TMe BOOK or TMe MOUB.
THE TRANSVAAL FROM WITHIN.
A Private Record of Public Affairs.
By J. P. FITZPATRIC*^, Aathor of " The Ontspan."
With Index. 1 toI., 10b. net. Eighth Beprint, completing 30,000 copies.
Mr Chamberisin reslying to a Westmorland oorreepondent. who oomplained of the want
of a printed defence of the OoTemment's policy la the Tzansvaai : " I refer ynn to Mr. nta-
mstnek's book." ^___^.^^_^___^__
THE mEM or THE MOUB.
1. F.-M. LORD ROBERTS.
2. LORD KITCHENER OF KHARTUM.
Portraits by William Nicholsov.
Lithographed in oolonrs, mounted on card, 28. 6d. each ; framed, 6s. each.
London i WM. HEINRMAWN. g1, R»dror<l Str— t, W.g
tOfOOO OoiBias mt^omdy saU^
SECOND LARGE BDITIOX READY NEXT WEEK.
In orown 8ro, Ck»Ter design, price Is.
THE BOER
IN PEACE AND WAR.
By ARTHUR M. MANN,
Aathor of ''The Truth from Johanneibnrg.*'
WITH NUMBBOUd ILLUSTaATIONS OF TaANBYAAL SCENES
AND LIFE.
Lnrilon ; .TOHN' LONG. 6 Ohnndow St.r<M»t>. RtrjMid.
Third Edition, with a new Prefatory Chapter dealing with the events
which have induced the present crlfls.
IMPRESSIONS OF SOUTH AFRICA
By the Riffht Hod. JAMES BRTCB. M.P.
with S Maps, and with the Text of the Ttansvaal Conventions of 1881 and 1884.
Orown 8to, Cs.
NEW AND CHEAPBB EDITION NOW RE^DY.
SOUTH AFRICA OF TO-DAY-
By Captain FRANCIS T0UN6HUSBAND, CLE..
Indian Staff Corps. Late Special Ckirrespondent of the T«SMf in Booth Africa.
With niustrations. Crown Evo, 6s.
M4CMILL\N & CO., Ltd, London
OLi^RENPON PRESS, OXFORD.
Crown 8to, Separate Issne, with numerous Kaps, Ss.
Tbe History of Sooth Africa to tbe Jameson Raid.
Being Y61. IV., Part I., of ** A Historical Geograpby of the British Colonies."
•y O. F. LUOAt, B A.
Pall Mall GAttTrB,—" It ii rBCrethlng to come mtom m Mne. wboUrlT snd Jmlieial »
little Tolumo. There Is more aailstance to the pmper undent aDoiut or South AfrlcwDi qoeatloBS
in its 340 veU-printcd pMW than In auT work of the Hune dse we know of. If r. Laou prores
on evearj piige that he to one whose Judgments are founded on knowlodge.and it would M well
If erery amateur critic of South Africa were compelled to pass an examination on his book."
ScoTCMAN.— *' Mr. Lucas Is a tnistworthj aufcbor.ty and a fifonNis writer : and those who
di>sire to post themselTes up in the past rsUtious of Boers, Blacks, and British in South
Africa could not so to a better source of infonnation."
London : HBNBY FBOWDE, Oxford UniversUy Press Werehooae,
Amen Comer, E.C^
MR. T. FISHER UNWINDS LIST.
SOUTH ArmOA. By Gto. McCall Tbsal. LL.D. 6s.
HOW TO RVAO WAR NKW8. Hints to Beaders of Despatches, Ac. Is.
THB UVaS or ROBBRT and mart MOPrAT. Bt their Sov. 6s
PAUL KIIUOSR AND Mia TIMIS8. By F. R. Stathxk. 7s. 6d.
THE POLITICAL SITUATION. Bv Olits Schpsihsb. ls.6d.
A PRIMER OP SOUTH APRIOAN HISTORY. By OtosftS McCali.
Thkal, LUD. is^ 6d.
MR. MAQNUSt A South AfHoan NoveL By F. E. STAtnAK. 6<«.
TROOPER PBTSR HALKRT OP MASHONALANI^ By Olxtb
f CHBKISKK. S4. 6d.
THR OAPTAIN OP TMR LOOUSTS. ByA. WtSFta. 2<.
KAPPIR STORIES. By W. C. ScrLLT. Paper, Is. 6d. ; cloth. 2s.
MR. THOMAS ATKINS. By the Aathor of *' How to be Happy Though
Married.** 6«.
PIPTY VCARS OP THR HISTORY OP THR RRPUBLIO IN
SOUTH AFRICA. Bj J. C Voiot. M.D. 2 toIs. SSs. net the set.
fjondon .- T. FIHWER UN WIN. Paterwo-nter 3on%re. B.C.
W. 6LAISHEB, Discount Bookseller,
265, Hlffh Holborn, London.
— CiahPrices.
SPBOI.A.ZJ OFFSRS. a. d.
HleHol«on'« (a) PIfty Vosura In South Africa. Plates.
290pp. Crown 8to, cloth. (Pub.Gs.) 1 S
Sir RIehard P. Burton's Wandorlnso In Woot Africsu
2 vols. (Pub. 21s.) 4 S
Dr. OaH Potoro'o N«w Llir*«t on Dark Africa. Fully lllas-
trated. Imp. 8vo. (Pub. 18«.) 8 O
Stanley's In Dariiost AfHca. Beet Edition. 2 vols. (Pub. 42;*.) 11 S
Stanloy'o Tho Oonsro and the Poundlni^ ^ '(• Proo
State iTols. (Pab.tt8.) ID O
kQ. to. &C.
Applv for OZAISffER'8 ErimutTe CATALOGUE qf FubUh^tt
Remamdere at Reduced PHeee.
Ts NELSONL a SONS, Publishers.
JUST PUBLISHED.
The TRANSVAAL WAR ATLAS
Coa^etNtn^ 24 Mape, epfcially prepared from the latest Sarteye,
also a History qf the Botre and Boerland,
Fully Illustrated. Price Is. net ; postage, 2d.
This Atlas will he of advautasre not only ia following > he present war, bnt in
acquiring .n inteiligenr* Mppreciation of the great problein« which will await
solution in South Afr c \ when the war is over.
" Among th^ m^ny aids to a proper understanHna of the geograph}/ <^f
S'tuih Africa none is more helpful tham a little * War Atlas* issued by
T, Betsoa db S ns,'*- Dailt Tklkqb4ph.
T. HRLSON Jk SONS, 88 A 86, Patornoator Row, London, R.O. |
PsrksMe. Edinburgh ; and S^m York ; and of all Booksellers.
A BOOK ABOUT TmR BOER WAR OP 1SS1.
Cloth, orown 8yo, 2s.
With 8 Illustrations by B. Caton Woodville, after Sketches by Melton Prior.
M A J U B A:
BROMKERSPRUIT. INGOGO. LANGS NEK. KBUGERSDORP.
By HAMI5H HENDRY.
OIo6«.— "The author has sone to the best, and ^is n<irr.Ulves hare the qualities of concise-
ncM and Tirltlnex which he claims for them. Th«y aru cituceiit rated, tliej are pictnres(iue ;
moreover, th<-y art: not without their leesoos for the itatmu<rn aod suldteisof to-aaj."
Daily draphie.—" brief and brightly wrftteo — The <iescrlption to extremely TiTld.
and will briu^ home to the mind uf the reader the nuiure of s^uih African warfare far mors
clearly than a more elaborately technical wo k c 'Uld i>oMib!y do."
London : GRANT RICHARDS, 9, Henrietta St., Covent Garden, W,C.
174
The Academy.
3 March, igoo.
Mr. T. FISHER UN WIN'S
LIST.
GIOBOI UOOBE'S MEW WORE.
THE BENDINQ of the BOUOH.
By the Aathor of "Erelyn Innes." Cloth,
3e. ed, net. iJmt out.
MR. THOMAS ATKINS : a Study
in B«d, Bloe, and Khaki. Bj the Bev^. B. J.
SERIB8.
"THB STORY OF THE NATIONS "
NlW VOLUMl.
MODERN ITALY (1748-1898). By
PIETRO ORSI, Professor of History in the
R. Lioeo Poflcarini, Venice. With over 40 Illaa-
trations and Maps. Clotb, 68.
SOUTH AFRICA (Story of the
Kations Series). Bv GEORGE McOALL THBAL,
LL.D. Fifth Edition, complettnfr the Fifteenth
Thousand, now ready. Illustrated, and with Map
and Index. Cloth, 6s.
THAT REMINDS ME
By
Sir EDWARD RUSSELL. EdWorof the Liverpool
Daily Post. Third Edition just published, with
Portrait, cloth, lie. net.
" All who take it up will find it thorougrhly readable
from cover to aoyer:*— Westminster Gazette.
A POWERFUL NOVEL BY A NEW WRITER.
The PREPARATION of R7ERS0N
n5?p£?^' ^f^?J®l°' Canadian Life. By A. R.
CARMAN. Cloth, 6e.
EOMB NEW VOLUMES IN
UNWINDS aREEN CLOl H LIBRARY.
08. each.
1. THE WATERS of EDERA. By
OUIDA, Author of " Le Selve," " The SUver
Christ," Ac.
" Many scenes in the book, in the vividness of the
mipreeaon and the grip with which the writing holds
wor^S^ijaT/lif^^aM?*"^^'*^* '"^^ ^' ""'' ^"^
2. THROUGH FIRE to FORTUNE.
2^^^.r;.^^SJ^^^"^« ^^*^or of "Brown,
y.C," "A Winning Haeard," Ac. Also i^
decorated cover.
3. SHAMELESS WA7NE. By
HALLIWELL SUTCLIFFB, Author of
Ricroft of Withens/ • By Moor and Fell/ Ac.
" A story of thriUing interest ; it is most excitiDe
throughout, and the reader who takes it up will not
willingly lay it down until he has read it from cover
UiCoveT,**~-PaU Mall Gazette.
4 WAS it RIGHT to FORGIVE ?
Bv AMELIA E. BARR, Author of " Prisoners
of Conscience," "I, Thou, and the Other
QP«» ^ IShortly.
SAND and OAOTUS. Arizona
Sketches. By WOLCOTr BEARD. Cloth, 6s.
UNOLE PETER : a Romance of the
Nineteenth Century. By SEMA JEB. Cloth.es.
*J*P^°' those books which sustains ita interest to
the last page."
THE LIFE and LETTERS of
KI-^S^^-^-^N^ONY. By IDA HUSTED
HARPER. Fully Illustrated. 2 vols., 828.
The life story of this well-known reformer is in
Itself a history of the evolution of woman's status in
the nineteenth centniy.
A FASCINATING BOOK OF AFRICAN TRA.VEL.
A WHITE WOMAN in CENTRAL
AFRICA. By HELEN CADDICK. With 16
ninstrations. Cloth, 68.
EXPERIMENTS on ANIMALS.
By STEPHEN PAGET. With an Intixxiuction
by Lord LISTER. lUustrated. Cloth, ft".
London: T. FISHER UNWIN,
11, Paternoster Buildingg, E.C.
GASSELL&COMPANrS
ANNO VNCMMENTS^
"THE GREAT WOEIK ON SOCIAL ENGLAND."
IHmes, February if, 1900.
Vols. I. to in., price 168. each ; Vols. IV, and V.,
price 178. each ; and Vol. VI., price 186.
SOCIAL ENQLAND : a Record of
the Progress of the People in Religion. Laws,
Leamiog, Art«, Industry. Commerce. Science,
Literature, and Manners, from the Earliest Times
to the Present Day. By VARIOUS WRITSNi.
Edited by the late N. D. TRAILL, D.O.L.
JUST PUBLISHED, price 68.
JOHN RUSKIN : a Sketch of his
Lif^, his Work, and his Opini-^ns. With Personal
Reminiscences. By M. H. SPIftLMANN.
Containing numerous Portraits and other lllus*
trations.
ILLUSTRATED EDITION.
READY SHORTLY, price 6a.
THE GARDEN of SWORDS: a
Story of the Siege of Strasbunr. By MAX
PEMSBRTON.
ti
JUST PUBLISHED, price 68.
*< THE DEATH or GLORT B07S
the Story of the 17th Lancers. By D^ H. PARRY.
With Frontispiece.
" In every respect the ' Death or Glory Boys ' are
fortunate in their historian, whose book, which make s
80 timely an appearance, is one that no Bngli^b
patriot, proud of the unsurpassed valour and devotion
of his country's military heroes, can afford to miss.' !
florlJ.
MEMORIES and STUDIES of
WAR and PEACE. By AROHIBALD PORSES,
LL.D. Cheap Edition. 6b.
THE BLACK WATOH. The
Record of avi Historic Regiment. By AROHI-
RALD FORRKS. LL.Ob fls.
BRITAIN S ROLL of GLORT; or,
the Victoria Cross, its Heroes, and their Valoar.
By D. H. PARRY. Illustrated. Cheap Edition.
38. 6d.
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THE GENTLEMAN'S MAGlZINE
One Shilling Monthly.-Contents for MARCH.
Ave. Cassar! by W. B. Wallace.— Points about Speakera, by
James Sykes. — The Founder of a Dynasty, by £ PenoDet
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The Academy
A Weekly Review of Literature and Life*
No. 1452. Established 1869.
3 March, 1900.
Price Threepence.
[Registered as a Newspaper,']
The Literary Week.
Thx Society of Authors hope to begin the practical
working of their Pension Fund with a grant this year of
£50. Mr. Anthony Hope Hawkins announced at the
annual meeting that while they did not invite outside
financial help, they would not refuse it. At present
the capital account is nearly £1,000, and the annual
income dose upon £100. It has been estimated that
an income of £500 or £600 would meet all claims.
Mr. Mullett Ellis's resolution, protesting against railway
bookstall monopoly, inspired, we imagine, by Messrs.
Smith & Son*s treatment of his book, was defeated. Mr.
Hawkins spoke good sense when he remarked, that it
would do the Society no good to issue hruiafulmina of that
description without a substantial grievance being first
proved.
Mr. Dalton, who has assisted Mr. Traill since the
foundation of Literature, has been appointed editor of that
journal. Another item of interest connected with Print-
ing House-square is that Mr. A. B. Walkley has been
made dramatic critic of the Times, It will be curious to
see what efPect his new environment will have on Mr.
Walkley's volatile personality.
We regret to learn of the death of Mr. Ernest Christo-
pher Dowson, which occurred suddenly, on Friday of
last week, ^om syncope. Ernest Dowson, who was
only thirty-two years of age, was educated at Queen's
College, Oxford. Shortly after leaving the University
for London he became a Catholic. His first work was
published in the two books of the Ehymers' Club.
This was followed by a volume of short stories with
the title of Dilemmas, and by a poetical comedy, ''The
Pierrot of the Minute." Later his poems were collected
into two volumes — one, Verses, published in 1896, the other.
Decorations, to appear in a few days, and to contain prose
as well as verse. In collaboration with Mr. Arthur Moore
he wrote two novels, A Comedy of Masks and Adrian Rwne,
He published also several trandations from the French,
among them being his version of Balzac's Fille aux Yeux
d^Or.
The first few years after Ernest Dowson had left college
he spent at Bridge Dock, Limehouse, which belonged to
his father. Here he laid the principal scene of A Comedy
of Masks, and much of the melancholy of the gray stream
flowing sadly past the windows of his little library in the
dock-house inrorms his sombre verse. On the deatii of his
father he escaped from his somewhat irksome life at the
dock, and went to France, a country which had a charm
for him his own never possessed ; and there, on the coast
of Brittany or in his favourite " Quartier " in Paris, with
rare visits to London, he spent the rest of his short life.
He was hoping to return to those clearer skies and that
freer existence when death came so suddenly. The bulk
of his poetry is intensely personal, the expression of a
delicate and mournful spirit with a very frail hold on life,
almost an aversion from it.
The pity of it is that it is impossible to help such
broken, inefPectual lives, because they will not help them-
selves. Their sufferings are of their own making, and
what that suffering was in Ernest Dowson's case he alone
knew. Happily, he was cared for in his last days by the
friend in wnose house he died. When that friend found
him, shortly before his death, he had been a day without
food, and was in such an advanced stage of consumption
that he could barely stand on his feet. Death, which
came to him very quietly, was, indeed, the consoler. It
was the easiest thing that had happened to him.
The first number of the Pilot, Mr. Lathbury's sixpenny
<< weekly review of ecclesiastical and general politics,
literature and learning," will be issued this week. On
March 17 the Londoner, under the editorship of Mr. A.
Kalisch, will enter the lists. It is described as '' a new
weekly review," and the price will be twopence. The title
seems familiar; but it is, of course, of London that one
is thinking — the little journal that flashed through the
town in 1877, and disappeared, alas! in 1878. In the
preface to Ballades and Rondeaus, published in 1887, the
late Mr. Gleeson White wrote: ''In a Society paper, the
London, a brilliant series of these poems appeared. After
a selection was made for this volume, it was discovered
that they were all by one author, Mr, W. E. Henley."
It has been remarked that the title of the new volume
of poems, Without and Within, by Mr. Edmond Holmes,
was used by Dr. George Macdonald in 1857. Mr. Holmes,
however, can rest secure. The title of Dr. Macdonald's
volume is Within and Without, The copy that lies before
us has the bookplate and signature of Mr. Edmund Yates.
Mb. P(7noh's appeal for funds for the Hospital for Sick
Children has met with a magnificent response. In two
weeks nearly £8,000 has been receivecl.
The next number of the Anglo-Saxon will contain some
unpublished letters of Lord Beaconsfield.
The formation of a Eussian official Academy of Letters
is announced. The first Immortals are elected, and
one is mystified by unheard-of names. Tolstoy we
know, ana he is one of the band. The others are
Vladimir Solovieff (philosopher and poet) ; A. M. Zheni-
chuznikoff (a humorist) ; A. A. Totvekhin (novelist,
dramatist, and portray er of the moujik) ; A. F. Koni
("jurist and orator"); Count Golenishtcheff-Kutusoff
(lyrical poet) ; Vladimir Korolenko (writer on social sub-
jects) ; A. Tchekhoff (psychologist) ; and the Grand Duke
Constantine Constantino vitch (author of a book of verses).
We learn from the Anglo-Russian that the Grand Duke
has just made a sensation in literary and theatrical circles
by his Russian translation of "Hamlet" and by acting
the chief part of that play.
176
The Academy.
3 March, 1900.
An American Aoademy of Immortals, unofficial, has
been postulated bj the readers of the New York Literary
Life, The list includes publicists, philanthropists, painters,
&c. We give below the names of the literary men elected
b J the wisdom of our contemporary :
HiSTOBIANS.
John Fiske. John B. McMaster.
A. T. Mahan. Edward Eggleston.
Essayists.
T. W. Higginson. John Burroughs.
Dramatists.
Bronson Howard. David Belasoo.
Humorists.
Samuel L. Clemens. Frank B. Stockton.
Novelists.
Wm. D. Ho wells. Bret Harte.
Mary E. Wilkins. Marion Crawford.
Ports.
E. C. Stedman. R. H. Stoddard.
Joaquin Miller. J. W. RQey.
Critics.
H. W. Mabie. M. W. Haaeltine.
Journalists.
Whitelaw Reid. E. L. Godkin.
Henry Watterson.
Of the four men who obtained the largest number of votes
only two are writers. Mr. Edison received the largest
number of votes, 285 ; Mr. Clemens came next with 243
votes ; and Mr. Carnegie next with 221 votes. ^. T. W.
Higginson was fourth with 198 votes.
Counterblasts to the praise of Buskin were to be
expected. The worst of the conscious counterblast is, that
it usually has the exaggeration of a reply rather than
the calm of a judgment. Its office, indeed, is to state
the other side, not to sum up. Remembering this, we give
a taste of the article, '' Mr. Euskin," in the March Blaek-
wood. Maga was ever an independent thinker, and scornful
of rash enthusiasms. Here are some of its home-thrusts at
the seer of Brantwood :
His Disciples :
The moral pathologist of the future will have much to
say of the parasites of the nineteenth century. A loug
chapter will be devoted to that well-known variety, the
Gladstonian Toady (oMentator locuplei); and the cross-
references to it in tne index will be Place and Peerage.
But space will, nevertheless, be found to do justice to the
idiosyncrasy of the Toady of Robert Browning, and of the
Toady of John Ruskin.
His Learning :
His erudition gets the better of him; much learning
hath turned his brain. ... In the middle of a discussion
on some problem of political economy, he interrupts us
by a long-winded ana wholly fantasticuEd commentary on
some plam-sailing passage in Shakespeare. . . . Desirous
of knowing the true theory of value, we are whisked ofP to
St. Ursula or some other holy person of Italian nationality.
Ambitious of grasping the rationale of genuine patriotism,
we are transported to Victor Carpacdo. Eager for in-
formation as to the currency, we are fobbed off with an
etymological explanation of the Florin. Thirsting for
instruction about our cereal supplies, we are referred to
the practice of the Otomac Indicuos.
His Art Criticism :
As regards the criticism of art, Mr. Ruskin's true pro-
genitor was no less a personage than Denis Diderot. . . .
Pictures have no charm for him unless they are anecdotal,
or unless they ffive scope for '* trimmings" and fine
writing. The difference between the two men is the
purely superficial one, that Diderot likes one kind of
anecdote and ''trimmings," and Mr. Ruskin likes another.
Diderot writes like a good-natured, easy-going, free-
living man, with high animal spirits and a boundless
capacity for physical enjoyment. Mr. Rusldn is a sort of
Puritan Procrustes. He curtails or extends the c&rjpua vile
of painting or sculpture to serve his own turn.
His Style :
His fine passages, if tolerably numerous, are neither
lonn: nor consecutive. Sabaras of insuffarable pedantry
lie between them. Yet the oasis is woith taking some
trouble to reach. . . . He has enriched English prose
with new cadences of extraordinary baiuty, and that by a
deft manipulation of the notes he has produced the most
strange and moving effects can scarcely be denied by the
most mgoted devotee of the dlder— and for oommon pur-
poses b^ter— school of writing. He is, par excellence, the
master of the purple patch.
The annual exhibition of the Hoyal Amateur Art
Society (President, H.R.H. the Princess of Wales) will be
held at 7, Chesterfield-gardens, Mayfair, by kind per-
mission of Mr. and Mrs. Beer, from March 20 to 23
indufiive, in aid of the Marchioness of Lansdowne's
Officers' Families' Fund, the Parochial Mission Women
Fund, and the East London Nursing Associaition. The Hon.
Mrs. C. Eliot, 8, Onslow-gardens, 8.W., is the honorary
secretary of the exhibition. The Loan Annexe will com-
prise, besides an interesting exhibition of photographs by
members of the Photographic Salon (Linked King), a
valuable collection of old miniatures on ivory of all
countries, and specimens of pinchbeck. The Dowager
LadjjT Newton will be much obliged if owners of either
mimatures or pinchbeck, who are willing to exhibit, will
kindly communicate witii her at 20, Belgrave-Bquare, as
soon as possible.
In the current Alma MaUr Mr. Oscar Browning describes
the late Mr. G. W. Steevens's editorship of the Cambridge
Observer, the paper on which he whetted his journalistic
wits ere he came to London :
The Observer was very outspoken, and did not veil its
opinions in decorous journalistic language. It was also
somewhat abstruse, and its meaning might be mistaken
by the casual reader. The consequence was that Cam-
bridge printers, who seemed to be a puritanical dass,
were shocked at some of the things which they were
expected to put into type, and not infrequently struck
work. Beferences to the Church Catechism seemed to
them profane, aud they were not prepared to question the
fact that the world was made in six days. 80 it came
about that Steevens not infrequently came to me just
before the paper was to appear, '* Bother those printm."
He did not say ** bother,'* but words to that effect. The
artide had to oe out short and the gap supplied by bogus
advertisements, which were never paid for. I do not
know whether he met with similar mfficnlties in London.
Still, the Observer went on, and happy are those who
possess a copy of it. When Steevens went into London
journalism the perusal of that Term's Observer was suffi-
cient to secure nim at once a regular engagement on a
first-class London paper, and a good salary.
Defoe had no answer to a cruel critic's question as to
how Bobinson Crusoe could have his pockets stuffed with
biscuits while swimming naked from the wreck. He
simply corrected the passage. Mr. Lang and Mr. Mason
will make a similar correction, no doubt, in future editions
of Parson Kelly, Meanwhile Mr. Lang says :
Mr. Mason and I owe our apolo^es to the readers of
this [^Longman^s"] magazine for makmg Mr. Wogan " rub
his hands," while we, and history, had correctly stated
that hands he had none to rub, having lost his arm at
Fontenoy. Now when Agamemnon, in Homer, carves a
lamb, after being wounded in the arm, Gherman critics
detect a multiplf^x authorship. But Agamemnon had been
wounded a fairly long way back in the narrative, and
I think the poet forgot, or did not care. We have no
such excuse, and, as a matter of fact, it was the collabo-
rator, who did not write the chapter, that foisted in Mr.
Wogan's two hands, regardless of the statement of the
other collaborator, who again overlooked the interpolati(».
3 Match, 1900.
The Academy.
177
It is good that a man should be fully persuaded in his
own mind. Mr. H. Croft Hiller, whose work entitled
Hereiieg is continued by the issue of its second volume, is
in this happy state. He says :
In the two volumes now issued of Heresies I profess to
have established, partially or completely as the case may
be, the following main points :
That truth is only any sensation of belief.
That right morality is acted belief and nothing else.
That the sole concern of morality is justice.
That our present social system is utterly inconsistent
with justice.
That the only rationally tolerable religion is the theism
I propound, involving one Gk>d and absolute determinism
consistent with individual responsibility, but inconsistent
with individual faculty-monopoly.
In future volumes Mr. Hiller will advance his views
regarding Qod, creation, soul, and immortality.
What is Right? is the title of a thin penny monthly
magazine in a yellow paper cover. The editor is convinced
that the Boer War is not right. Apparently, too, the
principle of non-resistance to evil is to be applieHi even to
the law courts, for we have injunctions like this lightly
sown up and down the pages : '^ Never attempt to punish
anyone who has robbed you or has done anything in any
way against you, for God never intended that one man
should punish another." We are unable to gather from
tiie first number what things will usually be labelled
"right" by our new contemporary; but we are cheered,
and a little surprised, to find that though it is not right to
commit a picKpooket, it is right for wives to let their
husbands smoke in the drawing-room.
Tub imminent retirement is announced of Dr. Sewell,
the venerable Warden of New College, Oxford. Dr.
Sewell is said to be the only man living who has spoken
to men who saw Dr. Johnson at work in the Bodleian
Library.
THE ELF.
a little book.
WINTER
1890.
The Elfy No. 2, amuses us; it is so clearly the work
of happy amateurs. The
letterpress appears on one
side of the page only, and
vast expanses of margin
enshrine little flights of
song and allegory. " We
are the Gentle People,"
sings Miss Nora Hopper
on one ^age, and with-
out reading further we
instantly apply the words
to the young promoters of
The Elf\ here is the title-
page of their frail and flal^
little magazine. The liter-
ary matter of The Elf is
one long ^olian mtirmur
of pretty words and fan-
cies. Thus :
No word could I speak in answer, for the eyes of Death
were full of tears and his voice was broken with sobbing.
As we drew on, great light began to glow through the
dark trees, and the distant voices of a thousand augels
burst into song. And, borne upon the faint last breeze of
the night, came tbe sound of the bells of a New Year.
And tbe heart of the city came out and wept under the
Published at Peartree Cottage,
Ingrave, Essex.
clear sky, and the gates of the Great Flood were opened,
mercy burst over the earth, so that the stars leaned over
and smiled each at his own image therein.
The illustrations of The Elf are incidents in a veldt of
margin ; but, being loose, they soon drop out, and become
a sliding, vanishing litter of artistry.
Students of style should read Mr. David MacBitohie's
article, in the March LangmarCe, on Scott's proof-
sheets of Redaauntlet Ballantyne's inept suggestions —
they are mostly inept — and Scott's varymg treatment of
them, make these proof-sheets highly interesting. A com*
plete survey of the sheets goes to prove that Soott wrote
rapidly and revised little. Finisn, selection, verbal re-
search were out of his way. In such things, says Mr.
MacKitchie,
he was the very opposite of Mr. Stevenson, who has
told us how, in his youth, he deliberately made bimself the
"sedulous ape" of earlier writers, jotting down in his
pocket note-book every word or phrase of theirs tbat he
thought would aid him in acquiring an efiPective style.
Scott was bnilt on quite another plan from that. He was
nobody's " ape"; but a great, original genius— and out of
the abundance of his heart his mouth spoke. If, as his
hurrying thoughts found utterance, they took shape in a
somewhat inchoate form, that was a defect that he endea •
voured to remedy afterwards, after a fashion. But of the
self -consciousness of the stylist he had little or nothing
. . • Wbat we learn, then, from the Bedgauntlet proofs is
that Scott's ** literary methods and style " hardly gave him
a moment's thought.
Mr. MacBitohie's remark about Stevenson's dependence on
other writers belongs to a phase of Stevensonian criticism
of which we are hearing much just now. In the Pali
Mall Magazine Mr. Henley, comparing Stevenson and
Bunyan, observes that Bunyan was bom a master, while
Stevenson was bom a student of Bunyan.
Thb editor of the Literary Tear Book for 1900 has asked
a number of critics to select, and discourse upon, the book
published last year which particularly appealed to them,
some of the selections were as follows :
Mr. Andrew Lang : " Some Experiences of an Irish R.M."
Mr. W. £. Henley: Bunyan's **Life and Death of Mr.
Badman."
Mr. T. Herbert Warren (President of Magdalen) : Poetical
Works of Robert Bridges, Vol. 11.
Mr. Laurence Binyon: **The Vinedresser, and Other
Poems."
Mr. Qoiller-Couch : Stevenson's Letters.
Mr. George W. E. Bussell: Sir Herbert Maxwell's *<Life
of Wellmgton."
Mr. Joseph Jacobs: Spencer and (HUen's '' Native Tribes
of Central Australia " ; Prof. Ward's " Naturalism and
A^ostidsm."
Mr. Bernard Capes : Autobiography of Mrs. Oliphant.
Mr. Horaoe Wyndham : lieut-Gen. Butler's "Life of Sir
G^rge Pomeroy-CoUey."
Canon Benham : Edward N. Westcott's " David Harum."
PRODtroEBS of short stories will do well to read an
article on the subject by Mr. E. Charlton Black in No. 2
of the International Monthly/ (MacmiUan). Mr. Black very
truly represents the short story as the tentacle of fiction, or
its active search-light — ^which ever you please, neither of
the similes being Mr. Black's. '^ The short-story writer,"
says Mr. Black, '* is the true explorer and conqueror of the
modem world, and the work is only begun." On one
point Mr. Black is very sound : he wUl have no art for
art's sake in the short story. He is simply stating the
truth when he says :
In all the short stories which have survived the genera-
tion that first read them, there is clear recognition of tbe
fact that the light of every soul bums upwards ; there are
everywhere glimpses of the bidden nobilities that are tbe
heritage of every human being, no matter bow narrow and
178
The Academy.
3 March, 1900
sordid the physical enTironment may be. This is a truth
that the elaborators of the later French conie never have
been able to grasp ; and no amount of *' dofte atmosphere,"
no delving after freaks and freakish sentiments to be
tricked out in freakish phrases* no extraordinary forms of
speech or deviations from the honest, which is, after all is
said and done, the only artistic way of telling a thing, will
make these later contes live. Their literary art is simply
one of vulgar, open-mouthed curiosity.
Thb stoi^ of Sophie Dorothea of Oelle, Consort of
George I., is the subject of a new work by Mr. W. H.
Wilkins, which Messrs. Hutchinson will issue. Much of
Mr. Wilkins's matter is new ; and many of the love-letters
which passed between Sophie Dorothea and Count Konigs-
marck will be republished from the originals.
In his Lettres d une Etranghe^ just published, Balzac has
this advice for women writers : " Write as much as you
please, only do as all women should, bum what you have
written ! "
Spbaking of short stories, the New York Literary Life
asks its readers to name the ten best examples from
American authors. Meanwhile it asks: **What about
this list : Hale's * Man Without a Country,' Aldrich's
* Mar j one Daw,' Bret Harte's 'Luck of Boaring Camp,'
Stockton's ' The Lady and the Tiger,' O'Brien's * The
Diamond Lens,' Mrs. Spofford's 'The Amber Gods,'
Bebecca Harding Davis's ' life in the Lron Mills,' William
D. O'Connor's * The Carpenter,' Bichard Harding Davis's
' Gallagher,' and Perkinses * The Devil Puzzler.' "
To the Times of Thursday Mr. Swinburne sent his
second contribution on the war. It is called ''The
Turning of the Tide : February 27, 1900," and concludes
thus:
The winter day that withered hope and pride
Shines now triumphal on tiie turning tide
That sets once more our trust in freedom free,
That leaves a ruthless and a truthless foe
And all base hopes that hailed his cause laid low,
And England?s name a light on land and sea.
Bibliographical.
Does " S. G." of the Pall Mall OauiU know Mansfield
Park so thoroughly as a critic of Miss Austen should, or,
when he wrote, the other day, of "Broken Vows " as the
play of which so much is said in the early part of the
story, was he guilty merely of a slip of the pen, the result
of a momentary lapse of memory ? I confess I took him
at his word, whereas I ou^ht to have known better, and
corrected him. But, alas ! it is many years since I read
Mansfield Park, and I have never returned to it. Mean-
while the correction comes from Mr. Austin Dobson,
who obligingly writes to my Editor as follows: "The
play in Mansfield Park is 'Lovers' Vows,' Mrs Inchbald's
adaptation of Kotzebue's ' Das Kind der Liebe'. It was
produced at Covent Garden in 1798. John Taylor {Records
of My Life) says that he supplied the lines for the
* rhyming butler ' mentioned in Chapter XIV. of Mansfield
Park ; and it was in playing ' Lovers' Vows ' that Charles
Kean fell in lo ve with his future wife. Miss Ellen Tree."
Genest, by the way, says that it was Thomas Palmer, of
Bath, who wrote not only the butler's rhymes but the
epilogue to "Lovers' Vows." Mrs. Inohbald (in her
preface to the printed text of her piece) says that the
lines were composed by the author of tlie prologue. Was
the prologue, then, written by John Taylor? Perhaps
Mr. Dobson can tell us. Is it, moreover, an absolute ascer-
tained fact that Charles Kean " fell in love with " Ellen
Tree while playing with her in "Lovers' Vows"? All
that Kean's biographer tells us is, that it was as actors in
" Lovers' Vows " that Kean and Miss Tree "first met"
upon the boards. This was in December, 1828. They
were not married until January, 1 842 — a little over thirteen
years later. Mr. Dobson may be — ^probably is — bright;
but what is his authority?
Under the title of "Barriers First Book," a writer in
the Toung Man for March favours his readers with an
aooount and analysis of Better Bead almost as long as the
" book " its^. He finds the germ of the jeu ^ esprit^ as
he calls it, in an article by Mr. Barrie which appeared in
the 8t, James's Gazette for April 2l8t, 1885— the "book"
itself not being published till 1887. Of the precious first
edition of Better Bead not even our great national library
possesses a copy ; its copy is one of the second edition,
1888. Thus early has Better Bead become "scarce." I
believe Mr. Barrie has not reprinted the " book," and in
so doing he has been wise. Some day, I daresay, collectors
will be seeking for copies of the libretto of "Jane Annie,"
the Savoy opera in the production of which Mr, Barrie
collaborated with Dr. Conan Doyle. This, probably, was
one of the weakest librettos ever written ; and the number
of weak librettos has been large.
The Bev. W. J. Dawson, greatly daring, proposes to
five to the world a poem on Savonarola, defiant (he cannot
e igpiorant) of the fact that he has been anticipated in
this performance by a poet laureate. Beally remarkable
is the extent to which Savonarola has occupied the minds
of English writers, from George Eliot downwards. There
are some ten or twelve biographies of him from English
pens, beginning with that of J. A. Heraud in 1843.
B. B. Mfi^den's came in 1853, A. C. Madeod's in 1882,
P. E. Cooke's in 1883, A. J. Hapgood's in 1895, J. O'Neil's
in 1898, H. Lucas's in 1899, and so forth. Milman devoted
an essay to Savonarola thirty years ago, and Mrs. Oliphant
put him more recently into one of her historical portrait
galleries. And yet, even now, what does our reading
public know about him ?
The Bev. Anthony C. Deane appears to resent the harm-
less appellation of " Chaplain to Punch" Very rightly he
.takes his clerical calling seriously. NeverUieless, one
cannot get away, alas I from the literarv sins of our youth.
History records that Mr. Deane puolished in 1892 a
volume of Frivolous Verse ; that was his own name for it.
Two years later came some Holiday Rhymes, and, after
another two years, some poetical Leaves in the Wind. There
is record, further, of a book of Poems, by Mr. Deane, pro-
duced so long ago as 1889. Precisely when Mr. Deane
took orders I do not know, but I need not tell him that
English literature boasts of a good many clerical humorists
— men who found humour and clericalism quite compatible.
One of the books promised to us for the spring is The
Queen's Garland, a collection, made by Mr. Fitzroy Oarring-
ton, of Elizabethan lyrics. This, of course, will range
with The Kings' Lyrics, by the same compiler, issued by
Messrs. Duckworth last December. The Kings' Lyrics was
"composed" in the States, and Mr. Carrington, we take
it, is an American.
It should be remembered concerning the late Mr.
Andrew Tuer that, apart from his elaborate monographs on
Bartolozzi and the Horn-Book, and his diverting adven-
tures among old books for children, he was the author of
an opuscule on copyright in titles, called, if I remember
rightly, John BulPs Womankind, and printed in 1884.
In none of the notices of the late Mr. Traill have I
observed any reference to what was, in fact, his last (com-
plete) contribution to letters — The New Fiction, and Other
Essays on Literary Subjects. This was published in the
autumn of 1897, and consisted of articles reprinted (with
revision and additions) from reviews and magazines. It
included papers on Lucian, Pascal, Bichudson, and
Matthew Arnold (whom he hardly appreciated), with two
or three Dialogues.
Thb Bookwork.
3 March, 1900.
The Academy.
179
Reviews.
Literary Ventriloquism.
The New Ltietan. New Edition. By the late H. D. Traill,
(Chapman & Hall. 68.)
The imaginary-oonyersation medium is one with which
all persons should play who are seriously dissatisfied with
history or with common verdicts upon history. Each
puppet, after certain rules of the game have been
observed, can be made to speak just as their summoner
wishes, and he, at any rate, will have the satisfaction of
seeing his own view of the case made plausibly vocal.
The only vehicle for defence which can surpass the
dialogue is the monologue, but that requires a finer artist.
Many men can make a show with an imaginary con-
versation who would be lost if such a task as '^ Bishop
Blougram's Apology" or '* Andrea del Sarto" were set
before them. We can conceive that a decent quality of
invention can carry one fairly well through a dialogue,
but for the satisfyins^ monologue imagination is needed.
The first thing that we ask of an author, who, like
Lucian and Landor, summons the illustrious dead and
sets them conversing or justifying their lives, is that he
shall be witty. Wimout wit no task could be so fiat as,
to take an instance from this volume, the discussion
between Wilkes and Lord Sandwich. With wit all is
well — provided, of course, that some attention is paid to
the probabilities, and the minds of the shades approxi-
mate more than a little to the minds of the men. Mr.
Traill is witty : what he chiefly lacks is interest in
character. We do not feel in any of these dialogues that
the people themselves interest him greatly ; their point of
attraction is their use in expressing opinions or proving a
theory. Landor, we feel, oiten made conversations for the
sheer love of hearing his favourites speak, and because it
was for him a sure way of getting into their minds a little
and identifying himself wi& them. We can believe that
just as the great Tartarin found that he could think only
when he talked, so did Landor find that only when he
imagined himself to be using the words of his characters
did he really comprehend those characters. Mr. Traill
has not this sensuous pleasure in personifying the remark-
able dead : the something to be proved, the point to be
cleared up, the opinion of his own to be stated with the
added force which the authority of the great name of the
spokesman will give it — these are the important things.
Hence his dialogues are largely polemical where Landor's
are poetical.
An interesting example is the criticism — excellent criti-
cism, too— of Matthew Arnold, in the dialogue between
Landor and Plato. Landor (in Mr. Traill's book^ thus
speaks of the poet of *' The Strayed Reveller " and
'^ Empedodes on Etna,'* and we feel that Mr. Traill thinks
precisely so too :
Lan. A certain priest of our religion has told us that
the letter killeth, out the spirit giveUi life. It is by
informing the ideas, the imagery, the expression of the
modems with the Hellenic spirit ; it is by oultivatinff the
Hellenic passion for symmetry and balance, the HeUenic
pride in continence and self-restraint, the Hellenic delight
in pure beaaty of form, and the Hellenio contempt for the
glue of colour, that the elevation of our literatmre is to be
compassed ; and there was one in pre-eminence by whom
this excellent work has been greatly adyanoed.
• • • • •
Lan. His poetry is instinct with the grace and soothes
us with the repose of your most perfect art ; and thouffh
in form it is chastened to the utmost severity of me
statuesque, there can be few^and I should despise them —
who have ever found it cold.
• • . • ■
Lak. As a teacher I own he has been less successful.
The qualities in which he shone as a poet appeared some-
what to fail him when he descended — or ascended* one
would say with more propriety — ^from practice to precept.
Pla. Wherein, then, does he fail as a teacher ?
Lan. I cannot better answer that question than by
recalling your admired reply to the censure of Diogenes.
Stamping rudely upon the carpet of Eastern fabric with
which the floor of your abode was covered, ** Thus," cried
the Cynic, ** do I tread upon your pride, O Plato." *' And
wLth^ greater pride, O Diogenes ! " was your just and
dignifled retort. In pronouncing judgment upon the
faults cl his countrymen, our apostle of culture has too
often merited a like rebuke. In his descriptions of himself
as a modest seeker after truth, there is something too
much of the pride that apes humility. He praises the
nohLe naiveU (A the '* grand manner" in language which
seems a little too conscious of its own elegance ; and he
preaches simplicity in a style which is by no means free
from affidctation. That grace of the nude which distin-
guishes his imaginative work gives place in his criticism to
a picturesque, but too minutely studied, arrangement of
drapery ; and while his poetry has always affect^ me with
the charm of pure English, I often flnd it hard to tolerate
the Gallicisms of his prose.
We do not seem to be listening to Landor in this passage.
Landor the enthusiast, Landor the intolerant, we know.
This new Landor is too chastened, too low spoken.
Indeed, this dialogue is one of the least successful. Per-
sonally we cannot forgive it for the shrinkage which
Plato is made to undereo during its progress.
Among the new dialogues is an amusing passage of
arms between Ooleridge and Dr. Johnson on the matter
of romantic poetry and the Lyrical Ballads revolution.
Johnson is admirably done; but Ooleridge suffers.
Coleridge was a humorist and a wit and a Johnsonian;
and Mr. Traill has forgotten all three characteristics.
But Johnson is so good that the poorness of Coleridge
may be forgiven. In order to illustrate the theories of
the new school, Coleridge repeats the '^ Ancient Mariner,''
to which Johnson listens on the understanding that he
may criticise. Johnson's argument is that the super-
natural in poetry may be permitted only so long as the
same law of causation is observed as that which governs
the affairs of men. Coleridge holds that the poet may
imagine whatever liberties he please. Here are some
Johnsonian criticisms at the dose of the recital :
John. Stay, Mr. Coleridge. I promised not to interrupt
your recital of the remainder of your poem, and I have not
done so ; but I am under no pledge to refrain from per-
stringing some of its more obtrusive absurditks. It seems
from Part Y. that your Polar Spirit — ^who, as we know,
could raise '* a good South wind " by a nod of his spiritual
head — ^must n^s slide under the keel '* nine fathom
deep " in order to propel the ship himself. Is that your
notion, sir, of allowing your supernatural beinff to operate
by natural causes ? It further appears, too, uiat he was
somewhat precipitate in slaying the whole crew as acces-
sories after the fact to the murder of the albatross, since
he has to raise them from the dead in order to navigate
the ship ; though why the navigation of a ship which is
being propelled by a spirit under her keel should require
the resurrection of anybody but the steersman, or why the
other mariners " 'gan work the ropes " of a vessel wiui no
wind to fill her sails, you have not told us. No, sir, nor
whv the resuscitated dead should again f iJl lifeless on the
deck — still less why *< a man all ught, a seraph man,"
should stand like a link-boy on every corse. Least of all
do you condescend to explain the ship's course on her
return home. She has been sailing northward through
the Paciflc, when suddenly the Mariner exclaims :
" Oh t dream of joy t is this indeed
The lighthouse top I see ?
Is this the hill ? is this the kirk ?
Ib this mine own countree ? ";
Kever was question more justifled by circumstances. For
if , as I OTCSume him to be, your mariner was an inhabitant
of the jBastem and not of the Western Hemisphere, he
could only have reached his '< own countree " by way of
Bering Strait, and by skirting the continent of North
America, through the impenetnble icefields of the Arctic
Ocean.
i8o
The Academy.
3 March, 1900.
The pity of it is that, as we hare said, the Ocderidge is not
credible. Mr. Traill should have made some lesser shade
contend with Johnson and recite Coleridge's poem.
The other new dialogues are Famell and Butt, Wilkes
and Loid Sandwich, Napoleon, Michelet and Kenan, and
Gladstone and Gh>rdon. Beyond the definition of Gordon's
religion the dialogue is not remarkable and might, we
think, have been left undone. To our mind neiwer the
true Gladstone nor the true Gordon speaks in it.
Finally, to illustrate Mr. Traill's idea of Tennyson's
view of our present state, we may quote the very interest-
ing and sagacious passage which brings the conversation
between the two golden-mouthed poets to a dose. Tenny-
son is telling Yir^ that Claudian's lines, beginning
HsBc est in gremium yictos quss sola recepit,
are much quoted by the Briton of these days for their
sentiment. The dialogue continues :
Ynt. I applaud the sentiment, though I reprehend the
verse. But why should the lords of a greater empire than
the Boman take any Roman poet for their spokesman P
Have you no poets of your own race to celebrate it ?
Ten. None ; or none at least in so majestic a strain. as
yours.
YiB. Yet you yourself, they tell me, were one of the
greatest of your country's poets. How came you to leave
the glories of its lule unsung ?
Ten. I have not so left them, when occasion offered.
But my opportunities were few and late. When my
^ powers were in their prime, my countrymen were indifferent
to their Empire ; and when diey awoke to its greatness, I
Was old*
YiR. And has no poet who has succeeded you been
inspired by the theme r
Ten. Yes, many ; but only one pre-eminent in power,
and to him both grandeur and grace are lacking. His
Voice is a trumpets-blast and his song a battle-cry, the
fitting poetry, doubtless, of a people whose empire, great
as it is, is stUl in the making* Through his strains you
hear the fierce delight of strife, snd even the high elation
of victory ; but never, as in yours, the proud consciousness
of dominion and the large cidm joy of rule.
Yla. But when your work is accomplished, will not that
note of sovereignty be heard f
Ten. It may be so ; and perhaps I should rejoice that
that time is not yet. For— let me not anger you — ^the
history of your own nation instructs us, that when the
poet of a people exchanges the Spartan fife for the lyre,
and the untutored call to arms for the cunningly fashioned
hymn of empire, it is a sign that they have scaled their
predestined heights of conquest, and that their foot is
already on the downward slope. .
It is sad to think that the mind which gave us the
clean and shrewd and penetrating common sense of this
interesting book should now be lost to us for ever. Yet
common sense is not the only note of the '* New Lucian ";
its dedication, at least, affoids a deeper revelation of the
author. We will end with it :
To B. T.
** Live joyfully with the wife whom thou lovest all the da}s
of the life of thy vanity, which He hath given thee under the
sun, all the days of thy vanity ; for that is thy portion in Uiis
life, and in thy labour which thou takest under the sun. What-
soever thy hand findeth to do, do it with thy might ; for there
is no work, nor device, nor knowledge, nor wisdom in the
grave, whither thou goest.'' — EcoL. ix. 9-10.
What matter though such things have never been.
Nor shall be ? the Ecdesiast hath said.
Though but in mockery the Samosatene
Imagined his confabulating dead ?
What matter though nor knowledge nor device.
Nor work nor wisdom in the grave there be It —
Does not the Preacher bid us once and twice
Live out in joy love's life of vanity ?
So live we, then I nor heed what whisper tells
That closest union heaviest reckoning pays
In shock of loss and anguish of farewells
At that eternal parting of the ways.
Moral Gower.
The Complete Works of John Goweb. Edited by G. C.
Macaulay. Vol.1.: The French Works. (Clarendon Press.)
This is the first instalment of one of those monuments of
tedious and unremunerative toil which, even in these days
of commercialised literature, there are still scholars to put
together, and which the Clarendon Press, to its honour, is
always ready to publish. The complete work will extend
to four volumes, and is uniform in outward seeming' with
Prof. Skeat's magnificent editions of Chaucer and Lang-
land. Nor, so far as we can judge, is Mr. Macaulay's
careful and erudite work in any way unworthy to stand by
the side of that of the older scholar. The present volume
is in some ways the most interesting of all, for the Mtrour
de VOmme^ of which it is mainfy comprised, has not
previously seen print. Until 1895 it was believed to be
lost, and the story of its discovery by Mr. Macaulay is one
of the minor romances of letters. It is mentioned by
Gower himself in the earliest version of his Confesiio
Amantis under the title of Speculum Sominis, In the
later versions it becomes Speculum Meditantisj probably
in order to secure a jingle of endings with the Confessio
AmanUis itself and the Vox Clamantis. Mr. Macaulay
mentioned this one day to the Cambridge University
librarian, Mr. Jenkinson, and he at once produced the
MS. of the Mtrour de V Omme^ and upon examining it Mr.
Macaulay was able to identify it beyond doubt with the
missing poem. Of the history of the MS. little is known.
It came from the library of one Edward Hailstone, and
about the middle of the eighteenth century it seems to
have been lying about the kitchen of a farmhouse. This
is inferred from some illiterate jottings upon several of
the margins. On one page, for instance, occurs the name
'^ Glosterr " and the statement : '^ Margat . . . leved at
James ... in the year of our Lord 1745, and was the
dayre maid that year . . . and her Swithart name was
Joshep Cockhad Joshep Cockhad carpenter." So are the
fieeting pastoral loves of Margat . . . bound up for ever
with the immortal .verses of a dull, dead poet.
Mr. Macaulay tells us plainly enough that he has edited
the book more in the interests of the philologer than of the
lover of literature. As a storehouse of late Anglo-Norman
forms — for, as Gower himself confesses, he very much
speaks his French *•*• after the scole of Stralford-atte-
Bowe " — it is certainly valuable. Here and there, too, it
adds an item to our not very extensive knowledge of
Gower's personal history.
This is interesting, not because the poet's work is, at its
best, worth much, but because he is a t3rpical figure.
With Chaucer, Langland, Wyclif, he stands at a parting of
the ways in English history. More than any one of them,
perhaps, he gathers up m his work the three distinct
elements which were henceforward to be merged in the
full stream of our literature. With almost equal facility
he writes French in the Speculum JfeditantiSj Latin in
the Vox Clamanti$f English in the Con/essio Amanlis,
He would seem to have been a man of good family, owning
property in Kent and elsewhere. He was a layman,
although he has been identified with the Gower who held
the living of Braxted Magna in Essex. Some have tried
to make him out a lawyer. Mr. Macaulay, more plausibly,
suggests that he was a merchant. He desires, indeed, a
special tax upon lawyers ; but for the merchants he makes
some exceptions io his general cohdemnation of society,
and he evidently shares the antipathy of the '*City" to
the Lombards. Mr. Macaulay thinks that his special
occupation was the wool trade. We know that late in life
he married one Agnes Groundolf, but from the Mirow
it appears that this was a second marriage. More im-
portant is the tale of his relations to Chaucer. It was to
** moral Gower " and " philosophical Strode " that Chaucer
dedicated his *'litel myn trageJie" of ** Troilua and
Criseyde/* ; and ^Gower, in his turn, paid in the first
3 March, 190O.
The Academy.
181
yenion of the Canfissio Amantis a delicate compliment
to Ohaucer by the mouth of Venus :
And grete wel Chaucer whan ye mete,
As my disciple and my poete.
For in the noure of his youth,
In sundry wise, as he wel couth,
Of ditties and of songes glade.
The which he for my sake made,
The lond fulfilled is over all ;
Whereof to him in speciall
Above all other I am moste holde.
In the later versions of the Canfitsio Amantis^ however,
the reference to Chaucer was suppressed, and similarly
Chaucer, in the ^' Man of Law's Tale," and its Prologue,
takes occasion to make an attack upon Gower. The
reason of this is not known. The two poets seem to have
remained upon the same side in politics — ^they both courted
Eichard the Second, and both ratted to Henry the Fourth
— and it can only be conjectured that some shadow of
personal or professional animosity had arisen between
them. Professor Courthope suggests that Gbwer had
piqued Chaucer by forestalling him in his plan of com-
pleting a series of stories in English verse linked together
by a central design, after the fai^on of Boccaccio s De-
cavMTon ; and as the Canfitno Amantis is finished) while the
CanUrhsry Tales are not, this is at least possible. An age
which takes delight in the minor personatia of authors will
doubtless find these speculations more interesting than
Gower's verse at least can daim to be. In his old age
Gower retired with his wife to the priory of St. Mary
Overies. He was by this time blind, ana he ended his days
in pious observances. He benefited the priory largely by
his will, whi<di is still extant. Besides provision for the
keeping of his obit, he left the monks two chasubles, a missal,
a chalice, and a martyrology ; and begged that he might be
buried in the cdapel of St. John Baptist. He is still at
peace there, with a fine effigy upon his tomb. His chubby-
faced head rests upon his throe ponderous volumes. A
collar of SS is about his neck, and his ample locks are
bound with a fillet of roses. As we have hinted, it is
difficult to read anything that he wrote, but it is none the
less decent that lovers of London and of poetry should
now and then do him the grace of a visit to St. Mary
Overies.
Music and Melancholy.
Soriffs of the Glens of Antrim. By Moira O'Neill. (Black-
wood. 3s. fid.)
Oybb here in England I'm helpin' wi' the hay,
And I wifiht I was in Ireland the livelong day ;
Weary on the English hay, and sorra take the wheat !
Och ! Corrymeela and the blue shy over it !
There's a deep dumb river flowin' by beyont the heavy
vTuOB,
This livin' air is moithered wi' the bummiu' o' the bees ;
I wisht I'd hear the Claddagh burn go runuin' through
the heat
Past Corrymeela^ wC the blue sky over it.
D'ye mind me now, the song at night is mortial hard to
raise,
The girls are heavy goin' here, the boys are ill to plase ;
When one'st I'm out this workin' hive, 'tis I'll be back
again —
Ay, Corrymeela, in the same soft rain.
The puff o' smoke from one ould roof before an EngUsh
town!
For s^shaugh wid Andy Feelan here I'd give a silver
crown,
For a curl o' hair like MoUie's ye'll ask the like in vain,
Sweet Corrymeela, an* the same soft rain.
That poem has been sineinff in the present writer's head
ever since he first read this Dook, a fortnight ago. Sweet
Corrymeela^ an^ the %^me soft rain^ Sweet Corrymeehy an^ the
same soft rain, day after day. And not only this, but other
poems too, for Moira O'Neill is one of those singers whose
notes home in the inward ear which is the joy of solitude.
They fall as gently and soothingly as Corrymeela's same
soft rain.
There is little of criticism to say about this wistful,
gentle, melodious book. It contains twenty-five poems,
and all are intensely Irish, all are simple and true and
very human and very musical. Here is a ballad — *^ The
Grace for Light " — which, whatever one's own childhood
was like, or however distant, cannot leave one quite
unmoved. The grace for light may be a new phrase to
many of our readers : it was new to us ; but what a
charming rite !
When we were little chUder we had a quare wee house.
Away up in the heather by the head o' Brabla' bum ;
The hares we'd see them scootin* an we'd hear the crowin'
grouse,
An' when we'd all be in at night ye'd not geAi room to
turn.
The youngest two She'd put to bed, their faces to the wall,
An' the lave of ns could sit aroun', just anywhere we
might ;
Herself 'ud take the rush-dip an' liffht it for us aU,
All' ** Ood be thanked I " she womd say — " now we have
a lights
Then we be to quet the laughin' an' pushin' on the floor,
An' think on One who called us to come and be
forgiven ;
Himself 'ud put his pipe down, an' say the good word
more,
"May the Lamb o' Ood lead us (dl to the Light o*
Heaven I "
There's a wheen things that used to be an' now has had
their day.
The nine Glens of Antrim can show ye many a sight ;
But not tiie quare wee house where we lived up Brabla*
way.
Nor a child in all the nine Glens that knows the grace
for light.
Technically this, like all of Moira 0*Neill's poems, could
hardly be improved. Tet how familiar are all its words,
how hackneyed its rhymes, how common its metre ! Its
secret is, of course, its personality. Just as Mill is said to
have felt sad when he tnought of the time that was coming
when all the combinations of musical notes should be
exhausted and new melodies impossible, so may students
of poetry have felt that a day was imminent when " for-^
given" and '' Heaven" linked together could never be
plausible again. Yet Moira O'Neill has done it. It is
such poetxy as hers that may for ever convince these
pessimists mat the death of poetical melody and freshness
IS no nearer than it was when poets first lisped. Techni'-
cally, we have said, Moira O'Neill is almost beyond im*
provement. But this, we imagine, is the result only of
extreme pains. The art has concealed art, for the singer
seems to take her verse *' as easy as the grass upon the
weir," to quote the only poem (Mr. Yeats's ^*Down in
Salley Gardens ") of which we are ever reminded by this
new sin^r.
Here is another haunting lyric, *' A Broken Song":
Where am I from t From the green hills of Erin*
Have I no song, then t My songs are all sung.
What 0' my love f 'Tis alone I am farin'.
Old grows my heart, an' my voice yet is young.
If she was tall / like a king's own daughter.
IfsJie was fair f Like a momin' o' May.
When she'd come laughin' 'twas the runnin* wather»
When she'd come blushin' 'twas the break o' day.
Where did she dwell f Where one'st I had my dwellin'.
Who loved her best f There's no ooe now will know.
Where is she gone ? Och, why would I be teUin' I
Where she is gone there I never can go.
Moira O'Neill is that rare blend, a poet who goes direct to
the heart and a poet who satisfies the artistic eye.
l82
The Academy.
3 March, 1900.
^* Where Forlorn Sunsets Flare."
Innermoit Asia. By Ealph P. Oobbold. (Heinemaim.
2l8.)
A MAir might choose a worse recreation than the arm-
chair study of books about Central Asia. They would
admit him to the most secret and awful parts of the earth,
perhaps even to the most beautiful. Books dealing with
these regions are multiplying fast, inspired mainly by the
shadow of that tremendous event, which may never come,
the Bussian advance on India. This has been tihe inspiration
of books like Lord Dunmore's The Pamtrt, Lord Ourzon's
The Pamirs and the Source of the Oxue, Mr. E. F. Knight's
Where Three Empires Meet, Krausse's Russia in Asia, and
other works almost as well known. It is significant that
Mr. Cobbold's own pa^es smell of Kussia, although in his
visit to the Pamirs he proposed only to shoot ibex.
Perhaps the most interesting point which he makes
about our great Bival is the anomaly which is presented
by the unscrupulous devemess and strength of arm shown
by Eussia in her dealings with the wild peoples of
Central Asia, and the miserable financial outcome of all
her operations. Hundreds of millions of roubles are
squandered in the maintenance of garrisons and outposts
which guard only sandy wastes or black-faced mountains.
Mr. Cobbold confesses himself puzzled by a state of
things which has now lasted many years, and shows no
immediate sign of change. He has these words for our
comfort :
It would take a bolder man than I to forecast the
outcome of Bussia's next departure, nor does it come
within my sphere to discount it, but so surely as her
onward strides have been aided by the vacillation of
British governments, who have been unable to cope with
her ability and her lack of scruple, so surely shall we find
that Russia will be hoist on her own x>etard, and after
being rent to her foundations will serve in succeeding ages
as a lesson to future nations of the futility of ability
without scruple, persistence without pity, and dominion
without religion.
This is splendid optimism, all the more striking because
throughout many pages Mr. Cobbold has been showing us,
by instance and anecdote, how secret and vice-like is the
Kussian grasp both on the peoples and problems of inner-
most Asia.
It T^ould be a shame if the glories of the Pamirs and of
the passes by which, these great upland valleys are
approached could not be separated from foreign politics.
Mr. Cobbold is happily able to detach his travel impres-
sions from his imperial views. He is a traveller at
heart, and with him travel is poetry and philosophy ; a
sojourn in London does but fill him with a new yearning
for Himalayan heights and simple peoples. Nor can we
wonder that Mr. Cobbold confesses to such feelings; to
have seen what he has seen, and to have dwelt, where he
has dwelt, must mean, to a man of any imagination, a
transformation of the mind, a complete change of per-
spectives and inclinations. How uiall a man live in
Kensington who has seen Eakapushi ? Mr. Cobbold has
seen E^apushi.
Some five miles beyond Ob alt we turned a comer, and
upon the vision broke such a spectacle as would fill the
least impressionable of mortius with wonder and awe.
The great mountain Bakapushi, 26,000 feet high, towered
above us, 19,000 feet rising before our eyes straight up
from the valley. We all got off our ponies and sat down
and looked silently. Speech would have been a vulgar
intrusion, for it was a vision solemn and beautiful beyond
any of this world's sights and shows. Bakapushi is the
noblest of mountains, matchless in form and nature. Her
sunny lower slopes lay green aod smiling, giving place
higher up to forests of mountain ash, juniper, and birch,
Kolden and crimson and autumnal hues. Above stretched
the dark moraine up to the vast snow-fields and glittering
glaciers. Even the great quiet shades in the mountain
were radiant with reflected light more brilliant than man
could depict; the sunlight moved along, revealing the
delicate rippling lines which mark the concealed crevasses
and the waves of drifted snow. It sparkled on the edges,
it glittered on the icides, it shonA on the heights, it
illumined the depths, till all wss aglow and the dazzled
eye returned for relief to the qniet forests. By sunlight or
moonlight Rakapushi's splintered icy crest is the one
object which unfiulingly attracts the passing traveller ; in
the imagination it becomes invested with a personality.
We have left ourselves no space to describe Mr. Cob-
bold's route, or his principal stopping-places, which were
Kashgar, Yiemy, Balkash, and Charog. In the last
place, and near it, he was detained by the Eusaian
authorities, and really we are not so surprised as
Mr. Cobbold would have us be at this event. We fancy
that the Bussian authorities who detained our traveller on
honourable terms will curse their own leniency when they
read his pages. Mr. Cobbold's photographs, by the way,
are a joy.
"The Prince of Gentlemen.'*
The Book of the Courtier, From the Italian of Count
Baldassare Castiglione. Done into English by Sir
Thomas Hoby, Ajnno 1561. With an Introduction by
Walter Ealeigh. '* Tudor Translations." Edited by
W. E. Henley. (David Nutt. 18s. net.)
If you are not " too grave or too busy a man," any book
on any ideal is worthy of a glance. For, however dull it
may be, human nature will '^ break in," as Mr. Edwards's
cheerfulness did upon his philosophy. We have passed a
tolerable hour in surveying even The Social Duties and
Domestic Habits of the Wives of England, assisted by the
discreet Mrs. Ellis. One's pet books of the sort, where the
subject and its treatment are alike noble or lovable in
themselves, should always be kept within easy reach of
one's armchair and the fire. Holy Mr. Herbert, meek Mr.
Walton, mellifluous Mr. Taylor should never be out of a
temperature of sixty degrees. Neither should The Courtier
of Count Baldassare Castiglione. But the warmth of sun-
shine is emphatically for him. He is bland as a summer
morning, magnificent as a summer noon, fragrant as a
summer evening. He is the flower of the ''Courtly
Civilisation."
Alas, how that gorgeous exotic out-flames our home-
grown slips of the same stock! Feacham's ''Compleat
Gentleman," although '* fashioned as absolute in the most
necessary and commendable qualities " as poor Peacham
could compass, is too much of an athletic Master Mum-
blazon and downright Feveril of the Feak to ride willingly
abreast of this suave Signer from Italy. Braithwait's
<< English gentleman of specter ranke and qualitie " wears
too mortified a band and too steeple-crowned a hat to feel
at ease with this Courtier in the '^ Citye of Urbin," among
" silver plate, hanginges of verye riche doth of golde,
auncyent ymages of marble, verye exceUente peinctinges
and instruments of musycke of all sortes." The sun's
radiance in '< Urbin " scatters indeed a '' liberal largesse " :
here it gilds clouds and glorifies fogs.
The flushed redundancy of the E^naissance is, of course,
patent in the imperial profusion of the character and
attainments of this Faragon of Fagan Christianity. He
is a '' Gentleman borne and of a good house." '' Of a
good shape, and well proporcioned in his lymmes,'' show-
ing '^strength, lightnes, and quicknesse." ''A perfecte
horseman for everye saddle." He has the arts of swim-
ming, of leaping, of casting the stone, of , wrestling. But
he must beware how he practise them with ''men of the
countrey," for it is '^ too ill a sight and too foule a matter
and without estimation to see a Gentilman overcome by a
Cartar." 'Tis almost surprising that he "may sette a
3 March, 1900.
The Academy.
■83
^de tumblyng, dymynge upon a corde, and suche
matters." Howeyer, tiiey may be waiyed as '* tasting
somewhat of jugglers crafte." His yoice is '' shrill, dere,
Bweete and wel framed with a prompt pronunoiadon." £[e
''much exercises himselfe in poets, and no lesse in
Oratours and Historiographers, and also in writinge both
rime and prose." He is to haye '' cunning in drawing,
and knowledge in the yerje arte of peincting," for
''Lovers ought to haye a sight in it." But it is im-
possible to schedule further his " chief e conditions and
qualities." Their "breef rehersall," appended to the
book, occupies nearly fiye pages. And already they are
sufficient to dazzle the reader. "Nay, more than suffi-
cient," said the Lord Ludoyicus Pius, " f or I beleye that
there is no yessell in the worlde possible to be founde so
bigge that shal be able to receive al the thinges that you
wm have in this Courtyer." Certainly not : but then an
ideal is to practise what the perfume of a rose-garden is to
each seyeral flower.
And yet we have peeped only at the accomplishments of
the Courtier. Some critics, indeed, have not perceived
that the book treated of anything else ; but Mr. Baleigh
has shown himself to be the perfect " whiffler " to the new
triumphal progress of this "culled and choice-drawn cava-
lier" by thinking otherwise. Although his Litroduction
is distinguished by minute learning, combined with a
happy knack of generalisation and a dear sight of the
correlation of his author with times past and present, per-
haps Mr. Baleigh in no place shows his aptitude for his
task more convindngly than where he says : " Castiglione
deals less with accomplishments and decorum than with
the temper and character which beget decorum." That is
perfectly true, and doubtless, though Castiglione in part
denied the accusation of his contemporaries that he
" identifled himself with his model," his book is, in fact,
as consdously "a picture of his own disposition" as
Walton's, for example, was of his. The Coimt's tem-
perament was delicately sensitive to every stroke of
beauty and of glory, flndiug in Nature and in Man — above
both, in Art — a rich but ordered fesust for the senses and
the soul. To such an one high birth, fine raiment, kings'
houses, valour, honour, love, and courtesy are but the fit
environments and proper qualities. We will take our
leave of the "Prince of Gentlemen," and of the good
knight, his translator, in this strain of music, breaming
his more exalted mood of platonic rapture :
Youchfiafe (Lorde) to harken to oure prayers, power thy
selfe into oure hartes, and wvth the bryghtnesse of thy
most holye fire lyghten oure aarkenesse, and like a trustie
guide in thys blynde mase, sbowe us the right waye:
refourme the falsehood of the senses, and after longe
wandringe in vanitye gyve us the ryght and sounde joye.
Make us to smell those spirituall savoures that rdieve the
vertues of the understandinge, and to heare the heavenlye
harmonie so tunable, that no discorde of passion take
place anye more in us. Make us dronken with the bottome-
lesse fountain of oontentation that alwaies doeth ddite,
and never giveth fill, and that giveth a smacke of the
right blisse unto who so drinketh of the renning and deere
water thereof. Pourge wyth the shininge beames of thy
light onr eyes from mysty ignoraunoe, that they maye no
more set by mortall beawty, and wel x>erceive that the
thinges which at the first they thought themselves to see^
be not in deede, and those tiiat they saw not, to be in
effect. Accept oure soules, that be offired unto thee for a
sacrifice. Burn them ia the livelye flame that wasteth al
grosse filthines, that after they be cleane sundred from the
body, thd may be copied with an everlastinge and most
sweet bonde to the heavenly beawty. And we severed
from oure selves, may be chaunged like right lovers into
the beloved, and after we be drawen from the earth,
admitted to the feast of the aungdles, where fed with
immortall ambrosia and nectar, in the ende we may dye a
most happie and livelye death, as in times past died the
fathers of olde time, whose soules with most fervent zeale
of beehouldinge thou diddest hale from the bodye and
coopleddest them with Gh)d.
Other New Books.
The Story of English
LiTERATUBE.
Br EMHii Salisbubt
Mellows.
We are sorry for the children who are to be introduced
to the enchanted realms of English literature through the
medium of this barefaced compilation. A few extracts
will best make clear the character of the work. Miss
MeUows's conception of the evolution of poetic style is
exemplified in these introductory remarks to the chapter
on " The Age of Dryden " :
Shakespeare, the g^reat artist of the natural in poetry,
had, with his wonderful genius, portrayed living men and
women, and their lives and passions, in true and mag-
nificent verse ; but the later poets of his school indulged
in most ridiculous flights of fancy, and sometimes expressed
themselves in extravagant and sensational language which
was really most imnatural. Thus a b <ot was spoken of
as ''the shininfi^ leather that encased the limb"; coffee
was '* the fragrant juice of Mocha's berry brown." These
de^;enerate poets had lost all the youthful fervour of the
Elizabethans, and had not learnt that just and beautiful
arrangement of nature which we call art.
We should be glad to know to which members of Shake-
speare's ''school'' Miss Mellows ascribes these ingenious
eighteenth century paraphrases Her sense of proportion
may be judged from the fact that she devotes a page and
a half to Ascham, omits to name Campion, and dismisses
the lyric of a qusxter of a century as follows :
Bobert Herrick wrote in his Hesperulea some very
delightful verse ; and the names of Thomas Carew,
Bichard Grashaw, George Herbert, Henry Yaughan,
Bichard Lovelace, Sir John Suckling, William Habington,
Edmund Waller, Abraham Cowley, Andrew Marvell,
George Wither, and Frauds Qoarles, are remembered in
connexion with many beautiful lyrics.
Finally, her notion of the sort of critidsm of a writer
which is likely to be useful to a child is here illustrated :
Matthew Arnold, with whom the critical spirit prevailed
even in his verse, is author of poems which have been
declared to be " as soUd and pure as s^ranite and gold."
Dante Ghtbrid Bossetti wrote balLuls and sonnets (in-
dudinff "The Blessed Damozd" and "The King's
Trageoy ") of great interest on ace 3unt of their sincerity,
novdty, and exquisite mdody.
His sister Christioa has gained a lasting place in litera-
ture by her sonnets, " Monna Innominata," numerous
poems for children, and much sacred verse.
William Morris, a teller of old-world stories after the
manner of Chaucer; Coventry Patmore, author of The
Angel in the House \ and Macamay, whose ballads were at
one time very popular, are other names connected with
this era.
In the face of these grave defects of method and equip-
ment mere blunders of fact, which are pretty frequent,
may go disregarded. (Methuen.)
Old London Taverns.
By Edward Callow.
That period which most of us never saw, and which
history has hardly begun to record — that magical '^ sixty
years ago " of the poets and sentimentalists — will always
furnish material for interesting books. Mr. Callow was
dining and wining in London restaurants when Queen
Victoria came to the throne. Enough ! cries the reader,
sure of interesting talk. " Cosy roughness," sociability,
good plain food, and zealous waiting, were the character-*
istics of the chop-houses and cofEee-houses of Mr. Callow's
recollection. Homeliness had not been ousted by splen-
dour. The well-to-do customers of the Fleece and Sun
(long vanished from Finch-lane) selected their chops and
steaks at Banister's, the butcher next door, and brought
it to the Sun and Fleece to be cooked :
On entering the Fleece, a good-sized room with a sanded
floor presented itself to view. On one side, half-way up
the room, was a small bar, and opposite to it was the
1^4
The Academy.
3 March, 1906.
fire and gridiron. Such things as (dlveT giids were unborn
at Ihat time. All round the remaining space were the
customary cosy little boxes with room for four, and no
more, to sit with comfort. Decorations or embellishments
there were none ; but though the place looked rough it
was scrupulously clean.
No customer was very long before being attended to by
the waiter, who receivi^d his orders for bec-r or wine. The
former, as at other chop-houses, was served in the pewter
pot; and the wine, jmrticularly port, was of a quality
rarely to be met with nowadays. So soon as the chop or
steak was ready, it was proouced on a pewter or china
plate, as required, and was fltoked by another plate filled
with floury potatoes, boiled in their ** jackets,'' that
would have deb'ghted the soul of an Irishman to
behold.
It must not be forgotten that these comforts and these
cheery, sensible ways are kept alive in the City. *' Joe's "
and '^ Snook's" and *' Monger's," and the Cock in Thread-
needle-street (where spo9n8, forks, and even soup-basins
were of solid silver) may have gone; but 's and
's slill remain, supplying the juiciest chops and steaks
on the real old willow-pattern plates, and beer in cleanest
pewter. Sanded floors and black-handled cutlery complete
Sie charm.
Mr. Callow's strength is in his personal recollections.
When he goes farther back, and is dependent on books,
he is less companionable, less accurate. We should like
to know what grounds he has for the statement that the
Cheshire Cheese in Fleet-street was frequented by Dr.
Johnson, and that '* wit and wisdom flashed and sparkled
across the tables when such men as Johnson, Beynolds,
Dick Steel, GK>ldsmith, Chatterton, and Garrick met there."
The Cheshire Cheese is not mentioned by Boswell, and
was certainly not the scene of such distinguished meetings
as the above. That Johnson went there is not improbable,
but neither is it established. We believe that Mr. Percy
Fitzgerald has stated that in his youth he met old men at
the ** Cheese " who had seen Dr. Johnson there. But the
'^ Cheese " is more associated with the Johnson Club than
with Johnson. (Downey, 6s.)
The Mysteries of Chronology. By F. F. ARBtJTHNOx.
Mr. Arbuthnot is an irritating person. He tells us that
to write a good book on chronology a man ** must be a
scholar with a good knowledge of Greek, Latin, Arabic,
and many other languages, besides being well up in
archaeology, astronomy, chronology, geography, history,
numismatics, and palsBography." He also tells us that he
possesses none of these qualifications. A very few pages
serve to show that this is no mock-modesty on his part,
and it becomes obvious that he had better have left the
book alone. Chronology at the best is a dull subject, and
a treatise which attempts to treat it more or less scienti-
fically and fails is worse than useless. Mr. Arbuthnot
does not appear to have so much as heard of the leading
authority on his subject, Dr. H. Grotefend, whose Chrono-
logy of the Middle Ages and of Modem Times would have
cleared up most of his difiicidties, and corrected many of
his errors for him. He would then have abstained £rom
floundering after that will-o'-the-wisp, Hardouin, and
would have done a real service by translating for Eng-
lish readers Grotefend's useful little *' Taschenbuch " or
'^ Manual," and appending to it a table of the regnal
years of English sovereigns. We suppose that Mr.
Arbuthnot intends a mild joke when he proposes '^a
new English era to be called the Victorian, dating from
1st January, 1837, the year of the accession of our reign-
ing sovereign." But if not, does he expect other nations
to adopt this era, or does he propose that a little mathe-
matical calculation should be gone through every time a
foreigner has to use an English, or an Englishman a
foreign date? (Heinemann.)
A History of Gothic Art
IN ENGLiND. By Edward S. Prior, M.A.
This handsome volume, liberally illustrated with the
most lucid of diagrams and with a number of admirable
architectural drawings by Mr. Gerald C. Horsley, is uni-
form with Mr. Blomfield's well-known History of JRenais-
sanee Architectttre, That is already a standard authority
on its subject : so should this be. Mr. Prior writes of the
great ecclesiastical architecture of the thirteenth and four-
teenth centuries with genuine enthusiasm and ample
learning. His difiPerentiation of structures and styles and
schools is no merely formal or pedantic one. He sitrives to
correlate these with their underlying causes in the mason-
craft of the various groups of En^^iish stone-quarries, in
the diverse architectural needs of the monastic, the catiie-
dral, the parish systems. You may read his book, if you
will, as a complement, or indeed an antidote, to Prof.
Moore's Development and Character of Gothic Architecture, a
revised and enlarged edition of which we lately noticed in
these columns. Prof. Moore found the essence of Gothic
in ^' a system of mechanism maintained by thrust and
oounterthrust," and, in harmony with this definition,
declared that true Gothic must only be looked for in
France — ^perfect true Gothic perhaps only at Amiens
itself. Mr. Prior protests. He claims a distinct place and
dignitv for English Gothic, and in fact rejects the funda-
mental assumption from which Prof. Moore's theory
proceeds. The essential aim of Gothic was not structural
perfection, but beauty. Economy of material was only
the means by which it arrived at beauty. '^ The Gothic
spirit was that of aspiring growth, the leaping upwards of
a flame, the piercing of the air with spire and pinnacle,
the uplifting of the ribbed vault." Mr. Prior goes on to
point out that structural perfection was reached as a means
to the realisation of this ideal. Nor will he admit the
dependence, often asserted, but hardly proved, of English
Gothic upon French models. He claims for the two styles
a common origin and independent developments, the
English building remaining to the end '^ monastic," while
the great French cathedrals were the monuments of '^ lay "
or at least '^ secular " artists, in more or less conscious
revolt against monastic domination.
Mr. Prior's treatment is perhaps hardly cus wide as his
title, for nine-tenths of the book is devoted to architecture.
Sculpture, painting, glass-staining, and the like are treated
with comparative slightness in so far as they serve the
master art ; and the minor and domestic arts hardly at all.
In conclusion, Mr. Prior has our sympathy in his vigorous
onslaughts upon the practice of so-called '* restoration."
Sir Gilbert Scott, Mr. T. G. Jackson, and other eminent
Eersons, have amongst them destroyed more mediaBval
uildings than all the Puritans, and five centuries of wind
and weather. (Bell. 3 Is. 6d.)
Christmas in French Canada. By Loins Frbghbtte.
Few people in England realise how the old French life
and character still survive in Canada among a hardy race,
transplanted under the old monarchy, and living con-
tentealy under the British flag, secure from the revolutions
and civil tumults which have distracted its mother
country. To those who know the Frenchman of the
Continent it seems little short of incredible that men of
the same race should live among the snows of the far
north, a race of farmers and trappers and voyaaeurSy free
from the nervousness and excitability which distineuish
their cousins left behind in Europe. M. Louis Frediette
is a French Canadian who, with the laudable ambition of
bringing home the characteristics of his race to the English
pubuc, has written in his second language, Engli^, a
collection of short stories and sketches dealing with the
North- West. He takes us to the settler's isolated cottage,
the well-to-do farmer's residence, and the homes of the
city, revives the old legends, and brings back to life the
3. -March, 1900.
The Academy.
1 8s
pictuTOBi^ue types whose idiom, habits, costumes, and
superstitions have disappeared, or are disappearing rapidly.
The stories are altogetner delightful, ana being written
in a ton^e slightly unfamiliar to the author, have an
additional charm. (Toronto : Morang & Co.)
The XCYth Esoucsnt in the
C&IMBA.
^ By Major H. C.
Wylly.
This little volume is the first of the '^ Derbyshire Cam-
paim Series," and will be followed by four other books
deeding with the battles of the 95th in India and Egypt
The series makes an admirable start, and, with the excep-
tion of Balaclava, in which the regiment was not engagea,
gives a sketch of the whole Crimean campaign. Being
told from the point of view of a regimental unit, the story
has more actiiality than if it dealt with the whole army.
By way of comparison with the present war it will be
interesting to note that of the thirty-two officers who
embarked in 1854 no fewer than twenty-two were killed
or wounded, one receiving more than twenty wounds. Of
the sergeants nineteen out qf forty-six were killed or
wounded within six weeks of landing, while of the rank
and file 350 were killed or wounded in the three days'
fighting in the autumn of 1854. Major Wylly has pro-
duced a very excellent instalment of regimental history.
(Sonnenschein.)
Spobt and Life.
Bt Baillie-Qbohman.
Mr. Baillie-Ghrohman is well known as a climber of
mountains and a shooter of big g^me, and any book by
him conmiands the instant respect of all sportsmen. The
handsome volume which he has just issued tells the story
of fifteen years, on and off, in the hunting grounds of
Western America and British Columbia. For some years
Mr. BailHe-Grohman's temporary home was on the Pacific
Slope, and he crossed the ocean to and from Europe some
thirty times in that period. His earlier chapters deal
with shooting big game and the Game Laws of America.
Perhaps to the general reader the most interesting chapters
will be those which tell how Kootenay emerged from its
wild state, with stories of real Wild West experiences.
Mrs. BaHlie-Grohman contributes an informins^ cnapter on
** The Yellow and White Agony," which is, bein^ inter-
preted, ^e Servant Question in the West. The book is
illustrated with seventy - seven photographs, including
pictures of the best trophies of North American bi^ game
killed by English and American sportsmen. This is a
book for the country house, and for everyone who cares
for free out-of-door life and untrammelled sport, (Horace
Cox.)
Fiction.
Savrola : a Tale of the Revolution in Laurania, By Winston
Spencer Churchill. (Longmans. 6s.)
The situation of the republic of Laurania is not precisely
defined by Mr. Churchill, but it undoubtedly lies some-
where between the Mediterranean and the Baltic, and it
might fairly be called, in some respects, a ''composite
photograph " of sundry European states. Laurania had
suffered for five years from a military dictatorship im-
posing itself by force against the will of the people, and the
tale tells how, and with what bloodshed and dishonour,
this dictatorship was overthrown. Savrola was the
chivalrous leader of the people, and he is a fine character,
though rather inclined to emit ''views." The Dictator's
wife, Lucile, is shamefully permitted by her husband to
entangle herself with Savrola for political purjposes, but
she ends by loving Savrola (this is the " human interest "),
and the book conaudes with the flight of the lovers from
Laurania, the Dictator having met his death.
The various inddente of revolution — the mutiny
of the army, the personal collision between Savrola
and the Dictator, the street fighting, and the contest
between the navy and the land forts — are described with
an expert vigour and picturesqueness ; but there is
nothing in the book so good as Mr. Churchill's recent
narrative in the Morning Poet of his capture by the Boers.
The satire in which the story abounds is rauier forcible
than keen. Thus, of newspapers, apropoe of the shooting
down of an unarmed mob by the soldiery :
The Courtier^ the respecteble mominic journal of the
upper classes, regretted that so unseemly a riot should
have taken place at the beeinning of the season, and
expressed a hope that it would not in any way impair tbe
brilliancy of the State Ball which was to take place on the
7tb. It gave an excellent account of the Presid«nt*8 first
ministerial dinner, with the menu duly appended, and it
was concerned to notice that Seiior Louvet, Minister of the
Interior, had been suffering from an indisposition which
prevented his attending the function. The Diumal Oueher^
a x>aper with an enormous circulation, refrained from
actiiai comments, but published an excellent account of
the maeeacrej to the harrowing details of which it devoted
much fruity sentiment and morbid imagination.
Savrola is an agreeable, "rattling" book, and an
achievement remarkable enough for an autiior aged
twenty-three. It is very obviously the work of a brilliant
and original man, a man of multifarious experiences and
aptitudes, a man who could shine in whatever quarter he
might choose, and shine so that all must gaze on the
effulgence of him. But it is not the novel of a novelist.
Its real interest lies more in the personality it discloses
than in the strength and beauty of the work iteelf .
Mirry Ann, By Norma Lorimer.
(Methuen & Co. 6s.)
The Isle of Man has of late been vulgarised, not onlv by
its tourists, but also by its noveliste ; the days of its aloof-
ness and simplicity can never come back. On the other
hand, many years will pass before, in the remoter parte
of it and in the intimacies of ite village life, it loses those
characteristics which make it so valuable both to the
ethnographer and to the student of human nature. Miss
Lorimer, to judge by her acquaintance with Manx customs
and her realisation of the Manx spirit, is probably a native
of the Isle ol Man ; but whether she is or not she has
written a Manx novel which is at once sincere, poetical,
and in the best sense true. She knows the hesfts of the
fisher folk, and she has felt the influences of Manx land-
scape, so forbidding and yet so full of sentiment. Those
who have idled through the fishing villages that lie
between Douglas and Fort Erin will appreciate her various
descriptions of Colby and the perception that has gone
to tiie making of tiiem. Here is a litUe night piece :
In the littie island there are lingering twilights, and the
days were now touching their longest. But the villagers did
not wait for darkness to close their day, work began too
early for that. Before the heavens had deepened for tine
night, and while wide-winged bate were still floundering
in tiie sW, the house-doors were shut and the white
window-bundfl drawn closely down. Knough coal and
light had to be burned in the winter ; and if in late spring-
time it was still grey twilight when chapel was over, and
the evening meal finished, what need was there of the un-
necessary extravagance of burning lamp -oil P Here and
there a light could be seen from some low window,
where the geraniums and fuchsias, which shut out the
bris^ht sunshine in the daytime, were now reflected like
skeleton flowers on the white blinds. At regular intervals
of time Langness lighthouse from ite distent point shot
out ite bright shaft and turned it on the village as if to
show with greater distinctness the still peacefulness of the
scene. Even on such an eventful day as this, if their men
were at sea, bed-time came soon for the women, and the
Colby street was early quiet. A new day would begin
betimes, with ite gossip and ite sadness.
1 86
The Academy.
3 March, 1900.
Beyond saying that the heroine is well and strongly
drawn, we Ixave no space to deal with the characters or
the plot of Mirry-Ann; nor are these so important as
the general atmosphere and suggestiveness of the book
as a whole. Miss Lorimer has obvious limitations as
a prose artist, and the slow march of her events by no
means possesses that inevitability which is essential in a
great novel. Mirry-Ann, in fact, is not a great novel;
scarcely even a fine one ; but it is distinguished for all
that, and Miss Lorimer has within her the root of the
matter.
The White Dave. By William J. Locke.
(Lane. 6s.)
We would not deny that this is a novel somewhat beyond
the average in conception, and much beyond the average
in execution, but at the same time we do not think that
Mr. Locke is travelling along the true path of develop-
ment. In fact, this seems to us the least satisfactory of
his four novels. It is often mawkish— and that is the
whole of our charge against it. The book is a tale of two
adulteries ; but this accident of theme has nothing to do
with the mawkishness, for the story is neither impure nor
ignobly suggestive. One of Mr. Locke's characters has a
pnrase, ^* the banality of meretricious prettiness." It is
of this banality that Mr. Locke is guilty. An extract will
illustrate :
" Perhaps after a time, when I am dead and gone — a
man must die some day, you know — you'll lik^ to come
back to the old house and devote yourself entirely to
research and be independent of two-guinea fees and that
kind of thing. That would be nice, wouldn't it, Ella ? "
The girl's heart throbbed at the share impUed, but a
tenderer feeling quieted it at once.
" It would be impossible without you, Uncle Matthew,"
she said.
He rose with a laugh. '* None of us are indispensable,
not even the most f uUIe. I'm going to dress. You'll dine
here, of course, Syl ? And Ella, tell them to get up some
of the ' 84 ' Pommery to drink good luck to Syl."
He walked out of the room with the brisk air of a man
thoroughly pleased with life ; but outside, in the passage,
his face grew sad, and he mounted the stairs to his dress-
ing-room very slowly, holdinfr on to the balusters.
The younfi^er folks remained for a while longer in the
library. Sylvester bent forward and broke a great lump of
coal with the poker.
<< I'm not fit to black his boots, you know."
The sentimentality of the book is too crude. Mr.
Locke is a clever man, with a feeling for art, and we
cannot avoid the suspicion that in The White Dove he has
sought to please others rather than himself. If the book
is a full and sincere expression of the artist in him, then it
seriously belies the promise of earlier work.
Notes on Novels.
\^The»e notes on the weeh^s Fiction are not necessarily final.
Reviews of a selection will follow.']
Andbombda.
By Eobert Buchanan.
Mr. Buchanan has chosen an admirable setting for his
new story. It is on Canvey Island, that low, desolate
strip of mud and grass opposite Benfleet, between Graves-
end and the Nore, that we meet '* Anniedromedy," as she
is called by her foster-parents. '' Half mermaid and half
able seaman is our gel I " says old Endell, the fisherman.
To younfi; Somerset, the artist, she is ^e Goddess of
Canvey Island. A story of love, a birth-mystery, art,
water, and moonlight. (Ghatto & Windus. 6s.)
Thb World's Meboy. By Maxwell Gray.
Stories by the author of The Silence of Dean Maitland.
The first, which s^ves the book its title, tells how a
young doctor drank, and maltreated his wife ; and how,
in the end, she took to drink, was attended by her husband
(now reformed) and died forgiving him. (Heinemann. 6s.)
Nemo. By Thso. Douglas.
Those who accept occult phenomena, and those who
associate them with imposture, will alike be interested in
this strong and well-constructed story by the author of
Iras : a Mystery. The characters of title unscrupulous old
conjurer, '* Professor" Bannerman, and his frail and
psychologically gifted daughter, Mary, are well drawn.
Mystery, excitement, humbug, and detection keep the story
thoroughly alive, and the love interest is never dropped.
(Smith, Elder. 6s.)
A Man of His Age. By Ha^iilton Deummond.
Beaders of historical novels may remember an excellent
story of Coligny's day entitled For the Religion. The
present work is a sequel to that book, containing the
further adventures of Blaise de Bemauld. It is equally
rich in good intrigue and fighting. (Ward, Lock. 6s.)
The Web of Fate. By T. W. Speight.
Another of this practised writer's carefully constructed
melodramatic stories. It is perhaps enough to say that
the central character plots to kill his old sweetheart and
her husband on their wedding day by luring them into a
quicksand ; and is afterwards captured, hocussed, and tied
to a mill-wheel, which is then set in motion. The rest
must be looked for by the reader. (Ghatto & Windus. 6s.)
The White Terror. By Feltx Gras.
The success enjoyed in this country by Felix Gras'
The Reds of the Midi will incline many readers to read this
romance of the French Bevolution and the years following
that cataclysm. The story extends to the battle of
Waterloo and is all action. (Heinemann. 6s.)
The Loyal Hussar. By Alan St. Aubyn.
Fourteen stories by the author of A Fellow of Trinity.
The first three are military, and each is prefaced by a
quotation from '* The Absent-Minded Beggar." In '* The
Loyal Hussar," a young lover hearing, on the day that his
banns have been published for the second time, &at there
has been another reverse in South Africa, g^ves himself up
as a deserter in order to rejoin his regiment at the front.
It is not, we believe, a sure way, but apparently he was
successful. Of what happened i^ter that the author is
silent. (Digby, Long. 3s. 6d.)
The Engrafted Bose.
By Emma Brooke.
A new novel by the author of A Superfiuous Woman.
The title refers to Eosamunda Thoresbye, a changeling.
For three-quarters of the book the reader knows that she
is a changeling, but can only suspect at random whose
child she really is. An implacable old Squire, an ill-fated
estate, and the two lovers of Bosamunda help to make up
a story which would be more attractive were it not so
heavily charged with fate and the sense of impending
calamity. (Hutchinson. 6s.)
Marvels and Mysteries. By Bichard Marsh.
Oh, the blessedness of Scotland Yard ! '* Mr. Bidder
had a telegram in his hand. Here it is : ' Come up at onee.
Stone, Scotland Yard.^ Mr. Bidder was the senior partner
in the firm of Bidder, Tuxwell, and Harris, of Birken-
head." Of course. Such stories are always readable.
We advance to yams about hypnotic suggestion, and
metempsychosis — nine entertaining stories in all.
(Methuen. 6s.)
3 March, 1900.
The Academy.
187
THE ACADEMY.
Editorial and Publishing Offices, 43, Chancery-lane.
The AoADBiCT totU he eent poet-firee to every Annual SuheoHher
in the Untied Kingdom,
PHce for One Issue, Threepence ; poHage One HcU/penny. Price
for 62 iseues, Thirteen ShiUings ; pontage free.
Foreign Bates for Yearly Suhaoriptiont 20«.
including postage,
American Agents for the Academy: Brentano^s, 31, Union'
square. New York.
Unfinished.*
Mr. Steeybns's journalistic method was in danger of
tiring by its brilliance. His hail-storms of observation
were magnificent, but their very fascination had their own
monotony. The fact is, that the new and sensitive
journalism which he originated, and which gave him his
opportunities, employed only those faculties which were of
instant market value. They left in abeyance so much that
should have warmed, softened, modified, and given enduring
import to his hot impressionism. Acting in strict and
dutiful concert with his employers, Mr. Steevens collected
raw material with unexampled quickness, and sent it to
London, duly made up, with elfish skill and promptitude.
But it was made up for to-morrow's use ; it was a brilliant
contribution to the breakfast-table. Mr. Steevens would
have claimed no more. And yet more may be unhesi-
tatingly granted. There is reason to think that the man
who, at thirty, had developed certain literary powers so
far, would have developed tnose other powers and qualities
which were needed to give his writings the form and
significance of literature. Emotion, reflection ; revelation
of personality, and not merely of personal faculties;
spiritual, as distinct from physical, keenness of vision;
these, and the ripeness whicn comes at its own pace, would
have touched Mr. Steevens's powers to deeper issues. But
it was not to be.
It was not to be ; and with gratitude and interest we
accept the last expression of Mr. Steevens's ffenius as a
descriptive writer. There is littie in the book before us
that calls for new remark. Still we notice that it is precisely
when things are *' humming" that the writing is best.
Steevens was a littie at loss when dulness reigned. He^
would not relax his method, look within himself, and
indulge other powers than those he .was sent out to
exercise; duty forbade, tiie conditions forbade. But
when the bugles blared with purpose, what vigour, what
efficiency ! Mr. Steevens never did anything better than
his account of Elandslaagte, unless it was his account of
Omdurman. Perhaps Omdurman gave him the finer
opportunity, for nothmg like that host advancing in white
linen and the love of Allah has been seen or heard of by
living men. But now take the battie of lead and water —
Elandslaagte:
It was about a quarter to five, and it seemed curiously
dark for the time of day. No wonder — ^for as the men
moved forward before the enemy the heavens were opened.
From the eastern sky swept a sheer sheet of rain. With
the first stabbing drops horses turned their h^bds away,
trembling, and no whip or spur could bring them up to it.
It drove throagh mackintoshes as if they were blotting-
pai)er. The air was filled with hissing; underfoot you
could see solid earth melting into mud, and mud flowing
away in water. It blotted out hill and dale and enemy in
one grey curtain of swooping water. Tou would have
said that the heavens had opened to drown the wrath of
man. And through it the guns still thundered and the
khaki columns puuied doggedly on.
• From Capetown to Ladysmith : an Unfinished Record of the
South African War. By G. W. Steevens. (Blackwood. 3s. 6d.)
The infantry came amone the boulders and began to
open out. The supports and reserves followed up. And
then, in a twinkling, on the stone -pitted hill-face burst
loose that other storm — the storm of lead, of blood, of
death. In a twinkling the first line were down behind
rocks, firing fast, and the bullets came flicking roimd
them. Men stopped and started, staggered, and dropped
limply, as if the string were cut that held them upright.
The line pushed on; the supports and reserves f<Mlowed
up. A colonel fell, shot in the arm ; the regiment pushed
on.
Unwillingly we break the red-hot chain of narrative, and
seize a later, the supreme, moment :
Fix bayonets ! Staff officers rushed shouting from the
rear, imploring, cajoling, cursing, slamming every man
who could move into the line. Line — but it was a une no
longer. It was a surging wave of men — ^Devons and
Gbrdons, Manchester and JLi^ht Horse all mixed, inex-
tricably ; subalterns commandmg regiments, soldiers yell-
ing advice, officers firing carbines, stumUing, leading,
killing, falling, all drunk with battie, shoving throu^
hell to the throat of the enemy. And there breath our
feet was the Boer camp and the last Boers galloping out
of it. There also — thank Heaven, thank Heaven! — were
squadrons of Lancers and Dragoon Quards storming in
among them, shouting, spearing, stamping them into the
ground. Ceaae fire !
How sure and vivid, too, is the after-picture of the old
wounded Boer on the dark hill-side :
We found Mr. Kok, father of the Boer senfral and
member of the Transvaal Executive, lying high up on the
hill — a massive, white-haired patriarch, in a black frock-
coat and trousers. With simple dignity, with the right
of a dying man to command, he said in his strong voice :
*'Take me down the hill and lay me in a tent; I am
wounded with three bullets."
Few Englishmen read those sentences in the Daily Mail
without misgiving, none without pity.
Mr. Steevens's more humorous and dramatic vein is
seen in the chapter *'In a Conning Tower." They were
drinking draugnt beer when the boom of a gun was heard.
The captain picked up his stick and said " Come." They
climbed up a ladder of rock and looked abroad.
"That ffunner," said the captain, waving his stick at
Suri>rise Hill, ''is a German. Nobody but a (German
atheist would have fired on ns at breakfast, lunch, and
dinner the same Sunday. It got too hot when he put one
ten yards from the cook, jbiybody dse we could have
spared ; then we had to go."
We come to what looks like a sandbag redoubt, but in
the eyes of heaven is a oonnine-tower. • . .
" Left-hand Ghm Hill fired, sir," said a bluejacket, with
his eyes glued to binoculars. ''At the balloon" — and
presentiy we heard the weary pinions of the shell, and saw
the littie puff of white below.
" Bing up Mr. Halsey," said the captain.
Then I was aware of a sort of tarpaulin cupboard under
the breastwork, of creeping trails of wire on the ground,
and of a couple of sappers.
The corporal turned down his page of Harmsworth^s
Magazine, laid it on the parapet, and dived under the
tarpaulin.
Ting-a-ling-a-ling ! buzzed the telephone bell.
The gaunt, up-towering mountains, the long, smooth,
deadly guns — and the telephone bell I
If anything could add to the sadness of Mr. Steevens's
death it is the sharp-set life that one meets in the best of
these pages. Life, quick life, abounds, and vision such as
one cannot associate with the darkness of death. There
is a grim oddness in his remark, when he caught
sight of Table Mountain in this his last journey — '' more
like a coffin than a table." A thousand reg^ts linger
round this book, and hopes that almost refuse to die with
him who inspired them. But the closing memorial
chapter, written by Mr. Vernon Blackburn, recalls alike
the certainty and tiie seriousness of our loss.
i88
The Academy.
3 March, 1900.
Things Seen.
Imperialism.
SuDDiENLY through the open window came the joyous
sound of fifes, cheers, and the rhythmic tramp of trained
feet. Idly I turned to the window, and there were the
men in khaki swinging down the street. The sun shone
out, the fifes set the blood galloping, the people shouted,
and the dark houses were alight with waving handker-
chiefs. Overhead — strong, stem, fatherly— loomed St.
Paul's, and as the men in khaki came swinging round her
walla enthusiasm caught me and lifted me out of myself.
I swept the world and saw everywhere the children of the
old home waving their strong arms, shouting, and hurry-
ing forward to the sound of the Imperial clarion.
Patriotism, Imperialism — ^in a flash I saw all they meant !
My temperate blood grew hot, my pulse raced, and leaning
f roiii the window I shouted, and cheered, and cried with
the rest. The fifes died in the distance, the men in khaki
swept westward, the crowd scattered, the omnibuses moved
on, and I turned back into the room. A book was lying
on the table, a little book, a collection of Coleridge's Table
Talk. I opened it at random, and my eye fell upon this
passage:
The truf) key to the declension of the Boman empire —
which IB not to be found in all Gibbon's immense work—
may bn stated in two words : the imperial character over-
laying, and finally destroying, the national character.
Nevertheless, that afternoon I bought a khaki necktie.
The Lighted Window.
It had been a day of bitter weather — snow, sleet, frost,
and a cutting wind, and the sight of my fellow creatures
had given me sad thoughts. All mankind seemed to be
stunted and warped. The men and women who had
fiitted past me, shoulders rounded, heads bent, proclaimed in
every movement : " See to what mankind has come. We
are spoiled by the hard life of cities." And as the cab in
which I was seated crawled through the dark streets the
procession of these figures passed and repassed before my
mind's eye, and I thought hungrily of tibe ample, simple,
joyous life that is our birthright, if we but knew how to
claim it.
The rumbling of the cab lessened. I jumped out
into the dark, unpropitious night — the night of hurrying,
degenerate figures. The cabman, very old and grey,
jenced his head towards the horse. It stood staggering,
and he himself was frozen with the cold. I paid him,
but his numbed hand could not hold the money. It
dropped and disappeared in the snow. I gave him more
money, doubling it within his listless hand. He swung
himself o£P the box without speaking, coaxed the animal
to move homewards, and I, turning away, came full face
to a lighted shop window. Straightway that bitter day,
and the poor travesties of humanity who had hurried
through it, were forgotten. The window was full of glass-
covered trays, and in the trays gleamed rainbow humming-
birds ; moths with diaphanous outstretched wings ; butter-
flies of exquisite workmanship ; radiant shells ; and
iridescent beetles gold and green, green and gold, and of
perfect form. That shop- window in a dark London street
was sheer loveliness. It proclaimed what all created
things should be ; what those hurrying, bent, undersized
figures might be if man could but read the laws of life
and follow them with wisdom. I turned away from that
lighted window in the dark London street, but the hurrying,
undersized figures no longer clouded my vision. I saw
through them and beyond. And those brave words
of Philaster's drummed through my brain.
Oh that I had been nourished in these woods
With milk of goats and acorns, and not known
The right of crowns nor the dissembling traios
Of women's looks ; but digged myself a cave
Where I, my fire, my cattle, and my bed,
Might have been shut together in one shed ;
And then had taken me some mountain-girl,
Beaten with winds, chaste as the hardened rocks
Whereon she dwelt, that might have strewed my bed
With leaves and reeds, and with the skins of beasts,
Oar neighbours, and have borne at her big breasts
My large coarse issue !
Paris Letter.
(From our French Correspondent)
M. Ebouabd Bod is always a serious and healthy writer.
You must not look for wit or humour in his books, still
less for eloquence or charm. A prudent reserve is his
great characteristic ; sincerity and simplicity are his best
qualities. His new book, Au Milieu du Chemin (''In Life's
Middle Way "), is another of his sober studies of the conse-
quences of passion. It breathes of troubled conscience, of
an implacable rectitude, and an unsleeping preoccupation
with truth. The hero is the inevitable man of letters so
dear to the heart of a writer essentially a man of letters
himself. He takes his profession gravely, as M. Bod does,
but without enthusiasm ; is like his creator, duU, sober
and sincere. In analysing the position modem life and
judgment have made for modem writers, he has the*
wisdom to pronounce it excessive : he qualifies poets and
novelists as '' the workmen of the illusions of the heart
and the senses."
''Not only do our works harm," he meditates, when
brought face to face with the distressing fact that a
betrayed girl has committed suicide, prompted by a similar
d^ouement in one of his own novels, which was the last
book she read,
it is oiir life, we oarselves, what we are, what the talent
we have has made of us, or the faabioD of the hour that
has seized us. For we occupy a place prodigiously dis-
proportionate to the efficacy of our social r6le\ we are
flattered far beyond our merit, unless we should be abused
far be.TOud reason. In each case there is too much noise
made about us. At a time when talent is the i>ortion of
the man in the street the little each one of us has lays
claims to the rights of genius ; and the imbecility of the
public hastens to grant them. And so each of us grows
to regard himself as the axle of the world, and gargks his
throat every eveniug with the day's compliments, is
occasionally made drunk by hii own immortality as a
plausible ILiusion. And both our life and soul suffer from
these excesses. We end by disdaining the common law of
men, which alone is good. We take pnde in not resembling
them or, at least, in possessing something which they lack,
a gift that lifts us above them. We want to live after our
own fashion with the sentiments, the pleasures, the
passions that we guard from the control of usual expe-
rience, because they are our own. What errors thus do we
commit without suspecdog the consequences ! What de-
formities art and poetry cause our being to undergo, even
in our vpry acts . . .
M. Bod excels in a delicate and suggestive examination
of conscience. Converted to nationalism under the influence
of the eminent Bruneti^re, the discoverer of Bossuet, who
has persuaded him that the entire world, to be logical and
sincere, must become Boman Catholic, M. Bod jeers at
his old religion, Protestantism ; but he may thank that
abandoned creed for the one quality that lifts him above
die crowd of cheap novelists of the hour. It is because of
that individualist training, which excites the anger of
M. Bruneti^re, that M. Bod's heroes go wrong and suffer
3 March, 1900.
The Academy.
189
and become strong in their own sincere and conscientious
way. Their nobility lies in that personal delicacy of moral
nature which forbids them facile errors and vulgar plea-
sures.
This, to-day, in France, suffices to constitute originality.
In the end Clarence, the applauded dramatist, has decided
he must regularise his relations with a divorced woman,
whose faithful lover he has been for years. His arguments
at last convince the lady, who, having sufEered through
marriage, loathes the institution.
We shall grow old without having anything that gives
force to life when maturity comes: home» famfly, sore
friends. We shall grow old separated in the eyes of every-
body, while alone malicious voices will pronounce our two
different names together. Never shall we be entirely the
two beings that make but one, the stroog single trank
from whence spread the branches of the future. Each will
follow his way. For the moment our ways are mingled.
But dare we assert that the chances of the journey will not
separate them? So many can rise up at any moment.
To-morrow, in an instant, the unezpectAd may start up
between us, and neither our love nor our will suffice to
abolish it.
The chain of marriage is such a simple necessity that
almost all men accept it without discussion. The book is
a moral and sensible one, above all a convincing sermon
on the irrefragable necessity for the subservience of the
so-called exceptional being to the common laws that have
fashioned society, and by which alone society can be
maintained.
The Liberal party in France (that is, the old sect of
Dreyfusards) gained a triumph last week in the election of
M. Paul Hervieu. All the forces of nationalism were
brought to bear against him, but in spite of the efforts of
that singular pair, MM. Ooppee and Lemattre, Hervieu
was elected, to the grief and discomfiture of Nationalists,
Catholics, and Eoyalists. M. Bourget, whose conversion
has cast him upon the bosom of Bruneti^re, forgets his
old masters and his old loves, Taine and Zola, and now wars
against intellect and individuality, and, of course, voted
against M. Hervieu. For the Academy has, alas ! become
an arena of politics instead of a temple of literature.
M. Auguste Filon's new book. Sous la 2\^annief is a
feeble satire upon Eepublicanism, and the no less feeble
portrayal of life under the Second Empire. Gambetta is
naturally a lively and obvious prey of the Imperialist
caricaturist. But Gambetta has been turned to such vivid
and excellent account by Daudet that we were in no need
of M. Filon's insignificant portrait. Had Daudet not
written yuma Roumestan M. FUon's false great man might
have seemed to us a clever seizure of a type. The story is
well written, but not exciting. The sordid-minded poet,
histrionic, lying and hypocritical, excellent man of affairs,
is doubtless a squalid caricature of Victor Hugo.
Correspondence.
Stevenson's Beginnings.
Sib, — The following notes on the original publication of
Treamre Island may help to resolve Mr. W. £. Henley's
doubts.
The editor and proprietor of Young Folks* Paper, to whom
Mr. Henley refers in his article in the North American
Review, was Mr. James Henderson. Mr. Henderson is not
dead, as Mr. Henley '^rather thinks,'' although Young
Folks^ Paper is long since defunct. The paper was started
some thirty years ago as a juvenile offshoot from the same
proprietor's prosperous Weekly Budget, and it bore origin-
ally the title Our Young Folkf* Weekly Budget, At the time
when ''Treasure Island" appeared in its columns it had
become known as Young Folks, In subsequent stages of
its career it passed successively under the names of Young
Folki Paper and Old and Young.
It was Dr. Japp, I believe, who introduced Stevenson
to Mr. Henderson. This was early in the year 1881.
Mr. Henderson offered to take a story from the young
Scotsman, and, as indicating the kind of story he desired
for Young Folks, he gave to Stevenson copies of the paper
containing a serial by Charles E. Pearce — a treasure-
hunting story, entitled " Billy Bo's'n." In his " My First
Book" article in the Idler, Stevenson seems to suggest
that ^* Treasure Island " was already formed and plaimed
in his mind prior to the time at which it was thought of
as a serial for Young Folks ; but there is evidence that in
"Billy Bo's'n" he found and adopted many suggestions
and incidents for his own narrative.
As a result of his introduction to Mr. Henderson,
Stevenson wrote his story of Jim Hawkins and Long John
Silver, and sent it in with the titie of " The Sea Oook."
Mr. Henderson did not like the name "The Sea Cook,"
and took an editor's privilege of altering it to " Treasure
Island." The first instalment was published on October 1,
1881. Stevenson's name was not on it: it was set forth
as being by Capt. George North, to convey the idea that
it was me work of a mariner. It was not considered of
great importance in the paper, for it occupied a second
place to a serial called " I>on Zalva the Brave," by Mr.
Alfred E. Phillips, one of the "masters" whom Mr. Henley
refers to as being " in no wise model citizens." Only the
first instalment was illustrated — ^by a rude woodcut repre-
senting Billy Bones chasing Black Dog out of the " Admiral
Benbow." The subsequent seventeen instalments were
foisted into the paper in driblets of two or three columns
of small type.
Mr. Henley is right in his belief that " Treasure Island "
was as a serial a comparative failure. It certainly did not
raise the circulation of Young Folks by a single copy. Far
different, however, was the effect of " The Black Arrow."
This story was written designedly, and again at the
suggestion of Mr. Henderson, in the style of historical
narrative which had proved so popular in the stories of
Mr. Alfred Phillips. It appeared in Young Folks from
June 30 to October 30, 1883, by " Captain George North "
again, and was enormously successful with boy readers,
raising the circulation of the paper by many hundreds of
copies a week.
I had myself the privilege of being editor of Young
Folks* Paper at the time when Stevenson was living in
Bournemouth, and I remember writing asking him for a
new serial story in 1885. He agpreed to write one, but
demanded higher terms than those which had satisfied him
in the cases of "Treasure Island" and "The Black
Arrow." " You must pay me not less than thirty shillings
a column," he wrote. The columns, I may say, contained
each about 1,200 words. There was no haggling over
terms such as these. Mr. Henderson, indeed, at once
offered a considerably higher price for the work. The
required story was frequentiv delayed, but at last it
appeared as " Kidnapped," and ran serially in Young Folks
from May to July, 1886.
In preparing "Treasure Island" for book publication,
Stevenson did not alter much. Here and there he struck
out a paragraph, here and there he added one. He
softened down the boastf ulness of Jim Hawkins's personal
narrative, and Dr. Livesay, who was originally somewhat
frivolous and familiar in his language, he made more staid,
as became one of his profession. In only one instance was
a chapter heading altered — "At the Sign of the Spy
Glass " being substituted for " The Sea Cook." — ^I am, &c.,
EOBIRT LeIOHTON.
40, Abbey-road, N.W.
IQO
The Academy.
3 March, 1900.
New Books Received.
[^These notes on gome of the New Books of the week are
preliminary to Reviews that may followj]
The Boeb States: LAin>
Aio) People.
By Prof. A. H. Keane.
With the dignity of a scholar, and an accomplished
ethnologist, Prof. Keane says : ''This volume is not meant
to be a fugitive piece . . . Written in the interests neither
of Boer nor Briton, it aims at presenting a permanent
record, such as may be consulted with confidence, of the
more salient aspects of the Land and People." A work of
dear aims and thorough execution. (Methuen. 6s.)
Sir David Wilktb.
By Edward PiimiNOTow.
Not every volume of the ''Famous Scots" series has
appealed to English folk, but this biographical sketch of
Sir David Wilkie should find readers everywhere. Still,
Mr. Pinnington does right to restore Wilkie to his own
country and kindred, and to maintain that the artist who
spent most of his life in London was by temperament and
constitution a Scot. (Oliphant. Is. 6d.)
A History of Modern
Philosophy.
By Dr. Harald
hoffding.
We have here a portly contribution to the history of
Philosophy, emanating from Copenhagen, where the author
occupies a professorial chair. It is a characteristic circum-
stance, however, that the present translation, by Mr. B. E.
Meyer, is from the German edition of the work. (Mac-
millan. 2 vols. 30s. net.)
A Journey Round My Boom. Trans, by John Andrews.
Mr. Andrews has tried his hand at translating Xavier le
Maistre's little masterpiece, and has produced a pleasing
version. The "Journey" was written by le Maistre
when, as a young soldier, he was confined to his quarters
for forty-two days in consequence of a duel. The book is
too weU known to need description, but its humour,
suggestive of Sterne, and its whimsical reflections, which
are not unlike Elia, will always keep it green. (Bryan
&Co.)
How Women May Earn
a Livino. By Helen Churchill Candeb.
"To all those women who labour through necessity and
not caprice " : such is the dedication of this attractive
series of papers on "The Ideal Boarding-House," " Foot-
lights," "Household Industries," "Architecture and
Interiors," " Opportunities in Shops," and many other
new- womanly industries. (Macmillan. 4s. 6d.)
In addition to the foregoing, we have received :
THBOLOGIOAL AND BIBLICAL.
Benson (Edward White), The Apocalypse : An Introdactorv Stndy of the
Revelation of St. John the Divine (Macmillan) net 8/6
Gray (G. B.)i The Divine Discipline of Israel (Black) net 2/6
Biggs (C. R. D.), The Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the Philippians
(Methuen) net 1/6
Wright (Bev. A.), The Gospel According to St. Luke in Greek
(Macmillan) net 7/6
POETRY, GBITIOIBM. AND BBLLBS LBTTBB8.
From ths Book Beautiful (Greening) 3/6
Milligan (Alice), The Last Feast of the Fianna (Nutt) net /6
Bentley (H. C), Poems (Hatcbards)
HISTORY AND BIOGRAPHY.
Robinson (Wilfrid G.). Bruges : An Historical Sketch
(De Plancke, Bmges)
Badham (F. P.), Nelson at Naples: Refuting Recent Misstatements of
Captain Mahan and Prof. J. K. Langton (Ntnt) 1/0
80IBN0B AND PHILOSOPHY.
Jevons (Frank B.), Evolution (Methuen)
Andrews (W.), The Diurnal Theory of the Earth (Sampson Low)
MISOBLLANBOUS.
Reddic (Cecil), Abbotsholme (Allen) net 10/6
Apollo, Ideal Physical Culture (Greening) 2/6
Keith (G. 8.), Plea for a Simpler Life (Black) 2 0
llasluok (Paul N.), Practical Staircase Joinery (OasseU) 1/0
Our Weekly Prize Competitions.
Result of No. 23 (New Series).
A NUMBBB of interegting replies have followed our leqaeat for
four- lined mottoes suitable for an aviary. Best we like this :
No blast, no snows shall ylsit here ;
No hawk shall swoop to spoil the nest ;
Safe will I keep you thro' the year ;
Then sing to me at my behest.
The author is L. Longrfleld, 15, Parliament-hill, Hampstead Heath ;
but whether Mr., Mrs., or Miss, we have no knowledge, although
one clause of the rules, printed each week, specially acics that this
information be given.
Among other quatrains are these :
No pri loners we, but, on the wing,
Lightsome and joyous notes we sing ;
Nor envy those that oleaye the air,
For have we not all love and care ?
[C, Redhill.]
" The Bird of Time has but a little way
To ilutter-and the Bird is on the Wing."
Yea, Omar, these too have their little day,
And, wisely, fret not at their bars, but sing I
[R. F. McC, Whitby.]
Tho' our flight's not bounded
By the sky above.
Yet our life is rounded
By the hands of Love.
[T. V. N., South Woodford.]
This prison will but safety bring :
Yet should you for the lost scenes long.
Fret not that idle lies the wing.
But seek the skies again in song.
[L. L., London.]
H. O. H., Wnitby, one of onr most faithful competitors, has mis-
read apiary for aviary, and sends the following :
A flrreat queen rules within this humming cone,
Her court full many a slothful f av'rite sees,
Yet— mark the moral !~at the last each drone
Falleth a prey to the assiduous bees.
Replies received also from W. E. T., Caterham ; W. 0. T., Liver-
pool ; T. H. S., London ; G. 8. 0., Brighton ; T. E. O., Brighton
E. H. H , London ; E. K. L., Birkenhead ; L. M. L., Stafford
W. T. B., Manchester ; E. W. London ; R. H. L. S , Edinburgh
A. 8 , Edinburgh ; R. W. M., London ; K. E. B., Edgbaston ; A. D. B
Liverpool ; K. J. W., Gerrards Cross ; A, D. H., Hove ; J. D. A.
London ; R. 0. B.. London ; R. M , Brighton ; B. R., London
T. J. B., London ; L. W., Loidon ; N. A, Beckenham.
Competition No. 24 (New Series).
We have been hearing a great deal of late about the best books
for children ; but nothing has been said of a branch of children's,
literatare which is of hiirh importance, and in the choice of which
many parents are much in need of help. We refer to what are
knuwn in the family as Sunday books. We offer a prize of a guinea
this week for the beet list of ten Sunday book^i for children.
Rdlbb.
Answers, addressed " Literary Competition, The Academy, 43,
Chancery-lane, W.C," must reach us not later than the first poet
of Tuesday, March 6. Each answer must be accompanied by
the coupon to be found in the second column of p. 192, cr it can-
not enter into competition. Competitors sending more than one
attempt at solution must accompany each attempt with a separate
coupon ; otherwise the first only will be considered. We wish to
impress on uompetitors that the task of examining replies is much
facilitated when one side only of the paper is written upon. It is
also important that names and addresses should always be given.
We cannot consider anonymous answers.
Cue Special Pbizb Oompetitionb.
(^For particular 9 see inside page of oorer.^
Received during the week : Babie, Saltire, Portage, Carl Grimm,
Kingston, Bodno, M. Dunois, Larmia, Non Spero, Fern Seed, Psyche,
Labia Minor, Charon, Job, The Scarlet Oown, Jack Straw, Puck.
NEW NOVEL BY THE AUTHOR OF "A BRIDE ELECT."
At all Booksellers* and Libraries. Crown 8vo, 6s.
NEMO. By THEO. DOUGLAS.
Author of " A Bride Elect," '• Iras : a Mj-sterj," " Carr of Dim*caar," Ac.
London : SMITB, ELDER k. CO., 15, Waterloo Plao<», S.W.
3 March, 1900,
The Academy.
191
MESSRS. METHUEN^S NEW BOOKS.
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PART I., KOW RE VDY.
THE HISTORY OF THE BOER WAR.
WITH NUMEROUS MAPS, PUNS, PORTRAITS, AND ILLUSTRATIONS.
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regions described. The work oontaiDS numerous Portraits— in many oases specially drawn— of the leaders on both sides. The illuftrations
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fighting, than of supplying exciting but inaccurate pictures. The Pablishers believe that the work when complete will form not only a
xletailed and highly interesting narrative of one of the most important wars in which England has been engaged, but will also be a weighty
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192
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TSB BREAKDOWN of YOLUNTABY ENLI8TICENT. By SiDifBT Low.
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" THE REVUE DES DEUX MONDES "
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Review of the War in South Africa, eayi :
«
London: HODDER & STOUGHTON,
27, Paternoeter Row, E.O.
IF WELLINGTON CONQUERED
NAPOLEON it toae not because qf any
intellectual tuperiorO^t but 6y reaeon qf that
OOOL STUBBORNNESS ^hieh hie
eountrymen of tO'day have certainty not lost^
but which ie also possessed in no less degree fiy
their present adversaries in South Africa
"Recent events have reminded the English
that campaigns begun by them with reverses
have oflefn ended in victory for their arms, due
more to their stubborn tenacity than to their
courage, unsurpassed though that is,
"The battles on the Modder and Tugeta
remitid them qf those famous LINES OF
TORRES VEDRAS, fohere WeUington
held at bay all the efforts of Napoleon's armies ;
vainly they dashed. themselves against that wall
of iron, yet theyi were composed qf heroic
soldiers led by generals Rinsed to 'la grande
guerre*
"This little eomer of Portugal was the
theatre— we mvy say it although ws were the
defeated -qf ONE OF THE MOST
GLORIOUS MILITARY EVENTS IN
THE HISTORY OF THE WORLD.
The English were invincible behind those
* Lines,* and when they emerged from them it
w<u to drive Sapoleon*s armies from the whole
Iberian p§ninsula,**
See Sir HERBERT MAX-
WELL'S NEW LIFE OF
WELLINGTON (Large Fourth
Edition now at pretsa) for an in-
tensely interesting description
how Wellington converted the
tongue of land on which Lisbon
stands into a vast Fortress, covering
about FIVE HUNDRED SQUARE
MILES OF GROUND.
MAPS of the
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firiven in the work.
The PHOTOGRAVURES and OTHER
PORTRAITS are of great interest.
"AN ADMIRABLE BOOK."
—LORD SALISBORT.
ASK FOR IT AT THE LI BR ARIES and
Booksellers'^ or if any difficulty is experienced
in obtaining it write to the Publishers,
2 vols., royal 8vo, 36s. net.
SAMPdON LOW, MAB8T0N & 00., Ltd.,
St. Dnnatan's Hoase, Fetter Lane, E.O.
The Academy
A Weekly Review of Literature and Life.
No. 1453. Established 1869.
10 March, 1900.
Price Threepence.
[RegisUnd as a Nkmsfapir,']
The Literary Week.
The Author is in meddlesome travail over the clause of
our Special Gompetitioiis announcement which says : ** The
editor reserves the ri^ht of printing any of the MSS. sent
in." This simple and usual condition was made in order
that we might be free to print, for the encouragement of
the writers, a few of the unsuccessful attempts. How
does the Author interpret our words ? Why, thus :
As it stands, which of oourse cannot be meant, this
clause gives the editor all the MSS. sent in : he may do
what he pleases with them — 1.«., he may, if he pleases, selx
them to other papers without ^ving the authors anything^
** Which, of course, cannot be meant." Then why suggest
it, and why elaborate this idea — as the Author does at
considerable length ? We do not believe that our inten-
tions are misunderstood, still less suspected, by a single
one of our readers or competitors — the only people con-
cerned. The suggestion that our clause might enable us
to set up a MS. shop is surely the wildest ever made by
the AutnoTy and that is saying a good deal.
Mr. Hud yard Kiflino has been given a pass by Lord
Hoberts, enabling him to go wherever he pleases in South
Africa. That promises well for the booksellers.
A POSTHUMOUS book by Mr. Traill, not, unfortunately,
in his humorous vein, will be published this month. A
contribution to Messrs. Sands's '* Imperial Interests" series,
it will tell the story of Egypt from the date of English
intervention.
Miss Ellen Thobneychoft Fowlek, in her new novel
The Farringdonsy will follow the method, for which there
are many precedents, of introducing characters from
former novels. Thus Isabel Oamaby will appear, and Lady
Silverhampton from Ths DouhU Thread. The Farringdons
is mainly a stoiy of Methodist life in the Midlands.
Wb have reoeived the following letter :
Sib,— I Bee by the Academy that Mr. A. B. Walkley
has been made dramatic critic of the Timee, Who ishef
Evidently I aught to know as his "volatile personality " is
recognised by you. I plead ignorance. — ^I am, &c.,
F. G. BUBNAND.
Mr. Bumand is quite right, he ought to know. But perhaps
he wrote his letter as a joke for Punch — ^and rejected it.
A supplemental volume of JFho^i Who has been issued
dealing with personalities at the war. The biographv of
Sir Bedvers duller is more accurate, but not so amusing,
as the following from Books of To-Day :
Buller. General Et. Hon. Sir Eedvers Henry, G.G.B.,
K.G.M.G., K.G.B. ; h. 1839. General Gommanding in
Ghief of Forces, Natal. Origin of name unknown, but
supposed to be the comparative of John Boll. Becreatione :
Beading (anything bat Joubert's Maxims) and crofsirg
rivers. Mottoes : ** No cross no crown," and ** Faint heaix
never won fair Lady(smith)." Club : White's.
The present war has created the woman war corre-
spondent. Lady Sarah Wilson is in Maf eking, and Miss
Mary K. Kingsley has just left for South Africa to repre-
sent the Morning Post,
Who would have thought that a Special Army Order
issued in 1900 would destroy the significance of a popular
song written in 1798 :
O Paddy dear, and did you
hear the news that's going
round?
The shamrock is forbid by law
to grow on Irish ground.
She's the most distressful
country that ever yet was
sef'n,
They are hanging men and
women for the wearing o'
the fpceea.
Then since the colour we must
wear is England's cruel red,
Sure Ireland's sons will ne'er
forget the blood that they
have shed.
Ton may take the shamrock
from your hat and cast it
on the sod.
But 'twill take root and
flourish there, though under-
foot 'tis trod.— From " The
Wearing of the Green,** 1798.
Gallantby of Ibish Beoi-
MENTS IN South Afeica
— ^Distinction to be
WOBN ON St. Patbick's
Day.
Her Majesty the Qaeen is
pleased to order that in future,
upon St. Patrick's Day, all
ranks in Her Majesty's Irish
regiments shall wear, as a dis-
tinction, a sprig of shamrock
in their head-dress, to com-
memorate the gallantry of her
Irish soldiers daring the recent
battles in South Africa. —
From a Special Army Order^
1900.
Mb. Stephen Phillips, who began his career as an
actor in Mr. Benson's company, wiU give a reading of
Pooh and Franeesea at 20, Dean's-yard, Westminster, on
Thursday, March 29th. Canon and Mrs. Wilberforce will
be Mr. Phillips's host and hostess. The public, we under-
stand, can purchase tickets.
The Queen has accepted a copy of Mr. O. W. Steevens's
FVom Capetoum to Ladysmith. In acknowledging the
volume Sir Arthur Bigge wrote to Messrs. BUcKwood
& Sons : ''I have to express the Queen's sympathy with
Mrs. Steevens in the sad loss of her husband, cut ofE in
the midst of his brilliant and useful career."
Again we must testify to the excellence of Messrs. Guy
& Bird's series of leather-bound Bibelots. The latest
contain the shorter poems of Keats, and it is a perfect
pocket volume.
In the course of the action by Mr. Edward Yizetellv
against Mudie's Select Library, Limited, heard this week:
bv Mr. Justice Grantham, one or two interesting statements
aoout this old-established Hbrary were made. This was
the first libel action that had been brought against it.
From five thousand to six thousand books are offered by
publishers to Mudie's annually. About four thousand
are taken. The library has special '^readers" for new
French and German books, but not for English books,
though some supervision is exercised over these also^
196
The Academy.
10 March, 1900.
Prof. Knapp has shown much tact in keeping his
editorship of George Sorrow's Zaven^Oj the first vohinie of
the new edition of Borrow's works which he is editing, as
inconspicuous as possible. This is all the more praise-
worthy because his editorial services have been unusually
large and important. The text of the present edition is
based on the first issue of 1851, and seven passages of
considerable length which Borrow for some reason sup-
pressed in MS. have been restored to their original
places in the story. These hitherto impublished episodes
will, of course, awaken tiie highest interest in all good
Borrovians. Not one of them is short enough to quote
here, but we are tempted to give a portion of the scene
which Prof. Knapp calls
Cromwell's Statue Ain> the '^DiAiBYMAir's Daughter."
At last I came to a kind of open place from which three
large streets branched, and in the middle of the place
stood the figure of a man on horseback. It was admirably
executed, and I stood still to survey it.
** Is that the statue of Cromwell ? ** said I to a drayman
who was passing by, driving a team of that enormous
breed of horses which had struck me on the bridge.
** Who ? " said the man in a sm>ly tone, stopping short.
'* Cromwell," said I; *'did you never hear of Oliver
Cromwell P "
*' Oh, Oliver," said the drayman, and a fine burst of
intelligence lighted up his broad English countenance.
"To be sure X have; yes, and read of bim too. A fine
fellow was Oliver, master, and the poor num's friend.
Whether that's his figure, though, I can't say. I hopes it
be." Then, touching his hat to me, he followed his
gigantic team, turning his head to look at the statue as he
walked along.
That man, had he lived in Oliver's time, would have
made a capital Ironside, especially if mounted on one of
those dray horses of his. I remained looking at the statue
some time longer. Turning round, I perceived that I was
close by a bookseller's shop, into which, after deliberating
a moment, I entered. An elderly, good-tempered looking
man was standing behind the counter.
** Have you the Dairyman* » Daughter ? " I demanded.
** Just one copy, young gentleman," said the bookseller,
rubbing his hands ; " you are just in time, if you want one ;
all the rest are sold."
" What kind of character-does it bear ? "
'* Excellent character, young gentleman ; great demand
for it ; held in much esteem, eapecially by the Evangelical
party."
** Who are the Evangelical party ? "
" Excellent people, young gentleman, and excellent
customers of mme," rubbing his hands ; " but setting that
aside," he continued gravely, '* religious, good men."
** Not a set of canting scoundrels P "
The bookseller had placed a small book upon the
counter ; but he now suddenly snatched it up and returned
it to the shelf ; then, looking at me full m the face, he
said, quietly : *' Young gentleman, I do not wish to be un-
civil, but you had better leave the shop."
Thebe has been much talk — and, we suspect, little under-
standing— of the term symbolism as applied to certain
modem developments in literature. It was therefore to be
desired that an enthusiast should tell English readers
what is understood by symbolism by those who profess it,
and how and why they came to profess it at all. Accord-
ingly Mr. Arthur Symons has written an account of latter-
day literary symbolism in the form of a series of essays on
the symbolists themselves — ^from Gerard de Nerval, who
is put forward as its unconscious father, to Maurice
Maeterlinck, who " has realised, better than any one else,
the significance, in life and art, of mystery."
I speak often in this book of Mysticism, and that I, of
*all people, should venture to speak, not qu\te as an out-
sider, of such things, will probably be a surprise to many.
It will be no surprise to you, for you have seen me
gradually finding my way, uncertainly but inevitably, in
that direction which has always been to you your natural
direction. Still, as I am, so meshed about with the
variable and too clinging appearances of things, so weak
before the delightfulness of earthly circumstance, I hesi-
tate sometimes in saying what I have in my mind, lest I
should seem to be saying more than I have any personal
right to say. But what, after idl, is one's personal right ?
How insignificant a matter to anyone but oneself, a matter
how deliberately to be disregarded in that surely imper-
sonal utterance which comes to one in one's most intimate
thinking about beauty and truth and the deeper issues of
things!
The mind which accepts symbolism with British
caution, and finds much that passes for symbolism
ridiculous, is refiected in an article on Maeterlinck, which
Mr. A. £. Bopes contributes to the Contemporary, Mr.
Bopes's contention is that symbolism should be used only
when the writer has a meaning which cannot be put into
plain words, or cannot be expressed in proper artistic
form. '* Beyond this symbolism is unnecessary and
irritating. A painter may symbolise . . . , but for him
wilfully to abstain from rendering what can be rendered
truthfully would be coxcombry." Applying such tests to
Maeterlinck, Mr. Hopes asks :
Is Maeterlinck's written dialogue such that his sileooes
can be credited with an infinity of meaning ? Never, or
hardly ever, do bis characters utter the inevitably right
word of passion or emotion : the one speech that the
person would say. It is cruel to contrast the riotous
exuberance of Shakespeare's young fancy with the abso-
lute Ollendorf of La Princesse Maleine, Take the famous
dialogue of the Ck)wberd and the Nurse :
Cowherd. " Gk>od eveninff ! "
Nurse. ** Good evening ! '*
Cowherd. " It is a fine evening."
Nttrse. *< Tes, fine enough."
Cowherd. " Thanks to &e moon."
Nurse. "Tes."
Cowherd. " But it has been hot duriniq: the day."
Nurse. " Oh ! yes, it has been hot during tbe dajr."
Cowherd (going down to the water). ** I am going to
bathe," &c.
This is not simplicity; it is impotence. And it is the
same io moments of strong emotion. The characters
never speak out their souls like Lear over the dead
Cordelia. They simply repeat ejaculations three tim«>B.
Hjalmar finds his love lying murdered, and this is all he
has to sav : " Yes I yes I yes I Oh ! oh ! Come ! come !
Strangled I strangled ! Maleioe ! Maleine ! Maleine !
Strangled ! stranded ! strangled ! Oh ! oh ! oh ! Slran-
icled ! strangled ! strangled !^' If this be tragedy, then
tragedy can be written with a rubber stamp.
So Mr. Eopes — to whom the essential Maeterlinck has
evidently not been revealed.
An interesting feature of tho book is Mr. Symons's
dedicatory letter to his brother in symbolism, Mr. W. B.
Yeats. In the course of this letter, which, in a double
sense, is italicised, Mr. Symons says :
Mr. W. B. Yeats, to whom, as we stated above, Mr.
Symons's book on symbolism is dedicated, is himself
beckoning us this week into a special path of literature.
His collection of modem Irish verse is presented to us
with an introduction, in which Mr. Yeats proclaims
the existence and the revival of a genuine Iriiui poetry,
native to the soil, and burning only in hearts where Irish
ideals are cherished and Irish models loved. Mr. Yeats
even believes that the movement for the preservation of
Gaelic will result in something far higher. Gaelic is
gathering new poets to its service, and Mr. Yeats assures
us that some of Dr. Hyde's translations are passed from
mouth to mouth, by peasants who can nether read nor
10 March. 1900.
The Academy.
197
write, in Donegal, Connemara, and Gal way. Nor does he
donbt that
Ireland, communing with herself in Gaelic more and more,
but speaking to foreini countries in English, will lead
many that are sick with theories and with trivial emotion
to some sweet well-waters of primeval poetry.
Here, at least, is a vernal voice in a tired, bookish age.
Is the general literary worker going to have seven lean
years following seven fat years ? The soothsayers say so,
only they do not limit the years to seven. A little while
ago Mr. Andrew Lang solemnly warned us that the age of
superannuation for scribblers is getting dangerously near
to thirty-five, and that times unpropitious for the providers
of literary luxuries are coming upon us. " Claudius Clear,''
of the British Weekly, echoes this gloomy vaticination.
There is to be a " Eetum to Grub Street " — not, indeed,
for novelists, who will reside more and more in Park-lane,
but for the reviewer, the leader-writer, the literary jour-
nalist. Writing in one or in all of these characters,
" Claudius " says :
Thinirs do not look so weU for us. Leaders are
gradually di8api>eariDg from the daily papers. The change
is very slow, but it is sure. I could easily mention one
or two great and powerful papers whose middle pages
used to be covered with sparkling and erudite productions,
in double-leaded type, containing the richest treasures of
long accumulations of oonmion-plaoe books. In these
papers now you will find two or, at the furthest, three
columns of clear, orderly, business-like writing on the
latest telegrams. But the Sala, or shall I say uie salad,
days are over. The halfpenny papers have come io, and
I hey want no three-deckers. Their leaders are like the
American, short and more or less pithy. Then what am
I to say about the sixpenny weekhes, from which many
of us have derived comfortable incomes P Will it ever be
possible to establish another in this coimtry again P
Mournful is the story of recent attempts made, in some
cases by very able men, but all ending in collapse.
''Claudius" has a suggestion to make. It is that Lord
Howton should be invoked to provide a home, say on the
sunny side of Gh)wer-street, for authors whose incomes do
not exceed £300 a year.
Thus provided, we should hold the fort till a better time
comes, till people grew tired of rubbisb, till the system of
education in this country was changed. We should be
prepared to write for next to nothing, and so to help good
papers to live through the time of stress, and with the
dawn of a better day we shall be recognised as the saviours
of English literature.
'' Claudius Clear '' bases his remarks on the overwhelming
flood of non-literaiy literature — the ** scrap" and " tit-bit "
evil in its later portentous developments. That there is
another and more hopeful way of regarding this '' revolu-
tion in journalism " is shown in the article by '' E. A. B."
which we print this week. Our contributor contends that
the masses are reading their way to the light, and that
the present dissipation is but a symptom of youth, and
of maturity to come.
Me. Auoustinb Bibsell has sent to the Comhill his
Edinburgh address of last November, on the riddle : " Is
it possible to tell a good book from a bad one ? " It is
possible to wish to do so, and this wish, deeply felt and
constantly used, is all. Certainly Mr. Birrell's expression
of this wish was the most eloquent passage in his address :
Speaking for myself, I could wish for nothing better,
apart from moral worth, than to be the owner of a taste at
once manly, refined, and unaffected, which should enable
me to appreciate real excellence in literature and art, and
to depreciate bad intentions and feeble execution wherever
I saw them. To be for ever alive to merit in poem or in
picture, in statue or in bust; to be able to distinguish
between the grand, the grandioee, and the merely bump-
tious; to perceive the boundaiy between ihe simplicity
which is divine and that whidi is ridiculous, between
gorgeous rhetoric and vulgar onamentation, between purs
and manlv English, meant to be spoken or read, and
sugared phrases, which seem intended, like Ic^pops, for
suction ; to feel yourself going out in joyful adnuration
for whatever is noble and permanent, and freezing in-
wardly against whatever is pretentious, wire drawn, and
temporary — ^this indeed is to taste of the fruit of the tree,
once forbidden, of the knowledge of good and evil.
If Mr. Birrell is not so witty as usual, it is probably
because he has a depressing conviction that the literary
conditions of the day tend to make '' No " the true answer
to the question, " Is it possible to tell a good book from a
bad one ? " He happily remarked : *^ A great crowd of
books is as destructive of the literary instinct, which is a
highly delicate thing, as is a London evening party of the
sooial instinct" One thing, however, is possible. It is
possible to read Shakespeare every day. How many of us
do that ?
Apropos Mr. BirrelPs remarks, the effect of excessive
book production on literature may be studied best in
Germany, where the annual production of books is equal
to the combined productions of England, France, and the
United States. No wonder that Dr. Hans Fischer can
write as follows in a Leipsio paper :
In the year 1898 (Germany published 23,739 works,
which means about sixty-five for every day of the year.
Of these, 3,063 belonged to the department of belles UUres,
or an average of eight and one-sixth volumes per day of
epic, dramatic, and lyrical productions. It is not to be
wondered at that in view of this productiveness books have
lost their influence and their dignity. They are becoming
as multitudinous as old coats, and booksellers are be-
ginning to dispose of them by the poimd as though they
were beefsteaks. And of all these books in the depart-
ment of belles leUres there are exceedingl v few that nave
any worth or value, the maiority of them being more than
objectionable either from a literary or from a moral point
of view.
The advertisement transparencies which twinkle and
change by nieht in the streets of London are by no means
eye-sores, and yet we had not supposed that *' Bovril " in
letters of fire would inspire poets. A coiltemporary draws
attention to a love-sonnet, by a new singer, which con-
cludes with these lines :
As a tall, gloomy building blazons high
Upon his forehead one bright jeweUed name,
Frowning in darkness as the letters die,
Through swift withdraw^ of their jetting flame.
To smile again in rows of rosy light
The instant that the sweet name reappears,
So smUe I when you cross my inward sight,
Who otherwise am gloomy unto tears.
Messbs. Ward, Look & Oo. are about to issue their
Standard Dictummry, for a short period, at two-thirds of
the ordinary price. Thus, in half-russia this dictionary can
be obtained for £2 instead of £3, and in the other styles
of issue similar reductions are made. The Standard
Dictionary is a fine work with many admirable features of
its own. It oontains nearly 5,000 illustrations, specially
drawn, and a number of pictures in colour showing the
natural colours of birds, gems, and flowers, and the correct
appearance of national flags, &c.
Thx ''And other Stories" nuisance is the theme of a
letter we have received from a correspondent, who sig^s
himself ''Old Bird." He was recently "gulled into pur-
chasing a work the name of which, upon acquaintance,
198
The Academy.
10 March, 1900
proved altogether inappropriate." For less than a third of
the volttme truthfully represented the advertised title, the
remainder being composed of— other stories. The cover
of the book followed the same inglorious lines of decep-
tion. *' In another flagrant example at my elbow only six-
teen out of 173 pages give honest fulfilment of obligations ;
the rest oontams — other stories." Our correspondent'^
grievance is a genuine one.
Thx evolution of literary decency is the suh[ect of a
paper by Mr. Andrew Lang in the current JBlaekwood,
Mx, Lanff asks how it was that the coarse animal ex-
gedients for raising a laugh used by Fielding, Smollett,
teme, and their contemporaries, were completely
abandoned within forty years, never to return. Two
causes he finds : the rise of a large and middle-class
reading public, and the Wesleyan reformation. As for
the ** new licence," Mr. Lang ^inks its force is expended,
but he points out — ^we are afraid with some justice —
that *4t is ladies to-day who throw their caps highest
over the windmills, both in licentiousness of idea and
physical squalor of theme — always, of course, for lofty
moral purposes."
Bibliographical.
Good Mrs. Inchbald! If she could revisit the glimpses
of the moon, she would be inclined, I think, to take pride
in the measure of interest in her play called '^ Lovers'
Vows" now being exhibited. 'Twas but a poor play,
and lives, one may almost say, only in the pages of Miss
Austen. Nevertheless, the " agreeable rattle " who once
chattered in the columns of the Star has brought to bear
upon it a goodly array of learning (it would seem, recently
acquired); and Mr. Austin Dobson has not disdained to-
address my Editor a second time upon the subject. Mrs.
Inchbald says, in the preface to her play, that the lines
for the rhyming butler were written oy die hand which
penned the prologue. Mr. Dobson told us last week that
John Taylor wrote the rhymes ; he now teUs us — on
Taylor's own authority — ^that the prologue was by Taylor
also. Genest, therefore, was wrone in ascribing the
rhvmes (and epilogue) to Thomas Pcumer, of Bath. In-
cidentally, Mr. Dobson, in his new communication, admits
that it is not certain that Charles Kean fell in love with
Ellen Tree when they figured, in 1828, in *^ Lovers'
Vows." The assumption mat Ihey did so was, he says,
only "poetical," and "not confirmed" by Mr. Dobeon's
authority. Mr. Dobson adds : " There is, I may observe,
sufficient information as to ' Lovers' Vows ' in my intro-
duction to Mansfield Fork (Macmillan, 1897^. But intro-
ductions, I fear, are not much read nowaaays ! " That
depends. Mr. I)obson's introductions, one may fairly take
for granted, have multitudinous readers.
I am a little sorry to see that Mr. Lewis Melville, who
wrote the Zi/s of Thackeray^ proposes to give us by and
bye a volume of Thackeray's Stray Papers. I teke for
granted that this book will consist of work by Thackerav
which has not hitherto been reprinted. The question will
be. Was it worth reprinting? We have already had —
apart from the "authorised" publications by Messrs.
Smith & Elder — the essay on George Cruikshank, and the
volume entitled Sultan Storky both issued by Mr. Bed way ;
Loose Sketches^ brought out by a publisher named Sabin ;
and, last year, reprints of £iny Grumpus, of Hitherto
Unidentified Contributions to " PiiiwA," and Writings in the
" National Standard " and " Constitutional^ These seemed
to exhaust the Thackeray " finds," and one hoped that the
great writer might be left alone for a time. But the
passion for grubbing up the hack products of a distin-
guished author seems unappeasable, and its gpratification is
one of the penalties which modem genius has to pay for
its own existence.
Personally, I revel in Sir M. E. Grant Duff's Notes from
a Diary. It is, to my mind, the perfection of a bedside-
book — easy to handle, clearly printed, and so scrappy (as
well as varied) in contents that it can be put down at any
moment without the feeling of breaking an intellectual
continuib^. I say " it " because I am regarding the work
as a whole. As a matter of fact, the new volumes are the
seventh and eighth. And how many more are ^ we to
have? The more the merrier, say I. Meanwhile, the
prospect may appal the less enthusiastic. The first two
volumes covered twenty-one years' diary; the third and
fourth, seven years ; the fifth and sixth, five years ; and
now the seventh and eighth cover only two years ! They
close with tibe close 01 1888, and we are told by their
author that he hopes to continue his diary to the last day
of 1900. Future volumes, therefore, will cover twelve
years, and one wonders if there will be as many volumes
as years.
How large, in the literary life, is the element of luck !
Before die wrote Bed Pottage Miss Mary Oholmondeley had
written and published The Danvers Jewels (1887), Sir
Charles Danvers (1890), Diana Tempest (1893), and A
Devotee (1897); it was not, however, tiU she sent forth
Bed Pottage that anything like wide popularity came to
her. That The Danvers Jewels and Sir Charles Danvers
made so little impression may have been owing to the fact
that they were published anonymously. This, however,
was not the case with Diana Tempest and A Devotee, while
The Danvers Jewels was reprinted in 1897 with its author's
name. Now Diana Tempest appears Id sixpenny, paper-
covered form, and, no doubt, will be carried by Bed Pottage
into hundreds of households into which it had never pene-
trated before. Diana , it is worth noting, came out
originally in the old three- volume shape, going into a
single volume in the following year.
I note that the new work on Dr. Bobert Wallace is to
include his Keminiscences, which, if they cover the ground
of his Edinburgh professorship and of his connexion
with the Scotsman newspaper, should be piquant enough.
The Scotsman was never more readable than when Dr.
Wallace wrote ito leaders on ecclesiastical questions. We
are to have, I see, reminiscences from Mr. Arthur d
Beckett also. That gentleman's latest book ( London at the
End of the Century) was of the nature of "memoirs," and
it is not so very long since he gave us his Greenroom
Beeolleetions. Journalists are rather apt to use up their
"copy" of this sort in pursuance of their daily avoca-
tions, and then, when they come to write their formal
reminiscences, it too often happens that they have
scarcely anything left to tell us.
It is a happy thought which promises us at this par-
ticular time a new edition of Sir Arthur Helps's Spanish
Conquest in America. The work was issued originally in
four volumes between 1855 and 1861, and there has been
no reproduction of it during the past twenty years, at any
rate. It will now re-appear in four-volume form.
The book on The Egyptian Campaigns which Mr. Charles
Eoyle announces is, I take for granted, a reprint, no
doubt revised and with considerable additions, of the work
on the same subject and with the same title which he
published in 1886. The narrative then extended from
1882 to 1885; and I presume it has now been brought
down to date.
The recent feminine denunciation of free libraries, at
Torquay, has naturally recalled Mrs. Malaprop's charac-
terisation of circulating libraries as " vile places." It was,
however, into Sir Lucius O'Trigger's mouth that Sheridan
put the more familiar description of such a library as "an
evergreen tree of diabolical knowledge," blossoming
through the year. What would poor " Sherry " think of
some of our present-day novels ?
Thb Bookworm.
10 March, 1900.
The Academy,
199
Reviews.
A Poet on Poetry,
Whai is Poetry ? By Edmond Holmes. (John Lane.)
Mk. Edmond Holmes has set himself a greatly daring
task in this very suggestive little book. From Aristotle
downwards men have attempted to answer the question^
"What ispoetiy?" and have met with but indiEEerent
success. We will not say that Mr. Holmes succeeds where
they failed; but he does describe the moduB operandi of
poetry in a novel and stimulant way. At first sight the
motto of his book, taken from Carlyle, seems to be in
direct conflict with his thesis. " Poetic creation, what is
this but seeing the thing sufficiently ? The word that will
describe the thing follows of itself from such intense dear
sight of it." So speaks Oarlyle, as quoted by Mr. Holmes.
Yet the first postulate laid down by Mr. Hlolmes is that
''Poetry is we expression of strong and deep feeling."
The two appear irreconcilable, if either be laid down
singly. The truth is, that neither should be laid down
singly. The basis of the poetic faculty is neither intuition
alone, nor emotion alone. (For, be it observed, Mr.
Hohnes is really investigating rather the poetic faculty
than poetry itseU : he is inquirli^ into the operation of
poetry in the mind of the poet.) The baisis of the poetic
gift is intellectual insight, or intuition, combined with
emotional sensibility. The union is so subtle, that the
poet may be said in a manner to see through his sensitive
nature. '' I see it feelingly," he might enounce with Lear.
Mr. Holmes had done better to ^e as his postulate :
'' Poetry is the expression of truth seen feelingly." For
that, indeed, is the foundation, the tnodue operandi, of the
poetic faculty. But, in fact, tlus m Mr. Holmes's basis, and
nis failure to enunciate it distinctly exemplifies a lade of
precision in thought which somewhat mars a deeply con-
ceived and mainly right essay.
He implicates sight in feeling — ^the very union which we
have ourselves postulated. The more pity that his posi-
tion is not made water-tight by being logically announced,
instead of illogically implied. He arrives at it in this
way : the poet's feelings, he truly observes, are not
different from those of other men; or else they could
awaken no sympathy in others. But what tne poet
possesses in a highly developed state is latent in other
men. Now where there is feeling there is something to
be felt. The poet's higher range of feelings, therefore,
correspond to a higher range of truth (or reiuities, as Mr.
Holmes prefers to say, curiously discriminating reality
from truw — ^in which we refuse to follow him) latent or
invisible to others as these higher feelings are latent in
others. Through these intense and subue feelings he is
led to discern these higher truths, which in turn beget
emotion, and emotion leads on to further truth, in per-
petual interaction. It is justiy and delicately apprehended.
But here we have asdumed that union of intuition and
feeling, of intuition in feeling, which should expliciUy
have been postulated.
ExpHdUy formulated, it is absolute truth, and we can
accept with pleasure and a dear consdence Mr. Holmes's
further utterances. In his own words : "If the deeper
and truer properties of things are to be apprehended at
all, they must oe apprehend^ emotionally, for they are so
great and real that tney must needs kindle emotion in all
who are permitted to discern them. In this wa^ insight is
ever ten<ung to generate emotion, just as emotion is ever
tending to generate insight."
The poe^ accordingly, throujg^h his emotional insight,
discerns the real order of things. In himself, or in
nature? asks Mr. Holmes. And he answers, in effect:
" In both together." Self and nature are so interfused
that they redprocally illuminate each other. The poet
projects himseu into nature as much as he absorbs nature
into himself. They are, in Mr. Holmes's philosophy, as
twin parts of a whole. Aooordinp^ly the poet " leaves it to
the second-rate novelist to describe scenery, as we call it.
It is the spiritual significance of outward things which
appeals to him« The intense sympathy which he feels for
outward things is thrown back, like reflected light, on tiie
inner life of man ; and the all-pervading unity of nature
makes the outward order a symbol at every turn of the
inward." Nay, Mr. Holmes proceeds, "feelings about
outward things are ever transforming themselves into feel-
ings about inward things." All tms is admirably said,
and quite true in application ; though we would rest this
unity between self and nature upon a more expUdt, a
deeper philosophy than that adumorated by Mr. Holmes.
On the nature of the imagination Mr. Holmes's thought
is more confused, though still full of suggestion. " The
essence of imagination," he says, "is m^ perception of
hidden truth " — the function which he has alreadv (and
truly) assigned to intuition, insight (or, as we should call
it, ^e intdlect) acting through the sensitive or emotional
nature. In fact, he mixes imagination with intuition,
whereas imagination is rather the servant of the faculty
which sees into truth, though dosely united with it, and
indeed indispensable to it. It is the gift which discerns
hidden analog — it might almost be said hidden identity —
the correspondences between the various orders of creation.
Hence one of its chief manifestations (as the name would
suggest) is in the discovery of images (exduding, however,
that more superfidal order of imagery which belongs to
fancy, and has no root in reality). For the same reason
it is a combining faculty, as Mr. Holmes realises.
« Imagination," he says, "is the power of realising
familiar in new combinations, in combinations which go
beyond the limits of our actual experience." Which at
least describes a mode in which it operates, if too partial
for a definition or even a complete description. But he
throws out an illuminative remark. "Natcure is one with
itself from pole to pole of its being ; and, therefore, to
know any g^ven portion of it is to have a partial or rather
potential Imowledge of the rest." Just so. One plan
runs through all the orders of nature— and man — ^though
the expression varies with the conditions imposed by the
medium in each order. To know one part of nature, then,
is to know all which corresponds to it in the other order?,
provided vou have the key to the mode of correspondence.
Imagination brings to light this unsuspected mode of
correspondence; but to survey nature in its totality of
relations more is needed. Again, Mr. Holmes gives the
illuminative word. '^ We must have a knowledge of it so
true and deep as to enable us to penetrate ... to that
centre of things which can be reached from all parts, and
is the same for all parts, of the ensphering surface."
Deeply true. To understand the ramifications you must
survey them from the roots. This, ''where one centre
reconciles all things " (as Crashaw has it), Plato's reposi-
tory of ideals is the poet's true goaL
Mr. Holmes has nardly reached the centre which he
surmises, or there would be less blemishes of confused
thought in his work. But he has written a brilliant essav,
full of the insight of which he speaks. It is essentially
poet's work, and Mr, Holmes wilt do yet better when he
acquires the thinker's precision of statement. We wish
we had space to quote ms excellent words on the distinc-
tion between creation and imitation, which, he truly says,
are one in the poet whose creation does but imitate that
hidden order which he finds in nature. The poet, in fact,
makes littie worlds on the plan of God's great world. His
creation is a re-creation. But this, and infinite other
suggestive flashes, we must leave unnoticed. Our one
quarrel is, that Mr. Holmes's manner of tracing every-
tiiing to emotion, without explicitiy bracketing with it
insight, lends mideading countenance to those who would
make of poetry an appeal to the emotions, and the emo*
tions only.
200
The Academy.
10 March, 900.
Variants of the English Language.
America To-day : Observatiam and Msfl^tum*. By William
. Archer* (Heinemaim. )
In Mr. Archer's record of a recent sojourn in the United
States there is a pleasant chapter on ''The American
Language." Perhaps it may be considered that he takes
the subject too seriously. ''rTot all the causes of dissen-
sion between England and America,'' says Mr. Archer,
''have begotten half the bad blood that has been
engendered by trumpery questions of vocabulary, gram-
mar, and pronunciation." We are not at all sure that
this is right. Sometimes a company of American actors
play in a Ltondon theatre, and then the general impression
i£f that the performance is efEectire by virtue of its singular
restraint. Erench players rant, and English players rant ;
but American players, never. Even in the most exciting
situation the Americans speak in a subdued monotone
which is telling. In their theatrical speech the Americans
have a repose which marks a caste seemingly a good deal
higher than that which is represented by the players in
the ordinary English house of melodrama. It is needful
to point this out in considering Mr. Archer's generalisation
about the variants of the English language. The fact is
a broad one of much importance. At the first glance it
seems to tell against his theory which we have quoted.
The first glance, however, is not the final consideration ;
and we think that we can interpret Mr. Archer. Although
all London admires the performances of American players,
it is not at all clear to us that the quality which excites
the admiration is either the written locutions or the cadence
of our friends from over the sea. FrBquently the locu-
tions are beautiful, or neat ; but they are never so beautiful
or so neat as to be superior to those of any one of many
English playwrights. Always the American manner of
debvering the words is telling ; but it would be hypocrisy
to say that the American cadence is as good as that of
educated Englishmen. The explanation is simple. That
which tells in the American acting is its repose. The
Americans, when they give us the pleasure of a visit, are
like still strong men in a blatant land. They never raise
their voices, and they never swagger. That is to say, what
we admire in them is the peculiar virtue with which we
Englishmen credit ourselves: reserve and quietude in
times of crisis.
Still, in justice to Mr. Archer and his theory, it must
be admitted that the ladies and gentiemen of whom we
are speaking are persons who are playing parts. They
are not quite themselves. They are exemplifying ideaU
of human character. They do that peculiarly well ; but
it is play-acting all the time. Now, here we have another
problem. It is from America that many of the most
humorous works in literature have come. Why do these
books impress us so ? They impress us, not because the
situations are more comical than those which occur or can
be invented here, but because thev are described in mini-
mising words. The Americans have discovered a secret
of effect in humour. When a Frenchman or an English-
man has a funny experience to tell, he teUs it pompously,
in the biggest words that can be found in Dr. Johnson's
Dictionary ; and he delivers the yarn, smiling or frowning,
as if he were on the stage of the resonant Adelphi. When
an American is at the same point of vantage, he adopts
another method. He talks . as if he were bored, uses the
smallest words he can find, expresses extremities of fortune
in languorous phrsises; and gains a great result. He
impresses us by hi& repose in crisis, which is the most
admirable of all manly qualities. Still, he is merely
acting. There is absolutely no reason for believing that
if an American and an Englishman were together in the
forces which are fighting against our enemies in
South Africa the casual remarks of the American
would be in any respect superior to those of the Briton ;
but it is equally certain that if both had subsequentiy to
render an account of the warfare, the American would be
humorous and dramatic, and the Btiton either tediously
matter-of-fact or nearly dumb. The American would
tour about the country, like Lieut. Hobson, receiving
the unanimous kisses of all the women on ** both sides" ;
the Briton would withdraw himself to his club, or to some
uninhabited wilderness where grouse were to be shot or
trout were on the rise. From this thought it becomes
obvious that, despite the reticence of their words and
their restraint in cadence, it is the Americans who are the
first artists in literature and in drama. Still, we do not
blame them. They fight as well as the Britons ; and, as
they add another grace to life, the grace of literature,
theirs be the due. They have a right to our respect, not
only on account of their dignified bearing towards life and
the drama, but also on account of English scholarship.
Archbishop Trench, one of our best authorities in
philology, rebuked the Americans over certain *' neolog-
isms" which are not neologisms at all. Of these were
the phrases ''to belLitle" and ''to berate." Both of
these, as Mr. Archer says, are thoroughly sound. The
phrases were taken to America by the Pilgrim Fathers.
They survive there, while they have become more or less
obsolete in the land of their origin, England. Simi-
larly, Mr. Buskin, Mr. G. M. Tucker, and others,
have condemned all the additions to our common speech
which have been made by America. Mr. Buskin pro-
nounced them "vile"; Mr. Tucker, "absolutely licen-
tious," Both critics wrote with insular and insolent
arrogance. There is slang in every language ; but he is
an ignorant and unimaginative person who takes it for
granted that all slang is necessarily in bad style. There
are certain slang locutions which are of the highest rank
in the art of literature. These are the locutions which,
composed from words in common use, transfigure the
speech of the commonalty into the speech of genius.
Here are a few common words : ropWj a, what, oh, peasant,
am, slave, I, and. Each of those words is a word in the
vocabularies of all of us ; but not all of us have the gift
of making good use of them. Look at Shakespeare's
arrangement :
Oh, what a rogue and peasant slave am I !
Here are a few other words : Spain, cams, seas, when,
lofty, the, up, towering. Each of these words is in the
possession and at the service of every crossing-sweeper ;
but listen to the arrangement of them by Mr. William
Watson :
When lofty Spain* o%ine toweriag up the seas.
There is a great distinction in that phrase, even as there is
a great distinction in the remark of Shakespeare about the
rogue and peasant slave. Whence the distinction springs
Mr. Archer does not know. He did not have the case
before him when he wrote his essay; but he ought
to have had it, or some other of equal relevance.
Mr. Archer is in sympathy with the art of distinction
in language; but, clever and charming as his essay
is, it does not indicate a quite perfect analytic per-
ception into the niMnee, " Gentiemen/' said an American
statesman to a deputation of politicians, "you need
proceed no further. I am not an entirely dishevelled
]ackas8 ! " Mr. Archer cites this as an example of the
American genius iii the literary art. We admit that it is
very good, because it is vivid and amusing ; but we should
have becD glad had Mr. Archer, in his travels, found a
better example of the American way with words. When
Bums spoke of the " wee, modest, crimson- tippit flower,"
he described the daisy with much greater distinction than
the American statesman described himself. Still, we are
grateful to Mr. Archer for his having given us the oppor-
tunity to show that good style in literary expression comes,
not from the use of uncommon words, but from the un-
commonly good use of words which are in the vocabulary
and at the bidding of us all.
10 March, 1900.
The Academy.
201
South Africa and the Wan — III.
The BiHT Stateiy Land, and People. By A. H. Keane.
(Methuen. 68.)
Who's Who at the War. (Black. 6d. net.)
Field-Marshal Lord .Roberts: a Biographical Sketch. By
Horace G. Groser. (Melrose. Is. net.)
The History of the Boer War. Part I. Illustrated.
(Methuen. Is.)
Paof. EIsaxe is an ethnologist of the highest reputation,
and this succinct work is likely to be used for many years
by those who wish to be parties, in act or spirit, to the
solution of the South African problem. The noticeable
weakness of nearly all the contributions which have
already been made to the subject has been a lack of
thorough, historical and ethnological knowledge of the
Boer race and of the vast inferior races with which the
Boers have had dealings. The result has been that the
South African question has been accepted in this country
as oomparatiyely simple. The large majority of English-
men see in the Boers a morose and truciuent race who are
bent on securing huge political advantage for a paltry
political return. A minority sees in the Boers a simple
gastoral race which is being forced out of its cherished
abits of life, and deprived of its sturdy independence, by
a horde of gold-seekers and land-grabbers. Both these
views are crude ; and, as they stand, will prove unservice-
able in the coming adjustment. It would be well if a
book like this, which makes small appeal to passion, but
rather seeks to state the broad truths of history and racial
evolution, were to find ten thousand intelligent readers.
The refreshing begin - at - the - beginningness of Prof.
Keane's methoa should alone commend his book to eveiy
inquiring mind. At the same time his pages are tough
reading, and require that the map belonging to them
should be ever spread. Only so can the reader hope
to follow Prof. Keane's description of the countries and
climates of South Africa in their relation to the Boer
character and history ; only so will the parts played by the
Bnshmen, the Hottentots, and the great Bantu nations in
forming the character of their Boer enemies and oppressors
be understood.
At last, but not till his eighth chapter. Prof. Keane
allows the reader to put to him the question : Who
are the Boers? The ethnological answer is not simple,
but technically the Boers are '* a new race, the out-
come of a blend of divers old elements of Caucasian
stock transferred from Europe to South Africa during the
second half of the seventeenth century, and these modified
under the influences of a changed environment." Prof.
Keane expands this definition in many pages, not one of
which can be called dull at such a time as this. He
enables us to watch the formation of the Boer character,
which is in some respects unlike any other national
character in the world. The following passage has great
weight and interest :
There is in the Boer temperament a strain of subtlety,
of what is called ** slimness/' of which they are themselves
folly conseions, and on which they rely in their political
and social relations inter ee and with the outer world. The
quality was acquired in colonial times under an adminis*
trative system highly calculated to foster such a mental
twist, and it found ample field for its expansion when the
Boers trekking from the Coloiy were able to set up house
for themselves on the inland plateaux. In studying their
dealings with the lower and higher peoples with whom
tht-y have been in continuous contact, this factor, usually
overlooked, has to be steadily borne in ndnd, both as a
danger to be guarded against and as a cue in forming a
just estimate of their' deeds or misdeeds. At times they
seem almost like irresponsible beings — ^Uke the Kegro,
non-moral rather than immoral— capable of terrible
atrocities in their treatment of the heathen and the
"Canaanites'*; capable of astounding dapUoity in their
negotiations with the paramount power. These things are
often stigmatised in strong language, being, after all,
mainly due to a mental obliquity of vision, which, how-
ever, has to be reckoned with.
The notion that there is something cruel and impious
in our interference with Boer autonomy and the integrity
of the Boer Bepublic will hardly survive in any man who
is acquainted with the Boers' dealings with inferior races.
It was mainly in order to keep meir slaves, miscalled
" apprentices," against the British Abolition Act that the
Boers executed tneir "Great Trek" northward in 1834;
and one soon begins to associate their lazy habits in those
days with their more recent wish to thrive at the expense
of the TJitlanders. A keen observer of Boer temperament
has pointed out that habits of indolence which it will take
generations to eradicate were acquired by the Boer when
he wandered through the boundless wastes of South Africa,
carrying with him his Hottentot slaves. ''His pipe
seldom quitted his mouth, except when he slept, or ate his
three daily meals of mutton sodden in fat. The good lady
of the house, equally disdainful of toil, remained almost as
immovable as her lord. . . . Newspapers never penetrated
the vast solitudes of the Karoo. Iterance, stupidity, and
prejudice found here a rich soil in which to thrive, and
the fruits of it are to-day manifest in the condition of the
northern border of the Transvaal Bepublic." But the
Boers soon found that the world is not constituted for the
advantage of a surly and wandering race, hovering be*
tween savagery and civilisation, and soominc^ both. End-
less broils with the Kaffir races, wars and slaughters and
hiring of mercenaries, brought the Boer community in
1877 to its last shilling of public money, and to its last
feeble stand against the formidable Zulu nation. Had
wise coimsels, and particularly those of Sir Bartle Frere,
been followed at thiat critical time Great Britain's cham-
pionship of the tottering Boer BepubUo against savages
might have become the basis of a great Federal act. What
refdly happened we all know. What thousands do not
seem to know, or to realise, is that the causes which have
led to the present disastrous struggle in South Africa are
seated very deeply in history, that the great f ermenting-
vat of South African politics has never ceased to simmer
and threaten since the Great Trek, and that we are now
witnessing a great racial adjustment which is bitter and
bloody mainly because it has been postponed. Prof.
Keane's work places the situation in the light of history —
the only light in which it should be studied.
In Who's Who at the War we have a war supplement to
the regular Who's Who. The matter is printed in the
familiar double columns, and is as full as can be desired,
except that the '' recreations " of officers are stated rather
infrequently. Hunting, shooting, polo, fishing, and
travelling are the usual entries under tnis head. Colonel
Baden-PoweU figures as the most versatile recreator of all
the band. He delights in ^^ pig-sticking (winner of Kadir
^P)> P^^^) ^^fi» game shooting, hunting, yachting, stage
managing, actmg and singing, painting and etching."
The unassuming littie biographicfd sketch of Field-
Marshal Lord Eoberts which Mr. Horace G. Groser has
written will be useful to those who are not possessed of
Lord Eoberts's own autobiographical work. Mr. Groser
incidentally makes it dear to us that Lord Eoberts has
always possessed those scouting instincts which have proved
so needful in the Boer War. So clear a narrative of so
fine a life can be welcomed as something better than a
piece of book-making.
The serial history of the Boer War which Messrs.
Methuen have begun to issue in fortnightly parts is a
business-like and attractive production, and an admirable
supplement to the newspaper records. The first part,
consisting of forty pages, brings the history up to the
Boer advance.
202
The Academy.
10 March, 1900.
The Critics and 1899.
Ths Literary Year JBook, 1900. Edited by Herbert Morrah.
(George Allen. 38. 6d.)
HiTHEBTO the editor of The Literary Year Book has been
in the habit of Bumming up the year's achievements
himself, in a rapid and more or less exhaustive summarj,
which was not as satisfactory as it might be. This year a
new method has been adopted. The new editor in his intro-
ductory artide avoids altogether the enumeration by name
of 1899'8 illustrious books, and instead calls upon certain
prominent critics to pick out their own fancies from the
welter. The result certainly is a gain in piquancy, but we
cannot consider the plan a good one for a work at once so
impartial and informing as a Literary Year Book ought to
be. The good year book's ideal surely should be to record
faithfully and abstain from adjectives. However, Mr.
Morrah, the editor, has thought otherwise, and since
hie has collected these appreciations let us examine
them.
Mr. Lane begins, and with more than his usual breath-
lessness — in ms best sprinting form — he extols Some
JSxperiences of an Irish &,M,, a diverting medley by the
authors of The Silver Fox. Then comes Mr. Henley in
praise of The Life and Death of Mr. Badman^ which is not
exactly a book of 1899, but happened to be reprinted
then. In Mr. Henley's artide we find this interesting
passage;
Even in my own time rural England was not exactly a
saints' nursery. And in Banyan's day it may very well
have been worse than it was in mine ; so that I am by no
means disposed to question either Bunyan's accuracy or
Bunyan*8 sincerity. Especially as I find him expressing
himself in an English as fresh and dean and wholesome as
a morning meadow, as redolent of EDgland as a new-
turned d(^. Beading this book, indeed, is like coming on
the beginnings of Stevenson; and, to me at least, the
beginnings are more pleasing and more refreshing than the
end. Banyan was bom a master. Stevenson was born —
a student of Banyan. There is the difference.
We observe that Mr. Bullen, who writes about ships and
sperm whales, has lately stated that from Bunyan and the
Bible he also derives his stylo. Who would have thought
that The Pilgrim^e Frogreee produced The Way We Have
in the Navy ? The brave old tinker must have as many
shoots as has the Bunyan tree.
We come to E. L. S. again in Mr. Quiller-Oouch's
admirable essay on the Stevenson Letters. It is late to
say anything new about those fasdnating volumes, but we
do not remember to have seen the following point->and it
is a good one — ^made before. Distance, says Mr. Couch,
while it makes the letter-writer's task especially irksome,
gives him at least one tremendoas advantage. It forces
him above the levd of the humdrum. As Bsgehot says
somewhere, you cannot sit down and address a friend in
New Zealand as though he lived across the street. You
say, albeit qaite onconsdoosly, " This letter will travd so
many thousand miles," and this gives you a sort of respect
for the sheet of paper. It may not tie you down to
seriousness, but it may deter from slix)8hod scribbling.
We do not — I appeal to coomion experience — shout banah-
ties in the ear of a deaf man. And the distance between
you makes a deaf man of your correspondent. Tou
insensibly raise the pitch of your voice, and jast as
insensibly economise your strength. You select, you cast
out superfluities, you leave what you can to your friend's
intelligence : you do all this merely for the sake of con-
venience— bat you happea to be followiog the very first
rules of good writing.
Hence part at least of the literary merit of Stevenson's
Samoan and other foreign correspondence. The deduction
is probably a fair one ; but it is amusing to compare with
Stevenson's heightened impetus Lamb's paralysis of mind
when confronted by a distant correspondent.
Two poets come in for some strong '* backing" — ^Mr.
Bridges by the President of Magdalen, and Mr. Sturge
Moore by Mr. Laurence Binyon. Mr. Bridges has, of
course, been ''appreciated" often before, and he will find
nothing in the artide (which seenis to us sound and pene-
trating^ to surprise him. But Mr. Sturge Moore, we con-
ceive, is not yet accustomed to this Und of thing, and
some of Mr. Binyon's superlatives should warm his poetic
heart. This is the condusion of the matter :
For my part, I cumot but hope that Mr. Moore will
purge himself of certain awkwaranesses of manner which
seem caught from Browning, such as the too frequently
omitted rdative; that he will care more for ** divine
limpiditv " ; that he will not allow his great pictorial gift
to overcharge his verse ; and that he will learn sometimes
to be content with less expression to the eye, in order to
be more expressive to the ear. Bat his faults are all faults
of excess, not of lack ; they are as nothing to his exod-
lences ; he is equipped for great things ; and his present
performance suffices to make some of us look forward to
his future with the confidence of conviction.
After Mr. G. W. E. Russell, M.P., on the Life of
Wellington^ and Mr. Joseph Jacobs on an anthropological
work, and Prof. Ward's Naturalism and Agnostteism, we
come to Mr. Bernard Gapes on Mrs. Oliphant's autobio-
graphy, and Mr. Cope Oomford on Mr. Arthur Morrison —
that is to sav, we come to ^* style." Headers of the Aoabemy
know that for literary architectonics Mr. Bernard Capes is
the man. He begins this artide with a dissertation on
autobiography in general, treating it as the author's
best vemde for his rehabilitation — as the best means by
which he can reply to his '* oblique-eyed critics" and
set himself right witii the world. Thus :
He has been cslled, say, superficial, or artificial, or
imitative : indeed, if he has any originality he can hardly
escape one of these charges. But be knows he is none of
these thinffs, and why should he not make a last dyine
speech and confession — of what he is in fact? Wdl,
supposing he makes it ; and on Monday, perhaps, wrings
from Posterity an acknowledgment of his innocence F On
Tuesday, Posterity will be back again hammer and tongs
at the old disproved evidence of platitude ; and on Wednes-
day, Posterity wiQ have forgotten all about him. The
truth is, of course, that no author has a message that the
public hasn't dictated to him ; and if he insists upon it
that he has — ^why, the deuce of an audience is he uke to
get to listen to lum.
This, then, is the moral :
A Vopuvre on connalt Vouvrier. Think not, then, poor
Martinus, to profit thyself with an autobiography. Dost
thou want thy quarrelsome critic with thee in Paradise,
that thou wouldst urge him to repentance P Consign to
Hades, rather — to the mosaic of its pavement — thy last
volume of good intentions, that so snail he be for ever
condemned, who once rejoiced, to sit upon it !
Among other English works picked out for recommenda-
tion are Sir WiUiam Butler's Life of CoUey and Mr.
Maitland's Musician^ s Pilgrimage. No word of the Browning
love letters, of Paolo and Franeescay of Mr. Mackail's Life
of Morris, or of Mr. Dooley. David Jlarum, however,
has an appreciation.
On its practical side. The Literary Year Book is better
than it has yet been. It is now fairly useful. But we
expect, and the literary public will demand, that greater
usefulness shall be attained. The obituary is not g^ood.
The lists of authors, booksellers, &c., contain inaccuracies ;
and we aro not sure that the list of authors, necessarily
incomplete, is a good feature. Wo should like to see the
best novels of the year briefly described, with a state-
ment of their plots, principal characters, &c. Other
weighty books, useful for reference, might have their
contents and standpoints indicated. When it comes to
Year Books we are a very Qradg^ind in our hunger for
facts.
10 March, 1900.
The Academy.
203
** The Irish Literary Theatre/'
The Bending of the Bough : a Comedy in Five Acts. By
Qeorge Moore. (T. Fisher Unwin.)
Thjb fighting Preface to this plaj makes an unpleasant
hors d'osuvre to a repast of some delicacy and distinction.
Mr. Moore never does and never did shine in dialectics.
He can feel; and that is the end of him. Also it is
enough; he should be content to leave the rest to Mr.,
Bernard Shaw and other Euperts of the movement.
As for this peevish and resentful manifesto, at the
beet it is superfluous. A work of art ought to be its own
manifesto. Ibsen — ^Mr. Moore's great exemplar — does not
trouble himself or the public with manifestoes; nor, so
far as we know, did Shakespeare. Mr. Moore's unfor-
tunate preface is full of misstatements, crudities of thought,
and hopeless inconsequences. His two complaints seem
to be that artists don't make money, and that writers who
are not artists ought not to make money. He will have
it that masterpieces cannot be produced for money. Yet
Mr. Sidney Lee teUs us that Shakespeare wrote for money
to the tune of something like four thousand a year. But
really the whole argument about the remuneration of
artists is vieuxjeu^ and ought to be forbidden by pact, as
tiresome and futile.
To come (by this so sinister avenue) to The Bending
of the Bough, Briefly, it is a serious and worthy play^
well conceived, well imagined, and well written. In the
*' municipality " of its theme (if we may change the mean-
ing of a word), and in certain details of construction, it at
once reminds one of a masterpiece — An Enemy of the
People, Mr. Moore finds his material and environment
in the purely civic affairs of a borough. The play opens
with a meeting of aldermen. Impecunious ^orthhaven
has a quarrel with wealthy Southhaven ; and Jasper Dean,
of Northhaven, possesses the gift of moving the people.
Private interest demands that Northhaven sh^ not enrage
its rich neighbour; public honour demands that a just
daim shall be firxnly enforced. It lies with Jasper to
decide which course Northhaven shall take. But Jasper
is betrothed to the niece of Southhaven's mayor. Under
the influence of one Ealph Kirwan (the real hero) he starts
righteously, but in the end he yields to his Millicent, and
accordingly Southhaven triumphs. Mr. Moore would pos-
sibly justify Dean's conduct. Says one of the characters :
'* I do not expect my friends to agree with me ; but I hope
that in time tney will learn what I have learnt — that the
State is founded on such happy lives as Jasper's and Miss
Fell's will be, that our private interests are the founda-
tion of the State, and that he who does the best for him-
self does the best for the State in the long run." Even
Kirwan peaceably concurs. We have said that Kirwan is
the real hero of the piece. He is decidedly the prime
mover of the action — an idealist of the strictest austerity,
and very Ibsenesque in his moral contours.
DsAK. My name is upoa their lips, bat it is you they
are cheeriog.
KiBWAN. Very likely. The man who cheera never
knows whom he is cheeriog.
And again :
Febouson. And so you spend your time thinking,
Alderman Kirwan P
KiBWAN If l*ve thoaglit well, I*ve done everything
that is required.
Febouson. We want action.
Ejbwan. If I've thought well, someone else will act
well.
This is Ibsen, with a touch of W. B. Yeats (** The Song
of the Sad Shepherd").
There is more in The Bending of the Bough than may
meet the Saxon eye. Jasper Dean says : ^^ We were
talking of the spiritual destiny of the Celtic race ; because
of its spiritual inheritance it is greater than any other
race.'' And, indeed, for the Oelt this play may well be
a torch flaming in the darkness. It is certainly, inter alia,
an allegory of the relations between England and Ireland,
and sometimes the realistic envelope which should conceal
that allegory runs too thin for artistic decency ; as here :
liATTBENGB. What do you think, my dear Mayor [of
Southhaven], if you were to — well, to buy a house here,
and grounds, and to say that you would stay part of the
year with them, and spend money in entertaining P
The Mayob. Fd willingly do that {lookina round), for
I like the place; but I don't think they'a accept my
company as an equivalent for the supposed debt.
This may raise a facile cheer in the Dublin Theatre, but
it detracts from the true merit of the play.
What is the artistic significance of The Bending of the
Bough? It is apparentiy put forth as something new and
superior — at any rate in tiieory. But is it ? We think not
Though Mr. Moore would look up to Ibsen (and rightiy,
for tMs play is steeped in Ibsen), he would look down on
Mr. Pinero. Has he the right to do so ? Again we think
not. He may argue that he has widened the scope of
the drama in England — that is to say, in Ireland. We do
not see that he has done anything of the kind. We
do not see that the passions of boroughs, and the large
ethical questions which underlie them, excel in importance
the passions of individuals and the lajrge ethical questions
which underlie them. Mr. Moore belongs to a class of
artists who think that they have a monopoly of serious-
ness.
The Manners of the Malay.
Malay Magie, By Walter William Skeat. (Macmillans.)
Thebr are at least two ways in which this heavy book
might have been made both better and more attractive
than it it is. The author might, more majorum, have gone
into the history of the matter, giving us some slight sketch
of the Malay race and its affinities, of the different immi-
grations of culture into the Peninsula, and of the develop-
ment in other countries of the superstitions which the
Malays appear to have borrowed; and we should have
then have had a work which would be interesting alike to
the scientific and to the desultory student of folk-lore. Or
* he might, in the manner which Scott and others have en-
deared to us, have allowed his native authorities to speak
and act for themselves, in which case he might have in-
terested the general public, while satisfying the more exact-
ing in notes showing the provenance and relationship of
his different patches of local colour. But Mr. Skeat has
chosen neither of these lines of attack. Aasuming, appar-
entiy, that all his readers are alike acquainted with the
history of the Malay Peninsula and with the growth of the
superstitions that he sweeps together under the head of
magic, he sets down in the dry and bald manner current in
the Proceedings of learned societies the curious practices
that have come under his own notice, while the timber- work
of his structure is supplied by copious extracts from the
charming Uttie romances on native life of Mr. Hugh
Clifford and Sir Frank Swettenham. The effect is as
inoong^ous as would be the appearance of one of his
own Malays in the free and graceful costume of his
own country supplemented by the formal wig, powder,
and patches of an early Georgian beau.
. This apart, there is much that is both novel and of
interest to be gathered from Mr. Skeat's book. Although
the vast majority of the Malays are Mohammedans and
the practice of magic is strictiy forbidden by Islam, the
'^ Pawang,'' or medicine-man, is still the all-important
figure in native life. Does the Malay want to fell a tree ? —
the Pawang must bum incense at the outskirts of the
forest and repeat a charm before the timber can be
204
The Academy,
10 March, 1900
touobed. Does he go oamphor-gathering ? — the PaWang
not only aooompanieB him to show where the camphor is to
be found, but compelfl him to speak a language dl£Eerent
from that of his everyday life during the whole of the
expedition. Does he wish to sow a field with rioe? —
the Pawang must bum incense in the plot and sprinkle it
with rice-m)ur and water. When the rice is ready for
reaping the Pawang must be in attendance to take ** the
soul of the rice," which is carefully laid up for future
ceremonies. If the Malay goes a fishing, the Pawang
offers sacrifice, repeats charms, and enforces the fishing
taboo, whi<di indudes abstinence from ladies' society,
umbrellas, and boots. When snaring birds, the Pawang
must perform elaborate rites with the decoy, or nothing
will enter the traps. If you take a tiger in a pitfall, the
Pawang has to explain to the quarry that it was not he or
you which set the snare, but the prophet Mohammed.
And in domestic life the services of the Pawang are quite
as much in requisition. He files the teeth of the young
men — a ceremony only to be accomplished after many
charms, and of course sees to the doctoring of young and
old, which last, indeed, is probably his most important
office. Even a theatrical company takes a Pawang round
with it, who prays the god of theatres not to " afflict with
poverty or with punishment any of the actors or actresses, the
musicians and bridegrooms, and the buffoons both young
and old.'' If all tales be true, the same wishes must often
be repeated by theatrical companies in England. As for
each of these services he receives, after the manner of
Pawangs a]l over the world, a fee, small according to
European ideas, but no doubt adequate to a Malay, a
Pawangship in a family — the office is generally hereditary
— is a very good thin^ to have.
To many people s2L this will, of course, seem nothing
but charlataiuy and imposture ; but it does not follow that
this is the case. In many, perhaps in most, cases the
Pawang really is what he professes to be, the ^^ wise
man " of the village community. In his knowledge are
stored up the traditional signs of the presence of game,
of the weather, of the fittest time for agriculture, and very
likely of disease and of the means of its cure. Thus, Mr.
Skeat tells us that the Pawang of a mine generally has
a wonderful nose for tin, and can generally give a much
better guess as to its whereaboute than me Chinese
foreman. He is, therefore, often able to guide the
simple community to the realisation of its wishes, and, at
the very least, does much to continue the observance of
customs which have been found to be beneficial to it. And
if he finds that his commands are more readily obeyed if
he appeals to the superstition of his flock rather than to
their self-interest, is he, therefore, to be blamed ? Accord-
ing to Prof. Haupt, the sanitary regulations specified in
the Pentateuch were only placed under a religious sanction
because none other would have caused their observance by
a Semitic nation ; and the theory has, at the least, been
favourably received by distinguished Orientalists. Hence,
the Pawang may be of great assistance, or the reverse,
to the Englishmen upon whom the government of the
Peninsula really rests; and it is of great importance to
all concerned in it that the native ideas regarding his
functions and office should be properly understood. This,
as we read Mr. Blagden's preface, seems to be his main
reason for recommending Mr. Skeat's book to the public ;
and we are bound to say that we think he has proved his
case.
Other New Books.
Mb. Thomas Atkins.
By the Eev. E. J. Habdy.
It is said that, when Henry D. Thoreau lay dying in
Concord, his friend Parker Pillsbury sat by his bedside ;
and he leaned over and took him by the hand, and said :
'' Henry, you are so near to the border now, can you see
anything on the other side ? '' And Thoreau answered :
" One world at a time, Parker."
D^om *' Zi/e Beyond Deaths ^ by Minot J, Savage.
Mr. Hardy has two qualifications to write an amusing
and informing book about soldiers : he has long held the
position of H.M. Chaplain to the Forces, and he is the
author of Sow to he Happy though Married. The present
work comes at the psychological- moment. Mr. Thomas
Atkins (Who invented this abominably uglv name, and why
do we persevere with it?) is the man of the hour, and,
apparently, it is impossible to read too much about him.
Mr. Hardy's book treats him with extraordinary thorough-
ness in all his capacities, somewhat in the manner of a
naturalist's memoir on a curious animal. Many good
stories occur by the way, the best of which is in a foot-
note to page 79. '* I once asked a soldier in hospital
what kind of book he would like me to get for him out of
the library. He replied : ' Well, sir, I can read almost
anything, if it is not the life of a General.' " There
speaks numan nature and plenty of it! The hospital
chapter has some grim fun. We read that a newcomer when
assigned a bed in a ward will be told with glee by the
others that ''The last bloke what 'ad that cot pegged
out." In Bermuda, says Mr. Hardy, the bandroom ad-
joined the hospital, and when it was known that a man
would not last long '' The Dead March in Saul" used to
be practised. '' This," he adds, ''naturally depressed the
dyinp; man." Here is a recent anecdote: "The boys of a
cava&y regiment who attended at my religious instruction
had been reading of their youthful hero [the child who at
Elands Laag^e shot three Boers] ; so the next time in the
Catechism I asked one of them what was his duty to his
neighbour, adding — ' Suppose he be a Boer ? ' The boy
repued, solemnly but firmly, ' To shoot him, sir ! ' " aa
these catechised boys of to-day are to be the fighting men
of to-morrow the destinies of the Empire may be considered
safe. (Unwin. 6s.)
Sib David Wilkib.
By Edwabd PumiNaTON.
On a popular day at the National Gallery few pictures
have more interested spectators than Wilkie's " Village
Festival," "The Blind Fiddler," and "John Kuqx";
and yet there are many English painters of eminence of
whom the ordinary person is more eager to know per-
sonal facts. Wilkie's was scarcely the kind of painting
that leads to curiosity concerning the painter's private
life ; whereas — to take the case of Wilkie's friend — though
Haydon could not manipulate paint with a tithe of
Wilkie's amazing skill and felicitv, almost the slightest
sketch of him excites the desire to learn something of the
man behind it. Which is a roundabout way of saying
that the failures are almost always more interesting than
the men who notably succeed. Wilkie, once " The village
Politicians " was hung in the Academy, succeeded. There-
after he was a prosperous painter, rising in time to
knighthood and everything that the prosperous painter
expects as his due. The whole story is to oe read in this
little book ; but it is not very entertaining. That, how-
ever, is less Mr. Pinnington's fault than Sir David
Wilkie's. (Oliphant, Ferrier & Co. Is. 6d.)
PijBiTAN Pbeaching IN Enqlaitd. By Johkt Bbown, D.D.
This is an edition of the interesting lectures which Dr.
John Brown, the author of the Life of Bunyan, delivered
at Yale last year from the Ljman Beecher Chair. Be-
g^inning with a study of the preaching of the Friars the
lecturer passes in review various great preachers of the
past— Colet, Latimer, Henry Smith, Thomas Gfoodwin, and
Baxter — until he comes to our own times, the four exam-
ples from which chosen by him are Binney, Spurgeon,
H. W. Dale, and Dr. Alexander Maclaren, of Manchester.
Dr. Brown prefers always homely eloquence and inner fire
10 March, 1900.
The Academy.
205
tobeoutifal periods and polished rhetoric. Of one of
Latimer's sermons he says : '^ That was living talk straight
from the soul of a living man, and if you conld always
get these two things together, no one would ever dream of
saying that the time will come when the pulpit will be
guperaeded by the press. For the great work of the
Church of God in the world a living man must always be
more than a printed sheet.'' We quote two passages
cited by Dr. Brown for their beauty. Thus spake Thomas
Playfair, Court Preacher to King James the First, in a
sermon called '* Heart's Delight " : " For suppose now, as
St. John speaketh, the whole world were fuil of books,
and all the <sreatures in the world were writers, and all the
grass piles upon earth were pens, and all the waters in the
9ea were ink; yet I assure you faithfully all these books,
all these writers, all these pens, and all this ink, would not
be sufficient to describe the very least part either of the
goodness of the Lord Himself, or of the loving-kindness
of the Lord towards thee." And thus spake Thomas
Adams, who has been called the Shakespeare of the
Puritans : '' Oh, how goodly this building of man appears
when it is clothed with beauty and honour ! A face full
of majesty, the throne of comeliness, wherein the whitene«s
at the lily contends with the sanguine of the rose; an
active hand, an erected countenance, an eye sparkling out
lustre, a smooth complexion arising from psi excellent
temperature and composition. Oh, what a Workman was
this, that could raise such a fabric out of the earth, and
lay such orient colours upon dust ! " (Hodder & Stough-
ton.)
Eaglehawk and Cbow. By John Mathew, M.A., B.D.
"Eaglehawk" and ''Crow" are common dan-names
among the tribes of Australia; and Mr. Mathew's book
is pi^y an anthropological study of the Australian
aborigines, partly a philological ''survey" of the grammar
and vocabulary of their languages. Upon the philology
we shall offer no remark; the anthropological section is
interesting as being the second detailed work on the sub-
ject which has appeared in the course of the last twelve
months. Unfortunately, Mr. Mathew, though acquainted
with some of Messrs. Spencer and Gillen's researches
among the Arunta tribe, does not appear to have written
with Uieir epoch-making work on Central Australia before
him. His own independent account of Australian civilisa-
tion is, however, exceedingly valuable and interesting.
He is particularly ^od and full on the ethnological ques-
tion. The Australians, we gather, are not a pure stock.
The fond is a Papuan type, akin to that of the extinct
Tasmanians; but there have been invasions at various
times, firstly of a Malay element, and, secondly, of a
higher Caucasian element akin to the Dravidians of Lidia,
both of which have left traces upon the physiology and
the culture of the continent. Perhaps it is to one or other
of these foreign elements that we should assign those
"high gods" Daramulun and Baiame, so imperfectly
assimilated with the general trend of Australian though^
and yet clearly not of missionary introduction, which have
proved such a serious stumbHng-blook to Mr. Andrew
Lang. This view is supported by the Indian character of
the strange cave-paintings of apparently divine personages
discovered by Sir George Ghrey and others.
A curious lacuna in Mr. Mathew's book is the absence of
any account of the extent to which, and the circumstances
under which, the Australians practised (or should it be
practise?) cannibalism. He tells us that " grubs found in
green trees were highly esteemed ; so were snakes, bandi-
coots, porcupines, emus, and men." He tells us that the
Tasmanians and certain " low " Australian tribes were not
cannibals. And that is all, although no subject can be
more important than cannibalism in its bearings on the
evolution of culture in general, and of religion in par-
ticular. (Nutt)
Plba fob a Simplbb Life, and
Fads of an Old Physician.
By O, S. Keith, M,D.
Both ^e books of which this volume is made up hare
been published separately. Dr. Keith has now brought
them together, and addea a new preface, in the hope wat
their helpfulness may be inoreasea. Certainly it is a very
reasonable argument that he advances — althouo'h it is
hardly to be expected that all medical men wifi agree.
Practically, except as surgeons and as sanitary authorities,
Dr. Keith would have doctors superseded altogether, their
place being taken by common .sense. One. of his great
rules is rest for the system during an illness. " Keeping
u]^," as the phrase is — that is to say, good feeding and
stimulants — ^he abhors. Hot water is his principal stimu-
lant ; and he has always found fewer evils ansuse from
starvation than excess. Men working too hard wi£ their
brains, and bent upon finishing a task, should, he holds,
eat little or nothing until they have done. We can recom-
mend this book very heartily. Its particular preeepts may
not suit everyone, but its tone is broad, nealthy, and
sane. (Black.)
Fiction..
TMr Silver Wedding Journey. By W. D. Howells,
(Harper & Brothers. 6s.)
It happens that some time has riapeed since last we read
anytmng of Mr. Howeils'tf, and Their Silver Wedding
Jaumet/ surprised us- at once by its freshness and by its
quick renewal of an old charm. In the midat of the
towering beanstalk reputations whieh have sprung up
during the last year or two across the Atiantie^ the fame
and importance of Mr. Howells hare^ perhaps, been
temporarily oveishadowed. But it seems to us that he
must of necessity emerge a^azn. This book is a most
agreeable and delicste diversion, executed with a finished
technical neatness quite Gallic in charactor. It is a trifle,
made up of trifles ; it may have neither breadth nor depth ;
but it is pretty almost to the point of beauty, and it is the
negation of all orudeness, exa^g^eration, and stridency.
Mr. Howells, on the title-page, is at the pains to call it
" a novri." Yet it is scarodiy a novel. The best descrip-
tion of it is to be found in a conversation between Mr. and
Mrs. March, the staid married couple (their Wedding
Journey is not forgotten) whose travda make the story :
" It ooiUd be done, if you were a mind to think so. And
it would be the grestest inspiration to you. You are
alwaya longing for some chance to do original work, to
get away from your editing, but you've let the time slip
by without really tryibg to do anything ; I don't call
those Httie studies of yours in the magazine anything;
and now you won't take the obanoe that's almoat foroing
itself upon you. You could write an original book of the
nicest land ; mix up travel and fiction ; get some love in."
** Oh, that's the stalest kind of thing I^'
** Well, but you could see it from a perfectly new point
of view. You coydd look at it as a sort of dispassionate
witness, and treat it humorously— of coarse, it is ridiculous
— and do something entir^y fresh."
**It wouldn't work. It would be casrying water on
both shoulders. The fiction would kill tiie travd, the
travel would kill the fiction; the love and the humour
wouldn't mingle any more than oil and vinegar."
** Well, and what is better thni a salad ! "
As a matter of fact, though the fiction and the travel in
the book do not exactiy engage in internecine waif are, the
travel distinctly gets the better of the encounter. You might
call the thing " Mr. HoweUs's Impressionist GKtide to the
Cities of Oermany.'' Hamburg, Leipsic, Carlsbad (which
has 150 pages to itself], Nuremberg, Ansbach, Wurzburg
(which is honoured by an historical retrospect), Weimar,
Berlin, Frankfort, Cologne (exhausted in a couple of
2o6
The Academy.
10 March, 1900
paragrapliB), Diisseldorf — all thiase honourable and pictur-
esque burgs come in for treatment. The touch through-
out is the touch of Howells at his best — quaint, tidy, ever
so slilj humorous, diverting always. As for the ^lot,
constructed upon flirtations and more serious afEairs, it is
negligible. We have enjoyed this mild and urbane
volume, BO much so that we are ready to condone its
excessive length— -over six hundred pages.
Lao-Ti the Cehstial. By M. Bird.
(Hutchinson & Oo. 6s.)
Thb writer who endeavours to interest us in a story which
has Ohina for scene, a Chinaman for hero, and Chinese
ideas as motive grapples with a difficult task ; and it must
be admitted that the creator of Lao-Ti has performed his
task passably well. In order to enjoy the story the reader
must, morally and intellectually, stand on his head, or he
will not appreciate the inverted view of the Chinese. It
will be difficult for the average Englishman to sympathise
with a celestial who, wildly in love with his brother's
widow, persuades her that she must seek her dead
husbandMB^ul by way of the ''rope necklace"; the
average English widow will scarcely enter into the feelings
of Sien-sha, who determines dutifully to hang herself
before an admiring crowd ; nor would a European, lying
at the point of death, And much consolation in the know-
ledge tnat his coffin was being made, and made with extra
care, by an enemy who thought he was milking it for
himself. But the Chinese are different.
Later on that evening, as quiet fell on the barges, the
regular tap- tap-tap of Ten-Ohin's hammer came fitfully
to their ears. Lao-Ti bent over li-Ghio, to whom con-
scioiiBneBS had returned.
'* Do yon hear that knocking F '' he asked.
" What ?" queried Li-Chio faintly.
'* It is Ten-Chin, who makes a grand coffin ; and it is
for you," he said.
Li-Gbio listened with a keener interest, and smiled
contentedly as the rhythmical pat-pat filled the silence.
** How very good you are," he said weakly. " You
think of eveiything." And» still smiling, fell asleep.
The book is well written, though somewhat diffuse, since
the plot will hardly carry the pages. One feels the desire
to compress rather than the longing to know more ; but
the atmosphere, whether it be Chinese or not, is precisely
the atmosphere we expect in a Chinese novel.
Notes on Novels.
[^These note$ on ths toeek^s IHctian are not neceMarHy final*
RevietOB of a sekction will follow,']
Besubreotion.
By Couirr Tolstoy.
This is the complete version of the Kussian novelist's
new story, which has been appearing serially all over the
Continent and in this country. In Eussia the censor has
interfered considerably with the text ; but in the English
edition, translated by Louise Maude, it is given in full.
Thirty-three realistic and very interesting drawings have
been made for the book by Pasternak, a Eussian artist.
(Henderson. 6s. net.)
Logan's Loyalty.
By Sabah Tytlee.
This popular novelist has solved the Scottish dialect
question in her own way. Thus in this Highland story of
tiie time of Waterloo we read : ^' Canny, Logan, canny
(be quiet), you hurt me most of all wben you give him the
wyte (blame) of whatever is wrong." And, again : " * You
are too good for him, mother,' persists Logan, ^for what
is he with all his gifte and graces but a cankered carle ? '
(crabbed elderly man)." (John Long. 6s.)
Among the Man Eatees.
By John Gaggin.
A
and
thrilling story of cannibalism in the New Hebrides
Solomon Islands. "Most of wbat I have written,"
says the author, " has come, at one time or other, under
my own observation, and it is correct." The volume is
added to the excellent "Over-Seas Library," (Unwin. 2s.)
Mattland of Cortbzia,
By p. L. PiJXLEY.
Cortezia is a Spanish republic under British rule;
Maitland is the British Administrator; and Mareinar is
the chief of the National Party, who demand a wider
franchise and judges of their own appointment. Mait<
land's resistance of their claims is not rendered less
obnoxious by the circumstance that he loves Mercedes,
who is loved by Mareinar. In the end comes a stirring
revolution. A good story. (Eichards. 6s.)
Sib Waltee's Wipe.
By Eboly Eiohings.
The heroine of this story is Elizabeth Throgmorton, the
wife of Sir Walter Ealeigh, and the novel reader is assured
that tiie story has been built up from papers in the Eecord
Office, and from the works of half a dozen historians.
Indeed, the preface seems to herald a serious history rather
than a novei. (Drane. 6s.)
A Host of Thobns.
By H. Costbeton- Wilkinson.
A story of agreeable conventional sentiment written
round the " Old Hall." " The Old Hall was hallowed by
many a legend. . . . 'Thoughte, dearie — ^thoughte.' . . .
Dr. Pierce bad pronounced concussion of the brain. . . .
* That's my box,' she said to a passing official. . . . Mrs.
Lee saw the riderless horse galloping up the avenue. . . .
* Oh, d it all,' exclaimed Eivers, stomping up and
down and disappearing through the shrubbery. . . .
* Gh*ace, I shall love you for ever.' " (Simpkin Marshall.)
A Martial Maid.
By Anne Elliot,
Claire Bertram is the martial maid, but her fighting is
not with lethal weapons. She fighto in the interests of
Theodore Leyburn, touching whose birth were many odd
droumstances. For Theodore's mother was shipwrecked
o£E Cape Town, and lost her memory for a year (in which
Theodore was bom); and meanwhile Theodore's father,
in England, believing himself a widower, had married
again. And when her memory returned, and she dis-
covered this marriage, Theodore's mother did not interfere,
but died in reality and left Theodore's daims to recog-
nition to the martial maid. (Hurst & Blackett. 6s. )j
Maby Paget.
By Minna C. Smith.
A story of old Bermuda, based on historical documents
in Lefroy's Memoriah of the Bermudas, It purports to be
written by Mary Paget herself. Mary was the wife of
Collingwood Paget, one of those who sailed in the Sea-
Venture with Admiral Summers in 1609, and was wrecked
on Smith's Island : an accident which led to the acquisition
of England's first colony. A pretty, old-fashioned, simple
story. (Macmillan. 6s.)
The Girl at Eivebfibld
Manoe.
By Peeeinoton Prim.
^ Eiverford Manor is on the banks of the Mersey, but
the story opens, where it ends, in Kalara Bungalow, in
the Queensland bush. A pleasant love-story with spacious
backgrounds. (F. V. White & Co. 6s.)
10 Marchi 1900.
The Academy.
207
THE ACADEMY.
Editorial and Publishing Offices, 43, Chancery-lane.
The AOADBMT win he eent poet-free to every Annual Subscriber
in the United Kingdom.
Price for One Iseue^ Threepence ; poetage One Hat/penny, Price
for 62 ieeuee. Thirteen ShiUinge ; postage free.
Foreign Batee for Yearly Subecriptions 2A«.
including postage.
AfMrtean Agents for the Aoadsicy: JBrentano^Sf 31, Union'
square^ New York,
The Revolution in Journalism.
An Enquiry.
It is a common saying of literary reactionaries that this is
an era of *' bits," ^^ cuts," and '< snippets," that the taste
of the reading public is fatally impaired, and that the
golden ages which began with Chancer are for ever closed.
Our bookstalls (they lament) '^ groan " with << trash " that
can appeal only to the half-instructed, while serious pro-
ductions of an improving and solid nature ask in vain for
attention. Such, stated briefly and stripped of vitupera-
tive epithets, is the indictment. The answer to it is, as to
part, that it is unsupported by evidence ; and, as to the
rest, that the present condition of our bookstalls, de-
plorable though it may seem to the myopic and unimagina-
tive, betokens not decadence, but progress. The praisers of
times past, in their narrow survey of an epoch, have over-
looked two important phenomena — the Education Act of
1870 and the growth of commercial enterprise. The
Education Act created a new reading public, a public not
to be confused with that which bought Macaulay — and
Martin Tupper. This new public had no tradition of self-
culture by means of books. It found itself with the
mechanical power to read, but with neither the habit of
reading nor the disciplined intellect which are both
necessary to render that mechanical power effective. Put
it in a library, and it was as helpless as a sparrow tugging
at a biscuit. It felt a desire for what its detractors have
called '^ literary pabulum," but it could not define its need
further than to assert positively that the stuff offered was
imsuitable.
Then, with the hour, came the man. The man
happened upon a nice, interesting little paragraph in
a newspaper, and, enjoying it, said : '* That is a real tit-
bit. Why should there not be a paper consisting entirely
of such things ? " Memorable and momentous words,
making a historical occasion which was the inception at
once of Sir George Newnes's vast fortune and of a whole
publishing movement I Tit- Bits appeared, and was copied
and elaborated in numberless forms. The innovation was
welcomed not only by the public of the Education Act, but
by a large section of the older public which had hitherto
sought fruitlessly for what it wanted. The conjunction of
these two masses, so different in everything except the
lack of artistic and intellectual culture, produced a market
eloriously dazzling to the commercial instinct. Lancashire
discovering India was not more profoundly stirred than
the man of commerce when the success of the Tit-Bits
school of journalism indicated to him the existence of this
market, which his instinct told him might be indefinitely
strengthened and widened by a due application of mercan-
tile methods of nursing. The man of commerce knew well
the lesson enforced again and again by a series of checks
to British trade in various parts of the world during the
last two decades. He knew the reproach against England
that the British merchant always seeks to dictate to the
buyer what he shall buy ; and he could see that this had
applied in a peculiar degree to English journalism. At
once he effected a revolution, and the attitude of publisher
to public was radically changed. The public, which
hitherto had accepted meekly what the publisher provided,
found itself elevated to a throne, with the publisher
obsequiously bowing at the foot thereof. The old auto-
crats of Maga and Comhill may be conceived as saying to
their readers : '' This is good for you ; in consideration of
a just payment we permit you to read it." And when
these august periodicals were issued, the readers
approached the perusal of them, certainly with some
pleasure, but also with the austere and braced feeling of
duty to be performed. The modem editor proceeds upon
a different path. He ezplozes the nature of the demand
to be met as patiently and thoroughly as a German
manufacturer. With a mixture of logic and cynicism he
states boldly that what people ought to want is no affair of
his, and in ascertaining precisely what they in fact do
want, he never loses sight of the great philosophic truth
that man is a frail creature. He assiduously ministers to
human infirmities. The public would like to read, to
instruct itself, educate itself, amuse itself, elevate itself,
but — ^no effort and no sacrifice must be involved in the
process. The way must be made straight, every obstacle
shifted, every lion killed in advance. Inducements must
be offered, and all the yielding must be on one side. Only
by such means can a new market, however vast potentially,
be set upon a secure and steady basis. The new tactics
could not fail to j)rosper, and they prospered beyond any
expectation ; their prosperity was so conspicuous that the
most stiff-necked and conservative purveyors of literature
were fain to adopt them.
If it should be asked what is the immediate, or what
will be the ultimate, result of this revolution, now so com-
pletely accomplished that the ancient condition of things is
already forgotten, the reply would be that the one is not
unfavourable and the other will surely be favourable. Let
us admit that the new school of journalism, especially in
regard to periodicals not newspapers, has in a sense
swamped and flowed over the old; that was inevitable,
seeing that the output of to-day is probably a hundred
times that of twenty years ago. Let us admit that the
*'tone" (mysterious attribute !) of even the best organs
has lost some of its former fine austerity under the con-
tagion of modem methods : that does not prove that the
general taste has declined ; it proves rather that journalism,
as directed by the commercial idea, is a truer mirror of the
general taste than once it was. Why, indeed, .should the
general taste have declined? Why should it not have
improved with the improvement of civilisation? Since
our poets and novelists spring from the common stock, is
not the multitudinousness of these, and the comparatively
Jiigh level of their technical excellence, some proof that
the inclination towards literary art is gaining frequency
among us ? For poets and novelists must stul be bom,
must still be the result of inherited traits and of environ-
ment Let us admit, lastly, that any representative modem
journal is, judged by the absolute standard, compact of
offence to nostrils delicate enough to appreciate fully the
virtues of comeliness, quietude, and asceticism in art and
culture. What then ? There are degrees. Most questions
are questions of degree. Is it not better that the man iii
the street, a creature scorned but nevertheless admirably
unaffected, should read an English sixpenny magazine than
that he should read, say, the Sunday edition of the New
York Journal ? And is it not better that he should read
the Sunday edition of the New York Journal than that he
should read nothing ? Ignorance and indifference are the
worst. A '^ smattering" — poor, despised achievement — is
finer than these. And the crudest excitement of the
imaginative faculty is to be preferred to a swinish pre-
occupation with the gross physical existence. Therefore,
when those of us wi& delicate nostrils happen to pass the
bookstalls which ** groan " with offence, let us, easting off
the mere dandyism of art, remember that these same book-
stalls disclose the germ of a tremendous movement, and
that everything must have a beginning. E. A. B.
2o8
The Academy.
10 March, 1906.
Thomas Hardy: an Enthusiasm.
Two men were diflcussiiig Thomas Hardy.
" Hifl influence/' said the younger, '' is not solely the
iBfluence of a master of style. He has perfected the novel :
a yery lofty genius shall have arisen when Hardy's art as
a novelist ceases to be the standard. He ideally completes
his work. One may go back and try to discover how the
enthralment, the absolute illusion, was wrought ; but one
must go on first simply believing. Hardy is a great
thinker, a great seer, a great humanist — I had almost
added a great poet ; and, indeed, in the true, if not the
conventional, sense he is that also.'*
'< But,'* said the elder, '' isn't he a bit of a pagan ? "
^'No, no! He has something of the pnilosophy of
Marcus Aurelius. But he is certainly not a pagan acc(»rd-
ing to the paganism so commonly expressed in modem
literature— -uie puling, giggling, sniggling effeminacy that
dawdles in utter cowardice and atrophy of soul about the
pleasant weak things of sybaritic existence. Hardy is
not content with sunning himself in decadent eg(Hsm by
the shores of old romance. He is a man every inch of
him ! He has power ; and he has the tenderness, passion,
and pure emotion without which power in literature is no
more admirable or spiritually significant than power in
building a stone wall or laying a drain-pipe. But he has
more than all this : he has an imerring conception of moral
order — so imerring is it that he seems to be incapable of
allowing wrongdoers to escape the consequences of their
wrongdoing. He will weep ovw them, shelter them as
long as he can under his wonderful sympathy. But he
won't — he can't let them off ! "
*'I confess," said the elder, ''that Hardy hasn't struck
me in this light. Do you suggest, then, that he has what
ie called faith ? "
''I not only suggest it, I assert it as being the only
inteUigent criticism of his work. One sees it every where-
in his all-peirvading compassion, in his terrible Hebraic
inevitableness, in his power to bring his reader down to
the dust in solenm questioning of the mysteries of life and
death. He takes us to the doors of traeedy, of terror, and
we gaze in and are purified. Beading him I have stopped
to cover my eyes with my hand ; he has shown me more
than I could bear, and my soul has oraved to be alone in
the silence and stillness of an awful isolation. That, of
course, is the ascendancy of genius; all the industrious
talent under the sun could not do it. There are people —
I have scarce patience to speak of them ! — who say that
Hardy is at war with heaven. GK>d help that heaven!
Hardy's so-called blasphemy is nobler and more instinct
with faith than are the loud hosannahs of other men."
'' But," said the elder, *' what about Teas and Jude ? "
The young man sprang to his feet, his eyes aflame.
'^ Those books have a moral earnestness unequalled in
English literature! This might be proved out of the
mouths of the men who have had the incredible arrogance
— or the sheer stupidity — to condemn them on the ground
of mwality. A bookseller told me that immediately after
the review in the Pail Mall Oaitaitey infamously headed
'Jude the Obscene' (Ah, the shame, the shame, the
infamy of it !), he had orders for the book from four men
of notoriously loose life; and with one consent they
came back and protested that that was not at all the
sort of thing they wanted. Hardy has suffered, espe-
cially in recent years, from misrepresentation ; for every
pure and unique thing is liable to vitiation by impure
and ignoble minds. And I don't think that even the
finest critics yet realise how great a book Jude the
Obscure is. They are, perhaps, content to leave it to the
judgment of posterity. It sums up all the weariness and
unrest, all the vague haunting tenors of this strange
generation. It will be the most graphically suggestive of
all documents to the religious and ethical historians of our
age. It is a beacon set on a hill, and we are gazing from
the valley of our humiliation, and cannot quite compre-
hend. It is prophetic : one hears in it the cries of men
afraid of that which is high and that which is in the way
— ^the breaking of the golden bowl at the mud-poisoned
fountain of a materialised civilisation ; one sees in it the
waning of the stars of hope, the shadows of the long
night that is falling upon us. Ah ! — think — think —
Hardy can't help that ! feut he loves the truth ; he faces
it witn brave sad eyes that axe only dim with pity ; and
he must proclaim it. Jude the Obscure is a sublimely
courageous appeal to the Lord GK>d Omnipotent to have
mercy once more upon His wandering children of the
bondage. Believe me, so great a mind as Hardy's cpuld
not be profane! To think that you must imagine the
deity of the littlest of Little Bethels ! Surely he is great
in the Christ-like way — because he dares to look on
sorrow ; dares to hold sorrow by the hand and call out
for succour in the wilderness of an eclipsed faith almost
universal in the world and in the Church. So of old the
prophets called, and it was accounted unto them for
righteousness. You know how precious exquisite work-
manship is to me ; and in this Hardy is my m&ster. But
literature that is beautiful merely in its technique is, after
all, one of the luxuries of the intellectual Scribes and
Pharisees. It cannot appease the deep perplexities and
longing^ of the human neart. To do that it must be for
8k^ — ^like the parables of our Lord — ^not simply for two or
three gathered together in the often unhdiy and more
often selfish name of culture. It must touch the soul ; and
to do that it must possess what is at once the higher and
the lowlier distrncnon of obedience to the moral law.
There may be revolt, for man is weak, and foolish in his
pride, and genius must express itself even at the footstool
of the Eternal. But — as in Thomas Hardy — there will be
acquiescence ; and that in literature is the power that con-
soles, and inspires, and lives."
Vincent Brown.
The Amateur Critic.
Commendatory Verses.
Onb of the many features of interest in the folio editions
of Shakespeare's plays are the verses contributed by the
author's fnends in commendation of his work. It is there
that one finds the two most notable poems that have been
written on Shakespeare— namely, Ben Jonson's lines on
the Droeshout portrait, and the *' Swan of Avon " poem.
The custom was a popular one in the sixteenth and
seventeenth centuries, especially in the case of a
posthumous publication such as the folio Shakespeare.
In modem reprints, however, these first generous tributes
of Hugh Holland and L. Digges, with Heminge and
Oondell's ''Dedication," and their address ''To the great
variety of Headers," are no longer to be found : fashion
has eliminated them. The subject is one which would
bear writing upon at some leng&, but my present object
is to put in a plea for the revival of commendatory verses.
Some years ago Mr. Heme Shepherd printed in front of
his edition of Ohapman's Homer three such poems, in-
cluding Keats's sonnet. And Mr. GoUancz, to excellent
purpose, has provided each volume of the "Temple
Shakespeare " with a commendatory poem. I should like,
I say, to see this practice revived ; tor instance, I would
prefix "Adonais^' to Keats's poems; in Shelley I
would give Browning's " Memorabilia " and Swinburne's
" Oor Cordium " ; in Ohatterton I would have the notable
verse from Wordsworth's " Resolution and Independence "
and Coleridge's " Monody " ; Browning should have
Lander's fine sonnet and (leorge Meredith's "To Brown
ing Dead in Venice."
Oliver Green.
10 March, 1900.
The Academy.
209
A Book that Held Me.
I HAD rummaged tlie little comer of the Edinburgh Uni-
versity Library devoted to fiction for a novel. I was
turning away empty-handed when my eye fell upon a thin
volume in a comer. It was alone there, very forlom look-
ing in the gloom. I took it, never even glancing at the
name. I read it, read it pantingly — devoured it is the
right expression, I believe. I read it yet again, and it held
me, and for three nights I tossed and dozed and dreamed.
That girl- oh, most alluring and pitiful creature of man's
imagination — that snakelike nature with its surging, curbed
humanity— the idea of it baffled me. The child-like
question buzzed — can't be true ? Gradually the insistence
of the question subsided, and, though little less moved by
the poignant anguish of Elsie Yenner, the beauty of the
novelist's message appeared. I was an ardent youngster,
and the desperate righteousness of the message, conveyed
so kindly, so humorously, so whimsically, and I think I
may add so passionately, fired my soul. I have since seen
the same subject of human responsibility thrashed out by
philosophers of dry, shackled minds, but the kindly
generous lesson of Oliver Wendell Holmes seems best to
hear.
As a story, the book has innumerable faults, but it is
good to read ; it leaves the mind sweeter and gives one a
tenderer thought for faulty humanity. It is hard to read
too ; but the tears it compels are cleansing.
John Maoleay.
Dismal Fiction.
Thbbe is a popular belief that for every one novel reader
who delights in having his feelings harrowed there are,
perhaps, ten who go to Mudie's for something that is, if
not exactly humorous, at least not doleful. But it does
not argue that because the few books of a cheerful char-
acter published in the course of a year attain great success
that public preference is given to them. Perhaps the gift
of humour is rare ; at any rate, the output of well-written
novels with bad endings is far greater than of those that
end well. There is little doubt that novels of a sad,
if not tragic, cast are read by a large public, which is
attracted rather than repelled by their sombre tones. The
typical tragic novel is that from which the feeling of
impending doom is never entirely absent; it may be
relieved by the occasional introduction of some comic
element, which does not, however, serve to dispel the
gloom, for it is part of its atmosphere. Is it not the same
dvdyicrf that fascinated the old Greek playgoer which now
attracts the modem novel reader ? K may be the secret
of the fascination of the '^ unhappy ending "; the following
of that relentless fate which pursues the characters to the
last chapter. During the past forty years the tendency of
the great writers of fiction has been travelling in the
direction of tragedy — witness the works of Turgenev, of
Tolstoi, of Flaubert, of Hugo, of Thomas Hardy. At an
earlier date it was otherwise ; save for a few notable
exceptions, the novels of Fielding, Scott, Miss Austen,
Dickens, and Thackeray end well. An editor told me only
the other day that among his unsolicited contributions
powerful stories on tragic or painful lines so gpreatly pre-
dominate that he has often to dedine excellent work for
this reason alone, while he is in absolute want of stories
in a cheerful vein. The slum novel as it is now known is,
comparatively speaking, a new field for tragic writing,
and its popularity is doubtless the result as much of mere
curiosity as of a morbid love of the dismal ; it has pre-
sented a new and sensational phase of life to the novel
reader who delights in striking contrasts. In the hands
of a writer of Mr. Arthur Morrison's power the gloom of the
slum novel is much relieved by his native wit and fancy ;
but from a less capable pen it is a form of fiction that is
far from pleasant. 0.
Correspondence.
Stevenson's Beginnings.
Sib, — ^The account of the origin of Treasure Island given
by Mr. Robert Leighton in your last week's issue is at
several points so much mistaken that I have asked Dr.
A. H. Japp to tell the story in liis own words. I herewith
append his communication, which I think may interest your
readers. — I am, &c., Sidney Colvin.
British Museum: March 7, 1900.
'^ E. L. S. had often heard of me through friends of his
in Edinburgh, and when I printed a letter in the SpeHahr
about Thoreau, be wrote to me wishing to know me per-
sonally, and asking if I would soon be in Edinburgh, as
he was going there to be for some time with his father
and mother in Heriot Eow. He found the Edinburgh
east wind too much f oj^im, and wrote to me, after some
weeks, saying that ho mid to make ' new tracks,' and that
he had gone with his parents to somewhere near Pitlochry,
not far from his beloved Tummel, the ' wale o' Scotland,'
as be called it. Still, my holiday and journey to Scotland
were delayed, and again I was informed that the family had
made another move, and had gone to the Cottage, Castle-
town of Braemar. There, accordingly, I went as invited,
and stayed some days — days that are delightful to me to
think of. The pastime of the afteruoon was the reading of
a chapter of a romance of adventure, which had been begun
mainly with the idea of interesting Sam [Mr. Lloyd
Osboume], his stepson, as Stevenson himself says, giving
him ^ something craggy to break his boy-mind on.' Steven-
son himself tells that, lis this had abeady gone on for a
week or two, the kindly feeling of the family retreated from
the idea of inflicting the former mutilated members of ' The
Sea-Cook ' on me ; but I implored them not to deprive me
of that pleasure, as I was sure ^my pleasure' would
relieve them from any notion of 'infliction'; and in
Stevenson's little attic there, where he wrote and worked,
I listened to hicn reading those earlier chapters. And
such reading — dramatic, varied skilfully in tone and
inflection, as his slim body gently swayed in his charac-
teristic fashion ; MS. in hand as he read, and now and
then swaying too — as I shall never forget. His father
was as keenly interested in the story as Sam Osboume
was; his CDJoyment was shown in his expression, and
his judgment in occasional suggestions pfEered after the
reading ; and sometimes Mrs. Stevenson would put in a
sagacious word too. It was a delightful nUhnge every way.
I had thus heard the whole of the story in first pencil
draught before I left. One half of the story, which had
been revised carefully and recopied, I brought away with
me in my portmanteau, with the view of insuring that it
should be printed, and not lost to the world as dozens of
Mr. Stevenson's former story efforts had been ; and, though
I had then no connexion whatever with Mr. James Hender-
son, whom I knew as coming from my own district in
Scotland, I took the story to him — very proud, I confesB,
to be able to tell him that I had brought nim ' a work of
genius.' He accepted the story, as I had been able to
give him an outline of the whole plot, and though he did
not give quite so much as I had hoped for my ' woik of
genius,' yet it was something, and an assurance of perhiqm
more to come ; since B. L. S. kept his copyright Almost
all the copy of the story passed through my hands to Mr.
Henderson, who was never introduced to Stevenson by me,
in any formal sense ; but getting, of course, into corre-
spondence with Mr. H. about proofs, H. L. S. naturally
called to see him early in the following summer as he
passed through London to Bournemouth ; when, on special
terms offered by Mr. Henderson, he agreed to write the
*' Black Arrow.' This, strangely enough, had much more
pull on Young Folks^ readers than the more artistic
' Treasure Island ' had had.
2IO
The Academy*
10 March* 1900.
Mr. Leighton, therefore, is quite wrong in his state-
ment that Mr. Henderson offered to take a story from the
young Scotsman, * and gave him papers indicating the
kind of story he wanted.' treasure Island was written
absolutely for the sake of writing it, and in conformity
with the ideas suggested by the map which B. L. S. had
elaborately drawn and coloured in sympathetic competition
with his clever boy step-son, as he himself tells in the
Idler article (reprinted in the volume Ify First Book) ; so
that the statement that he found and adopted many
incidents from Billy BoWn is thus wholly met and disposed
of.
The alterations on the final book form of Treoiure
Island were really slight.
Alexander H. Jafp."
A Personal ExjJ^anation.
Sir, — ^In reference to a paragraph in your last issiie
relating to myself, will you permit me to explain that I
don't '^ deserve the harmless appellation of ' chaplain to
Punch ^'* except for the reason that it has given some
feople a false impression of my connexion with the paper,
am proud to be a frequent contributor to it, but I am not
a member of the staff. And when a recent contribution of
mine to another journal figured on the title-page as '* By
the chaplain of Punch" a number of strangers assumed
that I make frivolous literature my one occupation. There-
upon they showered reproachful letters on me, suggesting
that I am breaking my ordination vows ! When one is
being driven off their legs by parish work, and preaching
five or six times a week, as I am throughout Lent, this
seems a rather undeserved reproach to hurl at a humble
curate who writes frivolous verse and prose as a recreation,
and as a means of supplementing a not munificent stipend.
Nearly all my lighter literary work appears over my
signature or initials. I am not in the least ashamed of it.
But ashamed I should be, and rightly so, if — as these
people have been led to imagine — I made it the main
Dusmess of my life after taking holy orders. — ^I am, &c.,
ANTHOirr C. Deanb.
March 5, 1900.
"Cog" and "Mich."
Sir, — I write with no eye, either single or double,
towards your Prize Oompetition ; but here, if I mistake
not, are two good old English and good old Shakesperean
words which should not be allowed — in President Urover
Cleveland's phrase — to lapse into desuetude.
One of these words is '^mich," in the sense of ''play
truant"; the other is ''cog," used of a schoolboy who
dishonestly purloins matter from his neighbour's slate.
People now say " copy," but " cog " is by all odds the
better word.
Both "mich" and "cog" were words very familiar to
my youthful ears. But, you see, that was a long time
ago.
By the way, in Shakespeare's " Twelfth Night " Maria
describes Mc^volio as one " that cons state wil£out book."
Maria's meaning is anything but clear. Suppose we read
"cogs stole wit out of books" — would not the phrase
become at once much more intelligible and pertinent ?
Pbssaic, New Jersey ; John Baxter.
Feb. 18, 1900.
New Books Received
[^Thsse notes on some of the New Books of the week are
preliminary to Reviews that may follow.']
Lavengro.
Bt George Borrow.
Prof. Knapp's edition of Borrow's works is inaugurated
by the appearance of this well-equipped volume. The
correct text of 1851 is followed, and certain passages
needlessly suppressed by Borrow are restored. Prof.
Knapp's notes are rigidlv compressed and are dictated by
need — not zeal. (John Murray. 6s.)
A Book of Irish Verse. Selected by W. B. Yeats.
The Young Ireland movement is exhibited, and will be
stimulated, by this collection of verse inspired by Irish
ideals, and Irish models, and written by Irish men and
women in the last two centuries. We refer elsewhere to
the hope with which Mr. Yeats regards the poetical
future of Ireland. (Methuen.)
The Symbolist Movement in
LiTERATTTRE.
By Arthur Syhons.
We acknowledge elsewhere the need for a statement of
the aims of the modem "symbolists." Mr. Symons
attempts to supply the need by critical sketches of such
symbolists as Gerard de Nerval, Himbaud, Yerlaine,
Larforgue, Mallarm6, Huysmans, and Maeterlinck. " To
spiritualise literature, to evade the old bondage of rhetoric,
the old bondage of exteriority" — such, Mr. Symons tells
us, is the aim of these men. (Heinemann.)
Notes from a Diary,
1886-1888.
By the Et. Hon.
Sir M. E. Grant Duff.
Sir M. E. Grant DufE continues his reminiscences, of
which six volumes have already appeared, from the date
of his departure from Madras. He hopes to continue his
anecdotal diaxy to the last day of 1900, so that it will
cover just half a century. (Murray. 2 vols.)
Passages in a Wandering Life. By Thomas Arnold.
This is the autobiography of a younger brother of
Matthew Arnold. As the title of his book implies, Mr.
Arnold has been a great traveller. After alludmg to Dr.
Arnold's precept to his children — worky Mr. Arnold
remarks half regretfully on his abandonment of Oxford
life and his emigration to New Zealand. The frontispiece
portrait of Mr. Arnold strikingly recalls his distinguished
brother. (Edward Arnold. 12s. 6d.)
The Morals of Suicide. By Key. J. Gurnhill.
Granted that a book against suicide is needed, or that
its "morals" can be usefully discussed, this is a learned
and thoughtful examination of the subject. The author
approaches suicide from the standpoint of a Christian
Socialist, and the metaphysical element is banished from
his pages. (Longmans. 6s.)
Collected Writings of Samuel Layoook.
Lancashire men and women, and all who are interested
in local poetry, will find in this volume a well-edited selec-
tion of Laycock's verses. Only verse written for passing
occasions, or conspicuously below the author's ordinary
level, has been excluded. The volume is therefore a
purified, and also an expanded, edition of Laycock's
volume, Warbltn's fro^ an Owd Songster, Why not have
retained this old personal title ? Laycock sang of all the
domestic and industrial life of Lancashire, though he was
not above celebrating his own minor troubles in verse ;
witness the poem, '^ Oh, this Boil ! " The illustrator,
Mr. F. W. Jackson, has caught the poet's spirit admirably.
(Oldham : (Jl^^^J)
10 March, 1900.
The Academy.
211
Ih addition to the foregoing, we have received :
THIOLOGIOAL AND BIBLICAL.
IittIe(W. J. Knox), A Ma&nal of DeTotion for Lent (Isbister) 6/D
Adderley (James), The ^ietle of St. James. With Notes for General ■
Readers .^WeUs Oardnerj 2/6
BourdiUon (Rer. JF.), UandfDls Flncked and Babbed in walking through
tbe Field of the Word of God (Wells Gardner)
Dearmor (Bey. Peroy), The Little Lives of the Sainta (Wells Gardner) 2/6
HISTORY AND BIOGRAPHY.
Diokinaon (W. HJ. King Arthur in Oomwall (Longmans) 4/6
Adams (Gharles F.), Amerioan Statesmen : Charles Ftvicis Adams
(Hongbton, Mifflin ft Co.) 6/0
IHmock (Rev. A.), Cathedral Series t St. Paul's (Bell) 1/6
Bonsai (Stephen), The Golden Horseshoe (Macmillan) 6/0
TRAYBL AND TOPOGRAPHY.
Wheeler (Mrs. C. H.), Missions in Eden : Glimpses of Life in the Valley
of the Euphrates (Oliphant) 3/6
SCIENCE AND PHILOSOPHY.
Burnet (John), The Ethics of Aristotle (Methnen) net 16/0
Charities Register and Digest: 1900 (Longmans) 4rfO
EDUCATIONAL.
HIgham (J.), Ivanhoe. School Edition (Blaok) 1/6
MISCELLANEOUS.
Xoret-Sanders Encyolopsedlc English-Ctorman and GJerman-English Dio*
tionary. Abridged Edition ((^reTelftCo.)
Beid (Herbert), Play the Man : Talks with Boys on the Battle of Life
(Oliphant) 2/B
AiUn (W. A.), The Voioe : Its Physiology and (3ultiyation.....^(Maomillan) S/6
Carpenter (J. E.), Soldier Songs (Warne ft Co.) 1A>
Lucas (J. J. S.), Nordraoh at Home, or Hygienic Treatment of Consump*
tlon (Arrowsmith)
Gould (F. J.), Will Women Help? .(Watts ft Co.) 1/0
Smart (W.), Taxation of Land Values and the Single Tax (Madehose)
Leland (Charles Godfrey) and Ward (H. Snowden), Useful Arts and
Handicrafts (Dawbam ft Ward) net 7/6
NEW EDITIONS.
Botsetti (D. G.), Poems (Siddal Edition) : Ck>ntaining " Dante at Verona."
4c,
Cholmondeiey (Mary), Diana Tempest (Macmillan) /6
I^iBter (M.) and Rivers (W. H. R.), A Text Book of Physiology (Macmillan) 10/6
Parkin (Geoiige R.), Edward Thring : Life. Diaiy, and Letters (Macmillan) 6/0
Sterne (Lauroaoe), Tristram Shandy and Sentimental Journey. 2 Vols.
(Macmillan) 7/0
Stanley (Arthur Penrhyn), Life and Correspondence of Thomas Arnold,
D.D (Ward, Lock) 2,t)
%♦ ITew Novels are acknowledged elsewhere.
The Best Sunday Books,
(Jur Weekly Competition.
Result of No. 24 (New Series).
Wb Mked last week for lists of ten Sanday books for ohildren, that
bimiioh of naisery literature having been somewhat disregurded in
recent inquiries into children's reading. A large number of answers
has resulted, dealing with which it seems best to adopt the method
of judgment by general sense. According to this method the fol-
lowing are the best ten Sanday books, against each being plaoed
tlie numb^ of votes it has received :
Pilgrim's Progress (Buny an)
Parables from Nature (Mrs. Gatty)
Ministering Children (Mrs. Charlesworth)...
Agathos (Wilberforce) .^
The Story of a Short Life (Mrs. Eving) ...
The Book of Golden Deeds (Miss Yonge) ...
The Child's Book of Saints (Canton)
The Prinoe of Uie Hou«e of David (Ingraham)
Jessica's First Prayer (Hesba Slretton) ...
Tue Child's Bible
31
15
13
10
8
9
7
7
7
6
The list that comes nearest to this selection is that sent in by Mr.
John B. Payne, The College, Winchester, which runs thus :
The Child's Bible.
Bunyan's PUgrim's Progress.
Wilberf orce's Agathos.
Life of Cor Lord (Mrs. lianhall).
Hebrew Heroes (A. L. O. £.).
Palgrave's Treasury of Sacred Song.
The Wide Wide World.
Prince of the House of David.
Throne of David.
Jessica's First Prayer.
I > Replies received also from J. B. M., London ; P. L. N., York ;
M. H. 0., Cambridge ; C. M. W., Meltham ; E. M. T., London ; M. T;,
Hull ; A. B. 8., Epworth ; M. F.,' Bridgworth ; G. N., Clifton ;
A. C, Edinburgh ; B. H., Carlisle ; M. A. W., London ; C. W., Lon-
don ; W; P., London ; B. W., Sutton ; H. W., London ; C. F., Chard ;
E. M. W. B., Brighton ; D. S., London ; G. W., London ; A, F>,
Tiverton ; BL H. M., London ; 0. J., London ; J. A. C, London. ;
G. S. T., BedhiU ; A. B., Islevrorth ; C. F. P., Caterham ; M. B.,
Beokenham ; B. W., Over ; Z. M., Whitby ; E. K., Ambleside ; " Ivy
Leaves," Liverpool ; M. A. C, CAmbridge ; B. W. M., London ; B. B,,
London ; A. 8. M., Holywood.
Competition No. 25 (New Series).
Two weeks ago, as most of our readers must be aware, an
elephant broke away from the Crystal Palace and ran for some
miles through Kent, pursued by hundreds of people. After many'
hours he was tracked to a wood near Bromley, captured, ana
then led back to Sydenham in triumphant procession. We ask
our readers to celebrate this unusual event in verse, not exceed-
ing fourteen Lines. The poem may take the form of narrative, or
an address to the elephant.
BULXB.
Answers, addressed ** Literary Competition, The Academy, 43,
Chancery-lane, W.C.," must reach us not later than the first post
of Tuesdi^, March 13. Each answer must be accompanied by
the coupon to be found in the first oolamn of p. 212, or it can-
not enter into competition. Competitois sending more than one
attempt at solution must accompany each attempt with a separate
coupon ; otherwise the first only will be considered. We wish to
impress on uompetitors that the task of examining replies is much
facilitated when one side only of the paper is written upon. It is
also important tiiat names and addre&*^es should always be given.
We cannot consider anunymuus amwers.
OuB Special Pbizb Com petitions.
(^For particulars see inside page of eorer.')
Beceived during the week : Sappho, Blank, Paul Roman, Yilmar,
John Cragdon, Derryillawn, The Chestnut Cat, Chaffinch, Iris,
Adam, Calumbia, Lyra, Irene. Tabberwook, Norlan C<*lt, Infelix,
"The Boy Guessed Right," Salopean, Sandwich, Tantalus, Felix
Stowe, Grange, Francis le Steoiog, Lois, George, Laurie, Burley,
Marabau, Azul.
HARPER & BROTHERy PUBLICATIONS
NEW FICTION.
JUST OOT.
THEIR SILVER WEDDING JOURNEY.
Cloth, 6s.
" TrAvel and tale blend happily in this delightful book. The bwt work Mr.
Howells has dorM,"Speaker
" Admirably realised and maintained Maov^honV*— Spectator,
THIRD BDITIOS NOW PRSPARISG,
HR. H. B. MARRIOTT WATSON'S NEW NOVEL.
THE PRINCESS XENIA. Illofitrated. Cloth, 68.
" In plot the story is boldly invented, seethes with intrigue and excitement,
and end8 hAppily.'*—Spectator,
'* Distinctly clever and original.*'— Birm^n/rAam Oazetts,
" We would place * The Princess Xenia ' m the very forefront of modem
romance."— Pa/( Mall,
THE BARRYS : a Noval. By Shan F. Bullock,
Author of " The Gharnaer," Ac. Cloth, 6e.
"Mr. Bullock's novel is the bedt we have read this autumn. Every scene,
every character, grips the heart."— i*rWt#* Woekly.
*' A story that makes a strong appeal to human sympathies, and shows a keen
knowledge of human nature."— j9aoib»a».
TALES of SPACE and TIME. By H. G.
WELLS, Author of'*When the Sleeper Wakes," "The Time Machine,'*
Ac. Crown 8vo, cloth extra, e«.
" Mr. Wells never for a moment fails to maintain his gnp on the reader.
That is why his stories are so deservedly popular."— if ancA<»«^tfr Ouardian.
" Tbe inganaity with which the abidmir principles of romance are adwptcd to
the imaginaiy conditions of the mechanical millennium is nothing short of
noasterly .' '—Spectat or.
NINTB THOUSAND.
WHEN tha SLEEPER WAKES: a Story
of the V«Ara to Ooma. By H. G. WSLLu. With Illustrations.
Orown 8vo, cloth extra, 6b.
** A brilliant effort, both of the imagination and of erudition."— Q«m».
WITH SWORD and CRUCIFIX. By E. S.
VAN ZILE. Crown 8vo, cloth ornHtnentsl, 6s. lllusUated. A Story
of De la Salle's last voyage on the Mibsisaippi.
LONDON AND NEW YOBK.
212
The Academy.
IQ March, 1900.
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The Academy.
213
SOUTH AFRICA AND THE WAR.— BOOKS TO BEAD
OUR SOUTH AFRICAN EMPIRE, and HOW
WE MADE IT. Br ARTHUR GOODRICH. Crown 8to, piotarlal wrapper in Red
and Blaok, price Sucpenoe net.
Thb it a popular and oompnheuiTe htitory of the land that at the present moment ie
riTotlnff go much attention, ana will be found exceedingly uwful as a reference book and
guide to Cape Colony and the Transvaal.
HOW to BEAT the BOERS : a Conversation in
Hades. A Remarkable Pamphlet by FRANK HARRIS. Price Sixpence.
Dr. CoxA!« D0T1.K nyt : *' An ezeellent idea.**
Sir Charlies Dilkk says : " I have read 3ir. Frank Harris's pamphlet with interest, as I
do everything which comes from its author's pen '
The SLJamu'M OomIU says: **We have received a brilliant pamphlet embodying a
* Conversation in Hades.' written by Mr. Frank Harris. . . .We believe ther contain the right
answer to a question which has hitherto been asked in vain by every Englishman.'*
London i O. ARTHUR PKARSON, Ltd.. Honrlotta Stroot, W.a
THE TRANSVAAL BOERS
A HISTORICAL SKETCH.
By AFR1CANU5.
Price l8. net, paper covers ; 2a., in cloth. Post free Sd. extra.
The story of SOUTH AFRICA
By W. BASIL W0R5F0LD.
Cloth bonnfl, price \n, fld.
Lr>T)don : HORACE MAUSIIALL & SOK.
A BOOK ABOUT THK BOER. WAR OF. 1881.
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With 8 lUastrationB by R. Caton WoodvUle, after Sketches by Melton Prior
A J U B A :
BRONKERSPRUIT, INGOOO, LANGS NEK, KBU6ERSD0RP.
By HAMI5H HENDRY.
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clearly than a more elaborately technical work could possibly da"
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214
The Academy.
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The author has depicted some stirring events of the
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"THI STORY OF THI NATIONS" SKRIBS.-
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16 Dlnsferatians. Cloth, 6s.
** The author is a traveller by nature her book is
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THE SON of the HOUSE.
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I*
lUarehtL
ANDROMEDA: an IdyU of
the Gr«at River. By ROBERT BUCHANAN,
Author of "The Shadow of the Sword."
<«
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Dail/^ Chronicle.
A SECRET of the NORTH
SEA. By ALGERNON GISSING.
" It is strong, picturesque, and as passionately one-
motived as ' Wuthering Heights.' "— World.
"A strong, thoughtful story, written by a capable
hand. One almost feels the hurricane and scents the
brine through its pages. * The Kittiwake' is an
achievement in diaraoierisatlcm."— BooAmai*.
SOUB GBAPES : a Bomance.
By J. F. CORNISH.
" An absorbing story, the remarkable plot of which
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" Susceptible male readers will bave difficulty in
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hearted Barbara Ashleigh is the more winsome.'
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and Conditions of Men." With 8 Illustrationst
SEVENTH EDITION.
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trations.
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SIMS.
Bj GEORGE B.
Laadaa: T. FISHBB UNWIN,
PfttemMter Bquure, B.O.
**A very gnphio ploture The faot that the book ii h«re
•nd thore aatobioffraphical will aild to iti attraeUon for Um
publio."— <72o&i.
IN LONDON'S HEART. By
OEOBOE R. SIMS, Author of ** Rogues and Vaga-
bonda." kc
"Mr. Sims knowe the London of to-day. especially on its
shady side, as Dickens knew the London of sixty yean ago; and
be ean handle his material— b^s money>IeDaers, mnideren,
deteotives, and what not— with eminent skill — The plot is
skilfully omtxiTed. and the story is exciting."— C/Io«0O« AemZd.
DORA M7RL, the LAD7 DE-
TECTIVE. By X. McD. BODKIN, Q.C.
"A Sherlock Holmes in petticoats pretty, refined, and
Siquante.... Where is this wonder to be found? She is Dora
[yrl, the lady deteetiTe. .... When a learned Q.C. beguiles his
leisure with detective stories, we naturally expect something
▼eiy different from the ordinary result, and we are not dis-
appointed. . . .The adorable Dora is aaite a new Und of deteo-
tiTe, and a dlitlnot improvement <m ner predecessors.*
Mormng Leadtr.
A COURT TRAOEDT. By Albert
D. VANDAH. Author of "Aa Enslishman in Paris."
With 6 Illustrations.
** Mr. Vandam's excellent story. . . .If only * A Court Tragedy*
represented the average standaitl of modem fiction, we snoud
begin to believe in the possibility of the millennium."
LiUrary World.
THE WEB of FATE. By T. W.
SPEIGHT. Author of '* The Mysteries of Heron Dyke.*
"Arrests attention from the beginning and holds attention to
the end."— Glosfmo Htrdtd.
OUR GREATEST LIVING SOL-
DIEBS. By CHABLE8 LOWE, M.A. With 8 Portniti.
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*'Mr. Lowe eomes to his task armed with knowledM,
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thing ^o in the narrative."— Datiy JfaO.
London : Csatto ft Wzjrnus. Ill, St liartin's Lane,W
The Academy
A Weekly Review of Literature and Life.
No. 1454- Established 1869.
17 March, 1900,
Price Threepence.
[RegisUred as a Niwspap^r,']
The Literary Week.
Miss Mabtineau requests that recipients of letters
written by the late Dr. Martlneau will be so ^ood as to
send them to her at 35, Gk>rdon-square. The letters are
for use by his biographers at their discretion, and will, of
course, be returned.
Next Tuesday is Dr. Ibsen's seventy-second birthday.
The day will be signalised in this country by the publica-
tion of the English translation of his new play, ** When
the Dead Awaken."
EEviEwiNa David Hiarum in the North American Ewiew,
Mrs. Craigie points out that in capturing the hearts of
all classes of Americans this novel has done what is hardly
possible to an English novel acting on the English
public. The best novel that could be written here would
leave vast portions of the nation untouched. Mrs. Oraigie
suggests that Newman's hymn, ''Lead, Kindly Light,"
and David CopperJUld '' most nearly accomplished a feat
which has now become impossible to other English literary
powers of the first rank."
Mr. Kipling has nearly completed a long story, the
scene of which is laid in India. The opening chapter will
be published in Me Clure^8 Magazine towards the end of this
year.
It is often hinted that Tonuuy Atkins does not know
his Kipling as Mr. Kipling knows Tommy. But a
Highlander in Eoodebosch Hospital was able to tell Mr.
Kipling that he knew by heart several of the Barrack
Boom Ballads and also several pieces in the Seven
Seas, Poet and reader were mightily pleased with each
other, and the wounded hero writes thus to his friends :
How often have I read and admired Kipling without
ever a thought of seeing him, let alone my having such a
long talk with him. I recognised him at once from his
photo. He has eyes that make you smile when you look
into them. His utterance is very rapid and very distinct,
and struck me as beiug decidedly Scotch. I wish he had
stayed longer ; I could have talked with him all day. I
beheve he is gathering material for his book.
We believe so too.
" The Roman," Mr. Hall Oaine's new novel, with a new
series of ** Dolly Dialogues " by Mr. Anthony Hope, will be
the features of The Nete Magazine, an American venture,
the first number of which will be issued on June 1st.
Mr. R. H. Russell, who is described as ''the American
Harmsworth," will be the editor and publisher. Mr. W. R.
Hearst will be a large shareholder in The New Magazine,
and we understand that the resources of the New York
Journal will be placed at the disposal of the magazine.
Dk, Robertson Nicoll must have been amused to see
how seriously his suggestion has been taken that the
sunny side of Gower-street should be utilised as a site for
a home for decaying authors. One of the commen-
tators has gone so far as to assert that Gower-street has
no sunny side. Still, there are many struggling writers to
whom a superior kind of Rowton House, in a good neigh-
bourhood, would be a boon.
The Topeka Capital, the religious paper which Mr.
Sheldon is editing for one week '' as Jesus would," is a
huge success, but clerg^ymen think that the newspaper is
irreverent, and rival journalists say it is a ponderous tract.
From the Bazaar, Exchange, and Mart :
Wanted, novels, cheap ; or exchange new underclothing,
dressing jacket.
Fiction's your only wear nowadays.
Mr. J. T. Bedford, who died the other day at the age
of eighty-seven, was our old friend '' Robert," the shrewd
and witty '* waiter " of Punch.
Mr. W. T. Maud, the Special Oorrespondent of the
Graphic, who was with Mr. G, W. Steevens through the
two campaigns in the Soudan, and who shared with him
a house in Ladysmith, has sent to Mrs. Steevens an
account of her husband's last hours, from which we are
permitted to make an extract. The letter is dated
Ladysmith, January 18 th, three days after Mr. Steevens's
death. After explaining that they all thought the danger
was past, his temperature having again become normal,
Mr. Maud says : "On Friday, January 12th, his tempera-
ture suddenly rose, and hemorrhage set in." Three days
later a consultation was held.
They told me there was no hope, though they did every-
thing that was possible to save him. When they had gone,
I returned to the siok-room, sent out tbe two nurses, and
together we passed through the great ordeal. I said:
'* The Doctors think you are very ill. I will cable home,
do you wish to send a message ? " " Yes, write it out and
read it to me for my approval," he replied. I wrote :
'* Steevens dangerously ill." **Do you mean that I am
dying F *' he asked. " They think it very serious,"
I answered, for I was afraid. Again, '* A.m I dyine ? *'
a Yes ! " " Soon ? " " Soon ! " He was looking straight
into my eyes. He never flinched. There was no trace of
fear in that brave heart. Death had no terrors for him. He
dictated the message which I sent to vou. . . . After that
he turned towaj^ds me, saying : '' Well, this is a sideways
ending to it all — ^let us have a drink.'* " Bight, old boy,
I will open a fresh bottle of champagne," and I did so.
**Bat you are not drinking," he said. I made some
excuse. All the morning we had been giving him tea-
spoonf als of it every ten minutes, also brandy and milk.
About one o'clock he commenced to rally, and took
nourishment so freely that my hopes bounded up again.
I left him in the charge of both nurses, and lay down to
sleep. They called me an hour later, and I saw at a glance
that the end was near. . . . He imagined himself back at
Merton Abbey. Dr. Davies was present all the time, but
there was nothing more to be done. He was asleep,
breathing quite quietiy and regularly. At 4.30 in the
afternoon he passed away peacefully — so peacefully.
There is nothing more to tell— save tlus, that all through
his illness he was so patient, and he fought splendidly
against it to the very end.
2l6
The Academy.
17 llarchi 1900.
Mr. Hbbbsrt Mosrah, the editor of the Lit&rary Tear
£ooi, writes to lu :
Your reviewer ingj^ests that the directory of authors
should be omitted from the Literary Year Book. I am
afraid that this would cause great disooateat, and that I
am more likely to please people by making it complete.
But it is the counter-suggestion which puzzles me. I
think it is a good one. Only it involves tne old difficulty
of critidsm. How I am to give Hie plots of " the best
novels " without making invidious distinctions is the ques-
tion. And why novels more than other books P I hope
your reviewer wiQ find time to amplify his suggestions to
me.
We do not doubt that the omission of the directory of
authors would cause discontent among small literary fry.
But Mr. Monah may as well abandon all other features if
he intonds to make his list of authors complete, for their
names would fill the book. What we wish to see in the
Literary Year Book is more really useful information. We
see no difficulty in giving the plots and characters of the
best noyels. CMticism would not come in at all. In these
days of all-preyalent fiction it would be very useful to be
able to recapture, at a glance, the background, local
colour, principal characters, plot, and ayowed moral (if
any^ of a last year's noyel. The system might also be
applied to the best biographies, histories, essays, &c., of
the year — selecting the books likely to be consulted. Done
well, this annual prSeii of the year's best books would be
most useful.
Mb. Edward Markham, author of ''The Man with the
Hoe," that not yery remarkable poem which has achieyed
in America a populari^ second only to David Harum^ has
composed a new poem, nrom which we quote some strong
lines. Galled ''linooln, the Ghreat Oommoner," it was
read by the author at the Eepublican (Hub dinner in New
York :
The colour of the ground was in him, the red Earth,
The tang and odour of ti^e primal things —
The rectitude and patience of the rooks ;
The gladness of the wind that shakes the com ;
The coarage of the bird that dares the sea ;
The justice of the rain that loves all leaves ;
The pity of the snow that hides all scars ;
The loving kindness of the wayside well ;
The tolerance and equity of liffht
That gives as freely to tiie shrinking weed
As to the great oak flaring to the wind —
To the grave's low hill as to the Matterhom
That shoulders out the sky.
Another light-hearted venture in magazinedom. It is
called International Art Ifotee, and in shape is so long and
narrow that we admire the self-control wnich at last put a
limit to its attenuation. Primarily International Art Notes
is the organ of a little band of women artiste who haye
receiyed their art education in Paris and haye formed
themselves into the " Paris aub." The " Paris Qub " was
opening an exhibition of ito works at the Grafton Gallery,
when it suddenly occurred to someone : If an exhibition,
why not a magazine ? So '' the type was chosen, the shape
of the publication decided upon, and the printers did tne
rest witnin ten days. ... It rests with the Art public to
say whether it shall rise or fall." It does— it always does.
m
The Memories and Impressions just put forth by the
Hon. George Charles Brodrick, Warden of Merton College,
contrast favourably, by their modesty and seriousness,
with the general run of books of reminiscences. Mr.
Brodrick was for many years a leader-writer for the
TimeSj and his memories of that newspaper, and of Mr.
Delane, are decidedly interesting. In all, he contributed
about 1,600 leading articles to the Times. He wrote the
leader on the Tichbome Case, and this cost him " the
E latest effort in concentration " that he eyer attempted.
. Brodrick has some interesting remarks on that power
of improyising which eyery journalist must acquire. The
death of Cayour took the Times office by surprise, and
Delane urgently begged Mr. Brodrick to write an obituary
article. Tliis was at about three in the afternoon, and,
says Mr. Brodrick :
Few writers could have been less quaHfted to execute
such a task, for I was very ill informed about Italian
politics, and did not fully share the admiration of Gavour
felt by many of my friends. Moreovor, of the only two
biographical records which I could procore (after con-
siderable delay), one was in Itelian, which I did not
understand, the other being in French, and both ended
before the most remarkable part of his career began.
Meanwhile, I was ransacking my own memory and some
other scanty materials which I possessed. Everyone has
more in his mind on any given subject than he can realise,
until he comes to rally it under high pressure. So it
proved in this case. About five o'clock I made a start,
and though I had to dine out. I escaped speedily from the
dining-room, and completed two columns and a half by
one or two o'clock in the morning. . I have reason to
believe that my hasty composition not only passed muster
with the general public, but was approved by persons
familiar with Italian history, one of whom afterwards
assured me that, while he noticed some omissions, he could
jBnd no material errors in it. What amuses me now, in
reading it over, is the suggestion of reserved knowledge
which pervades it, whereas all my goods were really
exposed in the shop window.
Thb Yale Press artiste think that ** no edition of Shake^
speare's Plays at present existe that is noteble as a finely-
printed book on paper whose permanence is undoubted."
So the Yale Press is going to issue ite own Shakespeare,
printed in a new '' Ayon" fount of small pica type, and
adorned with borders and half-borders by Mr. Bickett
Each play will be issued in a demy 8vo yolnme, and
separate schemes of internal decoration haye been arranged
for the Tragedies, Comedies, and Histories. Qtood ! The
world will soon have ite well-printed, enduring edition of
Shakespeare. Scholars, book-Ioyers, critics — ^rise, welcome
it in your myriads ! Stey — whafc is this ? ^* Only 310 sete
of the Yale Shakespeare will be printed, of which 100 sete
are for sale in the United Stetes of America and 187 sete in
Great Britain. , . . The whole of the English edition of
the Yale Shakespeare has been taken up by collectors and
the trade." Fate /
Unfortunatblt these special editions are always ex-
ploited by speculators, ana those who haye never before
made a penny out of books succumb to the tomptetion.
Only last week a gentleman having bought his right to a
copy of the edition at 16s. a yolume, transferred the right
the next day, at a profit of 5s. a yolume. The publication
of the edition would haye begun last year had it not been
for the fire at Messrs. Ballantyne's, which destroyed the
type and the sheete of the first two yolumes.
Thb author of '* Father O'Flynn" has four spirited
yerses in the Spectator in the metre of '' The Wearin' o'
the Green." We quote the last two :
A heart of fire has Lancashire for fightin' inch by inch.
But the Irish, though they sterted last, were first into tbe
trinch;
They took the front, they bore the brunt, o'er kopje and
ravine.
On Pietea:*8 Hill Msjuba's ill they righted for their Queen.
And so upon St. Patrick's day the Queen herself has said
Each Irisb regiment shall wear the Chreen above the Bed ;
And she is comin' o'er to us (who away so long has been).
And dear knows but into Dablin she'll come wearin' of the
Gh*een!
t; March* 1900*
The Academy.
217
It will be interesiing to see how the critics deal with
" Wjmton Eyeraley's " novel, Th0 Bean of Darrendale.
Stanng them in the face is the following modest notice :
As the Author's name happens to be that of a novelist of
world-wide reputation, he sets aside his oonviotion that an
Author should sign his work with his own name, and
adopts the nom de plume of
WYNTON EVERSLEY.
Following this, and deepening the awe or the caution of
the reader, is the following comprehensiye dedication :
To all in perplszity, doubt, or sorrow, especially to the
heart of Youth oppressed by the inequalities of nfe, the
strenuous yearning after Truth, the sense, above all, of
failure in noble effort, and the anf;uish of forbidden love ;
to the student, the wife, the pnest, tiie operative, the
lodal enthusiast, to all human elements in this confused
solution tiie more neoessary quaUties of endurance, serenity,
and hope.
The growth and slow solidification of tit-bit literature
is worth watching. Busks are succeeding to pap, and
year by year the readers who have been educatea oy the
!Board schools are being tempted with more solid fare.
Mr. Newnes, who founded TSt-Bits, soon saw the possi-
bility of developing the more instructive pages of that
journal, and he produced his scientific ''story" series.
Everywhere the public is now offered compressed and care-
fully flavoured knowledge. Mr. Dent who has flooded
the country with classics which thousands have bought
for their dainty exteriors has now turned his attention to
science and general knowledge; witness the first two
TempU Cyehpadie Primer$. Here, in 137 pages, we
have an Introduetton to Science^ and in 160 pap^es a Boman
History, A great many other volumes, as dainty in dress
and as informing in substance, are promised.
LiTE&ATUBB aa she is organised. The American Bookman
says:
Since Mr. Biohard Harding Davis's recent marriage
there have been signs that his attractiveaess as a literary
idol for the matinee girl is on the wane. His photographs
are no longer so eagerly sought and so lovinely chmshed,
and there is only wanting the right sort of young man
who will write tbe right sort of books with the right sort
of insouciani hero and the right sort of stately heroine —
and then will come the cry, ** Leroi est mort : vive le roi ! *'
Mb. William Le Qubtjx has an entertaining article
in the American Bookman on the mistakes made by Eng-
lish novelists in dealing with foreign life. Mr. Le Queuz
says he knows of no novel whicb describes the play at
Monte Carlo correctiy.
The novelist's rules of roulette— generally miscalled
rouge et noir — aro hopelessly wrong. The interesting
character in fiction who goes to Monte Carlo never fails to
play with higher stakes than the Administration permits,
and always wins utterly impossible sums. Never once, to
my knowledge, has a writer of romance been able to
wholly avoid the many pitfalls in describing the easy, yet
extremely involved, game of roulette ; and as for trente-et-
quarante, few nov^sts have ever been bold enough to
refer to it. Monte CSarlo soimds reckless, and thereroro a
scene there always ** grips," even if written by one who
has never presented his ciurd at the bureau.
Similarly Eussia is a sufferer, and Mr. Le Queuz suggests
a new light in which the obstructive tactics of the Kussian
censors may be usefully rogarded by English authors :
The descriptions of Bussian rovolutionists and Bussian
police— always called the Third Section — aro invariably
ridiculous. Why the police should be called the Third
Section ii another unsolved mystery. I once lent one of
the most popular and t^"^^'"g Bussian novels-'-one that
had sold in England and America by tens of thousands —
to a very prominent Bussian writer and critic who had
spent fifteen years in Siberia on account of his revolutioDary
writings. He rotumed it gravely, saying : " Thero is not
a siogle sound fact in it from cover to cover ! Such a book
does the cause of Bussian Freedom moro harm than good.
I don't wonder at the Press Bureau prohibiting such
rubbish from entering Bussia ! " And this was a work at
that moment on everyone's tongae in Eagland — a real
serious work which made its author's reputation, and
brought him instantiy to the front, and about which clergy-
men preached, taking the facts as genuine !
Lastiy, Mr. Le Queuz declares that of recent years, with the
exception, perhaps, of Mr. Marion Crawford and Mr. Max
Pemoerton — ^he does not except Ouida — not a single autbor
has written a novel about Italy without going to pieces.
The use of ^^Si" for ''Yes'' is universal in Imfiplish
writers, instead of '^ Ja," which is the usual ''Yes'' of
Italians.
In an article on Mr. Buskin in the March Studio^ Mr.
E. T. Cook suggests that Euskin suffers as an art critic
from two causes — ^forgetfulness and misunderstanding.
The f orgetfulness of wmtt Mr. Buskin wrote fifty years ago
blinds people, for instance, to the fact that tiie present
admiration of Velasquez is in no way in advance of what
Buskin wrote halt a century ago, when he pronounced
him "the ^atest artist of Spain," and "one of the
greatest artists of the world," a master of " consummate
ease" wlu> was "never wrong." Again, the emphasis
with which Buskin enforced the claims of artists who wero
not fully appreciated when he wrote has been attacked
when the need for that emphasis has passed away, and
has been treated apart from its context. In nrging the
claims of Turner Buskin seemed to disparage Claude ; but
to say that Buskin was blind to the merits of Claude is
wrong. Sucb, in brief, is Mr. Cook's argument.
Thx weakness of most of the war verse which has been
poured of late into the newspapers is perhaps due to the
fact that our poets have been content to sit at home and
be inspired by censored telegrams. Not thus were the
groat war poems written, as Mr. Austin M. Steevens, who
writes on " The Warrior Bard : Ancient and Modem," in
the WeHmimter Beview, is careful to show. In ancient
Greece poets made their p^ns mighty by acknowledging
their swords mightier and unsheatmng the latter. Scott's
minstrol boy had the root of the matter in him :
Land of song ! cries the warrior-^bard,
Though all the world betrays thee.
One sword, at least, thy rights shall guard.
One faithf ol harp shall praise thee.
The author of " Chevy Chase " fought with those whose
deeds he proclaimed, and hence Sir Pmlip Sidney could say
that this ballad, although " sung by some blinde crowder,"
stirred his heart "moro than a trumpet." And in the
grand old Border ballad of "Einmont Willie" it is no
stay-at-home poet who stirs our blood :
"Wl' coulters and wi' forohammers
We garred the bars gang merrilie.
Mr. Steevens says : " It is significant that the poet says we,
not thsv ; in tUs simple f act lies all the differonce between
the old Warrior Bard and the new." The contention is
fair at the present moment; but, as a matter of fact,
much fine war poetry has been written by poets who never
took the sword.
Ik the March Fortnightly Bevmo Fiona Madeod begins
to write in her own characteristic way of lona. ^ Dr.
Johnson's famous rolling passage about the island is in
no way recalled— -except in contrast — ^by Fiona Madeod's
2l8
The Academy.
17 March, 1900.
more Bearohing and flexible sentences, from which we are
tempted to quote.
It is but a small isle, fashioned of a little sand, a few
grasses salt with the spray of an ever-restless wave, a few
rocks that wade in heather and upon whose brows the sea-
wind weaves the yellow lichen. But since the remotest
days sacrosant men have bowed here in worship. In this
little island a lamp was Ht whose flame lighted pagan
Europe, from the Saxon in his fens to the swarthy tolk
who came by Greek waters to trade the Orient. Here
Learning and Faith had their tranquil home, when the
shadow of the sword lay upon all lands, from Syracuse by
the Tyrrhene Sea to the rainy isles of Orca. From age to
age lowly hearts have never ceased to bring their burthen
here. Ion a herself has given us for remembrance a Foimt
of Youth more wonderful than that which lies under her
own boolders of Dun-I. And here Hope waits. To tell
the story of lona is to go back to GK)d, and to end in God.
The sudden making of the war- expert is one of the
many curious literary accompaniments of the Boer War.
Mr. Dooley has naturally looked the war expert up and
down, and this is his account of that amazing person :
** A war expert,'' said Mr. Dooley, *' is a man ye niver
heerd iv befure. If ye can think iv anny wan whose face
is imfamilyar to ye, an' ye don't raymimber his name, an'
he's got a job on a pa-aper ye didn't know was published,
he's a war expert. Tis a har-rd office to fill. Whin a war
begins th' timptation is sthrong f *r ivry man to grab hold
iv a gan an' go to th' fr-ront. Bat th' war expert has to
subjoo his cravin' fr blood. He says to himsilf, 'Lave
others seek th' luxuries iv life in camp,' he says. ' F'r thim
th' boat-races acrost th' Tugela, th' romp over th' kopje,
an' th' game of laager, laager, who's got th' laager ? ' he
says. ' I will stand by me counthry, he says, ' dose,' he
says. ' If it falls,' he says, * it will fall on me,' he says.
An' he buys himsilf a map made be a fortune-teller in a
dhream, a box iv pencils, an' a field-glass, an' goes an'
looks f'r a job as a war expert. Says th' editor iv th'
paper : ' I don't know ye. Ye must be a war expert,' he
says. ' I am,' says th' la-ad."
Bibliographical.
It is to be hoped that the representations of '' ' Hamlet '
in its entirety" which Mr. Benson has been giving at the
Lyceum have sent playgoers generally to the actual text
of the play as Shakespeare finally left it. It is astonishing
how ignorant the ordinary theatre-goer is of the said text.
He has never heard it in the playhouse (till now) " in its
entirety," and great have been the surprises for him. Mr.
Forbes Eobertson brought Fortinbras on at the end of his
'^ Hamlet" revival at the Lyceum; but even he shrank,
apparently, from conceding to the warrior his earlier place
in the play. For the most part, Shakespeare, as English
men and women know him, is the Shakespeare of the
^^ boards." All the more reason that the critical press
sbould keep a stem eye upon the Shakespearean revivalist,
and insist upon no tricks being played upon the Bard.
'' Cutting " there must be, in most cases ; but tiie public
sbould always be advised to turn to the play as printed.
The notion of issuing a selection from Archbishop
Trench's verse, tmder the title of In Time of JFar, is good
and timely. That the worthy prelate was genuindy a
patriot be showed by many a piece of verse, notably by
his sonnet on ^* Gibraltar." But the example thus to be
set might well be followed. Why should not Tennyson's
publishers make up a little volume of his patriotic verse,
which would include, of course, the **Ode on the Death
of the Duke of Wellington," one of the most stirring of
British manifestoes ? It was recdly Tennyson who led the
way in the modem patriotic movement among the poets.
Now, too, seems to be the time for a reissue of Mr. and
Miss Wedmore's collection of Foefns of ihs Love and Pride
of England^ which might be augmented with advantage
At present it contains nothing of Tennyson's, but why
should it not comprise such verse (of the kind wanted) as
is now out of copyright ?
The best of us will make a slip now and then. Last
week, in an illustrated paper of some pretensions to
literary standing, there was a short stoiy, at the head of
which stood the motto :
God's in His Heaven, and all is welU
Now, if this was intended to represent a well-known
couplet by Browning, I need not say how far it was from
the fact.
"Captain Arthur Haggard (Arthur Amyand)" is the
legend on the title-page of Captain Haggard's latest
publication. It was in 1894 that the nom-de-guerre of
"Amyand" was first used, in connexion with the book
called Only a Drummer Boy^ it was used again in the
following year on the title-pages of Comrades in Arms and
With Rank and File : Sidelights on Soldier Life.. One sees
that Captain Haggard has utilised the name of " Amjand "
only for his volumes dealing with military matters. His
first appearance as an author was made in his own name
in 1 889, when he put forward Lodo and /. His relative,
Mr. Eider Haggard, had had five years' start of him as a
writer of fiction — Dawn and The WiteKs Head being pub-
lished in 1884. Captain Haggard threatens to become
qiiite a voluminous author, his publications (of all sorts)
numbering nine already.
Mrs. Humphry Ward seems to be reserving what she
has to say •about Anne ^Bronte for the reprint of The
Tenant of WildfeU ITall, which will appear shortly in the
Haworth Edition of the Bronte works. It would be
interesting to know what measure of popularity that story
at present possesses. It is naturally included in all repro-
ductions of the sisters' fictions — as, for instance, in Messrs.
Downey's edition of 1898 and Messrs. Dent[s of 1893.
But is it much read, or even read at all? Since 1889 it
has been published in separate form only once — in 1894,
by Mr. B. E. King. This would seem to suggest that the
demand for it — by itself — is not particularly great.
The announcement of a new volume of verse from the
pen of the Warden of Qlenalmond, the Rev. J. H. Skrine,
reminds me that Mr. Skrine has been tolerably industrious
as a poet. In that character he came out originally in
1892 with a drama called Columbo. This was followed in
1895 by the dramatic romance entitled Joan the Maid, and
this, again, in 1896, by Songs of the Maid, Last year he
issued Thirty Hymns for School Singing, but I have not
seen the book. Last year, too, he published a collection
of sermons. No wonder Mr. Skrine is a poet : he must
find ample inspiration in Glenalmond and its picturesque
surroundings.
**Who is Mr. Walkley?" Fancy that— from "The
Baron de Book- worms " ! I fear that when Mr. Walkley's
Frames of Mind came out it was carried off by one of flie
Baron's assistants, and a similar thing must have happened
eight years ago, when Mr. Walkley brought out his Play-
house Impressions, Truly " A. B. W." has not published
much in book form, and ignorance of ** Spectator " would
have been just pardonable and no more. But Mr. Walkley
has written largely over his own name in more than one
daily paper, and he has been widely advertised by Mr.
William Archer.
So Eobert Bums is to be the central figure of a work
of fiction called (not too complimentarily to the poet) Th$
Rhymer, Bums, if he is permitted to revisit the glimpses
of the moon, need not resent being made the hero of a
story, for he has already been made the leading personage
in a play. It is not so very long, ago since a drama,
called simply and nakedly ** Robert Bums," was enacted
on the boards of an Edinburgh theatre, from which, after
a week's run, -it disappeared into the illimitable inane.
Thb Bookworm.
17 March. 1900.
The Academy.
219
Reviews.
Mr, Kipling as GIobe-Trotter.
D^om Sea to Sea. By Eudjard Kipling. 2 vols. (Mao-
znillan. 12s.)
Thssb volumes aie not uninteresting reading ''on their
own," as the London idiom has it ; and th^^ are valuable
as the early fruits of their author's genius. They show Mr.
Kiplinff on those travels without whicli his later books
would have been very different, and they show also rather
oddly how very like Mr. Kipling just out of his teens was
to manv other youn^ men just out of their teeps, with a
kindrea interest in life and letters. ''0 the little more
and how much it is ! " — of course ; but working back from
what Mr. Kipling has since done — ^from, say, the story of
Purun Dass in uie second Jungle £ook, and ''Without
Benefit of Clergy," and "The Hunting of Kaa^" and the
" Beoessional," and " The Finest Story in the World,"
and "The Oourting of Dinah ffliadd"— one is a little
surprised by the ordinariness of these descriptions of
travel. Except in one or two rare instances — ^notably the
account of " seeing life " in Hong Kong— the book is only
a shade better than many another of its kind. Also it is
far younger than we knew that Mr. Kipline had ever been,
especially when it is remembered that he had written The
Story of the Gadehye some half-d-dozen years before he left
India on this voyage at all. This, of course, may very
likely be due to the fact that Mr. Kipling is here, to some
extent, off his guards Also he was writing letters for a
paper, and, being a good journalist, he did not unduly
strain matters. Also, he was writing about himself, and
that is always a betrayal of an author's age ; in dramatic
essays it can be hidden. And yet — so many years after
The Story of the Oadshys— one is a little amused by the
youthful insistence upon jokes in which nakedness is
involved, and the record of such scraps of conversation
between himself and his fellow-traveller as this :
It rained monaoonishly, and the Professor discovered a
castle which he needs must see. " It's Osaba Castle," he
said, " and it has been fought over for himdreds of years.
Come aloDg."
« I've seen castles in India, Baighur. Jodhpur — nil sorts
of places. Let's have some more boiled salmoo. It's good
in this statioD."
** Pig," said the Professor.
Indeed, there are too many indications that Mr. Kipling,
but for the goodness of Providence (of which he is in
these pages repeatedly and vocally thankful), was within
no great distance of becoming a new humorist.
Perhaps the most interesting thing to do with li^om Sea
to Sea is to search for the seeds which afterwards bore
fruit. Tc^e, for instance, Hans Breitmann, the orchid
hunter, whom we meet in " Bertram and Bimi " and
" Beingelder and the German Flag " (in Lifers Handicap).
Mr. Kipling met him on the steamer running down to
Penang — "a German orchid-himter fresh from nearly
losing his head in the Lushai hills, who has been over
most of the world." The orchid-hunter told him the story
of ^e Bad People of Iquique, which Mr. Kipling straight-
way narrated for tiie readers of the Pioneer. It is a
poor story, not to be compared with "Beingelder" for a
moment, and Mr. Kipling proves his instinct for a g^ood
telling by serving up the indifferent yam to his news-
paper and saving the others for careful treatment. In the
same chapter, which describes a few hours in Burmah —
Mr. Kipling's only visit there — we find this passage : " I
* should better remember what the Pagoda was like had I
not fallen deeply and irrevocably in love with a Burmese
girl at the foot of the first flight of steps." Surely that
moment fathered " Mandalay.''
But it is time to look a litue at the truer Kiplinff as he is
revealed in these early writings. A glimpse of nim may
be had in the account, in "Letters of Marque," of a
ramble through Jeypore. After a while the traveller (the
narrative is rendered almost unreadable by the author's
trick of alluding to himself as "The Englishman" — a
mistake corrected into the first person sin^ilar in From
Sea to Sea) strayed into the Maharaja's pamce, and while
he was idling there
a fi^:ure in ssflron came out of a dark arch into the
Bonhght, almost falliDg into the arms of one in pink.
" Where have you come from P " "I have been to see ,"
the name was unintelligible. << That is a lie ; you have
not ! " Then, across the court, someone laughed a low,
croaking laugh. The pink and saffron figures separated
as though tbey had been shot, and disappeared into
separate bolt-holes. It was a curious little iucideut, and
might have meant a great deal or just nothing at all.
The ordinary young-man traveller would have missed that,
or treated it differently.
Here is a grimly humorous illustration oi the inveterate
artistry of the Japanese, of their overpowering instinct for
a picture :
Long ago a sreat-hearted king came to Nikko
Biver and looked across at the trees, up-stream at
the torrent and the hills whence it came, and down-
stream at the softer outlines of the crops and spurs
of wooded mouu tains. '* It needs only a dash of
colour in the foreground to bring this all together,"
said he, and he put a little diild in a bme and
white dresdng-ffown under the awful trees to judge the
effect. Emboldened by his tenderness, an aged beegar
ventured to ask for alms. Now it was the ancient privueg^
of the great to try the temper of their blades upon beggars
and such cattle. Mechanically the king swept off the old
man's head, for he did not wish to be disturbed. The
blood spurted across the granite slabs of the river-ford in
a sheet of purest verminon. The king smiled. Chance
had solved the problem for him. *^ Build a bridge here,"
he said to the court carpenter. ** of just such a colour as
that stuff on the stones. Build also a bridge of grey stone
close by, for I would not forget the wants of my people."
So he gave the little child across the stream a thousand
pieces of gold and went his way. He had composed a
landscape. As for the blood, they wiped it up and said no
more about it ; and that is the story of Nikko Bridge.
You will not find it in the guide-books.
Mr. Kiplinff for the most part escaped adventures. The
world passed before him as a panorama, and he saw it in
comfort. But at San Prandsco, in a Chinese gambling
den, he was for a moment or so in the midst of peril. A
Mexican and a Chinese had a difference :
Mark how purely a man is a creature of instinct.
Barely introduced to the pistol, I saw the Mexican half
rise in his chair and at the same instant found myself full
length on the floor. None had told me that this was the
best attitude when bullets are abroad. I was there prone
before I had time to think^^ropping as the room was
filled with an intolerable clamour like the discharge of
a cannon. In those dose quarters the pistol report had
no room to spread any more than the smoke — then acrid
in my nostrils. There was no second shot, but a great
sileooe in which I rose slowly to mv knees. The Chinaman
was gripping the table with bom hands, and staring in
front of him at an empty chair. The Mexican had gone,
and a little whirl of smoke was floating near the roof.
StiU gripping the table, the Chinaman said: ''Ah!" in
the tone that a man would use when, looking up from his
work suddenly, he sees a well-known friend in the doorway.
Then he coughed and fell over to his own right, and I saw
that he had been shot in the stomach.
After San Francisco the book loses interest. One feels
that Mr. Kipling, at that period of his life at any rate,
was wasted on America, nor was he happy there. He
was happy in seeing the Bret Harte country :
There were the pines and madrone-clad hills Lis miners
lived and fought among; there was the heated red eaith
that showed whence the gold had been washed ; the dry
gulch, the red, dusty road where Hamblin [Hamlin] was
220
The Academy.
17 March, 1900
used to stop the staffe in the intervals of his elegant leisure
and superior card-play ; there was the timber felled and
sweating resin in the sunshine ; and, above all, there was
the quivering pungent heat that Bret Harte drives into
your dull brain with the magic of his pen. When we
stopped at a collection of packing-cases dignified by the
name of a town, my felicity was complete.
And he was happy in meeting Mark Twain ; but between
the two, the West and the East, he was wretched and
bewildered, particularly so at Chicago.
We ought to point out that^om Sea to Sea has been
published in seB-defenco. Pirates are about, and if any
edition is to be circulated there may as well be an authori-
tative one — that is Mr. Kipling's very reasonable argu-
ment. We could wish^ however, that the proofs had been
rather more carefully read.
At the Bar of History.
Exphratio Evangeliea. By Percy Gardner, LL.D, (Black.)
The interposition of qualified laymen has done much of
recent years to give a bent to the speculation and research
of divines. To name English writers only, Matthew
Arnold, the author of Ecce Homo^ the author of Super-
natural Christianity ^ each in his turn has assisted to vitalise
controversy, and to turn theolo^cal studies into something
more than a grimoire. Ecclesiastical dovecotes may once
more be fluttered, but the impartial observer can only
welcome the appearance in the same field of so critical and
trained an historical investigator as the Lincoln Professor
of Archeology at Oxford. Prof. Gardner's competence
has already been proved by more than one admirable
volume upon the subjects of his chair. He now approaches
a cognate theme, in the handling of which tiiose habits of
weighing and considering evidence which he has acquired,
so to speak, in corpore vili, must necessarily stand him in
good stead.
The titie of the book is borrowed from a once famous
treatise of Prof, John Grote's. The sub-titie— " A Briet
Examination of the Basis and Origin of Christian Belief "
— expands and explains it, while the general trend of the
conclusions arrived at is given by a quotation from Amiel
to which the writer more than once returns. ** What an
age especially needs," said the French thinker, '* is a trans-
lation of Christianity from the domain of history to the
domain of psychology." Side by side with this dictum,
Prof. Gardner puts another by Jowett : ^'Eeligionis not
dependent on historical events, the report of which we
cannot altogether trust. Holiness has its sources else-
where than in history.'? These two quotations strike
the keynote of the whole essay. Obvioiwly, therefore, it
is two-sided. Parfly it is negative, or, rather, critical, for
it discusses with the merciless lomc of history the bads of
traditions on which, in the mind of the plain man, Chris-
tianity rests : partiy it is constructive, or, rather, recon-
structive, for it attempts to replace that basis, found
imtrustworthy, by another in the heart and moral ideals of
man. Prof. Gardner, in fact, emulates, on a more concrete
plane, the feat of Kant : he excludes theological concep-
tions from the sphere of Eeason as Specidative, to re-admit
them in the sphere of Beason as Practical.
The critical section is wedged in between two sections of
reconstruction in the actual ordering of the book ; logically,
perhaps it should come first. In a couple of hundred
dose-packed, but clear, pages Prof. Gardner gives a most
luminous survey of most of the vexed questions of New
Testament criticism. He deals successively with the
character of the documents and the preconceptions and
ideals, literary and doctriniJ, with which they were
written, the narrated events of the life of Christ, the
element of the miraculous in these and the recorded teach-
ing of the Master, the intellectual conditions, Jewish and
Hellenistic, under which the doctrinal ideas of the first
centuries took shape. On all these subjects he gives, from
the standpoint of an independent and judicial critic, a
thorough-going support to the main contentions of the
'^ advanced" writers of the second generation — such men,
for example, as Adolph Hamack and Albert Eeville. This
testimony is all the more important, firstiy, because, as we
said, it is that of a trained historian; and, secondly,
because it is in no sense that of a foe to Christianitpr. On
the contrary, Ptof. Gardner writes, *^ after many shnnkings
and hesitations," from a profound conviction that a creed,
to which he is sincerely and, we. gather, even devotedly
attached, can only gain from an honest and thorough-
going study of its own foundations. His own conclusions
are soberly but uncompromisingly. expressed. He is not
afraid to face the complete elimination of the miraculous
from the Gk>spel narrative. Miracles, he insists, were
bound to he attributed to the Founder of Christianity.
They '' have been in all ages of the world's history attri-
buted to those who appee^ed to have a spiritual mission
for mankind." The caiise of this is *' a confusion between
the power of men over the souls and bodies of other men
and their power over external things." History must
draw a sharp distinction between '' miracles proper — ^that
is, complete deviations from the course of nature," and
phenomena which, though abnormal, are not unparalleled
by human agencies acting under scientific observation.
Among the latter are included numerous recorded
'' miracles" which may be roughly classed as faith-
healing, and which are not consequently miracles in the
sense of acts of superhuman power testifying to the
divinity of the affent. Of miracles which, if they hap-
pened, would reiuly be miracles, so far as our present
knowledge of the laws of nature can be trusted. Prof.
Gardner sets aside (a) those recorded only in the Fourth
Gospel, and (h) those recorded in the narratives of the
infancy. The author of the Fourth Gospel is ^'a great
constructive thinker," but "he regards reported facts as
mere material to be accepted or rejected as may suit the
necessities of his doctrinal fabric." Similarly, the miracles
recorded in the early chapters of the Third Gospel, though
*^ superior in ethical and literary character " to the childish
fancies of the apocryphal gospels, are essentially of the
same legendary type as these. Certain other miracles in
the First and Thira Gospels occur in distinctively Petrine
passages, and Prof. Gardner suggests that Peter or the
exponents of his tradition had ''a readiness to accept the
miraculous on easy terms." There remain some three or
four *' miracles properly so called" which perhaps offer
the strongest resistonce to dissolvent criticism, because
they are found in '^incomparably our most sober and
trustworthy record" of the life of Jesus, the Second
(JospeL These are the stilling of a tempest at sea ; the
walking on the sea to the boat of the disciples; the
feeding of multitudes, twice repeated ; and the cursing of
the fig tree, with its result.
There are various ways in which the miraculous element
mav be eliminated from each of these stories without any
violence of hypothesis. I do not care to attempt any such
explanation, because it seems to me that no particular
explanation can reach more than a moderate degree of
probability. What is quite certain is, that any one of
half-a-dozen explanations is more likely to represent the
historic fact than an acceptance of the narrative as it
stands in a perfectiy literal and unimaginative fashion.
Prof. Gardner deals in a similar way with the question of
the, for Christianity, infinitely more important mirades of
the Incarnation and Eesurrection. The '* virgin-birth,"
he declares, is theology and not history. It is '^ a some-
what crude attempt to explain the nature of the Founder,"
and " partakes of the materialism which He seems to have
constantiy rebuked." It can be paralleled from almost
every Gentile religion, and is not even accepted by several
Christian Churches. Incidentally, Prof. Gardner combats
17 March, 1900.
The Academy.
221
the renewed attempt of Prof. Bamsay to uphold the
historic credibility of the tradition which places the scene
of the Nativity at Bethlehem. As for the Eesurrection,
''the accounts are inconsistent one with another, and
intertwined with false scientific views." St. Mary Magda-
lene was ''subject to nervous derangement/' and "in a
matter of visions her evidence would be of very little
value."
This brief analysis of a part of Prof. Gardner's argu-
ment is intended to illustrate the extreme nature of the
position to which a by no means hostile critic, making use
of the ordinary canons of historic evidence, is driven when
he once begins seriously to consider the historic basis of
Christianity. Naturally these and other of his conclusions
will be—have been — impugned, and we trust that he will
be led to support his precise and lucid smnmary of results
by an exhaustive statement of the considerations on which
they are based. It would be unfair to leave the book
witiiiout a few words on its constructive chapters, to which
we have no doubt that Prof. Gardner attaches even
greater importance than to the rest of his book. Only, of
course, he is a professed historian, and he is not a pro-
fessed psychologist, and naturally his views carry most
authority when he is on his own ground. Briefly, his
position appears to be this : Cut adrift from the tradition,
reb'gion finds its basis in the experience of the individual
and of the race. The individual is conscious " of sin and
its removal, and of the answer to prayer." This leads to
the conviction of a " Power within which works for right-
eousness." History reveals the working of the same
Power in the ordering of the world. Mjrth, legend, pro-
phecy, parable, doctrine, are various ways in which the
consciousness tries to represent to itself the activities of
this Power. They have no speculative validity, but they
have a relative validity, just in so far as they are fitted to
survive bv their adaptability to the practical needs of man.
On this view, our only criticism must be, that it seems to
repeat Kant's hard and fast distinction between the specu-
lative and the practical Beason. And in reality Beason is
not two, but one. The value of such doctrines as those of
the Divinity of Jesus or the Future Life to the Practical
Beason itself, depends entirely on their being regarded as
speculatively true. Destroy their speculative validity,
treat them n-ankly as dreams, and at once their subjective
validity vanishes. Prof. Gardner's psychologic evolution
of doctrine was not its historic evolution, in which obvi-
ously speculation had a large share ; and we do not think
he succeeds in showing that the psychology without the
history will uphold the superstructure. In any case, he
shows no signs of being prepared for the rifie fire of
psychologic criticism, which the constructive side of his
theory of Christianity will have to face. And we warn
him mat this will be no less searching than that which he
himself has brought to bear upon the historic entrench-
ments of the past.
After Hamlet.
The Prince. By Adolphus Alfred Jack. (Macmillan.
3s. 6d. net.)
It is a tribute to the vitality of the drama that, even
under the most depressing circumstances, good wits will
attack it. At the present moment few people will read
even an excellent play, and no manager will do more than
postpone the production of one. Yet there is rarely an
ambitious writer who does not, sooner or later, essay the
conquest of the medium in which the literary art becomes
most nearly creative. Mr. Jack has written The Prince
upon what we may call orthodox lines. He has no
affinities to the symbolism of the Continental and the Irish
drama. His precursors are Shakespeare and Browning,
in both of whom he has obviously soaked himself. The
play is in five acts of blank verse, and has an Italimi
setting. To our mind it shows considerable achievement
and greater promise, and deserves the careful attention of
all serious shidents of poetry. The interest is, of course,
mainly psychological. It arises out of a problem of
conduct, one of those problems the very statement of
which is a criticism of the scheme of things.
Men must choose
The best of two bad courses. That's the choice ;
There is no other in the world of men.
The "Prince" is Francesco, son of the Marquis of
Saluzzo. For him the choice falls between the sacrifice
of, not kingdom, but kinghood, and the sacrifice of
personal love and loyalty to a woman. He is brother to
the heir to the throne, and, as a younger son, makes a
secret marriage with the daughter of a merchant. Some
days after he learns that his brother died a few hours
before the marriage ; that he was, therefore, himself heir
at the time ; and that, consequently, his marriage, by the
law of the land, was null and void. He is now called
upon to take up the serious responsibilities of heirship,
and the claims of humanity and tne personal life at once
clash. He elects for humanity, weos his brother's in-
tended bride, and sacrifices to his calling himself and his
^rl wife. Mr. Jack does not put it all as baldly as this.
There is action and reaction. Francesco makes uie juster
and more merciful king for his personal experience of
suffering and wrong. But this is the framework of the
play, and the final judgment — whether he actually chose
the best of two bad courses — is left in the equipoise. The
handling of tlie theme, in its statement ana evolution,
seems to us somewhat unequal. The first two acts do not
quite grip. The issues remain a littie obscure, are not
quite broadly enough put. But you learn, firstiy, that
Mr. Jack has a real power over blank verse ; and, secondly,
that he knows how to keep it in proper subordination to
dramatic effect. The chief criticism that we should make
on the style is that it is, if anything, too much under the
domination of one of Shakespeare's manners — the involved,
tortuous manner of parts of " Hamlet." There are
phrases which startie one by the completeness with which
they have caught the trick of it :
The sleep that's now upon him
Was not as welcome. What a cast was there
'Twixt churchyard food and youth.
Or again :
.... to remember me
Of these ambitious might-be*s I forffo,
The weak thoughts of a mind that uips and swings
And starts at iniat it would.
The rhythm again, in the distribution of its pauses, the
cunning variety of its accents, is curiously Shakespearean.
But though it is a real achievement to be able to write
like " Hamlet," it is perhaps better still to be able to do
so and to refrain. The lesser authentic voice is really more
than the inspired echo, and Mr. Jack will, we hope, strike
out more finely. But, before we pass on, there are some
fine passages in these first two acts — ^not purple patches,
for iiney only stand out above a continuously high level of
diction and phrasing — which we must quote. The first is
a fragment of dialogue between the father and mother of
Francesco :
Marchioness. . . . There's nothing changed, —
Only, our sanguine garment's faded :
Oh, not more sweetiy in the morning sang
The morning birds, when all our world was young.
Than sounds their pipe to-day.
Mabquis. We*ll seek them, then,
And in the sarden where we found our loves
Dream, while we hear that plain song, Time has stood
Jn one continuing season.
222
The Academy.
17 March, 1900.
S
The Becond is a bit of soliloquy by the blind Meseer
Q^rardo Lanzetti, father of Francesco's love, Anrea :
Lanzbtti. ... I am so blind —
Bat then my hearing's rare. You cannot know them,
These frail delights that come to men who are old
And blmded. Musio pipes all day. The breeze
Makes music, and the small birds with their wings
Beat a rat-tat for me ; the air's aliye
With voices and innumerable soonds.
The tree-squirrels hurry through the shaken wood,
I hear it, and I hear the breath of men.
And, when the silence and blank darkness comes.
The whistle of lime's passage.
The third is a fine dramatic movement, and makes us
desire to see the play on the stage.
With the thiia act the dramatic situation gets hold of
ou. The scenes during which Francesco is deciding on
is renunciation are admirable. He sends a letter of
explanation to the deserted Aurea, and departs for Mont-
ferrat, to woo the Princess Domenica in his brother's
place, and to assume the responsibilities of sovereignty
there. How he understands those responsibilities, and
the sincerity of the motives which led him to ruin his life
and Aurea's rather than shirk them, are shown by another
good scene, in which he does justice, not as the commoner
mind conceives justice, upon two criminals. Meanwhile
the letter has failed to reach Aurea. In the dress of a lad
— Shakespeare again — she sets off in search of her hus-
band, falls among robbers, and is rescued b^ the Count
of Acqui, who, not knowing her story, falls m love with
her.
AuB. You are a gentleman.
CoTJXT. And you the star.
The single planet boming in the west.
Making the other silver nres of heaven
Show faded as the lady moon, and cold
As all my world without you. Would I speak,
Or could I trust my life on few short words,
I'd say — 0 hear me I — when you came it seemed
As if the fielded grass was springing flowers.
And there was c^our everywhere, sound, scent.
Warmth everywhere ; and now I think the earth
Alway contained but you, was always rich ;
I cannot think what fashion had my thoughts
If it is truth I was without you once.
And wondered at the spiritual life of birds
That are a part of air.
Aurea and the Count reach Montferrat, and the Count,
who now knows the story all but the deserting husband's
name, puts it to Francesco, in Aurea's presence, whether
she is not free to marry him.
We are not careful to enumerate all the defects of Mr.
Jack's work. They are there. Not enough is made of
the interludes with the dancing girls. Aurea's attitude to
the Count of Acqui needs a little development; and so
forth. But we can honestly say that few recent books of
poetry have interested us so much as Mr. Jack's. He has
put fundamental brainwork into it, a sense of style, a real
feeling for dramatic expression. And all these things are
rarer in literature than could be desired.
South Sea Thrills.
Among the Man-JSaUrs. By John Gaggin. (Unwin. 2s.)
'*To be eaten," says Mr. Qaggin, without emphasis, ''is
mostly the ultimate fate of many of the hardy white
adventurers in the western South Seas ; such is the final
result if the trader remains long enough. It may be
postponed for years, or it may happen at once ; but the
result is generally certain, sooner or later." Mr. Gaggin
went to Fiji in the cotton rush of 1871, and in later years
he knocked about the Solomons and other fearsome South
Sea paradises as a British Government agent. He appears
to know every beach, custom, and lingo. He has had
cannibal acquaintances who recognised him after years of
absence, and who remained true to him when they found
he was still lean. Again and again the ovens of Fiji or
Malicolo or Engela seem to have been heated for Mr.
Gag^in's reception, but a stout heart and a ready revolver
always brougnt him through. The superiority of many
of these cannibal over non-cannibal races is very marked.
Thus the islanders of Savo, the best canoe builders and
sailors in the Solomon group, are compared by Mr. Gaggin
to the Vikings. They flash over the seas in canoes sixty
feet long and eight or ten feet wide, and the best whale
boats cannot overtake them. A superb and pitiful scene is
thus described by Mr. Gkiggin :
While here at BoU harbour one day, the white mis-
sionary being absent, a great Savo war canoe, chanting
their weird war song, came s weepiog round the point under
fifty paddles. AU the villagers took to the bush at once,
but our boat faced the canoe, and halted her. It appears the
head chief of Savo had built a new house, and it had no
'* mana " yet, so it had been sent to Florida for two boys.
One fine lad was tied up, covered with leaves, at we
bottom of the canoe. The mute agony and entreaty in
the poor lad's eyes were more than I could stand, so I
offered seven brand-new Tower muskets, one after the
other, for the lad, and was refused. I must say I longed
to tadde this man-eating canoe. Yet I dare not. I was
a Government agent, an official, I was at a missionary
town. Even if tbe missionary was at home, we could not
save the boy except by force. A British man-of-war was
cruising around.^ Had I used force to save the lad I would
have been arrested in a week, and tried for my life in a
month. I hesitated. I suppose the native chief saw his
danger from my face and yelled something. The canoe
shot off like a great sea bird, my boat coold not overtake
her ; the moment to act had passed. That poor lad's face
haunted me for a week.
One day on a Solomon beach a little girl played Friday
to Mr. Gaggin — ^her Crusoe. She ran to him and, before
he was weU aware of it, placed his foot on her neck :
One knows what this means well enough. In hot war
it means that if a chief allows his foot to rest on the de-
feated one's neck the man's life is safe, but he is a slave
for ever, rescue or no rescue. I was puzzled at the child's
action. It was soon explained. Shortly afterwards down
came a lot of villag^ers, and insisted on taking the
youngster. I told them what she had done. They said
they did not care ; her mother was being cooked in the
town, and the child should go to the ovens with her.
" Never," I said. ** What I we who had eaten betel nut
tog^her many times to quarrel for a mere child, to whom
I had granted life in their own way." I swore they should
kill me first. They replied —
'* Oh, that was an easy thing to do."
A bold front was the only thing now. Luckily I had my
sixteen-shooter. Springing back, and putting a mark on
the sand with my foot, I swore I would shoot the first man
who crossed it. I said before, the natives do not care to
face an armed white in the open. They knew I could
answer for a dozen of them or so, and, although dubs
were up and bows bent, they hesitated — ^as well they
might ; and I knew I had mastered them. Then one pro-
posed I should buy the child fairly : they oared not to
fight a friend. To this I at once agreed, and a muss was
thus avoided, and a mission axe — ^worth tenpence — ^made
me a slave-owner. Tell it not in Gath.
Treachery is the weapon of cannibals, and it is pleasant
to have Mr. Gaggin's assurance that " no natives wiU face
an armed and determined white in the open — even one.
This is a rule." Certainly they never faced Mr. G^gin,
whose skill and bravery shine between his lines and
make his o£E-hand yams more enchaining than a p^lden
style. A group of literary men would be silent in Mr.
Gaggin's presence ; they would give him strong cigars and
bid him talk. A man who has rubbed noses by the half-
hour with hideous chiefs on Pacific islands, who has held
Christmas revel with cannibals in booming ocean caves,
17 March,' 1900.
The Academy.
223
who has known how near a good ship in a waveless lagoon
may be to bloody massacre, may write as he pleases, if he
will only write. This is the age of statement. Even omx
accomplished writers run to statement ; they minister to
the passion which men are feeling to know how life is
lived in mean streets and Indian cantonments, and in the
uttermost parts of the ocean. Mr. Gktggin goes on stating
in his cool, hom^-handed way, and for me time he is king.
He says his stones are correct ; you belieye him. Indeed
his stories do not greatly transcend what has been recently
written in more sober terms by Capt. Caylepr- Webster.
Mr. Gaggin thinks — with other authorities — that canni-
balism began in sheer hunger for flesh food, and that the
mitigation of the evil arose when Capt. Cooke brought
pigs to the Pacific. It is ^'a South Sea axiom" that if
fifty English people were deprived of all meat or fat for
a suffidentiy long period they would — ^but it is only a
South Sea axiom. Mr. G-aggin's book is oomnact of
grim realities — is such a tale as Othello wlusperea to the
blanched cheek of Desdemona. Its general accuracy is
above suspicion, and criticism has therefore nothing to say
to its blim and uilassumiiig statements. We should add
that the book is included in the ^* Overseas Library," a
series which has our hearty admiration.
Other New Books.
Bt Moob and Fbll.
By Halixwell Sutouffb.
Here we have a novelist elevating his favourite back-
grounds into a separate theme. In Rieroft of WUhem Mr.
Sutdiffe has shown himself the novelist of the Yorkshire
moors, boldly occupying the ground on which the Brontes
wreaked their passion and their genius. Passion abides
with Mr. SutcUfPe: he reiJly knows, really loves^ the
forlorn moors and sunny dales of West YorKshire. His
book deserves a finer word than topog^^y, shall we
say it is topography of a fine order ? We named the
Brontes : l£r, Sutdilfe has a chapter on them and on their
bl^tk Haworth. By the same token he is at issue with
Charlotte Bronte and with Mrs. Humphry Ward about
tiie sources of Emily Bronte's inspiration in Wuth^ring
Heights. Mr. Sutdiffe pictures the shy Emily knocking
boldly at the doors of moorland farmhouses, and making
herself at home in their great kitchens ; pictures her talk-
ing '' like the upland folk who have ^ven her welcome.
• . . presentiy she will to to the far mistal, to have a look
at the roan cow . . . i£e will be insatiably curious as to
all farm implements . . . she will get into wordy conflict
with the oldest farm hand." Mr. SutdifEe says the Joseph
of Wuthering SeighU may be found in any low-lying farm
among the moors. Thus he scouts Charlotte Bronte's idea,
ratifiM by Mrs. Humphry Ward, that Emily ''had
scarcely more practical knowledge of the people round her
than a nun luus of the country folk who sometimes pass
her convent gates." A pretty difPerence of opinion, in-
volving the question whether we are to regard Wuthering
Meigh^ as a patient reproduction of Yorkshire moorland
life by a keenly observant, yet imaginative, woman, or as
a triumphant evocation of it by a woman of rare poetic
and creative genius.
All this leaves unsaid needful words about this book,
which no one who has truly loved one scrap of England
can read unmoved. For here we have the language not
of mere tourist description, but of yeazninff memory. The
very stories which bghten the pages, like that of Jose
Wark's bamboozling of the Army doctor, or the Bingley
schoolmaster who saddled a stranger's mare in mistake
for his own horse, are told, not for their e&ct as stories,
nor for any Yankee symmetry or completed humour they
possess : they are told for their slow revelation of character
bred from the soil. Soil and sun and wind, and the
human lives they have done so much to moulds these are
Mr. SutdifPe's theme. How vast the starry night above
the rocks of Ponden Slirk, how dolorous ue rain- winds
of November on Haworth Moor, how dowly in the summer
heat the folk move about Kylstone village, how remotely
under the moonlit fells throbs the dance of Bumstall
Pair! Old squirearchical days, old Methodist days, old
ghost stories— not yet out of the blood — Mr. Sutcliffe
knows them all. Li its small world and way, this is a
true book. (Unwin.)
Shaksspbabb's Much Ado about Nothhto.
Editbd bt Hobace Howabd Fubnbss, M.A«
The merits of Mr. Pumess's ''New Variorum " Shake-
speare do not, at this time of day, need preaching : it is
enough to dironide the wdcome issue of yet another
volume of the Comedies. Mr. Pumess has, naturally
enough, no revolutionary theories to propose about
<< Much Ado " ; but his patient and laborious compilation
of all the ore and much of the dross in what a hundred
commentators have written on the play will save the brains
and economise the time of many a student. His own
critical divagations, moreover, are always learned, touched
with humour, and on the side of sanity. He attempts to
discover some traces of a '' first state " of the play, and
apologises: "This, of course, is pure conjecture — but
does it herein differ from the majority of SheJcespearean
assertions?" He thinks that this ''first state" was the
"Benedicte and Betteris" played at court, according to
Lord Treasurer Stanhope's accounts, in 1613. It is just
possible, but on the whole it seems more likdy that
"Much Ado," like others of Shakesneare's plays, was
known by more than one name. One does not see why a
" first state " should continue to be ^yed after the re-
vision had taken place. The court of King James did not
share the ideals of the Elizabethan Stage ^>dety. In any
case Mr. Pumess will have nothing of Mr. Brae's theory
that we are to look for a " first state " of " Mudi Ado " in
the lost "Love's Labour Won" mentioned by Prands
Meres. We think he is right. The name womd fit any
one of half a dozen comedies. The popular fancy is
"All's Well that End's WeU": the daims of the
" Tempest" and the " Taming of the Shrew " have been
urged : Mr. Pumess thinks, and so do we, that there is
something to be said for " As You Like It." " But it is
all guesswork, from which the guessers alone retire with
intdlectual benefit. However, ' the fox is worth nothing,'
says Svdney Smith, ' it is the catching alone that is the
sport.' '' Mr. Pumess tilts at a dictum of Coleridge, that
Dofi^beny and his comrades are dragged into the play,
" ymem any less ingenioudy absurd watchmen and night
constables would have answered the mere necessities of
the action." On the contrary, Mr. Pumess thinks that
Shakespeare " was forced, by the necessities of the action,
to have stupidity rule supreme at those points where he
has given us the immortal Dogberry," and his analysis of
the dramatic value of the watchmen scenes is a pretiy
enough page of criticism. (J. B. lippincott Co.)
NOTBS FBOM A DiABY,
1886-1888. B Y Sib M. E. Gbant-Dtjff
Beviewing Sir Mounstuart (}rant-Duff has come to
resemble the child's pastime of threading chestnuts on
a string; with this difference, that the child deals with
diestnuts exdusively, whereas the most engaging of
living diarists varies them with other kinds. When he
recoras with appreciation that a poor wicket-keeper has
been compared to the Andent Mariner, in that "he
stoppeth one of three," we have to dgh a littie, because
this was a joke which we have known for a lifetime ; but
then will come such a story as the following, to atone for it :
" When Lord AmpthiU was young he kept a collection of
much-cherished serpents in a room which opened into his
motiier's. ' But don't you,' some one said to Lady William ,
' find that very disagreeable ? ' ' Oh, yes,' she repliedi
224
The Academy.
17 March, .900.
' veiy disagreeable indeed ; but I like dear Odo to have
home ties. ' '' We select several others. Thorwaldsen the
soulptor said: ''The day is the life of the statue, the
plaster is its death, the marble is its resurrection.'' On
mentioning a trick that the Khedive had of saying con-
tinually, ''Ceci et ga," someone told of an old country
gentleman who similarly had a habit of saying, ''Little
dogs, little dogs," whicb be repeated incessantly, sometimes
insulting those of his hearers who did not know him.
Some one, in the time of the Busso-Turkish war, met
Buskin, and told him that Plevna had fallen. " Plevna ? "
49aid Buskin ; " I never heard of it. I know of nothing
later than the fourteenth century." " Capital speech that
of yours," said an M.P. to Lord Charles Beresford ; " very
good speech indeed ; but you don't look like a statesman."
" I daresay not ; no more do you look like a weathercock."
The diarist's discretion prevents us from doing more than
guess at the weathercock's name; but everyone will do
that. Lamartine was so fond of dust that he preferred
always driving in the second carriage in order to enjoy it.
An American paper once contained this announcement:
" Mr. Browning has declined to furnish us with a poem in
exchange for a thousand dollars. We find ourselves more
unable than ever to understand Mr. Browning." Old Sir
William Erie remarked to some one who offended him :
" You don't know the strength of the expression which I
am not using." Matthew Arnold wrote in a visitor's book
in 1884:
Of little threads our life is spun,
And he spins ill who misses one.
Sir Mountstuart Grant-DufE cannot be said always to have
elicited the utmost possible from the eminent persons
whom he met. We find this entry in his diary for ^ May
23, 1887: "I asked him [Bret Harte] what was the
industry of Crefeld, where he had been consul. 'Silks
and velvets,' he replied; 'in the production of these it
comes second to Lyons.' " Whereas he might have talked
about Yuba Bill, or told of one of the other occasions on
which Mr. Brown's sarcasms had half cleared out the
town! But these are very attractive volumes none the
less. (Murray.)
Fiction,
Besurrection. By Leo Tolstoy.
(Henderson. 6s. net.)
In the summer of last year we dealt fully with Count
Tolstoy's new novel as far as it had then gone in its serial
publication. And now that the complete book has been
published, and we have read it to the end, we realise that in
choosing that time for our article we acted upon what was
nothing short of an inspiration. For the melancholy truth
has to DC confessed that this novel, which began so finely
and of which so much was expected, declines into some-
thing very little better than a tedious tract. At a certain
stage the publication was interrupted while the author
made up his mind how to go on — or, at least, that was the
report. With the book before us, there is, alas ! only too
much reason to believe it ; for though the story is now
brought to at least one of its possible conclusions, it is
without life, tenseness, enthusiasm, and, worse than all, it
is diffuse and wayward.
Prince Nekhludoff, it will be remembered, years ago
seduced his aunt's servant. He forgets the whole affair
until, serving on a jury, he recognises the girl in the
prostitute charged with poisoning a merchant. She is
convicted and condenmed to Siberia, and Nekhludoff first
throws himself into the attempt to procure her acquittal,
and afterwards determines to go to Siberia with her and
marry her in order that her lot may be the lighter. To do
this he gives up his old friends, his sociaJ ties, his property.
That is the story of Resurrection^ culminating in Nekhlu-
doff's discovery that perfect peace of mind is his.
The trial, the seduction, the dealings with lawyers and
officials, and the Prince's relations and mends are, as we said
last summer, done wonderfully. The whole thing lives. But
with the departure to Siberia the story flags, and apparently
the author's power weakens. Life stories of other con-
victs are drawn across the trail, and the end, in which
Maslova, the prostitute, declines to permit Nekhludoff to
carry out his part of the expiation, is inconclusive. In
fact, what began as a convincing and realistic drama of
awakened conscience and convict life constructed by a
great artist, terminates as if it were part of the heavy
octavo of a zealous prison reformer. It is sincere and
moving in a way ; but, oh, the novel that is lost !
Notes on Novels.
[^These notet on the toeeh^e Fietion Oflre not neceesarily final.
Reviews of a eeleetion will foUow,']
Thb Kiss of Isis. By Captain Aethub Haggabd.
Captain Haggard, who is a brother of Mr. Eider Hag-
gard, tells how a British officer came under the power of
file Spirit of Evil (who had a face like a leper), and
remained in bondage until he could be released by the
kiss of Isis. He at last wins to the goddess, and behold !
she is Ena Feilden, an heiress and his love. (Hurst &
Blackett. 3s. 6d.)
The Stbong God Cibcumstanob. By Hblen Shipton.
A serious novel. The hero, a clergyman, is unjustly
suspected of fraud in coaching his pupils for examinations.
He makes a good fight, and is loved by two women, one
of whom sacrifices herself that he may be happy with the
other. A novel above the ordinary level. (Meuiuen. 6s.)
A Makbb of Nations.
By Guy Boothby.
The maker of nations is Mr. Joseph Spielman, who
pulls wires to perfection. But it is Dick Durrington,
soldier of fortune, who is the central figure of this
story. Wben we say that it opens in a gambling saloon
in Cairo, and passes to a South American Bepublic in a
state of war, students of Mr. Boothby will know enough.
(Ward, Lock & Co. 5s.)
The Habvestebs. By J. S. Flbtoheb.
This story is '^ truly rural," but it does not exdude
tragedy. Love and poaching supply the chief interests.
"Black Archer," the poacher, is not provided with the
right vocabulary: a poacher would not speak of birds
'* outlined against the sky " ; he would not speak of his
"designs" when planning a night's sport ; nor would he
say to his son, " I have determined to sboot you if you
persist in your stupid conduct." (John Long. 6s.)
Without the Limelight. By Geobge R. Sims.
In his own way Mr. Sims is always effective. Here he
shows us what theatrical life is benind the scenes : how,
for instance, the fairy queen of a pantomime had to turn
out of her sordid lodgings on Christmas night and sleep
in a mourning coach, and breakfast in the midst of an
undertaker's stock. The little good-hearted servant-maid,
who asks everyone to excuse her vulgarity, is an amusing
figure. There are twelve stories. (Chatto & Windus.)
Maboelle of the Latin Quabteb. By Chas. Holland.
In this story, Mr. Holland tries to do for the Latin
Quarter of to-day what Henri Murger did for it fifty
years ago. We are among artists and models, we sip
absinthe on the Boule Miche. There is much caf6 and
studio talk like this: '*If old Tissit illustrates the
Apocrypha I should advise him to buy ' Le Bain de
Suzanne ' for a frontispiece." (Pearson. 6s.)
The Academy^ March 17, 1900.
Spring
Supplement.
IR. f I. HEIHKimni'S HEW POBLICATIOMS.
INNEBHOST ASIA:
TRAVEL AND SPORT IN THE PAMIRt.
Bj RALPH P. GOBBOLD, late 60th Rifles.
With Maps and numerous lUnstrationB from Photographs. 1 vol., demy 870, 21s.
The Jfom^ PM — ** To fche lover of nport and travel Mr. Cobbold's book will be welcome.
To the stadeat of political developmeDts id the Bast it will poeseis value for lueh light aa it
throws on the way in which RuMun doingi in a remote coiner of Asia atrilce an obeerver on
""'^" PINK AND SCARLET;
OR, HUNTING Aft A ftCHOOL POR ftOLDIBRINa
By Lieat-Oolonel E. A. H. ALDBESON.
Profusely Illnstrated. 1 voL, 78. 6d. net.
Blmdkmo^t Maaaaina.—" A sportaman eveiywhcre makes a good soldier. A man with an
eye for c^ond will, in war. be a genius, for the ground la always with a soldier. Hunting
I of the ground they gallop over."
men make good soldiers ; they l«am the value 1
LORD ROBKRTft AND LORD KITOHENBR AT THE PRONT.
Portraits by Willuh Nicbolboit.
1. LORD KITCHENER OF KHARTUM.
2. FIELD MARSHAL LORD ROBERTS.
Mounted on card, 28. 6d. each ; or framed, 6s. each.
DR. IBftBN'ft NEMf PLAY.
WHEN WE DEAD AWAKEN.
A Play in Thxee Acts by HENRI C IBSEN.
Translated by WILLIAM ARCHER.
Oloth, 88. net. ZNext week.
ROftTANiyft GREAT PLAY.
CYRANO DE BERGEBAa
Translated by GLADYS THOMAS and llARY G0ILLEMARD.
Cloth, 2s. 6d. ; paper. Is. 6d.
■ N.B»—ThU is the onlt published Translaii<m ofMostand's Play, in which
Mr. Charles Wnndhatn will appear shorthf in London.,
HAUPTMANN*ft NEW PLAY.
THE SUNKEN BELL: a Fairy Play.
By GERHART HAUPTMANN.
Cloth, 4s. net.
TWO PLAYft BY PROPBftftOR GILBERT MURRAY.
CARLTON SAHIB. I ANDROMACHE.
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ARTHUR ftYMONSPft NEW WORK.
THE SYMBOLIST MOVEMENT DST
LITERATURE.
By ARTHUR SYMONS.
1 vol., 6s.
A NEW VOLUME OP "LITERATUREft OP THE WORLD."
A HISTORY of RUSSIAN LITERATURE.
By K. WALI8ZEWSKI.
Crown 8to, 0s.
AMERICA TO-DAY:
OBftERVATIONft AND REPLEOTIONft.
By WILLIAM AROHER.
1 vol., OS.
V. D. HowKLLB in JAUratwrt.—** Fall of suggestion for the refleetl^e American as well aa
eomftrt for the sensitive American. Rarely has this Republic been treated by so kindly, so
oonseientlous, and so competent a hand.**
A NEW AUTOBIOGRAPHY.
MY FATHER AND L
By Conntees DE PULIGA.
With Portraits. 1 vol., 6s.
NEW SIX-SHILLING NOVELS.
THE REBEL. By H. B. Marriott Watson-
HEARTS IMPORTUNATE. By Evelyn Dickinson.
THE WHITE TERROR. By Felix Gras, Autlior of
" The B«la of the Midi."
THE WORLD'S MERCY, and other Stories. By
FOLLY CORNER. By Mrs. Henry Dudeney, Author
of " The Matemit; of Harriott Wicken.
ISteond ImpnttUut.
SAMPSON LOW, MARSTON & GO.'S
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2 vols., 36s. net.
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" Excellent."— TVnw. " Masterly."— PoZi Mall QazetU.
A THIRD BDITION IS IN PEBPARATION OF
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EG 7 DBVBEEUX. With Map. Grown 870, cloth extra, fa.
" Does not contain a single doll page."— Pa U MaU Oasette.
BURMA By Max and Bertha Ferrars.
300 pp. Text, and 460 Illastrations from PUbtographs. 1 vol., demy 4to,
dotn extra, 30s. net. XReady shorihf.
Illustrated Prospectus post free on appUetuion»
Demy Sro. New and Cheaper Edition. Dlastrated.
RUINED CITIES of 0E7L0N : being a
Description of Anoradhapnra and Polanamwa. By HENRY W. GAVE,
M.A. [ Jfi preparation.
Demy 8vo, with 33 Full-page ninstrations and Maps. 14s. net.
THE REMARKABLE HIST0R7 of the
HUDSON'S BAT GOMPANY, including that of the French Traders of
North-Western Canada, and of the North-Weat, XT, and A£tor Fur
Companies. By GEORGE BRTGE, M.A., LL.D., Professor in Manitoba
College, Winnipeg ; Delegn^ Regional de 1* Alliance Scientiflque de Paris :
Member of General Committee of British Association; Fellow of
American Association for Advancement of Sdeaoe; Author of
"Manitoba" <18e2); "Short History of Canadian People" (1887);
■ ■ *' Canada " in Winsor's Nar. and Ciit. Hist, of America, Ac.
VBeady shortly^
lUustrctted Prospectus post frte on application.
Fully lllustiHted. Royal 8ro, 14b. net.
EXPERTS on GUNS and SHOOTINO. By
G. T. TBASDALB BUCKELL. [Beady.
Fourteen years' experience as Editor of Land and Wttter has brought the
Author into contact with all the new Gunnery Inrentions as well as with the
Inventors themselyes. The views of the latter the Author records, each upon
his strongest point in Gimnery, when, and only when, he can endorse tbem
from bis own long experience of sport.
IMPORTANT WORK FOR ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS AND OTHERS.
Crown 8vo, with Numerous Illustrations. 12s. 6d. net
STANDARD P0L7PHASE APPARATUS
and STSTEMS. By MAURICE A. AUDIN, M.S., Mem. Am. Ins. E.E.
" The book is well supplied with illustrations and diagrams, which help out
the already lucid demonstrations and descriptions of the text. It should be
tbe more welcome because its subject is relatively novel in practice and
hitherto little dMlt with, if at all, in technical literature of so general an
address as this."— iSoo^man.
THE DIUTURNAL THEORT of the
EARTH; or, Nature's System of Constructing a Stratified Physical
World. By WILLIAM ANDREWS. With Portrait of Anther and
2 Maps. 8vo, pp. 676, 16s. net. [_Beady.
Tenth Edition, Beviced and greatly Enlarged. Cloth, 6s.
INSTRUCTIONS in PHOTOORAPHT. By
Captain W. DE W. ABNET, C.B., R.E., D.C.L., F.R.S.
The Standard Manual of the Photographic Practitioner. INearty ready.
London : WM. HSINEMAKN, 21) Bedford Storeet, W.G.
THE FLORAL ART of JAPAN. Being
a Second aod Revised Edition of "THE FLOWERS OF JAPAN AND
THE ART OF FLORAL ARRANGEMENT." By JOSIAH CONDER,
F.R.I.B.A. With 14 Full-Page Coloured Plates, 66 Full-Page OntUne
Plates, and 39 Smaller. Illustrations in the Text, all by Japanese Artists.
Super-royal 4to, cloth gilt, 458. net. [Beady .
INVALUABLE TO ALL INTERESTED IN BOOKS.
THE ENGLISH CATALOGUE of BOOKS
for the YEAR 1899. Royal 8vo, cloth limp, 6s. net; or half-roan, limp,
78. 6d. net. [Ready.
It contains, as usual, the full Titles of all the Books of the Year IbW, under
Author and Subject in one Continuous Alphabet, as well as a Classification
under leading subjects; and a List of London Publishers and their full
Addresses.
London : SAMPSON LOW. MARSTON, & COMPANY, LTD.,
St. Donstan'B Hoiue, Fetter Lane, EX?.
226
The Academy Spring Supplcanent.
17 March, 1900.
SMITH, tLDEB, & C0.'8 NEW BOOKS.
NBW VOLUME BY OONAN DOYLBi
To be Publiflhed on Maroh 27th. With a Frontuipieoe. Crown 8?o, 6s.
THE GREEN FLAG,
And other Tales of War and Sport.
By OONAN DOYLE,
Author of " The White Company/' " Bodney Stone," Ac.
OOMPLKTION OP DIt. W. H. PITOHBTT'S NBW PATftlOTIO
WORK.
HOW ENGUND SAVED EUROPE :
The Story of the Qreat War (1793-1815).
By W. H. FITCHETT, B.A., LL.D.,
Anther of "Deeds that Won the Empire," "Fights for the Flag.*' Ao.
On April 4th. With 16 Portraits and 10 Plans. Crown 8vo, 6s.
Vol. IV.^WATERLOO AND ST. HELENA.
CoVTXinS OF THS PSByiOVB YOLVMV:—
Vol. I.-PROM THB LOW OOUNTRIBS TO BQYPT. With 16 Portraits
and 8 Plana.
Vol. II.— THB BTRUQQLB POR THB BBA. With 16 PortraiUand6
Plana.
Vol III.— THB WAR IN THB PBNINBULA. With 16 Portraits and 16
Plans.
Spectator,-^** Bzactly the sort of history desired by the million. The
work is worthy of the author of ' Deeds that Won the Empire ' and ' Fights for
the Flag.' "
LUeratwre.^** A glowing piece of work. We should take pleasure in know-
ing that thousands of British boys had obtained this volume.^'
Sketch,—*' Snoh books as Mr. Fitohett*s are the makers of Englishmen in the
highest sense of the term These who are acquainted with his earlier work
will find in this esuunple of his genius the same vivid word'picturlng capacity,
the same virid descriptive ability, and the same vivid character-drawing."
NBW VOLUME OF
THE ''HAWORTH" EDITION of tho
UFfi AND WORKS OF THE SISTERS BRONTE.
To be completed in 7 vols., large crown 8vo, with Illustrations, 6s. each.
On M ABCH 26th. With a Portrait of Anne Brontg, a Facsimile of the Title-page
of the First Edition, and 6 Full-page Illostiiatians.
Large crown 870, cloth, gilt top, 6s.
Vol. VI.-THB TBNANT OP WILDPBLL HALL. By ANNE BBONTB.
With a Preface by Mrs. HUMPaRY WARD.
(7iMird<af».— " Mrs. Humphry Ward is a critic of the first order. Never
before have the Bronte sisters been so accurately placed, so delicately differ-
entiated alike from one another, and from others of their craft."
%• VoL VII.-THB LIPB OP OHARLOTTB BRONTB. By Mrs*
6ASKBLL. With an Introduction and Notes by CLEMENT K*
SHORTER, completing the edition, will be published on April 26th.
Prospectus of the edition on applioar-ion.
THE DIOTIONARY OF NATIONAL BIOGRAPHY.
The Last Volame bat One.
On March a6th. Bc^al 8vo, 15s. net in cloth; or in half -morocco, marbled
edges, 20s. net.
VOL. LXU. (WILLIAMSON— WORDE) OF THE
Dictionary of National Biography.
Edited by SIDNEY LEE.
NoTi.— ^ Full Protpeetiu qf" The JHeHcnarw qf National Biography," with
Sptcimen Poffes, may be had upon application,
*«* Vol. I. was published on January 1st, 1886, and a Volume has bee^cj
isfiued every three months since that date. Volume LXIIL, completing the
work, win be published on July Ist, lOOO.
NBW NOVBL BY THB AUTHOR OP '< A BRIDB BLBOT."
Just Published. Crown 8vo, 68.
Spectator.-'" Kr, Douglss shows a distinct
gift for the handling of the uncanny. If the
reader embarks on * Nemo ' under proper con-
ditions, it should certainly * gar him grue.' "
NEMO.
By THEO. DOUGLAS,
Author of "A Bride Elect,"
Iras : a Mystery." *' Carr of
Dimscaur," &c.
(I
NEMO.
Academy.— " L strong and well-constructed
story. Mystery, excitement, humbug, and
detection keep the story thoroughly alive, and
the lo^e interest is never dropped."
PtUl Mall Gazette.^" Altogether a story that
makes one hasten back to it as soon as possible,
-. —...^ ^^«.^. .^ *' ^' ^■■» ^y chance, to be temporarily put
By THEO. DOUGLAS, down, and that one is sorry to have finished."
A, & C. BLACK'S LIST.
NOW RB\DY.— Oiown 8to, oloth, prioe 2«. 6d. nat,
THE DIVINE DISCIPLINE OF ISRAEL.
An Address and Three Leotores on the Growth of
Ideas in the Old Testament
By a. BUOHANAN GRAY, M.A,
Professor of Hebrew and Old TeBtament Exegesis m Mansfield
College, Oxford, Aathor of " Hebrew Proper Names.**
Thoughtful, scholarlv, and reasonable."— Otc^^ooft.
Wereoognise to the full tbs value of such teaching as Mr. Gray's.*'
Speetaior,
4«
NOW BEADY.^remy 8to, oloth, prioe 7b. 6d. net.
THE GRAMMAR OF SCIENCE.
By KAEL PEABSON, M.A., F.B.S.,
Professor of Applied Mathematios and Meohanica in Universitj
College, London.
Second EditloD, thoroughly Be viced and mnoh Enlarged.
Oontaina Two entirely Ne«r Chapters on Natural Seleotion and
Heredity, embraoing a Popular Aooount of Prof. Peareon*8
own more reoent work in this direction.
Contaioiog 33 Illustrations in the Text.
■* It is still a grammar in that It deals with the foundations of science ; but a
far more ambitioas title might haye been given to so comprehensive a work."
The Bookman.
" This powerf al book We recommend all readers, and espMBOiaUy scientists,
metaphysioians, theologians, and last, but not least, the writers of sdentiflo
text-books to read and digest this well-written, clearly reasoned deaciiption of
what science and scientific method is."— Poll MaU Oagette.
London : BAilTH, ELDER & CO., 15, Waterloo FUtoe, S.W.
NOW BEADY, SECOND AND ENLABGED EDITION.
Crown 8?o, oloth, price 78. 6d.
A HISTORY OF SOCIALISM.
By THOMAS KIBKUP.
"Mr. Kirknp*s bo>k was recognised at its first appearance as the standard
history of Socialism, and careful study has only revealed new excellences, and
confirmed oar judgment."— Tfta Bookman.
** Mr. B^irkup has done more than any other writer to expound the history
and philosophy of the Sociallstio movement ; to present it without the exaggera-
tion of the enthusiast, or the contemptuoas and meticulous criticism of extreme
individualists...... On all historical and philosophical points connected with his
subject the book is notably learned and interesting."— ^twrtfay Review,
NOW BEADY.— 1 voL, orown 870, doth, prioe 8s. 6d.
A PLEA FOR A SIMPLER LIFE, AND
FADS OF AN OLD PHYSICIAN.
By GEOBGE S. KEITH, M.D.
With Portrait of the Author and a New Preface.
" We can recommend this book very heartily. Its particular precepts may
not suit everyone, but its tone is broad, healthy, and sane."— TiA« Aeademy,
NOW BEADY, SECOND EDITION.
2 ?ols., demy 8?o, cloth, prioe 24s.
SOCIAL LIFE OF SCOTLAND IN THE
EIGHTEENTH CENTURY.
By HENRY GBEY GBAHAM.
Crowned by The Academy, January, 1900.
** He shows us a Scotland in which the gentry were just beginning to drink
tea adorn their rooms with wall-paper, and wear linen next their skin. He
sketches the rise of the theatre, art, and a new literature in Edinburgh. The
dress, the sports, the eating habits, and the social amenities of the age take
life again in Mr. Graham's pages, in which literary style is the efficient, not
obstrusive, handmaid of what may be called tesselated history."— ^eodMiy.
NOW BEADY, price 6d. net
WHO'S WHO AT THE WAR.
Containing the Biographies of Di8tingui^hed Persons in South Africa-
Taken from the weli-kaown biographical annual, " Who's Who.'*
With Additional Names, List of Regiments, Lists of Oflftoers Killed
and Wounded, Vocabulary and Bibliography.
" A handy and timely selection from * Who's Who.' "—Literature.
" This is a useful Utile book which suiiplies information that is often asked
for about the careers of the principal officers now leading in South Africa
It is arranged on the now familiar p*an of tho annual, ' Who's Who,* and is
therefore b& conveni9nt as poaaible for ready reference."- rA« Timte.
A. & C. BLACK, Soho Square, London.
17 March, 1900.
The Academy Spring Supplement.
227
SATURLAT: MARC a 17, iOOO.
The Spring Publishing Season,
New Books and Announcements.
Perhaps only an eye accustomed to the publishing arena
would see in the following lists the restraining influence
of the war on book production. That influence is really
yery marked, yet. among the surviving announcements are
many of great interest. Mr. Basil Ghampneys* Zi/e and
Correspandenea of Covmtry Fatmor$ is a book to which many
look forward. Mr. Lang's Hiitory of Scotland from the
Eoman Occupation and Mr. Leslie Stephens's The Engluh
UtiUtariana will be welcomed by serious students. Science
will be the richer for what it finds in Dr. Nansen's memoirs
of his Norwegian North Polar Expedition. Prof. Knapp's
edition of the works of George Borrow, begun by the
issue of Lav&ngroy will be continued. Mr. W. H. Mallock
will give us both prose and poetry. Mrs. Meynell's study
of John Buskin, and Mr. Eichard Le Gallienne's critique
of Mr. Kipling, are sure to excite discussion. These are
but chance drops in the plenteous shower. On tiie whole,
the Spring publishing season of 1900, though attenuated,
is distinctly " in being."
Mr. George Allen. .
Morrah (Herbert), The Literary Year Book, 1900 3/6
Beddie fCecil), Abbotaholme (1889-1899): Ten Years'
Work in an Bducational Laboratory , net 10/6
Buskin (John), Oiotto and His Works in Padua. A new
smail edition of the work f oroierly in the possession
of the Arundel Society, with index and explan-
atory criticisms of the JB'rescoes depicting the Life of
tiie Holy Family net 7/6
Buskin (John), PrsBterita. New Edition. Now complete
in three volumes each net 5/0
Hare (Augustus J. C), Paris. New Edition. 2 vols 6/0
Blake (J. M.), In the Wind of the Day net 3/0
Messrs. Bell & Sons.
Ghampneys (Basil), Coventry Patmore : His Family and
Correspondence
Prior (B. S.), A History of Gtothic Art in Bngland net 31/6
Gatty (Mrs. Alfred), The Book of Sun-Dials. Bevised
and greatly enlarged by H. K. F. Eden and Eleanor
Lloyd. With a chapter on Portable Dials, by Lewis
Evans, F.S.A. New edition (the fourth) net 31/6
Mowat (William), A Treatise on Stairbmlding and Hand-
raiiinfi", including a Section on Stone Stairs. In-
tended for the use of House and Ship-Joiners,
Builders, Architects, and Students net 28/0
Crane (Walter), Line and Form
Long (Qeorge), Marcus Aurelius Antoninus. The twelve
books. New edition, printed in large type at the
Chiswick Press net 12/6
Hamilton (Afrs.), Gregorovius' History of the City of
Borne in the Middle Ages. Vol. YII. The Fifteenth
Century. In two Parts each net 4/6
Gwatkin (H. M.), Studies in Arianism: the Character of
the Beaction following the Council of Nicaea
Wood (General Sir Evelyn), Achievements of Cavalry.
With a chapter on Mounted Infantry. Cheaper Be-
issue net 3/6
Bodley (G. F.), Poems net 5/0
Welles (Charles Stuart), The Lute and the Lays : a Book
of Foems net 3/6
Browne (Edith), Beadings on the Life of Our Lord 2/0
Douirlas (Helen), The Silver Cross : a Selection of Poems
for ttie Sick and Suffering 2/6
Trine (Balph Waldo), In Tune With the Infinite ; or, Ful-
ness of Peace, Power, and Plenty net 3/6
Keedham (Lieut. -Col. the Hon. Henry C.), Croquet.
'^ All England " series i/o
Secoombe (Thomas), The Age of Johnson (1748-1798). S/6
The ChiBvnck Shakespeare {vrith. Intro i notions and Glos-
saries by John Dennis, Illustrations by Byam Shaw) :
Hamlet, The Merchant of Yenice, Othello, Bomeo
and Juliet, King John, As Yon like It, Macbeth,
The Tempeet, The Winter's Tale, King Lear, A Mid-
summer Night's Dream. Shortly: welfth Night,
Bichard II ', each, net 1/6
Handbooks of the Oreat Masters : Bushforth (G. MdNeil),
Carlo Crivelli. — ^Brinton (Selwyn), Correggio. — Bea
(Hope), DonateUo. — Williamson (G. C), Pemgino
eaoh 5/0
Messrs. A. & C. Black.
Mallock (W. H.). Lnoretlns on Life and Death , net 10/0
Mallock (W. H.), Doctrioe and Doctrinal Disruption
probably, net 7/6
Crockett (W. S.), The Scott Conntry probably, net 3/6
Cheyne (Kev. T. K.), EncydopsBdia Biblica : a Dictionary
of the Bible. Yol. II.. E to J net 20/0
Qtaj (G. Buchanan), The Divine Discipline of Israel... net 2/6
Plleiderer (Otto), Evolntion and Theology net 6/0
Hayman (Bev. H.), The Epistles of the New Testament, net 3/6
Duff (Archibald), Old Testament Theology ; or, the His-
tory of Hebrew BeHgion. Yd. II. The Dentero-
nomio Beformation in Century YII. b.o 16/0
Taker and Malle«on (Misses), Handbook to Christian and
Ecclesiastical Bome. Parts III. and lY. in 1 voL ..« 7/6
Eirkup (Thomas), A History of Socialism 7/6
Keith (George S.), A Plea for a Simpler Life, and Fads
of an Old Physician. 1 vol 3/6
Smith (W. Anderson), Temperate Chile 10/6
Forbes (James D ), Travels through the Alps. New
Edition ; net 20/0
Montagu (Bear- Admiral the Hon. Yictcor A^i A Middy*s
Becollections 0853 to 1860). Second EcUtion 3/6
Scott (D. H.), Studies in Fossil Botany
Creighton (0.), Mioroscopic Besearohes in Glycogen.
Pa!tII net 7/6
Lankester (Prof. Bay). A Treatise on Zoology. Part III.
The Echinoderma net 15/0
Ingram (J. E.), Odtlines of the History of Beligion 3/6
Mitton (G. E.), The Gifts of Enemies 6/0
•* Who's Who at the War" net /6
Messrs. Blackwood & Sons.
Memorial Edition of G. W. Steevens's Works. Yol. I.
Miscellaneons Writings. With a Memoir by W. E.
Henley, and a Photogravure Portrait
Boyd (Mary Stuart), Our Stolen Summer : The Becord of
a Koundabout Tour
Steeveus (G. W.). From Capetown to Ladysmith 3/6
Kennedy (Yice-Adoiiral Sir William), Hurrah ifor the Life
of aSaUor! Fifty Years in the Boval l^avy 12/6
Lang (Andrew), A Hiitory of Scotland from &e Boman
Occupation .n>-t 15/0
Fayrer (Surgeon-General Sir Joseph), BecoUeotions of My
Life
Hensman (Howard), A History of Bhodesia 6/0
Meynell (sCrs.), John Buskin : With the Bioffraphioal
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The Irish Literary Movement.*
Mr. Yeats as Shepherd.
At the present rate of events we shall all soon be claiming
Irish descent. We have seen Mr. G-eorge Moore sob his
way from London to Dablm with Art in his portmanteau.
On Saturday thousands of Englishmen will be wearing
clover leaves in honour of St. Patrick. In April the
Queen's visit. It is all very pleasant and important ; and
now, to give the joy its crown of song, Mr. W. B. Yeats
comes wandering by — with dreams in ms eyes — ^telling us
that Ireland's new poets are to '' lead many that are sick
with theories and trivial emotions to some sweet well-
waters of primeval song." It is most true that many of
us are eiok with theories ; all the bolder then is Mr. Yeats
when he advances another. It is not as though his chosen
band of poets were living in Ireland, cultivating the
Muse on a few potatoes. Mr. Yeats himself lives in
London and bas been seen in hansom cabs; and Mrs.
Hinkson, Miss Nora Hopper, Mrs. Clement K. Shorter,
and Mr. Lionel Johnson are all Londoners; several
of them, indeed, have sung the praises of London with
rapture. However, Mr. Yeats produces documents —
an anthology of modem Irish verse and an introductory
essay — ^in support of his message ; the least we can do is
to examine tnese.
At once we are captivated by Mr. Yeats's knowledge,
his subdued fervour, and his golden phrases. He tells
fitst how dowly Bind fitfully English-speaking Ireland
found poets after the dissolution of the bardic order in
the wars of the seventeenth century. Irish poets rose,
but they were of littie use to Ireland. Gbldsmith came
to London ; Swift was, in Mr. Balfour's phrase, an Irish-
man only by the visitation of Gbd, and against his will ;
Oongreve turned gentleman at an early age ; and Pamell,
Dennam, and Boscommon hardly count. Moore, with all
his Irish melodies, was not very melodious. But at last
a little band of translators arose who put old Gaelic
verses into English ; and then came a band of ^* Young
Ireland" poets like George Darley and Samuel Lover and
James Clarence Mangan and Edward Walsh. Most of
these were too given to politics ; '' they had no time to
listen to the voice of the insatiable artist, who stands
erect, or lies asleep waiting until a breath arouses him,
in tlie heart of every craftsman." Mangan — the laureate
of the g^roup — eschewed politics, but not opium. Mr.
Yeats says of this unhappy poet : ** Mangan knew nothing
of the hiappiness of the outer man ; and it was only when
prolonging the tragic exultation of some dead bard that
he knew the unear^y happiness which clouds the outer
man with sorrow, and is the fountain of impassioned art."
That explains '^ Dark Eosideen," with its glorious energy
that seems to outlive its last stanza, and go thrilling
wordlessly through space and time. Undoubtedly, with
Mangan we come to the 'osses. A little later came
Samuel Ferguson, William Allingham, and Aubrey de
Yere, working apart from politics, and turning an ear not
® A Book of Irish Verse, Selected from Modem Writers, by
W. B. Yeats. (Methnen.)
only to the Gaelic bards, but to the poets of the big
world. To Allingham Mr. Yeats awards this fine
praise : '' He is the poet of the melancholy peasantry of
the West, and, as years go on, and voluminous histories
and copious romances drop under the horizon, will take
his place among those mmor immortals who have put
their souls into little songs to humble the proud."
That is the criticism of a poet. But Mr. Yeats knows
that these poets of Fenian days are not worthy of all
imitation. From their successors of to-day a finer and
more alluring craftsmanship is asked, in alliance with the
old passion, the immemorial legends. A spell more potent
and more delicate is needed to evoke poe^ from a world
full of cross-currents of noise and vulgar energv. Un-
fortunately, the world is much with the young Irishman
he goes to Trinity College, or to the English Universities,
and the poet is worn out of him. '' He loves the mortal
arts which have given him a lure to take the hearts of men,
and shrinks from the immortal, which could but divide
him from his fellows." Still Mr. Yeats has his little flock
of the faithful. Besides the London colony, there is the
mysterious A. E., whose poetry '^ has a more disembodied
ecstasy than any poetry of our time." By the way, A. E.
is accounted the '^ chief poet of the school of Irish mystics
which has shaped Mr. Charles Weekes." When Mr.
Yeats talks like that we realise that we have not the
wedding garment. For of Mr. Weekes we know nothing
beyond the fact, mentioned with respect by Mr. Yeats,
that he '* published recently, but with<uew immediately, a
curious and subtle book." Such fawn-like flight is surely
far above three signed copies, and unobtainable vellum.
Then there is Mr. John Eglinton, ''best known for the
orchestral harmonies of his Remnant^^^ and behind these a
pale wavering crowd of " young writers, who have thought
the labours &at bring the mystic vision more important
than the 'labours of any craft." Is it possible that Mr.
Yeats can at anv moment lay his hands on a poet with
mystic vision, and no visible means of support ? If so, the
Irish literary movement may indeed endure.
So much for Ihe poets, what of their work ? Criticism
of individual poems is not needed. The questions to be
answered are surdy these : Do these poems, gathered from
many hands in two centuries, seem to belong to each other ;
do they form a recognisable homogeneous body of verse
about which general conclusions can be formed ? Secondly,
if they are homogeneous, have they qualities which entiue
them to be accepted as good leaven? have we here an
influence, and a valuable influence? To these questions
our answer is '* Yes." For setting aside all other and, as
we think, minor considerations, we find in these poems
a love of nature more intimate and spiritual than we think
could be found in any collection of English or Scottish poets
of the same, perhaps even of a higher, literary rank. The
Irish heart has loved Nature not only with the love of a
bruised patriot, but with the old indefinable temperamental
love of Ihe Celt for Mother Earth. These Irisn poets do
not seem to come to Nature with eyes, they seem to be
dwelling with her in spirit ; they love to be alone with her,
not naming her trees and flowers, not curiously observant
of detail, but deeply conscious of her large life and her
warm permanent embrace of them in life or death. It
recurs — this note — in many keys, many standards of
expression, but it is the recurrent and magisterial note of
all these poems. You have it in Sir Samuel Ferguson's
ballad of '^ Aideen's Grave " :
Here, far from camp and chase removed,
Apart in Nature's quiet room,
The music that alive she loved
Shall cheer her in the tomb.
The humming of the noontide bees,
The lark's loud carol all day long.
And, borne on eveoing's salted breesse,
The danklDg sea-bSd's song.
236
The Academy.
17 March, 1900"
Sball round her airy chamber float, *
And with the whispering winds and streams,
Attone to Nature's tenderest note
The tenor of her dreams ;
And oft, at tranquil eve's decline,
When full tides lip the Old Green Plain,
The lowing of Moynalfcy's kine
Shdl round her breathe again.
You have it in Mr. Charlee Weekes's ** Think " :
Think, the ragged turf-boy urges
O'er the dus^ road his asf es ;
Think, on seashore far the lonely
Heron wings along the sand ;
Think, in woodland under oak-boughs
Now the streaming sunbeam passes ;
And befhink thee thou art servant
To the same all-moving hand.
You have it in allianoe with fairy lore, in William
Allingham's " Fairies " :
High on the hill-top
The old King sits ;
He is now so old and gray
He's ni^h lost his wits.
. With a bndge of white mi«t
Golumbkill he crosses.
On his stately journeys
From Sleeveleagne to Bosses
Or going up with music
On cold starry nights,
To sup with the Queen
Of the gay Northern Lights.
Yott have it as the gift of memory — ^that childish memory
whose lightest caprice is worth all the acquisitions of
study :
Four ducks on a pond,
A grass-bank beyond,
A blue sky of spring, -
White douds on the wing :
What a Httle thing
To remember for years—
To remember with tears!
You have it as sheer deficription, which achieves more by
what it selects than by what it says, in Mrs. Hinkson's
"Children of Lir":
Dews are in the clear air, and the roselight paling,
Over sands and sedges shines the evenin|^ star.
And the moon's disk high in heaven is saihng,
Silvered all the spear-heads of the rushes are —
Housed warm are all things as the night grows colder,
Water-fowl and sky-fowl dreamless in the nest.
But the swans go drifting, drooping wings and shoulder,
Cleaving the still waters where the fishes rest.
You have it when no bird sings, the poet refusing all
material hdp to his thought. Thus A. E. :
What of all the will to do ?
It has vanished long ago,
For a dream-shaft pierced it through
From the Unknown Archer's bow.
What of all the soul to think?
Some one offered it a cup
Filled with a diviner drink.
And the flame has burned it up.
What of all the hope to dimb F
Only in the self we grope
To the misty end of time :
Truth has put an end to hope.
What of all the heart to love P
Sadder than for will or soul,
No light lured it on above ; '
Love has found itself the whole.
Wherefore, if we came ^ngerly to this book, and did not
at once put away the smile of incredulity, we lodge it on
our shelves with gratitude and respect.
Things Seen.
The Lesson.
He asked for a match, which should, in the fitness of
things (common decency, even !), have been denied him
severely, but was not denied him; and, for the little
comedy that followed, there is one who, realising every-
thing, bears his responsibility lightly, nor can find it in
his heart to be other than grateful exceedingly (to himself
by example — the condemned match his!) and most im-
penitently glad.
The cigaretted, but matchless, was seven, perhaps —
perhaps eight ; his smaller companion, six. The owner of
the match that changed hands is — well, never mind • . .
old enough to know better! The attenuation of the
cigarette, maybe, influenced htm. It was such a cigarette as
in Piceadilly or Bond-street you may see in noat crimson
boxes, labdled '' Ladies','' and possibly '' Scented ": in
less notable thoroughfares cigarettes of such narrow
dimensions are to be seen in packets of six (is it ten ?),
in the windows of shops trading comprehensively in
tobacco, sweets, newspapers (the like and unlike), at a
penny a packet ! Whatever the poison enwrapped in the
meagre roll, its proportions were infinitesimal. 80 much
excuse had the match-giver. . . . But excuse? ... It
was not the poison, but the principle^and, there! he
hugs himself, making and seeking no excuse whatsoever.
A favour was asked of him, he granted it regally — nay,
more, giving quickly, he gave twice.
Seven, then, the asker, holding cigarette and match
securely in one hand, took Six by the other, and led him
to a doorway dose by. Into the recess Seven pushed Six
with some energy, and then, putting his head out, looked
up and down the street. All was safe, it seemed. The
giver of the match, as an accomplice, evidently '' counted "
no longer. Nothing was to be feared from him, it was
plain — so do sinners commit themselves! — and he was
suffered to look on undisturbed.
" Now," said Seven.
Six looked pale but determined — as one who has made
up his mind and will see something through.
"Put it in y' mouth," said Seven. "Not that end,
silly ! Don'tch see the silver tip ? "
"Aw-right," said Six.
Seven struck the match in a workmanlike way, shading
the flame at once with his cupped hands. Oh, but Seven
was experienced! And oh, but the match-giver was
hardened, to have looked on unmoved — unmoving rather
let us say — at the infamy !
" Draw," said Seven authoritatively.
" Draw ? " said Six doubtfully.
" Yus, dror it, y' siUy ! »
Six drew.
" That's right," said Seven. " Tou'U do. Dror again.
That's better. Now spit ! "
The Flag.
When midnight fell on the dav of national rejoicing I
turned from Ihe garish streets still thronged with delirious
crowds and went homewards. The shouts died away,
glimmering lights took the place of the flaring illumina-
tions, and so I came to a great Square silent save for the
rustling of the tall trees. As I passed through it the door
of one of the solemn houses opened, disclosing an old man
with a letter in his hand. He paused a moment on the
threshold, and then, reaching out, grasped a flag that had
been stuck with others above the doorway, and descended
the steps. A servant who came running up the stairs at
that moment observed the incident and smiled. As the
old man crossed the road to the pillar-box he shouldered
the flag, squared his shoulders, and stepped out as if he
17 Match, 1900.
The Academy.
237
weie marching to musio. He posted his letter, and
returned acroes the roadway with the flag fluttering in the
night breeze, and his ohin tilted in the air. Now all the
day and night I had been watching patriotism — ^patriotism
inspired and enoouraeed by the contact witn excited
patriots, patriotism iimose infection caught and carried
London away in a whirl of enthusiasm. But here was
a man — alone, at midnifl'ht, and old — doing a thing for its
own sake, without omookers, without encouragement:
doing it secretiy, and so bravely. His action seemed to
me rather remarkable, and I said as much to the police-
man at the comer. His manner was noncommittal ; out he
stalked a few steps nearer to the house, at the open door
of which the servant stood waiting his master's return.
As the old man ascended the steps and replaced the
flag, the servant caught the policeman's eye, smiled, and
winked.
The policeman turned to me, and remarked with the air
of one who says a good thing :
" No man's a hero, sir, to his own valet."
*^ You know how Hegel explains that proverb," I said
sharply.
H!e stuck his hands into his belt and shook his head.
"Oan't say as I do !"
'' Not because the hero is no hero, but because the valet
is only a valet."
" Well," said the constable as he turned on his heel,
" there's room for all sorts in the world."
Mr. Kipling and Mark Twain.
The interview with Mark Twain which Mr. Kipling enjoyed
in 1889, and which is described in /V-om Sea to Sea (reviewed
elsewhere in this number), is in some respects the best
interview that we have ever read. Historicdiy tiie meeting
was of the highest importance, for, as we have before
remarked in the Academt, Mark Twain was the greatest
factor in the literary education of the younger man, and
the younger man's homage suggests that he knew it.
The thing that stmck me first was that he was an
elderly man ; yet, after a minute's thought, I perceived
that it was otherwise, and in five minutes, the eyes looking
at me, I saw that the grey hair was an accident of the
moat ttivlal. He was ^nito young. I was shaking his
hand. I was smokin/^ hu cigar, and I was hearing him
talk — ^this man I had learned to love and admire fourteen
thousand miles away.
Keadinpf his books, I had striven to get an idea of his
personality, and all my preconceived notions were wrong
and beneath the reality. Blessed is the man who finds no
disillusion when he is brought face to face with a revered
writer. That was a moment to be remembered; the
landing of a twelve-poimd salmon was nothing to it. I
h%d hooked Mark Twaio, and he was treating me as though
under certain circumstances I might be an equal.
That was how Mr. Kipling felt. And he wrote to the
Pioneer : '^ You are a contemptible lot, over yonder. Some
of you are Commissioners, and some Lieutenant-Governors,
and some have the Y.O., and a few are privileged to walk
about the Mall arm in arm with the Viceroy ; but / have
seen Mark Twain this golden morning, have shaken his
hand, and smoked a cigar — no, two dears — with him, and
talked with him for more than two hours ! Understand
clearly that I do not despise you ; indeed, I don't. I am
only very sorry for you, from the Viceroy downward."
It must sometimes occur to the author of this interview,
not without sadness, that there is now no one of whom he
can write like this. Youth has its compensations — and,
indeed, hero-worship is by no means the least of them.
For a while copyright was the subject of talk. And
then the younger man asked if Tom Sawyer married Judge
Thatcher's daughter. The question was not answered,
but this is how Mark Twain spoke of that immortal boy :
" I have a notion of writing the sequel to Tom Sawyer
in two ways. Tn one I woi& make him rise to great
honour and go to Congress, and in the other I should hang
him. Then the friends and enemies of the book could take
their choice."
Here I lost my reverence completely, and protested
against any theory of the sort, because, to me at least,
Tom Sawver was real.
" Oh, he is real," said Mark Twain. " He's all the boy
that I have known or recollect ; bat that would be a good
way of ending the book"; then, tDmiofg round, '* be-
cause, when you come to think of it, neither religion,
training, nor education avails anything against the force of
drcumstanoes that drive a man. Suppose we took the
next four-and-twenty years of Tom Sawyer's life, and
gave a little joggle to the circumstances that controlled
him, he would, k>gically and aocording to the joggle,
turn out a rip or an angel."
<* Do you believe that, then P "
" I think so. Isn't it what you call Kismet ? "
** Yes ; but don't give him two josgles and show the
result, because he isn't your proper^ any more. He
belongs to us."
Then came humorous words on autobiography, truth-
telling, and conscience, and anon Mark Twain dropped
into autobiography himself. Says his companion and
observer:
He spoke always through his eyes, a light under the
heavy eyebrows ; anon orossiDg the room with a step as
light as a girl's, to show me some book or other; then
resuming his walk up and down the room, puffing at
the cob pipe. I would have given much for nerve
enough to demand the gift of that pipe — rvalue, five cents
when new. I understood why certain savage tribes
ardentiy desired the liver of brave men slain in combat..
That ppe would have given me, perhaps, a hint of his
keen msight into the souls of men. Bat he never laid
it aside within stealing reach.
Once, indeed, he put his hand on my shoulder. It was
an investiture of the Star of India, blue silk, trumpets,
and diamond-studded jewel, all complete. If hereafter,
in the changes and chances of this mortal life, I fall to
curdess ruin, I will tell the superintendent of the work-
house that Mark Twain once put his hand on my
shoulder; and he shall give me a rocm to myself and a
double aUowance of paupers' tobacco.
So, to a large extent, may young men to-day feel also
about Mr. Kipling, for if any man may be said to have
succeeded Mark Twain, it is he. Not that Mark Tjwain's
sway is done, by any means, nor that Mr. Kipling has
given us a HwJdeherry Finn ; but the American is read less
than he was a dozen years ago and the Anglo-Indian
reigns at this moment over the male Anglo-Saxon intellect
Correspondence.
Stevenson's Beginnings.
81B, — Allow me to endorse Dr. Japp's letter in the
AoADEMT, March 10, as the correct account of my con-
nexion with the original publication of Dreamre Island.
Following Dr. Japp's letter, Stevenson's own account of
the origin of Treasure Island would be timely and conclusive.
Here is an extract from his article, entitled '<My First
Book — Treasure Island,^^ which appeared in the Idler maga-
zine, August, 1894 :
" At Castleton of Braemar, on a chill September morning,
by the cheek of a brisk fire, and t\e rain drumming on the
window, I began The Sea Cook, for that was the original
title. (It was Mr. Henderson who deleted the first title —
I%e Sea Cook,) . . . Day by day, after lunch, I read aloud
my morning's work to the family. It seemed to me original
238
The Academy.
17 March, 1900
as sin ; it seemed to belong to me like my right eye. I
had counted on one boy; I found I had two in my
audience. My father caught fire at once with all the
romance and childishness of his ori&^inal nature. His
own stories, that every night of his life he put himself
to sleep with, dealt perpetually with ships, roadside
inns, robbers, old sailors, and commercial travellers be-
fore the era of steam. He never finished one of these
romances ; the lucky man did not require to ! But in
TVsoiure liland he recognised something kiudred to his own
imagination ; it was ms kind of picturesque : and he not
only heard with delight the daily chapter, but set himself
acting to collaborate. When the time came for Billy
Bones's chest to be ransacked, he must have passed the
better part of a day preparing, on the back of a legal
envelope, an inventory of its contents, which I exactly
followed ; and the name of ^ Flint's old ship ' — the Walrus
— was given at his particular request. And now who
should come dropping in, $x tnaehina, but Dr. Japp, like
the disguised prmoe who is to bring down the curtain
upon peace and happiness in the last act ; for he carried in
his pocket, not a nom or a talisman, but a publisher —
ready, in fact, to unearth new writers for my now old
friend, Mr. Henderson's Yotma Folks. Even the ruthless-
ness of a united family recoiled before the extreme measure
of inflicting on our guest the mutilated members of The
Sea Cook ; at the same time, we would by no means stop
our readings ; and accordingly the tale was begun again
at the beginning, and solemnly redelivered for tae benefit
of Dr. Japp. From that moment on I have thought
highly of nis critical faculty ; for when he left us, he
carried away the MS. in his portmanteau."
Before the story commenced (October 1, 1881) in
Toun^ Folks, Stevenson called on me, bringing the cor-
rected proofs of the opening chapters, and it was at that
interview — ^my first with him — I expressed my dislike to
the title The Sea Cooky and suggested TVeasure Island (the
name of the ^^map"), which he readily agreed to. The
latter part of the story was written at Davos, Switzer-
land.— I am, &c., James Henderson.
Bed Lion House, Eed Lion Court, Fleet Street :
March 14, 1900.
A Revolution in Journalism.
Sir, — ^Referring to your most admirably written article
called ** A Kevolution in Journalism," in this week's issue,
may Is enter a mild protest against the existing tendency
in all serious journals to deprecate the class of papers
represented by Tit-Bits ?
Were such papers to consist exclusively of '^ snappy "
paragraphs, bare of all useful information, the sneer would
be justified. But this is not so.
In order to illustrate my contention I turn to a recent
issue of Tit-Bits, and find among other things: (1) A
detailed explanation of military journalism ; (2) an account
of the wondngs of the Meteorological Office,* (3) a bio-
graphical account of Sir George White ; (4) nearly 200
scientific facts; (5) a story which, although of minor
literary merit, is possessed of a certain interest.
The above features alone should, in my opinion, redeem
the paper from the charge of being made up of '' snappy "
paragraphs.
Further, I believe that papers of the Tit-Bits order
bmld up a taste for serious reading — a taste which, in the
absence of such papers, might never develop.
I have only expressed very briefly — and I feel very
poorly—my opinion on this subject, and I sincerely trust
that, with your usual impartiality, you will publish this
letter as a kind of gentle counterblast to the article called
'' A Bevolution in Journalism." — ^I am, &c.,
P. Bbaufoy.
Playgoers' Club, Strand, W.O. : March 9, 1900.
Obsolete English Words.
Snt, — ^If the fact that I live in partibus infidelihus {vide-
licit, United States) will excuse my belated letter, I would
like to say how interested I have been in your lists of
obsolete English words that your correspondents would
restore. On reading them I took down my copy of a
book which has attracted some attention over here among
Shakespeare ''cranks" (we Americans call all devotees
"cranks"), A Study in the Warwickshire Dialect, in which
Dr. Appleton Morgan (the President of the New York
Shakespeare Society) claims to demonstrate the Shake-
spearean authorship of Shakespeare by discovering in
every one of the plays an abundance of Warwickshire
dialect words and pronunciations {i.e., that the puns in the
plays would be unintelligible unless the vowels were pro-
nounced as pronounced to this day in Warwickshire), and
out of it alone I have taken a few words which (if I am
not too belated, as aforesaid) I would like to call attention
to as being, I think, picturesque, suggesting to the mind's
eye something of what the act itself, if performed before
us, might sound like, or seem to eye or ear to be :
i\) Backfriend, meaning a surety, a backer.
2) Bibleback, meaning stout (the Bible of those days being
a stout volume).
S) Brevet, meaning to flirt.
4) Burning daylight, meaning to procrastinate.
5) Camber, meaning tribulation, anxiety.
6) Oold crowdings, meaning hard times (perhaps a scarcity
of fuel as produced by res angusta domi) and huddling
toffether to keep warm.
7) Mumblenews, meaning a talebearer or gossip.
^S) Next, meaning immediatcJy.
^9) StitchwhUe, meaning an instant or moment of time.
(10) Still (»'.«., quiet), meaning respectable, gentlemanly, or
ladylike.
Perhaps some of your ingenious readers will give us a
narrative framed to contain these pictorial vocables. — ^I
am, &c., Iba Holmbs Harris.
14, OoUege-place, New York City: Feb. 25, 1900.
Our Weekly Prize Competitions.
Competition No. 25 (New Series).
In response to onr request for poems of not more than foorteen
lines, oelebrating the adventares of the elephant whioh esoaped
from the Crystal Palaoe, we have recdved a badg^ of sonnets and
other verse. The best of these efFasions is that whioh follows,
contributed by Mrs. Guy Branson, 44, Sandon Road, Edgbaston,
Birmingham :
He hatohed a plot behind his twinklinfr eye,
He seized his chanoe — ^his longed-for liberty.
Free from his prison bars, his gidliDg chain,
Free— and "M7 Lord the Elephant'* again.
Alas ! how brief a respite from his woes,
Fast round his hiding-plaoe his captors close,
From Bromley Woods in hopeless trammels caught
Triumphantly he*s back to Sydenham brought.
Once more the circos-ring, the gaslight flare.
The sea of faces and the mn8ic*s blare —
The tricks and gambols he — a slave — ^must need
Perform to amuse this puny human breed.
Ah I sad, my Lord the Elephant, is he
Who— captive — knows the joy of being free !
Replies received also from T. C, Baxted ; C, Bedhill ; F. H. B.,
Sutton ; H. C. H., Oxford ; P. C. F.. Cambridge ; R. F. M. C,
Whitby ; E. H. W., London ; E. B. 8., Rinirwood : E W. H., StT«at-
ham ; R. W. D. N., London ; 0. L. E., Matlock ; C. M. W., Hudders-
field ; S. T., Rcdhill ; P. K., London : L. L , London ; and *' Sympa-
thiser," Oxford.
Competition No. 26 (New Series).
A correspondent writes :— " This morning, as I was nearing the
end of a journey in an omnibus, two elderly ladies got in, and at
once continued a conversation which seemed to have been engaging
them for some time. One said: 'Well, of courpe, it's her own
affair ; but what Peter's going to do I can't think. It isn't as if
there was only Henry and the spaniel ; there's Margaret aji well.
17 March, 1900.
The Academy.
239
Afld John M expected home at any miniite. Poor Johnl' *Ye8,
indeed,' said the other. * Poor John I and bo fond of it all, too ! *
In the pause which followed, in which both ladies shook their
heads solemnly, I had to alight. Might there not be the kernel of
one of your interesting prize competitions in this fragment ?" We
take our correspondents hint, and offer a prize of a goinea to what
seems to us the most reasonable answers to the questions which
follow :
(a) Who was '* she," and what was her own affair ?
(h) Who was Peter, and why should her conduct put him out 7
(<?) Who was Henry 7
Id) Who was Margaret ?
(e) Who was John, why should he be called ** poor John," and
what was it of which he was so fond ?
Answers should be as brief as possible.
Bulbs.
Answers, addressed *' Literary Ck>mpetition, The Aoadbky, 43,
Chancery-lane, W.O.,'* must reach us not later than the first post
of Tuesday, March 20. Each answer must be accompanied by
the coupon to be found in the first oolumn of p. 240, or it can-
not enter into competition. Gompetitois sending more than one
attempt at solution must accompany each attempt with a separate
coupon ; otherwise the first only will be considered. We wish to
impress on uompetitors that the task of examining replies is much
facilitated when one side only of the paper is written upon. It is
also important that names and addresses should always be given.
We cannot consider anonymous answers.
OuB Special Pbizib Competitions.
(^JFbr particulars see inside page of cover,)
Reoeived during the week : Canadienne, Lethe, T. Layicrep,
Francesca, Inedito, Weye Farrer, Bee-Bee, Endeavour, Eirodo,
Kiapa, Sirius, Mondelambe, Catfordian, Webspinner, Lamorra,
Brynach, Dum S|>iro Spero, Hathor, Whirlpool, Grellier, Florae,
Woolhana, Dormie, Cecil C^ray, Antique Mores, The Dingo,
Maryomet, Kerma, Irene, Babie, Anoonii^lles, Ariel, Passionate
Pilgrim, Catalle, Sarasvate, No4 Bose Mortimer, Chasm, F. Luckett,
Hermon, Memor.
New Books Received.
[Thes0 notes on some of the New Books of the week are
preliminary to Eevietos that may folhto.']
Sabelais. Tilakslated bt Sib Thomas IJrquhart.
This is a most welcome edition to the Tudor Transla-
tions, and Mr. Whibley's introduction, running to nearly
a hundred pages, puts the reader in possession of all the
main facts about Babelais and his translator. Mr.
Whibley has some interesting remarks on Babelais' con-
temporaries, whose freedom of expression seems to hare
rivalled his own. (Nutt.)
Edwabd the Thied (1327-1377). By James Mackinnon.
Some of the soundest historians have devoted their study
to a single reign, and this method, which has many
advantages, is carried out with great - care by Mr.
Mackinnon, who contends that a history of Edward III.
required to be written. Official documents and the
chronicles of the period form the basis of his narrative,
which is by no means an apology for its hero. (Longmans,
Green & Co. ISs.)
The Abt and Practiob of
Hawxing. Bt E. B. Mighell.
The modem revival of hawking has produced no book
which, on a first glance, is more f ml and authoritative than
this handsome treatise by a falconer of thirty years' ex-
perience. Every branch of the subject is treated.
(Methuen. 10s. 6d.)
Chboniclb of the Yeab's
News of 1899.
Compiled by Geobge
Eybe-Todd.
This is the second year of issue of this publication,
and we find useful memoranda wherever we dip. How
deeply the Dreyfus case coloured the year is shown by
nearly one hundred and fifty entries' under this head.
Owing to the exceptional pressure on our space other acknow^
ledgments are held over.
W. THACKER & CO.'S NEW BOOKS.
AN EDITIOK DB LUXE OF THE WOBKS OF
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WITH SAMPSON THBOUGH the WAS. By
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** A giuphio aooouat oC what took places"— ffiHTJneir.
** A very admirable history of Admiral Sampson's doings."— JiMiriMU of Oommirc*.
*' Extremely interesting right through, and very well fUnstrated."— ivasy and Army.
** Perliaiis one of the best <h works on the war." Tks Shttidk,
*' Seldom indeed have the teohnioalities of naral warfare been so popularly dealt with."
NouUmU JfaptliM.
THE IMPERIAL RUSSIAN NAV7. By Fred. T.
JANE. Author of " All the World's Fighting Ships." " The Torpedo in Peaee and War.**
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** Fills a distinet gap in our naval literature."— Anlf Ckronielt,
THE TORPEDO in PEACE and WAR. By Fred
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Inventor of the Jane Naval War Game, &e. With about 30 Fall-Page anda great many
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THE CARLSBAD TREATMENT, and How to
Ourry It Out Anywhere. By LOUIS TARLETON YOUNG. M.D. New and
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A SUMMER in HIGH ASIA. A Summer Ramble
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** We oordlaUy oommend it to all spsrtsmen."— FAs Asitui CilcuUii.
A JAUNT in JAPAN ; or, Ninety Days' Leave in
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240
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"THE ACADEMY"
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The Academy.
241
SOUTH AFRICA AND THE WAR.— BOOKS TO READ.
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TOWARDS PRETORIA.
By JULIAN RALPH.
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A Reeord of the War to the Capture of Bloemfonteln.
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242
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24 March, 1900.
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IL GOLF M a GAME. By H. H. Hiltom.
III. APPROACHING. By H. J. TArM>B.
IV. HOW to PRACTISE. By H. G. Hutcuixsox.
V. A PORTRAIT (GALLERY. By H. G. Hctchikbox.
VL GOLF in the UNITED STATES. By H. J. WBianAX.
YIL LADIES. By Axr Berxet Pascok.
VIIL METHODS of PLAY. By H. G. HuTCBiHRoif.
IX. PRACTICAL CLUB-MAKING. By J. H. Taylor.
X. CLUBS and BALLS. By H. G. Hotchinsok.
XI. LAYIRG-OCT and UPKEEP of GREENS. By Meign.
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The Academy
A Weekly Review of Literature and Life.
No. 1455- Established 1869.
24 March, 1900.
Price Threepence.
[Jltgiitmd at a fftmifaftr.')
The Literary Week.
Mabch 31 is the latest date for receiving USS. for our
Special Prize Oompetition, particulars of whioh will be
fouud on page 2 of the cover of tliis number, Judgine by
tbe number of USS. we have already received, the ta^K of
selecting the winners will be a beavy one. The awards
will be made in our issue of April 21, on which occasion a
Special Double Number of the Acaubmy vrill be issued.
Thobx who indulge in the mild excitement of our
Weekly OompedUon will observe that this week it takes
the form of the best Book Tea suggestion. Here is one
which gained a prize at a recent gathering. A lady appeared
with a war telegram pinned to her dress, giving the
speech of a distinguished general to the children who had
endured tbe siege of Ladysmith. He looked at the wasted
forms and pallid faoes, and as he looked tears came into
his eyes, and he said in a broken voice : " It will be all
right now, children. You shall have a long holiday and
plenty of bread and jam." Answer: "The Woman in
White."
Wb who follow tbe trend of modem fiction are aware
of three very plainly marked characteristics: (I) That
women are increasingly active in this branch of literature ;
12) That much of the best modem fiction comes from
America ; (3) That far aad away tbe most popular form
of fiction in America is the historical novel. Take, for
example, Uias Mary Johnstone's By Order of the Company,
which we review elsewhere in this number. It is & remark-
Mis a Ua&y JonKSTonE.
able perforuinnce when vre consider that the autlioresa is
not vet twenty-nine} ears of age. The Book Buyer, tiom
which we reproduce the accompanying portrait of Uiss
Johnstone, states that this novel raised tbe circulation of
the Ailmtie Monthly during its serial pnbUoation by 50,000
copies. Miss Johnston is a Virginian by birth and ancestry.
The Dictionary of National Biography will be completed
in June. It is announced that tbe Lord Mayor will
aignalise tbe publication of the last volume of Ur. Geoi^
Smith's heroic enterprise by giving a " literary entertain*
ment." Lord Bosebery, Ur. John Morley, and the Bishop
of London are expected to be present on the occasion.
Thb articles on village life which have appeared from
time to time in tbe Outlook above the pseudonym
"ClariBsa" are to be published in volume form. The
dedication of the book will run : " To my brother, Qeoige
Wyndham."
We regret to leam that there is no improvement in the
condition of M. Edmond Bostand, who ia aufiering from
congestion of the lungs. A cbill cai^ht at the rehearsals
of " L'Aiglon " was the beginning of the illneea.
Uk. Goldvin Suith has been on the old quest of trying
to trace tbe personality of Shakespeare in the playa. The
result will be contained in a short book, Shakatpeart : the
Man, soon to be published.
Mb. Gilbert MiraaAT, who wrote a scholarly Hittory of
Aneitnt Ortek Zittraturt three years ago, has attempted to
recapture Greek life and feeling through the more literary
medium of an original play, entitled " Andromache." Mr.
Murray dedicates bis Ntort to Mr. William Archer in the
f ollowmg interesting terms :
My dbab Akoheb, — The germ o( this play sprang into
exuteDoe on a oertuu April day in IS96 which tou and I
spent chiefl/ in dragginfc our reluctant bicvcles up the
great bills tbat surround Biveaulx Abbey, and discuuiDg,
go far OB the blinding rain allowed ui, the questJonH whether
all aincere comedies are of necessitj conical, and how often
we b«d bad tea since the morning, and how far it would
be passible to treat a historical subject loyallf and uccon-
ventionally on a modem stsfe. Then we struck [as, I
fear, is too oft«n the fate of toose who converse with me)
on the kubject of the lost plays of the Greek traKedians,
We talked of the extraordinary variety of plot that the
Greek dramatist found in bit historical tradition, the force,
tbe fire, tbe depth and riclmeu of character- play. We
thought of the marvellous dramatic possibilitiee of an a^
in which actual and living heroea and so^ were to be
seen moving against a backf^round of primitive superbtition
and blai^ savagery ; in which the aoul of man walked
more free from trappi»ga than seems ever to have been
permitted to it since. But I must atop; I see that I am
approBdiingtiiecommon pitfall of play Wrights who ventore
upon pretnces. and am beginnine to prove how good my
play ought to be ! . . ■ We agceed that a simple histOTical
play, with as little convention as possible, placed in the
Greek Heroic Age, and dealing wiUi one of the ordinary
heroic stories, ought to be, weU, an interesting experiment.
The " experiment " is issued at a price which would have
commended itself to the democratic Athenian <utizene —
eighteenpence.
244
The Academy.
24 March, x^oo.
In the past week there has been a bad outbreak of
politics among, the leaders of the Irish literary Movement.
Mr. Edward Martyn, the author of '^ Maeve/' nas resigned
his office of Deputy Lieutenant and Justice of the Peace
for CO. Galway after certain correspondence had passed
between him and the Lord Chancellor. Mr. Martyu had
not, it is stated, favoured the sin^g of the National
Anthem at his residence on the occasion of a meeting held
there to promote the Irish Soldiers' Fund. Are we to
believe that Mr. Martyn could 'act as the representative of
the Queen in dispensing justice to her subjects, and yet
refuse those subjects permission to acknowledge her
sovereignty in the usual way ? We hesitate to believe it.
Meanwhile, Mr. Teats has foresworn gentleness, and
wishes to call a meeting, under the presidency of Mr.
John O'Leary, to dissociate Ireland from the welcome
to be given to the Queen in Dublin. Mr, Yeats says the
advisers of the Queen have sent her to Ireland out of
''national hatred — ^hatred of our individual national life."
Mr. (George Moore attributes the Queen's visit to the
" necessities of empire." We are sorry these young men
have such thoughts, but, particularly, we wish they would
not talk about Art one week, and hatred the next ; offer
first to lead us to '' well-waters of primeval poetry," and
then brandish the shillelagh of primeval politics.
A WBiTEB in the Atlantic Monthly gives an amusing new
view of Stevenson, gathered from the speeches delivered
at an essay-meeting held in an American puritanical circle.
The best of it is that this view of Stevenson is quite
logical — given a certain class of minds. Thus :
The evening's programme began with a biographical
sketch of Stevenson, given by an elderly woman, who said
that ^e had never had any esteem or liking for him, bat
she felt bomid in fairness to admit that, on looking up the
facts in his life, she had become convinced that there must
have been something attractive about his personality to
make so many people speak well of him. • • • It devolved
upon another elderly woman to give her opinion of The
Master of Ballarvtrae. She declared that the book did not
contain a single pleasant paragraph. It was the sort of
thing, she thoushti which pemaps wotdd interest boys.
• • • A retired sdiool teacher, who had been asked to give
her impression of 2>r. Jekyll and Mr» Hyde, said she had
found the literary style of the book very faulty in some
respects. Many of the sentences ended with prepositions.
With regard to the story considered simply as a story, she
hardly mew what to say. It was a very disagreeable
book. It might be that Stevenson had had a purpose in
writing it. In that case, possibly it might do good. • • .
An editor read a paper, in which he spoke in the customary
strain of admiration of both Stevenson and his books. At
the close of his eulogy, which was rather coldly received,
the widow of a Baptist minister asked in a significant
tone, *' What were Stevenson's reli^ous opinions?" The
manner of the question clearly imphed. '' I am sure nothing
satisfactory can be said of them." This was evidently, to
many present, hitting the nail squarely on the head. . . .
A returned missionary from some of the heathen islands of
the Pacific said she had never met Stevenson, although his
boat, the EqiuUoVt lay for some weeks at the island where
she was. Sue had heard too much of him to wish to see
him. • . . When pressed for details, she said that Steven-
son's influence over the natives was pernicious, and the
example he set them greatly to be deplored. By appearing
in the native dress on certain occasions, he counteracted
the efforts of the missionaries to make their converts wear
the garb of civilisation and cease to go barefooted. He
also smoked cigarettes in the sight of the islanders. • . .
When the meeting adjourned, there seemed a disposition
on the part of the members to regard the author of The
Master of BaUantrae with charity.
Asked by the editor of the Library to reply to a paper
which that magazine had printed in favour of open access,
Mr. Foskett wrote a caustic article Against open access
which the editor declined to print without considerable
alteration. Mr. Foskett has now printed his article in
pamphlet form. In it he insists that the evils of open access
are manifold, and that they include serious loss by theft,
damAge by wind and dust, wearing out of bindings, and
bewilderment to the poor '' ignorant reader" to whom
open access is supposed to be a blessing. Mr. Foskett
watched a boy who came for " some&n' interestin',
mister," exploring the shelves of a public library.
He climbed up the shelves, and in many odd positions
handled books of all sorts and sizes up to a total of nine-
teen volumes. I have no note of his misplacements ; but
he WM twenty-seven minutes at the shelves, and finally, in
apparent be^derment, he took a technical book on art in
mistake for ''somethin' interestin', mister," in the travel
or tiger-hunting lioe. I found this out as he was leaving,
and he said he should '* bring the book back ter-morrer."
. . . Now what that boy wanted was a little personal
guidance and help. Such ignorant, yet deserving aspirants
are increasingly getting aid in the most efficiently served
libraries, and it is in this direction that development is
eminently desirable.
In short, Mr. Foskett considers that where the indicator
system is supplemented by personal advice, the best results
and the least mischief are achieved. In such libraries ^' a
reader, not knowing precisely what he wants, has only to
give a hint, and afi the likely books (except fiction) are
actually brought to a table for him, where he can leisurely
examine and choose the book for his home-reading." Mean-
while, the Library for March prints an article admitting
that '^ unless open access is thoroughly safeguarded it
must infallibly lead to anarchy and waste." For " safe-
guards *' Mr. Foskett reads detectives, and on the whole he
seems to have the best of the argument.
Les Jsunes — a new American monthly magazinette — is
redolent of new art and vague ideals. The cover is of
brown paper, and the letterpress and illustrations are
Srinted in a bricky red. We really do not know what
tes Jeunes is bent on doinff, except to write Art with a
capital A. It is lurid and languisning, or both. Sings a
poetess:
I wish my lover were a tear,
That I might drink with burning lip ;
Can there be rarer volnpcy,
Than all his life and love to sip,
With passion-trembling lip P
We must find time to run over our list of volupcies before
we answer this.
The battle of Open Access sways this way and that in
the Library world. We are sending no war correspondent
into the fray, but we hear the shouting of the captains.
Mr. Edward Foskett sends us a pamphlet on the subject.
Mb. a. £. Fletcher writes on " The Ideal Newspaper "
in the April Touny Man. He tilts at capitalists ^o run
newspapers, and editors who play up for baronetcies or
knighthoods. His general charge against present-day
journalism is that it records what is least wortn knowing,
and forces upon the public information which had best
be forgotten. On the literary side of journalism Mr.
Fletcher has special right to speak, for it was under his
editorship that the Baily Chronicle introduced a daily
treatment of literature into the newspapers. Mr. Fletcher
stoutly maintains that journalism ought to be literature,
and says :
If the newspaper is to be the Englishman's Bible of the
future, let us take care that it models its style on that of
the sacred books from which all our best writers, poets,
and orators have caught their inspiration. You can only
have a great literature in great language — ^the strong and
simple language of great men. The language of journal-
ism compares, I think, badly with that of our best writers.
I would earnestly urge young men and women who may
be thinking about choosing journalism for their life work
to think over the mischief they will do if, instead of going
24 March, 1900.
The Academy.
245
b<ick to tlie great masters for their style, they carry on the
journalistic tradition that the language of danoies and
nincompooxMi is rather to be chosen uian ** the toDgae that
Shakespeare spake.'*
We have reoeiyed from Mr. David Nutt a handsomelj
produced yolame containing facsimiles of all the signatures
to the international petition presented last year to the
Ozar on behalf of the liberties of Finland. The interest
of the volume centres in the English section, where we
find the characteristic signatures of Mr. Herbert Spencer,
Mr. George Meredith, Mr. Thomas Hardy, Mr. Leslie
Stephen, Prof. Sully, and many others. In the French
section we find on one page the signatures of M. Zola
and M. Anatole France, &c.
Mb. H. Hbathoote Stbatham makes an amusing point
about Buskin in the Fortnightly when he says :
It is one of the most carious among the many para-
doxes connected with him that» while he once emphatically
declared that a man can hardly draw anything without
benefiting himself and others, and can haoxUy write any-
tiung wiuiout doing mischief, he should nevertheless have
chosen to comparatively neglect his artistic capabilities in
order to become one of the most voluminous writers of his
age.
Thb original MS. of Sir Walter Scott's 8t. lUmanU
WeU, which Mr. Buskin bought from Scott's publisher,
has just passed into the hands of Mr. William Brown,
of Edinburgh. The MS. is said to differ somewhat from
the text.
Mb. Justin MoCabtht names the following as '' Dis-
appearing Authors," in an artido bearing that titie in the
North American Review :
Charles Eingsley.
Anthony TroUope,
Charles Beade.
Charles Lever.
Broadly sneaking, we suppose that Mr. McCarthy is right,
though it IS, perhaps, too soon to say that Trollope's fate
is sealed, since his claims have recenUy been urged in
more than one quarter, and a new edition of his works is
in prospect. Mr. W. D. Howells has added his voioe
to those raised on TroUope's behalf in England, and
the New York Literary World recentiy opined that
TroUope's best novels deserve a place on the same
shelf as Dickens and Thackeray, if not between them.
Mr. McCarthy justiy distinguishes between authors
who really disappear and authors of the revolving
light order who blaze, fade, and blaze again. In this
dass he places Macaulay and Gtoorge Eliot, Tennyson, and
Browning, all of whom will grip the public again more
thoroughly than they do at me present time. But Mr.
McOaitiiy is surely wrong when he says that the modem
reader, as we know him, '' has never troubled himself
even with an attempt to read Jane Austen's novels." An
appreciable part of the work done in this office in the last
three years has been that of entering, reviewing, and
comparing new editions of Jane Austen's novels ; and we
happen to know that our work in this field is not yet
completed. Is it all lost labour ?
''My Favourite Novelist and His Best Book" is the
general title of a series of articles in Jfunsey^e Jfayoiine
to which English writers are making contributions. This
month it is Dr. Conan Doyle's turn. The gist of his article
is contained in the head-lines placed over it by the editor.
'* Dr. Conan Doyle finds something admirable in almost
every school of fiction, but names as his special favourites
the romances of Sir Walter Scott, and Charles Eeade's
great historical novel, The Cloister and the Hearth"
Charles Beade, it will be noticed, is among the ''disappear-
ing authors " named by Mr. Justin McCarthy.
Last month Mr. Henley, writing of Eobert Burns in his
PaUMdU causerie, employed asterisks to disguise the poet's
name. This month ne writes it in full. The reason is
that the Twenty-fifth of January has passed since he last
wrote. '' The ' Immortal Memory ' has been drunk all over
Scotland ; and, as far as I know, only once have I been
referred to as a ' body snatcher.' "
In last week's Notes and Queries Mr. W. F. Frideaux
began a series of '^ Notes for a Bibliography of Edward
FitzQ-erald," which promises to be useful and interesting.
The preoccupation of the public with FitzGerald's render-
ing of the "Bubaiyat" of Omar Khdyyam has involved
the neglect of his other works in whicn, as Mr. Frideaux
points out, even the devotees of Omar may find much to
interest them. It would be strange, indeed, if this were
not so, seeing that FitzGerald brought nearly as much to
the " Bubaiydt " as he found in it. In his "Agamemnon,"
for instance, we find lines which bear a striking affinity to
the " Bubdiyat " translation. Thus :
Call not on death, old man, that, called or no,
Comes qoick ; nor spend your ebbing breatii on me,
Nor Helt-na, who bat as arrows be
Shot by the hidden hand behind the bow.
And, again :
But thus it is ; All bides the destined Hour ;
And Man, albeit with Justice at his side,
Fights in the dark against a secret Power
Not to be oonquer'd — and how pacified ?
Mr. Frideaux fijids another reason for the neglect of
FitzGerald's less known works in the fact that thev.
appeared in very small editions. When, in 1868, Prof.
Cowell wrote begging a copy of Euphranor FitzGerald
replied :
Oh, yes ! I have a Lot of them : returned from Parker's
when they were g^og to dissolve their House ; I would
not be at the Bother of any further negociation with any
other Bookseller, about half-a-dozen littie Books which so
few wanted : so had them aU sent here. I will therefore
send you six copies.
A DRAHATiSBD vorsiou of Mr. Hewlett's Ths^ Forest
Lovers is about to be produced by Mr. Frohman in New
York. Should the play prove a success it will be seen
upon London boards.
Bt a slip we last week attributed Moore's " Minstrel
Boy " to Sir Walter Scott. We had certainly no intention
to do Ireland another injustice, or (to use Uie expression
of a correspondent) place "a fiy in the ointment of a
nation's grateful joy." Several correspondents have sent
us facetious letters on the subject.
Dunma the four months' siege of Kimberley the Diamond
Fields Advertiser appeared dally until within four or five
days of the relief, when it was stopped by the authorities
for military and administrative reasons. A London
journalist, who was in the besieged town, thus describes
the effortis of the editor and his staff to maintain the
semblance of a newspaper :
On many days the journal was a newspaper in name
only — a composition of cuttings from many old numbers
of Tit' Bits and other periodicals. Becourse, too, was had
to the Kimberley library, and the history of the previous
Transvaal war and sieges was re- writ ten and re-served.
Contributions were invited from residents, and we had
some wonderful effusions in prose and verse, the latter
being the most remarkable. However, the inhabitants
paid their 3d. and got their paper — such as it was. Now
and again we did obtain some interesting news, as, when a
dispateh rider brought in a fairly recent copy of the Cape
Times, for which, I believe, as much as £5 was paid. Then
it was quite amusing to see the editor, sub-editor, and re-
porters eagerly scanning the paper, with breathless interest;
246
The Academy.
34 Marchy .1900
and, needless to state, scissors and paste were qaiokly en
Mdence, and the readers of the Diamond Fidda Advertiser
oonaidered they had an excellent paper the next morning.
Of course the paper was reduced in size.
Copies of ii^iis paper and of the Ladysmith Lyre should be
valuable now.
We notice this week the new Oxford edition of the
Complete Works of Molihre, In his interesting quarterly
Periodical Mr. Frowde gives a list of quotations from
Moli^re's plays which may be said to have passed into use
in England, either in their French form or in translations.
The list is not so long as one might have expected it to be,
but it is of sufficient interest to quote.
<< Le monde, chdre Agn^s, est une etrange chose."
UEcole des Femmes, Act ii., Sc. 5.
** Ah ! pour etre d6vot, je n'en suis pas moins homme."
Le Tariuffe ou Ulmposteur, Act iii., So. 3.
'* II y a fagots et fagots."
Le M^decin malgre Lui, Act i., Sc. 5.
** Nous avons change tout cela." — Ib,j Act ii., Sc. 4.
** Le veritable Amphitryon
Est rAmphitryon oi!i Ton dine."
Amphitryon, Act iii., Sc. 5.
** Je parle k mon bonnet." — L'Avare, Act i., Sc. I.
** Les beaux yeux de ma cassette." — lb,, Act v., Sc. 4.
*' Par ma f oi ! il y a plus de quarante ans que je dis de la
prose sans que j'en susse rien."
Le Bourgeois Oentilhomme, Act ii., Sc. 4.
** Entre lui, vous et moi, jurons, jurons, ma belle,
Une ardeur etemelle." lb,, Act iv., Sc. 1.
'' Je le soutiendrai devant tout le monde."
lb.. Act iv., Sc. 3.
** Que diable alloit-H faire dans ceite galere ? "
Les Fourberifs de Scapin, Act ii., Sc. 7.
" La grammaire, qui sait regenter jusqu'aux rois."
Les Femmes Savardes, Act ii., Sc. 6.
*' Ah ! il n'y a plus d*enfants."
Le Malade Imaginaire, Act ii., Sc. 8.
Bibliographical.
I DID not tbink that I should live to accord entire
approval to any utterance by the late Mr. W. E. Glad-
stone ; but the thing has happened. Messrs. Hutchinson
& Go. are good enough to circulate monthly a publication
which they call The Book Lover, and in which they give a
disinterested account of the various works which they
have just issued, or are about to issue. In The Book
Lover for March there is an interview with Mr. W. H.
Wilkins, who is going to publish with them a biography
of Sophie Dorothea of Celle. It appears that Mr. Wilkins,
who put forth, eight years ago, a novel called /S^. MiehaeVs
Eve, was so fortunate as to include Mr. Gladstone among
his readers. Of course, Mr. Gladstone wrote to Mr. Wilkins
on the subject, and these were the golden words he used :
'^ It seems to me that with us at the present day talent is
running overmuch into the field of invention ; and that,
setting apart the few cases where an author is conscious
of strong creative power, other fields of history and
research are more fruitful.'' Mr. Wilkins says tbat he has
acted on this hint. Now, if all good Gladstonians would
accept the suggestion of the Master, and cease writing
novels — unless " conscious of strong creative power " —
what a much brighter universe this would be.
As a bibliographer, I have a sense of personal indebted-
ness to the gentleman who has just published a novel
called The Lean of Larrendale. He says he has not put
his real name on tbe title-page because it happens to be
identical with tbat of a novelist already well-lmown. He
therefore calls himself '^ Wynton Everdey." He is wise.
He is also fair, for obviously a new '^ Thomas Hardy "
(to take an example at random) ought not, at this time of
day, to take advantage of the popularity and fame
achieved by the author of Tess of the i>' Wrhervilles. More-
over, if a new '^Thomas Hardy" had any ambition to
become popular and famous, he could not do worse for
himself than produce books which (if really admirable)
would almost certainly be attributed to the earlier comer.
My own interest in the matter is purely bibUographioal,
and thdt is why I am sorry that there is an English and
an American Eobert Bridges, and an American and an
English Winston Ghurchm. It is not right that the
difficulties of the unhappy bibliographer should thus be
complicated. The American Kobert Bridges, coming after
the English, ought to have called himself Kobert Bridges
the Second. That would have established his identity,
and made everything pleasant.
Let us hope that it will never be considered the duty of
a bibliograpner to trace, for the benefit of the public, the
wanderings of fictitious characters from novel to noveL
One does not complain when the Mark Antony of '' Julius
GsBsar" turns up in *^ Antony and Gleopatra," and the
Bolingbroke of ** Richard II." reappears in " Henry IV.,"
because these were historical chEuracters, and reappear
legitimately ; but when it comes to authors of pure fiction,
whether of plays or novels, carrying their creations from
one work to another, it is time to protest against the strain
upon the memory and the recording pen. We know that
the Sir Novelty Fashion of Gibber's Lovers Last Shift
reappears in Yanbrugh's Relapse as Lord Foppington ; but
the system is not to be encouraged, though Thackeray
and TroUope used it. We are now told that some of the
characters in Miss Fowler's Isabel Camahy and (I think)
A Double Thread are to reappear in her next novel, The
Farrinydons, It is just possible that some of us may
not recognise them. The creations of the modem story-
teller do not always make a marked impression upon the
mind.
I am beginning to think that I am in my way a first-
class prophet. Only the other day I suggested that
Sydney Dobell's war poems might well receive attention,
and lo and behold comes a brief annoucement that they
are shortly to be reproduced. Not very long ago, too,
a correspondent wrote to ask me whether William Penn's
Fruits of Solitude could be obtained in England. R. L.
Stevenson had referred to the work in one of his letters,
and that had given it a new lease of life. I told my
correspondent that there had been comparatively recent
reprints of the Fruits^ but that I could not be sure any one
of them was '^in the market." I suggested that some
publisher might find it worth his while to reprint the said
Fruits, And now I read that the work is to be reprinted
soon under the editorship of Mr. Edmund Gosse, whose
labours at the Board of Trade happily are not so exhausting
as to prevent his engaging in such literary enterprises.
'^ The Cave of Illusion^ a drama by Alfred Sutro, with an
introduction by Maurice Maeterlinck " — nothing could be
more appropriate. It is a sort ot quid pro quo. Did not
Mr. Sutro translate into English M. Maeterlinck's Alladine
and Falomides, and also his Treasure of the Mumble ? The
least that M. Maeterlinck could do after this was to
*^ introduce " a drama by his Eaglish translator.
Ought Mr. A. G. Benson to have christened his forth-
coming book The Professor, and Other Poems? Somehow
or other, that title, The Professor, seems sacred to Gharlotte
Bronte, though Heaven knows why. There ought to be
no monopoly in literature. Professors, nowadays, are as
numerous as blackberries. You remember with what
admirable tact and irony Matthew Arnold deprecated the
title.
TilJS BOOEWOBK.
24 March, 1900.
The Academy.
247
Reviews.
A New-Old Movement.
The Symbolut Movement in Literature, By Arthur Sjmona.
(Heinemann. 6s.)
In this grave and admirably- written volume Mr. Sjmons
has a BiH)ject which suits his idiosyncrasy ; and the work
is, in most respects, better — more spontaneous, more
sympathetic, more constructive, and more homogeneous —
than any section of Studies in Two Literatures, He has
always had a tendency towards the exotic, the mysterious
(if not the vague), the Un-obvious ; and he has always
shivered away from contact with that positivity of daily
common facts, that hard Britannic physicalism (cult of the
cold tub), toute eette vieilU ExtiriwiU inflexible^ which
characterise so deeply our nineteenth-century poetry and
prose. Here, in this movement which founa its most
child-like exponent in Yerlaine, its most brilliant in
Mallarm6, and its loftiest in Maeterlinck, there is nothing
to dismay, and everything to enhearten, a spectator of life
and letters such as Mr. Symons. It is only natural, then,
that he should be at his best. And hiB best is really
something quite distinguished. Mr. Symons has nursed
and watdied over his critical talent with an almost
maternal care and conscientiousness. We have seen it
frow, during some ten years now, not only in strength,
ut in fineness and beauty. Essentially G-allic in literary
temperament, Mr. Symons yet owes more to Walter Pater
than to any other. His highly- wrought style possesses, in
a measure, every quality of Pater's except the crowning
quality of wistfulness. It is a notable style, elaborately
perfected, ardent in its '^ chimerical search after the
virginity of language," reverent in its attitude towards
words, precise without being hard, and musical without
affectation. As a critic Mr. Symons perceives gradually
rather than by instant intuition. Instead of flashing the
limelight into the cave, he examines it with a tinted
lantern, showing you this and that, and ultimately
directing an illuminating final ray upon the most secret
arcanum of the grot. Tf^e this, of Yerlaine : ^^ From the
moment when his inner life may be said to have begun,
he was occupied with the task of unceasing confession, in
which one seems to overhear him talking to himself, in
that vague, preoccupied way he often had."
In the art of personal portraiture— a valuable and
legitimate, if somewhat modem, adjunct of criticism — Mr.
Symons specially excels. There are several examples
which mi^t be quoted. We will give hiB picture of Jons
Karl Huysmans at the house of *' the bizarre Madame X. ":
He leans back on the sofa, rolling a cigarette between his
thin, expressive fingers, looking at no one and at nothing,
while Madame X. moves about with solid vivacity in the
midst of her extraordinary menagerie of hric-a-hrac. The
spoils of all the world are there in that inorediUy tiny
salon ; they lie underfoot, they climb np walls, they ding to
screens, brackets, and tables ; one of your elbows menaces
a Japanese toy, the other a Dresden china shepherdess;
all the colours of the rainbow crash in a barbaric discord
of notes ; and in a comer of this fantastic room Huysmans
lies back indifferently on the sofa, with the air of one
perfectly resigned to the boredom of life. Something is
said by my leained friend who is to write for the new
periodical, or perhaps it is the young editor of the new
periodical who ipeaks . • . ; and Huysmans, without
looking up, and without taking the trouble to speak very
distinctly, picks up the phrase, transforms it (more likely
transpierces it) in a perfectly turned sentence, a phrase of
impromptu elaboration. Perhaps it is only a stupid book
that someone has mentioned, or a stupid woman ; as he
speaks the book looms up before one, becomes monstrous
in its dulness, a masterpiece and miracle of imbecility ; the
unimportant little woman grows into a slow horror
before your eyes.' It is always the unpleasant aapect of
things that he seizes ; but the intensity of his revoU from
that unpleasantness brings a touch of the sublime into the
very expression of his disgust. Every sentence is an
epigram, and every epigram slaughters a reputation or an
idea. He speaks with an accent as of pained surprise, an
amused look of contempt, so profound that it oecomes
almost pity for human imbecility.
Begarding the *' Symbolist movement in literature " (Mr.
Symons should have said '^in French literature," for he
deals with nothing else), it appears to us that there is no
Symbolist movement. There is a movement, but it is not
Symbolist. Or, rather, it is no more ^mbolist than all
poetry is symbolist. Mr. Symons fails, brilliantly, to
justify the term. He quotes Sartor to the effect that in
the Symbol there is '' some embodiment and revelation of
the Infinite — the Infinite is made to blend itself with the
Finite, to stand visible, and, as it were, attainable there."
And he adds that it is in this sense that the epithet is
applied to the now famous French school. But is it ? In
order to arrive at the Infinite vid a Symbol you must first
have the Symbol. And it does not seem that the Symbolist
work is rich in symbols. Mallarme, who is the self-
conscious artist of the movement, its authoritative
expounder, lays stress on Suggestion, not on Symbolism.
'' To name is to destroy ; to suggest is to create." There
lies the formula, and Mr. Symons's chosen extracts (ex-
quisitely translated, by the way) support it. Where, in
any but the usual degree common to every true poet, is
the Symbolism of Mallarme's '^ Sigh " or his *' Sea-wind " ?
The fact is, this movement ought to have been called
the "Evocative" movement. (It never will be, but it
should have been.) "To evoke, by some elaborate, in-
stantaneous magic of language, without the formality of
an after all impossible description ; to be, rather than to
express." That was the aim of the fine flower of this
school. The miracle was to be immediate, not wrought
by an apparatus either of Symbolism or any other ism.
There had been " evocatives " long before Arthur
Bimbaud roused the wondering enthusiasm of Yerlaine.
Scores of examples of " creative suggestion " — conceived
in the very spirit of our French Symbolists — exist in
Elizabethan literature. Provided he had not read Shake-
speare, would any cautious person be prepared to deny
that the last line of the following description of a nun's
life (note the second word particiuarly) was not translated
from Mallarm6 ?
For aye to be in shady cloister mew'd . . •
Chanting faint hymns to the cold, fruitless moon.
Mr. Symons finds Symbolism (let us vield to the word)
first in G6rard de Nerval, and he traces its course onwards
through de I'Isle Adam, Bimbaud, and Laforgue, to
Yerlaine, Mallarm6, and Maeterlinck. And though, as
we take it link by link, we see no flaw in the chain, it is
ultimately dear that the Symbolism of Mallarm6 was an
essentially different thing £*om that of de Nerval. The
movement might almoet be divided into two halves, partly
concurrent: tibe first consisting of de Nerval, BimDaud,
and Yerlaine ; and the second of de I'Isle Adam, Laforgue,
Mallann6, and Maeterlinck. The former were children of
Nature, singing they knew not how nor why ; the latter
were children of Art, subservient to theories of almost
scientific precision.
The essay on Mallarm6 is the most brilliant in the whole
volume; it stands unequalled among all Mr. Symons's
critical work, with the possible exception of his apprecia-
tion of Aubrey Beardsley. It belongs, indeed, to a very
high order of criticism. The subject is one of intense and
complicated difficulty ; but Mr. Symons has treated it with
a delicacy and a sureness of perception, an instinct for
clarity, which can scarcely be overpraised, and which
nearly make plain some of the abstrusest '' divagations"
of Mallaim6's decadence. His courage in advancing a
theory of the way in which Mallarme wrote verse and
the reasons for Mallaime's later unintelligibility is only
surpassed by the persuasive convincingness of the theory.
248
The Academy.
24 March, 1900.
The Jowett Lectures.
A Crttieal Iliatory of a FtUure Life in Iwael Judaism and in
Christianity. By E. H. Charles, D.D. (Adam &
Charles Black.)
Dr. Chaslks was for some years a curate of the Church
of England at Whitechapel, Kensington, and Kennington
successively, and is now Professor of Biblical (Jreek at
that most Protestant of Protestant institutions, Trinity
College, Dublin. He is also well known to science as the
translator from the Ethiopic and the Syriac of the Book
of Enoch, the Book of Jubilees, and other of the lesser
known Apocrypha, and is, perhaps, since the death of
Dlllmann, the greatest living authority on Apocalyptic
literature. He is, therefore, thorougmy well equipped
for the task he has here set himself, and the trustees of
the Jowett Lecture Fund may be congratulated upon
having chosen him to deliver the lectures for 1898-1899, of
which this book is a reprint. They could hardly have
found anyone with better credentials either for learning or
for orthodoxy.
Of the pre-Exilic or, as he prefers to call it, the Hebrew
notions of a future life Dr. Charles has not very much to
say. Passing by without mention the older view of War-
burton that the Jews in the time of Moses had no concep-
tion of a future life at all, he tells us that their conception
of a life after death was not wholly independent of
J'Yahwism," but actually opposed to it, being, in fact,
itself a survival from heathen times. Following Stade and
others, he regards the main body of the Israelites as given
up to the worship of their ancestors, of whom he considers
the teraphim to have been the images, and it is by this
that he explains the law of the levirato, or the ^* raising-up
of seed" to a deceased brother. Hence it is not to be
wondered at they looked upon the dead as having vague
powers of annoyance towards the living that could only be
propitiated by sacrifices, and considered their Sheol as
a dreary abode quite outside the sphere of ** Yahw^'s " rule.
These views he thinks go back to the period when " the
Hebrew clans lived in the valley of the Euphrates, and
shared this and other beliefs with the Babylonians of that
time "; and, although they received some modification as
the worship of Yahw^ became more prominent, they were
not abandoned till a very late date. ** Down to tiie Exile,
and later, the beliefs of Israel with reference to a future life
were heathen to the core, and irreconcilable with any intelli-
gible belief in a sole and supreme God," and these beliefs,
he says later, found their final expression in Sadduceeism.
It was the prophets, he thinks, and especially Isaiah, who
first taught that the righteous should after death be
restored to ** communion with Gk)d and with the righteous
community "; and it was this belief, strengthened, no doubt,
by contact with Persian thought in Babylon, that led to
the faith in the resurrection which filtered down through
sects like the Chasidim imtil it reached its fullest develop-
ment among the Pharisees. But it may be noticed that the
blessedness of the dead was never held to extend to the
Gentiles. Some of the larger-minded prophets thought
that the Gentiles might in the last days be raised again to
be servante of Israel ; but Ezekid — of whom Dr. Charles
seems to have a particular detestation — Haggai, Zechariah,
Nahum, HabbaKuk, and Daniel all prophesy their total
destruction. By the time the author gets to his Book of
Enoch (say 170 b.c.) he finds that the punishments of
God, which for the Jews are corrective, are towards the
Gentiles merely vindictive. "In no case," he says,
speaking of the literature of the immediately pre-Christian
period, " does it appear that the Gentiles could attain to
a blessed resurrection."
Meanwhile, an idea destined to exercise a yet greater
effect in the future of the nation was gradually taking the
leading place in Jewish thought. This was the theory of
a miractuous personage who should lead the Jews to the
subjugation of the whole earth. This idea was not fully
developed, according to Dr. Charles, until after the Exile,
as he considers that " the Branch" foretold by Jeremiah
is not an individual, biit a dynasty. *^ Most of the passages
in Amos, Hosea, Isaiah, and Micah which promise the
advent of the Messianic kingdom and of the Messiah " are,
he considers, later interpolations, but during the Exile the
idea took definite shape, and thereafter " the day of
Yahw^," as it was callea, was looked forward to as the
period when the sceptre of the world should be given to
Israel, leaving the Gentiles either to exist as slaves to the
chosen race or to be totally destroyed. In the formation
of this idea he again assigns the initiative to Ezekiel,
although he points out that that part of the Book of Enoch
which is known as the Similitudes is the first writing in
which the Messiah is looked upon as a superhuman being.
From that time onward the expectation of a supernatural
leader who should enable the Jews to oppress the Gentiles
never ceiLsed to occupy their minds until it brought about
their final rebellion and consequent extinction as a nation
under Hadrian. This idea Dr. Charles traces wit^ great
distinctness throughout the whole range of Apocryphal
and Apocalyptic literature. He does not tell us very much
as to its ultimate origin, although he pointe out the
influence of Parsism upon certain writers such as the
pseudo-Daniel. But an unbiassed student might perhaps
see in it the racial fondness for a '^ holy war " which has
so often led Semitic nations to dream not altogether fruit-
lessly of an orfi^e of blood and plunder brought about by
supernatural aid. The rdle of the Mahdists in the Soudan,
now happily extinguished, is but the last as well as the
most familiar instence of this.
There remains the eschatology of the early Christian
Church, as to which Dr. Charles speaks with no uncertain
sound. At the outset of the ministry of Jesus, he tells us,
" He had, we can hardly doubt, hoped to witness the con-
summation of " the Messianic kingdom " without passing
through the gates of death." That, later. He expected to
return during the then existing generation he holds, too,
to be proved beyond question, and to this faith the early
Church were committed. He thinks, too, that Jesus
plainly taught that only the righteous would rise again,
although tms doctrine was modified — as he thinks, wrongly
— in the Gospel of St. Luke. The idea of " the Millennium,
or the reign of Christ for 1,000 years on the present earth,
or any other form of the temporary Messianic kingdom,
cannot be said to belong to the sphere of Christian
doctrine " ; while the doctrine of eternal damnation is '' a
Judaistic survival of grossly immoral character." Finally,
he considers the eschatologv of St Paul points '* either
to Uie final redemption of all created personal beings or —
and this seems the true alternative — ^to the destruction of
the finally impenitent." '^ This destruction," he says
cryptically, ''would not be of the nature of an external
punishment, but subjective and self -executed."
Dr. Charles always writes with clearness and point, and
the full references to authorities that he gives will enable
scholars to check his conclusions for themselves. For our
own part, we fancy that, like most clerical writers, he is
rather too much inclined to look upon both the Jewish and
the Christian religions as things to be considered apart
from all other faiths, and to attach too little weight to
the infiuence that the nations among whom the Jews were
cast may have had in matters like eschatology. Thus, the
theory that the world would finally be destroyed by fire
was a favourite with the Stoics, and was pubUcly taught
by them about the time when the Jewish ideas of a final
cataclysm began to take shape. So, too, the idea of
a superhuman being leading his own worshippers to
the conquest of other nations, was familiar enough at
the same period to the Greek worshippers of Bacchus, or
of his prototype the Egyptian Osiris ; while the likeness of
the Jonannine Apocalypse to the Persian book of Arda-
Yiraf has been often pointed out. But such points fall
into the background when we consider the manner in
34 March, i^oo.
The Academy.
249
wbioh Dr. Charles treats the Bible, which formerly was
looked upon as the very mainstay and sheet-anchor of
Protestantism. According to Dr. Charles, it was the
non-fulfilment of prophecies which was ''one of the
main sources'' of the numerous Apocalypses which
profess to give an account of '' the last tmn^s," and
he uses those among them which are uncanomcal as if
they were on a perfect equality with those in the Canon.
Ezekiel's views o!n many points he holds to be '' demon-
stably false/' while he finds many incongruities and incpn-
sistenoies in the eschatology of tiie New Testament. He
even thinks it ''easily conceivable" that "some ideas
morally irreconcilable should exist in the same [inspired]
writer." As for the text, he treats it in the way that the
higher critics have already made familiar to us. It has
before been said that most of the Messianic passages in the
early prophets are treated as interpolations ; and the same
treatment is extended to the statement in John v. 28, 29,
that they have done good shall come forth from their
graves " unto the resturection of life ; and they that have
done evil unto the resurrection of damnation." This
passage, says Dr. Charles, is so plainly inconsistent with
its context that it must be cut out, and he would deal in
the same way with the words " at the last day " where
they occur in the following chapter. We do not pretend to
take up the cudgels for the Protestant faith against one so
well qualified to speak on its behalf as Dr. Charles, but if
this is its last wora on Biblical inspiration, we should like
to know the sanction for the rest of its dogmas.
Moliere.
(Euvres Competes d$ Moliere, (Oxford: Clarendon Press.
5s. ; India Paper, 9s. 6d. Miniature Edition, 4 vols., 14s.)
In these days, when farcical comedy (not always of the
most laughter-moving quality) overflows our theatres, it
is worth while to turn to the greatest master of laughter
that has yet appeared, and realise how far we are de-
generate. One could not do so in a better or handier
Httle edition than that just issued by the Oxford Press.
It will give all who wish to renew their acquaintance with
Moliere an opportunity of doing so with pleasure, and, it
may be hoped, tempt to him many new readers. There
is nothing in our own literature to expound the comedy
of MoliSre ; it is altogether French. It is not the witiy
comedy of our Kestoratioh dramatists, with its glitter of
epigram, antithesis, and ludicrous simile, couched in
exquisitely turned and easy form. Still less is it Eliza
betnan comedy. In fact, it is not comedy at all, but the
sublimation of farce. There are exceptions: The Misan-
thrope rises to serious comedy ; while Tartuffe, in construc-
tion and execution one of Moli^re's masterpieces, in
conception is sombre and almost virulent to a repellent
degree. The central character is so loathsome, that we
are unable to abandon ourselves to the spirit of mirth ;
we feel ourselves in the hands of a serious and mortal-
wounding satirist ; and the delineation is carried through
unflinchingly to the odious last, no detail of blasphemous
hyj^ocrisy spared us. It moves to hatred and indignation,
which is not the function of comedy.
But this IS by the way. What we have said holds true
with regard to the bulk of Moli^re's work : it depends on
broadly humorous situation and exquisite fooling, a con-
stant succession of the most fertile and unexpected absur-
dities, put into the mouths of conscious or imoonscious
buffoons. The characters are nought, well-thumbed stase
types which do not count, handed down from the old
Italian comedy : the miser, the credulous old pantaloon^
the clown, the brace of lovers (otherwise harlequin and
columbine), the heroine's maid and confidante^ who makes
comic love with the down, ultimately ciystallising into the
sottbrette of French comedy— -these, with trimminffs, provide
the biU of fare in play after play. Oongreve could remark
even of the rich Imglish stage &at the characters available
for comedy were really very few, and had a tendency to
revolve round certain fixed types ; but it is far more the
case with the French stage of this period. Even when
a new character seems to present himself in MoliSre, he
presently proves to be one of the old lay-figures in an
up-to-date dress. M. Jourdain, the rich bourgeois with an
incurable wish to make himself a gentleman on the " while
you wait " principle of refashioning, in point of character,
is our old friend the pantaloon in a new situation. MoUSre
does not attempt to draw you a French bourgeois as he
lived, moved, and had his being, as Shakespeare would
have done in like circumstances. He is content to have
put his credulous old man into a new position, which
affords encUess variety for his capacity of blundering. It
is on that capacity that the play turns : Jourdain is the
unconscious buffoon, as in another play Sganarelle is the
conscious one. Moliere, being himBelf an actor, carries
the element of farce as far as the most downright stage*
tricks. In Ze Midicin Malgri Lui there is a venerable
bit of business about Sganarelle's bottle, which he passes
from side to side, and finally hugs to hiB stomach, under
the belief that his interlocutors are goings to take it from
him, which gestures, as the original remarks with delight-
ful nair^^, "font un grand jeu de theatre," make a fine
stage trick indeed. Le Bourgeois Oentilhamme in its
final scenes adventures joyously upon wild farce; the
egregious M. Jourdain seated solemnly in his chair,
dressed as a Turk, while the rest of the characters, in
similar masquerade, dance round him singing burlesque
verses in lingua franca, and cudgel him, under pretext of
making him a Turkish dignitazy.
But individualised character, as it is outside Moli^re's
design, so also it is not missed bv reader or spectator.
You do not even think of it while his personages are
pouring forth their rich follies. His spint of drwery is
inexhaustible, and would cover the sins of a score of
ordinary playwrights. He is an artist, of course, like all
Frenchmen; his plays are skilfully constructed; and he
is fertile in invention of comic situation. But the wonderful
endowment of hiB animal spirits; the opulent flow of
humour, saturating eveiything ; Uie sheer mirth of the
man — ^this is the prominent and unrivalled gift which
carries us away. Fully half of the play to which we
lately referred, Ze Bourgeois Gentilhomme, consists of
nothing but M. Jourdain's interviews with his various
teachers ; there is no plot going forward, no action. But
the mere procession of the bourgeois^ absurdities is irre-
sistible. The best of these have passed into proverbs,
such as the famous : " For forty years I have been
speaking prose without having the least idea of it, and
I am most infinitely obliged to you for having told me so."
But the whole of the scene with the Philosophical Master,
in which this occurs, is admirable humour :
Phil. Master. The vowel O is formed by opening the
jawB, and approaching the lips by the two extremities, the
upper and we lower : O.
M. JouEDAiN. O, O. Nothing could be more just. A,
E, I, O, I, O. This it admirable. I, O, I, O.
PhUi. Mas. The opening of the mouth makes exactly
as it were a littie circle, which represents an O.
M. JouB. O, O, O. You are right ; O. Ah, what a fine
thing it is to know something !
The surprise and infantile delight with which the bourgeois
receives and airs the most elementazy scraps of Imowledge
is deliciously rendered. There is about tiie drollery m
these scenes something of the bon enfant which is character-
istically French ; perhaps we might say characteristically
southern I For there is a childlike easiness of unbending
in southern fooling which northern fooling lacks, and
whereby it escapes the jack-pudding offensiveness to
which Teutonic farce is liable. If the Teuton can touch
250
The Academy.
24 March, 1900.
greater heights than the man of Latin race (as seems
probable from a comparison of literatures), it must be
confessed he is very much less happy in coming down from
them. Southern humour is gay ; and it is this gaiety of
humour, radiating through Moli^re, this ebullient laughter,
which makes him the greatest of modem comic dramatists.
Not Shakespeare has it in such wealth, though here and
there he may touch a note of purer humour. Yet occa-
sionally we find ourselyes reminded of Shakespeare in
reading Moli^re. For example, in the very play from
which we have just quoted, M. Jourdain's ridiculous
contest of politeness with Dorante recalls Slender*s similar
contest with Page in the M$rry TFives ; while the absurdity
with which he closes it, " J'aime mieux etre incivil qu'
importun," is a literal translation of Slender's final sentence,
"1 will rather be unmannerly than troublesome." Yet
Moli^re had never read Shakespeare ! One likes to find
such inoidental coincidences and resemblances between the
two great masters — both actors and both dramatists. If,
however, as we have said, Moli^re has nothing of that
character- drawing which, in Shakespeare, makes Sir
Andrew Aguecheek totally distinct from every other
Shakespearean fool, and Sir Toby Belch quite unlike
Falfitan (whom in any other hands he would certainly
have resembled), it would be a mistake to think that we
get from Moliere no picture of his age. On the contrary,
he comprehensively reflects the France of his time. But
that is dependent on other things than character-drawing.
He did not so much set himself to paint manners as to
seize on what he f oimd ridiculous and laughter-worthy in
the France of his day. Accordingly he must remain,
perhaps, without influence on the modem stage, which is
above all closely realistic. Yet our writers of farcical
comedy might learn from him the secret of that fountain
of laughter which was his above all men's. Perhaps,
however, it cannot be transferred to our stage ; and the
history of adaptations from him would tend to prove so.
For in all the spirit has evaporated. We must be content
with our Moliere in the pretty little volumes which the
Clarendon Press has given us.
An Industrious Singer. .
Sonffs of th$ Morning, By Nora Hopper. (Qrant
Bichaords.)
Miss HoFFBB has her place among the band of Irish poets
that constitute what is called the Celtic renascence. They
are a band whose claims to recognition it is impossible to
ignore, as is shown by the specimens of their work o(d-
lected in Mr. Yeats's Book of Irish Verse, Mr. Yeats
himself, Mrs. Hinkson, Dr. Douglas Hyde (in his transla-
tions from the Gaelic), Mr. John Eglington, and the
exceedingly strange and subtle writer signing himself
'*A. E.," can show a body of verse which makes high
daim for the advances of the sister isle. Miss Hopper in
this volume does not suffer us to forget that she belongs
to the Celtic band. Yet it is hardly because of the poems
which insist on their Irish birthright that we hiul the
present book as a gain u]x>n her previous achievement.
Those pooms seem to us among the least original in the
collection : tiiey belong distincUy to a brand of poetry for
which many writers seem to have the recipe, and are
neither better nor worse than others in this particular
'^line'' of goods. We know the substratum of Irish
legend, the edifice of sentiment as cheap in Ireland as in
England, and wearily common to both, the Irish phrases
interspersed at due intervals in the composition like
raisins. This kind of national sentiment is a flavouring
essence, which can be applied to any poem with guaranteed
effect. The spice of Gaelic names cannot render novel
to English readers the mechanical picturesqueness of such
ballads.
Nor yet do we care specially fur Miss Hopper in another
class of poems, which forego the deliberate consciousness
of nationality, and essay that sensuous picturing of nature
and glow of external colour which a whole school of writers
have caughf^-directly or indirectly — from Bossetti. A
profusion of words like stained glass characterise work of
this order ; and the words are all there in Miss Hopper's
verse. But the glittering diction is not inevitable, seizes
us by no magic ; we can see (as it were) how the thing is
done. Once or so she deliberately tries her verbal gift in
an impression — << On the Embankment ''; but she fails to
endue ner words with nervous organisation, they are but
paints. The final stanza directly remembers Eossetti :
Of gifts it makes to days and nights
I took three memories away :
The scent of leaves that rotting lay,
The pigeon's call, the wandering lights.
The Pre-Baphaelite master sang :
From perfect grief there need not be
Wisdom or even memory :
One thine aloce is left to me —
The wooa-spurge hath a cup of three.
That is a slight matter; more serious is it to (^peculate
what Miss Hopper means in '* Kew Q-ardens " by :
The peonies stand
like purfled flames on either band.
The loom elassieus for the word is the passage where Milton
speaks of Iris' ''purfled scarf." One cannot help a dark
suspicion that Miss Hopper supposed it to be a form of
"purpled." Only so can we explain its application to
peonies. But the poem (in spite of the cuckios' '' drawl-
ing voices sad and soft " — a luckless phrase) has a fine
close :
The wild-fowl by tbe water-side
Cry as if man's first day had died,
And Adam, naked, stood alone
'Neath the first darkness he had known.
Miss Hopper, this would show, is capable of better things
than '' word-painting." She is capable of very good things
indeed ; and the best of them occur when she shuts one
thought in a lyric closed like a lantern and complete. The
lyric germinates from the single idea (to use another image)
and ceases with the full unfolding of it. Of all this class,
in which Miss Hopper most truly comes to her own, the
finest is " Southernwood," to which we referred when it
appeared in the Pall Mall Oautte ; a very beautiful poem,
in which intimate feeling shelters its self-betrayal imder
gracious veils :
So I have harvested my womanhood
Into one tall green bcuh of southernwood ;
And if the leaves are green about your feet,
And if my fragraDce on a day should meet
And brace your weariness, why, not in vain
Shall I have husbanded from sun and rain
My spioes if you chance to find them sweet.
I have grown up beneath the sheltering shade
Of roses : roses' poignant scents have made
My sharp spice sweeter than 'twas wont to be.
Therefore if any vagrant gather me
And wear me in his bosom, I will give
Him dreams of roses ; he shall dream and live,
And wake to find the rose a verity.
Gather me, gather. I have dreams to sell.
The sea is not by any fluted shell
More faithfully remembered than I keep
My thought of roses, through beguiling sleep
And the bewildering day. I'll give to him
Who gathers me more sweetness than he'd dream
Without me — more than any lily could ;
I that am flowerless, being southernwood.
Charming, in a lighter and impersonal vein, is the poem
called '^ Monday," with its dainty and appropriate fancy.
24 March, 1900.
The Academy!
251
Miss Hopper, indeed, frequentlj has liappj lights of
fancy, as :
The moon is a vampire to-night. She has sacked from the
stars
Their splendour of silver : they lean to ns weary and white
Like prisoners' faces pressed pale against window-bars.
Altogether, we may perhaps say that the thing in which
Miss Hopper shows most ^stinct advance is the j^ersonal
lyric. Her work is always aocoicpliBhed, but in such
poems as *' Southernwood " it touches a higher mood and
a more unquestionable inspiration. It is distinguished
poetry indeed.
"The Great Clerk Grostest.'*
Bobert Orossetette, Btshop of Lineoln. By F. S. Stevenson,
M.P. (Macmillan.)
EoBERT Gbossbteste — '^ Scyut Boberd," as taen loved to
call him — stands side by side with his friend Simon de
Montfort among the leaders of thirteenth centurv England.
Eminent in letters and philosophy, he left the calm ways of
academic life for the thorny thickets of political and ocdesi-
astical warfare. His life was written by Eichard, a monk
of Bardney, early in the sixteenth century, and by Samuel
Pegge late in the eighteenth, and has now been re-written
by Mr. Stevenson with sufiBcient learning, industry, and
sympathy, and perhaps with an imperfect feeling for the
vigorous and picturesque in biographical narrative. A
man of Suffolk by birth, Qrosseteste was trained at Oxford,
migrated to Paris, and back again to Oxford, where he
is believed to have become the first Chancellor of the
erowing University. He had rare learning for his age
both in Ghreek and Hebrew, wrote on theology, philosophy,
mathematics, and natural science, and earned from the
erudite and critical Boger Bacon a commendation denied
to Alexander de Hales, Albertus Magnus, and Thomas
Aquinas. Bacon, indeed, put him on a level with Solomon,
Anstotle, and Avicenna. Wydiffe even thought him
§ eater than Aristotle. In 1235 Grosseteste succeeded
ugh de Wells as Bishop of Lincoln. He rapidly rose to
a real, if not a fonnal, pnmacy in the English Church, and
for the rest of his life championed Anglican independence
alike against the secular power and against the extravagant
fretensions of the See of Eome. He wrestled with the
^ope on the claim of presentation to English benefices
and threw him. Within the borders of the Church itsdf
he was a reformer, somewhat austere. His visitations
were a terror to the laxer chapters and monastic houses.
The secular clergy he compelled to observe sumptuary
regulations long disregarded. He thundered against
fairs in churchyards, the drinking bouts known as *' Sco-
tates," the Feast of Fools, and even, like the Puritans
after him, the harmless ritual of the King and Queen of
May. He was one of the first to welcome the Dominican
and Franciscan friars when they landed in England, and
he acted as theological lecturer to the school which the
Franciscans set up in their cell at Oxford. Nor did his
pastoral duties draw him wholly from humaner studies.
He brought Greeks to teach in England, translated St.
Ignatius, St. John of Damascus, and Dionysius the
ioeopagite, made an English version of Walter of Henley's
Tr0<Um an Muthandry, and wrote Zss IUuU» Seynt RoUrty
not for monks or recluses, but for the management of a
great estate.
At last he won his way, as Herodotus has it, ^' to the
mythical." Matthew Paris narrates the mystery * his
death :
On the same night also certain Minorites, \ ^o were
joumeyiog in baste towards BockdeD, where Bobert,
Bishop of Lincoln, then was — for he was a comforter and
frtther to the Franciscans and Dominicans — ^lost their way
iu the royal forest of Wanberge, and, while wandering
about, heard in the air a sound as of bells, amongst whidi
they (dearly distinguished one bell of sweeter note than
any they had beard before. When the dawn appeared
they met some foresters, of whom, after obtaining dxreo-
tions to enable them to regain theriffht road, they mqnired
what meant that solemn peal of bells which they had
heard in the direction of Budcden, to which the foresters
replied that they had not heard, and did not then hear
anything, thoug^h the sound still greatly filled the air.
Oreatly wondering, the brethren made their way to
Bnckden, and were told that at the very time of night
when they had heard those melodious sounds the Bishop
of linooln had breathed forth his happy spirit.
As has been said, he received a local cult, and mirades
are alleged to have been wrought at his tomb in Lincoln
Cathedral. This tomb Leland saw, "a goodly one of
marble, with an image of brass over it " ; but it fell before
the Puritan iconoclasts of the Civil Wars. Fifty years
after his death, formal application was made for his
canonisation by the Deans and Chapters of Linooln and
St. Paul's, the Abbot and Convent of Osney, King Edward
the First, the Archbishop of York, and the University of
Oxford. But the memory of Ghrosseteste's resistance to
papal aggression still lingered at Kome, and his shade
nad to remain content with the lesser '' seynt-ahip " of
popular acclamation.
Other New Books.
Passages in a Wandebiko Life. Bt Thomas Arnold.
Mr. Arnold is the second son of Dr. Arnold of Eugby,
and the father of Mrs. Humphry Ward, and among his
other justifications for venturing upon autobiography were
his intimacy with Cardinal Newman and some interesting
pioneer experiences in New Zealand in the forties. Mr.
Amcdd was bom at Laleham, where his brother Matthew
is buried, in 1823, and was educated at Winchester, Bugby,
and Oxford. Among his schoolfellows were the author of
Tom BrwofCi SchooUaffs and Hodson of Hodson's Horse.
Mr. Arnold's Fox-How recollections include a meeting
with Southey — '' So now you've seen a real live poet! "
said he to the boy ; and Hartley Coleridge, Wordsworth,
and Christopher North flit across these pages. Of Words-
worth he says: ''The poet's ordinary dress was a loose
brown frockcoat, trousers of shepherd's plaid, a loose black
handkerchief for a necktie, a green-and-black plaid shawl
round the shoulders, and a wide-awake or straw hat, often
with a blue veil attached to it." One would like a descrip-
tion of his extraordinary dress. Hartley Coleridge reminded
Mr. Arnold of Scott's '' Black Dwarf. He says of him :
" He was a melancholy ruin ; when he was in the vein he
would talk in an eloquent and richly imaginative strain,
walking about the room all the time." Of Derwent Cole-
ridge and Hartley he says : " They were both short, thick-
set men, and to see the head of St. Mark's College, Chelsea,
the respectable divine, walking side by side with the
incorrigible Bohemian, his brother, suggested a perplexing
subject for meditation." We find Matthew in the Oxford
chapter :
From the autumn of 1842 to the end of 1846 my time*
and my brother's also, was chiefly spent at Oxford. He
was cultivating his poetic gift carefully, but his exuberant,
versatile nature claimed other satisfactions; his keen,
bantering talk made him something of a social lion among
Oxford men ; he even began to dress fashionably. Goethe
displaced Byron in his poetical allegiance; the trans-
cendental spells of Emerson wove themselves around him ;
the charm of an exquisite style made him, and lon^ kept
him, a votary of Geor^ Sand. The perfect handling of
words, joined to the dehcate presentation of ideas, attracted
him powerfully to John Henry Newman, whose afternoon
Sunday sermons at St. Mary's he for a long time regularly
attended. But, so far ai I know, Newman's Uxiching never
made an impression upon bim.
252
The I Academy.
24 March, 1900.
Alter leaving Oxford Mr. Arnold wejit out to New
Zealand, where he roughed it and met Alfred Domett —
Browning's '^ Waring " ; then he became a school inspector
in Tasmania, married, and joined the Boman Catholic
Ohurch. His next move was to Dublin, where he met
Newman, and soon after was established in^ a position in
the Oratory school at Edgbaston. Thereafter the story
loses interest to the ordinary reader, being much taken up
with religious inquietude. There is, however, a record of
Ckmirnental travel. Mr. Arnold is now, and has been for
some years, a Fellow of the Eoyal University of Ireland
and Examiner in English Language and Literature.
His is the candid narrative of a scrupulous and highly
cultured mind, and as such it has value apart from the
further light which it throws upon a great family.
(Arnold. 12s. 6d.)
Ajcong Hobsss IK South Afbioa. By M. H. Hayzs.
^'I have seen Hayes argue with a tough horse," says
Mr. Kipling in one of his ''Plain Tales/' but he will
probably never see a critic argue with Mr. Hayes. A
thorough master of horsemanship and hprse^brea^g,
Mr. Hayes can be argued with only by the most expert of
his own dass, and then who is to deliver judgment ? ' Mr.
Hayes also plies an easy pen. His books on the fiorse,
which are many, might be cited in a discussion on the
relations between matter and style as examples of the
charm of mere matter. The good horseman is always a man
of the world ; in studying horses he has to study men, and
the odds are that he will talk or write about both with
grip and picturesqueness. Mr. Hayes does ; and we do
not know when we like him best — in his horse passages or
his man passages. Here is one of the former :
The way in whic^ horses are broken to saddle in South
Africa is one which I have never seen practised in any
other Gomitry. It is charmingly simple, and has its good
points as well as its bad ones. It consists of tying Ihe
head of the neophyte dose up to that of a .steady' horse by
means of a cord connectine the respective headstalls worn
by these animals. After wey have both been saddled and
bridled, the *' school-master *' is first mounted, and then
another man gets on the yoimg one, who is powerless to
buck, rear, or run away, on account of his head being
fixed. Besides this, the f^t of his being alongside another,
horse gives him ooufidence, and no matter now wild he
may be, he will learn in a short time to cany his burden:
and regulate his pace according to that of his companion.
As he settles down quietly to work, the oonnectiDg cord
may be gradually loosened out, imtil at last it can be taken
ofT altogether. This is a capital plan if one has a go^d
break horse, and if one knows no better way. Its spceat
fault is its tendency to make a horse unwilling to go alone.
Of course, it has no pretensions to giving a norse a good
mouth.
Mrs. Hayes is hardly less the master of a tough horse
than her husband, and Mr. Hayes's stories of her exploits
add to the charm of a manly, horsey book. (Everett
& Co.)
Pbpys's Ghost.
By Edwin Ehebson, Jvnioh.
This is a jest of a not unfamiliar type, but hailing from
New York and carried out with great elaboration. Mr.
Emerson resurrects Mr. Pepys and lends him his oWn
autobiognmhy. He describes the social and Bohemian
life of "Greater Gotham," which is New York itself,
likewise his adventures (as a special correspondent) in the
Spanish War, and "His Minor Exploits in the Fidd of
LovK and Fashion with his Thoughts thereon." The
fooling is sprightly and well sustained, although perhaps
it is continued rather long, and the Fepysian manner and
temper, which Mr. Emerson catches admirably, are better
suited to the urban business than to the soldiering. A
few examples of this ingenious chronicle of small beer will
not be amiss. Mr. Emerson takes the trouble to explain
his topical and personal allusions in footnotes, which we
omit:
Ttvel/lhnighL Lay long in bed to perswade my wife how
we must spend our substance less ughtly, my new great
coate and the silken whisp that I did ffive her for Christ-
msiB of last year indeed costing out of M coimtenance, but
•she, poor wretch, doth so complayne of her dull lot that I
in pHy promise her to go to Mr. Daly his playhouse once
more to see Mistress Rehan act her part, I thinking that it
must needs be the play Twelfth Night, that merry comedy
Jack Wendell did delight mn in, when we ate hasty
puddS^g together at col^ge. So, after dinner, took coach,
and thither, but were astonied to see her take the part of
BosaHnd in Aa You Like It, that pastoral play so cried up
by Mile, de Maupin. There saw we Will Winter and John
Oorbin, the pamphleteer who helpeth Mr. Alden in his
office on Franklin Square, standing up right in the fore-
most pit, but I accosted him not espying Polly close by
him, yet knew not one another, and I mghly contented
thereat, and glad withal to behold her smooth neck
turning now this way, now that, as if for to vex me, albeit
she feigned not to see me, because of my wife.
Mr. Pepys attempts to learn the bicycle :
In comes my cozen James, and he must have it for me
to ride on his new-fashioned machine made of two wheels
all a-tilt and saddled. Then he sustaining and I bestriding
the pesky thing did we venture forth on the high road, Z
sweating over my whole body and pulling now this leg,
now that, till he with a loud outcry overturned me where
the road was most dirty. So vexed I was, that forgetting
our kinship I out and called him a fool and like hard
names, kicking the traitorous eooine with my foot; but
he not minding my choler, psrsuadeth me to mount agayn
only to suffer a worser fall. Then became I aaone furious
mad, for my camelott suit was all ripped and soyled, and
my new hatte, bought of Enox, the hatter, dunpled in
shamefully, with no rewards for my payn's but mocks and
laughs, so I did sweare an oath to bestride none but horses
and soft carriages if Gk>d help me out of this adventure.
Mr. and Mrs. Pepys go to a Horse Show :
I in my white waist-coat and glossed beaver and sh<^en*
of the fashion that pleases me well, my wife in her new
gowne and purple petticoat, very pretty* At the show we
were nigh crushed unto death, the gentlemen and ladies
stepping around the hall like ye hands on a poke dial with
no regard to the horses, but to the many persons of quality
. in the stalls. All were gaping at the Duke of Savoy, late
arrived, making him more uneasy in his place, till he up
and out to avoid them. And so much fbiery and pretty
laces and handsome smocks with silken sarcenets I never
did behold, no not in former times, when the Duke of
Marlborough brought his bride, but my wife thought it a
shame to have all the frocks spoiled by a stench of stables.
(Boston : Badger & Go.)
AT.vRTeTi Ajsm THE Ghboniolebs.
By Edwakd Gontbsabe, M.A.
Another instalment of ''Millenary" literature. Mr.
Gonybeare opens with a '' popular and readable " sketch
of Alfred's hfe, with some interesting extracts from his
own proverbs, prefaces, and translations. Thus, or nearly
thus, Alfred '**expands and Ghristianises " the fine
quatrain of Boethius:
Felix, qui potuit boni
Fontem visere lucidam ;
Felix qui potuit gravis
Terrae solvere vincula.
l!n Mr. Gonybeare's rendering of the Anglo-Saxon this
becomes:
Lo ! of all upon earth
Is the happiest he
Who haUCneart to behold
That clearest of waters
That weUeth in heaven
With light from the Highest :
. Who eke from himself
All swartness, all mist,
All the murk of bis mood,
. To scatter hath might.
Z4 March, 1900.
The Academy.
253
With Gk)d and His grace
By tales of old time
Tliv thought will we teach,
Till thou readest aright
The highway to heaven,
That loved native land,
Own home of our soul^.
The rest of the book oonsiRts of translationB from the more
or less '' original " authorities for the history of Alfred,
and in particular of the Anglo-Saxon Ghronide and of
Asser's Be JSl/rsd* rebus aestis. The latter, at least, might
have been done as a whole. Mr. Conybeare's work is
''popular and readable," which is all he claims for it. It
is not yery scholarly, and he does not appear to have taken
the trouble to acquaint himself with the latest literature on
his subject. He does not seem to be aware that Petrie
and Hardy's edition of the '' Anglo-Saxon Ghronide " has
been superseded by Mr. Plummer's, and some, at least, of
his other texts by those in the ''Bolls'' series. (Elliot
Stock.)
Law without Lawyers. By Two Barristbks-at-Law.
This bulky volume of over seven hundred pages fails to
disclose on its tide-page the names of its autnors, beyond
the fact that they are two members of the Bar, and we
gather from the preface that part of the work is due to
a third gentleman of the long robe, hailing from Lincoln's
Inn. While the work cannot for a moment be taken as
seriously doing what it purports to do, it is not without
a certain interest and value — though mainly to a lawyer.
Its defects as a popular work are many, some of them
almost inevitable, such as the constant use of legal terms
and phrases not to be found explained within its covers ;
and certain of the attempts made at definition are not very
happy, notoriously the attempt to define a tort. But the
great defect of the work lies in its style and want of
proper plan of arrangement under each topic. Important
fundamental practice points ought to be kept together,
and not to be scattered anyhow under the particular head.
Thus what is said in regard to wills is so put that we defy
any lay person to draw one up from the iniormation given,
and such an important matter as gifts to attesting
witnesses is so placed as quite possibly to escape attention
altogether. The authors would have done well to translate
the Latin phrases they employ. We never expected to
find a single woman masquerading under the style of
fetne sole in such a work as this. The volume displays
evidence of considerable industry, and is really a fairly
comprehensive, though ill-balanced, survey of the law. But
for a work of this kind to be of much value there is
required a legal knowledge and a power of expression in
simple and lucid English that we fear is not possessed by
these authors ; and mere industrious compilation will never
prove an equivalent, for judges deliver their judgments in
the language of the law, and statutes, even when well
drafted, are not to be fully comprehended by the lay
mind. (John Murray.)
The Debbyshibe Oamfaion Sekibs.
By Offiosrb of the Beoimxnt.
Two volumes of this excellent little series are before
No. 2, Central India^ and No. 5, 7\rah Campaign — ^the first
written by Qeneral Sir Julius Haines, and the seoond by
Captain A. K. Slessor. In 1858-1859 the 95th, as they
then were, took part in the Central India Campaign, tod
for eighteen months marched and fought through Cutch,
Bajputana, and Central India, and took Gwalior on the
day after Waterloo Day, 1858. After taking part in the
Egyptian Campaign of 1882, and the Sikkun Ilxpedition
of 1888, the 95th, now the 2nd Battalion Derbyshire
Begiment, went through the Tirah Campaign of 1897-
1898. They were at Dargai and the Arhanga Pass, and
the other battles of the war. The Derbvshire Begiment is
to be congratulated on these little books, which bear the
appropriate motto, '' Lest we forget." (Sonnenschein)
Fiction.
By Order of the Company, By Mary Johnstone.
(Constable. 6s.)
Tbi3 is one of the best historical novels we have read
for a long time. Miss Johnstone can write, and she
can re-create a period. Particularly, she knows the
ispirit of the American virgin forest. Perhaps it is the
sense of that encompassing beauty and terror which
gives so pronounced an individuality to her books, and
saves them, despite their lavish and often startling use
of incident, from the taint of sensationalism.
The present romance is a dear advance in conception
and execution on her earlier work, The Old Dominion,
itself a fine achievement. There is the same Virginian
setting, but the period, in this case the reign of James I.,
is more closely realised and more vividly presented,
giving, indeed, an admirable study of Colonial life with
some strong characterisation. Once launched on the
story, we are swept on from adventure to adventure. Yet
it is j^ossible that had the author held in check that daring
imagination of incident which is at once her great power
and her besetting temptation, she would have given us «
subtle as well as a strong study of character. There is
demand for both qualities in the situation to which she
introduces us. The Lady Jocelyn Leigh, a wwrd of the
king, has fied over-seas disguised as a serving-maid, to
escape the suit of Lord Carnal, the king's all-powerful
favourite. When the men of the colony go out to choose
their mates from the ship's cargo of women, Jocelyn,
assailed by an insolent wooer, turns for refuge to Captain
Halph Percy, whose wife she becomes. But though she
has accepted a husband's protection, she has no thought of
yielding him more than tne coldest dutif ulness. Thence-
forth Percy has two aims in life : to win the heart of
the woman whose hand he has won, and to shidd her
from Lord Carnal, who has tracked her and appears in
Jamestown in all his dangerous pomp and power. The
duel between the two men is deadly, for Carnal is ready to
use as weapons law or the king's whim, or, at need, the
scalping knives of the Indians or the poisons of his Italian
physician. Exciting episode is crowded on episode — ^plot
there is practically none — and the perils and escapes would
grow incredible were they one whit less vigorously related.
As it is, there is but one part of the book, the capture
of the pirate ship, where belief and attention are some-
what strained. The sea is not Miss Johnstone's element ;
she gathers strength in the gathering shadow of the
woods. Unfortunately — ^at least, in one Tenor's judgment —
the author, in the thronging external interest, has wearied
of the spiritual drama. Avowed love succeeds too soon to
the fascinating contradictions of gratitude and defiance
with which Jocelyn met her husband, and we have there-
after only their outward fates to follow. But these are
enthralling. Perot's flight from the Indians to whom
Carnal betrayed him, bearing to Jamestown the message
which is to save the colony, is a masterly piece of work, and
Nautaquas, the Indian chief who turns traitor to his race to
warn tne English, his friends, stands forth an imposing
figure.
The end of the book, where wrongs are righted and
peace achieved, suffers from a comparison with the haunting
dose of The Old Dominion, with its spaces of desolation and
of love. The happy ending, which is never a real ending,
cannot be so impressive as the sorrow which may be
ultimate. So the true climax of By Order of the Company
is not in its final love passage, with its regrettable touch
of prettiness, but in the farewcdl to Lord Carnal. Broken
ana baffled, scarred out of that beauty which had been his
power, Canial rises into a dignity of defeat. In that
scene Miss Johnstone learns the restraint which is her
chief need, and there is a memorable ring in the dying
favourite's simple confession of failure : '^ The stakes were
heavy, and I have not wherewithal to play again."
254
The Academy.
24 March, 190a
Andromeda : an Idyll of the Great River, By Kobert
Buchanan. (Cliatto & Windus. 6b.)
The right of dramatising this story its author hds done
well to reserve ; for whatever may be thought of the book
as a novel, it offers material for a hopeful melodrama.
The entry of the heroine might tax the ingenuity of the
stage-manager, but should immensely weU repay it.
Somerset, an artist studying Turneresque effects on the
lowlands where Thames flows into the German Ocean,
strolled out at night and longed to be a Greek.
Saddenly his heart leapt within him, and he started in
surprise, almost in terror.
Under the sea-wall on the side on which he had
stretched himself, lay a creek of moonlit water ; across it,
almost fifty yards away, rose a grass-covered slope leading
to shadowy sea-meadows ; and saddenly, moving rapidly
in the water below him, and floating up the creek, he saw
— what ? Did his eyes deceive him r Was he mad or
dreaming ? Of coarse it was impossible, but it seemed to
his excited vision like the form of some human beisff !
Something white like marble ! Arms stretched out sofuy
and oaring the still stream ; a form submerged, yet dimly
shining through the water as it swam along ; and above
the moonlight shining down upon it, a face set in black
hair, which fell like seaweed over ivory shoulders !
To Mr. Buchanan, we remark in passing, must be as-
signed the honour of having discovered the extraordinary
luminosity of the Essex moon. But we are soon snatched
up to Bloomsbury ; and there " Anniedromedy," having
inherited wealth from her husband overseas, drops into an
engagement with Somerset. The arrival of the Monster,
the husband, at this point will fill the least experienced
nursemaid with a delicious sense of verified prognosis.
Perseus has his chance and — not to put too fine a point
upon it — funks ; and the Monster, after knifing his '' lily-
fingered" rival, behaves handsomely. Here lurks Mr.
Buchanan's little surprise: *'A new turn to the fable,
isn't it ? This time Andromeda is a modem missie, our
friend Perseus a bit of a prig, and the Monster has turned
out to be a man."
Only he had not, except in the intention of the author.
For the fact is that, not in his case alone, the ^'char.-
drawing " is smudgy and unconvincing. Nor can we dis-
cern any serious effort to preserve the atmosphere of the
fifties on which in his first page the author picturesquely
insists. To be the work of a man who has done better,
this is bad work — that promises worse.
Notes on Novels.
\^Tlieee notes on the week^s Fiction are not neeeMarily final,
Reviews of a selection will follow,"]
Thb Hebbl.
By H. B. Mareiott Watson.
A new historical romance by the author of Galloping
Dick, Sub-title : '^ Being a Memoir of Anthony, fourth
Earl of Gherwell, including an Account of the Bising at
Taunton in 1684, compiled and set forth by his cousin.
Sir Hilary Mace, Bart., Custos Botulorum for the County
of Wilts." Mr. Marriott Watson takes full advantage of
the conversational opportunities of Stuart times. Charles
the Second is among the characters. (Heinemann. 6s.)
Hbabts Importunate.
By Evelyn Dickinson.
A story of New South Wales and colonial emotions.
The principal hearts are thoee belonging to Ealph Hazell
and Avis Fletcher. " She shrank back quicklier yet.
' You don't understand. Why do you make it so hard
for me? The world was right. I ought to have been
someone else's wife . . .' His eyes flamed. He stood a
minute weighing her words, then : ' What do I care for
that ? I have been someone else's husband.' " (Heine-
mann. 6s.)
Thb Qentlbman from
Indiana. By Booth Tarkinqton.
An American story by a new author. The hero is an
editor, who, coming to a town where corruption is rife,
vows to cleanse it, and at his personal risk does so. The
chief menace to the community is a lawless band known
as the White Caps, between whom and the editor there is
a deadly feud. The end is peace, but there are shooting-
irons on the way. (Richards. 63.)
A Kent Squire.
By F. W. Hayes.
Another historical romance (*' One warm afternoon to-
wards the middle of October, 1711 ") of prodigious length.
To some extent the story is true, the hero being Ambrose
Gwynett of Thomhaugh, who is not unknown to by-way
historians. The scene is laid alternately in France and
England, and the author not only supplies his own illus-
trations but announces that ike sequel, The Further
Adventures of a Kent Squire, is in the press. (Hutchin-
son. 6s.)
The Wallet of Kai-Lttno. By Ernest Brauah.
The best way to describe this very novel book is to say
that if Pooh-Bah of << The Mikado " were to set out to
write stories, he would write much as Mr. Bramah does.
The fioweriness and dignity of his diction, and much of
his humour, distinguish these pages. Kal-Lung is a
wandering romancer. (Richards. 6a.)
Love, Sport, and a Double Event. By W. B. Gilpin.
A story with an equine hero. "Bogside's" racing
performances are described in great detail, and the author*s
last words of farewell are given to '^ Bogside." Incident-
ally, Hugh Carlton and Leslie and Nora MoBride make
love. (Leadenhall Press. 3s. 6d.)
The Love of Parson Lord^
AND Other Stories. By Mary E. Wilkins.
Five short stories of New England life, verv character-
istic of their author, whose portrait is given as frontispiece.
** Three Old Sisters and One Beau " is a charming little
sketch, ending thus : ^' The old Bride passed up the aisle
with her old Bridegroom, and a smile of youth, that
triumphed over age and memory, shone on her old face
through her white veil, and no one ever knew whether she
wore her own or her sister's wedding-gown, or had wedded
her own or her sister's old Beau." (Harpers. 6s.)
The Acrobat.
By John D. Barry.
** What's at the Cirque Parisien?''—'* At the Cirque
Farisien? There's Mademoiselle Blanche, the acrobat.
They say she's a marvel, monsieur — and beautiful — the
most beautiful woman in Paris. She dives from the top
of the building backwards — hundreds of feet." This is
the story of Blanche's dives, of her Englii^ rival Miss
Lottie King, and of her lover Jules. (John Long. 6s.)
Chrystalla. By EsMfe Stuart.
A pleasant village-life novel with a few quiet characters,
including an historian, who is in the midst of a work on
the Saxon kings when he receives a legacy. The legacy is
Chrystalla. Chrystalla's story and the Saxon kings mingle
pleasantly in this flowing, unexciting story. (Methuen. 6s.)
Garthowen.
By Allen Eainb.
Mr. Eaine is the novelist of Wales, and here, as in ^
Welsh Singer and By Berwen Banks, he gives us a romantic
idjU full of fresh air and sea-murmur, quaint character,
folk-lore, and piety. (Hutchinson. 6s.)
J
24 March, 1900.
The Academy.
25s
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The Eaglet.
I.r— M. Rostand, Sarah, and Paris.
M. Edmoio) Rostand, at thirty, found hims^ last week
on the pinnacle of gloiy. True, Victor Hugo was there
already at twenty-one; but M. Rostand is not by any
means a Victor Hugo. Two years ago '^Cyrano de
Bei^erac" — a ''masterpiece" of superficial briUiance, of
no solid literary or dramatic value whatever, but with a
taking '' go^' and swing in measure and sentiments calcu-
lated to carry popular applause — ^made him famous. The
success of '' Oyrano " won him the g^teful admiration of
the Ck)Uege Stanislas, which in earner days had expelled
him ; and on the occasion of a visit of the entire school to
the tiieatre to applaud the ancient black sheep's genius,
M. Eostand addressed it in lines composed expressly for
the occasion, in which the youth of to-day was lyrically
adjured to sport on all and every occasion la panache,
'' L'Aiglon '.' is the Napoleonic panache worn with in-
effectual fervour. From the dramatic, intellectual, and
psychological points of view, the new play is a long step
in advance of ''Cyrano." It is more mature, and here
and there may be detected a ringing echo of Hugo in his
great hours. It is packed with vibrating lines that touch
the chord of the French heart. There can be no doubt
that as a play the piece, during the first four acts, is
superb. This admitted, your attitude towards it will be
intensified or modified by your sentiment with regard to
the Napoleonic legend. Fersonally, I regard that legend
as the hugest horror of history, and Bonaparte as a monster
befitting a tale of Gehenna. And so all these magnificent
lines about the tricolour flag of the Emperor washed
above in star-dew and drenched below in blood, these
frantic reminiscences of iniquitous victories, these French
sentimentalities about the " Old Quard " and "The Little
Hat," the Eagle and the Eaglet, leave me unmoved, with
a feeling of lassitude and dismay before such a futile
expenditure of emotion and generous sentiment. Besides,
I find the moment ill-advised for the panache, with
England and France showing their teeth to one another
and rumours of war in the air. These exceptions made
to the value of the play as a whole, Paris, M. Rostand,
and his great interpreter, Sarah, have equal reason to
congratulate themselves. Paris has a thrilling experience
to register, and the triumphs of dramatist and actress are
equally great. Sarah Bernhardt is incomparable as the
Duke of Reichstadt. I went to see her with some mis-
giving, I will own, after my recent deception in her
Hamlet. Here, too, she sometimes strikes the hysterical
note of Hamlet, but here it shocks less. I would she did
not scream or yell so much in her emotional crises ; but,
apart from this touch of dramatic charlatanism inseparable
from her triumphant genius, her new rdle is undoubtedly
one of the best I have seen her in. After the brutaJ.
disfigurement of Hamlet it comes as a refreshment and
a wonder. She looks so young and charming, as if she
really were at life's aurora and not at its wane ; she makes
such a slim, K^acef ul, delicate young prince, with the touch
of early blight upon a pallid visage, that it surpasses the
belief of man that it is an old woman who has evoked
for us this boyish silhouette of history.
I have said that the earlier acts of " L'Aiglon " are the
best, and I will accentuate this statement by the assertion
that the sixth act is a grotesque and hideous blot upon
a really fine work. It is an accepted fact that Sarah must
die in every piece, since she started by dying so well in
" La Dame aux Camellias " and "Frou-Frou." Aid so,
to afford her a new occasion to break her audience's
heart by the moving sight of another consumptive deatii,
M. Rostand had to compel us to assist at the last moments
of his Franco-Austrian Hamlet. The whole scene is
absurd and offensive; in the worst of taste and of a
maudlin bathos — ^intended for pathos. I own my sym-
pathies were altogether with Mettemich, who seemed
heartily sick of the dying Duke's tirades, his monologue,
and the attitude of all the weeping women about him, and
who cynically cried, the instant the long-drawn last breath
left the Duke's body: "You will put on his white
uniform." There is not an effect in this act that is not
supremely ridiculous — ^from the first, when the Archduchess,
the aunt who is in love with her eaglet of a nephew, begs
him to communicate with her alone, the plot bein^ that all
the Imperial family shall assist at the Viaticum, as
Austrian Court etiquette demands, unseen by the dying
lad. Where was the necessity of this burlesque of
religion, with its tawdry and ignoble sentiment. The
Duke, who is not thinking of Gk)d or hereafter, but only
of his missed fortune and his father's blood-washed
glory, goes off in hiB dressing gown to receive the
last sacrament, and a very motley, unimposing crowd of
women pour in behind him and kneel down. The usucJ
effaced evocation of la Valli^re is there, who screams with
emotion ; and the Duke, turning, discovers the domestic
plot. He is, I know not why, frightfully angry to find
that he has been " robbed of his death," and hastens to
make good the larceny by dying with all the proper
amount of sentimentality and self -consciousness worthy of
the son of Napoleon. He calls for the cradle presented to
-the King of Rome by Paris, and begins to zock it ; and
everyone weeps when he pathetically says that it is the
Duke of Reichstadt who is rocking the King of Rome.
Is it possible to conceive a more idiotic climax of a really
striking play? Again, Marie Ijouise kneels to beg his
forgiveness. Forgiveness of what ? That she hastened
to forget a brutal parvenu whom she never loved, and
whom she was forced to marry to cover her father's
humiliation? ^As an Austrian and a princess nothing
could be more natural than her attitude to her e^ed
husband ; and yet M. Rostand makes her son weep for
the embraces and sympathy of Josephine, and heap curses
on his mother's head because she could forget tnat she
had been the wife of a hero. But Bonaparte was no hero
for Marie Therese. He was the hard conqueror of her
people, the price of whose 'conquest she was. It would
have been more subtie, if less French, to have presented
us with a Duke of Reichstadt with a complex mingling of
sympathies on the Austrian side along with those of his
father's race. Is it possible to believe that th^re was
nothing of the archdukes in Marie Louise's son, the
Emperor Franz' grandson, and that only the blood of the
Gorsican soldier prevailed ?
One more criticism, and all the rest is praise. The
evocation of the battie of Wagram is an ingenious and
original scene, but the Prince is too hysterical, his mono-
logue is spoiled by being made too long and " stringy,"
and his emotion, as is inevitably the case when Sarah's
nerves are strained, is too violent and boisterous. The
most effective and touching incident of the act is the death .
of the brave and sympathetic Flambeau, one of the Old
Guard, excellentiy acted by M. Guitry, who dies on the
field of Wagram believing himself back on the great day
of battie. The Prince, homing him in his arms, fans the
fires of delirium. "What is the Archduke doing?" he
shouts. The Prince, with a splendid vigour and verve,
describes the movement of the Archduke. " He has dished
2s6
The Academy.
24 March, 1900.
himself," shouts the dying soldier in the sUng of the boule-
vards. " And what is the Emperor doing 7 " The Emperor
makes a gesture and sajs . "Tiotory," shonts the
Qrenadier, and falls back dead. The Prince's monologue
which follows is in parts singularly impressiTe, and the
wave-like wail of the souls that haunt the field of Wagram
is of a marvellous and poetic originality upon the
stage. It is reverie that takes on corporeal shape when
the voices of a sickly and imaginatiTe boy's soul roar round
him and fill him with the fatal significance of the past.
May it uot be, he asks himself wiu anguish, that he waa
destined as the expiatory victim of hjs fadier's glory?
More concision and restraint would make this monologue
worthy to take its place beside the great monologues of
In the scene with the Emperor Franz, the Dnke of
Heichstadt is at first irresistibly charming, and, in his
explosion of rage afterwards, euperblv convincing. All
the effects of this act are thrdlin^j dramatic — the
apostrophe, full of ooncentrated hate, that Mettemich
addreeses to Napoleon's hat ; the scene with the Grenadier
in bis French uniform, who terrifies the Ohancellor as
a spectre of an abhorred past ; the admirable climax of the
mirror, when the unhappy and doubting Prince is
confronted with his weak Spanish-Austrian countenance,
in which lies no hint of paternal force and genius.
"L'Aiglon" should end with the arrest of the Cuke of
Keichatadt on the field of Wagram. For all that precedes
it, from the bright and eiTeotiYe opening, is a triumph of
dramatic art. The play is full of hnes that will he remem-
bered, even after its vogue will have passed. Who will
forget the Prince's scornful dissertation on the " but," the
fatu limit of his freedom ? or Flambeau's admirable de-
scription of the Old Guard's undying sources of enthusiasm?
or uie laconic bitterness and cynicism of the Prince's reply
when asked what he wanted more than the space of the
park of Schocnhrunn to ride in — " Europe" ? One under-
stands why " The Eaglet " should be something more than
a new play for Paris — a sensation.
H. L.
There is surely a strange irony in the fact that U-
Bostand's interest in the son d! Napoleon the First
was awakened by an English artist's portrait The head
of that son, here represented, is from an engraved copy
of the drawing^ of the Duke of Eeichstadt mode by Sir
II. — Which— the King of Rome, or
Master Lambton ?
It is naturally on the psychological s
Heichstadt'a character that M. Bostand
1 aide of the Zhike of
[. lEostand has fixed his atten-
tion. The wonder is that the theme, with all its poasi-
bilitiee, has been left for so late a dramatist to seize. And
the wonder grows when we learn the predse source of M.
Sostand's inspiration, as communicated by himself to an
interviewer representing tho Wntmintter OautU. We
will quote hie statement in full before making any
comment : '
The idea of pladng on the ttage the Duke of Reiohatadt,
or the "Bon oi the Man," as he was called (aaid the
dramatist), was suggested to me by an aqua-fortt repro-
duction of a picture by Sir Thomas Lawrunce, repreaentinK
the yonnff Prince, at the see of twelve or fourteen, draped
in the folds of a lon^ mantle, and standing in a rocky and
mouutaiuouB landscape. When still a child the portrait
had been placed in my bedroom at Marseilles, and ap-
pealed to my youthful imagination by the expression of
infinite melancholy and dreaminees which the English
artist had imparted to it. In a like manner the reading
of the marvaUons adventures of Cyrano de Bergerac during
my school days prompted me later on to depict on the
stage the career of the Glasvon hero.
The work of Sir Thomas Lawrence I allude to (continued
M. Bostand] must uot be confused with another portrait
of the Duke of Keichstadt, painted by him at Vienna in
1818. My aipia-forte, which I have, nufortjnately, lost
since, was a reproduction of a full-length portrait, painted
in 162T, and which, I understand, is now the property of
the Marchioness of Lavalette, in London.
Thomas Lawrence at Vienna, about 1825. Our reproduce
tion shows the upper portion of the "long mantle"
mentioned by M. Hoetand. But this mantle is really the
onlv point in which M. Bostand's careful description agrees
vritirL Lawience'a drawing. For in the drawing there is no
background of mountains, nor is the expression of the faoe
one of "infinite melancholy or dreaminess." Moreover,
no such portrait as M. Koatand describes is catalogued by
Lord Bonald Gower in his exhaustive list of Sir Thomas
Lawrence's works, nor does the Print Boom of the British
Museum help us to an identification. M. Bostand's belief
that the original of his aqva-forts is in the possession ot
the MarehionMS of Lavalette, in London, seems founded
OK another misconception . We believe there is no
Marchioness of Lavalette now resident in London, though
there waa a Comtesse de Lavalette many years ago.
Moreover, it is incredible that a painted portrait by Sir
Thomas Lawrence of the second Napoleon should have
escaped notice. Baffled hy these difficulties, the present
writer sought the help of Mr. Algernon Graves, of Fall
Mall, who assisted in compiling Lord Bonald Gower's
catalogue, issued with superb illustrations by the Ooupil
Company. Mr. Graves UAi positive that no such portrait
as M. Boatand describes is in existence. He also made a
suggestion which is startling and whimsical, bnt which it
is difficult to reject entirely. It was that M. Bostand had
either been looking all the time at Sir Thomas Lawrence's
well-known portrait of Master Lambton, or had hopelessly
mixed up his impressions of two pictures — the Master
Lambton and the simple drawing of the Duke of Eeichstadt,
from which our reproduction is taken. In the former
portrait young Lamoton is represented in the midst of a
"rocky and mountainous landscape," and his expression
can be accurately described as " one of infinite melan-
choly and dreaminess." It would be singular if M.
Bostand had been inspired to dramatise the life of
Napoleon's son by his vague recollection of the portrut
of a young scion of English nobility. Tet the suggestion
is not unnatural under the circumstances.
The idea of dramatising the short life of Napoleon's
son, known variously as Napoleon II., King of Borne, and
Duke of Eeichstadt, was an inspiration. Many people
24 March, 1900.
The Academy.
257
liave almost forgotten that this unhappy young Trinoe
eyer existed. They have rarely, if* ever, realised that,
while Napoleon was meditating oii his shattered life on
St. Helena, his heir, for whose birth he had moved
heaven and earth, was living a life of tame splendour
in the Court of Vienna — oppressed bv the shadow
of his father. The prince's entry into the world had
been so difficult that Napoleon, to hearten the imnerved
doctors, told them to treat his Qaeen '' as you would a
bourgeoise in the Hue St. Denis " ; and when at last they
asked him which life they should spare, he answered, witifi
a justice which in his case had more than usual signi-
ficance : '^ The mother's, it is her right." In the end all
went well. The child uttered a' feeble cry, and Napoleon,
entering the ante-chamber in which the high functionaries
were assembled, announced the event in these words : '' It
is a King of Bome."
The child was never King of Bome, except iu a sense as
hollow and titular as he was Emperor of France. De-
lightful stories are told of Napoleon's affection for his
boy, how he would upset his toys in snort, or give hinx
diuret by dipping his fibager in a wine-glass, and allowing
him to Uck it. When the crash came the young Prince
was taken by his mother to Vienna, where he lived out
his short perplexed life of twenty-one years.-
Things Seen.
The Man with Mercy.
He literally carried it about with him. It was a news-
paper : what, I suppose, would be called a new journalistic
venture. There are many; but this peculiarly was his.
He must, I fancv, have been proprietor, editor, staff,
and everything else. Through the autumn and winter,
in all sorts of weather, I have seen him on the Parade
holding Mercy by the hand. I thought at first it was his
favourite paper, and that, in the preoccupied way of
enthusiasts, ne had forgotten to put it in hiB pocket.
Then I began to notice that he always held it precisely in
the same way, with proud diffidence at arm's length:
always so that the title was left conspicuous. He was a
serious man ; there was a kind of forlorn dignity about
him. When he chanced to be gazing dreamily across the
sea (and he was invariably doing tms when the sea was
calm) I would peer at the fcdded sheet : '* Mercy, a
Journal for " That was as much as he woidd give
away for nothing. He widked more resolutely on stormy
days, in the manner of one making for a definite goal. I
inquired at several newsagents', but no one seemed to
have heard of Mercy. Then I besan to feel shy as he
approached me wi& his perpetufu signal ; the pathos
of it grew upon me, and in nervous moments I would
cross the road or bolt down to the lower esplanade to
avoid him. Yet he seemed an exceeding gentle man. Once,
however, I saw a flash of indignation in his eyes. This
was when a florid parson, strutting patronage of the Eng-
lish Channel, in company with a brilliant yoimg womGUi,
smiled ironically and said something to her.
He is still keeping it up. I saw him again to-day. It
was bitterly cold, and he had a benumbed look and walked
with an unaccustomed weariness, as though the east wind
had lowered hiB circulation and he was in despair of
getting it up again. His hand was blue, and his nose
was blue, and poor Mercy looked rather blue too. There
were few passers-by, and none to care. The fashionable
world, cosy in furs, rolled to and fro in its carriages. The
sea had a great himgry roar.
Shadows.
A BAHSHAOICLE conveyance awaited my arrival at the way-
side station. The steed was a feeble-looking animal,
the driver decidedly bucolic, and I prepared for a tedious
and uninteresting drive with as much resignation as I
could muster.
We rumbled off through the sleepy little Devonshire
village, and out into the lanes beyond, at a pace that
somewhat belled the mild incapacity of the grey mare's
appearance.
1 tried to draw my companion into conversation, but
gave up the attempt, for I could elicit no more response
than a laconic **Ees fay" or "I worn zo" to my most
brilliant efforts.
It was a long drive, and a faint white mist lay dose
about the meadows, risinff to the upland, and shrouding
banks and hedgerows dike, until they stood shadowy,
wraith-like phantoms on our way.
As I watched the change creeping swiftly over the land-
scape, a weird fancy stole into my brain, a thought of all
the human life that tlurou^h the ages had clustered about
this country side. Long hues, generation after generation,
stretching far back into history, of sturdy peasants and
herdsmen, who had dug and planted, sown and reaped,
and then had sunk themselves back to the earth they nad
known so welL
They seemed to throng the meadows, curious primitive
folk, long since forgotten, voiceless multitudes of the past,
dull bovine creatures, dumb almost as the beasts th^ had
tended, they pressed about me in the eerie dusk. 1 had
never given tnem a thought before, but now their ghostly
hands constrained me ; and a realisation of their haxd. lives,
of their uniUumined toil, of the oblivion that had wiped
away even their names, rushed over me, compelling me to
understand,
As I stepped from the chill and darkness into the
warmth and welcome within, and felt the clasp of friendly
hands upon my own, there still lingered in my mind the
thought of those cottage hearthstones cold for centuries,
and simple homesteads long since bare and open to the
winds of heaven.
A Fine Elegy.
In reviewing Mr. J. G. Bailey's collection of Engluh
UUgiet a little while ago, we quoted two stanzas from
Mr. J. W. Mackail's beautiful poem, "On the Death of
Arnold Toynbee." Since then we have been asked by
several correspondents to print this poem, which we nve
below. It is taken from Lwe^B Looking- Glass, publiuied
for Mr. J. W. Mackail, Mr. H. 0. Beeching, and Mr.
J. B. B. Nichols by Messrs. Percival & Co. in 1891.
On the Death of Aenold Totnbbe.
{March 10, 1883.)
Gk>od-bye ; no tears nor cries
Are fitting here, and long lament were vain.
Only the last low words be softly said,
And the last greetiog given above the dead ;
For soul more pure and beautiful oar eyes
Never shall see again.
Alas ! what help is it,
What consolation in this heavy chance,
That to the blameless life so soon laid low
This was the end appointed long ago.
This the allotted space, the measure fit
Of endless ordinance ?
Thus were the ancient days
Made like our own monotonous with grief ;
From nn assuaged lips even thus hath flown
Perpetually the immemorial moan
Of those that weeping went on desolate ways.
Nor found in tears relief.
58
The Academy.
24 March, '900.
For faces yet grow pale,
Tears rise at fortune, and true hearts lake fire
In all who hear, with quickening pulse's stroke,
That cry that from the infinite people broke»
When third among them Helen led the wail
At Hector's funeral pyre.
And by the L%tin beach
At rise of dawn such piteous tears were shed,
When Troy and Arcady in long array
Followed the princely body on its way,
And Lord Aeneas spoke the last sad speech
Above young Pallas dead.
Even in this English clime
The same sweet cry no circling seas can drown,
In melancholy cadence rose to swell
Some dirge of Lycidas or Astrophel
When lovely souls and pure before their time
Into the dusk went down*
These Earth, the bounteous nurse.
Hath long ago lapped in deep peace divine.
Lips that made musical their old-world woe
Themselves have gone to silence long ago.
And left a weaker voice and wearier verse,
O royal soul, for thine.
Beyond our life how far
Soars his new life through radiant orb and zone.
While we in imx>otency of the night
Walk dambly, and the path is hard, and light
Falls, and for sun and moon the single stir
Honour is left alone.
The star that knows no set,
But circles ever with a fixed desire,
Watching Orion's armour all of gold ;
Watching and wearying not, till pale and cold
Dawn breaks, and the first shafts of momiog fret
The east with lines of fire.
But on tbe broad low plain
When night is clear and windy, with hard fro.»t.
Such as had once the morning in their eyes.
Watching and wearying, gaze upon the skies.
And cannot see that star for their great pain
Because the sun is lost.
Alas ! how all our love
Is scant at best. to fill so ample room !
Image and infiuence fall too fast away
And fading memory cries at dusk of day
Deem*8t thou the du$t recks aught at all thereof.
The ghost within the tomb ?
For even o'er lives like his
The slumberous river washes soft and slow ;
The lapping water rises wearily.
Numbing the nerve and will to sleep ; and we
Before the eoal and crown of mysteries
FfiJl back, and daze not Imow.
Only at times we know.
In gyves convolved and luminous orbits whirled
The soul beyond her knowing seems to sweep
Out of the deep, fire -wioged, into the deep ;
As two, who loved each other here below
Better than all the world.
Yet ever held apart.
And never knew Iheir own heart's deepest things,
After long lapse of periods, wandering far
Beyond the pathways of the furthest star.
Into communicable space might dart
With tremor of thunderous wings ;
Across the void might call
Each unto each past worlds that raced Jand ran.
And fiash through galixies, anddaep and kiss
In some slant chasm and infinite' abyss
Far in tbe faint sidereal interval
Between the Lyre and Swan.
Correspondence.
Mr. Barriers '' Better Dead/'
Sib, — Our attention has been called to your paragraph
in your issue of 3rd inat. relating to Mr. J. M. Barrle's
Better Dead. The book has never been out of print, and
several editions have from time to time been printed. The
book, moreover, was included, with our consent, in the
author's ''Collected Works," published in America by
Messrs. Gharles Scribner's Sons and here by Messrs.
Hodder & Stoughton. — ^We are, &c.,
SwAir SONNBNSOHSIN & Co., LtD.
The Italian Affirmative.
SlB, — ^Mr. Le Queux is scarcely correct in his somewhat
sweeping assertion upon the Italian affirmative. The
Italian language is sometimes spoken of as '4a lingua
del si," and '' si " is the grammatical expression employed
in polite conversation. No doubt, colloquially, "gia"
is used T^iy much to express emphatic assent ; but English
writers scarcely display ignorance in adopting " si," con-
sidering that it is employed almost exclusively in d'Annun-
zlo's romances, " gia " being seldom made use of by the
writer. — ^I am, &c., F. H. Picton.
Applegartb, Maidencombe: March 19, 1900.
New' Books Received.
[These notes on some of the New Books of the week are
preliminary to Reviews that may follow,']
A History of the
English Ghubch, 1640-1660.
Br William A. Shaw
Mr. Shaw tackles the very difficult period in the history
of the Ohurch of England created by the Civil War, when
there took place the most complete and drastic revolution
which that Church has ever undergone ; when, in short,
its whole structure was temporarily demolished. Inci-
dentally, in his preface Mr. Shaw denouaces the system
under which parish registers are left in the keeping of
ihcumbents, holding that all such precious muniments
earlier than the present reign should be instantly removed
to a specially organised department of the British Museum,
(Longmans. 2 vols. 36s.)
A List of English Flats
Wbitten Befobe 1643
AND Feinted Befo&e 1700. By Walter Wilson Gebg.
A bibliographical work with an excellent aim. For the
convenience of students the British MaseuDi press-marks
are appended to all the editions preserved in the national
library. The book has been printed for the Bibliographical
Society. (Blades, East & Blades.)
Outlines of the Histoey of Eeligion.
By John K. Ingram.
The '^ outlines" are those recognised by Comte, and
the author's aim is to give the quintessence of Oomte's
system of reL'gion in a form which ^ill allure his readers
to go direct to Comte's bulkier works. (Black. 3s. 6d.)
Pink and Scarlet. By Brevet Lieut. -Colonel
E. A. H. Alderson.
The device on the red cover of this handsome book
consists of a sword and riding-whip crossed, with an inner
cross formed by an army revolver and a hunting horn. As
the tools of war and hunting are blent in the device, so
the author's aim is to show how a young soldier can make
his hunting ''the very best of instruction in his profes-
sion." Lieut.-Col. Alderson mentions that he hasnadto
conclude his book hurriedly owing to his receipt of orders
to proceed on active service. (Heinemann.)
■ 24 March, iguo
The Academy.
259
In addition to the foregoing, we have received :
THBOLOOIOAL AND BIBCIOAL.
Boardfllon (Rev. Francift). HandfuU Plucked and Babb:d in Walking
Throoffh tbe Field of the Word of God (Wells Gardner) 2/6
Iveraoh (James). Theism in the Light of Present Scienoe and Philosophy
(Uodder A Btonghton)
Costelloe (B. F. C), The Gospel Story (Sands & Co.)
POBrBT, G&ITIOISM. AND BBLLES LETTBBB.
Sargeannt (W. D.), The Banks of Nenoi Songs and Sonnets
(Bozeat Vicarage) A
Robinson (Lilian), Rosemary Songs and Sonnets (Horace Marshall A Son)
Hackay (John), War Songs and Songs and Ballads of Martial Life (Scott) 2/0
How (Frederick Doaglas), Lighter Moments from the Notebook o* Bishop
Walsham How (Isbister) 2/6
Whiltaker (Joseph), AH in a Life: Poems (Spring, St. Anne's-on-Sea)
Foekett (Edward), Hugh Trebarwith : a Cornish Romance (Cnwin) net 2/6
HISTORY AND BIOGRAPHY.
Jggnlden (Capt. H. A.), Tbe 2nd Battalion Derbyshire Regiment in the
Sikkim Expedition of 188S (Swan Sonnenschein) net 1/6
lierDyst
(8^
of we
Oatts (Rev. Edward L.), A Handy Book of the Ohorch of England
(S.P.O.K)
Brinton (Belwyn), Correggio (Bell A. Sons) net BfO
Gardiner (Samnel Rawson), Letters and Papers Relating to the First
Dutch War, 1658-1664. Vol. II (Navy Records Society)
Shaw (William A.), A History of the Chu'ch of England During the Civil
Wars and imder the Commonwealth, 1640-1660. 2 vols. ... (Longmans)
Christy (Miller), The Silver Map of the World : A Contemporary Medallion
Commemorative of Drake s Great Voyage (1677-80) (Stevens)
Jenks (Edward), A History of Politics (Dent) net 1/0
Eley (C. King), The Cathedral Church of Carlisle (Bell & Boas) 1/6
SCIENCE AND PHILOSOPHY.
Burnet (John), The Ethics of Aristotle (Methuen)
Warner (Francis), Tbe Nervous ^yBtem of the Child (Maomtllan) net 4/6
Jones (Harry C), The Theory of Electrolytic Dissociation, and Some of
its Applications (Macmillan) net 7/0
EDUCATIONAL.
Rippmann (Walter), DerScheik von Alessandria und Seine Sklavenvon
Wilhelm Haufl (Camb. Univ. Press) 2/6
Johnson (R. Brimley)
Ryland (Frederick), Pope's Essay on Criticism (Blackie) 1/6
Lamii g (W. Cecil), Eutropius (Biaokie) 1/6
Lysias: Eratosthenes and Agoratus (Clive) 2/6
Chrystal (G.), Algebra : An Elementary Text Book. Part II. Second
Edition (BJack) 12/6
Cookson (Greorge), English Poetry for Schools. Book II. : Secondary
(Macmillan) 3/6
Harris (Charles), Goethe's Poems (Isbister) 3/6
MISCKLLANSOUS.
C. H. B., Thoughts for Norses : Their Life and Work, Difficulties and
Encouragements (S.P.C.K)
Peacock (Wadham), The Stoxy of the Inter-University Boat Race
(Grant Richards) 2/0
Brncke (Bmst\ The Human Figure : Its Beauties and Defects
(Grevel A Co.)
Hayes (M. H.), Among Horses in South Africa (Everett) 6/0
%* J^ew Novels aire acknowledged elsewhere.
Our Weekly Prize Competitions.
Result of No. 26 (New Series).
The terms of this oompetitioii were set ia the following way :—
A correspondent writes :— ** This morning, as I was nearing the
end of a journey in an omnibus, two elderly ladies got in, and at
onoe ountinned a oonversation whioh seemed to have been engaging
them lor some time. One said : * Well, of ooorEe, it's her own
aflEair ; bat what Peter's going to do I can't think. It isn't as if
there was only Henry and the spaniel ; there's Margaret as welL
And John ia expected home at any minate. Poor John 1 ' * Yes,
indeed,' said the other. * Poor John 1 and so fond of it all, too I '
In the pause which followed, in whioh both ladies shook their
heads solemnly, I had to alight. Might there not be the kernel of
one of your interesting prize competitions in this fragment ? " We
take our correspondent s hint, and offer a prize of a guinea to what
seems to us the most reasonable answers to the questions which
follow :
(a) Who was *' she," and what was her own affair 1
lb) Who was Peter, and why should her conduct put him out 2
(jc) Who was Henry ?
(d) Who was Margaret ?
(e) Who was John, why should he be called *' poor John," and
what was it of which he was so fond ?
Answers should be as brief as possible.
Muny ingenious theories have reached us, and we have decided to
divide the prize between two competitors : Miss M. A. Woods, 17,
Gower-Btreet, W.C., who sends this :
'* She " is a well-to-do widow, who is aboub to contract what
her friends consider an imprudent second marriage, talcing
with her her little boy, pet dog, and younger sister.
'* Peter" is the widow's impecunious barrister brother, in
whose house she has hitherto lived, and whose resources will
be seriously diminished by the loss of the liberal boarding-fees
she has paid for herself and her establishment.
" Henry " is the widow's little haj»
" Margery " is the younger sister, the sunshine of the home
and darling of her brothers, but pecuniarily dependent on her
sister, and obliged to fall in with her plans.
''John" is another brother, who is returning invalided
from South Africa, and is pronounced ''poor" both on this
account and beoause of the disappointment awaiting him in the
dispersion of a household to the members of which — especially
to his little nephew and to Marg^ery — he is greatly attached.
and Miss Boddington, 21, St. Petersburgh-plaoe, London, W., who
sends this :
"She" was a lady with some email amount of money of her
own, who looked after her brother ''Peter's" children and
superintended the management of his house, besides con-
tributing something towturds the maintenance of himself and
family. Now she was going to be married, and Peter, a
widower, holding a position as olerk, would not have sufficient
means alone to keep up his home. " Henry " was his son, and
was not yet old enough to earn anything. He had a spaniel
of which he was veiy fond. " Margaret " was Peter's invalid
daughter. " John " was an admirer of Peter s sister, but she
did not return lus affection. He was in th>) army and a con-
nexion of Peter and lus sister, and when in England lived with
them. He had now been invalided home, and would return to
find the inmates of the household, of whiuh he was bo fond,
about to separate.
Replies received also from: K. E. B., Birmingham; C. L. E.,
Matlock ; B. G. H., London ; G-. N., Bristol ; B. G., Barnnley ; A. B.,
Isleworth ; Miss G., Ipswich ; B. G.. Ealing ; 0. B F., Bag^hot ;
F. A. A., Windermere ; E. M. B. U., Lond m ; E. A.. Ilf raoombe ;
R. E. R., Glasgow; "Lingardia," Oolwich ; L. K-, Highgate ;
E. S. H., Idle ; H. G. H., Whitby ; E M. L., London ; K G. W.,
Slough ; £ M. S., London ; M. B.. Matlock ; G. I P , Roes ; G. M.,
Bedford ; H. L. B., Groningen ; L. L , Ramsga^e ; N. A., Beckenham ;
J. E Y., London ; A. S H., Dallreith ; Mr^. M., Montrose ; H. S. U ,
Chetsfi'^ld ; A. W.. London ; C. C, Lmdon ; E. M. L., Burton ;
B. R., London ; S. E. M , Edinburgh ; H. W., Famborough ; 8. T.,
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261
JOHN LANE'S LIST,
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The Academy
A Weekly Review of Literature and Life.
No. 1456. Established 1869.
31 March, 1900.
Price Threepence.
[RigisUnd as a NltwjpapirJ]
The Literary Week.
Thb flood of war books is lismg. Four volumes desorib-
ing the actual fighting are a&eady in circulation — ^Mr.
G. W. Steeyens's JVom Capetown to Ladytmith^ IJbt, Bennet
Burleigh's The Natal Campaign, Mr. Julian Balph's
Towarde Pretoria, and Mr. A. Kinnear's To Modder Miver
with Methuen. Mr. Winston Ohurchill's book tarries yet a
Utile. Most of the war books are merely newspaper artides
strung together and characterised by that oraoulEur method
of utterance which the modem special correspondent has
adopted. That note is less conspicuous in the letters
that Mr. Charles E. Hands is contributing to the Dadtf
Mail. His account of << The Fight for the Conyoy," in
last Tuesday's issue, had a humour and a detachment that
made it delightful reading. If Mr. Hands cared to do so,
we can well beliere that he could write one of the few war
books that will outliye the war.
*^ Pjerhaps," remarks a contemporary, at the dose of a
two-column review of Ibsen's ^' Dramatic Epilogue " in
three acts, ** When We Dead Awaken" — '* perhaps when
the plav is acted in England, much that is now dark may
be made dear." That may be so, but it will require
nothing less than the sta^e of Drury Lane Theatre to give
the conduding episode its proper effect. Here are the
directions:
^Suddenly a eound like thunder is heard from high up
on the anow-fiddi which glides and whirls downwards
with rushing speed, PfiOFSSSOB Bubek and Ibjens
can he dimly discerned as they are whirled along with
the masses of snow and buried in them.']
The Sisteb of BfEROT.
[CHv' s a shriek, stretches out her arms towards them and
cries'] Irene!
IBtands silent a moment, then makes the sign of the cross
before her in the air, and says]
Pax vobisoum !
[Mail's triumphant song sounds from still farther
down bdow.]
Tab Poet Laureate, being a Court offidal, has charac-
teristically chosen Spring and Autumn in Ireland as the
title for ms new volume of poems.
Apbopos the failure of Messrs. Appleton of New York,
the British Weekly understands that all royalties to
English authors will be paid, including arrears, and that
all contracts will be kept. Messrs. Appleton were the
publishers of J)avtd Uarum, It is said they deared
£40,000 on that transaction.
Two hundred pcunds is still required to cover the
estimate for the memorial to William Black, which will
take the form of a.liffhthouse on Duart Point in the
Sound of Mull. Gontributions may be sent to the Hon.
Treasurer, care of Messrs. Coutts, 59, Strand.
Mb. Thomas Habdt's grave Muse finds a sombre and
sympathetic theme in the poem of sixteen stanzas, ^^The
l^uls of tiie Slain," that begins the April issue of the
ComhiU Magazine, It is hardly poetry ; it is the utterance
rather of a reflective nature, expressing itself uneasUy and
with effort in lyrical language. Like aU Mr. Hardy's verse,
it has a symbolistic undercurrent, haunting, and not soon
forgotten. He imagines himself at the Bill of Portland,
''which stands, roughly, on a line drawn from South
Africa to ilie middle of the United Kingdom — ^in other
words, l^e flight of a bird along ' a great drde ' of the
earth, cutting through South iirica and the British Ides,
might land mm at Portland Bill " :
And with darkness and silence the spirit came on me
To brood and be still.
Thither flew the souls of those who have fallen in Africa,
'' and I heard them say, ' Home ! ' "
Then, it seemed, there approached from the northward
A senior sool-flame
Of tiie like filmy hue :
And he met them, and spake : " Is it you,
O my men?'' Said they, '*Aye! We bear homeward
and hearthward
To list to onr fame ! "
But they are told that, now they are dead, it is not of their
*' glory and war-mightiness '' that the bereaved at home
think. It is on the little unhistoric acts of the bdoved
dead that they dwell, *' deeds of fondness or fret, andent
words that were kindly expressed or unkindly."
Then bitterly some : *' Was it wise now
To raise the tomb-door
For such knowledge P Away ! " . . .
But the rest : *' Fame we prized till to-day ;
Yet that hearts keen us green for old kindnesH we prize now
A thousand times more ! '*
Thus speaking, the trooped apparitions
Began to disband
And resolve them in two ;
Those whose record was lovdy and true
Bore to northward for home : those of bitter traditions
Again left the land.
• • •
And the spirits of those who were homing
Passed on, rushingly,
Like the Pentecost Wind ;
And the whirr of their wayftiring thinned,
And surceased on the sky, and but left in the gloaming
Sea-mutterings and me.
To the same number of the ComhiU Mr. Stuart J; Beid
contributes a valedictory appreciation of his friend the
author of The Maid of Sker, the book by which Mr. Black-
more chose to be known rather than by Zoma Boone, Mr.
Beid gives a touching account of tho old man's last days :
He said that he often sat half the niii^ht with a book
over the fire in despair of sleep. I asked him what kind
of book had power of solace, and I was not surprised to
fibd that the old fastidious scholar was living in fancy in
the world's youth, as became a man who in boyhood had
seen the glory of life in the enchanted pages of Homer.
To the last he Imew the secret of etepu youth, and was
never a pessimist, dther in regard to himsdf or the world.
264
The Academy.
31 March, 1900.
Thb sale of the late Mr. Augostin Daly's books in New
York last week was a peculiar afEair. Gfreat pressure had
been used to baye it transferred to London, but without
success; and while Americans gloried in the most im-
gortant sale of literary property ever held in the United
tates, English collectors may be said to have sulked and
stayed away. Mr. Daly's collection was simply magnifi-
cent, and one's heart aches at the distribution of treasures
so essentially English. Milton's own copy of Faradue
Zott, scores of letters of Charles Lamb to his friends, the
original draft of Dr. Johnson's letter to Lord Chesterfield,
the original MS. of " The School for Scandal," and copies
of the four folio Shakespeares were among the fiye
thousand '* lots." It is contended that better prices would
have been realised in London, and the American catalogue
of the sale is derided by English booksellers as a thoroughly
unskilled piece of work.
Thb fascinating, if murderous, process known as
'' grangerising " was neyer carried out more magnificently
than by Mr. Daly. His masterpiece in this line was
the Dublin (1792) edition of the Douai Bible, which in
its natural state is a single quarto yolume. Mr. Daly
distended it to forty-two volumes royal folio by the
addition of over 8,000 illustrations, which included original
drawings by Baphael, Cipriani, Paul Veronese, and others.
Croker's edition of Boswell's Life was enlarged by Mr.
Daly from two volumes to ten by the insertion of over
2,0U0 portraits, views, and MSS. ; while CunniDgham's
Lifi of NeU Owyn was enriched by 800 portraits, auto-
graphs, and even the tradesmen's bills presented to the
Merry Monarch's favourite.
The new Carlyle letters, published in Chamhwi^ Journal
for April, show the shaggy sage in a kindly liffht. Therein
he appears as a subscription-raiser on behalf of Bums's
sister, Mrs. Begg, who in 1842 was helped by a small
Government pension and a private fund, instituted by
Eobert Chambers, to supplement it. To Dr. Chambers
Carlyle writes as follows (tne phrase, "Worship of Heroes,"
is explained by the fact that in the previous year Carlyle
had published his lectures on Hero Worship) :
Templand, Thomhill, Damfries,
3 April, 1842.
My Dbab Sib, — Tour Samaritan endeavour on behalf
of Bum8*8 sister is worthy of all praise. It strikes one as
a most tragical fact, this that you announce. How many
tavern dinners are eaten yearly in all quarters of the globe,
aud froth-speeches delivered, in elegiac commemoration of
the broken-hearted Robert Boms, with "Ah, the barbar-
ously-entreated Poet ; ah, if we had him here now ! " — and
his own sister is yet here, and one of those tavern dinner
bills would be a benefit to her ; and froth-speech is still
all that results! "Be ye warmed, be ye fed,"— our
pockets remain buttoned, only our foolish mouths are open,
to eat and to jabber. It is damnable. Such " Worship of
Heroes '' is like much else that it holds of— a thing requir-
ing peremptorily to he altered, I for one thank you that
you have stirred to act in this matter, instead of dining and
talking.
The remaining letters show how thoroughly Carlyle pur-
sued his object, that of rendering substantial help to Mrs.
Beffg and her two daughters. In the end the pension was
fully secured to the three women, and £400 or so besides.
Finally Carlyle wrote to Dr. Chambers in these terms of
satisfaction and good-hearted interest :
Your project for these young women and their mother
meets, in every feature of it, my entire approbation.
They will do better in Ayrshire every way, since they
themselves wish to go thither. The scene is, at any rate,
more genial, as I suppose, for representatives of Boms ;
by removal from Tranent, where they have from poor
become ''rich,'' Ihey escajM a multitude of mean village
envie8,_and other impediments; they have free scope to
begin on new ground a new course of activities. Being,
to all appearance, sensible young women, I think there is
no daDf;er but they will do well. Their sixty pounds
a-yesr is perhaps after all just about the happiest sum for
them. Work is still useful, necessary; but no longer
tyrannous tread-mill necessity ; they are not dangerously
lifted into a new spjiere of existence, but rendered easy in
the old one. We may hope, a blessing will be on that
poor good household, and better outlooks on all sides are
ox>ening for them.
Colonel Pridbaux continues his very full '' Notes for
a Bibliography of Edward FitzGerald'' in Nots$ and
Qu&rtei, Last week's instalment included notes on the
three editions of the << Bubdiyat.'' Two hundred and fifty
copies only were printed of the first edition,! of which two
hundred were made a present to the publisher. February
15, 1859, was the precise date of publication. From
Col. Prideaux's notes tiie following facts may be gleaned :
Th^ first edition of the "Eubdiydt" (1859) contained
seventy-five quatrains. An Indian reprint of this edition,
privately printed at Adiydr, Madras, with no indioations
of editorship, contained some critical matter and a few
additional quatrains.
The second edition (1868) contained 110 quatrains.
The third edition had nine quatrains cancelled, leaving
only a hundred and one.
The fourth edition (1879) shows little variation on the
third.
Considering what has already been done by zealous
Omarians (that is the word), no one need be surprised to
hear of the existence of a Concordance to their eospel — a
thing lovely in white vellum and crimson ribbons, ten
and three-quarter pages of which — ^beautiful pages too,
exquisitely printed — are taken up in informing tne student
in how many places in the four versions the article ^' the ^*
occurs. We have nothing to say about the book except
that it is ; that it costs six shillings more than the poem
itself ; and that we wish we had as much time on our
hands as its author, Mr. J. E. Tutin, must have had.
Some of our poets have written war poems, but Canon
Bawnsley has already written and published a whole yolume
of such verses. His Ballads of the War (Dent) contains fifty-
three poems, dealing in poetic- journalistic, or joumalistio-
poetic, strain with events and incidents as they have risen.
The inspiration of many of the pieces is foimd in the
newspaper extracts appended to them. Mr. Winston
Churchill's armour train exploit, the burial of General
Wauchope, Lord Boberts's departure, the C.I.Y. at
St. Paul s, and a dozen individual heroisms receive their
mead of patriotic rhyme. Bugler Dunn is not forgotten,
though in this case the transition from the paragraph
to the poem is hardly perceptible :
** What shall we give to you, bugler boy,
For the bugle they lost in Tugela's wave
The day you fell on Colenso plain P *'
And the bugler-laddie he answered brave,
'* Gtive P — give me leave, in the Queen's employ,
To go to the Front with my bogle again ! "
Even the Queen's visit to Netley has received its sonnet.
Mb. Lanq^s '^ Sign of the Ship " this month is sad, gay,
and acute by turns. He has tender words for Frederick
Tait, of the Black Watch — a champion golfer :
His prowess at his favourite game was merely the cause
that made him so widely known, aud, where known, he
was belove 1 by old aud young ; by everybody, from the
boys who carried his clubs, to the men, women,* and
childien that liked to follow him, and watch his smiling
strength and hon<»6t, open face. He brought sunshine
where Le came, and hia mere presence added zest to life.
. . . Wounded in his firat fight, slain in his second, he
I March, 1900.
The Academy.
265
pat 868 ifito the world of those whom the Gods loved. In
the words which Tennyson nnconsciously borrowed from a
magDifioent speech of daverhc use in Old Mortality :
memory long^ shall Hve alone,
In all oar hearts, like mournful light,
That broods above the fallen sun
And dwells in heaven half the night.
Passing on to the War, Mr. Lang protests against lies,
false rumours, and premature statements, all calling for
suspended judgment ; and then comes a page about Mr.
Trfull. Concerning Paolo and FrancMoa, A&. Lang has
much to say in praise and blame. He doubts the acting
qualities of the drama :
Lucrezia's spee<^ on her want of progeny is merely
exceUent, and the second-sighted old woman is capital.
But does not the most rudimentary sense of humour
suggest that the business with the papers, and the eternal
interruptions about not having any children, are grotesque,
and, on the stage, must inevitably stir the merriment of
any but the most friendly and desperately serious audi-
ence P Risum Teneatis ? '* D ^n them, they have found
it out," said Fielding, when the audience hit the blot
which he had hoped they were too stupid to notice. Tou
never can be sure that an audience will be too stupid to hit
the blot.
'' Williun the Conqueror " ; while a new and broader
Quakerism is suggested by the description of '' a choir
song, with full band accompaniment — * See the Conquering
Hero Comes.' '^ It was not ever thus ; but if Oeoree
Fox's leather breeches are getting a little worn, a khatki
patch will do no harm at the present moment.
Fbom time to time we receive copies of school magazines.
Three lie before us now. No. 1, The Gryphon^ is the
journal of the Yorkshire College, and is a well-produced
monthly. In '' Hints to Young Authors " one of its
writers indulges in three columns of school-boy satire;
but we look in vain for something to quote. More
interesting are the reports of meetings of the College
'^ Literary and Historical Society." Stevenson's philosophy
was thus summed up by the writer of the paper on
which the debate was foimded :
His is a voice cr3ing in the wilderness, not " Bepent
ye," but y Gtet pleasure ! " Life is great fun if you have
only brains enough to make a fool of yourself. Choose
that vocation in life which will give you the worthiest
pleasures. An artist's is the best life, for in the life of tiie
artist there need be no hour without its pleasure ; and if
you cannot be an artist, see the artistic side of things.
The really great and admirable, according to Stevenson,
is the man who, whatever misfortune may come, keeps his
lip stiff, and makes a happy fireside, and carries a pleasant
face about to his friends and neighbours.
SoHOOL magazine No. 2 is the UUda of the Manchester
Grammar School. Here, too, we have reports of an active
Debating Society. On February 28 it was moved, '' That,
in the opinion of this House, the influence of the Press is
injurious to the true interests of the country." The
remarks of one speaker were '^ wound up by a quotation
from Cowper, which evoked some laugnter." Another
debate started from the motion, ''That much of the
criticism directed against the modem Shakespearean revival
is misplaced." One boy '' drew an ingenious comparison
between a play marred by the splendour of its scenery
and a jewel flouted by the brilliance of its setting." The
same speaker, who evidently has his eve on a bishopric,
''objected to the representation of reugious processions
upon the stage accompanied by torchlight, this promoting,
as he believ^, ritualistic tendencies in the more susoeptible
of the audience." Prodigious !
School magazine No. 3 is entitled Poit and Preamt^ and
it differs from the others in being the organ of a group
of schools. Published at the Friends' School, Botham,
York, it is the receptacle of news gathered from other
Quaker schools, such as Ackworth, Leighton Park, Saffron
. Walden, Sibford, &c. It is a new^ little print, and must
be enjoyed by its subscribers. The sympathies of the
Ackworth scholars for the sufferers in tne Indian Famine
have been aroused by the reading of Mr. Kipling's stoiy,
Thosb of our readers who attempted, in last week's
competition, to elucidate the fragment of conversation
which passed between two elderly ladies in an omnibus
will be interested in the following letter which we received
on Monday morning :
March 24, 1900.
Si&, — ^My sister and I have been much amused by your
competitors' attempts to unravel our little conversation.
Now that the prize is adjudicated, it may interest them to
learn the true solution of the mystery.
We were discussing my step-mother's intention of dis-
missing an aged, intemperate, but lo^ble old gardener,
Peter — a serious matter lor him, as he is too old to get a
fresh place; and his paralysed daughter Miiigaret, his
motherless grandson Henry (aged fivt-), and a decrepit
spaniel are dependent on him. Also, his soldier son John,
who has been wounded in the War, is expected home
daUy. John is very fond of loafing round the Hall,
doinff odd jobs and generally identifying himself with the
family.
Hoping this explanation m^ be of interest, — I am, &c.,
Onb of xnE Old £adies in the Omnibus.
British book production in its present state will be
represented at the Paris Exhibition by a collection of 267
volumes, exclusive of Bibles and Prayer-books, especially
selected by the Publishers' Association. A beautifully
printed catalogue of these books has been issued, and the
selections seem to have been made with much discrimina-
tion. It may be interesting to indicate their charactt r by
the following specimens taken at random :
Encyclopaedia Biblica. Edited bv the Bev. T. K. Cheyne
M.A., D.D., and J. Sutberbind Black, M.A., LL.D.
The Plays of W. E. Henley and B. L. Stevenson.
A Study in TemptaHons, By John Oliver Hobbes.
From the HiUs of Dream, By Fiona Madeod.
Oaimhorough and hie Place in Engliih AH. By Walter
Armstrong.
Lmdon Impreeeiont. Etchings and Pictures in Photogravure
by Williiim Hyde, and Bisays by Alice MeyneU.
The Tidal Thame». Illustrations by W. L. WyUie, A.B.A.,
and Descriptive Letterpress by Qrant Allen.
The Art of William Morrie. By Aymer Vallance.
Dan Quixaie de la Mancha. By Miguel de Cervantep. With
Introduction by J. Fitzmaurice-Eelly and John Ormsby.
Pen Drawing and Pen DraughUmen. Bv Joseph Pennell.
The Works of Lord Byron, Edited by E. H. Coleridge, M.A.
Sense and Sensibility. By Jane Austen. The Winchester
Edition.
The Happy Prince, and Other Tales. By Oscar Wilde. Illus-
trated by Walter Crane and Jacomb Hood.
The Life and LfAters of John Donne, Dean of St. PaiiPs.
Bevised and Collected by Edmund Qosse.
The Poems of Shakespeare. Edited by George Wyndham.
The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. By Edward (Hbbon.
Edited by J. B. Bury, M.A.
Huon of Bordeatuc. Bone into English by Sir John Bourchier,
Lord Bemers ; and now BetoM by Bobert Steele. Illus-
trated by F. Mason.
English lUtutration : *'The SiVrftw," 1855-1870. By Gleeson
White.
The Nature Poems of George Meredith. Illustrated by William
Hyde.
The Life of William Morris. By J. W. MackaU. With Six
Photogravure Portraits, and Sixteen lUustrations by £. H.
Childrtn's Singing Games. Collected and Edited by Alice B.
Gomme. lUustrations by Winifred Smith.
The Art of Velasgua. By B. A. M. Stevenson.
Footsteps of Dr. Johnson [Scotland]. By George Birkbeck Hill.
With Illustrations l^ Lancelot Speed.
266
The Academy,
31 March, 1900.
Thb book of the hour, in a literal sense, is nndoubtedlj
Mr. Wadham Peacock's Story of the Inter- Univentty Boat
Eaee. It is a compact account of every Oxford and
Cambridge boat-race from the first in 1829 down to last
year. The 1829 race was held on June 10, at Henley, and
Oxford's victory was celebrated with fireworks. The great
race did not exclude a minor one between wherries. " The
actual founder of the race," says Mr. Peacock, ''will
probably never be discovered," so quicklv does doubt
enshroud history ; but, '' in all likdihood, Charles Words-
worth, of Christ Churc^ Oxford, deserves as much of the
credit as anyone." It was only after thirteen races that
the rowing colours light and d^k blue were adopted.
Mr. Peacock devotes a chapter to 'The Making of a
Blue," and another to the Start and general conditions of
the race as it is now rowed. It is hoped to issue the book
yearly, with new information, and with any revision which
further inquiry and long memories may render needful.
Bibliographical,
"To Tennyson," said the Daily News the other day,
" belongs me distinction of having first given voice to our
latter-day Imperialism." And our contemporary pro-
ceeded to c[uote some lines from his poem on the opening
of the Indian and Colonial Exhibition. But Tennyson had
shown his Imperialist leanings long before that. When,
in 1872, he published the completed IdyUe of the King in
sequence, he added an epilogue, addremed to the Queen,
in the course of which he referred to the current proposal
to let our Colonies shift for themselves, saying :
Itf this the tone of empire P here the faith
That made us rulers P this, indeed, the voice
And meaning, whom the roar of Hougomnont
Left mightiest of all peoples under heaven P
. . . The loyal to their Crown
Are loyal to their own far sons, who love
Our Ocean Empire with her boundless homes
For ever-broadening England, and her tiirone
In onr vast Orient, and one isle, one isle,
That knows not her own greatness.
It is worth noting, further, that the notion of a practical
alliance between the English-speaking peoples on both
sides of the Atlantic had occurred to Tennyson so long ago
as 1852, when he contributed to the Examiner a song
entitled "Hands all Round." Thirty years later he
reprinted the first stanza of this poem, but he did not
reprint the following lines, which may, however, be found
in the Memoir by his son (vol. i., p. 346) :
Gigantic daughter of the West,
We drink to thee across the flood.
We know thee and we love thee best,
For art thou not of British blood P
Should War's mad blast again be blown,
Permit not thou the tyrant powers
To fight thy mother here alone.
But let thy broadsides roar with ours.
We were the best of marksmen long ago,
We won old battles with otur streugth, the bow.
Now practice, yeomen,
Like uiose bow-men.
Till your ballfl fly as their shafts have flown.
Some of the stanzas of " Britons, Gaard Your Own," were
republished some years ago with a musical setting by
Lady Tennyson. Tney have since been reproduced in the
Memoir (voL i., p. 344). But the whole song is worth
remembering.
It is rather singular that Mr. F. W. Hayes should have
based a work of fiction {A Kent Squire) on the storj^ of
Ambrose Gwynnett (the man who was saved ;from hanging,
even as he swung on the gallows), for it is not so very
lone — about two years — since Miss Elsa d'Esterre-Keeling
made tiie same story the basis of a prose romance, to
which she gave the tifle of The Queen^s Serf: Ad/oefUwree
of Ambrose Gtoinnett in England and Spanish America. But
Miss Keelinfi^ had herself been anticipated by no less a
personage uan Douglas Jerrold, wno dramatised the
leading incident in Gwynnett's career in a play produced
at the Coburg Theatre about seventy years ago, and after-
wards very popular in America.
I read in Bishop Walsham How's Lighter Moments this
little story: ''A certain rector, who was not a lively
preacher, always closed his eyes when saying the Prayers.
Mis cuzato wroto the following epigram :
I never see my rector's eyes ;
He hides their light diTine ;
For when he prays he shuts lus own,
And when he preaches mine."
This struck me as somewhat familiar. I turned, therefore,
to George Outram's Lyrics^ Legal and Miscellaneous^ and
therein I found the following, '' On Hearing a Lady Praise
a Certain Rev. Doctor's Eyes " :
I cannot praise the doctor's eyes ;
I never saw his glance divine ;
He always shuts them when he prays.
And when he preaches he shuts mine.
This is the bettor version, and, I take it, the original.
Tales from Tennyson — ^at first sight this does not seem
to be a very promising adventure. Tennyson was not
g^at in the invention of fable. His largest work was
based upon Malory. His plays, save ''The Falcon " and
'' The i^romise of May," are nistorical in basis ; of ''The
Falcon " he borrowed the story, and that of " The Promise
of May " is hardly worth the tolling. There is, of course,
the story of " The Princess " and of " Enoch Arden " and
of the English "idylls," such as "Dora"; but, on the
whole, the prospect is not inspiriting. We shall see, in
due time, what tiie Tennyson tale-teller makes out of his
suHect.
The new head of the Subscription Library at Hull — ^Mr.
William Andrews — should find a good many of his own
publications in the collection over which he is to preside.
He has been an industrious compiler. Here are a few of
the volumes that he has put together : A Book of Oddiiies,
Curious Epitaphs, Historical Romance, Modem Yorkshire
Poets, Famous Frosts and Frost Fairs, Curiosities of the
Church, Yorkshire in Olden Times, Old- Time Punishments^
Old Church Lore, The Doctor in Mistory, Sfc, Curious
Church Gleanings, The Lawyer in History, <^'c.y Legal Lore,
England in the Days of Old, Bygone England, and a series
on the " bygones" of English counties.
They say that the version of " Pericles" which is to be
performed at the Stratford-on-Avon Shakespeare Festival
is to be that which Mr. John Coleman constructed a good
many years ago, and which has never yet been produced.
For that version Mr. Herman Merivale wroto five lyrics
for musical treatment— an invocation to Ceres, a march
and bacchanal, a dirge, a hymn to Neptune, and a thanks-
giving ode. It will be intoresting to note whether these
are used at Stratford or not. Those who are curious in
regard to them may read them in Mr. Merivale's volume,
entitled Florien, which appeared in 1884.
The Bookwobm.
3 1 March, iqdd.
The Academy.
267
Reviews.
Russian Literature.
A History of Mutsian Literature, By K. Waliszewski.
(Heinemann . Gs. )
Littirature Ru%se, Par K. Waliszewski. (Paris: Oolin
et Oie.)
How difficult it is for the people of one nation to enter
sympathetically into the national spirit of another People
we all know, and a fresh illustration of this truth is afforded
us by M. WaUszewski's Mistory of Russian Literature.
Somebody has remarked that German and Bussian
noTolists have never been able to draw a sympathetic
picture of a Frenchwoman ; the fine shades and touches
are always wanting, and the portrait becomes a caricature.
Well, we fear tiiat Eussian literature stands to M.
Waliszewski in the relation that a true Frenchwoman
stands to the conscientious German novelist. Always he
misconceives and misinterprets her, though he labours
hard to make his picture accurate, complete, and en-
lightening. M. Waliszewski is both learned and vivacious,
he has numerous credentials, he has followed up his
subject with zeal, he is bold in theory, and has mastery
over detail, but — ^he is notably deficient in sympathy and
in intuition, and his own attitude, that of a French Pole,
is half -antagonistic throughout to the Bussian spirit he is
seeking to unveil to the ^glish reader.
He is unsympathetic to the Bussian genius, because,
for one thing, he attaches an extreme importance to the
origin of the ideas of the chief Eussian writers; and
having (as he thinks) triumphantly traced Tolstoy to
Buddha and Ohrist, DostoievsKi to Eousseau, and every
other Eussian of note to some other European of note, he
succeeds in falsifying his estimates of each writer's signifi-
cance by using academical valuations. It matters very
little where ideas come from, but it matters everything
what use they are put to ; and we ourselves would advance
the theory that mne-tenths of the great authors of every
country are great through being the warm and fertile
seed-beds, as it were, in which weir nation's genius, its
inherited tendencies, and its potentialities fructify and
come into bearing, under the special stimulus of each
generation's particular outlook. The richer each indivi-
ual's seed-bed, the more does he bring to flower in
the light of day all the dormant inheritance of the
nation's life. And in this respect Tolstoy's gospel of
passivity and self-renunciation is a most valuable ^*find"
to the critic, for it presents to us in the most emphatic
way the Eussian's tendency to mj^ticism and his devotion
to an overpowering idea. Yet M. Waliszewski finds it
necessary to argue with Tolstoy for twenty pages, and to
criticise and refute his philosophy, whereas Tolstoy's
philosophy of life is to his ffenius what the yolk is to me
egg — 1>., the fecund principle of life ! The only rational
manner of criticising Tolstoy is to analyse the nature of
his genius, as it manifested itself in his early work, from
Childhood, Boyhood, and Youth onward, and to show that
when he looks at the world it is with the piercing eyes of
a great moralist in whose brain is always lurlong the
moral idea, '^ What is the nature of this man before me ?
Is his life good or bad ? " And, further, it is the critic's
duty to trace how Tolstoy's intense preoccupation with
moral problems smothered his subsidiary artistic pleasure
in the examination of life's problems, how the artist in
him protested and broke away from time to time, and was
finalfy silenced and held in bondage by the moralist. The
whole world regrets Tolstoy's long silence in art, but it is
for the critic to show bow inevitably Tolstoi diould develop
into Tolstoyism.
We have said that M. Waliszewski is out of sympathy
with the Eussian mind, and our reason for asserting this
is that throughout his volume he seems averse, disindined.
and indeed resolutely determined not to take the verdict
that the ^;reat Eussian works of art pronounce on Eussian
life, civilisation and character, but to saddle them all with
a side European verdict of his own making. Thus
TurgeneVs verdict on Bazarov, no I Qogol on Tchitohikov,
no! Ostrovski on the old Muscovite civilisation, no!
Dostoievski on Easkolnikov, no ! On Sonia, no ! Tolstoy
on Resurrection, no! Tckehov on The Peasants, no!
Dobrolioubov on Ostrovski, no ! In dozens of cases M.
Waliszewski advances ingenious or learned or brilliant
reasons to show us why we should discoimt the beliefs and
judgments of Eussian literature itself. Now this ex-
tremely critical attitude of mind, however stimulating it
may be to literary students, is out of place when you seek
to introduce one people into the mind, the genius, the
national spirit of another people. The first object the
literary critic should set himself, in dealing with a foreign
literature, is to enlain this strange people's life, their
conception of life, the spirit of each age, the inevitability
of the intellectual movements of the various generations,
and he will look round in the literature for the chief types,
among authors great or obscure, whose work best reflects
all that is a national revelation and fundamentally signifi-
cant of the people's life and their mental characteristics.
The critic will seek to criticise very sparingly the con-
ceptions and ideas of the great authors in particular,
because by doing so he gets himself between the literature
he is explaining and the reader he is seeking to reach.
The reader does not want him the critic except as a far**
sighted introducer, he wants to understand, to penetrate,
to realise fully how this foreign nation feels and thinks
and acts, and why it is these people have thoughts and
feelings so different from his own. Each literature is
valuable because it gives the due to a new world of
interest, beauty or strangeness, and the critic who would
guide us there must be a sympathetic interpreter, be
must not set himself above the literature he is criticising.
But M. Waliszewski too often does set himself above the
work of the author he is examining. Let us take his
treatment of Turgenev. He gives Turgenev high praise,
glowing praise, for one half of his work, for his poetic
idyllic power in A Sportsman* s Sketches, and for some of his
portraits of women, but he condemns unsparingly the
''portraits of the men of his time" — such as Koudine
and Bazarov — ^as ''not bein^ true." Now it is quite
obvious that M. Waliszewski is in line here with the aver«
age commonplace man who does not understand that
Turgenev, bemg the supreme artisl^ went in search of and
found the essential, tne underlving idea in men and
movements, and because he did not draw the surface
photographic truth of the movement round him, his por*
traits were voted untrue. To say that "there is nothing,
or hardly anything in Bazarov of the terrible revolutionarv
whom we have since learnt to look for under this figure,"
is absurd. Bazarov is the revolution, the revolution that
science, applying itself to politics, evoked in the mind of
the whole younger generation. Bazarov Lb Backunin,
Karl Marx, the Terrorists, tiie Anarchists in their whole
attitude to life. But, of course, the average man never
fathomed this, and M. Waliszewski comes too airily and
positively witii his verdict, "No, Turgenev the great
artist was wrong ! " And here we think that one lays one
finger on M. Waliszewski's chief defect ; for the accom-
plishment of his critical task he has very little artistic
leeling, though he shows much aptitude for, and great
Responsiveness to, philosophic and critical investigations.
Accordingly he is apt to imderrate the Eussian genius,
which he rightly de&ies as resting " in certain methods of
feeling," the while he is apt to overdo his "literary
parallels " and derive Eussian nature from Western ideas,
and not the ideas enough from the Eussian nature. To
sav of Turgenev, "his work as an artist is foimded as a
rule on that of the great English novelists, Thw^eray and
Dickens. His humanitarian and democratic leanings mark
268
The Acaaemy.
31 March, 1900.
him the pupil of Qteorge Sand and Victor Hugo, and his
philosophical views betray the influence of Schopenhauer.
The Hussian does not possess the intellectual solidity and
the yirile strength of the Anglo-Saxon;" to say this, and to
succumb to the mania for draining *' literary parallels," is
to get all criticism of Turgenev out of focus. Tur-
geney's art was innate, his philosophy was innate, his
humanitarianism and his pessimism were innate, and
though the information that M. Waliszewski conveys to us
in the above-quoted sentence is not literally incorrect, it
deserves no more than a footnote to be added to the main
disquisition on Turgenev's genius.
We have not space here to combat M. Waliszewski's
judgments on other Bussian authors, or on Bussian litera-
ture generally, and we by no means wish to imply by this
that we are ungrateful for the whole body of M. Walis-
zewski's learned and often brilliant commentary. His
pages on Neikrassov, Lermontov, Shtchedrin, Garchine,
and many of his remarks on Dostoievski, strike us as being
as just and sympathetic as his pages on Dobrolioubov,
Turgenev, Fouchkine, and Tchehov strike us as being
arbitrary and inadequate. He may be more sympathetic
to Buseia and the Russian mind than we have gathered
from his chapters; but if this be so we may point out to
him that by carrying on in his volume half-luaden warfare
with the two most striking movements nineteenth-century
Bussia has evolved — viz., the Slavophile movement and the
Nihilist movement — he has at one blow placed in oppo-
sition to himself the most Bussian of the Kussian writers.
Nowhere does M. Waliszewski condescend to draw a
picture of the constant warfare the Autocracy has carried
on against the Intelligenti ; yet if he had once stated fairly
and squarely the oppressive conditions under which the
Bussian author can alone make himself heard, the English
would understand the course that Bussian literature has
inevitably undertaken and its own sombre character as well.
M. Waliszewski has, however, kept a profound silence on
this head, and perhaps this action of his is not so out of
place in the French edition of his work as in the English
translation.
South Africa and the War. — IV.
The Natal Campaign, By Bennet Burleigh. (Ohapman &
Hall. 6s. net.)
Towards Pretoria, By Julian Balph. (Pearson, Ltd. 6s.)
Queen or President ? An Indictment of Paul Kruger. By
S. M. Gluckstein. (Ghrant Bichards. 2s. 6d.)
War with the Boers. By Harold Brown. (Virtue & Co.)
The Transvaal in War and Peace, By Neville Edwards.
(Virtue & Co.)
^B. Bennet Bubleioh's book may be named as the latest
type of war literature. Consisting of 400 pages, every
word of it has been written in unavoidable haste. It is
the telegraphed record of battle and bivouac, lifted
from the newspaper and put into doth covers. It
must be taken for what it is — a rough description of the
War. Any comments or conclusions which it contains
must be regarded as the comments and conclusions of the
moment — needing ratification and subject to change. Mr.
Burleigh will no doubt write another book describing the
second half of the war, and write it under the same hard
and hasty conditions. A third book, sifting both its
predecessors, would doubtless be needed to give us Mr.
Burleigh's final and mature account of the Boer War.
These things being so, we have only to remark that this
book is very readable in the ordinary newspaper sense.
Mr. Burleigh is a thoroughly experienced and very hard-
working war correspondent, and if his descriptions do not
fire and freshen the imagination like those of Mr.
Steevens, they are always intelligible and packed with
genuinely observed detail. They are printed almost
exactly as they have appeared in the Daily Telegraph.
Here is an anecdote in which some curious amenities of
the battle-field are revealed. At Colenso Colonel Thackeray
found himself in a dangerous comer to which he had
advanced with a mixed lot of Dublins, Connaughts, and
Borderers. This is what happened :
Some of the Boers pushed south, whilst Colonel
Thackeray aod his men were moving towards the rear.
Having learned that a general retirement had been
ordered, the Boer leader called to Colonel Thackeray that
he was a prisoner, with the rest of the s-tldiers. '* Oh
no," said Colonel Thackeray, ''we were ^jnng all the
time. Tou advanced mider the Bed Cross, as it it were
a flag of trooe, and we let you." '* Well, now, you must
lav down your arms," said the Boer Commandant. " No ;
why should we P " asked Colonel Thackeray ; *4et us go
back and begin asain." Then the gallant Inniskilling
started to arrae &e point. Strange to say he almost
convinced, ana,>at any rate, gained the resppct of the Boer,
who said at last, bluntly, '* Well, I have no orders. Per-
haps you are right. I'll turn my back and won't see
yon. So you can clear off with all your men." Colonel
Thackeray did so with promptitude.
If Mr. Burleigh's narratives are told in the English of the
morning paper, they often haunt the reader as mere state-
ments of fact. It was Mr. Burleigh who told England of
that superb incident in the battle of Colenso, when the
goners would not leave their guns. At the last,
four men persisted in serving two guns and remaining
beside their cannon. One of either pair carried the shell ;
the others laid and fired their beloved 15 -pounders But
two men were left. They continued the unequal battle.
They exhausted liie ordinary ammunition, and noally dfew
upon and fired the emergency rounds of case— their last
shot. Then they stood to '* Attention " beside the gun,
and an instant later fell pierced through and through by
Boer bullets.
Such deaths make life seem rich.
Mr. Julian Ralph brings less experience, but more
literaiy resource, to his narrative of the operations under
Lord Methuen. His chapters are in the main identical
with his despatches to the Daily Mail, The battles of
Belmont, Oraspan, Modder Biver, and Magersfontein were
witnessed by Mr. Balph, and he gives a description of
each which may fairly be called vivid and stirring. It is
the fact, however, that in the multitude of narratives there
is an inevitable loss of efi^ect ; the reader looks instinctively
for what is fresh or different in the work of any single
war correspondent. Mr. Balph's fresh note is his descrip-
tions of camp amenities, the feelings of battle, the life of
the camps when no shots were being fired. He describes
a modem battle as a singularly sober affair. The immense
distances involved thin out the dramatic effects wonder-
fully. Sounds are many, but they are too far separated
to mingle ; the '' roar of battle '' is not often heard :
Tou may hear one of our big guns loosed three miles
over on the right, and another two miles on the left. If
you are near they make a tremendous noise, yet I have not
heard any explosion so loud as a good strong dap of
thunder. The g^ns of the enemy cough far in front of
you, and their shells burst within your hues with a louder
sound — ^but with no real crash or deafening roar. . • .
The scene of battle — the general view — is exceedingly
orderly. There may be a desperate scrimmage where a
company or two are storming a kopje, but levd^your glass
on yonder hill, and what do you see — a fringe of tiny jets
of fire from the top where the Boers are, and our men in
khaki rising, and reclining, and occasionally firing, as they
vrin their way upward. The general view displays an
arrangement as methodical as a chess-board.
Then as to the '' writhing and groans of the wounded."
There is no writhing, and the groans are few and faint.
Nor are men made profane by their wounds --the exact
contrary, Mr. Balph says, is the truth. To receive, a
wound feels *' exactly as if you had received a powerful
shock from an electric battery, and then comes a blow as
31 March, 1900.
The Academy-
269
if your foot (or arm, or whatorer part it might be) was
crashed by a stroke with a tremendous mallet. . . . The
relief that is given by the dressing of a wound must be
exquisite, for you hear next to no groans or moans after
a. doctor has eiven this first attention." The title, Towards
PrHoriaj could more properly be given to Mr. Balph's
next volume, already promised ; wis one should have
been, Tcwardt BlomfimUin.
The question in Mr. Oluckstein's title has been answered
in few words by Lord Salisbury, and we confess that we
have no great mind to read Mr. Gluckstein's extended
edho of the onlv answer which commends itself to the
nation. Mr. Gluckstein is patriotic, and we share his
main conclusions; but his style does not attract. He
deals in metaphors. The Boers are '^ biting the hand that
fed them." We are " grappling " with a " crux." " The
cataract before their eyes" Tthe eyes of the British
masses) ''is removed," and in their hearts is planted
'' the bulb of a new patriotism." What argumentative
vidue can there be in this contemptuous statement about
the Boers: ''The Bible formed the alpha and omega of
their education ; an ancient and broken-down harmonium
sufficed to gratify their musical instincts " ? Mr. Kruger
is by turns a "senile despot," a " polished conspirator,"
and " a haughty autocrat " ; his fellow Boers are " mental
pigmies." Since we are going to be flooded with war
books, let it be asked of each : is it necessanr ? and is
it well written ? We are afraid that Mr. Gluckstein's is
neither.
Although Mr. Harold Brown's book is obviously a
product of the hour, it exhibits much painstaking inquiry
into the deep-seated causes of the War. In its fifteen
chapters only historical and preliminary events and condi-
tipns are discussed. Mr. Brown gives in popular form the
varied information which Prof. Keane has already collected
for a somewhat higher dass of readers in his recent Bo&r
Staiea, Land, and People, The illustrations, which are
many and excellent, aid the reader materially in forming
a conception of the Boer race in its developments from
the davs of the Dutch East India Company downwards.
Judged by its first volume, this work promises to be a
stirring yet temperate record of a great racial struggle.
Mr. iNeville Edwards supplies pointed, interesting notes
tp what is virtually a big photograph album of the life of
South Africa. Jjl these heterogeneous photographs of
soldiers, guns, gold-fields, Boer homesteads, bladc.miners,
Transvaal market-places, levd miles of veldt, and rugged
passes of the frontier mountains, one realises bit by bit
the bigness and complexity of the South African problem ;
and as the photographs are aU good, one can examine with
interest a pass in tne Drakensbergs or (General Buller's
private saloon on the Dunnottar Voitle. As a book of
miscellaneous South African pictures and facte, The
Trantvaal in War and Peace is excellent handling.
An Untrained Bard.
CoUeeted Writings of Samuel Layeoch, (Simpkin, Marshall.)
Thsse are the selected, rather than " collected," writings —
almost wholly verse — of a Lancashire man bom at Marsden,
among the Lancashire moors,. in 1826, who was placed in
a Staleybridge cotton-mill when he was a boy, and spent
the seventeen best years of his life as a weaver in that
town. For six years he was librarian and hall-keeper in
the same place, finally ending his days at the unpoetic
seaside town of Blackpool. His verse is written in the
Lancashire dialect, for the working-men of whom he was
and among whom he lived. No one who is acquainted
with the " self-taught genius," the "poet of the working
classes," as he existe outside of romance, will expect high
accomplishment from verse so conditioned. Bums was far
from being " self-taught," and inherited a tongue which!
had been made the vehide of a veritable literature by a
succession of singers, named and nameless. The truly
"untrained bard" has seldom that originality which is
looked for at his hands. It is a futile and ill-considered
expectation — for this reason, if no other: that he has
not the knowledge what to avoid. Much of a poet's foroe
is absorbed in the preliminary exclusion of what is used
and has lost ite virtue — as the stomach excludes what is
improper for nutrition — ^before he can proceed to the pro-
duction of truly fresh work. But the untrained poet fails
in this all-necessaiy elimination, because he is ignorant of
what he should eliminate. He has not the width of read-
ing which would inform him that this phrase, that idea,
was hackneyed. And he uses with innocent complacency
images and phrases juiceless as a sucked orange.
Nor has the Lancashire Doric any of the imaginative
strength which often transfigures the homespun weeds of
her Scottish cousin. She is a sturdy, dean-shaped lass,
but unnourished by any breath of the heighto. It is
much then, above all in these modem days, if we get
work which is simple, direct, and attempte no hackneyed
graces. Laycock's work is at least this, and it is credit-
able that Lancashire operatives should be fed on such
wholesome and genuine food. It is utterly above the
stuff on which the London operative is fed. Here is
Laycock's best known and pern^m best poem, "Bonny
Brid," written during the hud days of the Lancashire
cotton famine :
Ths'rt welcome, little bonny brid.
Bat shouldn't ha' come when just tha did ;
Toimes are bad.
We're short of pobbies for eawr Joe,
But that, of oouTse, tha didn't kaow,
Did ta, lad ?
Aw've often yeard mi feyther tell,
'At when aw ooom i' th' world misel'
Trade wnr slack ;
And neaw its hard wark pooin' tbroo^
But aw munno fear thee,— iv aw do
Tha'll go back.
Cheer up ! these toimes 'U awter soon ;
Aw'm beawn to beigh another spoons-
One for thee ; —
An', as tha's such a pratty face,
Aw'll let thi have eawr Charlie's place,
On mi knee.
Come, come, tha needn't look so shy,
Aw am no blamin' thee, not I ;
Settle deawn,
An' tak' this haupney for thisel,'
Ther's lots of sugar-stidcs to sell
Deawn i' th teawn.
Aw know when first aw coom to th' leet,
Aw're fond o' owt 'at tasted sweet ;
Tha'll be th' same.
Bat ooom, tha's sever towd thi dad
What he's to 00 thi yet, mi lad,
What's thi name P
Hash ! hush ! tha mustn't cry this way,
But K^t this sope o' cioder-tay
While it's warm ;
Mi mother used to give it me,
When aw war sich a lad as tJiee,
In her arm.
Thi feyther's noan been wed so lung.
An' yet tha sees he's middUn' thronff
Wi' yo' o.
Betides thi little brother Ted,
We've one upsteers, asleep i' bed,
Wi* eawr Joe,
270
The Academy.
3 1 March, 1900
But tho' we've childer two or three,
We'll mak' a bit o' reawm for thee,
Bless thee, lad I
Tha'rt th' prattiest brid we have i' th' nest.
So hatch up closer to mi breast ;
Aw'm thi dad.
This poem, which we have quoted almost entire, was, of
course, hailed as worthy of Bums at his best. It is far
from that ; the diction is not only homely, but plebeian ;
there is no magic in its simplicity. But it is heartfelt ;
mars itself by no unhappy ambitions ; and has a household
appeal which no man, untrained in the higher walks of
song, need be ashamed of feeling. It discoyers a heart
of soundness in a people when fiiey can put forth from
their own ranks sucn truthful writers of verse, and relish
their productions.
Omar the Manichee.
Solomon and Solomonic Literature, By Moncure !>. Oonway.
(Kegan Paul.)
" Solomon is alive " — that is Mr. Moncure Conway's
message to his brother Omarians, to whom he dedicates
this book. For, essentially, Solomon is the genius of
Free Thought.
The home of the wise king — ^for his existence as an
actual person is not denied, though it may be held doubtful
^-cannot be certainly determined; for to the folklore of
which he is the hero Palestine, Persia, Arabia, and India
contribute. Thus the famous judgment was anticipated
by the wise lady Yisakha. When a similar case had
perplexed the wise men of an Indian court, Yisakha said :
Speak to the two women thus : '' As we do not know to
which of you two the boy belongs, let her who is the
strongest take the boy." When each of tbem has taken
hold of one of the boy's hands, and he begins to cry out on
accoimt of the pain, the real mother wiU let go . . . but
the other, who has no compassion for him, will not let go.
Then beat her with a switch, and she will thereupon
coofess the truth of the whole matter.
The visit of the Queen of Sheba finds many parallels in
Oriental legend, but is not therefore necesscurily deprived
of its historical character. And she has the credit of con-
tributing elements to the final personification of Wisdom.
In literature the true Solomon has been garbled and
glozed by insolent Jahvist editors, who made it their
business to reconcile with what the Jewish Church taught
as to the character of the national deity the traditional
sayings of the Wise King — since they dared not altogether
suppress them.
The orthodox legend being that the Lord had put
supernatural wisdom into Solomon's heart and never
revoked it, in spite of his "idolatry" and secularism, it
followed that the naughty 'man could not help continuing
to be a medium of this diviue person, Wisdom, and that it
might be a dangerous thing to suppress any utterance of
hers through Solomon — unwitting blasphemy. However
profane or worldly the writings might appear to the
Jahvist mind, there was no knowing what occult influence
there might be in them, and the only thing editors could
venture was to sprinkle through them plenteous dis-
infectants in the way of ** Fear-of-the-Lord " wisdom.
In Jesus of Nazareth the Solomonic spirit was mani-
fested once more, manifested most admirably, to the world.
He was nurtured upon the Solomonic literature, and in His
public teaching, as Mr. Conway by an array of parallel
passages endeavours to show, reproduced it freely for the
instruction of His contemporaries. His original contribu-
tion to human thought was, says our author, the idea of
a ffood Ood — ^'a unique God in Judaaa, and almost in
modem Christendom." This idea could be reached only
by a process of dichotomy, deriving evil and good from
severid sources. ''Deliver us from the evil one "is the
only original clause of the Lord's prayer. As to this
aspect of the teaching of Jesus, Mri G>nway writes :
We live in an age whose clergy deal i^logetioaUy with
the prominence of the Adversary of Man in the teaohiDgs
of Jesus.^ For this fundamental principle of Jesus, Jewish
monotheiBm has been substitutea. But there are many
records to attest that the moral perfection and benevolence
of the Deity, which is certainly inconsistent wirh His
onmipotence or His " permission " of the tares in nature,
was the only new principle of religion afBrmed. . • .
But the Master of Christendom also has suffer^ at the
hands of '^ Jahvist commentators " ; for He likewise,
when He took up the burden of Wisdom, and rebuked the
Jahvist superstition that those on whom a tower fell were
subjects of a judgment, must have his stupid corrector to
add : " Except ye repent ye shall all likewise perish."
We have attempted no more than to give a general notion
of an interesting book. It will be seen that Mr. Conway's
philosophy is simply Manichaeism ; and into that old, old
controversy we have not the slightest inclination to follow
him. Nor can it be said that his curious research into the
sources and significance of the Solomonic literature, in-
cidentally interesting as are its results, makes any con*
elusion sure. But it provides him plentifully with
illustration, and it is always refreshing to watch how
the discarded heresy of a past age is new furbished to
serve as a novelty for the passing moment.
Ending Drake's Work.
The Downfall of Spain: Naval Hiitory of the Spanifh-
American War. By H. W. Wilson, Author of "Iron-
clads in Action." (Sampson Low & Co. 10s. 6d. net)
The smoke of those battlefields has hardly deared, the
wounds yet ache which were got in them, yet their history
is here before us. We do such things now, and neater
things — as the rising flood of Boer War books shows —
and we do not know that it is less reliable than the older
and slower way. Such productions are not histories,
properly speaking, of course : they are memoirs pour servir ;
ana such is the light in which we must regard Mr.
Wilson's history of the recent Spanish-American war.
But though it makes no claim to the wholeness and artistic
quality of history proper, in point of careful accuracy it
might compare favourably with many a narrative produced
on the old tardy and solid methods. Of that tne name
of the author of Ironclads in Actum is alone sufficient
guarantee. No man was more technically competent to
write the story of a war mainly naval, and he has done
his work well, dearly, with the most conscientious refer-
ence to first-hand authorities wherever it was possible.
He apologises, indeed, for giving the ip»is»ima verba of
imporiant orders, and so forth ; but if it irritate the facile
reader, it is none the less a fault on the right side in
a work meant to have value for the reference of future
writers.
The war, too, was worth doing, though not, as regards
scale, of first-rate importance. It was none the less an
historically memorable war : at the end of three centuries
it completed the work which the ruin of the Armada
began. Over two centuries after Drake was in his grave
the great struggle against the Spanish colonial power
reached its sorry last. And the coup de grdee was adminis-
tered, not by England, which commenced the struggle, but
by England's revolted colonies, by a Saxon race beyond
the seas, not yet planted when the Armada sailed to its
doom. And when the dust of Spain's aged colonial empire
rolled away, Europe beheld in its stead the apparition of
America in the Eastern hemisphere. Wherebom what
consequences shall come may no man say.
31 Marchy 1900.
The Academy.
271
Ab a war it was curious to a point almost of burlesque
from some aspects. For it was me strife of two nations
neither ready to fight, and with great difficulty in getting
at each other. As of two men, we will say, abusing each
other across a high wall, while each strions yiolently to
get on his misfitting boots. But unreadiness was the one
point the strong new country and the weak old country
nad in common. Spain's councils were incompetent, her
navies and armies misdirected by the politicians at home.
Having a fleet none too strong, she diyided it — as England
did her armies at the beginning of the present war. The
American fleet, on the other hand, seems to have been
ably handled by the naval department of the Qovemment.
They had one object, and they kept steadily to it. Spain
was to be beaten at Ouba, and beaten by blockade. Bar
up the two chief ports---navana and Cienfuegos — and
either Ouba must be starved into surrender or the Spanish
fleet must cross the seas and fight America in her own
waters. So America girdled in the ports, and waited. It
was a misfortune for her Jthat her long and undefended
coast-line obli&^ed her — in order to quiet popular fear — to
keep half her battle fleet inactive at Hampton Boads, when
it was badly needed to complete the blockade of Oienfuegos.
But it was kept ready to join the other half, under Sampson,
as soon as zke position of the Spanish fleet should be
known.
The game succeeded. Spain had to send her fleet across
the ocean ; but, most foolishly, she sent only part of it.
The other part, imder Camara, never took part in the war
at all. Cervera did what he could, with his inadequate
squadron. He could only dodge for a while, and as soon
as his whereabouts was known all was over. Telegraphs
and swift cruisers brought the two American fleets,
Sampson's and Schley's, into junction before either could
be attacked separatelv, and set them across the mouth of
Santiago, '' bottiUng'' the unhappy Cervera.
The true hero of the war was not the popular Dewey,
but the abused Sampson. Dewey occupies the frontis-
piece of Mr. Wilson's oook — ^in deference, we presume, to
the public ; for his opinion seems to be very much ours.
Manila made a brilliant noise, but the war could neither
be won nor lost in the Philippines. It was Sampson's
patience, precision, and skill in the operations that led up
to tiie '* bottling " of Oervera, and ultimately the battle of
Santiago, which decided the war.
His blockade of Cervera in Santiago was not only ex-
tremely skilful, but daring, and daring with knowledge.
One device is thus described by Mr. Wuson :
On nights when there was no moon a battleship was
stationed from one to two miles off the entrance to the
harbour, and was ordered to throw a search-light beam
up the ohaomel and keep it there. **This,*' aajs the
Admiral in his report, ' ' lightened up the entire breadth of
the channel for half a mile inside of the entrance 00
brilliantly that ttie movement of small boats could be
detected. Why the batteries never opened fire upon the
search-light ship was always a matter of surprise to me ;
but they never aid."
Bven riflemen firing on the seftroh-Ughts might have
caused serious loss and annoyance; but the Hpaniards
remained inactive. **What damned impudence !" said
the British naval aUacJiS, when he watched the blockaders*
proceedings — and impudence it was, but of the coolest and
most calcmating kind .
''Fighting Bob" Evans, of the lowaf gives a detailed
account of his own share in this ''damned impudence,"
which is eminently worth quoting :
" Admiral Sampson uffnalled me to take the lotva up
the harbour<>moutn. ' How far must I go P ' I signallea ^
back, I confess with considerable anxiety, as, besides
Cervera's fleet, the forts, and batteries, there were doubt-
less countless torpedoes in there« ' Go in untQ you can
distinguish the movements of a small rowinff-boat in the
harbour,' came back the answer. * How long must I
stayP' I again anxiously signalled. 'All night,' was
the answer. I went up that harbour until I could not
only plainly follow the movements of any small boat
ah€»d of me with my glass, but could notice the blinking
eyes of the Spanish sentries as the search-Iieht struck
them. For thirty-mne nights we kept that kind of watch
on Cervera."
Such men were the worthy descendants of Drake ; fit to
figure in bolder enterprises than it has now become to
" singe the beard of the King of Spain." The war, in
such hands, was a foregone conclusion.
Other New Books.
The First Dutch War, 1652-1654. Vol. II.
Ed. by S. R. OARDINffiU
This, the second volume of this very interesting work,
compiled under the auspices of the Navy Becords Society,
carries the story ddwn to October, 1652, by means of a
variety of documents : instructions to Sir Ghaorge Ayscue,
despatches from Oeneral Blake, Yice-Admiral j?enn,
Oaptain John Mildmay, Commodore De Buyter, Yice-
Admiral De With, and many letters from men with the
respective fleets. On looking through these old papers
one meets, on the English side, with something of the same
strain of fervid piety and confident belief in particular pro-
tection by GK)d, whicm characterises the other side's descend-
ants in the Transvaal to-day. Oaptain Mildmav notes that,
in a late encounter with the Dutcn fleet, " Oroa did much
appear, in many circumstances very evidently checking the
pride and arrogance of that insulting Enemy " ; again, on
the same occasion, " the Lord of Hosts appeared in His
power, putting terror in the hearts of our enemy, and a
spirit of great cheerfulness and courage in our own;
wherefore let His great name have all the honour and
praise, yea, magnified be His glorious name who hath
owned our cause in this great dispute, and quelled the
pride and arrogancy of that insulting enemy." This brief
praise of the 8wer$igfCi performance in the battle of the
Kentish Ejiock is memorable: "The Sovereign — that
great ship, a delicate frigate (I think the whole world hath
not her like)— did her part ; she sailed through and
through the Holland fleet, and played hard upon them."
(Navy Beoords Society.)
Ehymbs Old Ktsm New.
By M. E. S. WniaHT.
The author of this collection of folk rhymes, weather
couplets, and old-fashioned scraps of verse, was inspired,
she tells us, to bring them together by the circumstance
that many of them have not been included in other
volumes for children. This is true ; but it is not unlikely
that quite a large proportion were deliberately rejected
by other editors, on account of their extreme paucity of
interest. It is not enough for a rhyme to exist to
justify its inclusion in a book for children. Children want
more than mere jingle and assonance and rustic sapience.
Such sentiments as Siese are not really interesting :
Tis time to cock yoiir hay and com
When the old donkey blows his horn.
'Tween Martinmas and Tule
Water's ¥nne in every pool.
The wanton boy that kills the fly
Shall feel the spider's enmity.
Five score to the hundred of men, money, and pins,
Six score to the hundred of all other things.
And so forth. Now and then we come to something
simple and good, as
A robin redbreast in a cage
Puts all heaven in a rage ;
but for the most part the couplets are rather cryptic and
not veiy musical. In one case, at any rate. Miss Wright's
272
The Academy.
31 Marchy 1900.
taste is to seek. This piece of verse would be fanny in Out
of ths Hwrly-Burhf^ or the Detroit Free Presi^ or '^ The Belle
of New York," but in a book for children it is out of
place:
Little Willie from his mirror
Sucked the mercury all off,
Thinking, in his childish error,
It would cure his whooping-cough.
At the funeral Willie's mother
Smartly said to Mrs. Brown :
** 'TwM a chilly day for William
When the mercury went d >wn.*'
And to put the trumpeiy version of '^ Mary had a Little
Lamb " (on page 5 1 ) next Blake's beautiful lines, " Little
Lamb, who made thee?" is another unhappy lapse.
Among the country rhymes are two that we do not
remember to have seen before — ^this from Leicestershire :
If all the waters was wan sea,
And all the trees was wan tree,
And this here tree should fall into that there sea.
Moy, sirs ! what a splish-splash there' d be !
and this Somersetshire charm for tooth-ache (to be written
and worn) :
Peter sat on a marble stone.
When by here Jesus came aloau.
" Peter, what is it makes you for to quake ? "
'' Lord Jesus, it is the toothache."
*' Base, Peter, and be healed.''
If Miss Wright had lost sight of the children fetish
altogether, and collected her rhymes with a view to supple-
menting Hcdliwell, and added a few notes, she would nave
made a good book. We recommend her to consider this
volume so much apprentice work and take up the greater
task in earnest. (Unwin. 3s. 6d. net)
An Ambbican Oeke&ai..
By John A. Wybth.
This book is published at a fortunate moment, for
cavalry leaders are to the fore just now, and General
N. B. Forest, the Confederate soldier, was a bom cavalry
feneral. He was a wonderful man, and his troopers were
evoted to him, though his very name is almost unknown
in England. He was a planter when the war broke out,
and had no training in military matters; but had his
genius for war been reinforced by a proper education and
a systematic military training he woula, probably, have
been the central figure of the American Oivil War. For-
rest's great principle in war was *^ to get there first with
the most men"; and one of his favourite maxims was:
'^ War means fighting and fighting means killing." He
carried this out in practice, and is known to have placed
hari de eatnhat thirty Federal officers and soldiers, fighting
hand to hand. General Taylor said of . him : ''I doubt S
any commander since the days of the lion-hearted Bichard
killed as many enemies wiUi his own hand as Forrest."
He spared neither himself nor his men, and the one thing
he would not endure was slackness or cowardice.
Every soldier under him knew it was expected that he
would fight to the death if it became necessary, and he
knew, moreover, that Forrest had no respect or mercy for
a coward. It was his order to his officers to shoot any
man who flickered, and he emphasised this order by his
own conduct. There was no false sentiment in the mind
of Forrest connected with war. There was an end to be
reached — ^the independence of the Southern confederation.
To that consummation everything must be subordinated.
To his mind the killiog of one of his own soldiers now and
then, as an example of what a coward might expect, was
a proper means to the end. At Murfreesborough, in 1864,
he shot the colour-bearer of one of the infantry regiments
which stampeded, and then succeeded in rallying the men
to their duty. ... In the fight near West Point, General
Chalmers relates how Forreist leaped from his horse, and
seized one of his troops who was running to the rear, and
thrashed him soundly with a stick, forcing him to go back
in line.
Being a genius, he learned his profession as he went on,
and his favourite method was to attack the flank and rear,
taking advantage of every scrap of cover. To anyone
interested in cavalry and mounted infantry this life of the
Confederate leader will be of great value. (Harper's. $4.)
Books abox^t Plages.
The Northumberland County History Committee has issued
the fifth volume of its great History of Nbrthumherland
(Andrew Heid & Co., Newcastle-on-Tyne). This deals with
the two parishes of Warkworth and Shilbottle, and with
their outlying chapelries of Chevington and Brainshaugh.
As in the previous volumes, the geoiogy, architecture, and
dialect of the Coquet valley are committed to special hands.
No more romantic piece of England eidsts than this'valley of
the Coquet, a stream whose name is music to the angler
as its shores are a land of promise to the antiquary. The
crown of the district is Warkworth, with its castle, her-
mitage, and church. The account of the Hermitage has
been written by Mr. Cadwallader Bates, who has also told
in no iconoclastic strain the story of St. Henry of Coquet
Island, who died there on January 16, 1126-1127. On
that day ** a man on the island thought he heard two choir
of angels in the air chanting alternate verses of the
Te Deum. The hymn ceased, the hermit's bell rang ; the
monk of the island hastened to the cell and found
St. Henry seated on a stone holding the bell-rope, in all
the calm of sleep — ^Ufe had passed away, a mortuary
candle that the saint had had no means of lighting was
burning at his side." The only buildings on the island
now consist of a lighthouse and its attendant cottages,
lamp-stores, &c. ; but these have been built upon, or
adapted from ancient work. The seal, the eider-duck,
and the tern have been banished from this little island of
fourteen acres, within living memory ; but the traditions
of Saxon monks and kings, of Cuthbert and of St.
Henry, will dixig to it always. Under its editor, Mr.
John Crawford Hodgson, this magnificent coimty history
is making good progress, and a word of highest praise is
due to &e Newcastle publishers for their part in this
undertaking. — In Nooks and Comsrs of Shropshire^ by Mr.
H. Thomlull Timmins (Elliot Stock), we have one more
proof — a very interesting proof — of the fact that every
patch and scrap of Engird is a mine of historical and
human lore. Many of us will never see Stretton Dale,
the Clee Hills, Bridgnorth, or Mitchell's Fold — to say
nothing of the villages that dot the highways of southern
Shropshire — and yet Mr. Timmins's book refieots hours
of nch and happy inquiry amone these quiet spots.
His book is all his own, for he has iUustrated it himself ;
and we could wish for no more pleasant and gossipy
g^dance than he offers. Mr. Timmins is already known
by his ^^ Nooks and Comers " of Herefordshire and Pem-
brokeshire, and he has the real topographical^tir. — Haunts
and Homes of the Pilgrim Fathers, by Dr. Alexander
Mackennal ^Eeligious Ihract Society), is a handsome picture
book, in which, however, the literary matter mftiTifaniiif its
importance among a crowd of beautiful illustrations. The
book is a topographical history of the home-leaving of the
Pilgrim Fathers. We visit the places to which the hearts
of the Pilgrims went back when they founded a new
Boston, a new Plymouth, and a new Cambridge on the
other side of the Atlantic, and each spot on which they
set foot in their journey thither — Amsterdam, Leyden,
Delf shaven, Southampton, and finally Plymouth, whence,
in the Mayflower, the homeless saints sailed for their New
Plymouth. — Scotland's Ruined Abbeys, by Mr. Howard
Crosby Butler (The Macmillan Company), is an American
architect's discriminating treatment of a subject which
needed a book less formidable than the existing standard
works. Mr. Butler's book is of considerable interest to
the general reader and of distinct value to the tourist.
Mr. Butler is his own illustrator.
31 March, i^oo.
The Academy.
273
Fiction.
Seruphs. By Thomas Oobb.
(Grant Bidiards. 3b. 6d.)
Ikto a little pool of London society drop a beautiful girl
of sentiment, oonsoience, and no sense of humour; what
sort of a splash will occur ? That is Mr. Thomas Cobb's
problem, if so serious a word may be used in connexion
with so light-hearted a story. And Mr. Oobb has cast
his pebble with unerring aim, and caught the bubbles
deftly. In Carpet CaurtBhip and in Mr, PaBBingham he
sported pleasingly upon the surface of life, but he has
done nothing so deft as the present work. It is not
a novel; it is a short story; there is no development
of character, only a swift play of characters already
formed ; and the time is limited by days. The devemess
of the thing lies in the conflict of emotions felt by quite
ordinary people under perfectly ordinary conditions. Of
leading characters we have six: Strachan, a good and
simple baronet; Yenables, a young British officer with
nothing of the man of the world about him but his dothes ;
and Wray Waterhouse, a modem pocket edition of Bon
Quixote, Then we have Joan Yenables, the pretty aunt of
the officer ; Amabel Oathcart, a bit of a minx who makes
things hum ; and Pauline Oathcart. The question that will
agitate the reader is who shall marry whom ; for they
are all in love in quite a gentlemanly and ladylike
manner ; and with Mr. Cobb's skilful stimng of the social
pool, and Pauline's scruples, and Waterhouse's Quixotism,
and Joan's innocent inmgues, and Amabel's flirting, one
is apprehensive of nUBoUiance to the end. It is impossible
to avoid '^ casting" Mr. Cobb's story, since his method
lies by way of dialogue — swift, easy, apposite dialogue—
which never turns aside to say a good thine because the
author had jotted it down in his commonplace book, but
carries the story forward with each sentence. The story is
dramatic, because Mr. Cobb has learned that the art of
writing drama is the art of throwing good things into the
waste-paper basket. Therefore, wiuiout detailing the
development of the plot, it is impossible to give an example
of the adequacy of the dialogue. However, take this as
instance of its easy naturalness : Joan Yenables, the pretty
aunt, is talking to Bernard Yenables, the vouthful officer,
about Amabel the minx ; says the youthful officer :
"I can't stand her going on as she did last night.
Everyone noticed it. I'm not going to put up with it.
It's just a little too thick."
" You have only yourself to please, my dear boy."
'* I don't please myself," he muttered.
" Have you asked Amabel P "
'' I haven't exactly asked h^," said Bernard.
* ' Wouldn't it be as well before your final renunciation P "
Joan suggested. '*Take my advice: ask her plainly
whether she will be yoxu: wife."
'' You see, I've tried ever so many times/' he answered
ruefully.
" Tried P"
" She won't let me get it out, you know."
'* How can she prevent you P " asked Joan.
*' Sometimes she begins to play the piano. Last time
she put her hand over my lips."
" What a curious method!" said Joan, very solemnly.
''I can't make Amabel out," he exclaimed. ''She's
immensely nice to me one hour, and she treats me like
a criminal the next. Besides, she's just as nice to
other fellows."
" It is to be hoped she doesn't silence them all the same
way," Joan retorted.
artist is to view all the parts of existence with a spedal
temperament, it is to possess a due to the meaning
of tilings which others are unaware of ; to have an un-
written law of one's own by which to test all the mani-
festations of life and conduct. The power of the artist is a
liffbt cast everywhere." It is this "light cast every-
where," this continual poetising of reality witiiout dis-
torting its truth, which makes The JEnmrafted BoBe notable
among the fiction of the day. Mrs. ^Brooke's somewhat
melodramatic theme turns upon the fortunes of the old
aristocratic-barbarian family of darels, who had lived for
centuries at a seat called Marske. (All the place-names
and surnames in this novel have a fine northern sound —
Qarel, Marske, Hawmonde, Liedes, Thumtoft, Twelves,
Brackenholme, Eonaldsbiggin.) We see l^e working of
the Clarel blood in three people: Clement Olarel, who
sold his happiness and that of others to enable him to
transmit the family traditions unimpaired ; Bryan Haw-
monde, a distant cousin, whose existence is a prolonged
defence of his own individuality against ihe ''herd of
ancestors " within him ; and Eosamunda Thoresbye, who,
changed at birfch by an unscrupulous midwife, lived for
twenty years under the impression that she was the
daugnter of eminently just and respectable mill-owning
parents.
Mrs. Brooke succeeds better with her women and older
men than with her young men. Bryan Hawmonde, meant
to be an elaborate figure, is analvsed before he has been
constructed, and his Mend Eamsnaw, who marries Bosa-
munda, scarcely seems alive.
The chief blot on the book lies, not in the theatrical
prologue, which is managed with all necessary skill, but in
the chapter recording Eosamunda's gipsy-like adventures
after she has leamt uie secret of her birth. These adven-
tures never occurred, they are utterly wrong — a trick
played upon the author by an imagination which, approach-
ing the end of a heavy task, had become slightly hysteric
and unstable; but whatever the faults of The Engrafted
BoBdy impotence is not among them; even its crudities —
and they are not few — ^have interest.
The Engrafted Rob$, By Emma Brooke.
(Hutchinson. 6s.)
Hebe is a good novel, at once strong and sound. Says
the author in a passage dealing with the principal
heroine, Bosamunda Thoresbye : '' To be a genuine
Ths Camhric Maek. By B. W. Chambers.
(Macmillan & Co., Ltd. 6s.)
Since Mr. Chambers has produced a considerable quantity
of serious and excellent fiction, we must regard this some-
what exiguous and crudely-tinted '* romance " as the
product of his lighter hours. The tale tells how a company
of lawless night-riders (who rode their horses swathed in
sheets) tried to frighten a determined man out of a remote
part of a remote county of the '' Empire State " ; how,
incensed by his obstinacy, they nearly murdered him;
and how in the end, aided by the lovely daughter of one
of their number, the determined man, Sark by name, won
his immunity and a wife. The local colour is consistently
well done. Several chapters are thrilling, and we do not
object to these. We do object, however, to the facetious
and sentimental chapters, which predominate. They are
imworthy of the author of The King in Yellow,
The book is a quaint mixture of good and bad writing.
We find, for instance, a sentence like this : *' He rolled up
his pajamas [Bie\ stepped out of his crash batii-dippers,
and stole to the fiont aoor, upon cavorting bent, beaming
bucolic beatitude." And a uttle further on, some admir-
able bits of landscape painting ; as thus : '^ Out of the
splendid azure of the west ^;reat white clouds crowded,
squadron on squadron, standmg gallantly on their course
before the wind ; and silvery flaws swept the water where
the wind's wing-tips, trailing, brushed the blue surface of
the lake."
The Cambric Maek is far too faulty to have any real
value, but we should imagine that the history of its com-
position might be interesting.
274
The Academy.
31 March, IQOO.
Notes on Novels.
i^lhsie note$ on the weeVs Fiction a/r$ not neeeMorHy final.
Revietffi of a ieleetion will foUow.']
Abbsk Massitbb.
By Db. William Babry.
In this noTol, by the learned author of The N$w Antigone
and The Two Standards^ we have a gorgeous arrange-
ment of motiyes and colour — Socialism, Catholicism,
love, asceticism, and Italian skies and ruins, all ending
in a quotation from Sophocles in Ghreek. (Unwin. 6s.)
The Kings of thb East.
By Sydney 0. Gbieb.
A dever '^ romance of the near future," by the author
of Like Another MeUn, The motive is the re-peopling of
Palestine, and in the opening chapters we see a syndicate
forming for that purpose under the masterful ''Count
Mortimer" — an Englishman and a Gentile. His diplo-
macies make the story, which develops all kinds of interests,
and is pervaded by an amusing cynicism. (Blackwood
& Sons. 68.)
Bbeaktno the Shackles.
By Fbane Babbeit.
A story of an innoc^it man — Dr. Munro — condemned
to pdnal servitude for life, and the sleepless efforts of his
friend, Captain Tom Yemon, to prove his innocence. A
detective story, worthy of its ^author's reputation. (Mac-
queen. 6s.)
The Obeen Flag, and otheb Stobies
OF Wab and Spobt.
By a. Conan Doyle.
These thirteen stories are sufficiently described by their
title. In '^ Captain Sharkey," a story of privateering
in the years following the Peace of Utrecht, we have
some snatches of verse.
So it's up and it's over to Stomoway Bay,
Pack it on! Crack it on ! Try her with the stun- saOs !
It's off on a bo w'line to Stornoway Bay,
Where the liquor is good and the lasses are gay,
Waiting for their bully Jack,
Watching for him saihng back.
Right across the Lowland Sea.
(Smith, Elder & Co. 6s.)
The Son of the House.
By Bebtha Thomas.
This novel, by the author of The Violin Player, deals
with Mammon. A vulgar glove-maker's fortune is the
rock on which a family of three splits up. The son of the
house is relied on by his mother to complete those social
ambitions which her vulgar husband had only partially
gratified, but Oswald develops views about the responsi-
bilities of wealth which unite his mother and his brother
Ealph in opposition to him. Ealph steals his sweetheart,
and his mother puts him into a lunatic asylum. But
Oswald is reserved for better things. An interesting story
with a variety of character. (Chatto & Windus. 6s.)
FoBTUNE*s Yellow.
By Ella Maomahon.
Another novel with Mammon-service for its basic passion.
The reader's interest should be aroused by the meeting of
Bernard Lake with his old fiancee, Louise Headingham,
who arrives at his Italian hotel after twenty-one years'
separation — a rich widow, with children, governesses,
maids, and thinks. Louise's eldest daughter, Nora, is
now a finely-grown young creature, and Bernard is still
feeling young. Complications! (Hutchinson. 6s.)
A Faib Bbioand.
By Geobge Hobton.
" I tell you, we're going to climb Mount Olympus. We
are going to hobnob with the immortal gods ! We stcurt
to-morrow morning for Yolo, by boat, thence to Lanssa,
and from there on foot." Thus Anderson of the fiery
whiskers to John Chandler Brown, expert in Argive
bronzes. Already one sees the ''fair brigand" ahead.
A good story of its type, capitally illustrated by Mr.
Edmimd J. Sullivan. (Ward, Lock. 3s. 6d.)
The Ehymeb. By Allan M'Axjlay.
The '' rhymer " is Eobert Bums, whose loves pervade
the story — ^particularly his marriage with Jean Armour,
and his affair with '' Clarinda." Two sets of critics
are challenged by such a story, but Mr. M'Aulay has
obviously tc^en pains to satisfy both. (Unwin. 6s.)
A SisTEB TO Evangeline. By Chables O. D. Bobbbtb.
The Evangeline is Longfellow's Evangeline, and the
story is laid in Longfellow's Grand Pre, and it tells how
Yvonne de Lamourie suffered exile with the rest of the
villagers. The Acadian apple-orchards and linen caps of
the girls give charm to the background of the stoiy,
while the rivalry of England and France occupies, so to
speak, the middle distance of the drama. (Lane. 6s.)
The Adventubb of
Fbinobbs Sylvia.
By Mbs. C. N. Williamson.
The fictional-monarchical vein once more. Sylvia is
wooed at Kichmond by Maximilian, Emperor of Bhaetia,
and to Khaetia the story quickly moves. There are
baronesses, and burgomasters, and chamois and chan-
cellors ; also telephones. (Methuen. 6d.)
The Accused Pbinobss.
By Allen Upwabd.
Yet another unmapped monarchy, that of Eumelia, with
its king, court, ministers, and sentinels. Throw in the
'' ruby of Bhurani," and the British Government, and you
have Mr. Upward's latest recipe for an evening's beguLle-
ment. (Pearson Ltd. 6s.)
A Loyal Loveb.
By Mas. Lovett Camebon.
Two sisters engage the reader^s attention — Elsie, the
flighty and selfish, and Yenetia, the wise and good.
Yenetia's effort to save her sister from the effects of a past
scandal, by marrying the man who had it in his power to
betray Elsie, is the ** vain sacrifice "; but there is more in
the story, which is a readable library novel. (Pearson
Ltd. 6s.)
All Fools.
By MABM:ADnEB Piokthall.
Some readers may find the London adventures of Mr.
Lee-Stretton, his fellow-students, and their miscellaneous
sweethearts, entertaining ; others will yawn over such
outworn, boisterous humour. Perhaps the whole book may
be allusively described by the heading of Chapter XXXI. :
'*0f the Moon and others, with a full account of the
circumstances attending the Breakage of a Suburban
Hall Lamp." (Sonnenschein. 6s.)
The Bishop's Seobet.
By Febqus Humb.
More criminal mystery and melodrama by the author of
The Myitery of a Hamom Cab, who has dared to make a
Bishop's palace the centre of a murder case, and has found
a supematurally clever detective in the Bishop's chaplain.
The oroader humours of cathedral town life are not missed.
(John Long. 6s.)
The Disenchantment of
NuBSE Dobothy.
By Flobenob Baxendale.
'^A worm eats at the root of the common hospital
system, and causes suffering to patients and nurses
alike . . . the microbe of over-work." The story seems
to be written to establish this proposition, but Dorothy
suffered more ^m a house-surgeon's love than from a
matron's tyranny. (Skefllngton. 3s. 6d.)
31 March, 1900.
The Academy.
275
THE ACADEMY.
Editorial and Publishing Offices, 43, Chancery-lane.
The AoADSiCY toUl he eent pott-free to every AnmuU Subeoriher
in the United Kingdom,
Price for One leeue. Threepence ; postage One Halfpenny, Price
for 62 i$9ue$, Thirteen ShiUinge ; postage free.
Foreign Bates for Yearly 8ubscriptUm$ 20«.
indiuUng postage.
Ameriean Agents for the Aoadbmt: Brentano^s, 31, Unum'
square. New York,
The Craze for Historical Fiction
in America.
An Enquiry.
The histoiioal noyel is not at present flourishing in this
country. It enjoyed a renewal some few years ago, when
A Gentleman of France flashed sword in every face ; but the
brief force of that moyement seems already to be expended.
There can be little doubt, indeed, that the art of historical
fiction is dead in England, and that he who would succeed
in raising it must first create for it a new form, a gOTeming
convention more in accord with naturalistic tendencies
than that which has miraculously survived all the artistic
upheavals of ninety years. Matters are otherwise in
America and France, the two coimtries nearest to us in art
as in life. France is witnessing, or about to witness, a
real renascence of the historical novel — a renascence which
M. Emile Faguet, employing a theory more creditable to
his ingenuity than to iiis sagacity, explains on the singular
assumption that realism has exhausted the material offered
by modem existence. In America the historical novel
overtops every other sort : it is making authors rich and
turning publishers into millionaires ; the circulation of it
coimts not by thousands, but by hundreds of thousands,
and the man or woman who, having omitted to peruse it,
cannot discuss it with fluency, is thereby rendered an
outcast. The two most notorious and amazing examples
of its success (at the moment of writing), Mr, Winston
Churchill's Richard Carvel and Mr. Paul Leicester Ford's
Janice Meredith, although neither is a year old, have
between them already reached a sale of nearly three
quarters of a million copies in the United States.
These two long novels — they total over a thousand
pages — ^both deal with the period of the American Bevolu-
tion ; they both include the figure of George Washington ;
and in other respects of tone, colour, sentiment, and inci-
dent they are remarkably alike. The chief thing to be
noted of them is their perfect lack of originality ; fiiey are
not the fruit of any inspiration, but a dish meticulously
concocted upon a recipe ; and the recipe is by no means
a new one. Conceive a musical composer who at this date
diould capture the ear of the populace by an exact, but
lifeless, imitation of Mendelssohn. It is such a feat in
literature that these authors have performed. To read
their amiable stories is to wonder whether the art of fiction
has not stood still for fifty years, whether the discoveries
and the struggles of a dozen writers in France, England,
and America since 1850 are after all in vain. Esmond
is a great book, but no man of a later period could
possibly produce a great, or even a fine, book that resem-
oled it ; for time brei^s every mould. Richard Carvel is
by far the better of the two American novels which I have
mentioned; and what one feels about Richard Carvel is
that it is the work of a man who kept a bust of Thackeray
over a bookcase crowded with eighteenth century literature,
and wrote with one eye on tlus and the other (perhaps
unconsciously) on that airy, fairy creature known in tne
States as ''the matinie girl," forgetting that he, even he,
ought to have a personality. Mr. Churchill has learned
everytldng about ms craft, except the two things which
cannot be taught — ^the art of see%ng and the art of being
one's self. He looks only at pictures, and then, piecing
this with that and that witn another, confects an enormous
canvas without once leaving the gallery. He is not
himself — artistically he has no self — but rather the
impersonal automatic result of a century of gpradual deca-
dence from one supreme exemplar. In Richard Carvel
every primary tint is lost, every sharp relief smoothed
down. The conventions which formerly had a significance
and an aim properly related to the stag^ of art which
evolved ti^em, have been narrowed instead of widened, until
they are become meaningless, arbitrary, and tireeome.
The heroine with her peerless beauty, her royal tantrums,
her feminine absolutism, her secret, her hidden devotion,
her ultimate surrender ; the hero of six-foot-three, with
his physical supremacy, his impetuosities, his careful
impromptus of wit, his amazing combinations of Machia-
veUian skill with asinine fatuity, his habit of looking
foolish in the presence of the proud fair, and his sickening
false modesty in relating his own wondrous exploits ; the
secondary heroine, pretty, too, but with a lowher charm,
meek, steadfast, with a mission ''to fatten household
sinners"; the transparent villain who could not deceive
a sheep, but who deceives all save the hero ; the " first old
gendeman"; the faithful friend; the boon companions;
the body servant : all these types, dressed with archeeo-
logical accuracy, perform at Mr. Churchill's prompting all
the usual manoeuvres with all the usual phrases and
gestures. Who does not know that speech of the heroine's
ending : " And so, sir, you are very tiresome," to which
the hero must perforce reply " ruefully "; or that critical
moment, half-way through the narrative, when a few
words which if spoken would end the story on the next
page, are interrupted in the nick of time — " Alas, for the
exits and entrances of life ! Here comes the footman ";
or ^at astronomical phenomenon — " The light had gone
out of the sky "; ' or that solitary wild outburst of my
lady — "Her breath came fast, and mine, as she laid a
hand upon my arm, ' Bichard, I do not care whether you
are poor. What am I saying ? ' she cried wildly. ' Am
I fabe to my own father? ' "
Let it not be thought, however, that there is no merit in
Richard Carvel, or m the more saucy Janice Meredith,
What these authors, neither of them apparently with any
strictly literary culture, could do that they have done.
In the case of Mr. Churchill particularly, one cannot fail
to perceive laborious care, a certain mox^ elevation, and
an admirable sense of dignity. He has been satisfied with
nothing less than his best. His style may be a beach
pebble among gems, but it is polished. He may not be a
student of character, but he knows his eighteentn centuzy ;
he is a giant of documentation, and the mere factual basis
of his descriptions of eighteenth century life in America
and England is almost incredibly elaborate, and decidedly
efi^ective ; whether he is giving you the interior of Brooks's
or a naval battle with Paul Jones in it, he reconstructs the
scene to the last limit of research. His historical portraits,
including those of Fox, Walpole, Oarrick and Washington,
are as brilliant and hard and exact as the exercises of a
court painter. He can plan out a work, arranging the
cUsposition of its parts, and handling vast masses of detail
with the manipulative skill of a transport officer. He
knows when dialogue should be used, and when narration ;
how to give substance to a chapter, and theatrical orna-
ment to an episode ; when the reader will best appreciate
a diversion from the main theme, and when the device of
monotony will build up a pleasing tension. He is the
type of artist who takes 'the Prix de Eome by dint of sheer
mathematical calculation. And withal, there is no breath
of imaginative life in him. He could no more avoid being
tedious, profoundly and entirely tedious, than he could
add a cubit to his stature.
276
The Academy.
31 March, 1900.
America is a land of sentimentalism. It is this deep-
seated quality which, perhaps, accounts for the vogue of
history in American fiction. The themes of the historical
novel are so remote, ideas about them exist so nebulously
in the mind, that a writer may safely use the most bare-
faced distortions to pamper the fancy without offending
that natural and racial shrewdness which would bestir
itself if a means of verification were at hand. The extra-
ordinary notion still obtains that human nature was
difEerent '^ in those days " ; that the good old times were,
somehow, '^ pretty," and governed by fates poetically just.
Enquiry would of course dissipate this notion, but no one
wants to dissipate it ; so long as it remains, there is at any
rate some excuse for those excesses of prettiness, that
luxuriant sentimentality, that persistent statement of life
in terms of the Christmas ntmiber, which are the funda-
mental secret of the success of novels like Richard Carvel
and Janice Meredith, There are, of course, other factors
jspecial to America which have their share in the dazzling
result. One is the pride of the nation in its brief tradi-
tions. Shall not he who ministers to this pride be
rewarded ? It would be strange, indeed, if he were not.
When a man hears that his name is in the newspaper he
buys the newspaper, and a long time will elapse before he
loses the habit. So it is with America. We, with a
thousand thrilling years behind us, can scarcely under-
stand the preoccupation of America with her Eevolution
and her Civil War. But why not ? I say that the trail is
as charming as the disturbance of a young girl after her
first balL
Another factor is the unique position and influence of
young women in the United States. We are told that it is
the women who rule the libraries in England ; much more
so is it the women who rule the libraries in America. And
if you would know what sort of an intellectual creature
the American woman is, what a curious mixture of earnest
and gay, ardent and frivolous, splendid and absurd, read
her especial organ. The Ladies^ Kom$ Jowmal of Phila-
delphia, which is one of the most brilliantiy-edited papers
in tiie world, and has a circulation of over eight hundred
thousand copies a month. Here, in this glowing and
piquant miscellany, where religion runs column by column
with modes and etiquette, and the most famous Eaglish-
writing authors are elbowed by the Tappers and Friswells
of New England, you will discern at large the true nature
of Mr. C. D. Gibson's girl — the width of her curiosity, the
consuming fire of her energy, her strange knowledge and
her stranger ignorances, her fineness and crudity, her
imperial mien and her simple adorations. It is fitting to
remark of the American woman that she has a magnificent
future. In the meantime she cannot gainsay her Ladies''
Some Joumaly which stands as absolutely irrefutable
evidence both for and afi;ainst her. She is there in its
pages, utterly revealed — the woman of the culture clubs,
the woman who wistfully admires the profiles of star-actors
at matinSeiy the woman from whom Paderewski, at the
Chicago Auditorium, has to be rescued by the police, the
Madonna of the home, the cherisher of aspirations, the
desire of men. It is she who reads and propagates
Richard Carvel and Janice Meredith, artiessly enjoying the
sugar of them, made oblivious of their tedium by her
sincere eagerness to '* get instruction " from them, to treat
them as " serious" works — ^not as ** ordinary noveb."
An explanatory word. There are far better historical
novels in America than the two mentioned. The best taste
in America esteems Richard Carvel and Janice Meredith as the
best taste esteems them here. The interest of these novels
lies in their marvellous success, and the due which they
afEord to the secrets of a whole people's individuality.
For it is not those who read but those who (speaking
broadly) do not read that make a book popular. The
former are few, the latter a multitude. The former we
know familiarly ; the ways of the latter are as fascinating,
as mystifying, as the ways of children. E. A. B.
Things Seen.
Augury.
From the hateful offices we emerged into the fog once
more and the dull rain and tho unhomely activity of the
crowded city streets. The lude failure of our errand left
nothing to stand between my companion and all the
ugliness that was piling itself up to stare him in the face.
I had wished to save Delaunay, where I could, from the
England he hated, with no mean or little bitterness, as he
saw us from his distant Paris. I would have kept him at
home, in the unoffending West, and surrounded him, during
the three short days of this rare visit, not with my country-
men in the mass, but with the charming individuals. A
pious duty, however, drew him to the City, and the kindly
thought of seeing again his father's ward, now some six
montihs in London, learning English business ways, had
lightened our journey up. But me young man (there was
no hinting that Englisa life, obviously, was not all to
blame) had no welcome for the simple and warm gaiety
with which the elder brother came ready. It was a shy-
ness, a stupid boyish shame of his countryman in the office.
I saw it oirectiy he entered, awkward and flushing, the
outer room where we stood ; the beard Delaunay wore and
his square felt hat— -one hardly needed to look further for
a reason. . . .
In the lack of converse, a silence that meant no separa-
tion between us, a swe walked side by side, but rather
an anxious and fruitless sympathy, I might acknowledge
that the disappointment was a chance, and no more
significant of our influence than the unfortunate fog and
damp of this April day was fair to our climate ; yet I
could not help meeting with his eyes the oppressive stream
of occupied men, I found myself seeking I Know not what
sign of grace in the drab crowd. In the doorways of the
offices I read long names that covered schemes of plunder,
and, as if to support their uttermost claims, newspaper
boys thrust in our faces posters swelling witii the name
that on the Continent stood most for Eagland's policy. We
slipped into the comparative peace of a side street — would
the spare church above the long wall pass unnoticed, or
perhaps only add for him the missing touch of hypocrisy ?
As I stared helplessly at the brown wall, feeling that no
human argument could persuade my companion that he
was not in a heaven-forsaken city, the brownness seemed to
lighten — surelv a gleam lay on it—yes it was so, and, of a
sudden, with the last drop that fell, the fog was a golden
glow, intense blue in the shadows, the chestnut glistened
in a mist from the churchyard, and at that moment there
sang out from its branches, penetrating sweet, yet loud
and authoritative, four notes of a blackbird. Arrested,
we stood still for the bird to speak again, and, as fortune
would have it, two workmen who were behind us halted
also. The phrase came, longer, more elaborate, more
darine and supreme than the first. Delaunay turned his
clear brown eyes, smiling in the sudden sunlight, to mine,
and laid his hand upon my sleeve —
'' Tenez, le bon Dieu n'est pas de mon avis."
Relief.
In the silent village the windows were all veiled ; but as
I passed down the littie street one of the doors opened,
and a woman came out of its shade. A young woman,
hurried and anxious — scared at the unexpected sight of
my figure, yet glad of the protection of my company. She
was slight and frail-looking, and in her arms she carried
a heavy child wrapped in a trailing white quilt. I raised
the corner, which was dragging on the road, and asked if
the baby was not too heavy for her. She poured out
her heart in littie gasping sentences : '' Oh, no ! she's not
31 March, 1900.
The Academy.
277
a baby; -she's a big girl — four years old — ^but I couldn't
stay in the house any longer, and I couldn't leave her, so
I took her out of bed and brought her along. Tou see,
niy husband's never come home, — I'm a&aid there's an
accident, and I can't rest in the house. I've walked up
and down, and I can't stay in the room. Yes, ma'am ;
my husband's the baker at the shop. They're busy now,
and it's terrible long hours for him to work, from half-
past four in the morning till eleven or twelve o'clock at
nifi^ht — it's too much for mm. He was bit by a dog about
a fortnight ago, and it upset him ; he's not been very well
since, and— oh! — I'm afraid." She clutched the sleepy
child tighter, and staggered on breathlessly.
At the gate of the little bakehouse yard the dog which
had bitten her husband — chained now, but jealously
watchful — barked furiously. She shrank along the
further side of the yard to the bakehouse door, where she
• stood with her white burden in the yellow glare of the
fire, while the moon shed its radiance over all. '^ Jim ! "
— a hurried, anxious whisper — " Jim ! Jim ! " — this last
a ^arp, terrified appeal to the silence— and then, as a
dusky, wondering figure filled the doorway, a quick sob
and an indescribable quiver of relief — ^* Ah, Jim ! Thank
you, ma'am ; he's here ! "
A Literary Lent.
Wb read, but we do not read again. How long is it
since you read Milton ? We run about, crying lo
here, and lo there — and all the cool wisdom and unworn
majesty of Comm is but a memory of one's youth. We
bolt new novels as though Don Quixote had never been
written. Time was when people did not find re-perusal
hard. Byron read the Waverley novels "fifty times." Scott
read Ariosto's Orlando once every year, and Macaulay was
as loyal to Gil Bias. Father Front found in Horace the
joy of his youth and the consolation of his age. Gh>ethe
read the Viear of Wakefield at twenty and at eighty-one,
and several times between. Huet, the Bishop of Avranches,
used to read through Theocritus every spring, a practice
which St. Beuve quotes with approval.
Huet (1 E^^que d* Avranches) nous dit qti*il avait cou-
tame, chaque printemps, de relire Theocrite sous Tombrage
renaissant des bois, au bord d*un ruiKseau et au chant du
roBsignol. II me semble que les M6 moires de Mdme. de
Staal pourraient se relire si I'enti^e de chaque hiv«>r, k
rextreme fin d'automne, sous les arbres de Novembre, au
bruit des feuilles d§ja sech^es.
Is there one of us whose life would not be enriched by such
rules and prescriptions ? Consider £dward FitzGerald—
than whom a mightier re-peruser before the Lord
never lived. His Letters are an education in the joys
of re-perusal. The true Critic on the Hearth is he, with
his "dear Sevign6"; and his "Great Gun," Crabbe;
and Sophocles, " Oh, how immeasurably superior ! " — to
Euripides ; and Montaigne, blessed cargo of his lugger at
Lowestoft. He re-perused them all ; and there is a whole
philosophy of re-perusal, and of independent fireside
reading, in a letter to his old schoolfellow, W. B. Donne,
about Montaigne. Its dry good sense and secreted irony
are delightful. Here is its salient passage :
When your letter was put into my hands I happened to
be reading Moutaifpie, L. HI., Ch. 8, " De TArt de Con-
ferer/' where at the end he refers to Tacitus, the only
-. Book, he says, he had read consecutively for an hour
together for ten years. He does not say very much ; but
the Bemarks of such a Man are worth many Cartloads of
German Theory of Character, I think : their Philology I
don't meddle with. I kaow that Co well has discovered
they are all wrong in their Sanskrit. Montaigne never
doubts Tacitus' facts, but doubts his Inferences ; well, il
I were sure of his Facts, I would leave others to draw
their Inferences. I m<^an if I were Commentator, cer-
tainly : and I think if I were EQstorian too. Nothing is
more wonderful to me than seeing such men as 8pf dding,
Carlyle, and I suppose Froude, strsioioff Fact to Theory
as they do, while a scatter-brained Padd^ like myself can
keep (uear. But then so does the Mob of Readers. Well,
but I believe in the Vox PopuH of two hundred Tears :
still more, of two thousand. And, whether we be right
or wrong, we prevail : so, however much wiser are the
Builders of Theory, their Labour is but lost who build :
they can't reason away Bichard's Hump, nor Cromwell's
Ambition, nor Henry's Love of a new Wife, nor Tiberius'
beastliness. Of course they had all their Gleams of Good-
ness ; but we of the Mob, if we have any Theory at all,
have that which all Mankind have seen and felt, and know
as surely as Day-light ; that Power will tempt and spoil
the Best.
FitzGerald, to be sure, lived a recluse, and had time on
his hands. Time to be the apostle of sound reading,
which is re-reading ; and such he became and remains.
Let us confess it, we do not read again as we ought. We
need a literary Lent. Think of it — once a year — ^a time
of re-perusal*
Correspondence.
Maeterlinck and the ^* Contemporary Review."
Sir, — All lovers of M. Maeterlinck's work must have
read with mingled wrath and laughter Mr. Kopes's article
in the March Contemporary Review^ professing to give a
full and unbiassed estimate of Maeterlinck's genius and
intention. He deliberately passes over much of his best
work and submits the remainder to the most cursory
examination. For "Serres Ohaudes" quotations from two
rather obscure poems are considered sufficient; '^La
Princesse Maleine " is criticised by a comic song, and the
old, old charge of repetitions brought up against it. The
well-known parallel with Hamlet is again brought for-
ward, but any discussion of the symbolism is carefully
avoided. '^ Pelleas et M61isande " is patronisingly
approved ; but we are told that it is unreal, remote from
life. Did Mr. Hopes never see the intense and haunting
acting of Martin Harvey and Mrs. Patrick Campbell?
^'Interieur" and '^L'lntruse" are treated with some-
thing like fairness, but the mocking analysis of ''Les
Sept Princesses " is hard reading for the earnest disciple.
In all these plays Mr. Hopes, wlule denying Maeterlinck
the dramatic gift, allows ms power over &e chords of pity
and dread — ^but rather thinks Mr. Kipling does it better.
He entirely misses the note of Greek tragedy which
Maeterlinck strikes ; the inevitableness of the action ; the
chorus, generally supplied by an old man or woman ; the
strange stillness of the soul which is felt through his
work. Finally, he attempts to assess Maeterlinck as poet,
dramatist, and mystic, while considering no more than
the bare plot of '' Aglavaine et Selysette," and without
mention of the essays, in which the whole of Maeterlinck's
artistic creed may bo found.
The Maeterlmck controversy, like the Brownine
quarrels of the past, seems destruction to all fairness and
literary courtesy. We still await a cool and judicial critic
whom symbolism affrights not, and mystics do not annoy.
— ^I am, &c., EvBLYN Undbkhill.
3, Campden Hill-place.
" Disappearing " Lever.
Sib, — We observe in your notes a list of '' Disappearing
Authors" [from Mr. Justin McCarthy's North American
Rsvieuf article], among whom Charles Lever has a place.
During the last few vears the public has paid for
editions of Lever's novels issued by us about £9,000.
Considering that several of his books are out of copy-
278
The Academy.
31 March^ 1^00
right, and that there are numerous editions of these non-
copyright books in the market, we should be inclined to
regard Oharles Lever as an author who was '* disappearing"
with a flourish.
In a series of sixpenny out-of -copyright novels issued by
us, extending to nearly fifty volumes, tibe first three books
in point of sales are written by Thackeray, WiUde Collins,
and Lever. The series referred to contains novels by
Scott, Dickens, Marryat, and various other masters. — ^We
are, &c.,
March 23, 1900. Downey & Co., Ltd.
New Books Received.
[^Th^ss notes an some of the New Books of the week are
preliminary to Reviews that may folhw.~\
A History of Scotland from the
EoMAN Occupation. Vol. I. By Andbbw Lang
•
The revival of Scottish literature, particularly History,
is one of the marked features of the time, and Mr. Lang's
work has long been expected with interest. It will be
complete in two volumes. Mr. Lang dedicates the work
to Sir Herbert Maxwell in these terms : '' In studying the
records of our past, your name has come imder my eyes
many himdreds of times since the days of Maoghus,
Abchifisata, and never without pleasantiy reminding me
of you, and of hours among books, or by the banks of
Test and Lea. You will oblige me by accepting this
work, that, some day, may remind you of me.'' Of the
present volume Mr. Lan^ says that it is ^^ an attempt to
examine the elements and forces which went to the making
of the Scottish people, and to record the more important
events which occurred between the Eoman occupation and
the death of Cardinal Beeton in 1546." (Blackwood &
Sons. 15s. net.)
Thb Trials of the Bantoges.
By G. S. Street.
Here we have Mr. Street quizzing a social type, as he
did in the Autobioyraphy of a Boy. The Bantocks were
perfect in their way, ** admirably correct"; their town
house and their country house were each admirably
situated and appointed. ''Mr. and Mrs. Bantock alike
had a large and unwavering dignity. . . . Bussell
Bantock, my contemporary, was a notable personage at
school, and in all the best clubs of ' the House,' in my
unpretentious days at Oxford." Yet the Bantocks had
their trials, and what these were, and how they bore them,
is the matter of this volume. (Lane. ds. 6d.)
The Love of an
Uncrowned Queen. By W. H. Wilkins.
The romantic and clouded life of Sophia Dorothea,
consort of George I. Mr. Wilkins has found new material
for his life of a '' Queen " whose fate rivalled that of Mary
Stuart's in sadness ; and with a view to doing the work
thoroughly he has visited " OeUe where she was bom ;
Hanover, where she lived during her unhappy married
life ; and Ahlden, where, for more than thirty years, she was
consigned to a living tomb." These handsome illustrated
volumes will be welcome to all readers who like such lives
of queens as were written by Agnes Strickland. (Hutchin-
son & Go.)
Letters to Madame Hanska.
By Honors de Balzac.
This is the translation of a volume recentiy published in
France, entitied JT! de Balzac CEuvres Fosthumes, Zettres d
VMrangerey i 833-1 842, purporting to contain letters,
written by Balzac to the lady who afterwards became his
wife, which were not included in the definitive edition of
Balzac's work published by Oalmann-L6vy in 1876. The
translator. Miss Wormeley, throws considerable doubt on
the genuineness of many of these new letters. Others
she accepts as Balzac's. We are afraid that many readers
will be put o£E the volume by the complicated statements
and arguments — necessary though tiiey be — ^in Miss
Wormeley 's preface. (Hardy, Pratt & Co.)
In addition to the foregoing, we have received :
thbologioal and bibligal.
Glark (WiUiaxn). The Paraclota t A Seriea of DisoonrseB on the Penon
and Work of the Holy Spirit » (T. St T. diurk) S/6
Sthict and BtUffion, A Golleotion of Eisays by Sir John Seeley. Dr.
Felix Adler, and others (Sonneneoneio) 6/0
TRAVEL Am) TOPOaBAPHY.
Barr (Robert), The Unchanging East (Ghatto ft Windos) t/0
Gecil, M.P. (Evelyn), On the Eye of the War (Murray) 8/a
SOIBNOE AND PHILOSOPHY.
Lankester (B. Ray), A Treatise on Zoology. Part in. The Eohinoderma.
By F. A. Bather, J. W. Gregory, and B. S. Goodrich (Black) net lS/0
Conninghaxn (J. T.), Sezoal Dimorphism in the Animal Kingdom
(Black)
Kaot (Immannel), Dreams of a Spirit-Seer. Tllostrated by Dreams of
Metaphysics. Translated by Bmannel F. Goerwita (Bonnenaohein) %t
Hight (George A.), An Essay on Mental Gultore (Dent)
POETRY. GRITI0ISM« AND BELLES LBPTRBS.
Goodyear (W. H.). Banaissance and Modem Art (MaomiUan) fi/O
EDUCATIONAL.
Smyth (H. Weir), Greek Melic Poets (Bfaemtllan) 7/6
Hyslop (A. R. F.), The Andromache of Euripides (Macmillan) 2/6
MISOBLLANBOUS.
The Conway Parish Registers, 161M793 (Charles J. Clark) net 25/3
Cole (R. W.), The Struggle for Empire (Stock)
P^ayel (B.), The Rights of England in the Soath African War
(Blackwood) /6
Gant (F. J.), Mock Nnrses of the Latest Fashion, a.d 1900
(Ba'Udre, TindaU ft Cox.)
Greener (W. W.), Sharp-Shooting for Sport and War (Everett St Co.) IfO
Mnrray (Dr. James A. H.), A New English Dictionary. In— Infer.
Vol. V « Clarendon Prets) 6/0
Shenrood (Rev. W. B.), Oxford Bowing (Frowde) 10/6
NEW EDITIONS.
Borrow (George), The Romany Rye (Murray) 6/0
Larger Temple Shakespeare. Vols. 0 and 10 (Dent) each net 1/6
Little Lihnury : In Memoriam. With Analysis and Notes by Bev. H. C.
Beechlng (Methuen) net 1/8
%* New Novels are aeknowledged elsewhere.
Our Weekly Prize Competitions.
Result of No. 27 (New Series).
Judging by the number of replies we have received to the Book-
Tea oompetitioii, this mild and pleasant form of amnsement ia
still popnUur. A few oompetitors aooompanied their examples with
dra^dngs. Certain books, illustrated \sj praotioally the same
symbol, were submitted from several sources. Among those thui
favoured, were : Meholas Moklehy, In Varying Moods, Red Pottage,
MiddUfMTchy and We Two, We have deoided to award the priae of
one guinea to Hiss H. B. Stephen, Queen Mary's House, Inverness,
for the following : —
A sketoh of two unmistakable angels in oonSLio^i.^ Natural Law
in the Spiritual World,
We print below a selection of other attempts :—
An ingenious lady went to a book-tea with a card, on which was
inscribed the name *' Godiva,** pinned to her dress. The title of the
book represented was Tom Sawyer, [G. 0. P., Chelsea.]
D
B r.
Under the Deodars (D odd r's).. [E. R., London.]
A small boy, in a deserted schoolroom, doing his sums. — The
Solitary Summer, [J. S , London.]
Two penny wooden dolls, the jointed kind, fastened on the
shoulder, one doll to be bent nearly double, the other only slightly.
— The Greater Inelination, [G. N., BristoL]
A bulb— worn in buttonhole or elsewhere. — Cometh up as a
Flower, [£. P. B., Bournemouth.]
Guest brings a hoe. — Ivanhoe, [E. 11, Brighton.]
Wear pinned on dress following announcement: Dr. Temple,
Bishop of London, has been appointed Archbishop of Canterbury.^
Froffi Sea to Sea. [f. H., Braintree.]
31 March, i^oo.
The Academy.
279
I loye. I will lore. I have loved. — In Varyimg Moodi,
[J. W, G., Liverpool.]
A small piotaie of Mr. Kruger smoking a pipe. — Paul and
Virginia. [V. S., London.]
Wear a label olearly written with "All WeU."--WeU After All.
Wear inseription : " To my dear niece the sum of £20.** — The
Little Legacy. [S. 0., Brighton.]
An empty pnrse. — Life's Sdndieap. [E. H. H., London.]
Wear a pieoe of paper with " Maroh 15th, 12.30 pm.,** written on
' it — Middlemareh. [B. S., London.]
A bottle of hair tonic or oil must be displayed. — For the Crown.
[F. M. W., London.]
Blank card. — No Name.
[A. A., Sonthport.]
Wear a large sheet of white paper pinned in front of yon with a
•tiny (2) upon it.^We Two. [L. M. L., Stafford.]
• A sealed envelope on whioh is written the information : " Herein
are contained 24 idieets of note-paper." — The Choir Invisible.
[M. B., Derby.]
Toy crab and lobster. — Toilers of the Sea.
% [G. B., London.]
/ " Oysters now in season.*'— ^7%« Betum of the Native.
[G. B., Birmingham.]
Replies also received from : L., Dover ; 0. B., lianohester ; R. N.,
Sunderland ; H. J. P., Birmingham ; H. W. D., London ; G. M. G.,
Monmouth ; Z. McO., Yorkshire ; G. E. M., London ; G. M. P.,
Birmingham ; A. W. G., Lcmdon ; H. J., Leeds ; A. S. H , Dalkeith ;
D. L., Felixitowe; T. B., Cheltenham; J. H. G, Edinburgh;
H. G. H., Whitby; H. J., London; W. P., London; D. E. B.,
London ; F. E. F., London ; J. Y. S., Hy^res ; A. H., Durham ;
0. L. E., Matlock ; M. A, London ; G . Beigate ; J. B., Kirkcaldy ;
B., Guildford ; P. B., Manchester ; E. 0., London ; A. B. R.,
Lcoidon ; F. M., London ; K. F., London ; H. W., London ; A. W. D.,
London ; A. M., London ; B. J., Oardiff ; F. F. A., Manchester ;
H. D., London ; A. D. H., London ; W., Cheshire ; C, London ;
L. W. L., Burton ; G. S. H., Bradford ; M. P. F.. Birmingham ;
F. P., Maidencombe ; H. V., Brighton ; M. M. D., London ; G. M.,
Bedford ; M. A. C, Cambridge ; E. F. E., London ; F. S., London ;
G. P. B., London; G. W.. Hull; J. F. H., London; E. M. C,
Ipswich ; A. F. T, Hull ; W. A. B , LondoE ; A. C. C, Wakefield ;
P. L. N., York ; C. M., Darlington ; G. A., Oxford ; A. S., Graves-
end ; N. A., Kent ; B. R., London ; S. E. M., Edinburgh ; E. B.,
Liverpool ; E. H., Didsbury.
Competition No. 28 (New Series).
This week we offer a prize of one guinea for the best suggestion,
within the limit of 200 words, of a subject for an historioal novel.
The central interest of the story and its literary possibilides should
be indicated.
RULBB.
Answers, addressed *' Literary Competition, The Academy, 43
Chancery-lane, W.C.,'* must reach us not later than the first poet
of Tuesday, April 3. Each answer must be accompanied by
the coupon to be found in the first column of p. 280, or it can-
not enter into competition. Competitors sending more than one
attempt at solution must accompany each attempt with a separate
coupon ; otherwise the first only will be considered. We wish to
impress on competitors that the task of examining replies is much
fadiitated when one side only of t^e paper is written upon. It is
also important that names and addresses should always be c^ven.
We cannot consider anonymous answers.
Our Special Prize Competitionb.
iCloses Maroh 31it,)
Received during the week : Skrew-tater, Egalit^, Lahore, Mallard,
Roxana, De Beers, Caraotacus, "Omar Kani,*' Oiive, Riachuelo,
Clarence Lyddon, Dejoucourt, Cecil Gray, Rich Man, Calamus,
Monterey, Epeilon, Omega, Shromde, Austral, Richard Cameron,
Habrf>n, Silberhom, Cherub, Saltire, Shamrock, Clausentum, Fors,
Dora Roes, Michael Howe. Globe-trotter, Wanderer, Sailerkraiit,
Bill Sursum, Orion, Ariel, Miley, Seamew, M. E. T., Ho,
Redbarn, Palm Tree, Athreb, Tarnkappe, Middlemareh, Owl,
Powai»hiek, Amor Vincit Omnia, lona. Alba, Wi»rburton-
Rosalind, Norman Haugb, Flip, M. Hermslake, Dexter, Gwydion,
ap-Don, Etither Grey, Jedbrooke, Work and Worship, Cyrus,
Acacia, Atrian Rosos, Ratan, Syrinx, Trenance, Mab, St.
Julian. Mo righ*s mo dhuthaich, Keil, Glen Duror, Darach,
Rochester Rxggles, Mondelambe, Reeurgam, Rose, Miser, Trinacria,
Y. A M., Sirius, Agr6g^, Hugo, Yenezia, Inglesant, Dragon
Fly, Evelyn, Limey, Neleh, E. J. N., Doyb, Lenten, Cymorth,
Adrian Ljt, Pahang, Flower-de - Luoe, Trefriw Boy, Ello Ceeby,
Ninna, Veritas, Fidelis, Tnistle, Eia, Arthur Beaumont, Kintyre,
Nauis, Berg fee, Dlanor, Last, C. H. Carroder, Glascon, Woden-stead,
Roger Pajne, Monques, William Innes, Vidi, Ai ! Dymock, Nom de
Plume, Ynyeddu. Thikima, Barrister, Phantastee, Menander,
Tr^gunc. Rhea Silvi*, Dinna Forget Nur<»ie, Pierrette, Relluf,
Ohadwick, Coper. Cecil Yot, Equitaine, Nisbitt, Etihelred II.,
Stuart, Dcdside, P. Q. H., A. Minor, Helena, Christopher Ruidell,
Thel, Orchis, Phillida, Carusotheniee, Adoleecens, Ruppredito,
October, Camelford, Paul Gonflet, Blade 'o* Grass, Treble X.,
Country Girl, Olive Hall, Ben Ezra, Nomad, Oakes, Hatasu, Beres-
ford, Torrington, Pheidippides, Hyssop, Isabel, Shebail, Kobold,
Narcissus, Jackauapei*, Waratah, The Windov-Cleaner, Helen,
Feechen, Talbot, De Aar, (Ediphilcu^ Lanoaehire Lass, Jago, Lan-
oadiire Wit')h, Prasterit«, Joha-o'-th'-Combstones, Grecian Vase,
Aukpetia, Sassenach, Cigardtte, Albino, Camilla, Manno, Maestoato,
Amore Nihil Mollius, Scotia, Boa Accord, Metropolitan, Plavengro,
Four-leaved Shamrock, Aifinoourt, St. Brelade, Tonohak, Sohreiber|
Fac et spera, Comoedia, B. R.
Final aoknowledgnwnts next week.
Announcement.
Two interesting books to be publisked by Messrs. Smith,
Elder & Co., not included in the lists given in our recent
Supplement, are the Anthology of Anglo-Irish V$ru^ edited
by the Eev. Stopford A. Brooke and Mr. T. W. Eolleston,
and a cheaper edition of the late John Addington Symonds's
Shakespeare^s Predeeessort in the English Drama.
AUOnSTINE BIRBELL on OOWPEB.
See the LBISURW HOUR for April. 6d.
OHATHAM'S CHAIN and the DOGES of VENIOE:
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OONSOBIPTION.
By W. J. QOROON.
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BUSKIN and BLAOKMOBEp
PERSONAL BEMINISOENOES of.
See the LEISURE HOVR for April. 6d.
•OLD BY ALL MAQAZIMB OBALBRB.
READ Y APRIL ISth. Tico Vols. Dr-my Sro, ehtth gilt, gilt top..
With a Map and 206 Illustrations from Skctehts, Photo-
graphs, A'c.
PmCS 16s. NIT.
A WORK OF KXCEPTIONAL INTEREST.
PIONEERING
on the CON 00.
By the Bev. W. BOLHAH BERTLET,
Chevalier de I'Ordre Boyal du Lion ; Author of " The Dictionary and Grammar
of the Kongo Language," '* Life on the Congo/' and Translator ot the
New Testament into Kongo.
These volomes narrate the Author's Twenty-one Years Experience of Life
along the Shores of the great Congo River, and the Congo Trioes which
inhabit them. , _ », . . .
Mr. Bentley was one of the first missionaries sent to the Congo. He visited
the Congo tnbes while they were practically untoacned by any foreign
influence. He has lived m close contact with the people. He has reduced the
Kooffo iknguage to wriUng ; is the well-known author of the Dictionary
and Gpammar of the Kongo language, and has translated into it tlie New
Testament.
The work is very fully illustrated from Photographs and Sketches, and will
be found nch iu matters th<it should appeal to all wno take an interest in the
geography and ethnology of Western Africa, and in the progress and develop-
ment of barbarous people and wild countries.
PUBLISHBD BY
THE RELIGIOUS TRA.CT SOCIETY,
66, PATERNOSTER ROW, LONDON.
28o
The Academy.
31 March, 0,00
NOW READY, demj 8to. cloth, las. «., post free.
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THE RIQHT to BEAR ARM 8.
By "X." the Writer of the Series of Articles
which appeared in the Saturday Rmoiew over
that siiniatare
" We cordiaUy recommend this little book to those who ara
Ignorant of such matters, r ' - •
OS the elementary m~
certain of their own ..«.. ^ ,.^^ ..» ^ ». .^^^^ „ w. ^.w^ ■>»»
clearly written, the aisumeota are unanswerable and supported
by extracts from ancient documents, and many common da*
lusions about arms are exiMsed."— ;9!psetalor.
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7 April, 1900.
Price Threepence.
[RggitUned as a Nnupt^^,"]
The Literary Week.
Our Special Oompetition dosed on March 31, and the
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and, if space permits, the Prize Oomp^tion in each
section printed, in our issue of April 28. The largest
number of replies were received from poets.
Mb. Eudyard Kipuno telegraphed to the TSmas a poem
of twelve lines on the death of General Joubert. We
quote the first stanza :
With those that bred, with thoee that loosed, the strife
He bad no part whose hands were clean of gain ;
But, subtle, strong and stubborn, ga^e his life
To a lost cause and knew the gift was vain.
In A Kipling Prim&r, the author, Mr. Knowles, remarks
that the lines addressed to Woloott Balestier beginning —
Beyond the path of the outmost sun, through utter dark-
ness hurled —
'* touch almost the high- water mark of Kipling's work."
Mr. Knowles does not seem to be aware that the poem
in question is but an adaptation, shorn and changed, of
a longer poem called ''The Blind Bug," contributed some
years before by Mr. Kipling to the National Obwrver,
There's husbandry in poets.
The Fublisheri Circular understands that for the serial
rights of his new novel Mr. Budyard Kipling is receiving
the highest price ever paid to an English writer of fiction.
The sum is said to be equal to the annual salary of a
Oabinet Minister.
Mb. John Gltdb, the author of the Life of Edward
FihOeraldy published last week, is an Ipswich bookseller,
whose business was established more than half a century
ago in that town. Mr. Glyde is also the author of Suffolk
in the Nineteenth Century,
ArBOFOS of the Boat Eace, the Daily Mail published the
following tables of ''odds" showing what are the chances
of the individual Blue's choice of a profession :
Oxford. Cambbedoe.
1 1 to 8 on the Church.
5 to 2 against the Law.
10 to 1 against the Army.
20 to 1 against Medicine.
5 to 4 on the Ohurch.
11 to 8 against the Law.
33 to 1 against Medicine.
33 to 1 against the Army.
A NSW accession to the ranks of London publishers is
Mr. H. Brimley Johnson, whose name has hitherto been
associated' wim^ the editing of English reprints. Mr.
Johnson, who has been appointed the London repre-
sentative of the Century Company, New York, will shortly
bring out a second series of Eeeays in Liberalism by
a group of Oxford men who represent the advanced,
though not the oollectivist, wing of the party.
At the head of each chapter of Miss Ellen Thomeycrof t
Fowler's new novel. The Faring dons^ stands a snatch of
verse, and, as the verses bear no quotation marks, it is to
be presumed they are the author's composition. It should
not be difficult for the reader to construct the chapters
from their preliminary verses. Chapter Y., for example, to
which this is allotted :
You thought you knew me in and out,
And yet you never knew
That all I ever thought about
Was You.
The Sphere^ in its issue of April 21, will publish a
story by Mr. Thomas Hardy.
Mr. Eider Haggard, it is announced, will act in South
Africa as one of the correspondents for Messrs. Pearson's
new paper, the Daily Exprees, Taking advantage of the
lull in tlie operations, some of the correspondents are
returniug to England for a short while. Mr. Frederic
Yilliers, the war artist of the Illustrated London News,
is among these. During his brief stay Mr. Yilliers will
lecture on his experiences.
Mr. W. Algernon Lookbr, late editor of the Morning
Post and of the London Letter , has been appointed editor of
the L^ish Times.
In 1877 Lady Dorothy Neville sent Mr. Mallock's New
Republic to Lord Beaconsfield, who read it and replied :
"It is a capital performance, and the writer will, I think,
take an eminent position in our future literature." Mr.
Mallock has written much prose and verse since then, but
it would be too much to say that he has repeated the
success of The New Republic, However, he has now offered
for criticism a distinctiy ambitious work dealing more or
less with that veiy conflict between science and religion
which has recentiy been dramatised, so to speak, in the laat
controversy, and death of Dr. St. George Mivart. We
need not remind our readers that the aim of Mr. Mallock's
philosophical writings has always been to show that
science, taken by itself, can supply man with no basis for
religion. In his present work, which is addressed to
rhoee who identify Christianity with doctrine, Mr.
ifailock seeks to show how the existence of religion is
bound up in formal doctrine as human life is inseparable
from a physical frame, and he affirms that "the only
possible authority for supernatural Christian doctrine is a
Church which is an inspired and developed organism.
Such a Church cannot dispose of the cosmic arguments,
which tell against all religions equally : but these being
set aside, and the need for doctrinal Christianity beinff
granted, Bome appeals to the world, aa a living personid
witness, a belief in whose veracity will carry a reasonable
acceptance of the whole doctrinal system with it" Mr.
Mallock tells his readers in a foot-note that he suspended
this work for a month or two in order to make that
rendering, in English verse, of the moral philosophy of
Lucretius, to whicua we drew attention when It appeared in
the Anglo-Saxon.
284
The Academy.
April IQOO.
The unexpected- death of Dr. St. George Mivart has
a dramatic interest which will bo felt by everyone who
followed his recent remarkable controversy with Cardinal
Yaughan. Great as were Dr. Mivart's scientific attain-
ments and career, we think that he will be remembered—:
and that for a long time -for his strenuous, pathetic,
illogical, yet noble attempt to reconcile the authority of
his Church with the conclusions of his scientific conscience.
Writing to a friend a few weeks ago. Dr. Mivart said :
The various articles and few books I have written have
always represented my convictions at the time as accurately
as I could represent them. My last work, The Ground-
work of Science (John Murray), has undergone no ecclesi-
astical suDfrvisioD, my convictions when I wrote it being
almost f imy what they now are. I have no more leaning
to atheism or agnosticism now than I ever bad ; but the
inscrutable, incompreheu'^ible ener^ry pervading the uni-
verse and (as it seems to me) disclosed by ecience, differs
profoundly, as I read nature, from the Qod worshipped by
Christians.
There is something tragically memorable in Dr. Mivart's
long suppression of his doubts, their final outburst, his
terrible break with his Church, and his death without
sacrament, though assuredly not without honour.
Afteb the fiery sunset, a little breeze. Ten years ago
Dr. Mivart wrote a *^ simple tale of our time." It now
appears in reg^ar novel form under the title of Castle and
Manor. Although high matters of faith are discussed by
the characters, the story was written *' without any didactic
or controversial intention whatever, but was merely sug-
gested by personal, social, and local experiences by the
author." To which is added : '^ One or two persons who
suggested certain characters therein depicted are no longer
living, but as nothing has been said to their discredit, it
has not be^n thought necessary to suppress them."
The doctrine of perpetual copyright was felicitously
upheld on Thursday by Mr. Samuel Clemens (Mark
Twain) before the Eoyal Commission on Copyright,
Lord Monk swell presiding. Mr. Clemens maintained that
cheap editions of deathless books would be ensured, not
extinguished, by perpetual copyright. Only one book in
the Wi>rld, he thought, had been fairly treated since the
days of Queen Anne, and that was the English Bible. It
enjoyed perpetual copyright, and this had not deprived
the people of cheap editions. Mr. Clemens also pointed
out that the number of books which would be affected by
the extension of the forty-two years' limit to perpetuity
would be very few — only sixty-five books in each year's
output. Of these very few would survive a century — say,
650 volumes in half a million. ^' In America," said the
witness (we quote the report of the Daily News), " when
the number of slaves subject to the lash equalled the
population of London to-aay, a woman wrote a book
which aroused humanity, swept slavery out of existence,
and purged the fair name of America from reproach. The
author is now dead ; the copyright is dead ; the children
live and the book lives ; but the profits go to the pub-
lishers." In the course of his remarks, Mr. Clemens told
the Commission that his MS. was once taxed as '^gas
works " — ** that hurt me, that did."
The first number of the Ruskin Union Journal gives
evidence that the Buskin Union, formed on February 8
at St. Martin's Town Hall, is already at work. Most
people, we fancy, will think that this ambitious Union,
which, we see, already claims to be a '* national organisa-
tion," has been too hastily formed. We are quite doubtful
whether it has in it the seeds of success. There seems no
reason why the Union should not have been formed ten
years ago, instead of springing to life in the mind of the
Bev. J. B. Booth ''after returning from the Memorial
Service held in the Abbey on the day of Buskin's funeral."
The present number of the Journal contains the corre-
spondence read at the Inaugural Meeting, the address of
the Bev. J. B. Booth, and some flowers of Buskin's prose.
Th Book of Book' Plates (Williams & Norgate), a new
quarterly, in a brown paper cover, has just made its bow
to artists and bookmen. The purely artistic book-plate, as
distinct from the heraldic, is to be studied ; and in the first
number we have six designs by Mr. James Guthrie and
others by Mr. B. Anning BeQ, Mr. Edmund H. New, and
others. The magazine will satisfy enthusiasts, to whom
alone, indeed, it appeals.
That famous aphorism in David Harum — '' A reasonable
amount of fleas is good for a dog — they keep him fm
broodin' on bein' a dog " — ^is not without a good scientific
basis, as a correspondent of the New York Nation points
out. In his Inquiry into the Human Faculty^ Mr. ^ancis
Galton says :
The stimuli may be of any description ; the only im-
portant matter is that all the faculties should be kept
working to prevent their perishing hj disuse. If the
faculties are few, very simple stimuli will suffice. Even
that of fleas will go a Ions way. A dog is continually
scratching himself, and a bird plimiing itself, whenever
they are not occupied with food, hunting, fighting, or
love. In those blank times there is ver^ little for them to
attend to beside their varied cutaneous irritations. It is a
matter of observation that well washed and combed
domesttc pets grow dull ; they miss the stimulus of flea*.
If animals did not prosper through the agency of their
insect plagues, it seems probable that their races would
long since have been so modified that their bodies should
have ceased to afford a pasture-ground for parasites.
That reasonable pain and discomfort stimulate thouj^ht is,
of course, within most people's experience.
In the Anglo-Saxon Review Mr. Howard Paul has a
vigorous defence of Macaulay against his harsher critics.
Here is a salient passage :
The despairing? editor of a serious journal once said that
the world was dirided into people who knew what they
were writing about but could not write, and people who
could write but did not know what they were writing
about. Macaulay combined knowledge with the literary
faculty, and to Dryasdust the combination has always been
an offence. . . . Apart from detailed criticism, some of
which is exceedingly interesting and important, the general
accusation against Macaulay really resolves itself into this,
that he overatated his case, and was too much of his own
opinion. I do not think it altogether wise to deny that
there is some truth in this charge. The proper answer is
that the vehemence of Maoaulay's Whiggery and the
unqualified manner in which he condenms Msirlborough
and Penn are incidental defects of a very noble quality,
the quality of moral indigo ation. . . . He had an almost
passionate belief in the progress of society and in the
greatness of England. For the opponents of the one and
the enemies of the other he had neither toleration nor
forbearance.
Mr. Paul's argument, which is well sustained, is not of
course to be judged by a single extract. Speaking of the
charge brought against Macaulay by Miss Martineau, that
he had no heart, Mr. Paul quotes his description of St;
Peter's Chapel in the Tower, where Monmouth was buried,
as an example of Macaulay's perception of the tears in
things. Here it is :
In truth there is no sadder spot on the earth than that
little cemetery. Death is there associated not, as in West-
minster Abbey and St. Paul's, with genius and virtue,
with public veneration and imperishable renown ; not, as
in our humblest churches and churchyards, with ever^r-
thing that is most endearing in social and domestic chari-
ties ; but with whatever is darkest in human nature and in
human destiny; with the savage triumph of implacable
7 April, 1900-.
The Academy.
285
enemies; with the iDooiutaiicy, the ingratitude, the
cowardice of hiends ; with all the miseries of fallen great-
ness and of blighted fame.
When it comes to anawerine Matthew Arnold's weU-
known orlticism of Macai:da7 s style, Mr. Paul is more
personal than convincing :
To say with Matthew Arnold that it has the perpetual
semblance of hitting the right nail on the heaa without
the reality, is in my judgment absurd. Macaulay habitu-
ally hit the right nail on the head, and he did not, as
Mr. Arnold sometimes did, knock out two tacks in the
process.
In another part of the Anglo-Saxon^ we find Lady Dorothy
Neville giving reminiscences or letters of Lord Beacons-
field, Oobden, Thackeray, and Dickens.
The six best seUing book in America, as reported in the
New York Boohmany are, with one exception, historical
romances, and they are popular in the following order :
To Have and to Hold.
B$d Pottage.
Janice Meredith.
Richard Carvel.
Via Crude,
When Knighthood teas in Flotar.
A MONKEY story from over the water: a pet monkey
belonging to a son of the Eev. W. G. Herbert, pastor of
the Caroline Street Methodist Church, of Baltimore, got
into the study of therdergyman the other evening, opened
a volume of the Eneyclopadia £ritannica, and tore out
sixteen pages of the article on Darwin's Origin of Species.
Then it turned to Butler's Analogy, and it was examining
it with great apparent delight when the clergyman
returned and put a stop to the proceedings.
LiTERATUBE as She is Pushed may be studied to ad-
vantage in American bookselling organs. There is a
hustling directness about their paragraphs which is not
unamusing in its place. We read :
Seton Thompson's Books
Seton Thompson's books are on the boom. In New
York his lectures are the fad, and his books are in great
demand. To date he has written :
Animals I Have Known,
Sand Hill Stag.
Autobiography of a Qrizdy,
It is not true that Mr. Thompson was once a cirous man.
Here is a searching query :
Why does Munsey publish the Argosv f An examinati n
will prove that it is not made to sen. No iUustratioDS,
the cheapest kind of paper, and no writers of merit con-
tribute to its pages.
Here a piece of literary biog^phy :
Stedman. — Edmund Clarence Stedmnn. Ihe '* banker-
poet," hw sold his seat on the New York Stock Exchange
for 39; 500 dols., but will not retire altogether from business
life. He will retain offices at No. 16, Broad-street. Mr.
Stedman will thus have much more leisure than formerly,
which he will devote to literature. He has nearly com-
pleted his American Anthology y a )arge volume upon which
he has been eng^^red with a corps of assistants for nearly
three years. This he regards as a rounding out of his
critical works on poetry. Mr. Stedman has ^en active in
" the street" for thirty- six years.
And here is an obituary notice which somehow recalls
certain examples in Elhoto-Room :
I miss my dear old friend Chrypostom P. Donahoe very
much. His father, Patrick Donahoe, is still vifi^rous and
bright, and gives evidence of many years' hesOth. Chris,
Donahoe was ill onlv a short while, but none of his friends
expected death would result. The Pilot is in ^ood hands,
and will be maintained under the able editorship of James
Jeffery Roach as the leading Irish- American periodical in
this country. Chris, had lul the best qualities of an Irish
gentleman. To illustrate a point, a friend remarked that
if St. Peter likes a good story and Chris. Donohoe gets
within ear-shot, he wul have no trouble about his future
occupation. Another addition to the host of good fellows
who have gone before.
A mote sober paper than the above is Personal Im-
pressionSf a little budget of book-talk, issued by a San
Francisco firm of booksellers. Apart from literary matters
this paper is concerned for the preservation of certain
noble groves of the biggest of trees, the Sequoia gigantea,
which are now threatened by the lumber merchants.
The question of the Housing of the Poor in crowded
towns is one of rapidly increasing importance. Mr. George
Haw has devoted much attention to the subject, and the
series of papers contributed by him to the Daily News,
under the title of "No Boom to Live," will be published
immediately by Messrs. Wells Gardner, Darton & Co., in
book form, wiw revision and additions by the author.
NoN-GOPTBiOHT books go ohoap in England now; you
can have all Shakespeare, or all Byron, for sixpence. But
an American publisher would be shocked at such niggard-
liness. Here is a price-list from the New York Herald :
Cloth Bouin) Books in Sets. s. d.
Shakespeare, 15 vols., in cloth box H 3
Cbarles Dickens, 15 vols 10 5
Sir Walter Scott, 12 vols 9 4
Bulwer Lytton, 13 vols 9 4
(}eorffe Eliot, 6 vols 4 7
Charlotte Bronte, 6 vols 4 7
Nathaniel EEawthome, 5 vols 2 3
Conan Doyle, 5 vols 2 3
Mr. Stephen Phillips*s semi-public reading of Paolo
and Franeesea last week, at the residence of Canon and
Mrs. Wilberforoe is thus described by a writer in the Pall
MaU Gazette :
Mr. Stephen Phillips had everything to fight agaiost.
A sunny afternoon set jaded Londoners, like the dving
Falstaff, " a' babbling of green fields,** inviting them
rather to the freedom of the open road than to the close-
ness of a drawing-room in Dean's-yard ; nor are the
*' rustle of lace, we purr of pretty women," however
delectable in themselves, anythmg but a jarring accom-
paniment to poetry. Add to these the fact that every one
checked the reader from the printed page, the turning of
leaves punctuating the cadences; and that the au&or,
discardmg any tricks of elocution or gesture he may have
acquired as an actor, was almost austere in his methods,
and it will be reaUaed how severe was the handicap Tet
the efibot on the crowded room was thriUing in its in-
tensity. As the speaker's voice rolled easQy on with jnst
the ebb and flow of the verse periods, the jangling of
ornaments and frou-frou of skirts fT^^^ place to uie hush
of expectation. The very simphcitv of Mr. Phillips's
reading provoked thought, and tnought unlocked the door
of imagination.
Thb DaHy News is entitled to acclaim the late Mr.
Archibald Forbes as '^ the ideal war correspondent." Later
men have written as brilliantiy, and have even struck new
notes ; but reporting a war is, after all, technical work,
and Forbes combined technique with literary ability. He
had been a soldier, and was always a student of military
science ; he was the master of a pithv, glowing, and tender
style of narrative, and he could write with the speed of a
whirlwind.
286
The Academy.
7 April, 1900
MoREOYBBy Forbes was a oommeicial success. He knew,
as the Daily News points out, that a war correspondent's
duty is to be the first to see the fighting and the first
to leave the field. Many good stories have been told of
his devices for getting first to the nearest telegraph office.
One told by Forbes Mmseli was this :
Here is a little scene: Time, near midnight, after a
hard day's work ; everybody done np. " Hullo, Jones,"
says Smith, '' there's Forbes already asleep, like brass."
*' By Jove, yes," quolii Jones (incipient snore from Forfoe») ;
'* it would take ten horses to wake him up. 1*11 turn in,"
Bays JoDes ; '* time enough to get our stuff off to-morrow,
eh ? " ** Bight you are," responds Smith. In ten minutes
the wearied warrior-scribes are dead asleep. Forbes rises
cautiously, passing out like a ghost ; sits him down in a
hidden comer with the stump of a tallow candle ; writes
like a whirlwind for a couple of hours ; finishes with the
last flicker of his dip ; saddles a horse ; off he goes, helter
skdter, across country ; gallops for an hour ; delivers his
letter ; gallops back ; is in bed by four ; sleeps, this time,
**like brass," and no mistake. " Hullo, laizy-bones,"
exclaims Smith at 7 a.m., shaking the sleeper. *' Time to
be up, old man," adds Jones. ** What are you up to ?"
quoth Forbes, drowsily. ** We are thinking of getting our
stuff off." ** The devil you are. Why hurry? Let's have
another snooze." At last Smith and Jones get their stuff
off; and in three days discover, to their Mpuzzlement,
that they were twenty-four hours behindhand. Very pro-
voldog to Smith and Jones. But if Forbes had be«-n the
victim of the little ruse, he would have been the first to
laugh over it and to congratulate his sucoestful competitor.
Mr. Forbes died at his residence, near Regent's Park,
where in his last days he had followed the struggle in
South Africa with the keenest interest.
Bibliographical.
The appearance of the First and Last Poems of Miss
Arabella Shore forms, I suppose, iliefinaU to an interest-
ing little chapter in the by-ways of literary history.
Miss Arabella and Miss Louisa Shore, the able and
accomplished daughters of a divine and scholar, began
to publish verse in 1 855, when they issued a little book
of War Lyrics under the pen-name of "A. and L." —
initials which also appeared on the title-pages of Gemma
of the Isles (1859) and D^a Doleino (1870). iJien came an
interval of twenty years, at the end of which '^ A. and L."
put forward a volume of JEUgies and Memorials^ followed,
in 1 897, by Poems ly A. and L. In the last-named year
the anonymity of the sisters was discarded. Miss Louisa
Shore had died, and a selection from her Poems was now
brought out, with a memoir, by Miss Arabella Shore, and
an '* appreciation " by Mr. Frederic Harrison. Li the
following year came a new edition of Miss Louisa Shore's
dramatic poem, JSannibal, with a preface by her sister.
Now Miss Arabella Shore has made a selection from her
own poems, and lovers of verse can pronounce upon
the poetic outcome of both ladies. Miss Arabella Shore,
I may mention, has already been before the public as the
author of a book on Dante for Beginners (1886).
The correspondent of the Academy who in last week's
number protested against Mr. A. E. Bopes's estimate of
Maeterlinck's genius and work is not aware, perhaps, that
Mr. Hopes, under the nom-de-yuerre of ^^ Adrian ICoss," is
in the habit of writing comic songs for modern '^ musical
comedies." It is true that, sixteen years ago, Mr. Bopes
published, with his real name, a little volume of serious
PoemSy in which (besides translations from Gautier, Baude-
laire, and De Banville) there were evidences of freshness
of thought and fancy. Of late, however, Mr. Bopes would
appear to have confined his rhythmic gift to the production
of 'Myrics" for such theatrical entertainments as *'G-o-
Ban^," " The Ballet Girl," '' Morocco Bound," and other
eSuaxons of our lighter stage — a class of literary product
which can hardly help its producer to an appreciation of
the powers and performances of Maeterlinck. Mr. Bopes
has, in his time, edited several French classics .for the
Pitt Press, but even those labours, apparently, have left
him unprepared to recognise the fascinating qualities of
'' The Princess Maleine "and its fellows.
In the introductory note to Mr. John Qlyde's Life of
Edward FihOerdld^ Mr. Edward Clodd says of Mr. Glvde
that he '^ has not only spent his life among books, but has
added to their number in treatises of valiae for knowledge
of the history of his native country." Surely for "country "
we ought to read '* county " ? I can find no trace of any
contribution by Mr. Glyde to the literature of Englisn
history. On me other hand, he seems to have issued
several publications concerning the county of Suffolk —
such as The New Suffolk Garland (a collection of anecdotes,
ballads, songs, and so forth), GlydeU Guide to Ipswich^ and
Illustrations of Old Ipswich. He appears also to be respon-
sible for The Norfolk Garland. Two books, one on Ipswich
and another on Suffolk in the Nineteenth Century^ were
issued in 1850 and 1856 respectively, and these, I take
it, were by an elder John Glyde than FltzGerald's
biographer.
With reference to the epigram I quoted last week from
Bishop How's Lighter Moments^ Mr. J. G. Alger writes
from Paris : "On the death, nearly twenty years ago, of
James Orossley, of Manchester, my Mend Jolm Eglington
Bailey credited him with the lines :
Tou say your curate has fine eyes ;
How should I^ this divine P
He always shuts them when he prays,
Atid when he preaches closes mine.
Wit, antiquary, and bibliophil, Crossley was not likely to
be a plagiary, especially as he wrote other epigrams, one
of them on Dr. Fraser [Bishop of Manchester J, beginning :
Pray where did Mr. Gladstone pick up
This great steam-engine of a bishop ? "
The fact that Mr. J. E. Bailey " credited " Mr. J. Crossley
with the above quatrain is not quite to the point. The
question rather is, Did Mr. Orossley himself ever claim to
be its author ? It would have been singular had he done
so, for the epigram, as quoted by me last week, is included
in the Lyrics^ Legal and Miscellaneous of George Outram,
the Scottish journalist, who died in 1856.
Some of my readers may find it useful to have a list of
the chief publications of the late Mr. Archibald Forbes : —
Glimpses through the Cannon Smoke (1882), Chinese Gordon
(1884), Souvenirs of Some Continents (1885), Afghan Wars,
1839-42 and 1878-80 {IS91), Darracksy Bivouacs, and Battles
(1891), CW and Sultan: a British Lad in the Busso- Turkish
War, 1877-8 (1894), Colin Campbell, Lord Clyde (1895),
Memories and Studies of War and PecfBe (1895), Camps,
Quarters, and Casual Places (1896), *' The Black Watch''
(1896), The Life of Napoleon III (1898).
I see that some of the newspapers have been gravely
ascribing the new book on Mrs. Delany to " Mr. George
Paston," though it is a matter of common, if not univers£U,
knowledge that " George Paston " is the nom-de-guerre of
a lady. A writer's desire to be known only by a pseu-
donym should, I think, always be respected ; and the book
in question, therefore, would be properly described as by
" George Paston," but, I would suggest, without the
** Mr." No one ever talked or wrote about " Mr." George
Eliot.
The promised Random Recollections of Mr. William
Tinsley will, no doubt, comprise a good deal of interesting
matter. Publishers usually have somethiog piquant to
tell about the authors with whom they have been associ-
ated— and vice versd. If I am not mistaken, Mr. Tinsley has
already published some Beminiscences in the pages of the
magazine to which he gave his name, but which, I believe,
is no longer in existence.
The BooKwoBic
f April, 190b.
The Academy.
287
Reviews.
An Inexhaustible Book.
Lavengro, By Oeorge Borrow. (Murray. 68.)
'* So, sir, I am told Ly your friend there, that you are
food of the humanitie*.'*
'' Te»,*' said I ; *' I am very fond of humanity."
ToB inoli of dialogue goes to the heart of Borrow's
peTBonality. He is a scholar by accident, and by a certain
waywardness of the intcAlect which takes deUght in the
wilder philological surmises, the crack-brained philosophies,
the obscure by-ways of history. But by instinct he is the
student and lover of man. His book is a singular picture-
gallery of human types, obseired with a catholic imagina-
tion, which turns tae most unpromising material, not,
indeed, '' to favour and to prettmess," but to wholesome
and whimsical humour. How they live, drawn with what
few and broad strokes, ineffaceable from the memory ! —
the Flaming Tinman and Isopel Bemers; Jasper Petu-
lengro, the gipsy; Peter, the Preacher, who had committed
'* the sin against the Holy Ghost " ; the fat landlord and
the maid Jenny; Francis Ardry and the '' small, beautiful
female with flashing eyes " ; the Armenian merchant ; the
apple-woman, who sat on London Bridge receiving faked
clies, and absorbed in The Life of Blessed Mary Flanders ;
the publisher who sweated Borrow to compile The
Chronicles of Newgate^ and to review and translate into
German his own cosmic philosophy, destined to prove that
the world was not round, but pear-shaped. What delicious
fooling he evokes !
I at first felt much inclined to be of the publisher's
opinion with respect to the theory of the pear. After all,
why should the euth be shaped like an apple, and not
like a pear ? — ^it would certamly gain in appearance b^
being shaped like a pear. A pear being a handsomer fruit
than an apple, the publisher is probably right, thought I ;
and I will say that ne is right on this point in the notice
which I am about to write of his publication for the
Beview. And yet I don't know, said I, after a long fit of
musing — I dou*t know but what there is more to be said
for the Oxford theory. The world may be shaped like a
pear, but I don't know that it is ; but one thing I know,
which is, that it does not taste like a pear ; I have always
liked pears, but I don't like the worla. The world to me
tastes more like an apple, and I have never liked apples.
I will uphold the Oxford theory ; besides, I am writmg in
an Oxford Beview, and am iu duty bound to uphold the
Oxford theonr. Bo in my notice I asserted that the world
was round ; I quoted Scripture, and endeavoured to prove
that the world was typified by the apple in Scripture, both
as to shape and proporties. '* An apple is round," said I,
'' and the world is round ; the apple is a sour, disagreeable
fruit, and who has tasted mudi of the world without
havinfi" his teeth set on edge ? " I, however, treated the
publisner, upon the whole, in the most urbane and Oxford-
like manner, oomplimentinff him upon his style, acknow-
li>dging the general soundness of his views, and only
differing with him in the affiiir of the apple and pear.
Borrow's sjrmpathies are limited only by Protestantism,
and his prejudices against the Ohurch of Kome, ''vile
Bome, crumbline Bome, Batuscha's town," best set them
ofi. He is not, however, at home in cities, happiest when
he doffs dvilisation and gets down to the elemental, the
naked buff of man. He is untamed. His is no God who
*' taketh no pleasure in the strength of a horse, neither
delighteth He in any man's legs." He '' questions whether
philology, or the passion for languages, requires so little
apologv as the love for horses." His description of the
old stallion at the fair is classic :
An old man draws nigh, he is mounted on a lean pony,
and he leads by the bridle one of these animals ; nothing
very remarkable about the creature, unless in being smaller
than the rest and gentle, which they are not ; he is not of
the »ightliest look ; he is almost dun, and over one eye a
thick film has gatlered. But stay I there is something
remarkable about that horse, there is something in his
action in which he differs from the rest. As he advances
the clamour is hushed I all eyes are turned upon him —
what looks of interest — ^of respect — and, what is this P
people are taking off their hats— ^ur^y not to that steed I
Tes, verily ! men, especially old men, are taking off their
hats to that one-^eyed steed, and . I hear more than one
deep-drawn ah I
" What horse is that F " said I to a very old fellow, the
counterpart of the old man on the pony, save that the last
wore a raded suit of velveteen, and this one was dressed in
a white frock.
" The best in mother England/' said the verv old man,
taking a knobbed stick from his mouth, and loojdng me in
the face, at first carelessly, but presently with something
like intonet ; '' he is old like myself, but can still trot his
twenty miles an hour. Tou won't live long, my swain ;
tall and overgrown ones like thee never does ; yet, if you
should chance to reach my years, you may boast to thy
great grand-boys. Thou hast seen Marshland Shales."
Classic, too, is the chapter on the '' Bruisers of En^lanfl,"
with many another passage in which the red blood is man-
fully drawn. Borrow's own pugilistic career was not,
indeed, fortunate. His father made a match of it with
Big Ben Brain, but Mr. Petulengro found him '' less apt
wifli the morleys than the stuffed gloves"; and it
woidd have gone hard with him at t£e hands of the
Flaming Tinman, in spite of Belle's help, had not that
redoubtable ruffian brought his fist against a tree. The
fact is, that, like most who write about blood, Borrow is
himself a dreamer and not a doer of deeds. What delights
him in the pugilists, as in the gipsies, is their closeness to
mother eanh. He has the passion of earth, and the
intimate charm of Lavengro is its out-of-doomess. It is
the epic of vagrancy. Borrow and Stevenson are the bom
vaffrants: with them — and with how few? — ^you might
sa^y trust yourself upon a pil^;riinage. Out of doors,
Borrow catches the note of essential poetry.
" Life is sweet, brother."
" Do you think so ? "
•< Think so ! There's night and day, brother, both sweet
things ; sun, moon, and stars, brother, all sweet things ;
there's likewise the wind on the heath. Life is very sweet,
brother ; who would wish to die ? "
Oonsider, too, the visit to Stonehenge, seen dimly in
the dew and haze of morning, like ''a small grove of
blighted trunks of oaks, barked and grey." And the
Sunday morning beneath the red oaks, while Peter and
'Winii^red were at worship.
After a time I sat me down at the foot of the oak
with my face turned towards the water, and, folding my
hands, I fell into deep meditation. I thousht on the early
Sabbaths of my life, and the manner in which I was wont
to pass them. How carefully I said my pravers when I
got up on the Sabbath mom, and how oarof uily I combed
my hair and brushed my clothes in order that I might do
credit to the Sabbath day. I thought of the old church at
pretty D , the dignified rector, and yet more dignified
clerk. I thought of England's grand Liturgy, and Tate
and Brady's sonorous minstrelsy. I thought of the Holy
Book, portions of which I was in the habit of readinff
between service. I thought, too, of the evening walE
which I sometimes took in fine weather like the present,
with my mother and brother— a quiet, sober walk, during
the which I would not break into a run, even to chase a
butterfiy, or yet more a honev-bee, being fully convinced
of the dread importance or the day which Qod had
hallowed. Jjid how fflad I was when I had got over the
Sabbath day without having done anything to profane it.
And how soundly I slept on the Saobath night after the
toil of being very good throughout the day.
And, finally, the idyll in '^ Mumper's Dingle," with its
wonderful realisation of night ana silence, witii the inva-
sion of the Flaming Tinman and his "mort," and the
pathetic story of Isopel Bemers.
It is an inexhaustible book ; and the episodes omitted
when it was first printed, and now by rioL Ejiapp's
288
The Academy.
7 April, 1900
care restored to the present edition^ are quite on
the level of the rest. There may once have been
reason lor suppressing them, but neither Charles I. nor
Byron are any longer sacred, and Sorrow's criticisms upon
one and the other are not likely to impair the popularity
of La/cengro to-day. The bit on Byron, indeed, written
before 1851, is singularly interesting as an early voice in
the reaction against his fame :
'' I saw the living man at Venice — ah, a grf at poet."
<* I don't think so," said I.
•* Hey ! " said Francis Ardry.
'< A perfumed lordling."
«*Ah!"
" With a white hand loaded with gawds."
*» Ah!"
*' Who wrote verses."
** Ah!"
** Beplete with malignity and sensualism."
" Yes ! "
'* Not half so great a poet as Milton."
**No?"
** Nor Butler."
"No?"
** Nor Otway."
" No P "
'* Nor that poor boy Chatterton, who, maddened by
rascally patrons and publishers, took poison at last."
** No ? " said Francis Ardry.
We have already described the general features of Prof.
Knapp's editorship of the volume, which is as modest as
it is thorough. " Borrovians " have every reason to
rejoice that Sorrow's novels are to be given to them, one
by one, under these auspices.
The Passion-PIay.
The Passion-Flat/ of Oher-Ammergau, Complete Text.
Translated from the German by Mary Frances Drew.
(Bums & Gates.)
The Passion-Flay. By the late Lady Isabel Burton.
Edited, with Preface, by W. H. Wilkins, M.A.
(Hutchinson & Co.)
The Passion-Play of Ober-Ammergau is once more
with us, after revolving through its decennial cyde.
Thousands will crowd to the Httle German village to
witness this year's representation, reinforced by the over-
fi >w of American tourists from the Paris Exhibition. For
tbem come forth these two books. The one is a translation
of the complete German text of the play, by Mary Frances
Drew. The dramatic portion was issued in 1881, the
translation of the choral portions in 1891 ; but the two
are now for the first time published in a combined form,
so as to present English readers with a version of the
complete play. The other book is an account of the
Passion-Play written by tibe late Lady Burton in 1880,
after she had witnessed it together with her husband.
He wrote his own impressions of the performance, which
were published at the time ; but his wife's book is now
first issued, with a preface by her biographer, Mr. W. H.
Wilkins.
The preface reminds us that this year will witness
several changes in the cast. Most imporitant of all, Joseph
Mayer will no more play Christus. The famous peasant-
actor, of whom all spoke with such enthusiasm in 1880 and
1890, suffered a severe accident in woodcutting among the
hills, and relinquishes the part to Anton Lang, whom he
has himself trained in its representation. litdy Burton
writes with vivid impulse, and her book is f uU of interest,
but she has not the gift of recording visual impressions.
We learn what she felt, we do not see what she saw. A
passage quoted in the preface from Sir Bichard Burton's
companion volume sets the great Crucifixion scene before
us with a force that she has not the art to achieve. We
miist quote it :
Two crosses are seen at the Pudium as the curtaixL
rises ; the thieves, with bare heads and wild hair, hang on
by their arms being passed over the cross-piece. Tbe
central cross, slowly raised from the ground by the hang-
man, drops into its socket, and the tall white figure,
apparently only nailed on, hangs before us. The idea is
new — a live cracifix. We have seen them in thousands,
artistic and inartistic ; but we never yet felt the reality of
a man upon a cross. The glamour of the legend is over
us, and we look upon, for the first time, what we shall not
forget to the last.
Miss Drew's translation of the play shows it to be a
remarkable achievement from a structural, no less than
a scenic, standpoint. The Four Gospels are gathered
into a dramatic whole with conspicuous architectonic
skill. And the book of the play is an able, if not
exactly a literary, performance. There is more than
one conceivable way in which a dramatist might have
confronted the difficulty of adapting the severe speech of
the Gospels. He might have ** reformed it altogether,"
as unsuitable for stage purposes, substituting speech of
his own. He might have amplified it. He might have
poetised it, perhaps, after the example of skilful fidelity
with which Shakespeare has poetised the orations of
Coriolanus in Plutarch — which, with such scant matter,
would have involved also amplification. He might have
overlaid it with decorative luxuriance and fiorid Corel-
linthian adornments. The Ober-Ammergau adapters have
followed none of these methods. Their reverence has
spared us the first, their judgment has spared us the last.
Possibly Barrdbas has not penetrated the mountain-girdle
of the German village. Tney have chosen, we think, the
most excellent way that could have been devised. The
words of the New Testament are preserved in their
primitive dignified simplicity. But since some addition
must needs be, they have introduced just what was
requisite, not for amplification, but for connexion —
dramatic or merely explanatory. The Gospel sentences
are the nodal points, about which these additions are but
reticulated. It is done with exceeding care and no little
skill, such as a professional dramatist, more self-conscious
or eager to show forth his own power, might have lacked
the detachment to imitate. Only here or there is there
amplification of the evangelistic speeches, where it is
clearly demanded by dramatic exigency. Even the in-
artificiality (in a literary sense) of these additions favours
their unobtrusiveness. It must be added, on the other
hand, that in the translation their style does not always
lend itself to this laudable self-effacement, or subserve the
eallida junctura with such aptness as the substance. It
lapses sometimes into conventional degenerations of lan-
guage, or again runs frequently into uipshod colloquiali-
ties, which refuse to amalgamate with the dean sincerities
of Biblical diction. We trust this may be as un-German
as it is un-8criptural. Betuming, however, to the
qualities inherent in the original, these complementary
speeches of the adapters elucidate with remarkable clear-
ness and economy of means the concatenation and signifi-
cance of the New Testament narrative. In this aspect
it would be hard to better them. Perhaps we can best
illustrate this, and the judicious process of dove-tailing,
by going through a typical act of the drama, which will
also exhibit defects and qualities, on some of which we
may afterwards comment.
Let us take the first bringing of Christ before Pilate.
It opens with an allegorical tableau of Daniel impeached
before Darius the King. The Chorus expound the tableau,
and the scene shifts to the front of Pilate's house. The
High Council, the Temple tradesmen, and the wiiaiesses
appear, with the Saviour encompassed by the rabble.
After a brief and needful introauctory scene between
Caiaphas and his followers, Pilate emerges on the
pril, 1900.
The Academy.
289
balcony of bis bouse. He asks tbe aooiisatio& against
Gbrist, and reoeives tbe Scriptural answer : ''If tbis man
were not an evil-doer we sbould not bave delivered Him
unto tbee." Tbe Biblical recommendation follows, tbat
tbey sbould judge Him according to tbeir law, with tbe
Biblical answer, tbat tbey are not sufEered to inflict deatb ;
and Annas interpolates tbe required explanation tbat tbe
Sanbedrim bas found Cbrist wortby of deatb (notfumisbed
in Scripture). Pilate refuses to condemn Him wiibout
knowledge of His crimes, wbile Caiapbas persuades tbe
Qovemor to accept tbe examination of tbe Jewisb Higb
Ooundl as su£Blcient. Pilate refuses. ''I must know
under wbat law and in wbat way He bas transgressed."
For tbe sake of dramatic clearness, Caiapbas is made to
anticipate a subsequent answer in St. Jobn : '' We bave a
law, and by tbat law He ougbt to die, because He made
Himself tbe Son of Qod." It is a very rare Uberly. '* In
suob a speecb, wbicb is at most but tbe fruit of a vain
imagination, a Eoman can find notbing wortby of deatb,"
repbes Pilate. ''Besides, bow can I kaow wbetber He be
tbe son of a god, or no?" Tbe indifference and tbe
superstition are botb cbaracteristically beatben, and good
dramatic toucbes. Caiapbas declares Cbrist " a rebel and
a seducer of tbe people." Tbe Gbvemor doubts wbetber
He could bave excited sedition wiibout tbe knowledge of
Boman officials, and asks wbere or wben ? Tbey recall
Cbrist's crowded entry into Jerusalem. "I know tbis,
but no rebellion bas arisen from it," rejoins Pilate.
Following tbe bint of Scripture, Caiapbas cbarges Cbrist
witb forbidding tribute to Caosar, and, asked for proof,
replies : " Proof enougb, since He bas given Himself out
as tbe Messiab, tbe King of Israel ! Is not tbat a cballenge
to tbe rule of tbe Emperor ? " "I admire," ironically says
Pilate, " your suddenly awakened zeal for tbe Emperor " ;
and asks Jesus, almost in tbe words of Mattbew: "Hearest
Tbou wbat beavy cbarges tbey are bringing against Tbee ?
Wbat answerest Tbou ? " Eeceiving no answer, be sup-
poses Cbrist bewildered by tbe fury of His accusers, and
orders Him to be brougbt witbin tbe palace. Tbe private
interview follows Scripture witb scarce a break, induding
tbe explanation tbat Cbrist's kingdom is a spiritual one,
and ending witb tbe famous "Wbat is trutb?" But
dramatic exigency forbids tbe repetition of tbe interview ;
and — by a very bold departure— tbe words of tbe second
interview are interpolated in tbe middle of tbe first.
Immediately after follows tbe message from Pilate's wife ;
be promises ber to work for Cbrist's deliverance, and is
confirmed by a brief scene witb bis courtiers (perbaps not
quite necessary). He returns Jesus to tbe priests as guilt-
less. Tbey renew tbe cry tbat He bas outraged Jewii^
law, and Caiapbas adds : "Is be not also gmlty before
tbe Emperor wbo bas outraged tbe law wbicb bis will baa
guaranteed ? " We may quote to tbe finisb.
Pilate. Tbis is just as I bavA said. Had He sinned
against our law, He would bave been punisbed accordiog
to our law, so far as you bave a ri^t to it. I cannot
pronounce tbe deatb sentence over Him, wbile I do not
find tbat He bas deserved death according to the law in
which I am His judge.
Gaiafhas. If He set Himself up as a king, would not
that be rebellion P Would He not deserve punishment for
high treason— the punishment of death ?
Pilate. If this Man has given TriTn«>lf out as a king,
I should not judge these ambiguous words cause enou^
for me to seatenoe Him. With us it is openly taught that
every philosopher in a king. Tou have not made it evident
to me tbat He has arrogated to Himself kingly power.
Nathanael. Is there not evidence enough wben through
Him the whole people were in a tumult, when the whole
of Judoia was filled with His teaching, from Chililee, where
His first disciples assembled, even to Jerusalem f
FiLATB. Comes He out of Qalilee P
All. Te8, He is a Qalilcean !
Babble. His home is at Nazareth, in the dominion of
King Herod.
Pilate. If this be so, then I am spared tbe duty of
J'udging over Him. Herod, tbe King of Chdilee, is come
lere to the Feast. He can now judge over His subjects.
Take Him then and bring Him to His king. He sluul be
conducted thither by my bodyguard.
Amid tbe cries of tbe rabble, dragging Cbrist away to
Herod, tbe act closes. Of course, there is no literary grip
in tbis dialogue (at least in tbe English version), nor can
we expect skill in characterisation. Pilate is convention-
ally sdf -consequent, Herod's easy-Koing nature is indicated
with rather puerile toucbes in me succeeding act. But
the nature of Tilate's difficulty, tbe course of bis successive
attempts to shirk it, is shown witb a minimum of addition
to or alteration of tbe Gospel details and speeches. Tbis
is in its way a triumph, and tbe whole play is in its way a
triumph. For, in the judgment of assembled Europe, it
acts.
In High Latitudes.
Modem Philosophy in Franee, By Lucien Levy Brubl.
(Kegan Paul. 12s. net.)
Darwin and Darwinism. By Dr. P. Y. Alexander. (J. Bale,
Sons & Danielsson. 7s. 6d. net.)
The Advance of Knowledge, By Lieut. -Col. Sedgwick, late
of tbe Eoyal Engineers. (George Allen.)
Mr. Heebbbt Sfengeb's staunch friend and profound ex-
positor, Jobn Fiske, is responsible for an amusing story
about Hegel — a story which, though probably mythical, is
significant of the value to be at&cbed to those '* doud-
capped towers and gorgeous palaces," which are dissolved
by sdenoe and common sense and "leave not a rack
behind." On being asked to explain a difficult passage,
written many years before, tbe great German meta-
physician g^ve it up in despair, frankly declaring, according
to Fiske : " Wben I wrote l^t passage there were two
wbo understood it — God and myself. Now, alas! God
alone understands it." Tbe story, if not true, is typical of
tbe dense clouds wbicb are certain to envelop those wbo
deal in " fog and fustian," and wbo construct tbe univeree
on unverifiM and unverifiable d priori assumptions. Pro-
positions built up of empiy verbal symbols, and tbe fatal
vice of playing witb high-sounding but vague word«,
cannot permanently satisfy bumaniiy; and, indeed, it is
marvellous tbat tbe old metaphysics bave held sway so
long. But tbe tide is turning at last. Philosophy is now
being revised under scientific conclusions, and a larffe
number of tbe inquiries witb wbicb philosophy habitually
concerned itself are being abandoned as incompatible with
well-grounded scientific truth, and consequently utterly
useless. From time to time, however, efforts are made in
our universities to stem tbe tide, and now and again a man
like Prof. Ward, of Cambrids^e, cries in the wilderness,
and essays the Quixotic task of restoring philosophy to its
former position in tbe clouds. But these efforts are
unavailing, for an immense body of established scientific
trutb now checks tbe extravagance of the intellect left to
itself.
Books dealing witb tbe subject-matter of philosophy or
witb tbe history of philosophy must therefore be leavened
with tbe historical and evolutionary tendencies of tbe
age; otherwise tbey will not find favour witb many
readers. M. Lucien Levy BrubPs History of Modern
Philosophy in IVance is, however, conceived in tbe right
spirit, is built up in tbe right way, and an English version
of it can scarcely fail to meet witb a cordial reception.
Tbe author makes bis book cover a wide canvas, for, in
addition to recognised philosophers like Descartes, Male-
branche, Cousin, and Comte, be includes thinkers such as
Voltaire, Bousseau, Eenan, and Laine, wbo are not usually
grouped witb tbe philosophers '* by profession." His
critical summaries of tbe teaching of bis great countrymen
^go
The Academy.
• • •
^ April. 1906.
axe brillianily executed, for, being deeply imbued with the
modem comparative method, and thoroughly acquainted
with English philosophy and English evolutionary tiiought,
he separates uie wheat from the cha£E, disengages what is
pennanentiy true from what is doubtful and erroneous,
and enables his readers to trace step by step the evolution
of philosophic thou^t. All this is excellent ; surprisingly
so. For M. Levy Bruhl is a French professor, and li.
Gustavo Le Bon has lately been writing in disparaging
terms about French professors. We are glad, therefore,
to find that there is at least one writer who does not come
within the scope of Le Bon's sweeping indictment. The
book is well translated, is illustrated with portraits of the
leading French philosophers, and is enriched with an
exhaustive bibliography of modem French philosophy.
To pass from a book on French philosophy to a volume
on Darwin and Darwinitm^ Pure and Mixed, may at first
sight appear somewhat insane; but in reality there is
method and purpose in such apparent madness. For just
as the general doctrine of evolution at large has revo-
lutionised philosophy, so one domain of phenomena — the
biological — has important bearings on the general doc-
trine. And at the present day organic evolution, with
which Darwin was solely concerned, is passing through an
acute crisis, the gravity of which is fully recognised both
by scientiste and philosophers. The fact of evolution is
universally admitted, but scientists are divided into two
hostile camps upon the question of the process of evolution.
One party, called the neo-Darwinian, is championed by
Weismann, and holds to natural selection as the only
factor required; while another party, called the neo-
Lamarckian, is championed by Mr. Herbert Spencer, and
holds that other factors must be taken into account, and
particularly the transmission of acquired characters. Good
books on this important controversy are much wanted;
but unfortunately Dr. Alexander has not produced a good
book. We say ^^ unfortunately " because, from his wide
reading and careful study of plant and animal life, he, as
a pronounced neo-Lamanodan, was capable of doing signal
service to the side of the controversy which at the moment
most needs the support of powerful advocates. But Dr.
Alexander has simply thrown his chance away. He does not
explain, as he ought to have done, the '^ littie rift within the
evolutionary lute," and then proceed to calmly marshal the
facts and arguments which demonstrate the inadequacy of
natural selection, as Mr. Herbert Spencer did in his
rejoinders to Weismann. On the contrary, his book is one
long, bitter, and at times almost absurd, attack against
Darwin and Darwin's chief adherents and expounders.
According to Dr. Alexander, Darwin was a poor thinker, who
ought to nave revised his books, but did not because '' the
books went on selling — as thsy were^ as they were " ; while
his friends — ^men like Huxley, Eay Lankester, Eussell
Wallace, and Grant Allen — are ^' all so logical, these fine
fellows, so philosophical, deeply philosophical and scien-
tific, as well as see so far — so very, very far!" Even
those who are influenced by Darwinian literature are
abused, for they are described as '^people who swallow
what they read from those who have gamed authority by
the false and bad process of booming or of being boomed,
and who can no more compare, analyse, and think for
themselves than can the pump-handle." All this is simply
atrocious, and no Spencerian evolutionist (and the present
writer is one) will have anything to do with an author who
soils his pages with such palpable absurdities. But Dr.
Alexander is an enigma — a crux critioorum — and when he
leaves o£E drivelling about Darwin and Darwinians, and
takes to launching forth into bitter invectives against Lord
Bosebery and the individualistic regime^ we simply gave him
up in despair.
Li The Advance of Knowledge we are transported into the
lofty regions occupied by Mr. Herbert Spencer, albeit that
we are regaled with arguments, inferences, and theories
that must greatly astonish that eminent philosopher.
unless, as seems likely, he has long ago ceased to be
surprised at anything that emanates from critics and
apologists. Oolonel Sedgwick's aim is to reconcile religioa
and science, and this can, he assures us, be satisfactoril7
accomplished by what he calls the principle of antagoniBm.
He details Mr. Spencer's teaching about antagonistic forces,
and the alternate play of evolution and dissolution, pro-
gress and retrogression ; but whereas Mr. Spencer holds
that every form of phenomena is a manifestation of a
Power utterly beyond us, Oolonel Sedgwick believes that in
evolution and dissolution we have proof of the existence of
two '' antagonist Powers which severally work good and
evil in the world, and thus operate personally within us
and about us, as religion teaches." One Power is said to
be all for law and order and the side of Good, and the
other Power is all for lawlessness and disorder and the side
of Evil. These opposing Powers are said to represent the
working of two Uxiknowcubles, if they represent the working
of any Unknowable at all, and our author contends that
even some of Mr. Spencer's writing points to the same
conclusion. '^ Lawlessness" in phenomena and ''two
Unknowables " are utterly beyond us; but then we do
not hold a brief to bring back the good old gods of the
race, and are therefore moroughly uninspired. But once
the author works out the two powers of Gt)od and Evil,
all the rest follows in succession, and science is said to
agree with the scene of man's development as given in the
Bible, the experimenting in the eating of forbidden fruit,
and the expulsion from Eden ; while science is even stated
to have shown that the Day of Judgment must come, and
may even come now at any time. Though the author
usually gives references, he does not mention scientific
authorities for any of these particular statements. We
must, however, add that throughout the entire volume
there is an utter absence of misrepresentation, ridicule,
and abuse; and the author is so calm and dignified
towards opponents that we hope his example, will be
followed by other writers of the same school.
Southern Arabia.
Southern Arabia. By Theodore Bent and Mrs. Theodore
Bent. (Smith, Elder & Co.)
Thebe is so much that is excellent and informing in this
book that we can only wish that it were better compiled ;
and that the matter which, however interesting to
travellers, is purely irrelevant in a serious book of travel
had been omitted. The general reader, looking at the
sketch-map at the commencement, will be astonisned that
so stout a volume should be justified by the few red lines
which mark the routes of Mr. and Mrs. Bent round about
Arabia. The places visited were the Bahrein Islands,
Muscat, the Hadramut (where the longest journey into
the interior of Arabia was taken), Dhoiar and the Gara
Mountains, the littoral of the Eastern Soudan (where,
strange as it sounds now, the authority of the Khalifa
was a source of dread, if not of fear), the island of
Sokotra, and Beled Fadhli and Beled Yafei.
The mounds of AU, Bahrein, were examined by Mr.
Bent, and in one of tiiem were found ivories bearing a
close and unmistakable resemblance to ivories found in
Fhoonician tombs on the shores of the Mediterranean, and
to the ivories in the British Museum from Nimrod, in
Assyria, universally accepted as having been executed by
Phoenician artists. The result of the work left no doubt
in Mr. Bent's mind that the mounds are of PhoBuician
origin, and that they were a vast necropolis of that mer-
cantile race. The islands, Mrs. Bent holds, are, then, either
the land of Pant, from which the Puni got their name,
or a sacred spot for the burial of their dead. She inclines
to the former supposition, judging from the mercantile
importance of the Bahrein Idands, and the excellent school
■fr
'l April, 1900.
The Academy.
291
j^ .»
u
they must have been for a race which was to penetrate to
all the other known comers of the globe.
The most interesting part of the jonmey down the
western shores of the Red J3ea was the expedition into the
interior from Mahomed Gt)l to a yery ancient gold mine in
the Wadi Gabeit. There is an ancient Egyptian plan of a
gold mine on a papyrns in the museum of Turm of the
time of Seti I., which M. Chabas considers to represent an
auriferous vein in a desert mountain situated to the east bf
higher Egypt and very near the Eed Sea. Mrs. Bent
obserres : '* There seems every probability that the mine
discovered by my husband was the one illustrated by the
most ancient plan in the world, and, curiously enough, the
fresh inscription we found seems to give a combination of
vowels closely resembling the name g^ven on the plan."
It is improbable that the ancients, with their hmited
knowledge of mining, can have exhausted the place, and
though the absence of labour and water seem against
working, the mine is situated so conveniently near the sea,
with comparatively easy road access, that labour might be
imported, and artesian wells might possibly do away with
the water difficulty.
In the account of the visit to Dhofar there is a
characteristic little piece of eastern colour. Sultan Hussein
told Mr. Bent on February 1 that a consul had been
murdered at Jedda ; but on reaching Aden they learned
that no murder had taken place, nor did the murder occur
till May, when several consuls were, it will be remembered,
set upon by the natives. Here is a parallel case. The
present writer landed in Turkey after the Berlin (Tonfer-
ence on September 1, 1878, and was told by the Turkish
major in charge of the detachment of troops on the beach
that Mehemet Ali Pasha had been murdered at Ipek by
the Albanians, whereas, as a matter of fact, the Pasha was
not murdered till a day or two afterwards. This shows
that these murders are generally part of a long pre-
arranged plan, well known to everyone except, perhaps,
the victim, although he, too, is often aware of the fate
which is awaiting him.
The book is well illustrated with photographs and
elucidated by some useful maps of the routes biavelled.
In the appendices will be found a list of pluits from the
Dhofar Mountains communicated to Kew (tardens in 1895,
and a list of the land and freshwater shells collected by
Mr. and Mrs. Bent in Sokotra. There is also a most valu-
able list of Sokoteri and Makri words, collected by Mr.
Bent in the island of Sokotra, with the English and Arabic
equivalents.
Fiction.
The Novel of Action.
The lUM^ being a Memoir of Anthony^ Fourth Earl of Cher-
well. By H. B. Marriott Watson. (Heinemann. 6s.)
Maitland of Cortezia, By Francis Lavallin Puxlay. (Grant
Hichards. 6s.)
It is to be confessed that the novel of action, so-caUed,
furnishes a peculiar pitfall for the critic. He is but
human, after all, and he has, in common with the average
man, the power of visualising incidents that never occurred
and becoming excited over them. The factitious hurry of
the novel of action makes him " breathless,'' and this he
often counts to the glory of the book. In short, when he
is through with his reading he would as soon think, in
nine cases out of ten, of criticising the artistic value of a
real conflagration or a real shipwreck as of coldly dissect-
ing the fiction that has '' winded " him. And it is a fact
none the less strange than true that the most intelligent
oommentaxy on the novel of action is supplied by ladies of
middle life who have no notion of Art with a capital a, but
a considerable liking for the probability, for what we may
be permitted to caU the tidiness, of plot. These cold-
blooiled madams will sit down to The Rehel^ for instance,
and, while the assassin Harrington is crying '^ Stab him ! "
(d. 193), quietly put a strip of perforated card " in the
place," rise from their tea and wait till the recurrence
of that meal before finding out if the rebellious Earl of
Oherwell left the room alive. For these elderly ladies,
topography — and there is a plague of topography in most
novels of action — ^is in no wise negligiole ; a too speedy
recovery from a wound is an occasion for a sniff, and a too
expansive heroine is as likely as not to be entitled a hussy
or a minx. They will have you know that the laws of
nature persist even amid battle and murder and sudden
death, and that they mean to protest against their viola-
tion in the pages of fiction. They are very sane are these
elderly ladies, and we may, perhaps, do worse than look at
the novels of action before us with some regard to their
point of view.
Mr. Watson presents us with a seventeenth century
narrative written, we are to imagine, by a minor par-
ticipator in the events which it records. The theme is
the defence by the Earl of Oherwell (the Bebel) of a
woman's honour against the machinations of the august
inventor of the Boot. The character of the Earl is a
clever conception. He has moments of clairvoyance and
moments of crass stupidity. He is mixed up in treasons
and usee men of the kind that fought at Sedgemoor for his
private ends in the name of the public good. Yet
affronted honour becomes in him a madness. His heroisms
smack of the stage, but on these the book will sell. Mr.
Watson's style, or rather that of the putative writer, is
characterised by a precision of baUnce, a literary prinmess
which is in striking contrast to the incessant commotion of
the plot which it develops.
Aiiother anomaly is afforded by the fact that the witty
artist who delights in barbing the satirical tongue of
Oharles II. shoifld betray such a weakness for posturing.
Listen to this ; it is the narrator talking to the heroine :
Look you, madam, there lies a watch-dog whom no
threats can avert, and no prayers melt. For good or ill
there is he set, with his eyes upon your door. And when
you are retired into your chamber upon your Tower, and
are crept in terror to your bed, with but your thin white
veil and fallen hair to shield this delicate body, vonder,
you shall remember, rest those eyes that watch and guard
you.
This is caricature, you say. Not a bit of it ; it is simply
romance finding itself out, finding out its own incurable
hoUowness and trick of the tom-tom. Needless to say Mr.
Watson is too clever to conmiit himself more than once or
twice in this particular way. In the matter of incident —
'' action," by your leave — his book makes lavish demand
on our credulity. Take, for instance, the passage
(pp. 267-8) where Oherwell, on his way to London as a
prisoner, manages to get out of his carriage while it is in
motion, spring upon a mounted trooper riding by its side,
gag him, and with a highwayman's assistance stuff him
along with another trooper into the vehide without attract-
ing uie attention of the rest of the escort ! What is best
in Mr. Watson is a native delicacy and poetry in the
delineation of women. The Oountess of Oherwell is a
figure of much allurement ; and we can call to mind few
scenes where the pathos is at once so keen and so re-
strained as that in which she is suddenly confronted with
a woman who was or wished to be her husband's mistress.
As to the immorality of fastening fictitious crimes on
historical characters, however bad, we elderly ladies whose
assistance we invoked are, we think, agreed.
Maitiand of Oortezia is a different tvpe from the rebel
earl. He is a glorification of the English administrator,
and represents uierefore Authority upholding the Standard.
Perfect self-composure in the most trying situations is the
nineteenth century ideal offered by Mr. Puxley. "One
unmoved K^'g^u^T"'^" against an infuriated people " — that
292
The Academy.
7 April, 1900
is the epectade, and who will refuse to cheer it ? Oortezia
belongs to the geography of fiction ; but, though you will
not find a British dependency on the Paofic coast of South
America, it is plain uat it may stand for either Chile or
Peru. On the whole, the romance is successful in pre-
serving its actuality, yet we cannot imagine an English-
man's sister even imder strong emotion addressing her
brother in the words of Buth : << Whither thou goest I
will go, and where thou lodgest I will lodge." The
sentimental motif— 9, girl fdling in love with a man whom
she is sworn to oppose — is a cliehi, and in these pages she
will not live for seasoned old ladies, but only for ingenu$».
The sketches of official types are admirably done, howeyer,
and although we haye dej^recated one of her utterances,
the Administrator's sister is a real liye woman. The book
ends, as all elderly ladies will agree, tantalisingly. It
withholds information which only the artistic sense can
supply, and that is a pity, for after all Maitland of CorUzia
is simply a yam. Mr. Puxley's Oortezian patriots, it must
be added, are of the rankest, although, " wnateyer else he
might be, Feman Mareiner was a gentleman" (p. 189).
There is something wrong here, for this is what we learn
of him : '^ What are you doing, Don Feman ? " asks the
heroine. '^I am about to execute a malefactor," he
replies. ^' You are not going to kill him in cold blood ? "
she insists. *' No, Senorita," he retorts, '^ it will not be
cold, but who can ayoid an accident ? His Excellency is
about to be so unfortunate as to be burnt in his own
house?" And then this '* gentleman," who has already
promised to *' amuse" himself with "His Excellency's"
sister, proceeds to threaten the heroine with his licentious
attentions. Mr. Puxley is, howeyer, a noyelist '* of parts,"
and may, we think, be fayourably compared with lus
young oontemporaxy) the author of Savrolay whose imagina-
tion, though better trained in some respetctis, has not proyed
its power to bestow such pleasure.
Ill conclusion, if we were asked to define the weakness
of the noyel of action, we should express it in one word —
posturing. It postures not because its authors are insin-
cere, but simply because by renouncing the analytic
method they surrender to tiie necessity of constantiy
signifying uie heroic type by speeches, gestures, and
surfaces.
Notes on Novels.
[_The8e notes on the week's Fiction are not necessarily final.
Reviews of a selection will follow. \
Sophia. By Stanley J. Weyman.
Mr. Weyman's new story is one of fashionable life in
the West End in the eignteenth century. It opens in
1742, and there are routs, and yisits to Yauxhall and
coach rides into the country ; and a deal of pleasant
description of manners is wrought into a story which is
concerned mainly with loye and social comedy. (Long-
mans. 6s.)
The Fabrinodons. By Eu^bn Thornbyoboft Fowleb.
A new noyel by the popular author of Concerning Isabel
Camahy and A Double Thread, The story deals with
Methodism, loye, and society, and is laid is Mereshire,
" which is in the middle of Sbigland." The dedication to
the book runs :
For all Bach readers as haye chanced to be
Either in Mereshire or in Arcady,
I write this book, that each may smile and say,
** Once on a time I, also, passed that way."
(Hutchinson. 6s.)
Becky. By Helen Mathebs.
This popular noyelist's latest heroine has some — just a
few — of the qualities of the great, the only Becky. But
the happier trend of her fortunes in loye is indicated by
the motto-lines :
Would you know, O curious Ben,
What true women want in men ?
Only titles that are won
By some act that they haye done ;
Only manners that impart
Knowledge of their source—the heart.
(Pearson, Ltd. 6s.)
Oastlb akd Manob. By St. Geobqb Mivabt.
This posthumous story was suggested, we are told in a
brief preface, by the personal, social, and local experiences
of the author. Its contents suggest that this description
is yery accurate. We haye aristocratic and cultured people
talking about the Anglican and Boman Ohurches, faith
and science, Newman and Mr. Herbert Spencer, the equality
of the sexes, forms of goyemment, &c. (Sands & Oo. 6s.)
Two Summbbs. By Mbs. J. Glenn y Wilson
A quiet romance, something in the manner of Mr.
Howeus. One of the two summers is spent on the Pacific
coast, and the other in a peer's house m England. The
plot is slight, the strength and main interest of the book —
a yery charming one — being its character-drawing.
(Harpers. 6s.)
The Tioeb's Claw.
By G. B. Buboin.
We do not gather at a glance why this cheery story of
Jjondon life — oscillating between the West End and the
Oity, between the Albany and Olement's-lane — is so fear-
somely entitied. But there is a tiger's claw, perhaps, in
eyery noyel. Mr. Burgin describes yarious phases of
London life, including a Quakers' meeting in Bishopsgate-
street. We are a litUe sorry that he has joined the ranks
of the prologue writers. (Pearson, Ltd. 68.)
The Valley of the Qbeat By Annie E. Holds-
Shadow. WOBTH.
A sad story, with a happy ending, by the author of
The Years that the Locusts hath Eaten. The scene is an
Alpine health resort, peopled by inyalids, and the principal
character is the doctor. '* Life, Death, Loye — these three,"
are the last words ; '^ but the greatest of these is loye."
( Hememann. 6s. )
A Stoby of the Estancla.. By Qeoboe Cbamft(»7.
A romance of the Argentine Eepublic. *' Fast galloped
Don Santiago and his man oyer the brownish-yellowpasto,
leaying Las Aromas behind them," and so forth. Horse-
racing, intrigue, loye, and cigarettes. (IJnwin. 3s. 6d.)
'*A439."
By Twenty-five Musical Scbibes.
A 489 is the autobiography of a piano, and it has been
written '* with a hope that the profits on the sale of this
book may yield a considerable sum for the funds of the
Incorporated Society of Musicians' Orphanage." The
piano dedicates its autobiogranhy *' To My Tuners,
Good, Bad, and Indifferent." Each writer takes
a stage in the piano's career, and we haye such
pleasantly suggestiye chapter headings as ** My Debut,"
*' She Kissed my Cold Keys," " In Hospital," " The Prima
Donna's Jeweb" (written by Mr. Frankfort Moore), " Key-
board Loye," and ''The Touch of a Soyereign Hand."
(Sands & Oo. 68.)
Celeste, By Walmeb Downe.
Tids noyel, by the author of Shamrock and Jleather, deals
with life in the Southern States after the War of Secession,
when many gentle Southern families felt the pinch of
poyerty. ''Yes, when rude poyerty has made it necessary,
these high-bom women haye . . . graced, with their
nameless charm of manner, circumstances which would
haye made men harsh or sour for life." Of such waa
Celeste. (Pearson, Ltd. 6s.)
7 April, 1900.
The Academy.
293
THE ACADEMY.
Editorial and Publishing Offices, 43, Chancery-lane.
The AoADsmr wUl be aent po^ftea to every Afunual Suheoriher
in the United Kingdom.
Frice for One Iseue, Threepence ; poetage One Halfyenmy. Price
for $2 ieeuee. Thirteen Shillings; poetage free*
Foreign Batee for Yearly Subecriptione 20a.
including postage,
American Agmta for the Aoadxmt: Brentano^e^ 31, Unions
square. New York,
The Words of Rabelais.
Say rather the words of Urquhart. But, as Mr. Whibley
says in his masterly introduction to the new edition of
Rabelais (tiie Tudor Translations), Urquhart ''knew
Babelais to the bone ... he was, in a sense, Babelais
incarnate." Babelais was drunk with new words. So was
Urquhart. In translating Babelais the Scotsman could
find word for word, or better the words of his master.
Thus Urquhart's pages are a kind of drift and deposit of
Benaissance pebbles of speech. Some of the pebbles have
lain where they were first flung; others have been polished
and worn, and then discarded ; some have surviyed, and
many might well have surviyed that have not.
Mr. Whibley is careful to show that Urquhart was
enormously indebted to Bandal Ootgrave, whose Dietionarie
of the French and English Tongues^ published in 1611, is a
very '' treasure house of words." A wonderful man was
Ootgrave — a kind of George Borrow among words, a loving
wanderer of all the lanes and alleys of ibiglish speech, in
an age when that speech was both old and new. *' Scholar
though he was," says Mr. Whibley,
Cotgraye shared with Urquhart a love of the street-
comer and the tavern. It was not in the homes of the
ereat that be |i^thered the outcasts and footpads of n>eech,
iot which his dictionary is (so to say) a literary doss-house.
Many an hour must he have spent wandering up and down
among the thieves and ruflers of London, or in the narrow
streets which filled the Latin Quarter of ancient Paris.
But he was no mere loafer in the cities of Europe: he
knew the countryside as well as the tavern, and you can
picture him as he tramps between the hedgerows, or sleeps
at necessity under the stars.
It is easy to see when Urquhart is drawing on his own
scholarship, acquired in the European centres of leaming,
and when he is leaning heavily on Ootgrave for hom^
slang, or words for the cries of animals. If Ootgrave's
work is a treasure house, Urquharf s translation is a
treasure city which every philolo^st loves to sack. It is
not only stored, but is paven, with innumerable curious
words, suggestive, appetJaing, marvellous. As :
perennity
cunniborow
emberluGOck
kekle
inpulrej^afize
condisciple
substantific
opprobries
decrott
hulchbaoked
chirm
dunsical
cardinalise
fiabeU'd
sbable
hydropic
bruzzing
empoison
squinance
supputation
repercussive
bedusked
swashring
suss
anatomastical
tropological
chinnified
aleatory
pervicadous
wheen
antilogies
rickling'
brangled
competent
oooasionative
throple
drintle
amated
behooful
interjacent
nectttian
chitterling
plulosophating
quaffswagging
dandyprat
disposure
detrude
unnestle
sedulity
mirific
aquosity
patrocinate
unruioable
illidtous
imbnsied
dutterments
destinated
twattle
primipilary
scatical
consistorian
commensal
primolioentiated
predicamental
unstraigtness
fatielical
jectication
plangorous
hulch
I
juramentally
fatiiicency
condescendments
posited
preaUably
belammed
promoval
ambage
ebrangled
impetrate
sprucified
pestilentious
stentoriphoniiially
emblusteicated
oogging
fatiloquent
swindging
stinohed
metaffrabolize
brablmg
fabridtant
hebetation
anfractuosity
caatdous
imburse
sententiated
Many of these words are not wanted now. Ounniborow
(cony- [i.^:, rabbit] burrow) is an Urquhartism for a
nook, a cranny. "There is not a comer, nor cunni-
borow in all my body where this wine doth not ferret out
my thirst," exclaims one of the drinkers at the celebration
of the birth of Gkurgantua — a birth which you are to accept
as recoimted, and '^ never emberlucock or inpulregafize
your spirits" with vain donbts. Oondisciple is a good
word sull at need, and the need is surely frequent enough.
^* Oondisdples of Mr. Buskin " deeoribeB the members of
the new Buskin Union ; and it is written in the Eneyelo-
podia Britanniea that ''Vigors found an energetic con-
disdple and coadjutor in Swainson." Perennity and
prejudicate need no commendation, nor dounoh for down ;
substanific is substantival writ shajrp ; and dunsical is now
spelt with two c's when it is spelt at all ; ''I have no
patience with the fooliah dundcial dog," says someone in
Clarissa Harlowe, Hulchbacked is old hunchbacked; and it
was with hulch-back't demi-knives that the monks of
Seville slit the wezans of the shepherda of Ghurgantua in
one of those terrible rows that arose out of the afEair of
the Oake-bearers of Leme. The monks maybe said to
have eardinalissd the ground with the blood of their
invaders. Flabel is to fan : '* it is continually flabdled,
blown upon, and aired by the north winds." A shable
was a snort sword, like a sabre; the Monk of Seville
had '' a good slashing shable by his side," and the weapon
is found in Bob Boy. The verb empoison has an obvious,
if trifling, advantage over poison ; it was used by Man-
deville in connexion with a king of Damascus, and by
Dickens in connexion with the refreshment buffet at
^^gby Junction. Hvdropic (produced by or containing
water, hence dropsical) is old, but common ; the word is
good in surgery. Squinance has been shortened to quinsy.
Supputation is become computation ; but one would not
enforce the change on Babelais: ''You must therefore
remark, that at the beginning of the world, (I speak of a
. long time, it is above f ourty quarantaines, or f ourty times
f ourty nights, according to the supputation of the andent
Druids) a little after that Abel was killed by his brother
Oain. . . ." verily this was supputation, not mere com-
putation. Mirific is a good poet's- word, and patrodnate is
more dignified than patronage, and disposure might be
used in connexions where disposal seems thin and hadc-
neyed. Says Panurge in praise of Debt: "Yet it doth
not lie in the power of eveiy one to be a Debtor. To
acquire Oreditors is not at the disposure of each Man's
Arbitrament ; you neverthdees would deprive me of thia
294
The Academy.
7 April, I900.
sublime Felicity.*' And in Pantagruel's oonnBel to
Pannrge on Marriage : *' It is therefore expedient, seeing
YOU are resolved for once to take a trial of the state of
Marriage, that, with shut eyes, bowing your Head, and
kissing of the Ground, you put the business to a Venture,
and give it a hazard in recommending the success of the
residue to the disposure of AJmighty Ood." And how
the word thrives in Ben Jonson's Underwoods !
A life that knew no noise, nor strife ;
But was, by sweetening so his will,
All order and disposare still.
Sedulity is a very good word, yet we now rarely see
anything but its clumsier form, sedulousness, which cannot,
like sedulity, be used in the plural. Milton wrote in one
of his State Letters : '* That your Sedulities in the Becep-
tion of our Agent were so cordial and so eg^gious we
both gladly understand, and earnestly exhort ye uiat you
would persevere in your good Will and Affection towards
us." Skreak is an obsolete form of shriek, and might well
be kept for certain kinds of shrieking. A frightened
woman shrieks, but a small animal skreaks. One can
prefer twattle to twaddle sometimes. When Panurge and
Epistemon came back from consulting the Sibyl of Panzoust,
'^ having presented to him the Leaves of the Sycamore
they show him the short and twattle Verses that were
written in them." Fatidicency, meaning divination, is
Sretty obsolete. Says Pantagruel, praising the counsel of
umb men : '* Let us make trial of this kind of Fati-
dicency." Oddly enough the Century Dictionary prints the
word '* Fatidiency " and quotes this passage where, as we
have said, the word is Fatidicency. FreaUably is simply
previously, but may be preferred to it as in Pantagruel's
remark: ^'However, it passeth for current, that the
imminent Death of a Swan is presaged by his foregoing
Song, and that no Swan dietn until preallably he have
sung." The word is rare. Cogging is a good old word ;
it signifies cheating by means of loaded dice, or by
flattery. When Panurge is trying to minimise the pro-
phecies of the poet Eaminagrobis, he says : '' He answer'd
but by Disjunctives, therefore can it not be true which he
saith ; for the verity of such like Propositions is inherent
only in one of its two Members. 0 the cozening Pratler
that he is! I wonder if Santiago of Bressure be one
of these cogging Shirks." And Shakespeare makes
Goriolanus say :
Chide me no more. I'll mountebank their loves,
Cog their hearts from Uiem, and come home belov'd
Of all the traders in Rome.
Swindging is but swingeing, in the sense of lashing.
Milton has it in his '^ Ode on the Nativity " :
And wroth to see his kingdom fail,
Swindges the scaly horrour of his folded tail.
Stinched is but staunched, and brabling babbling. To
bedusk meant to smudge. Belam is still a North-countiy
word meaning to thrash ; more usually one hears simply
*'lam." Ambage is a good word, meaning circumlocu-
tion, roundaboutness ; the physician Eondibi^s explains to
Panurge how the blood passes through several Circuits,
Ambages, and Aufractuosities, to the heart. The word
was used by Chaucer, Locke, and Swift, but is now rare.
Impetrate is an interesting word, meaning to obtain by
prayer or petition, particularly of the Pope. Hence, in
Kabelais, the Pope says to the Abbess of Toucherome :
*^ There is not anything fitting for you to impetrate of me
which I woidd not most willingly condescend imto." And
Jeremy Taylor says : *' When I fast, it is first an act of
repentance for myself, before it can be an instrument of
impetration for him." Commensal is a very good word,
signifying *' eating together at the same table." Smollett
has it in his translation of Oil Bhu : '' They surrounded
me, and with the utmost complaisance expressed their jov
at seeing me become a commensal officer of the palace."
Behooful (needful, advantageous) is more familiar aa
behooveful. Shakespeare makes Juliet say :
We have onll'd such necessaries
As are behooveful for our State to-morrow.
Pervicaoious, meaning obstinate, is found no more, though
it is found in Dryden. Eickling is a useful little woid.
When Panurp^e gave Triboulet, the fool, a bladder with
peas in it, Triboulet was so pleased that '< he slipt himself
out of the Company, went aside, and ratling the Bla^cler
took a huge Delight in the melody of the rickling and
cra<^ling Noise of the Pease." So m^ we, without
foolishness, take delight in the wonderful words in the
Babelaisian bladder, even though many of them be now
less nutritious than pease.
Things Seen.
Passengers.
Thb Broadway cable car was overcrowded. An old man
made his way up to the front where a younger man,
wife, and child were seated. The younger rose promptly
at the approach of the elder, and, with a good-natured
smile, said, '* Take my seat, sir."
''Oh, no!" protested the new passenger; ''keep your
seat, sir."
" Take it, sir, take it."
Looking gravely over his spectacles, the new-comer
said : " But why should I take it ? Tell me that."
" Well — ^well, now, for many reasons : because it's the
proper thing for me to give my seat to an older man."
"H'm! ah! I should like to know, sir, about how old
you think I am, sir ? "
" Sit down, sir, sit down."
The car at this point gave one of its series of hiccoughs,
and everybody standing was wrenched and twisted out of
temporary joint. The old man was jammed into the
vacant seat. Everyone had some personal damages to
repair. The air was lively with exclamations and apolo-
gies. A passenger sitting opposite left the car. The
older man then rose, and, motioning to the younger,
said : " There now, thank you, sir, there's your seat again ;
but I'd just like to ask you once more, how old you think
I am, just for curiosity. I'd like to know."
" Oh, now ! that's rather an embarrassing question to
answer before such an audience." And with a merry
laugh — "I don't like to say. Besides, it wouldn't be
poUte."
A growing interest was manifested by the other
Eassengers. The young wife lifted her little girl to her
nee and whispered something to her husband.
" What does she say ? " queried the old man.
" Oh, dear ! Ha, ha, ha ! " chuckled the younger.
" Why, my wife says you don't look any older than I do.
By Jove ! is that so ? "
There waa a craning of necks in the rear of the car.
Someone called, "Down in front!" No one seemed to
be getting out anywhere.
"That's pretty tough on you, sir. I waa bom in 1826,
and am in my seventy- fifth year."
" Well, I waa forty-one last month. There's something
wrong about one of us." An explosion of laughter
followed. Even the conductor joined in, and the motor-
man peered through the door to see what was up. The
little girl waited for the laughter to subside, and as it died
out piped up shrilly, " Say, Popper, are you getting
acquainted with the people in the car ? "
Car No. turned the curve at Forty-Fifth - street
with the conductor and one passenger in an agony of
embarrassment.
The Academy.
295
A Great Preacher.
Ok Uondaj Dr. Josepli Farker, the mmiBter of tlie
City Temple, will enter upon hts seTendeth birthday,
having been bom at Hexham-on-Tyne on April 9, 1B30.
In this oonnezion it may be interesting to recall a
oompaiiaon which has been drawn between the eloquence
men hare to be denounced; of tender, eympathetic, and
healing words when the sorrowing have to be comforted.
Neither can be called the preacher of a philoaophy, bnt
there it philoaophy in the preaohing of both — the truest
philoaophy, because a philoeophj vMch is true' to human
nature and the human heart. In the preaching of both
the ethical element abounde, and the supreme aim is to
thape the lives of men to hi^h and noble ends, to gain
influenoe over them with a view to their spiritual well-
being, Oonsequently, with neither is the meuage that of
a fonual orthodoxy, but always that of a vital CbriBtiantty.
The whole ministry of each may be called a protest against
nnbelief, against narrow oonceptions of God, of man, and
of life, a call to men to place the beet highest. In both
the preaching is an epitome of the character ; the preacher's
own sool atrugglee are depicted ; the preacher's own
n>iritnal oondiota, Borrows, and rictories are portr^ed in
the work of encouragement and warning. Each may
properly be described as an extemporaneous preacher in
the beet sense of the term, with the gift of felicitous
ezpreeaion, of subtle (and sometimee aMost boisterous)
humour, and with the faculties well in hand in the moment
of utterance ; each, in the best sense, popular, partly,
perhaps, through clearness and directness of epeech and
ui^eno; of appeal, partly through the power of conceiving
and expressing the emotions and thoughts of men of the
living present, and partly through fulness of apt, lively,
and often homely iOuatration. It is a delicate task to
compare two men like this, no doubt; neverthelesa, the
oomparison best expresses the present speaker's conception
of nim whose long and oonsptououB service we recall
to-day, and is the contribution he ventures to offer to the
celebration of this Jubilee."
of Dr. Parker and that of Ghrysoetom, It was on the
oooaaion of Dr. Parker's pulpit jubilee, in 1896, that the
Bev. Yaughan Pryce, Principal of New College, London,
spoke as follows :
" I have often thought that an interesting and striking
parallel might be drawn between Chrysostom, the most
famous preacher of ancient time, and the distinguished
minister whom we congratulate to-day.
Both may be described as by special vocation preachers,
as obviously and distinctly called to preach aa was the
great Aposde himself : the numerous homilies of the one,
with their varied and abundant excellencies, may not
unfitly, I think, have placed bemde them the sermons that
have issued from the City Temple. Both preachers have
dealt with the same test-book — the Bible — and have aimed
at making its voioe clear to the men and women about
them. The method of both may be truthfully oalled
exegetical and expontory. The one is said to have
expounded the whole Bible in the servioes of the sanctuary ;
the other, apart from numerous volumes of discourses all
occupied wiui biblical ideas and with the relation of these '
to the active life of busy men, has published the result of
years of ^stematic exposition in the many volumes of the
People's Bible. The claim of both is to be interpreters of
the Word : here is the basis of all argument and of all
appeal. In both oases the spirit of the preacher is
throughout warmly and intensely evangelical in the best
sense of that term, the Oospel being to them the mind of
Ood in deepest and most loving expression, a message of
life, and therefore more than a philosophy, more than a
theology. Both are known as men of oonspicnoiu native
gifts, men of great vitality, with power of incisive speech,
pungent wit, regal imagination, with natures capable of
passionate feeling and utterance when the wrongdoings of
Stevenson Looks In.
SuBXLT someone is there in tiie shade . . . Don't go
away 1 Yes ; I am the watchman to-day : the ImmorttQs
are having their afternoon nap. Who are you ? Ilobert
Louis Stevenson. You were only passing, and looked in ?
A picturesque figure ! I hear your friends love you. They
wish you to stay ? You don't seem to be quite sure about
it yourself ! That is the Empyrean : a rather dazzling
light, isn't it ? Ah ! — lean on me ; come this way. It is
doubtful if you would feel at home here ; questions might
be asked about your diplomas — perfect artistry as distinct
from genius. . . . What do I mean? Your work! So
runs oar verdict ! Do rest on my arm ; this radiance
staggers you. The shade gave you a chill? You are
one of the unfortunate fortunates ! Had your intellectual
and imaginative capacity been equal to your superb gifts as
an artist you would have taken your place in the sacred
oircle. Your ease has a personfj sweetness and graoe ;
3n>n have been acclaimed by the elect among mortals. But
there is an infallible criterion of greatness. Let me call it
genius. It is indefinable. Those fellows down there
scramble to the housetops with their proclamations of it.
Thoy have been trying to define it ever since Adam knew
he was naked and hid himself ; explaining this and that
about it ; giving their own impressions of it. But the
secret is still concealed ; and it never can be divulged.
Here we never make any mistake ! . . . You are an ex-
tremely interesting imitation man of genius. You are the
very genius of the temperament of genius. You deceived
others — sometimes yourself; you are acquitted of base
intent ! You danced all your life on the border-line of
genius. Very clever, skilful ; in JFetr of ITermiilon you
almost crosBod the frontier. It was then that your name
was uttered in the Empyrean; there was a moment of
expectant silence; then a moment of regret; Jeremy
Taylor said a fine thing about you (I must not repeat!),
and I saw a tear in Bunyan's eye — but he did not speak.
296
The Adademy.
7 April, 1900.
Ah ! pitiable, lovely fate ! . . . I must tell you that you
have railed to make good your claim. In the literature of
imagination the only irrefragable proof of genius is crea-
tive power. It is not artistry, however exquisite. It is a
unique revelation : a new birth : it gives to the world a
new thing. It is never imitative; it may confess its
masters, but it does not follow them. Now you . . . Oh,,
yes : these things you bring are well done ; but have they
not all been done before? Your graceful egoism was
farther graced by that word of inspired modesty about
the sedulous ape. Your style is the agglomeration of
an immense variety of styles informed by your own
fascinating idiosyncrasy, your highly cultivated taste, your
enchanted ear for the music of words. It is only original,
only peculiarly your own, in the sense that a woman
exquisitely dressed retains her individuality. She is the
same person ; but much of her charm is adventitious. So
— we must speak the truth here! — your outfit is an
exceedingly ingenious arraugement of almost all the
beautiful things in the universal literary wardrobe. . . .
Plagiarism ? Not at all ! You are far too honest and
fastidious to be a vulgar plagiarist. It was, indeed,
unnecessary. For you could add colours to another's
rainbow ; filigree to another's embroidery ; facets to
another's jewels. You have in the superlative degree the
decorative mind. You are the M. Worth of English
fiction. . . . Pray do not misunderstand me! You are
more than that. But, being that, what could you do
with the fire of the stars, the wonders and terrors of the
illimitable deep ? You have bequeathed to your fellow-
mortals a charming little kingdom ; but was it not made
out of the great empires of the Immortals? You were
sadly given to talking about your art and yourself as an
artist. The ** phrase of distinction " (that last infirmity
of half-genius) was your Holy Qreal ; you lived in a kind
of beatific adoration of it. Your insight was curbed by
experiments in technique. You would pause to decorate
an emotion ; but pure emotion always springs to its own
ideal expression, and needs no dressing, oeing the perfect
nude. You would write — write — write the passion out of
a love scene. Oh, how beautifully dead Catriona is ! You
would disfigure a character with a distinguished phrase.
That is the dementia of artistry ! You know how you
would worry about ''the hang of a thing" (Stevenson!
genius doesn't know, doesn't care!), and would g^ve the
most delightful analyses of your feelings under the sweet
torment of getting it to satisfy your sensitive artistic
conscience. That is the way of the artist. It is not the
way of genius. Not one of those radiant ones in the
Heights is there by virtue of phrasemongerv. Why — let
me tell you — the exultant irresistibility of their impassioned
souls was impatient of the medium in which they were
compelled by the dulness of mortals to express themselves.
. . . Am I a depressing person? You must not be downcast !
Tens of thousands have yearned to get as far as you have
got : they are out there in the shade, and I must not call
them. You can barely exist here ; but you will live in the
glimpses of the moon. The generations who love fragrant
personality in art will not suffer you to die. The common
man, with his big hung^ heart, will find small sustenance
in you ; so you will live less and less vividly. Your place
wiU be among the daipty, the curious, tiie literary " well-
attired " (as Milton said of the woodbine— Buskin has just
been pitcning into him for it) ; the dilettanti will arise in
their children and children's diildren and call you blessed.
You are the cleanest and most wholesome of all the
decadents. You wince at that ! But the decadent is the
worker in art whose work has no spiritual significance. . . .
You fought death nobly — brave, oright spirit ! but as you
fought it you embalmed its mask in your art. I would
not willingly grieve you; but that was your nearest
approach to an unconscious effort of genius. . • . My
dear Stevenson! here is Jehyll and Hyde, You are not,
of course, to be judged finally by this story. But it is
very characteristic of you! Here you had a theme of
inspiration ; it was your chance of immortality — and what
did you do with it ? You saw in it a tale to make your
readers' flesh creep, and so you left it. There is nothing
in your books, before or after, equal to that idea. It was
a gleam upon you from the regions beyond, and had yoii
been a man of genius you would have been compelled in
spite of yourself to lift the whole thing out of the barren
triviality — ^I had almost said the silliness — of decoctions
from a chemist's shop. Not so have the g^at ones dealt
with the awful truth of man's dual nature ! You were
there at close quarters with the most stupendous fact of
human existence —the eternal conflict between good and
evil, the pestilence that walks in darkness, the terrific
imseen forces before which some of the finest spirits of all
time have gone down in nameless ignominy — ^and yet —
and yet vou were content to treat this august problem
through the agency of a chemical powder on the stomach 1
The tale has no profundity, no symbolism worthy the
name ; its terrors are the terrors of the mechanical ghost
trade. I was about to say that its only sincerity is the
sincerity of craftmanship. But you are plainly sincere in
the entire business. It was to you a yam — ^just a yam —
nothing more. ... I have brought you so far, and I ask
you to lift your eyes to that shining place, and try to
imagine what they would have made of it ! They could
not — they siiiiply could not — ^have confined to a mere
exercise in writing the overwhelming mystery of the augel
and the beast in the human soul. They would have given
to it the alscent altogether peculiar to intuitive imagination
— the significance which is at once illuminative and inde-
scribable. The divine spark in them would have blazed
forth, and humanity would have had an apocalypse of its
glory and its shame. And they would not afterwards, I
assure you, have been able to tell much about it. For
genius sees, and seeing reveals, and the miracle that is
wrought remains a miracle even to itself. . . . Bobert
Louis Stevenson ! you have not wrought miracles, or, if
you have, they are the mirades which can be taken to
pieces and examined. And that is the difference between
the artist and the creator, between fancy and imagination,
between artistry and genius. ... I am glad, nevertheless,
that you have looked in. Don't be alarmed ; that is only
the Immortals beginning to awake. You may stay awhile.
Gk> over there and rest on the lower slope ; you will find it
quiet and sunny ; there are blue-bells and heather, and a
tranquil sky. . . . See! there is Bunyan. He is almost
always alone. Shall I ask him to come and speak to
you? . . . VlNOBNT BnowN.
Correspondence.
The Missing Word.
Sib, — ^A few days ago Lord Strathcona, the High Com-
missioner for Oanada, in his place in the House of Lords,
repudiated the word '^ colony " in referring to those parts
of the Empire which are not washed by the waters of the
Narrow Seas. At the time of the great Jubilee, Sir
Wilfred Laurier referred with equal directness to the fact
that Canada was no longer a colony ; that its inhabitants
were no more colonists than the inhabitants of Kent.
Canada is a nation. The Afrikander Dutch of South
Africa, particuleurly the old families loyal to the British
Crown, have long resented the use of the word *' colonists "
because they say they never were British colonists, though
they yield to no Briton in loyalty to Queen Victoria and
her heirs. In Australia, the afiected assumption of superi-
ority by New Chums over the "colonists" is bitterly
resented, and the stony stare of the British administrator
in dealing with the inhabitants of Britain beyond sea has
been the raw material of rebellion for 140 yecurs. The
lost possessions of England are due to this cause more than
7 April, 1900.
The Academy.
297
to any other. Why is this ? The term " colony " implies
servitude, inferiority, suzerainty, subordination of lesser
breeds in a lower state to that of the high mightiness of
the mother oountry. This was the Boman and Napoleonic
conception of a colony, and we know the result. The
derivation of the word ** colony " is uncertain, but the
learned Skeat suggests the root to be from kal^ '' to drive."
If there is one thing that the American rebellion taught
the Anglo-Saxon race, it is that the '^ colonists " will not
be driven or coerced even in word. What wonder, then,
that the terms '^ colony" and '^colonist" should be as
vigorously and sincerely repudiated by Canada as by
Kent : by Victoria or Natal as by Midlothian or Lanca-
shire ? If the British people wish to federate the British
Empire there is no tie more effective than the abolition of
the words ''colony" and "colonists," and the frank and
whole-hearted acceptance of the idea that the man in
Ottawa or King William's Town is no less a Briton or a
Britisher than the man who reads his JDaih/ Mad on the
top of the Peckham omnibus, or takes his morning gallop
in the Bow. But it is necessary to dear away the jungle
of misconception that has sprung up from the bad old
davs when Englishmen claimed from settlers across the sea
tribute and respect, not merely to the Queen, but to
political institutions created by them for their own, not for
colonial, convenience. In order to dispel this misooncep-
tion« a word must be found that shall describe the subjects
of the Queen in all parts of the Empire. The matter has
been discussed for some years, but no one has yet hit upon
a happy solution. The word ''Briton" excludes the
Oanadian, the South African, or the Australasian. I am
inclined to think that the word "Britisher" is the only
one that satisfactorily includes the whole of the Anfflo-
Sazon race, and even then the Celtic Irish may consider
themselves excluded. After the fighting on the Tugela no
word will be satisfactory to the Empire that is unsatis-
factory to the Irish. Perhaps you will, therefore, open
your columns for a discussion as to the best substitutes
for " colony " and " colonists," which by common consent
should be relegated to the dust-bin of disused language.
The part tci^en in l^e war by the Anglo-Saxon com-
munities over sea requires their recognition not as
dependencies but as equals ; as partners in the assets of
the British Empire. Parliamentarv federation may be
impossible, but tne need for a contmuous f oreien policy,
the necessity for raising the social and education^ standard
of all classes throughout the empire, and the certainty
that the tendency of British thought is to grow more like
that of Canada and Australia than the daughter nations to
become like that of England, emphasise the importance of
discovering a word without further delay that shall be
finally accepted as descriptive of Queen's men and women
all over the world. Downin^-street cannot help us. Will
not the poets, the men of imagination, and masters of
language, and even the men whom language masters,
come over and help us? The Queen is the Queen of
Canada, but the Parliament at Westminster has no more
power to coerce Canadians than the Parliament of Ottawa
to coerce the men of Camden Town. If sympathy is closer
between the Canadians, the Australians, and the Cape
men at the outset of an acquaintance than with New
Chums or Tender Foots, the comradeship on the outskirts
of the nation, comes from greater knowledge, larger
sympathies, and a wider outiook than that of the sedentary
and insular stay-at-homes whose separatism and peace-at-
any-priceism has now received a blow that has staggered
inhumanity. — ^I am, &c«, Askou) White.
tout-&-f ait incorrecte, d'un ouvrage publi6 par notre maison,
et intitul6 Leiires d VMrang^e^ par Honor6 de Balzac,
aurait emis des doutes serieux sur I'authenticitS de
quelques-unes de ces lettres.
Nous donnons un dementi formel d cette allegation qui
est de nature d nous causer un prejudice materiel et
surtout moral que vous comprendrez facilement.
TauUs les lettres publiees par nous sont absolument
authentiques ; les originaux sont entre les mains de M. le
Yicomte de Spoelberch de Lovenjoul (37, Boulevard du
E6gent, ct Bruxelles) qui consenturait certainement d les
communiquer d toute personne autoris6e qui lui en f erait
la demande.
Nous vous demandons de vouloir bien publier la pr6sente
dans un de vos plus prochains numeros et vous prions,
Monsieur le Directeur, de lecevoir I'assurance ae nos
sentiments distingu6s.
P. PoN. Calmahn LfiVT.
Paris: 4Avril, 1900.
Lettres a PEtrangere.
MoNSiETJB LE DiREOTBUB, — On uous communique une
note publiee par votre journal dans son num6ro du
31 Mars dernier, et d'apr^s laquelle I'auteur d'une traduc-
tion, d'ailleurs non autoris6e par nous, et par oons^uent
Maeterlinck and the ^* Contemporary Review.''
Snt, — ^It is not mj wish to answer in anv detail Miss
IJnderhill's attack on my Maeterlinck article. I merely
want to explain, first, that my article was not intended as
a complete study of Maeterlinck, but rather as a discussion
of his poetry, regarded chiefly from the technical stand-
point. His essays, his mysticism and philosophy, were
outside my consideration, except in so far as they enabled
a reader to understand his artistic methods. No doubt
I ought to have called the article ''The Poetry of Maeter-
linck," or something of the sort, to avoid misunderstanding
such as seems to have occurred.
In the second ^Lace, I must caution your readers against
accepting Miss UnderhiU's summary of my articue as
accurate. I quote a sentence from her letter : '' In all
tiieee plays Mr. Hopes, while denying Maeterlinck i^e
dramatic gift, allows his power over the chords of pity and
terror — but rather thinks Mr. Kipling does it better."
This obviously refers to the following paragraph of my
article (the only place in which Kipluig is mentioned at
all) : " This method of suggesting the supernatural [the
passage refers to 'L'Intruse,' and to that play alone]
without describing it, of building up an insistent horror
out of common but inexplicable things, is not peculiar to
Maeterlinck ; it is, in fact, the well-known device of skilful
modem writers of weird and supernatural tales. Kipling
has used it with great success, so has Quy de Maupassant.
Maeterlinck's style is more poetic than theirs, but lees
convincing." This is what 1 said^ and the meaning is
tolerably obvious. ''L'Intruse" is a study in super-
natural horror, in which Maeterlinck uses, and successfully
uses, literaxy methods common to many modem writers.
I mentioned Elipling and Maupassant, as I might have
mentioned Stevenson and Shendan Le Fanu. But such
practised literary craftsmen as Maupassant, and Kipling
give their readers a stronger shudder than does the
mystical Maeterlinck, poesiDly because these two are
habitually in contact with luurd realities. I venture to
assert that what I wrote is not in the least like what Miss
Underbill says I wrote. Let your readers compare the
two passages and judge for themselves.
I must plead gr^ty, however, to ignoring '' the strange
stillness of the soul which is felt wrough his (Maeter-
linck's) works," and I should be glad if Miss Underhill,
or some other disciple of the Belgian master, would so far
have pity on me as to explain what and whose soul is
referred to, what this stillness is, whether serenity or
silence or both, and why this serenity and silence of some-
body's soul should make a great dramatic poet, when
Shakespeare had to content himself with emotion and ex-
pression.— I am, &c., Abthub E. Hopes.
April 2, 1900.
298
The Academy.
7 April, 1900.
'' Mudie's ! "
Sib, — ^I feel surprised that the yeidict against Mudie's
Library in the Yizetelly case has attracted so little notice.
Surely it is against the public interest. Mudie's wUl now
have to start a corps of censors, and books which the
public ought to read will be rejected by the Library
pecause of references to living persons which are doubtful
in their significance. Besides, on this new principle,
where is responsibility for the circulation of a book to
stop? How many people ** handle" a book before it
reaches the public ? Wholesale distributing agents, Her
Majesty's mails, wholesale carriers, retail booksellers, &c.
Is an action for libel to lie against all these ? I represent
in my family an unbroken subscription of over forty
years to Mudie's, and feel that they are fi^ood servants of
the reading public, who ought not to be hampered in the
way they bid fair to be.— I am, &c.,
London Institution, J, Spenceb Curwen.
Finsbury Circus, E.O. : April 4, 1900.
Our Weekly Prize Competitions.
Result of No. 28 (New Series).
We offered a prisee last week for the best sag^gcstion, within the
limits of 200 words, of a subject for an historical no^el. Apparently
the task was too heavy, for very few readers have oompet^ The
best Bugflrestion is, we think, the following, oontribated by Miss
Graoe Stebbing, West Dene, Moat Croft-road, Eastbourne :
Why has no historical novel ever been woven around that wonder-
ful Prinoe Henry of the fifteenth oentury, fifth son of John I., of
Portugal ?
Could more fascinating hero of romance be found than the young
governor of the just-oonquered military post, ardent stodent, pro-
phetio learner, and, uncommon combination, philosophical mathe-
matician with practical mind ?
Britons, for gratitude, owe tribute to the memory of this prinoe-
scholar. Many beloved invalids have been restored to health, many
precious lives prolonged by the disoovsry of Madeira—discovery
primarily owing to his determination and intuitive knowle^^ of
what existed in the mysteries of the unknown seas.
As for the festively inclined, what thanks don't they owe the
wonderful sun-fed grapes of Madeira ! What a picture might be
the famished sailor's first fea«t on the lovely island which they had
just named from its wealth of building wood.
For a touch of comedy comes his captain's discovery of Porto
Santo, and letting loose thereon one solitary rabbit and ner babies,
which in two years had so multiplied as to eat their home into a
desert, which, strangely enough, was the dowry of Columbus's first
wife about fifty years later.
Other suggestions include these :
Thb Modbbn Patriot.
A youth burning to serve his country, becomes absorbed in the
problem of life presented by the masses. He is sent to South
Africa on a search for health. He finds it and wealth. There he
sees a way to realise his dreams — in a vast region holding illimit*
able possibilities as a British possession. With indomitable courage
and energy he pursues his object.
He meets and becomes deeply attached to the high-souled, ill-
fated hero of Khartoum, who is the one man that perceives the best
in him. Inclined to follow his hero to Khartoom, he yet sticks to
his guns in Afiica, feeling his miesion lies there ; and also
(perhaps) because of a secret, but hopeless, attachment to his hero's
sister, which he would overcome.
Sheer force of character, with a singleness of purpose that
brings all his powers to bear on the one issue, carries him through
with eminent suooess, but not without jealous envy, and aspersions
on his character as a money-grubber.
The mistake of the Raid brings enmity swarming upon him.
His adherents are the more enthusiastic. Undaunted by frustra-
tions and dissppointment, he still pushes on his work^ He rescues
a despairing lad from gambling away his life, and shakes him
up to better things.
Then war intervenes to carrv out his designs. In the siege of
his beloved Eimberley the real heart of the man shows itself to
all. The lad, hit by a chance shot, dying, confesses his name a
false one. and begs him to convey his few treasures to bis
mother — the love of his early life. [A« C, London.]
Thb Foblorh Hope.
Pietrus Joubert, Boer, orphanisd in childhood, inheriting from
Huguenot ancestors higher instincts, finer feelings than those
around him, poverty and hardships, endured as a matter of o6urse
by helpless ignoranoe, arouse his sympathies. He determines to
rise, to show them a higher life than the mere wresting subsistenoe
from Nature with little regard for humanity.
He seizes opportunities, but honour often prevents him from
pushing his advantage. Oenendly more or less misunderstood, he is
regarded watchfully, suspiciously.
Acting-President in Burger's absence fires his mind with the idea
that here lies the way of usefulness. He contests the Presidency
with his friend Kruger, is juflr|rl^ o^^ o' ^ majority — as he may
have lost his bride, owing to his rival's superior riches.
Krugerites influence opinion against him as a progressionist
desiring unwished, and unneeded reforms ; as a friend to the hated
Englisher — ^his visit to England later, a supposed proof.
Accosations of treachery after the Raid nearly break his heart.
Then, only, he becomes aware of Kruger's jealousy, and the prevail-
ing feeliog.
His opposition to the war goes against him ; but his conduct of it
is trusted in. Misfortunes follow and oppress him. CroDJe*s sur-
render forbodes the end. He succumbs to Death with a broken-
hearted sense of his life's failure. Then his loss is deplored, and his
chsracter appreciated.
[A. C, London.]
The Romance of Thomab Went worth, Ea&l of Straffobl*
AND LuoY, Lady Cab lisle.
Tiie exciting events of the time form an excellent framework for
a study of the celebrated characters who made history by the force
of their own personalities. The group of popular leaders, headed
by Pym and Hampden, once Wentworth*s intimates, becoming his
mortal foes, who hound him to death ; his own complex character
urging him, by a mixture of ambition and uuselflsh devotion to
Cluurles, to adopt a policy that has made his name execrated ; the
vacillating King, persistently thwarting till he ruined the man he
loved, and stooping to accept the supreme sacrifice of his death ;
Henrietta Maria, misdiievous and intriguing, trying to win over
Strafford's enemies by midnight and backstair oonferenoes ; Lady
Carlisle, beautiful, witty, and gay, courted equally by Voltaire and
by Laud, accused of every moral baseness, but using her utmost
finesse to save the man she truly loved — these are the actors in the
swiftly moving tragedy that brought Wentworth to the scaffold,
where, noble and dauntless, never reproaching the master who
abandoned him, he died witii a courage worthy of a better cause.
Here is material for a dramatic and touching story.
[M. C. B., Ascot.]
The Bridge-Builders of the Middle Ages.
Ug,^ London Bridge, commenced 1176 on site of old wooden
structure, and oompleted by the French uriest-engincer Isembert,
1209. Churter of engagement given by King John, though pro-
bably thus thwarting English feelinpr, the masons of the country
being noted for their powers in throwing arohei.
It is an early instance of an almost naiional undertaking, lists of
donors in idl parts of the country showing that the public spirit
was stirred by the endeavour to serve and beautify London.
Or^ the Older of the PorUiJe or engineer-monks of the twelfth
century, whose bridge-buUding and roadmaking were great aids to
the progress of civilised intercom se.
Or^ the building of Bow Bridge by order of Queen Mathilda (who,
it is suggested, was wetted in crossing the ford) ; the maintenance
and repair undertaken later by the Abbess of Barking, and by her
handed on to the later monastery. Tiie abbot permitted a house
to be built and the charge of the bridge to devolve on the tenant,
who levied taxes on passers-by, except the nobility I
This would be a romance of work, not of fighting, and claims a
Kipling or a Stevenson. The carious hero of Uie present historioal
novel, who has five sore wounds, but recovers from them after a
meal of bread and burgundy sufficiently to ride thirty miles, would
be absent. There ne^ be no absence of love-interest, however
the race of engineers and masons still continues.
[S. C, Brighton.]
Replies received also from Miss C, York ; L. G., Beigate.
Competition No. 29 (New Series).
On page 296 of this number of the Academy will be found a letter
from Mr. Arnold White, pointing out the necessify for a word to
cover all Greater Britons, and not only Greater Britons but also
Irishmen. " Colonial," he points out is too locul, and " Britisher"
excludes the Irish, We offer a prise of a guinea for the best
suggestion.
Rules.
Answers, addressed "Literary Competition, The Academy, 43,
Chancery-lane, W.C.," murt reach us not later than the first poet
of Tuesday, April 10. Each answer must be accompanied by
7 April, 1900.
The Academy.
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tlie oonpon to be fonnd in the fint oolamn of p. 300, or it oan-
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Our Spkoial Pbizb Gompbtition.
The following were received np till the date of the dosing of the
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aimnnnoad in onr issne of April 28 : Josefk, Perseverentia, Niz,
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The Academy
A Weekly Review of Literature and Life*
No. 1458. Established 1869.
14 April, 1900.
Price Threepence.
[RtguUnd at a NhnpaptrJ]
The Literary Week.
The Bill just promoted by the Trustees of the British
Museum has excited considerable surprise. It is a Bill to
enable the Trustees '' to deposit copies of local newspapers
with local authorities, and to dispose of yalueless printed
matter." The first proposal arises out of the immense and
continuous accumulation of newspapers at the Museum.
It is desired to relieve the pressure on the Museum's
space by placing under the custody of local bodies all
newspapers published since 1837. But surely it is
within the dates 1837 — 1900, &c.y that research is most
frequent. And the prospect of having to go to Eatanswill
to consult the EataniwUl OautU is not alluring to students.
We should have thought the remedy was to pull down the
old bams and build greater. In the other matter we
sjrmpathise with the Trustees. What they account rubbish
is probably rubbish; it is their business to know, and
Trustees should be trusted within wide limits.
Mbs. Obaioib's new comedy in three acts, '' The Wisdom
of the Wise," will follow Mr. Grundy's play at the St.
James's Theatre, according to present arrangements. " A
Bepentance " is to be performed at the Empire Theatre,
New York, this month. Miss Eahn, who inade a great
success as IJrsyne in ** Osbem and Ursvne " at the Empire
Theatre, has been engaged as leading lady by Mr. Eichsffd
Mansfield.
Mb. Stephen Cbaite, we regret to hear, is lying seriously
ill at the mediaeval house in Sussex, Brede Place, where he
has been living for the past two years.
'' Mb. C." is the title of an eight-page pamphlet, we
have received, calling itself '' An Appendix to Dictionary
of National Biography, Volume 62.'' The use of the word
appendix by anyone but Messrs. Smith Elder seems a trifle
bold. We nnd that the pamphlet deals with tiie Woodfalls
and Sir Philip Francis ; it is for students of the " Junius "
controversy.
Mb. Oeobob Moobe contributes to the North Ameriean
Review a characteristic paper on ''Some Charaoterists of
English Fiction." E[is present whim is to disting^sh the
great from the small in literature, by asking himself if a
storv is symbolic ; '' if it be a symbol, that is to say, if it
b« the outward sign of a moral idea." Turning to women,
Mr. Moore finds that it would be as vain to seek a symbolic
novel among women as to seek a religion. He will not
even allow it in George Eliot, ''who tried to think like a
man, and produced admirable counterfeits of his thoughts
in wax-work. So far her novels may be said to be
symbolical." Mr. Moore utters many other curious things
a littie wearily, for the world is very inattentive, and con-
cludes with a prophecy : " I stop without having said all.
England has produced the richest poetical literature in the
world, and in Shakespeare, in Milton, in Shelley, in
Wordsworth she will find her true immortidity. Her
Empire will pass aWay and be forgotten like the Baby-
lonian and the Persian, for the heart only remembers ideas
and dreams."
OiTB competition last week for the best suggestion of a
subject for an historical novel may well have caused a
momentary lifting of the brows to historical novelists. It
is not pleasant to find the very subject suggested on which
you have been working for months. Thus, apropos of
"M. 0. B.'s" suggestion for a historical novel on the
subject of " The Bomance of Thomas Wentworth, Earl of
Strafford, and Lucy, Lady Carlisle," Mr. Frank Matthew
writes : "I have been at work upon a romance based on
the fall of Strafford for some months. I don't want to
seem g^ty of prigging someone else's idea, and if you
would mention this in your columns I would be grateful."
The Daily Graphic has published and sold in London
streets the Ladytmith Lyre. We hope our contemporary
will do a similar service for the Fr%end^ the paper edited
by the war correspondents at Bloemfontein. A recent
issue contained "A First Impression," by Dr. Oonan
Doyle, a littie article which thrills because it narrates
the thing worth seeing by the man who can see. We are
indebted to the Daily Mail for the portions we quote.
Dr. Doyle begins: "It was only General Smith-Dorien's
Brigade, but if it could have passed, just as it it was,
down Piccadilly, it would have driven London crazy."
I watched them — ragged, bearded, fierce-eyed infantry
— struggling along under a dead of dust. Who could
have conceived, who had seen the prim soldier in time of
peace, that he could so quickly tnuiisform himself into this
grim, virile barbfttianr Bull-dog faces, hawk faces,
hungry wolf faces, every sort of face except a weak one.
Here and there a man smoking a pipe, hsre and there a
man who smiled ; but most have swaoihy faces and lean a
littie f orn^ffd with eyes steadfast and features impassive
but resolute. Here is a dump of mounted infantry, a
grizzled fdlow like a fierce old eagle at the head of them.
Some are maned like lions, some have young, keen fsoes,
but all leave an impression of familiarity upon me ; yet I
have not seen lingular British Cavalry before. Why
should it be so familiar to me, this loose-limbed, head-
erect, swaggering type ? Of course ! I have seen it in an
American cowboy over and over again. Strange that a
few months on the veldt should h%ve produced exactiy the
same man as springs from the western prairie !
But these men are warriors amid war. Their eyes are
hard and quick. They have a gaunt, inteut look, like men
who live always under a show of danger.
In another column we give, by permission of the London
manager of MeClureU Jfayagine^ some extracts from a
chapter in the forthcoming biography of Prof. Huxley by
Mr. Leonard Huxley. These letters show how, from the
first, width and proportion marked Huxley's life. He
studied, but he lived. He could leave his medusse and
crayfish, and be, in matters of faith and conduct, a
fisher of men. Loving to seek out the beginnings of
life, he did not miss me love of Woman, in whom all
beginning is statued and exalted. When he lifted his
eyes from an almost protoplasmic cell, he could still see
life steady and whole. That he should have desired
so to live is not remarkable, for youth is generous ; it is
more noteworthy that he lived so to the end, thoroughly
warming his hands at the fire of life,
304
The Academy.
14 April, 1900.
Thb ^' Foreword " to the English traiialation of Gerhart
Hanptmaxm's fairy play, "The Sunken Bell," is by an
American writer, Gharles Henry Metzler, who describes
Hanptmann's appearance when he visited America some
years ago.
Instead of the aggressiye, self-confident man I bad
fancied him, I saw a student — almost an ascetic. His
boyish air and shrinking gravity were carionsly at variance
with the great will-power betokened by his set thongh
tortured, lips and the experience in his pale and weary
eyes. He had a smooth face ; a hiffh forehead, crowned
with short and careless hair ; a well-»iaped, sensitive nose.
If I had passed him in the street I might have set him
down as a perfervid young curate, or a seminarist. A
painful, introspective, haunted earnestness was stamped
upon his face — ^the face of a thinker, a dreamer, a genius.
Hauptmann is now thirty-six. His first play, written
under the spell of Tolstoy, was '^Yor Sonnenaufgang,"
produced eleven years ago at the Berlin Lessing Theatre.
Each play that he produced raised a controversy noisy with
admiration and derision. But in ''Lonely Lives" his
art became more delicate, in ''The Weavers " more em-
bradve and commanding. "Hannele" and "Florian
G^yer " followed. The last play was to have been part of
a dramatic trilogy dealing with the Beformation, but its
failure put an end to the plan. In " The Sunken Bell " we
have a fairy tale into which we are invited to read almost
what we will. Its symbolism will fit SBsthetic, moral,
social, and religious interpretations. Mr. Metzler gives
his own ideas of what Hauptmann means, but the reader
will be wise to i^ore these until he has read the play
in a receptive spirit. The translation is "free," and is
in verse.
Mb. W. G. Oolunowood has recast his Life and Work
of John Ruikin (1893), and it is now issued in one volume,
under the title The Life of John Rtukin. There have been
added new biographical details and a number of letters
hitherto imprinted, while the story of Huskin's life has been
brought to a dose in a final chapter. In this dhapter
Mr. CoUingwood relates that in his last days HumLin
would pore over, and drowse over, his pet books by the hour.
One of these was A Fleet in Being, lent to him by a little
boy. "He read and re-read it; then got a copy for
himself, and might have learnt it by heart, so long he
pored over it."
Oakon Rawnsley proposes to place on the brow of
Friars Graff a memorial, in the form of an early British
cross, to John Ituskin. The site has been selected because
it was the place that made the first deep impression of the
beauty of nature upon his mind. "The first thing," wrote
Buskm, " which I remember as an event in life was
being taken by my nurse to the brow of Friars Orag, on
Derwentwater." Subscriptions should be sent to Oanon
Rliwnsley, Grosthwaite Vicarage, Keswick.
YisiTOBS to Nlmes will soon be able to pay their respects
to a statue of Alphonse Daudet which is about to be
placed in the Square de la Gouronne, with considerable
pomp, though without any contributory recognition from
the French Academy. The sculptor, M. Fidgui^res, has
evidently been a good deal inspired bv M. Leon Daudet's
fine book about his father, for he has represented the
author in his latter years, with his fine head poised in
meditation. It is, of course, as 'Thomme du Midi," as
the author of Tartarin de Tarasoon and Numa Roume%tan,
and as the analyst and eulogist of southern character, that
Daudet is to be acclaimed and enthroned at Nlmes.
Daudet had a keen sense of place and climate, and their
infiuence on temperament and character. He used to say
that every coun^ had its " north " and " south," wim
their psychologic^, differences ; and he loved those authors
^ho made much of their native air, and allowed it to
invigorate and influence their work. He would talk like
this to his son :
When a young man, be he boastful or timid, comes to
see me with his little volume in his hand, I say to him :
" What is your country P " — " It is so a^nd so. Monsieur. ••
'* Is it long since you left your home and the old people ? "
— " So long." " Shall you go back ? "— " I don't know."
" Why not at once, now that you have tasted Paris P Are
they poor P " — *< Oh, no. Monsieur, in easy circumstances."
**Then fly to them, imhappy youth. I see you unde-
cided, young, impressionabk. I don't believe you really
have in you that Balzaoian energy that boils and fermente
under its attic roof. Listen to my advice, you'll thank me
for it later. Go back to the fold. Make yourself a soli-
tude in a comer of the mansion or the farm. Explore
your memory. The recollections of childhood are the
bright and unpoisoned spring of all masterly creative
power that you possess. There is another reason you must
see; you have time. Make vXL about you — the farmers,
the sportsmen, the girls, the old men, the vagabonds —
talk with you. Let all that focus aeain ! And, if you
have talent, you wUl write a personid book, with your
mark on it, that will interest your own people flrst, and
the public too, if you chance to get hold of a well con-
structed plot."
Daudet's advice would surely flt the cases of a great many
young writers who have come to London to write novels on
stock subjects, leaving their liveliest inspirations behind
them. But L6on Daudet recognised the hopelessness of
such advice, and so do we.
Mr. Alfbed Austin has taken the opportunity of the
Queen's visit to Ireland to reprint some travel impressions
on Ireland, which he contributed in two papers to Black-
wood'* Maga%in$ a few years ago. To these Mr. Austin
appends a poem written at Dugort, in the Island of
Acnill, in 1895, We quote the last btanza of the poet*s
counsel to Erin :
Live your own life, but ever at our side !
Have your own Heaven, but blend your prayer with
oxu:s!
Bemain yotir own fair self, to bridegroom bride,
Veiled in your mist and diamonded with showers.
We twain love-linked whom nothing can divide !
Look up ! From Slievemore's brow to Dingle's shore.
From Inagh's lake to InnisfaUen's Isle
And Garriff's glen, the land is one green snule I
The dolphins gambol and the laverocks soar :
lift up your heart and live, enthralled to grief no more !
OoMPABisoNS between Dickens and Thackeray always
seem peculiarly profitless, and we are sorry to see that
Mr. W. J. Dawson insists on extoUing Dickens at
the expense of his great oontemporaiv in the Young Man^
a paper in which criticism has a kind of instructional
weight with its readers. That Dickens " much excels "
Thackeray as a creator of character is strange doctrine.
If for creator Mr. Dawson had written "recorder" or
"collector" we should not have complained; but Mr.
Dawson actually g^oes on to ask : " Indeed, whom is there
that Dickens does not excel ? " Which has the merit of
closing the discussion so far as we are concerned. We ar:p
glad that Mr. Dawson draws his readers' attention to
Mark Rutherford with the just remark: "He has the
secret of a certain sad fortitude of spirit, and knows how
to impart it."
" W. F. W.," whose " Notes About " are such a pleasant
weekly feature of the Pall Mall Gazette, tells the world
about the difficulty he had to obtain an inexpensive Bible
containing the Apocrypha. His experiences seem to have
been simUar to those which were detailed in the Academy
by another searcher nearly two years ago. It may be re-
membered that the nearest contact with a copy of the
Apocrypha which our contributor gained was in a second-
hc^nd bookshop in the Brompton-road, where the book*
14 April, 1900.
The Academy.
305
seller's only copy had just gone to '' a gentleman at
Cricklewood." "W. F. W." was more fortunate. The
Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge supplied him
with a copy of the Apocrypha in ruby 32mo (to match a
sixpenny Bible) for sevenpence. Even this copy had no
title-page, but, instead, an '^ apologetic-looking extract
from Article 6." The British and Foreign Bible Society,
it seems, refuses to print the Apocrypha at all. As
"W. F. W. " says: ''Benefactors do not approve of
these Apocryphal utterances ; and practical considerations
must naturally prevail at 146, Queen Victoria-street."
However, it seems that the rarity of the Apocrypha is
itself apocryphal. Mr. Henry Frowde states that some fifty
editions of Oxford Bibles contain it ; and the Apocrypha
alone, boimd in leather, and with a proper title-page, is
issued by Mr. Frowde in eight different sizes.
MoBE than one literary gossipper has remarked a cer-
tain incongruity in the newspapers between the stem
tidings of the war and the trifles of criticism and book
talk. Mr. Edmimd GtOBse reconciled the two elements
very happily in the verses which he read at the dinner of
the Omar Khayydm dub last Thursday evening. They
were as follows :
While Zk\ and Rostum drew their thimderoas line
Across the roUing veldts that shift and shine,
Or marching down the long sun-bitten road,
Went wheeling round Rhinocerosfontein,
We, laagered safe from all our shadowy foes,
Performed our lites and waved the double rose,
Feasted in innocently Persian mode,
And told each other — ^what the master knows.
In peace we drank ; yet never might forget
With what rare wine the wilderness was wet,
What vintage, poured f r us, the withering grass
Holds to our glory and eternal debt.
Nor will forget. Tet are we folk of peace.
We long to hear the ringing warfare oease.
And o*er our feast a purpler flush will pass
When Z{\\ comes home with Rustum from the seas.
Kefebrino to the retirement of Dr. Sewell from the
wardenship of New College, the Queen makes a curious
slip. It says : " It is hard to believe that any man is still
alive who has seen Dr. Johnson working in the Bodleian
Library at Oxford. But Dr. J. Sewell, the venerable
warden of New OoUege, has done so." This is, of course,
wrong. Dr. Johnson died in 1784 ! Probably the Queen
writer had too hastily read our own paragraph, which
stated that Dr. Sewcol was said to be the only man in
Oxford who had spoken to men who had seen Dr. Johnson
in the famous library — a very different matter.
CoNOERNiNQ our recont suggestion that a book on the
war by Mr. Charles Hands would probably be good read-
ing, a writer in Country Life savs: ''Mr. Hands has as
many admirers as he has acquaintances, for he is one of
the most charming little men living; but if he were to
write a book the only question is whether his friends
would be more delighted or more suiprised. He has
always served his newspaper nobly, particularly in Cuba ;
but a laughing philosophy is second nature to him, and,
knowing him very well, I simply cannot picture to myself
Charles Hands sitting down to write a long book. VL he
did it would be a f oimtain of humour and of shrewdness,
and facts would never be permitted to hamper him for a
moment."
little known. Let us state, then, that the London Topo-
graphical Society has for years employed Mr. J. P.
Emjslie to make careful drawings of the exteriors and in-
teriors of interesting London buildings before their demo-
lition. In all about fifty such drawings have been issued
in the three neat paper-cover books now before us, and to
the drawings have been added interesting architectural
and histori^ notes by Mr. Emslie and Mr. Philip Nor-
man. Thus, in the second and third series, we have Mr.
Emslie's accurate records of Fore-street as it was in 1880,
when it still suggested the street in which Daniel Defoe
was bom; of No. 16, Fetter-lane, a reputed home of
Dryden, pulled down in 1887; and of the north end of
High-street, St. Giles's, before the formation of the
Charine Cross-road ; &c. In the third series are drawings
of old houses in Aldersgate - street, remains of the old
" Hummums " Hotel, CSvent Garden, &c. We are glad
to learn that though ihe separate publication of these
records is likely to cease Mr. Emshe's drawings will in
future embellish the Society's Tear Book.
Besides their illustrated <<Becord" of topographical
changes and demolished buildings in London, the work of
the London Topographical Society embraces the reproduc-
tion of maps and views in facsimile, the design being to
form a clmmological series from the earliest extant maps
to recent times. Lord Eosebery is the president of the
society. Lord Welby is its vice-president, there is an influ-
ential council, and the Society conducts its operations in
its own ofiices at 16, CHfford's-inn, where the works
already issued may be inspected. Their most recent
undertaking is the reproduction of a panoramic picture of
the highway from Hyde-park Comer to Addison-road,
made by the surveyor of the Kensington Turnpike Trustees
in 1811. The drawing is, of course, a survey, but the
elevations on the north side are given for the whole
distance, and these compose a charming panorama of the
highway as it was in the days of stage-coaches. The
previous issues of the society include Van den Wyngaerde's
View of London, a facsimile of the original drawing made
in the middle of the sixteenth century, now in the Bodleian
libraxT at Oxford. Vissoher's View of London in 1616,
Porters Map of London and Westminster taken shortly
before the Great Fire, may also be mentioned, and there
are others no less interesting.
A PHRASE there is that needs correction. We read in a
contemporary that the late Mr. Archibald Forbes *' wore
out prematurely his cast-iron constitution." We should
have thought that the constitution which enabled Mr.
Forbes to perform such extraordinary feats as his 110
miles' gallop from Ulundi, or his not less amazing feats of
endurance at Plevna, and which never broke down but
merely '^ wore out," had little in common with oast iron,
which, as every housewife knows, is brittle to a fault.
A "wrought iron" constitution would be the right de-
scription, in terms of iron. Yet the other epithet is almost
always chosen in such cases.
Several correspondents have written asking whether
the acknowledgments of Special Competitions which we
printed last week covered all that we had received from
the first. No; they were merely the last instalment.
The essays, poems, i&c, received by us number many
hundreds.
We have received the second and third series of the
Illustrated Topographical Record of London issued by the
London Topographical Society ; and we regret to find that
the third series is somewhat attenuated owing to want of
funds and that a different mode of publication is likely to
be necessitated in future. This invaluable Record is too
Veby recently a contemporary allowed a correspondent
to ask, '' Does Anyone Head Shakespeare ? " We are able
to state that Messrs. Snowdon, Sons & Co , of MilJwall,
London, E., read the Plays with some diligence. They
have issued the Swan's own testimony to the merits of
their Snowdrift Lubricant for Engineers. We cannot
quote the whole of the ingenious list of quotations of
which the initial letters, when read down the pci^i
3o6
The Academy.
14 April, 900.
give the legend, *'Engmeen Will Find Snowdrift Lubri-
cant Always Best," but we will quote part of it :
8 mooth as oil!
1 Awry IV'* Aol I, so. iiu
N oted and most known!
EanMt Act IL» ao. i.
0 rder the trial !
Richard II„ Act I., ac. iti.
W elcome! I am glad to see thee!
Bamistt Act IL, ac. ii.
D eserred the praise of the world I
CtfmMin0, Act Y., so. i7.
B un smooth!
Mid$ummsr NighffM Drmm, Act I., to. 1.
I come to answer thy best pleasure!
AlViWai, Act U.,ac.i,
F or achierement offer us!
Benrw V., Act III., ac. ▼.
T he very best that e*er I saw !
MidMummer NighVt Dream, Act V., ac. i.
L eave no rubs nor botches in the work!
Ma4fb«th, Act in., BO. 1.
XJ nrivalled merit!
Two OemtUnum qf Vsrona, Act Y., ac. ir.
B est am I in true opinion !
WinUr't TaU, Act IL, ac. i.
B egards me with an eye of favour!
Much Ado, Act Y., ac iy.
I mmediately delivered!
TUiU Andronietu, Act Y., ac. i.
0 annot but yield you forth to public thanks!
MMsurefor MMUure, Act Y., ac. i.
A pprobation for thy plice and sway!
Troiku and Oressida, Act I., ac. ill.
N oble is thy merit!
Miehard 11^ Act Y., ac. yi.
T ell tbe world aloud!
Meaturtfor Measure, Act IC, ac. 17.
Wb have received an anonvmous contribution of a
harrowing character, entitled '' The Betum of the Spring:
an Author's Lament." It is intereeting, and very well
written ; indeed, the author of such a composition has
little reason to lament on the score of his literary ability.
Nor do his private troubles seem to us to be incurable ;
his confession is sown with *^ cannots " which we simply
''cannot" accept. We give him this intimation that his
article is too long for us to use, and that it will lie at this
office until he claims it. A shorter and more inspiriting
contribution from his pen would have our consideration.
Bibliographical.
''I FiKD that in Moore's Dkrry," writes a well-known
journalist — for all the world as if he had never read that
work till now, which one can hardly believe to be the case
— '' he speaks of Sydney Smith imitating, among the
various forms of hand-shaking to be met with in society,
' the high official, the Archbishop of York's, who carries
your baud Aoft on a level with his forehead.' " Moore, of
course, is an authority on what he saw and heard ; but I
prefer, in this case, tiiat of Lady Holland, who, in her
memoirs of her father (1855, Vol. I., p. 403), prints a
little speech on hand-shaking which (she says) Sydney
Smith addressed to a young lady, beffinniug : '^ There is
nothing more characteristic than shakes of the hand. I
have classified them. There is the high official — ^the body
erect, and a rapid, short shake, near the chin " — and so
forth. This latter version is much better than Moore's ;
and I fancy the whole passage is to be found repeated in
the slender volume called Wit and Wisdom of Sydney
Smith, which was published some sixteen years ago, and
which I can heartily recommend to the attention of my
brother scribe.
Li writing last week about Miss Arabella Shore, I forgot
to mention that she describes herself, on the titie-page of
her Fint and Lait Foemi^ just issued, as ^' editor of the
Journal of Emily Shore.^' So far as I know, this is the
first public announcement of the interesting fact. If I
remember rightiy. Miss Emily Shore's Journal was pub-
lished in 1891 without any editor's name. The preliminaiy
information, indeed, was rather meagre, and the Journal,
very rightiy, was allowed to stand on its own merits.
Unquestionably Miss Emily Shore was not the least notable
member of a notable family. She died, I think, in her
teens, of consumption ; but her Journal shows that she had
considerable mental and spiritual gifts, and that, if she
had had a longer life, she might have left behind her some
solid Uteraiy achievement. Meanwhile the Journal itself
will no doubt have the effect of keeping her memoiy
green, at any rate among those who have leisure a&d
fiking for research in the bye-ways of book-land.
Yet another variant on me epigram which I quoted the
other day from Bishop Walsham How's Lighter MomenUl
Says the Kev. John J . Poynter, writing from Oswestry :
"I vividly remember yet another version of the lines-
more picturesque, too, and vigorous in some ways — heing
read to us students in sermon class assembled :
My daughters praise our curate's eyes ;
I cannot see their light divine ;
For when he prays he closes his.
And wLen he preaches I close mine.
They were from the Spectator of that week — somewhere,
probably, in March 1877." That is all very well; but
Oeorge Outram's Legal Lyrics, &c., were printed — ^privately
— so long ago as 1851, and any cUim to the epigram I
quoted from that volume must at least be dated prior to
tiiat year, or it is of none effect I still think tnat the
lines as printed in the Lyrics (latest edition, I beUeve,
1888) ai« more satisfactory than any of the venaons
supplied by my kind correspondents.
Not so very long ago there was produced in London a
littie one-act play called '^ Dr. Johnson," in which, if my
memory serves me, not only the great lexicographer) bat
also the faitiiful Boswell, was among the persona. The
desire to portray "littery gents" upon the stage appears
to be spreading. The Daihf News has drawn our attention
to a current American piece, by a reputable playwright,
in which Oliver Gk)ldsuiith (poor man!) is the title-
character, and in which his legendary love for Miss
Homeck is exploited for all (or more than) it is worth. It
is, however, only fair to remember that, so far as GtMoie
is concerned, the Yankees are not the first sinners in thu
respect. Just two years ago there was performed at a
London theatre a " curtain-raiser " entitied " The Eescue
of Oliver (Joldsmith," in which, by the way, Dr. Johnson
once more figured. This had been preoeded, by haliHt-
dozen years, by a littie one-act drama (played in the
country), for which Mr. F. Frankfort Moore was resfon-
gible— a dramatic trifle, named (in simplest fashion)
" Oliver Goldsmith." There is, however, no limit to the
boldness of these plajmakers. Did not Charles Beade
introduce into his '' Masks and Faces " no less a personage
than Oolley Cibber, his superior in stage-craft, ii ^
nothing else ?
Talking ^ literature and the stage, what a benefactor
the latter can, on occasion, be to the former ! The ciiwu»-
tion of the dramatised novel or poem expands as if by
magic. To put a story on the " boards" is to "boom «
splendidly. I take it, therefore, that there is, and Has
been, and will be, a great run upon the English "^^^
of Quo Vadis, the tale by H. B. Sienkiewioz, which is to De
" theatricalised " at the Adelphi under American auspioeB
and in the provinces under Mr. Wilson Barrett. The m
translation into EngUsh of Quo Vadis published m 1^
country appears to have been that by Jeremiah y"'^.
brought out in November, 1896, and then (in twovolam*/
in December, 1897, and again in May and J^y, ^^r-
Another version, by Messrs. 8. A. Binion and S. M*^^^
appeared in April and Julv of last year, and "• ."Jj^
purchased, apparentiy, for the small sum of 0^® "^^^^
There is a chance, therefore, of Quo Vadis woom««
familiar as a story, as well as in the garb of a drams,
tiie English " man in the street." Thb Bookwobh.
14 April, 1900.
The Academy.
307
Reviews.
The Husk of Technique.
JFhn We Dead Awaken: a Dramaiic Epilogue in Three
Aeti, By Henrik Ibsen. Translated by William
Archer. (Heinemann. 3b. 6d.)
Art vereus life—that is the theme of this strange piece,
which is less a self-contained play than a disastioas and
fatile coda to some long-preceding dramatic action, as, in-
deed, the sub-title partially indicates. The principal
characters are four. There are, first, Prof. Bubek, the
great sculptor, and his Philistine little wife Maia, who are
vainly tiyuig to enjoy the fruits of worldlj^ success. Bubek
has made his name and fortune by his group, ''The
Besurreotion Day," of which the central figure is ''the
noblest, purest, most ideal woman the world ever saw "
awakening from the sleep of death. Since the completion
of that masterpiece he has done nothing but por^g^t
busts — " striking likenesses," but with something "equi-
vocal, cryptic, lurking in and behind " them, somethmg
that the people themiBelves cannot see, and that Bubek
alone can see. "At bottom they are all respectable,
pompous horsefaces, and self-opinionated donkey-muzzles,
lop-eared, low-browed dog-skulls, and fatted S¥rine-
snouts." Bubek is fundamentally dissatisfied with him-
self and his art ; he is overset by the tedium of the world
and the desolathig dull companionship of Maia, to whom
art is only a word. In vain he tdls her that he is happy —
" in a way." In tiiie next breath, speaking in a parable, as
all the characters speak, he curtly informs the poor little
doll that she is "not bom to be a mountaineer." And
Maia, too, is restless, querulous, unhappy. She complains
that Bubek has not fmfiUed his original promise to " take
her up to a high mountain and show her all the glory of
the world "; it is in re[dy to this that Bubek taunts her
with her inability to dimb.
Such is the impaeee, when the other two characters
appear in the bathing-establishment where Bubek and
Maia are staying. Squire IQfh^m enters with im oath,
and describes himself uius : " A bear-hunter, when I have
the chance, madam. But I makd thd1)e6t of any sort of
game that comes in my way — eagles, and wolves, and
women, and elks, and reindeer — if only if s fresh and juicy
and has plenty of blood in it." Maia is taken with hiis
unaffected animalism, and at his suggestion goes off to
inspect his dogs ; Maia has met her fate, ^uien comes
the fourth character, " the strai^ l^dy," dressed in white
and followed by a black nun. Sie gazes at Bubek " with
vacant expressionless eyes."
BxTBBK : I know yoa quite well, Irene.
The Lady [tn a Umeleu voice] : Ton can guess who I am,
Arnold.
BiTBBK [wUhout anawering] : And you recognise me too,
A BOO.
Thb Ladt : That is quite another matter.
BUBBK : With me P How so P
Ths Lady : Oh, you are still alive.
BuBBK [not underetanding'} : Alive P
Thb Lady [after a »?iori pauee] : Who was the other P
The woman you had with you — there at the table P
BxTBXK [a UtUe rdvdanUy^ : She P That was my— my
wife.
Thb Lady [nods elowly"] : Indeed. That is well, Arnold*
- Some one, then, that does not oonoem me
BxTBBK [nocifl] : No, of oouree not
Thb Lady : One whom you have taken to you after my
lifetime.
Bttbbx [suddenly looking hard at her] : After you P
What do you m<>an by that, Irene P
Irene is mad, in some respects. Among other disorders
she has homicidal mania, and the black nun keeps a strait
waistcoat for her. Irene sat nude to Bubek for the statue
of the young woman. As deeply as the sculptor himself
Irene was absorbed in the statue ; she always calls it " her
child." Bubek accepted her services and co-operation,
and then thanked her " for a priceless episode," and then
diowed her the door, her who had "renounced home and
kindred " for him. Her charge against him now is three-
fold. First, he put " the work of art first — after it the
human 'being." Second, he was so passionless as to respect
her honour. Third, she had to give up to him ner
" young living soul, and that gift left me empty within —
soulless. It was that I died of, Arnold."
Bubek (after the manner of men) perceives the value of
the treasure he had cast aside. He nints to Maia that he
wishes to commit adultery, in order to be able to resume
his artistic activity. Maia, "unconcerned," replies that
she can go away if necessary, and adds: "But it won't
be; for in town— in all our great house — ^there must
surely, with a little ffoodwill, be room enough for three."
Maia then goes off hunting with Ulfheim. Bubek pro-
poses adultery to Irene, but Irene, " immovable," answers :
" For our life there is no resurrection." Later, however,
" with a wUd expression in her eyes," she breaks out to
him: "Will vou have a summer night on the upland —
with me ? " And the assignation is made. But stul there
is no contentment.
BuBBK [rrpeaU dreamily]: Summer night on the up-
land. With you : with you [Hie eyes met Aer«], oh ! Irene —
tiiat might have been our life. And thai we have for-
feited— ^we two.
Ibbbb : We see the irretrievable only when — [breaks off
ehort.]
Bxtbbk: WhenP
Ibbnb : When we dead awaken.
Bxtbbk [shakes his head moum/uUy] : What do we really
BMthenf
Ibbnb : We see that we have never lived.
In the brief third act, when " dawn is breaking " on the
lulls, Maia, out hunting with Ulfheim, barely saves her-
self from the atrocious advances of that libertine ; while
Bubek and Irene, wending their way to the furthest
upland, "through the mists and then ri^ht up to the
summit of the tower that shines in the sunrise," are over-
whelmed by an avalanche. The attendant black nun,
unharmed, shrieks "Pax vobiscum" — this is her sole
speech — and Maia's " triumphant song " of freedom
sounds from below. Finis.
It is a plain, repellent tale, told with nearly all Ibsen's
old masterful skill The play would probably " act " very
wdl. Every paffe is foil of subtle dramatic quality, and
the great scene between Bubek and Irene in Act II. is
beyond the slightest doubt extremely powerful. The
characters are fully realised for us. They may be ex-
quisitely unnatural, but we see them as Ibsen meant us to
see thenL There is no fumbling, no uncertainty. The
supreme craftsman has been at work. But what then?
Is this all ? Are we to pretend that we have not
tried to pierce the superficies of this sinister, abhorrent,
and stenle narrative ? Ibsen has more than once fretted
affainst those who try to " read into " his work messages
wiiich he never sent. His attitude has always been : " My
plays mean nothing." In the first act of the present play,
when Maia urges wat though the world knows nothing it
can divine something, Bubek replies: "Something that
isn't there at all, yes. Something that never was in my
mind. Ah, yes, that they can all go into ecstasies over."
We have no intention of going into ecstasies, but we do
say that the reader is compiled at least to attempt " to
divine something " under the factual envelope. By
causing all his persons to speak in metaphors, Ibsen leaves
him no alternative. The reader, like Bubek, must perforce
exdaim, "sadly and earnestly": "There is something
hidden behind everything you say." The whole piece is
a welter of dark utterances, vague symbolisms and mys-
terious figures of speech. Here is an example. Bubek
and Maia are talking of a railway journey by night :
Bxtbbk : I noticed how silent it became at all the little
roadside stations. I heard the eilenoe— like you, Maia ■■■'
3o8
The Academy.
14 April, 1900.
Maia: H'm! like me. Yes.
Btjbbk : and that assured me that we had crossed the
frontier — that we were really at home. For the train
stopped at all the little stations — although there was
nothing doing at alL
Maia : Then why did it stop — though there was nothiog
to be done ?
BtJBEK : Oan't say. Ko one got out or in ; but all the
same the train stopped a long, endless time. And at every
station I could make out that there were two railway men
walking up and down the platform — one had a lantern in
his hand — and they said things to each other in the night
— ^low, and toneless, and meaningless.
Maia : Yes, that is quite trae. There are always two
men walking up and down, and talking
There are soores of similar passages in the play — the
bramah-looked casket, the girl whose shoes were worn
very thin, the wounded bird of prey, the habitation of
the bears, the ships with no harpoon-men on board, the
heights, the valleys, the '* tight place," and many more.
It is idle to assert that these may properly mean nothing.
Either they mean something, or they are absurd and
constitute a needless and irriteting violation of that inner
realism of dialogue upon which Ibsen has always in-
sisted. And not only episodically, but in its large out-
lines the play has all the semblance of a parable. The
story seems always to be hiding some spiritual significance.
Hence the inevitable question: What is that spiritual
significance ? Erankly, we do not know. More minkly,
we do not believe that it exists. To read When We Dead
Awaken is like beating in the dark against an agitated
curtain in the vain quest of some solid figure on the other
side. The curtain drops heavily back at every stroke, till
at length the searcher desists, baffled and weary. If,
indeed, there be aught behind the curtain, it is unoodied
sh^es, elusive, forznless, futile.
We, as well as any, can appreciate the tremendous force
which Ibsen has been, the singleness of his aim, and the
greatness of his achievement. But the heat of the battle
which raged round him is now cooled, and none but the
most desperate fighters — in whose ears the war-cry will
never cease to ring — can fail to recognise, if they will be
honesty that a fine genius has passed into its period of
decadence. The last four plays are fourfold proof of this.
In the mere fact of decadence there should be no cause
for sorrow, for it is a phenomenon of natural law. Every
artist, if he lives out his life, becomes decadent ; but not
all in the same way. With some the decadence is tender
and serene, as witb Shakespeare. With others it is
unquiet, hysterical, inconsequent — as though the artistic
vitality, retaining its energy, had gone to sleep, and
worked creatively in a feverish and amorphous dream.
This is Ibsen's case. His career has been a concentration
of himself upon himself, too complete to be entirely
healthy. Like the Bubek whom Irene knew, he gave up
life for art. It was a grand renunciation, but even renun-
ciations have to be paid for, and Ibsen is paying for his
in the manner of his decadence.
Some Mysticisms and a Mystic.
An £%8ay in Aid of the Better Appreciation of Catholic
Myeticiem, Illustrated from the Writingfs of Blessed
Angela of Foligno. By Algar Thorold. (Kegan Paul.)
With Mr. Thorold's aim I have every sympathy, if I
rightly understand it. He aspires to ingratiate Catholic
mysticism with the intelligent public ; to divorce mysticism
from its popular association with Mr. John Wellington
Wells and the saltatory education of drawing-room tables.
The motive is excellent, but it comes to mean in practice
the popularisation, and I am sure that popular mysticism
is an evil thing. The precise aim of Mr. Thorold's present
book is to present '^ the constituents of mysticism," and (it
must be assumed from the title-page) to illustrate them
from the writings of the Franciscan mystic, Ang'ela da
Foligno. I do not see that he has presented the con-
stituents of mysticism. This is a pity, for he is a ^rriter
of considerable distinction as regards style. His most
profound and illuminatively original points are taken
from Coventry Patmore, whom he has evidently studied.
Not that I impeach the general originality of his treatise.
I would he had taken more; above all, Mr. Patmore's
perspicuous sense of order, his pregnant condensation and
concentration upon his subject. Mr. Thorold divag-ates
with exasperating fluency upon the slightest provocation.
He cannot resist a controversial opening, however far it
may lure him from the matter of his professed thesis. He
thinks it necessary, *' incidentally and by way of illustra-
tion," to describe " a hypothetical process of conversion,
and also to suggest the sort of way in which the modem
Catholic mystic may be disposed, for the sake of his own
peace of mind, to meet some current objections to Catholic
faith and practice." This incidental illustration ultimately
occupies the greater part of the treatise. I presume that
I am more or less a " mystic," in Mr. Thorold s loose sense
of the term ; but it is not for my peace of mind to pursue
and criticise him through his ^'incidental" divagation,
and divagations upon divagation. I cannot see that thej
are "necessary," nor why they should absorb needful
space. A controversy on ** Bible Christianity," for
example — what is it doing in this galley, or will it con-
ciliate the outsider's sympathies towards mysticisni ?
Suasive exposition should surely be the means employed.
He elaborately piles the arguments for scepticism drawn
from physical science, merely to explain that the " natural
mystic " will start from a quite other basis of thoug^ht.
Why waste time in such elaborate entrenchments if you
intend to pass them by and leave them en Pair? And
again, what a far cry from the " constituents of mysticisni " !
This controversial zeal leads him into rash statements.
'^ To the man of mystical temperament, . . . and to him
only, is the message of the [Catholic] Church addressed."
A tremendous limitation for a body Catholic ! Or would
Mr. Thorold persuade a consensus of theologians to endorse
''the fact that it was the fall of Lucifer, rather than that
of Adam, which for the first time introduced moral evil,
with all its possible consequences, into the Creation " ?
This ''fact" (a bold word!) sweeps away the traditional
innocuousness of Eden ; for Mr. Thorold means the phy-
sical Creation. Mais enjfin, these constituents of mysticism ?
After this preparatory labour, there crawls forth (to my
eyesight, at least) but one. Adopting Coventry Patmore's
view, that the supreme justification of dog^a is the
psychological value of the truth it contains, he bases
mysticism on the doctnne of the Creation. He shows (to
state it briefly) that full acceptation of that doctrine
implies the subjection of the whole man in his whole
being to God. But this is the basis of all true Christian
life, and only the basis of mysticism insomuch as mysticism
is the furthest and logical outcome, the ultimate flower, of
true Christian life. It is not a specific basis. Nor does it
help the reader to understand what mysticism specifically
is. Yet beyond this and an historical mtroduction (which
has its own elements of disproportion) there seems to me
nothing to prepare the unaccustomed reader for the highly
mystical writings of Angela da Polig^o which follow —
abruptly and without comment. He steps into them as
from a bathing-mstchine — and I can fancy may gasp.
Valuable for the acquainted student, they do not appear a
good choice as an introduction to mysticism. They contain
many *'hard savings," and the earlier portions have much
of the physical character so repellent to the outsider.
Even on the average Catholic some things will come with
a douche of surprise.
I am sorry to say these things, for Mr. Thorold writes
well, and there is method in his long approach. But he
has a crocodile unwieldiness in revolving on his own axis.
14 April, 1900.
The Academy.
309
Lack of proportion crowds out or attenuates the central
matter— which is surely the nature of mysticism. If he
does not actually leave the rails, he is yet too fond of
loop-lines.
The mystic is not (as Mr. Thorold's use of the word
would seem to countenance) a student of mysticism, any
more than a scientist is one who studies books on science.
Not yet is he a d&rotee, a devout practiser of religion.
Mysticism is an interior ladder, at the summit of which is
God. The mystic endeavours, by a rigid practical virtue,
combined with prayer, meditation, and mortification of the
senses, to arrive at a closer union with the Creator.
Union with Ood is proposed as the state of the future life,
and therefore the ultmiate end of the Christian. But
mysticism holds that some degree of such union is possible
in this life. It is the belief of Plato no less than St. John
of the Cross. There is an indwelling of the Divinity in
every Christian. " Know ye not that ye are a temple of
Gk)d, and that the Spirit of God dwelleth in you?" But
the gradual purification of body and soul, with the turn-
ing of the whole man towards GK>d, permits the Deity to
flow in with a greater closeness, until there is finally
accomplished, if not the spousal union of the next life, at
any rate a betrothal imion, we may say.
These are only your espousaU ; yes,
More intimate and fniitf aller far
Than aptest mortal nuptials are.
Such, in brief, is the theory of mysticism. Its principles
are many and not in a few words to be laid down. Eor it
is no tsrra incognita ; from the recorded experience of
mystics the whole process has been mapped out elaborately.
This myiticdl theology^ as it is called, serves, however,
mainly for the instruction of directors who have to deal
with such persons. The mystic himself can pursue no
beaten track, no guide-book path. The way to Gbd is
through Himself, and is conditioned by His Own nature.
It is cuike for no two men. And it is th^ study of its adapta-
tion to the personally which is so psychologically interest-
ing in Uie writings of individual mystics.
The process varies indefinitely with the individual con-
cerned. ^* The mystic is the religious genius," says Mr.
Thorold, and there is profound bnith of analogy in the
saving. But that mysticism has no necessary connexion
with natural genius there could not be a better proof
than his chosen instance, Angela da Foligno. Her psycho-
logical interest resides largely in the fact that she was the
reverse of a '^ genius." In the unconscious betrayid and
characteristic savour of her writings, she appears obviously
to be by nature a very little woman, a woman of boundea
and self-conditioned mind, with all that incapacity of vital
conception outside the personal environment whidi Buskin
grieved over in her sex. Not for her a large and im-
personal outlook. A yoimg married woman, of irregular
life previous to her entering upon the mystical way, she
seems (if one may trust her own violent self-accusations)
to have combined actual laxity with a show of religiosity.
Among her latest and most serious sacrifices to ^e new
way of life she mentions head-tires and the like beloved
f emine adornments. At a yet later stage of her spiritual
preparation, she makes the naif confession that she ceased
to laugh at Petruccio. Clearlv a light damsel, to whom
this unidentified Peterkin was dear matter of merriment —
even more difficult to forego than head-tires. Her one
quality beyond the common is a strenuous emotionality ;
and this was nowise conspicuous in an Italian woman
belonging to a century of vehement passions. Of weak
nature, dhe found conversion a slow and painful process ;
she was not '* saved " in a moment, after the manner of
the Salvation bench. She has no literary art, no special
gift of expression : her account of her spiritual experiences
is of a girlish naiveU. One would expect the character of
her spiritual relations to be adapted to the limitations of
her mind, since mysticism follows the natural order, which
is elevated into the supernatural without violent wrench.
And it is even so : these relations have an intimate little-
ness nothing less than startling to the general reader, and
arresting to the most experienced. A homely Bride of
the Song of Songs (so to speak), one wishes, m listening
to her, for the veil of poetry. This reason precludes us
from quoting what is psychologically most interesting in
its adjustment to the simple and personal feminine mind.
No less interesting are the numerous suggested analogies
between divine and natural love, and equally interdicted
from quotation by consideration for the general reader.
But psychology is baffled by another aspect of these
writings. For this unlearned woman of small mind, whose
earlier visions have all that literal and physical character
which we should d priori expect, in ner later visions,
attains an altogether unexpected height of abstraction,
and subtle philosophical conceptions which I have known
to astonish at least one philosopher. The abrupt transition
to these transcendental summits from the ii^antile sim-
plicity of the writer's previously exhibited mental outlook,
and the prattle of her narrative style, is a chief riddle of
this extraordinary book. A riddle it will be to the ordinary
reader, whether ne admits or does not admit the super-
natural element, and to many readers a profane rid^e.
To myself, with all its interest from the standpoints which
I have indicated, it appears a book for which publicity, the
indiscrimate publicity of the bookseller's window, was tm-
meant. I feel as if I had been eavesdropping at a convent
confessional. I can hardly think it will make one convert
to the value of mysticism. But I fear it may repel many.
Frakois Thompson.
Newspaper Stamps and Hindrances.
Taxes on Knowledge : the Story of their Origin and Repeal,
By Collet Dobson Collet. (T. Fisher Unwin.)
The story of the hindrances which the stamp and other
Acts placed on the freedom of the Press, and on the cheap
dissemination of news, is a most interesting chapter in our
social history. If it were written as it should be it would
be full of excitement and interest : the narrative of a sort
of steeplechase in which the Press would be seen taking
the obstacles placed before it, here dealing a ditch and
there a fence, until at last it arrived where it now is,
with no masters and no censors but the public and the
advertisers. But such a history yet remains to be written,
for the present work is both dull and pretentious, and
the reader will be a very youthful and enthusiastic
admirer of the daily paper who will wade through all the
small beer which tricKles over so many pages in these two
volumes.
But the statesmen who imposed the stamp duties and
continued them were not actuated by any *' nefarious "
desire to stifle public knowledge. They may have
deserved to be pelted with adjectives, but they seem
c^efly to have been actuated by the desire to raise
money for the revenue, a desire which is natural in the
official, as is the opposite desire in the average man to
evade or abolish any tax or duty which touches his pocket.
Those who dung to the Stamp Acts were actuated by a
desire to put money in the public treasury : those who
wished to repeal the duties were impelled by a feeling
that without them cheap newspapers might be made a
very good thing. To talk of the taxes on newspapers as a
'^ tax on knowledge " is merdy another example of the
advantage of a good ciy which begs the question and
tickles the ears of the unthinking. The taxes were really
taxes on news, which is a very different thing, for news is
not knowledge, and though we are all agreed that it was
right and necessary to free the Press, yet it is just as well
to call things by their real names.
The imposition of the taxes dates from the reign of
3IO
The Academy.
14 April, 1900.
Queen Annei when men's passions were still excited by
the Oivil War and the Hevolution. In the process of
settling down language was used by pamphleteers which
could not be justified, and for the sake of peace it was as
well to stop the inflammatonr writers whose words might
jiist possioly have thrown all England into the melting-pot
again. Considering the state of the country a couple of
centuries ago, the following passage is probably justified
in its imputation of motives, and it gives a fine idea of
Hr. OoUet's style :
Was there no way by which, without the necessity of
constant oentration, private men might be prevented from
using the Press to make their opinions public ? The
pamphleteers were not rich, but they were often p-riions
of eduoation, and not penniless. When only a few copies
of their writings were wanted they could pay for them,
but now that reading was become more common, and that
great numbers of copies were printed, the cost had, to a
great extent, to be paid by the readers. If these sheets
could be taxed their distribution might become difficult,
and when anyone attempted to evade the tax he could be
punished, not as a Hbeller, but as a smuggler, and the
character of what was printed would not come under dis-
cosiion, as it generally would in a trial for libel. At the
time we are recording, 1709. these considerations appear
to have very much occupied the minds of the members of
the House of Commons.
There is, no doubt, a great deal of truth in this exposi-
tion, but the measure is one example of how Bills come to
be passed or taxes imposed for a specific, if unavowed,
purpose, and then are retained, thanks to the force of
official habit) after the reasons which prompted them have
passed away. But for a long time the Niewspaper Acts
and the stamp tax was looked upon as a convenient method
of stopping those seditious persons who even as late as the
beginning of this century published observations '' tending
to excite hatred and contempt of the (Government and Con-
stitution of these realms as by law established," till
gradually the people and the Government advanced in their
education, and finally realised that a cheap Ftess, though
lendins^ itself to many abuses, was far more sensitive to the
control of public opinion than to that of a tax collector at
Somerset House. But what strikes one especially in all
this long history of a struggle against taxation is the very
small amount- received by the Exchequer. In 1815, the
year of the Battle of Waterloo, the revenue from news-
paper stamps was only £383,695, and in 1835 it was only
£553,197, having been at its height in 1831, at the time of
the Beform Bill agitation, when it reached the sum of
£586,635, a wretched enough sum to squabble over for so
many years.
Lord Lyndhurst really gave the first blow to the news-
paper taxes in 1834, and the end might have come more
qiuckly had not the Com Law agitation turned the minds
of the great public into a more personal channel, for cheap
bread seemed more desirable than cheap news, and so the
latter got shelved. In 1851 the matter was taken up by
more serious persons, such as members of Parliament and
others, and the advertisement duty, which pressed hardly
on papers, was abolished on August 4, 1853. The com-
pulsory stamp on newspapers was abolished June 29,
1855, the paper duty was repealed October 1, 1861, and
the Registration and Security Acts in 1869.
For thirty years, therefore, the Press has been absolutely
free, and has had no restrictions placed upon it except
thoi^e enforced by public opinion and the advertisers.
How strong the pressure these can exercise he who will
may see at any time. Public opinion is now a very real
and salutary censor.
In the Close.
Sunning well. By F. Warre Oornish. (Constable. 68.)
The gentle life, gently told, of a canon in the Midlands
who lives in the Cathedral Close with his sister and niece
until the niece marries, the sister dies, and the caaon.
himself fades away loving and beloved, *' a pattern set to
show that it is possible to be a Churchman without being*
a dogmatist, a critic without being censorious, a Christian,
yet not over unworldly." It is the glory of the Church of
England to have produced such men, and, although we
fancy the type is rarer than it was, there are doubtless
many Philip Mores — ^learned, kindly, and devout — leading
the daustrai life iu some of the sleepy cathedral towns of
which England still boasts. Whether it will long survive
the multiplication of dioceses, the increased means of com-
munication between town and town, and the general rush
and rattle of modern life, remains to be seen ; but when
it dies out life will have lost much of its picturesqueness.
Mr. Cornish's picture of Philip More, ''who looked in
the first place a gentleman, in the second a clergyman^ in
the third a scholar, . . . but not a don," is charming. So
are those of the gruff old onanist and his pupil and
successor, ''who looks like a (Jerman"; of tihe three old
maiden ladies who kopt a girls' school of the old-fashioned
kind, and were "at home" every Wednesday; and of
More's old servant, devoted to his master, but disliking
" dinner-parties, rather because they gave others pleasure
than because they gave himself trouble." And all More's
kindliness does not prevent his conversation on most
matters from being flavoured with a delicate irony that is
as shrewd as it is good-natured.
" There is nothing more wonderful, " he says, " than the
fact that a woman has nothing to learn. What she knows
ab3ut a person or a fact, eipecially a person, admits of no
addition or diminution, no misgiving or doubt : that is
thenceforth to be added to the facts 01 the case, as part of
the dossier. Now that, I think, is not a common qoality
in men ; and the men who have it are just those to whom
women submit their judgment; in action, that is, not in
opinion ; for whatever a woman may do or allow to be
done she always knows she was right all the time."
Or, again :
" The smaller the man, the bigger the priest Keble
and his friends, those who stayed with us, were clergymen
before they were priests. The modern High Churchman,
as soon as he is ordained, is tempted to thiok that he is
not only set apart, as he ought to think, but set above the
laity, as a lord over the heritage. They seem to think
they have given to them at their ordination a ticket of
admission to front places in the Kingdom of Heaven."
Or, again :
'* The people we call our inferiors are not merely in-
different. They look upon us as on the whole on the
rig^ht side of nothing ; for instence, deans and canons, to
John Byles's mind, are people who walk behind vergers,
and the converse proposition does not interest him."
It is, perhaps, with a double meaning that Mr. Cornish
alludes to More as " the humourist."
The more serious purpose of the book is no doubt
shown in the catastrophe. Spurred on by the attempt
of some of his brother clergy to procure his signa-
ture to a condemnation of Essays and Reviews^ More
preaches a sermon in the Minster, setting forth " the duty
of studying new doctrine, and not condemning it merely
because it was new." And then, finding that this does
not satisfy the orthodox, he follows it up by another
developing "the somewhat subtle and difficult thesis " that
" the form which religion takes is continually changing,
and so even the creeds must mean different things, to
those who repeat the words now, from what they meant
to those who framed them ; the material form in which
true doctrines were presented might easily pass into the
region of legend." The more evangelical of the (^pter
t4 Apiil, 1900.
The Academy.
311
set the bishop at him, and the bishop sugg^ests that he
should resign his preferments. On his way home from
the palace he gets a chill, which develops into a pleurisy,
and he is never after the same man. Although he resigns
his cure, he retains^ with everybody's consent, his canonry,
but does not touch the stipend. At length he dies,
regretted as much by his opponents as by his friends, on
a peaceful death-bea, which is one of the most touching
thmgs in the book.
Mr. Oomish, who, we forgot to say, is Yice-Provost of
Eton, is no doubt right ; and such things were possible in
''the 'sixties and 'seventies," although, he thinks, ''such
sermons might be preached without ofiPence now." Tet it
is hard to see how the bishop could, at that time, have done
other than he did. In his love for comprehension — and he
repeatedly makes More say that the cathedrals should be
open to Nonconformist ministers as well as to clergymen
of the Church of England — Mr. Oomish, perhaps, takes
too exclusively the clerical view of the matter, and over-
looks the result that the expression of such views as his
hero's are apt to have on the, it may be, uninstructed
layman. Although he speaks of the Eisayi and Reviews
period as one " when science and criticism were battering
at the church doors, while the congregation inside
thought more of how they could succeed in keeping them
out than on what terms they could let them in," the
same assault with the same result was delivered many
times before Essays and Reviews was written, and is
raging with great fierceness now. The rotimdity of the
earth, the plurality of worlds, the doctrine of evolution,
have each in their turn marshalled their forces against the
dogmas of the Christian Church, and Catholic, Anglican,
and Dissenter have united first in defending and afterward
in surrendering the position. Now has come the turn of
that advanced or destructive criticism which says in effect
that both the language and the evidence of the Bible may
be freely altered or rejected according as it does or does
not agree with profane sources ; and already, as readers of
the AoADSHT know well, there are many within the fort
who are clamouring that this point, too, shall be conceded.
Nor is there anv sign that matters will stop here. The
belief in miracles is challenged even in Mr. Cornish's
book. The ecclesiastical mind has a way of its own in
such matters, and we are far from saying that to it the
subtle arguments — we will not call them casuistries or
sophistries — by which More supports his theory of com-
prehension may not seem sufficient. But to the layman,
accustomed to look upon facts from the objective side, the
spectacle of a Church — ^including in this phrase again all
Christian denominations — opposing whue it can and
accepting when it must the conclusions of a science which
has always been distasteful to it, is likely to have a result
very different from that which Mir. Cornish hopes and no
doubt fancies.
This apart, Mr. Cornish has written a book in every
way charming, and one which deserves to be read for ite
own sake, irrespective of the theological opinions of author
or hero.
Edward FitzGerald's ** Great Gun.''
The Faems of George Orahhe, A Selection. Arranged and
Edited by Bernard Holland. (Edwurd Arnold.)
Most readers of the present day would confess that their
knowledge of Crabbe was limited to the admirable parody
in the Rejected Addresses. In truth, it is scarce a parody ;
every feature of Crabbe's style is exactly caught, whUe it
is scarcely an exaggeration of Crabbe's own pedestrian
moments. The jingles, burlesque though they appear, are
no whit worse than Crabbe's own.
Wanton thoaghts, I grant,
Were first my motive, now the thoughts of want
is a quite average example from the Parish Register,
Without saying that the Refected Addresses gives an adequate
idea of Crabbe, it may yet be questioned whellier ^ere is
not some reason for the neglect of Crabbe. Has Crabbe,
in fact, quite the stuff to live ?
The only prominent attention which we remember being
{md to Crabbe of late years came^uriously — ^from no
ess exacting a critic of poetry than the late Coventry
Patmore. It is an unlooxed-for conjunction; yet, since
he put his essay on permanent record, it is worth referring
to as showing what a modem champion has to say for
Crabbe. The chief thing which strikes him, the thine to
which he returns again and again, is Crabbe's pituess
microscopic perception. He compares it to an electric liffht,
wherein the very sludge and dead dogs in a tidal nver
shine again. The perception is undeniable, and this
defender of Crabbe aomits, in effect, that it is exercised too
indiscriminately for art, that we could spare a few of the
dead dogs. This, of course, is the merit claimed for Crabbe
since his first appearance : that he sees for himself, and
paints what he sees, even to the extent of dwelling on
ugliness and squalor.
Nature's sternest painter, yet the best.
Of the sternness there is no possible doubt, but we demur
to that "best." The description is careful, minute,
accurate; but it is far too mmute, far too accurate for
poetry. There is no selection: one stanza of Tennyson
would do the thing infinitely better with a tithe of the
words. It is, in fact, excellent prose description; every-
thing noted objectively in exact detail, nothing spared,
nothing forgotten. Whereas a poet should forget every-
thing but the few strokes which make for magic.
The following description of the Aldborough neighbour-
hood is a very good example :
Lo ! where the heath, with withering brake grown o*er,
Lends the light turf that warms the neighbouring poor ;
From thenoe a length of burning sand appears.
Where the thin harvest waves its withered ears ;
Bank weeds, that every art and care defy,
Beign o'er the laod, and rob the blighted rye :
There thistles stretch their prickly arms afar,
And to the ragged infant threaten war ;
There poppies, nodding, mock the hope of toil,
There the blue bagloas paints the sterile soil ;
Hardy and hiffh, above the slender sheaf,
The slimy mallow waves her silky leaf ;
O'er the young shoot the charlock throws a shade.
And clasping tares ding round the sickly blade ;
Wiih mioffled tints the rocky coasts abound,
And a sita splendour vainly shines around.
So looks the nymph, whom wretched arts adorn,
Betray 'd by man, then left for man to soom ;
Whose cheek in vain assumes the mimic rose,
While her sad eyes the troubled breast disclose ;
Whose outward splendour is but folly's dress.
Exposing most, when most it gilds distress.
This is not only stem, but wilfully so. He sees everything
with a grim eye. Aldborough, we are told, was exces-
sively poor and squalid then ; but the surrounding country
must have been then, surely, much as it is now. The
lovely Suffolk marshes, blooming with flowers and flower-
like grasses, must have stood as they stand now. Then,
as now, the flag-lilies must have turned them into glory in
due season of die vear. Yet from all Chrabbe's works put
together you would gain no conception tiiat such a country
surrounded his native village. ELis eye was jaundiced by
the poverty amid which he was reared until it took natively
to harsh objecte. Whatsoever was arid in the country
about him he noted grioily ; but for its compensations he
had no eye — or so it seems to us.
Yet Crabbe has power undeniably; he has truth and
pathos and a manly style (which would have been better
without Pope) ; and it is perhaps ungrateful to higgle
whether his power should exactly oe described as poetical.
Nor will it do the present dav any hann to read The
Borough or the Parish Register^ wnile it may do it consider'
able good.
512
The Academy.
14 April, 1900.
Other New Books.
The Unchanging East.
Bt Eobebt Barb.
Mr. Barr's book is resolutely and implacably facetious.
Not humorous, not comic, but facetious. One would give
so much for a genuinely comic idea, for a spark of wit,
for an oasis of fine writing or even a single felicitous
descriptive epithet inspired by imagination ; but no, we
are denied everything out facetiousness. And what is so
sad about it is that in this facetiousness there are no
surprises, the expected always happens. To a large
extent such was also the case with the Innocents Abroad,
on which book apparently Mr. Barr (although, as he tells
us, by birth a Scotsman) has modelled his style ; but it
has to be remembered that the Innocents Abroad was the
first of its kind and came into being thirty and more
years ago, and also that it was often really funny and
always the work of a powerful and original mind. Now,
in Mr. Barr's record of travel he has put no originality
and no power ; he has merely used to the utmost a con-
vention that is old to the point of exhaustion.
Thus: when Mr. Barr wishes to stay in a place, he
* dingers longer, like Lu." He has been informed that
it is quite common for French ships to lose their reckoning
and *' find themselves in the position of the man in the
song, who 'dunno where 'e are.'" " France, '^ he says
elsewhere, "has really resolved to acquire the leather
medal for stupidity, and has become a troublesome neigh-
bour ; while as a colonist she is beneath contempt." A
Tunisian Arab, " like the man who broke the bank, walks
along the Bois de Boulogne with an air that is inimitable."
Concerning an Eastern coin: "There is on the larger
silver coins a cabalistic mark, which resembles an American
spreadeagle having a fit. This hieroglyphic nightmare,
they tell me, is Turkish, and means * Qod save the Sultan.'
I think I could amend the phrase by substituting another
word for * save.' " And so forth ; everywhere this tawdry
bank-holiday facetiousness, unfortunately not unmixed
as we have shown, now and then with something very
much like bad manners.
In fairness to Mr. Barr, it ought to be said that these
chapters were written for publication in a weekly paper,
where such things are more in keeping ; but that does not
excuse the book. There is also a certain amount of
information in these pages, and Mr. Barr's geniality is
invincible ; but we cannot consider its production as other
than time ill spent. It is as well worth while to try and
write well as to write like this. (Chatto & Windus. 6s.)
The Kendals.
By T. Edgak Pbmberton.
Here is a book which — though, we dare say, it is
having a certain amount of vogue at the libraries, and
will find a place on the shelves of the " enthusiastic
playgoer" — does not touch literature at any point. It
professes to be "a biography," but is really a sort of
iloffc chronologically arranged. Its author speaks of his
" close, constant, and valued friendship " with Mr. and
Mrs. Kendal; and the volume is just such as a dose,
constant, valued friend would pen, if he had little
faculty either for criticism or for style. Boiled down to
the bare element of fact, this book might have excuse for
existence as a pamphlet. As it stands, it is but a tedious
tale of (as the author has it) unmitigated successes. A
good deal of what Mr. T. E. Pemberton here says he has
said already in his volumes on T. W. Eobertson and Mr.
John Hare. His chief fault, however, is his prolixity,
his determination to write round a fact rather than state
it simply and concisely. The strain of perpetual eulogium
in which he writes is explicable from his own point of
view, but particularly irritating to the fair-minded on-
looker. It is no wonder that Mrs. Kendal begged to be
omitted from the memorial ; to be exposed to the sustained
flow of Mr. Pemberton's published approval must be not
a little trying to any flayer with a sense of humour. For
the rest, the work is illustrated by a number of excellent
reproductions of photographs, representing Mr. and Mrs.
Kendal in parts they made popular. And meanwhile,
happily, those accomplished performers are stUl active in
the pursuit of their profession, and, we may hope, will
not be the legitimate subjects of genuine biography for
many a year to come. (C. A. Pearson, Ltd. 16s.)
"Story of the Nations." — Modebn Italy.
By Pbof. Pibtbo Oksi.
The story of the Italian struggle for independence has
been told in many ways. We have had of late Mr. Stillman's
thoughtful study of the forces which wrought Ths Union
of Italy and deUa Eocca's dramatically personal memoirs.
Prof. Orsi gives harmoniously the political movements and
his characterisations of the individual actors — Mazzini,
Garibaldi, and the state-building Oavour. He traces the
working of the liberal spirit under the difEering conditions
of the various provinces in a manner to make dear the
Problems which confronted the statesmen and soldiers of
ledmont and the revolutionaries of the rest of Italy.
Nor has he fallen into the enthusiast's error of unreasoning
resentment ; but shows that the antagonism of Austrian
and Italian was due in part to the inevitable conflict of
opposing ideals. PleasanUy he reveals Italy, as only an
Italian can, through its different provinces, with their
peculiarities of soil and spirit :
Thus Piedmontese life is moulded by Turin, the city of
even luid regular streets, which corresponds, as it were,
with the character of its people. The delightful Ligurian
coast, fringed with villages embosomed in olive groTes,
fitly harmonises with the life around Qenoa the Magnifi-
cent, famous for her marble palaces and stirring maritime
activities, which render her the first commercial port of
Italy. The fertile Lombard region has its focus in bosy,
hard - working Milan, whose glorious cathedral over-
shadows a great part of Italian commercial enterprise.
Venice, that magic city of the lag ions, continues to be
one of the essentially artistic centres of the peninsula.
Emilia and the Bomagna provinces, from Parma to
Bavenna — ^the former capital of the Ostrogoths, and the
venerated burial-place of Dante — ^recognise as their chief
city time-worn Bologna, the oldest university town in
Italy. Florence, with her placid traditions, her glorious
'* humiuiities," reflects, in the "even tenor" of her
(existence, as well as in her outward surroundings, the
whole of Tuscan life and temperament.
In conclusion. Prof. Orsi shows us Italy of the present
in which " the prose of possession succeeds the poetry of
desire,'' yet which in her network of inartistic railways
and telegraph lines is linking herself with the ancient
Bomans, the road-makers of the world. The author's
national sympathies may account for a certain idealisation
of the mediaeval communes and princedoms. Stranger it
is to find a professor at Yenice committing himself to the
statement that the house of Farnese *' never specially
distinguished itself." The master mind of Alexander
Farnese found its chief work in the revolted Netherlands,
yet he shared with Yenetisuis the honours of Lepanto.
We may congratulate Prof. Orsi on a translator whose
English version is English, unmarred by Italian idiom,
though her rendering of the patriotic songs must be con-
fessed inadequate. (T. Fisher Unwin. 5s.)
Thb Mobals of Suicide. By the Eev. J. Guknhill, B.A.
It is impossible not to feel respect for this book. The
author avows himself a Christian Socialist, and approaches
suicide as ^' a symptom of the sin and misery which is
seething beneath the surface of society in all its classes."
He has carefully analysed the statistics of suicide taken
from Morselli's well-known book, and has further attempted
to classify the causes of suicide as disclosed in one hunored
cases taken, *' just as they came," from newspaper reports.
Unfortunately, the basis of observation is an unsafe one
14 April, 1900.
The Academy.
313
fot reasonable inference. Obyiously, the real "cause"
of a suicide does not, in perhaps the majority of cases,
ppet into the newspapers. It is generally eyerybody's
interest to keep it out. Again, Mr. Gurnhill nimself
gives the probable annual number of suicides effected or
attempted in England as about four thousand; and of
these, one hundred is too few to calculate from. Nor do
we think that you can, as Mr. QumhiU attempts to do,
assign one '' cause " — '* physical, mental, moral, or social"
— ^to each case of suicide. As a rule, there are factors at
work coming under all, or more than one, of his heads.
For the cure of suicide Mr. Gurnhill looks to '* Christian
Therapeutics " ; and here he leaves sociology for a sphere
of theology into which we cannot follow him. (Longmans.)
Oablo Crivblli. Bt G. McNeil Bushfobth, M.A.
With the exception of Mr. Stevenson's Velatqun^ Mr.
Bushforth's Crivelli is, perhaps, the most interesting
volume that has yet appeared in the "Great Masters
in Painting and Sculpture" series. There is nothing
added to the scanty notices already published of Orivelli's
life, for there does not seem to be any material from
which to add it. An obscure and solitary life in the
March of Ancona leaves but few records. But the analysis
of Orivelli's personality, of the growth of his art, of the
strains of tradition and influence which meet in it, is
excellent. And Orivelli's work is so isolated, clear-cut,
and individual that such treatment tends to more solid and
definite results than is always the case when it is applied
to painters more many-sided and more in the movement.
The one thing that Mr. Eushforth does not seem to us
quite to bring out is the extent and quality of Orivelli's
symbolism. He lays just stress on the union in the painter
of ''much that was archaic and conventional" with ''a
real appreciation of nature and searching after realism."
He mentions the festoons of fruit and vessels of flowers
that adorn Orivelli's Madonnas, the cracked and fractured
marble surfaces, the leafless trees placed in the back-
grounds, but he does not wholly explain their introduc-
tion. The realistic delight in the study of nature for its
own sake, no doubt, in part ; but everyone of these details
subserves symbolism. Nothing is more familiar in
northern Italy than the mulberry tree stripped of its
leaves. Orivelli observes it, but surely it typifies for him
the state of the world lacking redemption. 80, too, the
cracked surface of the balustrades on which the Ohild and
his Mother lean, while the fruit and flowers are certainly
exquisite decoration, but certainly also the fruit and flowers
of grace. And the beautifully-drawn fly in Lord North-
brook's picture, at which the Ohild looks with such horror,
while he holds a fluttering bird to his bosom — is not that
Beelzebub, the prince of flies? While the birds, here and
elsewhere, pecking at the fruit or perched on the leafless
trees, are but the emblems of human souls. The sym-
bolism would not be difficult to a painter working in so
Franciscan a country as the March of Ancona. Mr. Bush-
forth's careful catalogue of Orivelli's works makes a
valuable appendix, while his illustrations are the more
interesting since some of them are from photographs
taken in out-of-the-way spots by Mr. Houghton for the
purposes of this volume. As usual, the larger pictures,
the National Gallery ''Annunciation" for instance, do
not reproduce well upon the scale adopted. (BeU. 5s. net)
SOLDIEB SONQS. EDITED BY J. E. OaBPENTBB.
A littie khaki-bound collection of some of the best
ditties about fighting and fiffhting-men. It begins with
"A Knapsack and a Oheenul Heart," and ends with
" God Save the Queen." Wherever a musical setting is
known, the publisher of the music, or the air to which the
song may be sung, is given. Among recent numbers are
" Soldiers of the Queen," " Tommy, Tommy Atkins," and
Ifr. Conan Doyle's " Who Oarries the Gun." Mr. Kipling
is not represented at all, an omission due probably to the
iron laws of copyright. ( Wame. )
Fiction.
The JTaUn of Ed$ra. By Ouida.
(T. Fisher Un?rin. 6s.)
This book belongs to the later Italian series of Ouida's
novels. It is now close upon forty years since her first
work, Meld in Bondage^ was issued ; nevertheless, the
imaginative force of her last gives no sign of decadence.
The story is, indeed, powerful, and one can conceive that it
was "thrown off" with masterful ease, as Victor Hugo
might have thrown it off — writing in bold scratching
strokes at a plain wooden desk: such is one's impres-
sion.
Ouida takes an Italian valley, and shows, in depicting
the life of the peasants therein, that their very existence
depended on the river Edera which watered it. Then she
moves forward a " foreign syndicate," who, for their own
sinister commercial ends, wished to divert the stream.
There was a fierce struggle between the country party and
the town party ; but, of course, the squadrons of commerce
gained the victory. The river was diverted, the valley
ruined, and the syndicate lapped in gold; incidentally,
there were a number of murders and two suicides, those of
the hero and his mother. Adone — proprietor of the valley
— ^is one of Ouida's "beautiful" heroes, and she has
given him a heroine to match. Some of the pictures of the
latter are charming :
She was only a child, and her spirits rose, and she
capered about in the shallows, and flung the water over
her head, and danced to her own reflection ia it, and forgot
her sorrow. Then she washed her petticoats as well as she
could, haviniff nothrng but water alone, and all the while
she was as naked as a Naiad, and the son smiled on her
brown, thin, childish body, as it smiled on a stem of
pUdntain or on the plumage of a coot.
Then when she had washed her skirt she spread it oat oa
1 he SiUid to dry. and sat down beside it, for the heat to bake
her limbs after her long bath. There was no one, and there
was nothing in sisht ; if any came near she coald hide
under the great do^ leaves uatil such should have passed.
It was high noon, and the skirt of wool and the skirt of
hemp grew hot, and steamed under the vertical rays ; she
was soon as dry as the shingles from which the water had
receded for months. She sut with her hands clasped round
her updrawn knees, and her head grew heavy with the
want of slumber, but she would not sleep, though it was
the hour of sleep. Some one might pass by and steal her
dothes, she thought, and how or when would she ever get
others.
The whole book is full of the appreciation of free,
natural beauty, and the passionate hate of cruelty and
oppression. It is unconventional in a large, rather fine
manner. Full of lofty scorn and noble dignity, it is yet
rather pathetic in its ignorances and its prejudices.
For Ouida a thing is stiU either wholly good or wholly
bad : there is nothing between. Her emotions have an
almost tragic splendour, but her thinking is crude. Artis-
tically the novel has one chief defect: it is not woven
with sufficient closeness ; its meshes are too big to hold
fast the reader. Otherwise it is admirable, despite the
somewhat crowded disasters at the end.
A Man ofhU Age. By Hamilton Drummond.
(Ward, Lock & Co., Ltd. 6s.)
As a successor to Fwr the Religion^ this record of Navarraise
intrigue, amid the counter-influences of Jeanne d'Albret
and her "cousin of Medici," is a disappointment. Mr.
Drummond has matter to relate, and there are leaves in
his book which possess something like a romantic atmo-
rohere ; but, upon the whole, the tale is cloudy, obscure,
l^e reader feels the need of a guide amid this thick tangle
of allusiveness. Halfway through, he is like a traveller
who, having journeyed far in the dark, desires videntiy to
314
The Academy.
14 April. 1900.
know where he is. We are indined to attribute part of
the misfortune to Mr. Drutnmond's mere apparatus of
narration. Our old friend Blaise de Bemaiud tells the
story in the first person ; but already in the second chapter
Blaise is quoting at length from one Henri de Grussenay,
and in the next chapter Henri de Crussenay is quoting at
length from his servant Boger, and Boger is quoting other
persons. We thus have a tale within a tale within a
tale, and the system of inverted commas becomes too
complex for Mr. Drummond's management. This may
be a trifie, but it creates a fatal discomfort. The novel
should certainly have been written in the third person.
Some of the incidents are exciting, and some improbable
— especially that on p. 161, though we assume that Mr.
Drummond has authority for it The plot as a whole is
too deliberately ^'concocted" and prepared in its minor
arrangements. Here is an example :
The dusk was gathering in fast as I made my way to
the Castle with Roger hard after me, three paces away.
To suit the occasion, and m^tsh the dress that custom and
necessity put upon me, I had changed my weapon for a
light Spanish Made, good steel enough, but more a kind
of^a finish to a man's dress than a sword for hard use.
Boger, too, carried a blade but little stouter than my own,
and I remember well that the swiag of it in his hand as
he buckled it on puckered his face into a grim derision. -
** My faith," said he, shaking it as a man would a cane,
*' 'tis a good thing we go but to make a show of ourselves,
for if it came to the keeping of my life whole within me,
I had liefer trust the mercies of a tluee-foot cudgel."
Need we say that in the shortest possible space of time
the lives of Eoger and his master are made to depend on
precisely those swords. The character of Blaise is con-
vincinjg, but some of the others are feebly drawn; Suzanne's
distinguishing marks have been a commonplace of his-
torical fiction for many years.
The WMet of Kai'Lung. By Ernest Bramah.
(Richards. 6s.)
Mb. Bbamah is a humorist ; and we have to thank him
for several hours of what, in the eleeant language which
S asses between the characters in tnis book, would be
escribed as refined and dignified amusement. China has
before now been a happy hunting ground for whimsical-
minded satirists — witness Mr. Gilbert's '' Mikado " (which,
though nominally Japanese, is Ohineae enough for our
purpose) and " The Fotion of Lao Tse " in Dr. Gamett's
TwUight of the Gods ; but we do not remember any work
in which so much good comic use has been made of the
Oelestial's impassivity, opportunism, and floridity of
diction.
Whether Mr. Bramah has invented all these tales, or
whether tiiiey are adaptations, we do not know. Sometimes
they are so absolutely Chinese as to suggest that he has
merely given them an English form, and at other times, as in
the literary satire entitled '' The Oonfession of Kai Lung,"
the Chinese setting is merely a vehicle ; but if Mr. Bramah
has invented all along the line his work is a very remarkable
tour deforce. What he lacks is dramatic finish. Several
of the stories have rather lame conclusions, particularly
«The Vision of Tin," but they are so persistently and
freshly amusing that this is easily forgiven. Altogether
"The Transmutation of Ling" is the best — the^ gravely
absurd history of a yoimg Chinaman, whose body is turned
to gold by a magic potion, and who thereupon sells himself
to a company : an act which leads to a series of exceedingly
polished adventures for the removal of gravity — ^to fall once
more into Kai Lung's narrative method.
Eor the purposes of quotation we have made a selection
from the proverbs, nominally taken from Chinese classic
authors, which Mr. Bramah has scattered about his pages :
He is a wise and enlightened suppliant who seeks to dis-
cover an honourable Mandarin, but he is a fool who ones
out ** I have found one."
It is a mark of insincerity of purpose to spend one's time
in looking for the sacred Emperor in ttte low-dass tea-
shops.
Although there exist many thousand subjects for elegant
conversation, there are persons who cannot meet a cripple
without talking about feet.
Money is hundred- footed. Upon perceiving a tael lying
apparently unobserved on the floor, do not lose the tim«
necessary in btooping, but quickly set your foot uppn it,
for one foils nothing in dignity thereby ; but should it be
a gold piece, distrust all things, and valuing dignity but
as an empty name, cast your entire body upon it.
Should a person on retorning from the dty discover his
house to be in flames, let him examine weU the change
which he has received from the chair-canier before it is
too late ; for evil never travels alone.
The road to eminence lies through the cheap and ex-
ceedingly uninviting eating-houses.
One word more : The Wallet of Kai-Lwug has to be read
very vigilantly, for Mr. Bramah is one of those who drop
good things without ostentation.
Notes on Novels.
\The%e notes on the weeVs Ficium are not necessarily final.
Reviews of a selection will follow."]
The Collapse of the Penitent. By F. Wedmobe.
Mr. Wedmore for the mostpart writes brief stories with
almost unparalleled care. Here he gives us something
longer, his aim being to depict the emotions which are
experienced by a promgal when the period of his welcome
terminates, and the rdle of penitent oecomes a little tire-
some. The prodigal in question is Mrs. Yasey, nie Eose
Damarel, the pianist. (Hutchinson. 3s. 6d.)
The Prinoess Sophia.
By E. F. Benson.
Mr. Benson's Princess is the bright particular star of
the court of Bhodope, ''an independent principality on
the wooded coast-lme of Albania." G-amblinff mingles
with afEairs of State, and Sophia herself has ''the luck of
the devil." She intaroduces an era of gambling into her
little kingdom, and one of her maxims is this : " I Uke people
to be good, when being good comes natural to them ; but
the continual effort to do one's duty is paralysing to other
energies." A gay and readable story. (Heinemann. 6s.)
Smith Bbunt. By Waldron K. Post.
A story of the old U.S. Navy, opening in 1806. We
follow Smith Brunt all over the world. The writer makes
a point of the fact that Smith Brunt enjoyed none of the
newspaper popularity of later heroes. " But, '^ Guy, I
dunno, — yes, b' Guy, I do know, he was somethin' that's
just as good as any hero, and a dam sight better than
some— he was a straight-out officer of the United States
Navy." (Putnam's Sons.)
In the Wake of the War. By A. St. John Adoook.
Mr. St. John Adcock, whose tales of London street life
have already made him a reputation, has taken some of
the minor phases of the present struggle as his subject
material. Not the fighting itself, not indeed South Amca
at all, but the family about to lose a son, the reserve man
preparing to depart, the decision to enlist — of these he
writes, and each makes a story. (Hodder & Stoughton.
2b. 6d.)
Anima Vius. By Marya Rodziowigz.
As may be conjectured, the author of this novel is a
Pole. She is also rich and free and independent, never
yet having met her ideal. So Count de Soiseons, who
translates the book from the Polish, informs the reader.
The story is of Poles in Siberia, and it throws a strong
light on both the race and the country. (Janold. 68.)
14 April, 1900.
The Academy.
315
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The Aoaduct vM he mU pod-ftree to every Annual Suhecriber
in the United Kingdom.
Price for One /mm, Threepetnoe ; poetage One Haifpenmiy. Price
fct 62 iemee^ Th^/een SMUinge ; potiagefree.
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eqmre^ New York.
The Rise of Huxley
I dined with a whole lot of literary and soientifio
people. • . . Owen was, in my estimation, great, from the
fact of his smokia^ his oigar and sing^g his song like a
briok*
THsaR sentenoes oocur in a letter from Huxley to his eldest
sister, Mrs. Scott, written in 1850. The letter is given in
a chapter from Mr. Leonard Huxley's life of his father,
which, by enterprise and good luck, tiie editor of MeClwr^e
Magazine is able to lay this month before his readers. This
chapter, heraldine a biography on which great hopes are
set, tells of Huxley's early struggle to win a livelihood
by scientific work. A more moving and inspiring story of
its kind could hardly be imagined; and though it
covers only five years, years of haid-breathing effort
rather than fulfilment, the lone career of Thomas Henry
Huxley is lit up and embduished bv the revelations
afforded of the young surgeon's aims, both as the world
viewed them and as he weighed them in his own wise,
self-loyal heart. On such data one boldlv forms final
judgments of Huxley, assured that they will not be dis-
turbed by the completed record of which this chapter is but
a small part. It is already shown that Huxley set out, or
rather was temperamentally destined, to live the full life of
a man. Unlike Browning's grammarian, who decided not
to live but to Know, Huxlev made it his business to know
and live — accepting the harder task of reconciling the two
ambitions.
It is now fifty years since Huxley returned to England
after a spell of work as assistant surgeon on the exploring
firiffate H.M.8. Battleenake in Australian waters. In
Sydnev he had become engaged to Miss Nettie Heatliom,
and when he set foot on imore at Ohatham his consuming
wish was to give that younff lady a home of her own.
The letters printed in MeChtrie Maoaaene show what pains
of frustration the young lover had to undergo. In the
letter to his sister in Tennessee, already mentioned, Huxley
writes under the date November 21, 1850 (he is at the age
of twenty-five) :
Now, as to my own affiurs — I am not married. Pru-
dently, at any rate, but whether wisely or foolishly I am
not quite sure yet, Nettie and I resolved to have nothing
to do with matrimony for the present. In tznth, though
our manriaffe was my great wish on many aocomits, yet I
fean^d to bring upon her the ooosequences that might
have occurred had anything happened to me within the
next few years. We had a sad parting enough, and as is
usually the case with me, time, instead of alleviating,
renders more disagreeable our separation. I have a
woman's element in me. I hate the incessant struggle
and toil to cut one another's throat among us men, and I
long to be able to meet with someone in whom I can
place impli Jt confidence, whose judgment I can respect,
and vet who will not laugh at my most foolish weaknesses
and m whose love I can foraet all care. All these con-
ditions I have fulfilled in Neitie. With a strong natural
intdligCDce, and knowledge fnough to understand and
sympathise with my aims, with the firmness of a man,
when necessary, she combines the gentleness of a very
woman and the honest limnlidlnr of a child, and then she
loves me well, as well as I love h<»r, and you know I love
but few— iu the r«*al meaning of the word, perhaps, but
two — she and you. And now she is away, and yon are
■
away. The worst of it is I have no ambition, except as
means to an end, and that end is the possession of a
sufficient income to marry upon. I assure you I would
not give two straws for aU the honours and titles in the
world. A worker I must always be — ^it is my nature —
but if I had £400 a year I would never let my name appear
to any thiujB^ I did or shall ever do It would be glonous
to be a voice working in secret and free from aU those
personal motives that have actuated the best.
Towards the end of the letter he grips his pen a little
harder:
I don't know and I don'.t care whether I shall ever be
what is called a great man. I will leave my mark some-
where, and it shall be clear and distinct ITTh. h.. hia maricri
and free from the abominable blur of cant, humbug,
and self-seeking which surrounds everything in this
present world ^that is to say, supposing that I am not
already unconsciously tainted myself, a result of which I
have a morbid dread.
One piece of luck he had ; he was ^ven a shore appoint-
ment to H.M.S. IHguard at Woolwich. It enabled him
to live in London, and reap the fruits of his RttttUendke
memoirs, which he had sent to England and which had
received instant recognition. At a bound, indeed, Huxley
had placed himself m the front rank of naturalists ; but
this was a different thing from being able to marry
Nettie. To that loyal young lady he wrote aeain and
again, as his fortunes sway^ back and forward, yet on
the whole forward. He had unbearable spells of depres-
sion between his successes. In March, 1851, he writes:
" To attempt to live by any scientific pursuit is a farce.
Nothinff but what is absolutely practical will go down in
England." Continuing to bring out his biological
papers, he suddenly received a great encouragement.
The Boyal Society wanted fresh blood, wanted to
replace its dilettanti by workers. It was resolved to
elect fifteen men who were likely to do the Society
honour ; and of thirty-eight candidates, Huxley was one
of the chosen. On this he writes : *^ I was talking to
Professor Owen yesterday, and said that I imagined
I had to thank him in great measure for the honour
of the F.B.S. ' No,' he said, ' you have nothing to thank
but the goodness of your own work.' " Yet in the letter
to Nettie, in which he tells her of his election, the young
F.B.S. indulges in more pessimism :
Opportunities for seeing the soientifio world in England
force upon me every day a stronger and stronger convic-
tion. It is that there is no chance of living by science.
I have been loth to beUeve i*-, but it is so. There are not
more than four «ir five offices in London which a zoologist
or comparative anatomist can hold and live by. Owen,
who hM n European reputation, second only to that of
Cuvisr, gets as Hunterian Professor £300 a year ! which is
less thau the salary of many a bank clerk. . . In literature
a man may write for magasines and reviews, and so
support himself ; but not so in science. I could get any-
thmg I write into any of the journals or any of the Trans-
actions, but I know no means of thereby earning five
shillings. A man who chooses a life of science chooses not
a hfe of poverty, but, so far as I can see, a life of nothing,
and the art of living upon notbins at all has yet to be dis-
covered. You will naturally think, then, ** Why persevere
in so hopeless a course?" At present I cannot help
myself. For my own credit, for the sake of gratifying
those who have hitherto helped me on— nay, for the sake
of truth and science itself, I must work out fairly and
fully complete what I have begun, and when that is done,
I will courageously and cheerfully turn my back upon all
my old aspirations. The world is wide, and there is every-
where room for honesty of purpose and earnest endeavour.
... So far as the acknowledgment of the value of what I
have done is concerned, I have succeeded beyond my
expectations, and if I have failed on the other side of the
question, I cannot blame myself. It is the world's fault
and not mine.
The world did not mend its ways for long after that,
and Huxley was well-nigh maddened by poverty and hope
deferred ; few things bemg harder to bear than frustration
3i6
The Academy.
14 April^ 1900.
in honourable love wlien a single turn of the wheel of
Fortune might confer paradise. Huxley found himself
treated with extraordinary respect by the foremost scien-
tific men of the day ; his work was quoted as haying full
authority ; and following his election to the Boyal Society
in 1851, he won that Society's Oold Medal, and was
elected to the Society's Oouncil. But what was all this
without Nettie ?
It was sore waiting, and distraught planning. A profes-
sorship of Toronto lured him, but he was pressed to stay in
England. Others saw as plainly as himself his high call,
and, more plainly than himself, his ultimate success. And
while he wore out his heart, Nettie was so distant that
his hotly-written letters took four to six months to reach
her, and her adyice had lost all applicability when it came
to his hand. He eyen thought of throwing up England
and going out to Sydney to practise as a surgeon ; but
his '* demon " forbad. He wished he understood brewing ;
he could then join Nettie's father in business. But to £J1
such proposals that young lady returned a decisiye ^^ No."
'* A man," she said, ^'rnust pursue those things which he
is fitted to do well." The loyer breathed a deep sigh of
relief: ''The spectre of a wasted life has passed before
me — a yision of that servant who hid his talent in a napkin
and buried it."
A waye of hope imbathes his spirit. Writing in July,
1853, he says:
My course in life is taken. I will not leave London — I
wiJl make myself a name and a position as well as bn
iucome by some kind of pursuit connected with science,
which is the thing for wnioh nature has fitted me if she
has ever fitted any one for anything. Bethink yourself
whether you can cast aside all repining and all doubt, and
devote yourself in patience and trust to helping me along
my path as no one else could. I toiow what I ask, and
the sacrifice I demand, and if this were the time to use
false modesty, I should say how little I have to offer in
return. ...
I am full of faults, but I am real and troe» and the
whole devotion of an earnest soul cannot be overprized.
. . . It is as if all that old life at Holmwood had merely
been a preparation for the real life of our love— as if we
were then children ignorant of life's real purpose — as if
these last months had merely been my old doubts over
again, whether I had rightly or wrongly interpreted the
manner and the words that had given me hope.
We will begin the new love of woman and man, no
longer that of boy and girl, conscious that we have aims
and puiposes as well as ejections, and that if love is
sweet, life is dreadfully stem and earnest.
Stem and earnest it remained, for, when at last the
Fates wearied of trying his spirit, they yet doled out their
gifts with austerity. Still, it was the end of a long agony
when he got work that enabled him to snap his fingers at
the Admiralty, and when Churchill the publisher commis-
sioned a Manual of Comparative Anatomy^ and the Weit-
minster Review began to pay him for articles. The prospect
of being FuUerian lecturer at the Boyal Institution was
held out to him, and, better still, Edward Forbes's post
at the Museum of Practical Geology, worth £200 a year,
was given to him. He could make another £250 a year by
his pen alone. He could marry. The course of events was
now punctual and apposite as at the end of a novelette. For
when betook his seat in the Geological Museum '4t happened
that Miss Heathom and her parents had just settled to
return to England, where they arrived in May, 1 855, and
the wedding took place on July 21."
From these glimpses it will be seen that Mr. Leonard
Huxley's life of his father is a book to anticipate with
peculiar pleasure. Even the greatest scientists are rapidly
superseded ; they did but forge links in a chain to which
there is no end. Hence the biography of a student of
Nature requires for its interest a deal of humanity ; life
as well as work; and it should show a man who could
emerge from his laboratory to *' smoke his cigar and sing
his Bong like a brick." It should depict a Huxley.
Things Seen.
The Flower.
Thbt were two geologists.
The elder man hi^L a grufE and imperious yoice. The
grey eyes wore only that cold glitter that debate is wont
to kindle in the eyes of the learned. He was, too, a
Materialist.
Suddenly, his younger companion interrupted the flow
of broken talk.
^'Ah," he exclaimed with an eager gesture, ''there is
a ."
I have forgotten the name, but he was pointing to a
blue flower that poised its tiny bell on a slender stem at
the other side of the stream. The elder scientist looked,
and the eyes grew warmer and less keen, and the furrows
grew less deep and long, as he looked. It was a rare
flower and a pretty one.
''I am in luck," said the younger, preparing to leap
acr<>ss the stream; ''that will be an addition to my
collection."
" I think not," slowly answered his companion.
" What do you mean ? "
" I mean," said the elder grayely, " that no man ^ucks
flowers and shortens their all too brief life when 1 can
prevent it."
Soon the debate waxed warmer than ever. The senti-
mentality of the Materialist was absurd ; perhaps no man
would pass that way again until the grace of the flower
had fallen into corruption. Tet some strong force in the
old man's heart made him wholly inflexible. At length
the younger man made an angry move towards the
stream. His companion quickly leaped across before
him, took his geological hammer iroai nis wallet, and sat
down sternly beside his unconscious charge.
And there the Materialist sat through the afternoon —
for his companion was stubborn too. The elder man was
the last to run for the train. And the flower lived on.
The Schooner.
Behind me the town stretched lank and grey and
weather-beaten. Eow on row of shuttered windows and
drawn blinds sugs^ted irresistibly the deserted theatre.
But the stage itseU was full of light and movement, and I,
lying lonely among the sandhills, was the only spectator.
Over my head a lark fluttered in the sunshine, now
and then a red golfing jacket would pop up like a rabbit;
but I had eyes only for the sea. After long months of
confinement in the measured bounds of city streets my
eyes revelled in the sense of colour and distance. Brick
and stucco preserve a dull uniformity of tone, but here
all was a maze of shimmering colours. There were
yellows and greens in the shallows, further out violet, and
then a thousand varying tones of purple up to the dark
semi-circle of the horizon.
So, though the wind whistled shrilly in the grasses, I
lounged and smoked, and was happy. That morning, as
the train rattled through the green country, thrushes were
singing in sheltered inland gcudens, and the air was heavy
with the smell of new-turned earth.
Here, too, spring was calling, but with a deeper,
stronger note. Then suddenly through a gap in the line
of houses there was a flutter of bellying canvas, and a
little schooner came tacking out of the mouth of the
harbour. She was dirty and unpainted ; her decks were
choked with litter ; but she met the long roll of the waves
with a jaunty swagger, and was transformed by the sea
and the sunlight. As she steered slowly out, I saw a
fellow in the stem wave his cap defiantly to the grim,
unresponsive line of houses, that had seen so many boats
sail out. It thrilled me.
14 April, 1900.
The Academy.
317
'' Disappearing Authors."
Doubts about *^ Dainty Editions.'*
Mb. Justin McCarthy's list of '^ disappearing authors "
has excited much surprise. It included Jane Austen,
whose new editions are legion; Trollope, who, it is
credibly stated, is '* in " for a reyival ; Charles Lever,
of whose works one firm alone (Messrs. Downey) haye
sold £9,000 worth in the last few years; and Uharles
Eeade. We ourselves disputed the ^^disappearing" of
Jane Austen, and a correspondent quickly confirmed our
view by informing us that the Kilbum Free Library
issues each of her novek to twenty-one readers per annum.
We have since made a few inquiries, which tnrow some
interesting and varied sidelights on the subject. First
we will give the testimony of the librarians of two of the
largest &ee libraries in the country, those of Nottingham
and West Ham.
Mr. J. Potter Briscoe, City Librarian of Nottingham,
writes:
Jane Austen is an unknown name to the present g<*nera-
tion of our readers.
TroUope's works are rarely asked for.
The three Charles* are waning in popularity. Kingsley
is known through his Westward Ho f and HerevBard the
Wake only. Be^e is in dight requesti and Lever is not
so populfl^ as he was even five years ago.
We are now overstocked with the novels of the five
mentioned authors.
Mr. Briscoe can hardly be mistaken about the status of
Jane Austen in Nottingham. We are astonished by his
report of her case.
Mr. Alfred Cotgreave, Chief Librarian at West Ham,
partly confirms Mr. Briscoe. He brackets Jane Austen
and Anthony Trollope as authors who are '^certainly
not BO much read now" ; and Trollope, we know, is read
very little, lacking the new and dainty editions which
have been showered — ^vainly ? — on Jane. The other authors
— ^Lever, Kingsley, and Beade— "still maintain their
popularity to a great extent at West Ham." Here is a
table of issues for one year at West Ham :
Charles Lever's Novels 260
Charles Eeade's Novels 245
Charles Kingsley 's Novels ... ... 218
Anthony Trollope 126
Jane Austen ... 109
Again we are astonished, and, indeed, we are resolved —
if we^ can do it with strict adherence to truth — to bring
kindlier witnesses to Miss Austen's popularity. We will
consult the booksellers. A large City firm reports titiat
Kingsley 's novels and Lever's military novels self well, but
not Trollope or Reade. And then :
Whether Jane Austen be read or not it is imxxMsible to
say ; this we know, that there have in quite recent years
been five different editions published, all of which met with
a ready and exteosive sale.
A Manchester bookseller confirms the wide mU of Jane
Austen; and from Oxford — where Trollope, Lever, and
Beade are reported to be in a bad way — comes the same
persistent distinction in Jane Austen's case :
As to Jane Austen buying is not, of course, synonymoos
with reading, and a mere bookseller can speak only of his
sales ; but. judging by the constant demand for her works
here in Oxford, it may be assumed that many " attempts "
to read her are made, and I venture to hope we may safely
go further and say that she is both read and enjoyed to a
considerable extent.
The only comfort we pluck from these hesitating reports
of Jane, is that they throw a doubt, which we have long
shared, but dared not breathe, on the '' dainty edition."
We have a suspicion that the dainty edition is frequently
no more than a dainty sepulchre.
Hope dawns for Miss Austen when we open our reports
from Bristol and Eastbourne.
Bristol says : '* Mr. McCarthy never made a worse state-
ment of fact than when he wrote, that the modem reader
' has never troubled himself even with an attempt to read
Jane Austen's novels.' "
Eastbourne says : '' Mr. McCarthy is altogether wronff
about Jane Austen's novels. The mod&m reader doei read
her works. Ten years ago I would not think of having
one of her books in stodc, now I have them in two or
three editions, and find a slow but increasing sale."
Brighton says that Trollope, Beade, and Lever are not
only disappearing but have disappeared. But Kingsley
holds his own, and '' as to Jane Austen, however much her
works have been neglected for years past, there has been a
greatiy revived interept in them, and they have been widely
read and still are."
It seems, then, that Jane Austen sells in the bookshops,
but is not borrowed in the libraries. This might simply
mean that she is so popular that readers insist on possess-
ing her for themselves ; but this would be a too optimistic
interpretation of the facts.
It IB dear that Kingsley and Lever still hold their own
pretty well. Tet in Lever's case we are told, from two
quarters, that his sales are retarded by the lack of a good
dieap edition of his works.
Beade is in a bad way, yet an Oxford-street bookseller
prefers him before Kingsley and Trollope; and Beade's
Cloister and the Hearth is ''in continuous demand" in
Manchester, where, also, his other books are " worth
keeping always in stock." Trollope is nearly extinct in
Manchester. Both Trollope and Lever are neglected at
Eastbourne : ''I have not been asked for a work of theirs
for some years, and I have lately cleared them out of my
library as lumber; and I am sorry to say that Charles
Beade is disappearing." At Bristol Trollope and Beade
are '' moribuna."
These reports cannot be said to contradict in any marked
way Mr. Justin McCarthy's estimates of the present popu-
larity of writers like Jane Austen, Lever, Beade, Trollope,
and Kingsley ; and they show that the most championed
and new-editioned author of them all — Jane Austen — is by
no means so safely throned as some of us had thought.
Puritan Drama.
The Elizabethan Stage Society's performance of '' Samson
Agonistes," in the Lecture Theatre at South Kensington, last
Saturday, was an interesting experiment, but it was hardly
more. If, as one gathers from Milton's preface, the play
was intended more or less as a protest against the
Bomantioism of the Elizabethans, it certainly justifies the
Elizabethans. But '' Samson" was never written to be acted,
and it is therefore hardly fair to judge it as a stage play.
It is a maniificent poem, but it is not a great drama.
Even judged by the severe standard of a Oreek tragedy it
is sadly deficient in incident and action. There is no
development of character. The whole thing is statuesque
to the verge of woodenness. In a sense ' ' Samson Agonistes "
is a faithful copy of Attic tragedy, but it is Attic tragedy
seen through I^uritan classes, dour and hard and doc-
trinaire. And Milton has not always endeavoured to
imitate the Greek tragedians at their best. The long
opening soliloquy of more than a hundred lines, in which
the hero expounds his past fortunes to the audience, was
not considered the most skilful way of unfolding a plot
even in the age of Pericles. Samson's angry argument
with Dalila and his dialectical discussion with Manoa
recall Euripides in his most forensic vein, that vein which
roused the wrath of Aristophanes, while the choruses
are sometimes modelled too faithfully on the most didactic
i^oments of Gbeek choruses, ana often lack beauty.
3i8
The Academy*
14 April, 900.
The splendour of the play lies in its lofty feeling, its
resonant verse, and in the finely- conceived character of the
hero. But more than this is required to make a play
interesting on the stage, and Milton gives us no more. It
is possible that if '^ Samson " were given in the true Greek
fasluon — in a theatre on a hillside overlooking the sea,
with the blue waves dancing in the sunshine and the blue
sky overhead — ^it would be easier to bear. It is possible
that much of Euripides, and even of Sophocles, would
have sounded rather dull in a South Kensington
lecture theatre at, once draughty and stuffy. But we
doubt whether even in the theatre of Dionysus at Athens,
or on a Sicilian hillside, Milton's tragedy would have been
successful. There is a Puritan, rifi^dity about it, and an
absence of the human elements of love and passion which
would always leave an audience cold. It may be urged
that something of the same criticism might be made of the
''Prometheus Yinctus." But the chained Titan's invec-
tives against Omnipotence are necessarily more stirring,
more dramatic, than Samson's carefully-reasoned sub-
mission to the Divine will, and the choruses of Milton are
not the choruses of JEschylus. It was perhaps a little
unkind of Mr. Poel to emphasise this fact by the music to
which those choruses were set. It may have been a
compliment to Milton's stem Puritan views to make his
Danites intone their comments as if they were verses of
*the Psalms, but the setting only emphasised the rather
dreary austerity of the poet's lines. Nor were matters
improved when, in moments of grotesque excitement, the
Danites (most of whom were ladies) all spoke at once in a
curious staccato sing-song.
But it would be ungrateful to reproach the Society for
the short-comings of Saturday's performance. The pro-
blem of ''staging" a Greek chorus in these days has
never been successfully solved, and we admire Mr Pool's
courage in attempting to act "Samson Agonistes" too much
to criticise the result harshly. When all is said, one does
not go to " Samson " for drama. The interest of the play
is mainly autobiographical. As one sees the hero blind
among his enemies, bewailing his folly in having trusted
his two Philistian wives, one sees Milton, blind also, and
living among a generation whose ideals were other than
his, bewailing his unfortunate marriages, and longing
for strength to pull down their Dagon's temple upon the
heads of the good folk of the Eestoration. The acting
was undistinguished, but it would have needed superb
elocutionary power and great intellectual gifts to give
Milton's long rhetorical speeches with e£Pect, and the
argumentative passages would probably have been intoler-
able under any circumstances. It was therefore no
disgrace for the actors to fail in so hard a field.
Correspondence.
Maeterlinck and the *' Contemporary Review."
Sib, — Mr. Eopes's letter seems to call for a few words in
reply. He now tells us that his article was not intended
as a complete study of Maeterlinck!s work, but merely as
a discussion of his '* artistic methods." It is a pity that
these limitations were not more clearly defined at first.
When he says (Caniemporary Review^ page 423): '* The
function of criticism is not so much to condemn or praise,
as to understand and explain. If Maeterlinck is the
greatest genius of the age, let us see in what his greatness
resides; if he is a mere babbling idiot, let us at least
classify his idiocy and assign him to his proper ward in
the asylum of degeneracy," it is difficult to believe that
only questions of artistic method occupied his mind.
Had this been so, however, it seems doubtful whether
the technique of any writer can be justly criticised apart
from a consideration of the message which it is intended to
bear. Certainly the delicate framework on which the mystic
poets hang the filmy tissue of their thought must appear
meaningless to those who, like Mr. Bopes, deliberately
ignore their symbolism and intention. ^'His (Maeter-
linck's) essays," he says, *' his mysticism and philosophy,
were outside my consideration except in so lar as they
enabled a reader to understand his artistic methods."
But a knowledge of Maeterlinck's philosophy, as ex-
hibited in his essays, must go hand in hand with any true
comprehension of his technique. I am surprised that any
serious critic could doubt this. Desiring to express certain
spiritual truths, Maeterlinck chooses the medium best
suited to his design: Mr. Bopes, ignoring the spiritual
truths, belittles the achievement because the medium is
not to his mind.
Secondly, Mr. Bopes finds my summary of his article
inaccurate. It appears that his languid praise of Maeter-
linck's use of the supernatural applies to '^L'lntruse"
alone. I credited him with perceiving the same fine
qualities in ** L'Interieur " and " Les Aveugles." Also, I
now gather that he did not mean to say that '^ Mr. Kipling
did it rthe gradual accumulation of tenor) better " than
Maeterlinck. I subjoin two extracts — the first from his
article, the second from his letter.
1. '* Maeterlinck's style is more poetic than theirs (f.^.,
Kipling's and Maupassant's), hut less eofwineing.'*^
2. '* Such practised literary craftsmen as Maupassant and
Kipling give their readers a itrong&r ihudder than does
the mystical Maeterlinck."
Surely the strength of effect produced is the essence of
success in this class of writing 1
On one point alone I can meet Mr. Bopes on his own
ground. He says he is unable to grasp " the strange
stillness of the soul which is felt in liUieterlinck's works."
I agree. But this, being purely a question of feeling, is
hardly a subject for argument; especially with an
antagonist who confesses to a weakness for ''the hard
realities " of life.
Nor, after all, is the matter a very important one. It is
scarcely probable that the hostility of the crowd will deflect
M. Maeterlinck from the path which his genius points out :
nor that he, or his feUow mystics, will be tempted to
exclaim in the words of Mr. ''Adrian Boss's" most popular
ditty :
If you do not love me I shall die ! die ! die !
— I am, &c., Evelyn Undkbhill.
3. Gampden Hill-place, W.
Sir, —Mr. Bopes is surely not serious in saying that he
does not know what is meant by " the stillness of the soul "
in literature. It means the higher repose. In the case of
Maeterlinck it also means, I think, purity of emotion, a
sweet resigpiation to destiny, the atmosphere of abstract
love, the contemplative mind dwelling numbly on great
things. Mr. Bopes will find in Ibsen's last play every-
thing that "the stillness of the soul" does not mean.
Whin We Dead Awaken is a very pitiful revelation of soul
panic. — I am, &c., V. B.
Brighton: April 9, 1900.
The Missing Word.
Sib, — In reference to Mr. Arnold White's letter in the
last number of the Academy, I wish to point out that the
word Briton is of Gaelic origin, and that the name
Britannia was given to a country in which there was a
large Gaelic population. The term Anglo-Saxon, which
Mr. White uses, is one which excludes the " Celtic fringe "
altogether, all Irish, Highland Scots, and Welsh, and as a
Welshman I wish to protest against it. Why not Anglo-
Celtic ? — I am, &c., Anoibnt Bbiton.
14 April, 1900.
The Academy.
319
Our Weekly Prize Competitions.
Result of No. 29 (New Series).
Last week we offered a prize for the best Bugfflrefltion as to a new
word to oover all British sabjeotc, whether EoRliah, colonial, or
Irish ; the request to do so being pnt to us by Hi, Arnold White.
Among the names suggested are '* Yiotorians " (hy many competitors) ,
**Britlrishere" (by three), *' Imperials,*' *' Queensmen/* ** Home-
landers," " Britannialiats," <* Empirista," ** Britonians," ** Free-
landers,'* " Britempirista," ** Imperious," and ** Englanders." ** Vic-
torians" is in many ways the more satisfactory word, but it is
ruled out by the fact that the word is already in use as a term to
describe natives of Yictcnia, in Australia, a vast tract of country.
" Britirishers " is too long. " Imperials " could never withstand the
competition of the tuft of beiurd whioh bears the same name.
**Qneen8men" would have littie point when a king was on the
throne. " Homelauders" means nothing in particular. " Empirists "
is too near ** Empiric." *' Freelanders " is not ezprespive enough.
Altogether we are inclined to consider ** Englander *' the best word,
although the participation of Ireluul is not apparent in it. We
haye therefore sent a cheque for a guinea to the Bey. F. G. dole, 42,
Blenheim-street, PrinceVayenue, Hull, with whom the word
** Englander " originated.
H. W., Malton, writes : *' I send a few ideas for Competition 29.
1. John Bullies.
2. B( ad-easy-uns.
3. Semi-coloniBts (this last contains the two-fold suggestion of
being * unaggressive,' but never aUe to reach a full stop I).
4. Bigger-Burghers, might also do to counteract the Little
Bnglanders
As a name for the Institution to whioh these gentlemen belong I
propose the Lowly Roaming Empire "
Replies received from F. A., Leeds ; A. R., Kanchester ; G. S.,
Aberdeen ; F. E. W., London ; D. B. B., London ; G. P. B., London
A. H., Southport; M. £., London; M. H. B., London; H. H.,
London ; G. E. P., London ; A. W., London ; L. H., London
G. W. 8., London ; M. A , Eaitboume ; H. C, London ; £. G. F.
London ; E. A. H., London ; A. T., London ; D. 8., LoDdon
M. H. R., Liverpool; R. F. ATC, Whit^; G. 8, Eastbourne
B. A. 8., London ; E. B., Liverpool ; A. T. R., Glasgow ; M. B.
Derby ; G. E. M., London ; R. M., Glendevon ; E. H., London ; E. M.
Stirling ; G. L. F., London.
Too late to compete : A. J. 8. (St. John's Wood), telegraphs—
'* Kinland and Kfnlander."
Thel's MSS. for Special Gompetilion were duly received.
Competition No. 30 (New Series).
In the Olohe of a few days ago was this paragraph : " A hostess
who had a mania for setting her guests intellectual puszles, by
way of keeping them quiet in the evening, offered the other day a
price for the best parody of any well-known proverb. The painful
frowns that at once gathered on the faces of tbe company suggested
to one of the guests a brilliant idea * It is not the scowl,' he said,
( that makes the skunk.* " The example given is not a very good
one, but it illustrates the game. The historic example is, perhaps,
Lewis Garroirs advice to writers : " Take care of the sense and the
sounds will take care of themselves.' We offer a prize of a guinea
to the author of the best parody of a proverb.
RuLn.
Answers, addressed "Literary Competition, The Aoademt, 43,
Ohancery-lane, W.G.," must reach us not later than the first post
of Tuesday, April 10. Bach answer must be accompanied by
the coupon to be found in the first column of p. 320, or it can-
not enter into competition. Competitors sending more than one
attempt at solution must accompany each attempt with a separate
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impress on competitors that the task of examining replies is much
ftuulitated when one side only of the paper is written upon. It is
also important that names tad addresses should always be given.
We cannot consider anonymous answers.
New Books Received.
[^TheM notsi on iome of the New Booh of the week are
preliminary to JSeviewi thai may follow,^
The Su2fKBN Bell. Bt Gbshabt Hatjptmaxn.
This ''fairy play," to whioh we refer elsewhere, is
published wi& the written approval of Gerhart Haupt-
mann. The translator is Mr. Charles Heniy Meltzer.
(Heinemann. 3s. 6d.)
The Life of John Ruskin. By W. G. Colungwood.
A timely re-issue, with timely revisions, of Mr. Colling*
wood's two-volume work, The Life and Work of John
Ruskin. (Methuen & Co. 6e.)
The Chbistian Eage.
By the Right Rev. J. C. Ryle, D.D,
Never until now has the venerable ex-Bishop of Liver-
pool published a volume of sermons. The selection has
been made from the Bishop's M8S. .by the Rev. T. J.
Madden, Archdeacon of Wamngton. (Hodder & Stoughton.
7s. 6d.)
The Gentleman's Magazine Libraey:
English Topography, Part XII.
This addition to a capital series deals with Surrey and
Sussex. It is rather a pity, we think, that the names of
these counties do not appear on the cover, but have to be
sought on the title-page. (Stock. 7s. 6d.)
How England Saved Europe,
Vol. IV. By W. H. Pitohett.
This volume completes Mr. Fitchett's narrative of our
wars with France between 1793 and 1815. A good index
to the four volumes is given. (Smith, Elder. 6s.)
Edited by
F. A. Milne.
In addition to the foregoing, we have received :
thboloqioal and biblical.
Qlanyilla ( W.), The Web Unwov^en ; The Dolus Theory of the Book of
Acta (Watta*Oo.)
Drummond (James), Intomatdonal Handbooks lo the New Testament : Tbe
EpUiles of Paal the Apostle (Putnam's Soos) 6/0
Muzzey (David Saville), Tne Rise of the New Testament (ifaomillan) 6/0
POETRY, ORmOISM. AND BELLES LBirRBS.
Selfe (Rose E.), With Dante in Paradise (Caaaell) 2/0.
amith (Justin H.), The Troabadoiira at Home: Their Lives and
Personalities, their Songs and their World (Putnam's Sods) net 25/0 .
Titos and Lysandsr. In Five Acts. (Stock)
Bkeat (Rev. Wislier W.), The Chauoar Oanon (Clarendon Press) 3,6
bpeight (K. E), Seleotiona from the Poeuyof Tennyson... vMarshall A Son)
net 1/0
Ambler (Benjamin G.), Ballads of Greater Britain (Stock)
HISTORY AND BIOGRAPHY.
Spenoe (H. D. M.), A History of the English Ohnroh (Dent) net 1/0
Bcaife (A. HJ, Th«» War to Date (Unwin) 3,6
Wheeler (Benjamin Ide), Alexander the Great: the Meiginxof East and
West in Oniversal History (Putnam's Sons) 6/0
Atkin's (John Black), The Relief of Ladysmith (Methuen) 0/0
Sharpless (Isaac), a History of Quaker Government in Pennsylvania.
Vol.IL (Leach)
Bharple&s (Isaac). A Quaker Experiment in Government (Ferris)
Leroy Beaulieu (Pierre), Le Rtaovation de I'Asie (Colin A Cie.) 4 fr.
SCIENCE AND PHILOSOPHY.
Morris (Charles), Man and his Ancestor : A Study in Evolution.
(MacniUan) ^/0
MISCELLANEOUS.
Dresser (Horatio W.), Voices of Freedom, and Studies in the Philosophy
of Individuality (Putnam's Sons) 6/0
Blake (Rev. J. M.). In the Wind of the Day (AUen)
Hasiuck (Paul N.), Practical Metal-plate Work (Cassell) 2/0
McMillan vMargaret). Early Childhood m (Sonnensohein)
Wood (Kev. J.), The Nuttall Encyclopedia (Wame) 3/6
Roxburgh (T. L.) & Ford (J. C), The Handbook of Jamaica (Stanford)
TKe Chord, No. 4 (Unicorn Press)
The Highn' Land, No. 6 (Putnam's Sons)
NSW EDITIONS.
WhTte-Melville (G. J.). Tilbury Nogo (Ward, Look) 3/6
Chaffers (W.), Marks and Monograms on European and Oriental Pottery
and Porcelain. Revised and edited by Frederick Lichfield. Niuth
Edition (Gibbings)
New Novels are aeknowledyed elsewhere.
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•3J
The Academy
A Weekly Review of Literature and Life*
No. 1459. Established 1869.
21 April, 1900.
Price Threepence.
[RegisUrid as a ^fnupapirj]
The Literary Week.
The results of our Special Oompetition will be announced
in a Special Supplement in next week's issue of the
Academy.
It is evident that in suggesting ''The Eomance of
Thomas Wentworth, Earl of Strafford," as a good
subject for an historical novel, *' M. C. B. " was some-
thing of a seer. Last week Mr. Frank Matthew wrote
to say that he had been at work upon a romance
based on the fall of Strafford for some months. And
now Miss Dora McChesney writes to tell us that she has
been gathering material for a romance on Strafford's
career for the last five years. Mr. Matthew wrote : "I
don't want to seem guilty of prigging someone else's
idea." Miss McOhesney writes : "I should not care to
have it appear that the tiieme was suggested to me by any
chance mention." We shall be pleased to register any
other timely declarations on the subject.
The first number of the Daily ExpreMy Mr. 0. A.
Pearson's new morning newspaper, will appear on Tuesday
next, April 24.
To-MOBBOw (Saturday) the Daily Mail will print the
fir&t of a series of South African letters from Mr. Budyard
Kipling. The sum collected by the Daily MaiVi clever
working of the '* Absent- Minded Beggar " poem exceeds
£97,000. This is at the rate of £'2,000 a line.
Mr. Eudyabd Kipling has in hand a new series of
animal stories on the lines of the '' Just So " stories. He
was moved to write them by the receipt of a letter from
the seven-year-old son of Mr. Double<lay, his American
publisher. Little Nelson Doubleday demanded to be told
'' How the Elephant Got His Trunk," <<How the Giraffe
Got His Eubber Neck," and ''How the Kanpfaroo Got
His Long Legs." Mr. Kipling has done his best to
oblige, and the story of the elephant and his trunk has
already appeared in the Ladies^ ITome Journal,
The eagerness of Americans to read new novels can only
be described as astonishing. Hardly a month passes but
a new candidate leaps into favour, and into a circulation
that must rouse pangs in the breasts of many British
authors. The latest recruit is Tha Gentleman from Indiana^
by Mr. Booth Tarkington. Its growth in popular favour
is tabulated in one of the leading American weekly papers
thus:
4,667 oopies were sold by November 1.
8.498 oopies were sold by December 1.
13,01o oopies were sold by January 1.
17 763 oopies were sold by February 1.
22,646 copies were sold bv March 1.
In the first week of Marcn alone, over 6,000 ccipies were
sold.
A remark of the Bodon Transcript that " it's the kind of
novel that Abraham Lincoln might have written," seems
to open out a new field in criticism.
It is with sincere reg^t that we record the death of Mr.
B. A. M. Stevenson, at the age of fifty-three. He was
Bobert Louis Stevenson's cousin. Several of the Letters
in the two volumes edited by Mr. Oolvm were addressed to
him, and for many years, the years when his cousin was
winning his way, ue two lived in intimate companionship.
He was the "young man with the cream tarts" in
B. L. S.'s story of " The Suicide Club." Those who knew
B. A. M. Stevenson wondered that he did not achieve
more, for his gifts were many and rare. But his tempera-
ment was not the temperament that leads to worldly
success. He lived fully, out he was the least ambitious of
men. Ohoosing painting as a career, he studied under
Ortmans and Carolus Duran, and exhibited fitfully ; but
the keenness of his critical vision, his interest in all the
schools of painting, his versatility, prevailed against him
as a producer. Then he became an art critic, writing
briUianUy for the Saturday Review, and during the past
few years for the Pall Mall Gazette^ where, latterly, he
showed an unexpected tolerance. His principal publica-
tion was The Art of Felasquez, but writing never made any
real call to him. It was in talk that he expressed himself.
To listen to him, when he was in the mood, was a privilege.
His mind was reflective with all its agility and brilliance ;
and while ideas rained from him, he was also a listener.
But one must not enlarge upon him as a talker. B. L.
Stevenson has done that once and for all. He is
Spring-Heel'd Jack in " Talk and Talkers," who '* may at
any moment turn his powers of transmigration on yourself,
create for you a view you never held, and then furiously
fall on you for holding it." Here is the passage from
" Talk and Talkers " describing Spring-Heel'd Jack :
The very best talker, with me, is one whom I shall call
Spring-Heerd Jack. I say so, because I never knew any
one who miDgled so largely the possible ingredients of
converse. In the Spanish proverb the fourth man neces-
sary to compound a salad, is a madman to mix it : Jack is
that madman. I know not which is more remarkable :
the insane lucidity of lus conclusions, the humorous elo-
quence of his language, or his power of method, bringing
the whole of life into the focus of the subject treated,
mixing the conversational salad like a drunken god. He
doubles like tiie serpent, changes and flashes like the shaken
kaleidoscope, transmigrates b>dily into the views of others,
and s >, in the twinkling of an eye and with a heady rap-
ture, turns questions inside out and flings them empty
before you on the ground, like a triumphant conjuror. It
is my common practice when a piece of conduct puzsles me,
to attack it in the presence of Jack with such grossness,
such partiality and such wearing iteration, as at length
shall spur him up in its defence. In a moment he trans-
migrates, dons the required character, and with moon-
struck philosophy justifies the act in question. I can fancy
nothing to compare with the vim of these impersonations,
the strange scale of langUHge, flying from Shakespeare to
Kant, auii from Kant to Major Dyngwell —
'* As fast as a musician scatters sounds
Out of an instrument — "
the budden, sweeping generalieations, the absurd irrelevant
particularities, the wit, wisdom, folly, humour, eloquence
and bathos, each staitling in its kind, and yet all luminous
in the admired disorder vi their combination.
324
The Academy.
21 April, 1900.
Wb suppose that few people read Cowper's poetry in
these days when we are ul for the '4yric cry." But we
shall hear a great deal about Cowper in the next fortnight.
He died April 25, 1900 ; and his Centenary is to be cele-
brated at Olney next Wednesday. For those of our readers
who wish to be there in spirit we give the substance of the
programme which has been arranged :
12.30. Luncheon at the Bull Hotel.
1.0 Yisitors will be able to see Cowper*s summer-house.
(No charge.)
1.30. Children of Olney, wearing fayours of buff and
g^reen (Cowper's colours), will assemble in front
of Cowper's House — which has been presented
to the town by W. H. Collingridge, Esq. — and
OBS *' Qod moves in a mysterious way.'' Every
child will then receive a copy of the biography
of Cowper, kindly presented by the Regions
Tract Society.
2.30. Museum publicly opened. Adnussion 6d.
3.30. Public meeting. Admittance 6d. Beserved seats
Is. Chair te be taken by W. W. CarUle. E«q.,
M.P. Speeches by Dr. Bobertson KicoU, Mr.
Clement E. Shorter, and others.
5.0 From 5 to 7 Cowper's house at Weston Underwood
will be open to visitors. (No charge.)
7.30. Special service at the church. &rmon by the
Very Rev. P. W. Farrar.
We wish the celebration success, but on paper it looks a
trifle formal.
Who is the young Brahmin about whom Mr. W. B.
Teats writes so prettily in the Speaker ? It seems that he
made a great impression on '* some among us " ; that is —
we doubt not — among '^us'' of the Irish literary move-
ment. " Us " had been addicted '' when we were all
schoolboys " to reading " mystical philosophy and to
passing crystals over each other's hands and eyes." Then
came a day when '* somebody told us he had met a
Brahmin in London who knew more of these things than
any book." So the young Brahmin was written to, asked,
so to speak, to come over into Macedonia and help ''us."
And being of a meek spirit he came, saw, and conquered.
On the very evening of his coming they brought him to
a club — a club ! — and bade him talk metaphysics, which
he did in such sort that he '' awed into silence whatever
metaphysics the town had." But next day he was
remorseful; he looked back on his triumph at the dub
and called it '' intellectual lust." That was clever.
You shine first as incendiary, and then as fireman.
'' And sometimes he would go back over something
he had said, and explain to us that his argument
had been a fallacy, and apologise to us as though he had
offended against good manners." 0, Bab, are all thy
ballads spent? He told them that his father, who had
been the first of his family to leave his native village for
two thousand years, had repeated over and over as he lay
dying, ''The West is dying because of its restlessness."
No one seems to have smiled at this. He said "very
seriously," " I have thought much about it, and I have
never been able to discover any reason why prose should
exist." Even then no one seems to have come away. We
hope we are not irreverent, but the article secretes many
smiles for the reader. The Brahmin taught " us " other
things, and among them this : " That all action and all
words that lead to action are a little vulgar, a Httle trivial ;
nor am I quite certain that any among us has quite awoke
out of the dreams he brought us." No ? Not recently ?
library under his care, and has warned collectors against
acquiring certain choice specimens now improperly at
large :
During the month of January or February some person,
who has had access to the bookstack, has cut &om a large
number of the older books the front ooTers, on which tbe
book-plate is pasted, leaving the volumea on the shelves,
to all appearance unmutilated till remoTed from their
I>laoes.
Many of the plates thus obtained have passed through
the hands of Dr. 0. E. Cameron, of Boston, who claims
to have come by them honestly, but has been arrested for
larceny and awaits trial in June. Several persons who
purchased specimens of these plates from Dr. Cameron
have generously and honourably returned them to the
Library ; but there are stUl many plates unaccounted for,
which are likely to be offered to unsuspecting purchasers,
and I beg to warn all sudi that any of the omer engraved
b3ok-p1ates of the Harvard Library now in the market are
to be viewed with suspicion, for the books which beir
them have but rarely ever been allowed to pass from the
possession of the Library, and at present this almost neyer
occurs.
The book-plates which particularly excite the ioterest of
collectors are those which mark the gifts of €k>vemor John
Hancock, Thomas HoUis, the Province of New Hampshire,
and other generous donors, received just after the destmc-
tion of the Library by fire in 1764.
Other particulars are given, and will be found in the
Librarian's recent letter to the Timei.
We referred a few weeks ago to the flourishing state of
the book-plate cult, as shown in the birth of a new
magazine dedicated to the subject. Alas, book-plate
culture has its dark, even its criminal side. A man may
smile and smile, to see his collection grow, and be a villain.
The librarian of Harvard University has just spread
abroad the news of depredations committed in the fine
OiJB recent estimate of the merits of the American
historical novel, as now being written and sold by the
hundred thousand, is not contradicted by some remarks of
the New York Commereial Advertiser, which, with a mixture
of business shrewdness and literary cynicism, pronounces
the historical novel a good object of enterprise. '' Any inan
with a literary temperament, and a capacity for compila-
tion," it says encouragingly, '' stands a very good chance
of success in this field."
The critics are bland and the publi ) cordial, and there
will be plenty of people to say that the fifth historical
novel is better than any of the preceding four, and the
sixth is more wonderful yet. And while hard work is
necessary, it is a kind of work that can be systematised
and makes compi^atively slight drain on the creative foroe.
It is a good, straiffhtforwaid, definite job, with materials
ready to your hand. A part of it consists in rearranging
certain well*tried properties, and some parts could almost
be let out on sub*contract. Almost anyone will soon be
able to handle the GkK>rge Washins^n scenes, and duels
will become a mere matter of clerical routine.
Nor need style and technique present any difficulties, for
we are assured :
Tou do not have to create an atmosphere. It is already
made for you. Historial associations will help you out
when your art fails. Kig a man up in small clothes and
silk stockiuj^s, give him a sword and a peruke and four or
five old expletives, and a hot temper and a brave hearf,
and the thing is half done. Put in a few "ans'' snd
*; *twere8," and " 'tises," and " say I's," and the conversa-
tion will fit any past century you like. . . . Bichard
Carvel's conversation often spans three centuries in a single
sentence. But none of these things are noticed if enough
happens. That is the one relentiess law of the present
historical novel. The hero must be kept busy iro^
beginning to end, with never an instant's pause in heroism.
The art that can so build a character that he holds you
whether he is doins: anything worth mentioning or not, is
not needed here. For tiie business of clinging to the masts
of sinking ships, hurling back insults in other peoplf^B
teeth, standing unmoved amid fearful carnage, and wait-
ing for a proud, capricious beauty to recognise his worth,
there is scarcely any need of a character at all. He is not
a man but a hterary storm centre, and requires only ^ouf
or five large, plain virtues and a good physique.
31 April, 1900.
The Academy.
325
We are asked if we can give the date of oompositioii
and the author's name of the foUowinfi: poem. It is called
''Illusion":
Gk)d and I in space alone,
And nobody else in view.
And " Where are the people, O Lord P " I said.
** The earth below, and the sky o'erhead
And the dead whom I once knew P "
*< That wss a dream,'* God smiled and said,
'* A dream that seemed to be true.
There are no people, livioic or dead ;
There is nothing but MB and you."
" Why do I feel no fear ? " I asked,
** MeetiDg you here this way.
That I have sinned I know full well ;
And is there a heaven, and is there a hell,
And IB this the Judgment Day P "
** Nay, those were but dreams," the great Qod said,
*' l3ream8 that have oeased to be ;
There are no such things as sin or fear ;
There Ib no you ; you never have been ;
There is nothing at all but MB."
In the ''Euskin Memorial Number" of SatfU George is
Erinted the following touching letter from Mr. Euskin to
is publisher, written on Apru 15, 1878 :
Deab Allen, — ^How good and Idnd you are, and have
always been. I trust, whatever happens to me, that your
position with the copyright of my books, if anybody cares
for them, and with the friends gained by your honesty and
industry, is secure on your little piece of Kentish home
territory. I write this letter to release you from all debt
to me of any kind, and to leave you, with my solemn
thanks for all the energy and faith of your life, ffiven to me
so loyally, in all that I ever tried to do for good, to do now
what is best for your family and yourself.
As I look back on my life in this dosing timA I find
myself in debt to every friend that loved me, for what a
score of lives could not repay, and would fain say to them
all, as to you, words of humiliation which I check only
because they are so vsin.
Ever (Nay— in such a time as this what " eyer " is there
except "to-day" — once more — ) your thankful and sor-
rowful friend — Master, no more —
J. BUSKIK.
the sweete aire of applause. They are n'^w (Sonorable
Ladies) your owns, bemg freelie giuen to your Ladiships
by the true hearted aflPection of their Author.
liiTEBAKT collectors to whom pompous and fulsome
dedications are objects 6i interest Tand they are often yery
amusing) may not be familiar witk an example to which
the Eey. George J. C. Soott draws our attention. It is
found in a book of Huayst by Sir William Oome- Walej s,
the Younger, Knight, printed at the Hand and Plough, in
Fleet-street, 1600. The dedication is written by a friend
of the author, and we quote a portion of it :
To the Eight Yertuous and Most Honorable Ladies
the Lady Sara Hastings, the Lady Theodosia Dudley, the
Lady Mary Wingfield, and the Lady Mary Dyer. . . .
The worke of it selfe hieing vertuous, it cannot but be
gracious to your Ladiships; for in this backward Age
(too much declining^ from Yertue) who are more fit to pro-
tect aud defend her then your Ladiships, who are so
neerely allied to Yertue, that she hath chosen you for her
Temple, therein inthrined her selfe, and in you onely
desireth to be adored. Your Ladiships are neerely
conioned in blood, three of you being Sisters by nature,
the fourth by Loue ; but that ooniunction is nothing so noble
(although very noble) as that sweete combination of your
spirits, which are all so denoted to God, that though
there be a Quatemity of your persons, yet those persons
are so guided by those Angel-like spit its, that they make
np a delightful harmony, a Soule-ravishing Musick, and a
most pleasing and perfect Simpathy of Affections.
If then your L&diships shall patronize these Essayes,
what veuemous tongues shall dare to infect them P If you
like who will dislike themP What you allowe, nothing
but Enuie, Detraction, and Ignorance wil disallow, whose
infectious breaths shall be so purified by the precious
balme of your Yerines, that all smill sodainlie dissolue into
The date of the decline of the fulsome dedication is
perhaps marked by the sensible action of Mrs. Delany,
who, being pressed in 1749 by a Mr. Ballard to accept the
dedication of his work, Memoin of Learned Ladm, insisted
on writing the dedication herself. At any rate, she sent
Ballard the following as a model, with an injunction that
its tone of distant respect should not be exceeded :
Madam, — I am very much obliged to you for your
indulgence in giving me leave to dedicate part of this
work to you ; and, as I am informed yon were resolved
against addresses of this nature, I will not tire you with
encomiums on your family, your person, or your qualifica-
tions, as my intention in publishing the book is to raise
the mind above the common concerns of this world ; and
I hope the examples here set before you will animate you
to good and great actions, and then your obligation to me
will be at least equal to mine to you.
But this did not suit Mr. Ballard, and the dedication,
which was to have been so sober, appeared as follows :
To Mrs. Delany, the truest judge and brightest pattern
of sU the accomplishments which adorn her sex, these
M- main of Learned Lctdies in the seventeenth and eigh-
teenth centuries are most humbly inscribed by her obedient
servant, Gxobob Ballabd.
Ebfebrinq to our article on "Disappearing Authors,"
Messrs. M'Oeachy & Co. write to us from Glasgow :
Your method of asking booksellers in different parts of
the country regarding the sale of books by Jane Austen,
Trollops, Eingsley, Reade, and Lever, is a very wise one.
The reports miow a variety difficult to explain. For why
should an author sell well in one part of the kingdom and
not in another P With us, as large retail booksellers, the
books by Jane Austen have a large sale. We think there
are signs of a renewed interest in her writings. Charles
Readers Cloister and the Hearth is one of the best selling
novels we have, and Never Too Late to Mend and Hard Cash
have a steady sale. Eingsley is still popular, though
many of Ids books have fallen into the background.
Westward Ho! is, of course, the favourite, but Hypatia
and Hereward the Wake are constantly selling. Lever and
Trollope are decidedly flow at the present time. In
these two instances there is the absence of good editions
at a moderate price, and when such editions are published
an increasing interest vill at once be shown by the
public. The "dainty edition" has raised the taste of
the present generation with regard to the general get-up
of their books. Thece must ba well printed and neatly
bound.
A revival of interest in a writer not too well known has
occurred in connection with the uniform issue of George
Borrow*s works by Mr. John Murray. For many years,
ndmirers of Borrow asked for a worthy edition of his
books. The result has been remarkable, and the expres-.
sions of new readers show that these delightful books have
lost none of their charm.
Of course, we speak only for ourselves. The experience
of every bookseller differs according to his position on
the map.
Is her introduction to Anne Bronte's little read novel
Wildfell HaUj just issued in the Haworth Edition, Mrs.
Humphry Ward tells a story showing that Anne possessed
''the Bronte seriousness, uie Brontr strength of will.''
When four years old she was asked what a little child like
her wanted most. ** The tiny creature replied — if it were
not a Bronte it would be incredible — 'Age and experi-
ence.' " Anne Brontc^'s gift was not equal to Oharlotte's
or Emily's, and Mrs. Ward introduces an interesting
comparison between the poetical powers of Anne and
Emily. Both girls, it happened, wrote verses ezpreesive
326
The Academy*
21 April, 1900.
of their longing to be at home, and it is here that the
difference in their powers comes out :
From the twilight schoolroom at Boehead, Emily turns
in thought to the distant upland of Haworth and the little
stone-built house upon its crest :
*^ There is a spot, 'mid barren hills,
Where winter howls, and driving rain ;
But, if the dreary tempest chills,
There is a light that warms again.
The house is old, the trees are bare,
Moonless above bends twilight's dome,
But what on earth is half so dear —
So longed for — as the hearth of home P
The mute bird sitting on the stone.
The dank moss dripping from the wall.
The thorn-trees gaunt, the walks o'ergrown,
I love them — ^how I love them all ! "
Anne's verses, written from one of the houses where she
was a governess, express precisely the same feeling, and
movement of mind. But notice the instinctive rightuess
and swiftness of Emily's, the blurred weakness of Anne's :
" For yonder garden, fair and wide,
With groves of evergreen.
Long winding walks, and borders trim,
And velvet lawns between —
Bestore to me that little spot.
With gray walls compassed round,
Where knotted grass neglected lies.
And weeds usurp the ground.
Though all around this mansion high
Invites the foot to roam.
And though its halls are fair within —
Oh, give me back my Home !
>>
Bibliographical.
The introduction of Shakespeare, with a ^' speaking " part,
into a novel called Mart/ Paget, reminds one of similarly
bold adventures in the past. I cannot recollect whether
the late William Black had the courage to put the bard
bodily into his Judith Shakespeare (perhaps one of my
correspondents will tell me), but we can all recall Landor's
Examination of William Shakespeare, and some of us have
not forgotten a certain play called (with delightful brevity
and simplicity) '* Shakespeare," which had a brief career
in a London theatre some eight years ago. La the last-
named, if I remember rightly, the bard was presented
as a young man, who, after engaging himself to Anne
Hathaway, goes up to London and loses his heart to
Elizabeth Throgmorton. If my memory serves me, the
author of this piece portrayed the poet as firing off bits of
blank verse fn>m the plays which he was afterwards to
write ! And we had not only Shakespeare, but Spenser
and Baleigh and Ben Jonson, whose spoken utterances, I
regret to say, did not at all suggest the power or charm of
their published efforts. But there is no limit to the self-
confidence of the present-day playwright. Did not one
such follow Home in putting Christopher Marlowe on the
boards ? and was not Moli^re similarly treated by another ?
Such a handbook of British and American fiction as
Mr. A. E. Baker is said to have compiled or to be com-
piling should be, if adequately done, an eminently desir-
able work. We have no such manual at present. It is
true that Mr. Percy Eussell published, in 1894, A Guide
to British and American Novels, in which he discoursed
successively of the historical, the military, the political,
the Scotch, the Irish, the religious, the 'temperance"
tale, and so forth, and that he supplied a couple of some-
what useful indices. Mr. Hussell's book, however, lacked
authority as criticism, and in the way of fact was not
sufficiently precise and systematic. Now, Mr. Baker, I
gather, will be systematic or nothing, and we may depend,
I think, upon his accuracy in detail. An absolutely com-
plete classification of English (which includes American)
notion would be a boon if it could be achieyed ; but can
it? Is it not out of ^e power of one man, even tiliougrh he
should have devoted ail his working hours to it? It
seems rather a task for a syndicate or a society, eTerj
member of which would contnbute from the fruits of his
or her reading.
Mr. Beerb<3im Tree having selected " Bip Van Winkle"
as the next subject for stage interpretation, we may
expect that there will shortly be an increased demand far
TVashington Irving's famous narrative. It so happens
that no fewer than three illustrated editions of the tale
were issued in London last year — one by Mr. Macqueen,
anotiier by Messrs. Putnam, and the third (with *^ Christ-
mas Eve ") by Mr. Nister. In 1898 the tale formed part
of a littie volume of Irving miscellanies published by
Service & Paton. Previoui^ to that there was Measrs.
Macmillan's illustrated edition in 1893. Of Ths Sketch-
Book itself the recent reprints have been numerous— one
in two volumes in 1894, a '< student's" edition (and a
cheap one besides) in 1895, and yet another in 1897.
Those playgoers to whom Irving's narrative is new will
be surprised to find how elaborate a superstructure ^e
playwrights have built upon a slight foundation.
The promised new edition (illustrated) of Leigh Hunt's
Old Court Suburb will be welcome to many, tihough the
book, which is not yet half-a-century old, is by no means
out of print. Messrs. Hurst & Blackett, I believe, still
publish it in neat one-volume form. In all probability it
has not been much read of late. Many people fancy that
the suburb in question is Chelsea, whereas, of course, it is
Kensington. It will be remembered that an illuatrated
edition of Hunt's other topographical and historical book.
The Town, was brought out in 1893. Hunt was one of
the first to write what may be called the picturesque guide-
book, and his example was improved upon by certain of
his more recent imitators. Both The lown and The Old
Court Suburb are somewhat out of date, but a little
judicious annotation is all that they require.
The poets of the future have some reason to dread the
doubtf^ glory of a " penny edition " of their works. I
was glancing the other day through Messrs. Newnes's
penny Tennyson, and found tiiat the simple title ''GFodiva"
had been enlarged into " The Lady Godiva '" ; " The
splendour falls on castie walls " had been headed " Dying,
Dying, Dying " ; the stanzas beginning *' Bing out, wild
bells," had been entitied " Ring Out— Ring In " ; while
those beginning '' Love thou thy land " had been christened
"Patriotism"! More than this, I found that the editor
had taken it upon himself to number not only every
stanza in the book, but even the paragraph-sections of
such narrative poems as the " Morte d'Arthur." I say
nothing about the paper and the printing of the penn'orth,
but I think the text of the poet should have been presented
as he left it.
Turmng over the pages of Sir M. Grant DufPs latest
instalment of Notes from a Diary, I found him asking a
Roman Oatholic ecclesiastic whether he knew '* the story
of Gregory XVI. offering his snuff-box to a Cardinal, who
declin^ it, saying, ' No, your Holiness, I have not that
vice,' to which the Pope immediately replied, 'If it had
been a vice, you would have had it.' " Now, this colloquy
is almost word for word identical with a well-known
passage of arms between Claude Melnotte and Beauseant
m " The Lady of Lyons," and it would be interesting to
know whether this anecdote of Gregory XVI. was in
circulation before Bulwer wrote the play ; if it was, the
dramatist obviously "conveyed" the jest — which was
unfair to its author.
The Bookwohh.
21 April, 19DO.
The Academy.
3^7
Reviews.
A Needless " Life."
The Lift of Edward Fit*e*rald. By John Glyde.
(Pearsone, Ltd. 6a.)
Mk. O-ltdz'b book contains somo new stories of FitzGerald
and some interesting local matter; but as a whole it is the
failure which every student of FitzGerald's Letters might
hare not unkindly predicted. No "Life," properly speak-
vae, of Edward f^itzOerald is possible ; you might as well
aak for a " Life " of Amiel, who never lived, but merely
propoeed to do so. FitzGerald did not even plan a life ;
linding himself alive, he settled down to v^;etate intel-
lectuaUy. Look at his portrait. What a kindly, heavy
satuminitf ; what a resolution to be only so much awake
as he deemed worth his while ! FitzGterald let the world
nlone, and the world ought to return the oom^ment. We
can do with biographies of soldiers and Parliamentary
hands, and we hare recenUy had the biography of a
Bucceaaful ooal merchant, l^at is all right; but when
a man is ao sublimely indifferent to the footlights and the
gold dust as was Edward FitzQerald, we ought to cherish
Uiatinstanceof retiredness. We are tJl grimed and pushing
and envious ; here was a man who was not ; for heaven's
sake let it be somewhat difficult to find him in libraries as
it was in life. The rery notion of anything so pat and
measnreable as "The Life" of Edward FitzGerold is
unpWsing to ue. We prefer to go burrowing for the
Life is the Letters — Letters which, for a certain quaint
nookiiuai, are unsurpassed in the language. What would
Fit/.Gerald hare said if he had picked up a harmful,
unnecessary "Life" of his "dear S^rigng," in whose
Letters he lired for days together ?
Mr. Qlyde has meant well, and there are thlnga in his
book which lovers of the Letters may like to note. Fitz-
Gerald once made for his own use a list of all the characters
in Ume. Sevign^'s Letters, and at another time he drew
up a chronology of Charles Lamb's life. Wall, Mr. Glyde
finds ua in material for making such book-marker notes,
but this is to condemn his book as a work of art. Our
special regret is that Mr. Glyde did not limit himself to
the task for which he was competent, and for which there
was an opening — that of tracing FitzGerald's footprints
at Woodbridge, Boulge, Lowestoft, Aldborough, and his
other Suffolk haunts. The local information he has
collected would hare made a thin, but verj aoeeptable,
pamphlet. Thus from London, from Nishapur, and
from Woodlnidge had poured three contributory streams of
intelligence about FitzQerald ; and the local tribute would
have bad a charming enti^, would almost hare defied
oritioism. But "The Life" — oh, no! The very words
toll us back to the Letters — which are a thing most
precious and absolute. They are medicine tor minda that
would fain repel the world a little while using it, that long
for peace though declining it. Ah, these dear half-way
philosophers, whose teachings require of as no sudden
Eight from the parement to the empyrean, but who
show us how a man may simplify his life ! FitzGJerald
was one of the band, and in that kind we name him with
Horaoe, and Montaigne, and with Matthew Arnold, wistful
at the grave of 84nancour. Formal duty seems to require
us to describe Mr. Glyde's book in detail ; but the pages
slip past our fingers. They are good for excavation.
There are things to pencil into the margins of the Letters,
but they are not such things as these: "Fitz-Gerald
(Mr. Glyde will hyphenate the name) had old-fashioned
tastes, and in poetry and great love for the ancieute. . . .
In the world of Fiction he revelled in Sir Walter Scott's
works." Nor does the reader of the Letters want to see
FitzGerald's moods stated in terms like these : " He found
more real enjoyment in the fisherman's cottage than in the
home of the squire, where, he said, awful formalities stifie
the genuine fiow of nature." That is banal and
inexact. Banal and inexact, too, is Mr. Glyde's deecrip-
tioD of FitzGerald's feeling toward London as one of
" hatred." He did not want to live in London ; nothing
would have induced him to do so But he ^""^J^
paid London the compliment of esconng himaelf. The
tacit reproaches of his friends were not lost on him;
though he would not live in London, none knew bettor
than he that he could not well lire without London. He
never plumed himaelf on his retirement. Liring out of
the world, it was he who felt the drawbacks. " People
afiect to talk of this kind of life as rery beautiful and
philosophical," he wrote to Frederic Tennyson, "but I
don't ; men ought to hare an ambition to stir and trurel,
and fill theu heaxls and senses; but so it is." 80 it was
to the end. He trudged Suffolk roads, saw the sea dimple,
read old books and the Keriews, collected pictures, pottered
among hia flowers, fed his doves, and wrote the most
unaffected letters about it aU.
The Letters hare been giren to us with a liberal hand,
and we are not sure that we wont — or ought to take — a
single fact about FitzGerald that oomes to us but through
them. We are not a whit interested in Mr. Glyde's chapter
about FitzGerald's marriage and what the "ladies of
Woodbridge" — confound them! — thought of it. We do
not oare to peer into the little cottage at Boulge, and
note its bachelor chaos ; nor are we rery grateful for the
information that FitzGerald always wore his hat when
seated by his fire, and that he fidgettod his beard with
a paper-knife while his reader read to him. Somehow a
knowledge of these things seems a little mean ; we put it
aside. Even Mr. Glyde's list of books in FitzGerald's
library — claasified (as assuredly FitzGerald did not dassify
them) under Fine Arts, Essays, Music, Dramatic, &c.^ia
curiously unacceptable. The books do not interest us
until FitzGerald has token one of them off the shelf
himself. We do not want to know the bounds of his
resources, the thus-far- and-no-farther of his browsings
alone. Charles Lamb was so^ that he had erer seen
the MS. of " Lyddas," with Milton's corrections, and we
should regret taking an inreutory of those bookshelves
at Little Grange. All this may seem fanciful and even
ungracious; but if so it comes of our allegiance to the
Letters. Not a jot of their charm must be imperilled.
We like to Uiink that Nature ordains such lives as
Edward FitzGerald's to be medicine to other lives. Fitz-
Gerald's Letters are antidotal and curatire. And the Letters
are FitzGerald's life, therefore the life was good and
effectire. That is rery simple reasoning, but what ia to
328
The Academy.
21 April, 1900.
upset it? FltzGFerald might have done greater things?
Iteally ! — greater than his Letters ? — those delightful
records of desultory culture, those naiYe statements of the
things which a rich, yet oddly restricted, nature cared for,
and the things it didn't care a rap for? We doubt it.
To write the Letters it was necessary that FitzG^rald should
live in a Suffolk village, where you could hear the raspii^g
of a saw down the length of the main street. He was
lazy, but remember that he had the special grace not to
repent ; and if he refused laborious days, neither did he
sport with Amaryllis in the shade. The result was the
Letters, and the English '^Eubaiyat." And these are
enough.
Pale, Tender, and Fragile,
DecorationSf in Ver»e and Prose. By Ernest Dowson.
(Leonard Smithers & Co.)
This little volume derives a painful interest from its being
the last work of a young poet, who recently died under
sorrowful circumstances. The verse (for the prose is little
but verse not run into mould) is in substance agnosticism
unsustained by the joy of life ; in style it is exceedingly
craftsmanlike and perfect, with a sense of form that lends
appropriateness to the title. " A poet of one mood in all
his lays," Mr. Dowson's verse has an almost morbid grace
and delicacy, which can only be conveyed by Bossetti's
word gracile, and a decadent melancholy. Without fire or
figurative quality, it lends itself best to negatives.
He belongs to those who find their affinities in the
decadent frwlty of such French poets as Paul Verlaine.
It is not, however, the later symkoliste Yerlaine to whom
he leans, but the more typical Yerlaine of the sighful,
faint impressions. To photograph sensitively the efPect of
a scene, an incident, upon the emotions, and reproduce it
in verse with all its delicate transience, without comment,
without reflection — an efEect, or rather affect (if we might
coin the word for the occasion) transferred from the sensi-
bilities of the poet to those of the reader — such is the aim
of this French school, in which stood foremost the poet
with the satyr- visage and the touch in verse as of maiden's
fingers. No interpreters they of nature, but rather strings
moved by the wind — and witiii a like melancholy plaint in
all their music. There is much of kindred character in
Dowson's poetry, though it need not follow that he deliber-
ately or consciouisly adopted the same artistic shibboleth.
His sympathies he has openly shown in a few poems
which are direct translations from Yerlaine. It may well
be that Yerlaine is inimitable ; it is very sure that Yerledne
is untranslatable. All Mr. Dowson's finished art and
native sympathy has failed to capture the uncapturable
charm of the originals : the sense is there, and somewhat
of the subtly simple diction, but the delicate sigh of the
verse has vouitilised through the grosser English syllables.
Nor does the English writer always convoy the expres-
sional nuanees of the Frenchman. Take a poem at which
many readers of the Academy, some time ago, tried their
hands in our " Competition " column. Thus Mr. Dowson :
The skv is up above the roof,
So blue, so soft !
A tree there, up above the roof,
Swayeth aloft.
A bell within the sky we see,
Chimes low and faint :
A bird upon that tree we see
Maketh complaint.
Dear God ! is not the life up there
Simple and sweet ?
How peacefully are borne up there
Sounds of the street !
What hast thou done, who comest here
To weep alway P
Where hast thou laid, who comest here,
Thy youth away ?
It is good ; but no reader would surmise from it that the
original was a masterpiece famous in modem French
poetry. '' Swayeth aloft" misses the exact significance of
herce sapakney upon which the felicity of the line depends ;
and the translation goes to pieces upon the last stanza,
which no translation can suggest. So d6es a poem of
which the original has not the peculiar technical difficulty
of this:
Kay ! the more desolate.
Because, I know not why
(Neither for love nor hate)
My heart is desolate.
Whither has vanished the melodious childlike wail of
C'est bien la pire peine
De ne savoir pourquoi,
Sans amour et sans luone
Mon cceur a tant de peine ?
Mr. Dowson himself has more of Yerlaine in spirit than
in form, for he tries many modes — villanelley rondeau,
sonnet; but there is always the one manner — subdued,
minutely finished — searching his diction fastidiously rather
than Ostentatiously, with no stardingly refracted ooloor.
And the substance is always one — ^a cry of premature
disillusion and weariness. To him and ilie young poets
of his class the days have come in youth of which they
say, ''They please me not." To him or to his French
models ; for one would have a surer conviction of these
writers' sincerity in their pessimistic chorus if it were not
so plain that the pessimism was d la mode de Paris, Yet
the prevalence of the disease need not be doubted. He
rebukes '' A Lady Asking Foolish Questions ":
Why am I sorry, Gbloe P Because the moon is far :
And who am I to be straightened in a little earthly star ?
Because thy face is fair F And what if it had not been 't
The fairest face of all is the face I have not seen.
Because the land is cold, and however I scheme and plot,
I cannot find a ferry to the land where I am not.
Because thy lips are red and thy breasts upbraid the snow 'i
(There is neither white nor red in the pleasance where I go ]
Because thy lips grow pale and thy breasts grow don and
fall?
I go where the wind blows, Chloe, and am not sorry
at all.
That is the daintily sunff confession of unfaith which is
the melanoholv burden of all Mr. Dowson's verse (though
nowhere else does he slip into such unpleasantilv ungallant
phrases as he uses to the hapless Chloe). It is Shelley's
'longing for something afiar," with tiie addition that
there is no something afar. We hear it again in the
mournfully musical lyric, '^ Yenite Descendamus ":
Let be at last ; give over words and sighing,
Vainly were all things said :
Better at last to find a place for lying
Only dead.
Silence were best ; with songs and sighing over ;
Now be the music mute ;
Now let the dead, red leaves of autunm cover
A vain lute.
Silence is best ; for ever and for ever,
We will go down and sleep.
Somewhere beyond her ken, where she need never
Come to weep.
Let be at last : colder she grows and colder ;
Sleep and the night were best ;
Lying at last where we cannot behold her.
We may rest.
When he is not attempting an impossible nvalry 01
translation, he handles verse with accomplished melody^
as in this poem. Pale, tender, and fragile like that which
has in it the seeds of death, it fitly exemplifies Dowson b
not strong nor strongly original muse. And now— he has
gone down and slept.
21 April, 1900.
The Academy.
329
A Pearl of Great Price.
A Sutory of the Textual Criiimm of the N$w Teitammt.
By Miurtm E. yincent, D.D. (liacmillan.)
Pbbfbotlt hoDonrable men, no doubt, were the Brothera
Elzevir, publishers, of Leyden. Yet, by means of an
Aemat fortnat and a boastful phrase, they succeeded in
landing on the book-market of Christian Europe a version
of tibe New Testament from the corrupt text of which a
quarter of a millennium has not been more than sufficient
time to emancipate public opinion. '' Here then," they
announced on the title-page of their edition of 1633, ''you
have a Text Eeceived of All Men, in. which we give you
nothing garbled or corrupt." This vaunted ''Beceived
Text " was essentially the text of Erasmus, founded on a
few inferior M8S. 80 little, indeed, did Erasmus under-
stand his responsibility that his solitary twelfth-century
MS. of the Eevelation giving out before the last six verses,
he Bcm^ed not to sup^y an indifferent Greek rendering
for which he had no MS. authority at all. The degrees
by which the Textus Beceptus has been ousted from the
extravagant esteem in which for so long a time it was held
is clearly and concisely told in the book before us.
In 1628 Charles I. received from the Patriarch of Con-
stantinople the Alexandrian Codex, known familiarlv as
A ; and in 1657 Bishop Walton, of Chester, published his
London Polyglot^ with the diverse readings of this ancient
MS. at the foot of the pages. Courcelles and Fell, Dean
of Christ Church, led the way to John Mill, who, in 1707,
published at Oxford an edition of the New Testament in
which he foreshadowed the results of modem methods.
He estimated the variants known in his time at 30,000.
The Greek MSS. collated to-day, nearly 4,000, yield more
than five times that number.
As time went on and diligence was multiplied, the
extraordinary difficulty of reconstructing in its purity the
Text, of which the original autographs had perished,
became more evident. The method of counting authorities
for a given reading was soon shown to be fallacious. By
reason of greater age one MS. may outweigh the authority
of a dozen others of later date. Not that age is by any
means decisive ; for whereas a MS. of the fourth century
may have been copied from one but littie older than
itsdf, a MS. of the eleventh century may have been copied
direcUy from one of the third century, which in turn
may derive immediately from the auto^^ph. Another
maddening consideration is that a MS. is not necessarily
of the same value throughout : internal evidence may show
that different parts are copied from different examplars.
And this leads to the classification of MSS. according
to their genealogy, which was first attempted by Bengel,
a Lutheran pastor of Wurtemburg, in 1734. He also it
was who first formulated the now familiar canon that
'* the difficult reading is to be preferred to the easy," since
it is more likely that the scribe has altered a passage with
a view to removing a solecism, or an apparent contradic-
tion or misquotation, than that he should have introduced
such a thing. This principle Griesbach, who published
his text in 1805, breaking for the first time dean . away
from the Textus Beceptus, embodied with others : that
not single documents but recensions (a word used rather
awkwardly for families) of MSS. are to be counted ; that
the shorter reading is to be preferred to the longer, on
account of the scrioe's tendency to include marsinfu notes
in the text and to fill out an eUipee ; and that the reading
which at first sight appears to convey a false scaise is to
be chosen. The classification of MSS. also received a
further development at his hands.
Passing over Lachmann and lesser names we come to
Tischendorf, famous for the discovery, in the monastery
of St. Catherine on Mount Sinai, of the fourth-century
Aleph (Codex Sinaiticus). This he borrowed and carried
off to Cairo, where, with the aid of two German secre-
taries of seraphic energy, he transcribed the 110,000 lines
of it and noted the 12,000 changes made by later hands.
This document is, perhaps, one of fifty prepared by order
of Constantino for the churches of his eastern capital in
331. It contains some thousand readings sustained by
- the oldest Fathers and Versions (t.^., trandations), and not
found in the Vatican (B^ or Alexandrian (A) codices.
The Sinaitic MS. haa great weight with Weetcott and
Hort, whose New Testament appeared in 1881. Dr. Hort
assigns it, with B, to the oldest of his four great families
of MSS. ; their coincidences he attributes to '^ tiie extreme
antiquity of the common original from which the ancestors
of the two have diverged." The Eevisers of 1881 (whose
text varies in over 1,600 places from the text used by the
divines of King James) follow closely the readings favoured
by Westcott and Hort.
Yet even now the traditional reverence for the Received
Text is not dead — unless, indeed, it was buried with the
late Dean Burgon of Chichester. Burgon's wit and
delicious perversity make his Revmon Revmd one of the
most entertaining of books. His argument in favour of
the Eeceived Text is based on the conviction that the
Divine Spirit which guides the Church would never permit
the words which He dictated to be lost or changed. The
reversion to ancient authorities, therefore, he altogether
mocks. If these documents have been preserved, that
shows, he declares, only that they are worthless : had tliey
been of value they would have perished long since of
honest handling. After pouring contempt upon Aleph,
B, A, and C, the Dean proceeds :
Imagine it generally proposed, by the aid of four such
conflicting documentB, to readjast tiie funeral oration of
Pericles, or to reedit ffaniUt Ruum teneatia^ amid ? Why,
some of the poet's most familiar lines would cease to be
recognisable: e.g., A. — **Toby or not Toby, that is the
question." Alepb. — '* To be a tub or not to be a tub, the
question is that. C. — " The question is, to beat or not to
beat Toby P " D (the ** singular codex ").—** The only
question is this, to beat that Toby or to be a tub ? "
With this delightful nonsense, which illustrates the
lighter side of a science which has been pursued with
such passionate devotion, we may take leave of Dr.
Vincent's admirable little book. Nothing could be better
adapted to the use of those who would gain a general
view of the results and fascinating methods of Textual
Criticism in this particular field.
Andromache Up to Date,
Andromache. By Gtilbert Murray. (Heinemann.)
It was an audacious experiment of Prof. Murray's to
take a classic theme and to write around it a modem
drama in a manner obviously inspired by Ibsen and by
Maeterlinck. Mr. G. W. Steevens attempted a some-
what similar feat in '^ The Dialogues of the Dead."
But, as the Latin grammar puts it, you may expel Nature
with a fork, yet she will always be back upon you ; and
the completeness of Prof. Murray's design is more than
once marred by the fatality of classical reminiscence.
'' Now, by Thetis, stranger, in shape God has made you
king-like, but within a very fool!" comes as an odd
patch on the web of dialogue ; and Andromache and the
rest are but too ready, on the slightest provocation, to
break out in lines and half -lines of the blank verse which
is their natural speech. '^ I am a king's son ; I must
have my kingdom," says Orestes, and we believe Prof.
Murray hopes that it wul be read as prose : and Andro-
mache ; ^' The gods' hearts may be hard, but man's is
tender ; only very hung^ and sore afraid and wild as a
hunted beast on the mountain." Apart from such
blemishes, the drama is astonishingly clever and unex-
pectedly interesting. The bald, unaaomed way of speech,
all arabesques and rhetoric strictiy excluded, through
33C>
The Aeademy.
21 April, 190D.
whicby rather than in whioh, the characters express them-
selves is admirably handled. Is not this Maeterlinckian ?
Pyladbs.
Nay, you fear nothing ; that is why I must fear for you.
Obestes.
What is there to fear for me P Most like I shall come
back just as I am.
Py LADES
That is the one thing that cannot be !
Andromache was the subject of Attic dramas by Sophocles,
Euripides, and lophon. That of Euripides is alone extant,
and from the plot of this Frof« Murray's is yaried. It
was, perhaps, discreet to select for rivalry one of the least
e£Pective of even the Euripidean masterpieces. Hector
slain and Troy taken, Andromache becomes the booty of
Fyrrhus, son of Achilles and King of Fthia, to whom she
bears a son, Molossus. Fyrrhus marries Hermione,
daughter of ihe deathless Helen. Hermione has no son,
and hates Andromache. To Fthia comes, in disguise,
Orestes, healed at last of the Furies. He is in search
of Hermione, whom he saw and loved of old in her
father's halls. Orestes and Hermione plot flight. There
is a niSUe. Fyrrhus is slain, and Andromache stabs Helen.
These are the dry bones of Frof . Murray's drama. In his
treatment of it they become the vehicle of a symbolism.
The dramatic situation is that of the questing som between
the two ideals, the Wisdom of Life and the Fassion of Life.
Andromache represents the Wisdom of life. Through
sufiering she has attained : she knows and loves. The
old angers are swallowed up in humanity. Molossus has
slain his first man amid the rejoicings of the Court.
Andromache would have him make atonement.
Andbomache.
May your eyes never see half the pain mine h%ve seen !
I grew past feeling for it, too, long, long ago. I saw men
writhe and bite the dust, without caring for them or
countiog them. They were so many that they were all
confused, and the noise of their angnish was like the
crying of cranes far off : there was no one voice in it, and
no meaning. And then, as it went on growing, and the
sons of Priam died about me and the folk starved, and
my husband, Hector, was slain with torment, all the
voices gathered again together and seemed as one voice,
that cried to my heart so that it understood.
Molossus.
What did it say, mother ?
Akdbomache.
It spoke in a language that you know not, my son.
MOLOSSTTS.
Did it speak Phrygian P
Andbomache.
It spoke the language of old, old men, and those whose
gods have deserted them.
Molossus.
But you could tell me what it said.
Andkomache.
ILookiTig at him, and not anawering,'} Why did you ever
wish to kill that herd-boy P
Molossus.
We had taken their cattle before. They always flght us.
Andbomache.
Would it not be better Ihat they should live at peace
with you P
Molossus.
Why should I fear their blood- feud P I would sooner
be slain than ask favours of them. My father would
avenge me well ! .
AlTDBOMACHE.
And who will be the happier P liisten. Can yon heu
that little beating sound— down seaward, away from
the sunP
Molossus.
It is the water lapping against the rocks.
Andbomache.
There is a sound like that in the hat g^&ge I told you of.
Old, old men, and those whose goda have deserted them,
hear it in their hearts — ^the sound of all the blood tiut
men have spilt and the tears they have shed, lappiog
against great rocks, in shadow, away from the sun.
Molossus.
But, mother, no warrior hears any sound Ike that.
Andbomache.
Hector learnt to hear it before he died.
This touches upon the eternal verities. In Hermione
Orestes seeks the Passion of Life, one inexhaustible and
unfading as her mother Helen. But Hermione is no
Helen; she is a thwarted soul, passionate indeed, but
perverse, for the ideal of Passion is unrealisable by men;
and the dramatic conflict of the play resolves itself into
the opposing influences of the two women upon Orestes.
The eyes of Hermione '* beaconed him through the dark
of the sea." He still dreams his ideal in her, '* daughter
of Helen, ageless and deathless," fails to realise in her the
very woman she is ; but in the presence of Andromache
her beauty pales, and she is shrunken ; and when she
stabs Andromache it lets Orestes into a secret. He bids
his men begone with Hermione to the ship, and stays
looking down upon the dying and strang'ely transfigured
woman. He is initiate.
Prof. Murray has put a good deal into this play : it is
at least, as we said, interesting from beginning to end;
but part of the interest is barely legitimate, for it comes from
watching to see how the writer will get over the difficulties
which he has almost wilfully imposed upon himself. He
does not get. over them entirely ; and would not his work
have really been more effective if he had chosen a theme
in the handling of which he would not have had to waste
his energies in combating the accumulated instincts oi
his readers and himself towards a traditional mode of
treatment ?
The Trewe Kirk Discernit.
The Scottish Reformation, Baird Lectures for 1899, By
the late Alexander F. MitcheU, D.D. Edited by D. Hay
Fleming, LL.D. With a Biographical Sketch by James
Christie, D.D. (Blackwood.)
As distinguished from the movement which transformed
the Church of England, the Scottish Reformation pio-
ceeded upwards from below. It was more purely a religious
movement. It began indeed within, among Churchmen;
and its first aim was no more than to eliminate from the
existing system the gross abuses of simony and nepotism
which in Scotland, as elsewhere, honeycombed the whole
system of patronage. But the Lutheran doctrine of justin-
cation was in the air, and Patrick Hamilton was its proto*
martyr — "bumte, at commando of the king selfe, for
obstinatie and wickednes." He had the audacity to
maintain that ^^ faith, hope, and charity are so linked
together that he who hath one of them hath all, and he
that lacketh one lacketh all," and the like. And as is wont
to happen when one man has the courage to suffer for his
convictions, the reek of his burning ** infected all on whom
it blew." In 1534 was held a great assize over which the
king, James V., presided as great justiciar. Over a scote
of confessors suffered confiscation of goods; Alexander
21 Aprii, 1900.
The Academy.
331
Alane (known in literature as Alesias) was driven out of
the country; Norman Gourley and David Stratoun fur-
nished a holocaust to the Moloch of Orthodoxy; and so
forward, mainly by contrivance of that prelate of large
intelligence, consummate ability, and indomitable energy
whom, not inaptly, Dr. Mitchell styles ''hierarchical
fanatic " — Cardinal Betoun. The hour of the reformers
would seem to have struck when in 1543 the Eegent, the
Earl of Arrao, proclaimed freedom to read the Scriptures
in the vulgar tongue ; but he almost immediately repented
of his temerity, and loaded his head with appropriate
ashes.
The coming of Wishart, in 1559, marked « change in
the character of the movement; with him it definitely
assumed a schismatical character. His method was to
gather into conventicles those whom he could persuade.
Also, he must pass through the doud and through the fire,
and make room for a greater.
John Knox— '^ that maist notable profet and apostle of
our nation " — in his childhood had been a pupil of Wis-
hart's ; of him he learned the little Greek ne knew. A
firmness which came near to obstinacy, an independence
which was very much like pride . . . and a passionate
force sometimes mistakenly attributed to a vindictive
temper— these are some of the qualities predicated of him
by D*Aubigne. Knox had received the order of priest-
hood, but, having acquired ** a taste for the truth," ceased
to say mass and (strangely^ took to the law. Presently,
in obedience to an harmonious call, he assumed the office
of a preacher, and the vaulting of St. Andrew's Cathedral
rang weekly with vituperation. The assassination of
Cardinal Betoun, in the margin of his History, he is
content to note as ''the godly act" of James Melvine.
This same godly act was the reason why for some nineteen
months, with others of the conspirators, he tugged at an
oar from the bench of a French galley. Eng'li^ influence
secured his release in 1549. He came to En^and and took
part in the first revision of the Prayer-book. He was
appointed to be chaplain to the monarch whom Dr. Mitehell
styles " good King Edwurd," and, it is said, received the
offer of the Gloucester bishopric. After the accession of
the " bigoted Queen Mary," the English court, he found,
was no place for him. He departed, therefore, to the more
propitious air of Geneva and the company of Calvin, between
whom and the people of Scotland he served the office of a
conduit; and thence he sounded that Blast against the
Monstrous Eegiment of Women which was designed to
shake the security of Mary, but merely exasperated Eliza-
beth ; wherein his later explanations, which involved so
unpalateble a doctrine as that kings rule in virtue of elec-
tion rather than by right divine, did not mend matters.
At this time he returned to St. Andrew's and frankly
proceeded to triumph over the enemies of the Lord. " We
doe nothing," he wrote, " but goe about Jericho, blowing
with trumpets as God giveth sirenth."
The result of the struggle was by this time assured.
The new faith was springing vigorously on the soil left
fallow by the careless security of the clergy. In Scotland,
as elsewhere, the Boman Catholic Churdi had saved, out
of a sometime devoted people, but a remnant.
The author goes at length into the history of the Book
of Discipline and the Book of Common Order; and by
the discretion of his enthusiastic editor, a lecture upon
Alesius, though not properly one of the series delivered
on the Baird foundation, has been inserted. If it is with
a certein sense of disappointment that we close this volume,
that is to be attributed solely to a certain flaccidity of
style which may readily be excused to a man strenuously
using, as it proved, the last spark of his vitality for a
comprehensive purview of the period which for many
years he had made so particularly his own. We confi-
dently hope that it will interest, in the great evente which
it chronicles, a wider public than that to which the lectures
are primarily addressed.
'' Twill Serve/'
PxHioDS OF Ettbofean LiTERATimB. — The Momantte THumph.
By T. S. Omondy M.A. (Blackwood. 5s. net.)
The title of this book rather suggests a novel than the
latest addition to Prof. Saintobury's '' Periods of European
Literature." It is the sequel (the association of ideas
will not away) to The Momantie Revolt — a no less cozening
title — its predecessor in the series, which dealt with the
general rebellion against eighteenth-century classicism ;
and the period it covers is, roughly, from 1810 to the
decline of the Eomantic movement in the 'fifties. The
design is to summarise the time during which the Eomantic
movement was at its zenith; and in English literature
it may be said to have as ito culmination Scott and
Browning.
The period is impossibly vast, beyond the mere number
of years embraced oy it. It is, perhaps, the most opulent
period of European literary history. In EngUmd it
means Scott, Coleridge, Wordsworth, Shelley, Keats,
Tennyson, Browning, De Quincey, Buskin, Carlyle,
Dickens, Thackeray, the Brontes — to take up but a
random handful of the golden sands ; in France, Dumas,
De Yigny, De Musset, Lamartine, Sainte-Beuve, Stendhal
— all that brilliant band of poeto and prosateun, with the
great name of Hugo towering in the midst, and the red
waistcoat of Oautier flaming in the forefront; it means
historians like Sismondi, Thierry, Michelet; novelists
like George Sand and Prosper Meriin^e. As if these
were not enough, Germany presents to us the Schlegels
— August, the great populariser and critic of Shake-
speare ; Friedrich, who wrote The Philosophy of Hutoi-y ;
Tieck ; Hoffmann ; Uhland ; Brentano ; Fouque, who
gave us the undying figures of Undine and Sintram;
Kichter, inspirer of Carlyle ; Niebuhr, the historian ;
Schelling and Hegel, in philosophy; while in its later
period we have the poetry of Heine and the pessimism
of Schopenhauer. Yet here is no pause: Italy offers
Manzoni, of / Promeesi Spoei fame ; Jjeopardi, the poet,
as Schopenhauer was the philosopher of pessimism ; Den-
mark has Hans Andersen ; Eussia, Poushkin and Qogol ;
Poland, Mickiewicz. And this is but (in Tarquin's
phrase) striking off the tallest heads of the poppies.
Throngs surge behind these. It was truly a wonderful
time of blossoming.
To deal with such enormous wealth of material upon
any comprehensive plan, within the compass of one small
volume, was not possible. In this respect Mr. Omond's
task was harder than that of his predecessors. In effect,
his volume resolves itself into a cursory review of the
chief authors in the several countries of Europe, with a
few introductory and concluding remarks on the Bomantic
spirit and movement. It is, doubtless, the fault of the
unwieldy subject, too near for j^erspective, yet already
fading into a doubtful semi-familiarity very puzzling to
deal with ; but Mr. Omond's volume does not impress us
so much as others of the series. He disavows any design
of novelty in his criticism ; and has, in fact, adopted the
safe method of adhering to the received criticism of the
day on all important pointo. The few exceptions wherein
Mr. Omond has liberated his own soul do not encourage
us to wish that he had oftener departed from the beaten
track. He is led into railing at Mrs. Browning's delicate
Ehrase, '^ sylvan tenderness, ' applied to the eyes of the
are. Mr. Omond is not, in fact, a distinguished critic.
But, on the whole, he is adequate, if never stimulating,
and sometimes a trifle exasperating. The book is a fair
book, considering the subject and ite difliculties ; there
have, as we say again, been better in the series, but
'^ 'twill serve." And we may, at any rate, congratulate
Mr. Omond that he has spared us yet another attempt to
define the Eomantic spirit. " For this relief, much
thanks."
332
The Academy.
21 April, 1900.
Other New Books.
Mrs. Delany
(Mart Granville).
Compiled by George Paston.
In the seoond edition of his Anecdote* of Painting Horace
Walpole refers to Mrs. Delany as '^ a lady of excellent
taste, who, at the age of seventy-four, invented the art of
paper mosaic, with which material (coloured) she executed
in eight years within twenty of one thousand various
flowers and flowering shrubs with a precision and truth
unparalleled." The reader who wishes to know exactly
what this work was like may turn to pages 230-231 of
this volume. Mrs. Delany never wrote a book, or made
herself notorious; she was neither wealthy nor learned,
and yet she was a great lady — '' a truly great woman of
fashion," Burke caUed her. Mrs. Delany's Autobiography
and Correepondenee in six volumes, edited by Lady
Llanover was gratefully received in 1861-62 by a public
willing to pay five pounds. These volumes having sunk —
by their own weight one thinks — out of present ken,
'^ G^rge Paston " has distilled some of their fragrance
and interest into a volume that may hope to be read by a
generation of casual readers. In l^ese reduced pages we
are still brought into the politest circles of the reigns of
three Georges. We dine with Swift, and watch Madame
D'Arblay bungle the bow of Queen Charlotte's necklace ;
we hear the ''Beggar's Opera" praised, and Tristram
Shandy denounced ; and we see Mrs. Delany almost marry
Wesley, and almost snub Johnson. This is the (abridged)
book of her loves, her two marriages, her discreet friend-
ships, her perfections of behaviour and address. Its long,
busy murmur of acquaintance is in ceaseless and delight-
ful contrast with the self-centred, socially-unerring mind
of the great lady it portrays. Taken as a whole, the
record is crammed, as tne present editor is pleased to say,
with '' familiar trifles of everyday life that put marrow
into the dry bones of history, and blood into its flaccid
veins." (Grant Eichards. 7s. 6d.)
Memoirs op the Baroness
Ceoile db Coitrtot. By Mobitz von Kaisenbbrq.
This volume takes its place in the entertaining ''Ver-
sailles Historical Series," which already includes the
memoirs of the Due de Saint-Simon and of the Prince de
Ligne. The period opened up is that of Napoleon's First-
Consulship, and although the letters and diaries quoted
belong to the von Alvensleben family, of Kalbe, in
Altmark, the real heroine of the story they unfold is the
young Baroness Oecile do Courtot, who fled to Kalbe from
the very steps of the guillotine, and aftervpards returned
to Paris, as one from tiie dead, to enjoy the favour of the
First Consul and the restoration of her property. The
delicious quiet and garden fragrance of old German life —
a life given up to " the cultivation of an exaggerated
sentimentality and perfervid romance" — are mingled in
the narrative with the horrors of Kobespierre's reign, and
the crescendo gaieties and splendours of Paris in the days
when it was learning to give Napoleon carte hlanche.
The most striking record is of the interview granted by
Napoleon to Cecile de Courtot in the matter of the
restoration of her property, which had been torn from her
in the Eevolution. Cecile was able to remind the First
Consul that they had met as boy and girl. He had rescued
her from the attack of a bull at Bnenne, in Champagne,
in 1783 ; and a few years later she had shown her deliverer,
by the gift of a laurel wreath at the Military College at
Brienne, that she had not forgotten the service. On men-
tion of this wreath the First Consul completely changed
his manner, which had been cold and repellant :
Overwhelming emotion shone in his dark eyes and
trembled in his voice when he spoke.
** So you wrre that sweet, kind girl, Mademoiselle P Oh,
-ask what you will of mo, I promise you beforehand to
grant it — no matter what it is. Will you accept a pension
— a post of any kind P Tou shall have your property
ba<dc— I am more than overjoyed to have it in my power
to serve you ! "
You may imagine, my Annaliebe, how startled and
amazed I was at this sudden outburst, this rapture of
kindness, from the man who, but a moment before, had
shown himself so stern and unapproachable! I had no
answer ready ; all I could do was to falter vrithout
reflection, " Oh, Sire, what have I done to deserve this
gratitude P "
*' What, this too ! " broke in Bonaparte in a tone of
measureless excitement. '* The royal titie — for the fir^t
time — from your lips, my dear, infallible little Prophetess !
And once more your words will come true," he continued,
with the strange, far-away look of a 8eer. " Tes, I shall
one day wear the crown and dasp the Boyal mantle round
my shoulders — ^now I know it for certein. You set that
laurel wreath on my young head in the far-off days at
Brienne — ^the laurel crown that was to be followed by so
many others. You whispered to me then, ' May it bring
you good luck ! ' and truly it did, as you very well know.
I am a fatalist, Mademoiselle, and since you have foretold
it me, I ftd the Crown of France upon my brow, I eee the
Sceptre of the great Realm already in my hand ! How
can I ever thank you enough P "
The translation of these curious, if not too convincing,
memoirs has been made, from the German, by Miss Jessie
Haynes. (Heinemann. 9s.)
Missions in Edsn.
Bt Mks. Obosby H. Wheelbb.
Eden is situated in the Valley of the Euphrates, under
the shadow of Mount Ararat, and at Harpoot are the
headquarters of an American mission of which Mrs.
Wheeler has been an active member for forty years. This
book is a kind of homely circular letter to inform those
who are interested in the Christianising of Armenians of
the progress of the good work. Here, for example, is a
passage from the description of Euphrates College at
Harpoot: ''At the left, as we enter the hall, we find
Professor Nahigian in the chemical room teaching physics.
He is busy with experiments, and his class of juniors look
bright and appreciative. He married our sweet Maiiam.
Further along are the recitation rooms, while on the rig^ht
is the college hall. . . . Teacher Nazloo is here, and in
her sweet, ladylike way is teaching a class in moral science.
In a recitation room just beyond, Mrs. Wheeler is teaching
a dass in English literature. The girls are much interested
in Lady of the Zake, judging from quotetions written on the
blackboard. Miss Barnum is teaching physical geography
in the next room." The sidelights on Armenian me and
character are not uninteresting, and the zeal of the author
cannot but command respect. (Oliphant, Anderson &
Ferrier.)
Thb Poetical Wobks of
John Milton.
The Poetical Wobks of
John Milton.
Edited by the Bbv.
H. C. Beeching.
Fboic the Edition of the
Eev. H. C. Beeching.
The first of these volumes is a handsome library edition
in one volume. Mr. Beeching adopts the principle of
preserving the spelling, punctuation, and so forth used
by Milton himself. This has been done comparatively
rarely for Milton, although for Shakespeare often
enough, and for many other poets in the antiquarian
editions of the late Dr. Grosart. So far as Muton is
concerned, Mr. Beeching makes out a good case for his
method, pointing out in an Introduction that the poet
evidently took pains to oversee the spelling of his works,
and that upon a knowledge of it a correct appreciation of
moot questions of rhythm and emphasis often depends.
There are plenty of annotated Miltons, and Mr. Beeching
has wisely contented himerelf in the present one with giving
a full text, a slight apparatus criticus, and some good
facsimiles of title-pages and handwriting. The general
a I April, 1900.
The Academy.
333
effect of the original editions is vory finely repioduced.
The other Tolume is ciJled the '' Oxford Miniature
Milton," and is an elegant little edition on India paper,
light and suitable for the pocket. The text is that of
Mr. Beeching, but the spelling is modernised. (Clarendon
Press.)
(I
Fiction.
Arden Mdssitsr. By Dr. William Barry.
(T. llsher Unwin. 6s.)
In this novel Dr. Barry has poured out aU his intimate
knowledge of Italy — modem Italy; his appreciation of that
Italy which has passed, and his aspirations concerning
that Italy which is to come. Arden Jfassiter is one of the
best English novels of Italy with which we are acquainted,
and certainly we regard it as measurably superior to the
author's previous books. It is full of emotion and a
certain cultured sentimentality which pervades and poetises
every sentence. Only a scholar could have written it;
only a poet could have written it ; and onlv a philanthropist
could have written it. Dr. Barry combines these three
'* abilities"; and decidedly, with modem Italy for an
objective, they all have full play and opportunity. Arden
Massiter is a Socialist journalist, who goes out to the
Peninsula under the impulsion of some vague sympathy.
In London he has trafficked with the underworld of
Italian political intrigue. In Eome he picks up the
threads again, rather against his will. Unwittingly he
kills a man, and lo ! instantly he finds himself the doomed
butt of the camorra and other sinister agencies. He takes
refuge with his friends the ancient family of Sorelli, at
their immemorial castle of Boccaforte. He falls in love
with Costanza, pale daughter of princes — a figure beauti-
fully drawn, but surely drawn under the influence of
d*Annunzio. Boccaforte and Costanza are singularly like
the castle and Massimilla in The Virgins of the Roeh.
There is the same feeling, the same still atmosphere around
them.
The events of the tale are tragic and dramatic, and the
tension grows till it is finally broken. Episodes of brigands,
beggars, conspirators, statesmen, and high-bred women
follow one another quickly, and the theatres of them are
heroic — ^faded but superb interiors, mountain heights, and
the great streets of decayed capitals. Arden Massiter is
a "£dl" book. It teems with incident, character, sugges-
tion; it must be read sowly, savoured paragraph by
paragraph; it shines everywhere with a notable distinc-
tion. Moreover, it is a homogeneous piece of excellent
craftsmanship. The sole fault we would charge to it is
a lack of brute strength. It is too mild, bland, and —
shall we say it ? — too '' cultured." It is like a suave and
broad-minded Italian prelate, who knows all men, all
hearts, all histories, and who would be a man were it not
for an ever present finicking tendency to use the panorama
of life as a spectacle, to survey it with finger-tips gently
touching, and embroider it with an exquisite discourse of
his own sensations :
Ancient sculpture has always affected me like music,
but not as the highly coloured, deeply shadowed modem
harmonies which, m their melting of many tones together,
leave one vibrant, yet exhausted, as after some passionate
experience. No, rather like the fine, dear settings of
Pdleetrina, I should say, whi-h faU upon one out of a
cloudless heaven. When I spent day after day contem-
Slating in the still palaces this divine company from
Qympus, or Thebes, or Thessaly, the intense and shining
quietness could not fail to equalise the pulses of my blood.
It was the expression of a beauty in which sense had little
share. I call to mind certain mornings at the Vatican,
when I seemed to have those imperial courts and stanze
to myself. The universe, I could have dreamt, was white
sunshine — ^no refraction of its rays anywhere ; but standing
out fair and pure the deathless forms, each so individual,
so consummately distinct, that they seemed victorious over
mortal griefs by the very perfection of the attitude in
which they fought and tnumphed. There was a strange
innocence, too, upon the voul^ful faces ; by a miraLftl« of
art the flesh itself had aU the tender purity of blossoms
in their prime ; gaze lonR enough and ^ou had gone back
to the world's childhood, when the spuit wrote its naive
desires upon a tablet of Parian marble, unstained as the
snow which breath of man has never sullied. These figures
had a kind of consecration, a detachment from our sorrows,
that lifted me, like the tragedians' verses to which they so
frtquently took my thoughts, into an ever-enduring still-
ness beyond time and chance.
Who could find fault with such a passage ? Yet it is the
inmost spirit of that passage, and of a hundred others,
that has somewhat marred Arden Massiter for us. We
have a suspicion that, as some men are amateurs of rare
books, so Dr. Barry must be an an amateur of life — that
he would give a high price for a rare experience and put
it in a lovdy binding and contemplate it for hours.
The Sky-Pilot, By Ealph Connor.
(Hodder & Stoughton. 6s.)
This tale of pioneer life, ^' beyond the fi^eat prairies and
in the shadow of the Eockies," is weu written (except
where the writing becomes *'fine''), and a passably
sincere version of things that the author has observed.
Mr. Ck)nnor knows his subject with thoroughness, and
presents it dramatically. In fact, he is a story-teller.
His chief fault — and we cannot condone it — is that he
persistently sugars his stuff with sentiment, until the
sweetness doys. The "sky-pilot" (minister, of course),
Arthur Wellington Moore by name, who comes to take
spiritual charge of Swan Creek, much against Swan
Creek's desire, is one of those impossible heavenly saints
that are found only in novels. A mild little man, he
conquers the ranchers by the greatness of his game at
baseball, humbly explaining that he "played a little at
Princeton." Then the hymn-books begin to appear, and
in a few weeks Swan Creek scarcely knows itself. At the
end of the tale Arthur Wellington Moore dies, and the
chapter is headed " The PUot's Last Port." We might
tolerate the pilot, for he has his qualities, but we certainly
cannot tolerate Gwen. This is Owen :
<* Tes," assented Bill, <* she's a leetle swift"
Then, as if fearing he had been apoligising for her, he
added, with the air of one settling the questicm: **But
she's good stock ! She suits me I "
The Duke helped me to another side of her character.
'* She is a remarkable child," he said, one day. '* Wild
and shy as a coyote, but fearless, quite ; and with a heart
full of passions. Meredith, the Old Timer, you know, has
kept her up there among the hills. She sees no one but
himself and Ponka's Blackfeet relations, who treat her
like a goddess and help to spoil her utterly. She knows
their lingo and their ways — goes off with them for a week
at a time."
" What I With the Blackfeet ? "
'* Ponka and Joe, of course, go along ; but even without
them she is as aaie as if surrounded by the Coldstream
Guards, but she has given them up for some time now."
And so on for many chapters, just as if the Bret Harte
school had never existed. It would be easy to find fun in
The Sky - Pilot. Nevertheless, despite circumstantial
evidence to the contrary, we are convinced that Mr. Connor
in writing it was actuated by perfectly honest literary
motives. He possesses much natural technical skill, but
in the larger matter of attitude towards life he has a great
deal to learn. Such a detail will not prevent many people
from enjoying this na'i've novel.
334
The Academy.
21 April, 1 900.
Notes on Novels.
[^Thsse notes on the week^e ISetion are not neceeearily fined.
Eevtews of a selection will follow J\
His 'Prknttoe Haio).
By Sydkey Phklps.
JoAx OF THE Sword Hand.
By S. E. Cbockett-
A long mediaeyal romance, crowded with characters
whose business is mainly fighting and love making.
Joan, Duchess Joan of Hohenstein, ruler '' of that cluster
of hill statelets which is called collectiyelj Masurenburg,"
is a heroine after Mr. Crockett's heart. She fences better
than most, she defies an unattractive bridegroom, she
masquerades as a boy, and in the end marries the man of
her choice. He is a Cardinal, but that is nothing to Mr.
Crockett. An interview with Pope Sixtus in Chapter LTT.,
some talk about ducats, and then the '' sweet- voiced
choristers " and " the white-robed maidens " scattering
flowers* (Ward, Lock & Co.)
The Gifts of Enemies.
By E. E. Milton.
A readable novel by the author of A Bachelor Girl
in London, A great deal hinges on a bet made by young
Tim Ventris that he would marry the first g^rl who wore a
hat trimmed with blue whom he met in the town. (A. &
C. Black. 6s.)
Thb Plain Miss Cray.
By Florence Warden.
If a heroine is dubbed plain we know that she will do
wonders, like Paganini's single string. When, therefore, the
reader is told that Miss Cray had a voice which, though
neither loud nor shrill, ^* had a singular quality of com-
pelling attention," he knows that she will compel the
right sort of attention in due time. A readable and
amusing story by the hand that wrote The House on the
Marsh. (White & Co. 6s.)
Ainslie's Ju-ju.
By Harold Bindloss.
Ainslie's ju-ju, a talisman which possessed the power of
protecting its wearer from sudden death, was ** a little
oblong of ivory, roughly carved in representation of a
serpent's head, with curious characters graven upon it,
somewhat resembling the signs of the zodiac upon the
Accra rings." The story deals with an expedition to darkest
Africa and the disasters that attended it, but the ju-ju
ensures Ainslie's happy marriage at the dose. (Chatto &
Windus. 3s. 6d.)
Tbe Angel of Chance.
By G. Q. Chatterton.
A comedy of a watering-place, with some neat character-
drawing in it. The Angel of Chance (or Fate) brought it
about tibiat Clifford Anstey and Kachel Meredith '* drifted
together in so unorthodox a fashion that possibly the
London County Council might have denied them a licence
for it." In other words, they met in the sea, converging
from their respective bathing machines. An amusing
book. (Long. 6s.)
Aletta.
By Bertram Mitford.
Mr. Mitford, who is known for his South African
stories, here gives us a tale of the Boer War, in which
he makes a courageous attempt to portray those Boers
" who do not go to bed in their clothes, who do wash, and
whose persons and dwelling-houses are distinguished by
the ordinary conditions of cleanliness and civilisation." It
is a refreshing change from the wearisome insistence upon
the other side of the case. (White. Ss. 6d.)
Love's Guerdon.
By Conrad H. Carroder.
A typical domestic religious *' romance of the West
Country," compact of the Maypole Inn, Mrs. Loxton, the
stony road to Netherdene Farm, and " We know from the
Pauliiie epistles." (White & Co. 68.)
Sydney Phelps is, we suspect, a woman, and her story
follows old-established feminine lines. The hero ia Balph
Vivian, curate, a model of the manly graces. And in the
end '' Gt>od luck to your fishing, HtUe fellow ! " says he U)
his wifelet : ''you threw a good line and caught my hear,
over two years ago." "Will the line hold, Ralph?"
asked Ethel, drawing closer to him. "Yes, for ever."
(Lpng. 6s.)
The Seoond Lady Delcombe. By Mrs. Arthur Kknnard.
Another contribution to what may be called house party
fiction. The society is the society that stays in country
houses, and the conversation is continuous and steadfastly
smart. Here is a passage : ^^ ' He has chucked the Army,
you know.' *I didn't know. What brought on the
crisis ? ' ^ Want of the needful.' ' What does he intend
to do ? ' 'Go into the land agency business, I belieTe.'
' Poor old girl ! ' * All the same a hundred years henoe, I
expect.' "
The House of Hardale.
By Eose Pbrkins.
Mr. Hardale was a banker, with all the outward signs
which successful banking imparts. But he quarrelled
with his son, and his son died. ('' I have gone the pace,"
he wrote, ''and Deatii, the grim old fellow who tarries at
no man's bidding, is coming with long, swift strides down
the shadowy way to hurry me off. It's consumption, dad ;
rapid.") But he left a child, and she, together with an
unprincipled adventuress, gives life to the melodrama.
(Long. 6s.)
Outrageous Fortune.
Anon,
This " Story of Evelyn Grey, Hospital Nurse," contains
a seducer in the shape of a superlatively wicked High
Church vicar, and other unpleasing people, including the
heroine, whose misfortunes seem to be at least as deserved
as her ultimate happiness. (Greening. 38. 6d.)
Veldt and Laager.
By E. 8. Valentine.
''Some of the tales in this book are true; some have
been related by the Boers themselves ; " all of them are
intended to bring out the chief traits of Boer character.
They should be popular in the sixpenny form in which
they appear. (Metnuen. 6d.)
A Flash of Youth.
By C. J. H^vmilton.
' A crude story of love, unfaithfulness, squalor, hymn-
verses, and death -beds, covering twenty years and
enacted in two hemispheres. The scamp of a husband
returns at last to find his wife playing the ''Moonlight
Senate." " She always plays when it's beginning to get
near sun-down." Alethea dies and forgives. (Sands & Co.
6s.)
The Experiment op Doctor
Nevill.
By Emerio Hi7lm:e-
Beaman,
To the fourth chapter of this pseudo-scientific novel the
author prefixes the warning "To be skipped by the
squeamish reader." With as good reason he might have
placed these words on his title-page, for the whole novel
IS grim and gruesome reading. It tells how Lord Carsdale's
recovery from an injury to his brain was brought about
by the insertion into that organ of a portion of the brain
of an executed murderer — with the drawback that his
lordship promptly developed the murderer's traits. How
this operation was justified, and how ite evil efPeets
were finally counteracted, and the hero's marriage with
Lilian Wroughton rendered possible, we leave to the non-
squeamish reader. (John Long. 6s.)
\
21 April, 1900.
The Academy.
335
THE ACADEMY.
Editorial and Publishmg Offices, 43, Chancery-lane.
The AoADxn wiU he aetU pori^free to every AfinuoU Subecriher
in the United Kingdom,
Price for One Jmu6, Tlwreepence ; poitage One Halfpenny. Price
for 62 ieeuee. Thirteen ShiUingg; poeUxgefiree.
Foreign Batee for Yearly 8uh$crip^ion$ 2O0.
indudina poetage,
Amertean Agenti for the Aoadsmt: Brmtano^e^ 31, Union'
equarSf New York,
The late Richard Hovey.
An American Poet.
All readers who take an intimate interest in contemporary
yerse probably know two slim little American volumes
entitled Songs from Vagahondia and More Songs from
Vagahondia, by Mr. Bliss Carman and Mr. Eiohard Hovey,
a small edition of which was issued in this oountrv by
Mr. Elkin Mathews ; and all who do know them will learn
with regret that Mr. Hovey is dead. He died a few weeks
ago of apoplexy, after undergoing an operation, and his
age was only thirty-five. Thereby America loses one of
her best poets, and from the world passes a dean, resolute,
discriminating mind.
Bichard Hovey was not a great poet, nor had be an
abimdant g^ft of music; but he loved the light and he
loved the open air and he believed in men. He was also
always on the side of youth, as lyric poets ought to be.
He could write :
For we know the world is glorious,
And the goal a golden thing,
And that God is not censorious
When His children have a fling.
There is no doubt that in Eichard Hovey's poetical
making Whitman was a great influence, and latterly in
his work there were signs that he would not be un?rilling to
stimulate Americans as Mr. Kipling has stimulated Eng-
land ; but he was more himself than anyone else, and by
adopting for the most part very free and easy measures
this individuality was intensified. For there is no question
that, except with the greatest, severe poetical forms are
capable of tyrannising over a poet's intentions. Eichard
Hovey was happiest in this kind of irregular ecstatic
chant :
I said in my heart, " I am sick of four walls and a ceiling.
I have need of the sky.
I have business with the grass.
I will up and get me away where the hawk is wheeling,
Lone and high,
And the snow clouds go by.
I will get me away to the waters that glass
The clouds as they pass.
To the waters iiiat ue
Like the heart of a maiden aware of a doom drawing
nigh
And dumb for sorcery of impending joy.
I will get me away to the woods.
Spring, like a huntsman's boy,
Halloos along the hillsides and unhoods
The falcon in my will.
The dogwood ciJls me, and the sudden thrill
That breaks in apple blooms down country roads
Plucks me by the sleeve and nudges me away.
The sap is in the boles to-day,
And in my veins a pulse that yearns and goads.'*
That is from a poem entitled ** Spring." The same vein
is pursued in " The Faun," which perhaps represents Mr.
Hovey's best work in this manner. Here is a passage
from "The Faun":
Oh, goodly damp smell of the ground !
Oh, rout^h 8 went bark of the trees I
Oh, cltar sharp cracklings of sound I
Oh, life's that's a-thrill and a-bound
With the vigour of boyhood and morning and the noon-
tide's rapture of ease !
Was there ever a weary heart in the world ?
A lag in the body's urge, or a flag of the spirit's wings ?
Did a man's heart ever break
For a lost hope's sake ?
For here there is lilt in the quiet and calm in the quiver of
things.
Ay, this old oak, grey-grown aiid knurled,
Solemn and sturdy and biff,
Is as youn^ of heart, as alert and elate in his rest,
As the oriole there that clings to the tip of the twig
And scolds at the wind that it buffets too rudely his nest.
A man who writes like this, whatever his matter may be,
is, we fear, to some extent shirking bis responsibilitieB ;
but many readers care nothing for that provided the matter
is to their mind. Mr. Hovey, however, could adhere to
the demands of an intricate stanza when he liked, and in
his very persuasive lyric called ** The Wander-Lovers " he
even invented, we believe, a new lilt. Thus :
Down the world with Maria I
That's the life for me !
Wandering with the wandering wind,
Vagabond and unconfined !
Roving with the roving rain
Its unboundaried domain !
Kith and kin of wander-kind,
Children of the sea I
The poet had other moods than these. There is in his
volume Along the Trail, published in America in 1898,
another of those poems concerning Death, the most curious
of which is perhaps James Thomson's grim fantasy entitled
" In the Eoom " (in The City of Dreadful Night). Mr.
Hovey writes in the person of a dead man awaiting burial.
These are the last stanzas :
Ah, if she came and bent above me here,
Who lie with straight bands bound about my chin !
Ah, if she came and stood beside this bier
With aureoles as of old upon her hair
To light the darkness of this burial bin !
Should I not rise again and breathe the air
And feel the veins warm that the blood beats in ?
Or should I lie with sinews flxed and shriek
As dead men shiiek and make no sound ? Should I
See her gray ejes look love and hear her speak.
And be all impotent to burst my shroud ?
Will the dead never rise from where they lie ?
Or will they never cease to think so loud ?
Or is to know and not to be, to die ?
To conclude, these lines from ** The Quest of Merlin," in
which the Angels address the old magician, indicate that Mr.
Hovey had, perhaps, imaginative tnumphs before him :
Put a bit in the teeth of the storm,
And a noose on the neck of the sea ;
Say to ice, " Thou shalt keep me warm,"
And to air, '* Be a bridge for me " ;
What hast thou ffained for thy toil
But a vaster gulf for prayer P
Thy bread and wine and oil,
And still the darkness there ?
Thou shalt measure the stars ;
Orion and the Pleiades
Shall send thee embassies ;
Thou shalt chart the dties of Mars ;
Thou shalt sift Aldebaran
As gold dust in the pan ;
Algol shall undusk
For thee his demon trouble ; . . .
In vain ! All is husk,
To be cast out with the stubble.
Among Mr. Hovey's other literary work, which in-
cluded a good deal of criticism, was a volume of trans-
lations from Maeterlinck, published in 1894, including
"Princess Maleine," *'The Intruder," "The Blind," and
"The Seven Princesses," the first translation, we believe,
that America saw. Mr. Hovey latterly conducted courses
in literature at Barnard College.
336
The Academy.
31 April, 1900.
Things Seen.
The Rabbit.
I SAT by the open door of the cottage reading Richard
Jefferies, alone, save lor Adam, a rheumatic antique, who
came, once a week, to tend the garden. When last I
looked up from my book, I observed the crown of his
head below the dip in the garden, bobbing as he dug.
Turning again to my book, I read this passage :
There is a slight rustle among the bushes and the fern
upon the mound. It is a rabbit who has peeped forth
into tbe suoshine. His eye opens wide with wonder at
tbe sight of us ; his nostrils work nervously as he watches
us narrowly. But in a little while the silence and the
stillness reassure him : he nibbles in a desultory way at the
stray grasses on the mound, and finally ventims out into
the meadow almost witbin reach of the hand. It is so
easy to make the acqu*iintanoe — to make friends with the
children of nature. Fj om the tiniest insect upwards they
are so ready to dwell in sympathy with us — only be tender,
quiet, considerate, in a word, gentlemanly towards them
and they will freely wander around. And they all have
such marvellous tales to tell
At this point a shout from Adam broke into my reading,
a high-pitched, compelling shout. The bobbing head hc^
disappeared. I ran down the garden to find him lying
flat on the ground, yellow earth heaped about him,
and his venerable head and shoulders thrust into a hole ;
his hands were outstretched into the intricacies of the
burrow, and his muffled voice was citing '' I'll get him yet !
I'll get him yet ! " Then suddenly he uttered a grunt
of pleasure, and his right hand grasped a ball of fur.
With an exulting cry he dragged forth the rabbit. Then
— ^it was done in a second~-he broke its neck, and held
the creature at arm's length. I saw the film pass over its
eyes, and its little front paws cross themselves in the act
of death. I touched the small warm bpdv, and thought :
'^It was not easy for you to make fnends with the
children of man." And Adam said : ^* I'm almost wore out
myself, but, thank God, I've still got the strength to make
war on them vermin. Yes, vermin ! Let one of them get
inside your wire fence — and you'll know it. Last autumn
I had forty wall-flowers ; they nibbled thirty- five of them
right down to the roots ; and as to carnations, why a rabbit
will come a mile to get one. Thought they was harmless
little thiDf2:8, did you ? I knows rabbits. I'd like to have
a guinea for every hundred I've killed. Why, if I hadn't
caught he there wouldn't have been a bit of green left in
the garden."
The Preserve.
Last Sunday afternoon, his father being away, I told my
little nephew of the benevolence of nature, and that little
boys must be kind to all flying and creeping things, even
aa Gt>d was kind to us. Afterwards having shown him the
beauty of the world from an upper window, we put on our
hats and went for a walk, observing the primroses by the
brook side, the shy anemones, and the tender sprigs of green
shooting from every dark twig. I explained to him how
all that breathed — the insects, the birds, the moles, the
rabbits and the mice alike felt the impulse of the awaken-
ing of spring, towards a busy, useful, joyous life. My
little nephew listened, nodding his grave head. Presently
we came to a wood dark with sapling^, and there we saw
the first butterfly — a yellow butterfly. **Look," said
little Edward, ** there's a flj'-away primrose." I com-
mended the simple simile, and explained to him (the
conceit was excusable) how the happy little creature
carried the glad tidings of spring from one unfolding
flower to another and told each flower to be good and
happy for spring had come. But Edward was not listening.
His round eyes were fixed on a withering crow, half-eaten
by insects, whose neck had been stuck into the fork of a
sapling. All along the side of the wood hung other crows
— awful warnings ! "Do crows like the spring, uncle ? "
asked Edward. " All Qod's creatures love the spring," I
answered. ^* But it would never do to let them deetroy the
pheasants' eggs. So the keeper kills them and hangs
them up as a warning to other naughty birds." Sdward
nodded his head. He was a wise child. We walke^l
on. Presently he uttered a cry of delight. There,
within two feet from the ground was a nest, and in
it were two blue-speckled thrushes' eggs. Edward took
" " ' \. "It's <^uite cold," he
said; "and, uncle, what's the iron thing for?" I
one daintily between his fingers.
explained that the eggs were old eggs, that they tempted
predatory birds, such as jays and magpies, to stand
on the "iron thing," which was a trap to catch them
by the leg, holding them sometimes all night Edward
reflected a moment, then he said : " Jays don't like
the spring, and birds eat other birdseses' BggsJ**
Presently Edward is^owed some inclination to examine
a lai^e squat steel trap that stood in the middle of the
pathway, but I claimed his attention for a pretty,
rounded sort of arbour shaped like a beehive, covered with
grasses and trailing greenery. We peeped in. The floor
was strewn with spent cartridges. Edward looked at m.e
inquiringly. " That," I said casually, for he was not a
boy to whom one could gloss the truth, " is where the man
hides when he wants to shoot, er — er, wood-pigeons at his
ease." On the way home Edward said, thoughtfully:
" What lots of things they kill to preserve other things.
Do they preserve them in glass cases, uncle?" " No," I
answered, " they preserve them to shoot them." •' Oh ! *'
said Edward. When we reached home he told his father
where he had been. "In the wood!" said his father.
" Wliy, that's trespassing. If they had caught my little
boy there they would have locked him up." "Father,"
said Edward, " you won't preserve me, will you ? "
Paris Letter.
(From our French CorretpondMt)
The lady who describes herself as the author of Aoiitie
Amoureuse has j ust published a sequel to that remarkable
book. If it may be said that few sequels succeo<1, Z^
Doute plus fort que V Amour is one of the most amazing
failures I have ever read. We are introduced to a startling
habit in fiction. The author continually jogs our memory
by a footnote : * ' See Amitii Amoureuse,^^ Surely the
reader of the sequel of a story should be at liberty to
remember or forget the former volume, and not be
reminded in this authoritative and inartistic fashion in the
presdDce of middle-aged friends who are saying nothing in
particular that in a previous book they were burning^
lovers on the point of setting the Seine on fire. The
author is no doubt a writer of considerable talent, witty,
mordant, of wide culture, and of a morbid sensuality. As
everj' chapter is headed by a translated quotation from
Shakespeare, it is apparent that Mme. Lecomte du Nouy
is an ardent student of that Immortal, and in her delinea-
tion of the passion of love she dots the f's with all the
ruthless candour and precision of the seventeenth century.
Denise and Philippe, the writers of those delightful letters
of Amitie Amoureuse, here are shown in middle age of no
particular charm or consequence. Hel^ne, so captivating
as a child, is a young girl like another, sufficiently well-
bred, pretty, and intelligent. That she has something of
her mother^s wit and mental independence is proved by
the fresh and brilliant letters she can write, for the
author's literary form of predilection is the epistolary, in
which it must be admitted she excels. Here is a capital
description of the provincial atmosphere of Toum, whither
21 April, t900i
The Academy.
337
B4Une 18 transported after her marriage with Jacques, the
officer :
Talk of the esprit de corps of the regiment ! That esprit
Mems to me the lack of all esprit. The cayalry despise the
infantry and e^en the artillery^ The titled officer avoids
the untitled officer unless a bridge of gold unites them.
Among the civilians you visit some and n^t others. Why f
Mystery. And so we snlk the prefect, the magistratei
Brave young women Wear thems^Ves oUt uninvited to the
garden parties and hunting ftarties where We shine ; we
have the bad mannel^ to make ilp dic^ues most haughtily
exclusive ; we are devilishly provincial, we are idiots, but,
but in the neighbouring castles we are received because we
are **born and on horseback." Don't read it ''bom on
horseback," which is not exactly what I meant, though
even such an extraordinary adventure as that would give
us a distinguishing touch. . . . Mamma, humanity is
furiously stupid when it is not criminally hateful. ... To
have acquired my present predominant position I had to
snare them with Uieir favonrite talk. The queen, the
kiog, my father's friends, the celebrated ambassador, as
appropriately flnng into the air as a bunch of hair in the
soup, t launch out also grandtnother de Kimerck, my
uncle Gerald, mentioning his prospective admiralship, who
married, you know, of course, Oount 8u6non's daughter —
the Suenons, you remember, descendants of the kings of
Denmark. This I murmur disdainfully, as who should
say, you'll forgive them, I hope, for no longer reigning.
I really can't understand why those Saenons should inflict
this little humiliation upon us. . . . On the other hand, I
say little about you. Good heavens! a mother called
Denise Tremors, who doesn't like society, who will not
deign to be an ambassadress, who is simply a great artist,
scorning honours and gold, what, in conscience, can you
expect me to make of her P In you, no food for my dis-
creet charlatanism, I declare it emphatically."
It is greatly to be pitied that the author should not have
given more attention to this narrow, intolerant, and vulgar
provincialism, so luminously touched off in a couple of
pages and then dismissed, instead of dwelling so tireeomely
on the eternal details of the wedded loves of H^l^ne and
Jacques. And the tragic note, too, misses its effect because
it is not treated with largeness or intensity. It would be
difficult to conceive a character more common, insignificant,
and uninteresting than Jacques de Luzy, who lies clumsily,
and defends himself grotesquely. He is the familiar type
of officer, well-born, well-tailored, well-bred, no brains, a
bit of a brute, with an inordinate and perfectly unjustifi-
able self-conceit. Women appear to delight in this kind
of male, but in a novel, which is not a battle-field, he is
a very inadequate hero. It is of so little importance to
us whether Jacques killed his brother-officer or not;
and the sorrows and doubts of Helene leave us cold and
unmoved.
When I saw the name of Anatole le Braz to the Gardien
du Feu 1 hastened to read it, hoping it would prove some
wild and mournful Breton legend. But no. It is a
Breton tale spun round the vulgar and fatiguing theme of
adultery, well told, with a sober and literary eleganoe,
revealing the frightful ferocity that slumbers in the dreamy
and good-natured Celt. This keeper of a Breton light-
house is married to a beautiful creature he idolises, and
who betrays him with his companion. When the husband
discovers her infidelity, he sets himself to watch for a
moment when the lovers shall be together to bum them
alive. It is very Celtic and horrible.
M. Leon Daudet has written a new novel, La Romance
du Temps Present. The author, with a lamentable gravity,
takes himself as a Great Man. He is exasperatingly
pretentious. He has discovered his affinity in a certain
unlettered Jacquemine, a creature of superlative beauty
and untutored genius, born to understand him, the Great
Man, the Man of Letters ! Oh, for a breath of simplicity !
Oh, for a genial blast of gaiety and unconsciousness ! Even
the cheerful blackguardism of Villon is a refreshment for
the jaded readers of these endless pages devoted to the
conscientious revelation of the Superior Man, the careful
cultivation of the genius of the Man of Letters. He is
such a deadly dull modern bore, this Man of Letters ! He
is never for one moment foolish, or wistful, or absent-
minded, or vague, or gay. He is never, never, never
anything on earth but the self-conscious, attitudinising,
sermonising, ridiculous Man of Letters. Such is M. Leon
Daudet, with none of his illustrious father's gaiety and
charm, none of his sunny temperament, none of his wit,
humour, and exquisite art. He is a bore who writes very
unpleasing French, and is content to regard himself as a
scientific observer of life and men and manners — ^bless the
thinsr, whatever it may mean.
H.L.
Correspondence.
"Stevenson Looks In.''
Sib, — Mr. Brown is. at vast pains to fabricate a phantom
foe whom, after iJl, he fails to overcome. '' In the litera-
ture of imagination the only irrefragable proof of genius
is creative power." Has '^ genius " been claimed for
Stevenson in the domain of imaginative literature, at least
by those who appreciate him best and love him most?
Tney are content to rest his hope of immortality upon his
work as a moralist, to believe that while Browne and
Steele and Lamb are read the subtler, more delicately-
Gomplex artist in life and emotion will not be forgotten.
Two at least of the men I have named are assured of such
chance of immortality as is open to any English writer.
Is it by virtue of their " creative power " ? Li any case
Mr. Brown should play fair. Let him overlook, if his
artistic and ethical conscience allow him, the finest and
most characteristic portion of Stevenson's work ; let him
restrict himself to tnat which is admittedly inferior. At
least he shoidd judge his author by what he himself pro-
claims that author's highest effort — Weir of JSermision.
Instead of whidh he falls foul of Dr. Jehyll ! Ingenious ?
Yes. But honest? H'm!
Meanwhile is it true that in the '* literature of imagina-
tion the only irrefragable proof of genius is creative
power " ? I presume the poems of Alfred de Musset and
the novels of Honor6 de 6alzac are equally examples of
the literature of imagination. It is easy to say which
writer has the most creative power, harder to be sure
which has the most genius, while it is safe betting that
the poems will long outlive the novels. The creative
power of Bacine is immeasurably superior to that of La
Fontaine, but the honhomne is like to live as long as the
author of Ph^dre. There can be little doubt but that Ze
Neveu de Rameau displays a '' creative power " in patho-
logical psychology far transcending that of Candide. But
if mankind had to choose between the masterpieces of
Diderot and Voltaire, I know full well what the choice
would be. Does the ^neid shine by its creative power, or,
rather, is it not a supreme masterpiece in virtue of its
** exquisite artistry " ? I fancy, too, that Virgil (as also did
Horace) ** worried about the hang of the thinff " quite as
-much as Stevenson. The whole of Horace's life-work
goes easily into one volume of the Edinburgh edition. Is
Horace the less one of the world's immortals in literature ?
Browning was certainly more careless than Tennyson
'' about the hang of the thing " ? Is he the lesser genius
in Mr. Brown's eyes ?
One might go on asking such questions for ever, but it
would be too cruel. The very reverse of what Mr. Brown
contends for is the truth. The '^ radiant ones are on the
heights" by virtue of " phrasemongery," by virtue simply
of their saying something better than anyone else has said
it. In the long run only what is " phrased " survives.
If Stevenson be held to have failed in imaginative
literature, it is not because he sought too keenly for the
right \rordj the right phrase, but because he often did not
338
The Academy.
21 April, 1900.
find them. Hence his poetry is the weakest portion of his
osuvre ; the penalty of failure to find the right word is so
far greater in verse than in prose. There are half-a-dozen
of his tales which would be masterpieces but for the
unconvincing phrase here, the second-rate word — ^the
'* interjected finger " of Mr. Moore's criticism — ^there. One
tale at least, Otalla^ seems to me almost flawless. Almost,
but alas ! not quite. With Buskin's music ringing in my
ears, I still think the dose of that noble and beautiful
story the finest passage in English prose for the last half
century.
Indeed, Stevenson is like to become '* classic" in the
true sense of the word, and in a measure denied to any
other English writers of the half century save those
equally careful ^'phrasemongers" Tennyson and Euskin.
I make bold to predict that the chrestomathies of 1950
will contain far more examples from Stevenson than from
Mr. Meredith or Mr. Hwly. If creative power were
indeed as Mr. Brown imagines the supreme note of genius,
then Mr. Meredith might claim to rank with the highest.
But mankind at large will in the future, as in the past,
continue to regard expression as the chief gift of the
artist. — I am, &c., Alfebd Nutt.
Sib, — It is difiicult to understand why Mr. Vincent
Brown, in a paper entitled '' Stevenson Looks In," pub-
lished in your issue of April 7, should have been at the
pains to reproduce the critical remarks and— if I may be
allowed to say so — the rather nauseating familiarities of a
certain Watchman towards someone whom he mistook
for the late Bobert Louis Stevenson. It was certainly a
case of mistaken identity, for E. L. S. has long since —
alas ! — gone to his own place ; and be that where it may,
it is assuredly not the place where good Watchmen go to.
Nor, despite the gentle kindliness of his nature, was
Stevenson the man to suffer a — Watchman — gladly.
So much for the manner, for the matter of the Watch-
man's criticisms one can but shrug one's shoulders and
pity the poor man. Carlyle has pointed out that we can
only see in anything what we have brought with us the
power of seeing — and there is the whole trouble in a nut-
shell. But from the wordy maze of depreciation I dis-
entangle three definite charges.
Fint, That Stevenson was not a genius. It is a
question for posterity. Certainly, we, who still hear the
voice and feel the touch of the dead man we never saw in
the flesh, cannot claim to be impartial judges. But can
the Watchman so claim ?
Second, That Stevenson was a decadent because — *tis a
strange definition, but let it pass — his work had no
ppiritual significance. Is there no spiritual significance in
the Visitor who came to Markheim in the houee of
murder, in the piteous abasement of debased Huish, in
the talk with the old Cevennes peasant in TraveU with a
Donkey y in the incident of the overturned canoe in ^n
Inland f^oyage ? He that hath eyes to see let him see.
Third, That Stevenson had no creative power. This
again is clearly a matter of opinion and of discernment.
But the Watchman settles fiuaily the question of his own
fitness to pronounce judgment when he says it is so
because all the -things which Stevenson did had been
done before. In a sense this is, of course, true ; but any
Literature Primer, or Mr. Vincent Brown himself, could
have told him that this disgraceful defect was shared by
Shakespeare also — to mention one name only. — I am, &c..
Netting Hill: April 17, 1900. Chalonbr Lyon.
That Epigram.
SiB, — Our "Bookworm" is, I think, right in rejecting
tlie numerous claimants for the ^' curate's eyes" epigram ;
but has he searched for it in the epigrams of the late Mr.
E. E. Egerton Warburton, of Arley, co. Cheshire, of
hunting song celebrity ? There are numerous editions of
his poems, and the above subject is treated there in a
somewhat better literary form than any of those yet given
to us in your columns.
Some people praise our curate's eyes. —
Tbeir colour I oanoot divine ;
He alv^ays shuts them when he prays.
And when he preaches, doses mine.
As to Mr. Grossley's authorship, I well recoUect his ooming
over to Arley, in the early seventies, and taking notes of
what interested him there — e,g.y the legend over front
door:
This gate is free to all good men and true.
Bight welcome thou-*if worthy to pass through.
So that he may have entered the epigram in question in
his note-book. — ^I am, &c., Bobbbt Bai^max.
Benthall Hall, Broseley : April 17, 1900.
The Missing Word.
Sia, — ^The award in the above-named competition does
not seem to me a very satisfactory one. Scotch, Irish, and
Welsh people would not, I am perfectly certain, care to be
referred to as Englandera. After reading Ancient Briton's
letter in the last number of the Academy, I should think
Briton would be a more suitable term. Why Englander
should be chosen I fail to see, as that word, like Anglo-
Saxon, also excludes the '* Celtic fringe," and has no more
better claim to cover aU British subjects than the words
Scotland er or Irelander would. I am afraid, whatever word
may be found suitable, it cannot be Eaglander, which is a
name that all true-hearted Scotsmen, Irish, and Welsh
would instantly object to. — ^I am, &c., H. Loqan.
Sandgate, Prestwick: April 16, 1900.
A. J. E. writes: "In relation to Mr. Arnold White's
letter, and the words I submitted for your last week's
Competition, I beg to send you some lines for publica-
tion ^' :
Imvocation !
'Tis thy glory, England — thou io the cause of Right
Hast won, and io that cause alone, would *8t win, lands
Glad to yield thee empire, and for thy Empire flght :
Then, call them not thy Colonies, but — Kinlands !
Own their people kindred, forth to the world aloud,
Despite the plaint of narrow-minded Inlanders :
Yea, spsak thou them as Mother, of her offspring proud :
I hail ye, loyal children, as ^My Kirdaiuhrs !
In reference to this competition another correspondent
suggests the word *^ Shakespearean."
Maeterlinck and the ^* Contemporary Review."
Sib, — If Miss IJnderhill works as hard at understanding
Maeterlinck's French as she has done at misunderstanding
my English, even '^Serres Ghaudes" ou&^ht to have no
mysteries for her. The phrase in her first letter to which
I objected was as follows: "In all these plays [Miss
Underhill had mentioned five] Mr. Bopes, while denying
Maeterlinck the dramatic gift, allows his power over the
chords of pity and dread — but rather thinks Mr. Kipling
does it better." What Miss Underhill really meant to
refer to by the word "it" in this somewhat loose sentence
I will not undertake to say ; but I took " it," naturally
enough, as meaning the exciting of pity and dread
generally in the minds of readers. In that case. Miss
Underbill's words, whether with or without her own
intention, implied that I had compared Kipling with
Maeterlinck generally^ and declared the former to l)e the
greater master of pathos and terror.
As I had done nothing of the kind, I explained what
my allusion to Kipling really was. While I was dis-
a I April, 1900.
The Academy.
339
^mssing ^'L'lntnise," I, of course, mentioned Maeterlinck's
method of producing an effect of supernatural horror in
that play, and pointeid out that Kipling, Maupassant, and
others use a similar method in introducing the super-
natural. But I said that to my mind the noyelists were
**mat9 convincing "—or, to quote the Fat Boy, they
** make your flesh creep " more than does Maeterlinck's
"Intruder.'' This does not imply that Kipling and
Maupajssant are able to touch '^tne chords of pity and
dread " with greater mastery than is shown by Maeter-
linck. Supernatural horror is only one of these chords,
and by no means the finest. Sheridan Le Fanu '^ does it
better " than Kipling, some think.
But my simple explanation seems to have confused Miss
Underhill entirely. "It appears," she says, "that his
languid praise of Maeterlinck's use of the supernatural
applies to ' L'Intruse ' alone. I [Miss Underhill] credited
hun with perceiving the same fine qualities in 'L'lnterieur'
(ste) and 'Les Aveugles.'" It was the comparison with
Kipling, not the praise of Maeterlinck, languid or other-
wise, that I restricted to " L'Intruse " ; although, as the
supernatural element comes in at the very end of " Les
Aveugles," and does not come in at all in " Interieur," I
do not see what great difEerence that makes. I tried to do
justice to "Les Aveugles" and "Interieur" in their
proper place, and Miss Underhill herself acknowledged
that I had treated the latter play " with something Uke
fairness." But no matter ; Miss Underhill goes on to say,
"I now ^ther that he did not mean to say that 'l£r.
Kipling did it (the gradual accumulation of terror) better '
than Maeterlinck." Let me point out that I never said
that "Mr. Kipling did it better" than anybody; the
words are Miss Underbill's own.
But in her first letter Miss Underhill never defined what
she meant by " it "—never hinted that it referred to " the
gradual accumulation of terror," or to the introduction of
the supernatural. In fact, the latter subject is not even
mentioned in her first letter. How was I to know that
«he meant to refer to the supernatural — if she did — by
that accommodating " it " ? — I am, &c.,
April 14, 1900. Abthub E. Ropes.
[This correspondence must now cease.]
New Books Received.
[ JA*w noUi on 9ome of the New Books of the week are
preliminmy to Reviews that may follow.']
SnAKESPSABE THE MaN.
By Gt)LDwiK Shith.
Prof .^ Gh>ldwin Smith is a man of such mental range
and activity that almost any serious work may be expected
from him at any time. His Guesses at the Riddle of
JSxistence has a kind of titular affinity to this guess at
the riddle of Shakespeare's existence. The author does
not hunt for facts. All the labours of Shakespearean
biographers have produced, in his estimation, only
"entries in municipal records, names on a roll, a lease,
or an inventory," &c. "That orange has now been
squeezed dry. It would seem better worth while to
consider under what general infiuences— social, political,
and religious— the life was passed." Prof. Smith con-
siders this in seventy-and-seven pages, with margins wide
enough for an 8.T.C. to annotate every sentence. (Unwin.
2s. 6d.)
Makebs op Liteeatubb. By George E. Woodbebby.
Essays on Matthew Arnold, Landor, Shelley, Lamb,
Whittier, Byron, Orabbe, and others. They are reprints
of articles from American reviews and magazines united
by no other bond than that they " comprise all of the
author's critical work which it seems desirable to reprint."
Be-re-print would be the better word, since many of the
papers appeared in 1890 and the title Studies in Letters and
Life. (Macmillan.)
By the Eev.
The Genius of Protestantism. E. M'Gheyne Edgab.
This is a thick-and-thin defence of the Beformation.
The following passage in the Preface seems to shut out
discussion: "And between two systems which treat so
differently ' the faith once for all delivered to the saints '
it ought not to be difficidt to decide. No thoughtful in-
quirer will commit himself to Eome's policy of mere expe-
diency, when he has the alternative of a completed Ganon
and the promised aid of the Holy Spirit. No one, more-
over, will quarrel with the Eeformation who has taken the
time and trouble to appreciate the Protestant spirit." It
is just possible that the thoughtful inquirer i/ml decline
such partial guidance as Mr. M'Gheyne Edgar promise;
(Gliphant. 6s.)
The Eelief of Ladysmifh. By John Black Atkins.
Mr. Atkins has been roprosenting the Manchester Guardian
in South Africa, and readers of his account of the war in
Guba, contributed in despatches to the same newspaper,
will be prepared for good work. In his Gaban boos Mr.
Atkins gave the spirit as weU as the facts of the struggle,
and was prodigal of anecdote and telling by-way touches.
(Methuen. 68.)
In addition to the foregoing, we have received :
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Brummel and Bean. Department for Dokes, and Tips for Toffs.
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St, Niehoias. VoL XXVn ;MacmiUan)
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340
The Academy.
21 April, 1900.
Parodied Proverbs.
Our Weekly Prize Competition.
RESULT OF NO. 30 (NEW SBEIBS).
The taste of parodyipg prorerbe seems, even at Eastertide, to be
popular, and a great number of results of the wisdom of many, the
wit of one, and the ingenuity of ono more, have reached up. Best
we like this, sent by Mr. J. J. Bell Northcote, Dowanhill-gardens,
Glasgow:
A Pat may look at a Queen.
Among others are :
Duplidty's the brother of con^tntion.
[J. O, B., Liverpool.]
More waist less speed. [F. S., Cambridge.]
It's a wrong g^ain which has no earniosr.
[H. W. D., London.]
It's a long worm that has no tuminflr.
[G-. J. L., Lismore.]
[H. M. S., West Malvern.]
A switch in time saves crime. [M. B., Derby ]
[A. E. W., Liverness.]
Other replies : C. S. 0., Brighton ; E. B., Liverpool ; F. B., York-
shire ; A. B. B., London ; Peggy, London ; O. B., Matlock ; H. T.,
Epsom ; A. E T.. Clifton ; O. N., Clifton ; D. B., London ; M. A.,
Eastbourne ; M. E., London ; L. L , Ramsgate ; J. H. S., Buxton ;
F. H. J., London (see rules) : F. E. W., London ; B. H., London ;
F. A. A., Windermere ; R. F. M. C, Whitby ; R. W., Sutton ;
D. F. H., London ; P. K., London ; Miss E.. London ; J. L., London
(see rules) ; S. S. M., Edinburgh ; C, Redhill ; J. L. H., London ;
G. W. S., London ; F. v. S , London : L. M. L., Stafford ; A. W.,
London ; S. T., Redhill ; T. C, Buzted ; A. A., Southport ; B. R.,
London.
Competition No. 31 (New Series).
We offer a prize of a guinea this week for the best li^t of the
twelve most popular chancters in Dickens, in their order of popu-
larity. Everyone has his own favourites— one would put Mr.
Micawber first, another Mr. Pickwick, a third would vote for Mark
Tapley. a fourth for Captain Cuttle, and so on. In judging this
competition we shall resort to the pUlnscite method, seleotiog for
the prize the list which corresponds in the greatest number of
itons with the general sense.
RULW.
Answers, addressed "Literary Competition, The Academy, 43,
Chanoery-lane, W.C.,*' must reach us not later than the first post
of Tuesday, April 24. Each answer must be accompanied by
the coupon to be found in the first column of p. 321, or it can-
not enter into competition. Competitors sending more than one
attempt at solution must accompany each attempt with a separate
OQupon ; otherwise the first only will be considered. We wish to
impress on competitors that the task of examining replies is much
facilitated when one side only of Uie paper is written upon. It is
also important that names and addresses should always be given.
We cannot consider anonymous answers.
Spring Announcements.
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The Academy.
341
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Alt^prether, the volnme is admirable "
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to make this the mo&t>ttractive volume of short stories we have for some time
seen."
PUBLISHED TO-DAY.-With 33 Illustrations. Grown 8vo. 6s.
THE ORIGIN AND CHARACTER
OF THE BRITISH PEOPLE.
By NOTTID(JB CHA.ELB3 MA.ONAMABA, F.R.C.8..
Author of "Story of an Irish Sept,*' " History of Asiatic Cholera," ft
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344
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PiONEERINQ
OH THE
CONGO.
By W. HOUIAH BENTLBT.
a Uoni Aatbor at " The
This li K work of exoaptiaDal lutereat, tud
namtM the anUior't tWflllty-OIlA f ears'
expertenoe of Ufa tXtug t)M tltorai of the
KTMt Oongo Birer, »Bd tlw OoDp> tribM wbioh
■uhkbit thsm. Hr, Bentler wm oao ot lite
Arrt uiMlattatlM Hot to Mw OaiKO ^V Ui'
SmpUH Sooietj. He Tliitod Ou Oango tribe*
wbile thaj wore prMtioally tuttonohad by i^y
(orei^ Inflnenoe. He bw liTSd in oloae oon-
(aot wllb Uie pMple, he haa redooed tbe
Kongo LanguagV to Writlnsr. U the wall-
known anthoT of the Dl6aOIIU7 and
Qrammar of tbe Kongo lianynege, and hae
tramjated into U the New Teabunent. Ha
hai iriven In this w(A a full teooid of tbe
triwpbj of tbe (}oqwI amine tluae Mvag«
mbar
"It liKEnatMorywell t(ild,>iid told tntbe man
who abots all ottaan la abk to writ* wUb InUmaU
personal knowladfie eWanclIng o*w Uia ^Un period,
■nd wilh man; exaellrat qmUBcalloiii wUah an
widom blaudad In a aiiidla Indwidqal Tta« tnt ia
uoeUent, tlie UndlsK aoltable, aod tha ilhutnuoni
almndam and admlraU; exaonted kvar* pnbllc
llbruT Bhoold, bj aoma maani, be aappllea wlUi a
Bopj, UBTohBDU 1tlv> ua intenatad in Cba AMosn
tisda Hill and maoT tlfnidcant fa«s and ahrswd
obaerva^ona ; taaTalkara and aattlera In Iropioal
oonntrlea irlU find matiy aagaoiooi hinta lor tJia
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TUB EVANOBLIOAL OUTLOOK.
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Hiatoty of SlavBry," Xc.
"It bean tha oharaoter ot a iolenin profiauon of
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linw bcld Id eilanoa, bnt now in adranoed yeua
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mindad of mankind."— ilbanlMt Fne Prtf.
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By J. T. CUNNINOHMI, M.i.
" Mr. CnnnioKhaai haa elaboralad a theory ot aroln-
Llon iDanswerto tbe pnblem; What are tiia aoaaa
••hlah have prodaced tba three klnda of atroHnral
dUTsrenM In anlmalBP Ha aappoita bia (hecay by
faota and lllaatrationB drawn midnly from the work*
ofotbara. Abookof diujnotaolanllflcimpartanoa. Hie
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trated with cant ully eiecated Dgnraa."— naOa^lmt
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THE GIFTS of ENEHIES: a Novel
By G. B. MITTON,
Aatbor ot " A Baohelor Oirl in London."
"Fire and Tow," lui.
Thieia tha record otamaTi'i Uta from tJia tisie wb*n
haw^ted In hall nnsanaoioaa boredom tordead men'a
Hboaa, Into whieb be was deatlnad oarerlo (tap, (0 tbe
j^^^ --^-' ' "*~
Ubyti™'
iilaiabyn'. „
For tbe Orst time in a novel tt . . ...
cricket takea a prominent plaoa ; bat it ii ao iniar-
woven with the alory that It will not be toand tedioaa
eiea by those who know nolblnff o( the gamSL A elsb
raid in Boho la deaoribed ao Tiridty as to iDnaat (bal
the auhor waa present at tbe time. Hawtrey'*
joamalialls aiperiecoas laolnde the exposura ol a Oicr
oompany, a step which baa a dramaus affaot on hi*
tnl acdoant of pmeut.dBy lite will weloome Cblanorel,
A. It C. BLAOK, Sobo Square, London.
reeaagive. Tbe hen. Sir Neil Bawtray,
~'~''M profesaional and joarnaUiL and bta
at laokiog In adTentnia and Incddant.
The Academy
A Weekly Review of Literature and Life.
No. 1460. Established 1869.
28 April, 1900.
Threepence.
[R4gistir$d as a Nnupapir.1
The Literary Week.
In our Special GompetitloiiB, the results of which, with
the prize papers, are given in a Supplement included in
the present issue, eight hundred and one MSS. were
submitted. They were divided thus :
Poetry Competition 314
Short Story „ 128
Essay „ 64
Things Seen „ 157
Topographical Essay Competition 1 09
Epigramm atic Criticism Competition 29
801
Our search was not rewarded by the discovery of any
new writer of exceptional gifts; but the care and the
industry shown is very creditable to the amateur authors
who have submitted tiieir efforts to us. The competitors
hail from all over the world — India, Africa, America, and
China — the majority of the efforts being by women. Six
competitors will certainly be pleased. We can only
express our regret that 795 must oe disappointed.
Mb. Winston Sp£NGeb Chubohill has declined to huny
over the production of his book on the Natal Campaign.
It will be published, we believe, this month. Mr. Churchill
is also at work on a history of the whole war.
The annual dinner of the Societv of Authors will be
held on May 16. Mr. Pinero will take the chair.
Two years ago Mr. J. G. Frazer, author of the Oolden
Boughy published his great edition of P.-usanias* Deseriptton
of Greic$y at the somewhat prohibitive price of six g^uineas.
Messrs. Maomillan have now included in their '* Eversley "
series a book of some 400 pages, which contains the
introductory essay on Pausanias himself, and many finished
sketches of Ghreek topography, scenery, and antiquities
which occur incidentally m the work as Mr. Frazer follows
Pausanias through his itinerary.
E. K. L. writes : "I think I noticed some while
back a reference in the pa^es of the Academy to the
linguistic inaccuracies of the British novelist. The
folkwing extract is from Chapter YI. of M. Andr6 Theuriet's
La Petite Demise which is appearing by instalments in
the JRevue des Deux Mondee : * Yenez ! je suis de I'avis des
Anglais : 7\vo is a eampany^ three i» none ! ' I am not a
great reader of modem French fiction, and it is quite
possible that slips of this kind are not infrequent, but as
a faithful student of Matthew Arnold I had always
imagined the Rtvue to be quite impeccable on points of
scholarship."
Mb. Bbbnabd K. Sand well writes: ^'The authorship
of 'Illusion,' which you query in last week's Academy,
18 by Ella Wheeler Wilcox, a poet of considerable repute
in Ajnerica, though whether she is known on this side I
trow not. It appeared in the Chap-Booh (H. S. Stone
& Co., Chicago), Vol. V., No. 2— that is, June 1, 1896. I
may add that the Chap-Booh was the fint, and incompar-
ably the best, of the American group of 'intimate'
periodicals, was edited for a time by Bliss Carman, was a
fortnightly, and died after becoming in 1897 an ordinary
and respectable review."
Mb. Sandwell sends the following " corrected version " :
GKkI and I in ipaoe alone,
And nobody else in view.
And " Where are the people, O Lord " I said,
** The earth below and the sky o'erhead,
And the dead whom once I knew ! "
" That was a dream," Gk>d smiled and said ;
" A dream that seemed to be true.
There were no people living or dead,
There was no earth and no sky o'erhead —
There was only Myself and you."
'' Why do I feel no fear/' I asked.
*' Meeting You here this way ?
For I have sinned, I know full well ;
And is there heaven, and is there hell.
And is this the Judgment Day F "
*' Nay ! those were but dreams," the great Gk>d said ;
'* Dreams that have ceased to be.
There are no such things as fear or sin ;
Th<>re is no you —you never have been —
There is nothing at all but Me ! "
The Cowper celebration at Olney seems to have been
very successful, and it has wonderfully freshened the poet's
laurels. At Olney Cowper's characteristics were set forth
in an interesting way by Mr. Clement K. Shorter, who was
happy in his choice of a subject, '' The Sanity of Cowper."
Comparing Cowper with other poets, Mr. Shorter said :
He did not indulge in vulgar amours, as did Bums and
Byron ; he did not ruin his moral fibre by opium, as did
Coleridge ; he did not shook his best friends by an over-
weening egotism, as did Wordsworth ; he did not spoil his
life by reckless financial complications, as did Scott ; or
by too great an enthusiasm to beat down the world's
conventions, as did Shelley. I do not here condemn any
one or either of these later poets. Their lives cannot be
snmined up in the mistases they made. I only urge that
as it is not good to be at warfare with your feUows, to be
burdened with debts that yon have to loll yourself to pay,
to alienate your- friends by distressing mannerisms, to
cease to be on speaking terms with your family — therefore
Cowper, who avoided these things, and, out of the three-
score years and more allotted to him. lived for some forty
or fifty years, at least, a quiet, idyllic life, surrounded by
loyal and loving friends, had chosen the surer and safer
path.
In connexion with the Cowper Centenary an effort is being
made by the churchwardens of East Dereham, in Norfolk,
where Cowper died, to complete the restoration of the
church at a cost of £1,400, and to erect a memorial window
at a cost of £400. Contributors to the fund will have
their names recorded in the parish papers, and will also
receive a photograph of Flaxman's well-known monument
of the poet in the church.
346
The Academy.
28 April, 1900.
CowPBB*8 life in London, before lie described himself as
** a stricken deer that left the herd," has naturally been
little mentioned in a week when the eyes of his admirefs
have been fixed on Olney. A correspondent sends us the
following notes on the few London localities connected
with Gowper :
On leaving WestoiinBter School, where he bad been
consistently bullied for eight years, Cowper was placed in
an attorney's office in Ely- place, as an apprentice to the
Law. Here Thurlow, the future Lord Chancellor, was his
fellow-clerk, and Cowper tells us that they were *^ em-
ployed from morning to night in giggling and tuakinp:
giggle, instead of studying the law.'' The giggling and
making giggle were redoubled when the lads went, ns
they often did, to the house of Cowper's aunt, Mrs. Ashley
Cowper, in Southampton-row, where Cowper's two girl
oousins welcomed them to mischief. The Cowper house
was Number 30, and was the ninth beyond Southampton-
court (now Cosmo-place), going northward. It has re-
cently disappeared in the alterations which are preparing
Southampton-row for its destiny of feeding the new
''boulevard" between Holborn and the Strand.
His three years' apprenticeship ended, Cowper took
rooms in the Middle Temple, removing later to the
Inner Temple. His rooms in Pump-court have not been
identified ; but we know that he gave £250 for them, and
that his windows looked into the court where, he sayn,
" there are lime trees ; and the sound of wat^, though
passing only in pails and pitchers, is rather agreeable."
Durmg his few years of fairly happy life in the Temple
Cowper mixed with some old Westminster scholars, who
dined together every Thursday, and called themselves the
Nonsense Club. Their leader was the viyacious Bonnell
Thornton, whose burlesque "Ode on St. Cecilia's Day"
(** In strains more exalted the salt-box shall join," &c.) so
tickled Dr. Johnson. Here Cowper lived in expectation
that the office of Clerk of the Joum&ls to the House of
Lords would faU to him. In 1756 he scribbled a few
essays for Thornton's Connoiaaeur, the five papers num-
bered 111, 115, 119, 134, and 138 being from his pen.
Everyone knows what happened when the House of
Lords' post was ready for the shyest of men. He quailed
hopelessly before the difficulties of the office. Sitting
in Dick's Coffee House — ^the eighteenth century haunt
which disappeared from Fleet-street only a year or two ago
— he read an article on suicide which seemed to fit his case
and sanction the deed he contemplated. He walked out into
the fields with a bottle of laudanum in his pocket. Fear-
ing, however, to swallow the poison, he returned to the
T*-mple, and ordered a coach to drive him to Tt>wer Wharf,
where he conceived there would be opportunity for another
kii^d of exit. But the Thames tide was low, and a port* r
on the quay looked so forbiddingly that Cowper retreated
into the conch, and was rattled through the night streets
to the Temple. This wild hackney- drive to the Thames
may be considered Cowper's last experience of London.
His friends now stepped in.
A CORRESPONDENT writes to ask whether there is an
** inexpensive edition of Jane Austen's works which is
light to the hand, and printed in large, clear type. I
don't want the * dainty ' editions — they are pretty to the
eye, and light to hold, but the type is small. What I
rather have in my mind is a volume something like the
* Standard ' edition of the Waverley Novels, published by
Black two or three years ago. These were 28. 6d. each —
a volume to each novel ; they are light to hold, easy to
read, and have a decent appearance on the bookshelf.''
We should say that Messrs. Macmillan's 3s. 6d. edition
meets our correspondent's requirements.
The late Duke of Argyll was a splendid figure. The
aristocracy of talent and the aristocracy of birth, and vast
wealth to support both, were his. A Scottish innkeeper,
bewildered by the conjunction, said : '^ His Grace is in a
yerra deeficult poseetion whatever. His pride of intellect
will no' let him associate with men of his ain birth, and
his pride of birth will no' let him associate with men of
his ain intellect." The Duke began his controversial
writing at a remarkably early age. Lord Houghton said
of him, *^ He was but seventeen when he wrote a pamphlet,
Advice to the Peers ^ and he has gone on advising us ever
since." He gave advice, too, to men of science, to socialists,
and to working men. Lord Tennyson, his intimate friend,
was also his sincere admirer, and his character sketch 0!
the Duke, conveyed in the following lines, is worth
recalling:
O, Patriot Statesman, be thou wli«e to kuow
The limits of resistance, and the bounds
Determining concessions ; still be bold
Not only to slight praise but suffer scorn ;
And be thy heart a fortress to maintain
The day against the moment, and the yean
Against the day ; thy voice, a music heard
Thro* all the yells and counter-yells of feud
And faction ; and thy vnll, a power to make
This ever-changing world of circumstance,
Li changing, chime with never-changing Law.
Under the heading " George Douglas Campbell," four
pages are devoted to the Duke of ^gyll's works in the
iiritish Museum Cat:ilogue. Of these uie most memorable
are : The Reign of Law^ The Unseen Foundations of Society,
and The Philosophy of Belief In 18i^4 the Duke gave the
world a volume of poems, entitled Burdens of Belief and
Other Poems, These poems evoked a good deal of favour-
able comment, and that they were not without quality
may be seen in the following invocation to Autumn :
Come burnished autumn with thy wealth of flame
And lofty clouds that float in tender blue ;
Come leaves with tints too blended for a name.
And lakes resof tening lights that come from yon ;
Come gentle shadows on the mountains thrown,
High slopes all roseate at the close of d>iy ;
Come harvest fields by golden stubbles known,
And garnered pheaves that have been borne away ;
Come perfect stillness as of sorrow bom,
The passing year, as if resigned to die,
Holding reversed her sad and empty horn,
But loving yet her garlands where they lie ;
Come northern wings that fly the icy seas,
Whose crash and roar break down the Polar lands—
Come fold your pinions where ye meet the breeze
From Southern tides that bathe our warmer sands ;
Come lengthened shadows and the shortened day,
And night slow-passing on the ways of space.
With earlier gold that flames itself away
Into the splendours of her starry face.
A biography of the Duke may be confidently expected.
Of autobiography his works contain little.
Mr. Vizetelly's version of Feeonditi is almost ready.
It is a translation, with certain alterations dictated by a
regard for British susceptibilities. Mr. Yizetelly says :
For me the problem was how to retain the eiiseM^ d
the narrative and all the essence of the lessons which the
work inculcates, while recasting some portion of it 9m
sacrificing those matters of form to whioh exception wsi
taken. It is not for me to say whether I have suooeeded
in the task ; but I think that nothing in any degree
offensive to delicate susceptibilities will be found in tbu
present version of Feeonditi.
Messrs. Chatto & Windus are the publishers.
Me. Jerome K. Jerome's sequel to Three Men in a Boalj
entitled Three Men on the Bumfnel, will be pubUshed on
May 1 by Mr. Arrowsmith. The first edition consists 01
20,000 copies.
Mrs. Eichard Kevnolds, of Cliff Lodge, Leeds, who
died last Saturday, had been acquainted with some cele-
brated men. The daughter of Mr. Samuel Marshall, a
a8 April, 1900.
The Academy.
347
Quaker Bchoolmaster of Appleby, she had formed a friend-
ship with Wordsworth, with whom she had many a walk
and tcJk in the garden of his Ghrasmere cottage. She also
knew Coleridge.
Mr. Thomas B. Mosher, the well-known publisher of
Portland, Maine, sends us the following letter which has
just been sent to him with a request that he would forward
it to the addressee — Edward FitzGerald !
Sidney, O. : April 9, 1900.
Mb. Edward FitzGerald,
Dear Sir, — I am seeking to pr^fp^re for issue soon after
the dose of the present year a new departure in the line
of a book of Quotations.
Already th» re are many compilations of somewhat similar
works, but all are mostly devoted to ancient or aged litera-
ture, and none entirely, if any even partially, devoted
to current literature, as my proposed work, *' Quotations
from Productions of the Twentieth Century,'* vol. i., will
be.
This work, if I succeed, will contain only qurtations
from books making their advent in the one year 1900.
The authord quoied and the works quoted from will be
duly credited, and no matter will be used without proper
oonseut bf ing obtained.
Thus will quotations ke>*p pace with the times, and thus
will the reaaing public be told who are the writeri of
to-day and what they are writing, &c.
The work, if published, will be a legitimate book of
reference.
The books of 1900 will be so numeroas that no one
person could be expected to road more than a very small
per cent, of them ; but I have provided myself with
readers, and will procui e more— enough to keep even with
the tide.
Are you willing to devote your book, Eubaiyat of Omar
Khayyam^ to me for reading and use as per above state-
ment P
If so, please forward a copy thereof, together with your
consent to the same, to — Yours, &c.,
J. W. CONKLIir.
Mr. Mosher has recently issued a quarter-dollar reprint of
the Ruhaiyat^ which has enjoyed a very large sale ; and
doubtless it is FitzGerald's fate in America, as in England,
to be talked about and quoted by people who have no real
appreciation of his genius. Mr. Mosher has also received
communications for Miss Chrietina Bossetti, Mr. Walter
Pator, Mr. John Addington Symonds, and Mr. Percy
Bysshe Shelley !
The Sunderland Public Library has just been presented
by Mr. Field Stansfield with a letter written by Charles
Diokena to his father, Mr. Glarkson Stansfield, E.A.
Dickens describes various visite in one of his reading
tours. The weather had been wild all over the country,
'^ whirlwinds everywhere," and Dickens adds this post-
script, interesting to Nortiiumbrians :
I wish you could have been with me (of course in a
snowstorm) one day on the Pier at Tynemouth. There
was a very heavy sea running, and a perfect fleet of Screw-
Merchantmen were plunging in and out on the turn of the
tide at hiffh water. Suddenly there cune a golden
horizon, and a most glorious Rainbow burst out, arching
one large ship as if she were Sailing direct for Heaven.
I was so enchanted with the scene that I became oblivious
of a few thousand tons of Water coming on in an enormous
roller, and was knocked down and beaten over by its spray
when it broke, and so completely wetted through ana
through that the very pockets in my pocket-book were full
of
In last week's Londoner Mr. Owen Seaman has these
pleasant verses :
TO MR. AUSTIN DOBSON
After Himself.
(Rondeau of Villon.)
At sixty years, when April's face
Retrieves, as uow, the winter's cold,
Where tales of other Springs are told
You keep your courtly pride of place.
Within the circle's charmed space
You rest unchallenged, as of old,
At sixty years.
Not Time nor Silence sets its trace
On golden lyre and voice of ^old ;
Oar Poets* Poet, still you hold
The laurt^ls got by no man's grace —
At sixty years.
Mb. J. M. Barbie, who will attain his fortieth birthday
on May 9, is the subject of an article in the Temple
Magatine, The stories told of him mainly illustrate his
wish not to be interviewed, anecdoted, or otherwise dis-
turbed. When asked on one occasion to contribute an
account of his life to a volume of ^'living celebrities,"
Mr. Barrie began a mock biography thus : *' On arrival
in London it was Mr. Barriers first object to make a
collection of choice cigars. Though the author of My
Lady Nicotine does not himself smoke, his grocer's message
boy does. Mr. Barrie's pet animal is the whale. He
feeds it on ripe chestnuto."
American slow humour — as distinct from American
slick humour — has its pointe. Bead the following slowly.
Bead it line by line.
John Henderson lay dying. He was a man of sterling
tualities and fair position, a thrifty follower of life's
uties, respected by all that knew him. The r^ld family
physician bent over his bedside. They had been boys
together.
''John," the old doctor spoke huskily, ''you are going
to die. I have done all that I can. I think I ought to tell
you this. I know that you are not afraid of death, but
before you go there may be something that you would like
to say, or something that you would like to have done.
We have known eaih other all our lives. Tell me if you
want anything and it shall be done."
The sick man was silent. He looked toward the open
door of the bedroom, moved slightly, and then spoke.
"There's only one thing. And you won't think that
it's trivial and foolish, will you, doctor ? Fifteen years
ago, just as I was becoming old enough to desire some
rest and to think I had earned it, I bailt this house. My
oldest daughter was then just coming nineteen. There
are, as you know, five others. The yonngest is nineteen
now. Now, if you don't think it's asking too much, if
you will pardon a tired old man's last request, there's just
one thing I would like to have you do for me. You say
I've got two hours more to live. I wish that you'd take
me up and put me on the lounge that stands in the comer
of the parlour. I hain't scarcely had a chance to go in
there for all these fifteen years, and if it ain't asking too
much, and you think I won't discommode the girls more'n
I ought to, I*d kind o' hke to be in there once for a little
while before I die."
It was at Tynemouth, by the way, that Dickens was
tickled by the story of a poor dressmaker who, when a
lady, lodging in the same house, sent her up a plate of
goose on Christinas Day, returned it with a request that
the lady would *' disseminate her goose in her own sphere.*'
The valuable Catalogue of Drawings by Britieh ArtitU
now being compiled by Mr. Lawrence Binyon, who besides
being a poet is an assistant in the Print Department of
the Briti^ Museum, has reached its second (D-H) volume.
The name which fills the greatest number of pages is that
of John Doyle, the " H. B. " of bygone Punch numbers.
But grater names than Doyle's are, of course, included,
as Flaxiran, Gainsborough, Girtin, and Hogarth, and,
among foreign artists, Hollar and Holbein.
34^
The Academy.
fi8 Apni, 1900.
From the article on Buskin in the April Quarterly
Beview : *' For tender pathos and exquisite poetry nothing
can surpass the touching lines with which he ended his
last notes on Turner's drawings :
Moming breaks, as I write, along these Ooniston Fell?,
and the level mists, motionless and grey beneath the rose
of the moorlands, veil the lower woods and the sleeping
village and the long lawns by the lake shore. Oh, tliiit
some one had but ti>ld me in my youth, when all my heart
seemed to be set on these colours and clouds, that appear
for a little while and then vanish away, how little my love
of them would serve me when the silence of lawn and wood
in the dews of morning should be completed, and all my
thoughts should be of those whom by neither I was to
meet more."
While in Ireland the Queen accepted a copy of that
excellent book Some Exper%ence» of an Irish JR.M.y by E. A.
Somerville and Martin Boss.
Mr. John Lane has this week added Browning's Ths
Status and the Bust to the '^ Flowers of Parnassus " series.
The G^resham Publishing Company announce that early
in May they will reissue Thompson's Gardener* s Assistant
under the editorship of Mr. William Watson. Mr.
Watson is an assistant curator at Kew G-ardens.
Bibliographical.
It ia impossible to gather from the accounts in the daily
papers whether or not Mr. Herman Merivale's '^ Lyrics of
l^ericles " (to which I referred the other day) were used in
Mr. Coleman's adaptation of the play as performed thia
week at Stratford^on- Avon. The said " Lyrics " were
written specially for the adaptation, into which the element
of music was intended to enter largely. Five in number,
they do not rise to a very considerable poetic height.
TakO) for example, these lines in ''Thaisa's Dirge" :
Thaisa fair, under the cold sea lying,
Sleeps the long sleep denied to her by Earth ;
We, adding sighs unto the wild winds' sighing.
With all our mourning under'-moum her worth ;
The white waves toss their crested plumes above her.
Round sorrowing faces with the salt spray wet,
All are her lovers that once learned to love her,
And never may remember to forget.
This last linC) I need not say, is much more Victorian than
Elizabethan. Better than this is the invocation to Ceres,
beginning :
Gk)ddess of the golden horn,
Plenty ^s queen when man was bom,
Hear us when we bend the knee.
To thine high divinity :
Hear the infant's hungering cry.
Mothers' prayer no more deny :
Shed tby store o'er field and town,
Ceres, send thy blessing down.
Altogether, this endeavour to so hand in hand with
Shakespeare waa not so successful as could be desired. It
is not so easy to collaborate with tiie Bard. Mr. Swin-
burne once wrote a song for introduction into performances
of " The Merry Wives of Windsor " ; but, charming as it
was (it is preserved in full in Mr. HoUingshead's Oaiety
Chronicles^ page 271), it was not Shiiespeare : it was
Swinburne, and very good Swinburne too.
Most of the literary talk this week is about Cowper, of
whose Task^ I see, there is a new illustrated edition. There
is no getting away from Cowper. Last year there came
from America a book about him by Marion Harland — one
of a series called ''Literary Hearthstones " (fazu^!).
From the same generous source we also got laat year a
selection from the poems. Li 1898 there was an illusfcrated
edition of John Gupin ; in 1896 came a sriection from the
poems and a collection of the shorter poems ; to 1895
belong an edition of the poems (Aldine) and a selection
from the Letters. The last-named had been preceded in
1893 by a compilation of the Best Letters^ sent over here
from the States. Then in 1892 Mr. Wright wrote
Cowper's Lifey Mr. Benham edited his Letters^ and Mrs.
Oliphant edited his Select Poems. The two latter addi-
tions were to the '* Qolden Treasury" series; they liad
appeared originally in 1884 ana 1888 respectively.
Farther back uian that, I think, we need not go, except to
mention Mr. Goldwin Smith's Monograph on Cowper and
Mr. Neye's Conoordanee to the Poems (which came out in
1887).
Two more anthologies are promised— one by ^'Q./'
which is to cover the whole ground of English lyric
poetry, and the other by Mr. J. L. Brennan, which is to
deal only with the period From Blake to Arnold, The
latter, I gather, is to illustrate ** the romantic revival " ;
for the former I see no particular raison d^Strey unless
'^ Q. " is going to make a determined effort to supersede
The Golden TVeiuury, Moreover, is not Mr. Arber even
now in the throes of producing a mammoth anthology
of English verse ? '' Q. " has already given us The Golden
Pomp — the rather affected title of ''a procession of
English lyrics from Surrey to Shirley." Let us hope
that the new collection will not be on so elaborate a scale
as that.
Mr. Seaman's rondeau, addressed to Mr. Austin Dobson
on the occasion of the latter completing his sixtieth year,
is no doubt a neat little piece of wo», albeit not very
smoothly turned. I should prefer to it Mrs. E. Nisbet's
rondeau in celebration of Mr. Dobson, beginning —
Your dainty muse her form arrays
In soft brocades in byegone days.
J. Eussell Lowell penned a rondeau of thanks to Mr.
Dobson for a copy of his Old World IdyUsy but he seemed
not to move quite comfortably in the shackles imposed
upon him by the ''form" adopted. He was hampered,
too, by a prosaic '' refrain."
The monograph which Mr. Hector Macpherson has
written on the subject of Mr. Herbert Spencer, and which
is advertised to appear to-day (Friday), is not the first
attempt that has been made to populfuise Mr. Spencer's
career and thought. So recently as 1894 Mr. W. H.
Hudson's book on the Philosophy and Life of Mr. Spencer
was published here, reaching a second edition ; and to the
same year belongs the appearance of the first part of Mr.
F. H. CoUins's Epitome of the Synthetic Philosophy. The
issue in 1894 of a little collection of Aphorisms fxom Mr.
Spencer's writings may also be said to have done some-
thing to introduce the philosopher to ''the man in the
street."
We are to have a sixpenny edition of The New Magdalen^
which Wilkie Collins published originally in 1873. Con-
sidering how large an advertisement the book has had
through the medium of the dramatised version, in which
Miss Ada Cavendish and (latterly) Miss Janet Achurch
were so popular, it is a little surprising that the story has
not had a greater vogue. I am open to correction if
wrong, but I fancy there has been no fresh edition
of the work since 1874, though, of course, there may
have been many reprints from stereos.
I see that Messrs. Chatto & Windus announce the im-
minent publication of a story by Mrs. Pender Cudlip
entitled Comrades Trxie. Now, a tale named Comrades
True was issued in 1891 by Messrs. Oliphant, Anderson
& Ferrier, who would have, I suppose, some ground of
complaint against Mrs. Cudlip if she now used the title.
The Bookworm.
2B April, 1900.
1 he Academy,
34^
Reviews*
"The Divine Chit-Chat of Cowper."
Th$ Litters of Cotcper. Bohn's Libraries. (O. Bell &
Sons.)
Coicper*8 Letters, ** Gulden Treasury " Series. (Mac-
millan & Go. 28. 6d.)
Charlbs Lamb's remark, that he could call no man bis
friend wbo was offended by the divine chit-cbat of
Gowper, bas, after wbat baa been already a long life of
usefulness, durine tbe current week been a good deal
overworked. A UDwper Oentenazy such as is now raging
at Olney was bound to bring it forth, for no one dse has
put the case so well. '^ The divine ohiirebai of Cowper "
is the exact phrase. Turning over the four volumes of the
poet's Life and epistdary pratde in Bohn's Library (as we
have been doing again tibe past few nights), the truth of
Lamb's position ia more and more apparent to us. Not to
care much about these letters is a natural and conceivable
enough state of thinffs for many good minds to confess to ;
but to be offended by them ? The man who should be
offended by them was truly out of the Elian circle of
sympathies.
While yielding to no one in affection for Oowper's
letters, we admit to a conviction that a sympathetic yet
strongly blue-pencilled editor would certainly ao them no
harm. Side by side with a pellucid stream of good sense
and good humour trickles a rivulet of Huntingdon small
beer which could be diverted out of the volumes without
injury. We do not mean such an exceUent piece of
humorous writing as the account of the invasion of the
poet's home by the parliamentary candidate — a passage
from which Dickens may have learnt something — of which
this is a portion :
Candidates are creatores not very susceptible of a&onts'
and would rather, I suppose, dimb io at a windovr, than
be absolutely excluded. In a minute, the yard, the kitchen,
aod the parlour were filled. Mr. Orenville, advancing
toward me, shook me by the band with a degree m
cordiality that was extremely sedacing. As soon as he
and as many more as could find chairs were seated, he
began to open tbe intent of bis visit. I told him I had no
vote, for which he readily gave me credit. I assured him
I had no influence, whidi he was not equally inclined to
believe, and the less, no doubt, because Mr. Ashbumer,
the draper, addressing himself to me at this moment,
informed me that I bad a great deal. Supposing that I
could not be possess! d of sucn a ireasure without knowing
it, I ventured to confirm my fi st aspertion, by saying, that
if I had any I was utterly at a loss to imasine where it
could be, or wherein it consisted. Thus ended the ccmfer-
ence. Mr. Orenville squeeted me by the hand again,
kissed the ladies, and withdrew. He kissed likewise the
maid in the kitchen, and seemed upon the whole a most
loving, kissinff, kind-hearted gentleman. He is very
young, gented, and handsome. He has a pair of verf
good eyes in bis head, which not beinff sufficient as it
diould seem for the many nice and difficmt purposes of a
senator, he has a third also, which he wore suspended by
a ribband from his buttonhole.
That is Cowper's happiest descriptive manner; happiest
and least restricted. Tne amused satirical mind is at play
and enjoving the game. But only now and then do we
get anything so unusual as the visit of a candidate or the
escape of a hare. A selection of Cowper's Letters does, of
course, exist : the excellent little volume in the " GK)lden
Treasury " series ; but there is still much to be done to
prepare a serviceable and convenient edition which should
answer the puxpose of the '* general reader."
Yet as to what the general reader knows, or thinks, or
needs of Cowper, we are not competent to speak. ** John
Gilpin " has fortunately become a nursery classic, so that
it IS impossible to avoid that; but, after ''John GHlpin,"
who has read through ''The Task"? Who knows
(remember that we are epeaking of ''general readers ")
even the subject of ''^Krocininm"? The exquisite lines
on receiving his mother's picture are still read, few collec-
tions of poetry being without them, and the same may be
said for a few of tbe shorter pieces, such as " The Loss of
the JRo^al Oearge " and " The Dog and the Water LUy,"
and the translation of Vincent Bourne's " Jackdaw." But
in how many homes are Cotcper^i PoetM household words
to-day? And yet his message is'stUl what it was; the
world has altered not at all, except on the surface, and no
one is doing his work better. The debt which English
poetry owes to Cowper is considerable, for he was the first
acceptable revolutionist affainst the artifice that held the
muse captive for so long before his day. We say accept-
able, because, strictly speaking, Grabbe came before
Cowper, but for every one reader t^at Grabbe had Cowper
must have numbered fifty. Cowper was the first accept-
able eighteenth-oenturypoet to go straight to nature. It
is with the names of Wordsworth and (>>leridge that the
great revolt is associated ; but Cowper came before them.
Cowper's work was done almost before the "Lyrical
Ballads " were talked of between the two young enthusiasts
walking in the Quantock Hills. That is, of course, all
right. Most, if not all, great movements have had a
hnmble foreshadower before the critical time and the
chosen force arrive, and Cowper was the last man to want
public praise. " I am merry," he wrote to Newton con-
cerning " Table Talk," " that I may decoy people into mv
company, and grave that they may be the oetter for it."
That expresses his ambition. And to-day, no less than
ever, it is well to be decoyed into the company of this
kinddy, keen-eyed, witty, poetical ^ntleman, whether his
medium is the limpid verse of his poetry, or the easy,
C(r3rsta], dear prose of his letters.
For how perfect a control of words he has for the ex*
pression of his divine chit-chat I No matter what he has
to say, whether he describes an Olney neighbour, or the
sudden apparition of the hunt as he walks abroad, or the
health of Mrs. ITnwin, or his views on Pope, or discusses a
religious point with one of his correspondents, he is always
the same, alwavs deliberate and perspicuous and musical,
and yet forceful. It is the prose of everyday life carried
out to its highest power. Let us give a few excerpts taken
almost as we fijid them. First, a glimpse of the poet at
home (in 1782) in a letter to Joseph Hill :
How diffarent is the complexion of your evenings and
mine! — ^yours, spent amid we ceaseless hum that pro-
ceeds from ti^e inside of fifty noisy and busy periwigs;
mine, by a domestic fireside, in a repeat as silent as retire-
ment can make it ; where no noise is made but what we
make for own amusement. For instance here are two
rustics, and your humble servant in company. One of the
ladies has been playing on the harpsichord, while I, with
tbe other, have been playing at battledore and shuttlecock.
A litde dog, in the meantime, howling under the chair of
the former, perfonned, in the vocal way, to admiration.
This entertainment over, I began my letter, and having
nothing more important to commumoato, have given you
an account of it.
Such was Cowper's life for years and years, varied only
by his occasional lapses into melancholia. Here is a
critioism:
I return you many thanks for Boswell's Tour. I read it
to Ifos. TJnwin after supper, and we find it amusing,
lliere is much trash in it, as there must always be in every
narrative that relates indiscrimately all that passed. Bat
now and then the Doctor speaks like an oracle, and that
makes amends for all. Sir John was a coxcomb, and
Boswell is not less a coxcomb, though of another kind. I
fancy Johnson made coxcombs of aU bis friends, and they
in return made him a coxcomb ; for, with reverence be it
spoken, such he certainly was, and flattered as he was, he
was sure to be so.
Here is a pleasant fancy forming part of an apology for
350
The Academy.
28 April, .1900
having so little time in which to write letters. Cowpor
wonders how the antediluvians found the days go :
I will suppose myself born a thousand years before
Koah was bom or thought of. 1 rise with the sun; I
worship ; I prepare my breakfast ; I swallow a bucket of
goats' milk, and a dozen good sizeable cakes. I fasten a
new string to my bow, and my youngest boy, a lad of
about thirty years of age, having played with my arrows
till he hHS stript off idl the feathers, I find myself obliged
to repair them. The morning is thus spent in preparing
for the chase, and it is become necessary that I should
dine. I dig up my roots ; I wash them ; I boil them ; I
find them not done enough; I boil them again; my wife
is angry; we dispute; we settle the point; but in the
meantime the fire goes out, and must be kindled again.
All this is very amusing. I hunt ; I bring home the prey ;
nith the skin of it I mend an old coat, or I make a new
one. By this time the day is far spent; I feel myself
fatigu<)H, and retire to rest. Thus what with tiUinc the
ground and eating the fruit of it, hunting and walking,
and running, and mending old clothes, and sleepiog and
rising again, I can suppose an inhabitant of the primaeval
world so much occupied as to sigh over the shortness of
life, and to find at the end of many centuries, that they
had all slipt through his fingers, and were passed away
like a shadow. What wonder then that I, who live in a
day of so much greater refinement, when there is so much
more to be wanted, and wished, and to be enjoyed, should
feel myself now and then pinched in point of opportunity,
and at some loss for leisure to fill foiu: sides of a sheet like
this ?
^Finally, a sentiment not without pertinence to-day, when
discussions concerning patriotism often rage too fiercely :
Mr. Newton and I are of one mind on the subject of
patiiotisoL. Our dispute was no sooner begun than it
ended. It would be well, perhaps, if, when two disputants
begin to engage, their friends would hurry each into a
separate chaise, and order them to opposite points of the
compass. Let one travel twenty miles east, the other as
many west; then let them write their opinions by the
post. Much altercation and chafing of the spirit would be
prevented; they would sooner come to a right under-
standing, and running away from each other, would carry
on the combat moro judiciously, in exact proportion to the
distance.
Let us hope that the Cowper Centenary will prompt
many persons to turn their attention to Oowper's letters.
A United Italy-
A History of Italian Unity : heing a Political History of
Italy from 1814 to 1871. By Bolton Xing, M.A.
2 vols. (Nisbet.)
''It is easy to demonstrate that an united Italy has had
it9 disappointments; it would be easier to prove that a
divided Italy would have had more." The reader of Mr.
Bolton King's two portly volumes will cordially endorse
this latter opinion. Nor will it need the eight hundred
pages which Mr. King has covered to convince him. The
history of Italy from the invasion of the Barbarians down
to the middle of the nineteenth century is only less con-
fusing in its complexity than the history of Germany over
the same period, in that the factors were, perhaps, some-
what more permanent. It is difficult to write the history
of either Germany or Italy as of an undivided whole, for
the theoretical bonds which did exist were only retained
because they did not bind, and the central points exercised
a centrifugal rather than a centripetal influence. Hence,
in any case, a history of Italy is a formidable work. The
wealth of new material on which Mr. King has drawn
must have greatly increased the magnitude of the task
which he set himself. The result is a vast storehouse of
accumulated and ordered historical facts in the history of
modern Italy, put together with the consummate skill of
a trained historian, and written down with very consider-
able attention to the form of composition. But to the
ordinary reader such detailed treatment is forbidding.
The whole tone of the book presupposes such an acquaint-
ance with- the history of modem Europe, and of Italy in
particular, that even fairly well informed readers will
probably find themselves soon out of their depth. The
fact is, that Mr. King has assumed too hastily that his
readers are as enamoured of the subject as he is himself,
while he is also conscious that he is telling the story of
the struggle for Italian unity to the British public for
practically the first time at any considerable length.
Thus, the * author must not be surprised if he speaks only
to a limited audience. The compensation will be, we fear,
not to his pocket, but to his pride of authorship ; for it is
a book that should be possessed by every public library
and every private one that can afford it, while no future
historian of Europe in the nineteenth century will be able
or, indeed, will want to ignore it.
Kecent events have helped to cement the bonds between
Italy and England. An Englishman has no thought about
Italy but to wish her well. Her manifest unrest and
insecure unity fill him with nothing but apprehension and
sorrow. But perhaps, on the contrary, the fact that she
has got so far on her road towards nnity ought to give him
ground for much hope. That a groat deal yet remains to
be done before the Sicilian and the Lombard feel them-
selves really part of the same nationality is quite true ;
but of the vast difficulties already overcome on the road
towards such a consummation this book is a record. We
have long ago consecrated the great names associated in
idea, though by no means always in practice, with the
great achievement. Mr. King does not remove any of
them — Mazzini, Garibiddi, Cavour, Victor Emmanuel —
from the pedestal to which popular fame has raised them,
but he shows them in their weakness as well as in their
strength. The hero of the first volume is Mazzini, of the
second Cavour; for the note of the time to 1849 was
aspiration, that of the following years achievement.
*^^The movement,'^ says Mr. King, ''that Mazzmi and
Gioberti and Pius (IX.) had inspired had been essentially
religious. . . . Their generation praised God; the new
generation thought more of keeping its powder dry. . . .
Mazzini flinched from no sacrifice. . . . The new move-
ment . . . put its faith in discipline." Hence Mazzini in
his later years descended into a vulgar conspirator, and
did more harm than good to the great cause. The fact
was that he was a theoretical republican. ^' In the Bepublic
Mazzini saw the ideal Commonwealth, where privilege
was banished^ where the poor were made the State's first
care, where association and education opened an infinite
vista of progress." But Italy needed the strongest of
monarchies, strong enough to command the confidence of
the great body of the Italian people, and skilful enoug'h
to pursue a cunning and successful foreign policy. Never-
theless it is true that '^ it was Metzzini's faith that made
a united Italy possible, that led even beyond the existing'
fact, beyond the schemes of federation, that till now had
been the utmost bourn of national hope, on to what
seemed the Utopian and impossible, but which his teaching
was to make the gospel of the nation. Only through unity,
he believed and made them believe, could Italy be strong
and democratic ; only when Bome became her capital
could she hold her place among the nations of Europe,
and teach a nobler ideal of government." Again, Mr.
King says finely of Mazzini : *' He had the genius to
see that men require unselfish motives to stir them to
noble deeds, that they will never rise above themselves
save for a great and good cause, that it needs some sacred
idea which goes to the souls of men, to move them to
action that means loss of love or home or life."
Cavour reaped what Mazzini and his followers had
sowed. *' He had his ideals, but he kept them to himself,
and ... he rarely .allowed himself to be drawn a step
beyond what the practicstl opportunities of the moment
28 April, 1900.
The Academy.
351
warranted. His object was to make the constitution
march.'' ''Open-minded opportunist" that lie was, for
him the unity of Italy was bound up with monarchy and
the predominance of the House of Piedmont. The political
end was to be attained somehow, and it was attained, but
rather as a gift from a magnanimous patron in the shape
of the French Emperor than as a spontaneous effort of tne
Italian people. Hence came most of the difficulties of
subsequent years. For Mazzini's ideal Italy would have
had to wait long generations, and it might have worked
out in a shape that he would have been the first to
repudiate, but one is almost inclined to believe that the
resulting unity would have been sounder and more natural
than the somewhat hasty and artificially created unity
which we see.
It is true that outside circumstances were not propitious.
Cavour's death removed at a critical moment the one man
who held all the necessary diplomatic threads. Napoleon
m. gave assistance which was both indispensable and
deplorably mischievous. Almost the one stroke of luck
was the Crimean War, of which Gavour took such magni-
ficent advantage to assert the right of his country to a
place in the councils of Europe. No less mischievous than
the French Emperor was Pope Pius IX. His undignified
attitude increased the sympathy for Italian unity in neutral
Europe, and did untold harm to his own Ohurch, if not to
the cause of religion itself. To Garibaldi was due the union
of Naples and Sicily with the rest of the kingdom. After
that was accomplieiied, he was a restless and mischievous
free-lance. Finally, Victor Emmanuel — " a rough, good-
natured, bad-tempered man, of phenomenal ugliness, plain,
almost boorish, in his testes, without a trace of genius,
but with a certain robust, direct common sense " — enables
us to understand the limito of Italian unity. There was
little idealism about the result. Victor Enmianuel, Gavour,
and Na^leon HI. — a less idealistic trio perhaps scarcely
ever existed. But the unity has been achieved, however
artificial, and common sense would seem to dictete ite
maintenance. Naturally the way in which a real unity
shall be ultimately attained must be left to the Italians
themselves, but 'Mr, King's excellent book will help their
many English sympathisers to understand and appreciate
the magnitude of the work that still remains to be done.
Old Wives' Tales.
Staryology : JEsMyt in Folk-lore, Sea-lore, and Plant-lore,
By Benjamin Taylor. (Elliot Stock.)
Mb. Taylob does not affect to treat scientifically the
subject of folk-lore. His object is professedly popular.
He has been content to present his reader with certain
posies of old-world superstitions, gathered under a few
broad divisions, which are largely indicated by the title.
Nevertheless he cannot resist a uttle dalliance with the
theory of myths; and he plumps boldly for the purely
material view of their origin from the soil, from actual
things, persons, and evente. Plurality of interpretetion is
a scandal to him. In his modem, analytical prepossession
that a single thing can have but a single significance, he
overlooks the possibility that a myth may, in the mind of
its inventors and early understanders, have had several
meanings, all parallel or cognate. The sky may have been
**an airy, infinite, radiant vault," as a matter of literal
knowledge, yet symbolically a person; nor would this
prevent it, for the convenience of another myth, ajMnimiTig
the association of *^ a material roof." How can they be
all right ? may be a natural question ; but the thing is
possible. It is the old story of the two sides of tiie shield.
Only the mythological shield has many more than two
sides.
Mr. Taylor does, in dealing with the rod, admit that it
was obviously a sign of authority,^and that ite origin was
symbolic ; but he is far to seek when he tries to determine
that origin, suggesting Noah's olive-branch, Aaron's rod,
and what not. Not to go too far into the matter, the rod
was connected with the tree, and so symbolised vital
potency or en&rgeia (in the Qreek sense). A man's rod
signified the special potency, the eap, that was in him as
an individual — ^what we should now call his personality.
With this concurred the uses of the rod or staff, as support
or weapon ; for a man's vital potency was alike his stey,
his strength, and his source of effect or compulsion upon
others — of authority upon others. The king's rod showed
the divine potency in him as king. And 3ie material of
the rod showed the kind of power symbolised — gold,
divine power; the reed (brittle, and growing in the
waters) mere natural power, and so forth.
But we will not '* consider too curiously," as Horatio
says; the more that explanation is not Mr. Taylor's
strong point. Let us rather gather a handful of the
picturesque superstitions which he has pleasantly collated.
The moon is one of his most interestmg themes. We
protest, however, at the outeet against the unprincipled
attempt of Mr. Baring-Gould to lay a mythological hand
upon unoffending and innocent nursery-rhyme. Jack and
Jul are wondromy traced to a Scandinavian Hjuki and
Bil, who were caught up by the moon as they were carry-
ing a pitcher of water from the well Brygir. With a
refinement of sacrilege, Mr. Baring-GK>uld proceeds to
reduce Jack and Jill to moon-spoto, and to suggest that
their successive falls represent the consecutive vanishing
of the moon-spote. And doubtless the cow which
vaulted the same luminary was the cow of Isis, nor
is it dubious that the invocation to the cat may have
had some obscure connexion with the puss-headed Pasht
^KX>me the fiddle whence it may! — and, in short, the
possibilities are too frightful. This kind of thing, at least,
must be resisted.
It is more humanising to read that countiy lasses
sat astride stiles to greet the new moon with — '*A
fine moon ! God bless her ! " as if she were a new-bom
child. The Samoan man-in-the-moon, by the way, is a
woman (if we may be suffered the bull\ She was one
Sina, who was cutting mulberry-bark lor doth, in a
famine-time, with her child by ner. Up rose the full
moon — ^like a great bread-fruit, thought Samoan Sina.
'' Why cannot you come down and let my child have a bit
of you ? " she asked — ^rash-tongued, for tiie moon, irate at
being considered edible, came down with a vengeance, and
took the whole '* show " (as our cousins say) up with her.
In the full moon the Samoans still see Sina and her child's
face, and her board and mallet. Now (though Mr. Taylor
does not notice this) the name Sina is simply a feminised
form of Sin, the old Ganaanitish moon-god, who has left
his name on the Desert of Sin (traversed bjr the Israelites)
and in many other forms. It is interesting to find that
'^ glamour " really rises from the association of the moon
with magic. Olam, in the nominative form gldmir, is a
poetical word in the prose Edda of India, which was, it
seems, an old name for the moon. There is a charming
legend of Southern India, told by Miss Frere, whi(£
acoounte for why the sun is blazing and avoided (by
Hindoos), the wind parching and abominable in the hot
weather, but the moon grateful, bright, and oooL Gluttony
is at the bottom of it. They are all children of a very
distant star, it appears, and one day they went to dine
with their unde and aunt, the Thunder and Lightning.
(Most unexpected relatives !) Sun and Wind ate all they
could, but the Moon put away bite of everything for the
mother under her beautiful long finger-nails. (Heaven
save the lady's husband from a predestinate scratched face,
as Beatrice would say!) When they got home. Sun and
Wind not only had nothing in answer to their mother's
inquiries whether they had remembered her at dinner, but
*' cheeked " her into the bargain. Moon, however, with a
bright smile, shook her hands, and showered down the finest
352
The Academy.
28 A^ril, igoa
feast ever was seen. Wherefore their mother cursed the
Sun and Wind, but gave perpetual blessing to the Moon.
A more home-association is recalled by the recent passage
of Good Friday ; for the hot-cross bun is nothing but a
Christianised rdic of the cakes which the Jewish exiles (in
Jeremiah) offered to the '* Queen of Heaven." These had
the image of the goddess, instead of the cross ; and moon-
cakes are still made in China during the great moon-
festival of the eight month.
The sea affor£ Mr. Taylor another plentiful crop, but,
on the whole, of less interest than might be looked for.
It is largely connected with odd derivations. It is odd,
for example, to learn that the John Dory was supposed
to be the very fish from which St. Peter took the coin for
the temple-tnbute ; and the two marks on either side the
mouth are the impressions of the Apostie's thumb and
forefinger, wherewith he drew it from the sea. Now,
St. Peter being the door-keeper of Heaven, John Dory
is just a corruption oijanitare, ** Mother Card's chickens "
are from the mediaeval belief that those birds were the
Madonna's storm warning, '* Mother Gary'' being ifa^r
Cara^ the "Beloved Motiier." "Davy Jones's Locker"
requires a mighty deal of believing. "Davy" is traced
to the Hindu Mevas^ regarded as e^ spirits — ^from which
root is our Devil. " Jones " is identified with Jonah, who
was marooned in a desert whale ; while the "locker " is
(toughest of all) traced to Lokt, the Scandinavian spirit of
ul, who might be supposed to have bis receptacle lor lost
souls at the bottom of the sea.
Perhaps that morsel wUl suffice for the reader's present
digestion. Mr. Taylor's book is readable and gossipy,
and wHL pass an agreeable hour for such as are interested
in " old wives' tales " without caring to study them deeply
or scientifically — ^if science can be predicated with regard
to our present knowledge of the subject. And to more
than this it does not pretend.
Edwardus Gratiosus.
Ths Hutary of Edward the Third, By James Mackinnon,
Ph.D. (Longmans.)
Da. Maoeinnon's monograph is based on " the investiga-
tion of contemporary evidence," and, if an apology for
writing once more the history of Edward the Third is
required, it may be found in the number of "new or
improved sources" made available during recent years.
Not only have many of the minor chronicles of the
fourteenth century been issued in the "EoUs" series, or in
corresponding Scotch, French, and Belgian collections, but
even Froissart himseU has been, as Dr. MacUnnon puts it,
" re-created " in the magnificent editions founded upon
contemporary texts of M. Luce and Baron de Lettenhowe.
Dr. Mackmnon's volume is by no means an eulogy of
Edward the Third. He realises the bigness of the man,
"the incarnation of the aggressive English spirit," who
had the will and the strength to make the history of
England practically the history of ^Western Europe for
half a century. But it is his final "^ judgment, as it must
surely be that of every unprejudiced student of the period,
that the energy was misapplied and misdirected, and that
the policy wmch threw France and Scotland into fiames is
one of the more disastrous examples of the craving of kings
for aggrandisement. Dr. Madunnon, indeed, is no drum
and trumpet historian. He is a little impatient with the
details of marches and slaughters ; and, having lifted the
veil of chivalry, holds it but in scant respect. " In the
wars of Edwa^ III.," says Hallam, "originating in no
real animosity, the spirit of honourable as well as courteous
behaviour towards the foe seemed to have reached its
highest point." But Dr. Mackinnon somewhat grimly
points out that the courtesy soon vanishes when you get on
the actual track of one of Edward's expeditions, with, its
invariable accompaniment of wasted fields, and bmned
villages, and violated women. The trappings of chivalry
and romance, however, are certainly not wanting through-
out the reign. Imposing in appearance, and of f aadn-
ating bearing, the king himself well became a pagBant.
Edwardus Gratiostu — ^Edward the Graceful — ^the chroniders
call him, although history has not adopted the epithet.
In the court feasts of the reign, elaborate heraldic and
chivalric ceremonial reached its highest point. The
establishment, in imitation of King Arthur at Tintagel, of
a Bound Table, and that some years later of the still
surviving Order of the Garter, are familiar events. Frois-
sart, indeed, confused them, but they are distinct. Le^
known is the storv of the " Yow of the Heron," taken hy
Edward in 1337, before the Hundred Years' War began.
The instigator was Bobert of Artois.
One day Bobert went a-hunting with his falcon and
caught a beron, with which be entered the royal banquet-
ing hall at London, where Edward was holdings iiigh
festi^ in honour of his guest, John of Hainault. Bobert
presented the bird to the king, sayiDg that he offered the
most timid of birds to the least courageous of monarchw,
for had Edward been a man of spirit he would ere now
have laid claim to the crown of France. The king reflected
a little. " It is not true," replied he at length, '* that I
am wanting in courage. I was maliciously deceived when
I did homaffe at Amiens to Philip of Yalois. Bat now
I vow to Qod, to the heron, and to the queen, that before
a year has run I shall place on her head the crown of
France, even if I have but one Enghshman to oppoae to
she Frenchmen." At this Bobert lauehed a loud and ^rim
laugh, and calling a damsel from uie banqueting-t^le,
placed Ihe heron in her hands, and besought her to aid
him to bear it manfully in war, like King Poras, who long
affo had sworn on a peacock, borne by a young lady fair.
He then conducted her before the queen, the Barls of
Salisbury, Hereford, and SufPolk, the Bishops of Durham
and Lincoln, the Lord of Fauquemont and Walter de
Mannv, who each vowed on the heron to carry ^rar into
the kmgdom of France. He next turned to John of
Hainault, who would fain have excused himself, saying,
with unohivalrous bluntness, that he would serve w^hoever
would pay best. At which the English lords lang^bed
heartily, and ultimately John of Hainault took the vow
with the rest, the queen adding that, with the sanction
of her husband, she vowed to God and the heron that if
the king crossed the sea to vindicate his rights, she would
follow him in his travels.
Dr. Mackinnon, we think, takes this picturesque narrative
rather seriously as history, but at least it illustrates the
temper of the fourteenth century chroniclers and their
public.
We find in Dr. Mackinnon's book a learned, a judicious,
and not an unentertaining treatment of its subject The
style is, perhaps, a littie uncouth, more particularly when
he gambols. Oarlyle would appear to nave still lus hold
upon the Scotch imagination, and you recognise him, but
how far o£E, in such a passage as the following :
Once more, what a fool of a world is this mtsgnided
• fourteenth century. Clearly lunatic, and, as is always the
case with lunatics, unconscious of the fact. Otherwise we
should not find sanguinary clerics ascribing to " our Lord "
the honour of such savage orgies, and giving thanks to
Qod accordingly. Heigho ! what a perverted moral sense
sometimes luncs under stole and tumc*
Nor can we commend the absence of an index, and of what
is rapidly becoming recognised as no less essential in a
work of erudition than an index, a bibliography or hand
list of authorities.
28 April, 1900.
The Academy.
353
Discreet Satire.
The DriaU of the Bantocks. By O. S. Street. (Lane.
38. 6d.)
It is Mr. Street's pleasant way to asaume in his books,
with iinnsual skill and yerisinulitade, objectionable
characteristics that are really foreign to his nature. In
his Autohioaraphy of a Boy he played at being a hateful
and very kickable little decadent pig. Li the present
work he is a social parasite, a tame ca^ a flatterer attached
to a wealthy upper middle-class family. This position
enables him to see all that passes and afterwards to
record it. As, for the most pajrt there is nothing to see
but selfishness and paltriness, snoobishness and groed, the
result would be monotonous indeed were it not for Mr.
Street's happy equipment of the historian with a gift of
toadyism that causes him to view such displays with
approbation. His unassailable belief in the perfection of
Mni. Bantock in spite of eyeiy evidence to tne contrary,
and the naiVe manner in which tiiis belief is stated, save
the situation, so that what is a merciless indictment of the
indulgence and q>iritual apathy of the unthinking and
self-righteous rich is also a work of amusing humour.
The book is, howeyer, too long. Two, at least, of the
episodes might well have been omitted. The man who
slapped Mr. Bantock on the back is a stage figure not
worthy of a nlace in Mr. Street's first-hand (pulery, and the
account of uie athletic sports is singularly unproTOoatiye
of laughter and not in die least conyincing. We can
neither belieye that Mr. Bantock would haye joined the
sack race nor that he would haye won it. Mr. Street
might also haye deleted certain repetitions, and we doubt
if the chapter entitied **Moes" is quite necessary to the
picture, ^ut for the rest we haye nothing but praise.
Perhaps the best thing in the book is the '* Oroeal of
Eussell Bantock." We quote part of the description of
Bussell Bantock which serves as preamble to his great
trial:
His private income is at present only two thousand a
yew, and in his opinion that is an insufficient sum on
which, in his position, to many ; in a few yean it will be
considerably increased, and then, I believe, he will add
his influence to the institution of matrimony; in fact, I
know that he has already fixed on his future house, though
not yet on the lady. In this matter he is wisely oarefol
not to commit himself, bein^ aware that in the course of a
few years his inclinations might change — ^unless, indeed, a
peculiarly desirable person (in point of rank or money)
were to be attainable, in which case he has told me in con-
fidence that he might hurry matt en to an earlier issue. I
need hardly say that he belongs to two irreproaohable
clubs. He has littie time for literary cultivation, but
keeps up an acquaintance with contemporary letten by
reaoing the reviews of new books in the TimeB, and he has
told me that he would be quite charmed to meet a few of
the better-known writen of the period, simply as writen,
and not counting those whose social position would make
them in any case people one likes to know. In fact,
Buraell is an accomplished and admirable example of
EnpUsh young manhood: he is business-like and far-
seemg, and, not disdaining the amusements natural to his
yean, he pursues them with unvarying discretion.
The ordeal was the necessity, one Sundi^ morning in the
height of the season, to walk up Piccadilly in a frock-coat
surmounted by a pot hat. Another member of Bussell's
club had accidentally taken his tall hat, leaving only the
pot hat in place. Itussell would have taken a cab had
not Lord A. suddenly accosted him and asked him to
walk his way for the purpose of discussing the conditions
attaching to the grouse moor which Mr. Santock thoi^ht
of renting from his lordship. As Mr. Street says, ^' You
see the tragedy."
I have always admired the Spartan boy who said
nothing of the fox that cnawed his vitals, but what was
he to Bussell Bantock r I watched him ; his faoe was
calm ; every now and then he made an intelligible reply
to Lord X. But, of course, when he had an opportumty,
he stopped for a moment to explain his distressing costume
to his friends. And even that slu^ht mitigraon was
presentiy denied him. After the third occasion Lord X.,
with almost inconceivable brutality, exdaimed : '* If you
mention that hat affain I shall smash it in ; Fm sick of it."
Bussell fait his lip, but took the brutal hint Kot a word
of reproach did ne say, and he was only twenty-six yean
old!
A Melancholy Economist
The Piyeholoyy of SoeidUmn. By Gustave Le Bon. (Fisher
Unwin. 16s.)
M. OusTAVB Lb Bon in this volume bases his whole case
against Socialism on the assumption that Socialism is a
rdigion, differing from most reheions in that immediate
material gain takes tiie place of we hope of immortality.
But as he belieyes that it is vain to try to suppress* a
religion, we are at a loss to understand why he has written
a book of over 400 pages to prove the contrary. Perhaps
the ezphmation is that ne cannot reconcile what is lo^calr^,
on his hypothesis, inevitable with the meliorism which lus
study of politics has forced upon him.
This self -stultification continually appean. For example,
permitting himself to hope that regeneration might come
to the Latin bureaucratic nations by way of education, he
forgets for a moment his fatalism; but, suddenly recovering,
he adds characteristically that a reform of education ''would
imply this veritable miracle — ^the transformation of the
national mind." Again, after beseeching his readers to
do their utmost to keep Socialism from being tried in their
country, he smiles at nis own counsels, knowing that they
'' are perhaps as vain as the vows made to an invalid
whose days have been numbered hj fate." The interest
of the volume is in the revelation it gives us of M. Oustave
Le Bon's philosophic bias.
The truth Is, that Socialism is much lees a faith to-day
than it was at the time of the French Revolution, and
consequentiy it is much more reasonable in its demands.
M. Gustave Le Bon does not think that there is any
considerable Socialistic faction in England. He forgets,
probably, that the democracy here uses its '' dangerous "
men and puts them into positions of trust — a more excellent
way than thrusting them into prison or suppressing free
speech. We must not forget to mention that li. Oustave Le
Don does not find that Democracy tends towards Socialism :
on the contrary, he believes that the liberty and free com-
petition whidi are Ibe diaracteristics of the Democracies
of England and America make for individualism. This is
very loose thinTring ; collectivism and individualism must
necessarily in complex Demoeradee run side by side. It
is difficult to reanse that at any stafi^ of the political
evolution either individualism or collectivism could be
perfectly eliminated. So long as human nature has a
social as well as an individual element so long will it
suROund itself with institutions which shall express this
duality. A better title for the book would have been
'^Economic Facts and Fandee " ; the Socialism here treated
is decidedly obsolescent, and the Psychology— the little
there is of it — ^is superficial.
M. Oustave Le Bon in his last two books. The Crowd
and The Peyehohgy of Peoplee^ showed his mastery in
what might be called << dn^-net " psychology. He has
a fine intdligence for seizing ana contrasting racial
characteristics ; for analysing the emotions and elementary
concepts of a crowd ; but he lacks the dexterity and micro-
scopic sight which is able to distinguish slight variations
between group and group. '' When people are g^athered
together to consider a question of politics, reli^ons, or
morals, they are the dead, not the living, who discuss.
They are the souls of their ancestors that speak from their
mouths, and their words are the echoes of the eternal voices
of the dead, to which the living are always obedient." It
is in such writing as this that M. Ghistave Le Bon is at
his best.
354
The Academy,
28 April, 1900.
Other New Books.
The Gbbat Game.
By Edward Spenoeb.
Edward Spencer is the name on the cover, but the title-
page lets ns into the secret that this is but a mere private
appellation, the name by which the author is known to the
postman and Kelly's Directory. Publicly Mr. Spencer is
Nathaniel Gubbins, of the Sporting Life or Pink^Un^ and
in that capacity numbers readers and admirers who are as
the sands on tihe seashore for multitude. Th$ Great Game
seems to represent the first skimming of the milk-pan of
Mr. Spencer's recollections of the turf during the past
thirty years, for it cannot by any means exhaust his
memories or impressions. Not a dull page, not a dull
paragraph, is there in this cheery, slangful work. The
whole turf is mirrored here : its good humour, its cynicism,
its philosophy, its easy morality, its enthusiasms, its jokes.
Here is a glimpse of Leviathan Davies, one of the old
bookmakers who had the grand manner :
It is safe to prophesy that we shall never again see the
like of Davies in a bettuig-ring. Possessed of an unusual
stock of energy and unusual powers as a ready reckoner,
a stranger to fatigue and fear, he was absolutely unique as
a layer of odds. Amongst the earliest recollections of the
writer's is a day on Newmarket Heath in the fifties. And
as I write I can see the stiff, portiy figure of the then
Marquis of Exeter, as, mounted on a bald-faced cob, he
entered the outer circle of what was then the betting-ring.
At that period there was hardly a suspicion of the tumult
which now prevails on the reserved lawn ; and fielders, for
the most part, instead of bellowing their wants, used to
wait till a customer approached them.
"Is Mr. Davies here F" inquired the Marquis, in most
courteous tones ; and verv soon the Leviathan was f aoing
him on the other side of the railings.
" What can I do for you, m'lord ? "
<* What odds do you offer against my horse P " inquired
. the noble owner of , I forget the animal's name, but
it was one of the family of '* Knights " who used to carry
the Stockwell colours.
** D'you want it to money, m'lord ? "
" Certainly," said the marquis.
** I'U bet you £10,000 to £3,000, m'lord."
'* Write it down, then," said the white-ohokered noble,
who turned his cob's head and cantered off.
Mr. Spencer's chapter entitled '' Under the Seat " should
be valuable to students of current slang. Altogether an
amusing and entertaining book. (Bichards. 5s.)
Evolution.
By Pbank B. Jevons.
Whatever he writes upon, whether it be primitive religion,
Greek archseolo^ and literature, or metaphysics. Dr.
Jevons never fails of being at least interesting. His
present volume, which appears in '^ The Churohman's
Library," and may be said to belong to the metaphysic of
apologetics, is no less thoughtful and no less mgenious
than its predecessors. That it is logically sound we
cannot bring ourselves to think ; and the margins of our
copy are peppered with signs of interrogation and dissent.
It is Dr. Jevons's desire to show that the processes of
evolution in the physical world are not, as Huxley urged,
indifferent to man's ideals of the good, or, as he puts it
theologically, that 'Hhe process of evolution is a revelation
of Divine love." He attempts to prove this by an analysis
of religious faith, which he regards as havmg precisely
the same amount of logical justification as the ^* faith"
which he asserts that men of science place in the ^* Uni-
formity of Nature," and which is presupposed in the
scientific theory of evolution itself. This seems to us very
hazardous reasoning. The faith in Uniformity, so far as
it is an intellectual necessity at all, is only justified so
long as the fact of Uniformity remains uncontradicted.
A single well-authenticated miracle would destroy it at oncf».
Faith in the omnipotence of good is, on the other hand,
contradicted daily by the existence of evil. We do not,
of course, speak in either •case of subjective faith, but
only of its logical or pseudo-logical basis. We do not
find Dr. Jevons convincing, but his book deserves the
careful consideration of aU who are interested in such
metaphysical problems. (Methuen. 3s. fid.)
A HiSTOaiOAL COMMBNTABY
ON St. Paul's
Epistle to the Galatians. By W. M. "Ramsay, D.CL
Prof. Bamsay, who hss the rare merit of combining
with his profound scholarship a certain grace of style and
the fire of real enthusiasm, is concerned mainly with the
question who those Gtdatians were to whom St Paul
addressed his letter. Oommentators have been as unani-
mous as it is in the nature of commentators to be in hold-
ing that St. Paul's converts dw Jt in the cities of Northern
(}witia. The Aberdeen professor, whose knowledge of
historical Asia Minor is unrivalled, exhaustively examines
the evidences bearing, however remotely, upon the statiu
and conditions of Northern Gtdatia with reference to the
phrasing of the Epistie. And he clinches his argument in
favour of the South Galatian communities by two or
three striking considerations. What was the effect of
the letter? On the North Galatian hypothesis, nothing:
for the silence of the autiior of the Acts cain be explained
only by the supposition that these churches were lost to
Paulimstic Ohristianiiy and that in kindness the painful
episode was passed over lightly by the historian. This
Dr. Eamisav refuses to bdieve of 'Hhis imique and
marvellous letter, which embraces in its six short chapters
such a variety of vehement and intense emotions as could
probably not be paralleled in any other work." To
suppose it unsuccesisful were '^ to despair of Paul"
The letter, with its commanding and almost autocratic
tone — ^though I feel and oonfssB tnat these adjectives are
too strong and ignore the emotion, and sympathy, and
love which breathe through the words and take much of
the sting from them — is one that could be justified ooly oy
success. If it faUed, then it deserved to f aiL No man
has any riffht to use such a tone to other men unless it u
the suitable and best tone for their good ; and the issn? u
the only test whether it was suitable and best
It will be seen that Dr. Ramsay has the precious power of
imagination. (Hodder & Stoughton.)
Tennyson as a
Relioious Teaohbr. By 0. F. G. Mastbrman, M.A.
Mr. Masterman's elaborate contribution to the " copious
literature " that has gathered round Tennyson is perhaps
hardly justified by the importance, in itself and for itoelt.
of the poet's religious thinking. He lived, indeed, in a
current of ideas, and always regarded himself as a thinker.
But ideas were of importance to him mainly as they
affected his imagination, and he was capable of holding
contradictories in solution without any very great mental
distress. He was carried along with, rather than jed, m
stream of contemporary thought. Mr. Mastermans
liberal quotations make it dear, moreover, that the poems
in which Tennyson was most occupied with ideas are by
no means those in which he reached his highest pitch 01
literary excellence. The book, however, is a serious an
a thoughtful, and a well-reasoned book. Mr. Masterman
comprehends the scheme of Tennyson's religion ^m
personal and social ethics probably more lucidly and juatiy
than he ever comprehended them himself : and the study,
just because Tennyson was so littie removed ^^°^ /v
plane of thought of ordinary men, becomes of interest as
an account of tendencies and compromises of *"*J^?
common to many more or less speculative minds of m
last generation. They are not the tendencies or the co^^
promises prevalent just now, because we are of ^ l
{l^eneration. But they helped to make us, and have
east an historic interest. (Methuen.)
23 April, 1900.
The Academy.
355
Books of Tbavel.
In giving to tlie world a number of letters, and a mass
of Notes on Sport and Travel (Macmillan), written by her
father, George H. Kingsley, Miss Mary Kingsley sketches
in her pleasant, hearty way the characteristics of the three
Kingsley brothers, Charles, Henry, and George. They
were all remarkable men ; but Miss Kingsley cUims that
her father was '' certainly the happiest of tiie three
brothers." He was a bom wanderer, and it was his
delight as a medical student to be done with the term's
work at the hospital, shoulder a knapsack, and be off
for a long, solitary ramble through Germany, Switzerland,
or Austria, the Ehineland or the Thiiringen Wald, and
the remote Carpathians. He had wide, quick sympathies,
and asked nothing of life but variety and freedom. His
power of adapting himself to all surroundings and com-
panies was intuitive and remarkable. '^He could listen
with rapt attention to the poems of a German school-
master, comparing them to every effort of the Teutonic
lyre, from Anne Maiiechen up to Bekrantz mit Laub. He
could talk about guns with the foresters ; he could crack
jokes with Herr Wirth and flirt with his rosy-cheeked
daughters; and doubtless, even in those immature days,
he put into practice his favourite precept for travellers,
and also for men who stay at home : ' Always make love
to the old ladies.'" In later years George Kingsley's
wanderings took a world-wide range ; he was much in Uie
South Seas, much in the Canadian forests ; he cruised on
a British warship, and indulged in ** sub -glacial angling "
far north, Labrador way. This record completes a trilogy
of fame, and for its own sake was well worth giving to the
world, for it is the portrait of a true Englishman. The
Caroline Islands: IVavel in the Sea of the Little Lands
(Methuen). Mr. F. W. Christian gives us a learned and
voluminous description of the islands forming the great
Caroline group. His book is a serious ethn^ogical and
scientific account of islands which have hitherto been
familiarised to us in the books of Stevenson and Louis
Becke, from both of whom he received valuable advice.
But Mr. Christian's master in South Sea exploration is
the German traveller and naturalist T. S. Kubaiy, who,
although little known to fame, spent many years in
unobtrusive painstaking work among the isluidjs of the
Pacific. Mr. Christian's special theme is the lonely island
of Ponape, with a mysterious ruined citv on its east coast
— a South Sea Pompeii — which he will not believe was
the work of pirates or early Spanish voyagers, but to
which he aserioes an interesting and complex native origin
— supporting his views by etnnologicaf and philological
arguments, which can probably be rightly weighed only
by a few German students. Mr. Christian's book is a
mass of rare information, of patientiy accumidated detail
in archaeology, folk-lore, natural history, and geography.
But the glamour of the islands is not lost on him : *' Like
Stevenson in Apemama ' I heard the pulse of the besieging
sea,' sound sweet to the ears of those who dwell in the Httie
sea-girt lands." ^To all who are contemplating a tour
in tfie lovely and richly interesting valley of the Ehone,
we can commend Mr. Charles W. Wood's In the VaUey of
the Rhone (Macmillan). Mr. Wood's book is written on
the old-fashioned lines, is full of talks with guides and
peasants, litUe historical digressions, and miscellaneous
chit-chat. It is also admirably illustrated. At Chillon,
Aries, Le Puys, Avignon, Yauduse, we have the same
inexhaustible flow of pleasant travd talk and lively
retrospect. A Narrative of Crimes in the Mediterranean
(Oliver & Boyd) is a journal kept by William Black, a
naval surgeon, during the Ghreek War of Independence
( 1822-1 826). Mr. Black was surgeon on H.M.S. Chanticleer,
and his journal is now issued by his nephew. The book
consists of good travel descriptions, illustrated from the
author's sketches, and criticism on the fighting between the
Greek and Turkish fleets. It is admirably produced by the
publishers.
Fiction.
The Rhymer. By Allan M'Aulay. (Fisher Unwin. 68.)
This is a bold attempt for a beginner, as we suppose Mr.
M'Aulay to be. It is nothing less than to construct a
novel of which the secondary plot turns on the love-affair
of Hobert Bums and Clazinda— otherwise Mrs. Madehose.
The book has decided promise. The characters, if none of
them very orig^al or subtie, are drawn with decision and
deamess; they live and have their being. Herries, the
hero, is a verv irritating prig, and tiie author did not
mean him to be ; but he lives : Mrs. Madehose lives,
pretty, sentimental, good-natured, vivacious, and dipshod
of prindple ; Bums himself lives, if not as he lived some
hundred years ago. The story is conventional, but it is
well and freshly told : it is studiously simple, and moves
in a sim^e atmosphere ; there are but four chief characters
in all. it is something to have treated sudi a theme, and
made it nor dry, nor pretentious, nor unreaL Mr.
M'Aulay, one may well expect, will do better work than
The Rhymer.
For it has many shortcomings, besides those which we
have already implicated. Some of the traps which are set
for the historical novdist the author has avoided. He
has skilfully indicated the local colour of the place and
period by unobtrusive side- touches, eschewing the pedantiy
of formal description ; we realise tiie old Edinburgh, its
old fashions and pleasantiy andent ways, without being
called upon to stand aside from the story and observe.
But the language has been a stumbling-block ; his speech
bewrayeth him. Mrs. Madehose, for instance — ^for chief
instance — talks now very pretty eighteenth-century talk,
perfumed with '* la's ! " and the like, as with old lavender ;
and presentiy she is gosdping unashamed modem Scots —
nay, falls sometimes upon jarringly present-day phrases.
*^ Nature has been kind to me in some respects, but one
essential she has denied me utterly ; it is that instantaneous
perception of the fit and unfit, which is so useful in the
conduct of life." Why, this is some critical artide in a
Victorian weekly ; it is certainly not Clarinda. Even the
Scots, to a Southron judgment, seems to show a similar
tendency to ebb and fiow into plain English. Better had
Mr. M'Aulay altogether abandoned the effort to tincture
his dialogue with archaisms, and contented himself with
keeping a distance from obtnisive modernity.
Nancy Madehose herself has been very plausibly con-
ceived and sketohed from the indications of her corre-
spondence with Bums. But the great feat which obvioudy
insists on our judgment is the prominent introduction of
the ploughman-poet as a realised personalily. Here the
author lias failed — ^but failed mildly. As mirrored in the
attitude of others. Bums is too modem. '< The world's poet,
the silver for all time and for all hearts ! " Nancy calls
him. Not only the attitude, but the very phrases are
modem. Fashionable Edinburgh flattered and raved
about Bums as a peasant-prodigy, a poet of new and
striking genius. But that he was a singer for all time
even his female devotees had scarce formally conceived ;
and if the idea of his becoming a ''world-poet" had ever
entered their heads — as there is little likelihood and no
evidence that it ever did— they would have lacked the
epithet to utter it. For that matter, few but Scotsmen
would now give him the titie. '' Ye may glower," says
the working-man in the Edinburgh street, '' and your eyes
be fu' o' pride — ^for that is Bobert Bums ! " And the
working-man is again an anachronism, for the universal,
boastful peasant proprietorship in Bums is modern, a
plant of dower growth than Mr. M'Aulay would have us
imagine.
In Bums himself the author has essayed a task nigh
imposdble : to depict the union in one man of the satvr
and the angel, the sensualist and the genius. The result,
as it was boimd to be, is lop-dded. To depict the satyr
356
The Academy.
28 April, i9cx>
was easy, to suggest the genius difficult. For the genius
can only be suggested, not delineated* Genius is too
elusive an attribute for that As a oonseq^uence, we get
the satyr veiy yividly, but a very faint image of uie
genius. The latter fails to impress himself. The touches
employed for the purpose are too obvious, too oonventionaL
Bums in these pages is a robust and viiile young farmer
with stnmp^ and unrestrained passions and a taste for
ballad music. Worse still, the aiti£ce to which he is made
to lend himself for revenge upon Herries, and from which
issues the calamity of the somewhat conventional heroine,
is of inexcusable dastardliness. We get no sufficient
palliation from the circumstance that he was drunk, and
worked upon by his boon comrade Nichol. The thing
remains unpardonable, unthinkable. It is a fault in art.
But if Mr. M'Aulay has not succeeded, he might easily
have done worse. For Bums, at any rate, is a personality,
and (that one touch apart) a conceivable personality. "hLr,
M'Aulay, we repeat, nas shown considerable gift, and it
is likely he may show more.
2\ffo SumtMre. By Mrs. T. Oleimy Wilson. (Harper.)
Of the two summers, one passes in an unnamed island of
the South Pacific, the other in an English country house.
The story is of the simplest Tells how Edward Lindsay,
a middle-aged barrister, finds in Julia a girl to whom
years before he had rendered a service — a loan of money
to release her from an embarrassment not wholly uncon-
Lindsav's escape ^m treacherous breakers. Tells of a
lady who '' spoke in a low, sweet, throaty voice, in short
sentences — ^matters of fact and direct questions — which she
handed to her raest at intervals, as if she were cutting
pieces of bread from a very plain loaf " ; of a curate who
played ^' incuratical " music. Drops incidentally into
criticism, thus :
y Yes, I think George Eliot is very pretty, but I don't
think her characterB are very nice alwin^s. I do like really
fine characters in a book. Kow, with Miss Brown-Smith's
people one has so much to admire ; they are so true and
noble. ..."
This is Mrs. Wilson at her best :
Every peak and buttress and precipice was wrapped in
a lovely garment, shading from deepMt purple to lading
lilac, like the iridescent plumase of a pigeon's breast.
The foothills were darker m their impenetrable sheath of
forest ; but the plunging cliffis and the great shoulders of
the middle range floated and trembled and almost breathed
in living intensity of colour. Quick as the light ran over
the ridges the hurrying shadow followed it. Moving
isles of veQed sunshine, snafts of golden air, were building
and casting down and building up again their beautiful
house of dreams, all through the amber peace of the quiet
autumn afternoon.
At her worst, facetious and ungrammatical, she shall not
be quoted at alL The story is so slieht that it has seemed
not worth while to repeat it here ; out it is told with a
kind of tea - table smartness that gently detains the
attention.
Notes on Novels.
IThsss notes on the weekU Itctton are not neoesMrUy final,
ReviewB of a selection will follow.']
A MouNTAiH EuBOPA. By John Fox, jits.
This littlo story (it is a short novel with wide margins),
by the author of Ths KenUuckians^ secures the reader's
confidence at once. Capital is the opening description of
the meeting between the polished Clayton and the heroine,
ridinff on a bull in the Jellico Valley in the Far Wef>t.
The bull shied at Clayton, and, some meal beings spilt,
the girl was angxy. JBut siterwards she reflected on mis,
to her, new type of man: ''He was mighty aocx>mmo-
datin'. '' But whiit," she asked hersdf as she rode slowly
homeward — '' whCLt did he take o£E his hat fer ? " (Hazx>er
&Bros.)
OUTSIDEBS, AN OuTUNB. Bt B. W. OhAMBEBS.
The struggles of two young men in New York, by the
author of Ashes of Empire. One of them hawks a book
round. It is refused by Messrs. Elaw Bros. '' Oar Mr.
GK)uge " explains why : '' Yeth, thir, becauth you are
unknown. . . . There are other publishers in town. . . .
There are Harperth, Stokeths, ocribnerth, Appletonths,
Holths, Macmillanths, Putnamths — all of them ihome-
timeths take bookths from unknown authors. . . • Then
there are cheap publisherths. . . •" (Grant Bi<diard8.
6s.)
A Gay Conspibaoy.
Bt B. W. Ohambbbs.
Mr. Chambers is prodigal of novels this week. Here
we have a romance of the court of Luxembourg — spies,
diplomatists, lovers, grand duchesses and Excellencies.
Are not such dramatis persona beinff done to death ? But
this story promises wcdl, and is well illustrated. (Harper
& Bros. 6s.)
Little Lady Mary
AND HbB BbST FbIKND.
By Hobacb G. Hutchinsok.
^ Lady Mary is a social pet who can do anything' she
likes — ^kiss her hand to a man in White's Club as she
drives past in her mail phaeton, and become the wife of
a Prime Minister. A story of social life — gaj and
touching and entirely readable. (Smith, Elder. 68.)
Steve, the Outlandeb. By Arthur Layoock.
^'A Bomance of South Africa." But first it is a
romance of a Lancashire village and factory life. After
that the veldt, and Eland's Laagte. '' The surgeon g^ve
the bride away." (Digby, Long. 6s.)
With the Grakd Army
TO Moscow.
By Thomas Hsnby
Teeoak.
An historical novel closely following Napoleon's march
to Moscow and his disastrous retreat. Illustrated. (Simp-
kin, Marshall. 6s.)
The Treasure Tekfle.
By Bruce Hackihg.
We find nothing credible in this eighteenth century
story of Jacob of Bristol and Felix Hannington, who
hate each other like poison, draw up Shylookuin bonds,
and call each other ^' Jew " and ^* Christian " in ordinary
conversation. There are adventures of the hidden-treasure-
silent-valley-Brahman- temple order. (Digby, Long. 63.)
A Fighter in Kkakt.
By Balfh Boob.
'' A Bomance of the Present Boer War," but the war
comes in late when Lance Tvndal has enjoyed and lost a
fortune. The story ends with the relief of Ladysmith.
(John Long.)
Our Bemareable Flebqer. By Harvey Buxtov.
Frederick Horatio Fledger is a schoolmaster whose
'' menticultural activities were of apronlient and desultory
nature." We spend much time in the sdioolroom, and
the author, infected perhaps by its atmosphere, flin^
about words like '' consoaated," ''coUigate," ''trans*
animated," ''droiled," << scholical," and ''disploded."
(Digby, Long. 68.)
The Academy^ April 28, 1900.
Competition Supplement.
MACMILLAN k CO.'S NEW BOOKS.
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AGNES and EGERTON CASTLE,
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Cro?m 8yo, gilt top, te.
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ROLF BOi7l>RB WOOD'S
LATEST NOVEL.
BABES IN THE BUSH.
A Story of Atistralian SeUUrs in Early Days.
Crown 870, gilt top, 08.
By RUOYARD KIPUNG.
FROM SEA TO SEA,
and other Sketches. Letters of Travel.
By RUDYARD SIPLINO.
In 2 voIh., extra crown 8vo, red cloth, gilt tops, to. each.
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HURRAH FOR THE LIFE OF A SAILOR!
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"Sir William Kennedy*! book to a iiearl of price. Bright with humour, gay wiMdom ii
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muat be read to be enjoyed. . . .Altogether thto to a most deUghtfnl book.*— l>atly CknnuU.
"Among the most interaetfng and amusinc book* of its kind.... Written with an
unaophiatlcatel f reehneet and a senae of humour wliiofa keepe ni eitlier in laoghtar or on the
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oenoes had half the llterarr faeuty of Admiral Kennedy, half the lenw of humour, and half
the Hune power of oombining pwipleuity with brerity In hto deecriptioni and aneodotce."
aianOKrd.
SYDHEt QRIER'S NEW NOVEL.
THE KINGS OF THE EAST. A Romance of the
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**Tbe intelllfent reader will quickly pereeiTe the poanbilitiei of thto plot in the hands of
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** ' The Kings of ths Bast' should win the somewhat rare distinction of intcnsUng the
pnbUc by oarsfol work. It to dnunaUc in the best senseL**— Atficrday Asvisw.
" It to impossible to give an idea of aU that thto book oontains-of the adventures, of the
dilTerent love storias, the high hopes, and deep disappcdntments which ars related without
paddtotg of any sort*— <9«»day fltmsa.
ANDREW LANQ'8 HI8T0RY OF 8C0TLAND.
A HIST0R7 OF SCOTLAND FROM THE ROMAN
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' Mr. Lang to justified in undertaking the ambitions task which be has set himself. He
" He has proved master of hto task ; all doubt about that must be dtopelled by his firat
voluma He exoeto In reviving the seeming and sentiment of the middle ages. We do not
remember to have read a synthetic sketeh of sooial conaitlons of any ctven iieriod at onoe eo
faithful and so vivid as that of twelfth-century Scotland We nave no hesitation iu
pronouncing the latest history of Scotland to be the most readable, and, taking aooount of
the use that haa been made of recent speoialtot reiearrti, the most complete.'*— Lilsrulun.
Tkis Day is Pvbliskbd.
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** It to a model of what such a book should be, it to always to the point, selection and
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BLACKWOOD'S MAGAZINE.
No. 1016. MAY, 1900. as.8d.
THE NEW HI8T0RY OF SCOTLAND. AN EPISODE OF THE INDIAN
MUTINf : Mv AnvBircaoos EscArs- Tiis Siboe— Ws Taxc to tiic BoAta— Disastui— Thk
Fats or Mr (\ xrAM loas. SOME PROBLEMS OF RAILWAY MANAGEMENT.
VALUE OF THE WATER OF THE GREAT RIVERS OF INDL\. — LORD JIM: A
SKETCH. By JOSEPH CONRAD. MUSINGS WITHOUT METHOD: Tnc CuAaAcrica
or na AxAacniar — laanroiisiBLs BiooaArnsas — Tna Arabohistb or LiraaATvai: — A
Moonr Cotkrib— Taa Cvlt or EowAao FitsQibald— Towas Sxollbtt a«o his latest
CaiTic— DIARY OF A BOER BEFORE LADYSMITU. TWO GREAT SOLDIERS.
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zi April, 1900,
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28 April, 1900.
The Academy Competition Supplement.
359
(Tompetttion Supplement
SATURDAY: APRIL 28, 1900.
r-
n''
Our Special Competitions.
The Results.
We offered six prizes of five guineas each to the suocess-
ful competitors m the following literary exercises : —
FivB OxTiNEAS for the best original short poem. Not
to exceed twenty-four lines.
Fivs OumsAs for the best original short story. Not
fewer than 1,600 words, and not more than 2,000 words.
EivB QxTiNSAS for the best original essay on a non-
literary, light, every-day subject Not to exceed 2,000
words in lengUu
FrvB Ottinxas for the best original " Things Seen," in
the manner of those published in the Aoadbky during the
past year. Not to exceed 850 words.
Fivx OuiNXAS for the best original paper on a British
or foreign dty, town, or yiUage. It should take the
form of a personal, impressioniSic description, and must
not exceed 2,000 words m length.
Five Ouinxas for the best original set of epigrammatic
criticisms of six British or American living novelists. No
single criticism must exceed 100 words in length.
The Awards.
PoExav Competition.
''The Mocking Dawn," by Miss A. de Alherti
(** A. D. A."), 43, Ootleigh-road, West Hampstead.
Short Story Competition.
<*He, She, and It," by Miss Enuly Hughes ('*Ser
Hughie "), 96, The Grove, Ealing.
£s8AT Competition.
" On Wood Fires," by Miss H. M. Russ (** Brynach "),
Braunton, North Devon.
Things Seen Competition.
''A Case of Conscience," by Miss Lorimer ('^Dinna
Forget"), 1, Bruntsfield-cresc^t, Edinburgh.
TOPOORAPHICAL ESSAT COMPETITION.
^' Eye of the Marshes," by Mrs. Stepney Rawson(" Joan
Symple"), 21, Greycoat- gardens, Victoria-street, W.
Epiqbammatic Criticism Competition.
Six Epigrammatic Criticisms by Mr. Ernest A. Baker
('* Sterne "), Midland Railway Institute, Derby.
To each of the above a cheque for Five Ghiineas has
been sent.
Poetry Competition.
This competition has disappointed our expectations in
all but numbers. Judging from the quality of the verse
occasionally sent us in response to competitions of more
specialised kind, or that which has in other ways come
before us for judgment, we had a right to hope that a
chance so imfettered in all but length would evoke a
certain amount of poems of more than average quality.
But such has not proved to be the case. Three hundred
and fourteen poems were sent in to us for judgment.
Of these a surprisingly large number were put out of
court from the beginning by the perverse neglect of
our plainly printed statement that no poem must exceed
twenty- four lines. The contributors acmowledged no limit
but their own sweet will. A very few neglected our
instruction that the poems should be typewritten. None
of these, however, we may add for their comfort, was dis-
qualified on that ground alone. With regard to the rest,
me level of adiievement was unenoouragingly low. It
was remarkable what a proportion of competitors had
not even attained a good technique of verse. Few reached
the level of fair magazine poetry. There was, as might be
expected, a considerable springing of poems inspired by
the present war, and it must frankly be said that these
were the worst of all.
^'The Mocking Dawn," by Miss A. de Alberti, to which
we have awarded the prize, has some strong imagery in
the last two stanzas. ** The Crocus," by Miss Alice Archer
Sewall, of Ohio, U.S.A., shows considerable fancy and a
choice diction (though ^^eave" for "put forth leaf" is
vile), but she too obviouslv exhibits her study of Coventiy
Patmore, while the final image of "The Crocus" is
borrowed from Mr. Aubrey de Vere's " Ode to the
Daffodil." Mr. Dolf WyUarde's " Diana," though not
markedly original, deserves commendation for a certain
elegance and delicacy ; and Miss Herbertson's " Our Lady
of Sleep," on account of its technique and completeness.
The Mocking Dawn.
By Miss A. de Alberti.
Through the sweet watches of the mellow night,
By kindly Nature decked for love's delight,
While earth lay sleeping drugged by summer's breath.
And lovdy hours sank luowly to their death,
I kept my loneljr vigil, all in vain.
Till Nature's sinile seemed changed to chill disdain.
Then, as the bride whose bridegroom tarries long
Shrinks from the biting jest and vulgar throng,
I shuddered that the day shoidd see the shame
That stung my ashen cheeks to crimson flame ;
While stealthy dawn crept up, and loud and free
The jeering cocks shrilled their maUcious glee.
With smiling insolence, the dainty mom
Stared at my haggard face in silent scorn ;
I heard the whispered mockery of the trees
Nudging each other in the morning breeze,
With gusty laughter shaking all their leaves,
And cynic sparrows tittering in the eaves.
Then like a red-faced jester rose the sun
Reeling above the clouds, and one by one
Sent wide his shafts, as if in drunken mirth,
Pointing derision, till the waking earth
Ghrew one broad smile that mocked me standing there,
Making a spectacle of my despair.
Short Story Competition.
The short story is a tempting form of art. It looks
easy ; a few days, or even a few hours, may complete the
attempt We were not surprised, therefore, to receive a
good deal of immature work, much of it quite destitute of
promise : what disappointed us was that we found so very
small a number of stories that, on the first reading, could
be set aside as possible candidates for the prize.
It is not easy to account for the gloom which pervades
the one hundred and twenty-eight efforts. Gloom, that
is, pertaining to the essence of the subject-matter; for
sorrows and horrors are treated so largely as matters of
course that we do not find ourselves regarding them as
evils so much as proper material for literary experiment.
Not but that in the heap we found some light and
humorous stories — a few. Of them, however, it shall
suffice to say that alike in subject and treatment they are
conventional. The war has furnished forth two or three
writers, but the subject seems hardly to be ripe for
imaginative treatment. And the pretomatuial is not
36o
The Academy Competition Supplement. 2% Apni, 1900.
altogeiher neglected. A death-wraiih and a thought-
yampire are treated with the seriousness proper to an age
of scepticism.
On the whole, that which we find lacking is vision.
Not more than half-a-dozen of these tales leave on the
mind a mark of a day's endurance. Many show signs of
diligent attention to the sense of words and to their sound ;
few carry conviction either of sincere observation or of
vital selection. The writer of the short story that is to
be something more than the hashed-up reminiscences of
other men's creations must look for himself, must listen,
mark, remember for himself, and for himself must search
out the secret things of the heart
We shoidd have awarded the prize for the Best Story to
Mr. Andrew Deir for '^ A Heart of Hemp " if it had con-
formed to our conditions in Hie matter of length. But it
considerably exceeds the maximum of 2,000 words for
which we stipulated. Mr. A. Myron's ''Margot" stood
next in our favour, but it also exceeded the 2,000 words.
We have therefore decided to give the prize to Miss Emily
Hughes for her story, ''He, She, and It." We should
have preferred to reward a study of real life. This,
however, has not seemed possible.
He, She, and It.
Bt Miss Emily Hughes.
Hx started from the west. She from the east, and the
question was whether they would ever meet. They did
not expect to meet, for neither knew of the other's starting.
Neither even knew of the other's existence, for that matter.
Yet it was very desirable that they should meet.
I shall say nothing about the two journeys, eventful as
they were, until that crucial day when they had both
reached the same wood, and when the momentous question
of their meeting would be decided according to the roads
they both chose.
That day was one of the loveliest which even the wood
had ever seen. In it every springing thing wore such
a festive face that She almost forgot her Song which She
coidd not finish, and His frown relaxed over the Problem
He could not solve. The birds were so hilarious that you
had to laugh, the bees so fussy over their business that it
made you hot ; on the green moss the little white flowers
looked for all the world like pearly smiles, while the dance
of the leaves with shadows for partners was nothing less
than ecstatic.
She, on Her side of the wood, noting all this, said:
*^ I feel like the sea when it ripples in sunshine ! "
And He, noting it on His side of the wood, said :
"I think the sun is in the Grab to-day ; it is the first of
summer."
Then simultaneously She remembered Her Song and He
His Problem. And they said together, at separate ends
of the wood:
" But surely I shall finish it to-day ! "
** But to-day I'm certain to solve it ! "
So they sat down to rest, to listen, and to look.
Before them each were two roads--one, of course, north
of the other. But the northernmost road before Her met
the southernmost before Him. H He turned north He
would never meet Her, for that way led out of the wood
toward a fathomless lake. And if She took the south
road She would miss Him, for it led into a pitiless desert.
All three roads were a day's journey long.
As She sat on the moss in Her blue gown, not wondering
at all vet about the way, an old man came upon Her from
behind, he also about to enter the wood.
''Which is the way to go ? " he said.
** To go ? Oh, where do you want to go ? Not that I
know the way either ! " She laughed under the leaf-
shadows.
'' There are two roads," he said, pointing with a stick
that made Her shudder. It was spotted and knotted like
a stilPened snake.
'' Yes, I see," She said, '' but both go through the
wood "
" No, they don't ! "
" ^Boih are beautiful "
" No, they're not ! "
" And as many butterflies are going alon^ the one
as the other — ^with bees and birds," She persisted, looking
the path up and down from the tree-tops to the pink
soil.
He shook his stick along the south road.
^' Qo that way," he said, ** if you want to meet no other
passengers. Butterflies, bees, and birds, forsooth ! "
There were no less than a hundred inflections of scorn
in his voice as, flourishing his ugly stick, he passed on
along the north road.
She looked along the south road. And, though it
seemed to her that every bee had suddenly begun to
attend a funeral, every butterfly to have fallen faint by
the way, and every bird to have sent every other to
Ooventiy, She said to HerseU :
** Ah, I will not follow you — better your counsel ! *'
At about the same time, to TTim on the opposite verge
of the wood, came a gay young maid, swishing the grass
where He lay with her skirts. She almost paraed TTim —
He was dressed, like the forest, in neen and brown.
" Oh ! " she said, and they stood looking at one another.
But she looked at Him less than at the Book of His
Problem held like treasure in TTia hand, yet most of all at
something He wore by a long chain from His belt.
** What is it? " she asked, lifting ihe chain and separ-
ating the two things dung upon it. ''A little box of
gold and a broad silver key. May— may I open it? "
'^ You cannot. The k^ does not fit."
" Oh, what a piiy ! What is inside ? "
*' The Secret,'' he replied gravely.
« An important secret ? "
" Very.'^
** Why, then, /should break it open."
'^ I shall find the key some day. It is of gold, like the
casket."
'< Why do you keep the silver one ? Do you expecc
that to change to gold one day ? "
He started, seeing mockery in her eyes and on her lips.
He firmly withdrew from her the casket and key, putting
them out of sight.
"No, hardly," He replied; "it is true I do not know
why I keep the silver key. But — ^I have kept it."
" Give it to me," she said ; ^^ please ffive it to me." She
touched His hand with her hands and looked beseechinirlv.
"But " ^^^
"It is of no use to you." She tried to find it But
He drew back.
" It was bom with me," He said; "I cannot give it to
a — a — ^stranger." He turned His back on her and heard
her pass sobbing into the wood.
Almost with a fiush of pity He followed her — she took
the south road — but in hesitation His fingers clutched the
Book of His Problem. Then He said :
" No, I will not follow her. She may ask me next for
the casket. I shall perhaps lose the Secret to her tears
and my Problem will never be solved."
He was about to turn by the north road when the old
man — ^who must have ridden his ugly cudgel as a broom-
stick through the wood — met him, emerging. He accosted
Him, chucUing, and shook his stick toward the north.
" That is a good road," he said. " Otood and solitary ;
but both are safe — quite safe— quite safe ! " and passed
on his way crackling.
" Gratuitous advice," said He, looking now along the
south road as a child looks upon forbidden things,
" teaches resolution to flounder, not to swim. To crosa
such an old fellow's impertinent counsel and captious foot-
28 April, 1900.
The Academy Competition Supplement.
361
steps at the same time is a great temptation." Then He
began to study His Problem.
B7 tills time She had been accosted in turn by the gay
maiden who, having gone through the wood, was quite
gay again.
^* Danoe with me ! '' she said to Her, catching fingers as
they met. And up and down they flitted and whirled, and
swayed together in the faint, fluttering lacework of shadow
and shine, until both fell panting on the sward, when out
from Her bosom sprang a casket and a key hung by a
long chain about Mer neck. They were in the hands of
the gay maid in a moment.
''A silyer casket and a tiny golden key," she said ; ** but
the key does not fit."
'' why, no," She answered, " but some day I shall find
the key that will."
" But why do you keep this little key of gold ? "
<< It is so beautiful," Sue said.
" But no use."
<<Well, for one thing — a thing so little as this — ^it is
enough to be beautiful. Do you see how it is shaped like
a bird — ^how the wards are wings ? I always thmk it a
bird canying a Secret like my casket. Not that Secret,
but another, and I wear them together."
" (Jive tne the key — or the casket ! "
She caught back Her chain with its treasures and sprang
away.
" Give ! " She cried, " I would rather give you my life ;
but I don't give away even my life to— to strangers ! "
She braced Herself against a tree-trunk, caught up Her
blue gown, and actually prepared to fight.
The gay damsel stooa with arms akimbo, laughing.
''Well done!" she cried; ''but the fight would be
hotter than the dance. I decline. Only tell me tihe Secret
oiffour casket."
She drooped Her head and whispered :
" It is the Secret of mv Sone."
" Ha-ha-ha !^ Tral-la-Ia-la ! " laughed the gay maid, and
skipped back into the forest. Her laugh went on, ripple,
ripple through the wood like the very rustle of tiie leaves,
until at last it fainted far off among the branches.
She stood listening until the wind and the bees were all
She heard. Then She began to sing Her Song, for it was
nearing noon. But, as always. She could not finish it.
The music snapped, like a brittle twig — ran suddenly dry,
like a spring drained by the noonday. She fingered Her
silver casket, sighing :
" Oh, for the key ! " Then She prepared to take the
path that ran southwards.
But suddenly there rang a cry from the deptii of the
wood — a cry so piteous that She stopped with Her hand
on Her heart.
"What is it? Oh, what is it?" She listened. It
rang again, making a shivering track along the branches.
" Ah, it is that way," She said, looking ^on^ the north
road. She caught up her gown and ran swifuy, swiftly,
full of pity, that way into the wood's heart.
She had not finished Her Song. Nor had He solved
His Problem. He, too, fingered His casket.
" I mmt find the kev," He said, " I am tired of this.
Ah, which road to take !"
He weighed many pros and cons with his usual nicety.
The scale dipped for the north road. So He turned SEis
face thitber. At that very moment the piteous cry came to
Him too, but more faintly, for the wind was from the
west.
" Some helpless thing in a plight," He muttered, and
plunged into the wood by the soumem path.
So of course they met — very near the middle of the
forest, for She ran as fleefly as He almost.
They met, flushed, breatiiless, with chains and treasures
dangluig.
"Oh," He cried, holding out His hand, " you have the
golden key ! "
"Why," She cried in the same breath, tendering it,
"you have the golden casket ! "
But He did not take it. He defied His cap.
"I begyour pardon," He said; "you have the silver
casket We therefore exchange keys." And He loosened
His from its chain.
" Of course," She said; " and then we shall know the
Secrets — or at least I shall know mine and you yours.
How exciting it is ! But really now I am to know I am
quite afraid of knowing. I dread it. Indeed, I would
rather know yours than my own. Oh," She cried with in-
spiration, " let me discover your Secret for you and you
mine for me ? It will break the news ! "
Her eyes sparkled. She clasped Her hands. He looked
dubious, but agreed.
" We therefore exchange caskets, not keys," He said.
They did and walked a little apart, standing with their
backs to one another, opening the caskets.
He heard Her laughing— a little gurgle of pleasure.
She heard Him cry, " Hurrah ! "
" Well," She called out mischievously, " be quick ! Tell
me the Secret of my Song."
He turned quickly.
" What ! You hav'n't the Secret of my Problem too ? "
" Indeed, no, but something much nicer — the Secret of
my Song," She cried, flourishing the bird-like key. " How
very funny ! It was the wrong caskets we carried all the
time, not the wrongkeys."
Then She sang Her Song and He solved His Problem.
Then they looked at each other.
Suddenly they remembered the cry they had followed
into the ^Food
" What was it ?" they asked together. "Hark! There
it is again, dose by."
She stared up into the branches and laughed.
" It was just a mocking-bird after all ! " She said.
Essay Competition.
SixTY-FOTTB ossayists contended for this prize. The follow-
ing is a list of tiie titles of the papers :
Beanij.
The MAgaeiasm of Beauty.
Woman Old and New.
Heredity.
Proverbs and Maxims.
Bullying at BohooL
The Weather.
Points for Parvenus.
The Belation between Sex and
Tobacco.
At Homes.
The Suburban Young Man..
Questions of Taste.
The loterest of the Common-
plaoe.
Interesting Social B61e Played
by Pet Do^.
The Philological Invasion.
Edgar Allan Foe.
Champery.
Unwelcome Knowledge.
BailwayJTravel.
On the Joys of Bailway
TraveUiug.
Straw.
A Bigmarole on Stupidity.
A Bailway Waiting Boom.
Tenderboy, the Soomer.
On Shaking Hands.
GKnng to Town.
Door Knocks.
Door 'Knocking Nuisances.
The Land of « Might Have
Been."
Smoke Fancies.
" Non-Literary Subjects."
A Leak in the Boof .
The Angler.
The Amateur Tramp.
"Bobert'
A Study in Natural History.
The Virtue of Silence.
On Talking.
Tmih. for Half-a-Grown.
Common Sense and the Sense
of Humour.
The Viriowry Delights of
Spnng.
On Going to Bed.
All Fools' Day.
The Influence of Soap.
On Prejudice.
" P.P.C."
Inertia.
Moustaches.
Forest Folk.
Wanted — a Bustic Bevival.
The Scandinavian Domestic.
In Praise of Frigs.
On Wood Fires.
On Hats.
Lotus Culture.
On the Deplorable Decay of
Egotism.
An JBarly Train.
Our Hobbies.
A Plea for Queen Aune.
The Molnle Man.
The Delights of Dreamiog.
Moral Advice.
Forficula Auricularia.
The Pig.
362
The Academy Competition Supplement.
zS April, 1900.
The qualities of a good essay ? Well, the more of wit
and fancy and grace it has the better. It must be re-
fined, and it mnst be originaL It must be spirited, and it
must be correct.
Subject matters little in essay writing ; treatment is all.
Neyertheless certain treatments have been so long wedded
to certain subjects that the amateur should be forewarned.
We seem to hear back numbers of All th$ Tear Round and
HoMthold Words rustle their dusty leayes when we find
disquisitions on *' Door Knocks,'' '* Shaking Hands," and
'^ Moustaches." These things are solemmy classified in
the good old facetious way; we haye the '4ong siLky
drooping moustache," the ''short crisp moustache," the
''heavy moustache" and, of course, the "nondescript."
Door-^ocks are aristocratic, democratic, and official, and
so on. Bailway travellers, landladies, and other social
types have also been classified to death. If the old
method is to please it must be cleverly renewed. An
essay is nothing if it is not clever. Also, somehow, and
somewhere, it must go pretty deep. When it is ended, we
must feel that an angel has stirred the pool. It may deal
with trifies, but must not wholly spend itself on trifies;
it may tickle with a straw, but it must relate the straw to
the universe.
We must confess that very few of the essays we have
received approach these ideals. A great many exhaust
themselves m facetious observation which ends with itself,
which opens no window into the world or the heart of man.
Beal themes and thoughts are not evolved. Or, where they
are, the transition from the particular to the general, the
material to the moral, is usually too clumsy or abrupt.
Some of the best written essays are too serious, and lack
the relief of good quotations, apposite stories, &c.
Much of the writing is tortured, and represents what we
may call the churning style : " Oh, the placidity, the soft
soiu-soothment of living in the oountiy — in seduded, breezy
Arcady! Phyllis and Gorydon in a back-lane cottage,
their crooks exchanged through the Banaar for bicydes,
the whilom oaten pipe turned to a briar, while a pig or two
in the rear represent the fieecy flocks of ante-nuptial days."
Thus begins an essay on " Door-Knocking Nuisances."
The author of an essay called " Tenderboy, the Scomer,"
has been studying Lyly's Mtphuea unwisely, or the
drear punsters of forty years ago^we are not sure which.
Anyhow his chum produces a particularly clotted kind of
nonsense. Thus : "To judge by the traveller's observant
eye — at times, perhaps, too observing to pay due observance
to charity of mind — ^nine-tenths of accepted debtors to the
bank of Tenderness keep the tendering of their accept-
ances until the approval-signing blushes of the cashier are
sympathetically witnessed by me veiled light of a fieece-
(fraped Dian."
We need not say that these specimens of style do not
represent the average performance m this competition.
Among essays whicn we can praise are Mr. Edmund
Eorbes's " Smoke Fancies " ; the Eev. T. Constable's
"Non-literary Subjects"; Mr. Lewis Longfield's "The
Angler " ; Miss Maiide BlundeU's " Forest Folk " ; Miss
B. C. Hardy's "In Praise of Prigs"; Miss Emily Hughes's
" On Hats,"
The essay to which we award the prize, "On Wood
Fires," by Miss H. M. Euss, is in the true essay vein,
though it does not perform all that an essay may. It is
well constructed and embellished.
On Wood Fires,
By Miss H. M. Euss.
Hazlitt sang the praises of the coal fire, and grew
eloquent as he summed up the list of fireside joys. He
makes his readers thrill with him over such a moment as
" gently levering up the coals, and seeing the instant and
bustling flame above ! . . . That ardent acknowledgment,
as it were, of the care and kindliness of the operator."
But Hazlitt was scarcely an epicure in fires, notwith-
standing his affection for the poker. He evidently praised
the best he knew, and he conjured up such a vision of
comfort and well-being that we almost forget any fire can
have greater fascinations than one of " glowing coals."
Then comes the recollection of the less fierce but softer
warmth of the wood fire, the intimate, caressing sound of
the crackling logs, and we are its partisans at once, and
certain that, as long as our wood-basket can be kept well
filled, our ooal-soutde may remain empty.
A wood fire has one fault, but does not a little flaw in a
friend's character endear him to us the more as pronog
him to be human ? It will not sufEer neglect, and is
inclined to sulk if we do not give it our constant attention.
But it is so much less effort to throw a log on the heartii
than to take up a heavy scuttle, or to shovel in the deptlu
of the inconvenient box, that we do not complain of the
extra services the wood fire demands. Sven if it grow
sullen under neglect a little coaxing and a careful choice
of the best-shaped logs will soon charm away its ill-
tomper, and maxe it bright and cheery ag^ain.
And it is such a companion— at once soothing and
•BUggestive. A lichen-covered, gnarled log from an old
apple tree blown down by an autumn gale fills the mind
with spring thoughts. Once it was dad in pink, and oat-
lined against a clear blue sky. Perhaps a onafiSnch's neet
hid there, exquisitely decorated with lichen to look lilre
the branch itself, and only betrayed by the whito under-
feathers in the tail of the little sitting bird showing orer
the edge. Hex and laurel bum well. Shall we not
always, when throwing a branch of laurel on the fire,
think of the birth of Yirnl as told in the beautiful legend
lately given to us? '^The Queen of the Fairies cradled
him in a cradle made of roses. She made a fire of twigs
of laurels ; it crackled loudly. To the crackling of twigs
of laurel was he bom.'' Fir gives forth an aromatic aoent,
and brings to the mind a picture of tall, straight tronlcs,
with slanting rays of light and blue distances. Seasoned
wood bums more brightly than raw apreen logs which hare
lately been hewn, but even these wul make a good fire if
skilfully managed. A dear, hot foundation must be kept,
and the wood piled high above it, fresh fuel being con-
tinually thrown on the top to take the place of the yanish-
^g logs beneath. It has a charming effect ; the brilliancj
bdLow, with tongues of fiame reaching up to the dnll^
damp, fizzling wood above. Pride uplifts tne heart of the
builder of that fire as he sees what a good result can be
obtained from unpromising materials. One rule most be
carefully observed, never to turn a log. The temptatioo
is great, to see the sudden fiash and me shooting flames,
but the glory of it swiftly passes, and the rest of that log's
career wiU be a blackened, charred, and smooldeiing
disgrace.
Again, what glamour about a fire of wreck-wood! The
round holes in the beams through which the blue flaoi^
comes leaping ; the dear, delicato colours, green, o^^S^'
and the blue of a southern sea. Sailors' yams should be
told round a wreck-wood fire. If the sailor is absent, and
IVeasure Island not to hand, imagination will weave some
tales on its own account of distant seas and adventoie, ox
the perils and the fascination of a seafaring life.
But a fire is not always conducive to peace and oomfori
It may be as delicato a subject of contention as religion.
Our own article of belief as to the most effectual way 01
applying the poker is, in our opinion, necessary to the
fire's salvation. Our neighbour's treatment will be only
too likely to be the means of casting it into outer darkno^s.
Two ancient ladies living in a quiet village had the 1a^
years of their life poisoned by continual quairels orBi
their fire. In summer time they were the most gentle of
women, but winter left them ripe for murder. Even
^oung people are not altogether free from tins halefni
mfluence, as may be seen at a picnic when part of the
a8 April, 1900.
The Academy Competition Supplement.
363
game is the building and lighting of a fire. It begins in
play, but it ends in deadfy earnest. Eacb helper is so
certain his is the only method, but the f ortive poke of an
enemy undoes his schemes, and recrimination is the order
of the day until the welcome singing of the kettle restores
good humour. When boiling water is wanted no longer,
and the last stragglers are climbing the steep paths home-
ward, the fire as likely as not shows what it can do. The
flame rises steadily against its background of sandstone
cliff ; an Arabian NigM^$ effect on the desolate, forsaken
shore, with the fading light turning the rocks black
against a wan sea.
A fire in the open carries our thoughts to camp-fires and
gypsy-encampments ; to Mumper's Dingle and that summer
evening when Lavengro and Isopel Bemers sat by a fire
of green ash with the kettle hung above it.
Ash when green
Is fire for a queen,
she told him.
Then Lavengro made the one compliment ho ever seems
to have achieved.
''And on fairer form of queen, ash fire never shone,"
said I, ''than on thine, 0 beauteous queen of the dingle."
Poor leopel ! She did not want to be a queen.
" Something less would content me."
But Lavengro had not yet made up his mind to call her
wife. He must first exasperate her by making her decline
"master" in Armenian. Then came the storm, and the
hissing embers warned them that their fire would soon be
extinguished. It seemed a prophecy of the dying out of
the fire of hope in Isopel's heart.
Was it a p;reen ash fire again which Lavengro kept
burning all mght that the Dingle should not look dark and
dreary if Isopel returned? And the next evening, to
reward him for his kind thought, she had the fire and
kettle ready for him ; that memorable evening when ihey
conjugated the Armenian verb »%riel together.
Perhaps we all have our own little personal fads with
regard to fires. For myself, I have not often accomplished
my ideal : it needs a happy combination of time and cir-
cumstances not always available. First, it must be Sunday
afternoon, with that peculiar soothing hush inseparable
from the country day of rest. Then I must collect the
materials for my fire : it is only so I shall reap the full
enjoyment of the masterpiece I have in mind. Besides^
I love the labour of my trade, which is fire-making, there-
fore, Stevenson would say, the gods have called me to that
work. The house I am thinking of is on the side of a hill
with a little wood rising behind and sloping down to a
holy well and a winding stream. It is were I must go
first for my faggot of green ash. How still it is on this
dear winter day ! A sudden scurry as I pass tells of some
wild creature running to earth, and a clumsy blackbird
here and there resents my presence with a scramble to
wing and clamorous scolding. A robin sings, perched on
the Tower branch of a beech-tree, its breast the colour of
one of 4he faded leaves not yet fallen. Blue tits are busy,
and call incessantly. The more graceful long-tailed tit is
also to be seen, but its bell-like call-note will not be heard
just yet. How pleasant it is to scuff along amidst the
clattering leaves f
The high year's flaunting crown
Shattered and trampled down.
My faggot is soon ready, but although I have learned a
little of my trade from Borrow, be has not taught me the
whole. Green ash is the foundation of my flre, but its
crowning glory will be the largo cones from the fir-trees on
the crest of the wood. There it is not so still as in the
lower sheltered parts. A fresh breeze from the sea is
blowing over the hill, making music among the pine-
neodles. Gbld-crests are busy; their thin, high-pitched
call-note, the tinkling cymbal of the birds — giving the
charm of bird-melody that is seldom entirely lacking in
the woods.
When my basket is filled with the great cones, I wander
slowly back, picking up my faggot on the way, and feeling
that I have earned by an hour's work a long, luxurious,
lazy time. The wooa-fire has died down, and on the
bright embers I pile the green ash, covering it with fir-
cones all set up in right order to show- their exquisite form
when the fiames shafl reach them. Then for a comfortable
chair, some favourite books, and a time of pure enjoyment !
The green ash crackles and hisses; the little flames go
creeping in and out until they reach the flr-cones. These
bum steadily in one ffreat glow of intense firelight,
unfolding until they look like branched trees in a forest
on fire. Subtle aromatic scents are wafted from them, and
my Sunday afternoon sleep wiU surely be visited by dreams
of the East. My slumbers, however, are shortened by the
necessity of throwing on fresh cones from time to time.
I have a fancy, too, for a littie reading from St. Francis of
Assisi, "Chnst's poor little one," uat ascetic with the
tender heart and genUe ways towards all his fellow-
creatures, from the rulers of tiie land to his " little sisters,
the birds." And as the afternoon wears on, my supply of
sticks and cones dwindles, and is presently exhausted, and
my ideal fire becomes a memory only.
Perhaps a wood-fire is never more satisfactory than in
its last moments. If the logs have been piled hi^h during
the day, the glowing embers which they leave give out an
intense and brilliant heat. It is difficult to tear oneself
away from such grateful warmth. Baking the embers
seems to make them glow the more. We are tempted to
linger on and watch we brightness fade. How beautifully
the fire dies! Not like Hazlitfs coal fire, sullenly cooling
into the hardness of cinders — "the fading embers tinkle
with a gaping dreariness " — ^but vanishing softiy into white
ash and nothingness.
Things Seen Competition.
OiTE hundred and fifty-seven manuscripts were submitted
for this competition, of which nearly fifty were selected for
a second examination. Many of them showed good
observation, and reached a very fair degree of excellence.
The war was the most popular topic, several of the
efforts describing the aeparture of "gentlemen in
khaki." A large number were tragic, the percentage of
gloomy and morbid " Things Seen " being quite as large
as the percentage of gloomy manuscripts in the Short
Story Oompetition. "A Oase of Oonsoienoe," by Miss
Lorimer, to which we have awarded the prize, is an
uncommon incident told with point. The following are
worthy of mention: "The Automatic," by Miss Marie
Taylor; "A Lady and Gentieman," by Miss Constance
Glaaby; "Ending," by Mrs. Ourry; "A Certain Priest,"
by Miss Ethel Ashton; "Juggernaut," by Mrs. E. Under-
hill; "The County Workhouse," by Mr. B. McBvoy;
" The Beggar," by Miss Lois Barradough.
A Case of Conscience.
By Miss Lobimeb.
Thb mid-day Bussian express had started, and was already
speeding tlurough the undulating countiy which girdles
Vienna. The fruit trees were in bloom, the ditches
golden with irises, and every streamlet sparkled in the
sunshine. In my compartment were two women, each
bound on a longer journey than myself. The first, an
Austrian of the small shop-keeping dass, had with her a
boy of three years old and a baby. The other was a
young unmarried English lady.
Presently the guara came to examine our tickets. The
Englishwoman's and my own were returned without
364
The Academy Competition Supplement.
28 Aprily 1900.
remark, but over the Austrian's there was demur. She
was entitled to take one child free, but for the second she
must pay. The young mother was obviously distressed —
perhaps had not the fourteen florins demanded. The
guard looked sympathetic. He was sorry, he said, but
&ie money must be paid unless — and he turned with an
insinuating smile to the Englishwoman — '^imless when
the Oher-Schaffiter comes round the Onddige would say the
little boy was hers ? " for the moment the Englishwoman
was silent; a struggle raged within her. Gould she teU a
lie, pose as a mother, on a foreign strand and in the
presence of foreigners? Besides, the boy, in his cheap,
ready-made suit and imitation lace collar, was not quite —
quite . But she looked across and caught the mother's
imploring glance. "Very good," she said. "When the
Oher-Schaffmr comes I shall say the little boy is mine."
Ten minutes later appeared an awe-inspiring official in
blue and gold uniform, and with waxed moustache. The
daughter of Albion did not flinch. She put an arm round
the little vulgar boy and drew him maternally towards her.
But Providence was kind. The social leap which in her
own eyes she had taken was not apparent to the Oher-
Schafiner ; he took the situation for granted. " How old is
the boy ? " was his only question ; and mustering her best
Viennese accent, and without a blush, the Englishwoman
answered : "Three years old."
Topographical Essay Competition.
EoR this competition we received one hundred and nine
topographical sketches, of which a very large number are
well written and interesting. A geographically-arranged
list of the subjects chosen by competitors may have
interest.
The Bsittsh Isles (43 papers). — St. Andrews, Norbunr
(Derbyshire), Selby, Wlutby, A Devonshire Village, Oxford,
Cambridge, Bristol, Momingside. St. Ann's, Bye (2 papers^
'* It is my native place," Bichmond, Worcester, Bath (2 pap«'r8),
Stratford-on-Avon, Ambleside, Aberask, Sdlly Islands. Lon-
don (3 papers), Lewes, Windermere, Oxford (2 papers). Yarrow,
Arrochar, Shrewsbury, Ardvasar, Lamoma, Liverpool (2
papers). Loch Gk>il Head, Staithes, St. Helens, ShanUin, St.
Fillans, Winchelsea, Instow Quay, Whiston.
FsANCE (12 paperfi). — St. Briac, Douamenez, Bouao, Ay-
waiUe, La Bochelle, Mont S. Michel, Nimes, Malines, Paris,
Boulogne, Tregimc, Village near Dinan.
Noeth-West Europe (10 papNers) — Bolsward (Holland),
Homburg, Bruges, Amsterdam, Heidelberg, Antwerp, Bygland,
Badolstadt-Schwarzburg, Hamelin, Lewenberg.
Switzerland aud Italy (19 papers).— Zinal, Quipuzcoa,
Siena (3 papers), Florence, Chibbio, San Gemignano, Yarallo,
Znrich, Tereglino, Davos Platz, Gorisch, Laon, Assisi, Venice,
Capri, Montrenx.
The Near and Far East (14 papers). — Nanuoya (Ceylon),
Delhi, Feahawur, Poena, Colombo (2 papers), Bosetta, Damas-
cus, Cairo, ConstEuitinople A Burmese Jangle Village, Nicosia
(Cypms), BaDgkok, Singapore.
America (6 papers). — San Fiancisco, Manchester Minor
(Canada), Concord, Weston (Canada), Chicago, Boston.
Elsewhere (5 papers). — Durban, Old Novgorod, Sydney,
Ponta Arenas, Nejadvo.
It is obvious that in offering a prize for the best
account of a town or village we did not intend to invite
bald guide-book descriptions, however full and accurate.
Nor has any single competitor submitted such a descrip-
tion. All have striven to write on a higher literary ^lane.
And yet the failure to achieve a good literary plane is the
conspicuous feature of these essays on places. In a sense,
the essays are too conscientious. The writers have oon-
considered how much they could convey in 2,000 words,
instead of considering how much the reader could plea-
santly receive. There has been too little aelection and
suffusion ; the place, and the impressions csreated by i^
have not been sufficiently related to tiie rest of life. The
writer himself has not been suffidentl j the master of hii
subject ; we see him as a diminutive stranger entering a
place and beckoiun^ us from our arm-chair to follow
nim in all his detcdled trudgings, errors, and inventorieB.
Whereas we want to remain in our arm-chair and be
charmed.
The definiteness that wearies — as distinct from the de-
finiteness that charms — is the prevailing^ vice of these Place
essays. It infects many well written, well packed essajs,
which, for this cause, lack wine, life, enchantment—call it
what you will. There is a type of essay in which this
definiteness and multiplicity take the more literary form of a
well-arranged mosaic or catalogue of sights and sounds,
these following each other in sharp succession. An account
of Singapore, by Mr. Hugh Clifford, fails of the prize because,
though excellent in its way, it wants more of the relief of
comment and reflection ; it is not sufficiently fused. Wken
this fault is associated with poor observation it is, of ooune,
simply maddening. Thus m an account of Liverpool we
read : " Now taking our course to the best streets, the
traffic changes its character: trams, oznnibuses, cabs,
hansoms, gentlemen's carriages, and electric trams are the
chief vehicles. The passers-b^ are also in keeping. Be
the weather wet or fine, there is alwajrs at certain hoars of
the day a stream of well-to-do and struggling middle-class
people, ladies in equal proportion to the men."
Having thus indicated the sort of condemnation ondeT
which most of these essays fall — of coursOy in very different
degrees — we may add a few notes on individual per-
formances. Among British subj ects certain essays on small
towns and villages deserve notice as being inspired h^
long acquaintance, or nativity, rather than by a single
visit. Miss H. M. Russ, who takes the essay prize, sends
a pleasing sketch of a Devon village. Miss M. H. Lin-
acre's ' * Norbury " (a Derbyshire village), Mr. A. Alexander s
" Selby," Mr. E. A. Baker's " Bath," are all good in their
way ; and Mr. Wilfrid 0. Thorley's description of a deepy
village is quite good, though too much limited to scenery.
Among foreign subjects is a gay little picture of Heid^-
^^^1 '^1 Miss Qina Hoffmann. Bolsward, in Hollan^
is pleasantly described by Miss Marie Weetenberg; and
three papers on Siena, by Mr. L. Villari, Miss Anito
MacMahon, and Miss Mabel M. Rich, are aU commend-
able efforts.
Several descriptions of cities and villages in the East
are noteworthy. Miss Swan Scott-Moncrieff's " Eoeetta
is distinctly good. Peshawur is described well by Major-
General L. H. E. Tucker. „
The prize essay, by Mrs. Stepney Eawson, on "Bye
gives the spirit of the place by a wise choice of a few
striking features. There is a proper fusion of statement
and comment, and the details of the writing are good.
Rye, of the Marshes.
By Mbs. Stepney Bawsok.
Haven in the rich centuries that have taken iwng,
borough— hfijf village, half townlet — of to-day, Bj®»
erstwMle of the Company of the Five Ports, stands eyer
on her " little hill," even as she stood in the days when
her loving townsman, tiie astrologer Samuel Jeake, wrote
so graciously and curiously of her. Of that splendid rag«
of the sea about her feet, that " flux and reflux " on wmcn
her historian dwells, we have now but scant pledges. \^^
sea walls and dykes crumbled long ago. There remainfi,
at least on her seaward front, that green space, the name
of which— "The Salts"— has all the tang of brackisfl
regret. ^
To come upon Rye from the land side — ^that is, fw^J ^
heart of Kent— is to see her but imperfectly, with om'
28 April, 1900.
The Academy Competition Supplement.
3^5
ayerted vision. The train, a liandtul of tmoks, halts at
the foot of a sleepy mound. With the poor approach
suggested bj modem workmen's cottages and the cheap
masonry of a station the beauty of the upper roofs on the
hill is but dimly apprehended. Not yet, not unldl the
iron roadway is left and the height below Playden is
scaled, do you see her wholly, as she lies like a rich
reddidi stone embedded in dusky green enamel. I would
haye you come upon her so at sunset in spring, when there
is yet light enough by which to drink in the wall-flower
petal hues of her tiled roofs, the dear irregularity of her
outline, which shows how the grey church of Bye, with its
wide tower, outstrips the rest. Just as in the aees when
the Church was guardian of her conscience does this
House of the Virgin outsoar the other houses of Bye. No
dwelling has been more tenderly adorned by Franciscan
and Flemish artist and English artificer ; none has been
more strenuously scoured of ornament at the will of men.
The yery tongues of the tower were torn out by inyaders,
but the beUs that jangled unwillingly at Dieppe in the
ears of their captors came back by the hands of braye men
to Bye. So, since the dumb so rarely recovers his speech,
and miracles are few, is it not fit that St. Mary's voice
should sway the town, while the grotesque " quarter-boys "
— corpulent cherubs on either side of the dock — should
beat the quarters on the dial in the borough which no
longer knows the curfew ?
0^ the spring eveninff on which I would have you look
from Playden on Bye uiere must be no wind, so that the
still, straight smoke from the red roofs at the base of the
slope may cast a bloom over those above. And thus your
eye may pass to the long line of green flats to the left,
beyond which lies the sea, sullenly beatine behind dunes.
At that glance there flashes to mind a j^ase in which
Elise Beclus pictures a sister town of the ^'mershe."
'^ Faubourg d61aiss6e au milieu des marais," he calls
Bomney. D61ais6ee! The word is imtranslatable ; it is
carved upon eveiy stock and stone in Bye. To-day she is
like a soldier left by the roadside, who raises himsdf on
his elbow to shade his eyes and watch his troop vanish in
the dusk. So does Bye gaze after the sea that has turned
his back upon her. He lashed her feet, he gnawed her
hem; he was a fierce lover, but, though the Qaul could
pillage and outrage, she never yielded to the sea. He
uuah^ her skirts. Yet, by the same token. Bye was
always thirsty; she always lacked pure water on her
'* litUe hill." The rain streams patter from her sides into
the marsh to-day; her dstems are hard to fill. The
waterings and ''lavants" from the hills leave her arid,
for the Kother and the Tillingham and the Brede BVLok in
greedily all the runnels in the flat, green country by the sea.
A magnificent romance is that of the still marsh, a his-
toxy of duice and flat (the old maps double the " t ") and
channel and "leuell," of wall and dyke and meeting of
streams. A horrid strife was between men and men, ship-
owner and landowner, landlord and tenant, because of it.
Why pay rent for land encrusted with brine ? Again, the
merchant coveted a hoUow in which his navies, holding
French silk and wine, could rock in deep water. By
stealth he dredged, and, when the owner of that spit of
marsh below the Bye walls came in the morning, lo ! he
knew that no spring tide could have carved so smoothly.
And he made a dam to spite his enemy. But the work of
both was undone in an hour by the jeering sea, that had
still puckishness enough to retiun upon its steps at seasons
of the tide and moon. How strange and pitiful it is!
There are no sluices any more. There is shingle, blue
and mauve ; and the Bother splits and winds itself out in
the " slub " on the " Winshalse " side of the town. There
are patches of blue thistle on the shingle, where the
fishing-rod of Glaucus hangs over the yeUow sea poppy,
and there, too, are quivering larks and restless grey wag-
tails.
Delaiss^e ! How else picture the town from the cliffs of
Winchelsea two miles away, or from the straight white
road that goes between the two ? That road runs through
the flat marsh, sheep-dotted, with tossing reed plumes that
show the sunken ditches here and there. So still, so
lovable is Bye from the white road ; so rich the clustering
roofs of red, and dove colour, and deep cobalt, rising from
that green sea of marsh. Evexy where marsh: to the
right, till it meets the sea ; to the left, till it touches the
huls of Udimore where the woods are deep, the lanes
high-hedged, and the smoke of the red and white oast-
houses g^s up in white columns against an evening sky.
Bye is indeed like a soldier, for she was ever the centre
of war. The sea attacked her in fierce tenderness on this
side, and then, when she put on fresh buckram with a sea
wall, he besieged her anew on that. And she did not
know her good fortune while it lasted, for, so long as her
lover's arms encirded her on three compass points, he was
her defender from the side of Qaul, but, when he sulkily
loosened his hold, a man, bom a king, and third of the
Edwards, was forced to give her, as duenna, a fort in the
green place that the sea had bared.
The wars have gone over her head, but she is still the
same Bye, with the same alleys, the old sites, the old
names. Her two hundred and seventy-one rods contain
her still, as when Jeake planned his horoscopes in his
black and white house with the two gables in Mermaid-
street, and saw, in a vision, the letters O.B. and I.B., by
which he knew that after Oarolus Bex II. should come the
Nazarene Himself.
Upon the salts and in the alleys you will find russet-
skinned and rosy children. Some of them have strange names.
They are little Huguenots, in blood, from crown to heel.
But they know nothing of the toil of their refugee sires, of
the tirdess fingers of forgotten men and girls in the cellars
and crypts. Oatch a brown-eyed boy and ask him what he
does here. He looks at you in shy scorn. '* Pl-ay," he
whispers, and then blushes because you ask whether it is
the salt damp wind that makes lashes curl. Not even the
permanent way can bring back to Bye her old business of
the days when the sea was about her. She is occupied cer-
tainly, like an anxious housewife, with a tender joy in
methods th^t are old and circuitous. There is com to buy
and thresh, and barges to unload in the Bother, and ale to
brew. And people get married, or fall out, and make
bargains, as before ; so that the town lawyers behind their
flat fronts of Qeorgian brick, in which their doors stand
levd with the cobbled street, have suffident to keep their
waistcoats filled and their seals active. Yet, though the
golfer hurries boisteroudy through the alleys to the toy
train that runs to the links on the marah^ there is no other
haste in Bye. She is the seat of contemplation and of
gentle gossip and of neighbourliness. Her citizens woo
and marry as Jeake did. He has written, as if contempla-
tion and nicety hdd him in chwu^ of the moment when he
took EHzabetn Hartshorn, witty and virtuous, to wife.
*^ 1 was married," he writes in his diary, ''to Mrs. Eliza-
beth Hartshorn by Dr. Bruce, about thirty-five minutes
past nine a.m., in the presence of Mr. Thomas Ifiller,
Nathanid Hartshorn (brother to my wife), and the sexton,
we going, though in the daytime, yet so much incognito,
that there was no concourse or notice taken. The day was
doudy, but calm. The sun shone out just at the tying the
nuptial knot, and also just at its setting*"
If he were not frightened by that strange psalmody
that echoes in his own storehouse to-day — for Kye supports
at least five distinct and mournful things called Sects —
Uiat gentle bridegroom would surely dt purifying his
heart and seek to combat by prayer and discipline those
«malefique rays " of the stars that were to him an unend-
ing fairy tale. To know Bye best is to know it through
liiniy and, fresh from his ffentle sdence, to creep sofdy
past her houses by dawn and dusk. To watch the young
moon over a garden wall in the tufty leafage of a mulbeny ;
to cUmb the rugged Ypree Tower and plumb its dungeons ;
366
The Academy Competition Supplement 28 Apni, 1900.
to walk under the Landgate and contrast its huge masonry
with the petty dwellinprs beyond, and these again with
the austere fagade of Peacock's School that Thackeray
knew ; to trace the Wishe, the diy Conduit, the Mint
(^ where Bye made her own pence), the Court House (with
its ghosts of rubicund '' jurats " and relics of torture and
chastisement), the Watchbell-street (where hung once the
alarum that told of French inroad), to dip your fingers
in the cool, small well under a silyer maple by which
Queen Elizabeth rested — ^this is to learn Bye stone for
stone.
Once under the light of lanterns hanging from rowan
trees in a garden where the townsfolk of Bye danced on
the grass for sheer midsummer frolic, I had the happiness
to draw Henry James aside and ask him where the ancient
greatness of Bye lay buried. He thought that she had
not the dignity of her continental equals, because her
feudal relics are less massive, and so the less able to
overawe the petty buildings, the petty commerce of our
time. In this, the contrast between old and new being
less perpendicularly accentuated, she lacked, in his eyes,
the mere zest of such juxtaposition. But the secret of
her charm he could not, or would not, tell. So I triumphed,
and left him to gaze once more at her across the wet sand
and lilac beach and one deep pool, belted with stunted
trees, in which her opalescence was mirrored — ^the woman
who was cold to love, the forsaken borough entrenched
upon her '^ little hill " — Bye, of the Marshes.
Epigrammatic Criticism Competition.
This was the least popular of the Competitions. It
entailed an acquaintance with the life-work of six living
novelists, also a capacity for good epigrammatic writing,
which is not a common ^t. In many of the sets submitted
two or three of the criticisms were good, but few of the
competitors were able to sustain a level of excellence
throughout the set. Mr. Ernest A. Baker, to whom we
have awarded the prize, approached nearest to an all-round
level of intelligent and searching criticism. Among the
writers of the remaining twenty- eight sets submitted we
may mention Miss Catherine N. Elwes, Miss Dora Q.
McChesney, Mr. Herbert Jamieson, and Mr. Martin
Hobson.
Mebsdith.
His poetic comedy shows men evolving their destinies,
life he interprets as an ordeal — the fool passing through
spiritual failure, through laughter and misfortune's
chastening unto wisdom. He philosophises on the present
beholding a splendid epoch, whereto his heroes and radiant
heroines belong — magnanimous creatures, passionate,
chaste, divinely strong.
Their Olympian speech; the lyrical diction his muse
requires, scorning pedestrian prose; the wit, tropes,
aphorisms would astound an Athenian audience.
Humour lurks in the minor characters, tragic irony in
the situations.
His idealism rests on clear knowledge, humane tolerance,
an open-eyed, patient optimism, finding plenary satisfaction
in righteousness.
Hakdy.
His dramas charm most by their scenery, woodlands,
heaths, hamlets, skies, blended in Theocritean harmonies.
The tragedies inflame oftener than soothe ; the pathos is
an accusation.
Philosopher, he finds a philosophy of life impossible.
Deifying Chance, he blasphemes his fetish.
His characters are generalisations or sheer ideas, vitalised
by emotion. The rustics of the comic interludes deliver
his less sardonic witticisms
Most unequal of geniuses, he descends from the poetry
of country life, from sublime ideals of insensate wiU and
nemesis, to Zolaesque animalism. Technicalitiee <dog^ a
limpid style. The inspiration of his serener paganisni waa,
alas! transient.
KlFUNO.
Man in action is his theme, combatting, sabdning,
governing nature, animals, men. Loving civilisation
Httle, he worships courage, enterprise, obedience. His
strenuous tales are an epic of manhood and of Empire.
The intolerable glare of his realism iUuminee all indis-
criminately, ugly and bestial things, tender and heroic ;
muscularity sanctions grossness.
His fables are above allegory, the animals more than
symbols. His the vernacular of brutes, Brahmins,
Hooligans.
Youthful cynicism sobered, he reads the eternal in
human doings, sees conscience invoking fiends, but eechews
neat generalisations.
Prejudiced, impatient of thought, restiessly inqnisitxTe,
from Whitechapel to Cabul he gamers uteratare for
Demos.
James.
Microscopic analyst of the cultured mind, curious ob-
server of human phenomena, artist delighting in technique.
Momentous themes he avoids; a connoisseur, hunting
far and wide preciosities of conduct, which he registers
dispassionately, discovering intangible graces, delicate
pauios, subtie humours, unmarked of the common under-
standing.
Forsaking passion and sensuous beauty, he grows
sophisticated, coldly intellectual in his investi^ationa into
social tendencies, which he pursues to speculative regions.
Laying shade on impalpable shade, his style becomes
abstruse, allusive, overburdened, eloquentiy reticent.
Evil and ugliness he esteems for their eesthetic value ;
fineness of breeding is the desirable virtue in this Novel
of Manners.
Babbib.
Bom humourist in the age when wit and the funny man
are eliminating humour, yet not quite free from mannerisms
of the comic paper.
Lacking constructive art, his books are coUectioiis of
anecdotes, sketches of real people, heightened by the fancy
and fondness of a lover. Autobiographer, historian of his
own kin, he discovers his own heart in the story of literary
aspirantiB and exiles from Thrums ; his Scotch tenderness
exploits feelings that the Southron conceals. Such humour
and pathos are begotten of the same sympathetic insight,
the same exaggeration marks both.
GiSSINO.
Patient explorer of social conditions, movements, and
maladies. Whole sections of society are his personages,
their atoms studied as products of environment^ with the
observant care of a determinist.
He addresses the intellect, rarely the emotions ; yet the
Science subserves Art: the literary epicure relishes the
subdued beauty of style, the Zolaesque grandeur of this
nether world in its multitudinous details. Nor does he
underrate character and will; his Kirkwoods and Idas,
less credible than the unillustrious many, betray an
intuitive faith in mankind.
His pessimism jibes not at Providence, but, indicting
Civilisation, uncovers both petty sins and criminS
enormities.
28 April, 1900.
The Academy Competition Supplement.
367
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plainly aui pleasantly on the habiis and haunts of many varieties oi
feathered trihe/*— Scotsman.
BOOKS FOR THE HEART. Edited, with Intr^
auction to each Volume, by ALEXANDER SBfELLIE, M.A. .^- 'Jj!
printed on antique wove paper, cloth boards, gilt top, pr'c® "^
each volume.
GRACE AaOUNDINQ TO THE CHIEF OF
SINNERS. Bv JOHN BUNYA.N. , .^ _ ..jf.
Dr. Alexawdkb Wnrrs, Author of " Bnnyan Characters,'' wnrej- pi
befr t thanks for your beautiful * Grace Aboondiog.' Go on with sttoh gooa ww
THE RELIGIOUS AFFECTIONS. By Jonathan
EDWARDS. ^^ -„(lcr
" My heart bounded when I saw • Religious Affections • »°°*'"JS^*rDii>?
your eaitorship, and so cheap too Many whose blessing is ^^^^!tini
will bless you for Edwards' masterpiece in this beautiful shape." Ai'**^
WutTE.—Bdinburffh.
ANDREW MELBOSfi, 16, PUgrrim Street, London, B.0,
28 April, 1900.
• The Academy.
369
THE ACADEMY.
Editorial and Publishing Offices, 43, Cluuicery-lane.
Th^ AoADKirr wiU he eent poei-flree to every Annual Suhioriber
in the United Kingdom.
Price for One lemey Threepence ; postage One Hal/penny, Price
far si i$iue$, Thirteen ShiUinge ; poetagefree.
Foreign Bates for Yearly SubsoripHana 208.
including postage,
Amsrtean Agents far the Aoabxict: £r&ntano^Sf 31, Vhtan-
square. New York.
A Birthday Tribute to Herbert
Spencer.
Mr. Hbrbebt Spencer has just completed his eightieth
year, having been bom on April 27, 1820, and, though it
is not customaiy to celebrate the birthday of a philosopher,
an exception may fittingly be made in favour of one who
towers above all others in the realms of thought. But
though a tribute to Mr. Spencer will undoubtedly be
generally considered appropriate at this time, it is some-
what difficult to produce a garland which will be pleasing
to the general reader. For Mr. Spencer exists only in his
books, and as these abound in sweeping generalisations
and dose reasoning, they are not quite so popular as
the writings of Budyard Kipling or Marie Oorelli, and
they have not yet reached the Iditum d$ luxe stage, as
have the philosophical works of Mark Twain. With the
majority of people the acquisition of new ideas is a
difficult process, and the exercise of the brain is extremely
fatiguing. Sir Walter Scott's humble friend and trusty
henchman, Tom Purdie, used to declare that the reading
of the Waverley Novels was a g^at comfort to him, for
whenever he was o£E his sleep, which occasionally happened
to him, he had only to take one of Sir Walter's novels,
and before he had read two pages he was sure to fall into
a refreshing slumber. It is much to be feared that, for
producing exhaustion and bringing on drowsiness, pro-
found philosophical books will be regarded by most people
as immensely superior to anything which bears the name
of the "Magician of Abbotsford,"
But though Mr. Spencer's birthday is an interesting
event, and will this year be more generally noticed than it
has ever been before, it certainly will not bring forth
anything in the way of those light gossipy personalities
which the general public so much delights in. There is
only one Spencer, the profound thinker and laborious
worker, and he cannot be made to figure in any other
character. It has been very different with one or two
other philosophers. David Hume, for instance, as depicted
in the pages of his biographer, John Hill Burton, and his
clerical fnend, " Jupiter " Oarlyle, was at all times fond
of 1$ mot pour rtre, and a regular frequenter of convivial
gatherings like those of the *' Foker Club," while he could
roll off playful letters such as no philosopher has written
before or since. He even carried his playfulness so far
that on one occasion he wrote to Bobertson, the historian,
that he could not swallow certain expressions in the History
of Charles the Fifth, adding the startling words : " No ; I
will see you d d sooner ! " One is scarcely prepared
for that from the author of the Treatue on Human Nature,
John Stuart Mill also had a personal side which was
strikiog enough, for he had for many years a platonic
affection for another man's wife, which moved his father
to wrath and estranged him from many friends; while
after his platonic affection blossomed into matrimony he
was never weary of singing his wife's praises in an
absurdly high key. These " anomalies " have greatly
exercised the grave and learned gentlemen who have acted
as Mill's biographers. Then the ascetic Auguste Oomte
had his Olotilde, and the grave Descartes his Princess
Elizabeth, while Voltaire, whom M. Levy-Bruhl, following
the example of Kant, includes among the philosophers,
appeared in absurd enough attitudes. But with Mr.
Herbert Spencer the case is totally different. For we may
safely dismiss as mythical those smart epigrammatic sayings
and amusing anecdotes which are associated with his name,
and of which the present writer has made a goodly collec-
tion. Doubtless these products of the imagination will
possess some value at a future date, as aff<>rdinfi; interesting
evidence of the way the popular mind believed that a pro-
found thinker should speak and act under all conceivable
circumstances. But Mr. Spencer bears no resemblance to
his mythical portrait. In him we have the philosopher
who has kept nis door dosed, and been entirely absorbed
in his task, a huge one, demanding keen scientific percep-
tion, accurate observation, and precise generalisation.
Made painfully aware in early manhood that his tenure of
life was precarious, obliged for long periods to abandon
work altogether, and at other times able to accomplish
onlv an hour or two of work per day, he has been com-
pelled to husband his resources and keep himself aloof
from the distractions of the world. His Synthetic Philosophy
is the greatest intellectual task ever accomplished by man,
and yet it is the work of one who for fifty years has been
more or less an invalid, and obliged from time to time to
utter in the prefaces to his books despairing notes about
his feeble health, and the uncertainty attending his future.
There is nothing like this in the annals of literature. M.
Taine approaches it, for when that gifted thinker settled
down to his monumental work, Zes Origines de la France
Contemporaine, he was aware that his time was short, and
that he jnust labour with might and main to accomplish
his task. But just as he neared the end he passed away,
and we can only guess what his final summing up might
have been. In magnitude, however, M. Taine's work, the
entire work he had mapped out, falls far short of Mr.
Spencer's. There is, indeed, no comparison that way, his
Synthetic Philosophy being unique among the efforts of
men.
The general public is undoubtedly aware that Mr.
Spencer is a tnuy neat man, and has learned something
about him ; but its knowledge of him has been cauffht on
the wing, and is, therefore, superficial ; and the reid man
and his work are known to only a very select audience.
And from the nature of the case it could not be otherwise.
For he has worked out a profound all-embracing formula
of evolution, and he has applied that formula to every
branch of phenomena ; and he who believes that we have
arrived at the age of reason, and that humanity is to be
fashioned and led by knowledge and reasoned thought,
has observed humanity to little purpose. As Kenan puts
it: *'0n subit le raisonnable, on ne le croit pas." In
general, people are mostly infiuenced by feeling, and have
merely a noading acquaintance with reason. The result,
in the case of Mr. Spencer, is obvious enough. He has
acquired name and fame throughout the entire civilised
world, and his name is truly " familiar in our mouths as
household words " ; but this familiarity is with his name
only, and does not extend much further. His teaching
has reached the public largely through the medium of
opponents and hostile critics, who have distorted and
misrepresented him, and made him appear ridiculous
enough. Theologians, who, according to Buckle, are
^' remarkable for the certainty of their knowledge' on
subjects about which nothing is known," have treated
him with the unfairness common to them ; metaphysidans
have refused his peace-offering, and mangled and muti-
lated him; and the teadiers of the '*new religion of the
stomach " have poured out boiling hot vituperation and
abuse. And these are not things of ancient history. Mr.
W. H. Mallock has devoted a volume — Aristocracy and
Evolution — to the work of demolishing a purely imaginary
Spencer ; while Prof. Paulsen, of Berlin, has lately been
displaying an ignorance of Spencerian ethics wluch is
370
The Academy.
28 April, 1900.
truly amazing. Even so recently as in tlie March, number
of the Fortnightly Review^ Prof. Ward, of Oambridge^
closed a long Brutum fulmen by declaring that '^ How-
ever great Mr. Spencer's personal merits may be, bis
Ebilosopby, I sincerely believe, deserves the worst that
as ever been said of it." Truly, "it is a mad world,
my masters " ; and Mr. Spencer has had painful experience
of the profound depth of his own philosophical doctrines.
Mr. Spencer's admirers are not always free from blame,
and occasionally make statements which are inaccurate and
misleading. There are writers who, like M. Gustavo Le
Bon, declare quite ex cathedrd that Mr. Spencer's teaching
is admirable so far as it goes, but that it requires at certain
points to be supplemented by profounder views which
have escaped the English philosopher. But whenever
M. Le Bon condescends to pass from generals to particulars
in support of his allegations, we find that ^Hhe profounder
views" have all been fully elucidated by Spencer, and
even clinched according to lus custom by striking analogies.
There are others who, like Prof. W. H. Hudson, would
have us believe that Spencer's writings are " couched in
a singularly condensed and unattractive style." But
surely such individuals have paid little attention to authors
and the styles appropriate to different kinds of subject-
matter. From historians who mostly treat of the crimes,
follies, and misfortunes of men, we expect the free gait
of a Macaulay or a Froude, and from prophets who gener-
ally pass large judgments on the universe without being
at the trouble of trying to. ascertain what it consists of, we
look for the tingling rhetoric of a Buskin or a Oarlyle.
And Spencer has always been careful to vary and adjust
his style according to circumstances, using clear measured
sentences when engaged in exposition, becoming at times
placidly severe when dealing with critics, playfully ironical
when handling palpable absurdities, and rising to grave
and sober eloquence when face to face with the mystery
which lies at the heart of things. There are passages in
his writing as stately as anything in Milton's prose, while
there are occasional little side-thrusts which pierce as
deeply as any of Voltaire's winged arrows. The infinite
eternal energy which underlies all phenomena, the awful
periodicity of the universe, and
The moving row
Oi magic shadow shapes that come and go,
are never far from his thoughts, and prompt him at times
to utter words which are not far removed from the
emotional language of the poet. His lighter side is equally
effective. Nothmg could be neater than the passage
where, after contrasting the conduct of rude tribes with
that of Europeans during the greater part of the Christian
era, noting in the one case the peaceful daily life and the
resulting virtues, and in the other the political burglaries
to acquire territory, and the long list of individual and
national sins, he exclaims, " What a pity these heathens
cannot be induced to send missionaries among the
Christians ! " If Spencer's profound views fly over the
heads of most people, it is not for lack of style in pre-
senting them, but simply because the road to the popular
mind is so obstructed that bolts of close reasoning cannot
be driven into it no matter how deftly the bolts are
moidded.
And yet Spencer has triumphed, and triumphed immis-
takably. When he finished his task, four years ago, he
expressed surprise at his audacity in having undertaken it,
and still greater surprise at having completed it. He
might fittingly have added his surprise at the deep mark
his teaching has made. For, notwithstanding misrepre-
sentation, ridicule, and abuse, and in spite of the hostility
shown to him in our halls of learning and strongholds of
tradition, his dominant note has caught on and leavened
the thought of our time. It is true he is a philosopher,
and the world is apt to dismiss philosophers and philo-
sophies after the manner of Byron's lines :
When Bishop Berkeley said there was no inatter
And proved it, 'twas no matter what he said.
But Spencer cannot be dismissed in that summary maimer,
for he is not a philosopher after the manner of a BEeg^el, a
mere resuscitated schoolman, spinning meaningless jargon
and empty verbal symbols ; and still less is he a pliilr»-
sopher after the fashion of a John Stuart Mill, an analyser
of old theories and conceptions and a master of logical
acuteness, but without any fresh gospel for humanity.
Logical acuteness and power of subtle analysis Spencer
possesses in a pre-eminent degree ; but he has something
more valuable — a distinctive message, and a distinctiTe
message founded on the bed-rock of science. Se has
ebriehed us with a flood of new ideas, for he has ^ven us
the philosophic formula of evolution, and frono. that all-
embracing base he has worked out the evolution of the
solar system, of the totality of life upon the earth's sur-
face, of conscious intelligence and the products of conscious
intelligence. He has placed philosopny on a new founda-
tion, and, relying soMy on the materials furnished by
Fcienoe, he has raised a vast superstructure which covers
the entire field of knowable phenomena, and includes what
men are all interested in, the great questions of conduct,
society, and religion. The old fanciful metaphysics are
steadily disappearing in spite of the efforts bestowed upon
their renovation, and the new Spenoerian philosophy is
steadily rising, for it has a message to mankind about the
practical affairs of life and action. The extravagancies of
the old metaphysics have had their day, and the philo-
sophy of the imagination is being steadily supplanted bv
the philosophy of science, because the new plulosophy is
enriched with notes which must make it more and more
acceptable to humanity. And the author of this new
philosophy, this fresh message to mankind, which is
destined to supplant the barren negations of a bygone
age and the absurdities of the schoolmen and their
descendants, has done his work well, and has played a
great part. He has proved himself a daring explorer and
skilful pathfinder and a profound interpreter of that com-
plex phenomenon called civilisation. He has laboured to
reconcile conflicting schools and creeds, to eliminate what
is mere dross and meaningless words, and put men in
possession of what is true and eternal. His gospel Ls
essentially one of construction, of healing and of recon-
ciliation. And the very criticism he has been subjected to
is conclusive proof of how powerfully he has stirred the
hearts of men.
In Memoriam R. A. M. S.
You are not here, and yet it is the spring —
The tide you loved, compact of sun and rain.
And all swoot life and colour wakening,
Losing your touch the world falls grey again.
With you we strayed through faery palaces.
Threaded green forests dark with ancient trees,
Solemn with pomp of immemorial shade,
Where by still pools the wood-nymphs bathed and
played :
Unconscious as a happy child at play.
Of all forgotten splendours you were free,
And all the present wealth of night and day —
0, you, and you alone, could lead the way,
Yours was the key.
Yours was the golden touch, 0 loved and lost,
Or evor the wintry years that bring the frost
Could blur your radiant spirit, you are fled.
Eld shall not make a mock of that dear head,
Nor Time account you with his tempest- tost.
Young with imperishable youth you sped :
Yours is the peace, ours the unnumbered cost.
BosAMUND Marriott Waisox
^ Aprilp 1906^
The Academy.
37t
An Index Expurgatoriiis of
Words.
In a venr intereBtini: article on "Eoglish, Good and
Bad," in last week's Literature, Mr. James E. Thursfield
referred to a list of words and phrases which William
Cullen Bryant forbade his contributors to use, when he
was editing the New York Evening Post, The list
is quoted by Mr. Fraser Eae in his book, Columbia and
Canada, wiHh no comment save a mention of Bryant^s zeal
for purity of speech. As it seems probable that many
readers of the Academy may like to have such a list by
them, it is given below almost in full — a few needless
Americanisms being omitted.
Words Prohibited by William Cur.LUN Bryant.
Do not xtsb
For
Do not use
Above, or over
Action
Afterwards
Ag^gate
Artiste
Aspirant
Auditorium
Authoress
Average
Bagging
Balance
Btinquet
B«at
Boeus
Oau attention ,
Gasket
Claimed ,
ColU^ed
Commence
Conclusion
Cortege
Couple
Decade
Debiit
Decease as a verb...
Develope
Devouring element
Donate
For
more than.
proceeding.
afterward,
totaL
artist.
auditory.
ordinary,
capturing,
remainder,
dinner or supper,
defeat.
direct attention.
coffin.
fpr asserted.
begin,
close, end.
procession,
two.
ten years.
to expose,
fire.
Employe
Endorse
En route
*'Esq"
Fall
Freshet
Genta ,
Graduates ...
Hardly
Humbug . . . ,
Inaugurate
Indebtedness
In our midst .
Interment ...,
Issue
Item
Jeopardise...
Jubilant
Juvenile ,
Lady ,
Last
Lengthy
Leniency ....
Loafer
Loan
Located
Majority
approve.
autumn,
flood.
is graduated,
scarcely.
befirin.
a
Bgin.
debt.
Materially
Mutual ...
Nominee..,
Notice
Official ...
Oration ...
burial.
question or subject.
extract or paragraph.
rejoicing.
boy.
wife.
latest.
long.
lenity.
to lend.
more, relating to places or
circumstances,
largely,
common,
candidate,
observe, mention,
officer.
Over his signature
Pants pantaloons.
Parties persons.
Partially partly.
Past two weeks last two.
Polters
Portion part.
Prior to before.
Progress advance or growth.
Proximity nearness.
Quite prefixed to good, large.
Besidence house.
Baid attack.
Bealised obtained.
Becord character or reputation.
Beliable trustworthy.
Bepudiate reject or disown.
Besident inhabitant.
Betire as an active verb
Bev the Bev.
B61e the part.
Boughs
Bowdies
Seaboard sea coast.
Section district, region.
Sensation noteworthy event.
Spending passing.
Standpoint point of view.
Start begin, establish.
State say.
Stopping • staying or sojourning.
Subsequently afterward.
Taboo
Take action act or do.
Talent talent, or ability.
Talented
Tai)is
Tariff schedule of ratfs.
Telegrams despatches.
The deceasel
Those wanting those who want.
Transpose occur.
Try an experiment make an experiment.
Vicinity neighbourhood.
Wharves wharfs.
Which in ** which man.**
Would seem seems.
Although this list is interesting and helpful, it may
be compared to a bag filled with bones of contention —
and these fairly ratde. Take Bryant's first objection:
''Above " is not to be used in the sense of " more than."
That is to say, we may not write : " There are above a
hundred misprints in this edition." Well, we should
prefer "more than" a hundred here, but we dare not
insist in face of the Bible sentence: "He was seen of
above five hundred brethren at once." Swift, in OuUivet^s
Travels, has " I heard a knocking for above an hour," and
there are many other sanctions. For " over " in the sense
of "more than" there can be no justification. The
objection to "afterwards" for "afterward" seems fan-
tastic. Aggregate is certainly often used when "total,"
" entire," or " whole " would be more correct. " Aggre-
gate " pre-supposes that the elements forming a whole are
separately visible, or are being contemplated. Hence,
we think, one would say " the aggregate shipments of
tea," but not the " aggregate export of tea."
"Artiste." Vile word, say uie purists. But it and
other vile words have something to say for themselves.
It is said that you may not write :
artiste for artist,
official /or officer,
scientist /or man of science,
lengthy /or long,
as if "artiste," "official," "scientist," and "lengthy"
were vulgar eynonyme for "artist," "officer," "man of
science," and " long." They are not ; and it is the fact that
many wqrdfl which appear to be corruptions of other words
372
The Academy
a8 Apiili 1900
are really rude but healthy ofEshoots, doing special duty.
It is idle to contend that ^* artist " ought to be used in aH
oases where ''artiste'' is heard. "Artist" is one of the
least precise words in the language, yet with all its
breadth it can rarely be trusted to indicate the commonest
types of artist — persons who are proficient in a small
minor art, as distinct from one of the fine arts. A ballet-
dancer, a hair-dresser, or a cook, is called an artiste because
in such cases it has been found that " artist " requires a
context or a qualification. In short, " artiste " is a useful,
if ugly, variation of *' artist," and it was improvised to do
the work which ''artist" failed to do. Coin a better
word if you will, but meanwhile " artiste " has a right to
exist. Similarly "official" is not usually used for
" officer," as Bryant's injunction implies. There is a dif-
ference. An " officer " of the P. & 0. Steamship Company
is a captain or mate, in uniform ; an " official " of the
P. & 0. Steamship Company is a man from the office, in
a tall hat. No doubt journalists write of "officials"
where they might write " authorities " ; but there is a
general and frequent need to distingiiish between the
" officer " with his badges and known duties and the
" official " with his more disguised and indefinite power.
" Scientist " may be a horrid word, but the circumlocution
" a man of science " becomes too cumbrous in a scientific
age. If people need a word, and their language has it
not, they will make one in a hurry. Thev will adapt a
cognate word according to some simple analogy or fancied
law, and there is your word-^not bom, but manufactured.
Oan you complain that it exists, or expect it to be beauti-
ful ? " licngthy " has been a good deal reviled, and its
invention has been charged to Americans. As a matter
of fact it is found in Qt)wer. The justification of " lengthy "
is that it relieves "long" of certain duties. So many
things are long that, in the myriad action and inter-
action of daily speech, it was found convenient to describe
some things as "lengthy." And so we say a "long
pole" and a "lengthy argument.'' You may certainly
speak of a long argument ; but, if so, do you not imply in
a subtle way that the argument, though long, began and
ended on one occasion and without interruption ; whereas
" lengthy " suggests tedium, intermittence. Surely
"lengthy annotations" is usually more exact than "long
annotations." A " lengthy dispute " conveys more than a
"long dispute" — you see that the quarrel rose and sank
and wandered until everyone was sick of it. It becomes
dear that many words rejected of the purists are really
rough-hewn comer stones, filling crevices in the language.
One of Mr. Bryant's most doubtful prohibitions is that
of "in our midst." Yet Mr. Thursneld is particularly
glad to see this expression banned. Biyant gives no
equivalent for " in our midst," and Mr. Thursfield excuses
him by saying : " I suppose he thought that anyone with
the slightest sense of grammar would see that a collective
possessive pronoun cannot in such a collocation be sub-
stituted for a discretive genitive case." This sonorously
begs the question. Surely there is room for argument.
If we may not say "in our midst," meaning "in the
midst of U8," it must be wrong to say :
** in our absence " for ** in the absence of us,*'
" sing your praises '' for *' sing the praises of you/'
'* to his dismay " for *' to the dismay of Johii/'
** on his behalf " for '* on behalf of him."
Mr. Thursfield thinks that " in the midst " is always used
in the Bible with the genitive case, never with the
possessive. Perhaps. But Milton wrote in Samson
AgonisteB :
And in my midst of sorrow and heart-grief
To show them feats.
On the whole, there seems to be no sound objection to " in
our midst."
" Average " is no doubt abused, but we should defend
it in the expression " the average man." It may be used
for " ordinary " in many ways which we cannot stop to
define. Enough to quote Browain^f's " Bishop Blougram's
Apology " :
We mortals cross the ocean oi this world
Each in his average cabin of a life —
The best's not big, the worst yields elbow-room.
What is the obieotion to "coUided"? "Aspirant,"
" commence," " balance " (for a remainder not expies9ed
in figures), and " daim " (for " assert ") are all very properi?
oondenmed. ^' Oouple " is too freely used, and " decease '
as a verb is abominable. But '• endorse " for " approve"
has something to say for itself. You approve a comse of
action not yet carried out ; you endorse an action aLr»'adv
completed. Jji this sense endorse is a good word ; nothing
could be more significant. But when a speaker nses and
says : " I endorse all that Mr. 80-and-So says," he jusilj
falls under Bryant's wrath. " Freshet " for " flood " is a
leader-writer's word — a piece of professionalism. "Hardly"
and " scarcely " should be discriminatively separated if
one's mind. " Leniency " is not required, " lenity " bein^^
identical in meaning and nearer to the root. " Partiallj"
is often used when " partly ". would be better ; and jet
there is a distinction which often justifies the selec-
tion of "partially." "Partly'' suggests that the part
indicated is known and measured by the writer; "parti;
ally " suggests only a general inoompleteneas. " Beooid"
for " character " or " reputation " is not pleasant
" Betire " as an active verb (he was retired on a pension
is not impardonable in connexions where it is almost d
technical term. " Role " was adopted because it was
needed ; and mitier was brought in to reinforce it. It is
our own fault that these words are rife. "Transpire
has never been defended ; and " vicinity " seems to us to
be the least useful word in the language. ** Would seem "
is a curious phrase. It is milder than "it seems"; but
instead of " it would seem " write, if possible, "it almost
seems." "Try an experiment" is nonsense. "Subse-
quently " is original sin.
Correspondence.
The Missing Word.
SiK, — May I give Mr. Logan my reasons for preferring
Englander to Briton as the generic title of a subject ot
the Empire ? In the first place, it makes no vain attem^;
to be inclusive. The compliment which the word " Bnton
pays to Scotland and Wales is an insult to Ireland
greater than any seeming slight given by "finglander.
Again, " Briton " has a territorial and racial significance:
Englander was coined with no such oonnotation. i'|"'
the phrase "Little Englander" means one who wouW
circumscribe the Empire, not one who would exclude
Wales, Scotland, or even Ireland. B^ng a new wort,
its general adoption could be prefaced by the statemem
that it refers only to the centre of unity of *^® J'^f/Jjl
Having no racial significance it is better suited tnan
Britoji as a tifle of our Dutch and Indian fellow subjec^.
A great advantage would follow its use in that the ter
Briton or Englishman would be free from all ambigm .
and would be confined to a native of that particnw^
province. — I am, &o., F- ^- ^^**
HuU: April 21, 1900.
Suggestions Wanted.
Sir,— I wish to form a small Hbrary in oonntiy q^?^*"^
which will include the best twenty novels published in ^
last ten years. Will you and your readers ^"^° ^i g^j
me in making a selection ? I would prefer that ^^VK^
of the decade should be represented by one or t^ro p^ .^
This point, however, is not essential. I simply vis
my small library to get the very best novels P^^^,.
in the ten years.— I am, &c., " CJountbt Mousk.
April 21, 1900.
aS April, 1900.
The Academy.
373
The Etymology of Beagle, &c. : The Effects
of Gutturalization.
Sir, — The etymology of ^'beagle/' the name of the
small hunting dog, nas baffled all our leading lexioo-
graphers— Murray (1888), Whitney (1889), Webster-
Mahn (ed. 1890), Skeat (ed. 1898\ who respectiyely label
the word ''derivation obaoure," ''origin unknown,"
'' perhaps of Celtic origin" (absurd), "of unknown
origin " ; yet it seems to be capable of a very simple
explanation. A free exercise of the element of comparison
upon which Brachet was so fond of laying stress leads one
inevitably to the conclusion that "bei^le" is nothing
more than a gutturalized form of "beadle."
It may be laid down as a phonetic law that the dental
explosives (voiced d^ voiceless t) when immediately fol-
lowed by the dental liquid / are liable to conversion into
the corresponding gutturals (y, k). Thus, if " beadle " be
uttered vexy quiddy the hearer will find it impossible to
distinguish the sound from that of " beagle " ; while the
lower classes frequently call a fiddle a ^^figgle";
beeties, "beekles"; a whitlow, a " wicklow "; fettle,
" feckle," &c.
Bearing this law in mind, we are now able to explain such
surnames as Pegler and Biggie or Bickle or Bickell (where
not representing Bighill), which are merely gutturalized
forma of the original names Pedler and Biddle (Beadle)
respectively; ana also to state why, from a mistaken
notion that the pronunciation was at fault, the brook
Arkle Beck in Yorkshire has been turned into Artie Beck
in Lancashire.
A clear testimony to the real existence of gutturalization
is found in Joyce's Irish Local NatMi JExplained (p. 4). He
says that d is often changed to y, as in DrumgonneUy in
Louth, which should have been Anglicised Drumdonnelly ;
compare also the use of ifc f or ^ in the Doric dialect of
Qreek.
We first hear of the beagle in the fifteenth century. It
seems plain, then, that the rough peasant youth of that
period began to s{>ortively apply to the hunting dog the
name of the individual by whom they were nequentiy
hunted — viz., the beadle, whose functions corresponded to
those of the modem constable or detective ; " beadle " in
their coarse pronunciation becoming "beagle," which
crept into the literaiy language as a separate word, to the
confusion of etymologists for centuries afterwards. It is
something more than a mere coincidence that " beadle "
and " beagle " (fig. sense) stand in our dictionaries with
practically the same significations.
We are now able to give the origin of another etymo-
logical puzzle : " beak," the slang word for a magistrate.
Formerly, like " beadle," it meant a constable, an ofiicer
of justice. It is merely a shortening of "beagle," as
" tec " is a slang abbreviation of " detective " ; and,
touching upon stul another etymological uncertainty, it
is not too much to daim that after idl the Anglo-Saxon
verb hedian (or, perhaps, hiddan), "to beg," "to pray,"
is, under concession of French influence (0. Fr. hegari),
the ultimate source of " beg." — I am, &c.,
April 21, 1900. Hy. Habbison.
George Wishart.
Sib, — I am much interested in the statement of the
reviewer of Dr. Mitchell's Scottuh Reformation to the effect
that George Wishart's "coming" was in 1559. This
destroys the scandalous old stoiy that Beaton had Wishart
strangled and burned in 1546. That Knox in childhood
had been a pupil of Wishart's, " of him he learned the
little G(reek he knew," is also novel information. I
know not whether more to admire the docility of Knox or
the miraculous precocity of Wishart : for Knox was eight
or nine years old when Wishart, his Qreek tutor, was bom.
This, at least, is the view of Mr. Hume Brovm, and Laing
was of the same opinion. That Knox, "strangely, took to
the law " is, perhaps, not so strange, most notaries being
clerics at that date, as I understand. — I am, &c.,
A. Laj9o.
1, Marloes-road, W. : April 21, 1900.
New Books Received.
[Th$ie noUi on $oms of the New Books of the week are
preliminary to Reviews that may follow,']
Hebbebt Spenoeb:
THE Mak and His Wobk. By Hectob Maofhebson.
On Mr. Spencer's eightieth birthday appears this study
of his philosophical work. The author's aim is to
"present to the reader Spencerism in lucid, coherent
shape" — an excellent aim in which he has had the
approval of Mr. Spencer. At the same time, Mr. Spencer
"does not stand committed to the detailed treatment of
the subject" (Chapman & HalL)
The Life and Times of John
Ohables Molten o.
By p. a. Molteno.
Sir John Charles Molteno was the first Premier of Cape
Colony, and this biography, in two handsome volumes,
scarcely needs other justification at the present time. It
is full of matter for the reflection of politicians of all
shades. Sir John- Molteno was closely associated with Sir
Bartle Frere, whose actions figure largely in the narrative.
Mr. Molteno challenges some of the statements in Mr.
Martineau's biography of Frere. (Smith, Elder. 2 vols.
28s.)
HURBAH FOB THE LiFE OF
A Sailob!
By Vioe-Admibal
Sib William Kennedy.
This is not, as its titie might indicate, a rollicking song
or a jaunty littie book of impressions ; it is a vice-admiral's
solid autobiography of nearly 350 pages. But the title
has the right ring about it, and what follows it is the good
old stuff about three-deckers and cutters, about China
Seas, and wreck and battie; in short— fifty years of the
Navy. (Blackwood. 12s. 6d.)
PlONEEBINO ON THE CoNGO.
By the Rev. W. Holman Bbntley.
'hit, Bentiey is a Baptist missionary of twenty-one years'
expeirience on the Congo. While his narrative is essen-
tially a missionary's, it contains much ethnological and
political matter. Mr. Bentiey writes with admiration of
the " courage and enterprise " with which the Belgians have
developed the Congo State. His two volumes are profusely
illustrated with photographs. (Religious Tract Society.
2 vols. 16s. net)
Cabnations and Picotees fob
Gabden and Exhibition.
By H. W. WeguAlin.
A very charmingly produced littie book on a branch of
horticulture which has its devotees in a noisy world. The
chapter on "The Carnation in Town GFardens" will be
useiul to London amateurs. (Newnes.)
In addition to the foregoing, we have received :
FOETBY, OBinaiBM. AND BELLES LETTBES.
Wbifcolaw (Bo^e^t). The Sixth iEoeid of VerKil, TrmnftlAt«d...(OTer, Bofthv)
tCsodonell (Arthar A.)f Short UUt3rie8 of tbe Literatures of the World:
SaoBkiit Literature (Heinemann)
iTes (George), Eroe* Throne (SoDnenachein)
«/9
SO
374
The Academy*
28 April, 1900
THBOLOGIOAL AND BIBLIOAL.
Monle (H. G. G.), Ephofian StadJofl (Hodder & Btoaghton)
Hort (Fenton J, A.), Village Sermons in Oatline (Macmilian)
HISTORY AND BIOGRAPHY.
6/0
Innefl (A. D,\ The World's Bpooh-Makers
Granmer and the English
(T
iTaal. Part II
Allen (G. W.), The Mission of Evil : A Problem Reoonsidtred
Engiu
Reformation (T. AT. Clark)
Robinson (Ohas. N.). With Roberts to the Transvaal. Part II ...(Newoee)
3'0
1/0
(Skefflngton) 2/6
3Ca8stf (H. J. L. J.), Gatbedral Series : The Abbey Church of Tewkesbary
(Bell) 1/d
Maonamara (Nottidge C.)» Origin and Character of the British People
(Smith, Elder)
Bowles (Thomas Gibson), The Declaration of Paris of 1866 . (Sampson Low)
Balmforth (Bamsden), Some Social and Political Pioneers of the Nineteenth
Oentory (Sonnenschein)
2/0
TRAVEL AND TOPOGRAPHY.
Boddy (Alex. A.], From the Egyptian Ramleh : Sketches of Delta Life and
Scenes in Lower Egypt (Gay A Bird)
Harpers' Guide to Paria and the Exposition of 1000 (Harper A Bros.) 3/6
mSCBLLANEOUS.
Birch (W. de Gray). Gatalogne of Seals in the Department
in the British Museum. Vol. VI
The Annual of the British School at Athena. No. V. ...
Warren (Henry), How to Deal with Your Banker (
Tod (A. H.), Handbooks to Public Schools: Charterhouse .
Warner 'P. P.), Cricket in Many Glfmes
Macdonald (J. J.), Pas<*more Edwards Institutions (Strand
Jdrgensen (Alfred), Mioro^Organisms and Fermentation.
Harrison (Kveleen), Home Nursing
Allchin (W. H.}, A Manual of Mediciue. Vol. I.
of Manuscripts
...(The Trustees)
( Macmillati ) net
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(Bell) net
.. (Heinemann)
Newspaper Co.)
Third edition.
(Macmillan)
(Macmillan)
(Micmillan) net
7/6
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3/6
7/6
7/6
NEW EDITIONS.
Johnson (Samuel). Basselas. Edited by Justin Hannaford (Greening) 3/8
Goldsmith (Oliver), Temple Glassies : Citisen of the World. 2 vols. ...each 1/6
%* New Novels are acknowledged elsewhere.
Special cloth cases for binding the half-yearly volume of
the AoADBMY can he supplied for Is. each. The price of the
bound half-yearly volume is 8«. 9d. Communications should be
addressed to the Publisher, 43, Chancery-lane.
The Twelve Most Popular
Characters in Dickens.
Our Weekly Prize Competition.
RESULT OF NO. 31 (NEW SERIES).
In this competition for a list of the twelve most popular characterd
in DibkenB, we stated that in jndgfing we should resort to the
pUhisoite method, selecting for the prize the list which corresponded
in the greatest nnmber of items with the general sense. The list
submitted by Mr. John P. Rapsey, 10, Glaskin Road, Hackney,
contained eleren out of the twelve characters chosen by the
popular vote. Mr. Rapsey^s list is as follows : —
1. Mr. Pecksniff. 7. Sam Weller.
2. Mr. Pickwick. 8. Sidney Carton.
3. Mr. Mioawber. 9. Mr. Mantalini.
4. Little Nell. 10. Mark Tapley.
5. '* Sairey " Gamp. 11. Captain Cattle.
6. Dick Swiveller. 12. Peggotty, sen.
The Popular Vote.
Compiled from all the Luts Submitted.
VOTKS
1. Mr. Pickwick 61
2. Sam Weller 60
3. Mr. Micawber 51)
4. Captain Cuttle 58
5. Mark Tapley 54
6. Little Nell 43
7. Mrs. Gamp 42
8. Sidney Carton 29
9. Mr. Pecksniff 27
10. David Copperfit^ld 24
11. Dick Swireller 23
12. Mr. Peggotty 16
Vn'fer Id Votes.
1. Oliver Twist l'>
2. Betsy Trot wood 13
- 12
10
9
8
.....•> o
8
7
^ 6
5
5
3. The Marohionero.
4. Traddles
5. M r. Mantalini
6. Nicholas Nickelby
7. Mr& Nickelby
8. PaulDombey
9. Tom Pinch
10. Uriah Heep
11. Flo Dombey
12. Little Dorrit
Other replies received from : A. H., London ; T. A., London :
A. W., London ; A. E., London ; L. L., Ramsgate ; M. and A. A.,
Southport ; H. S., Weston-super-Mare ; J. T^ Epaom ; M. D..
Beokenham ; R. O. B., London ; C. London ; JB. S. B , Cardiff
D. F. H., London ; S. B.. Great Malvern \ M. P., Waiiinfsford
H. R., London ; A. P., Wolverhampton ; W. T. W., I^ondon
J. M. S. T., Manchester ; C. A., Glasgow ; J. B. N., York ; F. IL,
Sheffield ; M. B., Liverpool ; J. S., London ; G. S , Eastbourne :
G. E. B„ Ascot ; M. E. R , Tenby ; R. C. W., Cheshire ; M . A. C,
Cambridge ; E. W. B , Torrington ; M. P. H., Hanwell ; H. N. D .
London ; H» T. H., Newbury ; C. A. E., Malvern ; H. A , East-
bourne ; C, DorkiFg ; P. B , Bournemouth ; J. D. W , liandoi ;
A. B. B., Brighton ; R. W., Sutton ; M. F. L., Stafford : J. F. F.,
Didoot ; A. N. R., London ; J. H. S., Manchester ; J. G., Doncaster :
C. C, Edinburgh ; E. G. B., Liverpool ; M. M. C , Greasbom' ;
E. H. H., London ; M. E T., London ; C. M., Ballater ; C. B.,
Ballater ; C. B., Clifton ; H. G. H., Ruswarp ; R. L., GIa.*gow :
M. M, Edinburgh ; S. D. A , Bideford ; M. R., Falkirk ; A. E. G.,
London ; F. W., Oxford ; C. F., Hastings ; E. L., Burton-on-Trenc
Competition No. 32 (New Series )•
ALTHonQH Ciwper*s '* History of John Gilpin*' 10 artistic^y
complete, it is still a tale unfinished. Gilpin, pursued by ''^ix
gentlemen upon the road," wins the race to town and arrlvcn aafi.nr
hom«. Bnt what of Mrs. Gilpin and the children f They ate still
at the Bell Ion at Edmonton. How did they return ? And what
passed when the Gilpin family, reunited round thmr own table ia
Cheapaide, reviewed the adventures of the day 7 We offer a priz ^
of One Guinea for the best attempt to supply this information in
four or five stanzas which mi»eht properly precede the last (ezisUng]
Btanza of the ballad. Cowper*s four final verses run :
Stop thief I stop thief I —a highwayman !
Not one of them was mute ;
And all and each that pass'd that way
Did join in the pursuit.
And now the turnpike gates aguu
Flev open in short spao" ;
The toll-men thinking as before
That Gilpin rode a raoe.
And so he did, and won it too,
For he got first to town ;
Nor stopped till where he had got up
He did again get down*
\^Bere insert the new stanziis.l
Now let us sing, long live the King,
And Gilpin, long five he ;
And, when he next doth ride abroad.
May I be there to see 1
Rules.
Answers, addressed "Literary Competition, The Acadkmt, 43,
Chancery-lane, W.C," must reach us not later than the first post
of Tuesday , M<iy 1. Each answer must be accompanied by
the coupon to be found in the first column, of p. 376, or it can-
not enter into competition. Competitors sending more than one
attempt at solution must accompany each attempt with a aeparate
coupon ; otherwise the first only will be considered. We wiah to
impress on competitors that the ta<*k of examining replies is much
facilitated when one side only of the paper is written upon. It is
also important that names and addresses should alwaya be given.
We cannot consider anonymous answers.
28 April, 900. The Academy. 375
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376
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28 April, 1900.
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TTNIVBRSITY OOLLBGB, LONDON.
SESSION 18»9 1900.
YATES LECTURES.
A COURSE of SIX LECTURES on "PREHISTORIC
CHRONOLOGY" will be delivered by PiofeMor OSCAR
MoNTELlUd (of the Stockholm Mu»eum). in the BOTANICAL
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The subjects of the Lectures will be :—
I.— Relative Chronology. Method — Types (Evolution) —
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IL— RelatiTe Chronology. SuccvsaiTc Periods of the Stone,
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Italy, France. England, Uermany, and Scandinavia.
III.— Absolute Chronology. Possible, if a prehistoric period in
one country is contemporaneous with the liistorieal
time in anotlier part of the world. Chronology in
ABi4, Egypt. Greece and Italy.
IV.— Absolute Ctironology. Iron Age in Central and Northern
Europe,
v.— Absolute Chronology. Bronze Age in Central and
NorUiem Europe
V I. — Ahaolu to Chronology. Capper and Stone A ge.
The Lecluree are open to the PubUc witliout payment or
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J. M. H0R9BUR(;H. M.A., Secretary.
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NIVBRSITY COLLEGE, LONDON.
SESSION 1800-1900.
A COURSE of SIX LECTURES on "THE POETRY OP
ROBERT BROWNING ". will be dellrered by the Rev. STOP-
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THL'R*»DAY. May 3rd, 1900.
Tlie subjects of the Lectures will be :—
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IV.—" ImsKinatiro Represeutations."
V._"The Dramas."
VI.—" Poems on Uie Virtues."
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QWENS COLLEGE, MANCHESTER.
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ROYAL INDIAN ENGINEERING
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ROYAL HISTORICAL SOCIETY
(Incorporated by Royal Charter).
Patron- HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN.
President-A. W. WARD, Esq.. Litt.D.
ALEXANDER MSDAL.
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SEXUAL DIMORPHISM IN THE
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A Theory of the Evolution of Seeondapy Sexoal
Characters.
By J. T. CUNNINGHAM, M.A.,
Containing 32 llluscrationB.
" It is a thoughtful work, and if only a fragment oa
account of the future literature of a great subject^ it
forms a sound basis for the commenoemeut of a valu-
able course of study, and one that mav' be pursued by
most intelligent persons."— i8<?f«u» Ooetip.
NOW READY.— Crown Svo, cloth, price 6e.
THE GIFTS of ENEMIES: a NoveL
By G. E. MITTON, Author of " A Baehdor Girl
in London," " Pire and Tow," Ac.
" The smartness of the dialogue, the vanety of in-
cident, and the strong interest of the story itself aU
contribute to make * The Gifts of Enemies * eminently
readable, and as it shows a distinct Impro^iement in
technique over its predecessors, its final acceptance by
the reading public can hardly be in any doubt. '
Glaegom Daily MaU.
A. & 0. BLACK, Soho Square, London.
The Academy
A Weekly Review of Literature and Life#
No. 1461. Established 1869.
5 May, 1900.
Price Threepence
{RggisUnd as a Ntmtpaptr^
The Literary Week.
Since the foundation of the Bojal Literary Fund in
1773, nearly £130,000 has been distributed ''unosten-
tatiously, seoretly, and i^mpathisingly," to quote Lord
Kussell of Killowen's words, who presided at the annual
dinner on Wednesday. The income of the Society is
£2,000 a year, and its expenditure £3,000 a year. Mr.
Anthony Hope Hawkins, who responded for '' Literature,"
remarked that they had to face the fact that to the mass of
the people literature was a blank page. In his opinion
the duty of the author was to choose, not the most exalted
audience, but the best audience that he was capable of
reaching, and when he had chosen it to do the beet work
he could. The diity of the critic was to recognise what
audience the author was capable of reaching, not to take
him too seriously, and not to tell him that, because he
could not achieye the highest of all things, therefore he
was not worth anything at all. It is a new experience to
find an author saying uiat critics should not take auUiors
too seriously.
NoTBiNo seems to afiect Mr. Bernard Shaw's high
spirits. To embellish an amusing interview in Sketch he
has permitted himself to be photographed as a vagrant on
crutches begging by a wayside. !Ilie picture is called *' Mr.
George Bernard Shaw supporting himself in the intervals
of play-writing." But there does not appear to be much
interval, as we are told that he is now woning on '' a veiy
daring play on the subject of ' Don Juan,' and preparing
for the press a volume to be called Three Playe far Puritane,
the plays being ' The Devil's Disciple,' ' Caesar and Cleo-
patra,' and ' Captain Brassbound's Oonyersion.' "
" CoxTNTBY MoTJSB " askod last week in our Oorre-
spondence columns for the names of '' the best twenty noyels
published in the last ten years." ''I would prefer,"
he added, '' that each year of the decade should be repre*
sented by one or two books." Messrs. James McGeadiy
& Co., of Glasgow, send us the following in answer to
" Country Mouse's " appeal : '' When we consider that
during a decade several thousands of novels are published
it is not suxprising that a very large percentage of these
pass into oolivion in a few months after date of issue.
The romance that may be read more than once is not often
met with. Those novels that survive must have qualities
which Appeal to the constantly changino^ novel-reading
public. The following list is made up cmiefly of such as
nave stood the test of several years and are still in
demand:
1889. Bobbery Under Arms, by Rolf Boldrewood.
1890. Lady Babv, by Dorothea Gerard.
Kirsteen, by Mrs. Oliphant.
1891. The Little Minister, by J. M. Banie.
The White Company, by A. Conan Doyle.
1892. Lord Ormont and his Amiota, by George Meredith*
Children of the Ghetto, by lara^ Zangwill.
1893. Many Inventions, by Eudyard EipUng.
A Gentleman of France, by Stanley J. Weyman.
1894.
1895.
1896.
1897.
1898.
1899.
Prisoner of Zenda, by Anthony Hope.
The Haiders, by 8. R. Crockett.
The Honour of Savelli, by S. Levett- Yeats.
The Sowers, by H. S. Merriman.
On the Face of the Waters, by F. A. SteeL
Tess of the D'Urbervilles, by Thomas Hardy.
St. Ivi»8, by R. L. Stevenson.
The Nigger of the Narcmus, by Joseph Conrad.
Aylwin, by Theodore Wstts-Dunton.
The Forest Lovers, by Maurice Hewlett.
John Splendid, by Neil Munro.
Yoang April, by'Egerton Castle."
Thx Daily Neu>9^ in a leaderette the other day, made two
disturbing statements :
We are told that the robberies of show-cases at public
institutions, one of which ooonrred at the Natural History
Musenm, Kensington, last Sunday week, date from the
appearance of a certain story by a famous novelist.
We are informed that the diffusion of Staiky d- Co, among
sohoolbojTS is apt to increase the difficnlttee of maintaining
discipline and a re8i>ect for school regulations. The Head-
master of a large pubUo school tells us that he attributes
a recent misdemeanour of a pupil directly to the inflaence
of that work.
Who is the popular noyelist of the first paragraph, and
what is the tiue of the story ?
Mrs. Stepney Rawson, who won our prize for the best
topographical essay, has lat^y finished a long noyel deal-
ing with the Regency period, which Messrs. Hutchinson &
Co. are publishing this spring under the title of A Lady
of the Eegeney,
Apbopos of Dr. Jessop's outspoken and somewhat dopre-
datoiy article on Borrow in last Monday's Daily Chronicle^
Mr. Lowerison sends the following interesting fragment to
our contemporary :
The landlord of the Ferry Lin at Oulton Broad knew
(George Borrow very well. I remember five years ago
asking him bow he liked the author of Lavmgro,
" Didn't like him at all," was the gniff response.
*' At least," I said, ** he was a scholar and a gentleman."
*' Scholar be d ," replied Boniface, '' an' gentleman
he weren't ; never came into my bar but he quarrelled with
everyone there, and cracked 'em out to fight, An' when
he weren't fightin' himself he were eggin' others on to."
And thai was Georcre Borrow.
But all the same I'll e'en take down the Romany Rye and
talk with the gipsies ere I sleep to-night.
Mb. Theodore Andrea Cook has resigned the editor-
ship of the St. Jamei^s Qasette, and has entirely ceased his
connexion with that paper. Mr. Cook, it will be remem-
bered, succeeded Mr. Hugh Chisholm last autumn.
We regret to hear that Mr. Eden Phillpotts has been
obliged, as the consequence of overwork, to cease writing
for a time. His new novel, Sim$ of the Morning^ is almost
completed.
n
380
The Academy.
5 May, 1900,
Messrs. Duckworth publish this week Prof. Herford's
metrical translation of Ibsen's Lov$^b Comedy, which he
pronounces to be " without doubt the finest of the few
plays of Ibsen which still remain inaccessible to the
English reader.". A portion of the present translation
appeared in the February number of the Fortnightly
Meview, and we then quoted some of Prof. Herford's Hues.
Love's Comedy is a satire on Marriage as the fulfilment of
Love. Ibsen's attitude is pithily defined by Prof. Herford
in his Introduction, in which, after laying down that there
are two men in Ibsen, the idealist and the critic, he says :
Loye, for the idealist Ibsen, is a passion which loses its
virtue when it reaches its goal, which insj^ires only while
it aspires, and flags bewildered when it attains. Marriage,
for the critic Ibsen, is an institation beset with pitfalls ioto
which those are surest to step who enter it blinded with
love. In the latter dramas the tragedy of married life is
commonly generated by other forms of blindness — ^the
childish innocence of Nora, the maidenly ignorance of
Helena Alving, neither of whom married precisely " for
love '' ; here it is blind Love alone who, to the jealous eye
of the critic, plsys the part of the Serpent in the Edens of
wedded bliss. There is, it is clear, an element of unsolved
contradiction in Ibsen's thought — Love is at once so
precious and so deadly, a possession so ^i^lorious that all
other things in life are of less worth, and yet capable of
producing only disastrously illusive effects upon those who
have entered into the relations to which it prompts. But
with Ibsen — and it is a grave intellectual defect--there is
an absolute antagonism between spirit and form. An in-
stitution is always, with him, a shackle for the free life of
souls, not an organ through which they attain expression ;
and since the institution of marriage cannot but be, there
remains as the only logical solution that which he enjoins
— to keep the soul's Ufe out of it. To " those about to
marry," Ibsen therefore s%ys in effect : " Be sure you are
not in love ! '* And to those who are in love he says :
" Part ! "
It is well that Love's Comedy should have its English
readers. We may remark, however, that its publi-
cation just now will probably increase the feeling of
pause and bewilderment which is coming over Ibsen's
disciples in this country. Eor the effort to understand the
later Ibsen will hardly be helped by this new inrush of the
Ibsen of 1862.
Some of the unpublished Gowperiana, of which Mr.
Thomas Wright gave an account at Olney last week, are
interesting. Take the following passage on women, from
a letter to Mr. Samuel Bose in 1790. Speaking of Lady
Hesketh, Cowpersays: ^'To a person indifferent to her,
or to whom she bears a dislike, she is all smiles on all
occasions, but not . such always to those whom she loves
and values. Then, if she feek herself inclined to scratch,
she scratches without ceremony, and this is the manner of
all the ladies I ever knew, and I question if you will ever
meet with an exception." If Cowper knew women, he
also knew children, and with these he could play games
by the hour. One little boy, who always called nim Mr.
Toot, gave Lady Hesketh a sprig of box one morning,
requesting her to hand it to Mr. Toot as a present from
himself. Cowper acknowledged the gift in a couplet :
Dear Tom ! my Muse this moment sounds your praise,
And turns at once your sprig of box to bays.
Desiring Hayley's portrait he writes to him :
Achilles and Hector and Homer and all.
When your face appears shall come down from the wall.
And mine, theme of many an angry remark,
Shall then hide its pickpocket looks in the dark.
Mb. Laurence Binyon's forthcoming study of Thomas
Girtin will, we may hope, do much to secure to the
memory of a brilliant young artist the reverence that is its
due. Girtin is little more than a ncune to the ordinary
ioter of pictures, but those whose sympathies are especially
with the old English landsoapista, with Grome and
Constable and Bonington and Prout, are aware that Girtn
took to his early grave the seeds of greatness. In tk
introductory essay which will accompany the book Mi.
Binyon says :
The circumstances of Girtin's life, his compaoionsliii
with Turner, his early death, would render him alwy.
interesting. The fate which in that same period remoTr:
from poetry Shdley, Keats, and Byron, in thdr youth or
in their prime, removed from paintiog one who, tbougi
his name could never have the splendour which attack
to these names, insomuch as the field he worked vu k
itself less glorious, exalted, and conspicaoos, yet hid
developed his powers in a life as brief as Keats's, with &
perhaps surer and completer progress. His promises
wonderful, yet his performance showed already mau;
noble and satisfying works, works of real maturity.
The book will be issued by Messrs. Seeley.
The Dedication Fanciful is exemplified by Mr. Jeross?
K. Jerome in his new book Three Men on the Bummd:
TO the gentle
GUIDE,
WHO LETS ME BYEK GO MY OWN WAY, YET BBINGB Ml RIGHT-
TO THE LATTGHTER-LOVING
PHILOSOPHER,
WHO, IF HE HAS NOT BEGONCILED ME TO BEARING TBB TOOTE-
ACHE PATIENTLY, AT LEAST HAS TAUGHT MR THE COMF08T
THAT THIS EVEN WILL ALSO PASS —
TO THE GOOD
FBIBND,
WHO SMILES WHEN I TELL HIM OF MY TROUBLES. AND VII
WHEN I ASK FOR HELP, ANSWERS ORLY " WAIT ! "-
TO THE GRAVE-FACED
JESTER,
TO WHOM ALL LIFE IS BUT A VOLUME OF OLD nUMOl'R-
TO GOOD MASTER
THIS LITTLE WORK OP A POOR
PUPIL
IS DEDICATED.
The Bummel, by the way, is not a river, as its sound some-
how suggests.
*' It has been a pleasant Bummel, on the whole." ^
Harris ; ** I shall be glad to get back, and yet I am sonr
it is over, if you understand me." ^ _„ ij
" What is a/ Bummel ' ? " said George. " How wotm
you translate it ? " -u- «« 1
" A ' Bummel,' " I explained, " I should describe »
journey, long or short, without an end, the ^'"•^.^,
regulating it being the necessity of getting b«jk wiuu^
given time to the point from which one started.
The Dedication Incomprehensible is exemphfi^d in
Fiona Macleod's new book, composed of three "»t»^^^J
spiritual history," called The Divine Adventure, Jof^^^
By Sundoum Shores. Miss Madeod's dedication runs
follows :
THE WmD, SILENCE, AND LOVE
FRIENDS WHO HAVE TAUGHT MB MOST*.
BUT SINCE, LONG AGO, TWO WHO ARE NOT ^^^^.^g
WENT AWAY UPON THE ONE, AND DWELL, '^^^^^^q^
REMEMBEKING, IN THE OTHER, I DEDICATB THIS B
TO
EALA8AIDH
WHOSE LOVE AND SPIRIT LIVE HEBE ALSO.
A VALUABLE collcction of autograph letters, the V^^^
of the late Chevalier de Chatelain, will be sold pjj^.
at Sothel^'s on Saturday, May 5. Several inters
5 May, 1900.
.The Academy.
381
letters of George Eliot's are among the number. To Dr.
Alexander Main, the editor of the '< Oeorge Eliot Birthday
Book," she writes, with curious punctuation :
I have jost learned from Messrs. Blackwood, that they
have agreed with you oonceminff the Birthday Boolk.
When your letter came I had already referred the decision
to Mr. Blackwood. Mr. Lewes and I having no acquaint-
ance with this new mode of serving up authors. Sioce
then Mr. Blackwood has sent me the Tennyson specimen,
and I must say that I think it exceedingly ill done. The
extracts are too numerous and too short. The effect is
dotting and feeble. This is not the Poet's fault, and I
think the presention of our beloved Tennyson in this book
is cruelly inadequate. It is probably too late now to
mention Mr. Lewes's wish that tiiere should be a good
sprinkling of the best quotations from my Poems and
poetical mottoes. But I confide in your having done
something very different from the work of Tennyson's
Editor. I should like you to remember for a Spring
month, the motto in Deronda, beginniog ** Fairy folk a
listening " and for a Winter's month, the motto in Middle-
march beginning "Surely the golden hours are turning
grey." And w£L1 you permit me to say, that the only
peccant tendency I can accuse you of, as a selector, is a not
always strict obedience to that precious rule. Nothing too
much ? Perhaps it would have been better not to nave
made the volume of *' Sayings " quite so bulky. Not that
this is any business of mine.
We understand that the Mittory of the Boer War now
being issued in fortnightly parts by Messrs. Methuen, and
noticed by us in another column, is being written by Mr.
F. H. E. Ounliffe.
There was really no need for Mr. Shorter to apolofi;ise,
as he does, for annotating Mrs. Gaskell's life of Charlotte
Bronte, the seventh and concluding volume of the
*'Haworth" edition (Smith, Elder). It would be
strange indeed if the labours of Bronte enthusiasts had
not rendered some annotation absolutely necessary. No
one is more competent to apply it than Mr. Shorter, who,
however, makes generous aoKnowledgment of his debts to
other investigators. One of the attractioi;is of this edition
will be found in a number of unpublished letters written
by Charlotte Bronte to her publisher, Mr. George Smith,
of Messrs. Smith, Elder & Co. Another prize— the letter
in which Mr. Bronte definitely asked Mrs. Gaskell to write
the biography of his daughter — has been imearthed,
and is given by Mr. Shorter. We take the liberty to
transcribe it :
TO MRS. OASKELL, MANCHESTER*
Haworth, near Keighley : June 16, 1855.
My dear Ma'lam, — Finding that a great many scribblers,
as well as some clever and truthful writers, have published
articles in newspapers and tracts r 'specting my dear
daughter Charlotte since her death, aud seeing that many
things that have been stated are untrue, but more false
{sic) ; and having reason to thick that some may venture to
write her life who will be ill-qualified for the undertaking,
I can see no better plan under the circumstances than to
apply to some established author to write a brief account
of her life and to make some remarks on her works. You
seem to me to be the beat qualified for doing what I wish
should be done. If, therefore, you will be so kind as to
publish a long or short account of her life and works, juit
as you may deem expedient and proper, Mr. Nicholls
and I will give you such information as you may require
I should expect and request that you would affix your
name, so that the work might obtain a wide circulation
and be handed down to the latest times. Whatever profits
might aris<) from the sale would, of course, belong to you.
You are the first to whom I have anplied. Mr. Nicholls
approves of the step I have taken, ana could my daughter
speak from the tomb I feel certain she would laud our
choice.
Give my respectful regards to ^r. Gkiskell and your
family, and
Believe me, my dear Madam,
Yours very respectfully and truly,
P. Bront]^
We shall deal with this volume, which is admirably
iiiostratedy at an early date.
In a well-reasoned article in the ComhiU Maga/tinij on
'^ The Modem Parent," Mr. Stephen Gwynn stands up
for old-fashioned methods in the training of children as
against the kindergarten system and the advanced theories
of the Sesame dub :
By Froebel's system even the rudiments are expressly
prohibited till a child is six, and, so far as I can maxe out,
reading is discouraged afterwards. A very clever parent
was explaining to me not long ago that his very clever
little son was not taug;ht to read because Uttle boys
invariably put themselves into unhygienic attitudes over
a book. They read doubled up, and that is bad for their
digestions ; or they read lying on their stomachs, and that
is bad for their eyes. For my own part, I would risk the
hygiene for the sake of the education. ... It is rare for
boys to go to school possessing anything that can really
be called knowledge ; out tiiose who do have invariably
got their knowledge by miscellaneous reading in boolcs
which they only half comprehended. It is not a habit
that is acquired at school, where every hour has its fixed
occupation — that is to say, that the average child has only
five or six years, say from six to twelve, in which to form
it. And I confess that I should be unwilling to postpone
the chance of acquiring this habit even to the most
scientific instruction in building bricks or in making mud-
pies. In short, I would teach a child first of all how to
read, because by teaching him to read you put him in
possession of the employment which of all others is the
most delightful to many children, and those the most
intelligent; because you enable him to amuse himself
quietly ; and because you give him the best chance to find
out what sort of things really interest him in Ufe. You
open the door to that cultivation of his own mind by
himself which is the most important of all.
The report of the Librarian of the Bishopsgate Institute
for 1899-1900 has some interesting features besides its
general cheerfulness. The library now contains more than
twenty thousand volumes, and about nine thousand
borrowers' tickets are in circulation. A list of the occu-
pations of borrowers is curious, its peculiarities being
ndrly wdl represented in the following selection :
Beadle I
Barmaids 8
Carman 1
Cigar Sorter 1
Commercial Clerks 2242
Solicitors' Clerks 177
Cook 1
Editor 1
Investigating Officer 1
Lift Attendants 6
Nurses
Oil and Colourmen
Pew Opener
Railway Guards
Hallway Ticket Sorters
Schoolmasters
Students
Tailors
Telegraphists
Valuer ..,
3
3
1
4
10
4
13
8
22
1
The reference department of the library contains more
tlum seven thousand volumes and a valuable collection of
prints of old London.
M&. Alfred W. Bennett, who has been a subscriber
to the AcADE^T from No. 1 (t .«., from 1869), suggests the
following additions to the Bryant list of words wrongly
used by many popidar writers :
Do NOT T7SE Fob
k fortiori a fortiorL
k posteriori a posteriori.
sL priori a priori.
eliminate separate.
once he had done it as soon as he had done it, or
once having d^ne it.
phenomenon something remarkable,
phenomenal
those sort of things that sort of thing.
382
The Academy.
5 May, 1900
Of Edmond Bostand's home surroundiiigs an^inteTesting
account is given by an '' occasional correspondent " of the
Da%ly[News. And Bostand himself ?
There is no portrait which one sees that gives the true
Eostand. . . . The forehead now loftier than ever, the
features are perhaps more pinched, and there is a wrinkle
here and there. A cigarette between the fingers always.
A nervous, tired, anxious air at all time's, the shy look of
the man who is self-^sentred, or, rather, always preoccupied
with some ideal. A soft, low voice which in its rare
moments rises rich and fall, eloquent above others. No
gestures. Only now and then a weary wave of the hand,
as the fine head rolls from one side of the Voltaire chair to
the other. An extreme, a polished courtesy. Manners
which go better with the Louis XY. cartel than with the
Louis XVI. furniture. lu the sleepy eyes occasional
fiashes which show who there is bebmd this mask of
extreme fatigue.
Mb. J. Potter Briscoe, F.R.H.8., F.L. A., of the Central
Free Library, Nottingham, writes: **ForMr. Sandwell's
information, I may state that Ella Wheeler Wilcox was
made known in England a quarter of the century ago.
About January, 1875, there was published by Mr.
Kempeter a volume of temperance verses from that lady's
pen. This was entitled Drop^ of JFiU&r, and had been
previously published in New York under the same title —
in 1872. At this period she was Miss Ella Wheeler. In
1884 she married Mr. Bobert M. Wilcox, when she wrote
under her husband's surname but retained both her maiden
names.
Bibliographical
Practioallt no notice has been taken of the Diyden
bi-centenary of Tuesday last. It is, indeed, permissible
to doubt whether any interest is now taken in Dryden
outside the boundaries of the cultured classes. His
case is not like that of Cowper. '* John Gilpin " is
still read by children, and remembered by them when
they grow up ; possibly, too, the average man and
woman has known and remembers something of The lash
But who reads Dryden? He is dead as a dramatist,
though his '' Secret Love " was revived for a single after-
noon some few years ago, and though his '* King Arthur,"
I fancy, was peiformed lately, somewhere; for Sie sake of
the music which was written for it. Of the plays as a
whole, the latest edition is that of Scott as edited by Mr.
Saintsbury in 1882-93. That, I presume, is out of print.
A selection from the plays would probably sell, but no one
has attempted it. Of the poems there was a new edition
so recently as 1893. Prior to that, the handiest was the
'^ Globe " volume of Messrs. Macmillan. So lately as
1893 Mr. J. C. Collins edited the Satires. Of the critical
essays a reprint is to be forthcoming shortly ; if we except
a reprint 01 the '' Dramatic Poesy,'' we have had nothing
of Dryden's prose since Prof. Morley republished a few
Discourses in 1886. One proof of the lack of life in
Dryden's work lies in the rarity of the critical comments it
arouses. Of set criticisms of Dryden there have been, of
late years, very few. Indeed, I am inclined to think that
there has been no notable essay of the kind since Lowell
wrote that which he afterwards included in Among My
Books,
Of criticism of Milton, too, the literary world has not,
of late years, been rife. Nearly every biographer of the
poet — from Johnson and Hayley on the one hand, to
George GilMan, James Montgomery, David Masson,
W. M. Eossetti, Mark Pattison, and Dr. Gamett on the
other — has indulged more or less in Appreciative or depre-
ciative pronouncement on his works; and we have, of
course, the time-honoured dissertations of Addison,
Coleridge, Channing, and so forth, to consider. But who
is stiU the critic of Milton par exeeUmee'i y^ij, " good
old " Macaulay, to be sure ! No other oommentator ha*
made any abiding impression upon the pablic His
famous essay was reprinted last year, as it Had been ir
1896 ; its first separate issue was, I think, as far back as
1868. All of which goes to Drove that Prof. Baleig:h, in
composing an estimate of Muton, and devoting a volume
to it, is venturing into a field in which, among the later
moderns, he has no very formidable competitor. I do not
know that there is much that is novel to say about Milton:
but if there are any new points to be urged, no doubt Mr.
Baleigh is the man to discover them.
The new volume in Messrs. Gay & Bird's " Bib^ot
series wiU consist, it seems, of Ths WU and Wisdom d
Sydney Smith. Will this be a new selection, or the repr >
duction of an old one ? The first ever made was the work
of an American, copies being circulated in this country ir
1858. Two years later came what may be called tL^
authorised collection of the WU and Wisdom^ which had, c
course, a London publisher. Since then we have had i
little book of selections edited by Mr. Ernest Rhys, aci
a collection of the Canon's hon mots printed with hon mii
by Sheridan. There is room for an entirely new repre-
sentation of Sydney Smith's wit and wisdom, but, to r?
adequate, it must considerably overpass the limits of a
"Bibelot."
I have been able to do little more than glance at Mr
Lane's bibliography of Mr. Kipling; but I see that i:
has the great merit, not only of giving ordinary biblio-
graphical information, but of supplying alphabetical lis^
of all the stories and the poems, with indications of th-
particular volume in which each of them is to be founi
This will be extremely useful tor purposes of reference.
The bibliography comes down only to 1899 ; we cannoi
therefore, blame Mr. Lane for omitting from his " Boob
Relating to Mr. Kipling " the Kipling Primer^ which v?
owe to Mr. F. L. Knowles, and which has only lately
appeared. Mr. Lane might, however, have noted tbf
publication, at Birmingham, last year, of The JETiphX'
Ouide Book, a neat liUle compilation by Mr. Willi 1:^
Eoberton.
Very welcome, no doubt, will be Sydney DobeU's Ei^
in War Time when it appears in Mr. Elkin Mathev^:':
projected "Vigo Cabinet" series. Much, however, vil
depend upon the scope of the book. Why not ^ve us the
whole of England in War Time (published in 1856), snd
along with it, Dobell's sonnets on the Crimean Ws:
(published in 1855)? We shall see what we shall see
Meanwhile, the reader may be reminded that the little book
of Selected Poems by Dobell, included in the '' Canterbun
Poets" (1887), contains a very fair selection from Dobell'^
war poetry.
I asked the other day, parenthetically, whether WUlian
Black had introduced Shcucespeare in person into his storr
called Judith Shakespeare, I have not been instmcted 01
that point, nor have I had time to look into tiie hooi
myself ; but a correspondent teUs me that at least the bard
was not brought bodily into a play called *' Judith Shake-
speare," which was performed ^' some six or seven yean
ago" at one of the Stratford memorial performanoefi.
''The nearest approach to the actual Shakespeare," sav^
' " "^ wading ^ ^^ ^ ^^ - ^
which was produced at the Eoyalty Theatre, London, ic
1894.
The same correspondent says: ''I do not think Hi.
Merivale's ' Lyrics of Pericles ' could have been use^
tin the recent performance of '' Perides " at Stratford^
heard the play on the 28th inst., and cannot trace anv
resemblance in the lines you quoted to ;anvthing,ihat I
heard." Thb Bookworm.
5 May. 19UO.
The Academy.
383
Reviews.
Babylonian Blandishments.
Daeirine and Doctrinal Disruption, By W. H. Mallock.
(Adam & Charles Black. 7s. 6d. net.)
AsqiacilS thinkers, says Mr. Mallock, are moving in a
kind of mist. Of the four parties into which, according
to him, the Church of England is divided, the Bitualist
says that the Apostolic Succession is the one thing needful,
'^ because by its means, and by its means alone, the clergy
are invested with a species of miraculous power which
enables them to renew the sacrifice of Christ's actual body
and blood." The moderate High Church, represented on
the same authority by Canon Qore, also thinks the
Apostolic Succession essential, but declares that '^the
Church of England does not require any exact or explicit
expression of belief in regard to it." On the other hand,
the Bishop of Hereford, speaking for the Low Church,
tells us that " the doctrine of a divinely ordered priestly
authority [is precisely the error that] the Keformation
really banished from our Church " ; while the Broad
Church, to quote a phrase that Mr. Mallock puts into its
mouth rather than takes from it, thinks that ''of all
heresies the greatest and most deadly is that which would
limit Qod's revelation of Himself to one age, or to one
type of character, or to one system of thought." These
are serious differences, and Mr. Mallock has no difBlculty
in finding others quite as serious, though it may be not so
logically complete. Lord Halifax says, as Mr, Mallock
puts it, that for '' doctrinal Christians the Virgin-birth of
Christ is the foundation of their whole religion " ; but
many other Christians quite as doctrinal think that the
miraculous birth of Christ did not form part of the primitive
Christian teaching. The High Church, and perhaps rather
less vehemently the Low, still assert their belief in the
miracles recorded (say) in the Gospel of Mark ; but the
Broad Church either try to explain them as distorted
versions of natural events, or else flatly deny their belief
in them altogether. Never, perhaps, has any religious
body been so seamed and split as is the Church of England
at the present moment by the diverse opinions of its
members upon points which appear vital to the faith. At
first sight it would seem impossible that a kingdom so
divided against itself should stand.
By assigning the march of Biblical criticism as the
ultimate cause of these divisions, Mr. Mallock has touched
the point wiUi a needle. When the (Eeformed) Church
of England first came into existence, the direct inspiration
of the Bible and its function as the last appeal of Christians
were so universally admitted that no parW in the Church
ever thought of disputing them. Mr. Mallock might well
indeed have strengthened his case in this respect bv
quoting the XXth Article, wherein it is said that '' although
uie Church be a Witness and a Keeper of Holy Writ, yet
as it ought not to decree anything against the same, so
besides the same ought it not to enforce anything to be
believed for the necessity of salvation." And that this
inspiration was held to extend to the letter as well as to
the spirit of the text no one who knows the state of
learning at the time of the Beformation can reasonablv
doubt. But now that the cause of criticism, after much
hard fighting, has triumphed all along the line, the situa-
tion has entirely changed. ''The most decisive step of
aJl," Mr. Midlock quotes with approval from Prof. Hamack,
"was taken when it was agreed that the understanding
and the exposition of the (Hd and New Testaments were
neither to be regulated by any ' creed ' nor be allowed,
out of regard to me sacredness of the text, to make use of
other methods than those universally recogpoised in the
spheres of philology and history." ^d the use of these
methods has residted, to quote Mr. Mallock's summary
of the Dean of Canterbury's utterance, in the Bible being
put before us, " not as a book, but as a body of religious
literature whose various parts were produced, under widely
different droumstances, by men who differed in knowledge
and were in different frames of mind; and every part
represents the peculiar circumstances of its composition —
the education and temper of its author, the ideas and the
superstitions of his time, and the sort of opportunities he
possessed of acquainting himself of the events described
by him." The last appeal of Christians, in fact, has
transformed itself into a sort of lucky bag out of which
you may draw the truth or you may not. " We cannot,"
says the Dean of Canterbury, " accurately sa^ that the
Bible is the Word of Qod," but only t^at " it contains
the Word of Gk>d." Mr. Mallock does not over-state his
case when he tells us that the "inspired and infallible
portions [of the Bible] can convey to us no instruction till
some authority altogether outside the Bible is able to tell
us which these infallible portions are."
Where this authorii;y should in his judgment be looked
for no one who remembers the note first struck by Mr.
MaUock in his New Eepublic can doubt. The case for
doctrinal Christianity is, he teUs us, not hopeless. The
Church of Eome " is most clearly shown to be the one
Christian body still possessing the means of presenting
Christian doctrine to we modem world as a body of truths
supported by a system of definite proof, and [iie] destined,
like other truths, to develop as knowledge widens."
Hence it behoves every Anglican who finds his soul vexed
by the complete overthrow of the authority which he has
hitherto found sufiGlcient to him, to get himself cured of his
heresy without delay, and to come to the motherly arms of
her who can alone give him rest.
Borne is the only Church representing itself as an ever*
living and articulate individual, which at no period of its
existence has lost any one of its faculties, but is able every
day to reaffirm, with a living voice, every doctrine which
it has ever authoritatively enunciated in the past — ^to re-
affirm it now in virtue of the same supernatural knowledge ;
and to re-affirm it, moreover, with an ever-deepening
meaning.
Such is the cup of allurements which she of the Seven
Hills extends to her admirers by the hands of her self -
constituted messenger Mr. Mallock. Of the consequences
of its acceptance we need not speak; but it may be as
well to say something about the argument under cover of
which it is put forward.
Now, witin great part of Mr. Mallock's case we have no
serious quarrel. Some exception might, indeed, be taken
to the nature of his evidence ; and we are not sure that he
is always right in the parts he assigns to his adversaries.
It is not the noisiest spokesmen who are generally
the best accredited, and we do not exactiy see on what
principle Lord Halifax is singled out as the typical repre-
sentative of the High or mxB, Humphry Ward of the
Broad Church. Neither do we beueve that, as Mr.
Mallock says, "many Christian bodies are abandoning
doctrinal Christianity " altogether. But we are much
inclined to believe that the very outspoken language of
the Higher Critics has at last produced its effect withm the
Church of England, and that the issue of a work like
Canon Cheyne's Biblical Cydopeedia, for instance, is a
sign that some of its most learned members have either
accepted or are preparing themselves to accept Prof.
Hamack's shibboleth. We may even go further, and say
that we see no logical means of escape from Mr. Mallock's
argument that, by the undermining of the authority of the
Bible, Anglicanism has lost its chiefest sanction. But
does it foUow from this that all Anglicans should, there*
fore, throw in their lot with the Church that Mr. Mallock
represents, or that they would be any better off if they
did? For Prof. Hamack's critical method is quite as
destructive of the Boman position as it is of the Anglican.
The claim that Home has authority to pronounce upon
the faith to be attached to the Bible rests, Mr. Mallock
384
The Academy.
5 May, 1900.
tells UB, upon unbroken tradition ; but what wild work
would not the Higher Criticism make among these same
traditions ! Are we to be driven from our belief in the
Yirffin Birth to take shelter behind the Petrine claims, or
to ^andon the miracles of Mark for those of Eginhard ?
As it is, the one tradition which the Higher Criticism has
shown to have been universal in the ante-Nicene Church —
viz., the nearness of the Second Advent — ^has been proved,
not by the critics, but by the facts, to be false.
We think, also, that Mr. Mallock is wrong in attri-
buting to the question such extreme ui^ency as he would
wish to do. Biblical criticism, whether within or without
the pale of Christianity, is in itself no new thing; and
Marcion, Cardinal Cajetano, and Voltaire each in Ms turn
exposed the inconsistencies of the Old Testament long
before the German school of criticism was bom to set us
all right. Yet the Churches have always shown themselves
very slow in abandoning their entrenched positions ; and
nothing could well be more inept « in this regard than
Canon Gore's unfortunate remark (several times quoted
by Mr. Mallock) that the changes produced by the adop-
tion of a scientific Biblical criticism are as great as ''the
changes involved in the acceptance of the heliocentric
theory." When we consider that, fifty years after the
establishment of the Bef ormed religion in this country, Lord
Bacon, who was surely one of the most learned and logical
of Protestants, is found strenuously denying the helio-
centric theory of Copernicus, which his no less logical and
nearly as learned co-reli^onist Sir Isaac Newton was the
first to make really popiuar a hundred years later, we may
be sure that it ^nll be some time before the Church of
England feels herself called upon to find her way out of
the dilemma stated, on the whole with fairness, by Mr.
Mallock. When she does — and we may venture to think
that this will probably not be until the sufficiently technical
theories of the Higher Critics have filtered down from the
few educated and interested Anglicans who are now
grappling with them to the less informed and more
indifferent masses who form the bulk oi the Anglican
as of every other Church — we think her leaders may be
trusted to find a way for her, and that it will not be that
indicated by Mr. Mallock. In no irreverent sense do we
say : '^ II y a toujours des raccommodements avec le ciel."
South Africa and the War.
The Relief of Zadtf smith. By J. B. Atkins. ( Methuen 6s. )
Besieged hy the Boers. By E. Oliver Ashe. (Hutchinson.)
The History of the Boer War, Parts 3, 4, and 5. (Methuen.
Each Is.)
Someone will doubtless draw up a statistical statement of
the amount of printed descriptions of the present war in
South Africa which have been, and will be, offered to the
public. At present one is conscious of a mighty flood
without being able readily to compute its volume. First
come the fateful dispatches of generals. Then the
regulation- length telegrams of war correspondents. Then
supplementary dispatches and lists of killed and wounded.
To en new dispatcnes. Then long letters from the war
correspondents amplifying the first-mentioned dispatches.
Then, as the letters accumulate, they agglomerate in books
— book after book ; and still the nerve- wracking pom pom
of new dispatches, new lists, new letters, goes on. And
all this flow of intelligence in wavelets, waves, and tides
is complicated by the fact that it reaches us from several
theatres of war, and that the date of one set of intelligence
may lag behind that of another. And ever the cisterns go
on filling, filling — that is to say, books go on appearing,
appearing. Strange backward gleams are Uirown on
events of the remote past at the very moment when the
future is become keenly interesting. It is a hurly-burly,
and the critic who can deal exhaustively with the literature
of the war had need to devote his days and nights to its
digestion. Even then he would be working under a con-
viction that the history of the war has not begun to be
written.
In the meanwhile, then, the critic looks for idiosyncrasy,
and is grateful for that— -something that is different, and
individual. Mr. John Black Atkins's book is full of such
fresh wind. One had a good expectation that it would be
so, for Mr. Atkins's War in Cuba struck its own note. His
talent lies in giving the psychology and landscape of war ;
its little humanities and incongruities ; the conversations
that fill its grim pauses; the points of view of officer,
private, enemy, and prisoner; the little by-dramas and
odd touches that, told over a fire, make men hitch chairs
nearer to the speaker. We do not suppose that we can,
by extract — and that is the only method — do justice to
Mr. Atkins's peculiar interestingness. We might quote
his description of the scene when the Dunnottar Castle
and the Australasian passed each other in mid-ocean, the
one ship eager for news, the other able to give it. The
Australasian hung out a big black-board on its rigging,
with words written on it :
Would the letters never stop flickering in the end of
one's glasses P The ship would be by in a moment, and
why on earth hadn't she come nearer ? Bat at last the
words drew out and separated themse'ves from the con-
tinuous line of chalk. We read :
** Truce." Yes, " Truce." What, already ?
No—** Three " ; that was it—*' Three."
*' Three battles," so we read, catchine the last words as
the Auatralaiia slipped past us — ** Three bUtles ; the
Boerd defeated: Symoas k*lled." . . . We looked on the
sea with enlightened eyes.
Of such salient anecdote the book is full. The talk of
officers, privates, and telescope-men on a hill top, when
every effort is being made to sight the enemy, is recorded
with the fidelity of a phonograph. We are told how an
unlicensed American correspondent is politely expelled
from the camp ; we are told how a Zulu driver — ^but this
anecdote is too delightful to be merely mentioned. *' I
cannot help remembering," says Mr. Atkins,
an iocident which happened as that column wound past
my tent, perhaps because it was one of these incidents
which are trifling enough to seize the mind peremptorily
on grand occasions. A Zulu driver lashed out with his
long whip at his mules, and instantly let drop from his
left hand, with a curious native cry of despair, that
cherished Kaffir instrument, a concertina. The moving
column moved on; **nor all the piety nor wit" of the
Zulu cotdd lure it back to recover the concertina. But the
leader < f the mounted company coming behind noticed
the instrument lyiug on the ground. '*Mind that con-
certina ! " he shouted. ** Pass the word ! " He pulled his
horse aside, the word was passed, a lioe of horses in the
middle of the company swerved, the forest of legs passed,
and, behold I the concertina lay untouched. The next
company leader threw up his hand like a driver in the
Strand. * ' Look out ; mind the concertina ! " '* Mind the
wind-jammer," said one man to another in tones (as they
seemed) of deep personal resentment if a rider let his
horse's hoofs go dangerously near the precious thing.
And thus all the rest of the brigade past, hurrying on to
use all the latest and most civilised means for tailing men
and destroying property, and mindinff the concertina
tenderly as they went ; so that when all the dancing sea
of legs had passed over it the concertina still lay un-
scratched on the ground, and I picked it up and took it
into my tent.
Well, the book is full of stories like that. There is com-
ment and epigram too sown about the pages: ''Tou
might sav that in this war the object of the Boer gunners
is to kill an enemy who cannot see them; that of the
heroic British gunners is to be killed by an enemy whom
they cannot see." How good, too, is the criticism on
Captain Eeid's remark, when he was praised for hi^
5 May, 1900.
The Academy.
385
gallantnr in saving the ^uns at Colenso. ''BoBh!" he
had said. '* It was the dnvera."
It was not true, and yet what can be finer to remember
and admit that the bans of all individual distinction is
the jeopardiee and sacrifices of others ; to remember that
officers make themselves famous always a little by proxy.
So long as our officers do remember and confess it, we
need not fear that they live in inhuman relationship with
their men.
We should like to quote and quote again from this most
human record of (General Buller's operations at the Tugela,
and the relief of Ladysmith. Take a psychologically
curious dialogue that Mr. Atkins heard when the relieved
and the Telievers met in Ladysmith, and the nightmare
was over :
I overheard the greeting of one distinguished general to
another.
''Well, how have you been getting on?" asked the
besieged one.
" All rieht, thanks," was the answer, and a temporarv
silence followed. For a short time I was disappointed.
Then I found half the explanation.
''Two months ago," said the officer, "the thing was
a strain, but we got over that. Two months ago we were
enthusiastic when we heard you were coming, but we got
over that. Two months ago ," s > be went on. Why,
of course. ... I felt as though I were in a place as unsub-
stantial as a shadow land — ^g^unt men greeted one with
wisps of smiles, without violence of feeling ; gaunt srooms
combed gaunt artillery horses with the husks of uie old
assiduity.
That carries oonviotion ; *' drives like rain to the roots," as
Mr. Meredith might say.
Dr. E. Oliver Ashe's book, B$»%$g$d hy the Bo&rSf is a
light-hearted diary of the siege of Kimberley by a man
who saw all that was best worth seeing from the book-
making point of view. Not that the author intended its
contents to be published. He wrote his diary, day by
day, solely for his mother in England, its publication
being an afterthought. It is, therefore, a free and easy,
discursive, and individual record. The frontispiece por-
trait shows us the effect of a 100-lb. shell on a Kimberley
parlour, but in the book shells are not taken too seriously.
At first, the effects of the bombardment were ludicrous,
but when the Boers brought their big gun to bear on
the town caution became general; all the well-to-do
people made forts and pits in their gardens, and the
poorer people went down the mines at the invitation of
Mr. Bhodes. Over two thousand were lowered into the
Kimberley and De Beers mines, and brought up again
after four days, without accident. Dr. Ashe tells us
many interesting things about the food and health regula-
tions enforced by martial law. The stringent method of
meting out food to each family was mitigated by a permit
system which aimed at the relief of invalids and weaklings ;
but this. Dr. Ashe declares, developed into a ''perfect
nuisance." The objection to horseflesh was almost in-
vincible in many people, and soon '' the talk all day was
of food, and of the permits necessary to get it." Frag-
ments of shell were much sought after ana were kept to
be made up into brooches, letter-weights, &c. ''Imme-
diately a shell had burst, and the dangerous moment past,
everyone in the neighbourhood tore £antically towards it
to pick up the pieces, for which there was a readv sale,
ana g^ood pieces, such as the bottom or the conical point
with the brass face on it, would fetch from one to two
pounds." There is not a dull page in this timely, wholly
unpretending book.
The flood of war books is itself a justification of the
general Hutary of the Boer War, now being issued in
fortnighUy parts by Messrs. Methuen. This publication
co-ordinates the events and lessons of the war as far as
these are understood up to the present time. Admirably
illustrated, written wil£ verve and insight, and published
in a form which makes its acquisition easy, this nistory is
an ideal book of its kind.
Yesterday in Australia.
Leaves from a Squatter^s Notebook, By Thomas Major.
(Sands & Co.)
This is an interesting, even a valuable book. Told in a
brief, business-like fashion, it neither is nor makes any
daim to be literature ; but it is worth a great deal that
has more pretensions to style. The very absence of
"dress' enhances the impression of severe truth and
actuality. And the actuality has all the value of a chapter
from the irrevocable past, which will soon have no sur-
vivors. The author, a squatter, who began his career in
the early 'sixties, knew an Australia venr different from
the land of big modem cities, amiable colonial governors,
and fashionable sun-shades variegating the ring wherein
white-dad athletes swelter through five-dav cricket
matches — ^an Australia extinct as its own dodo. And
what he knew he shows us. We ride through vast un-
tracked countiy infested with hos^e and bloodthirsty
natives and still more hostile and bloodthirsty insects.
Indeed, of the two varieties of aborigines tiie latter
are the more consistently formidable. The unhappy
horses push through kangaroo-grass up to their heads,
and from the grass rise clouds and surges of mosquitoes,
covering man and beast from head to foot — mosquitoes
little, mosquitoes big and grey, but all equal in thirst for
gore. And at any moment you may rouse, besides the
nights of mo8(|uitoes, a flight of spears. Even a tropical
thunderstorm is no barrier to the attack of either species
of native. Mr. Major describes one such inddent during
an exploring expedition into Queensland, accompanied by
a white comrade and a civilised New South Wales black
named Jerry. A terrific thunderstorm caused them to
neglect their wonted nightly watch :
The palms bent their heads almost to the ground ; the
more sturdy panduius stood erect, parting by hundreds
with their dry sharp-pointed swords as they were wrenched
from the stem and hurled into the air. Then came the
rain ! Heavens ! how it did rain that night I First came
big steaminff drops, which, as each lightning-flash shone
upon them, had the appearance of endless ropes of liquid
silver. Then, as they became united, they were trans-
formed into a torrent like a second dduge.
They were stripped to their shirts because of the heat, and
a fire of green wood smoked in the tent, to drive away the
mosquitoes who yet entered by swarms. In this defence-
less posture Jerry heard the approach of natives, and the
discharge of his carbine brought a chorus of yells, together
with a whizzing of spears, out of the darkness. The foe
were in the rear, a creek, with a big tree near it, in front ;
and to the big tree they fled, leaving guns behind.
We were crouching behind the shdtering tree; a few
feet away was the creek; this and the tree protected
us from the blacks and their spears, but it was the habi-
tation of an equally dangerous foe— the alligator with
his fangs. Picture, if possible, the position of us three
poor wretdies. We had beaten a retreat from our tent,
each dothed only in a Crimean shirt ; the few feet of earth
on which we now were between the tree and the creek
had become a steaming bog ; the mosquitoes feasted in
swarms, as they had an unlimited opportunity of doing,
on our bodies. We dared not move to brush them off,
and the rain again fdl as only tropical rain can. Fortu-
nately the lightning had ceased, . . . but we could not
stir till break of day . . . The horror of that night I shall
n«-ver forget.
But the blacks, thinking the explorers dead, from their
silence, and too cowardly to search the tent till daylight,
made no farther attack. At daybreak the explorers
returned to the tent, finding their guns dry and ready for
use.
We had now no fear of our last night*s assailants, and
had time to turn our attention to the picture prescLted by
our own persons. All the exposed parts — and few were
not so — were red and swollen, as if we had been attacked
386
The Academy.
5 May, 1900.
by measles. Jerry's cuticle remained as ebon an ever, but
it had suffered just the same amount of irritation. I shall
never forget hu expression as he burst into a loud laugh,
saying : '* Me think it close up all the same, like it skinned
possum ? "
On yet another occasion Mr. Major narrowly escaped
the deadly consequences of flirtation with a Queensland
beauty — guileful as Mother Eye. They surprised some
girls fishing, and he at last encouraged (as he supposed)
one of them to leave the water, holding in her hand a fish.
Then, like Mother Eve as regards clothing, she stood
dose by me and presented the nsh. ... In age she was
about eighteen ; Iw skin, a dark bronze, shone like a new
penny. What attracted me most was the extreme beauty
of her form. Every limb might have been a sculptor's
model, so round and shapely were they, while her feet and
hands were exquisitely proportioned. Her face showed
her ivory-like teeth when she smiled, and was most
pleasing.
He hung a small looking-glass round the dark lady's
neck, and she, seating herself by him, began to pat his
cheek. This Australian idyll was interrupted by a missile
striking the log on which he sat, while a shout was heard
from his friends, and two shots followed. Forthwith a
tlurong of black men scudded o£E for the open country, and
the charming Australian in their wake, as fast as she
could go. The men had been ambushed under a loose
sand-heap in his rear, with a piece of tree-bark over their
heads for concealment. Out of this they rose, but his
two friends behind saw and fired before more than one of
the natives could throw his weapon. The moral is, that
before flirting with a native Australian lady it is commend-
able to prod the sand-banks.
Mr. Major's book is full of incident and adventure,
quotable and readable from cover to cover. It can be
recommended to all who wish to know the wild Australia
before the days of Spofiorth and Murdoch, of flannel-dad
cricketers and khaki-dad colonial cavalry.
" A Queen of Tears."
The Love of an Uncrowned Queen, By W. H. Wilkins.
(Hutchinson & Go. 36s.)
The title of this book is happily chosen ; for the story of
Sophie Dorothea of Oelle, unloved consort of George
Louis, Prince of Hanover, later George I. of England,
was, in truth, the story of her love. The life of this
'' uncrowned queen " seemed '* fused," as she herself once
wrote, in her devotion to Philip Ohristopher, Count
Kunigsmarck, the brilliant, unscrupulous Swede. ^' A once
very radiant princess (witty, haughty-minded, beautiful,
not wise or fortunate) now gone all ablaze into angry,
tragic conflagration, getting locked into the old castle of
Ahlden, in the moory solitudes of Liineburg Heath, to
stay there tiU she die — thirty years, as it proved — and
go into ashes and angry darkness as she may." The
story which Carlyle flashes on us Mr. Wilkins has here
told at length. It is a tragic one — a brief, passionate
drama of ''disastrous bliss" ; a long and dreary epilogue
of two-and-thirly imprisoned years.
Sophie Dorotiiea was the offspring of a love marriage.
Her mother, Eleonore d'Olbreuse, the daughter of a
simple French marquis, was only the morganatic wife
of George William, Duke of Celle, and thereafter rose,
by a ten years' difficult ascent, to the position of his
acknowledged duchess. Eleonore's portrait, that of a
woman wise, ambitious, yet, withal, lovable, brings a
welcome relief into these studies of the sordid vice
and intrigue of the princely and electoral Courts of
the seventeenth century. The Princess of Celle inherited
much of the sensitive charm of her French mother,
and was possessed of more waywardness than strength
of will. She set herself passionately against tiie macziage
planned for her by her father, but her child's Tehe-
menoe — she was barely sixteen — was unavailing. The
Mectress Sophia, wife of Ernest Augustus of HaniTrr
^an imperious, implacable lady, of wnom wo liare her^
a convincing, though unattractive, portrait — came heiseL:
to Celle to settle the marriage which was to unite the tvc
branches of the house of Brunswick-Lunebuz^g^. ^* La
Fraile " (so the Electress Sophia, with sinister presdenc^,
dubbed the heiress of Celle long before political reason
had made her claim Sophie Dorothea as her son's biide
was, in truth, too fraile and too strong for her environ-
ment. She failed to find the position even of electoral
princess sufficient compensation for an enforced marriage
with a brutal and faithless husband. After a brief and
faltering resistance, she turned with aU the force of a
pent-up nature to the adventurous Swedish seedier of
fortune who had been her playmate in childish days at
Celle. The story of their romance is told in the Tolaminoni
correspondence preserved in the nniversity of Lumi
which Mr. Wilkins has for the first time printed in full
Granting the authenticity of these letters, which seein^
on the whole, probable, they form a curious human
document, with their fluctuations which are, in the end.
one monotony. There is the passion in which the soldi^
writes, in unsoldierly spirit enough: ''The days seen
weeks to me, the weeKs like months, and the month'
centuries ; and when I think that I have still two montiii
of campaigning to go through before I see you, I despair.
and pray a thousand times a day that I may be iround^i
in the fight, and so have a pretext for returning t>'
Hanover — and to you." And the Princess respDcii!
prophetically: ''Life without you would be intolerabk,
and imprisonment within four walls pleasanter than to gt
on living in the world." There is the jealousy whicc
finds in a Court ball or the formal greetings given to as
ambassador cause for volcanic reproaches and ''torrente
of tears."
''I have a consolation here," writes K6nig;8marck
fiercely, '' not a pretty girl, but a bear, which I feed. If
you should fail me I will bare my chest and let him tea;
my heart out. I am teaching him that trick with 8hee>p
and calves. If ever I have need of him — GFod help me '
I shall not suffer long." Then, more tenderly, '^ So Ion?
as a drop of blood remains in my veins my heart is whoUr
yours. Tou are all my wealui, my treasure; I wonic
sacrifice the world to kiss your divine mouth. I hate war
and everything which takes me from your side. One
favour omy I ask of the eods — that I may be always with
you, in life and in death."
Nor is the Princess less fervent. ''I learned on mj
awakening that a fearful battle has taken place and you
were in it. My plight is pitiful ; it seems to me that everr
gun is pointed at you. Grand JDieu ! if any hurt were to
happen to you, what would become of me? I should
start at once for the camp, hasten to give you all necessair
care and attention, and never leave you more. If it b^
true that you love me, spend the rest of your life with
me ; let us build up a happiness in each other which none
can shatter."
The love is all absorbing and all exclusive. Sophie
never mentions her children, and her devoted mother is
regarded by turns as a convenience and hindrance. Great
events of war and peace slip by unnoted unless they affect
the chance of a stolen meetmg. In the Count's rhapsodies
an occasional grossness mingles with the ardour, and his
extravagance leads us to doubt the pennanence of his
passion, to question whether, had Sophie Dorothea attained
to her heart's desire, a final union with him, she might not
have experienced as great a disillusion as ^'La Grande
Mademoiselle" with her adored Lauzun. But Sophie's
letters reveal a pure as well as a passionate nature, how-
ever sadly astray.
The closing catastrophe is tragic in the truest sense of
5 May, 1900.
The Academy.
3S7
the word, for it waa direotLy oonBequent on Konigsmarok'i^
criminal intrigue with the Oountess Platen, the malignant
enemy of the PHncees. It was through the relentless
watchfulness of this woman, the all-powerful mistress of
Ernest Augustus, the Elector, that the Count was at last
trapped on his way from the apartments of his *' divinity "
and killed in resisting arrest. His death, on the vei^ eve
of final flight and reunion, eliows him at his best, borne
down by odds, in the midnight silence of the palace, with
a plea for the '^ innocent Princess " on his dying lips.
Thereafter came Sophie's divorce, for desertion merely,
to save the Hanoverian pride, the Princess making no
resistance. She was imprisoned in the Castle of Ahlden —
Duchess of Ahlden being thenceforth her title — and there
held, despite all efforts made for her release, while her
husband went forth to daim that other title of King of
England. For thirty-two years she watched the mists
roll on and draw away across the marsh, waiting in vain
for liberty, till she received it at the hands of death.
Often betrayed, she was never wholly embittered, never
bowed by the ''dust accumulate" of her destiny. The
wild speed at which she was wont to drive up and down
tho six-mile limit allowed her, bears witness to her
prisoned vitality, while the diamonds which, on such
desolate progresses, never failed to sparkle in her dark
hair give a fine flash of defiance. So she lived, charitable to
the poor of her little domain, resistant to her oppressors ;
so she died — ^November 13, 1726— leaving her husband to
perish, it was said, of superstitious terror at her fate, and
her son to ascend that throne of England.
The book is evidently a work of thorough research, and
the style is lucid and sympathetic, though never attaining
to distinction. The author displays a weakness for well-
worn phrases, the edge of which has become dulled by use,
and indulges in an occasional startlingly mixed metaphor.
These, however, are slight blemishes in a vivid present-
ment of one of the most pathetic figures of the House of
Hanover.
Our Lady of the Snows.
The Great Company (1667-1871). By Beckles WiUson.
With an In1ax)duction by Lord Strathcona and Mount
Eoyal. (Smith, Elder & Co, 18s.)
Though happily free from the scourge of war herself,
Canada has, by the contingents she has sent to South
Africa, vindicated her place as the eldest daughter of the
Empire, and it is therefore at a fitting moment that Mr.
Beckles WiUson undertakes to toll the story of the Great
Company. This, the Hudson's Bay Company, was, as Mr.
WiUson puts it, '* the one original pillar remaining in that
New World mansion, which is at once the refuge of errant
peoples and the theatre of discoveries, vicissitudes, and
experiments," until its sovereign powers were merged in
the Empire and it ceased its independent existence. The
Honourable Company of Merchants Adventurers Trading
into Hudson's Bay was an aftermath of the Elizabethan
epoch, belated indeed, as it was not foimded imtil Charles
II. came to the throne. Then the spirit of Imperial
expansion, which had been chiUed by the Puritan sway,
burst forth again ; London swarmed with adventurers, and
every London tavern and coSee-house resounded with pro-
jects for conquest, trade, or the opening-up of remote
regions.
For two centuries the tide of commercial speculation had
set eastwards, and men's minds had been fiUed with the
fabulous riches of the gorgeous East. But when the king
came back there was Uttle room for new men east of Suez,
for the East India Company had for over half a oentuiy
had a monopoly of trade in that part of the world. And
80, perforce, the merchant-adventurers turned to other fields
of action, and set their faces towards the setting sun,
towards that Continent of North America of which so Utile
was known, and of which not much had been expected.
]ji 1664 King Charles, with the easy generosity of those
days, granted New England to his brother, the Duke of
York, who in due time ousted the Dutch and changed
New Amsterdam into New York. Ail this reminded ower
London merchants that in the frozen North the French
drove a mighty fur trade, and that the Company of the
Hundred Associates sent twice yearly from Quebec to
Havre ships laden with the furs of Canada; but they
recognised that the king would never countenance the
expulsion of the French coloniste as he had winked at the
dislodgment of the Duteh.
But fate, as ever, turned the scale for England. In
1665 two intrepid fur traders, QroseiUiers and Badisson,
employees of the '' Company of the Western Indies," who
had pushed their way westwards from Quebec to the
unknown shores of Lake Superior, arrived in Paris, after
having failed to make the heads of the Company take up
the project for the expansion of French influence into the
North West. The two only met with equal iU-success in
Paris, until at last Colonel Carr, who had spoken with
them in America, introduced them to Lord Arungton, the
British Ambassador, who in turn gave them a letter to
Prince Bupert of the Bhine, prince of England and
Bohemia, and patron of the Arts and Sciences. The
prince introduced the adventurers to the king, and at
last, on June 3, 1668, the JNontueh, a ketch of mty tons —
for in such cock boata did our ancestors set out to conquer
new worlds — sailed from Wapping under the command of
Captain Zachary Gillam for the far off Hudson's Bay.
FinaUy, on September 29, the adventurers cast anchor at
the enlarance to a river in 51^ latitude. The journey was
ended ; a boat was lowered and GiUam and GhroseiUiers
went ashore. The river was christened Bupert's Eiver,
and by the next spring the Indians had brought so many
pelte that GKllam could saU away home with a good cargo
to report on the exceUent prospecte to the Prince, leaving
QroseiUiers and some others behind.
GhroBeilUers' anticipations were realised, but not without
almost incredible activity on his part. He spent the
summer and automn, and part of the ensuing winter, in
makinff excursions into the interior. He made treaties
with tne Nodwayes, the Kilistineauz, the Ottawas, and
other detachments of the Alcocquin race. Solemn con-
claves were held, in which the bushranger dwelt — ^with
that rude eloquence of which he was master, and which
both he and Badisson had borrowed from the Indians — on
the superior advantages of trade with the English. Nur
did his zeal here {jause ; knowing the Indian character as
he did, he concocted stories about the English king and
Prince Rux)ert; and manv a confiding savage that year en-
riched his pale- face vocabulary by adding to it '* Charles "
and '*Bupert," epithets which denoted that superlative
twain to whom the French bushranger had transferred his
labours and his aUegianoe. Chouart des QroseiUiers in all
his transactions with the natives exhibited great hardihood
of speech and action ; and few indeed were the occasions
which caught him unawares. It happened more than
once, for instance, that some of the wanaering Alconquins
or Hurons recognised in this smooth-tongued leader at
the English fort the same French trader they had known
at Montreal and the French posts on the Western lakes,
and marveUed much that he who had then been loudly
crying up ** King Lewis and the Fleur-de-lis " should now
be found surrounded by pale-faces of a different speech,
known to be the aUies of the terrible Iroquois. QroseiUiers
met their exclamations with a smUe ; he represented him-
self as profoundly dissatisfied with the manner in which
the French traders treated his friends the Indians, causing
them to travel so far and brave such perils to brine their
furs and giving them so littie in return. '* TdQ aU your
friends to come hither," he cried, *' and King Charles wiU
give you double what King Lewis gives."
This quotation gives a very fair idea of Mr. Beckles
Willson's style, and also shows the sUght uncertainty he
labours under in the treatment of his subject. The
3S8
The Academy.
5 May, 1900.
romantic nature of the enterprise is so overwhelming that
Mr. Willson appears to hesitate between romance and
commonplace history in his telling of it. Indeed, the
story of the Gbreat Company has before now inspired the
writers of fiction, and more than one writer of thirty years
ago drew his best stories from the inexhaustible stores of
the Company's records. Mr. Willson is an enthusiast on
his subject, and, like so many men of Ghreater Britain,
sees dearly the romantic side of the story of the Empire.
He must be left to tell the remainder of the fascinating
history himself. The charter of the Company was not
granted till May 2, 1670, and gave to Prince Bupert and
seventeen nobles and gentlemen the exclusive right to
establish settlements and carry on trade at Hudson's Bay.
As their operations spread they naturally came into
collision witn the French, who were by no means disposed
to acquiesce tamely in another set of adventurers to the
north. French and English fought on the shores of the
great white bay as they fought at Blenheim and Mal-
plaquet, and all through the eighteenth century the
struggle continued, until it was finally settled in favour of
the English and of the Hudson's Bay Company. The
great corporation still exists, though in its old form it had
lagged behind the years, and its acquisition by the Canadian
Oovemment was a necessity of the times. No sovereign
in Europe had a clearer right to his dominions than the
Company, but, unlike the '* John Company," it was a king
without an army, and lacked the military system which is
the indispensable adjunct to sovereign authority. The
rebellion of Biel and the Metis was the finishing stroke,
and Canada in 1870 acquired two million three hundred
thousand square miles of territory for a payment of
£300,000, the Company being at liberty to carry on its
trade in its corporate capacity without hindrance.
On the. whole, Mr. Willson has done his work well, but
the book would be improved by compression. Occasion-
ally the story is overloaded with detail which, however
necessary to the full record of the Company, appears
superfluous in an account which is probably not intended
to be e:!diaustive. Now and then there is also a lack of
lucidity, and the narrative branches off to side issues which
rather obscure the main subject. But this is by the way.
The book is well illustrated with portraits, and with a
most interesting facsimile of the original charter granted
by Charles II. A competent index also adds to the value
of i^e work, which will be welcome to Canadians and to
all those who have interests in Canada.
Other New Books*
A List of English Plays Wkittbn before
1643, AND Printed before 1700.
By Walter Wilson Greg.
This scientific and careful " hand list " will be of the
greatest value to all students of the ^^Elizabethan" drama,
and will largely supersede such earlier compilations as
Halliwell-Phillipps's Dictionary of Old Flays, or Mr. W. C.
Hazlitt's Manual for the Collector and Amateur of Old English
Flays, The assistance which Mr. Greg has received from
such bibliographical experts as Mr. A. W. Pollard and
Mr. B. G. C. Proctor woidd of itself be adequate guarantee
of the accuracy of his work. The list is conveniently
arranged under an alphabet of authors' names, and the
title-pages are given, with certain carefully explained excep-
tions, in full. The press marks of the British Museum
copies, and notes of the chief collections in which copies of
each edition may be found, are added. Masques and
similar productions are excluded. We are a little sorry
that no attempt has been made to indicate the nature of
the publishers marks or vignettes used on the tiUe-pages.
These are often of some value in tracing the literary
history of Elizabethan plays. We are glad to see that
Mr. Greg contemplates ''a full bibliography of tli«
English drama up to the closing of the theatres dming
the Civil War." (Bibliographicid Society.)
A History of Greece :
Part m. Br Evelyn Abbott, M.A., LLD.
The first volume of Dr. Evelyn Abbott's HiJii^n-^ ^
Greece appeared in 1888. The present one covers the k«t
half of tne fifth century, from the '* Thirty Years' Pcsl^ "
to the fall of the '< Thirty Tyrants " at Athena, and je:
another will bring the narrative to the death of Alexander
the Great. Dr. Abbott has many of the qualities of an
historian — accuracy, industrv, a wide acquaintance with all
that has been published, in Germany as well as in Englani
upon his subject. There is no more convenient, trust-
worthy or authoritative Greek history to put on y<.i:ii
shelves than his. But, unfortunately, it is not '' written.
and consequentiy it cannot be read. The pedestrian as-i
colourless narrative is not stung into passion or pictaresqn^-
ness even bv the tragedy of Syracuse or the death >:
Socrates. The book must be a book of reference while /<
erudition lasts, and must then miss the future which f< 7
Thucydides and even Thirlwall the saving grace of strl?
will ensure. (Longmans.)
By Sblwyx Bri5t
I'.V
OORREGQIO.
Mr. Brinton, in his lUnaissanee in Italian ^rt, hv
already shown himself well qualified to deal with, such a
topic as Oorreggio, and the present monograph is evidentiv
the fruit of careful and appreciative study, both of tie
painter and of what has been written about him. To oc:
private taste, indeed, it is a littie lyric in its tone. Cer-
tainly we demur to putting Oorreggio, great as he is, on a
level with Leonardo, Baphael, and Michelangelo, as 'Cr
of the ''four personalities, most potent in their clainu'
of Benaissance art. And througnout the enthusiasm \-
surely a little undiscriminating, a little untempered bj
consideration of the fairly obvious defects and deficieiivie^
in the art dealt with. The knowledge, however, is nc-
deniable, and the criticism good as far as it goes. Mi.
Brinton is particularly happy in his attempt to sum u:
and express the total effect of Oorreggio's personality sil~
by side with those of contemporary painters. He repre-
sents, in painting, the side of the Renaissance which xhi
JDeeatMTon represents in literature :
That is the joy and gladness of life itself, the beaarr
and happiness of the world, and of all that is Uving in it<
sunlight. That is part, too, of the spirit of t£e Er-
naissonoe; that is the smile on the face of awakeniof
Italy, and that is the message of Oorreggio.
And again:
It is to Oorregffio that we turn most of all for 1
quickened sense 01 life, of its light and laughter, it*
throbbing pulse, and its radiant possibilities. He is th-
Faun of the Renaissance, the creature, we might fancy, t
whose pointed, furry ears it should be given to hear c/.
Fan pipe his maddening music, who shall feel the strea-x
of life in its most intimate and quickening sense.
As in most of the volumes of this series, the list ••!
aintings and drawing in the appendix is all that couli
e desired, and the iUustrations are many and exoeUeiit.
("Great Masters": Bell.)
The Life of John Buskin. By W. G. Coli.ingwo'J'. .
Seven years ago Mr. OoUingwood's authoritative Li;
and Work of John Ruskin was published in two volume>.
The present book is not a reprint of that work, but i
newly-written biography. Mr. Collingwood, who kneir
Mr. Buskin as intimately as anyone and acted for years a^
his secretary, completed the book, aU save the last chapter,
while its subject was still living, but the last chapter w&.<
added after his death. The biography is well arrangcii
a pleasant blend of personal impression and historicsdfaLt
It is also well published. (Metnuen. 6s.)
I
5 Mfty, 1900.
The Academy.
3S9
Fiction.
The Novel of Passion,
The Dean of BarrendaU. By Wynton Eversley. (Hutchin-
son. 68.)
The Acrobat, By John D. Barry. (Lane. 68.)
Sour Orapss. By J. P. Oomish. (Chatto. 68.)
The Strong God Circumstance. By Helen Shipton. (Methuen.
6b.)
In a sense nearly all novels are novels of passion. Love
is the most radiant of all the emotions, and, on the whole,
the most easUy communicated by suggestion. Mere names
— e.^,, Barbara and Elise — employed by Mr. Cornish and
Mr. '^ Eversley," have power to create in the reader a
mood akin to ihai known as ''falling in love." One might
indeed justify the existence of novels solely on the ground
that they provide harmless himting fields for persons of
a nature more inquisitive than faithful. It is very easy
to fall in love with the heroine of a novel, but it is
impossible to make love to her.
The four novels before us all provide heroines with
whom any male reader can fall in love. Mr. " Eversley "
gives us a beautiful altruist with a criminal husband.
Mr. Barry places his Blanche, fragile, pure and tender,
in the dizzy world of trapezes and aenal diving. Miss
Shipton brings Nature's lady — ^young, ignorant, and refined
— into juxtaposition with the Acme of Culture, in the
person of a university coach who lies unjustly under sus-
picion of fraudulent conduct. In all these cases the element
of incongruity arrests the attention. It is to explore that
we read. To what extent is a criminal still a husband ?
Does anything of the charm that won for him a woman's
love survive or, perchance, reside in his criminality?
What again are the joys and pains which differences of
education and birth produce in the life of a married pair ?
Let us say at once that both Mr. '' Eversley " and Miss
Shipton surest questions without answering them. The
case with Mr. ^'Eversley" is particularly sad. There is
a sort of imcouth greatness about his book. Parson James
Salter, Bural Dean, is a memorable character-study. His
phrases are jewels. " It is easier to get to the Empyrean
than to the heart." ^'You say you have 'turned your
heart inside out.' Yes, but did you ask Gk>d to do the
sorting ? " These are two of them. But phrases are the
least part of him. He is the wind. He brushes aside
dignity — his detractors would say decency — with insolent
scorn. He writes letters like those which parsons received
from Buskin when they asked him to subscribe towards
the remission of the debts on their churches. As a
spiritual doctor he is all lancet and forceps, but he is
everything to a few rustics. Mr. '' Eversley " is as full of
him as Boswell was of Johnson. He has more to tell
than he has room for. The Dean of Darrendale is, indeed,
a history tacked on to a romance. But, alas! it is the
romance that fits into the purpose of this article, and we
cannot but shake our head to see a brave and clever
writer resorting to wretched threadbare devices to bring
two creatures of his fancy together without sacrificing
current morality. His convict must die. But he is
the husband of the heroine. Therefore let him end
gloriously. So he escapes ^aol like another Casanova in
time to save his wife and child from perishing in tiie wreck
of the Cassandra \ In Sour Grapes it is an unhistorioal
vessel that goes down — the Perth Castle, Why ? It is quite
simple. The hero, the noble Captain Brabrooke, who has
married the wrong woman in order to save the family
honour, must be recalled to England (whence he has fled
to avoid living with his wife, who adores him) in time to
assist at a denouement of surprising cheerfolness. Even
the ^^sour grapes" turn sweet. They consisted in two
lovers scorning the marriage sacrament and living without
benefit of clergy. A ternble situation was evolved there-
fore when the masculine element of this union turned into
a Lothario in his middle life. What would Guy de Mau-
passant have done ? It is not for English readers to care;
they are not in the hands of an inexorable artist. They
are not in the hands of one who cares a pin for psychology.
They are in the hands of a conjuror, an ingenious mechanic.
We know nothing in burlesque more provocative of an
admiring^' ha! ha!" then the abrupt disdosure of the
Scotch marriage which saves the " children " in Sour
Grapes &om dying with their teeth on edge. And what
cynic would dare to disturb the happiness of Oeorge and
his Barbara by sneering at the release from bondage
obtained by the former through the legal objection to a
man's marrying his half-aunt ?
And yet woiud the rosy god tell us that passion died in
a woman immediately she found she was a half -aunt?
Would we not rather see those blind eyes shedding tears ?
Mr. Cornish serves his age and country prettily ; he is both
naif and knowing ; he writes freshly. The drama, centering
in the squiress whose husband runs frantically off the
rails of propriety, is full of pathos.
Passion receives of choice heroic exemplification in the
English novel ; and if the cheap optimism could be left
out of it the English novel might prove effective in calm-
ing many a selfish paroxysm. But, even in a novel ex-
pressly entitied The Strong God Circumstance^ English
sentimentality insists on making the vinegar of sorrow
into a kind of mint sauce by the aid of sugar. There is
a man in The Strong God witii a distorted face. He pains
the eye. Wherefore he is accorded one of the most wilful
and engaging girls in the world for helpmeet. Is that the
way of life ? Is not intellectuallv the problem of such a
man: ''How shall I erect myself a stronghold of peace
without woman's love ? " If it be true that truth is stranger
than fiction it is because fiction is ordered by the artist to
obey the innate fitness of destiny, to grow naturally, to
justify its premises. In England fiction is stranger than
truth.
That passion is interesting as a growth and uninteresting
as a consummation is a dictum of which it is considered in
England the height of good form to admit the truth.
''Naturalism is dull," sounds the same as saying "we
have tried it." " Naturalism is disgraceful " sounds like
saying " we are afraid of it." As a matter of fact, we are
afraid of it, and passion glows and palpitates in our novels
with a sort of chromographic glory. The flesh is absent
except in the horrible eyes of our villains. Hence we feel
drawn to note a fleeting glimpse of the identity between
villain-passion and even so exquisite an emotion as hero-
passion, which Mr. " Eversley " affords us through his ini-
mitable Dean. "Alas, poor calf ! It was in love, and it
thought it was ffoing to enjoy itself, did it? and — and — it
was disappointed, was it ? " he says to the Rev. " Tummas "
Trevana. But in The Acrobat the voice accusing passion
is the voice of life itself. It is action that is eloquent.
Mr. Barry, alone among the four writers we have been con-
sidering, relates a simple story, unencumbered with plot
and ri(m with a single idea out of which it grows natur-
ally. A man falls in love with a performance instead of
the performer. He has all the words of passion at his
command. " If you'll only love me a littie, dear, I'll be
satisfied." But it is not she he wants. It is the " cyno-
sure of all eyes " ; it is the poetxy of motion, the music of
fantastic courage. And all the time it is just a delicate
woman who sits there on the trapeze afraid lest a single
slip should orphan her babe. Mr. Barry, without noise,
with simple artistry, has done something that lives. He
has shown us passion in the right perspective. Yet there
is another way to show oassion. The magnificence and the
joy of the Ghrand Decivuiser were a theme which, to treat
adequately, would make a monarch of a writer. We must
wait for that writer.
390
The Academy.
5 May, 1900.
Notes on Novels.
\_These notes on the week^s F\ietum are not necessarily final.
Reviews of a selection mil follow,"]
The Cakdikal's Snuff-Box. By Heitby Habland.
Mr. Harland's distinguiahed touch is very apparent
when one opens this novel and finds Peter Marchdale
talking books and art with his landlady. His landlady,
it should be explained, is the Duchessa di Santangiolo,
and Peter is the tenant of her Villa Floriano. The
Duchessa ^'^ives there, at Oastel Yentirose,' Marietta
explains as she removes the cofiee things ; * she owns
all, all this country, all these houses — all, all.' ' All
Lombardy ? * said Peter, without emotion." The emotion
comes later, the Cardinal with it. Mr. Harland's chapters
are not as other men's. His fourth consists of ten lines,
his twelfth of sixteen pages. (John Lane. 6s. )
The Minx. By "Iota."
A clever novel by Mrs. K. Mannington OaSyn, author
of A Yellow Aster, &c. Joyce, the heroine, proves to be
anything but a minx, the name given to her before she
came as a guest to Squire Hallowes's house. She is a
most attractive creation, subjugating all who meet her,
and especially James and Jock. The story traces her
development, and describes, brightly and with skill, the
intense but friendly rivalry of Jock and James for her love.
(Hutchinson. 6s.)
In THB Wake of the War.
By a. St. John Adoock.
Mr. Adcock's stories of East End life have shown a real
grip of humble life, its humours and sorrows. And here
we have, by a happy inspiration, a series of pictures of the
unwritten humours, rivalries, and tragedies of life in mean
streets incident to the recent calling out of the reserves,
and the war fever. The story called '* A Boer in Britain "
is an admirably humorous account of a fatuous, inconse-
quential, patriotic row in a barber's shop, which threatened
to be serious, but ended in an awkward pause, broken only
by the barber's call, "Naixt, please!" (Hodder &
Stoughton. 2s. 6d.)
Lotus or Laurel.
By Helen Wallace.
This story is concerned with the unborn musical talent
and desire for fame in a young girl whose mother, warned
by her own experiences of professional life, wishes her
to give up her violin and her dreams. As the story pro-
ceeds it develops a strong motive — the bitter jealousy which
a mother, wedded to success, feels toward the daughter
who is about to eclipse her in public favour. (Arnold. 6s.)
A Second Coming. By Eichard Marsh.
Mr. Marsh is the author of The Beetle, Tom Ossington^s
Ghost, and other novels, and he has imagined himself
competent to write a story founded on the idea that
Christ had come to London. Christ suddenly appears in
Bryanston-square, in the midst of a crowd collected by a
fatal bicycle accident. " He inclined His hand toward the
dead man, saying : ' Arise, you who sleep.' Immediately
he that was dead stood up. He seemed bewildered, and
exclaimed as in a fit of passion : * That's a nice spill.
Curse the infernal slippery road ! ' Then he turned and
saw Who was standing at his side." From this Mr.
Marsh proceeds to other intrepidities. (Grant Eichards. 6s.)
The Devil and the Inventor.
By Austin Fryers.
Inventors may enjoy a story in which an inventor
sells himself more or less to the Devil. The bargain
provides that Philbrick shall be given the power to
place his ideas before the public. But if witiiin three
weeks of the exhibition of one of his inventions it has not
yielded him £250, the Devil is to exact a cupful of his
blood. Philbrick begins with a Soundless Piano. (Pear-
son Ltd. 3s. 6d. )
Fast and Loose. By Major Arthur Oriffites.
This is Major Qriffiths's usual blend — a good one
in its way — of love, crime, and detection. Inspector
Faske is a satisfying detective of the cat-like oider.
'' His grey moustadiois, brushed out straight, might hare
belonged to a veteran mouser aocustomed to pounce
promptly on its prey." (Maoqueen. 68.)
His Lordship's Leopard. By David Dwioht Wklu.
A readable absurdity by the author of Ser Zaiythip'i
Elephant. We have a tissue of Strang events, indudiiig
the abduction of a bishop and the supposed visit of a
Spanish gunboat to Enghsh shores during the Spanisii-
American war. The author is right in insisting that this
'' serious attempt to while away an idle hour " is not ''a
fit subject for tne application of the higher criticism." Bat
the idle hour is whued. (Heinemann. 68.)
Lyona Orimwood, Spinster. By L. Higgb.
Those who like tangles for their own sake will lib
untangling the identity of Lyona Grimwood, who begim
by being murdered, then disappears, and becomes someone
else, while remaining Lyona Grimwood. We leave the
plot to the tangle-loving reader, promising him, howe?er,
some entertaining character-sketches of the gossips and old
maids of a Midland town. (Pearson Ltd. 6s.)
A Young Dragon.
By Sarah Trim.
Mrs. Tvtler's latest story grows out of a bet made ly a
self -satisfied Scottish laird, who is past his youth, tliat lie
will woo and marry a wife within a month. Despite thi
promise of farce the story takes hold of the reader, and
the end is touching. (Ohatto & Windus. 6s.)
Wayward Hearts. By Dabby Byu-
A novel for young girls. .''Truth to tell, all Naton
seems rejoicing this glorious June afternoon ... the
old Manor. . . . ' Helen, your tea is dehcious/ re-
marked Hugh. . . . There had never been sudi a
brilliant season, never so much talk over a young de-
butante before . . . the old Manor.' . . . 'All tkt
wealth and luxury can buy you shall have.' . . . Ah, jt
was a happy birthday for the poor . . . the old ICanor.'
(Digby, lK>ng & Oo. 6s.)
An Ambrioan Countess. By Mrs. Urban Hawkb8wi>oi>.
Here we have the mercenary marriage of a yonog
English lord clashing with his love of another wom&ti, an
artist. A readable, highly unconventional stoiy. (1^
queen. 6s.)
The Seafarers. By John Bloundblle-Bubtos.
Its title exactly fits this story by the author of Tlit
Clash of Arms. A hearty, thoroughly readable talfl
of the sea, in which shipwreck and sunshine answer to va
unsmooth course of love. (Pearson Ltd. 6s.)
The Empire Makers. By Hume Nbbii*
A romance of adventure and war in South Africa, "rhe
author leaves the reader in no doubt about his views. H0
regrets that it is too soon for him to show the reader " the
wind-up of the vile oligarchy of Pretoria tyrants." ^^^'
ever, the story stretches to the relief of Kimberley, ana
the writer distributes phrases like " the iniquitoufl ^
false Boer," the "most inhuman and bloody-mindej
Kruger," "this Cronje, the vile and brutal murderer.
(White & Co. 6s.)
From Veldt Camp Fires. By H. A. Beydbs.
I'ourteen short stories of life in South Africa ^J^^^
who has written many books on this part of tiie won<i-
The stories deal with Boer and native life, coloniflte, hordff
police, &c., and they "may be said to be well foundeii
upon actual circumstance." (Hurst & Blackett. 30* ^''
5 May, 1900.
The Academy.
391
THE ACADEMY.
Editorial and Publishing Offices. 43, Chancery-lane.
The AOABBICT w<a he eetU pott-free «o every Annudl Subtoriher
in the UnUed Kingdom.
Prke for One leeue, Threepenoe; poetage One Eal/penrnf. Price
for 62 ieeuea. Thirteen ShUUngi ; poekigefree.
Foreign BaUe for Yearly SubecripHoM 2O0.
including poetage,
Ameriean AgenU for the Agadbkt: BrentanoU^ 31, Uhum-
tquarsy New York.
The Balzac Letters Controversy-
Thb^ ouUine of Balzac's passion for Mme. Hanska, a
passion oonceiyed and executed (if we may use the term)
in the grand romantic manner by a master of that manner,
is fairly well known to the public. The inmost and secret
nature of it, at all points of its progress, has perhaps not
yet been finally ascertained. In 1896 M. le Yioomte de
Spoelberch de liOUYenjoul published his version of it in
Vn Boman d^ Amour, a work which was received with the
respect due to the author's unchallenged position as the
first living authority on the facts of Balzaas life. M. de
Louvenjoul's Hietoire dee (Euvres de Bakae, we may recall in
passing, constitutes practically the twenty-fifth volume of
the great Oalmann L6vy idition definitive of Balzac's works,
and when he speaks other students are accustomed to listen,
as barristers listen to a judge. A large part of Bdzac's
letters to Mme. Kanaka were included in his Correepondanee,
the twenty-fourth volume of the Edition definitive-, but
last year M. de Louvenjoul (though his name does not
appear on the title-page of me book) gave to the world,
under the title Lettree d VEtrangh'e, what purports to be a
full collection of all existing letters from '* Nore " to the
eara eonieeeina, up to the death of the eara eonteseind's
husband.
If this collection is authentic — and both M. de Louvenjoul
and the house of Calmann Levy (in their communication
to us of the 4th ult.) vouch for its absolute authenticity
— ^then Uh Roman d^ Amour is more or less justified, and
Balzac stands revealed as a man even as other Frenchmen are.
But here arrives Miss^Katharine Prescott Wormeley, and
with breath-taking intrepidity roundly asserts that many of
the letters have been tampered with in order to bring them
into line with Uh Roman d^ Amour, and that a number of
them are ''infamous forgeries." Miss Wormeley,* we should
mention, is probably the chief English-speaking authority
on Balzac. She bas translated all his novels ; she has written
an exhaustive Memoir of him; she has collected his
''personal opinions"; and everything that she writes
about him abundantly shows that she is a thorough expert.
Further, she is a woman of experience ; she witnessed the
entry of Napoleon's remains into Paris on December 15,
1840, and she evidently knows her France. In remem-
bering the claims of M. de Louvenjoul, we must not forget
those of this venerable and distinguished scholar.
It is a pity that with knowledge does not always come
the skill to handle it. Miss Wormeley states her case
badly. There is scarcely a sentence in the "fighting"
preface to her translation of the impugned letters, scarcely
a note of hers in all the seven hun&ed and fifty-five pages
of the volume, which does not betray the absence of the
true editorial temperament — at once nimble and sedate,
enthusiastic and judicial, and always impassively and
inexorably polite. She bewilders where she should con-
vince ; she imieves Kimberley when she should be marching
direct to Pretoria ; she gets angry ; she utters an exclama-
tion instead of a demonstration; she talks darkly of
• Hottore de Balzac, irandated by Katharine Freecott Wormeley,
Letter $ to Madame Haneka, hjm Counteee Bzewueka, aftervxirde
Madame Honore dt\Balzac. 1833-1846. (Hardy Pratt & Co.,
Boston, U.S. A. $1.50.)
conspiracies; she is offended; she is indignant; and,
venial yet most annojring sin, she neither numbers the
letters nor provides an index. The French edition is
numbered, but not indexed.
But she has a primd faeie case — that is the wonderful
part of it all ; she has a case to support her double charge
against M. de Louvenjoul of eemualieing and degrading
Balzac's gorgeous passion and of being a party to the
garbling and inventing of documents, v ery briefly, her
case is as follows :
In the volume of Correspondanee (1876) an editorial note
states that the correspondence with Mme. Hanska, as there
given, is not complete. " Unfortunately," the note runs,
" a part of this correspondence was burned in Moscow in
a fire which occurrea in Mme. Hanska's residence. It
must, therefore, be remarked that in the letters of this
series two or three gaps occur, all the more regrettable
because those which escaped the fire present a keen
interest." In spite of this clear statement, no explanation
is offered in Lettree d VEtrangkte (1899) of the manner in
which the epistles lacking in 1876 were redeemed from
their alleged combustion. A brief footnote to the first
letter merely mentions the name of M. Louvenjoul, " entre
les mains de qui sont les originaux de ces lettres." This
same footnote says that Balzac inserted an acknowledg-
ment of Mme. Kanaka's first letter in the Quotidienne of
December 9, 1832. But in a letter dated January 1,
1846, Balzac writes to Mme. Kanaka :
One year more, dear, and I take it with pleasure, for
these years, these thirteen years which will be consum-
mated in February on the happy day a thousand times
blest when I received that adorable letter, starrei with
happiness and hope, seem to me links indestmctible,
eU^nal. The fourteenth will begin iu two months.
This would apparently make the date of the first letter
February, 1833. The advertisement could not therefore
have appeared in the Quotidienne in December, 1832. Nor
could the first letter of Lettree d VEtrangere (which, by the
way, is not the first letter of the whole correspondence)
have been dated "January, 1833," as printed. Arguing
from Balzac's letter of January 1, 1846, just quoted. Miss
Wormeley seeks to overthrow other dates in the printed
correspondence.
Agiun, there is the famous letter of Balzac to his sister,
Mme. Surville (October, 1833), which was first printed in
the latter's Memoir of her brother, publishea in 1856.
This letter appeared, twenty years later, in the Corre-
epondanee, in a form slightly, but not materially, altered.
It encloses the proofs of Le Midefiin de Campagne, asks the
recipient to correct them, and gives details of an interview
with three enthusiastic German families. It contains no
reference to Mme. Kanaka, and is entirely harmless. In
1898, however, this letter appears a thurd time, in M.
Louvenjoul's tfh Roman i^ Amour, and now it is enlarged
to more than twice its original length, and the matter
of 1856 and 1876, considerably altered in phraseology,
becomes merely a eoda to some extensive remarks upon
Balzac's first meeting with Mme. Hanska at N^ufchatei in
October, 1833. The description is decidedly an offence
against good taste:
Alas! a damned husband never left us for one second
during five days. He kept between the petticoat of his
wife and my waistcoat. . . . The essential thing is that
we ai'e twenty-seven years old, beautiful to admiration;
that we possess the handsomest black hair in the world,
the soft, deliciously d«Ucate skin of brunettes, that we
have a love of a littie hand, a heart of twenty-seven,
naive; . . . imprudent to the point of flinging herself
upon my neck before all the world. ... I don't know
whom to tell this to ; certainly it is not to her^ the great
lady, the terrible marquise, who, suspecting the journey,
comes down from her pride, and intimates an order that I
shall go to her. ... It is not [either] to her, the most
treasured, who has more jealousy for me than a mother
has for the nulk she gives her child. She does not like
392
The Academy.
5 May, »90O.
VEtrangerey preoiBely because UEtranghre appears to be
the very thing for me. And finally, it is not to her who
wants her dauy ration of love, and who, though voluptuous
as a thousand oats, is neither graceful nor womanly. It is
to you, my good sister, the former companion of my
miseries and tears, that I wish to tell my joy. . . .
Truly a pretty letter tor a good sister to reoeiye ! Miss
Wormeley denies the authenticity of what she cidls '' the
slanderous language of the first part" of it. She per-
tinently asks why the second part (common to all three
versions, x^ting to the German fainilies and the proof-
correcting) should differ in phraseology, as it does, from
Mme. Surville's own edition of 1856 and the idition d/fini-
tw$ of 1876. Having proved satisfactorily to herself (1)
deception, (2) falsification of dates, (3) forgery. Miss
Wormeley lays a finger on many letters and parts of
letters tluroughout her translation of Lettre» d VMranghe,
and brands them as either concocted or garbled. She
points out that after Bakac's fijrst interview with his
oeloved the tone of the letters changes, becoming grosser,
less lofty, less pure. She characterises the letters from
February 15 to March 11, 1834, as ''infamous forgeries."
And earlier than this, earlier even than tiie first meeting,
she discovers evidences of forgery, or something as bad.
Thus, for example (pp. 80-81), she exclaims upon the
presentation of Mme. Hanska's character in the letter of
November 10, 1833, where Balzac, protesting against the
lady's jealousy, quotes her as having angrily written, " Va
aux pieds de ta Marquise." Miss Wormeley says it is
impossible that a woman like Mme. Hanska should ever
have written, '' Ya aux pieds de ta Marquise." '' There
are certain things that a woman of breeding cannot do or
say."
So much for Miss Wormeley's case. For ourselves, we
admit that at . the first blush it rather impressed us. On
reflection, however, we have come to regard it as very
weak — and certainly as not proven. In the first place, it
is inherently of the highest improbability. Qranting that
M. Louvenjoul's eminent services to bibliography give him
no title whatever to consideration as an assay er of the love-
affairs of genius, and granting that his estimate of the
Balzac - Hanska passion in Un Roman ^ Amour is — shall
we say ? — the estimate of a book- collector and connoisseur
of curiosities, why should he make himself a party to
forgery, deception and garbling, in order to blacken the
fame of the writer to whom he has devoted his whole life,
and to '' smirch the memory " of a dead woman ? Even if
he had desired to do th^se things, he could have done
them with less clumsiness, less trouble, and less risk than
are implied by Miss Wormeley's theory.
In the second place, Miss Wormeley's alleged proofs are
not, even without special knowledge, quite imanswerable.
1. There certainly ought to have been an editorial intro-
duction to Lettrei d VMrangkrej reconciling the fact of the
appearance of this volume with the statement (1876) as to
the Moscow fire ; but the absence of such an explanation
is not a proof that no explanation will or can be given.
2. Falsification of dates. This charge rests solely on
the single passage in Balzac's letter of January 1, 1846.
Might not Balzac have made an error ? - People frequently
mis-date the most important events of their lives. All
these letters were written at speed, and Miss Wormeley
herself remarks that ^'the man who wrote them never
read them over." Also, is there anything to show posi-
tively that Balzac, in the quoted passage, was referring to
the first letter received from Mme. Hanska ? Might he
not have been referring to some well-remembered letter
in which the loved one first exhibited a special and (to
him) transcendent tenderness ?
3. The letter to Mme. Surville, as printed in 1896.
The non-appecurance of the first part of this letter in the
versions of 1856 and 1876 is no proof that the first part
is a forgery, for neither Mme. SurviUe nor Mme.
Hanska woiiid haVe cHred to print it in full. Mme.
Surville herself tampered with the letter, however aUghtlj.
Both the Oalmann L6vys and M. Louvenjoul have implied,
if they have not stated, that Mme. Hanska also tam-
pered with Balzac's letters to her, and this is beyond
doubt. Miss Wormeley, while endeavouring to rebut the
insinuation, has to admit that Mme. Kanaka added
to some of the letters ajfectionate expreBsions to herulf.
'' apparentiy &om other letters " ; also that she sappressed
passages. As for the lang^uage and the taste of the first
part of the letter to Mme. Surville, they are vile. Bur
for ourselves, we see no strong presumption against Balzae
being guilty of the passage, and of any of the other
passages which Miss Wormeley tries to nail to the cpnnter
as false. This sort of thing may oo-exist with imaginative
greatness — ^in fact, has done so very often. Take the
suprome imaginative writers (especially of the Continent),
and say which of their secrot lives — these men whom
mankind unites to reveronce — ^would bear the inspection of
a board of matrons. Conceive the limpness of Ooethe or
JOumas after such a test I Genius may do what it likes—
and does. Balzac belonged to his period. Also he had
his bad and his good days. He was capable of anything
except dishonesfy. Decidedly he was never an authoiitj
on good taste. Thero is a passage of surpassing foulne^
on page 55 of Miss Wormeley's translation, and perhaps
Miss Wormeley will say that it is forged or garbled. We
prefer to remember that Balzac wrote the latter part of
La Fille aux Yeux d^ Or ; that he had a lingering affection
for those incredible cads de Marsay and Eubempre ; that
he created the appalling Arabella Dudley (and relished
doing it) ; that he soiled Le Ly% dam la VaUie with some
of the most subtiy odious mawkishness ever writtezL
Balzac could he anybody, and was everybody by tarns.
Nothing that has come or may come to light about him
will affect his greatness, or the world's admiration for hiiCf
in the least.
4. Miss Wormeley, in remarking on the change in the
tone of the letters after Balzac had first met Mme. Hanska,
does not seem to have realised that the coincidence of the
change with the meeting is unfavourable to her oonten-
tions. Up to that time Balzac had been worshipping a
bodiless spirit. What moro natural than that its embodi-
ment should be followed by the materialisation of his
heavenly transports, and a gener&l declension from the
clouds.
5. Mme. Hanska's character. Miss Wormeley's view
of the contsssina^s character is suroly somewhat roseate.
Mme. Hanska was a very jealous woman ; and that she
was at least an unconventional woman is clear from the
admitted facts of the inception and continuance of her
friendship with Balzac. A jealous woman, especiallj
when it aoes not happen to be her husbsnd who arouses
the jealousy, is no longer " a woman of breeding " : she
is a jealous woman. We see no reason whatever why, in
a fit of petulance, Mme. Hanska should not fling out
precisely that phrase, *' Ya aux pieds de ta Marquise."
By such and similar arguments, it occurs to us. Miss
Wormeley's position might be assailed, and perhaps
carried. We should hesitate to admit that she has proved
anything of real moment against M. Louvenjoul or other
persons unnamed. That in bringing her charge she was
actuated by pious motives we do not deny, but so grave
an accusation should not have been broathed until it
could be substantiated beyond the possibility of doubt
in an unprejudiced mind. Our opinion is that while M.
Louvenjoul may have taken a too masculine and cynical a
view of the Hanska afPair, Miss Wormeley has elevated
not only Balzac but Mme. Hanska to the position of idols
above our common humanity.
On another occasion, avoiding controversial points, we
shall deal with the subject-matter of these interesting
letters from the greatest of all novelists to a woman whose
titie to fame is that she kept his devotion for seventeen
years, chiefly by means of the post.
5 May, 1900.
The Academy.
393
Things Seen.
The Guard,
The station luncheon-bar was . crowded with soldiers.
There were twelve of them, their khaki uniforms were
stained and torn, their faces were brown and thin, their
cheeks were hollow.
** Is the war over, then ? " I said.
He laughed. ''Not much. We're going back by the
next boat."
** Why did you come home ? "
" We was a guard."
" A guard ! "
His lips tightened. <' To twelve of our men," he said.
" What was the offence ? "
" Sleeping on duty. They'll get five years apiece."
Somebody shouted a jovial command and the g^ard
trooped from the bar.
Five years! An impetuous moment — and Glory. A
nodding of the head — and Disgrace. 0 chance !
After Many Days.
'' You had better let me show you round, sir, there are
holes you might easily put your leg through." And
Constable G. 116 walked with me into a desolation sur-
rounded by hoardings. I was in the (Sty-road, behind the
Eagle Tavern, and me scene before me was a grotesque of
tawdry ruin. The old Grecian Theatre was on our left ; in
front of it rose carved wooden pillars, black and rotten.
Delicate vases and finials stood against the sky, awry,
giltless, and forlorn. In this garden lamps had twinkled,
and many a foolish heart had beaten to the waltz music in
the mad, sad, bad— but doubtless sweet — ^nights of the
sixties. Nothing seemed so dead as those carnivals except
these husks of the theatres, grottoes, and band-stands that
had witnessed them. Our voices sounded strange. The
sparrows twittered on tree and broken roof. We entered
the theatre. Boxes and tiers spread around in what had
once been a circle of vast cheerfulness ; now their
emptiness smoto the mind. Mouldy Oupids and tattered
floral designs rioted still over the ceiling and roimd the
dress-cirole. The stage had been removed, and the pit
which represented it was open to the sky. The orchestra
was now the tattered edse of a precipice, but the vast
back wall of the stage stiU reared itself aJoft, and in its
crevices the sparrows were building their nests. G. 116
talked, but I hardly listened. My Noughts went back
thirty-six years, to my childhood in Eio Janeiro, when
England was only a dream not yet come true. Heat,
bananas, and a snatch of song — how they resurged!
Heat, bananas, and a song on the lips of my father's
clerks. It was the first song that gave me an image of
London— not the London of St. Paul's, of the Abbey, of
the Lord Mayor's Show, or of the Queen of England
surrounded by her glittering troops — but the London of
everyday life, of the pavement, and the holiday. I say,
how it resurged !
Up and down the City Boad«
In and out tiie Eagle.
That's the way the money goes,
Pop goes the weasel !
This, then, was the nlace ! I stood and gpEized, where once
my fancy hovered blind. A dull coincidence, perhaps ;
but these are the things that make one's life, and seem
worth telling.
George Meredith and his Critics.
Thb critics are not such arbiters of literary destiny as you
mieht think. Not only do their deliverances affect but
litde that immediate popularity, estimable in pounds,
shillings, and pence, whion is to-day tii^ favourite gauge
of merit, but iney have not even, in the long run, much
to say to the establishment of that more permanently
based reputetion which reste ultimately with the " acute
and honourable minority." A writer will make his way,
if he is to make it at all, not because people are told to
read him, but because he has somethin^^ to say which they
wish to hear. The hostility of the critics will not for long
bar this process ; their laudation will not sensibly hasten
it. Nevertheless, as each great writer moves to &me, his
way is marked and ite steges heralded by a succession of
critical utterances. These become, as it were, rallying
points and battle - cries for his partisans ; discussion
crystallises round them; they strike the key-notes for
interpreters. Hence the importance, for the biographer
and the literary student, of histories of critical opinion.
Shakespearean literature is vast ; but few volumes in it
equal in value and fascination that ^* Oenturie of Prayse "
in which Dr. Ingleby and others were at the pains to
gamer all that was notebly, and even much that was
trivially, said about Shakespeare before the end of the
seventeenth century. Something of the same interest
belongs to the bibliography of George Meredith, contri-
buted by Mr. John Lane, under the title ^'G^rge Meredith
and his Reviewers," to Mr. Le Gallienne's George Miredith :
Same CharaeUristiee, in 1891, and since brought up to
date in a recent edition. Mr. Lane reprinted in full what
is probably the most striking thing ever said by a critic
-of Meredith — ^the famous letter on " Modem Love " which
Mr. Swinburne was stutg to send to the Speetator of
June 7, 1862. It is magnificent praise, and nowadays, of
course, needless apology :
Mr. Meredith is one of the three or four poets now alive
whose work, perfect or imperfect, is always as noble in
design as it is often faultless in result. The presoit critic
falls fool of him for dealing with '*a de^p and paiofol
subject on which he has no conviction to express." There
are pulpite enough for all preachers in prose ; the business
of verse writing is hardly to express convictions ; and if
some poetry, not without merit of its kind, has at times
dealt in doematic morality, it is all the worse and all the
weaker for that. As to subject, it is too much to expect
that all schools of poetry are to be for ever subordinate to
the one just now so much in request with us, whose scope
of sight is bounded by the nursery waUs ; that idl Muses
are to bow down before her who babbles, with lips vet
warm from their pristine pap, after the dsmgling dmights
of a child^s coral; and jingles with flaccid fingers one
knows not whether a jester's or a baby's bells. We have
not too many writers capable of duly haodliDg a subject
worth the serious interest of man. As to execution, take
almost any sonnet at random out of this series, and let
any man qualified to judge for himself of metre, choice of
expression, and splendid language, decide on its claims.
And, after all, the test will be unfair, except as regard<)
metrical or pictorial merit, every section of this great pro-
gressive poem beiog connected with the other by links of
the finest and most studied workmanship.
Then Mr. Swinburne goes on to refer to one of the greatest
sonnets of ''Modem Love" — ''a more perfect piece of
writing no man alive has ever turned out." He does not
quote the whole of it ; but we do not propose to refrain
from the pleasure of doing so here.
We saw the swallows gathering in the sky,
And in the osier-isle we heard their noise.
We had not to look back on summer joys.
Or forward to a summer of Inright dye :
But in the largeness of the evening earth
Oar spirits grew as we went side by side.
The hour became her husband and my bride.
Love that had robbed us so thus blessed our dearth !
394
The Academy
5 May, 1900.
The pilgrims of the year waxed very load
In multitDdinouB ohatteringH, as the flood
Full brown came from the West, and like pale blood
Expanded to the upper crimson cloud.
Love that had robbed us of immortal things,
This little moment mercifully gave
And still I see across the twilight wave
The swan sail with her young beneath her wings.
Mr, Lane is unable to tell us the name of the writer
who reviewed Richard Feverelin the Timss in 1859. Mr.
Henley struck a swashing blow for Meredith, and, at the
same time, expressed a very practical opinion on a moot
journalistic point, in 1879, when he reviewed The Egtnst
in our own columns and in three other periodicals. Some
fragments of these and other criticisms are collected in
Views and Reviews^ and very pretty reading they make.
Mr. Henley's praise is as generous as Mr. Swinburne's :
it is far less undiscriminatmg. *' To read vour Meredith
straight o£F," he says, '* is to have an indigestion of
epigram " ; and we hardly know how those whom
Meredith's brilliance alarms and discomposes could wish
to better Mr. Henley's statement of their case.
He writes with the pen of a great artist in his left hand
and the razor of a spiritual snidde in his right. He is the
master and the victim of a monstrous devemess which is
neither to hold nor to bind, and will not permit him to do
things as an honest, simple person of genius would. As
Shakespeare, in Johnson^s praise, lost the world for a
quibble and was content to lose it, so does Mr. Meredith
discrown himself of the sovereignty of contemporary
romance to put on the cap and bells of professional wit.
He is not content to be plain Jupiter : his lightnings are
less to him than his fireworks ; ana his pages so teem with
flue sayings and magniloquent epigrams and gorgeous
images and fantastic locutions that the miod would wel-
come dulness as a bright relief.
Stevenson, again, is memorable among Meredithians.
The JEgoist was of '^ the inner circle of my intimates," and
of Rhoda Fleming he writes as ''that wonderful and pain-
ful book, long out of print and hunted for at bookstalls
like an Aldine." There is, somewhere or other, a very
fine passage on The Egoist, in which Stevenson dwells on
the almost painful recognition by every honest and com-
petent male reader of himself in Sir Willoughby Patteme.
This we have known long since and lost again, and have
sought for it without result through the four volumes of
essays. Is it in the paper on '' Books Which Have In-
fluenced Me " which Stevenson contributed to a series of
British Weekly Extras in 1887? If so, we suppose that,
like so many Stevensoniana, it has fallen into the luuads of
the traffickers, and is only reprinted for millionaires.
The most noteworthy — perhaps the only noteworthy —
depreciation of Mere<£th (for you can hardly call Mr.
Henley's balanced criticism depredation) was that whereby
he was confounded in a single condemnation with Mr.
Henry James in Mr. William Watson's National Review
artide on "Fiction — Plethoric and Anaemic."
no element in its composition that will slight or give
offence to the people of any nation of the Empire, and
if that cannot be done, then better ^ith none at all. —
I am, &c., H. LooAN.
Sandgate, Prestwick: May 1, 1900.
Correspondence.
The Missing Word.
Sib, — In relation to Mr. F. G. Oole's letter I beg per-
mission for a few words in reply. From his definition of
the term '^Englander" we are given to understand that
it is a new word coined for the occasion and having no
racial significance whatever. I cannot look upon EngUuader
as an entirely new word, as the title England forms the
first two syllables of it, and, in spite of Mr. Cole's asser-
tion, I maintain that it is stamped all over with racial
significance. I again reiterate that no Scotsman, Irish, or
Welsh, with any love of his native country woiild accept
this word as a filting title for a subject of the British
Empire. Some word must be coined which will contain
Esquire.
Sib, — I see that one of the words prohibited by Mr.
William GuUen Bryant {vide the article entitled ''An
Index Expurgatorius of Words" in your issue for
April 28) is the appellation '' esquire." May I venture to
Bugg^t that in so doing Mr. firyant showed a lament-
able ignorance of all that pertains to the science of
herald^? It may not be generally known that only
certain persons are entitled, by right heraldic, to the use
of the word esquire. The general impression seems to be
that anyone who possesses a certain amount of landed
property, or has an income of not less than, say, £500 a
year, is entitled to be called '' esquire." But, as has been
aptly remarked, "no money whatsoever, or landed pro-
periy, will give a man properly this title, unless he comes
within certain rules," which may be thus stated :
The following are alone entiUed to the use of the word
esquire :
1. Esquires of the king's body, limited to four.
2. The cddest sons of knights, and their eldest sons
respectively.
3. The eldest sons of the youngest sons of barons, and
others of the g^reater nobility.
4. Those whom the King invests with collars of SS., as
the Kings at Arms, Heralds, &c.
5. Esquires to the Knights of the Bath, being their
attendants on their installation.
6. Sheriffs of Oounties and Justices of the Peace (the
latter only during their tenure of office), and all those who
bear special office in the King's household, as G^tlemen
of the Privy Chamber, Oarvers, Sewers, Cup-bearers,
Pensioners, Serjeants-at-Arms.
7. '* Counsellors at law," bachelors of divinity, law, and
physic. — I am, &c.
Oxford: May 1, 1900. H. B.
New Books Received.
[These notes on some of the New Boohs of the week are
preliminary to Reviews that may followJ]
RuDYABD Kipuwa:
A Cbiticism. Bt Eighabd Le Gallibnnb.
Mr. Le Qallienne places on the title-page of his study
of Mr. Kipling this quotation from The Bridge- Builders :
The fire-carriages shout the names of new gods that are
not the old under new names. . . . When Brahm ceases
to dream, the heavens and the hells and earth disappear.
Be content. Brahm dreams still.
There is no preface to the book, which consists of three
chapters, deaUng respectively with "The Poetry," "The
Stories," and " Mr. Kipling's General Significance and
Influence." To these Mr. John Lane adds a bibliography.
(Lane. 3s. 6d. net )
Cbiokbt in Many Climbs. By P. F. Wahner.
Mr. Warner has played cricket under Lord Hawke'a
captaincy in all parts of the British colonies — "upon
fields that are almost within sound of Niagara and in
towns that have since undergone the hardships of siege
and bombardment." In Barbados, in Trinidad, in British
Quiana, he has " sped the flying ball." This, then, is
a book of more than cricketing interest. Here, if any-
where, cricket appears not as a game but as an institution,
dear as their language to Anglo-Saxons. (Heinemann.)
5 May, 1900.
The Academy.
395
The DiyiNB Advxntubb, Ioka,
By SufiDowN Shobes. By Fiowa Maclbod.
MIbs Madeod calls these three pieces '* studies in spiri-
tual history." Of the first she says : " ' The Divine Adven-
ture ' is an effort to solve, or obtain light upon, the pro-
foundest human problem. It is by looking inward that
we shall find the way outward. l?he gods — and what we
mean by the gods — me gods seeking Qo^ have ever penc-
il trated the soiu by two roads — ^that of nature and that of
r art. Edward Calvert put it supremely well when he said :
' I_go inward to God : outwajcd to the gods.' " (Chapman
A Hall. 6s,)
- Thb Dxfbnsivb Abmottb and thx Wbapons and
Enoinbs of War of Msdlsval Tmss,
AND of the EeNAISSANGB.
By Bobebt Coltman Clbphan.
This volume has grown out of notes printed in ArchaO'
, logia ^lianay that excellent repository of J^orth of England
lore, in 1898. Armour is a highly technical subject, and
Mr. Clephan brings to it the experience gained in years of
fltudy. He treats of his subject under the two headings,
" Defensive Armour " and " Weapons of War." (Walter
Scott. 7s. 6d.)
In addition to the foregoing, we have received :
THBOLOGIOAL AND BIBLIGAU
Pflelderer (Ottol Erolatlon and Theology, and Other EssajB
(A. & C. Black)
Wadell (Rev. P. H.), Christianity as an Ideal (Blackwood) 3/6
Hajman (Heiiry)t_The Bpistlee of the New Tbstamenft (Black) o/S
Biz (E. H.), The Teetament of Ignatins Loyola (Sands) S^B
POETBY, OBinOISM* AND BBLLB8 LBTTBBS.
Scott (Charlea Newton), I^yrics and Blegiea (Smith. Bider) 4/0
North (H. B.)* Pieces and Sonnets ^ (Gaj & Bird) net 1/6
Trench (liarion). The Passion-Play at Oher-Ammergan (Kegan Panll net 1/6
Trine (Ba^ph Waldo), The Greatest Thing Bver Known. (Bell A Sons)
Schuyler (W. Miller), A GaUeory of Fanner Girls ... (Kioto Publishing Go.)
Wynne (Charles Whitworth), Ad Astra (Bioharda)
mSTOBY AND BIOGRAPHY.
Belloc (Madame), The Flowing Tide (Sands k Go.) 6/0
Jnlleyille (L. Petit de), Histoire dela Langne et de la Litt^ratnre Frangaise
(OohnitOie.)
Armstrong (B. G.), The History of the Melaneaian Mission (Isbister) 10/6
Sharpe (iSginald B.), Calendar of Letter-Books of the City of London
(Francis)
The Beacon Series of Biographies: Aaron Bnrr, Nathaniel Hawthorae,
Frederick Dongas, John Brown, Thomas Paine (Kegaa Fanl) net 3^/6
Welman (8.), TheParish and Gharoi& of Godahning (Stock)
Larg«nt (Father), The Sidnts: Saint Jerome (Docjcworth) 3/0
Wright (0. E.), Grideon Gnthrie : a Monograph (Blackwood) 6/0
British BmpiJW Series : British America (Kegan Paol) 6/0
SCJIBNOB AND PHILOSOPHY.
Jnpp (Alexander H.), Some Heresies Dealt with (Bnrleigh) 60
Gerring (Charles), Notes on Printers and BookseUers.
(Simpkin, MarshaU) net 10/6
Bobson (J. A.), The Economics of Distribution (Macmillao) net 6/0
EDUCATIONAL.
Shorey (Panl), Pope's Died : Books L, V[., XXII.. and XXIV. ...(Isbister) 1/6
Oeorge (A. J.) .Tennyson's Princess (Isbister) 1/6
Stout (J. FX Herodotus: Book II (Olive) 8/6
Cheetham (T. A.), ElementaxT Ohemistiy (Blackie)
Downie (John), Macanlay's Essay on Lord CliTS (Blackie) 2/0
MISOELLANIOUS.
Keltie (J. Scott), The Statesman's Year Book, lOOO (Macmillan) lQ/6
Hillier (Alfretl), Tuberculosis (Cassell) 7/6
NEW EDITION.
Hall ( rheophilus D.), Greek Testament Header (Murray) 8/6
Our Weekly Competition.
Result of No. 32 (New Series).
Last week we offered a prize of one gnisea for the best set of four
3r five Btanzaa narrating the homeward journey of Mrs. Gilpin
Prom the Bell at Edmonton and the reunion of the family in Cheap-
side. These veraeft were to be suitable to precede the last existing
rerse of Cbwper's ballad. The four best oontributions are of very
H\\xal merit The most Gowperian have been contributed by Mr.
Peroy Kent^ 2, Bayley Ifansionp, Bedford-Square, W.C., to whom a
cheque for one guinea has been sent.
Meanwhile his spouse, her sister too,
And ^k» their ohildren f our.
Grown tired of waiting at the Bell,
Beeolred to wait no more.
The reckoning paid, John Gilpin's wife,
With fond maternal care,
Did straight bestow her preoious charge
All in the chaise and pair.
Then onoe again the wheels went round,
Again the whip went smack ;
But ^Bj who had so glad set out,
Full sadly went they bMk.
For t>^"l""g on her husband's fate.
Did Mistress Gilpin weep,
Tet dried her eyes to find her dear
Awaiting hear at Cheap.
Said Gilpin : " On our wedding-day
I'ye been compelled to roam.
And, since we have not dined abroad,
Why, we will sup at home 1 "
Another contribution is as follows :
The post-bqy, weary of the race.
Reluctant drew the rein,
And hied him to the Bell, to say
His mission was in vain !
Said Mrs. GUpin— kindly soul :
*« My husbuid's gone to town ;
Altho' you lost by half a head.
Ton sha'n't loee half -a-orown ! "
Then home they rode within the chaise
In whioh th^ rode before,
And like poor Gilpin, never stopped
Until they reached their door I
When Mr. Gilplo, peeping out,
His faithful spouse espied.
He met them with a joyful shout,
And laughed until he cried.
" *Ti8 odd," quoth he, " our wedding-day
In such a style to keep.'*
** No matter," quoth his frugal spouse,
•• We'll hare it on • The Cheape.' "
[H. A. M., London, N.W.]
Other replies, received from *<Clorinda," Tisford ; L. M. L .Staf-
ford ; T. B. D., Bridgwater ; E. A. a, Sevenoaks ; A. E. W^ inver-
Competition No. 33 (New Series).
Mb. Pickwick'b first daim to renown rested on his learned
" Speculations on the Source of the Hampstead Ponds, with some
Obeervations on the Theory of TitUebats." It is strange that
no attempt has been made to resuscitate even a fragment of this
remarkable paper. We invite our readers to do so ; and since not
all have been to Hampstead, but all have caught titUe-bats, we ask
them to confine themselves to the latter branch of Mr. Pickwick's
subject. It may be taken for granted that Mr. Pickwick unfolded
his great Theory of Tittle-bats in language worthy of his own and
his robject's importance. We caU for those words, imposing three
hundred as the limit. To the competitor who, in our judgment,
evokes them most nearly as they were delivered to the immortal
Club, we shall award a priie of One Guinea.
BULBB.
Answers, addressed "Literary Competition, The Aqadibmt, 43,
Chancery-lane, W.C.," must reach us not later than the first post
of Tuesday, May 8. Bach answer must be accompanied by
the ooupon to be found in the first column of p. 377, or it can-
not enter into competition. Competitors sending more than one
attempt at solution must accompany each attempt with a sepuate
coupon ; otherwise the first only will be considered. We wish to
impress on competitors that the task of examining repUes is mudi
fa<Slitated when one side only of the paper is written upon. It is
also important that names and addresses should always be given.
We cannot consider anonymous amwers.
39^ The Academy. s May, 1500.
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The Academy.
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The Academy
A Weekly Review of Literature and Life.
No. 1462. Established 1869.
12 May, 1900.
Price Threepence.
[RegisUnd as a Newspapir,']
The Literary Week.
Books about the War come into this office with the
frequency of shells in a besieged town. Following a score
or so that we have already reyiewed, to-day Mr. Pearse,
of the Daily Netos, g^ves us a book ; to-morrow Mr.
Nevinson, of the Chronicle ; the day after to-morrow Mr.
Winston Churchill. The war-book business, like every-
thing else, is being overdone. Within a week the rights
of no fewer than twenty-five books about the War were
offered to one American publisher. We are also to have
a volume from the Bishop of Natal, who was at the Front
with General Buller. It is in the form of a diaiy, and
was written for the benefit of his friends ; but ^' the urgent
needs of his diocese have induced him to consent to their
publication." The Bishop of Natal is a sanguine man.
We wish him and his diary good fortune.
Mr. Conan Dotle, we understand, has accepted the
offer of an American firm of publishers to write a history
of the Boer War.
Messrs. Methtjbn are preparing a sixpenny edition of
Colonel Baden-Powell's personal narrative of the Mata-
bele Campaign of 1896. The book, which is dedicated to
his mother, has been illustrated by Colonel Baden-Powell
with numerous and characteristic sketches.
Mrs. Meynbll has been appointed art critic of the
Pall MaU GastetU, in succession to B. A. M. S. Mr. W. E.
Henley has written for the new number of the Pall MaU
Maga%ine an appreciation of Mr. E. A. M. Stevenson.
Changes have taken place in the editorial department of
the Speaker. Mr. Philip Carr, we understand, nas retired
from the editorship, which he shared jointly with Mr.
J. L. Hammond.
The work of reconstruction which has been in progress
for some time in the publishing house of Harper & Brothers
is now practically complete. The London branch in Albe-
marle-street has been placed under the control of Mr.
W. B. Fitts, who is known in England by his work in con-
nexion with the new series of the North American Review.
Mr. E. Y. Lucas has joined Messrs. Harper & Brothers as
reader and literary adviser.
Mr. ANTHomr Hope is writing three more ''Dolly
Dialogues," which will be published in the New Magazine,
an American periodical of which the first number is
announced to appear shortly.
A SIXPENNY edition of John Oliver Hobbes's The School
for Saints will be issued by Mr. Fisher Unwin at an early
date.
In the report made by Edward Edwards on the first
yearns working of the Manchester Free Library (1852-53)
it is interesting to read hie remarks on the popular
reading of that day. He enumerates some of the works
most in demand in both the Beference and the Lending
Departments, and the list of titles makes a curious
contrast with the popular reading of to-day — not entirely
to the credit of modem readers. In the Reference
Department the Biblical commentaries most in demand
were those of Calmet, Kitto, and Beard. The works
of Jeremy Taylor, Eichard Hooker, Bobert Hall, and
Bishop Horsley had been much read. During the
first six mont^ of the year, Hume and Smollett's
History of England was issued 31 times; Lingard's, 41
times ; Craik and Macfarlane's, 60 times ; and Macaulay's
124 times. Cumming's Hunter's Life in South Africa was
applied for nearly 200 times ; Dana's Two Years Before the
Mast, 74 times ; and Layard's Nineveh and its Remains
about as often. Biography was popular ; and for a Zife of
Wellington^ and the great Duke^s Despatches, there were
122 calls. Various lives of Napoleon had a total of
303 r^&ders. Shakespeare's works, and books illustrative
thereof, reached the reiroectable total of 324 issues ; while
in the realm of fiction, Scott and Defoe reigned supreme,
there having been 1,141 issues of the former and 984 of
the latter: Ivanhoe being issued 241 times, and Robinson
Crusoe, 239. The Thousand and One Nights delighted 294
readers, Oulliver^s Travels left the shelves 123 times, and
Roderick Random had 82 issues.
Turning to the parallel six months in the Lending Depart-
ment, we find that the same problem troubled the librarian
of those days as now — viz., the great preponderance of
fiction-reading. Dickens's The Chimes was borrowed 42
times ; Oliver Heist, 30 ; and Domhey and Son, 20 times.
Scott's Kenilworth was issued 34 times ; Peveril of the Peak,
81 ; and The Fortunes of Nigel, 34 times. Vanity Fair was
taken out 30 times; Pelham, 33 times; while the now
forgotten Sewell's Rudolph the Voyager iormd 36 readers.
''But," says the librarian, "of such works as these, four
or five times the number of copies which the library
possesses would be in equally eager demand were they
forthcoming." The first volume of Whitaker's History of
Manchester was borrowed 21 times, but the second reversed
the figures, being issued only 12 times. Macaulay's
History found 20 students. Fifteen issues were recorded
of tiie early volumes of Lingard's History ; but the perse-
verance of many of the readers evidently broke down, for
when the ninth volume was reached they numbered but
10, the tenth totalled 7, and the thirteenth only 3.
Clarendon's History found 14 readers for the first and
second volumes, but the seventh volume reduced that
number to 3.
We stated some weeks ago that the scene of Mr.
Kipling's new novel is laid in Upper Burmah. The first
draft of the story, we gather from the New York Bookman,
was given to the printers in England before Mr. Kipling's
depa^ure for South Africa. In its original form it made
about one hundred thousand words. The proofs were
forwarded to Mr. Kipling at the scene of the war, and the
author was obliged to make his corrections and alteratioiM
under tiying and pictures(jue circumstances,
400
The Academy.
12 May, 1900.
How quickly truth becomes elusive, and myth perva-
sive! Was it truth or myth — ^that Norfolk lanmord's
character-sketch of Q^orge Borrow which Mr. Lowenson
communicated last week to the Daily ChronieU? Mr.
William Mackay, writing from Oulton Broad, the scene of
Mr. Lowerison's interview, scouts the whole story. Our
readers must judge between the twain :
Mb. Mackat, in the Dally
ChrorMe, May 9.
Mr. Lowsrison m the
Daiiy Chronicle, April 30.
The landlord of the Ferry
Inn at Oulton Broad knew
George Borrow very weU. I
remember five years ago ask-
ing him how he liked the
author of Lavengro.
*' Didn't like him at all,"
was the g^ff response.
*' At least," I said, '* he was
a scholar and a genUemen."
** Scholar be d ," re-
plied Boniface, ''an' gentle-
man he weren't ; never came
into my bar but he quarrelled
with everyone there, and
cracked 'em out to fight. An'
when he weren't fighting him-
self he were eggin' others on
to."
And that was (George
Borrow.
But all the same I'll e'en
take down the Romany Rye
And talk with the gipsies ere
I sleep to night.
He [Mr. Lowerison] dis-
covered at the Ferry Inn "a
landlord who knew Borrow
very well." There is no inn
of that name at Oulton Broad.
But the landlord of the Wherry
Hotel — which is doubtless the
hostelry Mr. Lowerison has in
his mind — did not know
Borrow ** very well." I also
had tapped that barrel, but
obtained from it nothing
stimulating. The landlord's
name was Mason — he died a
twelvemonth affo — and he has
often told me that Borrow had
not "used" his house twice
during all the years through
which they had been neigh-
bours. Am Mr. Lowerison's
story, therefore, about Borrow
quarrelling in the bar, fight-
ing himself and egging others
on to fight, is pure romance.
Tour correspondent has
evidently encountered some-
one who impersonated the
landlord of the Wherry ; some-
one who appears to have been
as great a poseur and as flam-
boyant a prevaricator as Mr.
George Borrow himself. This
theory finds support in the
fact that the real landlord of
the Wherry did not swear,
and did not converse in a sort
of bastard dialect impossible
to locate. The late Mr. Mason
was a Londoner, an intelligent
and widely-read man with
considerable literary tastes.
Mr. Eobbrt H. Sherrard writes some interesting things
about his friend, the late Mr. Ernest Dowson, in the
current Author. Mr. Sherrard sheltered Dowson in the
last six weeks of his unhappy life, and his account of
the young poet's last literary enjoyments comes somewnat
as a surprise :
He glutted himself on Dickens, and I had also an
Esmond, by Thackeray, to put into his gaunt hands. He
had Esmond in his bed, by the way, when he died. But
as to Dickens, here was a perfect sf yJist and most laborious
artist who delighted himself for the last precious days of
a short life in the hasty writings, but perfect humanity,
of our English Balzac.
And I shall never take up an Oliver Twiat again without
remembering these circumstances : Five hours before
Ernest Dowson died I was lying on a couch in a room
adjoining his, keeping myself awake at six o'clock in the
morning with the adventures of that most smug of prigs,
so as to keep converse with my friend, who could not get
to sleep, and who had begged me to talk to him. I
happened to say to him, to show that I was vigUant :
** How absurdly melodramatic this is, about the murder of
Nancy. Do you think that, for anything Fagin could tell
him, Sikes, who knew Fagin to be the worst liar on earth,
would have killed his missus ? "
"No," said Dowson; "he would have gone for Glay-
PoIa" A.nd that was the last thing on literature that he
ever said.
Francis Douoe's box at the British Museum has been
opened at last, and its contents are said to be of no value
to anybody. The British Museum authorities had nerer
set very high hopes on the box, as it was known thut
Douce had left aU his finest manuscripts to the Bodleiac
Library.
Mr. George Gissing is one of those novelists about
whom the best of friends are apt to disagree. You lik*
his novels or you don't. But it is surely a symptom of
Mr. GKssing's worth that books which he wrote many
years ago are continually being referred to by admiriog
readers as not having received their due. Thus in some
remarks on Grub-street — the Grub-street that was, and k
and will be — the American Bookman remarks that Mr.
Gissing's novel New Orub Street '< has not one tithe of the
recogmtion it deserves," while in the May Natumd Rma
Miss Jane H. Findlater writes of Mr. Gissing's The Xeih^
World as a novel that is '' deserving of more fame than it
ever got." If there are arrears of fame due to Mr. Gissing
it is very certain that they will be paid, with interest, at
some future date.
Miss Findlater's tribute to Mr. Gissittg occurs in a
very readable article on '* The Slum Movement in Fiction. '
The pedigree of the modem sluia novel as traced by Mi>^
Findlater is briefly this :
Charles Dickens {Oliver Twist),
Charles Kingsley {Alton Locke).
George Gissing {The Nether TForld).
Eudyard Kipling {Badalia Herodsfoot).
Arthur Morrison {Tales of Mean Streets).
W. S. Maugham {Li%a of Lambeth).
W. Pett Eidge {Mord Em'ly).
Clarence Hook {The Hooligan Nights).
Miss Findlater thinks that Badalia Herodifoot gave the
present ** brutal school " its present life and activity, w
Liia of Lambeth the brutality reached its depths, and whai
was needed was work* more artistic and less honiolj
powerful. The needed relief came in Mr. Pett Riage^
Mord EmUy and Mr. Clarence Rook's The Hooligan 3/,(^a^^
'^ To my thinking," says Miss Findlater,
these latest contributions to slum literature are probably
more near the truth in their picture of slum-life tiian wy
of their predecessors, yet it may be serioualy q^^**®°*[j
whether all attempts in this sort are not vain. The goJ
that separates the educated man and woman f«om *J® J^^
educated is curiously difficult to bridge. We may believe
as firmly as we like that we are brothers or sisters ' una^f
our skin,*' yet remain in heathen ignorance all the wm
of the real truth about each other. What we mutually
see must always be only the surface of things, «na *"^|
thing beyond that no more than clever conjectore. ^
U9 say, theu, that the probabilities seem to be f**^u
latest contributors I They avoid successfully the w»^
points where their predecessors have broken down, ai^e n
too moral, or too boring about reform ; or too ^JP^.^]jJ
tragical, or too desperately brutal ; they take, in i»ct,
middle road of proverb with good results.
The survey will do, but Miss Findlater makes one seriouj
omission. Mr. George Moore's JEsther Waters comninea
the darker and the lighter sides of slum life, *^^ ^ |^
any case, a most remarkable work of the class sue
considering.
BoETHius' Consolations of Philosophy is a book w \
Englishmen should not ''willingly let die." The ia^ounv^^
philosophical work of the Middle Ages, it found a JJJ^^
lover and editor in King Alfred, who, with the ai
12 May. 1900.
The Academy.
401
Ajsaer, gave to his subjects a fine though free rendering of
this work by ''the last of the Bomans whom Oato or
Tully would have acknowledged for their countryman.''
Last year Mr. Walter John Sedgefield gave us a scholarly
edition of King Alfred's Old English version of this re-
markable book. He now gives us, through the Clarendon
Press, the same version rendered into modem English. In
doing this it has been Mr. Sedgefield's care to preserve
that curiously refreshing personal note which Alfred
infused into his version, 'Hhe making of which was to
Alfred a love's labour." Mr. Sedgefield's preface con-
tinues:
It satisfied his intelleotual cravings and stiiniUated his
uncultured but vigorous mind, and he resolved to give his
BliU more unlettered lieg«8 a share in the treat. So he
turned it into his own tougue, as the King of tke West
Sazoos might be expected to do, in a large and royal
way, scattering up and down the work such notes and
oonsBMnts as he judged needful. His Boethiw heads the
roll of BngHsh philosophical writings ; it likewise heads the
roll of English translatiomu It is hoped that the modem
English dress here given to the kind's best book will help
to make him leas an unsubstantial shadow for Englishmen
of to-day, and more a real man, practical, right-feeling,
and earnest beyond his generation.
The supremacy of the Novel is discussed by Mr. Andrew
Lang in me Wsatminster Gazette. Mi. Lang finds that in
.1830 Bulwer Lytton wrote of the novel in terms which
mi^ht be used to-day. In his Dedicatory Epistle to Paul
Clifford Lytton explains why he writes novels. ''Will
you — ^will anyone — ^read epic or sonnet, tale or satire,
tragedy or epigram ? . . . Then, as to phHosophy, we may
judge of the demand when we reflect that Hobbes's works
are out of print, and that Mill's Analysis has not been
reviewed. . . . All books, except novels, are now ephemeral
far more than are writings in fiction. Does the biography
or the essay or the treatise last even the year for which
the novel endures ? . . . We live in a strange and ominous
period for literature. . . . The idlest work is the most
charming. . . . We throw aside our profound researches,
and feast upon popular abridgments. . . . Headers now
look into fiction for facts. . . . Thus in the wreck of much
that is g^at and noble paths are open to second-rate
ability and mediocre knowledge." Mr. Lang is careful to
point out that Fiction did not enjoy undisputed sway for
long after 1830. The poetry of Tennyson, the histories of
Maoaulay and Eroude, and the philosophy of Darwin and
Buskin, soon redressed the balance. ''Thus," says Mr.
Lang, '' if any author feels that he has in him the powers
of a Macaulay, a Tennyson, a Fronde, a Darwin, or a
Buskin, he may, without too much diffidence, write history,
poetry, philosophy, or essays on art. The less gifted or
less confident men of the pen are driven back, like Lytton,
on the hovel, and let us hupe that their romances will be
no worse than his."
Meanwhile, the young novelist of our day is possibly
working on wrong lines. The qualities on which he
prides himself most are his veracity and vigilance. To see
everything, and record it truly, is, he thinks, essential to
his art. He revels in what he calls '' vision." To make
the reader see a great deal of detail with absolute clearness
is constantly his labour. A writer in the Atlantic Review
confesses that this labour is lost on him. When the
illusion of a modem novel is at its height, he has '' an
instinctive craving for the disentangling of the essential
from the superfluous, for enfranchisement from the tyranny
of accessories." Probably few readers with a fine critical
sense have not felt the same impatience of superfluously
wrought detail, especially in the novels on which the
adjective ^* powerful" b bestowed with a flowing pen.
The writer oontinues :
If we consider, I venture to say, we shall find that we
know the faces, of none of the characters of the great
fiction of the past as we know, or may know, those of the
brain-children of the typical latter-day novelist — ^not even
Beatrice Esmond, not Don Quixote lumself. Nor are we
made aware of any very minutely distinguishing traits,
mental or physical, pertainiDg to tiiem. Radiant, heroic,
grotesque, repellent, as the case may be, they ^ are
satisfymgly apparent, sufficiently real, but they are a little
removed urom us; tiieir outlines are slightly indefinite,
like those of a composite picture. Perhaps, indeed, we
never lose the latent consciousness that they are composite
pictures — tiiat each is not one, but many. Certainly.^ I
have never had, while setting myself to learn their life
histories, the vague feehng of unworthiness which one has
in listening to gossip about one's neighbours — as I have
had more than once in the case of ihe scrupulously in-
dividualised heroes and heroines and satellites of to-day.
And never have Bosalind, Hamlet, the deathless Don —
nor even Becky Sharp and Mrs. Qamp^harassed me by
their presence I
The American Bookman^ s latest list of best selling books :
1. To Have and to Hold, Johnston.
2. Red Pottage, Gholmondeley. .
3. Janice Meredith, Ford.
4. When Knighthood was in Flower, Gaskoden.
, ( Richard Carvel, Churchill.
'' \ The G(
rcntleman from Indiana, Tarkington.
6. Resurrection. Tolstoy.
Chioago is already associated in the minds of English-
men with scientific slaughter. We are afraid that its
treatment of the English language suggests similar ideas.
The spelling reform which is there making such rapid
progress has brought about the adoption of spellings which
we contemplate with a shudder. Final e's are to be
dropped ''in words in which they do not serv to lengthen
tfie preceding vowel, but rather tend to mislead the lemer ;
thus — spel, hav, giv, ar, bad (^verb), definit, derivativ,
amiabl, &c." "F" is to be substituted for "ph" and
'' gh " ; thus — geografy, fantasm, and enuf . Other typical
new spellings are : Coud, sovran, foren, hole (entire),
iland, gastly, &c. On these Dr. Funk, editor - in - chief
of the Standard Dictionary, comments favourably, as
follows :
It is inevitable as the law of gravity that silent letters —
that is, letters that have outlived their significance and are
now but dead weight — be dropt out of words. Progress is
along the line of least resistance, and in spelling the
phonetic is surely that line ; a distmct sign for every
dJsttnot sound. We have already come a great way. Just
note some of the spellings that our ^reat-grandfathers had
to put up with, and let us be glad that we live to-day.
This is the way they spelt in Shakespeare's time :
Ayre ^air), beleeue (believe), civill (dvil), cuppe (cup),
dieueli (devil), duckoy (decoy), farre (far), fysche (fish),
horrour (horror), musick (music), suune (sun), souldters
(soldiers), Irewe (true), wiefe (wife).
We agree that progress has been made since Shakespeare's
time, but it has been a progress free, natural, and gracious.
Speech bdongs to the mind and body, and should partake
of their cdow change and growth. New spellings should
be initiated by writers, not by schoolmasters and lexico-
graphers. Your spelling reformer will make night and
knight indistinguishable to the eye. Veil and vale ; sent,
cent, and scent ; by, bye, and buy will all lose their visuiJ
identity under the *' fonetik " scheme. This would be
calamitous from a literary point of view.
A DELIGHTFUL picturo of ouo of Edward FitzGerald's
hospitable evenings at his cottage at Boulge in 1845 is
contained in a letter written by Bernard Barton, Fitz-
Gerald's father-in-law, to John Wodderspoon, the author
of Memorials of Ipswich, The letter from which we are
about to quote is one of a large batch written by Barton
to Wodderspoon, which has lately come into the hands of
402
The Academy.
12 May, 1900.
an Ipswich bookseller. These letters date from 1843 to
1849, and their contents are very varied. Writing on
January 16, 1845, Barton gives this picture of FitzGerald
as a host :
Tom Churchyard drove me last night to a symposiiim
given by Edward FitzGerald to us two and Old Crabbe—
lots of palaver, smoking, and laughing. My head swims
yet«with the fumes of the baocy, and my sides are sore
with laughine. Edward was in one of his drollest cues,
and did the honours of his cottage with such gravity of
humour that we roared again. It was the oddest mdange.
Tea, porter, ale, wine, brandy, cigars, cold lamb, salad,
cacumber, bread and cheese ; no precise line of demarca-
tion between tea and supper. It was one continuous
spread, something coming on fresh every ten minutes till
we wondered whence they came and wbither they could
be put. "Gentlemen, the resources of the cottage are
exhaustless," shouted our host. '* IMlss Faiers, the salad
there, the cucumber here, oil at that comer, vinegar and
pepper yonder ; there put the cream, and that glass of
butter in the middle, push those wine and brandy bottles
close together **— certes, it was rare fun.
Bibliographical.
Writing in the J)aily Express the other day, Mr. Clement
Scott referred to the fact that when he was editor of the
Theatre magazine one of his contributors was Miss Marie
Corelli. Those who are interested in Miss Oorelli's work
outside the limits of fiction may like to know that her articles
in Mr. Scott's miscellany appear to have begun in 1883
with an account of "A Fair Enthusiast" (for Wagner),
followed in the same year by a paper on '' Joachim and
Sarasate " and a sketch of <' A Girl Graduate." In 1884
came " His Big Friend " (an eloge of HoUman, the violin-
cellist). In January, 1885, appeared a description of an
'improvisation " (on the pianoforte) given by Miss Oorelli
at a nouse in Harley-street. " Her touch is brilliant, and
her execution marvellous," wrote the appreciative reporter.
Then in the February number came four stanzas of verse
addressed to the Princess Beatrice "on her betrothal,"
after this fashion :
Beatrice, Comfort of England ! Young Joy of its people,
Lay by the lilies of maidenhood, — Love is before thee !
Hark to the bells going mad with their mirth in the
steeple !
* ding to the lover who looks in thine eyes to adore thee !
Happiness hallowed thy girlhood, and peace in its perfect
completeness,
Greater delight now awaits thee, and stronger, more
absolute sweetness.
Come from the side of that Throne where the nations in
wonder
Bend to thy Mother's slight hand and acknowledge her
splendour,
She whom the multitudes shout for with voices of thunder.
She who is better than mighty in being so tender !
Pitiful ev'n to the poorest, as eompassionate sister to
brother,
Beatrice ! well hast thou honoured so noble, so faifcbful a
mother.
Finally, in 1886, Miss Corelli was represented by fourteen
lines on Desdemona, beginning thus :
Draw back the velvet curtains, let the light
Rush wonderingly in I She will not say
The sunbeams dazzle her. . . . Eternal Night
Hath closed for her the portals of the Day.
Look you how fair she is ! as fair as when
She smiled on Cassio — prithee where's her wrong ?-*
One woman, sure, doth smile on many men !
The announcement of a forthcoming new edition of Sir
Philip Sidney's sonnets, with hitherto-unprinted matter,
is a fresh tesiamony to the renewed popularity of the hero
of Zutphen. There has been quite a run upon Sidney
and his works duri^ the past decade. It began with the
memoir which Mr. H. E. Fox Bourne contributed to the
"Heroes of the Nations" series in 1891. In 189*2 a
^^ Cabinet of Gems" from Sidney's writinn made its
appearance, followed in 1893 by a reprint of ids JLpohfu
for Poetrie^ a reprint of his Arcadia^ and an edition of hii
Miscellaneous Works. He was allowed to rest for a
year, and then, in 1895, came a pretty little ooUecticm of
his Lyrie Poems. In 1897 we had Mr. Groflarfs edition of
the Complete Poetical Works in three yolumee (indadin^
the verse in the Areadia). Next year appealed Mr. John
Gh-a^s edition of the Sonnets^ with Mr. Bicketts^B^ illus-
trations, and, finally, last year saw the pnblication of
Memoirs of the Sidney Family y from the pen of the gentle-
man who is now about to give us more of Sidney's Terse.
I note that Mr. E. Eobins is by and by to be represented
by a couple of new volumes— one entitled Tkoeive Grest
Actors, and the other Twelve Great Actresses, Mnch inter-
ested as I am in the literature of the stage, this particulu
announcement is one about which f feel nnahle tj
** enthuse." Mr. Bobins, who is, I believe, an American
cousin, is already known in this country as the author cf
Echoes of the Playhouse : Reminiscences of Past Glories (189-5 .
and of The Palmy Days of Nance Oldfield (1898), neither of
them very much more than collections of more or leai
readable gossip.
It is, again, a little disappointing to find that the
volume on The Manchester SU^e, for which we are toli
to k)ok, is confined in scope to the last twenty yean.
The story of the Manchester stage is well worth telling sr
some length, as it is of real interest and value to playgoen.
It was in Cottonopolis that Charles Calvert started most
if not all, of his excellent Shakespearean revivals, and it
was in the same city that Henry Irving first gave eainesc
of his exceptional ability as an actor. Something abom
the Birmingham stage has been written by Mr. T. £.
Pemberton ; and the same of&ce has been done for Bath
by Mr. Penley, for Edinburgh by Mr. J. O. Dibdin, fer
Glasgow by Mr. Walter Bajwiam, and for Aberdeen bj
the late Mr. Angus. Even the Dundee stage has had iti
historian. There is a little book on the Brighton stage :
but, unless I am much mistaken, the theatrical history of
Liverpool, Shef&eld, Leeds, Bristol, and other leading
centres in England, has either been altogether neglected
or else very inadequately treated,
A Yale professor has written a book on The Mind $f
Tennyson, which, I suppose, will soon be accessible in
England. Singularly enough, America (so far as I know!
has not done much in the way of Tennysonian criticism.
For liie moment I can thins: only of Stedman'a easaj
in his Victorian Poets and of Mr. Van Dyke's Poetry
of Tennyson, which came to us, originally, ten yean
ago, but has since been revised and repxodnced. We
shall see what the Tale professor gives us; but, in the
meantime, the States have yet to furnish us with *' appre-
ciations" of our great poet which can be named in the
same breath with those of George Brimley, W. C. fiosooe,
E. H. Hutton, Stopford Brooke, and Frederic Harrison.
The idea, which has occurred to Major Arthur Griffiths,
of writing tilie history of Famous British Regiments is good,
but not quite novel. I remember very weU a little book,
published a good many years ago, called Famous Regiment*
of the British Army ; but that, of course, must be somewhat
out of date. Besides, have there not been changes in
regimental nomenclature ?
'^ Do you remember," asks Mr. Arthur Pendenys in his
latest letter to Belinda, ''that in the burlesque of Lytton's
play, ' Money,' Sir Harcourt Courtly figured as Sir Hair-
cut Shortly — one of the best perversions on record?"
But, dear Mr. Pendenys, it is in "London Assurance,"
not in ''Money," that Sir Harcourt Courtly figures. And
when and where was "Money" ever burlesqued? I can
find no record of any travesty of that demodd production.
Tns Bookworm.
t2 May, 1900.
The Academy.
403
Reviews.
A Woman's Hansard.
The International Congress of Women, 1899. Edited by
the Countess of Aberdeen. 7 vols. (Unwin. Eadi
3s. 6d. net.)
XJttbrance is creative : that is the teaching of Genesis
and St. John, it is also the experience of the world ; and
th.e utterance of woman — so long delayed — the utterance
before maiJkind of all her sufferings and aspirations in
political and industrial life, is creating a new order and
new values. Silence, even that which M. Maeterlinck
applauds with such truth and grace, is but the laboratory
01 the message for which a heart or a world is waiting.
The International Congress of Women of 1 899, like the
similar gatherings whic^ preceded and which will succeed
ity was an utterance bom of long and cruel silence. ^ It
stated innumerable facts ; it suggested remedies for exist-
ing evils ; it diffused what we may call the cult of sister-
hood in humanity ; it was a great conception admirably
organised. Its result is materialised in seven voliunes,
and we are able as a consequence to obtain an idea of the
value of women as an intellectual force in politics. The
volumes have been edited, the parenthetical talk (^'Hear,
hear," &c.) has been eliminated, but the characteristics of
the speakers remain. Let it be said at once that even
congresses of women are not free from frivolity. Woman
is incurably arch. Said Miss Mabel Hawtrey, for instance :
" People, I am told, advocate co-education with a view to
promoting the equality of the sexes. Now, this is an
object with whidi I have very little sympathy, as I have
no wish to climb down and place myself on an equality
with man. I would much rather stay where I am, in the
position he has given me, and personally I shall be quite
satisfied if he continues to look up to me." This were
a suitable remark to put in the mouth of a flirtatious girl
in a novel ; but it gives a preliminary air of insincerity to
a thoughtful speech on co-education from a physiological
point of view. Sex-glorification is another regrettable
feature of tiie talk of women in cong^ss. . Hear Mrs.
Adelaide Johnson in an imfinished and unfijushable sen-
tence on sculpture as a profession for her bbx : '* And as
hitherto woman has never failed in any undertaking what-
soever, but, wiUi fair opportunity in each, h^s taken the
palm, and has purified, dignified, and uplifted every trade,
mdustry, and profession c£e has entered and embraced —
or 'tis truer to say conquered. . . ." The rebutment of
imaginary accusations should not occiipy women in con-
gress. ^* It is, or it was," said Miss Uarmiohael Stopee,
'* a common masculine dictum, that women huve no creative
or originative faculty, no humour, no path(tf, no fire, no
sustained effort, no accuracy. Had I time I could disprove
each charge." And then the good lady goes on to
demand : '^ Who among men has equalled the intensity
of Charlotte and Enuly Bronte ? " This is the kind of
thing whidi a happy exigency of space might have ex-
cluded from print. Women, collectively speaking, err in
3deldin^ to an innate love of forcible plurase, regardless of
accuracy. To the Lady Battersea we owe the curious
sentence; '^ Novels, which, if they do not amuse, are
unworthy of their name, do not prevent their authors from
being among the best preachers and teachers the world
has ever known. . . . Think of Sir W. Scott, Hood. . . .
Miss Broughton, and the joint work of Gilbert and
Sullivan." The abbreviation " Sir W." gives a special
flavour to this apostrophe. The importance of facts, of
data, has yet to be learned by the average woman speaker ;
but that women are capable of mastering the concrete as
well as the abstract surface of a question is shown by the
valuable contributions of Mrs. J. B. Macdonald to the
work of the Congress. Women are naturallv fond of
platitude, and there was one which fell from the lips of
a fair senatress which deserves to become a classic:
'^ Where equity is, justice cannot be far ofE."
The pronoimcements of the Conors on the subject of
literature, journalism, and art will be read with interest.
They are, of course, imbued with a moral feeling which
rather tempts the rejoinder: '^L'art pour Part." The
Duchess of Sutherland almost made an epigram in rebuking
women journalists who forgot that ''personalities were
not character-studies." Mrs. Ida H. Harper stated the
remarkable fact that " in Chicago a woman, who has been
for many years an editorial writer on one of the large
dailies in that city, does the heavy political writing, treating
especially the leading questions of tariff and finance," at
a salary of 5,000 dols. a year. An excellent prindfie in
co-operative journalism was stated by the same ladv. The
woman- journalist ''must learn to forget that she is a
woman when she has to work among men at men's work.
I do not mean that she must be unwomanly. . . . But if a
man wants to smoke in her presence when she is at work,
or keep his hat on, or take his coat off, . . . she must
remember that it cJl goes with the place she is in. . . .
Men like womanly women ; but still they don't want anv
' clinging- vine ' business about an office." Miss March
Phillipps finds that "men write with g^reater ease and
lightness because their work is now brought into dpse
contact with that of women." They should certainly gain
much "ease and lightness" if they answered Mrs.
Harper's requisition of the woman journalist. " If her
own cherished ideas are wholly opposed to those of the
managing editor, can she substitute his for her own and
present them in the same strong, convincing manner ? "
A striking example of an influential editress is dted by
Mile. Driicker. Her French is not dasaic, so we translate
the passage which refers to the weekly organ De
Buiwrouw. " At the head of this journal was and is still
an invisible personality, a woman . . . whose veil is so
thick that several people think that the face hidden
behind it is that of a man who is afraid of being un-
masked and twitted with having concealed himself under
a woman's name."
On the subject of romantic literature the most interest-
ing contributions are from foreigners. True, Mrs. Flora
Anna Steel says some dever thinss, such as this : " There
is nothing sacred from the stylograph pen, which jots
down even your mistakes as ' copy '^' ; but she takes refuge
in a crypt from the exactions of her too-comprehensive
subject. Mme. Dick May credits Mme. de Lafayette with
the creation of the psychological novel. MM. Paul
Bourget, Edouard Bod and Maxod Pr6vost must take ofE
their caps to her. Fraulein von Milde informs us that
Marie von Ebner-Eschenbach is Qermany's greatest
authoress, and that her account of the struggles of
a murderer's son " against prejudice, stupicuty and
malignity " is " the best modem novd we possess either
from men or women." Observe the calm omnisdence of
this remark! Mrs. Heinemann — ^the cultivated novelist
"Kassandra Vivaria" — stimulates a vague interest in
various Italian mediocrities whose productiveness amid
" the turmoil of intestine wars " was in itself a kind of
genius. Finland and Holland ofEer, it would appear,
mines of literary wealth still untapped, and translators on
the look out for " tips " cannot do better than consult these
Transactions on this subject.
Women have a delightful talent for enthusiasm in
branch-subjects. The experiences of a woman as a folk-
song collector, given in one of these volumes, is an illus-
tration of what we mean. What man woidd think of
making a " profession " of strolling about asking fisher-
men d propoi dss tottes to sing him songs ? But Mrs. Lee
is a f oUc-song collector who has the courage to present her
requests wimout the preliminary of being " introduced."
And because she refrains from introductions, she is re-
minded "of one I had to a well-known lady, from the
charwoman who deaned for us both, in a country district,
404
The Academy*
12 May, 1900.
^ Oh, Mrs. Lee, I tbink you ought to know Mrs. Madaren,
tor you both digs your pertatles and weeds your garden.
You both play the planner of a Sunday, and you are both
middle-aged.' "
Of the social, political, industrial side of these trans-
actions it scarcely behoves us to speak. An industrial
irony of a semi-literary character may be mentioned.
It is illeg^ for French women to do night work as com-
positors, but though they are chased from the composing
room after dark there is nothing to prevent them from
spending seven hours of the night in folding the journal
they may not set up.
Among the methods for securing an alleviation of indus-
trial evils may be mentioned the Consumers' League of the
United States, which puts buyers in the possession of such
facts as enable them to coidSne their patronage to firms
which study the sanitary interests 01 their employees.
Lord Bowton's model lodging-houses pay 5 per cent., it
appears ; but the scarcity of house-room is still one of the
disgraces of civilisation. Li the '^Beport of Council
Transactions " is printed an ingenious scheme, drawn up
by Mr. Gilbert Parker, for afEording comfortable accommo-
dation and board for women clerks earmng 25s. a week.
It may be added that several men were represented at the
Gong^ress, among them Dr. Oecil Beddie and Mr. J. H.
Badlcy, whose schools have pointed the way to a revolution
in educational methods.
Lady Aberdeen and her coadjutors may, on the whole,
be congratulated on the manner of their performance. It
was apparently, and perhaps justly, thought inexpedient
to remodel the uncouth locutions of several writers ; but
their assistance might perhaps have been sought for the
disentangling of a few really unintelligible sentences.
There are some misprints: "A death-rate increased by
104 per cent." (p. 160, "Women in Social life"), and
another " beaut6 de la statistique," on p. 44 of '^ Women
in Industrial Life," are beyond our comprehension.
Oendn is evidently a misprint for Tencin on p. 127,
Vol. I. of "Women in Professions." But the work
involved in selecting and condensing was enormous, and
there is plenty of evidence of conscientious attention to the
discharge of it. The indexes add greatly to the utility of
the volumes for reference.
In conclusion, what will come of all this talk ? Three
things, in one inevitable order — light, conviction, reform.
It is woman, whom even man delineated, from of old, as
Truth leaping from a well, as Aphrodite rising from the
chaos of waves, who will set this old world right.
Mr. Lang's "Scotland."
J. History of Scotland from the Roman Occupation. By
Andrew Lang. Vol. I. (Blackwood. 15s, net.)
Ere now, alike in fiction and in sober narrative, Mr. Lang
has touched upon more than one incident of Scottish
history. It was to be expected that, sooner or later, he
would busy himself with the whole stirring theme. He
does not attempt the scale of HiU Burton or of Tytler,
but proposes a " general history " in two volumes, which
shall sum up the results of much recent research, and
shall, at the same time, *' introduce as much as possible
the element of personal character and adventure, when
duly vouched for by contemporary chroniclers, or, what is
better, by contemporary letters and documents." The
work is very clearly the outcome of wide reading, moderate
speculation, and a real judiciousness in using the material
of imaginative chroniclers, without the p^antry either,
on the one side, of undue credulity, or, on the other, of
excessive scepticism.
The volume now published begins with the Boman
occupation and ends, in the midst of the sixteenth century,
with the ** tragedy " of Cardinal Beaton. The reader who
is acquainted with the various contributions of Mr,
Lang to the study of primitive civilisations wiU reg^t
that he has not found it consistent with the scheme of ids
work to give a somewhat fuller discussion of the m$ivi
and the early beliefs of the Scottishi folk. He considers,
indeed, the divergent theories of Prof. Khys and Mr.
Skene as to the Celtic or pre-Aryaa cliaraeter of the Picts
and their relation to the certainly Celtic Scots. Bat he
approaches the question purely from the side of pbiLobgr.
and refuses to deal with its more strictly anthropologic
aspects. ''To discuss," he says, ''the race and langnage
of the tribes who incised on the rocks the uniTsnai
hieroglyphs of early man, who used the polished neolithk
weapons, to found theories on the shapes of skulls nn*
eartiied from burrowS) is the province of another scieni^
not of history." We rather demur to this. There is bm
one science of men, which is bound to draw its data from
all sources indifEerently, and certainly is not justified is
consulting philology and neglecting' craniology ; and,
sooner or later, historians wiU have to make up their
minds to deal with the question how far a commoii
^guage implies a common blood, on either or both of
these a common religious and social organisation. Mr.
Lang's treatment of the Celtic religion, again, is a little
disappointing, consisting, indeed, mainly of a few prettj
remarks about the Stdhe, Comparative folk-lore, hov*
ever, affords material for a much fuller account, at least
of the cult, if not the mythology, of the Scottish Celt^;
while even this latter can probably be to some exteat
reconstructed on the basis of popular legends and th^
fragments of the Ossianic cycle. On the other hand, Mr.
Lanff's summarjr of the nature and results, or want of
results, of the orief Koman occupation of southern Scot-
land is excellent, and, better still the chapter called
"Early Culture in Scofland," in which he deals witli
the obscure problems of crannoges, brochs, and earth
houses, of the ogamic inscriptions, of the relation of Gelt
and Teuton, of tribal organisation, and of land tenure'
Later on, a chapter on " Feudal Sootlimd '' gives a similu
survey of a f urtner stage in the history of Scottish ciTilisfi-
tion, and of the special forms taken by the universal West
European institutions of feudalism in their application to
the northern realm. All these synoptic chapters are rerr
well done, and show real ability in the difficult task of
extracting the essential from voliunes of learned and 0^
conjectural discussion. They are intersjpersed among
other chapters of more direct narrative. Naturally^ ^
handling the whole of the medieeval period of Soottisli
history, Mr. Lang is bound to keep before him the oentnl
theme of the relations between the Scottish and the
English crowns. He traces, so far as ^e chxoniden
permit, these relations during the dynasties of Kenneth
McAlpine and Malcolm Canmore; and thus leads on to
their dramatic outcome in the heroic struggles of the
Wallace and the Bruce. Finally, he enters upon the
chronicle of the mournful and fated house of Stuart.
The reign of James the First, for all the failings of to*
high-handed monarch, is a pleasant oasis in the somewhat
gloomy medieaval story. The forces of disorder were too
much, in the long run, for James's gallant attempt to
«make the key keep the castle, and the bracken bw
keep the cow through all Scotland"; but, at lea»t> ^^
** would be a king," and legend gathered round his name.
It need hardly be said that Mr. Lang dismisses with &
sarcastic comment the somewhat flimsy theory whica
would deny to King James the authorship of " The King.^
Quair." With regard to " Kate Barlass," however, he 18
less conservative : " The legend of Catherine Dougw*»
who barred the boltless door with her arm, is, unfortii-
nately, late and, perhaps, apocryphal." From James w^
First to James the Sixth the history of England is trapc,
a "cirde of calamity." The permanent 5ement m the
shifting phantasmagoria of royal minorities, intngue^
treacheries, and vendettas is * ' the essential and natioQft^
(
1^ iiiay, 1960.
The Academy.
405
idea of resistaiice to England " ; and it was previouBly in
tlie closest union with England that history had national
solvation in store for the country. The acciiracy of Mr.
Ijaog's estimate, both of episodes and. of the general trend
of things, must be left to the specialist to judge. Likely,
2Ct. Lang will have enough of criticism, for Scots are not
slo'w to controversy in a good, or other, cause. As to the
literary qualities of the book, we may say a word. They
seem to us of a very high order. Mr. Lang has the
lightest of touches in the presentment of material, which
he has put together with the most conscientious pains.
We had not thought that a difficult and broken chronicle,
tilled with crabbed names, could be made so interesting
in the reading. He has a keen scent for the picturesque
in phrase and detail, for the colour of a scene, for the
quaint homespun of a contemporary writer. A brief
specimen of lus easy and efFective narrative will not be
out of place :
Of Scotland under James I. we have a curious and well-
known sketch from the pen of JEaeas Sylrins Piccolomini.
Sent by the Council of Basel, a very young man at the
time, the future Pius II. came into the frozen north like
a shiveriog Italian greyhound on a curling-rink. There
was only a space of little more than three hours of sun-
light in winter, a circumstance since altered in the pro-
gress of civilisation. He calls the king a square-built
man and too fat. He was anxious to see the tree which
breeds Solan geese, but it was too far north. The balf-
uaked poor, begging at church door j [a queer thing for an
Italian to complain of], received not bread but a stoue,
which is greasy and bums. There is no wood in this
naked region. Not till he reached Newcastle on his way
south did ^aeas find himself in a deoenUy habitable
region. Frightened by a storm at sea, he had made a vow
of a barefoot pilgrimage to White Kirk. The weather was
frosty, and the pilgrim suffered grievous things. Scot-
land was a country of unwalled cities : the houses, as a
rule, were built without mortar, the horses were »mall,
and curry-combs were unknown. Conversation was
chiefly abuse of the Eoglish. When Renault G^ard
came to bring the Daughter of Scotland to France, for her
hapless marriage with the future Louis XL, he presented
the queen with chestnuts, pears, and apples, and she was
much pleased, for there is little fruit in Scotland. A mule
was also a rare novelty, and much admired. Begnault
speaks touchinglv of the tears shed by James when he
parted from his child.
Mr. Ijang ''was ever a fighter," and in these pages he
more thsm once trails his coat. Mr. Henley brought a
hornets' nest about his ears by praising Bums from a new
and unconventional point of view. Mr. Lang is hardly
less audacious in suggesting some qualifications of
Knozolatry. But his attitude towards Knox is as nothing
when compared with his attitude towards the Douglases.
Few things in Scottish history have been more dis-^
RTuised in popular books than the conduct of the house of
Douglas. The comradeship of Bruce and the Q-ood Lord
James has thrown a glamour over the later Douelases —
men princely in rank, daring in the field, but often oitterly
anti-national. The partiality of Hume of Q-odscroft, their
senmichie or legendary hiatorian, the romances of Pitscottie,
the ignorance or prejudice of Protestant writers like £uox
and Buchanan, the x>oetry of Scott, and the Platonic Pro-
testantism of Mr. Froude. have cooceiled the selfish
treachery of the house of Angus !
This is Mr. Lang's deliberate judgment ; nor can he, when
he meets a Douglas in the highways or the by-ways of his
book, restrain a passing sneer. The Douglases doubt-
Igbs have their hereditary sennachie still, and we take
it that anent this book there will ere long be wigs upon
the green. As for us, we are indifferent to the repu-
tations of clans or of church reformers, but we cannot
away with Mr. Lang's practice of grouping his references
and minor notes at the end of each chapter. It does not
really add to the comeliness of the printed page, for the
reference numbers remain hung up there. And as a matter
of convenience, it is detestable.
Compress! Compress!
Firit and Last Po0ms. By Arabella Shore. (Orant
Bichards. 5s. net.)
Lenity to poets is not a charge of which we should feel
greatly ashamed, nor is it the most heinous in the cata-
lo|^e of possible sins. But criticism has its duties, and
Miss Shore's volume enforces their exercise. The tyro, it
is true, has his privileges ; but the fact that these poems
are avowedly the work of a lifetime forbids her the
privileges of a beginner, though the book itself might well
seem to claim them. What is it that we are apt to find in
female writers with no shadowy touch of the poet's im-
pulse, no outflow of heart and fancy which makes for
verse, causing us reluctantly to deny them the attribute
of dassicality ? Undassicality, being a negative quality,
may present itself in many ways. Most often it takes the
form of difPuseness, diction inclining to conversational and
journalistic conventions, disillusionisinglv work-a-day
speech in a tongue which has its separate and inexhaustibly
opulent language sealed to poetic service, unsoiled by
profane use. There is no virtue, indeed, p^ se m &
pilfered richneiss of far-brought jargon; but at least it
gives some merciful disguise to poverty of internal idea.
Weak substance shows weakest associated with the loose-
fltting customary phrase; good substance is enfeebled
when it is sent abroad in such uncostly habit. Such un-
dassicality is far from the educated simplicity of art or
plenary inspiration — ^which is the finest art ; far as chicken^
broth from Liebig's Extract, far as distilled water from
keen spring-water. It is poetry in ready-made dothing.
And the separation from the significant fulness and indu^
siveness of the g^reat poets is enhanced by little femininities
of expression which fatally suggest the feeble impulsive*
nesB of the drawing-room; litde dilutions of sentence^
structure which recall the watered prattle of five o'dook
tea. " Compress ! " we sigh irritably ; " in pity of poetry,
good Madam, compress ! " This undassicality, in more or
less degree, we impute to Miss Shore.
A doud—that's Future Life — what lies before.
Why tell us that future life lies before ?
How stronger far
The grasp of what haih been than what bKoII he»
The weak tautology and the weak italics are alike
characteristic.
Has Gk)d willed to tell
By means of some strong instinct — ^hope and awe— ^
That when the last sigh's uttered a soul springs
Oat in a moment on Q-od-given wings
To scenes undreamt of, nor by poet's rhyme
Pictured, nor travdier to earUi s farthest clime.
'*Some strong instinct," ** earth's farthest dime" — what
could be more vague, customary, juiceless, and inadequate
than these phrases, except the nervdess structure of the
whole passage ? A little further on Miss Shore apostro"
phises those who
Hold the human creature jast
A solid nothing,
which is an absurdity that a little attention to meaning
would have avoided. For, unfortunately, it is not only in
form that she falls short. The saplessness which too often
affects her language clings likewise to the substance. She
is a meditative singer ; but to be a meditative singer is not
necessarily to be a thoughtful singer. Inexperience
(specially female inexperience) loves vast, vague themes,
which admit an interminable rambling looseness by their
very absence of limit ; so that no thought, however dis-
jointed and inconsequential, comes irrdevant. Experience
IS well satisfied to make the most of a prudently contracted
theme. Miss Shore is not a novice, but she shares this
trait with the novice ambitious of profundity. One would
spdl "tyro" in such a titie as D^ath and Immortality ; or^
Life and Death. A whole treatise of philosophy or theo*
4o6
The Academy.
12 May, 1900b
logy might be written imder the title. But the reader
who adventures on Miss Shore's poem will not find him-
self carried out of his depth ; though (if he be a lofl;ician)
he may be out of his patience. In the less ambitious
meditative poems a copious fluency of obvious reflections
mingles with a regrettable lack of thought in the expres-
sion.
You lead us to the mountain- top
Where the great God who formed our kind
Sees, nor condemns, the tears that drop
From spirits bounded and half-blind.
Must one ascend a mountain-top for the Almighty to
discern one's tears? And if no^ what does the stanza
mean ? She wishes to Tennyson :
The Gk>d that did such sadness send
Send thee all comfort with it too ;
and then rejoices to learn that He has '* brought my
mystic wishes true." What is there "mystic" in so
commonplace a wish ? And when she concludes by bidding
the late Laureate
Twine all lost desires
About this central shaft of hope,
how can you twine a lost object about anvthing? These
are trifles, but they are the trifles whiph make the
difference between poetry and not-poetry. Nor can we
say that the narrative poems, though better, reach anv
high standard. She concludes one poem on Woman with
the words,
She asks no royal grant,
For she is free-bom too ;
Give her her human rights, and see what she can do I
Well, for one thing, she can write very much better
poetry than Miss Shore has succeeded in writing. Better
Miss Shore might write if she had a mind. "It is the
mind," as Lamb said, " that is wanting." Heart and
sensibilities she has in plenty; but for poetry a little
more is needed, which Miss Shore has not yet attained.
Our Confounded Superiority.
Three Men on the Bummel, By Jerome K. Jerome.
(Arrowsmith. 3s. 6d.)
Such books as this are the despair of the reviewer. They
do not, in fact, call for reviewing at all. They are written,
they are published, the first edition consists of twenty
thousand copies — and that is all that need be said. Their
sole object bein^ to make you laugh, if they succeed their
existence is justified, and if they fail they are naught. To
be quite frank, this particular book has not made us laugh
at all, and therefore, as we have said, for ourselves it is
naught. But as against this inabilitv on our own part
must be placed the testimony of a family of our acquaint-
ance— collectively and individually quite as capable as we
are — who have been reading Mr. Jerome's work in its
serial form, and have laughed themselves weary over it,
the test of our own laughter falls to the ground.
It might, however, answer the purpose of a review to
inquire a little into the reasons why we ourselves have
been unable to laugh. The chief and embracing reason
is, of course, that we did not find it funny ; but the case
may be explored rather more fuUy than that. What, as a
rule, does make us laugh ? Well, we like a comic writer
to have a gift of surprise. Mr. Jerome advertises the end
of his joke from the very start. We like a comic writer to
leave something to ourselves. Mr. Jerome leaves nothing.
This is perhaps a sufficient explanation. But to go on, we
like, in a narrative of the adventures of fellow- creatures on
a holiday, to be a little bit interested in the minds of those
fellow-creatures. Mr. Jerome has invented three of the
least interesting figures that we can remember. And,
finally, we like humour to be fresh. Mr. Jerome's mechanism
is the mechanism of Mark Twain (which has been stale
these twenty years), and he XaAb any of that great
humorist's inspiration.
Now, all this looks like a large indictment of Mr.
Jerome ; but we want it to be clearly understood that we
consider it really an indictment of ourselves. Through
an unfortunate familiarity with the books of a difPereot
class of writers, and a regrettable prejudice in favour of
half tones, we have spoiled our mind for Mr. Jerome's
peculiar qualities. It does not give us the least pleasoie
to realise this ; on the contrary, when we remember the
exultant faces of two boys who related to us — ^breathleaslv,
one helping the other — the substance of the previous
instalment of Three Men on the Bummel in the paper in
which it appeared, we are filled with sorrow, almost with
shame, because our effort to pump up a little enthu^asm
over the jest (it related to the discomfort of patent bicycJf
saddles), and to simulate something that should pass i(M
laughter, was so ghastly a failure that all the happj
spirits died out of the expression of those appxeciatiTe
readers, and we saw, and saw it with the utmost ooncem—
for they consider us somewhat in the light of a dictates
on books — ^an air of misgiving take its place, as though
the doubt as to whether this sort of thing really was so
funny as they had thought were creeping into their
minds. Mr. Jerome may rest assured that we said nothing
to spoil his welcome in that house. And it is because we
do not want to do so in any other house that we hare
endeavoured to explain the situation so minutely.
A Cape Politician.
The Life and Times of Sir John Charles MoUeno^ K.CM.G.,
First Premier of Cape Colony. By P. A, Ifolteno.
2 vols. (Smith, Elder & Co. 288.)
At first sight it would seem strange that the life of a
Colonial politician, even one who possessed a claim to
remembrance in that he was the first Prime Minister of
Cape Colony, could not be told in less space than two
stout volumes which, between them, contain little short
of a thousand pages. To tell the truth, we live so fast
nowadays that Sir J. 0. Molteno and all that he did, or
might have done, are already in a fair way to be forgotten:
and, therefore, it is not surprising that Mr. P. A. Molteno
should think it his duty to bring the fact of Sir J. C.
Molteno's existence, personal and political, once more
before the public. But the mystery vanishes with
reading. The ' book is not so much a life of a former
Premier of Cape Colony as a long and violent attack on
two groat men who have passed away — ^Lord Carnarvon
and Sir Bartle Frere — who were before their time, and,
consequently, were misunderstood and abused in their
lifetime, and whose honoured graves are no protection
from the spite of lesser men. What is valuable in this
<< life '' could have been told in a quarter of the space,
and this revival of forgotten controversies will have but
little interest for the public. Mr. P. A. Molteno is not
always accurate in his facts and in his suggestions of fact
Careful reading shows that he is aware that Sir Bartle
Frere did not annex the Transvaal ; but the impression
left on the mind of one who came fresh to the subject
would undoubtedly be that the Transvaal in 1877 was a
fiourishing and not a bankrupt State, and that Sir Bartle
Frere was prompted by original sin to swallow it up. On
p. 200 of Yol. n. Mr. Molteno says : " It has been
contended that Sir Bartie Frere was not a consenting
party to the annexation of the Transvaal." Mr. Molteno
must, however, be aware, as he has presumably followetl
South African questions, that the present Sir Bartle Frere
not long ago called attention in the public press to an
article written by his father in a magazine nearly twenty
2? May, 1900.
The Academy.
407
years a^o, in which the ex-Qovemor of the Gape specifi-
cally declared that the annexation of the Transyaal was
decided upon before he went out to Sonth Africa, and that
lie was only connected with it after the event. A writer
'who takes upon himself to deal with the politics of that
period should have known this fact even without Sir
Bar tie IFrere's article, and certainly without the reminder
by that statesman's son. If Mr. Bfolteno does know of it,
he has been successful in concealing his knowledge.
But to turn to the nominal subject of the book. Sir
J. C Molteno was an Englishman of Italian descent, his
father being in the Civil Service at Somerset House as
Deputy Controller of Legacy Duty. The future Premier
went out to the Cape in 1831 at the age of seventeen,
and, after a few years' experience, started in business on
his own account. Perhaps the most interesting part of
the book is the short account of Mr. Molteno's life in the
great Karroo, which was in those days much what the
back country of Bhodesia is now. In 1843 he bought a
farm at Nelspoort, at the foot of the Nieuwf eld Mountains,
situated on the Salt Biver. The place is now on the
railway, about halfway between Cape Town and De Aar
Jxinction, of which so much has been heard of late. Not
much over half a century ago,
this part of Africa harboured a greater variety and a
Cpreater number of the largest anunals in the world than
any other continent. The abundance of food thui avail-
able led to a corresponding variety of carnivorous animals
and birds of prey, the former being led by the king of
beasts — the lion himself, while next to him came the fierce
leopard locally called a tiger, owing to its cunning, its
vindictiveness and strength ; below these came numerous
leopards in a descending scsle of size, with wild dogs, wild
cats of every kind, wo^es, hyenas, and jackals. The lion
was just emigrating from this di<»trict when Mr. Molteno
arrived. His shepherds ap^>eared before him in a scared
condition, and reported having seen one in the lon^ reeds
of the Salt River Ylei soon after he had settled in this part.
It may be easily imagined what formidable difficulties the
presence of these wild animals presented to the stock
farmer. . . . The larger game began to move away before
man, and the defenceless sheep took its place, and was
called upon to supply food to the vast number of camivora
which were in occupation of the country. The lambs were
carried off in numbers by the iackals, the wolves and hyenas
made away with the grown sneep, the tiger would descend
from Ids rocky fastness and in one night would indulge his
love of slauffhter and his thirst for blood by destroying
twenty or thirW of your most valuable sheep, merely drink-
ing their blooa at the throat, and leaving them otherwise
untom. At another time, desiring a change of diet, your
promising fo(d was carried off, and your calves were dealt
- with in a similar manner.
In 1854 Mr. J. C. Molteno represented Beaufort in the
Cape Parliament, and formed his first Cabinet in 1872.
He remained a principal figure in Cape politics until 1882,
when he finally retired and was made a K.C.M.G. on the
recommendation of Lord Kimberley, who was then Colo-
nial Minister. Sir J. C. Molteno died on September 1,
1886, at the age of seventy-two.
He had Hved long enough to be above the bitterness of
party feeling. His death was the occasion of a unanimous
and sincere expression of sorrow from the whole of the
country, and from all i>oHtical parties, who felt that they
had lost a great and good man, indeed ** the most repre-
sentative man that the country had yet produced, whose
name will ever be associated with the history of the
Colony, and whose public career may always serve as a
model for men, possibly possessed of more superficial
brilliance, but who will never outshine him in the sterling
qualities of political honesty, sound judgment, and common
sense *' (Ca]}e Argus).
This certainly does not exceed the bounds of panegyric.
Sir J. C. Molteno was an honest, cautious, and conscientious
politician, without much foresight or imagination. The
vast changes which have taken place of late in South
Africa were beyond his prescience, and his mind seemed
unable to grasp more than the Cape Colony as it was when
he knew it. His biographer has written his life from the
same narrow point of view* As will be seen from the
quotations, Mr. Molteno does not lay claim to any literary
merit, or to any graces of style, and the book is emphatic-
ally not one to be taken up by the man wishing to learn
the actual state of things in South Africa. It is an arsenal
of controversial matter, intended first for the glorification
of Sir J. C. Molteno, and secondly ior the viOfication of
Lord Carnarvon and Sir Bartle Frere— if, indeed, the order
should not be reversed. Still, it may be of some value to
the future historian as giving the point of view of a certain
set of politicians in «>uth Africa, and for the sake of
understanding that standpoint some will perhaps consent
to wade through a mass of irrelevant matter. Had the
book been the work of a judge and not of an advocate, the
occasional passages in which Mr. Molteno hits the nail on
the head would have had a greater chance of receiving
attention.
Some Lessons for England.
Lessons of the War with Spain, and other Articles. By
Alfred T. Mahan, D.C.L., LL.D., Captain United States
Navy. (Sampson Low. 10s. 6d. net.)
Captain Mahan's aim in publishing these articles, col-
lected from various American periodicals, is, as he says, to
aid in the formation of an intelligent public opinion. And
this not merely by pointing out the chief lessons which
the American people ought to draw from their recent war
with Spain. Me thinks that the public should have a
better acquaintance with the leading principles of warfaro,
which, as he says, are few and simple ; and that the way
to induce a better acquaintance in the public is to place
before them narratives of warlike operations disencum-
bered of the detailed technicalities in which military and
naval writers delight to array their works. The Lessons of
the War with Spain is Captain Mahan's endeavour to
supply such a narrative — what he calls a skeleton account
of the operations leading up to the destruction of
Cervera's fleet, with comments elucidating the principles,
naval and military, on which they were based, or wnich
they illustrate. It certainly fulfils his intention ; its
lucidity should make it understandable to any intelligent
unprofessional reader, though perhaps an occasional
danger of confusion might have been avoided by rele-
gating to notes some of the incidental digressions in which
the writer indulges, however timely and useful in them-
selves.
The book should be hardly less valuable to us than to
Americans. If the excesses of the American ''yellow"
press (on which Captain Mahan is very severo) aro avoided
among us, it is none the less true that public opinion needs
enlightening on many points. One lesson to which he
calls attention has been driven home to ourselves recently.
It is the ruinousness of preparing only or chiefly for defen-
sive war. Sums of money aro sunk on " home defence "
which would better have been spent in preparing an ex-
peditionaiy force, in strengthening our attack. For (apart
from wars of the Boer type) the most effective, quickest,
and least costly way of preventing invasion or attack by
the enemy is to maim and occupy him by attack on his
own resources. Mero defence, as the writer emphasises,
leaves the enemy free to select his point of assault, while
the passive side has to consider ana guard every possible
point of injury in a large extent of vulnerable spots ; it
leaves his sinews of war intact, even though his blows be
baffled, and theroby lingers out the hostilities, which
energetic attack might conclude at once — as happened
with the American attack on Spain.
A cognate lesson is the neglect of coast defence, of
fordfications. For lack of this, the American blockade of
Cuba was never securo against attack, as it should have
40^
The Academy.
t2 Ktay, i^
been. Cienfuegos and Havana both required blockade ;
but only the blockade of Havana could be secured by an
adequate squadron of battleships. That of Cienfuegos
could at any time have been raised by the appearance of
a Spanish warship. And why ? Because Schley's Flying
Squadron, which ought to have been before Cienfuegos,
was locked up in Hampton Eoads, to calm the fears of the
undefended and panic-stricken coast-towns. Only when
Cervera's whereabouts was known could the authorities
bring the Flying Squadron into action. Captain Mahan
thinks that England's dependence on other nations for
food supply makes coast defence less important to her,
and reduces her to depend chiefly on her fleet. But it
may be questioned whetiier the possible panic of our great
coast-towns might not produce a more or less paralysing
effect on a portion of our fleet, obliging it to be kept in
home waters when it was seriously needed elsewhere.
Another point is the value of battleships which can act
together as a fleet, having, at any rate approximately, the
same speed and the same offensive power. Not speed,
but combined weight of guns and ability to steam and
manoeuvre together is the dssid&ratum. Therefore, he
advocates building a number of battleships of a certain
medium type and practically equivalent speed, rather than
sink the money oH a few ships of large size. In connexion
with this, and to be noted because there is a popular
delusion to the contrary, is his emphatic declaration that
battleships do not become useless because they are
'^ obsolete " — ^that is, because ships of superior design are
bmlt subsequently. In the first place, such '^obsolete"
ships can be used, like irregular troops, for secondary
purposes, setting free the newer ships for the more im-
portant duties proper to them — an invaluable function.
Secondly, and more important yet, it is the view of naval
authorities that the first line of battle, even though
victorious, would be crippled and used up during ti^e
encounters and accidents of the opening war. Final
victory would then rest with the nation which had the
most *' obsolete " ships to fall back upon ; to fill the gaps
in its first line, or, if necessary, to form a new fleet.
Then the value to England of her numerous so-called
*^ obsolete " battleships would become evident, and prob-
ably turn the scale decisively.
Of the many other lessons drawn by Captain Mahan
from the war we do not speak, though most valuable for
a right understanding of hostilities by the public. We
have contented ourselves with a few which appeared most
directly applicable to England, and for the rest we refer
the reader to his exceedingly valuable and able book.
Other New Books.
CaicKET IN Maity Cliates.
By p. F. Warner.
Mr. F. F. Warner (who is known to his friends and to
ardent cricketers as ''Plum") is the Middlesex amateur.
After every English season, more or less, for some years
he has added to the cricket of the summer — so insatiable
are the sons of the fi^ame ! — by joining an autumn or
winter eleven for playmg in other regions of the earth —
the West Indies, Amenca, Oporto, Canada, and South
Africa — and it is the records of these tours which are given
in his book. It was, perhaps, well to have them in this
permanent form, for though many pages are necessarily
rather small beer, and each bears a striking resemblance
to the last, yet Lord Hawke, Mr. Warner's captain (to
whom the book is dedicated) has done, by projecting these
tours, so much for the cult of cricket in Greater Britain
that a chronicle of the achievement is a valuable contri-
bution to the history of the game. Mr. Warner's volume,
however, has another value — it is vivacious and un-
affectedly amusing. Many authors strive in vain all their
life for these two gifts — ^vivadty and amusiveness. Mr.
Warner steps lightly in, and, holdings the pen with not a
tithe of the seriousness that belongs to his grasp of the
bat, succeeds in capturing both. The boolk is there-
flection of a happy, whcnesome, public-school athletic
temperament. (Heinemann.)
Brugbs: ak Histobical Sketch.
By Wii*fkid C. EoBissuy.
If we cannot say that Mr. Bobinson has produced that
history of Bruges which has hitherto been sadly to seek,
in English at all events, he has unquestionably given as
an attractive and exceedingly well-written book. It is not
to be expected that everybody who writes about Long-
fellow's '* quaint old Flemish city" should catch its
atmosphere and fix its aspects with the consummate
art of the late M. George Eodenbach — ^we know, indeed,
of no book which suggests the tender melancholy and
paints the dreamy existence of the half-dead city like
^* Bruges la Morte." It is a wonderful story of commer-
cial splendour, sturdy fighting, utter decay and abject
misery, which Mr. Bobinson has to tell and tells so well
and there are some novel points in his volume which
deserve attention. He calls in question, for instance, the
statements of the old writers as to the enormous popuIatioD
of Bruges relatively to its area, and, much as he loves it,
he seems to suggest that it can never have been the
premier city of Christendom. . We should have been giad
to see less actual history — which is already familiar enough
— and more about the Uteraiy and artistic associations of tie
town. We read of it in Dante. Caxton abode there for at
least three years ; it is highly probable that Sir Thomas
More wrote part of his Utopia there; so literary was it,
indeed, early m the sixteenth century, that to Justus Lipsias
it presented itself as the flower and Athens of the Lo^
Countries. With its Memling and Pourbus in art, its
Simon Stevin in mathematics, its Breidel and De Coniock
as warriors and statesmen, Bruges possesses a roll of fame
which even its neighbour, Ghent, with its Van Eyck, its
Charles Y., and its John of Gaunt can hardly beat But
to-day it is as the ** Ville Musee," with its sweet Bavour
of antiquity, its contemplative streets, and the "plBcid
tranquillity of its life, that we all know and delight in
it. (Bruges : Louis de Plancke. 4s.)
Government or Human Evolution.
By E. Kblly.
During his connexion with the Good Government Clubs,
which were organised in New York for the purpose of
defeating Tammany Hall, the author of this book dis-
covered that the world is out of joint, and he came to the
laudable resolution to set it right. He found— what,
indeed, he might have found at an earlier date — ^that vei;
few people possess a working code of first principles, hut
simply vegetate in what has been aptly called " the fir-
nished lodging of tradition." He accordingly worked out
a systematic view of life so as to enable people to labour
in unison toward a common ideal, and the result is the
little volume before us.
The author covers a wide field, too wide, in ^^^
for the dimensions of his book. He travels, metaphor-
ically speaking, from China to Peru, and has some-
thing to say about everything, but unfortunately ^^
gives many openings for tiie guns of opponents.
Thus he states, on the authority of John Fiske,
that the infant brain is comparatively free from the
convolutions which di£[erentiate an educated brain hom
an uneducated one, and on the strength of this he argues
that Nature brings a man into the world with a compara-
tively blank scroll upon which education can inscnbe ite
law. But this is doing g^at injustice to that profouui
thinker, John Fiske, who contended that an infant's mm
is not a blank sheet, but rather a sheet written over with
invisible ink, and that the brain has definite tendencies
t2 ilay, 1900.
The Academy.
409
even at birtib. Again, we are asked to believe that Mr.
Serbert Spencer would have us contemplate with philo-
Bopliic calm the miseries of the world, and quietly look on
while struggling humanity fought it out according to the
Queensbeny rules. This is worse than sheer nonsense,
€uid a very superficial acquaintance with Mr. Spencer's
teaching would have prevented the author from giving
expression to such a baseless calumny. (Longmans.)
Fiction.
Sophia* By Stanley Weyman.
(Longmans. 63.)
Mb. Wstman's twelfth novel gives an elaborate and life-
like picture of English manners in the year 1742, but it is
somewhat slight as to theme, and the interest is scarcely
well-sustained. The characters, moreover, are not pre-
sented in such a light as to excite either much admiration
or much curiosity. Sophia is a young girl of breeding,
with most of the faults of the eighteenm century Feminine.
She is hoodwinked by a scoundrel, and when Sir Hervey
Coke rescues her from a precarious situation she behaves
with something of that shrewishness which her sister,
Mrs. Nortiiey, nad exercised towards herself. Sophia is
by no means a fascinating heroine, according to Mr.
Weyman. Sir Hervey makes a real man, but his passion
for the missish Sophia seems to rest on a frail foundation.
Mrs. Northey is the most convincing person in the story.
Her tongue wags with an excellent realism, and though
she is a detestable creature, we like her for her flesh and
blood. Sophia's brother. Sir Tom, is a young fool ; Lady
Betty is a ninny ; Mr. Northey is a pompous ass ; Hawkes-
worUi, Oriana, and Oriana's father are adventurers all, of
a peciiliarly loathsome kind : so runs the list. The fact is
that in Sophia the ingenuous reader pines for something
to love; Sir Hervey is not enough. The other sort of
reader, the sort that looks the horse in the mouth, will
perceive that the intrigue of the tale is badly managed ;
since in the first half of the book is Sophia all but freed
from her entanglements when mere chance steps in at the
last instant and bids the game continue; this means
clumsy craftsmanship. He will also perceive that not
once does the emotional quality of the story rise to any
notable height. In this respect the best chapter is that
entitled '' KiiLg Smallpox " :
On the huge low wooden bed from which the coarse blue
and white beddin^f protruded, two bodies lay sheeted. At
their feet the candles burned dull before the window that
should have been open, but was shut ; as the thick noisome
air of the room, that turned him sick and faint, told him.
Near the bed, on the farther side, stood that he sought ;
Sophia, her eyes burning, her face like paper. His prey
Uien was there, there, within his reach ; but she had not
spoken without reason. Death, death in its most loath-
some aspect lay between them ; and the man*s heart was as
water, his feet like lead.
** If you come near me,*' she whispered, *' if you come a
step nearer I will snatch this sheet m>m them, and I will
wrap you in it ! And you will die ! In eight days you
will be dead I Will you see them ? Will you see what
you will be?*' And she lowered her hand to raise the
sheet.
He stepped back a pace, livid and shaking. ** You she^
devil ! ** he muttered. " Tou witch ! "
** Qo I " she answered, in the same low tone. '' Go !
Or I will bring your death to you I And you will die ! As
you have lived, foul, noisome, corrupt, you will die ! In
eight days you will die— if you come one step nearer ! *'
She took a step forward herself. The man turned and
fled.
Let us add that there is much quiet goodness in the
book, and a continual striving towards naturalism and an
avoidance of outworn conventions.
Ths Ein^s of ths Ea»t By Sydney 0. Qrier.
(Blackwood & Sons. 6s.)
In this novel Miss Ghrier continues the adwhtures.of the
Mortimer family among European politics. " Count <3yril "
now fig^es as the central impulse of a movement for th^
transformation of Palestine mto a true Hebrew realm.
'^ What a future would lie before the country which had
the support of all the Jews in the world ! " exclaims the
Count, with his incurable grandioseness of idea. Lady
Phil, his niece, is passionate^ wooed by a king, but ulti-
mately, in a manner highly conventional, marries an
excellent young Cambridge person of tiie name of Mans-
field. The whole book, under an outward aspect of fresh-
ness and diversify, conceals a steadfast and immovable
conventionality. Lord Caerleon's letter to his brother in
Chap. II., for example, is a piece of pure convention — as
conventional as a '* stage-letter." And what shall be said
of a passage like the following ?
'' I should like to say a word or two to that fellow,"
muttered Mansfield, indicating by a bat^ward glance the
oracle of fashion.
''I earnestly hope you won't. In the flrst place, he
would not understand your OermaD, and your righteous
indienation would therefore be wasted. In the next, I
would rather not kill him if I can help it."
••Kill him? How?"
** With a sword, my dear youth. Excuse me, but you
are really so refreshingly young. Is it beyond your powers
of imaffmation to conceive that if you insulted hun he
would forthwith challenge me ? "
'' I can look after my own quarrels, Oount," very
haughtily.
'* In that case I should very soon have a funeral to look
after in the British cemetery," was the calm reply.
The fact is, Miss Ghier's recipe for the manufacture of
cosmopolitan novels is growing effete with use. She is a
dever craftsman — constructs well, writes well, and wears
tiie doak of omniscience with ease and grace. Her work
is readable, and agreeable enough so long as you maintain
towards it an attitude of polite interest. But if you
demand from it more than you would demand from an
acquaintance it will fail you, because it has nothing more
than this to give.
Notes on Novels.
[^TheM notes on ths wmVs Fictum are not necessarily final.
Reviews of a selection wiU follow.li
Hilda Wade. By Grant Allbn.
This series of episodes was appearinff in a magazine
at the time of Mr. CTrant Allen's death, ana it is understood
that he considered it his best work of fiction. It is a
story of advanced medical science, in which Hilda Wade's
womanly intuition in reading character, temperament, and
physical signs, places her almost abreast of the great
J^rof. Sebastian. Hilda Wade and Sebastian are soon
pitted against each other in a deep private concern afEect-
mg the memory of Hilda's father. Both characters are
powerfully drawn. (Grant Eichards. 6s.)
From Door to Door.
By Bernard Capes.
Mr. Capes has here printed stories contributed by him
to a number of maga^sines, and six others which appear
for the first time. The miscellaneous character of the col-
lection is indicated in the sub-title : '^ A Book of Bomances,
Fantasies, Whimsies, and Levities." Mr. Capes's now
familiar style is very apparent, dip where one will : '' Now,
as they stood a moment, watchful of each other, the apple
in the peasant's throat flickered of a sudden ; and imme-
diatelv a rising moan, a very strange little uluUtion, began
to make itself audible, and the man lifted his chin, as if to
give some voice in him freer passage." (Blackwood. 6s.).
4IO
The Academy
12 llayi 1900.
Fbom Sand-hill to Pnra. By Bret Habtb.
Seven short stories, all characteristic: ''A Niece of
' Snwshot Hiany's ' " is the story of a coach accident in
the Eoddes; '' A Jack and Jill of the Sierras" is a mining
story, with a romance in it ; and in '^ A Belle of Canada
C^ty," << Mr. Bilson's Housekeeper/' &c., we are in familiar
Bret Harte environments. (Pearson Ltd. 6s.)
NbLL OtWYTXN — OoMEDDkK. By F. F&ANKFOBT MoOBE.
With a very light hand Mr. Moore weaves some of the
incidents of In ell Qwynn's life into a readable story. We
meet NeU outside the King's Playhouse in Drury-lane,
selling her oranges, and joking with the Duke of Buck-
ingham and Sir Uharles Sedley and finally with the King
when he leaves the theatre. '' 'Tis either a fortune or a
huge misfortune," says her plebeian lover, Dick Harraden,
when Nell is engaged bv Mr. KiUigrew to act in the
King's company. The vem of comedy is kept throughout,
and the story is illustrated by photograpns. (Pearson
Ltd. 6s.)
Kiddy. By Tom Qallok.
Mr. Gallon's gallery of Dickensian characters is dis-
tinctly enriched by ** Kiddy " and the Deak family. The
picture of Mr. Deak, the desk-bound, soul-crushed pluto-
crat who has never known the joy of life, and is aware of
it, is capitally drawn. His niece. Kiddy Tremlett, is his
ray of sunshine, and her love a^airs supply Mr. Deak
with emotions and incidents which amply compensate for
the dulness of his earlier life. '' The fierce joy or pain
of living had passed him by . . . now, with the obstinacy
of the inexperienced, he would have been glad to clutch —
gingerly, perhaps — ^at Sorrow's robe, if in that way he
mi^t see life." (Hutchinson. 6s.)
The Sanotuaby Club.
By L. T. Mbade and E. Eustace.
A medical-psychological series of episodes, with which
the Sanctuary Club — an advanced sanatorium at Hamp-
stead — ^has only a general connexion. The narrator acts
as doctor and personal friend to many of the patients, and
has " to face adventures the most thrilling and dangers
of so hairbreadth a character that even now my pulse
quickens when I think of them." (Ward, Lock. 5s.)
By Mbs. L. T. Meade and
Whebe the Shoe Pinches. Clifford Halifax.
Mrs. Meade's industry is uncanny. Here, in collabora-
tion, she relates the experiences of a London doctor who
sees '^ day by day human nature without any gloss upon
it," and who undertakes to ahow ** where the shoe pincnes
in many lives." Sixteen shoes are described, and their
cruel points indicated. (Chambers, ds. 6d.)
To the Healiko of the Sea. By Francis H. Hardy.
A capital love story, starting with a Stock Exchange
disaster in New York, whereby Caroll Livingstone is com-
pelled to leave America to avert ruin. On the St, Paul
he meets Clara Eastwin — ^* both new to the sea and its
invitations ; strangers to the forcing and fusing iaolation
of steamer life." The steamer life is made delig&tful to
the reader, and the ultimate saving of Livingstone's repu-
tion is an exciting financial episode. (Smith, Elder. Gs.)
A Cynic's Conscience. By G. T. Podmore.
A clever story of duplicity in love. Stanley Wade is a
weak and dreaming egotist, whose self-flatteries and shifts
of conscience are laid open mercilessly. Winning a girl's
love by crooked methods, he has the grace to save her from
himself in the end. The story is not exactly easy reading,
but is above the average in aim and ability. (Arnold. 6s.)
The Purple Eobe. By Joseph Hocking.
Lancashire Nonconformist life is drawn in Mr. Hocking's
new story, and the incidents arise out of a debate between
Duncan Rutland, the new minister of Tudor Chapel, and
Father Sheen, the Eoman Catholic priest of the tovn.
Dancan Rutland's controversial Tictoxy, the advent of a
Jesuit father to repair the damage done to Catholicum,
and Duncan's love for Alizon Neville, a Boman Catholic
young woman of high birth, are handled in Mr. Hocking's
characteristic way ; and the end is, of course, AHzod'b
conversion to Protestantism, and great glory to Tudor
ChapeL The story is well adapted to its predestmed
readers. (Ward, Lock. 3s. 6d.)
A Plain Woman's Pabt. By Noslet Chester.
A tranquil love-story, in which children play a great
part. The Dackground is rural, and the narrator is a " Good
Fairy " to the heroine, Doris, whose first love affair tarns
on a bottle of add drops. (Arnold. 6s.)
Ths Crowning of Olobia. Bt Kiohabd Ekaedok,
We begin with a Sussex lane and a young temperance
orator who is in danger of being badly l^ten by bis
audience until the heroine arrives with a horse-whip, when
love and vUlage politics begin to divide the reader's att^-
tion. The heroine's name is Gloria, and the story ia lib
that. (John Long. 6s.)
The Athebstone Bequest. By Mbs. Chablbs E. Tjsrbvi.
A novel of the picnic and tea-tray order. There is
much marrying and giving in marriage. Everybody and
everything are accounted for, and the last chanters seam
alive with babies and complacent mothers. (Burleigh. 6&
Tony I4ABKIN, Englishman. By Mbs. Edwabd Kkssash.
''The path of duty is the road to glory," and it is
trodden by Tony, who begins as the typical stupid, bat
plucky, army candidate, and ends by talang the Yictoia
Cross and attending at Windsor. To his sweetheart be
describes the Queen as '' a regular brick." '*8he said I
was to come again in a fortnight, and bring you with me,
as she wishes to make your acquaintance and present 70a
with a Oashmere shawl." (Hutchinson. 69.)
A OlBL OF THE NOBTH. Bt HbLEN MZLCIIS'
The "gprl of the north" is Launa Archer, and her
** north " is Canada. We find her motherless at fifteen,
with English and French blood in her veins, and a sus-
picion of Indian blood. '^ Her voice had a low, soft licli-
ness in it that reminded Mr. Archer of a squaif.^' ^
London, whither she soon came, Launa was a saoces-
'' Being a Oanadian, all things were expected of her; and
being rich, all things were forgiven her." The story
resolves itself into a biographical drde, Launa reverting
after many days to her love of Canada and her Canadiao
lover. (Greening. 6s.)
David Polmebe. By Mbs. LodgR
''To enumerate the throng of fashionable folk that
congregated in St. Qeorge's Uhurch, Hanover-squan, to
witness the ceremony would be to copy a few pages out oj
the Peerage. The bride looked lovely in Duchess satin* . ' •
(Digby, "Long & Co. 6s.)
By Lone Obaig-linnie Bubn. By Abohibald McIuwt.
Village politics and homely ways and people in a remote
Scottish village in the sixties. The advent of the rail-
way is described, and the village doctor's heroism in *
diphtheria case. (Unwin. 2s. 6d.)
Ajf Impebial Light Hobseman. By Haeold Blob*'
A story of the war and Boer life generally, by a wnter
who was bom in South Africa, and once talked witn
President Kruger. The battle of Elands Laagte, the seige
of Ladysmith, and the life of prisoners in Fretom ^
described. (Pearson Ltd. 6s.)
Oba pbo Nobis. By Jakes Bagnall Stvbbs,
"A novel," says the title-page; but ''a tract" wotJii
describe the book more accurately to the novel-«^*^
reader. (Skeffington.)
12 May» 1900.
The Academy.
411
THE ACADEMY.
Editorial and Publishing Offices, 43, Chancery-laqe.
The Agaduct toitt he aent pod'free ic every Awmal Stih§criber
in the United Kingdom.
Ptiee for One leeue, Threepenee ; poitage One Halfpenny > Price
for 62 isiuee, Thirteen ShiUvnge ; pottage free.
Foreign BoOee for Yearly SubecripUoM 20«.
indudina pottage,
American AgefUe for the Agadbmt: Brentano*»f 31, Union-
equare, New York.
The Author of " The
Farringdons."
An Enquiry.
It is no fault of Miss Ellen ThomeTcroft Fowler's that
she has been reoentlj classed with the great novelists of
the nineteenth century ; but the opprobrium of an in-
discreet admirer's foolishness usually attaches also in
some degree to the object of admiration, and so, in the
minds of those who care for literature, there must,
however iUogically, be a certain faint resentment against
Miss Fowler herself because of her success. In writing
her three facile and vivacious novels she was probably
innocent of any suspicion that, being taken seriously,
they would reach an aggregate circulation of a hundred
and twenty thousand copies, and so place her where she
at present is, in the very pupil of the public's eye. No
matter! One may trespass innocently, but the penalty
remains. When she hears the cold and inimical question,
''What are you doing up there, and how did you get
there ? " Miss Fowler will have either to answer it by her
books, or, soon or late, obey the harsh behest : '' Descend."
And that last will be the sufficient penalty.
Without offering any prophecy whatever as to the
future, it is safe to assert that Miss Fowler has not yet
even begun to prove a title to the position into which she
has been thrust. If the wonderful voguo of Concerning
hdbel Carnahy was disconcerting, the stm more wonderful
vogue of A Double Thread was absolutely bewildering.
As for The Farringdone, though it is the best of the three,
it marks only an inconsiderable advance, and a brief
examination of it should show clearly that it deserves no
better adjective than ''bright." The heroine of The
Farringdona is Elizabeth Faningdon, a distant cousin of
two South Staffordshire Methodist spinsters. Cousin Maria
and Cousin Anne, who owned a vast ironworks and ruled
a district. The proper heir to the ironworks had been " a
handsome, weak boy," named Oeorge, who ran off to
Australia, and rumour said that he had married and died
out there, leaving a widow and a son. The hero of the
novel is Christopher Thomley, nephew of the general
manager of the ironworks. The birth of Christopner was
not quito free from mvsteiy, for his mother (lixe hand-
some, weak Oeorge) had run off and ffot married, and, a
stricken widow dying in a London lodging-house, had
confided Chris to his uncle's care. ElizabeSi and Chris,
companions from childhood, fall in love, but only Chris is
aware of the fact. Elizabeth by turns caresses and flouts
him, and the honest-hearted youth keeps well the secret of
his devastating passion. In due course Elizabeth grows
up, and a clever and plausible stranger comes to occupy
a neighbouring chateau, " The Moat House." We need
scarcely state this stranger^^s name : it is Tremaine. If it
had not been Tremaine it would have been Darcy.
Tremaine, scoffing at creeds, and professing the vague
religion of humanity, "gradually unmoored Elizabeth
from the old faiths in which she had been brought up."
Everyone else detected the hollowness of him; the
common people defeated him utterly in spiritual argument,
and Chris succinctly called him a conceited ass; but he
imposed on Elizabeth. He might have married her, had
he not unfortunately proposed to her immediately after a
religious service at which she had "found the Christ."
In that moment of ecstasy she was enabled to form a true
estimate of his worth. Ultimately he married her school
friend, Felicia, and had an unheal&y child, and was con-
verted at its death-bed. Cousin Anne and Cousin Maria
died, and Elizabeth became heiress to the Farringdon
possessions, provided always that the true missing heir
should not be discovered. Chris was the executor of this
will, and he departed to Australia to search for the heir.
Elizabeth burgeoned out into a great painter of moral
ideas. She entered the art-world, shone at an Academy
soiree, queened it in the hishest circles, and nearly fell a
victim to another deceiver, Uedl Farquhar. From Cecil
she was saved by the pathetic appeal of a youn^^ woman
whom the scoundrel had deserted in favour of Elizabeth's
gold. Finally, she married Chris, who, it should be
superfluous to explain, was hims^f the miflniTig heir.
Such is the plot. Outeide the plot, and not connected with
it, are a number of persons whose business it is to talk
aprepos de% hotU%, Chief among these are Mrs. Bateeon
and Mrs. Hankey, two Methodist housewives of the
working class. ThB one is an optimist, pre-occupied with
marriages ; the other a pessimist, preoccupied with funerals.
Their grotesque, farcical, and sometimes amusing diatter
fills scores of pages. With one exception, not a single
character in the book is at once realised and original.
Save only Elizabeth, they are all either labelled and well-
wom types, like Christopher and the spinster cousins, or
mere names, like Felicia and Cecil Farquhar. Elizabeth
has some existence and some originality. She is a very
trying creature, often violently rude, and capable of
atrocious vulgarity in the unwearied effort to be smart ;
but she is alive, and she possesses good impulses and a
warm heart.
It is no doubt partly due to defects of plot and of
character- drawing that the tale leaves no impression of
reality, but another equal cause of its failure lies in the
author's apparently complete ignorance of the craft of
telling a story. Every chapter is a proof of this ignorance.
Chapter lY., for example, entitled " Schooldays," and
consisting of seventeen pages, is made up as follows :
De%th of Oouflin Anne and its effect on
Elizabeth ... ... ••« ... ... 2 pages.
Description of school and headmitiress ... 3 ,,
A oonversalion on ideals concerning the
fatnre between Elizabeth and Felicia ... 3 „
A conversation about everything and notbing
between Mrs. Bateson and Mrs. Hankey... 7^ „
Miscellaneous matter \\
Total...
17
)»
f>
After this manner two years highly important in the
moulding^ of Elizabeth's mind are expeditiously dealt with.
The whole book is like Chapter lY., a shapeless medley of
utterances which are chiefly beside the point. Miss Fowler
is always forgetting her story and then returning to it
with a sudden, alarmed start. It is the trifles, the surfaces
of things, the unimportant side-issues, that engage her
inoonstimt mind. Like her volatile heroine, she must be
continually talking — stating, contrasting, sermonising, and
composing essays instead of attending to business. Mias
Fowler 1ms accomplished the reduetio ad abeurdum of the
amorphous English novel. She never grapples with a
situation or an epoch of development ; she never has time
to do so. She makes Elizabeth pass from an amateur to a
reoognised artist in four lines. She is for ever telling you
about her characters and never presenting them. The inti-
macy between Elizabeth and Tremaine gete as far as a
daily interview before the latter has opened his mouth to
the reader. Miss Fowler is so buffy with ideas — very
superficial ideas— that mere men and women are forced
412
The Academy.
12 May, 1900.
into a seoondaiy position. That the characters of the tale
are not finnly established in her mind as living entities,
that ihej are not authentically imagined, is shown by the
fact that often, from sheer thoughtlessness, she allows
them to behave in a manner utterly impossible. The
notion of Eb'zabeth driving round the country alone with
Tromaine in Tremaine's maU-phaeton would have staggered
GofMom. Maiia^ but Miss Fowler seems to regard it as a
most ordinary procedure fof a young girl reared behind
the high spiked walls of strict convention. This is a mild
instance. A much more serious one is Farquhar's letter
to the sweetheart whom he jilted — a piece of caddishiMsa
and fatuity of which it is inconceivable that even Faiquhar
could have been guilty.
The fcrevailing quauty of the book, colouring it every-
where, is its crudenesfr— of style, thought, feeUng, and
wit — tiie immature crudeness of a dever girl who, while
already proficient in the jugglery of phrases, has yet
everything to learn about life and about literature. Miss
Fowler has no literary charm, no sense of style, no
reverence for her art. She quotes two lines from one of
the loveliest passages in all Shakespeare (Constance's
outburst, Ein^ John, Act III., Scene 1) and perpetrates a
misquotation in each line. Here is a specimen of her
metrical chapter- headings :
Shall I e'er love thee less fondly than now, dear Y
Tell me if e'er my devotion can die.
Never until thou shalt cease to be thou, dear ;
Never until I no longer am I.
A merely literary crudity will affect the large public
neither one way nor the other, since the large public is
entirely uninterested in questions of style ; but all other
crudities appeal stron^^ly to that public ; and herein lies
the main secret of Miss Fowler's popularity. On p. 185
occurs the following sentence : '^ She had run downstairs
at full speed in order to enter the dining-room before the
dishes, completing her toilette as she fled; and she had
only beaten the bacon by a neck.'' After reading Th
FarringdonB from end to end, that phrase persistently
haunts us, the supreme example of Miss Fowler at her
most characteristic— 5tfa^tf» the bacon by a neck. It is pre-
cisely by such phrases that the large public is diverted.
One of them would secure the success of a page, and
Miss Fowler will put twenty on a page. She can produce
titillating phrases as easily as a conjurer showers rosettes
and guinea-pigs from an empty hat ; and it is the endless
titillation of them which constitutes her readableness.
Wit, fancy and philosophy — Miss Fowler pours out her
treasures with marvellous fecundity and untiring glibness.
There are no intervals, no dull moments. You might say
of this book, as of a well-known public resort — *' fourteen
hours' oontinuous amusement." Not the most casual bit
of description but is fully adorned. Listen :
Sedgehill High-street is nothing but a part of the
great high road which leads from Silverhampton to Studley
and Slipton, and the other towns of the Black Country ;
but it calls itself Sedgehill BUgh-street as it passes through
the place, and so identifier itself with its environment,
after the manner of caterpillars and polar bears, and other
similarly wise and adaptable beings. At the point where
this road adopts the pseudonym of the High-street, close
by SedgehiU Church, a lane branches off from it at right
angles, and iims down a steep slope until it comes to a
place where it evidently experiences a difference of opinion
as to which is the better course to pursue — an experience
not confined to lanes. But in this respect lanes are happier
than men and women, in that they are able to pursue both
courses, and so learn for themselves which is the wiser one,
as is the case with this particular lane.
The fact is, that the uncultivated.reader is content to live
wholly in and for the moment, sentence by sentence.
Keep him amused and he will ask no more. You may
delude him, you may withhold from him every single thing
to which he is rightfully entitled, but he will not care.
The more crude you are, the better will he be pleased.
It is a magic gift, this power to titillate — an abaolutian for
every sin of omission and commission, a blind for all defecu.
It will excuse the inexcusable. It caused thooaands of
people to condone the amazing plot of A Double Tkr€&i^
and it will cause the same thousands to ignore the nuilt:-
farious delinquencies of Miss Fowler's latest work.
There are, of course, subsidiary elements of popular
success in The Farritigdons — the trite old-fashion of the pLii
the sugared sentimentality, the smoothing-down of eren*
and of character so as to avoid that disturbance of fix&i
and roseate ideas which' the general reader seldom pardons
in any novel. And there is the moral tone. '' The ujne
of these books is so excellent," said a minisler of the
ErtaMiflhed High Church to his bookseller. '^ I can pc
them into the hands of anv of my young people." '' Don*:
you think they are rather flippant?'' the bookseller
suggested. ''Oh, no!" answered the paiaoDy *^Ift ^
dime in the right epirit" And it is. One may applaal
Miss Fowler's spiritual intentiona almost without reserra-
tion. She is cocksure, pert, supeifioial, slangy, unseemlj
(in a literary sense), and her nard, patronising' attitude
towards the universe is notablv annoyinff ; but at the root
of her is something which mues for tolerance and moral
if not artistic, righteousness.
Things Seen.
The Mongrel.
I SAT by a roadside and two boys passed that way. Hm
one was strong and sturdy : he was tanned with wind aoJ
weather, he clumped along in hob-nailed boots, and from
his jacket pocket dangled the end of a rope.
The other was frail, stunted, and lame. He hung
behind, partly because of his lam^ess, partly becanae hs
was carrying something, and that sometmng was a dog-
only a Utile one-eyed mongrel, with a shaggy, ill-kept
coat and a limp, bandaged paw.
" Step out, can't ye?" bawled the boy in front: "let
the bloomin' dawg do 'is own walking ; 'e won't g^t no
more chance ! " and he laughed.
But the lame boy said nothing, only held his burden
closer; while his features twitched, and the dog put up
its head and licked the thin, sallow face.
They passed by, and I followed them with my eyes.
It was springtime. About me throbbed a world of
quickening life. There was the chirping of birds, the
buzzing of bees, the bursting into bud of countleas green
things ; there was the sweet earthy smell of the fresh
brown mould, the warm touch of the sun's first kiss.
The first boy stooped and sought about, and when he
rose I saw a big stone in his hand ; then he drew the rope
from his pocket and fastened the stone to one end ; and
I thought of the pond, lying deep and sUent below the
dip of the hill, where the mill-wheels sing their ceaseless
song all through the summer-time.
Then the boys disappeared from sight, and I sat
thinking.
After a time I heard a cheery sound — it was the first
boy whistling, for he felt the joy of life, and behind him
lagged the lame boy ; his arms were emptv, and now and
then he drew the back of his hand across nis eyes, for he
felt the pain of death, the void and the loneliness.
Solomon's Seal.
The rehearsal was over. From the stage door of the
Theatre of Varieties emerged a troupe of about a dozen
men. They shivered in their fancy Oriental costumes as
their dark skins came in contact with the cold air. On
the bills they figured as ''Arabs," albeit their native
coimtry was Morocco. They were at once surrounded by
12 May, 1900,
The Academy.
4^3
the small boys of the street. Through these thej patiently
filed, until uiej reached a small tobacconist's. They all
crowded in, and their leader, the only one who knew any
European tongue, began to bargain for cigarettes in a
mixture of broken En^ish and German, ^e latter because
lie and his gang had just come from fulfilling an engage-
ment on the Continent. The shopkeeper studied them
with a languid interest, and when, after considerable
wrangling and fumbling, they finally collected among
themselves enough to pay him, he suddenly opened his
till, and, taking a coin from an inner compartment^ thxnfli
it into the hands of the spokesman. '' I im^am that piece
of money came from yoiur ooimtiy," he remarked. He
was riffht. It was a '^floos," the smallest of Moroccan
small QOflBge, a rude farthing of copper, with a double
triangle, the so-called '^ Solomon's Seal'' standing out in
high relief. The effect of this talisman upon the acrobats
was instant and amazing. Trash as it was, it recalled to
each of them a long-lost home. In one dazzling flash each
saw what he had left. One saw himself in the desert,
free, with horse and gim, free ; another felt the intoxica-
t'on of hashish, and remembered a familiar divan, and
familiar ecstasies. To one, the magical hexagon spoke
of a dead woman; to anoUier it was the living, a pair
of black eyes behind a lattice, eyes that he knew had long
been consoled. Each dreamed his dream. The inter-
preter solenmly kissed the token ; *^ Maraksh ! " he
whispered, and passed it to the next man, who also raised
ittonis lips. Each in turn pressed upon it that sacra-
mental kiss ; then, taking up their purchase, they quietly
shuifled out into the night.
Paris Letter.
(From aw French CarritepondenL)
A French Apostle of National Energy.
In travelling about this small globe, nothing has so
much Htruck me as the complacent ignorance each race
lives in of every other race. A Spanish general once
doggedly maintained before me that while in England the
young girl is outrageously emancipated, the British matron
lives in such a condition of unexampled servitude as not
to be free to speak in the presence of her husband and
son. In the Philippine Islands he had met some cowed
lady of England who, when he addressed his speech to her,
turned her eyes imploringly upon her mate, mutely
soliciting permission to reply to the don. The husband
answered for her, and the lady sighed and looked away.
He based his observations of the customs of Qreat
Brittun upon this single fact. Once more was I startled in
a like fashion. An Austrian and a French lady discussed
in my presence the unhappy position of Englishwomen,
and stoutly affirmed that these martyrs of harsh domestic
law have not the right to eat at their husband's table.
" The husbands and sons eat together in the dining-room,
and the poor women eat with their children upstairs in the
nursery,'' they explained. Though the Spaniards are
enormous eaters, it is a fixed idea in other countries that
they live upon bread and olives, that the table of the
nobles is of a classic frugality, and I have even heard a
Frenchman insist that there is no such thing in Spain as a
genuine nobleman, that the aristocracy is composed of
shoddy rastaquoucree and masquerading beggars. These
are people you must not hope to teach. Neither travel,
nor books, nor the commerce of men will assist them to
knowledge that would shatter their temple of prejudices.
And the more fixed and impenetrable by light are these
prejudices, the more astounding their ignorance of races
as good as their own, the more passionate their hatred and
contempt of every land and people existing by the idle
grace of an injudicious Deity, be sure the greater is their
claim to the virtue of patriotism.
In France, to be a patriot implies also declared war
within ^ose frontiers with all who bear a name with
any taint of cosmopolitanism about it, a name that does
not savour of old France ; with, as well, those of the purest-
sounding of French names should their owners happen to
be Protestants, Freethinkers, Freemasons, or members of
an anti-Nationalist government. Anti-Semitical ladies
teach tlieir dogs to bark when the word Jew ia ]^go»owi— it
in their presence, and moikfltt wan not ashamea to teach
baby lips to lisp in public at the sight of a chosen nose :
"SaleJuif."
This would be ridiculous enough if it were not so inex-
pressibly sad. For it is ever a sad speotade to see the
inmiense majority of a nation at war with the beat part
of that nation — its thinking, disinterested, and liberal
minority. And when a country whose idol is a (General
Mercier offers as a bribe all chuices of success and social
prestiee we may not wonder that the circle of honest souls
shoula be as narrow as the little band of early Christians
gathered of old in the Catacombs. Pending the hour
when Mercier's honoured ashes wiU be carried in triumph
to the hall of heroes — the Pantheon — his admirers are
busy compiling a Nationalist literature. Its lights are
many, but none of such an opaque luminosity, such an
aggressive dulness, such repellent modernity as M. Maurice
Barres, whose Appel au Soldat has just appeared. It is
the second interminable volume of a trilogy in honour of
national energy. The first was the unreadable and extra-
ordinary Leracinie, Has an author the right to give such
a misleading title as '* novel " to books like Diraeines and
Appel au Soldat ?
Diracin4i was a pretentious and uninteresting history of
the development of seven Lorraine youths of different
rank, who are in a kind of Dumasesque conspiracy (with-
out any of Dumas' wit and high-spirited charm) to conquer
Paris. The writer's object is to expose to us the evils of
uprooting from the soil of provincial souls. I cannot say
wo at Lorraine would have made of these mediocre sons
adrift from her bosom. Paris, of course, made nothing of
them. There is not a generous, a noble, a disinterested
trait among the seven ; and, considering their youth and
the purpose which brings them to Paris, we cannot accept,
as Mr. Barres does, that mere contact with the capital has
so speedily vulgarised and degraded them. NoMe and
studious and disinterested provincials live all their lives in
Paris around us, and die undegraded and undiminished by
years spent upon the banks of the lovely Seine. But
vulgar-minded, voracious young wolves who come to
devour or be devoured wiU naturally follow the path of
M. Barred' seven Lorraine youths.
The Appel au Soldat carries us into the famous and
trivial Boulanger conspiracy. M. Barres is a passionate
Boulangist, ever waiting and watching for a second
Boulanger. It is an open secret that he is his hero of
predilection, Francois Sturel, the ardent follower of
Boulanger. The difference between the Appel au Soldat
and the ordinary roman a clef is that no key here is needed.
M. Barres gives the names in full. Cornelius Herz, Baron
Eeinach, the unhappy Joseph Keinach, Paul Deroulede,
Dillon, Boulanger, Mme. de Bonnemains, all political and
joumaiistic Paris, is here named in full. We see the
fantastic Deroulede in his different ineffectual and rather
silly dramatic scenes with that ineffable humbug, the hero
of cafe chantantSf Ghsneral Boulanger. We are spared no
cough of the imfortunate Marguerite. Boulanger, as
painted by his fervent follower, is an appalling specimen
of a political mountebank. One never realised more
terribly than in these deadly dull pa^es the truth of
General de Oallif et's words in the Chamber the other day
— the fool had not even the makings of a criminal in him.
The charlatan who knows himself for a charlatan is usually
a very clever man, but the charlatan who takes in himself
as Boulanger did is predestined for inglorious failure.
In the hands of a writer of some dramatic instinct, with
414
The Academy.
12 Mdy, 1900
only a modist shate ot the tiotelist's art, with a large and
luminous style, and a creative as well as an analytic gift,
the ama^ng story of Boulanger's rise and fall, his inex-
plicable popularity — based on good looks of a very com-
mon kind, and a black charger — ^his instant desertion and
melodramatic end, might have made an excellent subject
of a novel. But M. Biurrds writes a deplorable and
exasperating French, and his novels resemble the lives of
his seven Lorraine youths. They are not illuminated by
a single rav of sunshine, by a smile, by a witty or
humorous phrase, by a vivid description, by a pleading
sentence. Style so dense, figures so inanimate, speech so
dull and vulgar, scenes so puxposeless, po unrevealing, so
lacking in all the attributes of dramatic art, it would be
impossible to match elsewhere. If you were to patch
together a series of newspaper articles upon persons and
public events during a certain set of years, the result
would be a book much resembling App$l au Soldat. Only
the chances are, it would be a great deal more readable,
for few newspaper editors womd tolerate a style so in-
articulate, so stupidly impenetrable, meaning so little in
an idle pietentiousness of envelope as that 01 M. Maurice
Barr^s. And certainly no editor out of Bedlam would
print the terrible chapter ^^La Yallee de la Moselle,"
recording the wanderings of two of our Lorraines in search
of their national roots in about 150 pages. The Prussians
in this period of the awakening of national energy are
handled as in the subsequent period the Anglo-Saxons
may expect to be handled. In the valley of the Moselle
we are told that *^ these excellent folk have all the dis*
tinction of old towns, apply themselves all the more to
the practice of courtesy and urbanity in reprobation of
that Teutonic heaviness which will always seem black-
guardism to French sensibilities.'' It would be curious to
feam what aspect '* French sensibilities" have for the
German mind. As revealed by the eminent Maurice
Barr^s, the word gaujaterie would not be altogether in-
appropriate. The author, under the thin disguise of
Franqois Sturel, comports himself with complacent gross-
ness and ineptitude. His envenomed hatred of his old
master Bouteuler is scarcely more unintelligent than his
deification of a cheap idol like Boulanger. And his
relations with Mme. de- Nelles, his accomplice in the
in<3vitable tale of adultery, are displayed with a hideous
cynicism, an absence of heart, or even passion, which leave
us abashed by the thought that there are men and women
who can find their pleasure in sinking for so little. As
the heroine is merely a name for us, without character
or features or any physical, moral or mental trait to enable
us to take the faintest interest in her fortunes, it does not
excite our indignation to find her falling into the arms of
a lover without even the saving excuse of persecution and
overmastering temptation. Her fall, like her personality,
is described by words that have no actual significance for
us. It is as if a stranger in a train were to say to you :
'' In such a year I had a mistress whose favourite colour
was red and who was fond of music." You would learn
of the insignificant fact, and an hour afterwards remember
nothing of the lover or his mistress. And just so in-
different are we to Mme. de Nelles, so unmoved are we by
her love, which is silly and unclean, and by her sufEering
in neglect, which is shallow and vain. As for her lover,
we are stupified by his fatuity and vulgarity. An animal
oould not possibly put less heart and brains into its loves
than this mediocre partisan, who, not at all offered us as a
type of political adventurer, exclaims brutally on learning
of his chiefs defeat: ''Boulanger is but an accident.
We'll find other Boulangisms." This, we know, is the
gallant Paul D^roul^de's theory, who stoutly professes
himself to be a Boulangist waiting for a secona, a third, a
fourth Boulanger.
There is one littie sentence in these dull 550 pages
that has a touch of humanity, of feeling, a faint whiff of
delicate sentiment, Writing of Boulanger's desperate
solitude after the death of Mme. de Bonnemains, he says :
"In these funereal soliloquies his whole being, once a
littie vulgar, optimist and sociable, was transformed under
the beneficent influence of sorrow." The last line is
" death to traitors and robbers." Here is prophecy of a
future war-cry. H. Li-
Correspondence.
Shakespeare in Fiction.
Sm,— In to-day's Academy " The Bookworm " asks if
the late William Black introduced Shakespeare in person
into his story called Judith Shake$peare, He did. The
Bard appears at New Place, and is then writing " The
Tempest^' and " The Winter's Tale." Though the book
can hardly be called a success on the whole, parts of it aro
very charming.
Other novSs in which Shakespeare is introduced are
The Jolly Roger, by Hume Nisbet ; MMter Skglarh, by J.
Bennett; and Shakespeare and his Friends, published
anonymously in Paris in 1833, not to mention Mr. Lang's
unpublished Elizabethan romance, in which, he tells us,
Shakespeare speaks in blank verse ! No doubt there are
very many others in which Shakespeare appears, a list of
which would be interesting. — I am, &c.,
Charles R* Dawks.
Birmingham : May 5, 1900.
The Name of the Novelist.
SiE,— While reading the first page of the Academy for
May 5 this evening, I came across the question, What is
the name of the novelist whose writing of a story has
encouraged the breaking open of cases in our museums ?
I might suggest Mr. Oonan Doyle, who wrote a story
dealing with an Oriented Professor and the theft of an
Eastern jewel from a case in the British Museum. This
short story appeared in the Strand Magazine, I can|t tell
the month, but, as far as my treacherous memory will aid
me, I believe it was about a year ago. — I am, &c.,
Sutherland Wilson.
Lancaster College, West Norwood, S.E. :
May 6, 1900.
The Missing Word.
Sir,— The word (for " citizen of the British Empire ") is
badly wanted; but if "Englander" and "Briton" wiU
not do, it follows a fortiori that no other word of local
derivation will do. Neither will any word derived from
" Empire." Imperium et Ubertas is a splendid motto, but
the imperium and its derivatives, without the Ubertas,
suggest chiefly two-headed eagles, conscript armies, and
autocrats. Let us therefore still keep the two; let the
Empire still be lie Empire ; but let its parts be called
Freelands, and the inhabitants thereof Freelanders, If
we have taught the world anything, it is surely the use of
freedom. Maximum of consent and participation, minimum
of compulsion, interference, and disability — ^iJiese have
been the watchwords of tiie growing Empire, and they
are the only ones which can ensure its permanence. Let
us now perpetuate them in a living name. Incidentally,
too, this name might serve to remind a portion of the
foreign world that a free land is not necessarily a republic,
and vice versa, — ^I am, &c.,
R. J. Llotd«
yniversity College, Liverpool : May 5, 1900,
12 May, 1900.
The Academy.
415
New Books Received.
'[^Thsu notes an »<me of the New Books of the week are
preliminary to Reviews that may follow,']
Oibbon's Decline and Fall of the
KoMAN Empire. Edited by J. B. Bury.
This is a great piece of editing, considered merely in its
quantity of research and annotation. It is obvious that
Q-ibbon's history requires, and may yet require, the
assistance of later scholars to make it accurate. Gibbon's
accuracy was wonderful, but it was relative to his oppor-
tunities. As Mr. Bury says: "The discovery of new
materials, the researches of numerous scholars, in the
course of a hundred years, have not only added to our
knowledge of facts, but have modified and upset con-
illusions which Gibbon, with his materials, was justified
in drawing." The issue of this edition, now completed,
is a literary event of no small importance. (Methuen.
7 vols., each 8s. 6d.)
The Life of Lives.
By F. W. Farrab.
Dean Farrar introduces his new work on the Life in
these words : " Twenty-six years ago I was led by * God's
unseen Providence, which men nickname Ohance,' to write
a Life of Christ. . . . The object of the present book is
Afferent. It deals with questions of high importance
which the Gt)spels suggest, and aims at deepening the
faith and brightening uie hope in Christ of all who read
it honestly. Sis sus, sis Dtvus, sum Caltha, et non tibi
^piro" Among the many subjects dealt witiii are these :
**The Unique Supremacy of Jesus," "Lessons of the
TJnreQorded Jesus," "John the Baptist," "The Form of
Christ's Teaching," "The Apostles," "Gethsemane," &c.,
•&C. (Cassell.)
The Poetical Works of Edited by
Mathilde Blind. Arthur Symons.
It win be remembered that Mr. Symons put forth in
1897 a selection from Mathilde Blind's poetry, with an
appreciation. He now gives us a complete collected edition
of her poems, and his appreciation (usappears (we regret)
in favour of a short preface. However, Dr. Eichard
Gamett supplies a zaemoir, in which he gives the simple
facts of Mathilde Blind's life, and sums up : " Mathilde
Blind would have been more popular if she had been less
ardent and more conciliating ; she would have been a more
accomplished writer if the passion for essential truth had
not made her unduly indifferent to artistic finish ; but after
«very allowance has been made, her poetry remains noble
in execution as in aspiration, and her character was even
more noble than her poetry." (Unwin. 7s. 6d.)
Four Months Besieged. By H. H. G. Pearse.
Mr. Pearse represented the Daily News in Ladysmith
during its siege. Many of his letters never reached his
paper, being taken from native runners or blue-pencilled
by the censor. Two or three letters did appear, but the
rest of the book is new. Mr. Nevinson's book, Ladysmith :
the Diary of a Siege (Methuen), appears simultaneously.
(Macmillan. 6s.)
1815: Waterloo. By Henry Houssayb.
This is the French standard work on Waterloo, and its
name is familiar in everv discussion of Wellington's
victory. An English translation was, therefore, mudh to
be desired, and the present version vriU «meet the want.
It is made from the thirty-first French edition of Houssaye's
great work by the author's permission. A short critical
introduction would, we think, have been appreciated by
most readers. (Black. 10s.net.)
%* Owing to pressure on our space, our further list of hooks
ucehed is held over.
Our Weekly Competition.
Result of No. 33 (New Series).
The Pickwiokian ezercue which we set last week has not tempted
a great manv competitors. We think that Mr. Lewis Longfield, of
1, Thyra-vilias, Ramsgate, has probably entered into Mr. Pickwick s
mind, and divined hu language more closely than the other com-
petitors. To Mr. Longfield, therefore, a cheqae for one gainea has
been sent. Mr. Longfield*s reply is as follows :
In propounding my somewhat startling Tittlebatian theory I
entertain some misgivings as to the reception of the fruit of my
unwearied researches. Every novel invention, even where destined
to revolutionise existing systems, meets unvarying opposition. It
is a small thing to say that the theory of tittlebats has from time
immemorial been the f alcram of the see-saw of scientific discussion.
I protest against the commonly accepted solution that the tittlebat
originated from the eggs of a little bat, which f^l into and were
hatehed in a pond, and I defy the author of that theory to prove
that even a big bat has ever laid a single egg ! (Great applause.)
I have no doubt that ** tittle" is but a dialectal variation of
'' stickle" or *' prickle"; moreover, I am assured that "bat" is
merely a oorruption of '* back." Children and yokels will soon
outrage language if the literary policeman is off his beat 1 (Pro-
tracted cheers) Now the tittlebat possesses a dorsal fin spiked
with " prickles." I believe then, nay, I assert, that " tittlebat " \a
but a demoralised form of " stickleback.*' (Sensation.! I now call
the attention of this learned house to the fact that the perch, a fish
vastly eulogised by one Izaak Walton, possesses a dorpal lin, remark-
able chiefly for its stickley prickles. Research shows that it
frequents the deeper waters, whereas the shallows are the haunt of
the subject of our discussion. My theory nu^ be summed up in the
phrase, *' adaptation to oircumstanoe," and I believe that it estab-
lishes a new law which deprives the Perch of any other appellation
than that of the Greater Tittlebat I (Vociferous cheers wherein
the great man's concluding words were whirled away in the current
of applause, thus constituting a loss irreparable both to the scientific
world and to mankind at large.)
Among the other replies is this :
What does Izaak Walton say on the momentous subject of tittle-
bats, or, as he calls them, sticklebags? The kindly, cold-blooded
fisherman regards this most interestizig of fishes merely as a bait
merely as a substitute for minnows. To use his own words: **I
know not where be dwells in winter, or what he is good for in
summer, but only to make sport for boys and wouuH'afiglers [!],
and to feed other fish that be fish of prey, as trout^ in particular,
who will bice at him as at a penk." Thus dues man subvert all
nature to his own uses : the san to light his day, the moon (inter-
mitteatly) to illume his night, and the gallant, invincible little
tittlebat to serve him as bait for " trouts" I But what ia the true
miseion in life of this tiny warrior J From our childhood upwards
we have observed his swift, subtle movements, the irridescent,
plated armour he bears on his sides, and have felt the formidable
spines with which his lower and upper surfaces are protected. Is a
creature so panoplied, so swift and eager of movement, created for
no other purpose than to be the food of sleek, smug, self-satisfied
trout ? You will find the answer to this question — if I may use the
expression — in his mouth. He is not only the moat warlike, but
the most voracious of fishes. His is the predatory mission to Iceep
down the undue growth of the piscine race by devouring their
spavm. But for hijoi perch and trout might wax and grow till the
Hampstead ponds were filled with huge, wallowing behemoths, and
the smooth surface of the Serpentine were stir^ by the fins of
pike as long and lithe as the sharks of Eastern f>eas.
[F. L. A., Haling.]
Other replies received from : H. W. D., London ; G. G., Hampstead ;
W. A. B., London ; A. £. W., Inverness ; M. M., Ramsgate ; F. C. ;
H. F. H., Nottingham ; H. G. P., Stafford ; A. W., London ; G. W. C.,
Grimsby j F. S., Cambridge.
Competition No. 34 (New Series).
Wb offer a prize of One Guinba for the best description of a
motor-car by Dr. Johnson Gompetitors are to assume that Dr.
Johnson met a motor-car, proceeding at full speed, for the first
time in a rural walk— say, for instance, during bid tour in Soot-
land, and afterwards gave his opinion of it in his Mtit to the
Hebrides. Not to exceed 150 words.
Rules,
Answers, addressed "Literary Competition, The Academy, 43,
Chancery-Ume, W.C.,*' must reach us not later than the first podt
of Tuesday, May 15. Bach answer must be accompanied by
the coupon to be found in the third column of p. 410, or it can-
not enter into competition. Competitors sending more than one
attempt at solution must accompany each attempt with a separate
coupon ; otherwise the first only will be considered. We canno
consider anonymous answers.
4i6
The Academy.
12 May, E%oo
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The Academy
A Weekly Review of Literature and Life*
No. 1463. Established 1869.
1 9 May, 1900.
Price Threepence
[Registered as a NewspaperJ]
The Literary Week.
The annual dinner of the Society of Authors held
last Thursday .was one of the most successful functions
this flourishing Society has held. The speeches by Mr.
Anthony Hope, Mr. Bernard Shaw, Lord Monkswell,
and Mr. Henry Normon, were good and to the point ; and
the ironic humour of Mr. Pinero, who took the chair, if it
bewildered some, pleased others. Mr. Pinero speaks as
he writes. As Mr. Norman pointed out, there is always
an idea at the back of his levity. As most modem
authors are novelists, it was perhaps to be expected that
of the three great men referred to by Mr. Pinero as having
passed away from us lately — Dr. Martineau, Mr. Buskin,
and Mr. Blackmore — the latter name only should have
been greeted with applause. Mr. Anthony Hope referred
to the Pension Scheme originated by the Society, and
suggested that those present should subscribe half-a-guinea
each. One pension will be given next year.
Thbbb is a swashbuckling vigour about the chapter
headings of Mr. Benjamin Swift^ new novel, Nude Souls,
that is rather attractive. The ball opens thus : Chapter I.
''Warns the reader of the true nature of the book."
Chapter II. '' Again warns the reader to expect no
romantic nonsense here, but a most tra^c business."
Chapter HI. '' Hopes that all persons sniffing for what
they call romance will by this time have laid the book
down, at last convinced that there is absolutely none of the
exquisite drivel here."
We could wish that one of the war correspondents in
South Africa, instead of adding to the mnumerable
accounts of the campaign, would narrow his horizon, and
write a book under some such title as, say, '' Things Seen
in War Time." Here is an incident, a ''Things Seen"
noted by Mr. H. P. Prevost Battersby, known to novel
readers as " Francis Prevost," who is doing such excellent
work for the Mwming Post :
Biding into Osfontein were a bearded scout and a
Lancer, the Lancer with a face still pink from home. The
scout touched the other's arm and pointed to a field mouse
on the veldt in front of them washmg his face in his paws.
The voungBtor dug in his spurs, lowered his lance, and
lifted the living, quiverizig little beast impaled like a tent
peg on the pomt of it. He waved it, laughing as he
reined round his horsp, hut was met by a mouth of such
damnation as took the colour out of his cheeks. At his
sulky expostulation the elder man suddenly checked his
tongae, addine, when they had ridden on together, half
asbamedly and with eyes averted, ** IVe seen enough o'
dead things."
In spite of the keen eyes and busy pens, it is probable
that we who sit at home and wait will never know the
real, awful reality of war and its effect on the individual.
If the story of the "nine or ten mental cases " referred to
in the paragraph that follows could be told by some writer
of genius, and remembered, would it not hasten the day
of universal peace ?
Mr. Lynch came back on the Kildonan Cattle, Among
the 300 sick and wounded were nine or ten mental cases,
men who went out of their minds at Magersfontein,
We regret to hear of the very serious state of Mr.
Stephen Crane's health. He is now at Dover waiting till
he IS strong enough to be taken to the Black Forest.
Richard Tea and Nay is the title of Mr. Maurice Hewlett's
new romance. It is well advanced, but has not yet left
his hands. The central figure is, of course, Bichaid Coeur
de Lion.
Lord Fbedbrio Hamilton, who has edited the Pall
Mall Magazine since its foundation, has resigned, but he
will continue to control the magazine till the autumn.
A Scotch correspondent writes : *' * C. K. S.,' in the
Sphere, apropoe of Mr. W. D. Christie's excellent edition of
Ih*yden in the " Globe " series, says that he cannot find
the editor's name in Who^s Who, ' C. K. S. ' also regrets
that Mr. Christie has done so little literary work. The
fact is, that Mr. Christie died in 1874, four years after the
" Olobe " Dryden was published."
Thirteen Stories will be the title of Mr. Cunninghame
Graham's new book. Mr. Graham has had the labour
of re-writing them, as the MS. was destroyed in the
Ballantyne fire last December.
The production of Ptinee Otto on the stage will be an
interesting event. Mr. Gerald Gumey and Mr. Thalberg
will be responsible for the adaption, which was begun
some years ago. When Mr. Gumey wrote to Mr. Steven-
son respecting terms, the author of Prince Otto replied :
Savemac Lake, Adirondacks.
Dbae Sie, — It will be time (pardon my pessimism) to
think of that when your piece is produced. But I am sure
that whatever you and Mr. Thalberg shall think right will
gratify me ; and, indeed, I am already gratified by your
proposal. — ^With every wish for your success, I am, yours
and Mr. Tholberg's,
BoBEBT Louis Stevexson.
It may interest you to know that Prince Otto was origin-
ally a trag^y, and, by my sooth ! in blank verse. I still
think it has much that is very suitable to the boards.
A. L. S.
If we had proposed a competition for the probable
reply that Signora Duse would make to an interviewer
who asked her opinion on Mr. Samuel Smith's " on-
slaught on the drama " in the House of Commons, would
the replies, we wonder, have been anywhere near the
reality? We are indebted to the Daily Mail for the
reality. Said the distinguished actress : " I have just
been reading Taine's Restoration of the Drama, His
opinions are mine." Neat, brief, and final — just the way
to answer an interviewer.
Mb. Abthub Stmons dedicates his translation of
D'Annunzio's play, "The Dead City," to the author in
these terms : " To (Jabriele D'Annunzio I dedicate this
translation, begun at Aries and finished at Toledo, the
two dead cities which I love most in Europe." The play
is in five acts, and contains but five characters.
420
The Academy.
19 May, 1900.
Ws have received from Paris the first number of
a new monthly magazine called Ir%9^ the first French
review, it is claimed, that is exclusively devoted to litent-
ture and art. Iris is a comely little magazine, opening
with a few columns of paragraphs under the title '' Un
Peu Partx)ut." These are followed by a eante^ and this
by an essay under the general title '* Opinions." '' Mon
Livre" is the heading of a series of articles in which
authors will describe their forthcoming books, an excellent
notion. This month M. Gustave Kam gives a foretaste
of a book he is about to publish entitied I?E9thet%que de la
Rue, Eeviews of books, a dramatic criticism, and a
musical article follow; and there are other details. A
Soem by Emile Yerhaeren, called ''Lea Dunes," is full of
escriptive feeling and melancholy cadence. We are
tempted to quote a portion of it :
Yoici le pays blanc des dunes
Que les si^cles ont ravag^
Sommets fendus, vallons rong§B,
Montagues mortes, une d une.
Le del, la mer et leur ceinture d'ouragans !
Et oeux qui vont k Tautre bout du monde
Les vents, fes vents hurleurs, les vents sifflants
Portant Thiver, dans leur fronde.
Depuis longtemps, sont morts V^iJky Tautomne ;
Octobre est loin; avec sa brume monotone,
Avec son deuil de pourpre et son silence ;
Et maiutenant, voici
L*biver, I'hiver sauvage et sans merci
Et ses mois noirs qui recommencent.
Les villages souifrent, la-bas,
Les toits ployes sous U temp^te,
Pauvres, tiistes, serres par tas
Oomme des b^tes ;
Le soir 8*abat, et I'horizon se fend,
La muete entidre des nu^es
Hurle vers Tombre et seole une cloche remuee
B^pond encore, avec des pleurs d'enfant.
Et sur la plage, oil s'eohev^lent
Ces deuils si Tinfioi,
TraSnent, en bandes paralldles,
Les defiles des sables gris;
Les oiseauz fnient, la greve est vide,
Le navire se fond dans Tetendue bumide :
Tout le neaot semble marcher
De lieue en lieue, avec la mer.
We shall notice in detail Mr. Winston Churchill's
London to Ladysmtth via Pretoria next week; meanwhile,
we will quote its dedication, which is not without
originality :
THIS COLLEOTIOK OF LETTBRS IS INSCRIBED TO
THE STIFF OF THE
NATAL GOVERNMENT RAILWAY
WHOSE CABBFUL AND COURAGEOUS DISCHARGE OF THEIR
EVERY-DAY DUTIES
AMID THE PERILS OF WAR
HAS MADE THEM HONOURABLY CONSPICUOUS
EVEN AMONG THEIR FELLOW COLONISTS.
The story of his escape which Mr. Churchill could tell is
not fully disclosed in this book, for a reason stated in the
Preface: ^*The fact that a man's life depends upon my
discretion compels me to omit an essential part of the
story of my escape from the Boers ; but, if the book and
its author survive the war, and when the British flag is
firmly planted at Bloemf ontein and Pretoria, I shall hasten
to fill the gap in the narrative."
Mr. Lecky's HMtoryof England^ " but for the first time in
my life that wise writer wearied me." Again, when his
escape had electrified Pretoria the Volkutem observed, as a
significant fact, that the fugitive had recently become a
subscriber to the State Library, and had borrowed Mill*
essay, On Liberty. ** It apparently desired to graveij
deprecate prisoners having access to such infismmatoTj
literature. The idea will, perhaps, amuse those who hare
read the work in question." It will.
Our excellent contemporary, the Dial^ of Chicag<~,
published its twentieth anniversary number on May D^j,
and printed a survey of the development of American
literature during its lifetime. '' To maintain a hi^h
standard of literary criticism, and to advocate the eaii«r
of the higher culture," is to be the Dial* 9 continued ain
Among the ** Tributes from our Friends " appears thi%
characteristic note from Mr. Andrew Lang :
I hope the DiaVa sim will never go back on it (a ll:-
cumstance unusual, but with Biblical precedent).
DiFPiNO into Mr. Churchill's pages we observe
that books ^ayed some part even in his captivity in
Pretoria. While waiting for the favourable moment to
elude the sentries Mr. Churchill tried, he tells us, to read
The Gbncourt Academy may easily become something
of a force in French literature. Its formation has beea
regarded with somewhat languid interest, but it is quLi-f
possible that when it begins making literary awards tae
eyes of young Frenchmen will see in the dead GK^noonn
brothers a living Macaenas. The Gbncourt prize, which
may amount to 5,000 fr., will be awarded this year for the
best prose work of imagination published during^ the year.
One gathers that the experimenters, the seekers after nev
conventions, and all who can show a fresh talent and b >M
methods, will have the favourable consideration of i\^
judges, who will be ten members of the Academy. < ^ce
can easily see that the Gbncourt Academy may be a«
useful in evoking young effort as the Academy is in regiv
tering permanent success. All depends on the way io
which the awards are managed.
There appears to be no certainty that the Tennpoc
MSS. recently brought to light in Sheificdd will be pu^^-
lished in whole or part. How these documents have been
overlooked so long, even when the searchlight was bein^'
used by Tennyson's son and biog^pher, we do not knov.
The letters in the collection are undated, but are said to
have been written in 1832 and 1833. They are the letters
of Tennyson and Arthur Hallam to W. H. Brookfield, one
of Tennyson's college friends. The poetical MSS. include
earlv drafts of "The Lotus Eaters'^ and "The Lady of
Shalott,'' showing many variations from the published
text. These should be highly instructive to students of
poetry. The letters and MSS. are now in the possessioa
of Colonel Brookfield, M.P.
A WRITER in 8crihner*8 Magazine has taken on himself the
office of recording angel in respect of the sins of grammar
committed by great writers. Among modems Thackeray
seems to have been the least careful of grammatical lava.
In The Neweomea he actually writes :
Miss Cann, who was from Bftyhams, having been »
governess to the young lady who is dead and who now
makes such a livelihood as she can best raise, by going out
as a daily teacher.
Scott writes in Kenilworth :
They stood now in an avenue overshadowed by such old
trees as we have described, and which had been bordered,
&c.
Among Mr. Thomas Hardy's slips are the following :
Her first thought was how would she be able to face her
parents.— rc«fi of the D'Urbervilles (xli.).
Like all people who have known rough times light-
heartedness seemed to her too irrational.
The Mayor of Gaeterbridge (xi?.).
19 May, 1900.
The Academy.
421
XfADT BuBTOK has reissued her husband's poem, the
JTasidah [oouplets] of Bdji Ahdu AU Yazdi [Sir Richard
Hurton's notn d$ gu0rre\ It was composed seven years
before FitzGerald's rendering of Th$ Ruhdiydt of Omar
^hayydmy with which it is boldly compared by its
admirers. It was first printed in 1880, and in 1893 Lady
Surton included it in the Biography of her husband;
ag^ais, in 1894, a limited edition of one hundred copies
was printed. In her introduction to the poem as now
issued Lady Burton says :
I was laughed to scorn by a small section of the press
for the following remark in my late Lift of Bit Richard,
1 said '' that I did not believe that this poem bad its equal,
that it is quite unique. " I said * * it will ride over the heads
of most, it will displease many, but it will appeal to all
large hearts and large brains for its depth, its height, its
breadth, for its heart and nobility, its pathos, i's melan-
oholy , and its despair. It is the very perfection of romance ;
it seems as the cry of a Soul, wandering throngh space,
looking for what it does not find. I have read it many
times daring my married life, and never without bitter
tears, and when I read it now it affects me still more ; he
used to take it away from me because it impressed me so.*'
Liady Burton then quotes two highly eulogistic opinions
of tiie poem by Mr. W. D. Scml and Was Ouglielma
Francis Moss. Mr. Scull wrote : " It seems to me worthy
to stand level with the greatest poems of the Earth, and in
front of most." We shall deal with the Xatidah in more
detail. Meanwhile, we will quote a few lines from a
poem for which so much is claimed :
But we ? Another shift of scene, another pang to rack the
heart;
Why meet we on the bridge of Time to 'change one greet-
ing and to part ?
We meet to part ; yet asks my sprite, Part we to meet ?
Ah ! is it so ?
Man's fancy-made Omniscience knows, who made Omnis-
cience nought can know.
Why must we meet, why must we part, why must we bear
this yoke of MUST,
Without our leave or askt or ffiven, by tyrant Fate on victim
thrust?
That Eve so gay, so bright, so glad, this Mom so dim, and
sad, and grey ;
Strange that Hfe's Begistrar shoald write this day a day,
that day a d>iy !
Mine eyes, my brain, my heart, are sad—sad is the very
core of me ;
All wearies, chaoges, pastes, ends; alas! the Birthday's
injury !
Friends of my youth, a last adieu I haply some day we
meet again ;
Tet ne'er the self-same men shall meet ; the years shall
make us other men :
The light of mom has grown to noon, has paled with eve,
and now farewell !
Go, vanish from my life as dies the tiokling of the Camel's
bell.
Mb. Buskin was one of the wealthiest writers who ever
lived in this country, and he used his wealth to develop
his own and other people's minds. It is interesting to
notice that whereas he inherited nearly £200,000 from his
father, his own net pnersonal estate was onlv a little more
than £10,000. In his will, which was published too late
for our notice last week, "Mx. Euskin said :
I leave all my estate of Braniwood aforesaid and all
other real estate of which I may die possessed to Joseph
Arthur Palliser Severn, of Heme Hill, in the county of
Surrey, and Joanna Buskin Severn, his wife, and to the
survivor of them and their heirs for their very own,
eamestly praying them never to sell the estate of Brant-
wood or any part thereof, nor to let upon building lease
any part thereof, but to maintain the said estate and the
buildings thereon in decent order and in good repair in
like manner as I have done, and praying them further to
accord during thirty consecutive days in every year such
permission to str&ntten to see the house and pictures as
I have done in my lifetime.
Mr. Buskin left his unpublished MSS. and diaries ^* to
Mrs. Joanna Euskin Severn, and Mr. Charles Eliot Norton,
of Cambridge, Massachusetts, to deal with, publish, or
destroy all or any of them in such way and to such extent
and at such times as they think fit." His copyrights,
stocks of books, plates, and wood blocks, &c., &c., were
left to Mrs. Severn and Mrs. Alexander Wedderbum, but
subject to the condition that Mr. Qeorge Allen should be
retained as publisher, that out of the profits of publication
£100 a year should be paid to Mr. Wedderbum, and then
not exceeding £1,000 a year to Mr. and Mrs. Severn for
the maintenant^e of Brantwood, and that any balance of
profit should be invested. By a codicil made three years
ago Mr. Euskin modified the condition as to the employ-
ment of Mr. Allen as publisher.
Mb. Dooley and his friend Mr. Hennessy have been
talking over the Paris Exhibition, and Mr. Dooley pre-
dicts that next winter will be a hard one for the ridi —
they will spend so much money in Paris :
I ixpict to have people dhroppin' in here nex' fall with
Bubscnption-books f r th' survivors iv th' Paris Exhibition.
Th' women down be th' roUiu' -mills 'U be sewin' flannels
f r th' disthressed millyonaires, an' whin th' childher kick
about th' food, ye'll say, Hinnissy, " Just think iv th' poor
wretches in th' Lake Shore dhrive, an' thank Gawd f'r
what ye have."
Mr. Dooley has his own opinion about the real attractions
of Paris this summer :
No, Hinnissy, they'll be manny things lamed be
Americans that goes to Paris, but they won't be about th'
conversion iv boots into food, or vicey varsa, as Hogan says.
Au' that's r-right. If I wint over there, 'tis little time
I'd be spindin' thryin' to discover how th' wondbers iv
mechanical janius are projooced that makes livin' so much
more healthy an' oncomfortable. But whin I got to Paris
I'd hire me a hack or a dhray painted r-red, an' I'd put
me feet out th' sides, an' I'd say to th' dhriver : ** Bivolu-
tionist, pint ye'er horse's head to'rds th' home iv th' skirt-
dance, hit him smartly, an' go to sleep. I will Bee th'
snow-plough show an' th' dentisthry wurruk inth' pa-apers.
F'r th prisint I'll devote me attintaon to makin' a noise in
th' sthreets an' studyin' human nature."
** Ye'd be a lively ol* buck over there," said Mr. Hen-
nessy admiringly. ** 'Tis a good thing ye can't go."
**It is so,'" said Mr. Dooley. ''I'm glad I have no
millyonaire rilitives to be depindent on me f r support
whin th' show's over."
The impact of the work of one sort of man on an
opposite sort of man — as, for instance, of Mr. Kipling's
mind on Mr. Le Qallienne's — is always interesting.
The personal criticism thus evoked may not stand,
but it is of the kind which, by flowing into the
sluggish stream of accepted opinion, freshens and even
diverts it. As an example of what we mean, take this
short review of a new edition of the Letters of Thomas
Gray, by a writer of Walt Whitman's school of thought,
from the Conservator :
When I read these letters, issued in a mechanical setting
of (>xtreme beauty, I do not wonder that Gray wrote but
one poem which the world has remembered. The editor
speaks of Gray as *' beyond doubt a great letter writer
fallen on the great age of letter writing." I do not know
what constitutes a great letter, nor by what power a letter
is carried beyond its own contemporaries. Certainly Ghay
was not a man vital enough to star into a jioat-mortem
heaven. I am disposed to accept him at his own figure
when he describes himself as a '' grand ^cker of straws,
and push-pin player in ordinary to her Supmity — the poweir
422
The Academy^
19 May, Z900.
of LaziwsB." What word is spoken in these letters which
has to us the slightest contemporary interest P I admit
their finish in verbal full dress. The reply to my questions
is perhaps in the awurance of the publisherd that they have
sold an edition of the book.
One would not call that correct criticism, yet it tends to
correct the best criticism. It is medicinal.
A WBiTEB who signs himself ''A. C. D." makes a
vigorous protest in the Pilot against the *^ six-shilling
dreadful " — ^in other words, against the gloomy novel of
the hour which is labelled " powerful " :
The trick of this kind of writing is so easy! Few
things can be more simple than to place a character or
group of characters in disistgreeable surroundings, to insist
on every detail of their unpleasantaess with lingering
emphasis, and then to string together enough grimy
incidents to fill the required number of pages. Yet many
of our critics seem blind to the fact that *' disagreeable "
is by no means synonymous with '* powerful.*' Novels of
another mode — novels in which life is pictured less
violently, in which the pigments are less crude and bizarre
— are each dismissed by uie reviewer in half-a-dozen lines
a^ '*an inoffensive little tale." The *' depressiouist'*
book, on the other hand, is accorded a column of serious
notice, and not seldom of extravagant eulogy. To write
a book of this class is to tread an easy path to reputation,
so the fact that a number of authors select this road is not
surprising. "Yes," replies the critic, "but this is only
another way of saying that you care nothing for art.
What you like is an old-fashioned, commonplace story,
over which you can fall asleep." To which, perhaps, the
reader may return a flat denial. He does not want a
soporific ; but still less does he desire an emetic.
The collection of prints of Old London wliich, as we
mentioned a fortnight ago, is possessed by the Bishopsgate
Institute, is, we find, separately catalogued. The catalogue
is sold for threepence.
Mb. J. Chubton Collins has prepared for Messrs.
Methuen's Standard Library an elaborate edition of Lord
Tennyson's Early Poems. It is a reprint of the volume
which was published in its definitive form in 1853, with
the addition of a long critical introduction and copious
notes, textual and explanatory. The work also contains
in an appendix all the poems which Tennyson afterwards
omitted, permanently and temporarily.
Bibliographical.
I HAVE more than once remarked upon the lack of
initiative exhibited nowadays by the " revivers " of
English literary classics. Two more instances of that
lack have come to light in the announcement that the two
next volumes of the *< Temple Classics " will consist
respectively of Poems by Matthew Arnold and the Silex
Seintillans of Henry Vaughan. Of Mr. Arnold's non-
copyright verse, surely there are already sufficient repro-
ductions— namely, that in the ** Canterbury Poets"
(edited by Mr. Sharp), that in Messrs. Routledge's
** Olive" series (1896), and that (edited by Dr. Gamett)
in the ** Nineteenth Century Classics.** A fourth seems
somewhat of a superfluity. As for the Silex Scintillans,
I havQ before me a copy of the reproduction (in facsimile)
of the first edition (1650), published in 1885 with an
introduction by the Eev. William Clare. This had been
preceded in 1883 by a revised reproduction of the Eev.
H. F. Lyte's reprint of the second edition of Vaughan's
work (1655), in which the edition of 1650 was augmented
by the addition of pieces from Thalia Rediviva. Let us
hope that the text of the " Temple " edition will be taken
direct, and without variation, from the volume of 1655.
Whence did Washington Irving derive the inspiratic-
for his story of Rip Van Winkle ? The other 4ay a pub-
licist asserted positively that the legend of Sleepy HoUott
was based upon the old German tale of the Hartz Moun-
tains called " Carl the Shepherd." I believe that Mr. S. J. A.
FitzGerald, in the book concerning Rip which he is tj
issue in connexion with the forthcomings play at Her
Majesty's, will argue that Irving found the basis of his
tale in that of Peter Klaus, of which Mr. FitzOerald wili
print an English translation. The point is certaiiily one
of literary interest. Mr. FitzGerald wiU also sketdi tkf
theatrical history of Rip. That has already been dooe
with some thoroughness by Mr. William Winter in lis
little book on the Jefferson family. See also the Aut^
biography of the present Joseph Jefferson, wherein will b*
found a full account of the dramatic version in which he
first appeared in England in 1865, and in which theseconi
act (wherein Rip is the sole speaker) was wholly Jefferson'?
invention.
The promised biography of James Russell Iiowell br
Mr. H. E. Scudder, though in two volumes, will of course
have many interested readers. Lowell was an attractiT?
man, from several points of view, and Mr. Scudder maj
have something new to tell us about him. And yet oc?
hardly sees what more there can be to say. Seven yean
ago we had, from Mr. Eliot Norton, Lowell's LetUrt, in
two substantial volumes, and in the previous year we iia^l
had, from the pen of Mr. F. H. Underwood, a monograph
on Lowell as poet and man. Last year there were tiro
books by E. E Hale on Lowell and his friends ; and,
altogether, that estimable writer seems to have received
adequate attention. That a full-blown biography should
now be on its way to us is a pleasant tribute to his con-
tinued popularity.
I see Because of Elitaheth Jane advertised as the title of
a new work of fiction. Somehow or other, the phrase
reminds me irresistibly of a refrain in a well-known comk
opera — *' All on Account of Eliza." In the chnstening
of their works, novelists are hard put to it for origin-
ality.
Nothing is more notable, in the recent history of popular
pastime, than the unexpected resuscitation of croquet-
that game which Frederick Locker and Cholm.ondelej-
Pennell celebrated in flowing verse, and in which we
middle-aged people used, as youngsters, to delight. Four
years ago Mr. J. D. Heath favoured us with The CompUt*
Croquet Player^ and in the following year Mr. A. Lillie
gave us the Sistory and Rules of Croquet. In 1898 came a
<* Champion Handbook " to the game ; last year Mr. L. B.
Williams wrote elaborately on the subject in "The
Isthmian Library '' ; and, as if all this were not enough,
we are now threateued with a book on Croquet TTp to DaU\
Personally, I hope the new croquet is a little more difficiU
and scientific than the old, which was wholly unworthy of
the attention of anybody not in his first or second child-
hood.
A writer in the current number of the Sketchy review-
ing a new impression of Dean Stanley's Life of Dr. Arnold,
commits himself to the statement that that work '' has not
till now been reprinted in a cheap form." As a matter of
fact, an edition of the Life, at the small price of two
shillings per copy, was issued by Messrs. Ward & Lock
(as part and parcel of the '' Minerva Library ") so long
ago as 1889. Since then, of course, a new generation of
reviewers has arisen, to whom English literary output,
prior (let us say) to " the early nineties," is a commete
blank !
Poor old Frankenstein ! He is still being confused with
the Monster he manufactured. I read on page 210 of
Miss Violet Markham's South Africa^ Past and Present, just
published : " We ourselves, by a series of follies in years
long past, reared this Frankenstein of Dutch discontent
and disloyalty."
Th5 Bookworm.
I ) May, 1900.
The Academy.
423
Reviews.
Balzac Intime.
Xetters to Madame Sanska, afterwards Madame Honors de
Balzac, 1833-1846. By Honoro de Balzac. Translated
by Katharine Frescott Wormeley. (Boston: Hardy,
Pratt & Co.)
^We dealt in our issue of May 5 with the question of the
authenticity of some of these letters. We will now turn to
the general matter of them. If ever a book deserved to be
called '< a human document " this does; it cries aloud for the
usewom term, freshens it, and g^yes it a new significance.
Written with a flying pen and a bursting heart at once
naive and profound, in night-moments snatched hrom
incredible labours, full of passionate longing, and pride,
and childishness, and debts, and aspirations springing
always out of despairs, these letters give a picture of
Balzac intime surpassing in poignancy any previous one.
The wonder is that they have not compelled more atten-
tion, have not yet even been published in this country ;
for their interest from end to end is of the highest kind.
The first letters, composed before Balzac had seen the
mysterious Polish woman whose mere handwriting intoxi-
cated him, are the best. Only a man of imagination could
have fallen in love with an intelligence and a handwriting,
and, having done so, would have dared to whisper to the
unseen creature those small secrets of the soul which some
men never express at all :
As all my passions, all my beliefs are defeated, as my
dreams are dispersed. I am forced to create myself pas-
sions, and I choose that of art. I live in my studies. I
wish to do better. I weigh my phrases and my words
as a miser weighs his bits of gold. What love I thus
waste ! What happiness is flung to the winds ! My
laborious vouth, my long studies will not have the sole
reward I desired for them. Ever since I have breathed
and known what a pure breath coming from pure lips
was, I have desired the love of a young and pretty
woman ;^ yet all has fled me I A few years more and
youth will be a memory ! . . . And thee, what hope that
I could obtain at forty that which I have missed at twenty ?
She who is averse to me, being young, will she be less
reluctant then P But you cannot understand these moans
— ^you, younff, solitary, living a country life, far from our
Parisian world which excites the passions so violentiy, and
where all is so great and so petty. I ought still to keep
these lamentations in the depths of my heart.
And then, again, this charming-confession :
Adieu, then ; I have given you a whole night, a night
which belonf<ed to my legitimate wife, the Bevue de Paris,
that crabbed spouse. Consequently the "Theorie de la
Demarche," which I owed to her, must be postponed till
the month of March, and no one will know why ; ypu and
I alone are in the secret. The article was there before me,
a science to elucidate ; it was arduous, I was afraid of it.
Your letter slipped into my memory, and suddenly I put
my feet to the embers, forgot myself in my armchair — and
adieu to '* La Demarche ** ; behold me galloping towards
Poland, and re-reading your Utters (I have but three) —
and now I answer them. I defy you to read two months
hence the " Theorie de la Demarche ** without smiling at
every sentence; because beneath those senseless, foolish
phrases there are a thousand thoughts of you.
But few of the letters are like this. The majority,
though the passion in them never for an instant cools, are
of a darker and more sinister complexion. That Balzac
was always bowed down by debts, and that he killed him-
self with sheer hard work — his was a suicide of thirty years'
preparation— are facts notorious. The present book, how-
ever, amplifies these facts as they have not been amplified
before. One might say that three-quarters of it is con-
cerned with work and debts. Balzac's fecundity, under
the most tantalising conditions, was equal to Dumas'. He
dined at five, went to bed before six, rose at midnight and
worked till noon: twelve unintermitted hours seems to
have been his minimum. He often worked eighteen. '* I
have of late [he says in 1835] been twenty-six hours
in my study without leaving it. I get the air at that
window which commands all Paris, which I will some day
command." He wrote eighty printed pages of L^Illustre
Gaudissart in a single night ; and the whole of the second
part of 8ur Catherine de Medici, twenty-four thousand
words as it now stands, in a single night. " Think of that
when you read it," he exclaims. He was constantly
staggered by his own productivity :
Listen: to settle this point, reflect on this: Walter
Scott wrote two novels a year, and was thought to have
luck in his labour ; he astonished England. This year I
Bhall have produced: (1) Le Phre Oon'ot; (2) Le Lys
dans la VcdUe ; (3) Lea Memoires d^une jeune Marine ; (4)
C^r Birotteau, I have done three Parts of the Etudes ds
Mtrurs for Madame Bechel ; and three Parts of the Etudes
Philosophiques i r Werdet. And, finally, I shall have
finished the third dizain [of Contes Drclatiques'] and
Seraphita. But, then, shall I be living, or in my sound
mind, in 1836 P I doubt it. Sometimes I think that my
brain is inflaming. I sha]l die on the breach of intellect.
And that letter was only written in August ! By what
magic did he accomplish these feats of generation ? He
himself attributed his powers to certain pectdiarities of
parentage. Here is a curious item :
There are few fathers who give themselves the trouble
to reflect on their duties. My father had made great
studies on this subject; he communicated them to me
(I mean their results) at an early age, and I gained fixed
ideas which dictated to me the Phyaioloyie du Mariage —
a book more profound than satirical or flippant. . . .
I am a great proof, and so is my sister, of the principles
of my father. He was fifty-nine years old when I was
bom, and sixty-three when my sister was bom. Now,
through the power of our vitality, we have both failed to
succumb; we have centenarian constitutions. Without
that power of force and life transmitted by my father I
should be dead under my debts and obligations.
As for his debts, during the greater part of his life they
appear to have steadily increased. In a certain sense, he
enjoyed them ; he decidedly enjoyed talking about them.
Not only in his fiction, but privately, he loved the word
francs. He might have been one of tihose teilrific financiers
who deal gorgeously with millions while on the very edge
of bankruptcy :
Must I for the fifth or sixth time explain to you the
mechanism of my poverty, and how it is that it only
grows, and increases P I will do so, if only to prove to
you that I am the greatest financier of the epoch. But
we will never return to the subject again, will we ? — for
there is nothing sadder than to relate troubles from which
we still suffer.
Then follow a thousand words of fiscal complexities.
And, of course, he did return to the subject again. He
made an excellent publishing agreement, in 1836, with
Bohain, for fifteen years, under which he received fifty
thousand francs in cash for urgent debts, and a minimum
income rising to forty-eight thousand francs a year. That
agreement wais to begin a pecuniary millennium. Yet, in
the following year, we find :
This letter comes to me at a bad moment. It has
singularly added to the dumb grief that gnaws me and
will kill me. I am thirty-eight years old, still crippled
by debt, with nought but uncertainty as to my position.
Scarcely have I taken two months to rest my brain before
I repent them as a crime when I see the evils that have
come through my inaction. This precarious life, which
might be a spur in youth, becomes at my age an over-
whelming burden. My head is turning white, and what-
ever pleasant things may be said about it, it is clear that
I must soon lose all hope of pleasing. Pure, tranquil,
openly avowed happiness, for which I was made, escapes
me ; I have only tortures and vexations, through which a
few rare gleams of blue sky shine.
424
The Academy*
19 May, 1900
Earlier than this the monetary possibilities of the stage
had dazzled him, but he dared not g^^asp at them :
You speak of the stage. The stage might bring me in
two hundred thousand francs a year. I know, beyond a
doubt, that I could make my fortune there in a short time ;
but you forget that I have not six months to myself, not
one month; and if I had I should not write a play, I
should go and see you. Sue months of my time represent
forty thousand francs; and I must have that money in
hand before I can do either '* La Grande Mademoiselle "
or ** Philippe le Discret." Where the devil am I to get it P
Out of my inkpot. There is no Leo X. in these days.
Work is the artist's bank.
That Balzac made large sums is plain. The mystery is,
how he found time to spend them. The correction of
proofs, owing to his weird method of composition, cost him
a fabulous sum, but even that item could not possibly
account for this magical and continuous disappearance of
francs. The fact is, he never knew the value of money ;
and he dearly liked an orgy of extravagance :
Next Saturday I give a dinner to the Tigers of my
opera-box, and I am preparing sumptuosities out of all
r«ason. I shall have Bossmi and Olympe, his cava donna
[afterwards his wife], who will preside. Next Nodier,
then five Tigers, Sandeau, and a certain Victor Bohain (a
man of g^eat political talents, unjustly smirched) the most
exquisite wines of Europe, the rarest flowers, the best
cheer ; in short, I intend to distinguish myself.
Though made up whoUy of artless self -revelations, on
one point, the supreme point, these letters are singularly
reticent. They show Balzac the man, Balzac the lover,
Balzac the debtor, Balzac the prodigious machine for
turning out so many pages per mght ; they scarcely show
at all Balzac the artist. If it were not for the unconscious
and superb artistry of the letters themselves, and an occa-
sional chance remark, one might think that Balzac was
merely a hack-writer preoccupied with the common
'' dailiness " of life. Miss Wormeley has duly noted this
strange reticence, and she notes almost the only passage in
which Balzac reveals an artist's soul. It is this :
If you only knew how, after this solitary life, I long to
grasp Nature by a rapid rash across Europe, how my soul
thirsts for the immense, the infinite ; for Nature seen io the
mass, not in detail, judged on its grand lioes, sometimes
damp with rain, sometimes rich with san, as we bound across
space, seeing lands instead of villages ! If you knew this,
you would not tell me to come, for that redoables my
torture ; it fans the furnace on which I sleep.
There are many fine phrases in the volume, and many
interesting appreciations of his own work. We will con-
clude with a few of them. Speaking of his cloistered life,
he says : '^ I seldom go out. I have many personal annoy-
ances, like all men who live by the altar instead of being
able to worship it." And this of his love: *'Tolivein
a heart is so glorious a life ! To be able to name you
secretly to myself in evil hours, when I suffer ! " Of the
*' Story of the Emperor " episode in Le Mddeein de Cam-
pagne : ^^ You will some day read that gigantic fragment,
which has made the most imfeeling weep, and which a
hundred newspapers have reproduced. Friends tell me
that from end to end of France there has risen a cry of
admiration. What will it be for the whole work ! " Of
the Contes Drolatiques he remarks: "They will be my
finest meed of fame in the future "; of the Abaolu, that it
is ten times greater than JEugenie Grandet (!); and of
Sdraphita, *^ never did so grand a conception rise before
any man. . . . When Siraphita spreads her glorious
wings."
Yes, he had his moments of transcendent uplifting.
Especially when, for about a day and a half, he contrived
to get clear of debt : " No more anxieties, all is arranged !
Here are six thousand francs found, five thousand five
hundred paid! There remains to the poor poet five
hundred francs in a noble bank-bill. Joy is in the house.
I ask if Paris is for sale. . . ."
A Plea for Spencerism-
Herhert Spencer: The Man and Sis Work, Bj Hector
Macpherson. (Chapman & Hall.)
Mb. Maophbbson has produced a thoroughly good book, a
book which should accomplish a great deal of misaioiuiy
work in dispelling illusions and counteracting misrepre-
sentations. It is true that much was expected from Mr.
Macpherson, for Mr. Spencer himself took a kindly interest
in the book, and freely responded to requests for maJimL
Besides, one or two gifted men hare preceded Mr. Mac-
pherson in the task of expounding the Spencerian gospd,
and as comparisons were certain to be made, no one woold
enter the lists unless conscious of that strength wWn
comes from the possession of good mental furniture. Bai
though much was expected, much has been obtained, and
those most competent to judge will not be disappointed.
It is true that Mr. Spencer's free response to requests lot
material has not yielded much in tne way of additional
knowledge of the philosopher personally. It is also trae
that just as Mr. Macpherson does not slavishly repTodnc^
Mr. Spencer's views, the thorough-going Spencerian ml
not slavishly endorse all Mr. Macpherson's strictures. la-
deed, there can scarcely fail to be expressions of disen:
from some of his dicta, and, as a matter of fact, the oopj
of his book now being handled is freely peppered witL
notes. But notwithstanding all that, there must be {rank
recognition of the plain truth that Mr. MacphersoD bs
produced a fresh and original work on a subject vbicii
does not readily lend itself to fresh and original treatment;
that he has piloted his way through the mazes of manj
intricate problems with consummate skill, and that he k«
proved himself a master of vigorous, pithy English, whicii
has no ebbs and flows, but is well sustained throughout
The biographical part of the book, though meagre, is
ample enough from the philosophic standpoint, and the
reader is told all that he need xnow for the purpose of
understanding Mr. Spencer's early life and environment, and
the evolution of his mind. But that is not the way the
general public understands biographical work, and th?
chapter on personal characteristics will not do much t«
appease the nunger and thirst for light, gossippy d6taii&
What little there is of the personal element will be speedilj
devoured. We catch a glimpse of Mr. Spencer en pantoi^^
indulging in racy, pointed conversation, "a bright Tin-
cious personality," and very much at home ** among ^
actualities of life, and withal brimful of humour." We
are also told that until considerations of health forbade
him, Mr. Spencer delighted in the social side of life, m
we are introduced to the philosopher with hia coat oS.
enjoying a game of billiards at the Athena)um Cbh
Nothing is said about Mr. Spencer taking his defeats with
philosophic calm, and, aocordmg to idle rumour, astonishing
his opponents by explaining their success in neat, cii^
sentences, based on his generalisations about the redistn-
bution of matter and motion. There is no allusion to
Mr. Spencer as a disciple of Walton and Cotton, and tm
is unfortunate, for though Mr. Macpherson could not w
expected to descend from the high level he maintain*
throughout, and relate one or two anecdotes of the biUiaw-
room type which have got into circulation, or notice the
little angler's ditty in which it is stated that
That wonderfu' cbiel ca*d Herbert Spencer,
will find the handling of a big " twenty pounder,'' with
rod and line, a much more difficult i^air than handhng
the universe, he might have made something ot i^'
Spencer as a salmon fisher. Mr. Spencer himaeli, ^
dealing with Weber's experiments on the sense of toucfi,
alludes to his salmon-fishing days, and informs his ^^
that, towards the close of lus career as an anglw> * . ^
to observe what a bimgler I had become when putting
and taking off artificial flies." And this little pe»oi^
item is used in a way that has an important beansg
19 May, 1900.
The Academy.
425
what is called the distribution of tactual perceptiveness.
Statements of this kind ought to have been noted, and
amplified, by one who was fayouied with free responses to
request for material, because in a well-known letter
addressed to Hooker the notion has been spread abroad
that Spencer is sadly deficient as an observer.
Coming round to the question of education, Mr. Mac-
pberson informs us that the prevalent idea that Mr.
Spencer's unde, the Eev. Thomas Spencer, was driven by
his nephew's obstinacy to give up the idea of sending him
to college, is a mistake. ''There was no dispute," says
Mr. Spencer. '' My unde gave up the idea when he saw
that I was unfit." Mr. Macpherson rightly indulges in a
few trenchant sentences on the unscrupulous opposition of
university diques, ''who could not bear to see a new
thinker of commanding power step forward into the in-
tellectual arena without the hall-mark of university
culture." This may seem too sweeping, but in reality it
is a well-merited rebuke to those suave-mannered, smooth-
tongued Hegelians whose writings, freely spiced though
these are wim bitter elements, convey but a faint idea of
the means taken to bias the minds of students against the
master thinker of the age.
In treating of Mr. Spencer's early life in so far as that
throws light on the philosopher's mental development,
Mr. Macpherson strikes a note to which the present
writer cannot assent. He states that Mr. Spencer never
needed to reject the orthodox creed because it never
appealed to hmi. It was not with Spencer as with many
others, a case of acceptance and rejection, " his mind lay
outside of it ^m the first." Precisdy so. With Spencer
as with a Qibbon and a Hume there was no room for
survivals, and reason reigned supreme, and was not as it
unfortunately too often is, the humble slave of those base
ingredients that still trouble the soul of the "improved
GbriUa." But this important factor entirdy escapes Mr.
Macpherson, who contends that Spencer is the poorer for
not having shared the spiritual experiences of his contem-
poraries, that for lack of such experience his mind works
under serious limitations, and that those thinkers who
have endeavoured imder emotional fervour to " strike the
note of ascetic sanctity receive an almost intuitive insight
into the deeper religious problems of the age— an insight
denied those who come to the study of religious psy-
chology with the foot-rule of the logidan, and the weighing
scales of the statistidan." This is surprising enough from
an expounder and sympathetic disciple of Herbert Spencer.
The world has seen many prophets and teachers of the
kind Mr. Macpherson is enamoured of, men who had
plenty of emotional fervour and worked under no limita-
tions whatever, but soared into space and swayed to and
fro like a weathercock in a gale. Let us be thankful ^at
Spencer possesses something better than "emotional
fervour" and "spiritual experiences," — to wit, dear, cool
reason and philosophic calm. No doubt Mr. Macpherson
will contend that thinkers who do not trouble themselves
with the " foot-rule of the logician and the weighing scales
of the statistidan," but appeieLl to humanity through the
emotions, hold sway over the minds of coimtless genera-
tions. That, indeed, is only too true ; but then, one who
writes as he at times does about the " meridian glory of
the a^e of reason," the "long night of authority and
creduhty," and who takes a somewhat lyrical view of the
Bevolution epoch, should be the first to say " tant pis pour
rhmnanite." Again, Mr. Macpherson contends that for lack
of adequate equipment Mr. Spencer fell into the error of
supposing that sdence and religion would find a basis of
agreement in recognition of &e Unknowable, the terms
proposed bv sdence being said to " resemble those of the
huBDand wno suggested to the wife as a basis of future
harmony that he should take the inside of the house and
she the outside." But then we are told in various other
parts of the book that " science will increase rather than
diminish the feelings of wonder, awe and humility which
are the real roots of religious emotion " ; that " thus the
Spencerian philosophy shades into religion," and that
" already science when reduced to its last analysis supplies
a rational basis for the belief in a mysterious awe-
inspiring power," all of which statements do not very
logicallv hang on to the sweeping dictum that Spencer's
basis of agreement is an error, ^d it is sifi;nificant tliat
one who will not be accused of lack of "emotional
fervour " and " spiritual experiences " — Paulsen of
Berlin — proposes to reconcile religion and sdence in
practically the same way as Mr. Spencer has done.
The evolution of Mr. Spencer's evolution theory is an
important matter, for it has been affirmed and repeated
that Synthetic Philosophy has been built up by a priori
methods without reference to facts, and one does not need
to be very learned in psychology to understand the potent
influence of affirmation and repetition. Mr. Macpherson
states that he himself once believed in this popular error,
but that Mr. Spencer in conversation demonsfcrated to him
that the cardinal prindples of Synthetic Philosophy were
reached by slow stops during many years of patient toiL
And that statoment does not rest on the ipss dixit of Mr.
Spencer, for one has onlv got to read his books to trace
the development of his theory, from its first germs in his
first book — Social Statics^ published in 1850 — to its full
expansion as a conception of evolution at large. And one
has only to compare dates to see that Mr. Spencer had
dowly worked his wav to the conception of evolution at
large before Darwin's Origin of Species appeared. 1^.
Macpherson's treatment of uiis part of his subject is dear
and pointed, and his vigorous sentences ought to prove a
tolling blow against a deep-seated misconception of
Spencerian methods.
Having dealt with one or two points of general interest
in Mr. Macpherson's book, it is imposdble in brief space
to do more than express unqualified admiration of Mr.
Macpherson as a literary craftsman, and a bold, inde-
pendent thinker. He possesses a rare grasp of Mr.
Spencer's teaching, and powers of ludd expodtion of the
first order. His courage is unboimded. in these days,
when the " young lions " who fill our university chairs
have fused ethics, political economy, and sodology into
" cdestial economics " based on the will of Gk>d Almighty,
it is not everyone who would, as Mr. Macpherson does,
champion Spencerism into t^e extremes of political
thought. But he does it, and does it well, albeit that he
plays a little off his own bat.
A Professor on the Warpath.
The Chaucer Canon. By the Rev. Walter W. Skeat, Litt.D.,
D.C.L., LL.D., Ph.D. (Clarendon Press. 3s. 6d.)
Pbof. Sksat's polemic is not of a character which, even
were he a Oivil Servant, would be likdy to call down upon
him the disapproval of the First Lord of the Treasury.
It is distinctly profesdonal, and is devoted to the justifica-
tion of the critical methods employed in his admirable
and standard editions of the works of Geoffrey Chaucer.
There are two ninepins to be bowled at. Almost simul-
taneously with Prof. Skeat's Students^ Chaucer appeared
another excellent edition, the "Globe" Chaucer. And a
reviewer of the two, " with that perfect recklessness which
is bom of irresponsibility," asserted — we trust not in
these columns — that there is a wide difference between the
two, the text in the Studenti Chaucer being " edectic,"
and that in the " Globe " Chaucer being " scientific.^
Now, Prof. Skeat is nothing if not " sdentific," and he
resents the imputation ; which, moreover, he professes
himself unable to understand. He proceeds, therefore, to
demonstrate, firstly, that there is practically no difference
between the texts, which is certainly &e case; and,
secondly, that so far as there is a difference, it is all in
426
The Academy.
1 9 May, 1900.
fayour of his own edition. The '' Globe " edition is, in
his opinion, unnecessarily faithful to the spelling of the
famous Ellesmere MS., by preserving '* the idle, or
archaic, final -e " in cases where a syllable is not required
for the scansion of the line. '*We gather," he jibes,
^'that by a 'scientific' text is meant one in which the
final -e is retained in places where the scribe inserted it
wrongly, as well as in places where he inserted it rightly."
This ninepin is toppled oyer, to the satisfaction of all
parties, in an early chapter, although it appears to
require a rolling kick at intervals throughout the treatise.
The more serious adversary, however, of the learned
professor is the critic who denies or mistrusts the applica-
bility of the ''philological" methods used by nearly all
Chaucerian scholars to distinguish the genuine works of
Chaucer from those incorrectly, and upon small evidence,
assigned to him. The real object of the book is to restate
and defend these methods.
Prof. Skeat ^ives a lucid and elaborate exposition
of them; and we are bound to say that, within their
limits, they seem to us quite trustworthy. Briefly, the
point is this. Chaucer wrote the Midland English of
the fourteenth century. This still retained the Middle
English inflexions of the parts of speech, ending in
'6^ -en, '08j which later English usage dropped; and it
still retained the distinction between certain vowel sounds,
such as " close " and " open " 0, or " close " and ** open "
e, which later English usage obscured. It is not necessary
to go into details here ; sufice it to say that Chaucer's
use of inflexions and Chaucer's selection of vowel sounds
for purposes of rhyme are perfectly regular, and 'have
been classified by Prof. Skeat and others with considerable
exactness. But even when Chaucer wrote, the Middle
English system of inflexions and the Middle English
system of vowel-sounds were beginning to break down.
Shortly after his death a rapid process hurried them into
oblivion. It follows that a fifteenth-century, and still
more a sixteenth-century, imitator of Chaucer trying to
write "Chaucerese" would be writing an extinct and
unfamiliar language. He might, perhaps, get a little
nearer than Spenser's ''Shepherd's Calendar," but he
would be almost sure to fall into grammatical and rhythmical
solecLBins which Chaucer's ear would never have endured.
The same would be true in great measure of a Northum-
brian contemporary of Chaucer who should attempt to
substitute for the forms of his native speech those of
Chaucer's East Midland. The "fake" might pass, even
as Chatterton's did, but only in an imcritical age. The
philological method of determining the " canon " of
Chaucer consists in the examination of all works claiming
to be his by the tests of rhyme and inflexion, and rejecting
such as fail to conform to his usage in these respects.
The three main poems around which dispute has raged
are " The Eomaunt of the Eose," " The Court of Love,"
and "The Flower and the Leaf." Applying the philo-
logical method. Prof. Skeat decides that no one of these
is throughout by Chaucer. " The Flower and the Leaf "
is by an imitator of the fifteenth century, who appears,
from internal evidence, to have been a woman. "The
Court of Love " is probably not earlier than the sixteenth
century. The case of "The Eomaunt of the Eose" is
more complicated. We have Chaucer's own authority for
it that he did translate the French "Eoman de la Eose."
But the existing translation has been shown, not by the
philological tests, to be really made up of three inde-
pendent fragments; and Prof. Skeat now uses these
methods to support a theory that the first fragment only
is by Chaucer, the second by a Northumbrian imitator,
and the third by yet another if idland writer.
As a rule, it will perhaps be admitted, internal tests of
authorship are hazardous things to deal with. The
attempt to find authors, on grounds of grammar and style,
for anonymous Elizabethan plays, has led to much baseless
conjecture. 13ut the case of the Chaucer canon is rather
peculiar. The imitators are writing in what has beoone
to them an archaic dialect. They are not scholars. li
Prof. Skeat chose to write a pseudo-Chaucerian poem, i*
would probably not be detected — ^by the plulologiea!
method. Nor, again, could the tests satisfactorily dis-
tinguish Chaucer's work from that of an East MidkcJ
contemporary, using the same inflexions and the sxii
rhymes. Only there does not seem to have been anj sud
poet whose work, at least, has got confused with Chaacer!
Nor, as such a poet, even if anonymous, might exist, oou^
the tests well be used to support by themselves a positiT:
attribution of any poem to Chaucer. But they are &..
called upon to do ttiis, for all Chauoer^s important rorb
are either ascribed to him by trustworthy MS8., or ebr
claimed by name in the " Legend of GK>od Women." It>
only the existence of this bu& of undisputed work resui:
on external evidence, and covering the whole period •>:
Chaucer's working life, which enables any satisfactrr
philological tests to be framed at alL And even hot r.
would be impossible had Chaucer's style developed i
respect of his usage of inflexion and rhyme, as it did i^
more important respects between his earlier and his k^r
years.
Ne 8utor ultra orepidam. It is a singular study in i-
water-tight compartment character of modem literar
specialism to watch Prof. Skeat's proceedings when h
gets outside the borders of philology. Withia ihmh
is a master, moving easily and with assured knowlecp
of what is and what is not philological prooi Ik
when he passes to consider the debt of Chaucer's fifteenrr
century disciples to their master, and their methods ^
imitating him, the reader suddenly begins to rub his ey^
and to wonder whether he has read the printed ^^
aright. Some of Prof. Skeat's conceptions of thewajii
which Lydgate, or James I., may be supposed to kn
worked, seem to us, from the point of view of liten^
psychology, perfectly incredible. As an argument^
favour of the Chaucerian authorship of " Fragment A u:
" The Eomaunt of the Rose," Prof. Skeat says :
Lydgate, in the course of his Complaint of the fiiici |
Knight, supposed to have been writt^ in 1402, actoi
quotes from Fragment A expressly, and must htve m
before him I For it so happens that he qaotes jnstt:^
venr words which are not in the French original.
The French has (1. 1399) :
** Enter les ruisseaus et les rives
Des fontaines cleres et vives
Poignoit Terbe freschete et drue.''
Fragment A translates it thus (I. 1417) :
'' About the brinke$ of thise welles,
And by the stremes over-al elles,
Sprang up the grae, as thikke y-set
And so/te as any veltiet,**
This Lydgate reproduces thas (** Black Knight," 1- '
*^ The gravel gold, the water pure as gls8>
The bankes rounde, the welte envyroning,
And eofte ob veluet, the yonge gras
That thereupon lustily cam springing"
We thus fiod Lydgate, who expressly took Chaxiceras
model, quoting from Fragment A soon after his mw^
death.
" Soft as velvet " has, we take it, been a stock descriptjj'^
of turf at all times since velvet was invented, ana w
passages from Chaucer, if it was Chaucer, and ^'y^\^, I
appear to us in other respects about as ingeniously pinere;
b
as two renderings by contemporary wnters of tbe s
French original could well be. A page further on
Skeat declares that when Lydgate wrote
And with r^yn head unto the wdle I raughte.
And of the water drank I a good draitghki
he is imitating " a convenient form of rimes "in ^^"
And forth him heed and nekke out-straughte
To drinktn of that welle a draughie.
19 May, 1900.
The Academy.
427
Well, they are not the same rimes, but that is a trifle.
I>ear Professor, the thing is noi done like this. No poet
Tirould have the time for it, not even a '* monk of Bury."
Even more amazing is the proof that King James I.
knew Ghauoer*s fragment of '^ The Bomaunt of the Bose/'
"based on certain supposed similarities to '^The King's
Quair." Thus :
Perhaps it is worth noticing a line in the very next
stanza — viz., st. 48 : ** Aboute his nek, qubite as the fyre
amaUle '* [enamel]. For, though there is nothing remark-
able about the phrase '* Aboute his nekke" in Fragment
A, I. 1081, it is a singular coincidence that the last word
in the preceding line is the scarce word amaled [enamelled].
And next, if we look a little more closely at the same
stanza, we shall find that there is a description of a chain
hung about the same nock, to which was attached a ruby
that shone like a spark of fire. This I take to be Ghaucer*8
carbuncle, mentioned only forty lines farther on, which
enabled people to travel a mile or two by night time,
because ** such light sprang out of the stone."
Tut, tut !
Mr. Le Gallienne Protests!
Mudyard Kipling : a Criticism, By Bichard Le Gallienne.
(John Lane. 5s.)
Vision of the complete Kipling is, apparently, hidden
from Mr. Le Gallienne. He is restricted by his tempera-
ment, which is the antithesis of Mr. Kipling's. As the
expression of a temperament, his book is able and in-
teresting. It is a form of that criticism which dates from
the eminent French writer who defined criticism as the
recital of the adventures of the soul among masterpieces.
And perhaps the right way to notice such books is just to
take them as they are — to interpret, not to criticise.
With much of Mr. Le Gallienne's book the most ardent
Kiplingite can approve. With this, for example :
To him had been given the wonderful knack of doing
with the pen what so many delightful men, quite in-
glorious and often hardly respectable, do daily in bar-
parlours and other haunts of anecdote by fleeting,
fascinating word of mouth.
Indeed, two out of the three sections of the book, the
running criticism of "The Poetry" and "The Stories,"
are indubitably the work of a critic who knows his own
mind, who brings a real love of literature to the task, and
who can appreciate excellence in work to which innately
he is antipathetic. If a score of admirers were asked to
draw up a list of the twenty best poems and stories by
Mr. KipUng, the majority of those selected by Mr. Le
Gallienne for their excellence would certainly be included ;
but the score of admirers would disagree with such a
statement as this :
Most of Mr. Kipling's stories (and probably those which
have most advanced his general reputation) belong to
science rather than art.
Neither do we agree with Mr. Le Gallienne when he says
that one great and disappointing surprise about Mr.
Kipling's stories is the facility with which we forget them.
Who having read, to name a few at random, "The Story
of the Gadsbys," "The Man who would be King," "My
Lord the Elephant," " Love o' Woman," and " William
the Conqueror " can easily forget them ? Or who forgets
the Jungle Stories, or " The Miracle of Purun Bhagat " ?
The first two sections of Mr. Le Gallienne's book are an
able and reasonable statement of preferences and dislikes ;
but the third section, that devoted to "Mr. Eapling's
General Significance and Influence," opens another door.
In- these pages we learn what has been troubling Mr. Le
Gallienne. It was to say what he has said in this chapter,
that Mr. Le Gallienne, with set face and bitter expression,
dipped his pen into the ink. He is aghast at the prevalence
and the populariiy of blood-stained fiction. As Mr. Kipling
is the Field-Marshal of this army he tilts his lance at him.
For progressive thought there has been no such dangerous
influence in England for many years.
As a writer Mr. Kipling is a delight ; as an influence he
is a datiger.
Perhaps no one ever wrote so profanely of death as
Mr. Kipling, or with such heartless vidgarity.
We are in the thick of one of the most cynically
impudent triumphs of the Philistines the world has seen.
Everywhere tiie brute and the bully — and for the ape
and tiger truly a glorious resurrection. • . . For this state
of things in England IiLr. Kipling is the most responsible
voice.
And so on, and so on. What is there to say to all this
but that Mr. Le Gallienne fails to see things clearly, fails
to see them whole ? He sees but one side of Mr. Sapling,
and he hears but one popular voice — the voice that cries
the loudest. The desire to help those who need it, the
care of the sick and the wounded, the seeking for holiness
" which has its sources elsewhere than in history " — the
flowing undercurrent of these things was never stronger
than it is to-day. But you must not seek news of them on
the placards of the evening papers, or in the speeches of
politicians. And as for Mr. lupHng, surely it is ihe writer's
right to choose his subjects where he lists, and if Mr.
Kipling makes Dick Heldar say — " Gbd is very good — I
never thought I'd hear this again. Give 'em hell, men !
Oh, give 'em hell!" what of that? The Dick Heldars
in khaki are saying such things daily :
When *Omer smote 'is bloomin' lyre.
He'd 'card men sing by land an' sea ;
An' what he thought 'e might require,
'E went an' took — the same as me I
Because a writer in the flush of virile youth feels the
compulsion to write of virile things, because he chooses
his puppets from the ranks of men of action rather than
men of thought, is no reason why he should be charged
with materialism in the grossest form. Moreover, as to
moral influence, there is enough and to spare in the story
of the millionaire's son in Captaint Cauragsatu, in "The
Miracle of Purun Baghat," in "The Ship that Found
Herself," in '< William the Conqueror," and in the example
of strenuousness, grit, and the fine quality of doing a
thing well for its own sake, shown in a dozen and more
of Kipling's stories of Englishmen set down in lonely
autocracy on the Empire's edge.
The Stones of Normandy.
Highways and Byways in Normandy. By Percy Dearmer.
With Illustrations by Joseph Pennell. (Macmillan. 6s.)
Mb. Dbakmek goes to Normandy to ride his hobby, which
is the study of architecture and stained glass. &e is no
epicurean trifler like Sterne, and no all-round observer
like Defoe. Still less does he go with that determination
to be literary and capricious which in Stevenson produced
such admirable books of road gossip. Nor, lastly, does
Mr. Dearmer say fine things about the spirit of plskce, and
dot his route with fragments of his soul. He just says :
^'Are you interested in GK)thic churches and medisoval
casties and glass? Then come along, and bring your
bicycle ; carry your money in banknotes, wear wool ; no,
never mind a mackintosh — ah, here is Qisors . . . Gisors
was the key to Normandy in the days," &c. Yet these
pages are not at all '^ stodgy." Ton are in good hands,
and Mr. Dearmer finds time, after all, to be genial as well
as clever. For although, in a first glance, he appears to
be wholly occupied with ambulatories and spindle but-
tresses and fosses and mangonels and upper lights, he has
really something to say about scenery, and shows at country
428
The Academy.
19 May, 1900,
fairs, and plutocratic hotel life at Granville, and the un-
French ruddiness and fair hair of the people of Lisieux.
But these are his asides. His colour mounts when he
tackles a mediaeval stronghold like the Ohateau-Qaillard,
and can start a paragraph with the words, '' Being now in
possession of the bailey 0, the French began to Uj siege
to the inner bailey." Not that in his arciatectural pages
he is always darting ahead in quiverings of special know-
ledge. Often he shares with you broad, easy impressions.
Take part of a round in Evreux. We are to see the
Oathewd, but Mr. Dearmer will have us approach it in a
certain way ; so he takes us first to the Place de la Mairie
to look at the belfry and the belL
Tou feel, as soon as you see the tower, that it was all
built for this bell, which is, as a matter of fact, eighty-four
years older than the tower itself. Height was needed to
allow the sound full play, and to give a wide view to thn
watohman who scanned the country round, and from hour
to hour announced that all was quiet, or rang, if need
were, the great bell to call the burgher soldiers to the
ramparts. Aud strength was needed too, for the rough
times that the ancient town had bo often to endure. There
are plenty of bullet marks in the stone to remind us of
one of the latest of those struggles when Evreux was
besieged for nearly a year during the Fronde.
Here, too, sounded the hour bell, the curfew, the festival
bourdon, and the tocsin of fire. In the notes that vibrated
through the stone walls lay all the history of the town, its
common daily life, its joys, its tragedies.
The street of the belfry, the Bue de FHorloge, takes us up
to where the north transept of the CathedraJ lies under the
dear, crazy old spire of leaded wood. Look well at this
transept : it is triumphant Gfothic in all the boundless
profusion of its pride. . . . Did any one realise, as he
watehed the masons perforoiing their miracles in stone,
that the force of Gfotnic could no farther go, that this
triumph was a veriteUe Trionfo ddla Morte ?
Go now to the west front. The nephew and successor
of Ambroise, Ghtbriel Le Yeneur, built it only thirty years
after the north transept was finished. The Middle Age,
which seemed almost to have conquered the law of gravi-
tetion in its soariug audacity, has entirely passed away :
its art is in thirty years so utterly forgotten that the
records of centuries have been wiped out as if in shame.
The children of Clovis, in art at least, have set themselves
again to bum what they had adored and to adore what
they had burnt.
That is as ^'purple" as anything in the book, which,
however, does not lack a reasonable glow and sparkle.
Mr. Dearmer never gushes ; he is honest enough to
suggest that some parte of Normandy may bore you, and
that some are to be hurried over, or avoided altogether.
Oonsequently his praise of a place tells. When he says
that Beaumont-le-Eoger ''is just one of those places
where one could spend a summer holiday " one accepte his
recommendation as one of real import, like his stetement
that the grouping of the shafte in the nave of Ooutances
Oatiiedral is stifi.
We have left ourselves little space to notice Mr.
Pennell's drawings. They are wonderfully clever. One
sees that he poses a landscape, a church, a city lane, as
carefully as a portrait painter poses a woman or child or
stxong man. The sky is chosen with reference to the
landscape. Mr. Pennell never hesitetes to make his
towers *' doud-capt," to make earth and sky, cloud and
tree, conspicuous allies in an artistic intention ; and yet it
is a rare thing to feel that artifice is hustling art. One
feels it sometimes in sky efPecte, to which Mr. Pennell
is apt to help himself too generously. The iUustrations,
by the way, have no close connexion with the text ; they
are a book in themselves. But one does not resent the fact
that author and artist seem to find each his Normandy in
Normandy. Between them Mr. Dearmer and Mr. Pennell
have produced a book which need fear no rival in ite own
field for many a day.
Other New Books.
B03£ANTIC EdINIUBOH.
By Joeh Qbdii.!
"The bulk of the Waverley Novels were written t
No. 39, North Oastle-street, neighbours across the vsr
marvelling at the daily vision of the hand that traTelWl
ceaselessly across the paper. . . ." In the above senteooe
the gentle art of guide- Dook makings is fairly well ilb-
trated. The '* neighbours across the way " may or m&j
not have marvelled (according as they happened to lise &s
early as Sir Walter), but their introduction serves to make
a big historical figure alive by juxtaposition. For t-.
same reason an artist draws dust in the wake of a bicjd*
or a straining hare by the side of a train. Thiu tb
immovable canvas gives the idea of motion. Many an
the lively ghoste who throng Mr. Gheddie's pages. Mom-
rose spat on from the balcony of Ijady Hume's lodgic;
on his way to execution ; the beautiful Duchess of GordoL
(hostess of Bums) riding as a girl on a vagrant pig in u
High-street; David Hume, happy with ''a maid and a
cat " in Biddle's Close — there were no end to the Ik
Vandalism, that inexorable servant of municipal con-
venience and hygiene, has set ite hoof on Edinburgh: ani
Lord Eosebery luus prayed that the spirits which possess^:
the Qadarene swine may enter into some of her monnmemi
and stotues to incite them to '* run down a steep plaor
into the sea." But the soul of Edinburj^h remains, aoi
we may reasonably hope that the opening of the Nev
North' Bridge does not presage destruction to it. We m
add that Mr. Qeddie's meth^ is less ideally precise than
that of Mr. Laurence Hutton, the author of Th$ LiUrars
Landmarks of London ; but an excellent index estabMes
the value of his gossipy and pleasant volume as a work •: :
reference. It is a pity that the illustrations are not better.
(Sands & Oo. 6s.)
flonebrino ov the gokgo.
By the Eev. W. Holmav Bbstii\.
We have it on the authority of Mr. Leonard Conrtoej.
in a presidential address before the Itoyal Statistical
Society, that the net business result of placing the Congu
Stete in the hands of the King of Belgium for ''com
mercial and philanthropic exploitetion " was that ''tbe
Congo trade represented but little more than 0*7 percent
of l£e total trade of Belgium." Anent this statoment
Sir F. S. Powell thought ** this country oupht to be cod-
gratulated that the Congo State did not belong to us.
But there is no land on the face of the earth that does not
belong to the British missionary ; and Mr. BenUejy oim
Baptist Missionary Society, shows, in this rambling but
nearly always interesting record of noble work, thate^Jf
to-day no limit is set on the price of salvation. In I^<J
he went out with Mr. Thomas Comber and a few
colleagues. Mr. Comber's wife was the first victim to th«
climate; he himself succumbed in 1887, and four othws
of his* name laid down their lives in African missioii ^otI
The result of the first decade of pioneer Baptist labour on
the Congo is thus summarised :
There were in the end of 1888 six stations, rewhiDg
500 miles into the interior, and the whole naviijftble ri^r
had been explored with the exception of an affliieni ofto^
Upper Kasai. A Christian Church had been formed «
San Salvador, and during the year 1888 twenty-two
converte had been baptized.
Mr. Bentley himself compiled a dictionary and grammar
of the language, and his wife aided him with tr&nahtiou
Congo cannibals have now, we gather, the advantage 0
a Peep of Day and a Holy War in their own tongi^
Mr. Bentiey's volumes are a mine of curious and oiw'^
horrible information on tribal customs and supewtitioM'
and the numerous illustrations are both appofite «d
interesting. His greatest triumph as a Christian advocaw
we take to be his dissuasion of Selulundi, a newlj co^'
I
19 May> I Quo.
The Academy.
429
'v^erted. polyffamist, from taking a sixth woman to wife
'witli ^hom ne was eamesfly in love. The Baptists, be it
said, show their good senee in not attempting the breakage
of ixxegular marriage bonds already formed. (Beligious
Tract Society. 16s. net.)
Fiction.
FVotn Door to Door : a Book ofRomanc$9^ Fanta$ies, Whimms^
and Levitiei. By Bernard Gapes. (Blackwood. 6s.)
"Wb had hoped that Mr. Capes would '' tak' a thought and
men' "; but the pyrotechny of Our Lady of Darkness is
repeated with new effects in these short stories. Mr.
Capes has a fine imagination, and considerable knowledge
of the human heart ; but it does not seem to be remem-
bered by him that all the great stories of the world have
been told in simple language, and for the story's sake.
TVhen Mr. Gapes tells a story, he seems to be willing to
do BO only on condition that we allow him to try effects
of language at the same time. Of course a writer is
entitled to an original style, but it is a question of more
or less. Mr. Capes's style is fcdt to be a thine by itself.
There is one glory of me tale, and another glory of the
style, and they get in each other's way. The motto placed
aboye his first and principal story, called '* The Sword of
Corporal Lacoste," might be transferred to the title-page
with a critical intent: '^ 'Tis many a wise Man's hap, while
he is providing against one Danger, to fall into another :
and for his yery Proyidence to turn his Destruction." Mr.
Capes is so anxious to ayoid banalities in thought and
language that he falls into extrayagance.
Corporal Lacoste, ' 'cuirassier in the following of Murat,"
loses his regiment, and is led by a monk to a forest inn,
where he forces an entertainment, and makes drunken
loye to the landlord's daughter. While Lacoste sleeps,
monk and landlord plan to murder him and in the morn-
ing offer him treacherous guidance through the forest.
A pack of wolyes which woiud haye deyoured the three is
seat flying by the strategy and sword of tiie Corporal, who
sa^es his murderers only to fall beneath their foul blows
in a quiet deU of the forest. Nemesis begins at once : the
snow falls; the two yillains are lost; nameless terrors
beset them ; then the pack returns.
It is a good story, and eyen the clutter of new locutions
and strange similes which Mr. Capes imports into the
telling cannot preyent it seizing on the imagination. But
one has to labour through the style, as the lost Corporal
did through unending forest to the light of an inn.
It is excess of literature that baulks us. What do you
think of this ?
The dragoon's throat had been pierced by a sword-
thrust. A thread of vermilion yet crawled from it down
his swarthy neck, like the awkward tracing by a schoolboy
of a river on a map.
Presently it is :
For all the trees, great and small, that overstooped the
lip and sprouted from the sides of the pass, were hnng
with monstroos lustres of ice, up which millions of little
reflected suns travelled like beads of champagne rising in
specimen-glasses.
Anon and anon :
He [the monk] was more ostentatious of his teeth, the
under-row of which broke up his ejuscious smile into
unlovely intervals, and were like little dilapidated grave-
stones to the memory of deceased appetites. ... In
moments of excitement, he would relapse into his native
Low German, the barbarous gutturals of which, shoulder-
ing their way amongst the orisp, bowing idioms of the
more courtly tongue, would confound the intelligibility
they sought to emphasise. . . . The monk was no coy toss-
pot. He pledged the other glass for glass, till his heated
face glared forward of its cowl like a great opening
nasturtium bud.
We could quote and quote again ; but that nasturtium
bud is a sufficient goal. Mr. Capes is fond of buds, and
just here we can illustrate his want of thrift. This story fills
thirty-seven pages, and three times within its small limits
does Mr. Capes invoke the aid of buds. On paee 19,
where he is describing the beauty of the landlord's
daughter, he says :
One might wish to cull her face at its slender neck like a
flower, and put it in a vase of fragrant water to watdi the
blue eyes bud and open.
One would suppose that after that flight Mr. Capes would
leave buds alone. Literary tact demanded there should at
least be no echo of such an ambitious utterance.
But two pages later we have the monk's faced compared
to a nasturtium biid.
Finally (we could weep for vexation) Mr. Capes uses
the word with a daring felicity, an audacious rightness,
which ought to have withered both preceding buds out of
the tale. For in describing the return of the wolves after
dusk had fallen, and the murderous monk's terror when
he sees Lacoste's avengers, Mr. Capes thrills us with the
sentence :
A score of rabid snouts budded through the gloom
before him.
What is one to say to a writer who can so make literature,
and so mar it? We have again been betrayed into
attending only to Mr. Capes's style. His matter is ex-
cellent, and we can honestiy say that '' The Sword of
Corporal Lacoste " will haunt us for long.
The CoUaps$ of the P&nitent, By Frederick Wed more.
(Hutchinson & Co.)
Not vehement, not passionate, but refined, exact, tempered,
self-conscious, subtle, and calmly convincing — such is this
record of a pretty and talentm Bohemian's fall. Mr.
Wedmore's concern has always been with the arts — every
art — and although his chemists are justly notable, he is
more at home and more successful with characters of an
artistic temperament; he knows intimately their atmos-
phere, and can put in the local colour with a hand at once
discreet and lavish. In Bose Damarel, pianist, daughter of
Bohemianism, he has selected precisely the person to suit his
Seculiar powers. And he triumphs with brilliance over the
ifficulties of the character. Eose is a woman of surprising
moods— chiefly caused, perhaps, by *' the dreadful obliga-
tion to be what is dJled ' respectable.' " All her instincts
are wild and free, against regularity. From the first
memorable day, at Henley, when she meets Lister the
dramatist, her tendencies, in the quietest suggestive hints,
are plainly revealed. With her, sooner or later, it is
bound to be flight and the boat-train to Dover. But by
what extraordinary steps, after what feints, retreats, self-
deceptions, and noble aspirations, does she reach Charing
Cross with her unlicensed lover ! Mr. Wedmore's hand-
ling of the complex problem has the assurance of mastery.
Everywhere — whether Bose is nursing with fervid adora-
tion the sick child of her lawful union, or casting herself
into the arms of Lister, or repenting in the nick of time,
or flaunting it, so sensitively, with " Tommy Woraley of
the Ghiards," or dying at the cacophonous piano of a
fifteenth-rate Parisian hrasssrts d femmes — One has the
stem, comfortable feeling that *' this was so," and was so
inevitably. In the virtuosity of its analysis of the femi-
nine heart we can only compare The Collapse of the
Penitent, among recent novels, with Marcel Prcvost's Ze
Jardin Secret. We think that Mr. Wedmore will not
object to such a comparison.
Most of the few other characters are done nearly as well
as Bose. Mr. Yasey, her husband, the man whose
business, as a picture-dealer dans le mouvtment, it was to
** place " men, is drawn in a vein of fierce and inexorable
430
The Academy*
19 May, 1900b
satire ; lie is repellexitly alive. Old Damarel, the yiolin-
mender, is surrounded with an exquisite tender sentiment.
The failure among the characters is certainly Lister ; Lister
is a figure set up, but not breathed upon with the breath
ol life. The minor characters are admirable. And the
writing, the wit, the observation are admirable. Mr.
Wedmore may have done a better book than this, but we
doubt. It is a novel about an artist written by an artist
for artists. Slight, minute and delicate, it will yet float
surely and conspicuous, on the vast grey unimportant sea
of modem English fiction.
Note.s on Novels.
[^These notes on the week's Fiction are not neceesarUy final.
jReviewe of a selection will follow.']
The West End. By Percy Whitb.
A study of smart society. Writing in the person of
the shrewd, crippled, private secretary of John Tread-
away, jam manufacturer and merchant prince, Mr.
White tells us how that worthy deliberately sets up
his tabernacle in Belgravia, and invades Society. It
is a capital study, full of satire and observation of
something more Uian the ''smart" order. ''This is a
big scheme we've got in hand, Bupert," says the jam-
manufacturer, as he watches the builders finishing a winged
lion over the porch of his new home, "a deuced big
scheme." (Sanas & Oo. 6s.)
Fate the Fiddler. By Herbert 0. MacIlwaiotb.
The author of that excellent story of Australian life,
Dinkinbar^ again gives us Australia for a background.
" A stretdii of untilled, untouched Australia " lies before
Us in the first paragraph, and in the second we are told
that this is "the simple tale of the struggles of two ordin-
ary young Britons — against the elements, including man,
their latest bom — to make a living, and, if it might be,
a fortune, in their adopted country." (Constable, fis.)
A Man: His Mark. By W. G. Morrow.
A short, strong novel by the author of The Ape, The
Idiot, and Other People, Adrian Walden finds himself
snowed up in his hut under Mount Shasta with a lady
whose leg has been broken in a coach accident. The two
are imprisoned for weeks by an avalanche and the con-
tinued snowfall. A situation of great delicacy is delicately
treated, and a very careful study is made of the two
characters, who discover that they have had much to do
with the shaping of each other's Hves. (Grant Richards.
3s. fid.)
Woman xsx> Artist.
By Max O'Reix.
In his first chapter Max O'Rell discusses the charge
brought by Englishmen against Frenchmen that they do
not xnow the meaning of the word " home " ; but the
chapter ends on this subject, and has no real connexion
with the story, which is a study in the blighting effects
on home life of social ambition. Philip Grantham, A.E.A.,
is serenely happy in St. John's Wood until, in the desire
to see his beautiful wife reign as a West End hostess, he
neglects painting and invents a shell which is purchased
by the French and Russian Governments. We follow
Philip and his wife through the maze and blaze of
Belgravia life. Philip's diseased ambition runs its
course, and love and art and St John's Wood are restored.
(Wame & Co. 3s. 6d.)
By Annds Thosias
Comrades True. (Mrs. Pender Cudlip).
This is such a novel as one would expect from the
author of The Siren^s Wei, It is pleasant reading, and
there are two heroes (comrades true) and two heroines,
not to mention Jock, the fox terrier. An unusual method
of personal description is this: "What was she like?
Very much like the central figure in Leslie's charming
picture called 'School Eevisited.'" (Chatto & Windus.
6s.)
By the Earl of Ellesmere
Jem Garruthers. (Charles Granville).
'* The Extraordinary Adventures of an Ordinary Man "
is the sub-tide of this novel by the author of Mrs. John
Foster, The hero wakes up, commonplace and fancy-free,
on his thirtieth birthday, to find that a capital sum of
£75,000, on which he has hitherto had the interest, is to
be made over to him. He is an ordinary man when he
goes to Lord Camforth's bank to draw this sum; his
'^ extraordinary adventures " begin when he fiinds that the
money has been drawn by a young lady professing to be
his private secretary. The developments are many and
curious. (Heinemann. 6s.)
A Lady of the Beobncv. By Mrs. Stepney Eawson.
The story is laid in London and Northumberland, and
opens about the year 1813 in Gborge the Third's court
Many historical personages are introduced. Byron, for
instance, leaning on the arm of Lord Alvanley, is encoun-
tered on page 153. Says Lady Curragh to Alvanley:
'' For this renewal of my friendship with Lord Byron I
thank vou. You always bring me wit ; to-day you bring
me soul as well." (Hutchinson. 6s.)
Bequeathed. By Beatrice Whitby.
Miss Whitby's noFcls grow steadily in number, and this
resembles its predecessors in being a thoroughly pleasant
story, in which the course of love runs fairly smoothly
under quiet, English, and probable circumstances. (Hurst
& Blackett. 6s.)
The Temitation of Olivk
Latimer. By Mrs. L. T. Meade.
In the frontispiece the heroine is reclining in a basket chair
above the explanation, " GeofErey watched her anxiously."
Elsewhere she is carresaing '^ Trots " ; and in one picture
we are permitted to see her adjusting her hat before her
bedroom looking - glass. A readable domestic story.
(Hutchinson. 6s.)
The Shadow of Allah.
By Morley Roberts and Max Montesolb.
''Being the Adventures of Sarif ak Barasy, the Cir-
cassian, in Stamboul." Local coloui'and vernacular are
put in with a generous hand : '' ' Imihallah,' added the
Softa, ' the Padisha has now discovered the perfidy of hia
viziers, and he will send them to Djihenna with their
Muscovite paymasters.' ' What can you expect, after all,'
whispered a tchibouk merchant, ' from the Farmacion ? ' "
The story is full of action and footnotes. (John Long. 68.)
The Devil's Kitchen.
By a. B. Louis,
This is one of those perplexing novels in which the
tide re-appears as the titie of a novel in the story. How-
ever, it is a readable tale, introducing a publisher and his
clients, one of whom, maddened by the rejection of his
stories, committed a murderous assault on a wrong man,
and was '^ detained during Her Majesty's pleasure." He
was consoled by the merciful delusion Uiat he had climbed
the ladder and was a great novelist. To visitors to the
asylum he would loftily say : '* Never despair. If I had
given in, I should not be where I am now." (Sands
& Co. 3s. 6d.)
A Gentleman in Khaki. By John Oakley.
Chapter headings like *'How Ladysmitk was Saved"
and '* The Tangle of the Tugela " prepare the reader for
a war story full of the actualities of the present stru^lA
in South Africa. (Chatto & Windus. Is.)
X9 ^Aay, 1900
The Academy.
431
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square, Nina York.
Tinkering the Bible.
TssRE has been a notion abroad in recent years that the
language of the Bible, as we have it in the Authorised
Version of 1611, needs to be modernised in order that it
may make a lively appeal to modem minds. But the
efforts made in this du^ection have not been very hopeful.
!Bven the Revised Version was, for most people, a gigantic
bubble,^ which burst as soon as bom ; and the small
private attempts which have been made since have burst
as quietly in its wake. The latest product of this well-
meaning crusade is Dr. Henry Hayman's work, entitled
The Epietlee of the New Testament : an Attempt to Present
Them in Current and Popular Idiom (A. & C. Black). We
propose to examine Dr. Hayman's aim and execution with
some care, for we believe that such enterprises as his are
at least useful in demonstrating the impregnability of a
work of literary art like the Authorised Version ; and that
they exhibit certain fallacies which it is well to dissipate.
Dr. Hayman's professed aim in re-wording the Epistles
has been '* to present them in current and popular idiom."
That he presents them in no such garb is the first convic-
tion that is forced upon the reader. Dr. Hayman emplovs
neither the words nor tiie constructions of everyday life.
The mere retention of **thou" and "thee," of "art"
and '*hast," of ''couldest" and ''wouldest," is a dear
breach of the design, these words forming no part of
current and popular idioms. It is quite a common thing
for Dr. Himnan to replace dear English by difficult
English, and a familiar construction by a rare one. Thus,
Paul's simple sentence, '' For he that is dead is freed from
sin," becomes, in Dr. Hayman's version, '' For the dead
to sin is enfranchised from its power " — a change, surely,
in the very opposite direction to that proposed in the
author's plan.. Again, the words in Komans x. 21 :
" All day long I have stretched forth my hands unto a
disobedient and gainsaying people," become : '* All day
long I stretch forth my hands towards a people refractory
and recusant." Here, again, the change seems to be
precisely antagonistic to the aim announced. Two ad-
jectives are latinised, and the idiom which, in the
Authorised Version, places them before the noun they
qualify is exchanged for an idiom, certainly less current
and certainly less popular, which places them after that
noun. Concerning the purely literary effect of the
changes we need say nothing. An astonishing example
of Dr. Hayman's work is afforded by a comparison of the
two versions of a passage in the Epistle to the Philippians,
which everyone mows by heart :
AUTHOBISXD VEBSION.
FiniUy, brethren, whatso-
ever thiDgs are trae, whatso-
ever things ard honest, what-
Boever things are just, what-
Boever things are pure, what-
soever things are lovely, what-
soever things are of good
report ; if there be any virtue,
and if there be any praise,
think on these things.
Here Dr. Havman substitutes long words for short, and a
Db. Haymak.
Finally, brethren, let every
prindple of truth, reverence,
rectitude, purity; all that is
endearing, all that is auspi-
dous ; whatever there be that
is excellent and praiseworthy;
dwell in your thought?.
faulty construction for a good ; and he simply underpins
and brings down the rhetorical scheme of the passage
which he professes to improve. For that Dr. Hayman
hopes to improve every sentence he alters seems dear.
Otherwise he would not expresdy dedare in his Preface
tiiat some phrases in the Authorised Version cannot be
improved upon, and will therefore be retained unaltered
in his own version. However, this admission prepares the
reader to witness Dr. Hayman's courage rather than his
discretion, for there are few passages on which he does not
exerdse his skill. Even Paul's entreaty to the believers
at Corinth, '^ Ghreet one another with an holy kiss," be-
comes, '' Exchange a kiss of sanctity with one another,"
leaving us astonished by the moderation which did not
impel him to write : '* Exchange osculations of sanctity
with one another." Dr. Hayman's handling of the
Authorised Version is seen at its boldest when he alters
the words " encompassed about with so great a doud of
witnesses " into ** encirded with so vast a doud of attest-
ing spectators." '* Encompassed " is not necessarily
''encirded," and ''witnesses" means (predsely) "attest-
ing spectators," with the obvious advantage that it is a
comdy English word instead of two words of Latin com*
plexion and little charm. The sacrifice of charm is the
unvarying feature of modernised versions of the Bible.
Take this example :
Db. Hayman.
Charity is long suffering,
is kindly, is void of envy, is
no braggart, is not inflated,
preserves decorum, avoids
self-seeking, is not irritable,
imputes not the evil done, has
no joy at evil doing, but re-
joices on the side of the truth ;
puts up with all things, gives
credit for all things, hopes all
things, endures all thin|^.
Authorised Version.
Charity soffereth long, and
is kind ; charity envieth not ;
charity vaunteth not itself, is
not puffed up.
Doth not oehave itsdf un-
seemly, seeketh not her own,
is not eadly provoked, thinketh
no evil;
Bejoioeth not in iniquity,
but rejoioeth in the truth ;
Beareth all things, bdieveth
all thinffs, hopeth aJl things,
endureth all things.
Sometimes the flight is nearly from the sublime to the
ridiculous. Thus :
AXTTHORISED VERSION.
I therefore so run, not
uncertainly ; so fight I, not as
one that beateth the air :
But I keep under my body,
and bring it into subjection ;
lest that by any means, when
I have preached to others, I
myself should be a castaway.
Dr. Hayman.
I accordingly so run as if I
meant to win; and so plant
my hits not as idly sparring ;
but I hit home at my own
fleshly frame, and tame it into
subserviency ; for fear I, who
proclaim the contest to others,
should come to be rejected
mysdf.
These examples of an effort to modernise the Bible
language are so surprising, that it may be well to seek
further light on Dr. Hayman's actual intentions. The
most significant sentence in his Preface is this : " I have
striven to answer to myself the question, How would these
fathers of our faith have expressed themselves, if the
vernacular English of our own day had been their medium
of expression? " This calls for thought. The vernacular
should mean the whole vernacular, or it is nothing. To
credit Paul, Peter, and James, in imagination, with a
knowledge of only those English words of to-day which
approximately reproduce the meanings of their own
words, would be to beg the question. It would be to
raise the question of correct trandation, whereas the
question raised by Dr. Hayman is dearly that of expres-
sion in its largest sense. If we really are to inquire how
Paul would have expressed himself in the English verna-
cular of to-day, we must begin by imagining that he
possessed as full a knowledge of that vernacular as our-
selves— his readers. We must also — it is inevitable —
impute to him a knowledge not only of all our words, but
of all they stand for ; in a word, we must credit him with
432
The Academy
19 May, 150^
the same heritage of knowledge as we ourselves enjoy,
including (oh, confusion!) our knowledge of himself
derived ]h:om the Authorised Version. We might then —
poM all ahsurdities — receive PauVs Epistles from his Hand
in the English vernacular of to-day, and hear him draw
his illustrations from such vernacular /a<?^« as the rotundity
of the earth, wireless telegraphy, forhidden incense, and
the prosyletising zeal of Mr. Mallock. And a daring
writer might oonceivahly endeavour to personate this
modem St. Paul, and re-think and re-write his Epistles
for men and women of to-day. This would be, at any
rate, a logical attempt to show — what Dr. Hayman proposes
to show, but does not — how Paul of Tarsus would nave
expressed himself ''if the vernacular English of to-day
had been his medium of expression." But the result
would not be the Bible. The Bible was written in certain
periods and in certain languages, and all that can be done
is to translate a given portion from the language in which
it was first written into the language in which it is pro-
posed to be read, taking verb^ equivalents as we find
them, and submitting to the disadvantages arising from
differences in the knowledge, tastes, and ideals of the two
periods. The Authorised Version was a supremely good
example of translation, because it not only did this task
work, but took on a rare beauty and energy of its own.
Moreover, it carried out Dr. Hayman's own plan : it
presented the Bible in ''current and |)opular idioms."
That the need for such presentation was infinitely greater
in 1611 than it is in 1900 does not need to be demonstrated
to anyone acquainted, however slightly, with the develop-
ment of the English language. Since 1611 the language
has grown enormously, but has altered little; and it is
certain that Shakespeare, in the Elysian Libraries, reads
Th$ Ring and the Book with far greater ease than he reads
Ths Eomaunt of the Rose. But granting that the Authorised
Version presents the Bible in an English form which has
been devitalised by the changes that have come over the
language in the interval of nearly three centuries, and that
these changes justify an attempt to present the Bible in
the " current and popular idioms " of to-day, still the mere
substitution of new idioms for old is a very small part of
the matter. Language is inseparable from thought, and the
thought of the few is warmed and coloured by the thoughts
of the many, and things possible in one age are impossible
in another. Li 1 6 1 1 Engush faith was at its strongest. The
language had passed triumphantly out of its old inflec-
tional stages, and had fulfilled itself in Shakespeare's
Plays. It had reached, as far as we know, its utmost
serviceableness to literature, and literature had reached
its utmost power to employ the language. The beauty of
words was felt, and verbal melody was a habit rather than
a secret. As the child of his age, Shakespeare wrote his
plays. As children of their age, the translators of the
Bible produced the Authorised Version. They had the
perceptions and immunities which belong to a great literary
epoch. We cannot wholly account for their success : the
wind bloweth where it listeth. But it is as unwise to
tamper with a Bible which our age could not have pro-
duced as it is to meddle with cathedrals which our age
could not have built. The value of a Version is not so
much a question of idioms as of idiosyncrasy, and we must
not change the one until we can match the other. In a
new fervour of the race we may build a new York Minster
or a new Bible ; but — the wind bloweth where it listeth.
This lesson is sufficiently enforced by Dr. Hayman's book,
in which, side by side, we may read :
For we know in part, and
we prophesy in part.
But when that which is
perfect is come, then that
which is iu part shall be done
away.
For partial now is our field
of knowledge, and partial our
scope of inspiration. But when
our fall development shall be
reached, all that is partial
shall be superseded then.
Things Seen.
*'A Certain Priest/'
He had a way of sitting a little apart from ths re^ n,
his head thrown back and his profile in strong reb
From this you will remark that ho has a profile. Kozr
who had not would dare to sit like that. In this posit:
he was wont to listen to other people's scrmoM— msc.
tating, perchance, his own.
Nature had been very kind to him. -She had nmrc?.
in his face and form the beauty of his souL Sheb.
given him, moreover, a haunting^ voice, and the power :
reaching others.
There is a picturesque way of doing most things. At
that was his way.
This is how he said the Creed. I have sometb^
thought that he was the only man I ever knew who mik
stood how to say it, and how to stand, and look, when :•
did say it.
He wheeled slowly round to the East — his head im.
slightly, his thin hands loosely folded. At the Incais
tion. Death, and Burial he knelt instinctively, as t
natural expression of the humiliation he so evidently fei:
At the sound of the '* Resurrection " the whole dj:
thrilled with a sense of its triumph and wonderful k^
Throughout the whole, his eyes were fixed on the aw.:
the altar before him. . . . And yet, somehow, I thougt
he saw beyond. ... He always remained facing eastrc:
a little longer than anyone else, and he always lingemi .
moment on '* The Life of the World to come." . -
used to wonder what those words meant for him. . . Br
now I know. . . . One day I heard him tell the childK:
that the New life would be just the Old made perfect .
The Old made perfect ! . . . Amen to that, m
Stranger.
The Automatic.
I FOUND I had to change at the Junction.
There were a good many people waiting on the otbs
platform ; evidently an excursion. Two— an old iawcw
and a child— had wandered across to my side. AUm
man's remaining vigour was in his grip on the littie f^*'
hand. She seemed to be a grandchild he was pleasjumg
They were on the return journey, yet the chud «
plainly unsatisfied. ^ v e
They wandered up the platform and stopped by a-
automatic machine.
•* See y*ere, dearie, what's this? " . ,
<* There's sweets in that. You puts a penny m m
an' they comes out there ! " , ,.
The child looked up ; she grasped the nature of m
machine at once. ,
Swinging heavily forward she watched the wx, »
the man's face, eagerly.
** I knows. Put it in."
This demand seemed a thunderbolt to the old ma».
Still gazing helplessly at the automatic, he je»ea
stiff hand to his pocket, fumbled awhile, and jerked iio*^
again. » -
His wrinkles deepened a little. Making a clumsy enor
he tried to set scholastic pride aflame. ^ v
" Look at them pretty letters. You can read e©, ^J
yer? What's that big un? C, ain't it? And that s
H, an' a 0. There's another C." 1. i - I
" Choc'lat," said the child. " I knows what that is.
At)
likes it. Ain't it time to put the penny in?
The old man worked gallantly on. , ^ ^
"There's another big letter. B, ain't it? ^ ^'
two T's " • ,
" I'd rather 'ave choc'lat," said the child, almost dancin,
with excitement.
19 ^Aay> i900>
The Academy.
433
** Where do you put the penny in? Show me."
Slie tilted her face up to the old man's, and then she
1)0^8X1 to foreeee disappointment. Her words poured forth
f a4st and furious.
* * Tut it in. Put it in now."
Tlien shrilly : " Ain't yer got one ? Cam't I 'ave none ? "
Tlie old man pulled her towards the subway, and I saw
no more of them.
Mr. Lang must have found that, and his oontempt
expressed in the suggestion that a novel is barely litera-
ture falls equally upon suoh fiction as '' Hamlet," Ths
Scarlet L$tUr, The £aaut, The Odysseff, or the beautiful
stories told in Holy Writ. — ^I am, &c.,
Frakoes Forbbs-Bobbbtson.
Correspondence.
Mr. Andrew Lang on Fiction.
Sib, — ^That Mr. Lang contemns the literature which takes
the form of a novel it is impossible to doubt. That he is
unable to estimate its value, to classify it or in any way to
realise what that very comprehensive word '* fiction"
actually embraces, is equally impossible to doubt after
reading '' The Supremacy of the ^ovel," from his pen, in
the lre%tfnimter Oasette of May 7. But with tms con-
tempt there are not a few amazing statements in the
article, made to further some kind of argument that the
world of letters has fairly g^ne to the dogs because of the
prevalencv of the novel (not frankly said, but insinuated),
that display a want of discrimination really provoking
from a man of letters.
Mr. Lang extensively quotes Bulwer-Lytton's summine-
up of the literaiT market of his time, and asserts '* all
this might have been written to-day." With the excep-
tion of some vague generalisations, the remarks are wholly
inapplicable to our day.
Mr. Lang further writes : '' (Greece and Bome and pre-
Kevolutionary Europe produced literature in all its species
while we tend to produce novels only." In Mr. Andrew
Lang's lifetime there have probably been more works of
philosophic value, historic accuracy, and poetic merit (of
this last, excluding the sixteenth century) than at any other
period of the world's history. That novels of a paltry*
value by the side of these have been produced to an
overwhelming number and purchased by the public only
signifies that to-day there is an immense population that
in past fenerations never read anything. This taste of
the crowd neither augments nor diminishes the number of
serious readers, unless, indeed, towards reading at all,
which it must be admitted is always a step to better
things from the grosser pastimes of illiterate ages. But
the public that reads serious literature is equally greater
in number than at any other period. It may be asserted
that such writers as Darwin, Spencer, Huxley, Bain are
more xmiversally read than ever were Desciurtes, Locke,
and Condillac. We know that Oarlyle, Buskin, Arnold,
Emerson have been sold in immense numbers. Such fine
novels as may be counted literature have not had a much
greater sale. Mr. Lang confuses things. We have never
heard that such masters as Nathaniel Hawthorne, George
Meredith, and Henry James had the extensive sales lur.
Lang seems to envy, peculiar to certain novels of the
moment. Popular work in all branches finds a big market
not less than cheap and inferior goods of other manu-
facture. It is a pity to confound this merchandise with
Art be it fiction in prose or verse.
Such books as nave been written by Mr. Meredith or
Mr. Henry James rise above, indeed tower above, in every
kind of way, the expositions of subjective philosophers,
metaphysical meanderings, tirades of criticism, or cata-
logues of historical events Mr. Lang deplores as no longer
read.
Would Mr. Lang have us believe that Lost Leaders is of
the stufE, shall we say, of Tit-Bits (yet both come under the
heading of journalism), and force us to cry out at its
immense sale ? Nevertheless, Lost Leaders hardly has the
sale of Tit-Bits.
A great novel is an amazingly difficult article to produce.
An Index Expurgatorius of Words,
Sib, — ^Your correspondent '' H. B. " does not seem to
me quite accurate in stating that one of the words pro-
hibited by Mr. W. GoUen Bryant in his Index JExpurga-
tortus is the appellation '' esquire." There is nothing to
show that Mr. Bryant objected to the use of this word in
any one of its legitimate meanings. In the list given in
the AcADBMY of April 28 it was the abbreviation *' Esq. "
that Mr. Bryant wished to place in the Index. It is
obvious that '* Esq. '^ covers a much wider range of ideas
than "esquire." To the different categories of persons
who, according to " H. B.," are alone entitled to use the
designation '^ esquire" should, I think, be added officers
in the army of the rank of captain or above it, together
with those holding corresponding relative rank in the
navy, who are designated as esquires in the Queen's com-
mission. I do not feel quite certain of the ground on
which bachelors of divinity, law, and physic base their
daims to the appellation.
Nearly every word in the list will admit of some dis-
cussion, but want of space forbids this excursion into the
realm of academics. Lengthy, as you well point out, is
by no means a vulgar synonym of long. To take a single
instance, Walter Pater, whose fastidiousness in the choice
of words amounted almost to a weakness, says, in speak-
ing of Mrs. Humphry Ward : "In truth, that quiet
method of evolution, which she pursues undismayed to the
end, requires a certain lengthiness" {Essays from the
Guardian^ p. 60). The use of the word on this occasion is
justified by the fact that no other could, even approxi-
mately, so well express the writer's meaning. And so with
manv others tabooed by Mr. Bryant. — I am, &c.,
W. F. P.
Henry Lawson.
Sib, — ^In view of the vast amount of rubbish which has
recentiy been poured out under the name of patriotic
verse, perhaps some of your readers miffht not oDJeot to
my bringing before their notice a poem which is probably
unknown to them, and which possesses no lees poetic ring
than true patriotism. Written some few years ago, before
there was any indication of a grand Imperial struggle,
Henry Lawson's '^ Star of Australasia " must be reguded
as prophetic of the present colonial military enthusiasm.
It was published in 1896 in a volume entitled In the Days
when the World was Wide, but the book, though containing
many good things, would be difficult to buy in this country.
The poem to which I make special reference begins with
the assurance that the day wOl come when Australasia
will be able to forget the sordid first chapter of its history,
and that '^ The Star of the South shall rise in the lurid
clouds of war." It continues :
There are boys oat there by the western creeks, who hurry
away from school
To dimb the sides of the breezy peaks or dive in the shaded
pool,
WhVU stick to their gons when the mountains quake to
the tread of a mishty war.
And fight for Bight or a Ghwnd Mistake as men never
f onght before ;
When the peaks are scarred and the sea-walls crack till the
farthest hills vibrate,
And the world for a while goes rolling back in a storm of
love and hate.
434
The Academy.
fQ May. got
There are boys to-day' in the city fllam and the home of
wealth and pride
Who'll have one home when the storm is come, and fight
for it side by side,
Who'll hold the cliffiB 'gainst the armoured hells that batter
a coastal town
Or grimly die in a hail of shells when the walls come
cmshiog down.
And many a pink-white baby girl, the queen of her home
to-day,
Shall see the wings of the tempest whirl the mist of our
dawn away —
Shall live to shudder and stop her ears to the thud of the
distant gun,
And know the sorrow that has no tears when a battle is
lost or won —
As a mother or wife in the years to come, will kneel,
wild-eyed and white,
And pray to GK>d in her darkened home for the '* men in
the fort to-night."
• • • • •
The poet goes on to tell that in the struggle Australasia
will awake to feel and see the '* soul of the world," and
that in success or adversity their lungs will inbreath a
larger life.
They'll know the glory of victory— and the grandeur of
defeat.
Every boy will be wanting to fight ; the children will
"run to the doors and cry, * Oh, mother, the troops are
come ! ' "
And fools, when the fiends of war are out and the city
skies aflame,
Will have something better to talk about than a sister or
brother's shame,
Will have something nobler to do by far than to jest at a
friend's expense,
Or to blacken a name in a public bar or over a back- yard
fence.
And this you learn from the libelled past, though its
methods were somewhat rude —
A nation's bom where the shells fall fast, or its lease of
life renewed.
We in part atone for the ghoulish strife, for the crimes of
the peace we boast,
And the better par( of a people's life in the storm c^raes
uppermost.
• • • • •
I fear to quote more lest you should consider me unfair
in my demand upon your space. It is a very simple
matter to find artistic blemishes in the piece — indeed, in
most of Henry Lawson's work — but his vigour, his fresh-
ness of expression, and his sanity must surely commend
themselves to the reader. — I am, &c.,
May 7, 1900. Arthur Maquarib.
The Missing- Word.
Sir, — I cannot see that the missing word is wanted.
Why are we to nickname ourselves ? Let others call us
Englanders, Britishers, and so forth. I was bom of Irish
parents at the Gape of G-ood Hope. I have spent most of
my life in India, where my children were bom. What are
the two ties which bind sons and daughters of the Empire
together ? Firstly, we are all under the rule of an English
Queen fwho, I may say in passing, does not call herself
an Anglo-German !) ; secondly, we all, with varying accents
and idioms, speak the English language ; collectively, to
ourselves and others, we are English. St. Paul, though
a Hebrew of the purest blood, was not ashamed to be
a Boman citizen, nor was Tarsus despised because she
was a libera civitas of Rome. The " missing- word " notion
is a new one. No Anglo-Indian wished to be labelled
Hibemo-Indian or Scoto-Indian. We are all of us English
in our loyalty to our English Queen and her English
empire, and I am, for all my Irish origin, colonial birth
and Indian domicile — An Englishwoman.
New Books Received.
[ThsM notes on iome of ihs N$w Book% ofihiwek^
preliminary to Beviewe that may follow,']
Interpretations of Poetry
AND Belioion.
By George SASTiHT:.
Prof. Santayana's work, The Sense of Beauty, i^tM^k
thipe years ago, was a -stimulatiiig performance, iko^.
its metaphysics, like all metaphysics, were open to nz>L
criticism. Into this volume Prof. Santayana has gadi9»!
a number of papers which he hopes tend in their Tari',:<
ways to uphold the idea that relig;ion and poetzy ^
identical in essence, and differ merely in the way in riiic
they are attached to practical affairs. '' It would natnnl:
follow from this conception that relig;ious doctrines wol:
do well to withdraw their pretensions to be dealing vrL
matters of fact. That pretension is not only the sontce i
the conflicts of religion with science and of the rain aii'
bitter controversies of sects ; it is also the cause of *i-
impurity and incoherence of religion in the soul, wbi h
seeKs its sanctions in the sphere of reality, and forget*
that its proper concern is to express the ideal." It will \'
seen thut Prof. Santayana's book at least contains h>ii
and interesting thoughts. (Black. 6s.)
Twenty Famous Naval Batiles:
Salamis to Santiago.
By Editari) Krii
Eavsos.
Mr. Eawson is Superintendent of Naval War Eect^r:
to the United States Navy, and the title he has choMnf^!
these two fairly bulky volumes is a sufficient expiaoadv:
of their contents. It would be too much, however, r
describe this as an episodical history of naval warfirp
From Salamis to Actium and from Actium to LepiiG'
are long leaps. The illustrations are good and nuiiieroii>
(Isbister. 2 vols. 21s. net).
By Captain S. Eardui
Our Fleet of To-day. Wilmot.
This is a revised edition of the author's well-knor-
work. The Development of Navies during the Le*t S^'
Century, The growth of foreign navies in the lastr.
years has necessitated the elimination of the chapter aei*-
ing with this branch of the subject, which would reqiuw*
separate volume. The development of our own navylpn
1840 to the present date is now the sole subject dealt wiol
A chapter on "Lessons of Recent Naval Wars" fornii ■
part of the added matter. (Seeley & Co. 5s.)
Among the Birds of Northern
Shires.
By Charles Dco^-
Mr. Dixon's ornithological books are becoming numerotv
His present volume may bo considered as the counterpan
of his Bird Life in a Southern County. In it he deTOve*
much space to camparisons between the birds of ts^
northern shires and those of the south of England, o
the number and interest of its birds Mr. Dixon unh^-
tatingly gives the palm to the north as against the sou ■
and he makes many comparisons between the birds oi
two districts. The subject of migration, too, nm^^
occupies far more space here than in the earlier and co
panion volume. (Blackie & Son» 7s. 6d.}
The French Revolution. By Thomas Cablyo.
Messrs. MacmiUan's ^'Library of English Clw8ic8"j|
growing apace. We have had many " dainty " y^^^^j^
masterpieces, but those who desire something in *"^. ° ^ j,,
of a liorary edition, handsome, spacious, and y®* v^ , .,
the hand, will do well to acquire the volumes ifl ^^
"Library"; they are excellent specimens of the an
book-building. (Macmillan. 2 vols. 78.)
]
tg May, 1900.
The Academy.
435
addition to the foregoing, we have received :
THBOLOGIOAL AND BIBLICAL.
XH&fr (Archibald), Old Testameat Theology: or, the History of Hebrew Reli-
gion. Vol. II., The Deaterononiic fieiormBtion in Gentory VII., b.c.
(Black)
6cot (A. F.), Offering and Sacrifice (Burleigh J 2/6
Pftrker (Dr. Joseph), Studies in Texts (Horace Marshall) 9/9
^akwith (B. H.). The Ghrietian Conception of Holiness (Macmillini
liConle (H. O.). The Secret of the Presence (Seeley) 3/3
^Utrrie (J. Rendel), The C^oepel of The T«relTe Apostles (Gam. Univ. Press) 6 t)
FOBTRY. 0RITI0I8M, AND BBLLB3 LBTTRBS.
I>ew-Sznith (Alice), The Diaiy of a Dreamer (Unwin) 6 0
Slater (Darid), Tentamiua (Blackirell, Oxford) net 3/6
Steams (F. P.). The Midsummer of Italian Art (Putnam's Sons)
Cramp (John F.), The Witchery of Books (Simpkiu, Marshall)
Carpenter (Edward), The Story of Eros and Psyche (Swan Sonnenschein)
Ttongaeld (Lewis). Twiliarht tol)awn (Wuston) 2/6
Carwen (Maud), Thorkel M&ni, and Other Poems (RenteU & Go.) net 1 J
HISTORY AND BIOGRAPHY.
Osbom (E. B.), Greater Canada : The Past, Present, and Future of the
Canadian North-West (Ghatto k Windus) 3/6
Chambers (Stracey), The Rhodesians (John Lane) 3/6
Baird (Henry Martyn), Theodore Beza: The Counsellor of the French
Reformation, 16I9-1606 (Putnam's Sons) 6/0
I>avi8 (H. W. G.), Charlemarae CPutnam's Sons) 6.0
Duckworth (Rev. H. T. F.), The Church of Cjrprus (S.P.G.K.)
43eddon (Mrs. T. R ), Christ's Workers among all Conditions of Men
(S.P.aK.)
Barrow (A. H.\ Fifty Years in Western Africa (S.P.G.K.)
Kevinson (H. W.), Ladysmith : The Diary of a 8ie^ (Metbuen) 6'0
Benham (Rev. Canon), Rochester Cathedral (Isbister) net 1 0
Hoste (James William), Jahnson and His Uirole (JaTold & Sons) net 1 0
Gardner (Alices Studies in John the Scot (Frowde) 2/6
Mathtsr (Marshall). John Ruskin : His Life and Teaching (Warne) 1/0
Kahlbaum (Ctoorfre W. A.). The Le^ters of Jons Jakob Berzelius and
Christian Friedrich Schdnbeln, 1836—1947 (WiUiams ± Norgate) 3/0
Paul (Sir James R.), Heraldry in Relation to Scottish History and Art,
Being the Rhind Lectures on Archfeology for 1893
(Douglas, Edinburgh)
Fenh (G. H.), The Narrative of General Venables (Longmans)
TRAVEL AND TOPOGRAPHY.
Glasgow (Edwin), Sketches of Wadham College (Methuen)
Arould-Forster (H. O.s Ojr Graat City (Cassell)
Bister Katheriue. Towards the Land of the R'sing Sun (S.P.G.K.)
Philips' Handy. Volume Atlas of Loadon (Philip & Son) 5/0
Preen (Harvey), The Giddy Ox: The Story of a Family Holidav (Cook)
Boyd (tfarv 8.), Our Stolen Summer (Blackwood)
Harkham (Violet R.), South Africa, Past and Present (Smith, Elder) 10/6
Oassell's Guide to London (Cassell) .6
SCIENCE AND PHILOSOPHY.
Brown, jun. (Robert), Researches into the Origin of the Primitive Con-
stellations of the Greeks, Pbcenicians, and Babylonians. Vol. li.
(Williams & Norgate)
EDUCATIONAL.
Wood CStanley), Dinglewood Shakespeare Manuals : As You Like It.
(Heywood) 1/0
Hayes (R. J.) and Plaistowe (F. G.), Horace : The Satires (Olive)
Smith (G. G. MooreX Warwick Shakespeare : King John (Blackie) 1/6
MISOBLLANIOnS.
Blackburn (Henry), Academy Notes. IQOJ (Ghatto) 1/0
Dent (C. T.), Mountaineering (Longmans) 10 6
Journal of the Society of Comparative Legislation, 1900 (Murray) net 6/0
Temple Primers: The Greek Drama, by Lionel Bomett. The Civilisation
of India, by Romeeh C. Dutt (Dent) each, net 1 0
Hubert (P. G.), The Stage as a Career ...(Putnam's Sons)
Somerset (Lady Henry), In an Old (harden (S.P.G.IC.)
Jessett (M. G.), The Key to South Africa : Delagoa Bay (Unwin) 1/0
Chapman (J. Jav), Practical Agitation (Nutt) 3,6
Report of the Libmrian of Gongiess for the Fiscal Year ended June 30,
1809 (Washington: Govt. Printing OlSce)
Davis (Arthur), The Hebrew Accents (Myers) net 3/6
Ireland (Alleyne), The Anorlo-boer Conflict (Sands A Go.) 1,0
lakan^ (John H.), The Diplomatic Relations of the United States and
Spanish America (John Hopkins Press, Baltimore)
Callahan (J. M.), Cuba and I ntemationiJ Relations . (Jobn Hopkins Press)
BxhibitioivParis: 1000 ....(Heinemann) net 2/0
Bowden-Rowland« (LUian>, The Piteousness of Passing Things
(New Ontury Press) 3/6
Edwards (W. D.), Commercial Law 2 0
Rhodes (T.], Rhodee's Steamship Guide (Philip A Son) 2/6
The Manchester Stoffe, 1880-1990: Criticisms ELeprinted from the Man-
ehetter Ouardian (Constable; net 3/6
NEW EDinONS.
Temple Classics : The Golden Legend. 2 vols each 1/6
New Century Library : Esmond, The Newcomes, Martin Chuzzlewlt
(Nelson)
Wallace (Alfred Roasel), Travels on the Amazoi and Rio Negro
(Ward, Lock) 2/0
Morris (William), The Story of Grettir the Strong. Translated from the
Icelandic (Longmans) net 5/0
Kinwley (Charles), Westward Ho! (Ward, Lock) ,6
" Temple Classics " : Silex Scintillans, by Henry Vaughan ; Poems,
Narrative, Elegiac, and Lyric, by Matthew Arnold (Dent) each 1/6
Scott (Eva), Rupert Pnnce Palatine (Constable) 0/0
Yoang (Bmesi), The King«lom of the Yellow Robe (Constable) 6/0
M'Cormick (A. D.), The Alps from End to End (Constable) 6/0
Sichel (Edith), The Household of the Lafi^ettes (Constable) 60
Carlyle (Thomas), The French Revolution (Chapman & Hall) 6,0
%* I^ew Novels are aehmnoUdged elsewhere.
Special cloth eases for binding the half-yearly volume of
the Academy can he supplied for Is, each. The price of the
hound half-yearly volume is Ss, 9d. Communications should be
addreised to the Publisher, 43, Chancery-lane.
Our Weekly Competition.
Result of No. 34 (New Series).
We asked our readen last week to furnish such a desoription of a
motor oar as Dr. Johnson might have written in his VUU to the
Hehr'iAes if he had enoonntered one of these vehicles in his travels.
S-sveral oompetitora, ignoring the torms of onr oomprtition, have
personated Boewell instead of Johnson. F. L. A., of Ealing, would
have been awarded the prize if she had not made Johnson's desorip^
tion a spoken instead of a written one. We asked for snoh a
description as the Doctor might have given in his Visit to the
Jfehrides, and we are bonnd by the lettor of onr offer. We have
awarded the prize to Mr. S. Berkley, 31, Spriugfield-road, St.
Leonards-on-Sea, to whom a oheqae for One Oninea has been sent.
Mr. Berkl^'s answer U as follows :
That the eye may be the victim of hallucination, that the sense
of hearing may misoonoeive its own internal impressions, believing
that to be external to itself which is occasioned only by its own
imperfection; nay, that even the olfactory organs, quickened by
desire, or enfeebled by disease, may leap to conclusions unwarranted
by fact and contrary to probability — each of these things sepa-
rately is possible, and indeed borne out by experience ; but that
three senses should simultaneously combine to delude one who has
hitherto called himself a reasonable being would be incredible but
for the following circumstance : Testerdi^, on the high road, within
fall view of the mansion of my host, there flashed, crashed, shot by
me, with what appeared unexampled velocily, a machine, a portent,
hideous as unexpected. Unaided by visible force external to iteelf it
precipitated offensive igneous vapour as it passed, and instantly
disappeared.
Among other answers are these :
In the morning we rose to pursue our journey, with the alacrity
imparted by the refreshment of repose. But although the influence
of Somnus had invigorated our limbs, it had not, it would seem,
sacceeded in embuing us wich that mental fortitude requisite for
the encountering of unforeseen and formidable danger. For, I
must confess, it was not with the intrepidity of a Fabrioins that I .
first came in contact with that monstrous prodigy of kwnan
invention, the Motor Gar. We were making the ascent of a some-
what uneasy road, when my companion, in vehement and inelegant
vernacnlar, called upon me to beware ; and in the space of a
moment, with incredible velocity, and with a noise compared with
which the bulls of Lacania were assuredly harmonious, this novel
vehicle passed by. Alarm, however, lor my personal security, and
disgust at the nauseating odour that saluted our noetrils after its
departure, could not but temper my admiration for the superiority
of Human Ingenuity. [S. F.]
No, sir, I shall not be persuaded that any consideration of public
profit or private convenience, any reasoning of the refined intellect
or instinctive apprehension of the vulgar mind can estimate the
guilt of the man who contrived this contemptible vehicle. It is a
savage chariot, unarmed, indeed, with scythes, but emitting groans
of the damned and odours of Tartarus. It disturbs the innocent
games of childhood and the peripatetic meditations of the philo-
sopher. Popular wisdom prohibits the setting of the cart before
the horse. Here you see a horseless cart whose reckless speed sur-
passes tJie swiftest horses —
" qualis equos Thraeissa f atigat Harpalyoe ** —
a car which resembles the incredible inventions of Arabian magt
In the shadows of tiie rough mountains of Caledonia, in the de-
populated valleys of the n<vth, this monstrum horrendum may be
suffered. Bnt I refuse to imagine its irruption into the orderly
bustle of Fleet-street. [F. L. A., Ealing]
Answers also received from : H. F. H., Nottingham ; 0. E. H.,
Richmond ; T. B. W., Bridgwater ; L. L., Bamsgate ; W. J. N.,
Sheifield; A. W., West Hampstead ; P. K., London; G. M. W.,
Hull ; L. J. M., London ; H. W. D., London ; W. E. L. P., Oxford ;
W. B , London ; G. H. H., London ,* G. B. W., Cambridge ; E. A. S.,
Sevenoaks.
Competition No. 35 (New Series).
We offer a prize of One Guinea for the beat rendering into
English verse of the portion of Emil Verhaeren*B poem whioh we
quote on p. 420 from Iris.
Bulk.
Answers, addressed "Literary Competition, The Academy, 43,
Chancery-lane, W.C.,'* must reach us not later than the first poet
of Tuesday, May 22. Each answer must be accompanied by
the ooupon to be found in the first column of p. 436, or it can-
not enter into competition. Competitors sending more than one
attempt at solution must accompany each attempt with a separate
coupon ; otherwise the first only will be considered. We canno^
consider anonymous answers.
436
The Academy.
19 May, 1^00.
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438
The Academy.
26 May, 1900.
Mr. L FISHER UNWIN'S
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Pioneering
ON THE
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London: T. PISHBR UNWIN,
Paternoster Square, E.G.
By W. HOLMAN BENTLEY,
Chevalier de TOrdre Bojal dn Lion ; Author
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Morning Ptut,
** While the narrative ie eesentlally a
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wiU be simply fascinating. It is one of the
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BaBii."—CkrUtian World.
"Mr. Bentley's book, with its abundant
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Liierature,
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Mr. W. L OocBTirET in the Daihf Telegraph:
"Anyone who u bo obviooflly sincere ha Mr.
Benjamin Swift is an author who must be reckoned
with. ThiB story Is very vivid, very poignant, very
tasoinMinff."
THE PRINCESS SOPHIA By
B. F. BENSON, Author of "Mammon and
Co." 6«.
The DaU^ TeUgraph,—**The characterisation ia
excellent, tbe humonr pleasing, the satire true."
THE REBEL. By H. B. Marriott
WATSON. <8.
The at. JaMM't OoMHte.—" A flna tele Snelr told."
JEM OABBUTHEBS. By the
SABL ot BLIiKSUKRK. 68.
LITTLE BOB. By " Oyp." doth.
38. net ; paper, Ss. 6d. net. [PioniB Sssns.
HIS LOBDSmP'S LEOPABD. By
DAVID D WIGHT WBLLS. Aathor ot "Hor
Ladyship's Blephant." Si. 8d.
EXHIBITION PARIS, 1900.
A Practical Guide, oontiiininir Information as to
means of Locomotion, Hocels, Restaurants, Oafds,
Theatres, tthops. Museums, Buildings and Monu-
ments, Daily Life and Habits, the Ouiioeities of
Paris and of the Bxhibition. With many flltis-
trations, Miqis, and Plans. Oloth, 2b. 6d. net ;
¥Ekper covers, 2s. net.
he Manager of Exhibition, Paris, has secured
good seats for Mme. Bemhardt's performances
at considerably lower prices than are bein^f
charged in Paris. These can now be booked ;
also through McMBsrs. Keith Prowse's ageociea.
Literature.— " An extremely complete and work-
manlike production, with not a line wasted oa nn-
necessary matter, and illoittrated wit^ innumerable
little thumbnail-pictures aud portrsits, which are
marvels of reproauction."
D'ANNUNZIO'S NBW PLAY.
THE DEAD OITT. By Oabriele
D'ANNUNZIO, Author of " Gioconda" now
being performed by Sii^ora Dose Translated
by ARTHUR SYM0N8. 1 voL, Ss. 6d.
DR. MURRAY'S NBW PLAY.
ANDROM AOH B. A Play in Three
Acts. By GILBERT MURRAY, LL.D. Cloth,
2b. 6d. ; paper. Is. 6d.
The Athe"feum,—** A remirkable acoompliahmemt.
It is interesting, powerful, and dramaUo."
MR. ARTHUR SYMONS'S NBW POBMB.
IMAGES OF OOOD AND EVIL.
By ARTHUR SYMONS, Author of "The Sym-
bolist Movement in Literature." 1 vol., 6s
MEMOIRS OF THE BARONESS
DE COURTOT, Lady-in-Wailing tothePrioceeea
de Lamballe. By MORITZ voir KAISBNBBRG.
Translated by JBSSIE HAFNES. 1 vol., 9s.
Truth.—** No tale ever exceeded in its wonder and
terror and in its romance the stories told in theea
letters by this Lady-in-WaUing."
ORIOEET IN MANY OLIMEB.
By P. F. WARNER (Rugby, Oxford University,
Middlesex County CO.). With over 70 Dlastn-
tions from PhotographB. 1 voL, 7s. 6d.
Mr. A. Li2ro in the DaOf ^TMOf.— "A 6heerfal«
kindly, sportsmanlike book."
London :
WM. HBINEMANN, 21, Bedford Street. W.O.
The Academy
A Weekly Review of Literature and Life*
No. 1464. Established 1869.
26 May, 1900.
Price Threepence-
[Registired as a Nnnpaptr,']
The Literary Week.
M. Maeterlinck will oontribute an article to the June
number of the Fortnightly Revmo oeXLedi ''The Evolution
of MyBteiy." Mr. Alfred Sutro has made the English
translation.
M. Flammarion's newy and in some quarters eagerly
awaited book, The Unhnoum^ is a work of dose upon five
hundred pages. Four hundred of them are devoted to
'* cases " of telopathic communications made by the dying,
transmission of thought, premonitory dreams and divination
of the future. In a final chapter called '' Conclusion " we
find this sentence: ''It is certain that one soul can in-
fiuence another soul at a distance, and without the aid of
tlie senses."
The Poet Laureate was not inspired when he sat down
to sing of Mafeking in seven stanzas. They appeared in
the Timet. We must be content with quoting one :
Once agaiQ, banners, fly !
Olang again, bells, on high,
Sounding to sea and sky
Longer nnd loader
Mafeking's glory with
Kimberley, Ladysmitb,
Of onr unconqnered kith,
Prouder and prouder.
Confound this wretched ver^e,
So plaguey hard and terse :
Just makes a poet curse
Workioii^ for hours :
Bother old Drayton's shade,
Bother the verse he madp,
Bother •* The Light Br gade,"
Now for my flowers.
We should add that the second of the above stanzas is
from a parody of the Laureate's verses in the Daily Netoe,
The title of Mr. Kipling's new novel is, we understand,
Kim of the Rinhti,
Lent We Forget Them^ a souvenir of the war by Lady
Glover, will shortly be issued by the Fine Art Society.
The souvenir will be illustrated by Mr. M. D. Hewerdine,
and will contain original poems and new'song^ by A.
Scott-Gatty and Mrs. Salmond. The profits from the sale
of the work will be devoted to the widows and orphans of
of our soldiors and sailors
A correspondent assures us that memoirs are of three
kinds :
BlOORAFHIES,
AuTOBiooRAPniEs, and
OUOHT-NOT-TO-BE-OORAPHISS.
We agree.
The Sphere publishes the following list of journalists
who have suffered in the Boer war :
Mr. G. W. S^eevens Daily Mail Died at Ladysmith of fever.
Mr. Mitchell Standard „ ,,
Mr. £. G. Parslow.. Daily Chronicle Murdered at Mafeking.
Mr. Alfred Ferrand Morning Post,,. Killed at Ladysmith.
Mr. £. Finlay ELuight ,, „ Wounded at Belmont;
right arm amputated.
Mr. Winston Churchill ,, „ Captured, and escax^ed.
Mr. Lambie Ausiaralian cor- Killed at Bensburg.
rcMpondent.
Mr. Hellawell Daily Mail "J
Mr. George Lynch... Morning Herald >Ciiptured.
Mr. Hales Australian J
To which must now be added the names of Mr. John
Stuart, of the Morning Posty who has been captured, and
Mr. Charles Hands of the Daily Mail, who was severely
wounded in the advance on Mafeking. Mr. Lynch arrived
in London last week. At Durban he was very ill for
several weeks with enteric fever.
The war-correspondents whose graves are now to be
sought on the veldts of South Africa are not likely to be
forgotten when the duty of raising monuments in London
begins — as it soon must. The names of the war-corre-
spondents who fell in Egypt fifteen years ago are com-
memorated on a large brass tablet in the crypt of St.
Paul's Cathedral. The inscription is as follows :
IN MEMORY OF
THE OALLANT MEN WHO IN THE DISCHARGE OF THEIR
DUTY AS
SPECIAL CORRESPONDENTS
FELL
IN THE CAMPAiaX IX THE SOUDAX,
1883— 1884— 18S.>.
BDMOND DONOVAK,
"DAILY NEWS." KA8II0IL. NOVEMBER 1883,
FRANK VIZETELLY,
ARTIST. KASHOTL. NOVEMBER 1883.
FRANK POWER,
"TIMES." SL-KAMAR. OCTOBER 1SS4.
JOHN ALEXANDER CAMERON,
'* STANDARD." ABU KRU. JANUARY 19, 188.).
ST. LEOER ALGERNON HERBERT. C.M.G.
** MORNING POST." ABU KRU. JANUARY 19, 188:>.
WILLIAM HENRY GORDON,
** MANCHESTER GUARDIAN." KORTI. JANUARY 1885.
FRANK J. L. ROBERTS,
rbuter's agency, souarim. may lo, iHHo,
In our "Bibliographical" column we deal with a
letter we have received from Capt. E. Arthur Haggard,
written from Bloemfontein, in which the gallant officer
corrects some particulars given in our isRue of March 1 7
of his literary work. It is pleasant to find that a soldier
who is wielding his sword for his coxintry can sit down to
deal with literary matters.
440
The Academy.
26 May, 1900.
The current North American Review contains a dramatic
poem by Mr. W. B. Yeats, on a theme drawn from Irish
legend. Mr. Yeats is one of the few who handle such
legends, not as mere exotics, but in a spirit truly and
natively kindred to their own. " The Shadowy Waters "
seems to us the best thing he has done in this kind for
some time. It is very simple, recounting the voyage of
the prince Feamd in search of an immortal love foretold
by tne gods. He finds it in Dectora, a captive woman
brought to him from a captured ship among the misty
seas; who has herself sailed to find a divinely foretold
hero in an imknown holy place. The poem ends with
their sailing away alone, to find immortal rest among
'* the streams where the world ends."
But this simple tale Mr. Yeats infuses with all that
magic of vaporous dream which is his peculiar and sole
secret among living poets. Yet the expression which
produces this effect is as pellucid as rain-drops. Full of
beauty, it is handled in his finest manner — a manner
which recalls his early Wanderinge of Usheen, For in-
stance:
He who longs
For happier love, but finds unhappinefls,
And falls amonff the dreams the drowsy gods
Breathe on the burnished mirror of the world
And then smoothe out with ivory hands and sigh.
Or again:
Her eyelids tremble and the white foam fades ;
The stars would hurt their crowns among the foam
Were they but lifted up."
It is evident that Mr. Yeats retains his full gift — if,
indeed, we have yet seen all that is in its possible develop-
ment.
into
Mb. Ohurton Ooluns's edition of the Early Poems of
Alfred Lord Tehnyeon, to which we shall return again, is
one of the most instructive volumes that a young poet, or
any young writer, can place on his shelves. It shows in
foot-notes all the alterations of phrase and melody which
Tennyson introduced into these poems in successive editions;
and in a scholarly introduction Mr. Collins summarises the
literary effect produced by these alterations. The student
can thus follow step by step the process by which Tennyson
wrought a poem to its final beauty. The improvement
effected by very simple alterations is often magical, as Mr.
Collins is at pains to show. Take, as an instance, the
alteration of the lines in the '^ Dream of Fair Women " :
One drew a sharp knife thro' my tender throat
Slowly,— and nothing more,
The bright death quiver'd at the victim's throat ;
Touch'd ; and I knew no more.
In the same poem :
What nights we had in Ejrypt ! I could hit
His humours while I cross'd him. O the life
I l»d him, and the dalliaDce and the wit.
is altered to
We drank the Lybian Sun to sleep, and lit
Lamps which outburn'd Canopus. O my life
In Egypt ! O the dalliance and the wit.
The flattery and the strife.
In the verses to J. S. two words are altered :
A tear
Dropt on my tablets as I wrote
becomes
A tear
Dropt on the letters as I wrote.
Again, in the Lotue Eatere '* three thunder-riven thrones
of oldest snow" is bettered by the simpler phrase
'Hhree silent pinnacles of ancient snow." The text
adopted by Mr. Collins in these poems, which number
c msiderably over a hundred, is that of 1857, but helm
beea permitted by Messrs. Macmillan to record all tie
variants which are still protected by copyright. It may V
.doubted whether any English poet has altered hispubfe;
verses so freely as did Tennyaon. The result is th£
this is a work of much complexity as it is certainly :
much value.
It occasionally happened that Tennyson made c
alteration in the interests of truth, rather than of styi
In all editions of the Lotus JEaUrs until 1884 lie alloTs:
the following to stand :
The lizard, with his shadow on the stone
Bests like a shadow, and the cicala sleeps.
Unfortunately the cicala does not sleep at noonday, kt i
then at his loudest At last Tennyson banished him fnjc
the poem, and wrote '' and the winds are dead." I
correct what he believed to be another error in mli
history he altered in **The Poet's Song" the line 'L
swallow stopt as he hunted the bee " to " The swaii t
stopt as he hunted the fly." A correspondent of ^
Westminster Oasutte has just pointed out that this altera:: £
was needless, as swallows do cateh bees, a fact noted V
Virgil and Aristotle, and easily observable to-day wiet
there are hives and swallows.
" Thb Romance of Thomas Wentworth, Eail .:
Strafford," as a subject for an historical no?eI, fr
suggested i^ one of our recent competitions. In *!:
foUowing weeks two writers, Mr. Frank Matthew and }b
Dora McChesney, anxiously wrote to inform us thattiir
were already engaged upon novels based on the caner :
Strafford. A third writer. Miss E. Aceituna Thmk^
now informs us that she, too, is at work on a novel deaii;
with this subject. At this rate we shall soon have to sec
up some telepathic theory to account for these synchwnL'
ing labours.
In their "Modem Plays" series, Messrs, Duckfor.-
will shortly issue Gerhart Hauptmann's " Das Friedas
fest," translated by Mrs. Charrington (Janet Acbun^
under the title of The Coming of Peace.
In Mr. H. Sutherland Edwards's Personal BecoMm
to which we make reference elsewhere, there ^^^
literaxy anecdotes and reminiscences. Mr. Edw*
knew Thackeray well, and pronounces him to have w«
" without affectetion or false pride of any kind.''
He did not mind speaking of himself ; and in anfwff^
my inquiries Rafter a conversation which had .^^'^^J ^"'
time) as to whether the success of Vanity FotV hwtatr;
him at all by surprise — " Very much so,** he rpp^**-
" And not myself alone." he added. " When a htUe uc^
before I had asked for permission to '«P^^^.'^"?!X^
from Fra8er*s Magazine, it was given to me ^i^* ^°^
almost an ironical one, as mucm as to say» . ^
may you get out of them/ They bring n»® "^ ^
hundred a year now. . . ." He told me, ^^'^"'f'Z!
Turgu§nieff had called upon him without an mtj^^^
simply in the character of a foreign admirer of *"* ."^^
and without saying one word about his own uterw.
position.
Mr. Edwabds has an interesting chapter ^^J^^^j
Tinsley, the publisher, and the writers he gathwoa ro ^
him. Tinsley was the son of a Hertfordshire g«J.^
keeper, and "in unguarded moments would ^^.^^
friends that he came up to London in a hilly-cock /i*^^^
the top of a hay-cart. . . . Sometimes, on ^J^^^i^
incidento of a previous night, he would say : '^^ ^^
about coming up to London in a billy-cock hat, 0 ^^
top of a hay-cart ? ' 'No, you didn't.' ' Then I (»^
26 May, 1900
The Academy.
441
have been very far gone.' " The causes of Tindey's
suocess were his honesty, his liberality to authors, and his
curiously attractive simplicity and self-confidence. He
l>ecaixie no mean critic, but his fundamental ignorance
^was such that when Mr. W. 8. Qilbert talked of ?rriting
a visit to the Hebrides for him, Tinsley said : ** When
sball you be back?" ''In about a month," was Mr.
GHlbert's reply. "A month! Why, it will take you
three months to get there! The Hebrides are on the
other side of the world." He was thinking of the
Antipodes. Tinsle^s business was founded on his pur-
chase from Miss Braddon of her novel Lady AiMey^s
Sscret. Mr. Edwards's account of that transaction is
amusing :
Taking a truly audacious flight, he proposed to pur^
ohase from Miss Braddon her next new novel, and, being
-without cash at the time, ofEered her a thousand pounds
for it.
In those days a thousand pounds was a pretty good
price for a novel, even for a novel by Miss Braddon, who
bad just made her first great hit with Aurora Floyd, As
the offer was made in business-like form, Miss Braddon's
husband, the late Mr. Mazwdl, wrote to accept it. An
ag;reement would, of coarse, have to be signed, and the
money was to be paid in advance. Notioing could be
simpler from the vendor's point of view. . . . He now
called upon Messrs. Spalding & Hodge, of Drury-lane,
saying that he had made a very advantageous contract
with Miss Braddon for her next novel, and uiat he wanted
to know on what terms they would supply the paper.
They were quite ready to give credit ; and l^nsley then
weut to a laive firm of printers, saying that Spalcunsf &
Hodge would famish the paper, and that he should be
glad if tiiey would undertake the printing. This they
were prepared to do on easy terms* A novel of Miss
Braddon's would be sure to sell ; and if Mr. Tinsley had
bought the copyright of her next book, and had arranged
with Spalding & Hodge about the supply of pax>er, they
conld, of course, give credit for the prmtmg.
Then it occurred to the ingenuous young Tinsley that he
had not bought anything at all from Miw Braddon: he
had only promised to do so. He confided his difficulty to
Messrs. Spalding, who, unwilling that good business
should be spoiled for want of a tnousand pounds, gave
hiai a cheque for that amount.
with << Cleared" and ''Tomlioson" and "The Flag of
Bogland," to name no more, all from the same print)
into a book ; and that bopk has been for years perhaps
the most popular array of verses in the English tongue.
Mr. Edwabds was much in Paris in the 'fifties, and he
was intimate with Ghivami, the caricaturist, who was
intimate with Balzac.
"How is Balzac in ordinary conversation P " I once
asked Gavami. " II est hlU,** was the reply.
** Bat what do you mean by ' hHe *?** 1 mquired.
'* What everyone else means. He had no wit, except
pen in hand, and he found it very difficult to get to work.
He would cover a sheet of paper with words, and phrases,
and sentetces, without any particular meaninff, just as
you have sometimes seen me cover a wood-mock with
initial letters and fantastic designs of all kinds. Then,
when he had once got under weigh, he would so on work-
ing for hours without stopping, beginning pemaps in the
evening, and working throaghout me night."
Mb. HEinjnr's causerie in the June Fall Mall MayoBttu
is ** Concerning Atkins. Incidentallv, Mr. Henley recalls
Mr. Kipling's early connexion with the Natumdl Oh9$rvir^
and we have this interesting passage :
It was my xnivilege, as the editor of a journal still
rfm^mbered fondly by the chosen few who wrote for it,
&till regretfully recaUed by the chosen fewer who read
it— it was my privilege, I say, to print, from week to
week, those excellent numbers of which a faint and feeble
echo is heard in what is probably the most popular song of
any affe — " The Absent-Minded Beggar,'' to wit. I do
not thmk they did the journal any good — these songs of
the barrack and the march : fresh, vigorous, vecuesy
surpassingly suggestive as they were, I do not think they
did the journal any good — ^in fact, I know they did it
none at alL But uiey were presently collected (together
A NEW American ma^azinette, called the Magaaitu of
Postry (Daniel Mallett), is a typical booklet of its kind.
We confess we find it a too miscelUneous and facile
selection. It consists of poems old and new — poems by
Milton and Ida Whipple Benham, Herrick and Eaton
8. Barrett, Waller and Abbie Farwell Brown, Cowper and
Ethel Lynn Beers, Byron and Dwight Anderson. The
subscription is a doUar a year, and the poems are chosen
and cut to fit two or three to a page. Oertainly, it is
pleasant to have poetry brought before one in the veiy
stress of life ; and that, we tue it, is the mission of the
MagaziiM of Poetry. Poetry for the breakfast-plate, the
luncheon-hour, and the odd moment is what it provides.
Hence it is, perhaps, unfair to find anything incongruous
in its advertisements of the Breeze-Net Underwear, and
the Flexible Pot and Kettle Scraper.
Claudius Olbae of the Brituh Weekly has been de-
ploring the decadence of the Quarterly and Edinhuryh
Reviewe^ declaring that instead of attracting good writers
they "seem to take what they can get." The charge
would have been more difficult to reply to if Clai^ua
Olear had not, with his usual courage, adventured into
judgments in matters of detail. Be suggested that
these reviews had |>ublished no papers that have excited a
" real sensation " since Deutsch^s article on the Talmud in
1867. This was magnificent, but Mr. Murray, who replies
in the Brituh Weekly on behalf of the Quarterly ^ seems to
have the best of the argument in the following remarks :
** Exciting a real sensation " is a vague term. We
neither expect nor wish that the Quarterly should excite
sensation among the readers of cheap magazines and
scrappet literature, bat that it has produced a sensation
among educated readers on many occasions during the
past thirty years is a simple fact "which nobody can
deny." Possibly Mr. Clear has never heard of t^e articles
on « Our National Defences," on <<The State of Eofflish
Architecture," on *' Disintegration," on " Bolingbr&e,"
on << Keats," on <*Yirgil," on <<The Boman Catholics in
Eogland," or of Dean Buimn's articles on the Bevised
Version, or of Sir Henry luine's on " Popular Govern-
ment," or of Mr. Gladatnne's article on ** Macaulay," to
name only a very few. He tells us of his wooderfol dis-
cernment in detecting Mr. Fronde's work in the Weet'
mt nsfer, and of his admiration for Deutsch's famous article
on the Talmud; and jet both these writers contributed
other articles to the Quarterly Review during the period
under condemnation, but have faUed to satisfy your critic.
Our own belief is that the Edinhwrgh and Quarterly papers
are as good as they were in 1867, but that, like buildings
which nave been '' built round," these Beviews have
ceased to excite awe. Their stature is as great as ever,
but they have no longer the advantage of isdation.
So the newspaper proprietor has turned, and has de-
clared war against the paper-maker. If the mantie of
the author of The Markst-Place has fallen upon any living
novelist, he should find material in the news ''of the
greatest possible interest for all engaged in Journalism,"
given by '* A Man of Kent," in the Brituh Weekly. It is
to the effect that '' one of the most powerful, determined,
and enterprising newspa^r firms in Jjondon has acquired
a very large property in Spain for the cultivation of
Esparto grass, ana they expect not only to satisfy their
own huge demand for paper to supply immediate needs,
but to do a great deal more We shall soon have further
news of thu startling development, as important in ita
way as any that has been announced of late.
442
The Academy.
26 May. m
Bibliographical.
The issue of the JSarly Posms of Tennyson, with elaborate
notes by Mr. Churton Collins, shows us that the unhappy
poet is now well in the hands of the annotators. A dassic
already, he must needs suffer for the distinction. His
work has, for some years past, been dished up '* for the
use of schools." There was a '' school edition " of the
Poems so long ago as 1884. In 1888 came a volume of
^' Selections, with Notes." That was the beginning of the
annotating business. Since then we have had reprints of
Aylmer's FUld, "with Notes" (1891); The Coming and
PoMtng of Arthur, " with Notes " (1891) ; Tennyson for the
Young, *'with Notes" (1891); Geraint and Enid, "with
Notes " (1892) ; Gareth and Lynetfe, " with Notes " (1892);
The Princese, "with Notes" (1892); The Holy Grail,
"with Notes" (1893); Morte d' Arthur, ** with Notes"
(1894); Guinevere, "with Notes" (1895); Lancelot and
Maine, "with Notes" (1895); and again The Prineese,
" with Notes " (1899\ Many more, no doubt, will follow,
till school-chiliiren oeoome as well and as unwillingly
acquainted with Tennyson as they are with Yirgil and
Horace.
There is, by the way, one point of Tennysonian biblio-
graphy on which I must correct Mr. Collins. He reprints,
in an appendix, such of Tennyson's poems, published in 1 830
and 1833, as were either temporarily or ■finally suppressed.
Those which (he says) were suppressed altogether he
prints in small type. Among these small-type pieces I
note (p. 295) the " National Song " beginning :
There is no land like England,
Where'er the light of day be.
But this song cannot truthfully be described as "sup-
pressed." It consists of two stanzas, with a double
"chorus"; and those stanzas were incorporated by the
poet in the second act of " The Foresters," each with a
new chorus. Arthur Sullivan set the lines to music, and
to yery stirring music withal, which mine ears did hear
when " The Foresters " was produced at Daly's Theatre.
The poet's new choruses answer their purpose excellently,
but the old are worth remembering for their patriotic
f eryour :
Our glory is our freedom,
We lord it o*er the sea.
We are the sons of freedom »
We are free.
Dr. Gamett, in his memoir of Miss Mathilde Blind —
just issued by way of preface to her Collected Poems — tells
us that the lady was a keen admirer of the work of Eliza-
beth Barrett Browning. Of that fact there is proof posi-
tive in one of Miss Blind's lyrics — the one entitled " East "
(pp. 427-8). This lyric begins :
and ends :
We are so tired, my heart and I,
Of all things here beneath the sky,
But we are tired. At Life's crude hands
We ask no gift she understands,
Bat kneel to him she hates to crave
The absolution of the grave.
This, obviously, is an echo, in part, of Mrs. Browning's
poem, " My Heart and I," which opens thus :
Enough ! we're tired, my heart and I.
We pit beside the headstone thus. •
And wish that name was carved for us.
Mrs. Browning, however, closes more cheerfully than Miss
Blind does. She says :
And if, before the days grew rough.
We once were loved, used — well fuough,
I think, we'ive fared, my heart and I,
Some weeks ago I had a note about the pnblicarc
by living writers of the name of Haggard. The firr •
make that name well known and popular was, of a!i>
Mr. Eider Haggard. Later on it became obvioiw :f
there were other Haggards in the literary field— a i;
complicated by the adoption by one of them of the a 'i-
guerre of " Arthur Amy and." A letter rwjeived k i
editor from Bloemfontein (dated April 28) puts the es::.
in a pleasantiy clear light. The letter is from one of ::
Haggards in question — Captain E. Arthur Haggard-:
on active service in South Africa. Herein ve find p^:
ticulars which will enable the public to different:;
Captain Arthur Haggard from Lieut.-Col. Andrew Hag^i-
who is also a penman. Captain Arthur Haggard's p;i^ ".
tions, so far, are four in number : Only a Drumm f
(1894), With Pank and File; or, Sidelights on SMifrl
(1895), Comrades in Arms {IB9 5), and The Kin of :
(1900). The first two of these were issued under 1
pseudonym of " Arthur Amyand." So was the first edit
of Comrades in Arms ; but when that work appeare»l ::
second edition, the author's real name, as well as
pseudonym, was given on the title-page, and this L^
arrangement has also been adopted in the case 0! '
Eiss of Isis.
Lieut. -Col. Andrew Haggard is responsible for the v r
called " Dodo and I," issued in 1889, and also, I beli"
for books entitied Ada Triseott, Leslie's FaU, TrnpfftJ-
Under Crescent and Star, and EannibaTs Daughter. Xot
think, the matter, as between "Arthur" and "Andrei
may be said to have been made intellijg^ble.
It has been stated that the memoir of Queen \ic:
which Messrs. Cassell are now issuing was the ^•
piece of literary work done by the late BCrs, Olipc^:
I think that if careful inquiry were made it w.
be found that the final effort of Mrs. Oliphant's ^
was the appreciation of "The Sisters Bronte" wL
she contributed to the volume called JTomen 3^;
of Queen Vidtoria's Reign, published by Messrs. Hqp:
Blackett in the summer of 1897. That essay, tho :
bearing marks of haste in composition, is one of t
most vigorous things produced by Mrs. Cu^j
and ought to be in the possession of every entnu'
about the Biontes. Why do not the publishers :-
it as a separate publication, as they did in the ca*r
Mrs. Parr's essay on Mrs. Craik ? It was, and is,
far the best section of a very interesting book. ,
I cannot "enthuse" over the fact that Mr. Cii^:'
Firth has written a monograph on Oliver Cromwdlfor
" Heroes of the Nations " series. I think there ir-
already by far too many books about Cromwell. 10^
no occasion to go back so far as Oarlyle*s famous w^J^
Take only the two last decades. In the course of .^^
period we have had biographies of Cromwell by •
Picton and F. W. Cornish (1881), E. Paxton Hoodlip^
Frederic Harrison (1888), Arthur Paterson (1899^^:
Polle (1899), Sir K. Tangye (1899), and S.K^;
(1899). As if that were not sufficient, we hare ^
Cromwell as Protector (1890), Anecdotes of Cromu:tU^^-
an account of Cromwell in Jreland {\S96), CromiciU*/:
in History (1897), The House of Cromwell {l^^^ - '^
Religion of Cromwell (1897), CromwelTs Seoteh U«r.'
(1898), and Cromwell as a Soldier (1899). I 'J^^^T^'^.
that, for the time being, this is enough, l^^ ^^
have a rest. ^ . /vp^t:
There is an announcement of a memoir of the late | .
Mayne Reid by his widow; but surely this can "®."^^V.
or little, more than a new edition of the memoir ^^
husband published by that lady just ten 7®*" f^^^niir -
Mayne Reid, it would seem, is the authoroi * * j..
of the West" called George Markham, Will ^^r^^^^-,
himself ever find a worthy successor ? There ^,^ ^ ^.
excellent writers for boys, but to me it Beems w
of them altogether takes Mayne Reid's V^^'r^^^^U'
26 May, 1900.
The Academy.
443
Reviews-
The Celtic Mind.
Ths Divine Adventure ; lana ; By Sundown Shares : Studies
in Spiritual History. By Fiona Macleod. (Ckapman &
Hall. 68.)
This latest Yolume of MIbb Fiona Macleod's is a very
miscellaneous collection, united only by the common
spiritual outlook which is the writer's heritage from her
race. It is less fictional in form than her previous books,
ind more directly personal in its reminiscences of her
3ountry's native legends. The opening piece is a some-
whfit lengthy allegory, of unusual conception, which is
followed by a paper of about equal length dealing in very
interesting fashion with the legendary associations of lona.
To this succeed a number of short pieces treating of
jf^aelic superstitions, and the book very appropriately ends
vvitli an essay on the Celtic Movement, in which Miss
Macleod is so prominent a figure.
We have not in the past been enthusiastic admirers of
Miss Fiona Macleod. We have been repelled by what
seemed to us the defects of her literary style ; the uncostly
"' wurd-painting," the overstrained picturesqueness and
dffects of verbal colour, with which she endeavoured to
enhance the natural imaginative power of ancient story ;
ibove all, the effort after poetic imagery, just missing
;he mark of true originality and completion, which is more
rritating than total incompletion. As regards these
natters, Miss Macleod appears to us to have made great
idvance in power. '^ The Divine Adventure " she will not
tiave to be an allegory, but a ** symbolical presentment.''
There is no need to quarrel about names. It is virtually an
illegory, though not of that kind in which the primary
ind secondary meaning run side by side without inter-
oaixture. Here the two are varyingly intertwined, so that
:he story is not complete in itself without the underlying
ugnificance. In spite of the abhorrence which she pro-
cesses of vagueness, her "symbolical presentment" seems
to us to err by vagueness, the result (we are inclined to
think, with all respect) of incomplete personal insight.
But what immediately concerns us is, that it is told with
real beauty of imagination and frequent beauty of ezpres-
non. And the same throughout the book. Indeed, diose
pieces in which she adopts the direct note of personal
reminiscence and confidence contain some of her best
tvriting. She has gained in taste, the set description and
'* word-painting " is sparser ; now and again is a phrase
>r word of striking aptness, vivid without being forced,
3r an image in the true sense poetic. When, for instance,
ihe sees a fairy " like the green stalk of a lily and had
lands like daisies," or feels herself in dream " lifted on
mddon warm fans of dusk." Other and yet better touches
:here are, which we cannot at this moment go back upon.
To dream of being the wind is almost in itself warrant of
poetic temperament, did the writer give no other evidence
)f it in these pages. Enough that it is no longer possible
:o doubt we have in Miss Fiona Macleod a writer of true
magination and steadily growing gift of expression — not
r^et, perhaps, quite mature.
But passing from this matter, it would be an error to
)verlook the final essay, called simply " Celtic," in which
Vliss Macleod treats of a question which has much exer-
used the minds and pens of English writers. What is
;he Celtic Movement ? As one of the principal figures in
hat movement, she is peculiarly qualified to speak ; and
,0 a distinct utterance on the subject from a principal
writer concerned in it, we are peculiarly glad to listen
^fiss Macleod, perhaps, rather seeks to dissociate herself
rom some of the ideas put forth by the critics or friends
>f the movement than directly to elucidate its nature ; but
n doing so she actually sheds more light on its character
;}ian any writer we have read. To rJigurJ^iTn what it is not
goes a long way towards stating what it is ; nor does Miss
Macleod leave us without positive utterance on its aims.
It is the wisest counsel that has 1been put forth by any
of the Neo-Celtic writers, and does much to set the Celtic
Movement on the only track possible for it, if it is not to
follow futile and self-stultifying ends. She is, like most
of us, somewhat sick of the title, and of the mistaken
notions which have been identified with it. She protests
against the idea that it is an attempt to reconstruct the
past. For herself, she does not seek to reproduce old
Celtic presentments of tragic beauty and tragic fate, but
to discover their secret of beauty in the nature and life
of the present, by means of imagination, which can still
exercise the my Ui- making faculty on ihe existence of
to-day. . She avers (and we sympathise witii her) that she
is no great believer in " movements " and " renascences "
But so far as the Celtic Movement is a fact, she considers
it the expression of "a freshly inspired spiritual and
artistic energy," coloured by racial temperament, and
drawing its inspiration from " the usufruct of an ancient
and beautiful treasure of national tradition." Its aim is,
or should be, to pour that treasure into the common
treasury of English literature, informed with all the
qualities of the Celtic nature, and so enrich by its infusion
the common life of the Britannic race. For in the opening
of this great fountain of Gaelic legend lies the power and
opportunity of the Celtic writers.
Miss Macleod, as will be discerned from the foregoing,
protests strongly against any partizan interpretation of the
movement; and this protest is further emphasised when
she comes to the question naturally arising next : What
are the characteristics of the Celtic nature, as exhibited in
a Celtic literature ? Miss Macleod tells us :
Intiojate natural vision ; a swift emotion that is some-
times a spiritual ecstasy, but sometimes is also a mere
intoxication of the senses ; a peculiar sensitiveness to the
beauty of what is remote and solitary ; a rapt pleasure in
what is ancient and in the contemplation of what holds an
inevitable melancholy; a visionary passion for beauty
which is of the immortal things, beyond the temporal
beauty of what is mutable and mortal.
Tet she adds :
Even in these characteristics it does not stand alone,
and, perhaps, not pre-eminent. There is a beauty in the
Homeric hymns that I do not find in the most beantifol of
Celtic chants ; none could coll from the gardens of the
Qael what in the Ort- ek anthology has bei*n gathered out
of time to be everlasting ; not even the love and passion
of the stories of the Celtic mythology surpass the love and
passion of stories of the Hellenic mytiiology. The romance
that of old flowered among the Gaelic hills flowered also
in Engli^fh meads, by Danish shores, amid Teuton woods
and plains. I think Catullus «ang more exquisitely than
Baile Honeymoath, and that Theocritus loved nature not
less than Ouin. . . . That there is in the Celtic peoples an
emotionalism peculiar in kind and, perhaps, in iutensity,
is not to be denied ; that a love of nature is characteristic
. is true, but differing only, if nt all, in certain intimacies of
approach ; that visionariness is i elatively so common as to
be typical, is obvious. But there is English emotion,
English love of nature, English visionariness, as there is
Dutch, or French, or German, or Russian, or Hindu.
There is no nationality in these things save in the acci-
dent of contour and colour.
It is a frank acknowledgment which many a perplexed
Englishman will hail. It is in accordance with our own
inward protest and perception that we find in English and
other literatures what is supposed to be specially Celtic.
It is not, then, solely Celtic, but wholly Celtic. Others
have it, but the Celts nought else. In Celtic literature it
is absolute and unminglod. This may be a merit or it may
be a limitation, but it is undoubtedly a distinction, a
differentiation. And we are glad to find it stated by one
so competent to speak as Miss Macleod.
Nor will she admit the notion that the new movement is
to be a throwing off the yoke of English literary tradition,
444
The Academy,
26 May, 1900.
a kind of separatist movement in literature, a literary '98.
'< As though a plaster-cast, that is of to-day, were to revolt
against the Venus of Milo or the Winged Victory, that is
of no day," she exclaims.
There is no law set upon beauty. It has no geography.
It is an open land. And if, of those who enter £here> per-
ad venture any comes again, he is welcome for what he
brings; nor do we demand if he be dark or fair, Latin
or Teuton or Celt. ... I do not know any Celtic
visionary so rapt and absolute as the Londoner William
Blake, or the Scandinavian Swedenborg, or the Flemish
Buysbroeck ; or any Celtic i)oet of nature to surpass the
Englishman Keats ; nor do I think even religious ecstasy
is more seen in Ireland than in Italy.
That is the right spirit. And she goes on to say : *
When I hear that a new writer is of the Celtic school, I
am left in some uncertainty, for I know of many Anglo-
Celtic writers, but of no '' school," or what present
elemints would inform a school.
It is ezactiy our uncertain^. ''It is obvious,'' she oon-
dndes, '' that if one woula write English literature, one
must write in English and in the English tradition."
That is a true word, said in a needful season. '' When I
. hear that ' only a Celt ' oould have written this or that
passage of emotion or description, I am become impatient
of these parrot-cries, for 1 remember that if all Celtic
literature were to disappear the world would not be so
impoverished as by tne loss of English literature, or
French literature, or that of Borne or Ghreece." 80
declares Miss Madeod, and she finishes her protest
against *' pseudo- nationalism " by the statement that ''. as
for literature, there is, for us all, only English literature.
All else is provincial or dialectic."
The Celtic Movement, then, according to her view, is
a movement in English literature, ana its object is to
infuse that literature with the qualities of vision, subtie
emotion, intimacy with nature, and aspiration towards the
spiritual world, which the Celt possesses more singly and
tenaciously than other races, though they do not belong
to him exclusively. And its peouHar advantage for this
purppse lies in its storehouse of Gaelic legend, virgin and
unexhausted by the English-speaking world. It will be
distinctive in so far as racial temperament naturally and
subtiy tinges it, not by any deliberate distinctions of form
or style. The pronouncement is interesting and, as we
have said, timely, if only for what it proteste against and
condemns, for its extinguishing of false lights. That
Miss Madeod's own work conforms to the ideals she has
thus set forth no reader of the present book can doubt.
She sees the whole world transparent (as it were) by the
contained lic^ht of the Unseen. How difEerent, even at
the present day, are her countrjrmen from anvthing possible
in an Englishman, a single storv in her book is enough to
show. It concerns a chandler in an Argyll viuage,
respectably prosaic enough at ordinary times, whom tne
autnor personally knew ; but at certain prolonged seasons
he became y^y of the sea ; he would steal from his house,
strip himself naked, and sit gazing at the sun; or he
would rush down to the sea, and
stoop and lift handfuls out of the running wave, and throw
the water above his head, while he screamed or shouted
stranffe (Gaelic words. Once he was seen striding into the
sea, battinff it with his hands, defying and deriding it,
witii stifled laughters that gave way to cries and sobs of
broken hate and love. He saug songs to it; he threw
bracken and branches and stones at it, cursing; then
falling on his knees would pray, and lift the water to his
lips, and put it on his head. He loved the sea as a man
loves a woman.
Once, when he had been away five weeks, he returned,
hair and beard were matted, and his face was death-
white; but he had already slipped into his habitual
dothes, and looked the quiet, respectable man he was.
The two who were waituig for him did not s^eak. ** It's
a fine night," he said; ''it's a fine night, an' no viai
Marget, it's time we had in mair o' thae round cheeses tn
Inverary."
From such a race something distinctive should oome is
literature, could it get itself uttered. Meantime, thog^
who would understand something of it, and the living put
which goes to make it what it is, should read this exceed-
ingly interesting and finely written book — ^the most per-
sonal Miss Madeod has given us, and to us in many wsn
her best.
New Studies in Old Subjects.
Pro Chruto et Eeeletia. (Macmillan.)
Cranmer and the Rsfarmation in England. By Arthur I
Innes, M.A. (" The World's Epoch-makeiB.") (T. k T
Clark,)
Village Sermam in Outline. By the late Fentcm Joi:
Anthony Hort, D.D. (Macmillan.)
Epheeian Studies. By Handley C. G. Moule, DI
(Hodder & Stoughton.)
The Riee of the New Testament. By David Saville Muzzej,
B.D. (Macmillan.)
The Genius of Protestantism. By B. M'Oheyne lAp:
M.A., D.D. (Oliphant, Anderson & Ferrier.)
Onb opens a litUe unsigned tractate in ]^e \Ll
entitled iVo Christo et Ecdesia^ without any wild exse-
ment of expectancy ; therefore it is with the larger u:^ >
faction that one nnds realised the hope he had not ds2«d i
to entertain — ^the hope, to wit, of finding within tif
dainty boards the fruit of sincere and original thooghr I
The anonymous author approaches the Gh)spel reoorl:
with a mind admirably bdanced between the Ghrisci: I
tradition of nineteen centuries ^d the freedom charaL<tcr
istic of the twentieth and of an age of unrestraic^i
criticism. He brings to his studv a heart of peii»3LL
devotion and a singular power of oonoentration, wliL.
could hardly fail to died light upon some unfamiliar i&^'
even of a life which, as far as the scanty reooid wi
allow, has been the subject of innumerable and lifeLos:
meditations.
The fruit of his contemplation seems to be a kind :
gentie antinomianism tempered by the obli^tions j' i
humility and love. The bitter denunciation of tli^^
excellent persons the Pharisees— what was its motive
Why were all those woes hurled against men " well kno«t
to be straining every nerve to attam an ideal of righteous-
ness in which they honestiy believed"? Becanse sc.:
striving after perfection involved separatism, which is, »
to speak, the obverse of pride; and pride it is wLilL
instead of delighting in personal service, says, '* I in::^^
be, must do, must have something better tluai you ar^
do, have." The habitual wistfulness of divine desire : *
human love is reflected by glimpses in the sonl of tr
lover or parent, and particularly at the moment of fioutii:
or ingratitude. It is to a like attitude towards all meL
for the sake of that which in each is fi^ood, that the teaci-
inff of the Ohrist exhorts ; in whose life we see '^ the gra:
vflJne which God sets on bonhomie^ the godlikeness c
simple good-nature." In fine, of Jesus we read : '* It "
the deamess of his insight into the all-peryading pride .:
hiunanity and the humility of God which is surely ti:
keystone of his character and the highest P^of that i-
comes from above and not from beneaui." We oommer .
by imitation, the discarding of the initial capital ▼>
which, by a paltry convention, it is customarily sough: /
give dignity to the august pronoun.
The turning-point of English ecclesiastical history wa^
of course, the sixteenth century ; and it may be taken a? i
favourable sign of the character of our own times that u
26 May, 1900.
The Academy.
445
men and women of that epooh are beginning to emerge
from the incredible disguises in which the prejudices of
historians had enveloped them, to be revealed as the mixed
human beings that it was antecedently probable that
in fact they were. Mr. Innes's popular book about
Cranmer is an evenly balanced estimate of the man's
character, set in a temperate record of the process by
which the English Keformation was accomplished; a
record from which even tiie reader to whom, tne subject
is already familiar may rise with an added sense of
comprehension, and without any irritated suspicion that
he has been victimised by a pleader of the cause of any
particular school of Anglicanism.
Cranmer succeeded Warham in the chair of St. Augus-
tine— last primate but one of the old succession, first doctor
of the new heresy- in 1533. Ohance had brought him to
the royal favour — the report of his suggestion that '* the
king's matter" (the question of the divorce) should be
referred to the universities, and that upon their decision,
without further reference to the Holy See, his majesty
should take a final step. This was to reduce the papal
authority to the level of a mere expert opinion, and pre-
cisely in this elevation of the civil power above the spn-
tual consisted the originality of Cranmer's position. The
man was further fitted to serve the ends for which Fate
designed him by a character abnormally susceptible to the
suggestions of a stronger will.
With men like More and Fisher [writes Mr. Innes] oon-
scienoe was too independent. A Wolsey might be too
much influenced by personal ambitions. (Gardiner had too
large a share of the wisdom of the serpent. Bat Cranmer
was not ambitious ; he was not astute ; and, although he
was not likely to go against his conscience, be was of the
type of those who take their conscience with them into
unexpected situations. The chances were that if Cranmer
found the royal conscience and his own in opposition he
would think that his own had made a mistake.
Again:
Unhappily his amiability was coupled with an entire
lack of self-reliance, which to more virile minds assumes
the aspect of a slavish obsequiousness to the ruling
powers. Yet the man was no self-seeking hypocrite, no
adventurer like Cromwell, no intriguer like half the
courtiers of the day. But to all appearance, whenever he
was brought into contact with a really masterful person-
ality, such as Henry's or CromwelVs, he lost the power of
independent judgment, and found himself impelled to
surrender to tne dominating force.
His weakness was the weakness of the man *' who never
trusts his own judgment if it is opposed by that of
another in whom he has learned to place implicit reliance " ;
hence ''he was ever alternating between intellectual con-
victions which he trembled to avow and avowals which
went beyond his convictions." In the hearts of posterity
he has but few friends :
To the extreme *' Catholic" party, he is the man who
^ betrayed the Church to Erastianism ; to the Puritans, he
is a Mr. Faciog-both-ways ; and to those who join neither
extreme, he is a guide whose shame they canuot deny.
Despite that great rallying of hi^ courage, when he
retracted his recantation and faced his doom, steadfast in
self-abasement, every deed of his career is coloured by one
pitiful failure.
The least of martyrs he may be ; let us remember him then
rather for his incomparable rendering of the prayers of
the liturgy, and confess that English literature owes him
a debt that a great indulgence can only partially repay.
After all, it must be very painful to be burnt alive.
In the late Dr. Hort's village sermons there is nothing
daring ; but though perfectly orthodox, and though ?rritten
merely in outline, they may be studied consecutively with
a placid satisfaction, and without their leaving with the
reader any sense of incompleteness. Nor by any person
familiar with English village life will they be found lack-
ing in a certain charm ; for in the simplest words they
speak, out of the abundance of a great scholar, simple
thoughts to the simple souls of peasantiv. The parts of
the Prayer Book services, and the doctnne of the sacra-
ments as understood by the Church of England, the
Sermon on the Mount, ihe Kesurrection, are subjects of
which each furnishes a course. Take as an example of
Dr. Hort's manner a passage on that rather difficult
subject the indiscriminate use of the Psalter in public
worship :
No other book of prayer or praise would bear to be so
boldly treated. There would be a constant sens^ of jarring
and unfitness. None will really feel this in the Psalms
who try to follow them, who try to suit their own words
[moods ?] to the words of those who wrote them. The
Psalms above all the rest of the Bible are f uU of that which
is the mark of the whole Bible, the mixture of Ck>d's part
and man's part. . . . Often we cannot separate the two,
we cannot say whether man is speaking or Ck>d, for, in-
deed, (jh)d's voice is never so entirely Qodlike as when it
speaks through the deepest experience of a man ; and a
man is never so much himself as when he loses himself in
the thought of GRkL's doings, " standing still to see the
salvation of Gbd.*' This minglinp^ of Ood*s part and man's
part belongs especially to worship. . . . Only Christians,
who know how GK>d and man met in the person of their
Lord and Saviour, can fully reap the benefit of this
character of the Psalms.
Dr. Moule's "Expository Headings " of the Pauline
Epistles are continued by this running commentary on the
letter to the Ephesians. The extraordinarv difficulties of
this most characteristic document are well known, and to
their solution the Norrisian Professor brings all the re-
sources of scholarship and enthusiasm. It is, perhaps, by
an idiosyncrasy that we are disabled from unqualified
admiration of the results of his labours in the form here
put on. Here, for example, is the second verse of the
*' Celestial Letter." It runs, briefly and poignantly, in the
Authorised Version thus :
Gbace be to you and peace from Qod, our father, and t) e
Lord Jesus Christ.
Dr. Moule expands this into :
Grace to you and peace, free and beni^ant divine
favour, and its fair resultants of reconciliation with the
Holy One and inward rest through his presence in the
heart, from Qod our Father and firom the Lord Je&ns
Ohrlst.
One might almost imagine that the actual process had been
reversed — that the Apostle had streng^ened his final
transcript by deleting the words which, in fact, his com-
mentator has insertel. Shall some happy generation be
bom to see Th^ Egoist treated thus ?
The little volume which its author calls The Rise of the
New Testament is written with a good deal of spirit.
Therein Mr. Muzzey is minded to give the general reader
a comprehensive view of the methods and results of
modem — and particularly of German — criticism. In his
introduction he claims for it especially that it lays emphasis
upon ''the mediation of the methods of research rather
tham upon its bare results." Emphasis there is, indeed, in
plenty ; the essay is fiercely rhetorical in its denundataon
of all views of Scriptural Inspiration, and of the Church,
which are generally accounted orthodox ; but ol methods
of criticism we seem to have learnt from it little enough.
Nor, with all respect to Mr. Muzzey, can we bring our-
selves to believe that this particular kind of little book is
well adapted to wash away that original sin of '' native
omniscience " which incidentally he denounces. A certain
recklessness of heterodoxy which is to be felt throughout
ia fairly exemplified in the following sentence. Of our
inherited theology Mr. Muzzey writes :
It knows Astronomy better than Copernicus, biology
better than Darwin, medicine better than Harvey, and
philosophy better than Kant.
446
The Academy.
26 May, 1900.
The sentence is obscure ; but interpreting it so that it shall
bear upon the matter in hand, we are unable to excuse it
of at least three categorical falsehoods. For the theology
we have inherited does not deny the heliocentric system,
has no opinion as to the origin of species by progressive
differentiation, and does not dispute the circulation of the
blood. As to its attitude towards the teaching of Kant —
well, even Mr. Muzzey himself must make a choice among
rival metaphysicians : the fundamental laws of thought
forbid us to accept them all.
'^ The fact that Jesus was present in bodily person at
the first Supper must have made it impossible for the
disciples to have taken literally his words ^This is My
body.' " So easily does Mr. M'Cheyne Edgar dispose
of the figments of Home. On a similar note he ?rrites :
" But lo ! by this auricular coDfession an intruder enters
Ihe family Paradise, and insibts as confessor upon knowing
iudividuid and family secrets, worms his way into what
should be forbidden ground, and soon has the household
at his m*-rcy.
This is crudity. There does not seem to be any pressing
reason why any one should read this book.
A Poet with the Heartache.
Lnigei of Good and Eoih By Arthur Symons. (Heine-
mann.)
A POET is what he is, and it is idle to complain that he is not
something else. But when a poet has the gifts that Mr.
Arthur Symons undoubtedly possesses, one cannot but
regret that he should cultivate just one poor little field of
all the world's pastures. His is a wan and weary muse ;
his philosophy of life is attenuated and anaemic ; he never
escapes from himself. He is all cries, and laments, and
regrets. The sun never shines upon him, the birds never
sing. He is tired of sorrow, he is tired of rapture, and
he ** would wash the dust of the world in a soft green
Hood." We have searched his book in vain for one single,
healthy emoti m. Even the spring is a distress :
Something has died in my heart : is it death or sleep ?
I know not, but I have forgotten the meaning of spring.
And yet in his own perverse way Mr. Symons is a poet.
His diction is simple and often exquisite ; many of his
passages have a haunting and melancholy beauty, but it is
the beauty of emotion, not of feeling.
He is ever dallying with a maudlin sentiment that, with
him, goes by the name of love. It is never absent from his
observation of life. When he sees old women " creeping
with little satchels down the street," what is the thought
tliat animates his mood? That age comes bringing its
own lamp ? Oh no !
And all these have been loved,
And not one ruinous body has not moved
The heart of man's desire, nor has not seemei
Immortal in the eyes of one who dreamed
The dream that men call love. This is the end
Of much fair flesh ; it is for this you tend
Your delicate bodies many careful years,
To be this thing of laughter and of tears,
To be this living judgment of the dead,
An old grey woman with a shaking head.
Here is his sang to ** Night ":
1 have loved wind and light,
And the bright sea,
But, holy and most secret Night,
Not as I love and have loved thee.
God, like all highest things,
Hides light in shade,
Aud in the night Hii visitiugs
To sleep and dreams are clearliest m«de.
Love, that knows all things well,
Loves the night best ;
Joys whereof daylight dares not tell
Are His, and the diviner rest.
And Life, whom diy shows plain
His prison-bars.
Feels the dose wa^ls and the hard chaiii
Fade when the darkness brings the pt^ris.
In writing of Mr. Symons's poetry we cannot dissociate
it from his philosophy of life, for the two are so mingled
and he insists on their conjunction. The aensuousneM,
to say nothing of the falseness, of some of his rer^
is objectionable. What are we to say of a poet who write-
and prints such a passage as this ?
I drank your flesh, and when the soul brimmed up
In that sufficing cup,
Then, slowly, ste^idfastly, I drank your soul ;
Then I possessed you whole.
There is far too much of this kind of thing in the booi
The trail of it is over the so-called religious poexs
Such a passage as this, from a poem called ^' oponii
Dei/' invites one to close the book and throw it away :
All night because of Thee, Chriit, I have lain awake.
Night after night I have lain awake in my white bed ;
The pillow is as seething fire beneath my head.
The sheets as swathing fire, aU night, Christ, for Thy sakr.
Night after night I have waited for Thee, all nischt 1 >o^.
Mystical bridegroom of this flesh that pants to close
The aching arms of lovers desire in love's repose
About Thy conscious presence felt : O Lord, how loog :
Mr. Symons is an adept in the choice of words, and L <
thought, such as it is, is never obscure. He attnin^ s::.-
plicity without baldness. Many of his descriptiuns ar^
beautiful. This, for example :
On some nights
Of delicate Springtide, when the hesitant lights
Begin to fade, and glimmer, and grow warm,
Aud all the softening air is quick with storm.
And the ardours of the young year, entering in.
Flush the grey earth with bads ; when trees be^ln
To feel a trouble mounting from their roots.
And all their green life blossoming into shoots.
They too, in some obscure, unblossoming strife.
Have felt the stirring of the sap of life.
What he lacks is virility, and that wide and sane out-
look upon life which should follow and take the place • :
the lyrical cry which flames and fades with a poet's eark
youth. He works the emotions of regret and satietr
threadbare, and he uses certain phrases and epithets agd.i
and again. He gives us '* my indifferent swift feet,*' Le?
** white, secret, wise, indiflferent feet," ** the thin white fee:
of many women dancing," ''the daughters of Herodias
with their eternal, white, unfaltering feet" ; " the sweei
intolerable thing," "the intolerable ffuit of love," ani
again, " the sweet, intolerable thing."
" Who shall deliver us from too much love ? " is k'-
eternal cry. Well, he might for a change try as an
antidote what George Borrow found so much to his tast^ .
" Life is sweet, brother. . . . There's day and niirk
brother, both sweet things; sun, moon, and stars, al.
sweet things ; there's likewise a wind on the heath." Ii
answer to this, Mr. Symons might point to his ''Wan-
derer's Song." But even that song does not bear the
stamp of sincerity. When he sings :
The grass calls to my heart, and the foam, to my bl
cries up,
we shake the head.
Give me a long white r^iad, aud the grey wide p^th of thr
sea,
And ^e wind's will and the bird's will, and the hearticb-
still in me.
That is Mr. Symons aU over. He has the heartaihe
before he has packed his bag.
^.^■
26 May, 1900.
The Academy.
447
A Gallery of ** Characters.^'
In a Quiet Village, By S. Baring-Gk>uld. (Isbister.)
The task which Mr. Baring-Qould accomplishes in this
little book was well worth attempting : the record of some
of the more notable village '' characters '' whom he has
known. Oarlyle said once that every parson should write
the history of his parish, if only to keep him out of
mischief ; but if the history of the parish seem too con-
siderable an undertaking, the history of some of its
oddities, jotted down from time to time, much as Mr.
Baring- Gould has done, might well take its place. For
the honest description of any quaint personage is a docu-
ment, and it is documents that we are needing.
. The fact that Mr. Baring-Oould's '^ quiet village " seems
sometimes to be in Wales and sometimes in Devonshire
matters very little ; it is a circumstance incident to the
collecting of odd articles from periodicals, and placing
them under one restricted title. The matter of the book
is the thing, and that for the most part is good, full
flavoured, like all this author's work, if somewhat (also
a characteristic of Mr. Baring-GouLd's), hastily done.
Among the queer men and women whom he tells of is
Dan'l Coombe, who for thirty-five years worked secretly
on a concordance to the Bible, totally unaware that such
a thing existed, and broke his heart with disappointment
when the great work was done, and the parson thought-
lessly showed him Oruden's anticipation of it; Haroun
the Carpenter, whose thoughts were centred ever in the
Arabian Nights^ and who translated the life of the village
into that of Baghdad ; and Henry Frost, a local poet, who
bought his wife for half-a-crown. Concerning the sale of
wives Mr. Bariug-Gould has this reminiscence :
Much later than that [1823] there Uved a pablican some
miles off, whum I knew very well ; indeed, he was the name-
sake of a first cousin to a carpenter in my constant employ.
He bought his wife for a stone two-gallon jar of Plymouth
gin, if I was informed aright. She had belonged to a
stonecutter, but, as he was oissatiBfied with her, he put up
a written notice in several public places to this effect :
Notice.
This here be to binform the publick as how G G
be dispozed to sell his wife by Auction. Her be a dacent,
danely woman, and be of age twenty-five ears. The sale
be to take place in the Inn, Thursday next, at seven
o'clock.
In onimierating cases of the sale of wives Mr. Baring-
Gould might have mentioned Mr. Hardy's novel, The
Mayor of Casterhridge,
One of the pleasantest of the chapters is that describing
George Spurle, an old post-boy. George kept a list of all
the folk that he had driven, and this was tne conclusion
thereof :
Adventurers, photographers, explorers of Mont Blanck
[ale] and Africa. Commercials laic], astronomers and
philosophers and popular auctioneers, Canadian rifles,
American merchants, racehorses in vans with gold
c«p0. Mackeral [aic] fish and several deans and bankers.
Paupers to onions [stc]. Some idgots and Sir H. Seale
Hayne Bart.
This was the end of poor George :
He fell ill very suddenly and died almost before anyone
in the town — where he was well-known — suspected that
he was in danger.
But he had no doubt in his own mind that his sickness
would end fatally, and he asked to see the landlady of the
inn.
" Beg pardon, ma'am ! " he said from his bed, touching
his forelock, *' very sorry I han't shaved for two days
and you should see me thus. But please, ma'am, if it's no
offence, be you wantin' that there yellow jacket any more P
It seems to me post-boys is gone out alto^ther."
*' No, George, I certainly do not want it."
'' Xor these 'f — you*ll imderstand me, ma'am, if I don't
mention 'em."
** No, George ; what can you require them for ? "
y Nor that there old white beaver ? I did my best, but
it is a bit rubbed."
** I certainly do not need it."
« Thank y', ma'am, then I make so bold might I be
buried in 'em as the last of the old post-boys ? "
Mr. Baring-Gould's book is full of quiet entertainment.
We recommend it cordially to the desultory reader, and
we should like to know that the example which it sets to
local historians was yielding fruit.
Feminine Humour.
The Diary of a Dreamer, By Alice Daw Smith. (Unwin.)
Mrs. D£W Smith writes exactly as some of the characters
in Miss EUen Thomey croft Fowler's novels would write.
Her book has passage upon passage like this :
We had no difBculty, however, in finding an empty
house. Numberd of people have houses they do not want,*
and which they are willing to let other people live in for
a conidderaaon. The one we found was a sl«*epy old
affair, full of dust and cobwebs, sitting in the middle of
a garden that had grown into a wilderness all round it.
It had been empty for three years, and had app%rently got
tired of waiting for some one to come and live in it, for it
had gone sound asleep, and we had to shake it and bang
it before we could get in.
And, again :
From the day it entered my room I positively adored
that kettle. Whether it cast a spell over me, or whether
it arose from a disordered state of my imagination, I do
not know. But nobody I have ever come across, either in
or out of a sick room, could shed such a feeling of warm
cosiness and comfort as that diminutive kettle when it set
cooing on the hob. I lay and watched it all day long.
I counted the hours till I could ask nurse to fill it with
water and set it to boil. I listened with suspended breath
for its firttt Uttle purr. If it was allowed to boil over
without being lifted off at once I felt nearly frantic. I
wiis in a fever of impatience as soon as the tea was made
till it had been sent off to the kitchen to be cleaned, fearing
that the black might sink it if it was left too long ; in an
agony of suspense till it came back again, and perfectly
miserable if it stayed away five minutes longer than usual.
In this book may, in fact, be studied, in its most complete
expression, the domestic humour of the cultured English-
woman whose mind runs to facetiousneas. Everythmg is
here : the sweeping generalisations, the exaggerations,
the daborations of the obvious. Women who are funny
are nearly always funny in the same way, and that way
is crystallised in Mrs. Dew Smith's pages. The trick is
patent. '* Take a common object [the recipe might run]
and say everything that occurs to you about it as smartiy
and jumpily as possible before you release it again."
Here is another scrap to the point :
You tumble a pile of furniture into a room and leave it
there while you go and see to something else, hoping
that if you leave it alone for a little it will dispose of itself
in some way — ^get into the comers at least, instead of
blockiog up the doorway. You go back and look at it,
anticipating that such an adjustment has taken place.
You find it blocking up the doorway in precisely the same
clumsy pile as when you left it, with precisely the same
blocl^ead expression of stupidity. You go away and
give it another chance. You look in again, and there it
sits. Then you give it an impatient push, when it falls
heavily ou to your toe, and sits there ~ too loutishly
imbecile to move off — till your screams call the household
to your aid. That anything possessed of four legs, or,
at the least, feet, should m so devoid of intelligence
makes one positively gasp.
All funny women, as we have said, adopt this formula.
Witty women, of course, are more individual ; but this is
not a \nttv book. It is a bright, garrulous commentary
on every-day i^irs, the work of a Uvely fancy and a very
ready pen.
448
The Academy.
2b May, I900«
Strength and Obscurity.
2h^ Sunken Bell : a Fairy Play in Five Acts, By Gerhart
Hauptmann. Freely Eendered into English Verse by
Ghanes Henry Melizer. (Heinemann. 4s. net.)
In England G^rhart Hauptmann is a name only ; but he
has yisited America — Hannele was produced in New York
after an altercation of the first virulence — and thereupon
a cult was established. This slim and pretty volume is a
fruit of that cult ; it has all the look of an exotic tenderly
fostered by enthusiasms, and not meant to endure the
witiiering glance of a vulgar eye. Hauptmann may be,
undoubtedly is, a distinguished playwright, but we doubt
if he possesses the essential g^atness which is daimed for
him. He is not wholly fortunate in the ecstatic esteem of
Mr. Meltzer, for this admirer lacks precisely what a
serviceable admirer should not lack— critical balance and
critical tact. Mr. Meltzer has not even the literary sense.
In his '' foreword " he belauds the play in phrases which
would render any praise valueless. ''The drama," he
says, referring to The Sunken Bell, " has, aptly enough,
been likened to a symphony. Who would dare say that
he has fathomed the whole meaning of the grand ' Choral ' ?
Or even of less certain master works? " Mr. Meltzer has
obviously taken immense pains with the translation, but —
he is capable of rhyming ''Madonna" with "honour"!
Though occasionally he arrives at a certain mild beauty,
his work, on the whole, is not even felicitous ; it is
mediocre, the effort of an industrious and amiable
amateur. We regret to have to utter these strictures
upon Mr. Meltzer's labour of love, for we are convinced
that he was animated by the best impulses; but the
ineflftoianoy of a self-oonsdtnted chaminon can only pre-
judice the cause of the championed, and no good object
can be served in disguising the fact.
The Sunken BeU is a remarkable and beautiful play —
often vague, often shadowy, sometimes fumbled, but the
production of an original and strong imagination. Amid
the rout of elves, dwarfs, trolls, wood - sprites, and
" elememental spirits," the figure of Heinrich, the bell-
founder, is firmly placed as only a poet could have placed
it. Eautendelein, tiie "elfin-creature," who is at once
the salvation and the ruin of Heinrich, is a lovely and
exquisite creation, free, wayward, joyously tender, and,
at the end, poignantly pathetic. Her final descent into
the well, the prey of the Water-Man, is one of the fine,
sad moments of the piece. In the matter of symbolic
incident the play seems weak, unsure. It has the fatal
defect of meaning either too much or too little. The
S arable floats before us elusive as a will-o'-the-wisp. The
ownward crash of the bell into the mere, the injury of
Heinrich and his rejuvenation, the tolling of the sunken
bell by the dead hand of Heinrich's earthly wife— of what
secret import are these happenings ? And the last failure
of Heinnch — wherein is the moral of it ? What does this
passage mean ?
Heinrigh.
Ah, woman, list ! . • . I know not how it came
That I did spurn and kill my clear bright life :
And, being a master, did my task forsake,
Like a mere 'prentice, quaking at the sound
Of my own handiwork, the bell which I
Had blessed with speech. And 3^et 'tis true ! Its voice
Buie out so lond from its great iron throat,
Wakmg the echoes of the topmost peaks,
That, as the threatening peal did rise and swell.
It shook my soul ! Yet I was master still !
Bre it had shattered me who moulded it.
With this same hand, that gave it form and life,
I should have crushed and groimd it into atoms.
WllTlKIN.
What's past is past : what's done is done, for aye
Thou 'It never win up to thy heights, I trow.
This much I'll grant : thou wast a sturdy shoot,
Afid mighty — yet too weak. Though thou wast called.
Thou'st not been chosen !
It appears to us that Heinrich is made to fail solely
because he did not put off humanity entirely, and con-
sent to become a monomaniac of his craft. At the
conclusion of Act lY., where his earthly children bring
him an urn containing their mother's tears, and simul-
taneously the corpse-tolled bell sounds up from the lake,
the alternative is placed before him in a short scene of
extraordinary dramatic intensity and impressiveness ; but
this scene seriously vitiates the succeeding act.
Oontinually suggestive, and full of half-stated problems.
The Sunken Bell might be discussed and glossed ad
infinitum — with no really useful result. It must be
accepted for what it is — a rather fanciful fairy-drama by
a writer whose imagination and technique have matured
earlier than his theory of life, morals, and art. We are
told that in youth Hauptmann wandered across Europe
with a copy of Childe Harold in his pocket. The Sunken
Bell is the production of a temperament given to wander-
ing. Probably it was written "in two moods." At any
rate, we doubt if even the author could reconcile it with
itself.
• f •
Other New Books.
OHARtEBHOUSB. By A. H. ToD, M.A.
Boys are most interesting creatures, if we do not
tell them so and thereby make them self-oonsoious.
Contemporary public schoolboys are perhaps less interest-
ing collectively than private schoolboys, because they have
so much history at their back, and so precocious an instinct
for journalism. On the other hand, their schools afford
perpetual delight to the antiquary. Charterhouse, the
subject of this well- illustrated and readable "handbook,"
by one of its assistant masters, was opened near Smith-
field in July, 1614, in accordance with the bequest of
Thomas Si\):ton. In 1872 the school entered into its
present home at Godalming, bearing with it enough
traditions to impart an air of venerableness to a new
structure. The head monitor of Saunderites sleeps upon
Thackeray's death-bed, and it is thought that cake is called
" hee " from a wilful misunderstanding of the lines in that
old Carthusian's " Little Billee " :
There's Bill, as is yoimg and tender.
We're old and tough ; so let's eat he.
Among early Carthusians the name of Bichard Crashaw
stands out ; he was a pupil of Robert Brooke, who " was
ejected for flogging boys who did not share his political
views." Major-General Baden-Powell,
who kept goal in 1875-6, took a very liberal view of a
goal-keeper's functions. His voice enabled him to direct
the forwards at the other end of the ground, and his
agility enabled him to cheer the spectators with impromptu
dances when he had nothing pressing to do.
For a nervous boy Charterhouse should be an ideal
school. " Fights have almost ceased ... and are
punished if detected." Pelting with lemon-peel on Shrove
Tuesday has been stopped, so has " pulling out," a custom
by which a yoimger son of the Earl of Sunolk lost his life
in 1824. The draconic encouragement of gentlemanly
behaviour may have developed a singular sensitiveness in
the Carthusian who, in 1894, fell with many others from a
"wooden structure," where the school was posed for a
photograph. This boy "ran home and declsred that he
was the only survivor." As a matter of fact, a broken
arm was the worst injury received by anyone in this
promiscuous tumble. (George Bell & Sons. 3s. 6d. net.)
How TO Deal with youe
Banksb. By Hbnry Wa&ebk.
Few are they who completely master the technique of
banking, and we know a nice old lady who is in the habit
of getting the rent-collector to make out the cheque
wherewith she pays him. Mr. Warren's manual contains
26 May. 1900.
The Academy.
449
all the information required hj our friend, and much
more besides, of which business men are often ignorant.
Judging, however, from the evidenoe of this book, one
might be chary of dealing with a banker at all. If you
are a business man, he '* will try his hardest to obtain a
commission on the turn-over " ; if you have a ** deposit
account," he will evade the payment of justly-incurred
interest ; if you are rich, he will make you pay commission
twice over by charging it on a *' balance brought forward" ;
if you die, he will be too overcome to acquaint your
executors of any balance unknown to them lying to your
credit. Tou have perhaps thought of the banks as pro-
viding an occupation for the sons of gentlemen. Not at
all : &ey treat their clerks *' with the greatest brutality " ;
and '' those who are appointed to the counter have
generally had most of the pluck knocked out of them,
and really have not the courage, even when they are
driven, to make a dash with their cash." For a specimen
of the anecdotal matter of the book let the following
suffice:
A somewhat impudent fraud was perpetrated upon a
Manchester bank by one of its customers, who opened ao
accoimt wiih some few hundreds of poimds. The gentle-
man, after a few weeks, drew two cheques, each within a
pound or so of his balance, and, selecting a busy day,
presented himself at one end of the counter, while an
accomplice, when he saw that his friend's cheque had
been cashed, immediately preieoted his own to a cashier
nt the other end. Both cashiers referred the cheques to
the ledger-derk, who . . . thinking the same cashier had
asked Um twice, said *' right" to both cheques. . . . The
thieves were never caught.
The book has two faults. The 'Mndex" is merely a
table of contents, and the animus of an ex-employe is
perceptible in several passages. (Ghrant Bichards. 3s. 6d.)
Wide World Adventukb.
The notorious Fat Boy of Pickwick would have delighted
in this book, which contains twelve '^ representative
narratives from the pages of the W%d4 World Magmney
The narrative of a servant of the Chartered Company, who
was mauled by a lion in 1897, supplies the subject for the
picture on the cover. In truth, it was a fearful experience.
£mest Brockman was awakened by a sniff one night, and
straightway '* huddled all the pillows and bed-clothes up
over [his] head and face " : ''No sooner," he says, '' had
I done this than the lion, with a horrible purr^ purVy
grabbed me by the right shoulder and dragged me out on
to the floor, bed-dothes and all. The brute immediately
commenced to suck the blood that streamed down my
neck and chest, and every time I moved he bit the more
savagely." Suspense in Mr. Brockman's, as in other
cases, proved an anaesthetic, and so, although he could
"distinctly feel each bite," he " was conscious of a strange
numbness " in the part attacked.
A striking example of the power of the instinct of self-
preservation is the case of Prof. Schmidt, who, finding
himself inextricably caught in a Bosnian bear-trap, cut
down with his clasp-knife the beech tree to which it was
attached, and walked off with the trap on his leg.
Heroism is represented by Dr. Franz Hermann Mueller,
who headed the Austrian '' plague expedition " to Bombay
about two years ago. He took the malady after an ex-
hausting bout of nursing :
Up to the very last all his thoughts were devoted
to the task of advancing the ioterests of science. Every
Suarter of a hour he analysed his condition, and wrote
own the observatioos he had made on his own body. . . .
As long as he could he took his temperature, counted his
respirations and his pulse-beats, drew the fever curves. . . .
Women are among the contributors to the volume.
One of them went to Klondike ; another fell down a
chimney. In fine, it is clear that truth, as a story-teller,
has nothing to fear by comparison with M. Louis de
Bougemont. (Newnes. 2r. 6d.)
Fiction.
The Bath Comedy. By Agnes and Egerton Castle.
(Maomillan. 6s.)
Jasper in books is usually a villain ; it is refreshing to
find him for once merely " a fine gentleman " with '' a
n^at leg," a passionate temper, and a jealous disposition.
Oiir collaborators bring him through the wildest storm
that ever raged in a toa-cup. He is pledged to "pink
every auburn buck in the town," because he has found a
lettor in his wife*s drawing-room enclosing *' a crisp
auburn curl," and containing these words : " The lock was
white before you touched it, but you see you have turned
it to fire." So poor frantic Sir Jasper Standish goes so
far as to pluck the wig o£E the head of an elderlj^ colonel
and to lay hands on the Lord's annointod. But Sir Jasper
is not the only person careering about in the toa-cup.
The fair witeh whose incantations produce the storm
therein has lovers galore, and juggles with them finely.
The Bath of this story is, in truth, a place very different
from that of which Mr. Swinburne wrote :
Peace hath here found harbourage mild as very sleep.
But the events recorded by the two Castles are laid in
the second part of the eighteenth century, and Bath has
had time to settle down.
Mistress Bellairs is unscrupulous, but delightful. What
could be better than her reply to the heroine's feeble
inquiry, " Would you have me coquette with my husband ? "
" La you there, there is the whole murder out ! Tou are
the man's lawful, honest wife, and therefore all tedium
and homeliness."
Be it said that the brightness and dash of the novel are
unfailing. We are not among the realities, but was there
ever anybody among them in Bath when the Old Great
Pump Hoom was the capital of the world of fashion ?
Becky. By Helen Mathers.
(Pearson. 6s.)
If we were omnipotent we would appoint somebody to
prevent Miss Helen Mathers from spoiling her work. It
is a pity that he would be too late to rescue <' Becky "
from the absurdity of the '^ head." The head in question
is not King Charles's, except for the purpose of metaphor,
but the baked head of an Indian warrior and the cause of
'* that ugly bulge [in David's breast-pocket^ which always
discounted so grievously the joint benefactions of Nature
and his tailor." There is miuder on account of that head,
but nothing lifts it into dignity or importance, or rele-
vance : it is just a bad joke.
In the following passage, strength and weakness lie side
by side. David, it should be explained, loves Becky, but
is engaged to another woman; this fact does not, how-
ever, prevent him from taking Becky to task for her con-
duct during a dinner party :
** Then you remarked apropos of a pair of lovers near that
man was exactly like a torn cat ; when courting he was all
aUve, but when he wasn't courting he sulked, and made
himself a nuisance at home, like a cantankerous married
man
T >>
What a memory you have," said Becky in adoiiring
wonder; *^ really I had no idea I said so mariy smart
things. I'll buy you a note-book, and yon uiall be
Bos well to my Johnson, and publish it, and we'll divide
the swag ! "
<* There are plenty more," said David, who was striding
about the room. '* You told Melville that you thought it
would be lovely to be horn a rich widow ! "
** So I do ; cut the cackle and come to the bosses, you
know," murmured Becky sweetly.
David fairly clucked lus hands with rage.
'* And you call yourself a decent woman," he said, with
a sneer that made him positively hideous.
It does not take a detective to see that this conversation is
450
The Academy.
26 May, 1900'
simply a clumsy vehide for shewing off ,Becky's "smart-
ness," lor no man could lash himseli into a temper in such
a ridiculous way. It is also obvious that while David is
here a mere puppet through which Becky's wit is handed
down to us, Becky herself nas individuality and animation.
There lies the strength of the novel. Becky is alive. It
may be added that, though very high-spirited, she is one
of the many women who enjoy being beaten by the right
man. A fervid Imperialistic note sounds in the book,
which is the apotheosis of the pioneer.
«< Thank God we have Rhodes,*' said Billy.
'* Rhodes is South AfricA and South Africa is Rhodes,"
said Walter, " and we do thank God for him."
From this fragment of conversation it will be perceived
that the book, though imconventional and sometimes
grotesque, is not lacking in piety. Moreover, it is readable.
Anima Vilu: a TaU of the Great Siberian Steppe, By
Marya Hodziewicz. Translated by S. 0. de Soissons.
(Jarrold.)
Like so much of what comes to us from her countrymen,
the work of this Polish lady, new to the English-speaking
public, is of a melancholy cast.
Antoni Mrozowiecki is a young man of blameless
manners ; yet from the cradle, wherein he was defrauded
of his patrimony, to the moment when he is presented to
us reduced by the hazard of the road to his last halfpence
upon his way to the Siberian village of Lebiaza, he is ever
the football of malignant destiny. In the house of his
host he is still pursued by ill-luck ; at every turn he finds
himself in a false position, his honesty discredited, his
most hopeful enterprises turned to shame and ridicule.
His benefactor is driven to doubt his honesty, and presently
he is haled to Tobolsk for a murderer. Finally, within
twelve hours of his marriage he is overwhelmed, with his
Marya, by a blizzard. So that the despondent exclama-
tion of his good friend Andryanek — " Even if we find
them they will be frozen. How unfortunate my poor
friend is!" — has the effect, by its very inadequacy, of
comic relief. Here, however, is the end of his troubles.
Marya can predict, '^ Antoni, it is our last misfortune " ;
and he liturgically may reply, " Thank Gt>d ! " For such
immunity is attributed by Siberian superstition to him
who has cheated the blizzard.
But the strange community — ^the weird land ! Antoni's
host is a doctor of medicine who buys and sells oxen and
millinery, furnishes dram-shops with liquor, and peddles
scythes through the countryside when the black eight-
months winter has broken down before a sudden breath
out of the Asiatic desert. " Within two days the steppe
was black; in five it showed signs of life ; in a week it was
green."
In the melting of Marya the intelligent reader may
easily trace an analogy to this change of the season :
'* I never said anything about it to anyone,*' shA said
thoughtfully, *'but it haf always seemed to me that this
perpetual martyrdom this longing which must be over-
come, has made me wicked. I think that one to whom it
is forbiddea to love his own country cannot love anything.
Such a man or woman does not attaia his full grovvth —he
does not blossom, bat becomes dried-up stubble. ..."
** Do you know that there are some days when one is
afraid to touch a knife . . . ! "
Of the natives, she asks :
** Have you not noticed that they never laugh heartily ?
They are never merry without vodka ! This country
stunts the human mind."
Already, when she has become so communicative, the
first warm breath has blown upon her soul. Presently
she softens altogether, and blossoms like a peach on the
sombre brown of the story.
Miss Kodziewicz is a writer of power and intensity of
vision. The translator, however, can hardly be said to
have done her justice.
Notes on Novels.
[^These notes on the weel^e Fiction are not neemml^ im.
Reviews of a selection will follow,^
The Quest of Mb. East. By John &ane.
An original and well-thought-out novel. The Bpiritiu!
and material adventures of Edward St. John in hu qa^:
of Mr. East — a kind of modem hermit — are good ieai%
to those who, like St. John, are in quest of ^^ the priiicip;>^
of unity in history and in modern life " which, & foimi
would compose all the differences of creeds. Aa important,
if improbable, character is Father Optate, a learned Eomii:
Catholic priest, who before he dies delivers his seal in aa
astonishing manner. (Constable. 68.)
A Dream of a Thbome. By Charles Flemivo E^bbh.
The story of a Mexican revolt. Says the herinit to ttir
hero : '* Child, to save a lost and fallen race is the nobk
calling that a man can have. If that race be your on.
and its blood leap in you, and you be fighting the battir
of your butchered fathers, and winning that which is by
God's right yours, the task is infinitely great. Do 701
know, child, whose is that task ? . . . Boy, that task k
yours." The tale is full of action, and is enlivened wit:
patios, jefes, mozos, and soplador^. (CFay & Bird. 69.
Thk Mystery of Mitnoraig. By Hobbrt Jauis Mni
The kailyard again, with ministers and whisky and tb
Psalms of David — and Scottish life generally, bjon?
who knows it. The story opens in Edinburgh in Htil,
and the hero is charged with piracy in the South Se^ i
circumstance which provides a pretty proposal scene later.
** * You haven't asked me yet.' * No ! It has never been
my way to ask for things.' * Oh ! ' said Isobel, trying t-
look in his face, *I suppose you — ^pirates— just— take-
things ? ' * We do,' said Eob. And he took one.
(Unwin. 6s.)
The Northern Belle. By John Weegl
A *^ Diamond Jubilee Romance," in which a maj-i
brings his daughter to London and talSs to her, bjt^t
page, like this: **We are now passing the Hotel Ceci
but it is partially obscured by these uiops, which, toff
ever, are soon to be removed. Down this street is ta?
Savoy Hotel and Theatre, and here is Terrj's Theatre
There are some very handsome shops between the pk«
I have named, but they are nearly all closed at thia if
of night. Now we are at Somerset House, a large buildlDc^
extending to the Embankment, and having a fine rire:
frontage." (Digby, Long & Co. 6s.)
The Queen Wasp. By Jean MiDumASi
A story of society match-making and shady finance.
opening on an evening when Grosvenor-place was " ii^^'^l
with life and aglow with light." " Lady Sabina looke:
round. * Harry, dear,' she suggested, * will you go an^
tell the bandmaster to begin playing ? ' He did as he fs?
bidden. Harry Jolliffe always tried to do what his vUt
wished. He was desperately in love with her— worships
the very ground she walked on. Alas ! it is not alva)^
those who love the most who bring to others the greater'
meed of happiness." (Digby, Long & Co. 6s.)
Bettina. By May Croidield
Bettina's fate is to be left by her Russian mother^:
the door of an English merchant at St. Petersburg. Her
bringing up in England, and the discovery of her rotnanfj^
and aristocratic origin, make the story, which is qii^*^
readable. (John Long. 6s.)
The Despatch Rider. By Ebnbst Glaxvil^
This story, by the author of The Kloof ^rtd^K^T^
the atmosphere of the early days of the Boer war in m*^-
The first days of the siege of Ladysmith and the arnval^^
General BuUer are described. (Methuen. 6s.)
26 May, 1900.
The Academy.
451
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The Vogue of '' Reminiscences/'
Therb is a magic in all remembrance of one age by
anoiher. The past within a past — how remote, how vivid
it seems ! How we warm to Cicero, and feel his antiquity
in a flash, when we find him remembering the figures that
moved about Kome in his boyhood.
There was old Oaius Duilius, Marcu8*8 son, he that gave
the first blow to the pride of Carthage by sea. Many a
time, when I was a youngster, have I stood to look upon
him as he was marching home after supper, with a wax-
taper to light him, and a violin playing before him. Th«it
was always his humour, and the great reputation of the
man easily justified the levity.
How that figure engages itself to live in the mind, and
gives the sense of immemorial distance. And why?
Because it is recollected by Cicero, not related by
Mommsen. It would be easy to collect such passages.
One we will quote for its beauty. It seems more than
probable that Defoe described his own boyish curiosity,
and insatiable love of a story, when he wrote this passage
about his boy hero, Captain Jack — a passage which no
Englishman can read without a thrill.
In this way of talk, I was always upon the inquiry,
asking questions of things done in public, as well as in
private; particularly, I loved to talk with seaman and
Holdiers about the war, and about the great seafights, or
battles on shore, that any of them bad been in ; and, as I
never forgot anything they told me, I could soon, that is
to say, in a few years, ^tve almost as good an account of
the Dutch war, and of the fights at sea, tiie battles in
Flanders, the taking of Mae^richt, and the like, as any of
those that had been there ; and this made those old
soldiers and tars love to talk with me too, and to tell me
all the stories they could think of, and that not only of
the wars then goin^ on, but also of the wars in Oliver's
time, the death of King Charles I. and the like.
Nor does the power of reminiscence end soon. While it
enlarges and flatters our grasp of life it is all the time
making that grasp more sane, more deliberate, less
childishly tight ; it is preparing us to let all go. We see
how men were witty, were fed, were in love, were
powerful, were eccentric, were envied — ^but how they, who
differed so widely and piquantly in life, were huddled into
Charon's boat together. There is a page of Hazlitt that
is something to the point. Calling on Northcote one day,
he found the painter half reg^tting that he had just
sold a whole-length portrait of- an Italian girl, which had
become an old friend. The purchaser hc^ said to him :
''You may at least depend upon it that it will not be
sold again for many generations." The picture was still
in the studio, and Northoote showed it to Hazlitt.
On my expressing my admiration of the portrait of the
Italian lady, he said she was the mother of Mme. Bellochi,
and was 8till living ; that he had painted it at Rome about
the ypar 1780 ; that her family was originally Greek ; and
that he bad known her, her daughter, her mother, and
grandmother. She and a sister, who was with her, were
at that time full of the most oharming gaiety and inno-
oenoe. The old woman used to sit upon the gronnd
without moving or speaking, with her arm over her head,
and exactly like a bundle of old clothes. Alas ! thought
I, what are we but a heap of clay resting upon the earth,
and ready to crumble into dust and ashes.
However careless, '' genial," and superficially chatty
recollections may be, they are, at least, a personal record
of the world when it was preparing itself for your own
disting^shed advent ; and out of that adjacent past, and
out of the crowd of men so nearly your contemporaries,
who might have been your uncles, there issues many a
sharp analogy, many a conversation one would like to
have carried further, many a stray shot at the conscience
which the reader must ward aS. as he can.
To-day the flow of reminiscencee is a torrent without
precedent, but not without proportion or explanation.
For there was never an age in which writing was so
fashionable or recollection so rich. An old man who has
never dreamed to disting^sh himself as an author through
all the years of his streng^ may do so if he will only sit
down and dictate to the phonograph what he remembers
of the tinder-box. Is it strange that many do it ?
So wonderfully has the social life of England changed
in the Queen's reign that the personal identity of the
nation has almost wanted proof ; and this proof the remi-
niscence writers have furnished. It may be found, in
infinite witness-box variety, in the published recollections
of Mr. Justin McCarthy, Henry Vizetelly, Sir Algernon
West, Sir Edward Russell, Dr. B. W. Richardson, the
Bight Hon. Sir Mountstuart Ghrant Duff, Mr. W. J. Linton,
Fanny Kemble, Mrs. .Anne Thackeray Ritchie, Sir Harry
Keppel, Mr. A. J. C. Hare, Stacey Marks, Dr. New-
man Hall, Frederick Locker, Mr. Joseph Arch, Miss
Betham-Edwards, Mr. G. W. E. Russell, Sir Charles
Gavan Duffy, Admiral Sir John C. Dalrymple Hay, Mr.
James Payn, Mr. T. A. Trollope, Mrs. M. C. M. Simpson,
Prof. Max Miiller, Walter White, Mrs. Oliphant, Mr.
Baring-Gould. If this list, written down from memory,
seems wearisome, consider its utter incompleteness ! We
will add to it only the name of Mr. Sutherland Edwards,
who has just published his Personal Recollectione through
Messrs. Cassell. His anecdotage, which is gay and tragic,
and wholly readable, begins at a time when Fleet-street
was paved with cobbles, and when no omnibus chai^;ed
less than sixpence to carry a Londoner the length of the
Strand.
Those who had business to transact in the City went
there in cabs ; but there was little communication between
the two extremities. . . • Ladies did not use these cabs.
They were out of everything. No lady was admitted into
a restaurant, nor into the ooffde-room of an hotel, nor into
an hotel at all if travelling by herself. Ladies who, in the
middle of the day, were kept from home by the pleasures
and pains of shopping, went for lunch to pastrycooks*
shops, where they got indigestion by eating raspberry
tarts. ... In f anulies where no carriage was kept ladies
going oat for the evening had to take what was called
a " glass coach.*' ... A lady living alone in apartments
could not in those days receive a visit from a gentleman ;
still less could a gentleman living alone receive a lady in
his rooms. ... It was scarcely fashionable to g^ to the
play, and few persons went there in evening dress. The
theatrical saloon, whose abominations were put an end to
by Macready, was a disgusting place. . . . ^ery little
money was spent on stage production. Painted calico did
duty for silk and satin, spangles for jewellery ; it was held
and believed that for stage purposes imitation was better
than the real thing.
This is the world which Mr. Edwards peoples with men
like the seven Mahews, the three Sales, Macready and
Hans von Biilow, Douglas Jerrold and Shirley Brooks,
Gavami and Albert Smith, Edward Tinsley the publisher,
and E. S. F. Pigott, the Censor of Plays— Thackeray and
Browning, and Kubenstein lending their distinction. The
same world has been deeoxibed very, very often, but
452
The Academy.
26 May, 1900.
apparently people do not tire of hearing of these men and
their times. A faint odour of palled punch and stale
tobacco is wafted from the pages, and strange tints of old
play-bills are flashed on one's vision, and kind things are
said of good fellows who went to tiie wall in the fifties
by the methods then in vogue, and skits, and *' witty "
articles, and '* agreeable " satires are quoted, and it is all
amazingly ancient-modem. This vein of early and mid-
Victorian anecdote will be worked out presently; and
tiien? Will our own day have its small chroniclers?
Will men write quaint and much quoted pages about the
first cinematograph shown in London, and the Vagabonds'
Olub, and the late Mr. Aubrey Beardsley, and the
supremacy of the novel, and the automatic scent sprinkler,
and the motor omnibuses, and the Aerated Bread Company,
and the ''Souls." And will Mr. Bernard Shaw, and Mr.
Andrew Tiang, and Mr. John Kensit, and Mr. W. B. Teats,
and Bugler Dunne shine as stars in the anecdotal firma-
ment of 1950? Doubtless. But the present fervour of
reminiscence must, we think, pass away. It is natural
that the Victorian era and the Nineteentii Oentury should
put their papers in order. It is between those two
worlds of Matthew Arnold, the one worn out, the other
not ready to be bom, that the cataracts of reminiscence
have been heard all day long. It will be under similar
conditions that the next wave of Beminiscence will arrive.
The Scholars and the
a Parable.
Poet
Onoe there were four Scholars who all their lives spent
much time and labour and learning in studying the works
of a g^reat Poet. And it chanced that they all died on the
same night, and came together to the place of departed
spirits ; and, because they had given much devotion to this
task, it was granted them for a boon that they should each
make one request of the Poet himself. So they were
brought to where he sat; and around him many were
gathered, but at a little distance, for they might not draw
nearer unless he called them.
And when the first Scholar was bidden approsu)h, he
said : *' Tell me, I pray you, of your courtesy, concerning
those sonnets of yours, whether they were in truth written
of a certain lord." But the Poet only answered : '* Look,
yonder is my lord himself of whom you speak. Go and
see whether he will talk with you of the matter."
So the Scholar turned away sorrowful.
And the second asked of a certain work of the Poet's
youth, which of its lines were written by himself an^l
which by another. But the Poet smiled and said : '^ Nay,
I cannot now remember. But yonder is a learned Doctor
who has studied the matter more nearly than I have. He
will reveal it all to you if you ask him."
And the third Scholar said : '* Know you not that some
of your writings are deemed to be immoral in their essence,
and others in their f<irm, and therefore there are some who
speak ill of you. Tell me ho^ you would defend yourself
against their accusations." And there was no displeasure
in the Poet*s smile as he answered : ^^ Perchance my words
thereon would not satisfy you. But here is a grave Pro-
fessor who has written a book on this very matter.
Inquire of him concerning it."
So this Scholar turned away like the others.
But when the fourth Scholar came, who on earth was
accounted to have more love and understanding of the
Poet than they all, he sat down at the Poet's feet, and,
looking up into his face, said, as the children say, '^ Tell
me a story." And the Poet's eye was kind, and his voice
was gentie, as he told the Scholar a new story of love and
joyousness and happy laughter. But the others were still
held in talk by those to whom the Poet had sent them,
and being a littie way off they could not listen to the stoiy.
80 they never heard it.
A Laureate's Satire.
Is Mr. Alfred Austin's satire. The 8ea9on, on sale a:
his publishers' ? I should fancy it is not. ** A new ati
revised edition, being the third," came out in 1869 with
the imprint of Mr. John Camden Hotten ; that edition, I
take it, was disposed of Long ago, and I have not heard 0:
its being followed by another. The work is not of the
kind which appeals to its writer when he has achieved a
position of less freedom and more responsibility. Mad-
has happened in Mr. Austin's public lire sinoe 1869. b
1862, when Th$ Season first came out, matters irere
different. Its author was then only twenty-six years oil
He had alreculy published two books, but one of them lia:
been anonymous, and neither had made any particakr
impression.
Practically, when The Season appeared, Mr. Anstm
made his literary cUhuL It was the foundation, oertaiQlj,
of his literary reputation. '' Dedicated to Disraeli," san
Mr. Escott in a recent volume {Personal forces of ih^
Period), <4t secured the warmest recognition of Mr. Gkl-
stone and his old select literary and scholarly friendi."
The book was not dedicated in the first instance v
Disraeli. The first edition contained no dedication: h
is in the second edition, issued very soon after the fixsi
that we find the inscription : '' To the Bt. H!on. Benjamin
Disraeli, M.P., by one who reveres his genius and exnb
in his success."
The first edition had been issued by Bobert Sardwickr.
of Piccadilly; the second bore on the title-page as pcV
lisher the name of George Man waring, of King WUlias
street. Strand. Had Mr. Hardwicke been alarmed by tb
hubbub which The Season had created ? For it did creit?
a hubbub — and no wonder. There had been nothing .1
the way of rhythmic satire, at once so vivid and so vigor-
ous, since the appearance of The New Timan — an interval
of fifteen years. The writer had his literary spurs to tx
and did not hesitate to lay about him with a wilL Hr
was, or persuaded himself that he was, very much in
earnest. In one place he wrote :
I am, I must insist,
A most unc ^mpromising moralist.
And in another :
Who think by verse to better make the bid,
I grant it freely, most be vain or mad. • . .
Tet in an Age when each one defti^ hides
The acorn he feels for every one besides,
I claim the precious privilege of vouth,
Never to speak except to speak the tmth.
He certainly seems to have lashed himself into a state of
violent indignation. The slightest thing would set hii&
off. The anger which he could not introduce into th€
rhymed text overflowed into the prose annotations. ThiLv
below a couplet on the younger Lytton —
Compete with [Owen] Meredith ; discreetly steal
Your plot, yoar apophthegms, and top ** Luoile " —
one found these sentences :
This clever bat somewhat spasmodic young man, who if
too modest to write under his patronymic, is perhaps \k*.
modest likewise to have his own opinions. Bat if he wil
not adopt the name to which he has a right, why does br
adopt and dress up again for the public, already w^L
acquainted with them, the dicta of his father, to which b^
has none ?
Neither of these passages is to be seen in the third (and
latest revised) edition of the Satire, which nevertheless
includes all the most pungent portions of the original
work. If you possess a copy of that third edition^ you
have all that is best in The Season as first published.
And some of that best is excellent of its kind. A good deal
of it, of course, is necessarily somewhat jejune after &e
26 May, igoo.
The Academy.
453
lapse ot so many yeats. The scom poured by Mr. Auatin
upon designing damselA and match-making mammas, upon
the popularity of *' La Traviata" and the opera*ballet, and
upon the morale of tiie ball-room generally, strikes one
nowadiws as trite. It was expressed, however, in a style
which deserves to be remembered. Some of the writer's
single lines, such as that about " the half-drunk '' leaning
over " the half-dressed," are assuredly pointed, if a little
brutal. Genuinely epigrammatic, too, are such couplets
as these :
What is the spell that 'twist a saint or sinner
The difference makes P a sermon P bah I a dinner.
The cdds and ends our silken Claras waste
Would keep our calico Clarissas chaste. . .
A l^undred pounds would coy have made the nude,
A thousand pounds the prostitute a pmde.
The poor votaries of fashion have never, probably, been
80 severely lashed as by this satirist in his twenties :
The padded corsage and the well-matched hair,
Judicious jupon spreading out the spare.
Sleeves well denjnied false plumpness to impart,
Leave vacant stiU the hollows of the heart.
So with ladies at the opera :
Their rounded, pliant, silent-straying arms
Seem sent to guard, yet manifest their charms.
Mark how the lorgnettes cautiously they raise
Lest points, no pose so thoughtless but displays,
A too quick curiosity should hide—
For ihfity who gaze must gazed at be beside*
There was, I fancy, only one person about whom in the
first edition of The Season its author had something
pleasant to say ; and that was Her Majesty the Queen,
whose virtues were eloquently celebrated. This, at anv
rate, is a passage on which Mr. Austin can afford to look
back with satLsfaction. Elsewhere in the satire he had
ironically suggested that contemporary bards should, with
other things,
Industrioudy labour lauguid lays,
Beloved of Courts, and snatch the Poet's bays !
Only the very ungenerous would nowadays turn these
lines against their writer.
The stiff press criticism to which The Season was
subjected led Mr. Austin to pen (in the same year) a
reply, also in the conventional couplets, called ^'Mv
Satire and its Oensors." In this, again, there is much
that is vigorous and vivid, but nothing quite so excellent,
in a literary sense, as the best things in The Season, It
is all very pointed and pungent, but, of necessity, only
for the day. Mr. Austin was himself taken to task in
yet another satire, written by Mr. Brook B. Stevens, and
entitled ^* Seasoning for a Seasoner." In this composition
Mr. Austin was certainly well peppered, but with no
permanent effect. ** Seasoning for a Seasoner," like '^ My
Satire and Its Censors," is, I take it, rarely read. Tm
Season, on the other hand, has some claim to be regarded as
a minor classic. It may, indeed, outlive much of the verse
on which perchance the Laureate more prides himself.
A.
The Charwoman.
Shs is an elderly person and she cleans shoes till you can
see your face in them. But her ideas are limited.
We told her that Maf eking had been relieved. She did
not understand. We told her that it had been surrounded
by the enemy, so that none should leave the village and
none enter it. She said it was a shame, but she £d not
seem to understand.
We then told her that the besieged had been living on
horseflesh. Her gaunt face lighted up. '<! knew a girl
once who ate cat's-meat," she said.
Correspondence-
»* Soft as Velvet."
Sir, — ^I observe that, in a review of The Chaucer Canons
in your last number of the Aoademt, the following state-
ment occurs : '* Soft as vehet has, we take it, been a stock
description of turf at all times since velvet was invented."
My argument is, to some extent, founded on the fact that
such a statement is quite unwarranted; and that, as a
matter of fact, the expression " soft as velvet " does not
occur (outside of the two passages which I compare) in
any ihigUsh poem whatever, anonymous or otnerwise,
before l^e year 1500. It may even be doubted whether
it occurs elsewhere before 1600. Certainly, it does not
occur in Shakespeare, nor in Milton ; the former has only
''velvet leaves" or "velvet buds," and the latter has
'' the cowdip's velvet head " ; and that is all.
Before 1500, the occurrence of the word velvet is by no
means common. It is found, of course, in wills and
inventories as far back as 1319, and in glossaries; but in
poetry it only occurs twice in Ghaucer, a few times in
Lydgate, once in Sir Launfal, thrice in '' The Flower and
the Leaf " ; but where else ? This is precisely the point at
issue. Seeing that '' soft as velvet " is ''a stock descrip-
tion," may we be favoured with a few quotations, of early
date, in support of this assumption? — I am, &c.,
Walteb W. Sicbat.
2, Salisbury-villas, Cambridge.
The Supremacy of Fiction.
Sib, — I have read, in a docile spirit. Miss Frances
Forbes-Bobertson's remarks on my remarks about Uie
predominance of Fiction and '' Fictionalists." Utis pleas-
mg word I borrow from contemporary criticism : perhaps
we diall soon read about *^ jurisoLctionalists." I am pre-
pared for anything. My humble essay, ' ' On the Supremacy
of the Novel," was prompted by Lytton's preface to Pelham,
Seventy years ago Lytton frankly stated that he wrote
novels because nothing else paid. Am I wrong in think-
ing that nothing else is remunerative now ? For, of course,
books about the war, and reminiscences, and educational
books, and legal books are not, usually, * literature." I
said, '* we produce novels only." Miss Forbes-Bobertson
then talks about great works of j^ilosophy, history, and
poesy, written in my '^ lifetime." ^ut I myself spoke of
these ; when I say *' we produce," and so on, I allude to
the living present. Miss Forbes-Bobertson then avers that
'^ there is an immense population that in past senerations
never read anything." How could it readanvwing before
it was bom ? unless this lady believes, Uke tne Anmta, in
reincarnation. My fair censor goes on thus : '^ This taste
of the crowd neither augments nor diminishes the number
of serious readers, unless, indeed, towards reading at alL"
The meaning of the text entirely escapes me. How can a
taste augment or diminish a number, or not do so, '' unless
towards reading at all"? And how, next, can "the
public that reads serious literature " be (as the lady avers)
*< equally greater in number." Equally greater than
what? Miss Forbes-Bobertson is certain that the works
of Mr. Meredith and Mr. James " tower above the exposi-
tions of subjective philosophers, metaphysical meander-
ings, tirades of criticism, or catalogues of historical events
Mr. Lang deplores [«^ as no longer read." I cannot
admit that even Mr. Henry James, "in every kind of
way," towers above Kant, Hume, Hazlitt, or Qibbon. In
how many ways can even Mr. James tower ? But these
authors — Mr. James, and the philosophers and historians —
do not work in the same matter. Even if Mr. James
towers above them (which I don't think he does), we need
not neglect criticism, history, and philosophy because, in
fiction, Mr. James towers. I am supposed to oontconn
"great novels." This is a misapprekenaioB. I would
454
The Academy
26 May, 1900
liefer have written Old Mortality or Ettmond than all the
works of Locke. I do not '' contemn the literature which
takes the form of a novel." I only wish that literature
did take that form more frequently. I do say, and I keep
on saying, that novels are almost, if not altogether, the
only form of literature that is remunerative now. But I
think, and I said, that a new Froude, Macaulay, or Tenny-
son would even now find readers. Still, I do not observe
that poetry or history has, at present, any such authors as
Tennyson, Macaulay, and Froude.
I am sorry to seem to accuse a lady controversialist of
UL ignaratio elenchi^ but by these hard terms the logician is
apt to style arguments like hers. — I am, &c.,
A. Lang.
Book Titles.
Sib, — Is there no available register of book titles which
authors could consult before deciding how to name their
books ? Twice in the same day I have come across the
duplication of titles. Two years ago Mr. John Lane
published a novel of high quality by Mr. E. A. Bennett,
called A Man from the North, And now I find ** The Man
from the North " at the head of a story by Mr. A. GKssing
in a ladies' weekly. One of the most readable books on
the war, Sidelights on South Africa, by Roy Devereux,
came out in the earliest crop of South African works issued
since the Boer idtimatum. This week's papers review a
work by Lady Sykes called Sidelights on the War in South
Africa, Surely something can be done to prevent this. —
I am, &e., Maxtd Stepney Rawson.
21, Greycoat-gardens, Victoria-street, S.W. :
May 22, 1900.
The Missing Word.
Snt, — May I quote from a letter I received from a
Welsh correspondent? The following quotation is from
Milton's Of Reformation in England : " O Thou that . . .
didst build up this Brittanic Empire to a glorious height,
with all her daughter islands about her," &c. If Brittanic
Empire denotes the Empire, then (by analogy of Teuton
and Teutonic Empire) a subject of the Brittanic Empire
is a Briton. The Americans recognise this in a way by
the term Britisher — a subject of the British Empire.
Brittanic for Briton seems far more dignified and quite
as accurately descriptive terms. Possibly it may be
objected that Briton is open to the same racial interpreta-
tion as Englander, but we do not say the English Empire.
— ^I am, &c., H. LoGAw.
Sandgate, Prestwick: May 15, 1900.
[^Thie correspondence must now cease, — Ed.]
New Books Received.
[These notes on some of the New Books of the week are
preliminary to Reviews that may follow,!^
Pausanias, and Other Greek
Sketches.
By J. G. Frazfr. •
This is the promised abridgment, or rather the
quintessence, of Prof. Frazer's great Commentary on
Pausanias' Description of Greece^ published two years ago.
'^ Slight and fragmentary as these sketches are,'' says the
author, "1 am not without hope that they wiU convey to
readers who have never seen Greece something of the
eternal charm of its scenery." The places described
include Marathon, Mount Hymettus, Phyle, the Port of
Athens, the Sacred Way, Megara, Nemea, Delphi, the
Lemnan Marshy and many other spots. (Macmillan. 6s.)
Drift. By Horatio F. Bb^tt.
Mr. Horatio Brown has spun many verses in the ir* ••
vals of writing prose such as his Venetian Siudiek, /vs
Addington Symonds : a Biography, and Zriff on the L^%\'
If we are not mistaken, many of these verses, moie-tf
entitled Drift, were first printed in the Pall Mall Gior'.
The following stanzas are from one of the lighter p. e-.
called " Bored : At a London Music " :
Two rows of foolish faces bent
In two blurred lines ; the compliment
Tae formal smile, the cultured air.
The sense of falseness everywhere,
Her ladvship snperbly dressed —
I liked their footman, John, the best.
The tired mnsiciaos* raffled mien,
Their whispf red talk behind the screon.
The frigid plau'lits, quite confined
By f'»ar of being unrefind.
His lordship's ejave and courtly jest —
I liked their footman, John, the best.
(Grant Bichards. os. net.)
The Stoky of Badbn-Powell. By Ha.boi*i> Beo:^
Obviously a timely book. In "An Introductory Fraj
ment on no Account to be Skipped," Mr. Begbie says:
Ask those who know him best what manner of msn : •
i^, and the immediate answer ... is this : ** He's rb-
fanniest beggar on earth." And then • . . year r
formant will saddenly grow serious and tell you wh&: >
straight fellow he is, what a loyal friend, what an ea6v
siastic soldier. Bat it is ever his fan first.
(Grant Bichards.)
Lucretius on Life and Death. By W. H. Mall'»:
This is the rendering of certain passages in Lucret i<
into English, and into the metre of The Rubaiydt of 0'^-
Khdyydm, to which we drew attention when it appear*
in the Anglo- Saxon, We then pointed out that M'
Mallock*s idea has been to reduce Lucretius and Omar :
a common literary denominator, and so bring out t ..
likeness between the philosophies of the Persian ai
Boman poets which has been remarked by more cr:d-
than one. We quoted the stanza :
Globed from the atoms fulling slow or swift
I see the suns, I see the syst*'ms lift
Their forms, and even the syst«'m4 and the sans
Shall go back slowly to the eternal drift.
The poem is very handsomely enshrined in white vellum-
covers. (Black* lOs. net.)
Tchaikovsky.
By Bosa Nevmba "
Six years havo elapsed since Tchaikovsky's death ai:
the authorised Life and Letters is not yet fortbeomir,:
From widely scattered sources Miss Newmarch has gather-.
the materials for a book which, though inevitably patc' 7
is likely to meet the English demand for information a^-ir
the composer of "The Pathetic" Symphony, (Gr^r
Bichards. 6s.)
All About Dogs. By Chaklks HiwfRr L.oi
Mr. Lane is a well-known breeder and exhibitor of d«»j-
and into these pages he pours his knowledge of all ^^i r^
and conditions of dogs, the humours of the Show IJ-.r^
doggy anecdotes, and what not. The book contain^t i :
hundred large octavo pages, and is profusely illustrate* •
(John Lane. 7s. 6d. net.)
In addition to the foregoing, we have received :
THROLOGTOAL AND BIBLICAL.
HaweiB (Rev. H. R.), The Story of the Four ErAngeliBtn
(Burnet St mn^t^-r^-
Ratherfonri (W. G.). St. Paare Bpletle to the Romane CMiuaDtLl&n>
Burn (J. H.). f<*or Qaiec M'imente 1 Derotlonal Beadtnffe trom tb« Writinfff
of the Bight Rer. G. H. Wllkinton, O.D (W«Ua Gardcer)
36 May, 1900.
The Academy.
455
1/0
I/O
2/6
POETRY. OaiTIOISM, AND BBLLBS LBTTBSS.
ISkrlne f J. Huntley) Tbe Qoeen's Highway /Mathews) net
BoesetU (D. Q.\ Lenore. Bj Gottfried Aogast BOrger (BUie k Elvey)
Miller (Alexander), BMohms and Bohemia (Pabliehedhy the Author)
Bndemeus. Lays of Anr^ient Greece .(Redway) net
Vord (HaroldX Shakespeare's Hamlet: a New Theory (Stock) net
HISTORY AND BIOGRAPHY.
Brooks (Noah), Henry Knox : a Soldier of the Reyolntion
(Putnam's Sons) 6/0
Firth (CharlesX Heroes of the Nations: Oliver Cronwell, and the Rale cX
the Poritans in Rowland (Putnam's Sons) 6/0
Smith (G. G.), Periods of European Literature : The Transition Period
(Blackwood) net 5/0
liacdonald (Rev. A.), The Clan Donald
(Northern Counties Publiahinff Co.)
Stebbing (W.), Charles Henry Pearson (Longmans) 14/0
Bancroft (Frederic), The Life of William H Seward. 2 vols.
(Harper A Bros.) 6 doL
Bide , Lights on the Reiim of Terror : Being Memoirs of Mademoiselle des
EcheroUes. Translated by Marie Oloihilde Balfour (Lane) net 12/6
Workman (H. B.), The Cburch of the West of the Middle Ages. Vol. II.
(Kelly) 2/6
TRAYBL AND TOPOGRAPHY.
Hare (Auffustus J. C), Paris (Al'en)
Black* Guide to Paris : Exhibition Edition ..(BhMsk) 1/0
CatseWs Guide to London (Oassell) ;6
BDUCATIOKAL.
Lee (Elizabeth), Cowpet^The Task (Blackwood) 2/6
Robertson (J. Logie). MUton- Paradise Lost. Books I.-IV. ... (Blackwood) 2/6
Scott (Sir Walter), Marmion (Black) net 1/0
Aaden(H. W.), Cicero -in Oat ilinam. I.— IV (Blackwood) 1/8
The Agamemnon of jEeehfflus. With Bnalieh Verse TraneloHon, Bg
Vpper Sixth Form Boye qfBradfieM College
JUYBNILB.
.Begbie (Harold), The Struwwelpeter Alphabet
(Richards) 3/6
MISOBLLANBOUS.
Glodd (Edward), The Story of the Alphabet (Newnes)
Ford (W. J.), A Cricketer on Cricket (Sands)
Harris (J. Henry), Robert Raikes, The Man Who Founded the Sunday
School (Sunday School Union)
Richards (Laura E.), Captain January (Bowden)
DelboB (Leon), The Metric System (Methuen)
Der Junge Breitmann in South Africa (Baskerville Printing Go.)
Amold-Forster (H. O.), The Comiog of the Kilogram (Cassell)
Todd (Mabel Loomis), Total Eclipses of the Sun (Sampeon Low)
Deenej (Daniel), Peasant Lore from Gaelic Ireland (Nutt) net
lyo
2/6
1/0
2/6
2/0
/3
/6
. , „ , 1/0
The Annual Eeoieter, 1890 (Longmans) 18/0
The Chord. Vol. I (Unicom Press)
An Eoening with Punch (Bradbury, Agnew) net 2/6
The Genealogical Magazine, Vol.111 (Stock)
Everj/day Heroes ., (S.P C.K.)
Bennett (Arthur), The Dream of a Warringtonian
(Sunrise Publishing Co.)
Bradby(H. C), Rugby (BeU &Sons)
Howard (Eliot), Studies of Non-Christian Religions (8. P. C. K.)
Tuker (M. A. R.), and Malleson (Hope). Handbook to Christian and
Ecclesiastioal Rome. Parto KI. and IV (A. k C. Black) 10/6
NEW EDITIONS.
Dobell (Sydney), Hooie in War Time. Ed. by W. G. Hutchinson
(Matbews) net 1/0
Travers (Graham), Moua Maclean ; Medical Student. 15th edition.
(Blackwood) 2/6
%* New Novels are acknowledged elsewhere.
Our Weekly Competition.
Result of No. 35 (New Series).
Last week we oif ered a prize of one g'ninea for the best rendering
of a portion of a poom by Emii Yerhaeren, whioh we qaoted from
Iris, The task has, we think, been enjoyed, and we have had some
diffionlty in awaidinsT this prize. The oharm of Yerhaeren's
lines is aasooiated with a metre which ia intended to oonvey a calm
aooeptanoe of a scene utterly dead and dreary, and itself redded to
winds and desolation. A certain weary flow of cadences, ™aln'ng>
for monotone, is needed to give the effect — a droumstance folly
appreciated by most of the competitors. We haye decided to award
the prize to Mr W. G. Fnlford, "Eastman's,** Sonthsea, for the
following rendering.
This is the dune-land, ashen-gfrey,
Deep-Boored and scarred by the rough hand
Of desolating Time — % land
Of dead thii^ mournful in decay.
Grey sea, gr^ sky, shut in a storm-thrashed ring t
And they who endlessly go to and fro,
The winds — the bitter, roaring wind»--that wing
The shafts of winter from their bow.
Long since died summer, long since autumn died ;
Far hepoe October's fled, with iJl its purple pride.
Its gloom, its silence, and its pain ;
And now on, on th^y press.
The hordes of winter, wild and pitilessi
Bringing the darkness onoe agauu
Yonder the village lies and
Its roofs, that from the storm deoUne,
Squalid and sad, in orouofaing heaps
Like huddled kine ;
The night droops down, the horizon melts and fades.
The thunder-clouds give tongae, and fidnt
In answer one far bell from out the creeping shades
WaiU softly, like a little child's complaint.
And there, where in confusion lie
The tresses of the land.
With mourning measureless, go by
The long dim lines of ghostly sand ;
The shore is desolate, tiie bixds are flown.
On the salt flats a ship heels slowly, shiking down*
As ebbs the sea, so flows the night.
The vacant, bla^ and infinite.
[W. G. F., Southsea.J
Among other answers is the following :
This is the white shore of the Dunes
Thu Time has wemed with deoay.
Bowed peaks, and valleys worn away,
And hills that crumbled one by one.
Wan sky, waste sea, the storms that gird them round 1
And those that hither sweep with icy wing.
The howling winds, the winds that whistling sound,
And hurl this winter from their sling.
Summer and autumn long have past away.
And past the misty dim October day.
The day of purple gloom and silence drear ;
And now, with stormy stress
The winter, winter wild and merciless.
And its black months, again is here.
And there below the hamlets groan,
And houses tremble in the blMt,
Poor, sad, in heaps together thrown
Like cattle on the waste ;
The night sweeps down, the sea-line nears,
The doady legions blac^ and fell
Howl to the blackness, and a distant bell
Only replies, mingled with childhood tears.
And on the beach that hears their cry.
These endless mourners of the land,
Like farrows dim beneath the sky
Stretch the long strips of sombre sand ;
The shore is void, the birds fly past,
The ship has vanished in the dismal vast.
And dreary nothing follows here,
League af -«r league, the dreary sea.
[E. H., London.]
K.B. — ^Ck>mpetitor8 will oblige by writing their names and
addresses at the top of the same sheet of paper on whioh their
answers are written, whether a letter accompanies the answer or
not.
Replies also received from : B. F. McC, Whitby ; F.'B. A , Ealing ;
T. 0., Busted; E. N. A., Penarth ; G. P. G., Stoke-on-Trent;
M. A. C. Cambridge ; G. J. S., Saltbnrn-by-Sea ; E. H. H., Streatham ;
£. C. M., Crediton ; F. 8. H., Bath ; A. W., West Hampsteftd ;
F. F., Leicester ; H. T., London ; A. L. M.« Belfast ; W. F. P., Glion
sur Hontreux ; S. H., Addidoombe ; T. B , Leicester ; G. K., Bristol ;
£. B., Liverpool ; B. H. H., London ; A. W., New Brighton ; L. L.,
Bamsgate ; F. E W., London.
Competition No. 36 (New Series).
In a little book of Sonnets and Other Poems, by John E. Ingram,
just issued by Messrs. Black, occurs this quatrain :
Master, amid the turmoil and the strife,
How shall my spirit calm and trustful be t
Thus onlv, if the fountains of my life
Are hidden in Humanity with thee.
The " Master " referred to is Ang^te Gomte. We ask our readers
to send us similar quatrains in which a psMnal tribute is paid to a
great writer. It is not necessary to hail the selected writer as
** Master." His name should form the title, or it may be incor-
porated in the verse. A cheque for One Guinea will be sent to tiie
competitor whose quatrain strikes us as being the most epigrammatic
and unpresdve.
BULW.
Answers, addressed ** Literary Competition, Thb Aoademt, 43,
Chancery-lane, W.C," must reach us not later than the first poet
of Tuesday, May 22. Each answer must be accompanied by
the ooupon to be fouod in the third column of p. 456, or it can-
not enter into competition. Competitors sending more than one
attempt at solution must accompany each attempt with a separate
ooupon ; otherwise the first only will be oomndored. We oanno*'
consider anonymous answers.
45 6
The Academy.
26 May, i^op.
WILFRID M. VOYNIOH.
OATALOGXTB No. 2 may be had on application,
price 9a, 6d., at
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ASON
UNIVERSITY COLLEGE.
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MASTER OF METH<TD.
The Ck)ui>oil invite APPLICATIONS for the poet of MASTER
of METHOD In the Day Training Department (Men).
Stipend. jE;300 per annum.
CBudidates must be Graduates of some Unirersity. and they
should have undergone a Complete Course of Training in the
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Applications, aooompanied by Testimonials, should be sent
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The C^didate elected will be required to enter upon his
duties on or about September 1st, 1900.
Further particulars may be obtained from
GEO. H. MORLEY. Secretary.
U
NIVER8ITY of GLASGOW.
LECTURESHIP ON GERMAN.
The Univenlty Court of the University of Ulssgow will
shortly proceed to the APPOINTMENT of a LECTURER on
GERMAN.
The salary has been fixed at £300 per annum, and the ap-
8 ointment, whioh is from year to year, is to date from 1st
otober next.
Candidates should lodge twenty copies of their application
and testimonials with the undersigned, who will furnish any
fnrUier information desired, on or before Saturday, 30th June.
ALAN E. CLAPPERTON.
Secretary of the Glasgow University Court.
91, West Urgent Street. Glasgow.
CHALET CAUDE COTE, DIEPPE,— An
English ladv RECEIVES EIGHT GIRLS of 16 and
upwards in her ChAlet near Dieppe. Conversational French
rapidly aoiuired. Special faoiliKies for Music, Sketching,
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Direct Service twice daily with England.— Full details will be
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SUPERIOR SCHOOLS for GIRLS.— Miss
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SOME OBSERVATIONS OD SOUTH AFRICA. By Liokkl
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THE WAR in SOUTH AFRICA and the All ERICAN CIVIL
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THE NEW AUTH0RITIK8 in ENGLISH EDUCATION.
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GERMANY. ENGLAND, au.l AMERICA. By Polltxkt
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TWO NEW SIX-SHILLINQ NOVELS
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THE OHIOAMON STONE:
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Bj CLIYE PHILLIPPS- WOLtiEY, Author of <' One of the Broken Brigade/' Ifco.
TO THE HEALING OF THE SEA.
By FBANOIS H. HAEDY, Anthor of "The UiUfl of God.'*
London : SMITH, ELDEH & CO., 15, Waterloo Plaoe.
JUST PUBLISHED.— With S3 IUiutration8.^0rown 8vo, 68.
BLACK HEART AND WHITE HEART,
And other Stories.
By H. RIDER HAQQARD.
Of the Three Storiee that comprise this Yolame, one, '* THE WIZARD/' a tale of rictoriotu faith, flnt
appeared some years ago as a Christmas Annual.
Another, " BLI88A/' is an attempt to recreate the life of the ancient Phcenioian Zimbabwe, whose
mine still stand in Rhodesia, and with the addition of the necessary loye-stoiy* to sniQCest drcunbtanoea
snch as might have brongfat about or accompanied its fall at the hands of the surrounding savage tribes.
The third, " BLACK HEART and WHITE HEA.RT,'* is a story of the courtship, trials, and final
union of a pair of Zulu lorers in the time of King Cetywayo.
London: LONGMANS, GBEEN & GO.
THE NINETEENTH CENTURY
No. 280.— JUNE, 1900.
THE FUTUBB of SOUTH AFRICA—
1. A YOICB from NATAL. By F. 8. Tatiujc (Member of the Legislative Assembly).
2. THE NATIVE RACES. By the Rev. J. S. Moivat, C.B.
THB CAVALRY RUSH to KDIBBRLEY, and in PURSUIF of CRONJB. By the late Captain
CsciL BoTLS. With an Introduction by Stsvst Buxtok, M.P.
THE CRUEL CASE of the WOUNDED WAR-HORSES. By Laubxvos W. Piks.
ENIGMAS of EMPIRE. By Bidhst Low.
SWISS RIFLE CLUBS. By Colonel J. H. RivsTT-Ci.airAC.
THE PROSPECTS of ANGLICANISM. By the Rev. Dr. Cobb,
LIBERALISM and INTRANSIGEANCB. By Wilvsid Wabs.
THB VOGUE of the GARDEN BOOK. By Mrs. Stsphsv B1.T8OV.
THB INTELLECTUAL AWAKENING of CHINA. By Professor Robbbt K. Douolah.
TYCHO BRAHB. By Abthue Poksokbt.
THB COPYRIGHT BILLS, 1900. By the Right Hon. Lord Thkutg.
THB GENIUS of HANDEL. By H. I^bathootb SiA.T«i.if.
THB IRISH GUARDS. By FrrzA.Li.ir MAirirBBs (Captain, Scots Ghiards).
THB NEWSPAPERS. By Sir Wbmtbs Rbi».
London : SAMPSON LOW, MARSTON & CO., Ltd.
PORTRAIT SUPPLEMENTS
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44
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« June, ncK,
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verging on rebellloa. and the book deserrss to live as a faithfol
record of a very difficult time."
THE EMPIRE MAKERS:
A Romance of AdventMre anil War In
BoMth Afh^ica.
By HUME NISBET,
Author of "Bsil Up," "The Bushranger's Sweet-
heart," " The Revenge of Valerie," Ac, Ao.
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avldiity and. enjoyment the many exciting adventures of the
trio of dashing patriotic heroes.*
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irough with it st a single sitting."
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last pafce."
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Geith," Ac.
THE VANISHING of TERA. By
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Chaps. XXI.-XXIV. — -
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The Academy
A Weekly Review of Literature and Life*
No. 1465. Established 1869.
2 June, 1900.
Price Threepence,
[Rigisttnd as a Ntnupa^r,]
The Literary Week.
The June iflsue of the Fortnightly JRevietP is memorable
by reason of an artide by M. Maeterlinok on ''The
Evolution of Mjeteiy." Over twenty pages in length,
this, the latest expression of M. Maeterlinck's philosophy,
is divided into thirty-two short chapters. We have not
space here to indicate the trend of M. Maeterlinck's thought,
but we find room for a passage from the last chapter.
The translation has been made by Mr. Alfred Sutro :
Our impulse is ever to depict life as more aorrowf al than
truly it is ; and this is a serious error, to be excused only
by tiie doubts tliAt at present haug over us. No satisfying
explanation has so far been found. The destiny of man i«
as subject to unknown forces to-day as it was in the days
of old ; and though it be true that some of these forces
have vauidbed, others have arisen in their stead. The
number of those that are really aU-powerf ul has in no way
diminished. Maoy attempts have been made, and in
countless fashions, to explain the action of these forces
and account for their intervention ; and one might almost
believe tbat the poets, aware that these explanations were
all of them futile in face of a reality that for ever, and all
things notwithstanding, reveals more and more of itself,
have fallen back on fatality so as in some measure to sum
up the inexplicable, or at least the sadness of the inex-
plicable. This is all thrtt we find in Ibsen, the Russian
novels, the highest dass of modem fiction, Flaubert, &c.
(see War and PeacCf for instance, VEducation SerUimentaley
and many others).
Mr. Budtard Kiplino has written for the Daily ExpreM
a series of stories based upon his experiences daring his
recent visit to South Africa. These stories will present,
under the guise of fiction, phases of both the administra-
tion and the actual conduct of the war which Mr. Kipling
felt he could not embody in letters which he sent home.
Messrs. Oscil and Hildebrand Haimsworth are about to
start a weekly paper, which will be called the New Liberal
Review, The price, it is stated, will be threepence.
Me. William Tinsley, who was for many years a pro-
minent publisher, and who is about to publish a volume
called Amdcm EecoUeetione^ sends us tiie following letter :
'* May I say that the quotations you printed in your last
issue from Mr. Sutherland Edwards's new book about my
voung brother Edward and the founding of the publishing
Dusiness known as Tinsley Brothers are very incorrect?
My brother and I were equal partners in that business,
which had been established four years before we published
Lady AudUyU Secret^ not Aurora Floyd, as Mr. Edwards
intimates ; and the price agreed for Lady Audley was £250
--two-fifty pounds — not one thousand, as Mr. Edwards also
intimates, and there was no need to, nor did we, borrow a
shilling or any sum of money to pav Miss Braddon for any
one of the four books we published for her. I must say
I am sorry Mr. Edwards luis thought it prudent to publisn
foolish matter about my brother which could hardly be of
interest to anyone and is certainly not good history."
We take the following from the Pall Mall Gazette
After Seiete.
The stars look down from heaven above
When human hearts are breaking,
And mock the foolishness of love
That sets poor mortals aching.
This love, they say, this fatal bane.
To us it Cometh never,
And thus do we alone maintain
Our deathless course for ever.
Mr. George Haw, the author of the remarkable letters,
"No Boom to Live," in the Daily News, is the assistant
editor of the Municipal Journal, a paper for which he has
done varied and interesting work. He has now collected
his Daily New» letters into a volume, to which Sir Walter
Besant has contributed an introduction.
The issue by Messrs. Kegan Paul of A Zulu Manual or
Vade-Meeum, by the Bev. Oharles Boberts, reminds us that
this is the third manual on the subject prepared by this
writer. It may be assumed, therefore, that the Zulu lan-
g^uage is being studied in this country— a veritable sign of
the times. A Zulu sentence on the second page of this
book reads like advice to Lord Boberts on his arrival in
Pretoria: "Tyanelisisa indhlu izingosini zonke,'* which
means : *' Sweep thoroughly the house in all the comers."
A CORRESPONDENT writos : " Mr. Andrew Lang, in the
last Academy, demolishes Miss Forbes-Bobertson's English
and arguments with a gpisto which precludes all notions
of unmannerly heat. Should argument and answer zankle,
however, as controversy is apt to do, may one of Miss
Forbes-Bobertson's sex recommend the reperusal of
Chapter Y. of Northanger Abbey ? I will quote one sentence
only: 'Jjet us leave it to the reviewers to abuse such
effusions of fancy at their leisure, and over every new
novel to talk in threadbare strains of the trash with which
the ** press now groans." ' There is nothing new under the
sun, even for Mr. Lang's searching."
Fxit Party is the (we fear) rather premature title Sir
Frederick Young is giving to an essay in political history.
Theoretically, we are fdl opposed to the principle of
" party " ; and yet ! There can be no question that,
however bad for the State the principle may be, it has
been provocative of good matter from the literary point of
view. We remember a couple of goodly tomes, entitled
English Parties and Party Leaders, and they made veij
Uvel^ reading.
460
The Academy.
2 June, 100
In the June Camhill, under the title ** A Literary
Nihilist," Mr. Thomas Seccombe draws the literazr
character of M. Anatole France with fulness and skill.
He finds M. France's literary counterpart in Lucien :
''There is no imitation . . . but there is a remarkable
affinity and a common attainment of that most difficult
literary aim — the gift of making us think without being
a bore." More interesting is this :
Among English writers it is difficalt to name any whom
he resembles with aoy degree of distinotness. Qenerically
speaking, as a master of irony and a humorist of Cerrontic
descent, ho has not a little in common with Fielding and
with Disraeli; but in subtlety he suggests a much closer
resemblance to Mr. Meredith, while in sentiment he is a
good deal nearer than either to Dickens. As a practitioner
of fiction he takes, perhaps, a greater licence than any of
the masters named, for he is less a novelist than a thinker
in novelistic form. As regards style it is still more difficult
for Wi to match him ; but by combioing some of the
features of Chesterfield, of Sterne, and of Matthew Arnold,
we may get some idea of the pellucid clearness, the happy
glint of fancy, and the felicity in phrase that go to make
up a style ahBolutdy free from any straining after effed.
With all great artists it is the same, their talent seems to
ignore labour.
Messrs. Cassell have just issued the first part of a
new serial publication entitled Th$ Life and Timst of Queen
Victor ia^ which will be completed in twenty-nine sixpenny
parts. The bulk of the work consists of the narrative of
the Queen's reign written some years ago by Mr. Bobert
Wilson, but this is preceded by the memoir of the personal
life of the Queen on which Mrs. Oliphant was engaged at
the time of her death. Both narratives have been brought
up to date. The work is well and profusely illustrated.
We are glad to see that the fine work of Mr. James Lane
Alien in fiction is likely to be better known in this country
than hitherto. Messrs. Macmillan have juat issued Mr.
Allen's book of short stories, entitled Flute and riolin, and
other Kentucky Tales and Romances^ and his longer stories,
A Kentucky Cardinal and Aftermath, In a new introductory
sketch to the Kentucky Tales, Mr. Allen has this suggestive
note on the story called ** The Two Gentiemen " :
The author attempted to exhibit, in a way, a type of
Eentucky gentleman farmer, who at the close of the Civil
War abandoned the country for the towns, and led rather
idle, useless lives. In England objection was made to this
character on the ground that the traU of Colonel Newcome
is over the colonels of Americaa fiction. It is a poiut
curiously mismade, curiously misconceived. The truth is,
about the same time that Thackeray found the lineaments
and elements of his good and mighty Anglo-Saxon
gentleman in that braiich of the race, had he been living
in certain parts of the United States he would have found
essentially the same lineaments and elements di£Pu8ed
through this. Among the Kentucky gentiemen of the old
school there were chnracters that forced jou to think of
C/olonel Newcome. Not becnuse they were imitations of
Colonel Newcome, for they may never have heard of him.
but because they themRelves were made of the same stuff.
And if to write of this local type, however inadequately,
is to suggest some poor resemblance, as a pool might
resemble an ocean, the point to be enforced is not the
influence of Thackeray's work upon literature, but the
influence of life upon Thackeray's work. So that he
gathered together out of the deeps of the race, and put
together in the image of his own genius, a type of man
that was the widely diffused creation of the race itself.
Mr. J. C. Tarver, the author of a Life of Gustavo
Flaubert, writes pleasantiy in the June Macmillan on
" Cowper's Ouse." There is a great deal more of Cowper
than of the river, but no one will complain of that. Mr.
Turner thinks that an " adventurous holiday-maker . . .
might find a less agreeable pastime than a voyage in a
canoe from Newport Pagnell down to Turvey. Thus he
might bathe himself in the atmospbeTe which was brea:
by no mean English poet, gliding beneath hills d<t
with trees, or between wide meadows ; but he wouM
well not to surrender himself unguardedly to the '1
pleasures of plain-sailing, lest he should rue his error
m the mazes of a reed-bed. Failing this adventure,
events will be the scream and flash of a kingfisher, or
sulky croak of a heron disturbed in his meal of fn
water mussels." We thought, as we read, that 1
Turner was going to forget ^ward FitzGbrald's lore
Cowper's Ouse, but he mentions it just at the end. F
Gerald fished on the Ouse with bis friend, W. Brc<T
When that friend married a wife and could come no 1.
FitzGerald wrote : "I have laid by my rod and line k
willows of Ouse for ever."
Thb dedication of Mr. H. Bider Haggard's new Tola
containing three stories, is as follows :
To the Memory of the Child
NADA BUBNHAMy
who *' bound all to her*' and, while her &ther cat his
way through the hordes of the lugobo B^me&t.
penshed of the hardships of war at Bnluwayo 01
19th M-iy, 1896, I dedicate these tales— and incr»
paHioulMrly the lust, that of a Faith which triarnpb^
over savagery aud death.
The author of « Musings without Method" is;
atrabilious than usual this month. He jibes st i
Pinero*s sensitiveness to critioism, and at the Ac^v'
Exhibition because it is a Babel of Art ; but he s'
back on the Maf eking orgies, and has nothing but pr^-
for old gentlemen who were detected in the act of blor:
trumpets from the roofs of hansom cabs. Lastly, he vr -
with personal enthusiasm of the splendid qualities ct :
late Mr. B. A. M. Stevenson. Of the writer :
He painted and he wrote, but neither in his j<^' '
nor in his books did he reveal the genius th%twu:
His eager brain was so busy with thenries. that he •
never abandon himself completely to the excitemes:
colour and form. As for writing, he deemed it %^^V-^
ungrateful trade, which he had loamed late, and pQ^
of necessity. Yet, had he realised it, words were il*
his true medium, thought was his true material. !>'
was, half-untrained within him, a splendid gift of ei;^
sion.
Of the man :
He was a true fantastic, for whom all things, erenb
self, were appeurancea rather than realities, aod ap[^'
ances which changed and shifted as he willed. He ^■■
fact, always dressing-up, as children say, and more :-»
this, he was always dressiog-up others. There w^^
one of his friends that had not for him a special chancj
which may or may not have resembled life, bot »»-
certainly influenced Stevenson's appreciation. One m^
for instance, personified for him the life of a rather jq-**-
Bohemia. A, he would say, devotes his days ^^
comfort of the miserable and unfortunate. Aci^
friend, with equal fantasy, he convicted of » t*^ "^
senaibility, asserting that in his pleasures he ^^^
thing of a snob. As for himself, his character dwiiT*
with his hat or his coat.
Of the talker :
It was to talk that he gave the best of hia li^^.^
those who knew him have suffered a supreme low. • r^
did he spare himself or his fancy. He spoke of t^ ^^.
with incomparable courage and invention. Xoar ie «^^^
dazzle you with the fireworks of par-idox, °^^. ,^j.
speak with the daring of Rabelais and a mercnnai piy
which was all bis own. Or he would sketch o^^"'^
manner of Wordsworth, or he would build up » i^" |
about a phrase, an aspect, or a casual visitor. ^ ^
Can no one — will no one — g^ve us a more extent
portrait of this delightful man?
2 June. 19UO.
The Academy.
461
In nn entertaining article on Spring by Sir Edwin
Arnold, in the Daily TeUgraph^ he quotes his friend
Mr. Bates, the famous traveller and naturalist, as saying
to him : *^ Future generations will find out that climate
is almost the only thing worth living for, and these
chilly storm-fields of our North, where the race fights only
to exist, will be contemptuously depopulated for the
heavenly comfort and splendour of the Amazon and such
vast sunlit valleys." Now contrast this with the following
passage from The Return of the Native; ^'Indeed, it is a
question if the exclusive reign of this orthodox beauty is
not approaching its last quarter. The new Yale of Tempo
may be a gaunt waste in Thule ; human souls may find
themselves in closer and closer harmony with external
things, wearing a sombreness distasteful to our race when
it was young. The time seems near, if it has not actually
arrived, when the chastened sublimity of a moor, a sea, or a
mountain will be all of nature that is absolutely in keeping
with the moods of the more thinking among mankind.
And ultimately, to the commonest tourist, spots like Iceland
may become what the vineyards and myrtle-gardens of
South Europe are to him now ; and Heidelberg and Baden
be passed unheeded as he hastens from the Alps to the
sand-dunes of Scheveningen." A curious contrast !
A OOBBBSFONDBNT writes : " Some months ago a little
Spanish poem appeared in the Academy with a challenge
to any of your readers to translate it into English verse.
The following attempt has been sent to me, which can
hardly fail to be of interest, coming as it does from one of
the loneliest regions of South America. ' 'Tis a far cry to
Bolivia,' writes my correspondent^ ' but I have beguiled a
lonely hour in the attempt to render in English the sense
and rhythm of the Spanish petenera you quote. Most
likely the verses were sung by a forgotten improviser.' "
The version forwarded by our correspondent is excellent :
A bonnie birdie that was my pleasure
Flew away from me,
A lovely maid was my heart's sole treasure,
Her loss I dree :
And so is all in this world of sorrow,
And so ffo all as the twain have gone ;
Some lost by flying, and some by dying,
While men say sighiog : God's will be done !
Visitors to the Paris Exhibition cannot do better than
provide themselves with JSxhihition Parie (Heinemann).
Its information is of the fullest, and contemplates all
Paris as well as the Exhibition. To name one or two
features out of many, there is a chapter on '^ How to See
Paris in One Day for Forty-Five Francs." You begin
your rounds in a cab at 5.80 a.m., and you emerge, at an
unstated hour, from one of the theatres. The vocabularies
include a useful list of slang words, as :
Becoter, to kis*. Bigolo, jolly.
Beurre, money. Sapin, a cab.
Gbiper, to steal. Tube, a tall hat.
Doulomreuse, the reckoniog. Urfe, lovely.
Goudoler, to shake with Yadrouiiler, to be out on the
laughter. loose.
Pepin, an umbrella. Youtre, a Jew.
The book is profusely illustrated, and, altogether, seems
excellent.
In an article on '^ The Star System in Publishing " the
Chicago Dial warns American publishers against the
dangers of the present '^ boom " in American novels.
Enormous circidations, it is pointed out, may prove a
delusion and a snare :
Publishers themselves know well enough that their
success in the long run depends, not upon the fortunate
acquisition of an occasional book that enjoys a sky-rocket
career, but upon the possession of a substantiiJ list of
works of permanent value — ^works that oocupy a standard
place in literature, and may be depended upon to provide
a steady income for many years. The publisher who has
a list of this sort is, of course, glad enough to get hold of
an exceptionally successful novel from time to tim^ ; such
a book represents to him so much clear gain, and he would
not be human did he fail to keep au intelligent watch for
productions of this sort. But if he allows his head to be
turned by visions of this kiud of luck ; if he despises the
more modest, but safer, ventures ; if he bends Lis energies
toward achieving an abnormal sale for a few books, instead
of a normal sale for many, he is likely to come to grief.
His real interests lie in the possession of many claims to
public esteem, rather than in the making of a few successful
appeals to popular caprice.
That is good sense.
A ooRRBSPONDEKT reminds us that when Tennyson's first
version of the '^ Dream of Fair Women " was published,
the lines
Ooe drew a sharp knife thro' my tender throat
Slowly, — and nothing more,
were met by one critic with the question — '* What more
did she want?" Our correspondent regrets that this
blunt, effective sort of criticism is out of vogue, and he
would like to see a revival. His desire is shared by others.
A correspondent of the Chicago Dial writes to that paper
under the heading, '* Honey or Yinegar in Book Re-
views " :
An old-fashioned acquaintance of mine complains that
reading a modem Beview l-aves him with an unpleasant
sensation as of having dined wholly off honey. The book-
reviewer of to-day is altogether too lenient, too con-
siderate, too apologetic, too blandly deferential a creature
to suit this reader's robust taste. He laments the decay
of that fine old spirit of ferocity which animated criticism
in the palmy days when Jeffrey and his merry men used to
fliog themselves on an aspiring *' Laker '* or *' Cockney '
with the joy of an Iroquois scalping his victim, and the
fluencv in insult of the late Mr. Brann. The most read-
able tiling in the world, he thinks, is a merciless ** roast "
of a new book— something in the way of Macaulay's
flagellations of Croker and Robert Montgomery. Holding
these opinions, this charitable soul was naturally much
gratifiea the other day when a well-known critic pro-
claimed in print the present crying need of a Beview con-
ducted on the old savage Edinburgh lines. The article in
which this opinion is aired smells, it is fair to say, sus-
piciously of paradox. But, at all events, what the writer
of it appears to think is wanted in these degenerate days
of critical urbanity and super-abundant human kindness is
a Review whose amiable specialty it shall be to damn and
disparage, to thwart the ** booms" of publishers, to clip
the wings of aspiring yoimg authors, to knock new-bom
reputations promptly on the head, atid, in fine, to play in
the world of current letters a part not unlike that played
in politics by Marat's UAmi du Peuple, ... It can hardly
be denied, I thiok, that the criticism of the modem re-
viewer is mostly of a sort that does more credit to his
heart than his head. His eagerness to praise constantly
impels him to over-praise — to lavish upon mediocrity
terms that should be reserved for genius. I have often
thought that the sanguine American lady who was gently
taken to task by Matthew Arnold for asserting that ex-
cellence is ** common and abundant" must have been a
great reader of Reviews. The habit would easily account
for her cheerful delusion.
Perhaps, after all, a slight infusion into the honeyed
sweetness of the new Review of the spice and vinegar of
the old might not be unsalutary.
Other times other manners. Still, we think that the happy
medium was struck by Hepworth Dixon when he edited
the Athenaum, His counsel to his reviewers was this :
**Be just, be generous, but when you do meet with a
deadly ass sling him up."
Wb confess (possibly to our shame) that we do not
know who the *^ Brothers of the Book " may be. But the
Brothers of the Book send us an announcement which we
read with awe and appetence. There is a kind of pro-
462
The Academy.
2 June, 1900.
ceasional, soft-footed, wand-shaking unction in the terms
in which art booklets are announced in America. Take the
following advertisement :
The Brothers of the Book announce as their next publi-
cation a monograph, entitled Some Children^a Book-pUUes :
an Essay in Little^ by Wilbur Macey Stone.
The book will be printed on Van (Mder hand-made
paper, bound in French charcoal paper boards with
designed paper labels, and illustrated with eight repro-
ductions of children's book-plates (one iu three colours) on
Japanese vellum. The plate forming the frontispiece will
be autographed by the desiffner, Jay Chambers.
The edition (which will be numbered) is offered to
subscribers only, and will be limited to the number of
subscriptions received before June twentieth, at which
time the book will be put to press.
Fsw pages in Buskin's writings are more familiar to
young people than that one in the appendix to The
MetMnU of Drawing in which he gave his advice about
the choice of books. The advice was eccentric, and with
it came certain judgments which only Mr. Buskin could
have enunciated. In her monograph on Buskin, reviewed
by us elsewhere, Mrs. Meynell criticises the passage :
The young artiat is directed to read the poets — Scott,
Wordsworth. Keatfi, Orabbe, Tennyson, the two Brown-
ings, Lowell, Longfellow, and Coventry Patmore alone
among the modems. " Cast Coleridge at once aside as
sickly and useless, and Shelley as sh^ow and verbose.*'
Byron is but withheld for a time, with praise of his
** magnificence." And we have Patmore — the poet of
spiritual passiou and lofty distinction — praised for *' quiet
modem domestic feeling " and a *' finished piece of writing."
And Shelley "verbose" — **Adonais" verbose, and not
<<Endymion"! All the living poets whom Ruskin
praised — Browning, Bossetti, and Patmore among them —
had to endure to be praised side by side with Longfellow,
and they did not love the association. But in all this
strange sentence nothing is less intelligible than the word
which commends to the young student — urg«*d in the same
breath to restrict himself to what is generous and reverend
and peaceful — all the writings of Bobert Browning. The
student is warned to refrain from even noble, even pure
satire, from coldness, and from a sneer ; and is yet sent to
a poet who gave his imagination to the invention of
infernal hate in the "Spanish Cloister," and of the expla-
natif^ns of Mr. Sludge and Bishop Blougram, busily and
indefatigably squalid and ignoble, and deUghting in
derision.
How quietly a huge book may pass from the press to its
own public ! We have before us
THE CLAN DONALD
BY THB
Bev. a. MacDonald
Minister of KUleaman
AITD THE
Bev. a. MacDonald
Minister ofKUtarlity
It contains 826 pages, and is the second volume of the
work.
Bibliographical.
a good deal of attention has been drawn by advertisement
to the production of a novel by Mr. Ronald MacDonald —
"a son of George MacDonald/' as the announcements tell
us. This is not, I think, Mr. MacDonald's first per-
formance as a " writing man " ; I fancy he has, before
this, dabbled in dramatic work. In 1896 appeared two
plays, " All the Difference " and "The Eleventh Hour,"
of the first of which Mr. " Ronald MacDonald " was the
sole author, while of the second he was part-author. Was
he not, also, part- author, with a brother, of a play pro-
duced some years ago at the Koyalty Theatre? My
memory may, of course, be deceiving me. The children
of George MacDonald have been rather encouraged to
take an interest in things dramatic, for their father, it will
be recollected, made a sort of drama out of the PilgrinCs
Progress^ and conducted representations of the work in
different parts of the country. Among the juvenile actors,
no doubt, was Mr. Bonald MacDonald.
Talking of plays and players, it has flashed across me
that, in the recent quota of Royal birthday honours, there
figured the name of a worthy Conservative, one of the
leaders of the party in Derby, in whose person the Crown
has, no doubt unwittingly, conferred distinction on literature.
Mr. (now Sir) C. C. Bowring, is, I believe, the author of a
play called " Pedigree," produced one afternoon some years
ago at Toole's Theatre. It might never have been written
but for the existence of " Caste " ; but it was by no means
ineffective, and showed a not unjustifiable ambition.
Yet another brief note on the literary side of the
theatre. A writer in Literature^ I see, includes, among the
living English novelists who have written plays, Miss
Marie Corelli, Mr. Hardy, and Sir Walter Besant. There
have been adaptations, of course, of "The Sorrows of
Satan " ; but what drama has Miss Corelli herself written?
The dramatised "Far from the Madding Crowd" was
described officially as " by Thomas Hardy and J. Comyns
Carr " ; but was not the dramatisation actually done by
Mr. Carr alone — though, to be sure, with Mr. Hardy^s
concurrence? Sir Wslter Besant, also, has come before
the play-going world only as oollaboratoi with Mr. W. H.
PoUock. I am not aware of his having accomplished,
unassisted, the production of a drama.
Mr. Hector Macpherson "greatly dares" indeed. He
is going to write a monograph on David Hume, and I
dare say it will be very readable and useful. Can we,
however, rank it among " felt wants " ? One remembers
a certain monograph on Hume in the " English Men of
Letters " series (Macmillan, 1879), and another such
monograph in the series of " Philosophical Classics "
(Blackwood, 1886). The former was written by Prof.
Huxley, and the latter by Prof. WiUiam Knight — very
good authorities both, as Mr. Hector Macpherson, I am
sure, would be the first to admit.
I read that a lady novelist, finding that the title she had
first chosen for a tale had been used already, has sub-
stituted for it that of The Touch of a Vanished Hand.
Alack and alas! in this case also she is not without a
predecessor. A story called The Touch of a Vanvthed Hand
was published in 1889, and, moreover, it is in Mudie's
Catalogue at the present moment. Mudie's Catalogue, I
think, is a book widch novel writers would find it worth
their while to acquire, or at any rate to consult, before
they christen any more stories.
The poets, as well as the novelists, would welcome an
official list of titles (published, shall we say, at the public's
expense?). Here, for instance, is Mr. Horatio Brown
with his book of verse called Drift, Now, this is such an
obvious name for a volume of miscellaneous lyrics that it
seems a moral certainty that it has been used before.
Nevertheless, to go no further back than two decades, I
know of nothing (in the same line of literature) nearer to
it than the Drtft Weed of Miss H. M. Burnside, whose
muse, I need not say, is of the humblest sort. The idea
of " drift," in general, is, of course, familiar enough to
the literary mind. During the last ten years we have
had volumes entitled The Drift of Fate (a novel), Drifted
HomCj Drifted Northward^ Drifting {tout court), Drifting
Apart (by Mrs. Macquoid), Drifting Through Dreamland,
Drifting Towards the Breakers, Drifting Under the Southern
Cross, Driftwood Sketches, Drift from Longshore, and so
forth,
Teb Bookworm.
2 June, 1900.
The Academy.
463
Reviews.
A Mind and a Mind.
MIoDSRN English Wbitebs. — John Ruskin, By Mrs.
Meynell. (Blackwood. 28. 6d.)
1^ her first chapter Mrs. Mejnell speaks of this book as a
'* handbook of Buskin, '* and, similarly, in her last chapter,
as an attempt toward a "little popular guide." These de-
scriptions may stand if we are allowed to suggest that the
handbook is for those who are returning from Buskin,
rather than for those who are going to him; that the
guidance is more suited to readers who are perplexedly
filled with the Master, than to those who are about to fiU
themselves in a girlish hope of ^Milies." Again, some
readers may feel generously indignant vritfa Mrs. Meynell
for putting the name of handbook to a work of
exhaustive thought and beautiful literary fibro. We feel
no such concern. In an age when trash comes with
trumpet, a niece of Uteraturo may as weU swim into our
ken as Number Three in a series of handbooks.
In its proparation and building this monograph is
a work of unusual solicitude— solicitude of Hie heart as
well as of the head : for when we have reckoned up the
hooks that have been mastered ; and the long dissectings,
relatings, and oomparings which alone could imify that
reading ; and the writers pains to sparo us the processes
which she would not sparo nerself — there romain a crowd
of instances where, not the faculties, but the loyalties, of
her mind have had to bear their strain; whero the
burden of dealing justly by a dead man's work has been
heavy ; and whero reveronce, though it never failed, has
had to make itself felt in the tone of " 1 do not agree,"
or in the tone of " 1 do not understand." It may be said
that these aro simply the pains of critical biography. Yes,
but the quantity of such pains depends on tne quantity of
the biographer's mind; and the resolve to walk witili a
Master, yet not be dragged by him, to record his con-
clusions, but always to understand them, to set free his
messages, but to give them the accent and effectiveness
of the hour, becomes notable when it is made by a
mind competent for the task in hand, and sensible of all
the risks. Such a book, we think, is Mrs. Meynell's. It
expounds a known mind by its effect on a known mind,
and we watch the impact. It is impossible to read her
acute exposition and not be thinking almost as much about
the author of Ths Rhythm of Life as about the author of
Modem Painter*. This is -not to diminish the expository
value of the book, but to describe it.
In approaching her task Mrs. Meynell might, it is
obvious, have quickly pronounced for the notion that
Euskin was a true seer of naturo but a muddle-headed
instructor in Art, and so have been froe to interpret and
emulate his fine words about Sun, Oloud, Shadow, Eeed,
Blade of Ghrass, and the Winds of the World. For on
these things she also has thought intently, and on
all could say unusual things again. But it has not been
her way thus to use Buskin's best. She has undertaken
nothing less than a study of the whole body of his work,
and its painful exposition. Painful is the word ; we have
rarely seen a mind in such lengthy travail, imposing such
exactness on every decision. The essay on '* Bejection "
had prophetic sentences : '' We are constrained to such
vigilance as will not let even a master's work pass unf anned
and unpui^ed. . • . Our rofiection must be alert and
expert. ... It makes us shrewder than we wish to be."
It is this helplessness to be the bland disciple that makes
this book so vital. The warmest praise of the Master is
there, and yet courteous alarm-beJls aro rung on every
page.
This doctrine of rojection compels Mrs. Meynell to be
a vigilant critic of Buskin's style. Yet thero is an eager,
ahnost laughing, recognition of the fine things. Thus, from
some pages '* beautiful beyond praise " in Unto thi» Loit,
Mrs. Meynell gives :
All England may, if it chooses, become one manu-
facturing town; and Englishmen, sacrificing themselves
to the good of humanity, may live diminished lives in the
midst of noise, C'f darkness, and of deadly exhalation.
But the world cannot become a factory or a mine. . . .
Neither the avarice nor the rage of men will ever feed
them. ... So long as men live by bread, the far away
valleys must laugh as they are covered witii the gold of
Gk)d, and the shouts of the happy multitudes ring round
the winepress and the weU.
In the chapter on the fifth volume of Modem Painters
we have : '* How exquisitely is this written of the Vene-
tian citizen, with its allusions to certain Greeks — to
Anacreon, to Aristophanes, and to Hippias Major " :
No swallow chattered at his window, nor, nestled under
his ffolden roofs, claimed the sacredness of his mercy ; no
Pythagorean fowl brought him the blessings of the poor,
nor did the ffrave spirit of poverty rise at his side to set
forth the delicate grace and honour of lowly life. No
humble thoughts of grasshopper sire had he. like the
Athenian ; no gratitude for gifts of oHve ; no childish care
for figs, any more than thisUf s.
From Praterita '^this magnificent image of the great
balance of Johnson's style ":
I valued his sentences not primarily because they were
symmetrical, but because they were jusib, and clear ... it
is a meUiod of judgment rarely used byUie average public,
who . . . aro as ready with their applause for a sentence
of Macaulay's, which may have no moro sense in it than a
blot pinched between double paper, as to roject one of
Johnson's, . . . though its symmkry he as of thunder answer-
ing from two horizons.
Of censuro thero is some, too, and it is in this direction
that we encounter, with distinct rogrot, what we may call
Mrs. Meynell's t^tase method of Griticism. Page after
page passes, and the criticism is gracious, experimental,
or proven ; then comes a ukase, an emanation of opinion,
decisive in inverse proportion to its needlessness. These
tJsases aro in your hands before you recover speech. You
would exclaim, you would summon assistance, but Mrs.
Meynell passes on in the gentle, deaf autocracy of her
mood. The ceremony of delivering a ukase cannot be
better illustrated than by her romarks on one of the most
famous passages in the Seven Lamps of Architecture. She
says:
Buskin's description of that landscape ... is a finished
work, exquisite with study of leaf and language, but yet
not effective in proportion to its own beauty and truth.
Buskin wrote it m youth, in the impulse of his own dis-
covery of language, and of all that English in its rich
modem freshness coidd do under his mastery — and it is
too much, too charged, too anxious. Some sixty lines of
'* word-painting " are hero, and they aro less than this line
of a poet —
** Sunny eve in some forgotten place."
This rofraining phrase is of more avail to the imagination
than the splendid subalpine landacape of The Seven Lamps,
That is a ukase. How civilly you would have accepted
the whole judgment up to the words '' too anxious " ! But
this line of poetry — torn from some antipodean context,
flicked into the witness box unnamed, unsworn, unremem-
berod, and crucially irrelevant to the case — ^this pet lamb
in court, or this rabbit from counsel's hat, how shall
we accept it ? how be happy if we do not accept it?
And yet this is a mila example. On another page,
after quoting a few sentences 01 Buskin's, Mrs. Meynell
writes, in parenthesiB :
(Buskin, at this time and ever after, used *' which"
whero **that" would be both moro correct and less
inelegant. He probably had the habit from him who did
moro than any other to disorganise the English language
— that is, Gtibbon.)
464
The Academy.
2 Jane, irx
That is the perfect ukase. Note the intensification of
authority by the withholding of Gibbon's name until the air
has been darkened with his sin. But is it fair, or quite in
the scheme of things, thus to ban Gibbon in a casual breath ;
to flout, en pastanty the reader's probable cherished opinion
of GKbbon, as if it were nothing ? We picture Gibbon's
own astonishment, when this judgment is whispered alone
'' the line of the Eljsian shades." He may have expected
it, may have humbled himself for its coming; but the
manner of its coming he could not have forseen. *' In
parenthesis ! " we hear him gasp, as he sinks back on
his couch of asphodel.
Well, but it is not enough that an interpreter should
haye prayed three times a day " in his chamber toward
Jerusalem/' or that be should pronounce the handwriting
on the wall elegant or not — the question is, Oan he translate
its meaning ? In this case the question may be hard to
answer. Our own difficult, incompact impression of Mrs.
Meynell's interpretation of Buskin — ^itself necessarily diffi-
cult and incompact — flies to a phrase, or rather to two words,
which Mrs. Meynell brings into vital relation with Euskin —
Mystery and Lesson. She shows that, when dealing with the
Mystery, Buskin is great ; but, ** if ever he has explained
in vain, registered an inconsequence, committed himself to
failure, it has been in the generous cause of possible
rescue — it has been in the Lesson." The nobility of her
exposition of Buskin dwells centrally in the fact that, while
she is sometimes doubtful about the Lesson, or is obliged
to show (by its arduous compilation) that it was not too
clearly or consistently delivered, or is constrained to deny
it as a working precept, she makes us feel how glorious
were those dealings with the hidden Mystery which issued
in the peccant Teaching. And the vision of Buskin
which she leaves in the mind, in the mind of the present
writer, is that of a man who spent his life in turning over
with his great clean hand — first in hope, and at last in
weariness — the whole assembled result of human art, and
the registers of its origins. Anon he rose, like one
dnmken with beauty, afflicted with more purpose than
he could contain or control, to teach from a full, but
too particular, inspiration. And because in its divine
frenzy the Jjesson was not aimed, shaped, timed, proved,
peptonised — it was laughed into the street by men whose
hands stayed in their coat-tails. It would be easy for us
to show again and again how Mrs. Meynell, having
wrestled with and reluctantly confuted Buskin's Lesson,
has convinced us of his hold on the Mystery. And one
comes to be very grateful for these long compensating
swings of the pendulum, and for the smaUer reparations.
One notes how, after some pages of particularly destructive
criticism on The Two Paths^ a dainty justice hastens to
offer this :
If I have treated this book with coDtroversy, it was im-
possible to do otherwise. But out of its treasures of
wifcdom take the page in praite of Titian, which ends with
the passage : " Nobody cares much at heart about Titian ;
only there is a strange undercurrent of everlasting uiurmur
about his name, which means the deep conseDt of aU
great men that he is greater than they."
And surely with tliis quotation wpnt a tact in its choice,
for Buskin's fate and Titian's are not unlike. Buskin's
bitter disappointment when he found that the Turner
water-colours in the National Gallery, which he had
arranged with incredible labour, had been absolutely
forgotten by the public and allowed to fade by Providence,
produces a fine comment. Buskin had said : ^' That was
the first mystery of life to me," and Mrs. Meynell says :
The reader will remember that Turner's pictures were
not only neglected by men, but also irreparably injured
and altered by time ; to witness this was to endure the
chastisement of a hope whereof f«w men are capable.
Surely it is no obscure sign of greatness in a soul — that it
should have hoped so much. Ninety-aijd-nine are they
who need no repentance, having not committed the sin of
going thus in front of the jod^menta of heaven— hmlk
and have not been called back to rebuke as wutfaisfxr
In what has so often been called the dogmatism of Eosb.
work appears this all noble fault.
Upon the discovery of this mystery crowd all :•.
mysteriee. Who that has suffered one but has aljo »:.
suffered all? In this great lecture [<*The Mystery
Life and its Arts "] Raskin confesses them one by ol- ^
extremities of soul. And he is aghast at the inMe-c
not of the vulgar only, but of poets. The seen ^bs^%
have paltered with the faculty of sight. IGlton'sbk'
of the fall of the angels is unbelievable to himself, t .
with artifice and invention, not a living trath pRdeoiei
living faith, nor told as he must answer it in the last j:.;
ment of the intellectual conscience. '* Dante's , . . ,
The io difference of the world as to the infinite qooti
of religion, the iodiffarence of all mankind as to the par- <
of its little life, of evi>ry man as t > the €ffectof hulV
life — in an evil hour these puzzles tbrong the way t: 'j
recesses of thought.
We have shown the temper and tendency of Mr
Meynell's book. If we are now asked whether v
has evolved from Ruskin's teaching' a clear resultant i..
one may copy into one's pocket-book, and say, "At i.>
this is Buskin's teaching," we answer that shehasfi.-
to do this — because it was not possible. All the m'>^.
one impressed by the patience which footed every ki
the way to a forseen vagueness. But Mrs. Meynell has-
many things in order, and has put some things in a \t^.
light ; she has greatly distinguished Huskin's failiin b
his success ; and she has written an intrinsically fine b.» .
of which the labour and truthful speaking adambrnte ::
labour and truthful speaking of the Master.
•* And yet — he is a Master."
The Dead City. By Gabriele d'Annunzio. Translate!
Arthur Symons. (Heinemann.)
D'Annunzio is a master of unquestionable genius in are*
questionable school. It is the school which makes pari -
of the fact that it is the offspring of decay, which seet .:
charm in decay, and has veritably ** made a covenants
death." Exceedingly perfect in technique, vividly m:
native, his masterly novels are impregnated withcomift. :
in a much deeper sense than that of mere sensualifj-
though this at times is present. To him and the vriKr
of his school we are often tempted to cry with Macbe::
'*Ottt on ye, owls! nothing but songs of death?" A:
yet — he is a master ! • / v
This latest play of d' Annunzio's is most typical 0/ >-
author and of a moribund age and art. As a play it ^
over-soft, over-luxuriant. The copious stage directions '
Maeterlinck are carried to an excess in which one sees t--
novelist. They become veritable descriptive pap*p:
Withal, it is most powerful in its kind, its strictly iim^if:
kind, though that is not the power of strength nor yeu
spiritual insight. Infinitely delicate razor-edge of sensap-^
pervades the play : its people see with their finge^b^
feel at every pore ; but it is yet a purely niater>
sensi tiveness, it is subtilised, one might almost say to^
tilised, materiality. SymboUc it is throughout; but u
symbolism is of the tomb. Incidents are artfuiij ifl^^
duced, Maeterlinck -wise, and emphasised, for theii iib
ative and bodeful significance. The scene '^ j^^^i^
Argos, looking out on the ashes of Mycen©— aeultrja '^
thirsting soil, an expired and dismembered aty.
atmosphere is laden with death, the characters ^J^^v^^
with death like decaying or over-ripe plants ; and, ub
Shakespeare, there is no character to ^^%P^^}^ ^
tacitly, the sanity from which the others ^^^^J' ^^^
luxuriant and most sensitive beauty overspreads -
dramatic cemetery, peopled by the maid. The ^ qJus
palpitates with a deadly beauty, a mortal a^d rui^
loveliness, which shines as putresc^ice shines. ^^ P
2 June, 1900.
The Academy.
4^5
Ls not overstrained; delirium seems not far from all
d'Annunzio's characters; we feel as if we were in an
aBjIum for diseased minds, where the ideas of everyone
are monstrous and distorted, like shadows cast by firelight.
The blind girl, Anna, at the very outset recounts a dream
of sudden age— a dream undreamed by the sane, just
possible in its hideousness to dawning madness : ''I felt
f urroTving wrinkles breaking out all over my body ; I felt
the hairs falling from my head in great locks on my lap,
and my fingers tangled in them as in imwoimd skeins ;
my gums were emptied, and my lips stuck to them."
She complains of the hurry of life in its morbid percep-
tion by her senses : " In the silence and darkness, some-
times, I hear life hurrying with meh a terrible noise^ Bianca
Maria, that I would gladly die, only not to hear it any
longer."
Much of the vividly imaginative speech in this drama,
like the words we have italicised, oversteps the verfi;e of
sanity. The very skjlarks eaefin-de-Bi^eie. '' One," says
Alessandro, *'feU, all of a sudden, at the feet of my horse,
heavy as a stone, and lay there, dead, struck by its own
frenzy, by havine sung with too much joy." It is only
a decadent skylan: that would do that.
This blind Anna is one of the principal personages.
Beautiful, though blind, she is of a preternatural per-
ceptiveness, not inconceivable in one so afflicted, and
described with touches of ezquieite passion and poetry.
Her husband is Alessandro, a poet, and they are dwelling
with his bosom friend Leonardo, who is wrapped in the
search among the ruins of Mycenso for the buried remains
of the Atrida) and Oassandra — victims of the terrible
tragedy renowned in Greek drama. With him is his
lovely sister, Bianca Maria, glowing with the flame of
youthful life, and magnetic to uoee about her. Leonardo's
discovery of the buned Atridse (magnificently described)
takes place at the dose of the first act, nor has his pursuit
. any obvious connexion with the plot ; but it is continuously
suggested that from the soil impregnated with ancient
crime the buried spirit of dark Ghreek passions rises as an
infection upon the living searchers, fevering them with the
obsession of like sin. The working out of these morbid
passions among the four constitutes the theme of the
tragedy. Bianca Maria and Alessandro are violently
drawn to each other ; and the poet's blind wife, Anna,
from the beginning divines their love. Leonardo is infected
with a more sinister disease, obscure to the others, until
he himself, half-way through the play, reveals it to the
horrified Alessandro. For this latter reason we cannot
here deal fully with the play. We can but indicate it as
the theme of John Ford's wdl-known play, and (from a veij
different standpoint) the basis of Tm mvoU of Mam^ as
Shelley originally wrote it. Lovers of contrast may com-
pare Ford with d'Annunzio. The former is far the more
healthy (so far as is possible with so morbid a theme) and
dramatic; the latter more finished and levelly poetic —
more an artist in all but dramatic power. When Leonardo
realises that Bianca Maria is the source both of his own
and Alessandro's obsession, and that Anna is preparing to
drown herself in order to free her husband for the woman
she loves as a sister, he comes to the delirious resolve to
liberate them all by the death of Bianca Maria. The play
closes as Anna stumbles upon the drowned body of Bianca
Maria, tended by the poet that loved her and the brother
that has murdered her.
This sombre plot, lavishly and resolvedly designed to
pky upon all the nerves of horror, is worked out wi^
marvellous intimacy of execution. Dramatic character
neither exists nor is attempted, save in the most generic
way. Anna is other-worldly, outside life ; Bianca Maria
is intended for the embodiment of plenitudinous youth.
Yet she is no less a creature of naked nerve than her
avowedly neurotic friend. But if you can reconcile your-
self to &is universal super-exaltation of sensibility, there
is tragic keenness and the bare edge of suffering beauty
in the play. The Italian genius is visible, acute rather
than wiae, as a great writer has described it. ** Fain is
the exceedingly keen edge of bliss " in the most voluptuous
passages. Written, for the most part, in a strain of
eloquence shot with gleaming threads of poetry, it rises
frequently into poetry absolute and unmingled. D'Annunzio
is /ey of flowers. Their scent, their colour, their profusion
fill his imagination and overflow continually into his
imagery. They lend an exquisite metaphor to the lovely
passage in which the blind Anna fingers the loosened
tresses of Bianca Maria : '* What hair ! what hair ! It is
as soft to the fingers as tepid water flowing! ... It is a
torrent. It covers you all over. It covers me too. What
floods ! what floods ! It has a perfume ; it has a thousand
perfumes. A torrent full of flowers ! " Note that ad-
jective *' tepid," in its connexion with the living warmth
of hair. The blind girl's exaltation of perception is most
subtly described: "It is as if your fingers saw. . . .
Each of your fingers is like an eyelid that presses upon
one. Ah ! it is as if your soul came down into the tips of
your fingers, and the flesh lost its human nature." With
the same beauty Bianca Maria is delineated : " The
desire of life radiates from your body like the heat of a
Ughted hearth."
The first scene of the second act, in which Alessandro
declares his love to Bianca Maria, is a marvellous piece of
eloquent passion, with flashes of lyricism intensified by
daring imagery. Too long, perhaps, for stage effect, and
almost certainly too subtle for a popular audience, the
speeches carry one away in the readmg by their impas-
sioned enchantment. Here are a few snatches :
AXESSANDRO.
I have met you in dreams as now I meet you in life.
Tou belong to me as if you were my creation, formed by
my bands, inspired by my breath. Your face is beautiful
in me an a thought in me is beautiful. When your eyelids
quiver it seems to me that they quiver like my blood, and
that the shadow of your eyelashes touches the root of my
heart.
BiAKOA Maria.
Be silent ! Be silent ! I cannot breathe. Ah, I cannot
live any longer, I cannot live any longer I
Alessahdro.
You cannot live if you do not live in me, for me, now
that you are in my life as your voice is in your mouth. . . .
Bianca Maria.
You exalt with your breath the humblest of oreaturf s.
I have been only a good sister. . . .
Alessakdro.
But was there not also another creature living beside
the good sister ? • . . Wherever there was a trace of the
great myths or a fragment of the imaginings of beauty
with which the chosen race transfigures the force of the
world, she passed with her reviving grace, passing lightly
over the distance of centuries as if uie followed the song
of the nightingale across a country strewn with ruins.
This is splendid writing. With Leonardo's coomiunica-
tion to Alessandro of his dreadful secret, in the ensuing
scene, begin the most darkly oppressive portions of the
play, preluding to the final tragedy. It is not possible,
nor perhaps desirable, to suggest by extracts the power of
these repellent, yet subtle, scenes. But even this part is
relieved — or perhaps intensified — by passages of contrasting
beauty. Such is the wonderfully lovely imagery with
which Anna describes the statues in fountains :
They enjoy, at the fame time, rest and fluidity. In
lonely gardens they sometimes seem in esile, but they are
not; for their liquid soul never ceases to communicate
with the far-off mountaios, whence they come while yet
asleep, and shut up in the mass of lifeless mineral. They
Usten astonished to the words that come into their mouth
from the depths of the earth, but they are not deaf to the
466
The Academy.
a June, \^
colloquies of poets and sages who love to repose there, as
in a retreat, in the musical shade where marble perpetuates
a calm gesture.
Of the final scene, powerful and intensely morbid, we
can give no conception. The play, as a closet-drama, is,
perhaps, near perfection in its decadent kind. Nor need
we attempt more formal criticism. In this case, to describe
is to criticiBe, to criticise is to describe. But we should
add, in conclusion, that Mr. Arthur Symons's translation
is admirable — ^nay, beautiful.
Birds of the North.
Among the Birds in Northern Shires, By Oharles Dixon.
Illustrated by Charles Whymper. (BJackie & Co.)
Mr. Dixon has produced a large, pleasant, gossipping
book of ornithology, that might prove difiicalt to read
straight through, but seems meant lor dipping into. You
can scarcely open it without fishing up something interest-
ing and agreeable. But the exact student, the hunter of
mere facts, should be warned away. '' Northern Shires"
is in itself a vague expression, and means to Mr. Dixon
all the counties between Yorkshire and Shetland. He has
rambled in most of them, but pretends to make no exhaus-
tive study of local ornithology. To show what we mean
let us instance the raven. Re teUs us generally that this
bird is disappearing everywhere except in the Highlands,
and in a word picture as charming as Mr. Wymper's
excellent drawing tells us of his meeting with it in Skye,
St. Kilda, and on the misty heaths between Sligachan and
Talisker, but is somewhat indefinite in his references to its
occurrence in the North of England. This to us proved
somewhat disappointing. Last year Mr. Christopher
Leyland, whose zoological collection at Haggerstone might
have rewarded a visit from Mr. Dixon, informed the
present writer that a pair of ravens have annually reared
and brought off a brood of young near Kidlands, his
Cheviot shooting - place. We searched through Mr.
Dixon's references in order to find out, if possible, other
proofs that the raven, common enough in old days in the
wild country round Harrow Bog and the Henhole, is
recovering ground, but all he says is that it frequents
Dartmoor, but is only a casual visitant to other English
moors. From the same authority we learned with regret
that the merlin, smallest and prettiest of our falconS; and
so characteristic of the Cheviots, is disappearing. Mr.
Dixon's information confirms this account, but lays the
blame on the gamekeeper, whom he also denounces for
exterminating kites, buzzards, and hobbies. Not quite
fairly we think. The growth of one species and the dis-
appearance of another baffles every attempt to find a
satisfactory reason. If we may trust to the references in
Shakespeare, old Acts of Parliament, parish records, and
other documents, literary and antiquarian, choughs and
crows used to follow the spring plough in equal numbers.
We use crows in the way of the careless playwright, who
signifies thereby all the black tribe that ranges from jack-
daw to raven. The chough has become avis rarissima,
and the rook and daw have multiplied exceedingly. Why ?
No gamekeeper interferes here. In a water close by
where these lines are penned the moorhen and coot were
once equally abundant. They have been neither shot at
nor disturbed, yet while one has flourished the other has
dwindled away, and there is not a nest where a score used
to be. Why ? At one time the kite was the commonest
of London birds, sitting on the houses and haunting the
markets. It has become a stranger not only in Fleet-street
but in the Northern Shires, and no adequate reason can
be found. The magpie was as familiar to hamlet and
cottage a few generations back as the starling and sparrow
are to-day. It is seldom seen now and the jay has become
abundant. To aocount for the magpie's increasing ttr
is as difficult as it is to say why a spedes of hti^r
apjpears in myriads and then dwindles tul it is a choi^
pnze of the '' boy-coUector."
But this is taking us away from our Nortlien Sb-
Frequently in skimming the attractive pages o{ I
Dixon we have caught ourselves wondering when a
how a contrast could be established between the bii6
the Northern and those of the Soathem Shim :
fauna is very nearly the same. On May nights it is :
you shall not in the bleaker North list the nightic^L
''most musical, most melancholy lay" — ^that is to saj.
may do so on rare occasions only. Mr. Dixon, whok
to accept the current belief that Philomel does not b
nprth of the Trent, may like to know that he b
dubitably appeared, to take one place, in the Vil:
Whittingham. Veracious newspapers told the stnuige i
and a naturalist of renown went, saw, heard, and oldii-
attested to the fact — ^these things being duly chronick:
another Mr. Dixon's charming books, JFhiUin^^ '
Tet the '* voluptuous nightingale " is not characteris:
the Northern night. But there are fkr more ovl« .
hear them hooting in Ohillingham Park, or aboa: i
Oastle, or in the dark Flooden woods is to wonder f :•
they find holes enough to live in during daytime, ii:
you follow the ploughman on a spring day the (?
behind will not be quite the same in the North as is
South Black is the prevailing, almost the uniforc :
behind the Wilts or Glo'ster plough-boy; sll the waji*
Lincolnshire to the Highlands, finills — the blackli^
one Larus ridibundus — tiuns the black into piehali -
deed, this inland breeding gull lends a character tr-
North, nesting sometimes in the pond of a beaatifol i.
sometimes in bog or mountain tarn, always carrying *'
it something of the freshness, the colour, and ere
sound of the sea. Yet its tastes are fickle and wajr:
A gxdl pond — ^we like not the expression gulierj--
beautiful ornament to a manor, but is difficult to esUK
and the creatures forsake it at slight provocation. W^
not think they have ever been enticed back to Faston I
—dear to boyish memory for many a long Bummer ■
perch- fishing — and very few go to Pallinsbimi i
Superstition says they were attached to the famii'
Asxew and that they have not been so friendly f^;
present head of it assumed the name of BobertsoOi i^\-
accordance with the will of his father-in-law made L:
kirk his chief residence.
The streams of the North, tumbling as they do to -
hills and abounding in shallows, runs, and ca«&.'
suit that merry bird, the dipper, better than the w:-
Tennysonian brooks of the South, and he is, aooordiL'
a familiar of the angler. But the kingfisher "-J^
" refulgent avine ^em," as Mr. Dixon calls him witn^^-
"profusion of epitaphs" — shows himself rarely oii-
Tweed. You are more likely to meet with him it '
James's Park than the Braes of Yarrow. The ber;
however, stands on one leg and admires hk renft o^^-
the pool, not by any means so wild and shy as he ifli^i'-^
home counties, where he carries about with him memor^
of the punting sea-coast ^^unner. Mingled with the bjj
of the water is the sand-piper's eternal scream, eepeoai^?'
May and June, when the anxieties of nesting-timf *j* *
their worst. To the fisherman, too, comes the wail w^
curlew, here a bird of the mountain more than oi ^^
coast ; and all the summer day the white go^ "'^^
the sunlight as they wing up and down the water-co •
seeking for fish.
It is doubtful' how far Mr. Dixon is justified in hwa^^
the extinction of birds of prey, since very g^ ^Ju
have occurred in the last two decades. As far f* " , ^,
• _«l-_x_J Xl__ _T_»_^ _* x"l ^t^ J/^Afflflll 01 *
is affected, the chief of these are the desertaon ^^
country by the peasant and the greater *^^^ j;
which land and stream are preserved. ^^^^ • ^<
Dixon would say the latter circumstance operates ««
2 June, 1900,
The Academy.
467
ill bird life, except that of pheasants, partridges, and
prouse. That is not so, really. Take the Gtrej family as
in example. They own some of the best, and much of
blie \rildest, land in the North. But ornithology is a
tradition and a passion with them. Sir Edward Ghrey, for
instance, knows birds as well as he does the South African
Blue Books. Earl Orey is fascinated by the same study,
and the relatiye who manages his estates, together with a
dozen others, is peculiarly interested in wild life. Now,
with angling stopped, and tourists shut off from the
mountains — you cannot go to drink out of Marmion's
^Welly or climb Cheviot, without permission — is it not
probable that the fauna is undergoing change ? We have
the beat authority for saying that it is, and what has
taken place in one district is occurring elsewhere. If Sir
Edward Gtrey would only give us that book on birds which
he has so frequently been asked to write, it is probable
that this view would be confirmed.
Of course, this is not written in a spirit of fault-finding
with Mr. Dizon. He knows his birds well, and it would
be asking an impossibility to expect that one man should
deal intimately with the vast tract of land he covers. His
' writing is generally good, and sometimes very good indeed,
but it would be improved by the elimination of such
eccentricities as the habitual use of pasture as the singular
^ of passsrei. Mr. Whymper's illustrations are beyond
praise.
f ,
■^S-
c
The American and the Provencal Amorists.
The Troubadour* at Home, By Justin H. Smith. 2 vols.
(Putnam's.)
Onb needs a particular variety of mind to be greatly
interested in the troubadours of tradition. The practical
man, for example, can see nothing in them whatever but
midsummer madness. To write long odes to a lady's eye-
brows, and, more, to sing them under the walls of an
insanitary castle at midnight, to the accompaniment of a
' guitar — this is nothing in a practical mairs way. Had
' the ordinary troubadour the desire to make the lady his
' wife it might be different ; but for the most part the lady
was abeady married (although "Provence," said Daudet,
' ** is polygamous "), and two or three other troubadours
were engaged in compiling similar aggregations of
' amorous tropes for the same lady ; each poefs aim being
less to induce her to smile upon him than to win the
approval of the judge to whom the rival effusions would
' be submitted. AH this discourages the practical man
' from extending his sympathies to me Provencal brother-
hood of amorists. The romantic minded reader has more
^ tenderness for them, but it is probable that he, too, woidd
' like something less poetical and more practical. The
- schoolboy is interested in Blondel, the fnend of Bichard
^- OcGur de Leon, but to carry a guitar when one might
( carry a battle-axe does not strike him as a brilliant choice
. of weapon. Without enumerating other types of readers,
: it may be said that among us Northerners the troubadour
of tradition is somewhat lacking in fascination. He
belongs to the region of comic opera. We tolerate him as
a gay, witty, insouciant f eUow, good* company enough in
his frothy way, and there we leave him.
But the facts of his character are otherwise. In these
two large entertaining and patient volumes the troubadour
stands out as a more complete, a more jil-round man than
tradition has permitted him to be : a fighter as well as a
singer, a lover as well as a love-maker, a man of affairs as
well as a jester. Mr., or Professor, Smith (for the author
is Professor of Modem History at Dartmouth College in
America) writes the history of the troubadours with extra-
ordinary minuteness; and the ordinary reader will lay
down his two large volumes with a very different idea of
their worth from that with which he took them up.
Perhaps Mr. Smith is too fond of conjecturing as to the
habits of his heroes, but for the most part the account \b
sober and, we feel assured, accurate. As a specimen of
his imaginative faculty as well as of the variousness of the
troubadour character, take this passage — a picture of the
state of Provence on one bright morning in 1 182 :
Marcabm, Raimbaut d'Anrenga, and the Countess of
Dia have passed off the stage, and Sordel is not yet aUve ;
bat most of the great singers are somewhere to be fomid.
Bemart de Yentadom, too old for violent pleasures, is just
sittiog down to a quiet game of chess in the palace of
Toulouse ; while Peire Bogier is pacing slowly back and
forth in the cloister of G^ammont, aod his old love —
Ermengarda of Narbonne— discusses with King Amfos thn
wisdom of leaguing themselves with Henry II. of England
a^inst the Count of Toulouse. Faidit might be seen
climbing the zigzags of Yentadom with a new song for
Maria. Stormy Bom is raving about Autafort, prepariug
to oust his brother; while his bookish neighbour, Bomeil.
thankful to be out of the battle at his native place, is far
on the way to Spain, wishing he could forget the incon-
stant Escaronha. Daniel could be found in Beauville
** swimming up-stream" with all his might, while Yidal,
looking often at his ring, sighs for the beautiful Yisoountess
of Marseille. Peire d'Alvemhe, not in a sentimental mood
this morning, is recovering from last night.'8 concert in
the osstle hall of Puivert by hunting the deer, and the
Monk of Montaudon has just rolled out of bed at Aurillac
after making a night of it.
That passage gives the temper of the book. It is a
leisurely pageant of hot Southerners, singing, fighting,
loving, pretending to love, blustering, laughing, philo-
sophising; and the background is P^venoe, with its
wonderful old walls, its sunny, lazy life, its roses, its bright
eyes, its flashes of colour. Truly a fascinating book, the
fruit of true zeal, the reflection of a very agreeable
temperament.
The fault of Mr. Smith's book is its length. His
subject so pleases him that he cannot restrain his
enthusiasm: he babbles on and on, translating here,
paraphrasing there, fondling the towns with the love of an
Old Mortality, eulogising his heroes, telling of pretty
little personal adventures on his road. He writes very
well (and very differently from professors of modem
history in English colleges) and nis mind is gay and
sympathetic and his eyes and ears ever alert for pleasant
impressions. This being so, we are the more sorry that
his book is so unwieldy. It contains something like
350,000 words when 100,000 would have been ample.
Perhaps some day he will treat the whole work as a quarry
from which to dig out a block of pure marble. Or he
might cut the book into two ; for not only are the historical
portions, the biographies and criticisms of the troubadours,
ffood, but Mr. Smith's own narrative is good too — some-
uiing in the manner of the Traceh with a Donkey in the
Cevennes, yet by no means imitative or derivative. One
adventure, indeed, Mr. Smith had in common with B. L. S.
(and in common also with another lover of old Franoe,
Mr. Hamerton): he was arrested as a spy. We quote
part of the account of the judicial proceedings :
*• Who are you P"
<< An American."
** Grossly improbable, monsieur. What are you here
for ? "
'* To find the picturesque and the historic."
** What do you find of that sort here ? "
« Exceedingly Uttle.'*
*'Ah, you are looking for the picturesque and the
historic and you come to a place where there is neither !
Tou refute yourself. It is very grave, monsieur."
He diook his head and nodded solemnly to himself a
long time, and I began to feel rather guilty.
** Yery singular, monsieur, very singular. Have you
no papers, nothing P "
" Oh, yes ! " I handed him a letter from our embsssy
in PariSi recommending me to the authorities of southern
Franoe.
468
The Academy
2 June, 1900.
** It is a forgery,*' he exclaimed after reading it. "Any-
body could get up such a letter. How do I Know whose
signature that is ? It is not authentic. It is a forgery.
If it were genuioe, why didn't you produce it sooner r "
I was clearly convicted, not only by his logic, but by
my own papers.
The incident is presented with humour. Mr. Smith can
write also like this of the Provencal people of to-day.
The town referred to is Aix :
The only live people seem to be the smell tradesmen,
and they live only once a week. Every one has a baatide,
a garden in the suburbs, and he may always be fouod
there on Sunday. In the shade of his arbour he drains a
flagon of good wine, expands his chest, bandies mocking
pleasantries, sings out the old songs of Provence, and witki
a turn of the eye repeats its old proverbs : "A man's
shadow is worth a hundred women" ; " To lie well is a
talent, to lie ill a vice " ; *' One half of the world laughs
at the other half"; '< Praise the sea, but stay on dry
land " ; '* Water spoils wine, carts spoil roads, women
spoil men."
There is enough there to show that he entered the
country in the right spirit. And here is another proof of
Mr. Smithes non-professorial fitness to be the historian of
the Midi and its happy folk. Henri, it should be expldiied,
was convoying Mr. Smith to Oourthezon. Henri, who was
expecting to be met, suddenly exclaimed: ''Oh, there
they are ! there they are ; they are coming ! " Mr. Smith
oontinues :
Three specks are crawling along the edge of the shrub-
bery, a quarter of a mile away.
** It is my sister and her counne from the faim ; and oh !
la petite fillette. Venez done, venez donc,^* Then realising
that they cannot hear a word, and will be long in arriving,
he dashes down the hill like a chamois.
After a whUe they all come tugging up together. La
cousine is a buxom country girl of sixteen almond harvests,
and La Petite a demoiselle of six, with fhort hair tied in a
humorous queue. The bise whisks off a hat — never mind,
it is recovered. The couMnes skirt blows into her face;
the purple ribbon comes off theJUUtte^a queue and the hair
flies blustering over her face — ^never mind, so much the
more fun. La Petite trips on a big stone, and is righted
up with a pull and a shout So up they come, laughing
and chattel ing, putting themselves to fights and getting
put wrong again by the pranky wind, holding each other
fast, and Henri holding most of all the rosy cousine.
Other New Books.
OuK Stolbn Summsb.
By Mary Stuakt Boyd.
A tour of the world is no new thing, and critical guns
are ready loaded with the terrible word '* hackneyed " to
fire at the adventurer whose pen is dedicated to any region
less npvel than a " virgin peak." Yet every record in
which the adventurer has described what lives and changes,
rather than what vegetates imperturbably in museums and
galleries, is a fresh record and worth the reading. Of
such is Mrs. Boyd's volume, which her husband has
illustrated profusely with spirited line drawings. The
travellers were part-spectators of the mild explosion known
as the Samoan war, but it would be absurd to call the
bombardment of Apia the centre-piece of the book. The
description of a Tongan wedding is more to our mind.
In it we learn that ^* a pillow is the one article of actual
furniture indispensable in the starting of a South Sea
Island home.'* As it appears that " stools of dark
polished wood " are " distinctive Tongan pillows," we
may suppose that the saying '^ uneasy lies the head that
wears tne crown " has in Tonga lost its peculiar pathos.
Writing on the Tongan coaling station Mrs. Boyd says :
Owing to the still lingering influence of the singularly
comprehensive code of crimes framed by the notorious
missionary-politician, Shirley Baker, almost everybody in
Nukualofa is serving a term of punishment for some half-
imaginary offence. One of these laws forbids any man to
wear the shr ulders uncovered — a rule which, apart from
the discomfort entailed thereby in a tropical climate, has
proved conducive to pulmonary disease; as during the
frequent heavy rains the thin outer vests get drenched,
and moisture that would roll harmlessly off a well-oiled
skin is apt to bequeath a chill when left to dry on the
body.
Mrs. Boyd is under the impression that in Maoriland
her party witnessed the haka^ but the scandalous nature of
the haka {pide Mr. Kerry-Nicholls's King Country, p. 87)
renders it probable that they were entertained by a
comparatively decorous substitute. The tourists finished
their land-travels in the United States. How times have
changed there, to be sure ! What would a certain Mr.
Legree say to this: ''In Central Park, on Sunday afternoon,
we saw a benevolent-appearing, gold-spectacled negro,
attired in superfine broadcloth, taking an airing in his
handsome carriage with a white coachman and footman
on the box." Ohinatown, in 'Frisco, seems to haye
revealed to Mrs. Boyd the secret of the Celestial's toilet.
''The length and thickness of the pigtails surprised us,"
she writes, " until we discovered that all were closely
intertwined with strands of black silk." Master Boyd's
fleeting eligibility for half-price tickets determined the
epoch of the expedition, and his foot-gear (renewed from
time to time) supplies his mother with a humorous topic.
Beer is beer, even small beer ; and who would g^dge a
kindly, serious, intelligent Englishwoman her little joke ?
(Bladkwood. 18s.)
Obsater Canada.
By E. B. Osbobn, B.A.
What do we owe to the Hudson's Bay Company ? The
"peaceful acquisition," says Mr. Osborn, "of a territory
as large as the whole of Europe." Prince Bupert was the
Company's first governor ; " our dear and entirely beloved
cousin " Charles II. quaintly calls him in the Royal Charter
for Incorporating the Hudson's Bay Company, granted in
1670. In this useful book, which contains a map, the text
of the charter, a chronological table of North-western
history and other supplements, Mr. Osborn attempts a
combination of historical events and emigrant's practical
guide. The historical part is rather tantalising. It is
conceivable that a large section of the public have forgotten
the career of Louis Biel, with which Mr. Osborn evidently
supposes them to be familiar, although this " descendant
of St. Louis" made such stir in 1870 and 1885, indulged
in the picturesque diet of blood cooked in milk, and
lived to be hanged. Many will turn to these pages for
information about gold. They will be warned off the
Klondike if they trust Mr. Osborn, for it would seem that
the royalty on the production claimed by the Government
prohibits a claim owner from making any profit to speak
of even on a winter's work resulting in 75,000 dollars'
worth of dust.
It is not generally known [«ay8 Mr. Osborn] that the
first discovery of gold in British Columbia occurred in
1852 — six years before the Great Rush to the Eraser River —
at Mitchell Harbour, on the west coast of the Queen
Charlotte Inlands.
Mr. Osborn suggests that young men " capable of acquiring
and applying a modicum of scientific knowledge" might go
to the old placer mining camps resolved to trace " the gold
of alluvial diggings to its source in the living rock." But
Mr. Osborn does not allow his reader to forget the fur
industry, which, after all, is the oldest source of wealth in
Greater Canada. In conclusion, the philosopher, with his
eye on future rack rents, may reasonably regret the system
which admits of the acquisition of extensive and valuable
freeholds in new colonies by private individuals. (Ohatto.
3s. 6d.)
J line, 1900.
The Academy.
469
Fiction.
" My First Book."
? Gentleman from Indiana. By Booth Tarkington.
^ Q rant Bichards. 6b. )
Zuidy of the Regmey. By Mrs. Stepney Bawson.
^ Sutcliinson. 68. )
.K'ent Squire. By F. W. Hayes. (HutchinBon. Gs.)
•^IPULINT is often made that, in the ''rush" of modem
erary production, the first books of new authors are
ixised against the wall and trodden under fobt, and that
acb promising merit is thereby stifled and lost. Further,
is stated that, established authors being perfectly capable
succouring themselves, literary criticism should direct
. ) Samaritan attentions first and chiefly to the unesta-
islied, not only out of kindness to the unestablished, but
r the good of literature and mankind. We have here
. tree first novels by three new novelists, carefully selected
ad upraised from the seething mass of the latest fiction,
ad the curious thing is that all three authors, in their
' 38pective ways, are likely to do well and achieve pros-
' erity of sorts. Now it is a mistake to imagine, as many
~ o, that a first novel usually bears the outward signs of
eing a first novel — marks of immaturity, ignorance, mis-
irected strength, or splendid error. The history of the
rreat novelists supports this contention. Consider
Taterley, Wuthering Heighti^ Treasure Island^ and de Mau-
passant's Bo%Ue de Suif. Quite probably the average
>xcellence of first novels is higher than the average
.excellence of second, third, tenth, or n^^ novels. Most
-luthors spend themselves more lavishly upon the first
Dook than upon any other. Time is nothing, trouble
8 nothing, expense of spirit is nothing — ^in the writing of
' :hat adored and marvellous volume. As regards the three
' novels named at the head of this article, no one could
assert from internal evidence that they were the first-fruits
of talent. It is by no means a case of the young idea
timorously putting forth its pale green shoot. Therefore,
-the attitude of the critic towards them must be even as his
attitude towards other novels, and not that of the old
gentleman patting clever youngsters on the head.
L He is indeed a bold reviewer who would pat Mr. Booth
e: Tarkington on the head. For The Gentleman from Indiana
. has sold fifty thousand copies in America, and in un-
entbusiastic England has reached a second edition. It is
: of course* an American novel. Mr. Tarkington takes the
tiny township of Plattville, Carlow County, State of
. Indiana, and presents it to you with a decidedly attractive
: admixture of wit and sentiment. The reasons of his
' popularity are plain on the face of the book. The
r description of Plattville, with which the story opens, has
; an admirable verve^ and shows also much fine observation.
• It is not the observation, however, but the rather pert and
' iiresponsible wit that tells. '^ People did not come to
Plattville to live, except through the inadvertency of being
bom there." Lo ! a phrase which the reader can seize,
' laugh at, and remember. Having prepared his environ-
' ment, Mr. Tarkington plants into it a hero at once heroic
and lovable. John Harkless — '* the great John Harkless^'
he was called at College — is really a charming character,
not conceived at all on original lines, but nevertheless
genuinely and forcefully conceived. It is the function of
Harkless, journalist, to wake up Plattville, and he does so
in a manner effectively dramatic. Plattville begins to
move, and one of its first actions is to raise Harkless to
the height of demi-god. The hero falls into love and into
danger. Caught at last by the " White-Caps," those
marauders whom he had tried to extinguish and whom
the inhabitants of Plattville could not teach him to fear,
he is witched away, and given up for dead. Naturally he
arrives again, shaken but sound, and when he diaooyeis
that the heroine has been conducting his newspaper for
him with extraordinary acumen and success, there is no
alternative but a finale of orange-blossoms. Helen, this
lady journalist, has the true heroine's strength and
fascination. ** When you saw her, or heard her, or
managed to be around, anywhere she was, why, if you
couldn't get up no hope of marryin' her^ you wanted to
marry somebody'' (Another phrase !) The principal fault
of Mr. Tarkington's novel is an occasional uncertainty in
the handling of the narrative — a tendency to difPuseness,
to go nowhere in particular. The merit of it lies in its
sincerity, the richness of its imaginative inspiration, and
its continual surprising wittiness. There is stuff in the
book, and plenty of it. We may express the hope that
Mr. Tarkington will perpoud upon the question of style.
His writing is loose and undistinguished, and he has
scarcely even begun to. put a valuation on words as words.
Mrs. Stepney Eawson, the author of A Lady of the
Regency^ is clearly a stylist by instinct. She has the
literary temperament, which fondles words, and treats them
like human beings (as they ought to be treated). In
various respects, her novel is the most promising of the
three before us. Decidedly, it is the most finished literary
achievement, and the most ambitious in conception.
Mrs. Rawson has occupied herself with an historical period
unaccountably overlooked by novelists in search of fresh
woods and pastures new — 1800 to 1820. The central, but
not the chief, personage of the story is the Hegent's wife,
Caroline of Brunswick, that figure which, to the haughty
eyes of history, would be ridiculous were it not almost
intolerably pathetic. June Cherier, the heroine, and the
'* lady " of the title, becomes a Court damsel after the ruin
of the gigantic North Country squire her father, and the
plot moves amid all the complicated mazes of Court
intrigue. Mrs. Bawson has dealt royally with her
royalties. She gives dignity even to Carolme, and her
portrait of the Prince Regent is brilliant. Queen Charlotte
and the Princess Charlotte are equally good. The scenes
between the Prince Eegent and June Cherier, between
Caroline and that flawless gentleman Mr. Stephen Heseltine,
and between Queen Charlotte and Mr. Frewin, are all
executed in the true elevated romantic manner. In par-
ticular, the closing chapters of Caroline's futile career,
and her exclusion from Westminster Abbey on Coronation
Day, have a mournful dramatic impressiveness which
sticks in the memory. A Lady of the Regency seems to us
to be, in a special sense, the direct and honest expression
of a literary individuality — an individuality sensitive,
intense, and courageous. The characters are out of one
mould ; every one, good and bad, noble and despicable,
has distinction ; spectrum analysis would reveal the same
prismatic colours in each. In short, all the acquired
cautiousness of the reviewer cannot hinder us from assert-
ting that A Lady of the Regency is a remarkable novel.
It handles a large theme largely, it offers a complete
picture of an epoch, and it does not once fail at a critical
Eoint. Perhaps it might with advantage have been a
ttle shorter. We have not, for instance, discovered the
exact raison $€tre of Chapters X., XI., and XII., and we
scarcely think that the early marriage of the heroine
enters with sufficient usefulness into the scheme of
motivation.
Mr. F. W. Hayes is much more hackneyed in subject
and methods ; but he appears to have in him the root of a
popular success. He does again, but somewhat differently,
what has been done a thousand times before. His sub-
title— '* Being a Eecord of Certain Adventures of Ambrose
Gwynett, Esquire, of Thomhaugh " — must inevitably give
pause to the reader satiated with conventional fantasias
upon the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Mr. Hayes
has immense fertility in the invention of incident, though
none of his incident is precisely new, and his use of
coincidence (see, for example, that on p. 162) is too free.
The characters are for the most part stock figures, doing
470
The Academy.
2 JOK,
IV
the usual teats, and uttering the usual sentiments. Take
the soliloquy of that smooth villain, the Abb6 Gaultier, on
S. 20 : *' * So,' he said to himself venomously, ' it is
[. Ambrose Owynett of Thomhaugh — what devils of
names ! — who is in the way. All the worse for M.
Ambrose Owynett of Thomhaugh. Muriel Dorrington is
for me, M. Gwynett— for me, Armaud Gaultier, if a
hundred of you stood in my way.' " From such a speech
the whole novel mi^ht be deduced. Mr. Hayes's originality .
lies in his fixed determination not to be tedious, but to
''cut the cackle and come to the 'osses." He has
apparently tried to make his novel as much like a play as
possible. No descriptions, no divagations, no neat uttle
essays, but all action and rapid dialogue. If it is necessary
to clear the ground, the ground is cleared by the characters
themselves in dramatic converse. Playgoers will remember
Sardou's old trick of beginning a scene with a couple of
explanatory gossiping servants. This device is very well,
used in moderation ; but we think Mr. Hayes has carried
it to excess. For the rest, his novel is distinctly read-
able, despite ito length — 444 close pages, and a sequel
threatened !
§•
Notes on Novels.
[^These notes on the voeeVe Fiction are not neceesarily final,
RewewB of a selection will folloto,']
VoioBs IN THE Night, By Floba Annie Steel.
Mrs. Steel's new story is a veritable warehouse of
Indian goods. The story centres in the family of Sir
George Arbuthnot, Lieut. • Gt>vemor of Nushapore.
Plague and famine and superstition and treason play
their parte, and the depths of Indian life, European and
native, are plumbed. The spirit of the book is hinted at
in these words of the Prologue : '^ The threatening voice
paused as a dull reverberation shivered through the chill
air. It was the first gun of the Imperial salute which
every New Year's morning proclaims that Victoria,
Kaieer-i-hindy reigns over the fog, and the voices in it . . .
Between the beate of the guns the voices had their way
unchecked. About what ? That is a difficult question to
answer when the voices are in the night." (Heinemann.
6s.)
Love and Mb. Lewisham.
By H. G. Wells.
Here Mr. Wells reverte to the quiet matter and manner
of his Wheels of Chance. Mr. Lewisham is a- young school-
master who hanffs a schema of work, and sundry splendid
mottoes, on his bedroom walls, where he ** could see them
afresh every mominpp as bis head came through his
shirt." He is but eighteen when we meet him, and is
thinking *^ little of Love, but much of Greatness." But
Mr. Wells makes him think of love ; makes him marry
hastily ; makes the schema turn yellow and crumpled ; and
makes us enjoy the humours and poignancies of a hasty
marriage with ite sweetness, squalor, and exclusion of
Greatness from Mr. Lewisham's life. (Harper & Brothers.
6s.)
Uksula. By K. Douglas King.
Ursula's governess wrote of her when she was eiffht and
a half : '' She wishes to dominate me, and generafiy tries
to take the lead in the household. ... At present she
walks like a yoxmg savage, and is absolutely ignorant. . . .
When I asked her, sarcastically, if she could do anjrthing,
she replied with impertinent coolness : ' Well, I bet I can
saddle my pony faster than Jim (the stable boy) can ; and
I cured our collie when he had fito, when even the vet.
had given him up.' " Ursula has Bussian relatives, goes
to them, and has adventures in travel and love. A bright
story. (Lane. 6s.)
The Footfall of Fate. By Mrs. J. H. Riddell.
A typical story of English life, by the author of The
Senior Pa/rtner^ and many other novels. Country-house
eople, London people, up-river people walk aod tu
.ibbotomead. ''Each day some fresh fact enLr
Abbotsmead. First it was bruited about that Y\j^
been commissioned to erect a temporary balWc
people asked : ' What ! isn't Kosebank laige mx
. . . She engaged the Biverford String BazuL" T
& Co. 6s.)
Life's Tbtvial Bound.
By Eo8a X.
Miss Carey's new novel is in the minor dome^: :
which she has made her own. '^ I Take PosseeflioQ.:
Brown Parlour," ** A Controversy about the WestE-i
'*Hope Helps to Shell the Peas," and "ITakeP^
sion of the Porch Eoom" are chapter headintsT.
prepare us for the last, ''The Chiming of Ve*:.
BeUs." (Hutehinson. 6s.)
Geoboe LmwooD. By W. Ni:-
A kailyard story, full of ministers, and goodnes .
etiquette. The aul^or's fine writing makes for \hxz-
Two lovers on a sofa : ** They sat thus — thej tooks
of time — their faces, sunbeams ; their souls, fm-
silent ecstesy — perhaps the period in most humu h^
the purest, sweetest ecstasy ; they sat thus for the 6^4
fifteen minutes, shining, and were so shining wbet I
St. Clare, who had left the room when they iiadsa!:
together with the album, entered again." (Gardner.
Unleavened Bread. Br BobkbtGl
A big study of American life, with the heroine's ir
proceedings early in the story. The local poIiC"
Benham are the background to Selma White's prii
and loves. "On the following day Lyons retoe>J
Qas Bill " is not an inspiring^ sent^oe in itselt '^
occurs in the rounding - off of an interesting s'
(Hutchinson. 6s.)
Thk Chicamon Stone. Br Cuve PhilupsWoc
A gallant story of fortune-hunting in Alaska, ^
much of Indians and volcanoes thrown in, by tiie a:
of Gold, Gold in Cariboo. (Smith, Elder. 68.)
Colonial Bobn. By G. Fibta 5
A tale of the Queensland bush. The heroine, Ailee
a typical colonial girl, a horsewoman and a fluent ^
Of gold-seeking life there is plenty in the ch&ptew ^
** The Rout of Boulder Creek '^ and " The Sway of ip
(Sampson Low. 6s.)
Daniel Herbick. By Sidney Bobert Bursi
The hero, who telle the stoiy, is a newa-writer oK
reign of Charles II*, and he becomes mixed up r:.
secret revolutionary party, and is sentenced to rf*
But Margery^s happiness is not sacrificed. The K--
Lady Castlemaine, and other ladies of the Court aw ff-^
duced, and the historical basis of the story has been a
fully laid. (Gay & Bird. 6s.)
Robin Hood. By A. Aij»a^^
"A romaDce of the English Forest." "S'deaji
List! . . . 'Have at them!' . . . 'Good» "^T/f.^
*Thou sittest thy Saladin Uke a leech, but I ]olt me
an' down like a popinjay.' " (Burleigh. ^*)
The Thobn Bit. By Dorothba Costt^
** She puzzled for a moment, and then found the (X«^
horsey terms for the bay's faulte, *Too leggy. »?"^
bone,' she said discontentedly." These a^^.W^^;
tences from this novel of fox-hunting, ^^^y..
Hussars, and the Murphy girls. For motto, Mr. J^P ^^
Pleasant the snaffle of Courtship, improving tie v0^
and carriage, .,. igA-
But the colt who is wise wiU abstain from W« ^
tLom bit of Marriage.
(Hutehinson, Gs.)
2 June, looo.
The Academy.
471
THE ACADEMY.
Kditorial and Publishing Offices, 43, Chancery-lane.
^he A.OADXICT wiU he $&nt pod-fres to every Annual Subeeriber
in, the UnUed Kingdom.
^'rice for One laue, Threepmoe ; poeiage One Halfpenny . Price
yor 62 ietuee^ Thirteen ShtUinge ; poetage/^ee.
9*oreign Batee for Yearly SuhecripUane 2O0.
including poetage.
d^msriean Agente for the Aoadsmt: BrmtanoU^ 81, Unum'
square^ New York.
The A. B.C. of Maeterlinck.
It ^eere an easy matter to make fan of Maeterlinck. One
lias but to dwell upon peculiarities in the form of his
exprefision, regardless of the spirit and meaning out of
^wliioh they arise. This was done recently with some
success in a review article.
Those who wish to approach Maeterlinck seriously, to
know what he is and wnat he has to say, will not be
deterred by superficial eccentricities. Take, for instance,
tb.e propensity of his dramatic characters to the repetition
of woros and phrases and exclamations. Who tnat has
studied human nature has not observed its tendency in
times of great soul stress to use over and over again the
same simple words or exclamations until they become
fraught with the awful significance of intense pain, of
great passion, of supreme gladness ? To quote instances
of this in Shakespeare, where they are so many and so
well known, were supeifiuous. But let anyone eaU up the
closing scenes of "Othello," for example, and note the
*' iterance," as Othello himself calls it, when Emilia's
amazement can find no other expression for a time than
the repeated utterance of ''My husband." Mark how
Othello harps on a word and repeats an exclamation.
Of course, this sort of thing must be bom of insight and
feeling. When a writer, once having observed this
tendency of an overwrought mind to repetition, resorts to it
as a mechanical device for the conjuring up of an emotion
which he does not feel, the effect is fatal. His work then
ceases to be art : it degenerates into artifice. It has been
charged against Maeterlinck that he does this. Perhaps it
does sometimes seem that the situation is not sufficiently
intense to make these repeated exclamations and observa-
tions quite natural.
It is not unfrequently the case that an artist feels a
situation more strongly than he can vividly set it forth, and
his expressions are then apt to be bom rather of his own
feeling of the situation than of the situation as presented
to the spectator. In such a case he is to be charged
with imperfect command over his material and of the
vehicle of expression which he has chosen, but by no means
with device and insincerity.
And there axe in Maeterlinck many examples of this
repetition being inevitable. That is to say, the dramatist
has so entered into the heart of his characters that what
he makes them say is what they could not but say ; is,
indeed, the natural and inevitable expression of themselves
under given circumstances. Take, e.g.^ Selysette's repeated
statement: ''I was leaning over and I fell." She has
sacrifioed herself for the happiness of the other two. But,
to secure the fruit of her sacrifice — ^the happiness of the
others — ^they must not know that she has thrown herself
down. Their joy in each other would be dashed by their
remembrance of the price paid for it — the life of Selysette.
But in great pain and with fast fading strength she cannot
elaborate her explanation. By a sublime instinct she
reserves her strength for the maintaining of her purpose.
Her mind is fixed. No amount of pleiuling and persua-
sion can shake her resolution. In answer to all expostula-
tions and appeals she quietly repeats:' ''I ^os leaning
over and I felL I was leaning over and I fell." This
steadily-maintained prevarication reveals and illumines as
nothing else could do the greatness and beau^ of the
simple and inarticulate soul of Selysette, beside whom
Aglavaine, with all her fine speeches, becomes dwarfed,
and MeUeander is contemptible. And so in other
instances that might be given, this repetition has such
intense and revealing force, is so instinct with soul, that
it can only be the offspring of that which it reveals.
It is not as an artist that Maeterlinck appeals to the
majority of his readers. They do not greatiy concein
themselves with art They are people who have their
lives to live, their biudens to bear, their problems to solve,
their appointed tasks to perform, their loves, their sorrows,
their disappointments, and their temptations to go through
with, and who withal have their desire for the grace and
culture of life. What they feel after in a writer is not
Serf ection of artistic form, but wisdom and guidance in
aily iJUfe. It is to such people that MaeterUnck brings
great help. How then does he help them ? What has he
to say to them? What, in a word, is Maeterlinck's
gospel?
It is, after all, a very simple one and ancient He
preaches it with a new emphasis, sheds new light upon it,
draws new and sometimes startling deductions from it; but
it is in reality the everlasting gospel which one finds in all
great religions, in all great poetry, and in all true philosophy,
for Maeterlinck in dnuna and essay never ceases to preadi
the supremacy, the sufficiency, and the imperishable beauty
of Soul. But so peculiarly has Maeterlinck made this
region of the soul his home, and so remarkably has he set
forth subtie and elusive phases and fleeting aspects of the
sold, moods of the soul well-nigh inexpressible and tenses
transitory as a dream, that what he says comes to us at
times with almost the force of a new revelation. Because
of this dealing witii the soul, and with the more obscure
movements of the soul, he has been called a mystic, more
a mystic than an artist, with the assumption that mysticism
is destructive of art. Great art has again and again been
mystical, has again and again dwelt in the spell-bound
twilit land which lies between the Known and the Un-
known. Whether we call Maeterlinck a mystic or not
depends on our definition of mysticism. In the present
writer's understanding of the term he is a mystic, and is
not, therefore, a worse artist nor a less reliable teacher.
But if any were to insist on his own definition of
mystidsm, and to say that a mystic is one who has lost
his hold upon reality, who has shut his ears and closed
his eyes to the actual, who has got drunk upon his 0¥m
nerve fluid, deeming it the wine of GK>d, who has become
enamoured of the vagaries of his own brain, and watches
it spin upon nothing, regarding its intoxicated gyrations
as more momentous than the motion of the spheres, we
fi^ould simply content ourselves with protesting that Maeter-
linck is not a mystic, for he keeps his eyes steadily on
facts : only they axe not the facts which lie open to obser-
vation, but rather tiie shy facts of life which lurk in dim
comers, which elude us in dark ancestral forests, which
appear for a moment and then vanish down some long
corridor of the mind, or drown themselves in some deep
moat, or eet locked within a gloomy fastness where the
light of day never penetrates. Maeterlinck has made it
his business to set on the servants of the soul to open the
doors of these ancient casties and let in the day, to remove
the barriers and investigate those dimly lighted corridors,
to drag the moats and hunt in the forests. These doors
are hard to open, they have been closed so long ; and one
is apt to get u>st in these forests. But there is a reward :
we find some new and beautiful ideal. For illustration let
the reader consult again the first and second scenes of
*<P611eas and M61isande," where the Doorkeeper objects
to open the door, and bids the servants: ''Out by the little
doors ; out by tiie littie doors ; there are enough of them ";
and where Qoland, hunting a Beast through the forest to
472
The Academy.
2 June 1900.
alay it, finds a Beauty that has lost its crown through
excessive grief, as soul-beauty so often does; a Beauty
that has come from far, far away, and that by so many
has been hurt.
In The Trea9ure of the Humble and in Wisdom and
Destiny we find the same earnest search after the hidden
beauty and wisdom of the soul. It is this finding of
the subtle ideas which vaguely haunt our souls day by
day, expressed in clear and beautiful language in the
essays or hinted at in strangely beautiful symbolism in the
plays, which makes the reading of Maeterlinck for the first
time so new and delightful an experience to those whose
delight is in the inner world, and who are desirous to learn
both how far this inner life influences the outer, and how
to make its influence yet greater. Imagine a man dreaming
frequently of certain places and people, vaguely recalling
his dreams, yet dismissing them as vain and idle fancies,
though they are shaping his daily life, then coming one
day all unexpectedly upon the people and places of his
dreams— how he would recognise them, how delight in
them; how, beholding them clothed with dignity and
beauty and all the marks of reality, while the things of his
waking moments seem but the shadows and images of
these, his faith in his dreams is strengthened — ^and you will
form some idea of what Maeterlinck means to those who
can understand him. Thoughts that have dwelt in un-
appreciated loveliness in the dark recesses of the mind ;
hopes and aspirations which have flitted like fairies
in the pale moonlight of the soul have been gently
seized and firmly held by Maeterlinck, and are allowed t<)
reveal themselves, their eternal reality, and their high
office.
The soul, he tells us, knows no distinctions of great and
small in events or circumstances. To it the kiss of two
lovers is as great an occasion as the wreck of an empire or
the creation of a people. Out of one or the other it can
draw inspiration. The joys and sorrows of the household,
the smile of a child, the tears of an old man, quite as
much as the affairs of a nation, are the doors and windows
through which the soul c€Ui reveal to us the Infinite.
Why wait for a bolt to shoot out of the blue ere we are
awakened? Why wait for great sorrows, great events,
great joys, great occasions? The force that makes the
bolt dwells in all things, is moving around us and within
us constantly. We have but to learn how to approach it,
how to manipulate it, and every day, every hour may
become great.
Things Seen.
The Beggar.
I FEBBED throufi^h the rain-covered windows, and saw the
early-lit street lamps shine tremulously in the raw damp
atmosphere.
An old man was slowly walking up the hill, and at each
house he knocked, waiting patiently till the door was
opened, and then, as if he were briefly dismissed, turning
as patiently away to recommence his task.
He was decently clad, and in no way resembled the
ordinary beggar. His hair was white and dishevelled,
and his aspect was one of pathetic, hopeless poverty.
A sudden pity stirred my heart.
I drew the coppers from my purse and waited, for
surely he would not miss my door. He had as yot missed
no house in tbe road.
How tired and downcast he looked as he paused for a
moment at the gate, evidently debating his chance.
Why did I not tap the window-pane ?
He passed my house, and a dull surprise, a paralysing
torpor, stole over me, as with fascinated gaze I watched
him pass by, his shadowy bent figure gradually fading
from my sight.
From the Well Deck.
Sheer joy of life illuminated her ruggoi, libour- weary
face ; the hard lines of her brow smoothed wonderfully ;
her mouth was twisted in strenuous effort not to smile ;
yet the causes of her pleasure were so small ! To us, the
first class passengers on board s.s. C^ Castle y ^^ South-
wards-bound," it seemed sufficiently pathetic that to win
the third prize in the egg-and-spoon race of ship's sports
should cause a triumph so abundant, a jubilation so
supreme, in this one third class competitor.
Prize-giving day came laggingly, she with it at an
early hour. Long before the time announced upon the
programme, we saw her skip up the '' companion " from
tbe well-deck, a plain, squat, elderly, unattractive woman,
dressed in her every-day skirt of much patched cotton —
I think it was her only one — and a maroon flannel blouse.
Her battered straw hat, limp from tropical use, was worn
on one side with a certain jauntiness ; her face was aflame
with heated expectation ; red nervous fingers gripped and
twisted a grimy handkerchief as she leant up against the
rail, cheek by jowl with the daughter of a marquis, and
facing a duke^-on this, perhaps, the one proud moment of
her life.
One by one the winners' names were called, the rewards
apportioned. The egg-and-spoon race was low down on
the list. As the cheers rang out the old woman's joy rose
in ascending scale ; she shook with excitement ; her breath
came gustily; her eyes were eager, anxious, alive with
expectation.
At last !
'^The winners of the egg-and-spoon race are: 1st,
Lady ; secondly, Mrs. A ."
No third prize ?
At first we could not believe our ears. Nor could she.
She looked at us, the assembled crowd, with the scared
expression of a scolded child ; she caught at the rail to
steady herself ; her jaw dropped ; a shutter fell on the joy
of her face. Someone said ** Hush ! " beneath his breath
as the cheers re-echoed when Lady stepped forward
to receive her fourth first prize.
The first shock over, the old woman nerved herself to
turn away. Very old she seemed as she looked timidly
upon the steep *' companion " she had scaled so cheerily
an hour before. . . . There had been witnesses of the
incident. There were hurried whisperings, exchanges,
consultations. As the woman turned drearily, the voice
of the hon. secretary rang out with special clearness:
'^ We regret that the announcement of the winner of the
third prize in the egg-and-spoon race was unfortunately
omitted. Mrs. Garlick, please come and take your prize."
How we cheered !
Wind and City.
When I revisit, on a night of stars.
The encampment old and foul of London's horde
And pierce the smoke of sluggish lusts and wars
Still from that blotch of lath and plaster poured,
How do I rage that in a blast more keen
I from Fate's mountain trumpet am not blown
And all this dingy frailty bestrewn
With " Strike tents, millions^ let your lair be clean ! "
With what a glee would I divide the swarm !
A third should soar and whistle to the veldt
To feel the ancestral sun — a third should melt
Into honeyed forest far — and a third storm
Settle on Andes : but the morrow here
Should find the brow of Ludgate green and clear.
BLerbebt Trench.
2 June, 1900.
The Academy.
473
Mathilde Blind's Poetry.*
!i8s BuMD was a oopions and apparently fluent— too
iient — -writer. Her collected poems are equal, or nearly
IMBly in bulk to the collected poems of Shelley ; and they
ave all Shelley's fatal facility, and Shelley's love for
iffuseness. It does not need the evidence of Dr. Gamett's
lemoir to tell us that the poet of ** Prometheus Unbound "
as a chief influence with her. But there the resemblance
dases. In texture the poems are very different ; there is
othing' of Shelley's opulent imagination or fecund
nagery. We cannot fina any evidence that Miss Blind's
fundamental brain-power " (as Bossetti called it) in
oetry exceeded that of numerous female writers less
oluminous and less noticed. The impression made upon
J9 is one of ambitious mediocrity — could we find a less
larsh term we would use it. Yet it is precisely upon this
undamental substance that Dr. Gamett insists. We do
lot deny that there is brain-power, of a kind, in '* The
kjscent of Man " and other poems which could be named.
But it belongs rather to the prose-thinker than the poet,
x> the rationalising faculty tnan to the imaginative in-
niition. That (as Dr. Gamett relates) it shomd captivate
% man of science we can well imderstand ; but no over-
Laying with poetic forms and description can make that
poetic which was not conceived through the imagination,
or hide the secret of its birth. The true poet does not
think first and imagine afterwards, but the processes are
Lndissolubly blended ah initio. In regard to form, Dr.
Qarnett admits that Miss Blind was deficient, and laments
the preoccupation, with truth, which left her indifPerent to
artistic externalities. But, apart from the fact that a poet
indifferent to art is scarce thinkable (however impetuosity
may betray him into negligences of art, or defective taste
blind him to lapses in art), there seems to us in Miss
Blind something more than carelessness of or indifference
to form. There seems something like an incapacity to
sing, a lack of the instinct which '' voluntary moves har-
monious numbers." Otherwise the shaping spirit would
sometimes take the matter into its own hands, compelling
the reluctant verse to momentary loveliness of perfect form
— as happens frequently with poets the most admittedly
negligent of art. But this, we are bound to say, we do
not find in Miss Blind ; and the absence of it confirms us
in the impression derived from the manner and movement
of her verse.
** The Ascent of Man " is Miss Blind's longest and most
ambitious poem ; an apotheosis of evolution, which Dr.
Gamett allows to be a failure, but a fine failure. For
ourselves, we cannot see the touches of redeeming sub-
limity which he discerns in this chaotic and tense rather
than intense poem. At its most effortful it is strained and
excited-- a painfully obvious striving beyond the poet's
power. Its more level passages simply leave us cold.
Here are some stanzas in which the author has put forth
all her power :
Constellated Buns, fresh lit, declining,
Were ignited now, now quenched in space,
Rolling round each other, or inclining
Orb to orb in multicoloured rays.
E^^er showerine from their flaming fountains
Lif^ht, more light, on each fir-cirolinK earth,
Till life stirred crepuscular seas, and mountains
Heaved convulsive with the throes of birth.
And the noble brotherhood of planets,
Knitted each to each by links of light,
Circled round their suns, nor knew a minute's
Lapse or languor in their ceaseless flight.
And pale moons and suns and burning splinters
Of wrecked worlds swept round their parent spheres.
Clothed with spring or sunk in polar winters
As their sun draws nigh or disappears.
In this crowd of words and colours and sound there is no
one great and original phrase or idea which imposes itself
on the mind at once. A few choric lines of Shelley would
pale it all In her less ambitious narrative poems Miss
Blind can write pleasant descriptive passages, but without
magic. Thus in " The Teamster" :
Sam came a-courting while the year was blithe,
Wh^n wet-browed mowers, stepping out in tune,
With level stroke and rhythmic swmg of scythe,
Smote down the proud grass in the pomp of June,
And waf^ons, half -tipped over, seemed to sway
With loads of hay.
But taken as wholes, they leave little impression, for she
has no power over the emotions. For like reason, and
from her lack of form, she is not successful in the brief
lyric, though she has written much in this, as in all kinds.
The sonnet Dr. Gamett judges one of her most successful
fields, and two especially he singles out for excellence :
the sonnet to ''The Dead," and the almost equally im-
pressive " Cleave Thou the Waves." In " The Dead "
we have a sonnet really fine in substance, original
in imagery, not undeserving of Dr. Gtumett's phrase,
" majestic."
The dead abide with us ! Though stark and cold
Earth seems to grip them, they are with us still :
They have forged our chains of being for good or ill,
And their invisible hands these hands yet hold.
Our perishable bodies are the mould
In which their strong imperishable will —
Mortality's deep yeamiog to fulfil —
Hath grown iu corporate through dim time untold.
Vibrations infinite of life in death.
As a star's travelling light survives its star I
So may we hold our lives that when we are
The fate of those who then will draw their breath.
They shall not drag us to their judgment bar.
And curse the heritage which we bequeath.
Note especially the strong image in the second line of the
sestet. Yet even this sonnet seems rather forced into
metre than to have moulded the metre to itself : it moves
like a hay -.wain under the load of thought; and we
have sought vainly for another as fine. We may agree
with Dr. Gumett that these poems show '^ energy,
enthusiasm, aspiration towards the higher thing^." But,
without high imagination, emotional power, or grace of
form, those qualities are insuflicient for vital poetry ; and
we cannot think that Miss Blind's place in poetry will be
high.
Correspondence.
• The Poetical Works of MaihiUh Blind. With a Memoir by
Riohard Garnet t. (Unwin.)
Mr. Andrew Lang and Myself on the
Supremacy of Fiction.
Snt, — Mr. Lang accuses me of ignoratio eUnchi, I dare
counter-charge him with petitio principii. My elliptical
sentences have fallen a prey to his humour and criticism.
He has crushed me, though not my argument. The
meaning of the following line *' entirely escapes" Mr.
Lang: ''This taste of the crowd neither augments nor
diminishes the number of serious readers — unless, indeed,
towards reading at all." In other words, taste for light
literature may augment the potential number of serious
readers by imparting an inclination to read. My sense
was clear if my sentence was elliptical. Mr. Lang asks,
next, " equally greater than what ? " Equally greater
than nothing, but greater equally ivith the number of those
who read novels of a paltry value. But criticism of my
phraseology is not an answer to my argument. When
Mr. Lang turns to that, he after all sides with me against
himself. " I would liefer have written Old Mortality or
Esmond than all the works of Locke." If my stumbling
English has drawn that from Mr. Lang after his article in
474
The Academy.
2 June, 190a.
the Wsatminster, I can bnt nay that I have won my case,
and that I will hear with being called **a lady contro-
versialist." By the by, is a man who differs from another
on some point, and expresses that difference, '^ a gentleman
con^rersialist " ? I suppose so, and yet . . .—I am, &c.,
Frances Forbbs-Bobertson.
P.S. — ^I think that a great work of fiction will outlive
any historical or philosophical effort, no matter by whom,
and is of more value, for the reason that with time history
loses vital interest, even significance, and philosophy grows
obsolete at last, or becomes a summanr of truisms we
hardly care to peruse. However fine, historic or philo-
sophic works remain, after all, but glorified school books,
to be edited away to nothingness when a later age must
fail to grasp their meaning. Let Mr. Lang look Uirough
his immense storehouse of knowledge and note how the
fiction of antiquity remains the dominant key. Prince
Prigio will doubtless be read when many " more serious "
writings will be wholly forgotten.
Balzac.
Monsieur le DiREcrBXTR, — ^Ignorant malheureusement
la langue anglaise, je viens seulement d'apprendre la pub-
lication dans le Aoadehy du 5 courant de I'artide relatif
aux lettres de Balzac, et je m'empresse de vous remercier
pour la faqon dont, en ce qui me oonceme, vous avez
^ppr6ci6 les faits.
Je n*ai pas actuellement le loisir d'approfondir et de
discuter toutes ces histoires de falsifications de textes, qui
d'ailleurs ne me regardent en rien, etant tr^s anterieures
d mes travaux personnels, les seuls dont j^aie k repondre.
Je me contenterai done de vous afiirmer que je poss^de,
parmi beauooup d'autres lettret autographet de Balzac :
1. Tout ce qui a 6t6 retrouv6 de sa eorrespandance
autographs avec Mme. Hanska, c*est 4 dire les Lettres d
VEtrangere,
2. Jjautographe de la lettre d Mme. Surville du
samedi 12 (Octobre 1833), dont le texte cite par moi
page 79 d' Uh Roman tPAmour^ est absolument conforme
k celui de I'original. En consequence, rien ne m'est plus
facile que de produire la preuve indiscutable de I'exactitude
de cette citation.
n en est de memo pour le fragment de la Quotidienne
reproduit dans mon livre, car il suMt de consulter la collec-
tion de ce journal pour constater que les lignes en question
sont extraites, comme je I'ai dit, du num^ro du 9 D6cembre,
1832. Oette date aussi est done incontestable, et la pre-
miere lettre de Balzac d Mme. Hanska est bien de Janvier
1833.
Quant au renseignement relatif d un pr6tendu incendie
ayant eclat6 d Mosoou, dans lequel la plus g^rande partie
des lettres de Balzac k Mme. Hanska aurait p6ri, ce
renseignement n'a 6t6 foumi que par la veuve de Balzac
elle-meme, et ce n'est que d'apr^s ses instructions qu'il
a 6te livT6 jadis au public. La preuve qu'il est de tous
points con^aire d la v6ritS, c'est que la plupart de ces
lettres soi-disant brul6es sont k cette heure entre mes
mains.
Enfin, ainsi que je le fais savoir en toute occasion —
M. Jules Huret I'imprimait encore dans le Figaro du
2 Mars dernier — ^je ne suis absolument pour rien dans la
mise au jour des fjettrea d VEtranghre, Mon role s'est
exdusivement donne d remettre k I'editeur une copie de
ces lettres, ex^cut^e et coUationnee par moi -me me. Far
consequent, s'il existe des differences entre les autographes
et le teste publie, ceci m'est absolument etranger.
Du reste, je m'etonne on ne pent plus qu'avant de mettre
au jour tous ces racontars et d'y meler mon nom, I'auteur
de la traduction anglaise de ces Lettres^ n'ait pas song6
d'abord k s'adresser k moi directement. Cent 6t6, ce me
semble, le meilleur moyen de se faire renseigner exacte-
ment, et d'obtenir la preuve ou I'authenticite absolue des
text^ cites dans mes ouvrages.
Je vous autorise, Monsieur le Directeur, k publier oette
lettre, si cela pent vous etre agreable, et je vous prie de
trouver ici I'expression de mes sentiments distingues.
YlOOlfTE DE SpOBLBERCH DE LoYENJOUX..
Paris : 26 Mai, 1900.
[TThe " fragment " from the Quotidtenne newspaper, to
which M. de Lovenjoul refers, is Balzac's private adrer-
tisement, inserted by him in response to the request
contained in Mme. de Hanska's first letter. — Ed.]
New Books Received.
[These notes on some of the N&w Books of the week are
preliminary to Reviews that may foUow.']
A Treasury of Oanadiait
Yersb. Ed. bt Theodore H. Baud.
This book is welcome at sight. It appears to be an
exhaustively representative selection of Canadian verse,
'' selected £rom the entire field of our history." Here are
reflected the aspects of nature in Canada in lul the seasons,
the aspirations of a young counixy, and " Anglo-centric
conceptions and aspirations, divining with poetic insight
the coming good." (Dent. 4s. 6d. net.)
Nature in Downlaito. By W. H. Hudsov.
Mr. Hudson is one of our most popular ornithological
writers, and the author of Birds in London, Here he is
engaged with Sussex, a coxmty for which writers of charm
have done little. Leaving geology severely alone, Mr.
Hudson takes us over the smooth surface of the Downs,
chatting of their '* animal and vegetable forms, from the
Soint of view of the lover of nature, and, in a moderate
egree, of the field naturdist." (Longmans. 10s. 6d.
net.)
Htmns of the Greek Church. Translated bt
Rev. John Brownlie.
When, thirty-eight years ago, Dr. John Mason Neal
published his Bymns of the Eastern Churchy he wrote:
*' And while fully sensible of their imperfections, I may
yet, by way of excuse rather than of boast, say, almost in
Bishop Hall's words :
I first adventure : follow me wbo list,
ADd h^ the second Eastern Melodist."
^fr. Brownlie has accepted the challenge, and here gives
us translations of some of the beautiful hymns in the
Greek Church service books. A scholarly introduction
is prefixed to the hymns, which number about fifty.
(Oliphant. 2s.)
Byron's Works.
Vol. III. Ed. bt Ernest Hartley Coleridos.
This volume of the definitive edition of Byron contains
" The Giaour," " The Bride of Abydos," " The Corsair,"
"Lara," "The Siege of Corinth," " Parisina," the
" Hebrew Melodies," and a number of short poems. A
portrait of Byron in an Albanian costume, from a picture
in the possession of Mr. Murray, forms the frontispiece.
(Murray. 6s.)
In addition to the foregoing, we have received :
THEOLOGICAL AND BIBLICAL.
KinRsbury (T. L.), Spiritaal Sacrifice and Holy Commrnion
(Macmillan ft Bowm)
Brawley (Rev. J. M.). The Epistlefiof St. lirnatiaB. 2 vols each 1/0
Bindley (Rev. T. HJ, The Epistle of tho Galician Charches, Lugdannm
and Vienna, Ac (S.P.C.K.) 1 0
POBTRT, CRITICISM, AND BELLES LBTTRB8.
Ward (May Alden). ProphetH of the Nineteenth Century (Gay ft Bird J 4A>
RobinHon (W. Clarke), British Poets of the Revolution Age...(011oy ft Go.)
HISTORY AND BIOGRAPHY.
A Select Library of Kiccne and Post-Nioene Fatters of the Christian
Cbtirch. Second Series. Vol. XIV (Parker ft Co.)
Thoal (Georffo McCull). A Little Bistory of South Africa (Unwiu) 1 0
Bonntag iHedwig). The Magic Ring of Mnric (Dent) net 3J/8
Lindsay (Thomas M), Luther and the German Reformation (Clark)
French (R. V.), British Christianity daring the Boman Ooonpation
(8.P.O.K.) ,"6
2 Jxme' 1900.
The Academy.
475
TtiohirdaoQ (Ralph), CkmUs k Co.. Baokera (Stock) 6/8
SmemtO'i (Olipbant). Thomas Qathrie {Oliphant) 1/6
Bryoe [Gwtge), The Remarkable Hieccry of the Hadson's Bay Company
(SampeonliOw)
Snell (F. J.), Wesley andMethod^Bm (T. A T. Clark) 3/0
Favrer (Sir Joseph), Recollections of My Life (Blackwood) 21/0
'R>bert9on (John M.), An Introdaction to Engrlish Politics (Richards) lOU
80IBNOB AND PHILOSOPHY.
Mackenzie (M.), Sodal and PoUtical Dynamicn (Williams A Norgate) 10/6
HISOBLLANBOUS.
P.ke (Oliver G.), In Bird-Land with Field-Glass and Camera (Unwin) 1.0
NBW EDITIONS.
Herford (C. 11. )i Eversley Shakespeare in Separate Plays : Twelfth Ni^ht.
Othello each 1/0 or 2/0
Macaulay (Lord), Essays (Ward, Lock) 2^0
%* I^etp NweU are aehnowledgid eUewhere,
Our Weekly Competition.
Result of No. 36 (New Series).
Last week we oifered a prize of One Gainea for the best quatrain
on a writer, in the nature of a personal tribute. The response has
been good. We have decided that the prize is due to Miss L. C. Jadk,
^, Quadrant, North Ber«riok, for the following tribute to
John Buskin.
Greener is the green, and bluer is the blue,
Truer seems the Good, and the Beautiful more true.
Lovelier far is loye^ and life a seoond birth,
Siooe thou, 0 little child of God, wast master of my worth.
The two next best quatrains are these- 1^ Miss (Gertrude Newstead,
Olifton, and Miss Elizabeth F. SteTenson, Newoastle-on-Tyne :
Browniito.
Greatheart among us pilgrims, thou dost move
*' The baffled to fight better,'* urge the strong
To worthier effort ; brave faith, boundless love
For man, in Gkxl, the burden of thj song.
[G. N.]
Horace.
Moulder of metres and of words made fit
For mellow thoughts whose fame the ages keep,
Beneath thy Roman oalm, thy balanoed wit,
Our modem spirit stirs, and cannot sleep.
[B. F, S.J
Other answers are :
Wordsworth.
Master, the world is too much with us still,
The din, the tumult, and the jostling rude !
We need with thee to olimb the momhig hill,
And breathe thy spirit*s vaster amplitude.
[T. B. D., Bridgwater.]
Robert Louis Stevenson.
Of art and life the master, deep within
My heart, I keep thy axiom, sweet and clear ;
Not vainly to strive in leading men from sin,
But doing all for happiness while here
[H. P. B., Glasgow.]
MlLTON.
MiltoD, the task was yours to " justify
The ways of Gk)d to men " : you deftly trod
The journey whose aooomplisbjnent were nigh
To justify the ways of men to God.
[C. E. H., Richmond.]
S. Augustine.
Goethe*s dear brain, plus Gk)rdon*s scorn of pelf,
O, son of Monica, were thy double dower :
In heavenward life, and daily death to self,
Aid me to share the secret of thy power I
[R. F. McC, Whitby.]
Shakespeare.
WhRt gladsome fiutterings from baser earth
My soul hath lifted, after thine to look ;
What tears of pity and what draughts of mirth
My heart hath drawn, 0 Shakespeare, from thy book 1
[S. W., Cathoart]
John Davidson.
Spirit, that biilds Love*d walls and architrave.
Of colours, music, self the corner stone :
Honour to hearts as manly brave.
As woman-sweet as is thine own !
f H. R. S., Newcastle-on-Tyne. i
Shakespeare.
In Homer*s, Dante's, Milton*s verse the measured roll
Keeps equal state monotonous : the poet's soul
Is, Wordsworth, thine ; the sound we yield, oh, Keats, to thee :
Thou, Shakespeare, bear'st all palms, and each immortally.
[T. C, Bnxted]
Christina Rossetti.
I will build a monument unto her glory,
A monument of gentle deeds and love ;
I will raice it up from ptory unto story,
In gratitude to her who taught us love.
[S. M., Addisoombe.]
Tennyson.
When life's long burden hangeth heavily,
I muse that l£ou hast lived, beloved guide ;
And when I meet my death, so let me Im
Content to die. Master, for thou hast died.
[E. M., West Smithfield.]
Emerson.
" The soul can be trusted to the end."
"Trust thy soul 1 pure, God-filled, truH ! *'
The dulled word raog out minted new ;
And two worlds saw a fading truth
Restored by thee to glowing youth.
[C. M. D., London.]
To Shakespeare, Ensphered.
Migh*^ but one ray of that ** particular star "
Which is thy crown and high prerogative,
Pierce to the herd uncrowned who gsze afar.
My soul with thine should laugh, and love, and live.
[M. A. W., London].
The Burgess of Stratford.
One of the people ; at the people's call
To act, to vamp to travel, to procure ;
Separate aod vast ; in some sort through it all
6y being of the people to endure.
[C. a O., London ]
Wordsworth.
To read the meaning 'neath the outward show,
Thy high illumined message well hath taught.
But, better far, through thee we oome to know
The deep abiding happiness of thought.
Virgil.
[S.C]
Master, what muse thy verse with magic dowers.
The rich, sad tone that to our memory dings ?
Tkr face was set to applaud the conquering hourf.
But in thy voice were tears for human things.
[J, H. F., Clifton.]
John Ruskin.
The golden bowl is broken ! mute Despair
Moans o'er the glittering dust in vain !
The silver cords are loosened ! Shall frail Air
Retouch them into life again ?
[W. M. R., Manchester.]
Omar Khattam.
0 far above the clanging bells of strife
And throb of pulses beating out their day.
Some ceaseless echo vibrates Uiro' my life
Omar, since first I hearkened to thy lay !
[Z. McC, Whitby ]
Competition No. 37 (New Series).
In this week's competition the following witty stansa was sent
in by Mrs. F. L. Anderson, of Ealing :
Jane Austen.
Dear Maiden Aunt of Letters, faultless Jane, ,
Pattern precise, prim critic of our cex,
What would you say — could you oome back again —
Of Zaza, Nana, and the Gay Lord Qnex ?
Obviously this had no chance of the prize, for it is an epigram, not
a eulogy. But it may serve as a model for another competition.
We offer a prise of One Guinea for the best epigrammatic veree of
four lines oonnecting an old author with the prescLt day.
RULEB.
Answers, addressed "Literary Competition, The Acadbiiy, 43,
Chancery-lane, W.C.," must reach us not later than tde first post
of Tuesday, June 5. Each answer must be accompanied by
the coupon to be found in the third column of p. 476, rir it can-
not enter into competition. Competitors sending more than one
attempt at solution must accompany each attempt with a separate
coupon ; otherwise the first only will be considered. We oanno^
consider anonymous answers.
476
The Academy.
2 June, 1900.
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The Railway Bookstalls, and all Booksellers'.
An American Transport
in the Crimean War,
CHAPTER I.
The Old and the New Mediterranean Trade— The Pioneer Steamship— Arri^l
at Marseilles— The Cholera— Origin of the Crimean War^French HUaritj
succeeded by Disappointment.
CHAPTER II.
The Passage to Constantinople— Reminiscences of Antiquity— Ashore in th;
Dardanelles— Disinterested Kindness of Suleyman Pasha— Constantinopi^
and its Surroundings— The Passage to the Crimea—The Seaports and it-e
Battlegrounds— Starvation at the English Camp— French Eoonomj ut^Q
Hospitality.
CHAPTER ni.
The Mistake of the Allies in Making their Landing- The Commencement of tbe
Siege and the Misery attending it— Another Passage from Marseille^ -
Narrow Escape from Foundering in a Gale— Arrival at Kamiesh-Tne
Monastery of St. George.
CHAPTER IV.
The American and the French CuUine—A. Trip to the Sea of Asof— Contra«i^i
Scenes of Peace and War— VandaHsm of the Allies at Kertch— Trail) i-^'
with a Pasha— The Unsuccessful Attack on Sebastopol— Panic at Kamicst
and Balaklava— Return to Marseilles— Trip to Algeria.
CHAPTER V.
Return Again to the Crimea— Ravages of Disease in tbe Camps— French Tr.<tn«
port System compared with Ours in the Civil War— The Sisters of Chftr«>
—The Capture of the Malakoff and Redan— A View of the Bnins-BomU-
proof Female Curiosity.
CHAPTER VI.
Bnterinir the Turkish S«^rvice-The Turk a Man of hia Word-Good Pay «d J
Little Work— Our Philosophic Chief Officer— The Pasha's Bedclothes-ms
Friendship — No Use for a Propeller.
CHAPTER VII.
Haflz Effendi and his Harem.
CHAPTER VIII.
Mustapha Pasha Wide Awake— We are Hurried Off to Eupatoria— A Reecoe ^^
the Black Sea— A British Frigate comes to our Aid— Arrival at EupatoriH.
CHAPTER IX.
The Blunder of a British General— A Post-Mortem held by Mr. Sears and Some
of his Religious Ideas— The End of the War and Comments on iU Besuis.
By Capt. CODMAN.
Frontispiece. 198 pp. Prioe Ss. 6d.
London : SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, HAMILTON, & CO.
9 June, i^M).
The Academy.
477
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FRANCIS RAVBNSCBOFT. Manager.
ratfkmu. No. % Holbom
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The Academy
A Weekly Review of Literature and Life.
No. 1466. Established 1869.
9 June, 1900.
Price Threepence.
[RggisUrtd as a NewspaptrJl
The Literary Week.
We feel impelled to apologise to our readers from time
to time for the evidences wnich we fumisli from week to
week in our *' Notes on Novels " of the appalling
quantities of poor novels whioh are poured forth. We
wonder more and more why such novels are written, why
they are published, whether they are read, and whither
they go. And our wonder is always interrupted by the
arrival of new fatuities. Into one of the newest we dip,
and read :
He felt that he must do something towards ascertaining
his fate with Florence ; so, taking his fate in his hands,
he moved his chair into closer proximity to hers, and, in a
tone of voice which not a little betrayed his agitation, be
asked, ** Would I offend you, or be presuming too much,
if I called you Florence instead of Miss Montgomery ? It
would mdce me happy just to be permitted that liberty.
You will not deny me that — ^will you, Florence ? "
** Why should it make you happier to call me Florence
than to call me by my society cognomen P I'm sure it
can't make any difference to you P Will I play something
to you now, Mr. Haldane : aunt will not be pleased, you
know, if I don't ? " . . . Florence was silent and perfectly
motionless, except that her head drooped more, and her
hands, which lay on her lap, were clasped tighter than
usual, and her bosom heaved more than ordinary respira-
tion warranted.
To the pages of the New Review Mr. George Wyndham,
the Under Secretary for War, contributed a critical essay
on Mr. Stephen Crane. This appreciation was reprinted
as the introductory chapter to a volume oalled Pieturee of
TFar, containing ''The Red Badge of Courage," "The
Little Begiment," and other shorter stories by Mr. Crane.
Mr. Wyndham is enthusiastic about Mr. Crane : '^He has
painted a picture [in ' The Eed Badge of Courage ']
that challenges comparison with the most vivid scenes of
Tolstoi's La Ouerre et la Paix or of Zola's La Dehdcle.''
You may shut the book, but you still seethe battle-flags
*' jerked about madlr in the smoke," or sinking with
** dyiDg gestures of despair," the men ** dropping here
and there like bundles" ; the captain shot dead with '' an
astonished aud sorrowful lo^k as if he thought come friend
had done him an ill turn"; and the litter of corpses,
** twisted in fantastic contortions," as if ** they had
fallen fr« m some ^eat height, dumped out npon the
ground from the sky." Tbe book is full of sensuous
impressions that leap out from the picture: of gestures,
attitudes, grimaces, that fla^h into portent lus definition,
like faces from the climbing clouds of nightmare. It
leaves the imagination bounded with a '* dense wall of
smoke, furiously slit and slashed by the knife-like fire
from the rifles." It leaves, in short, such indelible traces
as are left by the actual experience of war.
Had Mr. Crane lived, it was arranged that he should
sail to St. Helena as the correspondent of the Morning Post,
He has left a volume of shoit stories which may be called
Wounds in the Rain^ and a long novel of adventure. An
article on Mr. Crane's work will be found on another page.
Miss EoKOSLEY has gone, and we who are left have to
mourn the loss of a good comrade, and one with an honest,
kindly nature. When the time comes to appreciate her
scientific work it will probably be seen that she lacked the
time to co-ordinate the facts that she was quick to
observe and resolute to collect. But on literature she has
certainly left her mark. She possessed the rare gift of a
perfectly original and distinctive style. Curiously enough,
it had nothing about it that one is accustomed to associate
with the word '* feminine," and many must have been
astonished to find that the '' stinging and bitterly cheerful
irony " on which M. Marillier complimented her was the
production of the prim and staid maiden ladv that Miss
Kingsley really was. She possessed, indeed, much of
Swift's sardonic power without either his misanthropy or
his love of the unmentionable, and one has to go back to
the great classics to find any writer who might have served
her for a model. With more animal spirits than Lucian,
she had less of his cynicism; and peniaps it is only in
Babelais that we find her parallel. Yet she could never
have studied the master in the original, for, although a
good German' scholar, she assured the present writer that
she could not read a line of French; and much of the
Fantagruel would have been repulsive to her. One wonders
whether Charles Kingsley, wno was fond of Habelais,
can have initiated her into the mysteries of the Sage of
Meudon.
Mb. William Watson contributed the following to last
week's Speaker :
Friend, call me what you will : no jot care I :
I that shun stand for England till I die.
Eoffland ! The England that rejoiced to see
HeUas unbound, Italy one and free ;
The Enffland that had tears for Poland's doom,
And in her heart for all the world made room ;
The England from whose side I have not Swerved ;
The immortal England whom I too have sc-rved.
Accounting her all living lands above,
In justice and in mercy and in love.
Half-a-dozen titles could be found to suit these fine lines.
If there is anything left in the world that would make a
'^ gentleman in khaki " start, it would be to learn that
Mr. Watson's title is ** On Being Styled a Pro-Boer."
Ws take the following from the Daily Chronicle :
A curious literary and artistic quarrel is in the air, and
may even reach the Law Courts. In a popular maeazine
there appears a story which bears in plot a resemblance
to Mr. Anstey's The Giant's Babe, The hero — or villain —
is a young poet who suggests a well-kuown writer. The
artist who has illustrated Ihe story has quite inadver-
tently drawn a speaking likeness, not only of the writer in
question, but ttlso of his publisher. Naturally, a certain
amount of annoyance has been caused. Perhaps the most
curious thiog about the matter is that the author of the
story, the artist, the poet, and the publisher are all well
acquainted with each other.
The aggrieved author, we understand, is Mr. Le Gallienne.
The astonished publisher, we understand, is Mr. Harms-
worth.
4So
The Academy.
9 June, 1900.
Mb. Alfbsd SxriTBo's literary Bervioes to M. Maeter-
linck have been so ffreat that it is not surprising to find
them reciprocated in kind. Mr. Sutro has written a play
of modem life in four acts called The Cave of lUunon
(GFrant Hichards) and M. Maeterlinck, whose A^lavaine and
Selyiette is advertised on the page facing the title-page,
writes a thirteen-page Preface. This Preface is in French.
In its opening paragraphs M. Maeterlinck talks at large
about English literatiure of the second half of the nineteenth
century. He thinks that the only tragedy produced in
that period that will not fall into oblivion is Mr. Swin-
burne's Atdlanta in Calydan, In poetry :
Depuis la periode romantique aDglaise et fran^aise, si je
mets i part les podmes de Wagner qui n'appartieonent pai
a la litterature proprement dite, mais i la mu»ique — quelle
est la pi^ce poltique qui ait r^ellement v^cu, qui nous ait
r^y^l^ dans les actit ns et les passions des homines une
beauts, une srandeur ou un charme lyrique inconnus?
Quelle est celle qui ait marqug dans Thistoire litt§raire.
qui ait eu une innuence durable et dont on se souvienne ?
tii Ton m'iuterrogeait a^rieusement sur ce point je ne
pourrais gudre citer que Fippa Passes de Browning, et
encore faudrait-il dire que ce poeme ne demeure po^me
tout en ^tant neuf, r^el et actuel, que parce qu'il n'est pas
a proprement parler une pidce de theatre, attondu qu'il est
probablement impossible de le porter sur la scene.
Whilb M. Maeterlinck talks thus of tragedy in the
past, Mr. W. L. Courtney is telling us, in his reprinted
lectures on The Idea of IVagedy in Ancient and Modem
Drama (Constable), that there is hope. Indeed, he thinks
that in '' The Second Mrs. Tanqueray " we have a play
which is *^ a true tragedy in form, manner, and style.
We stand too close to it at present to see its true propor-
tions, and the real issue disappears because it is classed,
not only among other plays of his [Mr. Pinero's], but
superficially described as a study after the model of Ibsen.
In form it is much more like a play of the school of Dumas
the younger. . . . The character of Paula Tanqueray is
one of the most triumphant creations which has ever been
composed for the stage." Mr. Pinero returns these compli-
ments strenuously in a '* Prefatory Note to the Author.
Mr. Edwabd Clodd's memoir of Mr. Ghrant Allen is a
book which will be read with peculiar interest and sym-
pathy by those who write for a living. For to that hard
occupation Mr. Allen had to bend his energies. His
mental equipment was almost too fine and various ; and
the force of circumstances continually made him write, as
it Were, from only a part of his nature. Yet few men,
in the end, have delivered their souls more completely.
Mr. dodd gives in facsimile Mr. Allen's answer to some-
one who had asked him for his favourite quotation. He
wrote:
I don't know that any phrase or quotation has ever been
of much use to me in ufe, but the two passages most
frequently on my lips are probably these :
" What shall it profit a man if he gain the whole world
and lose his own bouI."
** To live by law,
Acting the law we live by without fear,
And, because right is right, to follow right
Were wisdom in the Bcom of consequence."
On the title-page of the memoir, which, by the way, is of
just the right length, we have this text from 1 Kings iv. :
He spake of trees, from the cedar tree that is in Lebanon
even unto the hyssop that spriugeth out of the wall: he
spake also of beasts and of fowl and of crepping things
and fishes.
He spake of much else besides.
Mumey^s Magazine has started an English career, at the
price of sixpence, and under the care of Messrs. Horace
Marshall & Son, and a capital sixpence-worth of literature
it is. Sir Walter Bezant discourses on **My Favourite
Novelist and his Best Book." The novelist is Mark Twain,
the book EuekUherry Finn :
I lay it down as one of the distinctive characteristics of
a good story that it pleases — or rather, seizes — every period
of life; that the dbild, and his elder brother, and^ his
father, and his grandfather, may read it with like enjoy-
ment—not equal enjoyment, because as a man sets older
and understands more and more what the world of zd^q
and women means, he reads between the lines and sees
things which the child cannot see and cuinut understarT^d.
. . . The first quality that I claim for this book, then, is
that it does appeal to tdl ages and every age. The boy of
twelve reads it with ddight beyond his power of words to
express ; the young man reads it ; the old man reads it.
The book is a joy to all alike. For my own part, I have
read it over and over again, yet always with delight and
always finding something new in its pages.
Another article in Mumey^Sy which, no doubt, the Munsey
readers will think tip-top," is called " Beezie, the
Sucessful Maid : The Story of a Housemaid who was Bom
a Genius in her Line, as surely as Mozart and Millet were
in Theirs, and how She brought Comfort and Delight into
a Troubled Household."
Mr. Arthub Symons's article on Ernest Dowson in the
current Fortnightly Eeview may be read with interest for its
revelation of a strange comer of the literary world. We
would not imply, however, that it has not stronger claims
to be read. Mr. Symons's tribute to his friend is genuine,
and has moving passages of narrative and striking onos of
criticism :
He did not realise that he was g^ing to die, and was full of
projects for the future, when the £600 which was to oome
to him from the sale of some property should have given
him a fresh chance in the wond ; began to read Dickens,
whom he had never read before, with singular zest ; and,
on the last day of his life, sat up talking eagerly till five
in the morning. At the very moment of his death he did
not know that he was dying. He tried to cough, could
not cough, and the heart quietly stopped.
Of Dowson's life in London we have some curious and
unexpected glimpses :
I think I may date my first impression of what one calls
** the real man" . . . from an evening in which he first
introduced me to those charming supper-hou«es, open all
night through, the cabmen's shelters. . . . He invited us
to supper, we did not quite realise where, and the cabman
came m with us, as we were welcomed, coidially and
without comment, at a little place near the Langham ;
and, I recollect, very hospitably entertained. . . . Dowson
was known there, and I used to think he was always at
his best in a cabmen's shelter. Without a certain sordid-
ness in his surroundings, he was never quite comfortable,
never quite himself ; and at those places you are obliged
to drink nothing stronger than coffee or tea. I liked
to see him occasionally, for a change, drinking nothing
stronger than coffee or tea. . . . But I have never
known him when he could resist either the desire or
the cob sequences of drink. . . . He drank the poisonous
liquors of those pot-houses which swarm aboat the
Docks; he drifted about in whatever company came in
his way; he let heedlessness develop into a curious dis-
regard of personal tidiness. In Pari', Les Halles took
the place of the Docks. At Dieppe, where I saw so nmch
of him one summer, he discovered strange, squalid haunts
about the harbour, where he made fiiends with amazing
innkeepers, and got into rows with the fishermen who
Cii'ue m to drink after midnight At Brussels, where I
WHS with him at the lime of the Kermesse, he flung him-
self into all that riotous Flemish life, with a zest for what
was most sordidly liotous in it. It was his own way of
escape from life.
In Mr. Symons's opinion Ernest Dowson epitomised
himself in the following lyric : '* a lyric which ia certainly
one of the greatest lyrical poems of our time." The
Oynara of the poem is doubtless the young g^l, the
f June, 1900.
The Academy.
481
daxighter of a French restaurant keeper, to whom Dowson
wrote moBt of his verse.
Last night, ah, yesternight, hetwixt her lips and mine,
There fell thy shadow, ^nara ! thy breath was shed
Upon my fonl between the kisses and the wine;
And I was desolate and sick of aa old passion,
Yea, I was desolate and bowed my head :
I have been faithful to thee, Ojmara ! in my fashion.
All night upon mine heart I felt her warm heart beat,
Night-long within mine arms in love and sleep she lay ;
Surely the kisses of her bought red mouth were sweet ;
But I was desolate and sick of an old passion.
When I awoke and found the dawn was grey :
I have been faithful to thee, Cynara ! in my fashion.
I have forgot much, Cynara ! gone with the wind,
Flun^ roses, roses riotously with the throng,
Dancmg, to put thy pale, lost lilies out of mind ;
But I was desolate and sick of an old passion,
Yea, all the time, because the dance was long :
I have been faithful to thee, Cynara ! in my fashion.
I cried for madder music and for stronger wine,
But when the feast is finished and the htmps expire,
Then falls thy shadow, Cynara ! the night is thine ;
And I am desolate and sick of an old passion,
Yea, hungry for the lips of my desire :
I have been faithful to thee, Cynara ! in
my fashion.
In the current Blackwood Mr. G. S. Street has a light,
derer article on *' Sheridan and Mr. Shaw." But the title
should have been '' Oongreve, Sheridan, and Mr. Shaw."
Here is a remark :
Sheridan's weakness is his lack of ideas ; Mr. Shaw's
weakness is his superabundance of them. Congreve's
ideas come naturally from the play of his characters, and
out of the fulness of his experience; Mr. Shaw's ideas
have come in at all cost, and character and experience may
^o hang. It seems that in whatever he writes he must
introduce his whole philosophy.
Another is this :
The greatest writers of comedy could use normal charac-
ters and make them dramatic, eutertainine, or what they
willed. Sheridan was not one of them, and he was con-
tent to exploit eccentricity. Mr. Shaw is not one of them
gt present^, and his eye is for eccentricity exdusively.
e thinks it is not, as one of his characters would say,
but it is. Even the characters he designs to be normal
and a contrast to his eccentrics he makes eccentrically
normal. Consequently in this respect — and it is most im-
portant—one's amusement in seeing his plays i^ just the
same as one*8 amusement would have been in seeing
Sheridan'H, if one had been Shf ridan's contemporary.
In reviewing Mrs. Meynell's book on Buskin, last
week, we could not find space to quote from the sttiking
page in which she contrasts the simplicity of Buskin's
life seen from within, with its bewilaering spaciousness
when seen from without. '* His life was not only centred,
but limited, by the places where he was bom and taught,
and by the things he loved. . . . There was a water-colour
drawing by his father that interested him when he
was a little boy in muslin and a sack (as Northcote painted
him, with his own chosen ' blue hiUs ' for a background),
and this drawing hung over his bed when he died ; the
evening^ of his last days were passed in the chair wherein
he preached in play a sermon before he could well pro-
nounce it." And yet, says Mrs. Meynell,
the student of the work done in this quiet life of repeti-
tions is somewhat shaken from the steadfastness of study
by two things — multitude and movement. The multitude
is in the thoughts of this great and original mind, and the
movement is the world's. Buskin's enormous work has
never had steady auditors or spectators : it may be likened
to a sidereal skv beheld from an earth upon the wing.
Many, innumerable, are the points that seem to shift and
journey, to the shifting eye. Part'y it was he himself who
altered his readers; and partly they changed with the long
change of a nation ; and partly they altered with succes-
sive and recurrent moods. John Buskin wrote first for hit
contemporaries, young men ; fifty years later he wrote ft)r
the same readers fifty years older, as well as for their sons.
And hardly has a mob of Shakespeare's shown more suddmi,
unanimous, or clamorous versions and reversions of opinion
than those that have acclaimed and rejected, derided and
divided, his work, once to ban and bless, and a second time
to bless and ban.
Tolstot's Re^urreetum has not escaped some caustic
criticism from his countryman .Yerestchagin, the painter
of war. It seems that Yerestchagin is in the habit
of publishing, from time to time, under the title of
Leaves from a NoU Booh, his views, private thoughts,
and criticisms. His handling of Bemrreeium is in this
wise:
In spite of finely written separate scenes, full of realistic
grace, the plot as a whole will not stand analysis. It is
impossible t ) enumerate all the incongruities caused by
the d<*fire to point a moral. For example, Katusha,
betrayed by Nekhludoff, stands at his side for several
hourc, and yet either fails to see him or else fails to
recognise him. Neither is even an admissible possibility,
because, according to the story, the hero has not changed
appreciably. Yet this was necessary to the author's
purpose, and he sacrificed probabilitv. Again, the un-
natural, the impossible Prince Nekhludoff, who despises
his circle, does not shrink from bothering official per-
sonages, enduring insults and ridicule for the sake of
legalising his union with Katusha. But marriage is a
spiritual, as well as a legal, mateiiil union, and can there
be such a thing as a spiritual imion between these two ?
Marriage would have been worse than physical torture to
both, yet somehow it was necessary to Tolstoy to insist
upon it for his hero !
In truth, Tolstoy himself perceived finally the unsound-
ness of his whole conception, and in liesurrediim the very
thing we miss is the resurrection. The whole story ends
with the accidental lighting of Nekhludoff on a page of
the Bible, which shows bim that everything was wrong,
and that the right is something different. What P This
is left for the future, also because it was necessary that it
should be so.
In a word, the artist in Tolstoy has lost at the expense
of the preacher.
Aftbb this Yerestchagin becomes more personal, and
brings against Tolstoy the preacher the following indict-
mente:
Having wearied at the close of a long life of nutritious,
palatable food, he assures us that it is injurious to man,
even to young and strong men.
Having reached the axe of seventy, he wonders what
good there is in life that it should be so ardently desired,
and yet allows a physician to treat him in illness so that
he may ward off death.
Having bred a large family, he declares that the repro-
duction of the species is wrong and that oelibaoy is the
right course for men.
He advocates non-resistance to evil. What would he do
if his family were kidnapped and sold as slaves ? I think
he would shoulder a gun and join the regiment that weiit
to free the captives.
It is amusing to read Tolstoy's affirmation that he has
tried to discover a solution in science and has foimd the
latter wanting. He talks of science as a blind man might
of beauty. Well-read he is, but his scientific education is
slender and he never learned anything systematically. He
is regarded by many as a philosopher, but he is only a
great novelist. It was Tnrgeueff who observed thnt true
art is impossible without the largest freedom, the fullest
independence of systems, notions, and preconceived
schemes. In Tolstoy the splendid talent, the wonderfully
written episodes, the separate pictures, are all rigidly
subordinated to a philosophic-moral system.
Mb. Lb OALUifiNNB has made a book of the topographical
articles which he recenUy contributed to the Weekly Sun
under the title of Traveh in England, His *' England" is
482
The Academy.
9 June, 1900.
a restricted one; but it mdades sucli lovely and inter-
eating spots as Selbome, Stratford-on-Avon, Winchester^
Haziitt's Winterslow, Stonehenge, Lecblade, tlie Cotswolds,
&c. The dedication is as follows :
To
William Shabp
These "Travels" abe affectionately dedicated.
Will, you have travelled far and wide
On many a foreign couDtry-ride.
Tell me if you have fairer found
Than honeysuckled EogliBh ground ;
Or did you, aU the journey through,
Find Buoh a friend, dear WiH — ai you ?
By the way, Mr. Le Gallienne's poetical Epilogue sug-
gests that he expected his book to appear last autumn, for
it begins : " Put by the wheel, the summer's done."
A REVIEWER points out to us the following coincidenoe,
in which one quotation has been used almost at the same
moment (apropos of Mr. Le GttUienne's book on Mr.
Kipling) by two independent writers to point a moral.
Academy, May 26, 1900, from article, **A Poet with the
Heartache " :
" Who shall deliver us from too much love ? " is his
eternal cry. Well, he might for a change try as an anti-
dote what George Borrow found so much to his taste :
** Life is sweet, brother. . . . There's day and night,
brother, both sweet things; sun, moon, and stars, all
sweet things; there's likewise a wind on the heath."
Sunday Sun, May 27, 1900, from " Book of the Week"—
ThsZeit-Geist:
And this after all is the best method of f olfiUing the
splendid opportunities of life, and realising its intense
joyousness. It is better than saying with Tennyson that
our hopes are with the uncertain Future, to say with
Kipling that our intention is to make the best of the certain
present. Jasper summed up the whole matter when be
said to Lavengro: ''Life is sweet, brother." ''Do you
think so ? " asked Lavengro. " Think so ! " replied Jasper.
*' There's night and day, brother, both sweet things; sun,
moon, and stars, brother, all s^eet things; there's likewise
a wind on the heath. Life is very sweet, brother."
Bibliographical.
^'YoTJ greatly should oblige me," writes an esteemed
citizen of Potsdam, '^ when kindly informing me about the
critical essays, articles, and bibliography published on Ben
Johnson during the last decades." '^ Kindly pardon," he
adds, ^^ my incorrect English." I do ; but I must ask my
correspondent to l^ave out the *< h " in " Johnson " when
he refers, as I presume he refers here, to the poet-
dramatist. ''The last decades" is a vague phrase; but
taking the two last, I will, with pleasure, indicate the
most notable of the publications concerning Jonson during
that period. They begin in 1884, with Jonson's inclusion
in the '' Old Dramatists " of Messrs. Boutledge, and with
Henry Morley's collection of his Plays and Poems. Then,
in 1886, came Jonson's Dramatic Works and Lyrics, with
an essay thereon by J. A. Symonds, who, in the same year,
introduced a memoir of Jonson to the ''English Worthies"
series. To 1889 belongs a reprint of the Discoveries] to
1893, the appearance of three volumes of plays by Jonson
(edited by Brinsley, Nicholson, and C. H. Herford) in the
" Mermaid " series. Li 1897 Jonson received a g^od deal
of attention. Messrs. Chatto issued Gifford and Cunning-
ham's edition of the Works, in three volumes, at a reduced
price; Every Man in his Sumour was included in the
"Temple Dramatists"; in English Masques appeared the
text of several by Jonson ; and Mr. E. J. Castle brought
out a book of essays, of one of which Jonson was the
subject. In 1898 came a reprint of Volpone, handsomely
got up, with drawings by Aubrey Beardsley ; while, last
year. Prof. Arber made Jonson the figure-head of one of
his British Anthologies. Add to this the new and revised
edition of Prof. Ward's English Dramalie Literature, in
which much space is devoted to Jonson, and you hare,
I think, a tolerably complete bibliography of that worthy
for the past twenty years.
It would seem that in Messrs. Greening's series of
volumes on contemporary English writers the work on
Mr. Swinburne is to be from the pen of Mr. Theodore
Wratislaw, himself a devotee of the Mnse, as he showed
us in his Caprices and The Pity of Love. I suppose the
work will be more critical than biographical, and indeed
there is room for an exhaustive study of Mr. Swinburne's
large and varied output in verse and prose. Lowell and
Stedman both wrote essays on Mr. Swinburne's verse:
but, so far, his work has not been made the sole topic of a
volume/ Now, Mr. Thomas Hardy, whom Mr. W. L.
Courtney will deal with in Messrs. Greening's series, bw
already been the subject of two volumes — one by Mr.
Lionel Johnson, which came out in October, 1894, and one
by Miss Annie Macdonell, which appeared a few weeks
later. Mr. T. E. Pemberton, who is to write about Mr.
Bret Harte, has hitherto distinguished himself (apart from
play-production) only as the biographer of dramatista or
actors.
We may take for granted, I think, that Mr. Beerbohm
Tree's pronouncement at Oxford on the proper stage
presentation of Shakespeare will appear in one of the
reviews. It is not so very long ago sinoe he figured in the
Fortnightly with a discourse on Hamlet from the point of
view of an actor's prompt-book. Mr. Tree is among the
literary actors. His dissertation on the imaginative faculty
was published in a booklet some seven years ago. It i«
the correct thing for a leading player to discourse, some
time or other, before an academic body. In 1885 Sir
Henry Irving spoke at Harvard on " The Art of Acting,"
and in the following year at Oxford on "Four Great
Actors." Vide his little book called The Drama (1893).
Talking of literary actors, let us not forget the literary
actresses — such as Miss Janet Achurch, who has just
translated a play by Hauptmann into English. T\m is
the lady who first made Ibsen a force in England by pro-
ducing " The Doll's House " at a London theatre. Lad/
Bancroft, Miss Ellen Terry, Miss Mary Anderson, Mn.
Kendal, have written their reminiscences ; but actreesw
do not often make excursions into literature pure and
simple. Miss Dickens is a busy novel writer, but she has
given up the stage as a profession.
I mentioned last week the monographs on Dayid
Hume by Prof. Huxley and Prof. WQliam Knight. 1
am now reminded that Prof. Henry Oalderwood m
penned a monograph on the same subject. It is q^»
true : the book appeared two years ago in the " Famous
Scots" series of Messrs. Oliphant & Co., and wasayery
workmanlike performance. But it was sufficient for my
purpose to refer to the Huxley and Knieht volumes.
Messrs. Macmillan have just missed an opportumty
of adding substantiaUy to the art-culture of the population.
They have issued a volume of Tennyson's Poems, uiua-
trated by sixteen drawings made by celebrated artiste for
the volume of 1857. But in no case is the name of tne
artist indicated Educated people need no such iiuorma-
tion ; they know a Holman Hunt, a Rossetti, a MiHaw, «
Maclise, when they see one. But for many the ^a^^^^J^^^J
volume we refer to would have been gready enhanced naa
some concession been made to their ignorance of tbe origin
of the illustrations. jr
The title of Mr. W. D. Howells's forthcoming ^^7' j*^
Acquaintance with Authors, reminds one pleasantly ?y°*
of HazUtt's well-known essay, " My First Acquaintance
with Poets." It also suggests, though more w^ioteiy,
J. T. Fields's Yesterdays with Authors. Did not Jtt»-
Fields, too, write a book on Authors and Friendt f J^-
HoweUs's volume will be, I suppose, autobiopaplucal.
Thb Bookwobm.
9 June, 1900.
The Academy.
483
Reviews.
The Pageant of History.
The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire,
By Edward Gibbon. Edited by J. B. Bury, M.A.
7 vols. Each 6s. (Methnen.)
It was in 1764 that Gibbon started upon the twenty-three
years of scholarly labour which gave to the world, volume
after volume, the greatest of its histories. Why should
we deny ourselves the pleasure of once more transcribing
the passages, surcharged with eighteenth century senti-
ment, in which he describes the inception and the com-
pletion of his mighty task :
It was at Home, on the 15th of October, 1764, as I sat
musing amidst the ruins of the Capitol, while the bare-
footed fnrars were singing vespers in the Temple of
Jupiter, that the idea of writing the Decline and Fall of
the City first started to my mind.
It was on the day, or rather night, of the 27th of June,
1787, between the hours of eleven and twelve, tiiat I wrote
the last lines of the last page, in a summer-house in my
garden. After laying down my pen I took several turns in
a herceau, or covered walk of acnoias, which commands a
prospect of the country, the lake and the mountains. The
air was temperate, the sky was serene, the silver orb of the-
moon was refipcted from the waters, and all nature was
silent. I will not dissemble the first emotions of joy on
recovery of my freedom and perhaps of the establiJmient
of my fame. But my pride was soon humbled and a sober
melancholy was spread over my mind by the idea that I
had taken an everlasting leave of an old and agreeable
companion, and that whatever might be the future fate of
myiiistory, the life of the historian must be short and
precarious.
The life of Gibson, up to 1764, as depicted in his auto-
biography, had not been without its elements of paradox.
He was a self-made scholar; not in the sense that he
sprang from a hedge-school, for he had been to West-
minster and Magdalen, but because he had had to dimb
to erudition over all the impediments which those two
famous seats of learning could throw in his way. During
his university career he was suddenly converted to
Catholicism. This brought it to a close. His father
hastily packed him o£P to Lausanne, where the theological
subtlety of the Protestant pastor in whose house he was
domiciled presently argued him out of his new faith.
Here, too, he fell in love with Mile. Curchod, afterwards
the famous Mme. Necker. But, alas ! yet another generous
impulse of youth was destined to be thwarted by an
obdurate father. GKbbon himself describes the upshot
with an artificiality thoroughly characteristic of his age :
** I sighed as a lover, I obeyed as a son. My wound was
insensibly healed by time, absence, and the habits of a
new life." The lady, too, recovered, and in after years
GKbbon and Mme. Necker were on terms of courtly
friendship. All ! Gibbon was of the eighteenth century.
He would dilate on the '^ incomparable landscape" of
Lausanne, but he lived there for fifteen years without
climbing so much as a hillock. He was carried over the
Alps to Italy in an osier basket, and ** the spectacle of
Yenice afford ed some hours of astonishment." One summer
he spent some weeks at Lord Shefiield's country place — in
the library. When he was about to go, his hat was
missing. '^ On my arrival," he said, '' I left it on the hall
table. I have had no occasion for it since." He is not
singular among students of history who have remained
purblind to the political needs of the present. Throughout
the long struggle which ended in tne separation of the
American States from the colonial empire of England
Gibbon sat in Parliament, a silent supporter of Lord
North. To Lord North, who learnt less from history than
any man, and taught it one of its most bitter lessons.
Gibbon dedicated the Decline and Fall.
Were I ambitious of any otber Patron than the Public,
I would inscribe this work to a Statesman, who, in a long,
m stormy, and at length an unfortunate administration,
had many political oi>ponents, almost without a personal
enemy ; who has retained, in his fall from power, many
faithful and disinterpsted friends; and who, under the
pressure of severe infirmity, enjoys the lively vigour of his
mind, and the felicity of his incomparable temper. Lord
North will permit me to express the feelings of friendship
in the language of truth ; but even truth and friendship
should be silent, if he still dispensed the favours of the
crown.
Gibbon's life smells eighteenth centuir, but his work is
of all time. Alone of modem histories, it will bear putting
on the shelf with the masterpieces of antiquity, Herodotus,
Thucydides, Livy. Gibbon's masters in historical writing
were Robertson and Hume — adnurable writers, but ti^ey
are antiquated, while he is fresh and luminous as ever.
"Whatever else is read," said Prof. Freeman, "Gibbon
must be read too." Over a thousand years, the critical
thousand years during which modernity was in the making,
he is still the prime exponent of the broad lines upon
which the world moved.
It will not, however, in future be wise to read GKbbon
in any other edition than this of Prof. Bury's. Too high
E raise could not be lavished upon the way in which it
as been conceived and executed. Prof. Bury is equally
erudite and discreet. Here is the Decline and Fall as
GKbbon left it, with precisely so much editine as is needful
in order to enable the student to correct Gibbon's few and
inevitable errors, and to pursue his researches, on Gibbon's
lines, throup;h the vast mass of primary and secondary
material which has become available since Gibbon's day.
Briefly, Prof. Bury's method is as follows: he tampers
neither with Gibbon's text nor his notes. A few addi-
tional notee are inserted, always clearly defined by square
brackets, with the object of making itie references more
precise, and of quickly qualifying the disputable state-
ments. At the end of each volume come brief, but
admirably full, dissertations on selected topics of great
historical importance, together with a discussion and
criticism of tne original sources and other authorities for
that volume — a necessary branch of a modem historian's
task, which Gibbon neglected. Prof. Bury's wide know-
ledge of the literature of his subject in every tongue,
Greek and Slavonic as well as West European, makes
these appendices of first-class value. He has apparently
read everything. Maps and plans are interspersed, and
about a third of the last volume is devoted to a full index,
for which we have to thank Mrs. Bury. The modest, but
masterly, introduction should be carefully read by every
student who desires to know exactly what he should and
what he should not expect from his Gibbon. So far as
the historical soundness of the book goes, it comes to
this : "If we take into account the vast range of his
work. Gibbon's accuracy is amazing." In spite of his
imperfect education, he had the s<molar's instinct. He
exhausted the original texts, so far as he could get them,
and the best research of his own time. He made large
and wise use of the impeccable Tillemont, " whose inimit-
able accuracy almost assumes the character of genius."
Nevertheless, " accuracy is relative to opportunities " ; the
century since the Decline and Fall appeared has become
fertile in the accumulation of new historical material ; and
'' if Gibbon were alive and writing now, his history would
be verv different." Prof. Bury elaborates this point
through a dozen brilliant pages, leaving the clearest
impression of the exact nature of the qualifications and
prepossessions which the modem reader must be content
to Dring to the book. As has been hinted, Gibbon was
deficient in '^ Quellenkunde," the systematic investigation
of sources, which plays so larg^ a part in modem scholar-
ship, and the nature and importance of which has been
worked out with such detail in the recent Introduction to
the Study of History of MM. Langlois and Seignobos. He
does not always succeed in disting^shing a primary from
a secondary source of information, or attempt, for instance,
484
The Academy-
9 June, 900.
to disentangle the succession and weigh the relative
authorities of the yarious authors of the Sistoria Augwie.
Consequently, he relies, from time to time, upon the state-
ments of authorities whom an exactor criticism discredits.
Much of his history of the beginnings of Mahometanism
is based upon what is little more than a romance. And
this imperfect discrimination of one authority from another
leads straight into the easy historical pitfall, from which,
according to Prof. Bury, even Mommsen has not always
escaped, of blending together the evidence of different
periods in order to paint a complete picture of an institu-
tion. Gibbon's account of Germany, for instance, is half
Csesar and half Tacitus, irrespective of the fact that, ba
Bishop Stubbs has since shown, more than one develop-
ment took place in Germanic institutions during the
interval between the two writers. Prof. Bury points out
the chief directions in which historical knowledge has
grown since Gibbon's time, and the chapters of his work
which are most affected by the new lights. The principal
gprave, or structural, defect in the book he finds in Gibbon's
treatment of the " Byzantine," or " Lower," Empire.
This Gibbon treated somewhat cursorily; and in his im-
patience of certain pettinesses which it displayed, he
certainly failed to realise the importance of Constantinople,
century after century, as a bulwark of the West agamst
the East. The devoted scholarship of recent years has
reversed Gibbon's point of view; and Prof. Buiy con-
siders that the new tendencies reach their culminating
point in Krumbacher's magnificent Mxstory of By%antine
Literature. This work he declares to be '' likely to form
as important an epoch as that of Ducange."
In most respects Prof. Bury's appreciation carries us
along with him. We differ to the extent of regarding
Gibbon as less of a philosophic historian than he does.
''His position among men of letters depends both on the
fact that he was an exponent of important ideas and on his
style." A little further on this is expanded :
Gibbon has his place in literature not onlv as the stylist,
who never lays a^ide his toga when he takes up his pen,
but as the expounder of a large and strikiDg idea in a
sphere of intense interest to mankind, and as a powerful
representative of certain tendeDcies of his age. The
guiding idea or *' moral " of his history is briefly stated in
his epigram : " I have described the triumph of barbarism
and religion.*' In other words, the historical development
of human societies, since the second century after Christ,
was a retrogression (according to ordinary views of *^ pro-
gress ''), for which Christianity was mainly to blame. This
conclusion of Gibbon tended in the same direction as the
theories of Kousseau ; only, while Kousseau dated the
decline from the day when man left Arcadia, Gibbon's era
was the death of Marcus Aurelius.
Well, Gibbon may have had this idea; but we rather
doubt whether it much affects the evolution of his history.
In fact, as Mr. Cotter Morison pointed out many years ago.
Gibbon approaches his subject rather as an artist than as
a philosopher. Perhaps this is why he endures. He is
occupied rather with the pageant of history, with its show
and splendour of delightful circumstance,* than with the
deep imderlying causes that set it in motion. His judg-
ment is of men rather than of forces. Splendid visions
course over his beautiful deliberate pages ; emperors and
barbarians, saints and sinners. They decorate his imagina-
tion rather than stir his speculation. It is a procession
of setting empires and " new-caught sullen peoples," of
creeds and enthusiasms that rise to fall again. For Gibbon
it is enough that these things passed so. He sets them
forth with ironical detachment, and leaves to others the
task of explaining them, if they will. It is a legitimate
attitude towards history, and has, at any rate, the advantage
of permanence.
South Africa and the War. — VII.
London to Ladysmith^ vid Pretoria,
Churchill. (Longmans. 6s.)
Ladysmith : the Diary of a Siege,
(Methuen. 6s.)
By Winston Spencer
By H. W. Nevinson.
Four Months Besieged : the Story of Ladysmith, By H. H. 8.
Pearae. (Macmillan. 6s.)
Exceptional personal adventures, and a plain English
style of a rather eighteenth-century cast, are the dis-
tinguishing features of Mr. Churchiil's war book. The
adventures are known to everyone ; the style will bear a
little illustration. Mr. Churchill is, we are sure, a student
of Johnson, and Gibbon, and other writers of the rotand
and balanced sentence. Again and again we seem to see
a copy of Raesehs in his knapsack. Take this description
of life at sea :
Monotony of viev — for we live at the centre of a com-
plete circle of sea and sky; monotony of food — for all
things taste the same on board ship ; monotony of exist-
ence—for each day is but a barren repetition of the last ;
hII fall to the lot of the passengers on great waters. It
were malevolent to try to bring the realisation home to
others. Yet all earthly evils have their compensations, and
even monotony is not without its secret joy. For a time
we drop out of the larger world, with its interests and its
obligations, and become the independent citizens of a tiny
State— a Utopian State where few toil and none go hungry
— ^bounded on all sides by the sea and vassal only to the
winds and waves.
Is not this an older convention than we are accustomed to
nowadays ? Is not Mr. Churchill at the farthest end of
that pole of which Steevens held the other ? Here is a
scene which actually recalls one described by Steevens in
his From Cape Town to Ladysmith, But the style is anti-
thetic. Mr. Churchill is describing the field of dead after
the £ght at Trichardt's Drift :
Here by the rock under which he had fought lay the
Field-Cornet of Heilbronn, Mr. de Mentz— a grey-haired
man of over sixty years, with firm aquiline features and a
short beard. The stony f^ce was grimly calm, but it bore
the stamp <»f unalterable resolve ; the look of a mnn who
had thought it all out, and was quite certain that his caa^e
was just, and such as a s tber citizen might give his life
for. Nor was I surprised when the Boer prisoners told
me that Mentz had refused all suggestions of surrender,
and that when his left leg was s*nashed by a bullet he had
continued to load ani fire until he bled to death ; and they
found him, pale and bloodless, holding his wife's letter in
his hand. Beside him was a boy of about seventeen shot
through the heart. Further on lay our own two poor
riflemen with their heads smashed like egg-shells, and I
suppose they had mothers or wives far away at the end of
the deep-sea cables. Ah, horrible war, amazing medley of
the glorious and the squalid, the pitiful and the sablime,
if modem men of light and leading Sftw your face closer,
simple folk would see it hardly ever.
Some of our new writers would do well to study Mr.
Churchiirs pages. They will see what can be acoom-
plished with plain English and untortured phrases, and
will be able to judge how far events and emotions which.
are intrinsically tragic benefit by that staccato style which
confers vigour rather than dignitv.
Mr. Churchill's account of his escape from Pretoria,
whither he was taken as a prisoner after the memorable
armoured-train fight, is the liveliest piece of writing in a
book which never wants life. But note the quietness of a
passage on which many writers would have wrectked
phrases :
My sole companiou was a gigantic volture, who mani-
fested an extravagant interest in my condition, and made
hideous and ominous gurglings from time to time. From
my lofty position I comm-inded a view of the whole valley.
A little tin-roofed town lay three miles to the westward!
Scattered farmsteads, each with a clump of trees, relieved
9 June, 1900.
The Academy.
485
the monotony of the undulatinff ground. At the foot of
the hiU fiond a Kaffir kraal, and the figures of itn inhabi-
tants dotted the patches of cultivation or surrounded the
droves of goats and cows which fed on the pasture. The
railway ran tlrough the middle of the valley, and I could
watch the passage of the various trains. I counted four
passing each way, and from this I drew the conclusion
that the fame number would run by night. I marked
a steep gradient up which they climbed very slowly, and
determined at nightfall to make another attempt to board
one of tbes»*. Duriug the day I ate one slab of chocolate,
which, ^ith the heat, produced a violent thirst. The pool
was hardly half a mile away, but I dared not leave the
shelter of the little wood, for I could see the figures of
white men riding or walking occasionally across the valley,
and once a Boer came and fired two shots at birds close to
my hiding- place. But no one discovered me.
In many respects — but particularly in its reliance on ripe
old English — Mr. ChurchilPs book is, we think, the most
readable of all the War books.
One is a little sad to find that such capitally-told stories
of the siege of Ladysmith as Mr. Nevinson's and Mr.
Pearse's awake less feeling than they ought to do. This is
because they play on chords on which many writers have
lately exercised ikeir skill. It is absurd that war literature
should thus dilute itself, that reports of gpreat deeds and
perils and sufferings should weary by duplication and
re-duplication. These two books are themselves concerned
with the same events, observed from the same standpoint.
There is, of course, the personal equation ; but even this
is reduced to a minimum by the fact that both writers
wrote their books in the form of despatches to newspaper
offices in Fleet-street, Mr. Nevinson serving the Batly
Chronicle and Mr. Pearse the Daily Nhds. Both writers
emphasise the weary monotony of the siege, although their
books are alive with incident. As early as November 14
of last year Mr. Nevinson wrote, in Ladysmith: ''The
siege is becoming tedious, and we are losing heart." A
week later Sir George White said to his staff : " Gentle-
men, we have two things to do — to kill time and to kill
Boers ; both equally difficult." Mr. Pearse tells us how
time was killed in the long evenings.
Walking along the lampless streets, at an hour when
camps are silent, one is often attracted by the notes of
fresh, young voices, where soft lights glow through oprn
casements, or the singers sit under the vine-traceried
veracdah of a *' stoup," accompanying the melody with
guitar or banjo. OccasioniJly stentorian lungs roar un-
melodious music-hall choruses that jar by contrast with
sweeter strains, but sentiment prevails, and who can
wonder if there are sometimes tears in the voices that sing
<<Swanee River" and "Home, Sweet Houje," or if a
listener's heart is deeply moved as he hears the words,
'' Mother, come back from the Echoless Shore,'' sung amid
such surroundioffs in the still nights of days that are
hoarse with the booming of gpins P Few of us, however,
despise comic songs here when time and so<-ne fit. We
have them at frequent smoking-concerts that help to
enliven a routine of duty that would be dull without these
entertainments.
As for killing Boers, let Mr. Nevinson tell a grim stoxy
of the attack on Surprise Hill by the 2nd Eifle Brigade
on the night of December 11. The voices of friend and
foe became intermingled in the darkness :
Then came the horror of a war between two nations
familiar with the same language. '' Second B B. !
Second K.B. ! " shouted our fellows as a watchword and
rallying-cry. " Second R.B. ! " shouted every Boer who
was chaUenged or came into danger. "B Company
here ! " cried an officer. <' B Company here ! " came the
echo from the Dutch. *' Where's Captain Paley ? " asked
a private. " Where's Captain Paley P " the question
passed from Boer to Boer. In the darkness it was im-
possible to distinguish friend from foe. The onlv way
was to stoop down till you saw tbe edge of a broad-
brimmed hat. Then you drove your bayonet through the
man, if he did not shoot you first. Many a poor fellow
was shot down by some ib visible figure who was talking to
him in English and was taken for a friend. One Boer
fired upou a private at two or three yards— and missed
him! The private sprang upon him. '*I surrender! I
surrender ! " cried the Boer, throwing down his rifle. *^ So
do I," cried the piivate. and plunged his bayonet through
the man's stomach and out at his back.
If we must compare these narratives, Mr. Pearse's is the
more solid and informing, Mr. Nevinson's the more varied
and amusing. It is from Mr. Nevinson that we get the
humours of the siege, and phrases like '' ennui enliyened
by sudden death." Under November 13 he tells ua :
The schoolmaster's wife had a fine escape. She was
asleep in her bedroom when a 45 lb. shell came through
the fireplace, and burst towards the bed. Tbe room was
smashed to pieces, but she was ouly cut about the head,
one splinter driving in the bone, but not making a very
serious wound. Two days before she had given a soldier
10s. for a fragment. Now she had a whole shell for
nothing.
Burton's Verse.
The Ka»ldah fCoupUU) of Eajl Ahdu AUYandi, A Lay of
the Higher Law, TranelaUd and Annotated by his Friend
and Pupil, F, B, By Captain Sir Eichard F. Burton.
(H. J. Cook.)
This poem — ^like Mrs. Browning's Sonnets from the PortU'
guese, and other things of the kind— is a literary hoax.
But, unlike most of its eonfr^es, it has a certain external
plausibility, which was sufficient to prevent its being at
once detected for the thing it was— an original poem
masquerading ba a translation. No one doubted the true
nature of Mrs. Browning's very artless poetic fraud. But
Burton's ostentatious Eastern knowledge caused his poem
to be taken at its own valuation — superficially enough, to
our mind. Composed seven years before FitzG^rald's
Omar Khayydm, it waB printed in 1880. In 1893 Lady
Burton included it in her husband's Life, In the following
year it was issued separately, but in a limited edition of
one hundred copies. Now for the first time it is inde-
pently issued to me public at large.
Lady Burton compares it to the Omar Khayyam of Fitz-
Gerald, which (as has been seen) it preceded. Nay, she
does not believe it has an equal : it is unique. '^ It will,"
she said, '^ ride over the heads of most, it will displease
many, but it will appeal to all large hearts and large
brains for its depth, its height, its breadth,' for its heart
and nobility, its pathos, its melancholy, and its despair.
It is the very perfection of romance ; it seems as the cry
of a soul, wandering through space, looking for what it
does not And." She never reaa it without tears, and her
husband used to take it away from her because it impressed
her so. This is very conceivable, very pardonable, m such
a woman and such a wife. Paidonable also, if not quite
conceivable, is it that a male correspondent should assure
her he considers it equal to the greatest poems of the Earth
(with a large E), and in front of most Another, a woman
— with a seyere aversion to ''exceptless rashness," as
Timon calls it — ^allows that Job seems a worthy com-
panion to Sir Bichard. There is about this lady a caution,
a sense of critical balance, which we admire.
It is, perhaps, well for the reputation of the much-tried
Patriarcn that he was spared foreknowledge of this final
trial. Had he heard the comparison, and heard the con-
ventionally descriptive lines with which the poem opens,
no one could blame him if he had flung his potsherd at
the critic. They are not only conventional, but Western.
And though (let us hasten to add) they are not otherwise
representative, in this latter respect they are. The poem
is so essentially Western that it is difficult to understand
how its Eastern superficies — learned though it be — should
have deceived anyone with the poetic sense. It is to us
disappointing. Dismissing Job, and even FitzGerald —
486
The Academy
9 JuDe, 1906.
unfairly perfect comparisons — it might have been thought
that Burton's powerful personality would fairly commit a
rape upon the Muse, and force itself into strong though
lagged poetry. But the result does not belong to poetry
— in the true sense— at all. It is verse of that didactic
order which in our language has for masterpiece The Etnd
and Panther \ and by side of it Dryden's poem '^ sticks
fiery ofE" indeed. Vigorous it is, as whatever Burton
wrote was bound to be vigorous ; but poetry (with a single
exception) it has not, while finish — an essential in such a
poem — as might be expected, is absent. One really
poetical passage there is, towards the beginning, which
has a certain rough affinity with FitzQ^rald ; but tbis was
quoted in the Academy of May 19, so that we need not
repeat it here. Would that aU were as fine ! It shows
that this singular man united something of the poet's g^
to his other remarkable qualities, " would he observingly
distil it out.'' In the remainder of the poem the best
passage is the conclusion, which will give the reader a fair
idea of Burton's verse :
Survey thy kiud as One whose wants in the great Human
Whole unite ;
Toe Homo rising high from earth to seek the Heavens of
Life-in-Light ;
And hold Humanity one man, whose universal agony
Still strains and strives to gain the goal, where agonies
shall cease to be.
Believe in all things ; none believe ; judge not nor warp
by " Pacts " the thought ;
See clear, hear clear, tho' life may seem Maya and mirage,
Dream and Naught.
Abjure the Why and seek the How : the God and gods
enthroned on high
Are silent all, are silent still; nor heir thy voice, nor
deign reply. *
The Now, that iudi visible point which studs the length of
infinite line,
Whose ends are nowhere, is thine all, the puny all thou
caliest thine.
Perchance the law some Giver hath : Let be ! let be ! what
canst thou know P
A myriad races came and went; this Sphinx hath seen
them come and go.
Haply the Law that rales the world allows to man the
widest range ;
And haply Fate's a Theist-word, subject to human chance
and cnange.
This ''I" may find a future Life, a nobler copy of our
own,
Where every riddle shall be read, where every knowledge
shall be known ;
Where 'twill be man's to see the whole of what on earth
he sees in part ;
Where change shall ne'er surcharge the thought; nor
hope deferred shall hurt the heart.
But ! — faded flower and fallen leaf no more shall deck the
parent tree ;
Aiid man once dropt by Tree of Life what hope of other
life has he P
The shatter'd bowl shall know repair ; the riven lute shall
sound once more ;
But who shall mend the clay of man, the stolen breath to
man restore P
The shiver 'd clock again shall strike; the broken reed
shall pipe again :
But we, we die, and Death is one, the doom of brutes, the
doom of men.
Then, if Nirwana round our life with nothingness, 'tis
haply bnst ;
Thy toil and troubles, want and woe at length have won
their guerdon — Rest.
It will be gathered from this specimen that the Koiid^h
is, in substance, a mixture of agnosticisin and the worship
of humanity — with little trace of the pantheism which
Lady Burton ascribes to it. But whereas true poetry is
synUietic, not analytic, the bulk of the J^atidah is purely
critical and destructive— in which point it is a faithfid
echo of most modem thought. It reviews the chief creeds
and religious systems of East and West, with trenchant
comment on each. Two pages at the dose suffice for the
edifice which Burton would erect on these universal ruins.
In those two pages of synthesis (whence we have quoted}
the verse lifts, as if escaped from trammels — an evidence
how naturally synthetic is poetry. One wonders, hj the
way, whether it be through a singular coincidence or a—
perhaps unconscious — borrowing, that the finest image in
the poem — a very fine one — ^is identical with that in
Coventry Patmore*s Tu?o Deserts, Burton calls the moon:
A corpse upon the rodd of night.
And Fatmore likewise calls it :
A corpse in night's high-way, UAked, firo-scarr'd, accunt.
Were there more such imagery in the Kasidah, it would
lift it from a forceful and mordant poem, technically in-
expert, into a fine poem. Yet it rem.ains an interesting
proof that Burton might have written poetry of very con-
siderable value, had he submitted to the necessary appren-
ticeship and toil.
The Preacher in Print.
The Life of Lives: Further Studies in the Life of Chmt.
By F. W. Farrar, Dean of Canterbury. (Oassell. J5s.;
It is twenty -six years since, " by God's unseen Providenoe,
which men nickname * Chance,' " Dr. Farrar was led to
write a Life of Christ. Since that day his busy pen has
hardly rested ; and now, in this vast volume, he has, as it
were, given yet another turn to the kaleidoscope, and
offers to the public the glittering pieces of his well-uaed
knowledge composed into yet another pattern.
For a public that likes sermons it is as a preacher that
the Dean of Canterbury writes. To read him is with the
eye of the mind to behold him once more as, on a hot
Sunday afternoon of the early 'eighties, he champed npon
the bit of his indignation against the triviality of rabbinical
exegesis, while a cherubic vice-chancellor nodded in his
chair. The style that has served him so well in the jwt
has lost none of its properties. Every noun goes eeqjuied
by its own epithet: "prudence" by ** calculating,
'^ stagnation " by " unprogressive," "crisis" by "crownj
ing"; selfishness is "narrow," courtesy is "gentle,
even hypocrisy is "disguised." Emphasis presses upon
emphasis ; superlative fortifies superlative : the KeBurrec-
tion is the "most central" event in the history of the
world ; Christ, we are told, spoke of God as His Father
"in a very unique sense," and enjoyed over sonorous
catalogues of Greek and Boman worthies a "unique
supremacy"; "none has ever been able in the most
distant degree to equal Him " ; and " by comparison witfl
the foimders of other religions He is absolutely incom-
parable." For a consecutive example of the Deans
eloquence take this passage, in which we enclose in
brackets the words which seem to differentiate his style :
We believe, then, in the Miraculous Birth of o^^.^^Jf
Christ ; and our belief is confirmed when we PX4mine [pe
records of all] history [through and through], sna no
that the Babe, at whose birth the heavens burst op«n L^
disclose their radiant minstrelsies], stood ALONK [trNiQ^*J'
auPKBME among [all the million millions of every ^
all] the sons of men.
9 June, 1900.
The Academy.
487
''He sighed," writes St. Mark; but the Preacher: ''A
sigh was wnuig from His inmost heart" The bald sim-
pucitj of the authentic record stands rebuked in the
presence of the Dean's expansive manner as he follows the
sacred figure through the recorded incidents of His life.
The author of M'ie bids us picture the ''earnest joy"
with which His first Passover would be anticipated by
"the Holy Boy"; he follows Him step by step to
Jerusalem and to the Oourt of the Q^ntUes, " markea o£E
from the more sacred enclosures by the double barriers of
the Sor^g and the ChfV
Through one of the openings of the Sareif Jems would
climb the fourteen steps to the ChtL . . . Mounting the
steps of a terrace, which towered sixty feet abuve the
Court of the Gentiles, Jesus would pass, perhaps, through
the *' Beautiful Gate" and gaze at the Court of Women
and the Court of the Israelites. Iq the latter stood the
Lfshcaih Hag-gatzith^ or Hall of Square Stones, to the
south-east of the inner forecourt, in which, perhaps, at
that time the Sanhedrin held its meetings.
The curtain that veils the life at NazareQi is lifted thus :
How familiar mast Christ have been with that village
Btth TephiUa (Home of Prayer) or Beth Hakkeneseth
(Souse of Assembly), as he sat among the other boys of
Nazareth, behind the chief worshippers ! How deeply
must he have taken in the divine mAaning alike of the
Par<u?totht or 154 sections of the Law by which the
Fentateudi was read through in three years ; and also of
the Haphtaroth, or sections of the Prophets, the reading of
which had been introduced in the days of the fierce per-
secution by Antiochus Epiphanes, when the reading of the
Law was punished with death. . . . How deep must have
heen the expectant interest with which the child Jesus saw
the Bosh Hcikhmeieth, or Buler of the Symu^ogue, receive
from the hands of his clerk (C?iazzan) the roll of the Law,
or of the Prophets, and appoint the reader, who took his
stand beside the elevated Bema and read the lesson, and
then sat down to deliver the explanation or sermon
(DaraaJuih), With what a thriU of heart must He have
heard the trumpets (Shopharcih) blown at the beginning
of the new year and on the solemn feast days.
Incidentally the simplicity of the synagogue service and the
condemnation of Pharisaism are themes upon which is
embroidered much acceptable denunciation of priestcraft
and ritualism; and asceticism is once more swept im-
patiently aside, with all "the carping brag of the posing
Pharisee."
As to the interpretation of Scripture in general, the
Dean discerns in the teaching of our Lord i£e luminous
principle " that Scripture does not cover any number of
inferences which can oe extorted out of isolated expressions,
but that we are to abide by aU that is permanent in the
plain meaning of Holy Writ." On the other hand : " To
quote a phrase, and attribute to its literal significance
a meaning which it never had, and never eauld nave had,
is a mere trick of ignorant hypocrisy." So, indeed, we
should suppose.
The pages are decorated with illustrative lines, some-
times introduced at some pains. For instance: "Jesus
also felt most deeply the sting of thanklessness in those
who had been recipients of inestimable gifts. He some-
times felt as if all his mercies were ' falling into a deep,
silent grave '; and He might have said :
Blow, blow, thou winter wind,
Thou art not so unkind
As man*8 ingratitude."
But to whatever exceptions Dean Farrar's style and
manner may lie open, it may be cordially confessed that,
in making intelligible to uie general public the main
results of archaeological research, ne has rendered a service
to the cause of intelligent Christianity that is not wholly
unworthy of his great ecclesiastical place.
The Actor's Life.
The Stage <u a Carnr. By Philip O. Hubert, Jun.
(Putnam's Sons).
This is described by its author as " a sketch of the actor's
life; its requirements, hardships, and rewards." We
have had more than enough of such sketches, which seem
to leave the matter very much where it always was. Our
only reason ifor dealing with the present production is that
it comes from America, and is, therefore, from a point of
view different from its predecessors in this country. The
writer, to be sure, prides himself upon presenting a selec-
tion from the opinions on acting as a profession expressed
by notable actors and actresses, such as Sir Henry Irving,
Mr. Jefferson, and Mme. Modjeska. We may be quite
certain, however, that such opinions, formulated by players
at the top of the tree, are of no very gpreat practical im-
portance. An avocation in which a man or a woman
has risen to eminence and a measure of opulence and
fame must needs appear to him, or her, an avocation more
or less desirable. More useful to the youthful aspirant
would be the pronouncement of a player or players who
had failed, or had succeeded only in just paying their way.
The experience of an Irving, a Jenerson, or a Modjeska
has little bearing upon the general question and as regards
the average person. Sir Henry Irving is an honoured
guest in &e highest circles of society, but that fact does
not imply that the actor, as actor, has a recognised social
status. As a matter of fact, he has not a social status, as
a clergyman, a lawyer, or a doctor has. The great
players, from Betterton and Garrick down to Macready
and Charles Kean, have had aU the social recognition that
they cared for. But that was because they had managed
to raise themselves above the crowd, not because they
were actors.
The mere fact that a man or a woman is a player does
nothing for him or for her, so far as the world is con-
cerned. Nay, unless they are prominent, it is positively
affainst them both. And this is so, not so much because
pmyers may be poor, as because they belong to a class
which society looks upon as Bohemian in the broadest
sense. They are here to-day, and there to-morrow. The
heads of the profession are well known and much esteemed.
Their habitat is usually permanent and often brilliant in
the social way. They entertain, and are entertained by,
Boyalty and aristocracy. They are looked upon as citizens
of a substantial, not to say ornamental, type. But the
average player, the second-rate performer, the mediocrity,
the camp-follower — what of them ? Society looks at them
askance. They have no settled home and no settled income.
And why? Because they have no settled employment.
That is the first, and most efEective, of Mr. Hubert's
objections to " the stage as a career." Very few are the
players, not actor-managers, who can depend on having
work to do all the year round. Always there are a
melancholy number of excellent performers "resting."
Able and experienced as they may be, they are not wanted
— ^for the moment. Their turn may come, but meanwhile
they must wait. And that brings us to the second of Mr.
Hubert's objections — "the helplessness of the actor as an
independent factor in the world." Your player has to
remain idle till he is sent for. Put pens, ink, paper, and
postage stamps within reach of the literary man, and he
can at least work at his trade whatever betide him ; the
actor, alas ! can do nothing till he gets an engagement,
even if it be only as a " super." He cannot dig ; to beg
he is (usually, though not invariably) ashamed.
Mr. Hubert, it would seem, is an American journalist,
familiar (as a critic) with the insides of theatres, and
possessing relatives and friends either on the " boards " or
in some other way connected with the stage. And this is
the conclusion at which he has arrived : " Were a boy or
girl of my own to declare an intention of going upon the
stage, I should consent with the greatest reluctance. If
488
The Academy
9 June igoa
my boy or girl had aptitude for professional life, skill in
writing, art, music, or teaching, I should consider such
a course deplorable, and nothing less than a misfortune."
In other words, any other legitimate profession is more to
be desired than that of actor. The rewards of the latter
are few, the drawbacks many. There are, of course, such
persons as the ''bom actor" and the ''bom actress."
These are sure to find their way to the theatre, sooner or
later ; and the labour we delight in physics pain. Your
enthusiast wiU endure all things. For him, lire is the life
of the " boards " or nothing. Moreoyer, there are such
tiling^ as hereditary actors^amilies of players — who take
to the business as if by the decree of Providence. For
them the life of the " boards " is all (and therefore the
best) they know. But for "the stage as a career,"
deliberately chosen as such, there is next to nothing to be
said. Multitudinous are the blanks, and rare the prizes.
Other New Books.
Pink and Soablet.
By Libdt.-Ool. Aldbbson.
Since the days when the Great Duke was holding the
armies of France at bay in the Peninsula there has always
been an intimate connexion between hunting and cavalry
work. This connexion Lieut.-Col. Alderson, who is now
at the front in South Africa, brings home and emphasises
in this capital book, and it is not too much to say
that the cavalry man, whether he belongs to the regular
army or to one of the numerous Imperial and Colonial
Light Horse regiments, will find a mine of information
and instruction in i^iis work. It is now an accepted
thing that the best cavalry officer is the hunting man, who
not only can ride, but can judge at a glance of the country
before him, of the shortest and quickest way of getting to
a given point, and of the country over which it is safe to
pass or to ease his horses. To some men this comes by
instinct, others pick it up at once when a few hints
are given them. To all alike Lieut. -Col. Alderson's
book wiU be of the highest use, for there is not a point
that he leaves unnoticed or a subject on which he has not
some information to offer. (Heinemann.)
The Sport of Kings.
By W. Scabth Dixon.
Like Mr. Jorrocks, Mr. Dixon does not look beyond
hunting ; to him it is the beginning and the end. This
volume consists of articles which have already seen the
light in a sporting paper, and here they are so arranged
and ordered as to make a record of the hunting man's year.
To the old sportsman the work will afford much entertain-
ment, while to the tyro it will be full of instruction, though
even the oldest follower of hounds may learn something
from it, for, as Mr. Dixon remarks, '^ hunting is ever fresh
and ever new, and, though I have now entered on my
forty-first hunting season, I have, I hope, learned some-
thing worth knowing since I saw hoimds for the first time
this season at Yenniford Post." There are sixfcy-five
chemters in the book, dealing with all matters from
" !mmting a Hundred Years Ago " to " For Next Season "
and " The Future of Fox-hunting." The truly enthusi-
astic follower of hounds is always at a loose* end in
summer time. Mr. Dixon has published his book at an
opportune moment; its pleasant pages wiU beguile the
sportsman wearying for next autumn through the long
blank summer season. (Grant Bichards. lOs. 6d.)
Tractatus de Indulgentta S. Marine
DB PORTITJNCULA. EdiDIT PaUL SaBATIKK.
This is a supplement to M. Sabatier's life of St. Francis
of Assisi, itself one of the classics of hagiogpraphy. It
concerns- a disputed point in the history of the saint.
According to tradition, St. Francis obtained from Pope
Konorius in 1216 a remarkable privilege for the little
chapel of the Portiuncula at Assisi. Plenary indulgence
of all sins was granted to contrite pilgrims visiting this
chapel on August 2, the day on which a vision of
Chnst with the Virgin and a company of ang^ had
appeared to the saint when eng^ed in prayer there.
Such an indulgence, if really granted, would be a thing
unique in the annals of the Ghurch. When writing the
Life, M. Sabatier came to the conclusion that tbe whole
narrative was a legend, due to the desire of the Franciscans
of the Strict Observance to glorify the Portiuncula^ which
they held, as against the Basilica of Assisi, which was in
the hands of their rivals of the Large Observance He
has since, after detailed study of the many and difficult
documents involved, seen reason to alter his view ; and
this book is his palinode. It consists of a minute atudy
of the history of the tradition, together with a num-
ber of documents, up to, and including, the tractate
on the subject compiled by Francis Bartholi in the mid-
dle of the fourteenth century, a tractate which *'marb
the definitive triumph of legend over history." It is an
important contribution to a branch of ecclesiastical history
wmch M. Sabatier has made peculiarly his own. We
observe with interest that in the same series of studies
will presently appear the text of The Acts of St, Fram
and hu Companions^ which M. Sabatier dedares to be the
Latin original, hitherto unidentified, of the famous Fmtii
(Fischbacher.)
Thb Gabdbnbr's Assistaitt.
Vol. I.
By ItoBERT Thompsos.
Ed. by William WiTsoy.
This book is an accretion of nearly half a centuiy, and
it has the depth and maturity of old soil. In 1859
appeared The Gardener's Assistant, under the editorship of
Mr. Bobert Thompson, the then superintendent of the
Boyal Horticultural Society's Gardens, at Chiswick. In
1877, and again in 1884, the work was revised and
enlarged. The same processes have again been applied,
and now the alterations and additions have practically
resulted in the production of a new book at the very time
when the old gardens at Chiswick are likely to be given up
on accoxmt of the spread of London. The largest shares in
the present volume appear to have fallen to Dr. MaxTrell
T. Masters, who writes on a variety of subjects, and Mr.
John Fraser, whose admirable and very long chapter on
'^ Insect and Other Plant Enemies " is fascinating reading.
Profusely illustrated, and furnished with statistical tables
of real value, this new edition of a work which has been
repeatedly adjusted to the advance of horticulture
deserves unqualified praise. Although an encyclopedia
of gardening, it seems to us to include, without obscoiing,
the needs of the amateur gardener. The potterer in a
garden ought to find a subUe pleasure in measuring his
ignorance of this noble art, as well as in deepening bis
knowledge ; and he can have both pleasures in tins work.
(The Gresham Publishing Go.)
A History of EAsrERW Asia.
By J. C. Ha>kah.
We are no doubt on the eve of g^reat events in the Far
East, in which the Groat Powers of Europe will be at one
another's throats over the break-up of China. A com-
pendious history of the Far BSast is therefore a necessity to
the student, and Mr. J. 0. Hannah, who was formerly
master of the English school at Tien-Tsin, has supplied a
brief history of Eastern Asia which will be of much use as
a work of reference. In the space at his command Mr.
Hannah could not, of course, attempt a comprehensive
history, but he has made a useful summary of the events
which have taken place in the eastern half of the Asiatic
continent from prehistoric times. He has omitted to deal
with Persia, Mesopotamia, Arabia, Syria, and Asia Minor,
because these countries, although Asiatic, fall more
properly into the groupings of European nations or those
9 June <yoo.
The Academy.
4«9
of the Mediterranean basin. The remaining countries of
Asia are those which are bound up in what is known as
the Far Eastern Question, for the proper understanding of
which a brief epitome of their history is necessary.
Happily for the general reader the real crux of the
question is of fairly modem growth, so that Mr. Hannah's
book will supply all that he needs to know. (Fisher
Unwin.)
An O&lbaks Diary.
Bt M. Ouvnjjxa-FLBUBT.
The private diaries of those who hold positions about a
Court are of perennial interest. M. Cn^lier-Fleury, the
French Academician, was the son of one of Napoleon's
officers, who became tutor to the Duo d'Aumale, and the
admirer and apologist of Louis Philippe. He kept a
private diary from 1828 onwards, and tlie volume before
us deals with the life of the Orleans family at the Palais
Boyal from 1828 to 1831. The papers have been collected
by his daughter, and edited, with an introduction, by
M. Ernest Bertin, of the BdhaU. The work, which is
prefaced by a sketch of the life of M. Ouvillier-Fleury by
the Due d'Aumale, naturally chronicles a good deal of
small beer, but it throws some most valuable sidelights on
a very interesting period of French history. The diary is
written day by day, and records the impressions of the
moment. To the future historian of the Orleans family in
France it will be of the highest value. (Paris : Librairie
Plon.)
Fiction.
The CardinaPs Snuff-Box. By Henry Harland.
(John Lane. 68.)
The scene of this elegit and charming fantasia upon
life, love, and art is laid in a Latin country; the old
Cardinal, and Marietta, that delightful and antique serving-
maid, are pure Italian; the lovers, though English, are
Latinised, and the whole spirit of the book, half gracious,
half malign, entirely witty, is Latin. The possessor of a
fine, frague talent which has absorbed most cultures, Mr.
Harland lavishly expends that talent for the diversion
(nothing higher) of those who can appreciate his delicate
entertainment. He would not be serious; he would not
take life seriously — and yet somewhere, woven imper-
ceptibly into the woof of the thing, there is a quality, an
inclination to ''hedge" against the ultimate risk of having
been only frivolous. Mr. Harland has in him something
of Anatole France and something of Eenan. The mond
attitude of the The CardinaPs Snuff-Box reminds us irre-
sistibly of a passage in Benan's ''philosophic drama"
VEau de Jouvence : " On the hypothesis, which is becoming
more and more probable, that the universe is only a
tautology in which the sum of movement is found again
exactly, in the final balance, without loss or gain, let us
take care that the pleasantry has been agreeable. . . .
Having regard to our incertitude as to human destiny, the
wisest thing is to arrange so that, under any and every
hypothesis, we may not discover that we have been too
absurd. So that we shall not be saints, but neither shall
we be dupes. In any event, we shall not have been too
violently surprised." These words are the witty justifica-
tion of books like Mr. Harland's.
Not that there are many novels in the least similar to
The CardinaPs Snuff-Box in English. It belongs to an
order of its own. Its chief characteristic is that all
ugliness is carefully eliminated from the aspect. The
action passes in a lovely Italian landscape, on either side
of a diminutive rushing xiver. There are the Italian trees
and swards, Italian snow-crowned hills, Italian chateaux,
Italian villages, "improbable" in their notorious beauty.
And there is money, and every refinement of luxury, every
grace of manners. The lady is a duchess, youthfully
widowed ; the man is a novelist, at once bnliiani and
modest. He had caught sight of the duchess in various
cosmopolitan centres of gaiety, and written a book round
her profile. They meet at last, separated only by the
little river; she has his book in her hand. They talk —
mere badinage, but mousseux with an exquisite fantastic
lightness. Pouf ! It is like down wafted across the little
river. He falls in love ; she falls in love. Blind to her
symptoms, he despairs of winning this noble dame. She
— she throws herself at him, with what adroit skill of
womanliness! The Cardinal supervenes, and antique
Marietta, and these two have their share of the intrigue.
Marietta is ill, and confesses her sins to the young
Englishman her master — this is the prettiest imaginable
bit ; and, of course, the duchess must visit the sick. Then
there are convenient sudden thunderstorms which necessi^
tate the taking of shelter, and snuff-boxes which con-
veniently get themselves lost and must be returned to
immemoriiu casties. And then, presto ! she has accepted
him. It is all over. Tho frailest trifle, only just about
as perfect as a trifle can be.
Fate the Fiddler. By Herbert 0. MaoUwaine.
(Constable & Co. 6s.)
This is a novel of the Australian Bush, and it proclaims
its author to be a serious and promising literary artist
who must be reckoned with, whose work must be watched
book by book as it appears, whose achievement is already
notable. There is no question here of a Colonial author
producing agreeable stuff about a colony, and to be praised
on that account. Mr. Macllwaine has an imagination which
ennobles, and which (feeding on the vast spaces of the
Bush) has drawn therefrom an unfamiliar and impressive
dignity. Out there, where life is life, and the austere
solenmity of nature's pageant rebukes the soul into dis-
carding every triviality of thought and feeling, a man
may come to grips with the primal force of the world ;
a man may exist, in the deepest, ultimate sense ; he may
perceive the simplicity and grandeur of earthly things in
a new, strange light. One is conscious in this book of a
fine, sane freshness ; of a quality which, with no ostentatious
effort, gives value to the commonest manifestations of life.
When the two squatters, Somers and Colyer, come to
occupy their thousand-mUe domain, the mere procession
of catde, the mere driving of a six-horse wain across a
river-bed, the mere fall of evening upon the prone forms
of men and beasts, have a beauty and significance in and
by themselves, and not to be assessed by any scenic
standard.
Above the rocky rise beyond the creek a golden fame of
dast aroae ; the earth was Bhaking to the din and trampling
of the herd, and yet there had been no sign of one of them.
Then the crest of the rise was broken — a single heiff r rose
up and stood an instant silhouetted against the rolling
dust behind her ; she sniffed the air inquiringly, started
down the slope at a trot, the trot broke into a cantor, and
the canter was varied by gamboUings of the inimitable
uncouthness of all cow-kind when at play. She bellowed
at her caperings, and the beUowing was broken by the
exercise into a series of ludicrous ejaculations. By the
time the niuneer was well upon her way down the slope,
a hundrea more voung cows had appeared above the ridge,
had paused and begun to trot, bellow and caper precisely
after the manner of their leader; and hundred after
hundred followed these, till the rise and the creek-flat
were one bellowing, bucking chaos of flourishing horns
and tails, and heaving bright-skinned bodies. As the
rabble flowed down the bank to the creek-oro>sii«g, it
steadied and packed itself mto a solid press towards the
drinking plaoe; the leading beasts as they drank were
pushed out and out into deep water, till it seemed as if a
huge catastrophe from drowning and mangling were
imminent. Tet matters were setUel by order of nature
49^
The Academy.
9 June, I
and brute strengtii ; the cattle, having drunk their fill,
found their way somehow, singly, then in pairs, dozens,
hjindreds, up the other bank, and spread out upon the
downs.
The book is not wholly excellent ; it lapses somewhat
from the extraordinary promise of the opening. The title,
FaU the Fiddler^ is scarcely satisfactory, and the theme
partakes of this unsatisfactonness. The fact is, Mr.
Macllwaine's Fate fiddles too random a tune. The plot
lacks unity, precision, and cumulative power. There is no
inevitable march of event, but rather a zigzag progress of
happenings towards a final justice which is slightly too
''poetical." The character-drawing is uneven. Somers
is good — a man seen and felt to the inmost ; but Colyer
is manipulated in such a way as to startle and confuse the
reader. There is a good deal of Australian finance in the
story, and these scenes with bankers and wirepullers haye
not the authenticity, the absolute rightness, of the Bush
chapters. Lastly, Mr. Macllwaine's style, though it shovrs
many admirable qualities, and has indeed the essentials of
a fine style, is frequently cumbrous and turgid) But make
no mistake — this is a book.
Notes on Novels.
\_These notes on the wee^s Fiction are not necessarily final.
Eeviews of a selection tcill follow,']
The Chevalier of the
Splendid Crest.
By the Rt. Hon.
Sir Herbert Maxwell,
This story, by the Chevalier of the Busy Pen, is adorned
with a list of " works by the same author,'* classified as
Histoiy and Biography, Science, Fiction, and Miscellaneous.
This is the fifth excursion into fiction, and it is an
attempt '^ to realise what were the conditions of living in
this country before its people had become so busy, so well
off, and, perhaps, so fond of ease, as they are now." The
period chosen is that of the Crusades. (Blackwood. 6s.)
For the Queen in
South Africa.
By Caryl Davis Haskins.
Six stories of British fighting, mostly in South Africa,
and mostly in some relation to public schools and sport.
When Brooks led his men up a kopje he { bcuted : ** * J?lay
up close to the ball ! On the b^l ! ' wii bis heart in
football, with never a thought of battle, un Ihe reached
almost the top of the parapet, and strange faces looked
down upon him — ^faces with deep -set lines, and blue-grey
eyes looking along rifle barrels." (Putnams. 5s.)
journeyman's helot, apprentice, clerk, no matter what.
Let him take his chance, was Peter's only idea, and aiak
or swim." (John Long. 6s.)
The Sword of the Kino. By Ronald Macdok iij).
A pleasant story of the reign of James II. anl the
coming of the Prince of Orange, written in the first
person round a broken sword, which '' hangs yet (and lon^
may it so hang!) in our ^reat hall at Drayton . . . beneatli
it, also against the wall above the hearth, is the scabbard."
(John Murray. 6s.)
Eevenosful Fangs.
By F. W. Bamford.
The fangs are the fangs of snakes. The Kyfields — an
Anglo-Indian family — are continually being menaced by
snakes, and Byfield per^ has '* a terrible suspicion . . . wi^
regard to an ancestor having been the ong^inal cause of
our many dangerous experiences with snakes. . . . ' I will
certainly look over whatever papers I have that are at all
likely to contain anything calculated to throw li^ht upon
the subject.' " The story is full of snakes, cobras, falors,
and coolies, serpent- worshippers, and antidotes ; and the
mystery is deaxed up. (StcxH:. 6s.)
MaoQilleroy's Millioi?8.
By Iza Duff CIS Hardy.
'* No, it would be buying his millions dear to ^et them
at the price of handing himself back into the grrip of the
law, to undergo the rest of his sentence !''... '^ All . . .
if it turns out that Anthony Fleming is dead, goes to Miss
Perceval. . . ." (Simpkin, Marshidl. 6s.)
The Bobber Tramps of Circumstance.
By Lillie C Hosie.
The advantages of an Explosive factory as a background
for a novel are obvious. There need never be a lack
of incident. Here the manufacture of Globulite is
attended with accident after accident ; the story is shaped
by Globulite, and the course of true love is adjusted by
concussion and soothed with compresses. (Drane. -Ss. 6d.)
The White Flower.
By Ouve R. Fenn:
An adventurer, a true lover, and a woman are found in
smart society. We have the inevitable French phrases,
^^Mille compliments ! " regimes, esclandre, distraite, enfSte^ and
matinee, '^ My dear Farleigh," says the Duke of £lvastan,
who stood in front of the fireplace with his hands behind
the tails of his evening dress coat, '^ My dear Farleigh, if I
had any wish to make another few hundred thousand
pounds, and, mind you, I haven't, I should finance the
rubber trade." (Digby, Long. 6s.)
The Spendthripi.
By Francis Dodsworth. Ada Yernhak, Actress.
By Bichard Marsh.
The title is the book: we follow the fortunes of a
spendthrift from his front -view portrait on the front
cover to his back-view portrait on the back cover. Some
blame is thrown on the spendthrift's parents : " Following
out that curiously short-sighted poHcy which has been
the making of our Colonial police, Devan's father and
mother had always kept him as short as possible. * You
do not understand the value of money,' they used to tell
him, wbenever he protested." (Grant Eichards. 6s.)
Paul the Optimist.
By W. p. Dothib.
A novel, somewhat of the Dickensian type, laid in that
part of the century when people " went on pottering over
their tinder and flint in the dark mornings, and snuffing
their tallow candles in the dark evenings. ... To the
north of Paternoster-row, very near the Newgate-street
end of Bluebell-lane, was the establidiment of Twist
Brothers, Clothiers. ... In Twist's house the lad might
become errand-boy, knife and window cleaner (a sinecure).
This story, by the author of A Second Coming, is a story
of the stage, of novelette merit. The heroine breaks
down in an important part at the Soho Theatre, and we
are treated to wild scenes in front of the curtain and
behind it, until there suddenly enters to Ada her own true
love, who has been mentioned only once before in the
story. He wore a felt hat and cloak, and " Ids eyes were
flaming fires." His only office was to stop the play — and
the novel. Of course he " went out with the woman into
the night " — she being still ** attired in the stage costume
of a Ehineland maiden of the olden time." (Long. 6s,)
One of Many.
By Vera 1iL\cha.
The heroine describes her **many" love affairs, in
which she was invariably unfortunate. Twice she marries
under our eyes, her second engageiiient being entered into
just six hours before Frank Corbin declares his passion :
** Too late by just six hours ! Is love ever thus to curse
and mock my heart ? \' (Digby, Long. 6s.)
9 June, 1900.
The Academy.
491
THE ACADEMY.
Editorial and Publishing Offices, 43, Chancery-lane.
Tht AoADmcT fiM ht HfiA pod-frte to every Annual 8uh$oHher
in the UnUed Kingdfnn.
Price for One Isette^ Threepenee; poetage One HcUfyenny. Ftice
for 62 iemue. Thirteen 8hiUing$ ; poeUxgefree.
Foreign Batea for Yearly SuhBcripHane 2O0.
including poetage,
American AgenU for the Aoaduct: BrentanoU^ 31 , Union''
square, New York,
Stephen Crane.
As special correspondent he had seen two wars ; he had
been wrecked ; he had written eleven books, two still in
MS., and when he died last Wednesday his years did not
number thirty. He was the type of the neryous, nimble-
minded American, slight in figure, shy and kind in manner,
speaking little, with a great power of work, a fine memory,
and an imagination of astonishing psychological insight.
Latterly his health had been bad, partly constitutional,
and partly through malarial fever contracted in the Ouban
campaign. The last two years of his life were spent in
the old, huge, fascinatiog house in Sussex, Brede Place,
which he made his home. There he lived, many miles
from the nearest railway station, a quiet, domesticated
life, welcoming his friends, and writing — always writing.
He battled bravely against ill- health; but the disease
gained ground, and a few weeks ago he was ordered to
the Black Forest It was a forlorn hope, and, although
many days were given to the journey, he succumbed at
the end to exhaustion.
The Bed Badge of Courage was published when he was
twenty-five. This study of the psychological side of war,
of its effect on a private soldier, justly won for him imme-
diate recognition. Oiitics of all schools united in praise
of that remarkable book, and the more wonderful did the
performance appear when it became known that he had
never seen a battle, that the whole was evolved from his
imagination, fed by a long and minute study of military
history. It is said that when he returned from the
Gracco-Turkish war he remarked to a friend: ''The Bed
Badge is all right." It was all right.
The same swift and imerring characterisation, the same
keen vision into the springs of motiyes, the same vivid
phrasing, marked Qeorge^s Mother, Here, as in most of
his other stories, and in all his episodes, the environment
grows round the characters. He takes them at some
period of emotional or physical stress, and, working from
within outwards, with quick, firm touches, vivifies them
into life. Nowhere is this more evident than in the short
sketches and studies that were, probably, after The Bed
Badge of Courage, the real expression of his genius. His
longer novels, though not wanting in passages that show
bim at his best, sugs^cst that in time he would have
returned to the earlier instinct that prompted him to work
upon a small canvas.
As a writer he was very modem. He troubled himself
little about style or literary art. But — rare gift — he saw
for himself, and, like Mr. Steevens, he knew in a flash
just what was essential to bring the picture vividly to the
reader. His books are full of images and similes that not
only fulfil their purpose of the moment, but live in the
memory afterwards. A super-refined' literary taste might
object to some of his phrases — to such a sentence as this,
for example : " By the very last star of truth, it is easier
to steal eggs from under a hen than it was to change seats
in the dingey," to his colloquialisms, to the slang with
which he peppers the talk of his men — but that was the
man, who loked at things with his own eyes, and was
unafraid of his prepossessionB*
His gift of pr^enting the critical or dramatic moments
in the Eves of men and women was supreme. We could
give a hundred examples, and though tne sketch we take
the liberty of quoting is not by any means the best of its
kind, it is complete m itself, and shows how noat, how to
the point, how sympathetic without being sentimental, his
work was. It is called '' A Detail," and is included in the
volume of stories and sketches called The Open Boat
(Heinemann), the tiUe of that remarkable accoiint of the
escape of himself and three companions from the wreck
of the steamer Commodore :
The tiny old lady in the black dress and onrions little
black bonnet had at first seemed alarmed at the sound
made by her feet upon the stone pavements. But later
she forgot about it, for she suddenly came into the tempest
of the Sixth Avenue shopping district, where from the
streams of people and venicles weiit up a ruar like that
from headlong mountain torrents.
She seemed then like a chip that catches, recoils, turns
and wheels, a reluctant thing in the clutch of the
impetuous river. She hesitated, faltered, debated with
herself. Frequently she seemed about to culdreas people ;
then of a sudden she would evidently lose her courage.
Meanwhile the torrent jostled her, swung her this and
that way.
At last, however, she saw two young women gazing in
at a shop- window. They were well-dressed girls ; they
wore gowns with enormous sleeves that made them look
like full-rigged ships with all sails set. They seemed to
have plenty of time ; they leisurely scAuned the eoods iu
the window. Other people had made the tiny ola woman
much afraid because obviously they were speeding to keep
such tremendously important engagements. She went
close to the girls and peered in at the same window. She
watched them furtively for a time. Then finally she said :
*< Excuse me ! "
The girls looked down at this old face with its two large
eyes turned towards them.
"Excuse me, can you tell me where I cm get any
work?'*
For an instant the two girls stared. Then they seemed
about to exchange a smile, but, at the last moment, they
checked it. The tiny old lady's eyes were upon them.
She was qaaintly serious, silently expectant. She made
one marvel that in that face the wrinkles showed no trace
of experience, Imowledge ; they were simply little, soft,
innocent creases. As for her glance, it had the trustful-
ness of ignorance and the candour of babyhood.
*< I want to g^ something to do, becaiue I need the
monuy,*' she continued since, in their astonishment, they
had not replied to her first question. *' Of course I*m not
strong and I couldn't do very much, but I can sew wel ;
and iu a house where there was a good many men folks I
could do aU the mending. Do you know any place where
they would like me to come ? "
The young women did then exchange a smile, but it was
a subtle, tender smile, the edge of personal grief.
** WcJl, no. madame," hesitatingly said one 6f them at
last; *' I dou't think I know anyone."
A shade parsed over the tiny old lady's face, a shadow
of the wing of disappointment.
*' Don't you?" she said, with a littie struggle to be
brave in her voice.
Then the girl hastily continued : " But if you will give
me your address, I may find someone, and if I do, I will
surely let you know of it."
The tiny old lady dictated her address, bending over to
watch the girl write on a visiting card with a little silver
pencil. Then she said :
<* I thank you very much." She bowed to them,
smiling, and went on down the avenue.
As for the two girls, they walked to the curb and
watched this aged figure, small and frail, in its black
gown and curious black bonnet. At last the crowd, the
innumerable wagons, intermingling and changing with
uproar and riot, suddenly engulfed it.
This youth wandered much over the world in his brief,
brilliant life. As we write, his last journey is beginning.
He is being taken to his home in America.
492
The Academy,
9 Jaae, 1900
Things Seen*
In a Toy- Shop.
I ttas in a toy-shop in Oxfotd-street, fioarching for a clock-
work toyk Between the attractions of Washerwomeli,
{performing minsitels, and Irlckashaw men, I was getting
father petplexed atld not a little bored when a smaU boy,
With attendant Hurse and sisters, came in. The boy knew
what he wanted, and so I felt that I at least was his
servant. He had half-a-guinea to spend, and he intended
to buy one of the large figures dressed in khaki. The
choice had been almost made, when he edged up to me
and whispered : "Do you know what regiment Baden-
Powell belongs to ? "
" He waiB in the 13th Hussars, I believe," I answered.
"I won't have that Yeomanry man," my small friend
said at once to his companions.
"But, Master Lionel, we have chosen it," the nurse
remonstrated.
" I want a Hussar."
" We haven't got any Hussars left, would you rather
have a Highkuider?" the shop-lady ac^ed, persuasively.
"No, I want a Hussar, Hussars don't wear kilts. You
are sure he was in the Hussars ? '* he added to me.
"Yes, I think so, and he was at school at Charter-
house," I said by way of general information.
** And I am going to Eton. I sha'n't. I shall go to
Charterhouse."
The situation was becoming strained ; and as I was in
some respects responsible for having made my small friend
00 perplexed, I said to him : ** Don't you think it would
be nice to have a ELighlander now and then go to Charter-
house afterwards ? "
" You are sure he was at Charterhouse."
• " Yes, quite sure."
"Nurse, I'll have the Highlander, but I shall go to
Charterhouse," he decided promptly.
The nurse beamed an instructive smile upon me.
" Don't wrap him up. I'll carry him as he is," the boy
said.
He went out of the shop smiling ; but after that smile
of nurse's I cannot believe that he will go to Charter-
house.
At the Door.
B&DOEROW and field were on one side of the road only.
The opposite footpath was flanked by a brick wall, and its
long perspective was broken by a somewhat architectural
doorwav, with a pair of iron studded doors, and a medieeval
bell-pull. It WBB the door of the county workhouse. Two
men and two women approached from opposite directions.
The men were ragged, unshaved, and frowsy, wearing
boots that*might have been found on an ash-heap. Each
had buttoned up his coat collar to hide his lack of a shirt.
The women showed as much tidiness as is possible when
drink and the pawn-shop have done their worst. The
iihawls and gowns were of the dark neutral tint of poverty.
Their tattered bonnets had evidently passed through a long
succession of reverses of fortune. As these persons came
along, it was evident that they had made up their minds
to " go into the house." Their faces were gloomy, but
this chance meeting brightened the gloom with something
like a smile, although there was no sign of previous
acquaintance between the couples. The women gave a
feminine pat to their hair. One of the men jpuUed off his
slouched nat, brushed it with his arm, and tried to g^ve it
a more becoming shape. The other man stepped forward
and pulled the bell, which gave out a loud jangling, and
when the porter opened the door he would have gone in
at once, but his comrade held him back, saying, " Ladies
first !" And so the women passed in before the men,
acknowledging the courtesy graciously, coquettishly
picking up their dingy skirts, and walking with an air.
Paris Letter-
(From our French Corrnptrnddnt.)
M. Marcel Provost has stepped into serious literature at
last ; he has condescended to place his remarkable talent
dt the service of good Womanhood, and in hia Strong
Virgiils has made iloble amends for a book many of us
have found it difficult to forgive him. But the ailthor of
I>fimi' Vurge% is forgotten in the large-minded and generous
apostle of Femininism who has just given us ^^^^^^
This powerful and original novel will greaUj intere^
English readers because of the vigour, the surpnamg
accuracy and sympathy with which English life and
scenery are depicted. If nothing is more amusing than
the inaccurate and atrabilious descriptions of our ways
and cities by the pens of unsympathetic forei^fners, who
seemingly leave their own country to hold a " review of
their Maker's mistakes " elsewhere, on the other hand
nothing can be more instructive and interesting than the
impressions and observations the intelligent and liberal-
minded foreigner carries away from our midst M. Prevost
detects the good and bad in England with a just and
sensible discernment. If he can admire the pure and
independent English girl, he is as quick to recognise her
repugnant antithesis, the Anglo-Saxon flirt. With a fine
impartiality he sees where the English stand above French
civilisation and where they fall below it. He retorts to
the cry of the admiring Englishman " they manage those
things better in France " with a no less ready admission
that many things are far better managed in England.
Before his conversion M. Paul Bourget had a kind of
sneaking preference for England, but this admiration was
hardly of a quality to flatter the best of the nation ; it vaa
the sentiment of the foreign snob in love vrith English
tailoring, the flavour of exterior correction well-bred
English people carry into all their relations, the va^
pretentiousness of English society, the luxurious town
mansions and country houses, the prestige of the British
aristocracy. These were the things that dazzled M.
Bourget. But M. Pr6vost, who is nothing of a snob, has
brought away from England far higher impressions, and
in Fridirique and its sequel, Lea, which has already
appeared in the Revue de Parisj he has given us two books
i^ch will surely open for him the doors of the Academy.
I have said that M. Pr6vost has constituted himself, in a
way, the apostie of Femininism Let it at once be under-
stood that this implies no affinity with the late outburst of
femininist literature in England. There is nothing here of
the hill-top novel, nothing of the African Farm^ and far
less still of the unclean divagations of KeynoteM and its
successors. This is a femininism of a claustral austerity.
M. Prevost's strong virgins ask of men and society nothing
but the right to work for themselves and live chaste and
noble lives. XJncloistered nuns is really what they aspire
and strive to be. Lea and Frelerique, the t«ro enthusiastic
Parisians, who leave their lovely Paris to come to London
to live by their work in the delightfully free atmosphere
of Free CoUege, are beautiful young girls. Their volun-
tary renunciation of marriage and the love of man is the
result of their mother^s lamentable frailty. Seeing what a
miserable thing the love of man, without pride or dignity,
made of her weak and sensual mother's existence,
Fr6derique, resentful of her birth, haughtily resolved to
keep herself clean of such influences. Her contempt of
man is intense and passionate, and, considering her proud
nature and her sad experience of men, quite justifiable.
Her brother, a brilliant young lawyer, had seduced the light
and shallow Christiane, a pretty creature with the instincts
of a grUette ; on paternal orders had gone abroad, leaving
Christiane enciente, A subordinate of the house was found
who, for an indemnity, consented to marry the seduced girl
and give his name to her child. The stepfather of Frederique
is a consumptive brute, and in very childhood the f annly
9 June, 1900.
The Academy.
493
skeleton is paraded before the unhappy little girl. And
BO through girlhood she cherishes an affectionate and
indulgent contempt of her mother, and a dark hate of her
father and stepfather. Being exceptionally intelligent, as
well as beautiful, she obtains a good situation in a factory,
where Lea soon joins her as a designer. Lea is a soft and
charming creature, in every way the contrast of her strong
and haughty sister, whom she adores and looks up to. The
relations of these sisters are drawn for us with a captivat-
ing sincerity and charm. It is not for nothing M. Pr6vost
has made womanhood his study. It would be difficult to
name a book in which the fraternity of two girls, so fond
and so widely different, is portrayed with a nobler preci-
sion and a more touching grace. Its singular force lies
in the fact that this distinguished picture of sisterhood,
with its reserved tenderness, its invincible puiity of form
and colouring, has not a trace of sentimentauiy.
In London the fortunes of these girls are enviable in
every way. There is the gallant briskness of the Free
College, where young girk are brought up with the
freedom of boys on a new Femininist plan, with delightful
results. There is the charming intimacy in Apple Tree-
yard with an ideal brother and sister, natives of Finland,
and the delicate love idyll of (}eorg Ortsen and Lea, which
grows slowly out of this intimacy—an idyll which, if it
lacks the poetry, lacks none of the grace and fragrance of
Loti's exquisite idyll in Bamunehto. The flaw in flie book,
and indeed the flaw in Fred6rique's inexorable f emininism,
is the compulsory sacrifice of this love. Lea and G^org,
guided by the stronger and more spiritual natures of their
sisters, whom both idolise, share tne opinion of these that
love should be ideal, should lead us to the ether of
Platonism instead of into the muddy regions of matrimony.
And so both, with breaking hearts, after a single kiss of
avowal, part True, Georg afterwards revolts and comes
to Paris to claim his bride. This scene, which is powerful
by its extraordinary cruelty and brevity, ends Fridirique.
Georg in Italy, whither he went in search of fbrgetfulness,
has learnt that love has a deeper and more ineffaceable
significance than the sentimental dalliance of Platonism,
and Frederique ungenerously uses this knowledge in the
duel between him and her for the possession of Lea.
Pimitz, the teacher and guide of the girls, is called upon
to decide between them, and is quite as remorseless as
Frederique in the presence of two young breaking hearts.
I own I like neither the admirable Pimitz nor the implac-
able Frederique in this scene. Some pity is due to erring
love, and the error of Georg was of so slight a nature,
considering the circumstances, as to claim silence and not
chastisement. These pure women uncandidly exaggerate
it to work upon Lea's pride, and when the penitent and
tortured lover advances and cries to her : ''I swear to you.
Lea, that you have been my one and only love " — an oath
in this case simple truth— uie poor girl flings out her arms
and cries : '^ Don't touch me." In vain he adjures her
not to break two lives for a trifle, not to be guided by
women who woiild imprison her heart. She sends him
away with all the reader's sympathy, and Fr6d6rique
salutes her triumph over love as a moral grandeur. The
novel is a pure and lofty work of imagination ; but herein
lies the initial error of its doctrine : Frederique is revolt-
ingly harsh and proud. H. L.
For the Bookplate of a Married Couple.
A BOOK onr eyes have glanced on
Together,
A wind that eVry feather
And windlestraw hath danced on,
A path oar feet have trodden
Together
In still or windy weather,
On springy turf or sodden.
From *• Poenufor Pictures '* by Ford M. Hueffer,
Correspondence.
The Title to a Title.
Sib,— You have proved yourself a friend so constant
and generous to those who have not yet abandoned the pen
for ttie sword that I am tempted to ask you to lend me
the ear of your readers for a moment's space. Quite
lately a letter appeared in your columns drawing attention
to several recent cases of plagiarism in the matter of book
titles, wherein my name was cited as being one of the
sufferers. My case, briefly stated, is as foUowst tn
December of last year I published a book called Side-
lighU on South Afrieay now in its third edition. A few
weeks ago Lady Sykes brought out a volume on the same
subject, which she calls StdelighU on the War in South
Africa, On the appearance of her book my publishers,
Messrs. Sampson Low & Marston, wrote to Mr. Fisher
Unwin protesting against this flagrant assumption of my
title, and I myself wrote to Lady Sykes pointing out two
cases in which friends who had ordered my book at the
libraries had received hers instead. But, although Mr.
Unwin expressed his willingness to change it, Lady Sykes
has ref usea to discontinue the use of my title for her book
on the g^und that she considers the two names '^ as dis-
similar as are their contents." I am quite prepared to
admit that the contents are dissimilar, but the titles are, I
contend, practically identical, and likely to confuse the
public. Li this opinion I am fortified by such experienced
booksellers as Mr. Humphrey, of Hatohaid's, and Mr.
Bumpus. I may, at the same time, point out that neither
Lady Sykes nor Mr. Fisher Unwin have alleged ignorance
of my work as an explanation of their choice of title.
^e legal aspect of this matter is interesting, and, I
think, not genendly understood. Although, as your corre-
spondent writes, there is no copyright in ihe title of a book,
tnere most certainly is property in it. Gopinger in his
standard work, The Law of Copyright^ is most distinct about
this point. He says : '* There can be no doubt that there
is in a tiUe a right capable of protection, and in the case
of BelPe Life this right was asserted by Yice-Ohancellor
Stuart to be a right of property." The case of Weldon v.
Dicks still further bears out this view. In 1873 the Bev.
Henry Palmer published a novel called Triai and Triumph^
a title '' adopted by the defendant in entire ignorance that
it had ever been used by any other person or applied to
any other work. The defendant's work was entirely
distinct in its plot and subject-matter from the plaintiff's
book. It also appeared that both before and after the date
of the first pubhoation by the plaintiff of his books, more
than one book was published by other persons under the
same title, or one substantially the same. yice-Ghanoellor
Malins hdd that the plaintiff was entitled to an injunction."
It will, therefore, easily be seen that, regarding a title as
literary proper^, it is — to quote Gopinger once more —
<* usually considered that, as the injury caused hj the
infringement is an injury to property, the fraudulent
intent is not necessary to prove." In other words, the law
gives protection to the title of a book not so much for the
sake of the author as to prevent the public being deceived
into buying a book imder the impression that it is buying
one previouslv published with the same or " substantially
the same " title. Various attempts have, of course, been
made to secure a copyright for the titles as well as for the
contents of books, but this is a matter of extreme difficulty.
In tiie report of the Select Committee appointed in 1898 to
consider Lord Herschell's Copyright Amendment Bill,
this point was brought forward by Mr. Daldy, who gave
evidence in his capacity as Secretary to the Gojjyright
Association. The question had been previously raised in
the Trade Marks Act and not satisfactorily disposed of.
On this occasion it was again shelved, at the suggestion of
Lord Thring. It is believed by many authors that if some
scheme oowd be devised by which the names of booka
494
The Academy.
9 June, 1906.
could be registered the duplicatioii of tiUes through
ignorance would be obviated. This remedy was also dis-
cussed by the Commission of 1898, Mr. G. H. Thring
giving evidence on behalf of the Society of Authors. But
here again nothing was done. The most natural places
where such registration might be effected are the British
Museum or Stationers' Hall; but both these institutions
have brought forward innumerable and to some extent
incontrovertible reasons why neither of them should be
troubled with the organisation of a system whereby the
names of the miiltitudinous army of volumes produced
year by year might be inscribed and thus protected from
piracy.
But, as I have already stated, legal machinery is not
really lacking by which those who use the name of a
book already in circulation may be compelled to surrender
it. It remains with the original proprietor of such title
to set that machinery in motion, for the safeguard of
literary property in general no less than for the protection
of individual interest. Boy Dbvereux.
59, Cadogan square, S.W. :
June 7, 1900.
Sib, — It is not pleasant to find that one has used a title
already adopted by another author, if only on account of
one's ignorance appearing hardly a compliment to the
writer aggrieved. In the case, however, which your
correspondent last week brings home to me, I hope the
g^evance is reduced to a minimum by the insignificance of
tiie story of mine to which she refers. The letter is
headed '* Book Titles," and it might from that be inferred
that my story was a book, as is the work of Mr. Bennett's,
against whose title I have trespassed. May I point out
that this is fortunately not so ? The fact of my ^* slender
performance " being but an ephemeral story of some four
thousand words may, I trust, remove the worst of the
mishap and form something of an apology to the author
and publisher whose rights I unwittingly infringed. — I
am, &c., Algebkon Gissino.
Willersey, Broadway, Worcestershire :
May 31, 1900.
Novels and Logic.
Sib, — ^The Ignoratio EUnchi still persists. My fair ad-
versary not only attacks a position which I never held,
but officially announces that I have evacuated the post,
and come over to her side. I never said anything against
great works of fiction, from the OdysBey to Vanity Fair,
What I did say was that we now produce little that
commands a sale except novels. What I said, or did not
say, is of infinitesimal importance. But it is important
that logicians of either sex should know what the thesis
of their adversary is ; should not attribute to him a thesis
which he never held, and then assaiilt that.
I still think, pace Miss Forbes-Bobertson, that '' all the
works of Thucydides " are likely to outlive those even of
Mr. Meredith and Mr. James. But this is a mere opinion ;
perhaps, in a.d. 2000, What Maisie Knew or The Amazing
Marriage will be eagerly asked for, while the historian of
the Sicilian Expedition, or the philosopher who describes
the death of Socrates, will be entirely forgotten. The
Platonic Dialogues and the Muses of Herodotus '^ are but
glorified school - books " in Miss Forbes - Robertson's
opinion, as I understand her. I dare say that many
ladies are of her mind. — I am, &c., A. Lang.
1, Marloes-road : June 3, 1900.
New Books Received.
\Th$9e notes on some of the New Boohs of the toesk mn
preliminary to Reviews that may follow.']
Gbant Allen : a Memoib. By Edward Cix>dd.
We refer elsewhere to this biography, which is com-
prised in little more than 200 pages. Mr. Clodd doses his
narrative with the fine and familiar lament :
They told me, Heraditus, they told me yon were dead ;
They brought me bitter news to hear, and bitter tears to
shed;
I wept as I remembered how often you and I
Had tired the sun with talking, and sent him down the
sky.
And now that thou art lying, my dear old Oarion guests
A handful of grey ashes, laid long a^ at rest,
Still are thy feasant voices, thy nightingales, awake ;
For Death, he taketh all away, but these he cannot take.
(Ghrant Eichards.)
Village Notes, and Some Otheb Fapbbs.
By Pamela TBNNAyr.
Mrs. Tennant, who is one of the three ladies in Mr.
Sargent's great picture in this year's Academy Exhibition,
has gathered into this volume some sketches of country
life which she contributed to the Outlook, Chaimingly
made up into a book, and illustrated with photogravures,
these sketches look inviting. '^ There is a village I
know of in South Wilts," Mrs. Tennant begins, "in
whose cottages I have heard many things said wotHl
recording — of humour, intentional, or otherwise, and of
pathos, real and deep." (Heinemann.)
Begollections of My Life.
By Sib Joseph Faybsr, Babt.
Sir Joseph Fayrer is one of the most celebrated of army
doctors. He entered the Bengal Medical Service in 1850,
and served in the first Burmese War, and through the
Indian Mutiny. He was in Lucknow during its beleaguer-
ment. His writings have hitherto been purely medical ;
but his long and varied life and its recreations, which have
included big-game shooting in India, have furnished
material for a bulky volume of reminiscences in which
there is an abundance of exciting incidents. (Blackwood.)
Social Life in the
Bbitish Abmy.
By a Bbitish Offickb,
A very interesting subject is treated of in this book.
We are given many particulars about the inner life of a
British regiment, its guest nights, its polo matches, the
cost of chargers and outfits, points of etiquette, and what
not. When the social life of the officers' mess has been
described, we are introduced to the rank and file, to the
married quarters, the canteen, the cricket match, the
Sergeants' Ball, &c , &c. The author says : ''In the army
it is fully recognised that ' all work and no play makes
Jack a dull boy.' " The book is dedicated, by permission,
to Lord Wolseley, and is admirably illustrated by Mr.
R. Caton Woodville. (John Long. 6s.)
In addition to the foregoing, we have received :
theological and biblical.
Hird (Dennis). Was Jesus a Ritualist ? (Watts & C3o.) l X)
Danbney (W. H.), The Use of the Apocrypha in the Christian Charch
(Clay A Sons)
Hadson (Thomson Jay), The Divine Pedigree of Man (Patnam's Sons)
POETBY, CRITICISM, AND BBLLKS LBTTR1BS.
Courtney ( W. L.)t The Idea of Tragedy in Ancient and Modem Dmnut
(Constable) net S^
Butler (A. 6.), The Choice of Achilles and Other Poems (Frowde) 2*6
Swift (Morrison J.), Advent of Empire (Ronbroke Press, Lob Angeiea, Cal.) '
Hantingrord (E. W.), The FroRS of Aristophanes (Methxien) i*e
Bayne (H. P.), A Book of Verses, Occasional and Oommonplaoe '
(Burleigh) ijet i/e
TheI>omei Vol. VI (Unicom Prws) net 5o
9 June, 1900.
The Academy.
495
HISTORY AND BIOGRAPHY.
Bryce (G«orge), The Bemarkable History of the Hadson'd Bay Company
(Sampson Low)
Maiden (Henry Elliot), A Hifctory of Snmy (Stock) 7^
Sooble (J.)i and AI)eroromMe (H. B.). The Bise and Fall of Krogerism
(Heinemann)
€oatee (Thomas F. a.). Sir George White, Y.C .(Grant Bioharda)
TRAYIL AND TOPOGBAPHY.
De Wei (Augusta), Facts and Ftodes about Java
(Yan-Btookam&Son) net 7/0
BDUCATIONAL.
Beady (A« W.). Essays and Essay Writing for Pablic Examinations
(Bell k Sons)
Melven (W.), The Talisman (Black) 1/6
Ord (H. W.K (Juentin Darward (Black) 1/6
MoiOnlay (E. G.l, The Lady of the Lake (Black) net 1/0
Mackenzie (W. M.), Lay of the Last Minstrel (Black)
JUYBNILE.
Tack (Mary N.), "LitUe Wheel" ^Sunday School Union) 0/6
Snioer (Howard), Sportn for Boys ; (Melrose)
Glov^ar (Lady), Lest We Forget Tbem (Simpkin Marshall) 1/0
MIBOBLLANKOUS.
Leonard (B. M.), The Early History of English Poor-Belief
(Oamb. Univ. Press)
Schooling (J. Holt), A Peep into " Punch " (Newnes) 5/0
Hewett (Sarah), Nnmmtts and Ommmits (Burleigh)
NEW EDITIONS.
Arebury (Bight Hon. Lord), Pre-Historlo Times as lUostra^ed by Ancient
Remains. Sixth Edition revifiei (Williams A Norgate) 18/0
Whyte-Melville (G. J.), Contraband (Ward A Lock)
Tennyson (Alfred, Lord), Poems : In Memoriam, Maud, Priucess. Enoch
Arden, Ac (Macmillan) }/0
Bidge (W. Pett), A Son of the State (Methuen) S/6
%* I^ew Novels are acknowledged elsewhere.
Our Weekly Competition.
Result of No. 37 (New Series).
List week we offered a prize of One Guiaea for the bast epigram-
matio verae of four lines oonneotinfr an old aathor with the present
day. We are disappointed with the results. We award the prize
to Mr. T. Oonstable, Harstwood, Boxtei, for the following epigram :
POPB.
I saw the shade of Pope as Madie*s gaest,
I saw it read, mark, learn— almost digest —
Ten thousand tomes, then heard it wail in pain :
'* Would I might write mj * Dunoiad * yet agaia ! "
Other replies are as follows :
Db. Jonathan Swift to Geobgb Meredith.
*'The friable and the gmmonp, dizzards both ! "
Why blunt with pedanijry the dart you fling ?
I plied mj mother-tongue, and by my troth
When I displayed the fang, men felt the sting:.
fR. F. MoC, Whitby. 1
BUB5B.
** A man*s a man." Why, to he is !
That*s not enough to cell, sir.
What Moderns want to know is this :
Are women men as well, sir ?
[T. B., Cheltenham.]
Defob.
•
Oh, Boy of the Past I with what rapture yon read
Of your Isle Hero's skill, and his food and hin bed ;
Bear Crusoe I your island, yourself ani your Co ,
By tale-pampared lads are to-day voted " slow."
[C. M« D., London.]
Samubl Richabdbon.
. Oh I Richardson, what would thy Pamela say,
Who at the word stooUng blush'd rosy red 7
Could she read of poor "Tess" or '*the Woman who Did,''
6he*d swoon right away, or go o£F her head I
[G. H^ Didsbury.]
Shakbspbabc
IVe frequently thought. If the dead eould awaken
What perfectly glorious times there would be ;
If Shake-peare, ftir instauoe, and FrancU Baoon
Could dine with DoneJly and Sidney Lee.
[C. B. H., Biohmood.]
LoBD Chebtbbfield.
Preceptor, in a school of manners dead,
Of wisdom, wit, and social dealing ;
Ouremse^ to courtesy most lightly wed,
Might shock you, ptill you would hide your feeling.
[M. T., London.]
Sib Thomas Bbownb.
All writing's changed, quaint, kind]y Browne, since thou,
In moments spare, wrote thy dost-smelling tomes ;
How would a Doyle write 2Igdri"taphM now,
Or thou fakdite another Sherlock Holmee f
[H. W. D., London.]
Shakbbpbabv.
Sweet-singinff Shakespeare, would'st thou not be
Sad in thuie heart if ue seraphs told thee
That to day, on the star that thou blest by thy birth,
If toi take thee up, but one sees thy worth I
[L. F., Manchester.]
Sib Waltbb Scott— Rudyabd Kiplino. '
'Twas his, the Wizard of the North, to wave his wondrous wand,
And make our fathers breathe the air of moor and heatherland,
Like him, whose burning genius now wafts us from afar
The scent of spicy blossoms beneath an Eastern star.
[C. B., Bristol.]
Alfbed, Lobd Tennyson.
Ah, noble departed ! our Alfred "The Great,'*
How it grieves us you took every tittle
Of your spirit of song, when you joined the great throng,
And you left none for Alfred *' The Little *' !
[L. L., Ramsgate.]
Thomas Cablyle.
Plain dealer in the "rongh-hew*d granite " style.
How you would wince oonld you return awhile
To eartli, and scan the modem wares we view —
Fiction by Fowler, Hall Caine, and Le Qaeux I
[Z. McC, Whitby.]
Wobdbwobth and Realism.
Wordsworth, progenitor of realistic art,
Realism did to thee infioite good reveal ;
We, the^'/i siede^ make proeticute our art :
Siak goodnes) in oblivloD, proclaiming evil real.
[A. M. P., Hampstead.]
Sib Waltbb Scott.
Great maker of Romance, you hit the tune.
And thousands, with variations, followed after ;
Tour day of glory has not come to noon :
Their mock heroios make a moment's laughter.
[H. P. B , Glasgow.]
Other answers have been received from : — £. F. &., Newosstle
£. C. M. D., Crediton ; F. S. H., Bath ; A. H. F., Southsea ; J. 0.
Bath ; E H. H., Streatham ; F. L A., Ealing ; H. R S., Newcastle
. Highgate; E. M., West Smithfield ; T. B. D , Bridgwater
H. E. M., Edinburgh; M. R. H., Eistboume; E. B., Liverpool
A. E. W., Inverness ; F. E. A., Boxton ; A. W., West Hampsttad
H. J., Crouch Eod ; A. G., Cheltenham ; H. H., Old Shorehsm
M. A. C, Cambridge ; G. N., Bristol.
Competition No. 38 (New Series).
i^R, F. J. FUBNIVALL wrltcs to US as follows :
In the John ton Club Papers, 1899, p. 161, my friend, George
Radford, writes of the great Doctor :
*' His first love was Olivia Lloyd, who charmed him while he
was at the school at Stourbridge. From Boswell's statement
that she was a * young Quaker,' it is <dear that she was both
beautiful and demure; and her very name is a melody. No
wonder Johnson loved her ; and his love was not inarticulate,
for he told her so in what Boswell calls somewhat brutally *a
copy of verses.' These early verses have perished, and we can-
nut, al^s 1 redeem them from oblivion by the sacrifice of, say,
half-a-dozsn mature * Ramblers.' "
It would be a charming task for your clever contributors!
recollecting that the boy is father of the man, to reproduce
these verses.
We agree that this task may well be attempted ; and we offer a
prize of One Guinea for the poem, not ezceedlu^ sixteen lines,
which seems to reproduce Johnsons poem most nearly.
RaLEB.
Answers, addressed "Literary Competition, The Academy, 43,
Chancery-lane, W.C.,*' must reaish us not later than the first post
of Tuesday, June 12. Each answer must be accompanied by
the coupon to be found on the second page of Wrapper, or it can-
not enter into competition. Competitors sending more than one
attempt at solution must accompany each attempt with a separate
coupon ; otherwise the first only will be cousidered. We canno
consider anonymous anbwers.
496
The Academy.
9 June, 1900.
THE OLDEST HORTICULTURAL NEWSPAPER.
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An American Transport
in the Crimean Wan
OHAPTER'I.
The Old and the New Mediterranean Trade— The Pioneer Steamship-Arrin)
at Marseilles— The Gholera^-Origin of the Crimean Wai^French HUantj
saoceeded by Disi^pointment.
CHAPTER U.
The Passage to Constantinople— Reminisoenocs of Antiquity— Ashore Id the
Dardanelles— Disinterested Kindness of Snleyman Pasha- GoostantiDop^e
and its Surroundings— 1 he Passage to the Crimea— The Seaports and tbe
Battlegrounds— Starvation at the English Camp— French Economy m
Hospitality.
CHAPTER ni.
The Mistake of the Allies in Making their Landing— ThA Commencement of U10
Sifge and the Misery attending it— Another Passase from Msrttiliaif
Narrow Escape from Foundering in a Gale— Armal at Kamieth'TD^
Monastery of St. G*eorge.
CHAPTER IV.
The American and the French CWm'n^-A Trip to the Sea of Acof-Conttvfed
Scenes of Peace and War— Vandalism of the Allies at Kertch-Tiamn^
with a Pasha— The Unsuoceserul Attack on Sebastopol— Panic at Kaou»n
and Balaklava— Return to Marseilles— Trip to Algeria.
CHAPTER V.
Return Again to the Crimea— Ravages of Disease in the OampfB— French Tnn^
port System compared with Ours in the CivU War-The Bisteis of G^^^
—The Capture of the Malakoff and Redan— A View of the Eains-BoDD-
proof Ftenale Curiosity.
CHAPTER VL
Entering the Turkish Senrioe— The Turk a Mian of his Word^-Good Fay ^
little Work-Our Philosophic Chief OfOcex^The Pasha's Bedolothes-H»
Friendship— No Use for a Propeller.
CHAPTER Vir.
Hafl£ EfEendi and his Harem.
CHAPTER Vni.
Mnstapha Pasha Wide Awake— We aie Harried Off to Bapatoria-A Bescae m
the Bku)k Sea-A BritMb Frigate comes to our Aid— Arriral at Enpstoria.
CHAPTER IZ.
The Bhinder of a British General— A PoetpMortem held by Mr. Sean and Some
of his Religioas Idea»-The Bnd of the War and Comments on its Bcffu^*
By Capt. COOMAN.
FrontiBpieoe. 198 pp. PrioD Ss. 6d.
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i6 June, 1900.
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Republic," "The Open Boat.' IBastrd..*-
Crown 8vo, Os.
" The most fascinating of Mr. Chambera'a v^ry:
iirvM*'— Scotsman.
•• Clever and readable A great sucoess."
"The most readable book that has app^u\*.i
some time."— JUo0f7>oo2 Mercury,
TWO SUMMERS. By Mn
J. GLBNNY WILSON. Crown 8vo, 6s.
" The pictures of English country aocietj-, sl>.-
lesslv faithful to all its drawbacks and insipv^.i
are highly entertaining; iudeea. the whole bi.->k
excellent reading. "—Sfpae/ator.
PDRTHER BUPPJjY NOW R£ADT.
THE LOVE of PARSON LORD
By MARY E. WILKINS, Author of ** A N'*
Eogland Nun," " Jerome,*' &c Olotti. illaat;«:r
fls.
" A touching story, in Miss Wilkins'a cbara 'i
BtjW—Daay ^ews.
** There are few writers whose work has sncL ' i
tinction as Miss Wilkins's."— £j;psaJk«r.
LONDON AND NEW YOKSL
The Academy
A Weekly Review of Literature and Life.
No. 1467. Established 1869.
16 June, 1900.
Price Threepence.
[Rigisitrtd as a NltmspapgrJ]
The Literary Week.
In accordance with our annual custom we devote a
supplement this week to topographical and guide-book
literature. The production of guide- books, as of general
literature, seems to hare been greaUy checked 07 the
war. However, as a set off, Mr. Newnes is about to
launch a new sLzpennj monthly illustrated magazine,
devoted to the interests of tourists, and called Ths TVavsUer,
An advance copy of the first number which lies before
us is filled witn varied and useful matter. Among the
permanent features will be ''Travel Notes and News,"
•an the Hotels," "What to Wear Abroad," "Peeps into
New Books," "Tours through the Shopo," "Sundav
Morning Notes," &c., &c. The special artides are well
chosen, and altogether Th^ Trav$ller promises to be a most
helpful counsellor and an entertaining friend.
The EUzabethan Stage Society will give its last per-
formance of the season next Friday evening, in the
Lecture Theatre, Burlington Qardens, when Schiller*
"Death, of Wallenstein," translated by Samuel Taylo
Coleridge, will be performed.
s
or
Among the novels that have reached us lately we had
set aside Charlotte Leyland for a special review on account
of certain qualities which distinguished it. The review
was in preparation when we received the following com-
munication from Mr. Qrant Kichards, the publisher of the
book : " I published on May 22 Charlotte LeyUmd^ by M.
Bowles, of which a copy was sent you on that day for
review. Since its pubhcation I have learnt that one of
the characters is so drawn as to constitute a libel against
a lady well-known in London society. Her sohcitors
threaten me with proceedings unless I withdraw the book
from circulation, which I am now doinff ; they also ask me
to warn you against reviewing the Sook in its present
shape." As the three chief characters in Charlotte Leyland
revolve in orbits very far removed from " London Society,"
and as the stoty is mainly concerned with them, we hope
that the book will be republished after the excisions that
" constitute a libel " have been made. It would be a
great pity if such excellent and promising work were to be
denied the recognition that Miss Bowles deserves.
Just now, when the peace of the world is threatened by
" The Tellow Peril," it is interesting to turn to the pages
of a work which aroused considerable attention at the
time of its publication seven years ago — ^Mr. Oharles H.
Pearson's ffational Life and Character: a Forecoit. This
writer was " obsessed " apparently by the idea, which he
explains in his work, that the Chinese whose resources he
considered immense, the capacity of their people for toil
unlimited, and their wants of the slenderest, would eventu-
ally dominate the universe — that China's fiag would fioat
on every sea, and her naval officers visit every port as
honoured guests. He says :
Tho day will come, and perhaps is not far distant, when
the European observer will look round to see the globe
jprdledwith a contiouous zone of the black and yellow
races, no longer too weak for aggression, or under tutelage,
bat indepen<UDt, or practically so, in govemment, mono-
polising the trade of their own regions, and circomsoribing
the ioaustry of the European; when CShinamen and the
natives of Hindostan, the States of Central and South
America, by that time predominantly Indian, and it may
be African nations of the Congo and the Zambesi, under a
dominant caste of foreign rulers, are represented by fleets
in the European seas, invited to international conferences,
and welcomed as allies in the quarrels of the civilised
world. The citizens of these countries will then be taken
up into the social relations of the white races, will throng
the English turf, or tiie salons of Paris, and will be
admitted to intermarriage. It is idle to say that, if all this
shofild come to pass, our pride of place wiU not be humili-
ated. We were struggling among ourselves for supremacy
in a world which we uiought of as destined to belong to
Aryan races and to the Chrintian faith : to the letters, and
arts, and charm of social manners which we have inherited
from the best times of the past. We shall wake to find
ourselves elbowed aod hustled, and perhaps even thrust
aside, by people whom we looked upon as servile, and
thought of as bound always to minister to our needs.
A line from Bret Harte irresistibly suggests itself to us.
The Ladyemith Treasury is the title of a volume of
stories which Messrs. Sands & Co. announce for immediate
publication. The book is dedicated to Sir George White,
and it is intended to forward the profits arising from the
sale to the Mayor of Ladysmith for the relief of the dis*
trees caused by the siege. The following authors have
contributed stories : F. Anstey, Josenh Conrad, Bernard
Capes, Edgar Fawoett, Francis Qribble, Robert Maohray,
Ian Maclaren, F. Frankfort Moore, W. E. Norris, Eden
Phillpotts, Edwin Pugh, Morley Boberts, Gabriel Setoun,
H. A. Vachell, Percy White, and " Zack." The volume
has been edited by Mr. J. Eveleigh Nash.
A coRBESPONDENT writcs : " Dowsou's ' I have been true
to thee, Cynara, in my fashion,' which ^ou quote in last
week's Academy, is merely a Svrinburman translation of
Mr. Bumand's comic lyric, ' His heart was true to Poll.'
Don't you remember how he strayed first with Bet and
then with Sal, then with Susan and then with Moll ; but
all the time, wherever his kisses might be, * his heart was
truetoPoU'?"
Wb understand that Mr. Bobert Barr will finish the
romance of Irish life which Mr. Crane left uncompleted.
Mr. H. G. Wells, whose new novel, Lwe and Mr.
Lewisham, is attracting very favourable notice, has finished
a long story called " The First Men in the Moon." It will
begin in the Strand Maganine next January.
''C. K. S.," who recently announced in the Sphere that
what is called Bramwell Bronte's chair at the " Black
Bull," Haworth, was for sale, now states that the price
asked is £100 ; but he adds, '* I do not for the life of me
understand why the most enthusiastic admirer of the
Bronte sisters should offer £100 for a chair in which . . .
their very worthless brother was so frequently in the cups."
$00
The Academy.
16 June, 1900.
Msi W. D. Hoi^rsLLs's pronouncements on the art of the
Novel have been many, but they are always lucid and
interesting. In a recent after-dinner speech he said some
sensible things about the *' many-headed." Thus Mr.
Howells:
He is a terrible fellow, the average man, but there are
a great many of him ; and it is worth while trying to find
out his secret, if he has one.
The difficulty is not to make him like the best, but to
give him the best. In this case, as in so many others, the
law of demand and supply works backward, and the
demand follows the supply. We must in all these things
rel^ upon education, but education that begins with the
artists, as with those who write and paint and build, as
those who model and carve. When I see people reading
the nine himdred and ninety-ninth thousand of the latest
historical romance, my heart sinks ; but I do not lose my
faith that, when some great novelist divines how to report
human nature as truly as such romances report it falsely,
people will read him too in the nine hundred and ninety-
ninth thousand. I do not say that they will think his
novel greater than those romances ; probably they will
not. . . . But, happily, that is not the artist's affair, in
either art ; his affair is to do a beautiful and true thiog
so simply and directly that the average man will not misd
the meaning and the pleasure of it.
We have conceived a great respect for the Free Public
Library of Wiffan. The number of books in its collection
must, we think, be far ahead of that possessed by most
provincial libraries. A bulky volume of the catalogue
has reached us which we supposed comprised the whole
library until our eye fell on the words '* Letter L Only ''
printed on tiie cover. Wigan Library is rich in L's.
There are 350 pages of books whose titles or subjects
begin with L. The collection of books about London
possessed by Wigan is large, though we notice that
many cross 'entries swell the list. The collection of Law
books, too, seems amazingly rich to any one who knows
Wigan only by the buns in its railway refreshment room.
They far exceed those classed under Life, where, however,
the titles lack nothing of variety :
Zifiy a Comedy,
Lifey after JDeath,
Life^ Adventuresy and Amours,
Zifi, Conduct of Life,
Ziffiy Future Life,
Life in London.
lAfe in Normandy.
Ziffy JBoly Zifey the Beauty of Christianity.
Zifty High Life Below Stairs.
Zife of a Bird.
Ztfe of an Insect.
Zifsy Miseries of Human Zife,
Zifcy Phasures of Zife.
Zife Tables, &c., &c.
Mebbbs. Kegan Pat7l & Co. will next week begin
their series of ''Westminster Biographies" with a mono-
graph on Robert Browning, by Mr. Arthur Waugh. The
series is of the dainty order, the volumes being delicately
bound in leather. In length the biographies are of about
25,000 words apiece, and they seek to give dear but
simple pictures of their subjects, selecting striking points
only, and avoiding tedious detail. The volumes will be
in two forms, at half-a-crown and two shillings, and fit
easily into the pocket.
The Guild of Handicraft has issued its sixth publication,
an edition of Shakespeare's poems in the orthography of
the early editions with initial letters, ''bloomers " they are
called, by Mr. Eeginald Savage. The book is a fine piece
of typography, and is bound in limp vellum with tapes to
fasten it. Such books have their lovers, but we are not
among them. The initial letters — one is attached to oadi
stanza and sonnet throughout the volume — do but vex our
eyes with their endless array and importunate blacknesi
But it is a matter of taste, and tastes differ profoundly.
A coBRESPONDBNT who has onjoyod Mr. Thomu
Seccombe's article on M. Anatole France (to whieli we
referred three weeks ago) would like AoADEarr readers to
share his enjojment of the following' '^ delicious ironical
portrait, by M. France, of the antiquary, Pigonneau."
The translation is Mr. Seooombe's. M. Pigonneau speaks:
** I have consecrated my entire life, as is well known,
to the study of Egyptian archsdology, nor have my laboun
becm sterile. I can say, without self-flattery, that mj
Memoir upon the Handle of an Egyptian Mirror in the Louvr*
Museum may still be consulted with advantage, thoogh it
was one of my earliest productions. . . . Bncounigedby
the flat1erinf< reception accorded to my studies by coUeaifaa
at the Institut, I was tempted for a moment to embiik
upon a work of a much wider scope — ^no less th&n a broid
survey of the weights and measures in use at Alexaodm
under the rt-ign of Ptolemy Auletes (80-52 B.C.). BntI
recognised very soon that a subject so general and bo tmi
is not in any way adapted for treatment by a genuioe map
of science, and that serious scholarship could imdertakeit
only at the risk of finding itself compromised amid a&
kinds of adventures. I fdt that in considering sevenl
subjects at one and the same time I was abandoning the
fundamental principle of an archseologist. If to-day I
confess my. error, if I avow Ihe inconceivable enthnsiMm
which launched me upon a project so extravsgant. I do it
in the iutprest of the young student, "who will learn from
my example to subdue his imagination. It is likely to he
his most cruel enemy ; for the scholar who has not suc-
ceeded in stifling the imagination within him is for ever
lost to science. I shudder still when I think of the chasm!
over which I was dangled by my adventurous spirit in thii
(happily) transitory ardour for general ideas. I was xnthiii
an ace of what is called History ! What an abysm J lins
upon the point of falling into Art. For History is really
no more, or at best only a specious and false science. Is it
not a matter of common Imowledge to-day that the his-
torian has preceded the archeeologist, just as the astrologer
has preceded the astronomer, the alchemist the chemist^
nay, as the ape has preceded the man ? Bu**, thank heaven.
I got off with a fright."
In the current Argosy appears this very interesiing
letter of Harrison Ainsworth's :
Kemal Manor House, Harrow-road, London,
April 7, 1842.
My Deah De. E., — ^You must excuse a very short note
in answer to your kind and sympathising letter, hecanse
I am much pressed for time, and am, of necessity, 0DUg«»
to abridge all my correspondenoe. You ask me how much
I have made by my literary exertions in one year. I ^^
just put down the positive gains of last year :
Old St, Paul's £1,000 0 0
Editorship, J5eiU/€y 612 0 0
Vor Guy Fawkes 150 0 0
Tower of London {tibont) 300 0 0
£2,062 0 0
by which you wiU see that I made upwards of £2,000 in ihai
year. By similar exertions I could make the same amount m
any year. ... ^
W. Haebisok Aikswoeth.
The last sentence is delightfully sanguine and matter of
fact. But Ainsworth wrote when the tastes of readers
changed less rapidly than now.
Mr. Hebmait Mebivale has been given a pension on
the Civil List by Mr. Balfour. It is stated that Mr. Men-
vale has been a sufferer in one of the recent failures 01
London solicitors which have attracted so much attenti^
For some years Mr. Merivale was editor of the -^^^
Register, a position once occupied by Edmund Burke. B^
plays, novels, and verses have been numerous.
1 6 June, 1900.
The Academy.
501
A RSAOTioN against the Omar KbajTam cult ia bound to
set in. It baa, in fact, already set in. In the Feople^s
Fri&nd Mr. A. H. Miller discuBses, aomewbat trenchantly,
the fragmentary records of Omar, and the few and late
texts of his poem ; and be asks :
What can one make of a poem (or set of verses) whose
supposed author may have died either in 1090 or 1126,
whose poetical writings were absolutely unknown in the
East — in his native Persia as well as in India — ^until the
present century ; whose text is so indefinite that it varies
from 632 lines to 2064 lines, and the oldest copy of whose
verses was confessedly written nearly four centuries after
his death F The most devoted professor of Higher
Criticism would give up such a problem in absolute
despair.
Possibly, though we should hesitate to put a limit to the
patience of a professor of the Higher Oriticism. In any
case FitzGerald's poem — ^be it what it may in relation to
Omar — can, and does, stand on its own merits, which are
many and deep and, we belieye, lasting. Mr. Miller
continues :
The Omar of the quatrains was a Pantheist, and dis-
owned the Monotheism of Mahomet: hA was a fatalist
who believed in no hereafter, but preached the Epicurean
method of enjoying to-day and caring nothing for to-
morrow. He was a wine-bibber, though the Mahometan
creed bound him to abstinence from wine, and if. is possi-
ble that his hopeless heresy led him to pen such a stanza
as this !
Yesterday this Day's Madness did prepare ;
To-morrow's Silence, Triumph, or Dei^r :
« Drink I for you know not whence you came, nor why ;
Drink ! for you know not why you go, nor where.
Omar's fatalism was not that of the true Son of the Faith-
ful, who looked for a positive reward hereafter for the
deeds done in his body. The poet scoffed bitterly at every
such delusion. . . .
There is not much comfort in the mournful pessimism of
such a creed, and it seems strangel]^ out of harmonv with
the spirit of an age which has witnessed many fervent
religious revivals, and has carefully avoided the pitfalls of
Atheism and Materialism. Hence it is probable that the
Omarism which has suddenly burst forth withm these few
years will rapidly sink into oblivion ; and the next genera-
tion, as the present, will prefer the calm, steady faith of
Tennyson's *' In Memoriam " and '' Crossing the Bar," to
the heartless, hopeless, impotent despair of we " Bub&iyit
of Omar Khayy&m."
Surely Mr. Miller protests too much. Many read Omar,
but who takes him for a guide ? In the varied moods and
situations of life one teacher and then another shall
prevail, one message and then another seem good.
Job's friends, as well as Job, speak wisdom.
It is not generally known that '* Comedy and Tragedy,"
which Miss Janette Steer reyived with *' Pygmalion and
Q^alatea " at the Comedy Theatre on Thursday, originally
appeared as a short story which Mr. W. S. GKlbe^ con-
tributed td a theatrical annual edited by Mr. Clement Scott,
called ''The Stage Door,'' in 1879.
The literary f eounditr^ of Leigh Hunt is hardly appre-
ciated in these days, when only his essays and his Toum
are read, and these by few people. Striking evidence of
his industry is afforded by Messrs. Sotheby's catalogue of
the library of the late Mr. Francis Harvey, in which no
fewer than seventy-two works by Leigh Hunt are set
down.
accusations for almost everbody. In the following
examples the misquotation comes first, then the correct
rendering :
"The tongue is an. unruly tncmftcr." — "But the tongue
can no man tame ; it is an unruly em7." (James iii. 8.)
" Charity cover dh a multitude of sinr." — " Charity 9haU
cover the multitude of sins." (1 Peter iv. 8. Bev. Vers. :
"Love covereth a multitude of sins.")
" A littie knowledge is a dangerous thing." — " A liitie
learning is a dangerous thing. ' (Pope. Euay on Criticiam*
Misquoters are hereby given notice that Pope was a man
of intelligence, and did not write nonsense.)
" A man convinced against his will Will hold the same
opinion still. ":—" He that complies against his will 1$ of hi$
oum opinion still." (Butier. Hudibras. Part IIL Butier
also was a man of intelligence.)
"Make assurance dotibly sure." — "Make aesurance
double saxe.*' ("Macbeth.'^ ActlY. Sc. i.)
" Benedict the married man" should be " BenedicA; the
married man. (** Much Ado about Nothing.")
" FaUeth as the gentie dew.^' — " Droppeth as the gentle
ram." (" Merchant of Venice." Act TV. Sc. 1.)
" The man that hath no music in his soul" — " The man
that hath no music in himself.** (Ibid. Act V. Sc. 1).
" Falls like Lucifer Never to Hse again."— " Falls like
Lucifer Never to hope, again." (" Henry VIIL" Act III.
Sc. 2.)
"Thick as autumn leaves in Vallombrosa." — "Thick as
autumnoZ leaves thai strew the brooks in Vallombroea."
(Milton, Paradise Lost, Book I.)
"Fresh fields and pastures new." — "Fresh woods and
pastures new." (Milton, Lyddas.)
" Just cause and impediment.'* — " Cause or just impedi-
ment." (Book of Common Prayer.)
" The even tenour of their way." — " The noiseless tenour
of their way." (Gray's Elegy.)
In his Nature in Ihwfdandy which we review elsewhere,
Mr. W. H. Hudson tells, with some relish, the story of the
dedication which Gilpin affixed to his last book on forestry,
in which he abused the Sussex Downs. It was inscribed,
ays Mr. Hudson,
to the memory of a still living wife, the faithful companion
of his rambles for over fifty years. Of course he quite
expected that she would be gone before the book was out ;
but he was greatiy mistaken, jnst like the rogues who lied
in the famous ballad of the mad do^ and the man who was
bitten by it. He it was, even Gilpin, who died, leaving
his good wife alive and well to publidi the book, dedica-
tion and all.
Whbn literature falls into the hands of the professional
joke-maker — say the joke-maker of the Chtcago Times-
Herald — the effect is that of lions jumping through hoops.
According to the above paper :
The most cheerful author is Samuel Smiles.
The noisiest author — Howells.
The tallest author — Longfellow.
The most fiowery author — ^EEawthome.
The holiest author — Pope.
The most amusing author — ^Thomas Tickell.
The happiest author — G(ay«
The most fiery author — ^Bums.
The most talkative author— Chatterton.
The most distressed author — Akenside.
A WBITBE in the Fall MdU Oautie has made an interest-
ing collection of common misquotations. We take leave
to make a selection from his list, which we fancy contains
Mr. Richaud Le Galejknns, who has ere now oom-
?ared the nightjar to Browning and the nightingale to
'ennyson, says of the former bird in his new book.
Travels in England: " He is seldom mentioned in poetry ;
indeed, almost all the important references to him are to
be found in the writings of Mr. Oteorge Meredith. It was
the nightjar, not the nightingale, I like to think, that was
in the wood that holy night with Lucy and Hiohard ; and
the nightjar is the chosen bird of * Love in the Valley.' "
502
The Academy.
1 6 Jnne, 1900
BibliographicaK
No one will grudge Mr. Herman Merivale the Civil List
pension which, it is said, has been bestowed upon him.
It may be quite true that his contributions to literature
pure and simple have not been very numerous or very
important. Two prose fictions and two volumes of verse
— these, with collaboration in a little L%f$ of Thackeray ^
represent, I believe, the bulk of his published output in
the }>elU% lettres. Faueit of Baliol (1882) is most notable,
perhaps, as being based upon, or the basis of (which is
it?), the play by Mr. Merivale which has been repre-
sented on the stage under no fewer than three titles —
" The Modem Faust," " The Cynic," and " The Lover."
^'Binko's Blues," the other stoxy, came out in 1884. It
had been preceded by The White Pilgrim^ and Other Poems
(1883), which, again, was followed hj Florien, and Other
Poems. " The White Pilgrim " is a play in verse, the
scenario of which was furnished by GKlbert Arthur k Becket.
This piece was duly performed rather more than a quarter
of a centuxy ago. *' Florien " also is a play of verse, but
has never, I believe, been acted. Nevertheless, it is by his
dramatic works that Mr. Merivale is best and most
deservedly known. '' The Modem Faust " is no longer in
the current theatrical repertory; nor are ^'A Son of the
Soil " and << Peacock's Holiday" (both adaptations), <<The
Lord of the Manor " (founded upon ^' Wilhelm Meister "),
or " Civil War " ffrom the French). On the other hand,
** All for Her" ana "Forget Me Not," written in collabora-
tion, are often in demand; "The Butler" and "The
Don" (written with Mrs. Merivale) may be revived by
some follower of Mr. Toole ; and " Kavenswood," a
dramatisation of " The Bride of Lammermoor," may some
day be reproduced by Mr. Henxy Irving. Personally,
I think Mr. Merivale was at his best in the burlesque
which he called "The Lady of Lyons Married and
Settled." In the " book " of that diverting piece will be
found some humorous and witty verses whicn, in literary
quality, run the best work of Mr. W. S. Gilbert very
close.
Somebody has been saying — apropos of the thirtieth
anniversary of Dickens's deam — that the author of Pick-
tpf'ek is not read nowadays, and sundry heads of public
libraries have hastened to tell us that he is read, support-
ing their assertion by reference to the records of books by
Dickens which have been "taken out" by their clients.
That, I think, is irrefragable testimony. I could, in my
capacity of bibliographer, recount to you a long list of
recent editions of Dickens's works ; but it does not follow
because a book is published that it is read. People buy
editions of the classics — as they buy any other furniture —
to look well. Dickens's works are among " the books that
no gentleman's library should be without," but I doubt
very much if the " gentleman " bestows much, if any,
time upon them. I find among the conventionally
" educated " members of the new generation a large
ignorance of Dickens. I find, moreover, among the
educated members of the elder generation a marked dis-
inclination to read Dickens over again. On the other
hand, you have this undoubted demand for Dickens among
the class which "takes out" books from public libraries.
The conclusion is obvious. Dickens is "read," but
mainly by " the people." Your " cultured " person pre-
fers Thadkeray. I do myself. But I can quite believe
that Dickens, if he is conscious of his present vogue in
England, is quite satisfied with the direction it has taken.
I am glad to note that the managers of the Irish
Literary Theatre propose to give this year a representa-
tion of Calderon's "Purgatory of St. Patrick," as trans-
lated by Denis Florence McCarthy, and published, wil^
other translations from Calderon, in 1853. McCarthy did
much to make the Spanish dramatist known to English
readers. Beside the volume named, which contained six
plays, there was one, containing three plays, printed in
1861; another, devoted to one play, comprising "Th^
Two Lovers of Heaven," appeared in 1870; and m IS7-:
there came a third, oontaming three plays. In fsst, »>•
far as bulk goes, McCarthy's versions of Oalderoii an?
more considerable than those of Omar FitzQ-erald, who^ I
fancy, tackled and " freely translated " only eight of the
master's dramas.
Attention has been drawn to the opinions on sairage ai
opposed to civilised life expressed by the late Major
Thruston, whose account of his "personal ezperiences in
Egypt and "Unyoro" has just been published by Mr.
Murray. Major Thruston had thought of ending his daj«
in this country, but soon, he says, " began to think thac
the advantages of a residence in England were perh^ts
somewhat overrated. The climate was vile, the natires
were yahoos, dirty in their persons, and rude in &eir
manners ; their restrictions I found tedious, their cofDwtsh
tionalities artificial and insufferable." So once nkore ti»
major volunteered for work in Africa. As regards his
appreciation of the so-called "savage," he would have
found B. L. Stevenson a man after his own heart, aa3
would have read with pleasure what Stevenson wrote froo
Honolulu in 1889: "I love the Polynesian: this ciyilisa*
tion of ours is a dingy, ungentlemanly business ; it drops
out too much of man, and too much of the very beauty
of the poor beast." {Letters ii. 153.)
"When they do agree on the stage, their unanimity ii
wonderful." Thus it is that no sooner does one leading
English actress announce that she is about to appear in &
play having Nell Gwyn for its heroine, tlutn another
leading actress comes out with a similar announcemeot
Why this sudden and simultaneous interest in Nell ? Mr.
Frankfort Moore has just made her the central figure of
a novel, thus following immediately in the wake of Mr.
Anthony Hope. The worst of it is that the Nell Ghrjn
of the stage is not at all likely to be the Nell of history:
and it is to be hoped that all those people who witaes
the two promised plays will straightway betake themselTM
to Peter Cunningham's memoir of the actress, therdn i:
discover what sort of woman she really was. The memoir,
it may be remembered, was reprinted a few years ago,
with Ounningham's latest corrections and a useful intro-
duction by Mr. H. B. Wheatley. That is the edition
which should be consulted by the playgoer.
Talking of plays, I see that a London actor-manager is
g^ing to revive the drama which Charles Beade based
upon Tennyson's " Dora." Altogether, our late Liaureate
has provided the foundations for a good many dramatic
works. He suggested Mr. Gilbert's " Princess " ; there
are several stage versions of " Enoch Arden " ; two
Americans wrote a play about " Elaine " ; and Mr. Gomym
Oarr*s " King Arthur " reflected the tone and influence of
Tennyson rather than those of Malory. Another poet-
dramatist comes to the fore in a few* days, when the
Elizabethan Stage Society will perform the Schiller-
Coleridge " Death of Wallenstein." Why not g^ve us the
whole triology, presenting the three plays on sucoessiTe
days ? The enterprise would be worthy of the inexhaustihie
energy of Mr. Pool, who is always so enthusiastic about
the " literary " play.
The latest autobiographer in M. A, P.ib Mr. Freeman
Wills, who tells us what he saw and did " in the days of
his youth." He had already done something of the sort
in the opening chapters of his memoir of his brother—
W. G. Wills — to which book, by the way, he makes no
reference in his article, though it is probably the work bv
which he will be remembered when The Only Way and
such-like have gone into oblivion.
The Bookworm.
i6 June, i^oo.
, The Academy.
503
Reviews.
The Unproven.
The Unhnown, By Camille Flammarion. (Harper Bros.)
M. Flammarion is a most distinguiBlied astronomer, in
which capacity he has lately attended the expedition sent
by the French Gbvemment to observe the solar eclipse at
llsbon. He has also always had the courage of his
opinions, as when he last year dissociated himself from the
spirit-rappers, who had till then quoted him as their most
famous convert. For which reasons we are inclined to
treat The Uhknoum with more attention than it seems
to be entitled to from intrinsic merit. In this work,
which is a none too accurate translation of a French
original, published, if we remember rightly, some
years back, M. Flammarion g^ves us one hundred and
eighty-one cases where persons of presumed trustworthi-
ness have received what they consider to be communica-
tions from friends or relatives at the moment of the death
of the latter, he follows this up by a short chapter on
Hallucinations — which are, though he does not say so —
deceits of the senses pure and simple. He then presents
us with a discursive and not very closely reasoned chapter
on '' Psychic Action," in which he suggests the mode in
which the mind of one person can be supposed, without
the intervention of the senses, to act upon that of another :
and he then plunges into a discussion of dreams, of
which he gives instances hardly inferior in number to
those which he calls '^telepathic manifestations of the
dying." A later volume is, we gather, to include oases
of communications with the dead and of '* presenti-
ments," and the '' eternal problem of free will and of
destiny " is then to be discoursed upon. But, from the
facts he has already collected, M. Flammarion thinks him-
self entitled to draw *^ certain preliminary conclusions" of
which the following are fair specimens :
One soul [nott it will be observed, *< mind*'] can influence
another som at a distance, and without the aid of the
senses. . . . Many dead persons [the context shows that
** the deaths of many persons '* is meant] have been told [«.«.»
announced ?] by telepathic communication, by apparitioDS
[subjective or objective], by voices distinctly heard, by
songs, noises, and movements (real or imaginary), and
impressions of different kinds. . . .
There are psychic currents as well as aerial electric and
magnetic corrents, &c.
The soul, by its interior vision, may see not only what U
passing at a great distance, but it may also know in advance
what %» to happen in the ftUure [the italics are not ours].
The future exists potentially, determined by causes which
bring to pass successive events.
These are sufficiently large conclusions, and we feel that
the premisses must be correspondingly well founded to
bear their weight.
M. Flammarion's premisses, however, break down so
completely when examined as to make one wonder whether
Frenchmen, in spite of the deamess of thought and
expression that they often show, have any idea of what
evidence really is. One of his theories is tiiat at the time
of death a '^ vibration" can be set up by the expiring
person which can strike the mind or soul [we have seen that
he uses the words indifferently] of another at a distance.
Looking haphazard into his list of cases, we find [Case
oxxx.] that a lady doctor asleep at Lausanne on October 29
was awakened by ''little kno<^s " at her door, which had
been left open for the convenience of her cat.
" By chance [she says] my eyes lighted on my cat, who
was occupying his usual place at the foot of my bed. He
was sitting up, with his fur bristliug. trembling and
growling. The door was shaken as if by a slight gust of
wind, and I saw a figure wrapped in a kind of white ^uze,
like a veil over some black material. I could not distmctly
see the fitce. She drew near me. I felt a cold shiver pass
over me; I heard the cat growl furiously. Instinctively I shut
my eyes, and^when I reopened them all had disappeared."
Later she hears that a former friend of hers had died ten
days before the date of the apparition, of peritonitis, and
of course concludes that the vision came to inform her of
the fact. Here the evidence is direct, but the death and
the mysterious announcement of it- did not even correspond
in point of time. In other cases the time corresponds, but
the evidence is of the kind known as hearsay. Thus
we read [Oase cxxiii.] of a German professor named
'' Paul L ," who is waned by a mysterious voice that
his sister is ill, and the warning being confirmed by
telegram, sets out with his mother in a post-chaise.
On their way, about 4 o'clock in the afternoon, M. L
saw the form of his f^ister suddenly glide by him and brush
against him as she passed through the carriage. . . . When
they returned home they found that the clock had stopped
at the exact hour of their sister's death, and that her
picture hal fallen at the same time. The portrait had
been carefully nailed to the wall, but it had fallen without
pulling out the cail.
As it is said in the same letter that M. L. had a firm
conviction when his sister appeared to him in the poet-
ohaise that she had died at that very moment, he was no
doubt in a proper state of mind to be impressed by the
dramatic stopping of the clock and the fall of the picture.
But the letter that M. Flammarion produces in evidence is
signed, not '' Paul L.," but '* Y. Mouravieff," and written
in 1899, whereas M. L.'s experience ooouned in 1866.
Is any value to be attached to hearsay after a lapse of
thirty- three years? In another case (cxxviii.) an ''old
bachelor " writes that when he was twenty-five he was in
love with a girl whom her family refused to him.
Dec. 17. 1867. — I was thinking about all this, vrhen the
door of my room opened softly, and, almost noiselessly,
Marthe entered. . . . Eleven o'clock struck — ^this I can
confidently assert, for I was not sleeping. . The vision drew
near me. leiined lightly over me, and I tried to seize the
young girl's hand. It was icy cold. I uttered a cry, the
phant-m disappeared, nnd I found myself hiding a glass
of cold water in my hand. ... On the evening of the
next day I heard of the death of Marthe, the night before
at eleven.
As the poor old gentleman says that he still '' thinks
constantly of the vision," and that '' it haunts his sleep,"
the suggestions that the vision was a dream caused by the
glass of water — a theory that he himself hazards — and
that he had by dint of long musing unconsciously invented
the correspondence in time, are irresistible. But no
common-sense explanation will do for M. Flammarion, and
he appends to the story a note that '' telepathic influence
is much more probable " !
There are, of course, other stories in the book which, in
the absence of cross-examination, appear to support M.
Flammarion's views better than those that we have quoted.
But the fact that these last should be gravely put forward
in support of his case is, to our mind, a psychological
Phenomenon much more marvellous than any he quotes.
ia explanation is, perhaps, to be found in a passa^ in his
Conclusion tiiAt " the object of these researches is to dis-
cover if the soul of man exists as an entity, independent of
his body, and if it will survive the destruction of the
same." In other words, M. Flammarion, instead of first
collectinc^ his facts, and then extracting, if possible, the
general law which they reveal, begins with a preconceived
theory, and then hunts about for the facts which seem to
him to fit it. Had it not been for this inversion of the
scientific method, we are sure that a trained observer
would never have dreamed of adducing the three oases
quoted above in support of any of the conclusions given,
and his having done so shows us the besetting fallacy of
most of those who receive eagerly stories of apparitions
and the like. That the soul of man is inserted into his
body, as a celebrated Anglican preacher once said, '* like
a pin into a pincushion, to fall out at the first shake,"
is a theory nearly as old as the world, and is at the
present moment neld by the lowest savages quite as
5
04
The Academy,
J 6 June, 1900.
firmly as by the prof essors of the most sublime religions.
Hence we are all, both by heredity and training, pre-
disposed to believe in it, and would gladly grasp at
anything that might confirm the faith we have received
in our childhood. But up to the present, at any rate,
this theory receives no confirmation from physical science,
and if any such proof does come it seems hardly likely
that it will take the shape of doubtfully-authenticated
ghost-stories.
Rossetti at Sixteen.
Lenwr$, By Qottfried Aueust Burger. Translated from
the German by Dante Oaoriel Bossetti. (Ellis & Elvey).
This interesting " find " was only made last year. It was
known to his brother that Bossetti had translated Burger's
Lenore in 1844, being then only sixteen; but it was
believed that the poem (which was only in MS.) had
perished. At Messrs. Sotheby, Wilkinson & Hodge's
sale of 1899, however, a copy turned up, and was bought
by Mr. Gilbert J. EUis. It is now for the first time
published, with a preface by the poet's brother, Mr. W. M.
Kossetti.
It is not probable the poet would ever himself have
gi^en it to the world, for it is not worthy of his maturity.
Nevertheless, if not such a version as the adult Bossetti
would have owned, its merits as a translation justify the
publication, apart from literary curiosity. Burger's
L&nor$ was one of the first products of the Bomantic
movement in Germany, started by the study of our own
ballad-poetiy ; and it had great influence in England at
the outoet of our own Bomantic revival, when our baUad-
literature was still little known. At the present day it is
harder to understand the sensation it made. It has been
more often translated than, perhaps, any other G^erman
poem. Taylor of Norwich was first, followed by Sir
Walter Scott. Both versions, especially Taylor's, are
rather adaptations than translations, but Taylor's has some
fine features. Of the rest, the only one worth comparison
with Bossetti's has escaped Mr. W. M. Bossetti's know-
ledge in the interesting list which he fives in his preface
— ^that, namely, of Olarence Mangan, the Irish poet.
Bossetti's is certainly a remarkable performance for a
youth of sixteen. Mangan's is more faithful to the
German, but Bossetti is more uniformly spirited, though
Mangan does not lack spirit in particular passages. One
wonders if Bossetti had seen the Irish poet's version.
One of his two departures from the original metre is the
lengthening of the final couplet to four instead of three
feet, which is precisely one of Mangan's two divergences
from the original metre. Bossetti's metre, however, differs
from the orifi;inal in point of rhythm as well as form ; it is,
in fact, the raythm which he afterwards used for his own
Rose Mary. At the outset he handles it very vilely,
and the translation, from a poetical standpoint, is no less
vile. As, for instance :
The Empress and the Kinp^,
With ceaseless quarrel tired,
At length relaxed the stubborn hate
Which rivalry inspired.
But as Biirger really comes to business, Bossetti gets into
his stride ; the more demand is made upon him, the better
he writes. His first chance comes with the happily
alliterative stanza describing the arrival of the ghostly
lover at Lenore's door ; and he strives to match its itera-
tion in English :
But hark to the datter aod the pat pat patter
Of a horse's heavy hoof !
How the steel clanks and rings as the rider springy,
How the echo shouts aloof !
While slightly and lightly the gentle bell
Tingles and i ingles softly and well ;
And low and clear through ^e door plank thin
Oomes the voice without to the ear within.
But the fifth and sixth lines are novice work compared *to
the felicitous alliteration of Taylor's version :
But soon she heard a tinkling hand
That twirled at the pin.
Taylor, to be sure, imitated the old balladSy whereas
Bossetti has ventured for himself. Then comes one of tli£
test stanzas of the poem; and Bossetti's rendering is
decidedly spirited — ^marred chiefly by the bad third line.
She busked her well, and into the selle
She sprang with nimble haste —
And gently smiling, with a sweet begoiling,
Her white hands clasped his waist :
And hurry, hurry ! ring, ring, Ting !
To and fro they sway and swing ;
Snorting and snuffing they skim the ground.
And the sparks spurt up, and the stones run round.
Bossetti is, again, full of verve in the stanza which has the
famous refrain, Taylor's and Scott's imitation (rather this
translation) of which we have already quoted :
How flew to the right, how flew to the left.
Trees, mountains, in the race !
How to the left, and the riffht and the left.
Flew town and market-place !
" What ails my love P the moon shines brig^ht :
Bravely the dead men ride thro' the night.
Is my love afraid of the quiet dead F *'
" Ah ! let them alone in their dusty bed ! "
Not happy, however, is the epithet *' quiet dead " for tb«
participators in this spectral ride ; and Mangan's last lines
are, perhaps, better :
With light-like flight, to left and right.
How fled each hamlet, tower and town !
• • • • ■
« Hurrah ! the dead ride rapidly !
Beloved, dost dread the shrouded dead P "
" Ah, no ! but let them rest ! " she said.
In the summons of the dead criminals, Bossetti discarh
fidelity with fine effect. Four lines of Mangan ai«.
perhaps, superior ; certainly doser :
'* So ho ! poor carcase, down with thee !
Down, king of bones, and follow me !
And thou uialt gaily dance, ho ! ho !
Before us when to bed we go."
But thereafter Bossetti carries all before him, at whatever
cost of literal adherence.
See, see, see ! by the gallows-tree,
As they dance on the wheel's broad hoop.
Up and down, in the gleam of the moon
Half lost, an airy group :
'* Ho ! ho I mad mob, come hither amain.
And join in the wake of my rushing train ;
Come, dance me a dance, ye dancers thin.
Ere the planks of the marriage-bed close ns Id.*'
And hush, hush, hush ! the dreamy rout
Came close with a ghastly bustle,
Like the whirlwind in the hazel-bush.
When it makes the dry leaves rustle :
And faster, faster ! ring, ring, ring !
To and fro they sway and swing ;
Snorting and snuffing they skim the ground.
And the sparks spurt up, and the stones run ronnd.
This is about the best thing in the translation, from t
poetic standpoint, and one quite recognises in it the true
Bossetti. There are two more decidedly fine stanzas, had
we space to quote tfiepiti; and then, with the dose of the
ride, the translator flagjLlike the hero's horse. Evidently
he had neither heart nor care for the skull and rattle-bones
business with which the poem ends ; for it is as abomin-
ably rendered as it deserves to be. On the whole, in spite
of obvious blemishes, the youthful Bossetti has executed
perhaps the best translation of Zenore which exists —
certainly the most energetic and spirited.
i6 June, 1900.
The Academy.
50s
General " Unforeseen."
1815 : WaUrho, By Henry Houasaye, Member of the
Acad6inie Fran9ai8e. Translated from the Thirty-First
French Edition by Arthur Emile Mann, and Edited by
A. Euan-Smith. (Adam & Oharles Black.)
We have studied M. Houssaye's remarkable and masterly
work with considerable care. Every pafi^e turned has but
confirmed our first impression. Here, m two paragraphs
and a line of figures, is the summaxy of a monument of
erudition, of timess patience, of triumphant research.
BOOK I. OHAPIEB I.
SBonoN I.
On his return from Elba the Emperor found scarcely
200,000 men under armi. . . . The number of men on six
months' leave of abeence amounted to 32,800, the deserters
to 85,000. It was possible to rely on the vast majority of
the former ; and already tbree or four thousand of them
had rejoined their depots in obedience to the Boyal decree
of March 9. But among the 85,000 men " absent without
leave " there would undoubtedly be many refractory ones ;
there would also be a niunber liable, on presenting them-
selves, to be finally dismissed, on the ground of their being
either in'^nilids or fathers of families. The Minister of
War, Marshal Dav6ut, reckoned that the recall of soldiers
of e^ery description would hardly muster a total of 59,000
men.
BOOK III. CHAPTER VIII.
SicnoN IV.
Napoleon never exercised the commandership more
efficiently, and never was his action more direct. But, in
reality, forced to play the part of sergent de hataiHe^ so
censured by Maurice de Saxe, he applied all his efforts in
repairing ihe mistakes, the omissions, and the faults of
his lieutenants. And, teeinff all his combinations prove
abortive, all his attacks fsSing, his generals frittering
away his splendid troops, his last army melting through
their hands, and the enemy dictating to him. he lost his
resolution with his confidence, hesitated, limited himself to
providing against the more pressinfc dangers, waited for
the lucky momeut, let it pass, and did not dare in time to
risk all in order to save all.
NOTBS.
Number of pa^z^, 159. Number of separate notes, 1 ,231 1
Here is no attempt at word-painting or {picturesque
writing. The volume is built upon statistics and
mortarod wilii archives. '^Two hundred thousand
men": it sounds a good round number, easily enough
computed. It is remarkable, however, because it is
correct. In almost every existing history of Waterloo,
with the exception of Sir Herbert Maxwell's (who
has acknowledged his indebtedness to M. Houssaye
in most generous terms), you will find a different total.
Napoleon himself estimated the effective strength of the
army on Mardi 20 at 149,000 men, while Oharras put
it down at 224,000. But M. Houssaye always goes,
behind and beyond the accepted authorities, to the original
documents, musty and often forgotten; tabulates, dassifies,
annotates, until his search is rewarded by the discovexy
of bed-rock fact. We may criticise M. Houssa^e's
criticisms ; but, as a compilation, his work is unquestion-
ably authoritative, the most complete, the most accurate
collection of facts and figurea about the great campaign
that has ever been offered to the public.
The opnenini^ paragraph, which we quote, is eloquent of
the amazing <umculties Napoleon hnd to surmount and, in
this way too, is characteristic of M. Houssaye's histoxy,
which, as we shall see later, is something of an apology
for failure. Public opinion was hostile to the war, and
even among those who responded to the call there were
thousands of malcontents. The army was undisciplined,
critical, without confidence in its leaders ; discord reigned
in the general stafb, confidence was at lowest ebb among
the officers. Tou cannot read the figures in the first
paragraph without realising that the wonder of Waterloo
IS not that Napoleon lost but that he almost won. And
that wonder grows with every chapter.
His first sentence is typical, too, of M. Houssaye's
weakness as well as his strength. One has almost to be
reminded that these words usher in one of the greatest
dramas of all time. M. Houssaye has neither the
dramatic insight nor the wide-cast vision of the bom
historian. Tou start with the Emperor and his two
hundred thousand men. As you turn the pages, these are
joined by all the giant figures of that memorable year and
the armies ^w and grow. But in all that vast host there
is not a livmg, breaking, moving creature, not one. M.
Houssaye's Waterloo is Uoodless, noiseless; M. Houssaye's
Napoleon, his Wellington, his Bliicher, just pieces on the
great battle-board. For students of nulitaiy history this
is a great, an invaluable volume ; to students of human
history it offers next to nothing. The individual brain
must do what M. Houssaye has left imdone and breathe
life and colour and movement and the dash of arms into
this army of dry facts. For M. Houssaye seldom shows
the man behind the mask of the soldier, and when once or
twice, particularly in his description of the final disaster,
he does lift the mask you catch a glimpse of a— corpse.
No one who has read M. Houssaye's previous works
needs to be reminded that he is devoted to the Napoleon
idea, and although he always endeavours to be as scrupu-
lously fair as he is accurate, it is easy to see that he is
firm in his opinion that at Waterloo the best man did not
win. The real hero of his book is, however, not Napoleon,
but that grim and shadowy figure whom the Frencn have
named le G6n6ral Imprevu — the unforeseen, chance, luck,
providence, call it what jou will. It was he who moulded
the destinies of empires m the decisive hours of the century,
and he who, in the fi^se of Ney and Grouchy and the end-
less array of mistajces of omission and commission of his
lieutenants, hounded Napoleon to St. Helena. Such a
theory can never be palatable to English taste, but now
that it is admitted by almost every auuiority that Welling-
ton was surprised and, in a degree, outwitted and out-
generalled at Waterloo, we are, at least, in a position to
give it fair consideration. If M. Houssaye does not prove
his case to our entire satisfaction, he at least convinces us
that '' General Unforeseen" was more often to be found
working on the side of the allies than on that of the French.
Tou have only to study his account of the first engage-
ments of the fifteenth of June, of ligny and Quatre-Bras,
to realise how ill-luck dogged the Emperor, fastening on
almost insignificant errors of judgment, on the slightest
misoonceptions, and worrying them into disasters. It is
not always thus in war; it was not always thus with
Napoleon; and the allied armies blundered more than
once into victory. It was the realisation of the continued
presence of General '^ Impr6vu " at the side of his enemies
which finally broke the supremacy of Napoleon's mind.
Fortune had abandoned him ; was, indeed, fighting against
him ; he lost the assurance of success ; he caught sight
among the opposing forces of something — Someone — ^more
awful than flesh and blood, prindpalities and powers. We
are strongly of opinion that it was this sense of battling
with the inevitaUe, and not, as so many distinffuishea
writers have affirmed, the state of his health, which was
the secret of Napoleon's inaction on the morning of the
seventeenth of June, the inaction which decided Waterloo.
His trouble was not physical, but mental, spiritual. ** With
his faith in his destiny," writes M. Houssaye, ''he had
always been a daring, audadous gambler. Now that
fortune diowed herself contrary, he became a timid player.
He hesitated to risk the game ; he no longer followed his
inspiration; temporised, weighed the chances, saw the
pro8 and eonSy and would risk nothing save on a certainty."
For Napoleon knew everything was lost when he saw
'' General Unforeseen " take his stand at the elbow of the
other player.
5o6
The Academy
1 6 June, 1900.
Fiction.
Hearts Importunate, By Eveljn DickinBon.
(Heinemann. 6b.)
This is a very British and a very good novel ; and though
the landscape is Australian, the people are pre-eminently
English of the English, carrying English manners and
ideals to a remote sheep-station — clean, candid, curt,
and arrogant in the true, fine insular way.
So Hazell reflected as he sat in his sitting-room at half-
paat six in the morning, polishing his fayouiite gun. He
was an early riser : India had made him so, he said ; hut
he did not wish to he exacting to his household. By
means of a spirit-lamp he could make himself a great cup
of tea, wherewith to enjoy bis fir&t pipe; and he Uked to
spend a quiet hour or two deamng and mending his
sporting tackle, looking to his do^ and horses, and
occupyiog himself generally with dirty and iuterestiog
work of an Englishmanly kind. Ahout seven o'clock he
expected to he sapplied with a firkin or so of hoilii*g wat*-r
(for ladia had made him chilly) with which to remove the
traces of his toil, and then came breakfast ; and then the
long solitary tiding, which seemed, when he thought of
the future, to fill the whole vista of his life
That is the hero. The heroine matches. Both of them
had been the miserable victims of conjugal or quasi-
oonj ugal disaster —Avis Fletcher especially. Miss Fletcher
wished there were no men and no women, but only slightly
materialised angels. She had that passionate hatred of
even the minor phenomena of sex which is to be found
sometimes in women who have had to endure the pointing
finger of the world. When Hazell approached her she
fought him back, as it were by an instinct of self-preserva-
tion ; but in the end nature was too strong for her, and
the pair were united. The manner of their coming
together, by the way, is stale and theatrical, and consti-
tutes the chief defect in an admirable book. Miss Dickin-
son writes excellently and has much feeling for character,
natural beauty, and that quality of wonderfulness in the
apparently commonplace which it is the business of the
novelist to discern. Her descriptions of the large and
varied Bolitho household, in particular, show distinguished
talent.
The Tiger's Claw. By G. B. Burgin.
(C. Arthur Pearson, Ltd. 6s.)
We have here a novel of London clerks, and its chief
characteristics are a freakish good-humour and an amiable
sentimentality. Mr. Burgin deals mildly with life, and
yet there is a certain masterful relentlessness in his way of
extracting from every situation its due toll of drollery and
tenderness. The record of the friendship (based on a
Mayne-Beid contract of blood) between Blount, the heavy,
taciturn bourgeois youth, and ** Monty " Grey, that scion
of aristocracy, affords him full opportunity to exercise his
gentle gifts of entertainment. In an external manner he
is always fairly realistic, but when it comes to questions of
motive, and crucial dialogue, he slips away from actuality,
and remembers only the established conventions of a
thousand novels:
Grey was silent, and Blount pursued his advantage.
" You can do such a lot for me, Monty," he urged.
** You're of gentle birth— I'm not; you're accustomed to
ffood society — I'm not; vou know the world— I don't.
You can prevent me from being robbed in a himdred ways.
Besides, the money wouldn't be any pleasure to me if I
couldn't share it with you. We've always shared, haven't
we ? Yon know I think the world of you. Stop all this
silly nonsense."
** Ah, but when we shared everything the difference
wasn't BO great*. I did pay you back — ^sometimes."
*' You've opened a new world to me," said Blount, ** and
now I'm going to open a new world to you — the world in
which you are entitled to move by your birth and breed-
ing. I sha'n't be happy until you marry an heiress. With
your good looks," he beamed upon his friend, "you're
sure to marry some beautiful girl who has heaps of mooey,
and become a great artist."
The story is neatly invented and fiuently told, but we
think that the Australian aunt (though her method of
testing and benefiting Blount at one stroke is decidedly
fresh) is too trite and unoriginal a figure for any novel
dated 1900. On the whole a quaint, fanciful, unaasuming
book, which it is neither fatal to read nor fatal to have
left unread.
Notes on Novels.
[^These notes on the weel^s Fiction are not neeeseartly fif^L
Reviews of a selection will /oUow."]
Six 8tokie8 narrated by
Max von Poohhammbr. By Evelyn Evebbtt-Grees.
We are not very sure whether Max von PoichhamTr.er
ever had an existence ; but these purport to be storiee toL'.
by him during his life. Fochhammer was a fine old
Prussian army officer, and a rare raconteur. He would
say : *' Oh, mj^ dear ladies, I have a story in my head !
It has been with me all day. I will tell it, and you shall
write it. I make you a present of it. Did yon ever write
a story in which the heroine should only speak one word
twice over and nothing more ? The only word she says is
^ No ! ' The story begins with ' No ! ' and ends with
' No ! ' In my mind I have called the story * No.' ''
There are six stories, of which the last is '^ No." (Ijeaden-
hall Press. 3s. 6d.)
The Person in the House.
By Q. B. Burglx.
This, we believe, is Mr. Burgin*s thirteenth novel.
Like many of its predecessors, it is concerned with tlie
humours of London life. We hear much of a paper called
Top Lights^ a fourpenny fashion paper with wonderful
personal paragraphs. ''Did a noble dame dream of run-
ning away with her groom on Monday, by Tuesday her
husband knew all about the contemplated elopement
through the medium of T(^ Lights, which, in one instance,
was thoughtful enough to append an extract from the
Great Eastern time-tables, in order that the erring oouple
might not have too long a start of the enraged hoaband.'*
(Hurst & Blackett. 6s.)
The Haunted Room.
By Oeoroe Humphrey.
'* Nothing is so extraordinary as the totally unexpected ;
nor BO unlikely as the eagerly anticipated probable." This
not very brilliant quotation from an unnamed author
adorns the title-page of this 'phantasmal phantasy," as
the author calls his story. The illustrations give fair
warning of the weird and the gruesome. (Sands. 38. 6d.)
Jan Oxbbr. By Ormb Angus.
A pleasant Wessex story of the old oak settle, and Blue
Boar Inn, type. Jan is a kind village Hampden, with no
belief in the theory of '* betters." To the parson he says :
« AH I know is, parson, that it do zay a good deal mwore
in the New Testyment 'bout the rights ov the pore and
wrongs the rich do than 'bout letters. I never zeen betters
mentioned as I knows on, and the only betters I knows be
they that follow the Bible better than me. And I tell 'ee
that iv 'ee preached a bit mwore 'bout gentry doen their
duty and less 'bout vaults ov we pore volks things might
be a lot better." The story is prettily illustrated, and is
followed by four shorter stories. (Wsird Lock. 3s. 6d.)
Mummer Mystic Plays. By Axastor Grashs.
The title is an enigma. The stories are two, and are
concerned with country-house loves, romps, and flirtations.
The second, '< What's Gbne of Menie?" is explained as
'' A Study in the Vulgarity of the Modern Maiden."
(New Century Co.)
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The Academy Tourist Supplement.
509
XToudst Supplement
SATURDAY: JUNE 16, 1900.
Books About Places.
A Retrospect.
In the Agadbmy of June 10 last year we looked back on
the topographical literature of 1898-99. We propose to
take a similar retroapect of the books of 1899-1900.
English country me has found many new books and
some new writers. Mr. Baring - Gtould has written so
much, and so well^ about Ei^lish countiy life that it was
with reluctance that we found rather grave fault with his
two-Yolume work, A Book of the West (M ethuen), published
last Aiu^t. To be sure, Mr. Baring-Gould cut the
g^und from under his critics' feet by the preface remark :
''There are ten thousand omissions . . . the book is not
intended to supersede guide-books, but to prepare the
mind to use these later with discretion." But less com-
petent pens could do such work, and the title, A Book of
the West, suggested something more than a budget of
anecdotes, quotations, and scraps, without finality and
without an index. Still, there is the book, undeniably
full of West Country stories and lore. Many of the stories
are excellent. Quite recently Mr. Gk)uld has given us a
work of less pretension in A Quiet Village (Isbister) — a
record of quamt village '' characters '* with whom he has
made acquaintance. We reviewed this book so recently
that there is no need to reaffirm its entertaining qualities.
A very similar book, but of a lees personal kmd, was
Mrs. Caroline (deary's Eural Life (Long), published last
November. The stories it contained were gathered from
many sources, and some of them were not new. But
others were indigenous to the author's viUage, twenty
miles from London, which has changed so little that
an inhabitant remarked of it: '"Tis as 'tis, and it can't
be no 'tisserer." A book that was vague as to locality,
but delightful for its photogpraphs, was Mr. Clifton
Johnson's Among English Hedgerows (Macmillan), issued
last December. Mr. Johnson is an American^ and he
pre-supposed in his American readers almost no know-
ledge at all of English country customs. Hence his book
abounds in quaint and rather illumining observations like
this: ''The English, when they want to travel on foot
anywhere, . . . are apt to go, not by road, but by foot-
path." Mr. W. F. Collier's Country Matters in Short
(Duckworth) showed an English knowledge of England,
and gave sound information on "Cub Hunting," "The
Tongue of the Hound," &c. In his chapter on "The
Chastity of Flowers," Mr. Collier suggested that Shake-
speare had a prevision of a scientific truth when he wrote
of the flowers "lamenting some enforced chastity" — ^a
view not shared by Mr. Huxley, to whom the author
had sent his essay, nor by many correspondents of the
AoADEHT who discussed the point. More literary in its
style, and more historical in its substance than any of
these books, was Mr. Halliwell Sutdifie's Bg Moor and
Fell (Unwin), published last March. As a novelist Mr.
SutdiSe has made the Yorkshire moors his favourite back-
ground ; in this book the background is all, and is treated
topographically. The book is instinct with the author's
love of nis subject. Old squirearchical days, old Metho-
dist days, old Bronte days, old ghost stories — Mr. Sutcliffe
knows them all ; and he Imows the bleak moors and lone-
some stone villages where their dramas were enacted. It
is a pleasure to re-state our hiffh opinion of this book.
Mr. H. Thomhill Timmins's Nooks and Comers of Shrop-
shire (Stock), noticed by us in the same month, was a
gossippy antiquarian journal of walks through Shropshire
by an author who was his own artist In Dr. Maokennal's
Haunts and Homes of the Pilgrim Fathers the Lincolnshire
and Oambridffe homes of the Fathers were described witli
spirit Mr. Norway's Highways and Byways of Yorkshire
(Macmillan) was written on the plan common to the
excellent series to which it belongs, and was illustrated
b^ Mr. Peimell. The contents were, perhaps, too uniformly
historical.
Books primarily concerned with natural history, an-
tiquities, history, &c., often contain much interesting
topography. Mr. Charles Dixon's Bird Life in a Southern
County (Walter Scott) and the same author's Among the
Birds of Northern Shires (Blackie) both fall within our
retrospect. Mr. George A. B. Dewar's Wild Life in Hamp-
shire Highlands (Dent) and Mr. John Watson's The
English Lake District Fisheries (Lawrence & Bullen) are
natural history books of topographical interest. A new
and extremely fine edition of White's Natural History of
Selhome, edited by the late Mr. Qrant Allen, was issued
by Mr. John Lane last November. Mr. B. C. A. Windle's
Sht^speare^s Country (Methuen) was a capital little book,
with a map of the Shakespeare country pasted on its
cover. The Picturesque History of Yorkshire (Dent) has
made steady progress in monthly parts under its editor,
Mr. J. S. Fletcher ; it is a museum of local lore and views.
The Northumberland County History Committee issued
the fifth volume of its great History of Northumberland
(Reid) early in this year ; it dealt with the parishes of
Warkworth and Slulbottle. A new edition of Mr.
Frederio Harrison's Annals of an old Manor House : Sutton
Place, GhUldford, came to remind us that this is a model
book of its kind. Mr. Harrison very properly describes
not only the house, but its rich backgrounds of hills and
woods and the water-meadows of the Wey.
Books about London have been fairly numerous, though
not very striking. Mr. H. Barton Baker's Stories of the
Streets of London (Chapman & Hall) was an industrious
compilation of anecdote, by no means inspired, but by no
means dull. Mr. C. W. Heckethorn's London Souvenirs
(Ohatto) was more original, but wanted style, and was some-
what marred to the reader by rash judgments on matters
outside the scope of the book, as, for instance, the author's
condemnation of Chaucer's Canterbury Tales as "not poetry,"
and an amazing diatribe against meat in the form of chops
and steaks. But, setting aside some obvious faults, the
book was full of curious matter. Mr. Edward Callow's Old
London Ihvems (Downey) recalled the " cosy roughness "
of eating houses twenty to fifty years ago, the strength of
the book being in its personal recollections. The Hamp'
stead Annual (S. C. Mavle) duly appeared last January.
Among books incidentally tou(J^ing on Londpn life we
must not omit to mention Mr. E. A. Vizetell^'s With Zola
in England (Chatto), which, though primarily concerned
with the Dreyfus case, shows how London suburban life
struck M. Zola.
Scottish social life and topography is producing an active
new literature. Mr. Henry Grey Graham's admirable Social
Life of Scotland in the Eighteenth Century contained a great
deal of topographical matter. Mr. Howard Crosby Butler's
Scotland's Kuined Abbeys (Macmillan) was an American
architect's treatment of a subject on which no very handy
work existed. Mr. John Geddie's Romantic Edinburgh
(Sands), recently noticed by us, is a gossippy book, well
indexed, but not too well illustrated.
Among guide-books to European towns and oountriesi
Miss Hannah Lynch's Toledo (Dent) probably deserves the
first place. Its mingling of narrative and impressionism
is very effective. Miss Lynch quotes Maurice Barrd on
Toledo : " It is less a town, a noisy affair yielding to
the commodities of life, than a significant spot for the
soul ... an image of exaltation in solitude, a cry in the
desert."
Mr. Grant Allen's The European Tour (Eichards), pub-
lished last October, was a spirited, almost masterful guide-
book for American visitors to Europe. Mr. Allen button-
5»o
The Academy Tourist Supplement
1 6 June, 1900.
holed his readers and talked to them with rapidity and
emphaflifl. ^* Don't go first to Borne," was his advice to
Americans bound for Italy, and he repeated the advice in
capital letters. '^To see Venice before you have seen
Florence is a serious mistake; to see Borne before you
have seen Florence is a fatal blunder."
Mr. Percy Dearmer*s Highways and Byways in Normandy ,
illustrated by Mr. Pennell, was reviewed by us only a
month ago, under the heading ''The Stones of Normandy,"
Mr. Dearmer's preoccupation being with church archi-
tecture and stained glass.
Books on Klondike were frequent when everyone seemed
to be going to Klondike. Mr. Bobert 0. Kirk's Twelve
Months in Klondike (Heinemann) and Mr. Angelo Heilprin's
Alaska and the Klondike (Pearson) were, perhaps, the
most notable works in this class.
Reviews.
Butterfly Topography.
Travels in England, By Bichard Le Gallienne. (Grant
Bichards. 6b.)
The trouble about Mr. Le Gallienne is that he faUs to
show us, imder all his happy fancies and gay casualness,
a thread of purpose, a reminiscence of work and experi-
ence in the oacKg^und, which would enable us to enjoy
this book as his, and our own, recreation. He dismays
the reader by letting it seem that this is his work — tbis
butterfly tricksomeness, this feather-tickling of the face of
life, this airy literary mention of its deeper signiflcances.
The great essayists have never left this void. Bead
Hazlitt's essay, '' On Going a Journey," and you will find
we know not what undercurrent of sterner things — the
mid-stream of a man's life, swaying no lilies but running
on, on, on, with a certain purpose, or fatality ; authorising
his riparian play. It is this we miss. Confessedly Mr.
Le Gallienne does not propose to be useful or definite. He
proposes not so much to travel as to lie in the sun and say
things. '' Any excuse to be near the warm heart of the
mighty Mother : hay-making, playing at soldiers in
Woolmer Forest, writing boolu about nothing — anything
at all, anything at all." At first the reader is pleased
with the free uncertain prospect. A summer book, a
dance of thoughts ! . . . But it is odd how the mind
begins to demand sureties when it finds that it is to be
prettiLy fooled and flattered through 300 pages. It will
not let the smilingest dandy of a writer ml its view for
long, unless he convinces it that he is a dandy only for the
nonce, or by your leave, or for a mask. Mr. Le Gallienne,
we think, fails to give this satisfaction. We are reluctant
to say so, because it cannot be proved by extracts.
Isolated extracts will always show Mr. Le GJtdlienne as
the possessor of a delightful fancy, or an interesting
melancholy. He is infinitely pleasant, wayward, sad,
and bookish. But he would have been the same had his
tour been totally different, or ten times as long. He
would have written thus of Bosnia, or of Billingsgate.
He is too literary. Hazlitt was purely literary, yet
there was a difference; his thoughts had a secret con-
nexion and consistency, they hinted of thoughts he kept
back, they disclosed a man and then a curtain. Mr. Le
Gallienne's comments on life and nature are too prodigal
and uncostly. They take you here and they take you
there ; and, never palling, they pall. Oan you not imagine
how ihis fails on the 19drd page, that might have pleased
on the 19th:
Pewsy, of course, is a very minor Crewe. Probably no
one has ever thought of it before as a form of Clapham
JunctioD. ... It was to lead me to Avebury in Wilts.
That was its one and only significance. Tet, so strange
are the vagaries of human destiny that who knows bat
some dav Pewsy may suddenly become for umi the verj
centre of the universe, the capital of dreams. A face at
a window, a voice from heaven, and how differently I had
written of Pewsy. Or, some day a letter may come with
the Pewsy postmark that shall change the whole coiirse of
my life. Who knows !
And can you not divine our reason for laughing aloud,
and again aloud, over this passage about a aer^ce in
Fairf ord Church :
I listened, too. to a sermon of great antiqaazian interest
on the text: *<They shall come from the Bast and the
West, but the children of the kingdom shall be oast oat."
The rector warned us against the dangers of several
thousand years ago with much eloquence, and, meanwhile,
I prayed to the painted windows.
But if these limitations haunt, you are not to suppose
that Mr. Le Gallienne is not often satisfying. Sometimes
he is so fresh and felicitous that you forget the g^eneral in
the gay particular. His description of a Shropshixe dairy,
managed by a wiry farmer's wife and her six daug^hten—
all content with their lot and proud of their work — brings
true and simple, though he must remark : '^ There is some-
thing to be said for work that compels us to hear the
morning stars singing.''
As we mounted the stairs to the cheese-room the Squire
asked our hostess why she didn't let some of her roomi Ui
summer visitors. She had thought of it, she said, but she
feared that her cooking might prove too humble. She
was all ri^ht on simple dishes, joints and puddings, bat,
she added, in a phrase which particularly delighted me,
'* I should be lost on jellies." ... I suppose sne woold
resent a chee«e in marble for her tombstone, with the in-
scription: <*She made a good Cheshire cheese — And six
beautiful daughters " ; and yet, when you think what
would be implied in the inscription, what prouder mona-
ment would any of us ask ?
Mr. Le Gallienne went to Selbome, Winchester, Stone-
henge, Stratford-on-Avon, Lechlade, the Cotswoldsy and
other places — ^but his route is no more important than his
commentary. They are both wayward and pretty.
Chalk Hills and Shepherds.
Nature in Downland, By W, W. Hudson. (Longmans.)
Mb. HdDsoN is well known for his pleasant and aocarate
books on bird life; on the birds of London he is an
authority. Here he is not too birdy, but just birdy
enough. His field naturalist's journal, kept always and
everywhere, had in it many pages about tne Downs, but
this book is no mere expansion of those notes. It is a
book about Down life, human, animal, avine, and floral,
distilled in great measure from the author's memory.
The Sussex Downs have been waiting for their book.
White of Selbome wrote of them with heavy, sincere
rapture ; and sundry obscure authors like WilEeun Hay,
Charlotte Smith, and Hurdis, the local poet, have written
out their love of these rolling chalk lands. Xtichard
JefEeries did not die in Sussex before he had praised, it.
But the Downs have not really been put into a book.
Mr. Hudson's opportunity, therefore, has been great
We think he has risen to it. Other writers could have
been more literary, whimsically digressive, and aptly
quotational. But Mr. Hudson comes to us with the smell
of the Downs in his clothes, and with a hundred plain
things to tell.
No analysis of the pleasure received from this or that
type of scenery is likely to be very convincing ; for one
thing, one doesn't want analysis. Still, Mr. Hudson is
probably on the right track when he traces the beauty of
the Sussex Downs to their *' fungus-like roundness and
smoothness." Fungus is not a nice word (Mr. Hudson
takes it from Gilbert White), but it suggests the broad,
1 6 June. 1900.
The Academy Tourist Supplement.
1 1
dreamy ourvee, the " Bolemn slope of mighty limbs asleep,"
which the Downs yield the eye. Furthermore, it is not
a Down that is beautiful, but the Downs; not a ourve,
but many curves. As Mr. Hudson points out, Hogarth's
theory of beauty, and Burke's, deriye a likeliness from the
Downs, where undulations please the eye because they
invite the feet. Even Mr. Herbert Spencer is quoted — but
enough! We shall give the reader the idea that Mr.
Hudson writes bookishly, whereas he writes like this :
One wonders which of the three following common
sights of the Sussex Downs carries us further back in time :
the cluster of cottages, with church and farm buildings,
that form the village nestling in the valley, and, seen from
above, appearing as a mere red spot in the prospect ; the
cloaked shephera, crook in hand, standing motionless on
some vast green slope, his grey, rouffh-haired sheep-doff
reetinff at his feet ; or the team of cofd-black, long-homed
oxen drawing the plough or carryiog the com.
These are the insignia of the Downs. Mr. Hudson does
not forget the surface on which they shine. The turf,
fragrant and springy and centuries old, with its peculiar
"medicine Bmell with something subtler added," is the
fundamental fact. Once destroyed, as it has been in
many places by short-lived attempts in tillage, this proud
turf does not return. Flowers come and make marvellous
patches, wild gardens, natural carpets flung on the ancient
floor. Here viper's bugloss usurps an acre, there white
campion queens it over a large parallelogram, or forget-
me-not flourishes on a field forgotten. We have delightful
glimpses of the animal life of the Downs, which includes
foxes, badffers, shrews, moles, stoats, adders, and big
snakes. How is it that moles, which are supposed to be
always athirst, can flourish on the high dry Downs in
summer, where even the shepherds have to fetch their
water from sources three or four miles away ? That is
one of many delightful riddles propounded by Mr.
Hudson. In such cases he has always consulted the
natives, and has always learned something. Thus with
the moles :
Walking on I met an iotelligent-lookiog shepherd, who
was, I found, a good obsc^rver and something of a natur-
alist ; and to him I put the question that occupied me. He
told me that he had been shepherding on these hills over
forty years, and the moles had always been there where
they had no water to drink. " They must drink or die,"
said I ; *' it is down in the books, and therefore it must be
true." He shook his h<»ad at the books, and replied that
the moles came out at night to lick the grass — ^the dew was
enough for them. *' If that is so,*' I said, " then they
must di«^ of thirst in seasons when there is no dew." They
do die," he answered ; '* in very dry^ windy summers, when
there is no dew, you find a good many moles lying about
d^ad on these hiUs every morning." He added that they
did not all die ; that a year or so after a time of great
mortality they become numerous again.
The shepherds are great men. They neither dream
dreams nor see visions, but they know their work, and all
that comes near it, and are content. Even the young men
are content ; and one of them — a tall, handsome fellow of
twenty-three— defended his calling and its wages against
Mr. Hudson's pretended ridicule with quiet spirit. At
last Mr. Hudson said :
How could he marry on twelve and sixpence a week P
At that there came a pleasant, far-awav look into his eyes ;
it could be seen that they were lurned inward, and were
occupied with the iuiage of a particular and incomparable
She. He smiled, and appeared to think it was not impos-
sible to marry on twelve and sixpence a week.
Such is the shepherd of the Downs in youth ; in age he is
not soured. We leave untouched chapters on *' Shepherds
Wheatears," '^ Summer Heat," '* Swallows and Churches,"
and '* Cliicheater." Mr. Hudson's book ranks with the
late Mr. Gibbs's A Cotswold Village ; it has the same plain-
ness and intimacy.
Some Atlases.
The Mayal Atlas of England and Wales. Edited by J. G.
Bartholomew. (Newnes.)
Philip's Handy- Volume Atlas of London. Third Edition.
(Philip & Son.)
Cook's Historical and Literary Map of London. (Cook
& Son.)
Thb folio Boyal Atlas of England and Wales is noble in its
proportions, and greatly to be desired. It is England
spread on your desk — political England, ecclesiastical
England, populated En^Umd, railway England, geological
England, orographioal England, and— EngUmd. In all
there are seventy maps and town plans, and what they do
not tell about Englamd's surface cannot be much. The
maps proper are indexed as '^topographical sections,"
and are named after some fairly central town. Thus
Section III. is *' Newcastle," and gives us the southern
half of Northumberland, the country westward to Hexham,
a great part of Durham, and the top of Yorkshire's north-
east shoulder, with Whitbv for its epaulette. The scale
is the noble one of four miles to an inch.
A fascinating section is No. 64, showing the relative
population of the districts round London. The density
of poptdation is shown by means of nine colours.
London and urban districts are marked black. Slate
colour indicates districts with a population of over 512
inhabitants to the square nule, purple indicates districts of
from 384 to 512 inhabitants to the square mile, and
successive colours graduating down to white show the
thinning out of the population in all directions. The
results are most curious and instructive. SouUi and west
of London the slate colour flows out for miles, halting at
Croydon and Wallington, extending a finger to Epsom, an
arm to Leatherhead, and a writhing leg to Gknialming —
such extended limbs always following the lines of rail-
way. An unbroken expanse of slate colour (512 to the
mile) stretches from Hounslow to Windsor, and thence, to
one's surprise, flows on in a narrow stream to Cookham.
The invasion of Essex by the London clerk and working
man is graphically shown by dun streamers to Hoddesdon
in Hertfordshire and to Blake Hall in Essex. But each
colour tells its own interesting story, and the local rela-
tions of the colours to each other are the most interesting
feature of all. A bright yellow arm stretching from
Hertfordshire rieht into London indicates the thinly
populated Lea va&ey and the Hadkney marshes. It takes
a still fainter tint of yellow to indicate the population of
the Plumstead marshes, and the waste luids lying around
the lower docks of London. There are curious incon-
gruities. At Chislehurst you are in slate colour (above
512); but only two miles further south, at Orpington,
you are in yeUow (64 to 128) ; and west of Orpington for
many miles there is a tract of countrv as far as Guildford
which is several degrees less populous than the country
north and south of it. As a giude to the choice of a resi-
dential district the map is singularly useful. We should
add that an exhaustive index completes the Atlas.
Messrs. Fhilips's Handy- Volume Atlas displays London in
fifty-five sectional maps bound into a book which can be
slipped into the pocket. The arbitrary divisions of London
necessitated by a book atlas produces some interesting
results. In not a single instance has the bookbinder's
sheers cut out an unbrolen expanse of streets ; but this is
all but attained in Plate 17, where the City-road, De
Beauvoir-town, and Bethnal-green districts spread their
miles of brick, and are relieved by nothing Iturger or
greener than London Fields. Another depressing section,
lying south of Bermondsey, is just redeemed by South-
wark's small park and some nameless nursery gardens
near the Old Kent road. London's many Londons are
curiously difEerentiated in these fifty-five sections. Her
dishabille, her ragged edges, her strange contrasts, her
512
The Academy Tourist Supplement-
16 June, 1900.
growtha and stagnations, are caught " in the aot," so to
speak, by the aoddents of binding. The maps are dear,
and in the more open districts they appear to be as com-
plete as could be fairly expected. Unfortunately the scale
(three inches to the mile) is not large enough to permit
every street to be marked, and this defect becomes a little
serious in the case of a very short but well-known street
like Tork-street, Covent-garden, which is here merged in
Tayistock-street. Panton-street, Leicester-square, is marked
but not named, and, of course, its very short continuation,
Spur-street, sufEers equally. Being unnamed in the maps,
these streets are naturally imnamed in the index. How-
ever, a map is an affair of scale, and you cannot have a
big scale and a very compact atlas, or a big scale and
a very cheap atlas. For its scale this atlas is excellent.
Messrs. Cook's folding map of London is very clear, and
includes such distant suburbs as Hampstead and Orickle-
wood. With the map we have some interesting informa-
tion, in the form of lists, concerning historical and literary
landmarks, places referred to by Dickens, reliques of old
London, &c., with references to their places in the map.
The list of houses in which great men have lived is par-
ticularly interesting, as it enables us to compare their
readiness to support the inconveniences of a change of
residence. Boswell had eight London addresses in his
life, being outdistanced by Dr. Johnson, who had fourteen.
Milton lived in twelve difEerent London houses, or twice
as many as Shelley. Sydney Smith removed ten times.
Swift ten times. Dickens had eleven London addresses
to show for Thackeray's six and Bulwer Lytton's seven.
Cowper is credited with only his Temple address, but he
lived in Ely-place as an apprentice to the law. Buskin's
Denmark-hill home, and Browning's home iu South
London also escape notice, although &e map includes their
sites. The general interest of the list is perhaps greater
than its detailed accuracy. The derivations of some
London street names given in another list are somewhat
too courageous. Botten-row may be a corruption of
Boute du Boi, but there is no agreement on the point.
Nor is the derivation of Gutter-lame, from '* Guthrum, an
ancient Dane," very satisfying. Notting-hill is doubtless
a corruption of Nutting-hill. The obviousness of some
origins given, such as !£iymarket from a '^ market of hay
or straw," is exqualled by the imexpectedness of ''Blind
Chapel-court — a corruption of Blanche Appleton-court."
A useful and interesting map.
England.
A Picturesque History of Yorkshire,
Dent & Go. Is. net.)
Part XI. (J. M.
Ouide to the English Lakes, (Black.)
Guide to the Wye. (Black. Is.)
Guide to East Kent. (Black. Is.)
Part XI. of Messrs. Dent's well-known work deals priaci-
pally with the valley of the Ure, with Bipon, and its cathe-
dral, and Foimtains Abbey ; whUe a beginning is made with
Wensleydale. Perhaps the greatest attraction of this, as
of other parts of the work is its revelation of the charms
of little known ancient towns and villages off all beaten
tracks. Yorkshire is one of the best of English counties
in which to find such places. Masham is one.
Its appearance is quaint, and suggestive of long-dead
centuries. It coDsists, practically, of ooe great market
square, surrounded by old-fashioned houses, with an
obelisk or pillar, rising from a base of four steps, in the
centre, and at the east end a very fine chnrch, surmoimted
by a handsome octagonal spire of considerable height. . . .
When Leland visited this part of Yorkshire he found
Masham pretty much as it shows itself to the traveller of
to-day. ** Masseham,'' he remarks, ''is apratyquik" —
this was a favourite expression of his — ''market-town,
and a fair Chirch, an a bridge of tymbre. A little by no the
Masseham on the other side of Yore river lye tke Aldbmy
village. At the end of BCasseham townlet» I passed over
a fair river called Bourne, it goeth into the lire thereby a
little bynethe the bridge." There were ffood markets in
Leland*8 time, but these seem to have decayed, thom^h
there is still a ffreat annual cattle and sheep fair hare, held
about the middle of September, whereto as many as forty
thousand sheep are usually brought for sale. Daring this
fair open house is kept by every person in the place, and
th^e is a staple dish of roast beef and pickled cal^bage to
which every comer is made heartily welcome. IV^hile tbe
fair lasts Masham is a place of bustle and ezcitameDt ;
when it is over the little town settles down to the quietest
and most monotonous of ezistences, save on market days,
when the folk from the dales come in to give it a momen-
tary increase of life.
The illustrations are of somewhat vanring styles and
excellence, and the reader has usually to choose between a
competent prettiness and a lees competent matter-of-
factness. But there is no doubt that this work will be,
when completed, a literary and pictorial record of great
interest.
Messrs. Black's Guide to the English Lakes has aasamed
an entirely difPereut aspect in this edition. The arrange-
ment of the book has been altered, and the whole district
divided into five sections : the Windermere, the TJilswater,
the Central, the Keswick, and the Ooast sections. Other-
wise the features of the guide are preserved. The maps
are excellent and alluring. A more difficult district to
compass and compress could hardly present itself to the
maker of a guide-book ; but the eaitor appears to have
surmounted most obstacles. We might suggest a longer
note on Swarthmoor Hall, which is briefly, almost in-
accurately, described as ''once the residence of G^rge
Fox." Quaker visitors to the Lakes — who are many —
will probably desire a better account than this of the place
they regard as their Mecca.
It was Magee — was it not ? — ^who said to his brother of
Hereford: **If you will give me your river, I will give
you my See." The offer was inspired by a sight of the
lovely banks of the Wye. Black's Guide to the Wye^ a handy
little volume, goes far to explain Magee's enthusiasm.
We doubt if the following particulars about the Severn
Tunnel are so well known as they are interesting :
Over 3,000 men were employed in this bold enterprise,
which was attended with incidents of perilous and, indeed,
romantic adventure. After seven years' labour, the works
were inundated by the tide, and sixty men had to be
rescued by one small boat makins repeated trips of a mile
underground after being lowered into a shaft. Only one
man was drowned, who tried to save himself by swimming:
but the brave young engineer, llx. G. O. Formby, who
headed the rescuing party, for hours wet to the skin in
the choking darkness, then laid the seeds of an illneas
from which he died prematurely. The tunnel is now kept
dry only by constfmt pumpinff. At Sudbrook {Qouih
brook), below Portskewett, are the gteet pumping works,
where ginuitic pumps cUscbarge daily from twenty to
thirty nmlion gallons. The pumpine houses have not
only to drain the tmmel, but to supply water to several
villages whose wells have been sucked dry by these sub-
terranean operations. The works are not open to visitors
without special permit.
The guide to East Kenty by the same firm, reaches its
fourteenth edition this year.
London.
Black's Guide to Lofidon and its Environs. Edited by A. R.
Hope Moncrieff. Eleventh Edition. (A. & O. Black. Is.)
Our Great City ; or, London the Heart of the Empire. By
H. 0. Arnold -Forster. (Cassell.)
CasselVs Guide to London, (Cassell. 6d.)
To look through London guide-books is to wish for a
week to fill in the larger gaps in one's knowledge of
1 6 June, 1900.
The Academy Tourist Supplement.
513
London. The prosent writer has lived in London for
fifteen years, has made the study of its streets and life a
hobby, has collected prints and books relating to London,
and has roamed its miles of suburbs in all directions ; yet
he has never entered the Tower of London, or seen the
effigies of the Crusaders in the Temple Ohunih, or visited
the Tate Gallery, or admired (from within) '^the most
beautiful and most venerable monument of old London" —
the Charterhouse. And yet how pleasant it would be to
give a week to seeing liondon in the receptive spirit of
the country cousin. ''A catalpa tree in uie gamen is
said to have been planted by nim, perhaps brought by
Haleigh from America." The writer is Mr. Hope
Moncrieff, the garden that of Gray's Inn, the planter
Lord Bacon. Beally, it would be very interesting to look
up that catalpa tree with the aid of Black's Guide^ and,
looking at it, to murmur : " Perhaps brought by Baleigh
from America." Nay, ffiven time for such refleddons, one
might find a subtle pleasure in quoting Wordsworth's
sonnet, written on Westminster Bridge, in conjunction
with the fact that the length of the bridge is 1,160
feet. Then there are descriptions which titillate the
mind:
Opposite Kensm^n, on the other side of the Park, lies
Bayswater, not qmte suoh a fashionable quarter, bat still
highly respeotalue, and in parts more than respectable.
Surely one might learn a few things in an afternoon
devoted to the identification of those parts of Bayswater
which are mora than respectable. It will be perceived
that Black's OiuU to Lokdan^ like all the gmdes ever
written, has its unconscious humours as well as its curi-
osities of information. But its solid merits are indisput-
able : they include orderly arrangement, an abundance of
good maps, and a lively sense of the stranger's needs.
Mr. Arnold-Forster's book is a sign of the times, and our
wonder is that it has not arrived sooner. London citizenship
will never recover its old vitality until its old connexion
with education is revived. Persuaded of this, Mr. Amold-
Forster has compiled a London primer, which he hopes
will be used in London schools. After examining the
book with care we share that hope. The book is eminently
suited for schools, if we except the statement, on page 41,
that Edward III. won the battle of Agincourt. Mr.
Amold-Forster has begun at the beginning — that is, with
the soil on which London stands. He traces the early
history of London, legendary, Boman, Saxon, Norman,
Plantagenet, Tudor, and uie rest. The survey is
lucid and bright throi^hout, though, with intention,
elementary. Chapters X VlII. and XIX., on ' * Pictures from
the Book of the Streets of London," are happily inroired.
The young Londoner is bidden to see dimmest antiquity
in the name of Ludfate, Saxon saintlinees in St. Switmn's-
lane, Boman road-making in London Stone; and to
recognise the features of an old and rural London in the
names of Brook-street, Fleet-street, Holbom, Great
Windmill-street, Spitalfields, and Finsbury. The White
Friars and the Black Friars and the Knights Templar are
traced in surviving names, and the names of kings and
queens and battiefields are shown to be daUy on the lips
of 'bus conductors. Old trades and their localities are
recognised under names like Vintry Wharf, Comhill,
Ironmonger-lane, Ave Maria-lane, and Seacoal-lane.
Other chapters describe St. Paul's, Westminster Abbey,
the Houses of Parliament, the British Museum, the
National Gallexy, &c. The Thames, with its trade and
government, is carefully considered ; and the government
of London as a whole is explained in terms simple enough
to be understood by the little child, and even by the oldest
ratepayer. In short, Mr. Amold-Forster has made ex-
cellent use of his space. The very birds of London have
a chapter to roost in ; and, not content with describing
London as it was and is, the author adds a final suggestive
chapter on '' Ix>ndon as it Might Be."
Cassell's Guide is a good sixpennv booklet, with one map
and many illustrations. A well-planned round of visits,
to occupy a week, is sketched out. The book is full of
sound information and suggestions. Fancy going to see
the *' grounds of the ToxophUite Society, which exists for
the promotion of arohexy."
Paris.
JSxhihitum Paris, (Heinemann.)
Paris. By Auguctus J. C. Hare. 2 vols. Second Edi
tion, revised. (George Allen. 3s. each.)
Guide to Paris. (Black. Is.)
Thb titie Exhibition Paris is to some extent misleading.
Exhibition Paris is indeed exhaustively dealt with; but
normal Paris prevails, as it should do. We doubt whether
any guide to Paris so directiy and completely useful as
this exists. The information about hotels, &c., is no
beggarly array of generalities, but is full, modem, and
convincing ; and this note, one soon finds, is the note of
the book. There are fifteen doeely packed, classified
colunms devoted solely to questions of eatmg and drinking,
l^ere are sections on Tobacco, Cigars, Ilmess, Chemists,
Laundresses, Hairdressers, Lost Projperty, Telephones,
Furniture, &o., &o. The visitor is tola what he must do
if he is arrested by the police. He is directed to the best
shops for curiosities. Dross Materials, Flowers, Fireworks,
Boots, Gloves, Jewels, Bronzes, and Books. Plans of the
seating accommodation in the principal theatres are given ;
and the section on <' Paris by N'ight " is a complete guide
to amusements. It is only on p. Ill that the sights of
Paris, properly speaking, are taken in hand ; nearly two
hundred pages are devoted to them---pa^ alive with
woodcuts. At page 300 Exjiibition ^ans begins, and
continues to page 431, the end. A complexity of usefulness
marks eveiy page We may add, as showing the alertness
of the compiler, that a Calendar of Events from May to
October is included in the book, so that no English visitor
need miss a race meeting or f aU to see the fountains play
at Versailles, or lose the chance of taking a walk in the
Sewers or the Catacombs. Exhibition Paris is the guide to
Paris tot this year. (Heinemann. 2s. 6d. net)
Mr. Hare's ffuide-books have a distinction of their own.
They are not cheap, but good paper and charming wood-
cuts make tiiem singularly attractive. The black bindings
with red lines were an inspiration. '* The conscientious
hard work of two years" were given, says the author, to
this book and Days Hear Paris, and there is evidence on
every page of this book of original study. The references
to, and quotations from, French writers are extremely
numerous and suggestive. Victor Hugo, Zola, and Taine
are frequently drawn upon for picturesc^ue descriptions.
This guide-book mav be best used as an mtellectual com-
panion, and the tourist can seek in other books the " dull-
useful information " which Mr. Hare compresses into a few
pages.
Black's Guide to Paris is niodelled on the Guide to
London^ issued by the same firm. The present edition,
however, includes about fifty new pages dealing with the
Exhibition. The map of the Exhibition is quite admir-
able. By means of six colours one can immediately
distinguish the Exhibition buildings proper, the special
foreign pavilions, the exhibits with an extra ohar^ the
restaurants, gardens, walks, &c. After the Exhibition
section follows the ffuide to Paris proper, illustrated with
photographs, and followed by the usual sections on Rouen,
Le Havre, Calais, &c., with information for cydists. We
can confidentiy recommend this guide-book to those whose
time in Paris is limited.
5H
The Academy Tourist Supplement.
I
. 1 6 June, 1900
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The Academy.
515
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Books within Books.
Wb get what we bring ; we receive what we have ; we
find what we possess.
The world is only a huge mirror, wherein each sees the
reflection of his own soul : it is splendid or sordid, lovely
or hateful, according to the light and shadow of indi-
viduality that falls upon it. We can obtain no more
than we bring, we can find no more than we possess.
The world proving itself capable of so infinite a variety
of readings, it is not to be wondered at that certain dis-
tillations out of it, embodied in forms of art, should make
widely different appeal to different temperaments. The
curious intellectual divergencies in book reviewing give
the critical journals the vitality of humaii documents ; their
verv contradictions constituting fleeting glimpses of alien
sods. And in novela, the supposed influence of books on
fictitious characters is even more widely various. Thus we
find some famous classic exhibiting through the medium-
ship of the novelist directly opposite tendencies. Was not
the madness of Don Quixote fed on mediaeval romances ?
Yet in a charming modem novel. The Choir Invisible, the
medisBval romance of the Iforte tP Arthur is made the
purifying motive of a life. Of aU books, however. The
Imitation of Christ has received in fiction the most strikingly
various treatment.
The Imitation of Christ is the fullest statement we have
of the doctrine of Eenunciation. Now, in the manner of
regarding Eenunciation is to be found the root-difference
between all religions and aU philosophies. If the body is
equal with the spirit— if the gratification of its impulses,
affections, appetites, is necessary to a complete life, then
Eenunciation for its own sake is an evil : so say the
Epicureans, the Elizabethans, Walt Whitman, and many
others. But if the spirit as the higher self demands for
its perfecting the suppression of the lower self, then
Eenunciation becomes the noblest of virtues : and we find
among the upholders of this view the Stoics, the Buddhists,
the Puritans, and Thomas d-Kempis. Thus, on the one
hand, the Imitation appears as the most elevating of all
influences, waking a soul out of dull torpor, u^ilifting it,
and preparing it for a moral triumph unequalled in
fiction : and on the other, the same book is represented as
a pernicious bane, sapping away strength and vitality of
character, and reducing the mind of its unfortunate reader
to a weakness bordering upon insanity.
You remember in The Mill on the Floss, where Bob
Jakm brmgs to Maggie some coloured prints and a few
second-hand books. It is the moment of supreme need in
the girl's life—the moment when her passionate personality
IS struggling into consciousness to be constantly tortured
and repelled by the depression of daily circumstance.
Her proud father has been made bankrupt, and forced to
serve under his enemy Wakem; the mother, separated
from her household gods, becomes ever more childish and
querulous ; Tom, whom Maggie adores, is self-centred and
cold. "To the early precoci^ of the girl she added that
early experience of struggle, of conflict between the inward
impulse and outward fact which is the lot of every
imaginative and passionate nature." The little old clumsy
book brought to her by the packman, marked in faded ink
and with its comers turned down, is to be the almost
unfailing source of spiritual strengfth to her throughout
life.
Enow that the love of thyself doth hurt thee more
than anything else in the world. ... If thou seekest this
or that, and wouldst be here or there to enjoy thy own
wiU and pleasure, thou shalt never be quiet or free from
care : for in everything somewhat will be wanting and in
every place there will be some that will cross thee. . . .
Blessed are those ears which hearken not unto the voice
which soundeth outwardly, but unto the truth which
teaoheth inwardly.
When Maggie reads this for the first time, a strange
thrill of awe passes through her, "as if she had been
awakened in the night by a strain of solemn music, telling
of beings whose souls had been astir while hers was in
stupor. ..."
Maggie's story is the story of the suppression of a mag-
nificent self, culminating in a sacrifice that may allow
question of its wisdom, but none of its sublimity. The
state of moral exaltation produced by the old monk's book
is almost incomprehensible to a moment inclined to regard
the gratification of self with so appreciative an eye.
Think of The Gay Lord Quex, and then pass to such
sentences as the following : " I have often said unto tiiee,
and now again I say the same. Forsake thyself, resign
thyself, and thou shalt enjoy much inward peace. ... If
thou wert inwardly good and pure, then wouldst thou be
able to see and understand all things clearly without im-
pediment. . . ." The contrast has the force of a shock.
Qeorge Eliot has g^ven us two direct utterances on The
Imitation of Christ. The inmost truth of the old monk's
outpourings, she tells us, is, "tbat renunciation remains
sorrow, though sorrow borne willingly." And she attri-
butes tiie power of the book, which " works miradee to
this day, turning bitter waters into sweetness," to the fact
that it is the "direct communication of a human soul's
belief and experience " : "it was written down by a hand
that waited for the heart's prompting : it is the chronicle
of a solitary hidden anguish, struggle, trust, and triumph."
No such understanding criticism is to be found in At the
'Cross Roads, by Miss Montresor, in which, somewhat
casually, The Imitation of Christ appears. It does not, in
this novel; prepare the soul for strenuous conflict, but
helps, by its presence, to contribute something to an atmo-
rohere already charged with simplicity and restfulness.
While Maggie practises asceticism. Lady Jane discards
luxury; her rooms are scantily furnished ; the walls are
distempered blue ; " it was a pleasant place, and one that
sometimes suggested a reminiscence of some far-away
French convent cell." " * Your room is like a Quakers'
meeting,' " Gillian says. Lady Jane herself wears black
" with white cambric frills in her sleeve and round her
throat." She reads the Imitation in the Latin edition,
" for the stateliness of the old language pleased her." In
aU this the insistence on extenuus is very marked. The
description is almost entirely confined to material things.
The Imitation has indeed no definable spiritual influence
upon Lady Jane. Her days of effort and struggle are
over. Out of the hard, mediaoval teaching she extracts
only a sentiment of purity and austerity. This is her
statement of life: "'The world is sad, I think; but
underneath the sadness one finds — Gbd.' "
Lady Jane's room suggests some far-away French
convent cell ; let us now see how The Imitation of Christ
is employed in a Jesuit monastery in France. The scene
occurs in Eugene Sue's Wandering Jew, which combines
series upon series of extra-melodramatic situations, never
approached by the most daring of Adelphi flights, with
chapters that display penetrating observation and wide
common-sense. It is hard to reconcile the last tragi-comic
scene, where Eodin is confronted with his six victims,
ranged upon black biers, dressed in black grave-dothee,
and faintly illumined by the bluish light of a silver lamp
with the admirable description of the Jesuit's tactics ii
in
5i6
The Academy.
i6 June, 190U
working on Hardy's sensuous feelings in order to win him
to a religious life from its sensuous side. Throughout this
novri the Jesuits are painted in the darkest colours. We
read of the '^ profound and diabolical craft of the Reverend
Fathers." Their object is to extinguish free will and
Sower of discrimination^ so that they may secure large
onations for their order. They are represented
as haying in the Imitation one of their most
powerful auxiliaries: ''In that awful book may be
found a thousand terrors to operate on weak minds,
a thousand slavish maxims to chain and deg^rade the
pusillanimous soul." Thoughts and reflections from
its merciless paffes, written in very large characters,
were suspended m black frames about the room where
the man they desire to influence is confined: ''Thou
art nothing but dust and ashes, g^ef and tears are
thy portion. Believe not in any son of man. There are
no such things as friendship or ties of kindrod. All
human affections are false. . . ." The same book that
brought Maggie an infinite hope brought to Hardy inex-
tinguishable despair. What is to some one of the most
precious of spiritual possessions is stigmatised by Eugene
Sue as impious and Machiavellian. Truly, in Milton's
words, the mind is its own place ; it can make a heaven of
hell, a hell of heaven ; and no book aflPords such materials
for building at once so pure a heaven and so gloomy a hell
as Th0 Imitation of Christ.
Things Seen.
The Dog.
The stream of humanity lounged through the Strand.
In 'the broad June sunlight everything was stark
and plain, and the utter limp dependence of the little
monkey on the retriever's curly back touched me with its
gratuitous pathos. The retriever strode through us in the
wake of two yoimg men, its masters, willing, seemingly,
to cut a caper. And I was angry wi^ those yoimg men,
as though they were perpetrators of an impertinence in
bringing their fragile toy in the highway of bulging
omnibuses and skimming cabs. I was angry because I
knew they sought to unloosen in themselves and in me the
ancient spring of laughter that gushes forth at sight of
the ignorant astonishment, the dmging misery, of a tiny
thing. Confronted with nothing less than ouf whole
civilisation, the monkey was afraid even of heaven, and
with lowered head sprawled over the retriever as a crab
sprawls over a stone.
Presently the procession was obliged to quit the pave-
ment, on account of the ambition of a monster hotel to
expand its lungs. And so, while the seasoned human
pedestrians monopolised the meagre footway of planks
that skirted the hotel, the retriever trotted into the road
and mixed himself with the vehicular traffic.
At last there was a slight congestion in the eastward
hurrying tide. There were those who paused and those
who, remembering the flight of time, thriftily threw back
a pitying glance. I heard the noise of a body scraped
along the road. I saw a dog's paw quiver painfully in
the air, and a hansom cabman gaze down commiser-
atingly from a godlike height. And just then the Tivoli
discharged its smiling throng.
Altruism.
It was in a great railway terminus, in a comer by the
chief exit. Two tell wooaen pillar boxes stood near each
other, dumbly appealing for newspapers for the two great
hospitals of &e city. On his knees before one of them
was a messenger-boy, evidentiy sent to empty it and bring
the contents for distribution in the wards. The busy
crowd in the stetion passed him unheeding as they hurried
to and from their trains. But the little lad wm i>^*
business-like and so much interested in his^ work that J,
having a moment to spare, spent it in watehing^ him.
The box was emptied : the contento were lyiBg before
him; and he gave them a solemn and careful scrutiny
while he arranged them into a satisfactory bundle. Ther
were mostly dailies, penny or half -penny ; here and there
came a little spice, say I\i'Bits or AMWsn ; onoe or twice
a plum in the shape of a Punch or Graphic. But suddenlj
he came upon a new thing — a handful of religious facets.
For a moment he pondered.
Then a happy inspiration came to him. He rose from
his knees and dropped the tracto into the box for the
other hospital.
A Famous Experiment.*
The Brook Farm experiment owed ite origin, in the
famous 'forties of Boston, U.S.A., to one of those revulsions
from the precarious felicity of an artificial system whiciu
in other ages, have manifested themselves by withdrawal
to the desert or the convent. The Transcendental CluK
out of which the colony came, derived its principles
through Edward Everett and George Ticknor and Cariyfe
in vanous measures from Fichte and Schelling and Hegel
and Schleirmacher, disciples— faithful or dissentient^-of
Kant. AJmong its members were Emerson, Aloott,
Thoreau, the Ohannings, Nathaniel Hawthorne and the
lady who afterwards became his wife— Sophia Peabody,
and the Eipleys. It was by George Ripley— afterwards
described by Oarlyle as " a Socinian minister who left his
pulpit in order to reform the world by cultivating onions"
— that the Brook Farm Settlement was imagined. Its
purpose was "to insure a more natural union between
mteUectual and manual labour ... to guarantee the
highest mental freedom by providing all with labour
adapted to their tastes and talents ... to do away with
the necessity of menial services . . . and thus to prepare
a society of liberal, intelligent, and cultivated persons,
whose relations with each other would permit a more
wholesome and simple life than can be led amidst the
pressure of competitive institutions."
Brook Farm was purchased in 1841 by Eipley, for the
most part with borrowed money, and was aiterwarJs
divided into twenty-four parcels, of which Hawthorne,
who was one of the original settiers, held two. The
labour, both agricultural and mechanical, was entru>ted to
Groups formed of harmonic numbers— 3, 6, 7, or 12 ; and
this is the only note of naked lunacy in the game. Such
a delectable way of life, wrote " Nathaniel Hawthorne,
Ploughman," had never been seen on earth since the days
of the early Ohristians.
On April 16 he brokft a machine for chopping hay,
through very ezoess of effort, and his remarkable energy
then employed itself on a h'-ap of manure. THs useful
adjimct to the new life he soon began to call his •* gold
mine." . . . Presentiy he writes: "I have milked a
cow!"
For six months he was ecstatically convinced that toil
** defiles the hands indeed, but not the soul." Then came
a reaction :
On August 12 he burst forth in a different, but not less
rhapsodical, strain : *' In a little more than a fortnight I
shall be free from my bondage — free to enjoy Nature — tree
to think and feel. . . . Oh, labour is the curse of the
world, and nobody can meddle with it without becoming
proportionately brutified ! Is it a praisewtirthy matter
that I have spent five golden months in providing food for
cows and horses ? It is not so."
But it is in his Blitheddle Romance that his matured
impressions are to be sought.
• Brook Farm: its Members, Scholars, and Visitors. By
Lindsay Swift. (Maomillan.)
1 6 jtttle, 19O6.
The Adademy.
517
A oompany which in the maiii disused tobacco was not
likely to De free in its conscience as to the consumption of
the dead bodies of animals. The yegetarian " quiddle "
mras generously represented. Sam Lamed went so far as
to abstain from milk on the ground that '* his relation to
the cow did not justify him in drawing on her reserves.''
On the other hand, Bipley is said to have worn a worried
lt>ok during the dedine of a calf which it had been
sought to raise, while setting free its dam from her
maternal function, on hay tea.
Outdoor amusements enjoyed a vogue, and there was a
g^ood deal of harmless philandering. Emerson (whose
every reference to Brook Farm, says Mr. Swift, suggests
that someone is laughing behind the shrubbery) gives
a general notion that the Farmers' life was one long,
guileless picnic. Not even the practice of punning, which
seems to have been treated with shameless indulgence,
availed to hush the prevalent mirth ; nay, the contentious
lirownson himself, when he paid the Farmers a visit, was
unable to damp down the cheerful buzz, or to cast a doubt
upon the enduring humour of the request to cut the pie
'* from the centre to the periphery." Not that higher
matters were ruled out. Miss Bipley declared herself at
one time weary of '* the extravagant moods of young
girlp," and '* sick of the very word affinity " ; and there is
an account, by Mrs. Kirby, of a well-sustained argument
on the burning question, '^ Is labour in itself ideal, or do
we, in effect, doth it with the spirit we bring to it ? "
Divers of the apostles of the " Newness," after the collapse
of the community, won distinction in the world ; and some
found salvation in the Ohurch of Eome. Of these the
most notable were Brownson and Father Hecker, whose
name has by differing critics been sealed with the note of
" heretic " and that of ** saint."
One cannot but regret that an enterprise which,
though its financial position was never sound, at one time
showed fair promise was, by a series of fatalities, brought
to naught.
Correspondence.
Mathilde Blind.
Sir, — ^I hope someone more capable than I will take up
the cudgels for Mathilde Blind, because I feel that my
weapons must needs be awkward : that I can resent such
criticism as appeared in your last issue only in the bUnd,
helpless fashion of a devotee who sees a blow aimed at
one of his idols. Several times lately I have read similar
reviews of Miss Blind's poetry, and, curious to state,
Shelley seems to have come in for some of the depreciation
so liberally bestowed upon her, in more than one instance.
TTia pedestal is too stronff to need buttressing, but the
woman poet seems to lack a valiant supporter. If, as
your reviewer says, she has no ''high imagination,
emotional power or grace of form," a humble inquirer
would like to know why her fame is steadily increasing
year by year, and why a writer of such known critical
acumen as Dr. Gamett should be found to edit her work ?
Oan it be that, in spite of her failure to satisfy the
poetic analyst of this century end, she possessed some
indefinable quality that has stamped her with the hall-
mark of genius ? I do not assert this, being able to speak
from the purely amateur point of view only — that of the
lover rather than dissector ; but I do assert that I am not
easily moved by poetry, and that Mathilde Blind's poetxy
has affected me powerfidly. I have read her often during
the past ten years and never with any waning of apprecia-
tion. It seemed to me the quotations given in last week's
AcADSMT did not represent her fairly, and I wish I dare
trespass on its space to supplement them with some of her
more spontaneous and pregnant passages.
We are constanUy told that the critical age is never the
creative age, but perhaps we are not sufficiently conscious
of the steriUsing power of criticism. May it not be
possible that the barrenness of our era in ffreat works of
art is due, on the one hand, to the niggling, pedantic
spirit of our much trusted reviewers ; on the other nand, to
the over-laudation of mediocrity by scribblers of the rank-
and-file ? And our fashions are so strange ! Becently a
great cloud of incense arose before the suddenly- erected
altar of a young poet, of whose slender dramatic work
one of the herd of fulsome critics wrote : '' He has achieved
the impossible " ! A second Shakespeare could have been
welcomed with no more eelaL Yet to many outside this
fashionable literary circle the comet has appeared a vety
ordinary rocket ! To honour all that betrays promise in
the newcomer is well and just ; but when his admirers, in
acclaiming him a god, would dethrone Shelley and others
whom time has hallowed, questions and comparisons are
bound to arise. Fortunately, nothing can harm the poet
who, " being dead, yet liveth." We only, who are alive
and love, can be pierced by the shafts hurled at our
idols. — I am, &c , M. L. Pendebed.
[Miss Pendered is, of course, very welcome to her
opinion. It does not happen to be ours — that is all.]
Sir, — I was much interested in the review of Mathilde
Blind's poems published in the Academt of June 2.
Apart from their own intrinsic value, these poems
represent an attempt which has not unfrequently been
made, to create, as it were, a poetry of science — and more
particularly of evolution.
As we recall the various efforts in this direction, the
question suggests itself : why has no poet hitherto suc-
ceeded in treating the subject in a really satisfactory
manner ? Why has there been no so-called Apotheosis of
Evolution ?
It would be difficult to conceive of a more sublime
theme, or one offering a wider field to the poetic imagination.
Many writers have contributed to this field of literature,
among whom the names of George Eliot, Bomanes, and
Mr. William Watson come familiarly to the mind.
But their finest passages leave us — to quote your re- -
viewer — ^untouched and cold ; and we are imwittingly /
reminded of the famous parody :
An ape there was once, in the days that were earlier,
The centuries passed and his hair became curlier,
Some centuries more gave a thumb to his fist,
Then he called himself man — ^and a Positivist.
One sonnet alone, and that by an almost forgotten
writer, seems to rise to the level of true poetry.
It is by Emily Pfeiffer, and bears the hall-mark of
original thought and expression in every line, but more
especially in the last.
To Nature.
Dread force, in whom of old we loved to see
A nurfting mother, clothing with her life
The seeds of Love divine — with what sore strife
We hold or yield our thoughts of Love and thee I
Thou art not calm, but restless as the ocean,
Fdling with aimless toil tbe endless years,
Stumbling on thought and throwing off the spheres,
OhurniDg the Universe with mindless motioo.
Dull fount of joy, unhallowed source of tears.
Gold motor of our fervid faith and sung,
Dead, but engendering life, love, pangti and fears.
Thou crownedst thy wild work with foulest wrong
When first thou lighted on a seeming goal.
And darkly blundered on man's suffering soul.
— ^I am, &c., Evelyn Fobsteb.
Novels and Logic.
Sir, — Mr. Lang puts forward a law of logic as a canon
of criticism. My paper did not pretend to deal with Mr.
Lang's special Uiesis, but to criticise certain of his state-
ments and his general tone of contempt towards the novel.
— I am, &c., Frances Fobbss Bobestson.
Sr^
The Academy
i6 June, 1900.
For Students of Stevenson.
Sib, — ^A oorrespondent in British Oolumbia asks me, in
a letter : '* Who is the man (in The Wreek&r) met in San
Francisco whose name is 'known to lovers of good
English ' ; ' who tramped and toiled and had such a profit
of his life among the Islands * ; and from whose house
Dodd returned with the first glamour of the Islands over
him, bearing Omoo under one arm and the man's own book
under the other ? " Can any of your readers help me to
the answer ? — ^I am, &c.,
London : June 4, 1900. E. M.
George Eliot at Richmond.
Sib, — ^Those who care for literature and its nobler
memories may like to get out of the train at Bichmond,
Surrey, and ask anyone for No. 8, Parkshot. The house
almost touches the station.
Between 1855 and 1859 George Eliot not only made
the decision which revealed herself to herself by setting
to work on Amos Barton^ but wrote all the Scenes of
Clerical Life^ and practically the whole of Adam Bede, in
cheap lodgings in this little house.
I shouM like to set a few who care for literature
thinking whether it is not worth while at least to consider,
among the right men and women, if it is not wise and
practicable to secure the permanent existence of the house
(the demolition of which is very imminent), and its use
in some way to the benefit of Eichmond and of London
in definite memory of George Eliot.
There will be difficulties, because the cottage is the
centre one of three; and they are clearly marked for
demolition, that something soHder and more profitable
may take their place. I should like to see the centre one
actually acquirea and preserved and placed under trustees,
were it only as a place of deposit for bicycles, though I
love them not. And I grudgingly make the suggestion
that I may be humble in aim and practical. But let it be
plainly and permanently recorded upon the house that in
its second floor the Scenes of Clerical Life and Adam Bede
were written. — I am, &c., Oharles Sblbt Oakley.
National Liberal Olub, Whitehall :
June 4, 1900.
Dr. Johnson's Thunder.
SiB, — It is, I suppose, to the credit of us women that
we are bom hero-worshippers, to the extent even of
worshipping the idols of our idols, nay, to worshipping
other women. I suppose there are few women who read
at all who do not heartily admire the exquisite literary
instinct of Mrs. Meynell. But has not Mrs. Meynell's
appreciation of Buskin's merits led her to yield a too
ready approval to his judgment of Johnson, a jud^ent
surely which Johnson's own sturdy common sense would
not have approved ? To say of Johnson's style that '4ts
synmietry is as of thunder answering from two horizons "
seems to her to outstep the legitimate limits of even
oratorical and hyperbohcal prose. The vigour of Dr.
Johnson's style was, like Fred Bayham's emotions,
'' manly, sir, manly," but it contains a very perceptible
trace of artifice, and if we must resort to metaphor to
describe it, the image of answering salvoes of artillery
would be more apposite than that of the elementary
roarings of nature. And even the devoutest admirer of
Johnson must admit that the salvoes were often of blank
cartridge ! — I am, &c., F. L. A.
[Buskin described the symmetry of Johnson's style, not
his style as a whole, by the simile of ** thunder answering
from two horizons." Surely the sonorousness and balance
of Johnson's style — these two qualities — are finely in-
dicated in the phrase to which our correspondent objects.
Is not this enough ?]
New Books Received.
[Thsse notes on some of the New Boohs of the week mre
preliminary to Booiows that may follow.']
Thomas Gibtin. Bt LAtrREircB Bcnrox.
Mr. Binyon, who is known in the literary world by his
poetry, is an assistant in the Department of Piints and
Drawings in the British Museum. This splendidly illus-
trated study of the work of Girtin is laigelj based on the
water-colours in the national collection, but drawings in
private collections also are reproduced. QirtMs fame is
undoubtedly less than ^e deserves. Mr. Binyon boldlv
declares: ''When Girtin died he was Tamer's rival oa
more than equal terms." And he oontinaes : *^ Ha>i
Turner died with him, Girtin's name would stand ths
higher." Mr. Binyon's suggestive essay fills twenty-two
pages ; the remainder of the volume, a folio, is taken np
with photographs of Girtin's water-colours. (Seeley. £2 2v
Paris. Bt Hrr.AraK Bbix«x.
Loving Paris of to-day, Mr. Belloc, whose literary range
seems to be quite indefinitely wide, has written thiis bo>>k
about Paris of yesterday. He says: ''The more vivid
be the contemporary efPect of a city, the more ar;geDtlT
does the question of its origin and development press upca:
one. ... In the effort to satisfy this a man will n^i
this book and that, look up old prints and catch the cha&c«
phrases of memoirs ; he will, for his own sake, dear out i
rough sketch of the whole past of what he loves, and he
will end by making a record that ia as incomplete aitl
fragmentary, as incongruous a mixture of the general
theory of life and of particular trifles, as are the notes and
letters we keep to remind us of absent friends. This is th«
way my book was written." (Arnold. 7s. 6d.)
Talks with Old English ,
Okioktbtkbs. By A. W. Puixiv.
''There is no attempt in this volume to give a life-
history of the famous cricketers whose portraits adorn iu
pages. . . . The idea kept in view is to delve deep into
the mine of personal reminiscence. • . . The preparation
of these talks . . . was originally undertaken on behslf
of the Yorkshire Post:' (Blackwood. Gs.)
In addition to the foregoing, we have received :
thbologioal and biblioal.
Bixd (Robert), Paul of Taraas ..(Kelaoo)
Niooll (W. Robertson), The Expositor's Oraek Testament. VoL II.
(Hodder & 8toii«htan) S-
POBrBY. 0RITI0I8M. AND BBLLBB LVTTaBS.
Sbadwell (Bertrand), America, and Other Poems (Donnelly, Ohicago)
Ulark (John). A Oiscory of Epic Poetry (Poet-Virgilian) ...(Oliver ft Boyd'
F. W. L. B., The Battle of Maldon, and uther Renderings from the Am^lo-
Saxon ^ (Pamr ft Co., Oxford' l-
Piatt (William), A Three-fold Utterance, yet a Single Outcry of a Man's
Life-Trubh (Pamished by the Author)
HISTORY AND BIOGRAPHY .
HUrrison (Frederic), Byzantine History in the Early Middle Aaos: The
Bede Lectures (Mscmiuan) net t *
Shand (Alex. Inoes), General John Jacob (Seel^)
Bennett (Ernest N.), With Methnen's Golomn on an Ambulance Train.
(Sonnenaohain)
TRAVEL AND TOPOGRAPHY.
SaTory (Isabel). A Sportswoman in India (Uatcbinaon)
Wallis (E. J.), lUuBtrations of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
(Bffln^iam Wilson) net
Bradshaw (B.), Bathing Places and Olimatic Health ResoFts (Kegan Paall
Bhick's Guide to Belfast and the North of Ireland (Black)
MISOELLANEOUS.
Th0 JVmo Ptfuny Magazine (Oassell)
SOIENOE AND PHILOSOPHY.
Kraose (K. G. F.), The Ideal of Humanity and Universal Federation.
(T. ft T. Clark
EDUCATIONAL.
Mills (T. R.), Lucian: Chaitm and Timon (Clive)
Basset (A. B.), An Element%ry Treatise on Hydrodynamics and Sound.
(Deighton, Bell tt Co.)
Lyster (R. A.), First Stage Hygiene ;Clivc)
Smith (D. NJ. Macaulav : Life of Johnson (Blackvpood)
Lobban (J. H.), Gk)ldamith : Traveller, ftc (Blackwood)
NEW EDITIONS.
Fielding (Henry), The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling. % vols.
(Marmnian)
]•■
H'
1-
1 6 June, 1900.
The Academy.
519
Our Weekly Competition.
Result of No. 38 (New Series).
Last week we offered, at the raggestion of Dr. FumiTAll, a prise
of One 6u*nea for tbe best reprodnotion of the lost renes addreeaed
by Dr. Johnson, when he was at Stourbridge school, to Olivia
Lloyd, the young Quakeress- We have dedded that die priie is
due to Mr. F. B. Doveton, Torquay, for the following poem :
Oh deign to listen to my simple lay I
Scorn not my homely measures, maid demure ;
Thy beauty's star illumes my dreary way ;
My heart is sick — ^thou only hast the cure I
And when thou wanderest by the crystal stream,
Or 'mid the umbrage of green pendent boughs.
Forget not one who oannot oease to dream
Of thee, and at thy shrine perform his tows.
And, though my years be few, } et none the less
For thee great deeds and doughty would I dare ;
Brave the recesses of the wilderness,
Or filch his cubs from the Siberian bear !
Only some token would I humbly ask
Of thee, Olivia, gentle as tiie dove ;
Some sign to cheer me in my daily task,
And prove that thou thy worshipper dost love 1
Other poems are as follows :
Sweet maid demure, thou charmest of our race,
Venus herself sure lacked ihy simple grace.
Nor glanced such love from her rich lustrous eyes,
As shines in thine, where only virtue lies.
Purest of daughters thou of all the earth,
Blesc is the spot that's honoured bv thy birth ;
Blest more the place where thou shalt live thy days,
Lit by tby light of love*s warmth-giving rays.
Teach this poor suppliant how to plead with thee
For favours from the fount of purity ;
Inspire this heart with goodness and with grace,
That I may more deserve to see thy face.
In thy loved presence all base thoughts shall flee.
And heaven itself reems near at sight of thf e :
God's choicest arif ts enshrined in female frame
All Bdem revealed, Olivia, in tby name !
[H. W. D., London.]
Olivia, since the day I saw that face,
Matchless and perfect in each separate grace,
One only hope my weary heart hath known —
The hope of making thee my very own.
Thy modesty of manner and of dress,
The truth and purity which all may guess,
The beauty of thy form and of thy soul.
Making a very perfect human whole,
All rise before me, making e^ory day
Not worth the numbering, if thou*rt away :
All rise before me, making every night
With endless dreamings of thee sweet and bright.
Olivia, dear Olivia, kind and fair.
Pity and love to thy poor servant spare.
[G.C. P., London.]
Olivia, fair as she whom Avon's bard
Portrayed ; dear object of Orsino's heart.
Can I a<ipire that Fate may prove less hard
To me ill favonred 7 Nay, Oesario's part
Is not foi/jne whom Nature has denied
Her gifts that fascinate the casual eye.
Ah I happy he who, welcome at thy side,
Finds thee respondent to his burdened sigh !
Thrice happy he who through this weary while
Of transitory things shall gain thy love ;
Who thro' the impending cloud shall see tby smile
That bids him dwell dejecting care above I
My fair, be thine to rule the nobler sphere ;
Tis vain that I should yearn to share thy life ;
I, slave of all that moat is sad and drear :
Thou, peace's angel in a world of strife.
[L. L., Ram«gate.]
Fair Livy, hear thy Samuel's lay.
Extend one glance benign on him.
Experiencing the live-long day
Dan Cupid's darts in every limb.
His oopy-book is scrawled with doves.
And olive-boughs, and nuptial rings ;
His dreams are of Cythera's groves.
Besponsive nymphs, and similar things.
Orant me. High Jove, the hour to see
That shall abridge my single life
With this : ** I Samuel Uke thee,
Olivia, to my wtdded wife" I
[B. F. MoO., Whitby.]
Mistress Olivia, with the beaming eye.
Which for its brightness with the stars can vie,
Oh, fairest of the fair, deign but to look
On one who leaves for thee his eVeky book.
Tour Samuel Johnson pants with passion's flame :
Ah| cruel fair 1 alone thou art to blame.
Possessed of .every graoe beneath the sun,
Fair Queen of Botuty, leave me not undone. '
Pnre-totiled Olivia, maid devoid of wiles,
Not in thy breast, as in the crocodile's.
Lurk treachery and deceit. It needs bat this
To plunge thy lover in the realms of bliss :
That thou wilt listen to his tale of love
As did a mortal to immortal Jove.
[A. W., London.]
Diana dhaste were counted all too bold,
And Ovnthia unworthy of her name ;
And all fair virgins were as dark to light
Compared with thee, sweet^mistreas of my flame.
If Philomel would grant me her sweet voice,
I'd pour my passion in a melting lay,
Till zephyr snould my love-sick measures waft.
And to my lady's bosom find a way.
A roeeate hue the mom has given thy cheek.
And lily white the night has kissed thy heart ;
Thy eyes two stars that rise to higher state.
Thy lips the nectar cup the gods have pressed.
And if too bold, too over bold my plaint,
The gentle lightning of thine eye I'll meet.
Forsaking roses for the branch of peace.
Lay thy own name, Olivia, at thy feet.
[H E. M., Edinburgh.]
Rejuvenescent Phoebus drcumvolves
His terrene nymph : responsive to his art
She warms ; but my unchangeable resolves
Qain not the sister-fort, thy moon-cold heart.
. Olivia I 'Tis a name that Avon's swan
Hath made immortal ; but, were Shakespeare mute,
Thy charms, self justified, would yet live on.
O, live. Olivia, beauty s flower and root !
Thy predecessor by a reigning duke
Was lonp^ adored, though every sigh proved vain.
Thou reignest as a queen, and if thy look
Shall rest in kindness on a serving swain,
Nor earth, nor sea, nor sky, nor heaven, nor hell
Shall hold a truer knight than Samuel,
[T. C, Buxted]
0 fsirest nymph, thy charms unite
To fill a lover with delight ;
Thy tranquil mind, with mirth imbued,
Leaves far the coquette and the prude.
Olivia, loveliest of thy sex,
May naught thy gentle nature vex !
Thy uttered name doth conjure forth
An image of surpassing worth.
1 see a flower of rarest grace.
Oft as I gaze upon thy face.
Ah ! beauteous maid, shall I implore.
Or stay enraptured and adore f
The love my heart can not restrain
Is mix*t of chastened joy and pain ;
If tongue refuse its office meec
I'll lay me at thy virgin feet.
[E. H. H., London.]
Other replies received from : B. H. M., Manchester ; L. F.,
Manchester ; L. W., Cambridge ; W. A. B. L., Sheffield ; H. F. H ,
Nottingham : J. L., Chesterton ; Mrs. von S., London ; K E. J.,
Bristol ; R. K. C, Lee ; G. B. F.. London ; E. M., London ; M. M. E.,
London ; Z. McC., Whitby ; 0. M. T., Bradford ; F. L A., London.
Competition No. 39 (New Series).
Wb offer a prize of One Guinea for the best quotation to be
inscribed over tiie door of a London house from which the residents
have tonponurfly fled for a country holiday.
BULW.
Answers, addressed ** Literary Competition, Thb Acadbmt, 43,
Chanoery-lane, W.O.,*' must reaioh us not later than the first post
of Tuesday, June 19. Each answer miut be accompanied by
the ooupon to be found on the second page of Wrapper, or it can*
not enter into competition. Competitors sending more than one
attempt at solution must accompany each attempt with a separate
ooapon ; otherwise the first only will be considered. We oannot
consider anonymous aosweis.
520
The Academy.
CATALOQUES.
WILFRID M. VOYNICH.
CATALOGUB No. 1 mar be hid on applicUiaii,
piiDa ts. ed.. at
I. 60H0 SQUARX, W.
iglh ud itttb CENTURY bOOKS ; AflERICANA ;
Sg LOST or UNKNOWN BOOKS.
rpHB KLIZABBTHANaTAQaaOClBTY.
018 0 3 8 I C AL COLLBQB,
LPpJlHriobk miut 1h tHUt Ui Lfl tba Puv^'iriL Dot
w
OATAtiOeDtB Nrt b« «
DABDBKEB'S ft BADDELHY-S
QBCRBTART,OD«wbob» aotad for Antbor
^IHBLBDON HIUH SCHOOL Hn.
LrndniliDTfh Wnodtlila. WlnbladoiL Rtltnaai psrniltud to
MUt Uutinn. Hwl HlibiK Uu Umrquli laS ItmitMoo^
OILuldDniii. Blibop uid Itn. Burj, OdL ud Hn. CbHWTJI
/^HALKT CAnOB COTB, DIBPPB^An
rapJdiT usjulnd Snokl hdUUtl (or Mulo. BkMditDB.
U«rni»iL <f npoilnnllUi (or •WI [or™ ol liailUir •nJojIOMll.
I>li«l Birrfis l>los dal^ >lth Eiiilud.-riiU ifitliill iHU ba
CAREIIAGBS INUURBD AOAINST ACOI-
DENT» HOHd bj CILUnQ. th> Filing. BotllD|. «
Ri.Uni of Ha^^tir bj t>"loiiRuii InW b. olbn; Veh.til».
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PRBPARATIONKyCOBRBSPONDENOB
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MB. HBNRT J. DBANB, PiUule
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K!R^ or mbUdilDI w Uialr inn HVWUtcH. bT uiW-'
MUDIB'S LIBEAEY
(UiaTSD).
BUBSOBIPTIONS for 8 Hcmtlu, « Hnik
And IS HonUu
OAM BX BHTBKBD AT Aflt DAK
THE BBBT and MOST POPDI*AB BOOKS
of tlie SEASON AKE NOW in
OnunTLATION.
TYPB-WBITING promptly and aocnntaly
doo*. lAd- ver 1,000 woTds. SiraplH and nrennocfl.
IlDltU>)|i[«^AddM,hliiB.ll..ig.UDcilD>rOn«mt.N.ir.
BOOK 8AUB DEPAETMENT.
Kuj Ibouud Bniplu OoBIm tl Book* alnn OV (III
IBtoDod Budk AlHahniBilwlsiiri -
BOOKS IN LEATHSB BINDDiOS
BDITABLB VOK
BIBTHDA7 AND WEDDING PBESEKTi
mYPE-WRITING— NOVBLS. MBDICAL
nftduuH—L HiLLi. il. Oialilvel] BUoct. BgdlDid.
HJARaAINd ID BOOKS.- BELLI Na OFF,
ABSISTAHT SOBOOL HIST BBSS.— Hisi
G^a^LM, Tnlned and CnH
ESTABLISHED 18S1. j
BIRKBEGK BANK,
Boatbunpton BoUdljifi. CbAcoarj Lidb. Lsodon. W.C ,
OURBBNT AOOOUMTS i
20 1 oa Uia mtslmBB DouUiLi b«luHM, n°/ i
/o -hBinot*«-nb.k..*loo. ^ /o "'
DHPO&IT AO0OIJNT3 j
W to S*, mw OXFOBD STREET;
, Bmmpton Bead, B.W.i «, Qous VM
StisM,K.O., LoiBOVi
And at 10-11, BHtuD Arc
lEWit Um-a. J. BAUOVS. H-f
aTOOEB AND 8HABEB.
PBANCIS RAVBNSCB0P7. Ma»agtr.
Tha LlbiVT aosUIiu about 1O0.000 ValiuiagfAKMli
r« jiUowwl to OooDtTT and Taa lo Town Haabfri. BmA
«a Ol« [rom 10 lUl iHll-nrt a CATALOSDK nr
dlUoD,lSM. ITOU.. nrBlBra.pTlaot]a.; 10 VaBb<n>ia
O. r. RAOBiBO WBIQHI. LLD.. BootatalJ HiilU"""
An American Transport in the Crimean War.
CHAPTER r.
The OM and the New Uedl'emDCBn Trade-The Tioneer BteuoBhip— AniTal
stHareeilles-TheChulFn-OrigiBodhe Crimeu W*i— French Hilarity
■acFuedea b; DleapiKiiolmeiU.
CHAPTEtt n.
The Paw»kb to Conotantinnple— KiminieeencH of Antiquity— Aahon! in (he
Dor nnol lea ' Dial nieret ted Klndoeu o( BDlOTman PnBha-CODetaatinopIe
and iro Sum>undin)[>i-Ttie PaFBHse lo tlie Crimea— Tbo Seaiwrt* and Ota
naltlearouuda— Survutiua at the Egglieh Camp- French Economy and
Hwi
Thr Miriakeot tha Al
CHAPTER III.
n Anln to the Orimea— Ravagta oI DiHBae in the Campo-Freoeb^
art Synlem oompared with Oar* in the ClvU War— Tha '"«™ "> t'
- - I ortHeMi- ■ - - - ■ ■ "■ -•
le'aeptnro ot IHe Malakoff and Bedan— A Viewor Ihel
prooE Fein lie Curiosity,
CHAPTBB TI.
nleiinii the Tnrkieh Bervifo-Tho Tark a Man of hie Worf-Ooo^Pp'"
Lililo Work-Our Pljil-wophio Chief Officer— The PAoha-e BedokKhei-in
Frieudabip- No Uie ror a Propeller.
HaflaESendiandh'
TIL
CHAPTER IV,
[I the French CuUinc-A T.ip to the KcBof Azo
—Return lo ilnraciLlee-Trip to Al^oria.
25S
CHAPTER THL
Mnalaphs Paeha «iae Awftke-We aio Hnnied Off to Enpalnria-A BoiCM ■■
ihc Black Bea-AUriiishPrigaloconioe to oor Aid— irnT»"'"P^
CHiPTEBlX.
The Blunrior of a Ilr.tioh General- A Poat-Mortam held by Mr. B»M»n
of hia Halipous Ideaa-rne Eod of the War ' ""
By Capt. CODMAN.
Fioattapieoe. 198 pp. Prloe 3s. 6d.
London: SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, HAMILTON, & CO.
23 June, 1900.
The Academy.
521
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MUST WITHDRAW ITS REMARKABLE OFFER OF
'XU ?lr$t Firtp >>ears of 'Puncb/ 1841=1891/'
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3LOO "VolxLaxLes ±
^F
AND A 26th
"THE HISTORY OF 'PUNCH,'" BY M. H. SPIELMANN.
ii
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J
522
The Academy.
?3 Junfi 1900
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■
I
I
The Academy
A Weekly Review of Literature and Life*
No. 1468. Established 1869.
23 June, IQOO.
Price Threepence.
[RigisUrtd as a A/ltvufa^J]
The Literary Week.
T01.8T01, we imagine, will find himself able to bear the
latest arrow of outrageous fortune with equanimity. The
Holy Synod of Eussia has issued a secret ukase excom-
municating him on account of his novel, Reiurreetion,
It declares that Tolstoi has shown himself clearly and
plainly to be an enemy of the Orthodox Christian Ohurch.
Among other sins, he is charged with distorting the sacred
text of the Gospel, finding fault with Holy Ohurch, calling
it a human arrangement, and so on.
Mr. OborgIb Moore has finished the first writing of his
novel SuUr Tereia, which we are informed is not a sequel to
Evelyn Intui, Suter Teresa was contained in the original
idea, and the publication of Evelyn Innee was decided on
because the book had lengthened out to 500 pages, and Mr.
Moore's publisher felt that novels of 1,000 pages in length
would demand some new form of publication not easy to
devise. 8uter Teresa will be as long, or nearly as long as
Evelyn Innesy and when the two books are brought together,
as Mr. Moore hopes they will ultimately be, the story of
Evelyn Innes will be the longest novel ever written about
one character, for together the two books will contain
nbout 300,000 words. As soon as Siiter Teresa is finished
Mr. Moore will begin to re-write Evelyn Innes. The two
books will be pubushed together probably in the spring
of next year.
Mr. Frankfort Moore writes (apropos of this remark
in our Bibliographical page last week: '^ Mr. Frankfort
Moore has just made Nell Gwyn the central figure of a
novel, thus following immediately in the wake of Mr.
Anthony Hope ") :
To prevent the confusion which might arise ftom oar
both addressing the 8%me lady, do me the favour to allow
me to remind you that the first of my " Nell Gwyn '* epi-
sodes appeared in the pages of Pearson's Magazine eighteen
months before Mr. Anthony Hope's '* Simon Dale *' had
begun its course in serial form. Your mention last week
of the fact that my **Nell Gwyn, Comedian," followed
hard upon " Simon Dale ** suggests that I was made aware
of the possibilities of the "Impudent Comedian" by
studying: ber portrait as painted by the master hand of
Mr. Anthony Hope. Though I daresay I might have done
BO with great advantage to my art, yet, having written and
printed my story, the privilege of followirg in the wake of
another novelist was denied to me.
Mr. Oharlxs Whiblby has marked his recovery from
severe illness by the completion of his editorial work on
the ** Tudor Translations.^' Vol. III. of Rabelais, which
comprises Motteaux' version of Books IV. and V., will
shortly be in the subscribers' hands.
Two literary clubs, the Johnson and the Whitefriars,
have chosen Stratford - on - Avon as the scene of their
annual outing. The Whitefriars Club has the advantage
oyer the Johnson Olub in that the members will take t^
60 we learn from the Sphere^ with Miss Marie Corelli.
Ahono the contents of the new number of the Anglo-
Saxon Review we note ''The Logic of Events," by Mr.
Maurice Hewlett; ''The Limitations of Art," by Mr.
W. H. MaUock; and "An Eclogue of the Downs," by
Mr. John Davidson.
Mr. Jambs Laite Allen's new novel. The Increasing
Purpose (formerly announced under the title of The Hemp-
hreaker)f will be published shortly by Macmillan & Co. The
key-note of the story is given in Tennyson's well-known
lines from " LockcJey HaU " :
Yet I doubt not through the ages one increasing purpose
runs,
And the thoughts of men are widened with the process of
the suns.
It is a little difficult to keep pace with Mr. Crockett's
exhuberant production. This week we review Joan of the
Stfford Hand\ this week, too, his newest novel, Little Anna
Markj is upon us. It has 446 pages, and begins thua :
" Come in hither, Joe Janet ! Here you will see at one
eye-blink the whole cursed pack kennelled, the lying
priest that slandered me, the fatted English calf that dis-
inherited me, and the gap-toothed old hound that begat
me — and did me other disservice beside ! "
Wb are asked to state that the New Liberal Review^ to
which we referred the other dav, will be a monthly and
not a weekly publication. It will be under the control of
Mr. Cecil Harmsworth.
With the opening of the Wallace collection in Hertford
House, Manchester-square, next week a most interesting
and valuable addition will be made to the galleries of
London. The collection which the late Lady Wallace
bequeathed to the British nation is housed in 22 rooms,
arranged as follows :
1. Portraits of Royal Person-
ages.
2. French Furniture.
3. Paintine of the Earlier
Sohoou, Majolica, and
limoges Enamels.
4. Sculpture Hall.
6, 6, 7. European Armoury.
8. Oriental Armoury.
9, 10. French and British
Schools of 19th Century.
11. Paintings by Oudry and
Despartes, and Minia-
tures.
12. French Furniture, &c.,
and Paintings by Cana-
letto and Guardi.
13, 14. Dutch Schools of 17th
Century.
15. French and British Schools
of 19th Century.
IG. Italian, Spanish, Flemish,
Dutch, and English
Schools.
17. Sdiools of 17th Century.
18, 19, 20, and Great Stair-
case. French Schools of
18th Century.
21, 22. Water-colours.
The book which Mr. Cutdiffe Hyne has arranged for the
benefit of the War Fund will be published, almost imme-
diately, under the title of " For Britcdn's Soldiers."
Messrs. Methuen, who are bringing it out, are giving
their services gratuitously. The contributors are Messrs.
Alden, Besant, Crockett, Homung, Hyne, Kipling, Mason,
Moore, Pemberton, Boberts, Eidge, Wells, White, Wood,
and Mrs. Croker.
524
The Academy,
23 June, 1900.
The issue of the ''Works of George Warrington
Steeyens " has begun with a volume entitled Thingi 8^en :
Imprsmons of Men^ Cities^ and Book*. The title hardly fits
such of the contents of the volume as the article on '' Mr.
Balfour's Philosophy," '*From the New Gibbon," or " The
New Humanitarianism." A golden-brown canvas has been
chosen for the binding ; the Hon. John Collier's admirable
portrait of Mr. Steevens is reproduced as frontispiece. Mr.
G. S. Street has selected and edited ; and Mr. Henley has
written the introductory Memoir, which, however, is rather
to be described as a critical appreciation. When Mr.
Steevens joined the Daily Mail, this is how he stood,
Mr. Henley thinks :
He had shown, not once but many times, that he could
understand. He was now to prove to admiration that he
could both understand and see: that, given a figure, an
aspect, an incident, even a great and notable passage in
afEairs, he could apply that admirable brain of his to the
task of observing and realising what he saw, on lines so
essential and so clean that, his faculty of speech tbrown
in, 'twas easy for him — almost too easy — to pass on the
final effect of his vision. This is putting it baloly enough,
no doubt ; and I do not know that it wiU make matters
very much better to note that, at the time of his recording
his impressions in the terms which made bis fame, he stood
alone among English journalists. To be sure, the capacity
he showed was not now for the first time shown in £&glish
journalism. Dickens bad exampled it, and that with '' an
immense and far-reaching mstinot of the Picturesque " (I
quote from memory, from Mr. Henry James); so had
Buskin; so had Meredith and R. L. Stevenson; so had
Budyard ]^pling. I do not think that Steevens was deeply
read in any of tSese writers ; and that I do not think so is
enouf(h to show that I hold him better versed in Greek
and Latin tlum he was in English. All the same, he was
cut out of the same stuff with them : the peculiar capacity
for vision and reahsation, which was theirs, was his also ;
so that his ''Omdurman," done amid the stinks and
horrors of the field, is like to remain a classic — and a
classic unsurpassed — for many years to come. He had a
sort of visual grip of things : not reckless, nor haphazard,
nor touched with sentiment; but alert, athletic, of an
absolute and unalterable serenity. I am told fand I
can very well believe) that a certain commanaer-in-
ohief , himself the hardest and sternest of communicants,
has, on his own confession, been more than once in-
debted to Gkorge*s despatches for essentials in his own.
The volume, to which we shall return, renews one's know-
ledge of the variety of Mr. Steevens' s work.
The strongest and most original appreciation of the late
Mr. B. A. M. Stevenson which has yet come in our way
is certainly Mr. Henley's in the Fall Mall Magazine, It
is a little startling to find Mr. Henley writing such sen-
tences as these of E. A. M. S. and E. L. S. :
Each is a loss to us. But I think, as I sit here writing
of both, that we shall get ten Lewises, or a hundred even,
or ever we get a Bob.
Certainly a little startling ; but Mr. Henley has a light
to the opinion. He suggests that E. A. M. S. was the
greater, though the less productive and definable man ;
and he places them in the relation of master and pupil :
Lewis [Mr. Henley *s spelling] Stevenson was, of course,
for all his weak lung, one of fortune's favourites ; but I
have ever thought, and I shall ever believe that, in having
his cousin for a chief iofiueoce in his begiDniogs, he was
especially favoured — favoured, it may be, even beyond his
di serts.
Mr. Henley is writing with E. A. M. S.'s talk in his ears.
The books of E. L. S. are before us ; but his cousin's talk
is returned to air, and perhaps no single register of it has
been kept. Not all able men write; some of the ablest
loathe writing. Mr. Henley says that E. A. M. S. loathed
it. '' His tnie gilt was tnat of talk ; and he had it —
Heavens ! in what perfection ! I think I've heard the
best of my time ; but among them there is but one
E. A. M. S." Here is his picture of E. A. M. S. mm
his listeners, in his own room :
Someone, bright-eyed, a little flushed, ever oonrtetxj,
ever kindly, ever humorous, taking any bit of the Unmty
as his theme, desoantiDg upon it as if he had a pmoriptiTt
right in it, and delighting everyone who hstoied by tL'
mifailing excellence, wisdom, sanity — (however mu» -
seemed at times I) of what he had to say. Says a fneD^t
his, and mine, in a letter announcing his death : " Hene
commentary, and that should ^o on for ever. Qood c»-
mentary on whatever God saw fit to provide. It Menu u
me to dwindle the applications of the Universe thstitcc
no longer serve for his interpretations." Had I^wii W
to reassert himself, and had it been possible for anyooec!
ns to sit and heed while these two — ^the Master aod tiir
Pupil— talked of That which is. That which must be, t&i
That which may be, then should we have heard about tkt
best that spoken speech can do.
Who invented the Circulating Library ? Mr. ArchiKi::
Olark, who tries to answer tiiis question in the Zi^ar?. >
properly cautious. Hints and projects there msy kr
oeen in abundance before the Rev. Samuel Fanccio:
started his circulating library in Orane-court, Fleet-strwi
next door to the Eoyal Society, about 1740 or \'t
Fancourt was a Nonconformist minister at Sahsbuiy, vL
was driven up to London by some quarrel with hu aii
gregation. Author, schoolmaster, and libraiian, is
struggled along for many years in London. Tiineiifi
saved few particulars of his methoda of working the Kbruy
which was governed by a committee. The subscripti-iB
was a guinea a year at first, but it was oonsldenbij
reduced later. Fancourt seems to have got together ak:
3,000 volumes, and to have attracted many subflcnbei?
but in the end things went badly with him, and he died 1:
Hoxton under tiie caro of religious i>eople in his ninetiei:
year. The details of his work in Orane-oourt are few ».
vague, and the interest of Mr. Olark's article would hw
been increased if he had given the titles of some 01 ti
more typical books in Fancourt's Catalogue ; for he wi
piled a catalogue.
Among books which have been " caUed back "-reiMQ«i
that is to say, to meet an entirely new demand— most '
numbered Major-Gen. Baden Powell's Th Do«»p f
Prempeh, first published in 1896. It is now rewsaedE
Messrs. Methuen's Sixpenny Library, with iUustraUow
« after " B.-P.'s own sketches. A few of the illusWo^^
however, do not appear to have been re-drawn. D.-r-'
•' Apology to the Beader " is a very characteristic doc-
ment. The reason for the book :
On every side I am badgered— and I supp'M that in^
of the other members of the expedition have heenaum-.
badgered — with the remark : ^
" Oh, you have c-me back f Now I do hope yoa ^
writing a book about it You are wastiDg your ofj^
t unities if you don*t." ^ t willUb
These importunities have reached a climax. 1 ^ -.
the plunge. I will shot myself up for four days, sna -
overhaul my diary.
The moral of the book :
should not be entirely fati^*:. ^Jj.
e it point a moral, and to save the rt^
the trouble of wading through its ttdious p^- ^^^,.
here at once say that the moral may be summea ^9 ]^^
A smile and a stiok will carry you through any a^^-
in the world, more especially if you act upon m ow
Coast Motto, ** Softly, softly, catchee monkey.
Me. T. W. H. Cbos'land, whose l^^D^o^^/^tli^j
popular feature of the Outlook, has repubhshed a «ej^^^
of these eccentric compositions. And for a railway ] /^
in which the jig of the lines may come ^^°^^^.
the jog of the carriage, they make good f^"^^^^^,
We take the liberty of quoting, and (by conauu*
That my tale
endeavour to make
23 June, 1900.
The Academy.
525
mutilating the most literary of these undeniably ** pleasant "
odes:
To Mb. W. B. Ysats.
• • • •
But, when it comes
To
The
Celtic
Muse,
I sneeze :
There is no such person —
That is to say.
The Muse of Mr. Yeats and his following
Is not Oeltic at all,
But merely the late William Blake
Done up
In green petticoats—
And William Blake
Was
ACkxskney.
I have not the smallest desire
To discount
Your great gifts, Mr. Yeats ;
I hold
That you have given us
A considerable body
Of decent poetry.
And I forgive you
Many things in consequence.
At the same time.
Until you expunge *' Celtic "
From among the epithets
Of your Muse,
Some of ns
Will never feel ourselves
Beally able
To swallow you.
Fabts 6 and 7 of Th0 Btstory of the Bo$r War (Methuen),
just issued^ are particularly mtereeting: they comprise
the fights of Modder Biver, Magersf ontein, and Stormberg.
Mr. Cunliffe's narrative flows with ease, and his commen-
tary is just and helpful. The illustrations are excellent.
Thb recent completion of the '' Eversley " Shakespeare
(Macmillan), in ten yolumee, is followed by its re-issue in
separate jplays, with Prof. C. H. Herford's introductions.
The ments of the ''Eversley" edition are, therefore,
simply retained in this subdivided edition. Prof. Herford's
introductions are very much to the point ; and his notes
are sound. The latter might have been different ; some
seem rather needless ; some that seem called for are not
given ; but to say this is only to say what is suggested by
every annotated Shakespeare. The reader's whole curiosity
cannot be satisfied in a handy edition ; a library of com-
ment must leave much in the dark. Alike for easy reading
or close study the " Eversley " Shakespeare is excellent.
Thb language of invective is seldom seen nowadays in
print ; but it can still be studied when an American Presi-
dential Election is imminent. We do not refer to the
slangy abuse of inferior newspapers ; but to the reasoned
denunciations of such a paper as the New York Nat%<m.
On the' merits of the questions now engaging the American
public we have no opinion to express ; we merely wish to
show that the blend of logic and wrath which is found in
Defoe, Junius, and other pamphleteers is not quite dead.
Uuder the title of '* The Idol," the Nation has a scathing
article on Mr. McKinley's career at White House, con-
cluding as follows :
The falsome adulation bestowed upon McKinley has
surpassed anything in the memory of tne present genera-
tion, and has be^ worthy of the subjects of a South
American Bosas. His reputation for humanity and states-
manship has been mined by keeping his mouth shut at a
critical time when Congress seemed driving towards what
the country dreaded, x et he has made no disguise of his
profession that the Constitution does not extend over him
ex proprio vigors, and that, as a rule, he has no veto for
any action whatsoever tak«n by a Bepublican Congress.
Complete party subserviency, a rare gift for wire-pmlinff,
a genius for cant and humbug, mark his public career boSi
in and out of the White House. Of courage — even of
genuine feeling unalloyed by selfish consideration— not a
trace. He has never coined a phrase that will be re-'
membered except to his shame, nor contributed one leading
idea to the political thought of the day. In spite of the
tremendous changes in the extent of national tenitory and
the Bepublican ideals wrought under his administration, he
must personally sink at last into the oblivion of a Buchanan
or a Pierce, but to a lower level.
That McKinley's renomination, a fortnight hence, is
inevitable we cannot doubt; nor do we jimge the pro-
babilities of his re-election according to our hopes.
*' It may succeed ; and if our sins should call
For more than common punishment, it shall, "^^
Ix the same magazine, Mr. H. B. Wheatley discusses
with acumen the new RuUb for Compilifig the Cataloffusi in
the Department of Printed Books in the British Museum^
recently issued by order of the Trustees. Cataloguing is
one of those things which looks simple, but is in fact full
of mysteries ; looks dull, but is in fact the breath of life to
eager librarians. To us there seems to be force in some
of Mr. Wheatley's criticisms. For example, by the
Museum rules Peers are placed under their surnames ; but,
as Mr. Wheatley points out, the Peer's name is lost in his
title ; we do not think of Marlborough as Churchill, and
in a score of oases the search for a Peer's book involves a
previous search for his family name — ^which is a nuisance.
Another of Mr. Wheatley s objections is directed to
Bule 11, which tells us: ''In the case of authors who
change their name, or add to it a second, after having
begun to write under the first, the heading is to consist of
the original name followed by the word ' afterwards,'
and the name subsequently adopted." Mr. Wheatley
points out how badly this works in the case of Mrs. Sher-
wood, a weU-known writer, whose works must be looked
for under her first name of Butt.
A still better example may, however, be instanced. Tks
well-lmown historian. Sir IVancis Palgrave (1788-1861),
changed his name from Cohen to Palgrave in 1823, but
before that date two trifling publications appeared under
his original name : in 1797 a translation into French from
a Latiu version of The Battte of the Frogs and Mice, made
at the age of eight and published by his father, and in
1818 a collection of Anglo-Korman Chansons, published by
himself. None of the works which made his name famous
were published under the name of Cohen, and possibly nine
hundred and ninety-nine out of every thousand readers are
ignorant that Palgrave ever bore another name. May we
not, therefore, object to a rule that causes his works to be
hidden away under the heading of Cohen ?
But surely there is a cross reference to Oohen under
Palgrave? If so, the reader has not much g^und for
complaint. In any case the force of these objections is not
easy to measure. The rules are founded, we must suppose,
on a vast number of instances, and a continuous and
detailed experience. We do not know that they are bad
because we see a few of their inevitable failures dangled
beforo our eyes. They must fail and perplex sometimse ;
but how often do they succeed ?
Therb is a useful account of Modem Persian Literature
in the June North American Beview, by Mr. E. Denison
Boss, Professor of Persian in University College. It is
probably news to many that Persia contains no printing
press, and that for the distribution of its literature it relies
entirely on coypists and on lithography. Early in the
present century a printing press was set up at Tabriz, but
Its career was brief and inglorious :
The unpopularity of type-writing in Persia is due to
two prinopal causes: firstly, the straightness of the lines
offends a Persian's artistic sense ; and, secondly, in printed
526
The' Academy.
23 June, i9&>
books the cJiaracter of the letters is entirely lost. The
same cause which leads a Persian to esteem so highly
great caligraphers makes him deplore all absence of
diaracter in a type-printed book. What most delights
him is a well- written MS., and he takes the same dehght
in the copyist's work as we take in the touch of an old
master. Failing this, he contents himself with a litho-
graph, which is usually the facsimile of the writing of
some fairly good scribe, and has, at any rate, a human
element about it.
Under these ciroumBtances it might be thought that no
very visible book-trade is done in Persia. But such is
not the case :
In every big bazaar a certain number of shops are set
apart for the sale of books. In these one finds the book-
seller— ^in his loog, dark outer mantle and his high, black
lamb's-skin hat — seated on the floor surrounded by his
little stock-in-trade. The front of his shop is open, like
a butcher's, while his books are either arranged in shelves
against the three walls, or in heaps upon the floor. His
collection usually consists of hthograph editions of Korans,
school - books, favourite poets and historians, but t^e
assortment is limited. Besides these, hidden away in a
comer, he of tea has one or two M8S. which he Las either
bought as a speculation or is trying to di<ipo8e of for a
friend«
Even lithography has not been much applied to the
multiplication of Persian standard works. Many of these
exist onlv in MS., while others have been lithographed
only by the efPorts of Indians and Europeans.
G. K. fi. publishes in the Sphere the following verses
by Mr. George Gable, the well-known American novelist.
They were printed in a newspaper a quarter of a century
ago, and wore written, Mr. Cable explains, on the birth
of his eldest child :
The New Areival.
There came to port last Sunday night
The queerest little craft,
Without an inch of rigging on,
I looked, and looked, and laughed I *
It seemed so curious that she
Should cross the unknown water.
And moor herself right in my room —
My daughter ! O my daughter !
Yet by these presents witness all,
She's welcome fifty times,
And comes consigned to Hope and Love
And common-metre rhymes.
She has no manifest but this.
No flag floats o'er the water ;
She's too new for the British Lloyds —
My daughter ! O my daughter !
Bing out wild bells, and tame ones too,
iSng out the lovers' moon,
Bing in the little worsted socks,
Bing in the bib aud spoon.
Bin^ out the muse, ring in the nurse,
Bmg in the milk and water ;
Away with paper, pen and ink —
My daughter I 0 my daughter !
Bibliographical.
As I write, Mr, Arthur Waugh's monograph on Robert
Browning is at the point of issue, and I read that Mr.
Stopford Brooke is at work upon the Browning Lectures
which are to be published as a companion to his book on
Tennyson. Few, perhaps — save Browningolaters — are
aware of the extent of the literature which has grown up
round Robert Browning. The ball was set rolling in
1885, when Mrs. Sutherland Orr produced her Handbook to
the Works. Then came an interval of five years, the year
1890 being exceedingly productive. Then it was that we
had from Mr. William Sharp his Zi/e of the poet, frox
Mr. Edmund (Josse his Penonaliaj from Mr. J. T. Nettle
ship his book of critical essays, froni Mr. E. Berdoe his
account of Browning's Menage^ and from Mr. W. G.
Kingsland his celebration of Brownin^r cus '' chief poet of
the age." In 1891 came the Life and ZetUre, by Mn. Orr;
the Guides by Mj. G. W. Cooke ; the Cydopadia^ by Mr.
Berdoe ; and the Primer^ by F. Mary Wilson.
Even more fertile was 1892, which brought with it
disquisitions by W. F. Revell on Browning's Criikud
of lAfe^ by W. Fairfax on Ms association with the Dram
and by Jeanie Morison on certain of his poems, toge&er
with an Introduction by Corson, a Primer by EjstherDefriei
and a collection by F. Galand of Sermons from Brwcninf.
In 1893 came a book of Studies (by F. Walters) 0/ Somt'cf
Browning^ s Poems ; also a discourse on Browning and
Whitman by 0. L. Triggs. In 1894 the poet was k
alone, but in 1895 we had A Few Words on him bjLE
Vincent, a discussion (by H. Jones) of his philosophic
teaching, and a volume of Studies by members of xh
Browning Society. Mr. Berdoe reappeared in 1896 r>i
a treatise on the poet's Christian F'aith, In 1898web>I
more Studies — this time from the pen of Mr. J. Fotfaerin^-
ham. Last year brought with it not only The LefUrt -
Robert Brouming and Elitabeth Barrett^ but a coUectioD 0:
Essays by Marion Little. And these details have to do only
with the books and brochures relating to Bro^niBg;ui
magazine articles I cannot here say anything.
In last week's Academy an esteemed corresponder
quoted the following lines as from '' a famous paroaj":
An ape there was once, i!i the days that were earlier,
The centuries passed and his hair became curlier,
Some centuries more gave a thumb to his fist,
Then he called himself man — and a Positivist.
The writer, no doubt, was quoting from memoij: kt
what Mortimer Collins really penned was, of coarse, tbia.
There was an Ape in the da^s that were earlier ;
Centuries passed, and his hair became curlier.
Centuries more gave a thumb to his wrist —
Then he was Man, and a Positivist.
This, obviously, is at once more concise and more ef ectire.
Nor is it correct to speak of the jeu tT esprit from which the
stanza is taken as a '* parody." It is part and parcel oi
Cbllins's British Birds, which is simply a rhythmic awj
in the Aristophanic manner.
I observe that somewhere in the provinces next v«»
there is to be performed a dramatic piece called "The
Publisher." I hope we may regard this as significant of
the position taken by the publishiii^ fraternity in ^^
social cosmogony to-day. Not that this will be by mt
means the first appearance of a publisher on the thestn(^
boards. On the contrary, so long ago as 1757 therfrflw«^«
persona of a comedy by Foote, called "The Author,
included a publisher named Vamp. Authors them3<'lp»
have always been tolerably conspicuous in the dramft^
There was one, called Luckless, m Fielding's " Antlwr«
Farce" (1730), and another, called Dramatick, in ''^^\
Author's Triumph" n737). Still, I do not think that
either authors or publishers are accepted as very n«wif
figures on the stage. They do not seem to possess for tne
public the element of romance. .. ,
It is understood that Mr. Whibley's new book, caUett
The Pageantry of Life, is to deal with notable fops a";
such-like. It is not a bad subject fas the elect would say.
because, although Beau BrummeU has been pret^ ^^
exploited, there are other men of his profession ^^^^
lack celebration. Beau Nash, for example, hw "^
but little discoursed upon. I remember a book, nam
The Wits and Beaux of Society, written by "G«f ^,
Philip Wharton," which had a certain measure of vog^«
a few decades ago ; but possibly Mr. Whibley i^ ^^
jEO much as heard of it.
Thb Bookvobh-
2^ June, 1900.
The Academy.
527
Reviews.
Written in 1862.
LoiVs CoiMdy. By Henrik Ibsen. Translated by C. H,
Herford. (Duckworth & Oo. 38. 6d.)
This English edition of the first of Ibsen's three great
satiric dramas in verse is an admirable one in every
respect. To a brilliant translation of the play Prof.
Herford has added a critical estimate which leaves littie
else to be said ; and in the matter of format the publishers
have done their part worthily. Prof. Herford has been
assisted in the won: of translation by Mr. William Archer,
who is alone responsible for the first twenty pages, and to
some slight extent by Mr. Edmund Gosse. The latter
critic, by the way, who was probably the first prophet that
Ibsen ever had in this country, remarked many years ago,
in an essay containing a number of extracts from Lwe*s
Comedy y that he had translated Ibsen's rhymes into blank
verse — '' a rhymed play being a shocking thing to English
readers since Dryden's day." Prof. Herford, at any rate,
has shown that a rhymed play in English need not be a
shocking thing. His ingenuities, his felicities, and his
occasional sheer lyrical force and beauty, could not easily
be over-praised. His version of Love's Comedy will
certainly rank with his version of Brand, Mr. Q-osse's
frt^ments, nevertheless, are extremely successful, and
there are moments when he can surpass Prof. Herford in
the adroit terseness of epigrammatic wit. Thus :
He loved her to the tones of his guitar,
And she responded on the harpsicord —
And first they lived on credit—
is distinctiy better than—
«
He loved her to the notes of the guitar
And she gave lessons on the violin —
Then all, of oourde, on credit they bespoke —
This is scarcely the time of day to enter upon a detailed
discussion of Zove^s Comedy. Written in 1862, the last
thing that Ibsen did before he turned his back upon
inimical Norway, it has formed the theme of ooimUess
dissertations since then. The public have long known all
about it ; now they are put in a pontion to know the piece
itself. The tendency of critical opinion has been, while
admitting the extraordinary talent displayed in the
comedy, to place it in a category by itself as a general
picture of manners rather than with the other dramas as a
piece d thSse, Mr. Gosse, for example, after dealing fully
with the first two rather stagnant acts, dismisses the third
in a few lines as something merely '^ tragical." It seems
to us that Lovers Comedy is just as much a problem-play,
just as typical of its author, as anything that Ibsen ever
wrote. The BxBt two acts, with their elaborate and
ferocious satire upon a society which insists on tui^ng
Love into prose, are but a preparation for the third, where
all the action and most of the lyricism is concentrated.
Brilliant as they are, the first two acts cannot be compared
with the third. Here the problem — whether or not Love
and Marriage are reconcilable — is stated and solved with
a simplicity, a poetical beauty, and a dramatic effective-
ness, worthy of the early direct vigour of a great genius.
Svanhild's superb outburst strikes the note of high song
at the beginning of the act :
O suffer me in silence still to dream.
Speak you for me ; my budding thoughts, grown strong.
Que after onu will burgeon ioto song,
Like lilies in the bosom of the stream.
• • • . •
Homeless within my mother's house I dwelt,
Lonely in all I thought, in all I felt,
A gu^st unbidden at the feast of mirth —
Accounted nothing —less than nothing— worth.
Then you appeared ! For the first time I heard
My own thought uttered in another's word ;
To my lame visions you gave winss and feet—
You young unmasker of the obsolete !
Httlf with your caustic keenness you alarmed me
Half with your radiant eloquence you charmed me,
As sea-girt forests summon with their spell
The sea their flinty beaches still repel.
Now I have read the bottom of your soul,
Now you have won me, undivided, whole ;
Bear forest, where my tossing billows beat.
My tide's at flood and never will retreat.
From this point, even through aU the reasoned dialectics
of Guldstad, the tension is never loosed till Svanhild's
final words are uttered :
Now over is my life, by lea and lawn,
The leaves are falling ;— now the world may take me.
We have said that the problem is stated and solved.
But we should hesitate to admit that it is solved in the right
way. Ibsen*s animus against the conditions of marriage
is too marked and too bitter to allow him to hold the scales
evenly. His conclusion is that love is bound to die in
marriage, and that sudden death, with a sort of after life
in memory, is preferable to this lingering torture of
extinction. Therefore Qnldstad, the sagacious bourgeois
and far-seeing Philistine, is '*put on'' to frighten the
lovers:
That heartfelt love can weather unimpaired
Custom, and Poverty, and Age, and Grief.
Well, say it be so ; possibly you're right ;
But see the matter in another light.
What love is, no man ever told us — whence
It issues, that ecstatic confidence
That one life may fulfil itself in two —
To this no mortal ever found the due.
But marriage is a practical concern,
As also is betrothal, my good sir-*
And by experience easily we learn
That we are fitted just for her, or her.
But love, you know, goes blindly to its fate,
Chooses a woman, not a wife, for mate ;
And what if now this chosen woman was
No wife for you ?
With such two-edged words Guldstad begins his attack —
an attack which continually increases in subtietv and strength
of logic — until at last the lovers yield, and, after they have
sought and found a pale voluptuous ecstasy in the sensa-
tion of parting for all eternity, Svanhild gives herself
nuldly to the ingenious and opulent Guldstad. But could
this have occurred so? Could a passion which Ibsen
would have us believe was of the sort known as elemental
have ended in so futile and so logical a manner ? The
event of a great passion is not decided by syllogisms.
The supreme lovers never think ; they feel. They never
measure risks ; they accept them. Had Guldstad's argu-
ment been a thousandfold more potent than it was, a great
love must have prevailed against it, brushing it aside by
mere instinct. Great lovers never yet parted except at the
bidding of a lofty sense of duty, and not always then.
Svanhud and Falk had no such motive for separation,
and, tiierefore, when they part we cease to believe in them.
For them to part was a transgression against human
nature. Human nature is more imperious than logic, and
life is not to be mapped out by the pen of reason. And so
it happens that the conclusion of Love's Comedy — brilliant,
beautiful, tender — ^while a triumph of symmetrical
rationalism, is a fatal lapse from essential truth. The
very core of it is false, and not all the pageant of genius
can cover up this disastrous secret. In Lovers Comedy
Ibsen has sinned the artistic sin of putting an environment
round an idea, instead of drawing the idea from the
environment. He invented a proposition, and tried to
demonstrate it by means of an art- work. But in art the
proposition, instead of preceding, must succeed the work.
Neither Prof. Herford nor Mr. William Archer nor
Mr. Edmund Gosse nor Dr. George Brandes seems to have
pointed out the fact that Lovers Comedy is the spiritual
528
The Academy.
^i J»ine, 1906.
complement of Gautier's Mademoiselle de Ifaupin. And
Theodore's final letter to Albert, after she has quitted
him, fails to convince in exactly the same way, and from
the same cause, that the last scene of Lovers Comedy fails to
convince. *'Oela durera six mois, deux ans, dix ans
me me, si vous voulez, mais il faut toujours que tout
finisse. ... A quoi bon attendre d'en venir Ik ? '' What
sweet dolour! What pretty melancholia! And how
ignoble an attenuation of Love ! Such utterances may be
the voice of reason, but the sublime madness of Tristan
and Isolde is more sane.
The Newman of His Time.
The ConfesBums of St. Auattstine. In Ten Books. (Kegan
PauL)
It is not a new translation of the famous Confeuions of 8t,
Augustine which Messrs. Kegan Paul have issued ; but it
is a new and limited edition, beautiful in letterpress and
parchment binding. It is so fine an edition that we are
the more tempted to regret the publishers did not depart
from the bad old precedent by issuing a complete transla-
tion. For, in accordance with the usual custom, the last
three books are omitted. It is true that these last three
books have no personal bearing, and are not of a nature
to interest the majority of readers. But that is a matter
for the reader mmself, not for publisher or translator.
Why should this, alone of all masterpieces, be subject to
arbitrary and sweeping mutilation, m an age which is
seriously indignant at the omission of the smallest
obscenity from any profane author ? We sincerely hope
that some publisher will have the enterprise to give us a
complete edition of the Confessions, leaving the responsi-
bility for all they contain, as it should be left, with their
illustrious author.
The fact that such an iniquity can be perpetrated, and
has for a number of years been perpetrated, without so
much as a comment, suggests that this famous book is
more familiar by name 3ian in fact. Even Byron talked
of it ; but when he said that St. Augustine '' in his fine
Confessions makes us envy his transgressions," one wonders
whether he had read it--as Byron was certainly the last
person one would expect to read St. Augustine. For any-
thing less voluptuous than the saint's account of those
'* transgressions " could not well be conceived: the
romantic reader will be disposed, indeed, to complain that
it is so meagre and dispassionate. In tru^, the reader
who approaches this book with expectations roused by the
customary manner of reference to it is likely to be very
considerably discomfited. Have the customary referrers
themselves any first-hand knowledge of it ? one is moved
to speculate. They suggest to the modem reader that
he will find in Augustine a classical Amiel, a regions
Marie BashkirtsefE — intimate details of early profligacy,
experiments on life, soul-questioning and world-questioning.
But to the reader accustomed to the very open door, the
extreme dishabille and unquailing ' ' realism " of the modish
autobiography, St. Augustine will seem very (dimmed
milk indeed. They will feel as if they had gone to a
theatre and come by mistake upon a piupit-orator. The
biography has not much detail accordmg to our ideas ; it
is cast in a most undramatic — we might almost say
un-narrative — ^form; and it is soaked through with the
religious spirit in such a fashion that you are not for a
moment suffered to forget the intense religious preoccupa-
tion of its author. To the student of character this feature
is itself a document, an integral part of the man, and there-
fore of the book's appeal. But to the general reader it
must come as a disconcerting surprise. He will have the
temerity to say that the great and lauded Confessions are
*' dry."
Yet if you will put yourself ia the proper attitude th«j
are not that : nay, if you put yourself, in the proper
attitude you will understand the traditional repatation 0!
the book. Conceive yourself a Christian — or, if you vi
a Pagan — in the days of Yalentinian the Emperor, whes
Ohristiwity was established, through the Imperial profo-
sion of it, but Paganism was the aristocratic and hsi^.
able creed. To be a Christian still meant to draw npoo
yourself cold looks and obloquy from your friends, if to:
were a member of the higher orders, as Augustine Bhon
us in this book. The question between Paganism utd
Christianity was a burning question, as full of vital 1^
to the hearts and consciences of the moment as kkold
Tractarian controversy (let us say) in its day. But tk
appeal was more instant, more universal. Upon 8nch 1
world came forth this book from the Newman of his tini*
a man who had gone through the gpreat internal strn^l^
through which thousands were g^ing, and had attauKd
high ecclesiastical rank, high reputation as a great ooa-
troversial writer, in the Church of his final adoption I:
was Augustine's Apologia pro Vitd Sud. This— and mon.
For it was a world entirely without personal literature of
any kind ; a world still feeding on the stately remains of
the classical authors, brought up on /their coldly impentnul
models, imbued with their impersonal literary tnditim.
And this man had gone through the great straggle
common to most of mankind — decide it how thej vul-
the struggle between the higher life and tlie loirer,
between fiie body and the soul, the beast and the angd
In this he had gone through more than the calm recliue
of Littlemore. Upon a world so without the very con-
ception of, or precMent for, personal literature he explode]
the record of that personal struggle. Belated simplj,
truthfully, without ostentation and without suppreanoo,
in so far as he undertook to relate it at alL Exploded a
the right word, for the effect was resounding. It vu
Newman to an age which had no precedent for a Net-
man ; it was Bousseau to an age which had not oonceiTed
in its heart the possibility of a Bousseau. It was the
mirror of what ail were experiencing h^d up before eja
which had never seen the likeness of a mirror. All which
to us seems human and charming was to them trebljso:
all which to us seems pale was to them magically and
startlingl^ frank. An added intimacy of detau vu
not conceivable to them. The reverberations of that first
ielatant sensation have come down the ages to us, im*
pressing modem criticism of the book witi^ the stress oi
accummated tradition. It is as difficult to speak inde-
pendently of it as to speak independently of Homer.
Tet when aU this has been deduced and allowed for,
there remains an undoubted residuum of eternal appeal
It was no traditional reverence which made Shelley ooo*
dense an exquisite quotation from it as a heading for
Alastor, " I was in love with love, nor had I aught wWoh
I might love ; and I sought for what I might love, being
in love with love." So it runs, as far as it is possible to
translate it ; and it suggests the reason of the Confeuiont
perennial appeal. For the quotation might stand as »«
motto of the Confessions themselves ; it represents the
whole strife and quest to which Augustine finally worked
out the issue which satisfied himself. It was not the usne
of Alastor ; but the quest in both was the same. So m^
as that is the quest of the human heart, to human hearts
the Confessions will have their interest.
For the man is very human, and has a very humtfi
history, notably human among religious biographies. "®
may well believe that his sins were forgiven him because
he had loved much. The brilUant boy of Tagaste, who
grew into tiie brilliant young teacher of rhetoric, nsa s
strong element of the poet in him. In a more propitious
age we may believe he would have been a P^®*L i
was an age when the hearthstone of poetry was owd, au
the most distinguished career open to such ^P^^ t
doubtless that of rhetoric. The dmfessione axe tall 01
23 Jufie, 1906.
The Academy.
529
poetic flashes. ''Too late/' he excUdms after his oonver-
sion, '' too late I learned to love Thee, 0 Thou Beauty of
ancient days!" The outburst is lyrical; it recalls a
modem poet, who laments
That life was once so low, and love arrived so late.
Poetry and philosophy make Platonism, and '' Plato the
divine" was a passion with Augustine: the two mile-
stones in his conversion are Plato and Paul. The open
humanity of the man shines forth at every turn. lake
Newman, he had a genius for friendship, and a magnetic
power of retaining it ; like Newman, he carried many of
it is friends with him even in his change of creed. There
was a natural ingenuousness and refinement in him which
caused him to retain an invincible modesty of demeanour
and an unstaled attraction even during the aberrations of
his youth. And, indeed, his very sensuality was singu-
larly unsecsual, strikin^y delicate for that age of un-
ashamed coarseness. In his early quest for ''quid
amarem" he did not scruple to search for and pick up
his mistress in the church itself — ^like that very different
personage, Mr. Pepys. But, having foimd her, he re-
mained absolutely faithful to her, and she to him, imtil
the date of his conversion— an affection which he extended
to the son she bore him. There must have been some-
thing unique, and uniquely fascinatin^y about the young
rhetorician's character, for such mutual constancy, in such
a period of society, and so irreg^ar a connexion. Nor
can his choice, one must surmise, have been a bad one,
apart from the nature of the tie itself. Who she was or
what she was Augustine never mentions : she passes from
his narrative nameless and aH but noteless. One regrets
that it was not his conversion which at last broke the con-
stant bond between them, but his mother's persistent
treaty that he should "range himself" (as the French
say) by a respectable marriage. And the immediate result
of the separation was simply, alas! that Augustine took
another mistress. Under the circumstances one feels a
compassion for the hapless girl, and no little impatience
with certain of the saint's biographers. One such, an
ecclesiastic, expresses his hope that the sinning woman
spent the rest of her life (in the convent to which she
retired) repenting her sin in having so long kept this great
servant of God from the Church to which he naturally
pertained. Seeing that it was Augustine (so far as may
be gathered from his own implication) who sought her,
not she who sought Augustine; seeing her fidelity till
she was set aside oy his own decree, a more unjust atti-
tude towards the poor child could not well be conceived.
We are tempted to hope (and suppose) that the saint spent
a considerable portion of his remaining life in repentance
that he seduced a tender-hearted girl, and, after years of
faithful cohabitation, abandoned the still loving mother of
his child to shame. Unfair as it would be, it is leas unfair
than the position of the ecclesiastical biographer. We
need hardly say that Augustine in no wise gives the
smallest countenance to this ungenerous and iniquitous
judgment. The saint was emphatically a gentleman —
after the ideas of his time. If he did not marry the girl
(and how many modem gentlemen would think it neces-
sary ?), he abstains from any slur upon her. He would
hardly view it as an honour to him that anyone should
cast on his poor victim the obloquy of enticement which
he never cast ; reversing their relations in a falsified zeal
for his glory. He, the seducer, made the seduced; she,
the betrayed, made the betrayer. It is not the attitude of
the Confeisumsy nor one which could be less than abhorrent
to the man who meant those Con/etsioru to be a disclosure
of his early flagitiousness.
How far, one may ask, has that purpose of self-humilia-
tion caused him to exaggerate his early sins ? It does not
seem to have led him into any intemperance of statement.
His errors, on his own snowing, were very much less than
those of most brilliant young men in the hejday of the
senses and the passionate search for happiness which hurried
him from Tagaste to Carthage, and Carthage to Borne
and Bome to Milan. But it has biased him towards
intemperance of judgment. His boyish lies, thefts, and
gluttonies are set forth with an ascetic rigour of con-
demnation. He even declares that when Christ said, " Of
such is the kingdom of Heaven," He must have spoken
allegorically of the low stature of children, since they are
too evil for the words to be literally understood !
But the mention of Aug^tine's childhood recalls what
is assuredly a main part in the undying human appeal of
this book. And that is Monica, his mother. She is one
of the great and beautiful female figures of literature, no
less than of history, as she is drawn by the tender touches
of her son ; she stands side by side with Antigone, Imogen,
Cordelia. The world will not forget the ideal record of
that long prayerful and patient pursuit of her child who
was gone astray, which drew from the old bishop the
declaration that the son of so many tears could not perish.
"Elevaverunt flumina voces" — ^the floods have lifted up
their voice; those floods of her year-long and life-long
tears, the voice of which is heard through the ages " with
the sound of many waters." That scene by night at
Ostia, when she sat with the son whose conversion had at
last been yielded to her prayers, discoursing of the heaven
into which she was about to enter, romains in its imearthly
beauty one of the memorable things in literaturo. That
alone would make the Confessions £vinely human, so long
as man is bom of woman.
Up and Down the World.
Travels Through the Alps, By James D. Forbes. Edited
by W. A. B. Coolidge. (Black. 20s. net.)
EanMes and Studies in Bosnia- Serugovina and Balmatia,
By Eobert Munro. (Blackwood. 12s. fid. net.)
Handbook for Travellers in Greece, Seventh Edition.
(Murray. 208.)
Handbook for Travellers in Constantinople, Brusa, and the
Troad. (Murray. Ts. 6d.)
An Illustrated Historical Handbook to the Parish of Chelsea.
By Beginald Blunt. (Lamley & Co.)
A THICK volume of nearly 600 pages now contains the
moro popular Alpine writings of the late Prof. Forbes —
writinfl;s familiar to every student of Alpine phenomena
and A^ine climbing. Four works are included, of which
the longest is Travis Through the Alps of Savoy and Other
Parts of the Penine Chain, originally published in 1843.
A scientific appendix which was added to the second
edition of 1845 has been omitted in accordance with the
editor's intention of presenting in this volume only
Forbes's narratives of travel and his more popular science.
While, however, the scientific appendix has been left out,
nothing has been taken from the learned survey of the
Mer de Glace at Chamonix ; and the chapter on " Experi-
ments on the Motion of Ice " also remams, to be studied
deeply or lightly at the reader's discrotion. The second
worK is the Journals of Exeursums in the High Alps of
Dauphini, Berne, and Saxony, originally printed at the end
of Forbes's Norway and its Glaciers Visited in 1861, and
now little known to Alpine students. The third work is
an article from the Quarterly Review for April, 1857, on
" Pedestrianism in Switzerland"; and the fourth is an article
from the North British Beview for March, 1865, on the
" Topography of the Chain of Mont Blanc." Mr. Coolidge,
whose editorship is simply the most competent that could
have been obtained, gives us a careful and condensed
biographical sketch of Forbes, whose Alpine career began
in 1839. The points on which he lays emphasis aro tiiat
Forbes was one of the earliest of British explorers of the
530
The Academy.
23 June, I9X>
High Alps ; was the author of the first detailed book in
English dealing with such explorations ; and was a link
between Saussure and the founders of the English Alpine
Club. The grand conclusions of the book — i.e., Forbes's
Theory of the Motion of Glaciers — remain as true as ever.
Science has practically rested on Forbes's discovery, and
Charles Kingidey's praise may be quoted to-day as freely
as when it was penned. " We have heard Prof. Forbes's
book on glaciers called an Epic Poem, and not without
reason. But what gives that noble book its epic character
is neither the glaciers, nor the laws of them, but the dis-
covery of those laws; the methodic, truthful, valiant,
patient battle between man and Nature, his final victory,
his wrestling from her the secret which had been locked
for ages in the ice-caves of the Alps, guarded by cold
and fatigue, danger and superstitious dread." It
was a happy idea to bind up with the '^ Epic " the
smaller but not less characteristic works of one of the
greatest of writers on the Alps. There are pages in the
Qttar^^r/y article on ^^Pedestrianism in Switzerland" which
call men to the Alps with a voice of power and priesthood.
The article was written shortly after the Crimean War,
and Forbes writes with eloquence :
We have all lately heard much of the inflaence of even
remote chances of danger on the minds of our gallant
officers and soldiers ; we have heard much of the transi-
tion from the indolence of barrack life to the privation and
I isk of the battlefield, and to the sobering, humanising effect
which it produced on minds possessing any tinge of noble-
ness of character. An Alpine journey is, perhaps, the
nearest approach to a campaif^n with which the ordinary
civilian has a chance of meeting. He has some of the
excitements, and many of the difficulties and privations of
warfare, without any of its disgusting and dreadfiil
features.
Prof. Forbes had the true "out-of-door mind," to use a
phrase of which he was fond ; and in this great volume
we meet science and manhood, brain and muscle, in a
happy combination. With all its specialism — specialism
of the scientist and specialism of the climber — these
writings glow and live as a book ; and we are glad that
they have been printed and interpreted anew.
The second and enlarged edition of Mr. Munro's work
is of great importance to the ethnologist. First published
in 1895, the book aimed ''to give an aboreviiEited
account of the attractions — scenic, social, and scientific —
of a portion of the Balkan peninsula, which, till lately,
was almost inaccessible and unknown to the people of
Western Europe." Mr. Munro is secretary of the Society
of Antiquaries of Scotland, and an archeeologist of high
attainments— liis books on ancient Scottish U^e dwellings,
the European lake dwellings, and on many curious pre-
historic problems being standard works. This reprint and
enlargement of a work of great interest derives importance
from the fact that the GK)vemment of Bosnia-Herzegovina
has abandoned its intention of publishing a bilingual
report of the proceedings of the Special Congress of
Archaeologists and Anthropologists, held at Saragevo in
1894. It was while attending this Congress that Mr.
Munro wrote his work, which now has the distinction of
being the only record in book form of the proceediDgs.
The book cannot be described as ''populw," and yet it
would be an act of folly on the part of even the ordinarv
traveller to knowingly neglect Mr. Munro's work, in whict
is gathered a great deal of sound information about the
archteology of this interesting comer of Europe, together
with much trustworthy inference and suggestion. Some
new plates have been added, and the omission of an index
from tlie first edition has been supplied.
Mr. Blunt's Chelsea guide strikes us as very good. We
wish the paper had been less highly glazed, and something
warmer in tint ; but these are small points, on which tastes
will diiler. Although Mr. Blunt makes little claim to
original research, we must credit him with a good deal of
originality. One perceives immediatelj tliat lie Lu
thought out a dear working plan. The book is arranged
on the basis of two itineraries, the first (the most interest-
ing) taking riverside Chelsea, the second striking inlani
For each of these itineraries a special map, not too largs
and very easily folded, is. supplied in a convenient jpart :t
the book, and on each the itinerary is marked in r&i
Once this simple ' arrangement is g^rasped, all is plain
Mr. Blunt squares his shoulders to the task of goidante.
It is, of course, along the river side that his talk becooes
glowine. Chelsea was essentially a river-side village, aaJ
the real Chelsea can be seen even now only from the ims.
There, or within sight of the water, the reverend things
of the place gn^up th^nselves: the church, Gazijiea
house, Turner's cottage, Lindsey House, Ch^rne Walk.
and the sites of Sir Thomas Morels house, Winche^r
House, Henry's YIII.'s Manor House, &c., &c. But vf
are not going to thread old Chelsea together. Mr. Blimr';
book is to be read on the spot ; every sentence is whtts
with that idea ; and, by the way, there are blank pagB«
left for your inmost thoughts as you gaze at the old bri<.k
house in which Bossetti could not persuade Mr. Meredid
to live. You don't know the story? Bossetti want&I
everyone with brains, and a heart at all like his own, t:
live with him. He asked Buskin, and Mr. Swinbartr.
and G. P. Boyce, and his brother William, and Mr.
Meredith.
Mr. Meredith rather irresponsibly agreed to oocnpj &
couple of rooms there, should the lease be eflBacted. Ol-t
morning, shortly after Bossetti moved ia, Mr. Merediu
who was living in Mayfair, drove over to Chelsea u
inspect his new apartments. ''It was past noon [Unsi^
Mr. Meredith's own account] ; Bossetti had not yet riseL
althoneh it was an exquisite day. On the breakfast tal>
on a huge dish, rested five thick slabs of bacon apc*i
which five rigid eggs had slowly bled to death. Prese&t2y
Bossetti appeared in dressing-gown and sUppers down st
heel, and devoured the dainty repast like an ogre." TLb
decided Mr. Meredith. He did not even trouble to lo;^
at his rooms, but sent in a qaarter's rent that aftenioc>i:,
and remained in Mayfair, where eggs and baoon iim«
presumably more appetisingly served.
We can recommend Mr. Blunt's guide to anyone who
wishes to explore one of the most fascinating* of London
suburbs ; it is a model of helpfulness.
Mr. Murray's excellent Handbooks to Greece and Con-
stantinople are each in new editions. In the Qre4^ the nev
French discoveries at Delphi have been carefully noted, and
the work of archaeological schools at Corinth, Melos, Pazoi
&c., has also been taken into account whenever neoessaxj.
The Constantinopk handbook contains a re-written acconc:
of the Imperial Museum, and the Map of Ancient C<m-
stantinople has been revised by Prof, van Milling-en.
Two Literary Exercises.
The Story of Ero% and Psyche from Apuleitu, and thf Ftrtt
Book of the Iliad of Momer, Done into IgngHsh bj
Edward Carpenter. (Swan Sonnenschein. 2b. 6d.)
Or the two pieces which make up this little book, tli-
writing of the former must have been by far the easier,
becaiise Mr. Carpenter merely retells the story, thus
drawing attention to his manner of telling, his literary
craftmanship ; he does not invite comparison with the
original or with Adlington's classic. It is quite otherwise
with his verse-rendering of the Hiad. Here it is inevitable
that two tests will be applied : are we helped to feel and
understand the original better from the rhythm and
lanraage of the translation? and is there sufiicient
vitality and interest in the narrative to hold the attention
of readers ignorant of Greek ? No one now, thanks to
criticism, dares to turn Homer into rhymed pentameters
23 June, 1900
The Academy.
531
(Pope's Iliad is an original poem, and not a translation) ;
and there can be little question that Homer flows better in
English hexameters thui Dante does in imitations of the
triple rhyme or Virgil in any of the ordinary metres. The
reason is not far to seek : it lies in the primitiyeness of
Homer's theme. His story is of a people just emerging
into civilisation. As Mr. Carpenter says, in a very uiort
but suggestiye introduction, *^0n the whole, it will be
found very helpful to mentally compare the Greeks of the
Iliad as to manners and customs with the North American
Indians or African Kafirs and Zulus a few years back."
It is this simplicity of subject-matter, both the words and
ideas being those of a pastonJ and seafaring folk living in
dans, which makes the hexameter — the least conventional
metre — eminently suitable for translating Homer. All
epics written in the youth of the world can be rendered
"with precision in the original metres. Morris's Beowulf is
much more satisfying in verse than a prose translation
would have been by the same hand. It is not so with
artificial epics like the iEneid ; the time, the atmosphere
cannot be transferred, and there is nothing for it but to
he content with prose versions. Mr. Carpenter's hexa-
meters read easily, the word-order is that of prose, there
, is no affectation of quaintness, and the meaning is always
as transparent as that of the original.
Let me not find thee again, old man, by the deep-bellied
warships,
Either tflSryinff now or turning back hereafter,
Lest^ indeed the god's sceptre avail thee naught, nor his
garland;
For her I never will free— till old age itself overtake her,
Far from her land, in Argos, as parcel and part of our
household,
Busy [by day] at the loom and sharing jnj couch [at
even].
We quote below dough's rendering of the same passage
for comparison :
Old man, let me not, by the hollow ships of Achaia
Lingering find you now, or henceforth ever appearing,
Lest to defend you fail the staff and wreaths of Apollo.
Her do I not release until old age come upon her,
In my house in the land of Argos, far from her country,
Stepping at the loom and in the chamber attending.
dough's translation of koi ifiov Ktvos avriwoaav ^^and
in the chamber attending" is preferable to Mr. Carpenter's,
and brings out much more forcibly the contrast ; otherwise
there is little to choose between the two versions. The
second is a little rougher, and the word-order slightly
more twisted. In both the translation is literal, and
proves the suitability of the metre.
Mr. Whibley, in his introduction to a reprint of Adling-
ton's translation (1566) of Apuleius' Golden Ass, refers to
the Eros and Psyche episode as '^ an interlude which,
although exquisitely planned and phrased, is yet the one
conspicuous fault of the book." Be this as it may, it is
nevertheless this intercalated fable which has made
Apuleius known to the many. It is not a little remark-
able that a story which seems to be as old as the hills, to
which neither time nor locality can be assigned, cannot be
traced back farther than the second century a.d., and that
Apuleius was the first — it is not conceivable that he could
have whollv invented it — to teU the story. ''To what
extent Apuleius may have amplified, and elaborated the
material that came to him, it would be impossible to sa^.
As a writer he is full of invention, humour, lively wit,
and varied learning and experience." Mr. Andrew Lang
has very carefully examined the fable, but without
establishing anything definite as to its sources. This is
the way in which the author describes the first sight
Psyche has of her husband Eros :
But the instant. the light fell that way, and the mysteries
of the couch were revealed, she beheld the very gentlest
and sweetest of all wild creatures, even Eros himself, ihe
beautiful God of Love, there fast asleep ; at sight of whokn
the glad flame of the lamp shone doubly bright, and even
the wicked knife repented of its edge.
But as for Psyche, astounded at such a vision, she lost
control of her senses; and, faint, and deadly pale, and
trembling all over, ftsll on her knees, and indeed would
have hid the knife in her own bosom, had it not nimbly
(as it were of its own accord) slipped from her hand. And
now, faint and unnerved as she was, it was new life to
her to ffase on those divine features . . . to see his dewy
wings of dazzling whiteness and fair smooth body such as
Venus might weU have given birth to.
Devon for Ever !
NummiU and CrummiU. By Sarah Hewett. (Burleigh.)
Love of coimty (to describe which some diminutive
variant of '' patriotism " ought to be coined) never reaches
so intense a degree of warmth as with Devonians.
Torkshiremen, Northumbrians, men of Kent, Comishmen,
all may be glowing sons of their especial soil ; but it is to
Devon that we go for the most exultant filial joy. Not
only in life, but in literature ; for what other coimty can
bring forward such pages as have been written of Devon
by Kingsley, Blackmore, Mr. Baring-Gbuld, and Mr.
Eden Phillpotts — ^to name these only ?
And now comes another good Devonian to do reverence
to the mother county : a smaller voice, it is true, but a
sincere one. Nummits and Crummits is a collection of
quaint Devoniana. To other historians Miss (or Mrs.)
Hewett leaves the highroad story — whereon the mile-
stones are such noble Devonshire names as Francis Drake
— and concerns herself merely with the byways. Her title
comes from this scrap of doggerel on ** Meal Times " :
A wee-bit and breakfast,
A stay-bit and dinner,
A nummit and a crummit,
And a bit arter supper.
Superstitions, weather saws, old songs, comic stories,
quaint personages --these are Miss Hewett's material, and
she sets them down ybty pleasantly. Bamfylde Moore
Carew is here, for example, and so is Joanna Southcott.
So also are the Cheritons, the North Devon savages, and
though one now and then may regret that the delicate
hand of a woman is setting forth their histories, rather
than that of a sociologist of sterner stuff, yet they lack not
interest.
In the Cheritons we are particularly interested, because
they are so recent: this wild family of Amazons and
Ishmaels dwelt in primitive barbarity within sixteen miles
of Exeter, as nigh our own day as the seventies. The
Cheritons lived on their own freehold in a state of un-
paralleled undeanliness and tribal completeness. The
patriarch of the family favoured, like Dioffenes, a barrel
uned with bra^e fern. They married not but multiplied
exceedingly ; they stole, and now and then laid waste
the neighbouring farms; they obeyed no laws and
treated all strangers with violence. At length, in the
seventies, the march of civilisation proved too much for
them and the Cheritons disappeared. That is as far as
the stoxy goes. But the point is, where are they now ? It
would be worth while to track down some of the
descendants. A stock that clung so picturesquely to the
old order would make a good study.
Among Miss Hewett's stories we like best the report of
the goose stealing case. Mr. Lambshead's goose Sally was
stolen by Samuel Scrane. Mr. Lambshead went to Scrane's
and identified his property. After Mr. Lambshead had
given the court the account of this identification and the
goose's joy at regaining his master, this dialogue ensued :
Maqistka.tb'8 Olekk : This seems far too ridiculous for
belief. Did anyone witness the mutual recognition be-
tween you and the goose.
532
TKe Academy
23 jutkc, 1906^
Lambshead: Whativer be telling about, sir? Yon
spayketli fK> fine there's no understanding aVee; but
s*pose you be axing who 'twas zeed my guze S^e re-
cognise me ? Why, then, when I went to Sci*ane's 'ouze,
Billy Chubb and Nick Stradles went with m^, and they
both aw'm zeed Sallie rin tu me.
Magistbate's Clkrk : Did you, Chubb, see the goose
when she recognised Lvnbshead ?
BiLLT Chubb: 'Ess, by Gk>r, I did, and 'twas a sight
for sore eyes, I kin tell*ee, for when thickee old gennelman
went yore and caled she, 'er 'umed tu'n a-hissing and
a-tissing as if 'twas 'er father. When us luked into the
back-'ouze nobody cude tell wan guze from t'other ; but
the very instant 'er master spoke, 'er up and 'umed tu'n
and rubbed 'er 'ead agin his legs so loying as a cheel.
Mr. Lambshead mutched 'er down awver ^r head and
neck and 'er was so plaized as Punch, 'er was.
Miss Hewett does not always tell stories well. We do
not consider her version of the old story of the parson and
the pup is so good as the simpler non-Devonian form. It
will be remembered that a visiting parson, conversing
after service with the derk, excused the shortness of his
sermon on the ground that his dog ate up some of the manu-
script. Whereupon the derk is made to say : '' Lor ! now,
zir, did 'er ato um all up ? I wamdee yu widden mind
letting our passen 'ome yer have a pup of your dog,
widdee now ? for he du mappery a darned sight tu long tu
plaise us, most times." Now, that is altogether too long.
The point comes out with more distinctness if the derk is
merefy made to reply, earnestly: ''I wish, sir, you'd
let our parson have one of her pups."
Literature.
Th Ehodetiam, By '' Stracey Chambers." (John Lane.)
The South African difficulty has produced a great deal of
writing but very little literature. This little book is,
however, literature. It is very grim, very sordid, very
slight ; but it lives. It has the true note. And not only
is it authentic, it is also shapely. The author is an im-
pressionistic artist, with a particular gift for separating
the important from the ummportant. Taken piecemefu
the book is, as we have said, very slight ; but the cumula-
tive effect is extraordinary. So quietly the author adds
detail to detail that one may at the moment miss her purpose
altogether; but then, after laying the book aside, the
picture begins to assert itself, and goes on growing, until
one's mina is filled with a disheartening impression, in
which are blended tho hot sun, the poor little struggling
wives, the tawdry townships, the aown-at-heels bread-
winners, the seamy-lived speculators, the resentful Kaffirs,
the dust, the heat, the whiskey, and all the other in-
grediento of financial imperialism and immature colonisa-
tion.
As stories pure and simple, these episodes will probably
be voted dull. It is too much to expect a public accus-
tomed to unfaltering symmetry in romance to oe interested
in such wayward and ragged emotions aa have play among
dispirited colonists in a aisappointing tropical El Dorado.
Whether they are really dull or not is a matter of tempera-
ment. Pe.'sonally, we have found them interesting. Best
of all, perhaps, is " The Knot in the Loin Cloth," which is
both a narrative of fact and a terrible little parable of the
white man's progress. A passage from the beginning of
this masterly story will illustrate the author's direct
method. A few Englishmen — loafers, tramps, officials —
are lounging about a store when a consumptive Kaffir
comes into view, limping through the heat.
A man reclining in a deck-chair looked up with an
imprecation : *' Trust the bloomiag Kafir to make himself
a nuieance ; if it isn't their bally crops, it's their precious
bodies- anything to upset the labour market— curse them !
It*8 their climate ; so why can't they stick it, that's what
I want to know P "
But no one present finding himself in a position to satre
this enigma, his inquiry remained unanswered, acd he
was forced to fall back for solace on an ancient number cf
the Strand Magazine.
Meanwhile, the black speck on the road loomed Lu^a.
** The boy " bore the customary long stick, to which wu
fastened his various goods and chattels — a cookiDg-p:^
and accordion (tied up in a red handkerchief), a brigpfatly-
coloured blanket, and the boots he had taken off wkt-n
fording the swollen stream a mile or so back as well as to
flounder through the Bquelchiog slash, for no primitire
Kafir ever cares to soil his foot-gear, which he weai>
more with an eye to personal adornment than use. The
group of men, having nothing better to do, took stock cf
the black, as he slowly, and with evident weariness aii>i
pain, made his way up the slight ascent.
*' The brute's about ready to peg out," observed one of
the railway men.
'* Takes a dam'd'lot to kill a nigger," retnmed anotkeE.
" I remember passing him upon the PaUsbury road
about two days ago, and he looked about re idy to oorpa
it theu," remarked the older of the two tramps, " and Ffs
not been traveUing fast."
'* A mine boy," again observed the first speaker ; *' th<>T
all seem to go that way when they've worked the * lov
levels ' any iime— no stamina."
'* Or too frequent * shifts,' " suggested another. '" I'k
dashed if I know how any man, black or white, can atai.!
the fumes of the dynamite without caving in.'*
The matter of the story we shall not reveal. The reader
must seek the book for it.
The author of The Rhodesiani^ we would say in ood-
dusion, has done with her few strokes more to bring
European Ehodesia home to us than scores of the Char-
tered Company's blue-books and huge volumes could do.
She has performed a remarkable impressioniatie feat.
Other New Books.
ks Old Family.
Bt Monsioxob Sktot.
Here American aristocracy lifts up ite head. The author
is tho Koman Catholic Bishop of Jersey City, and a
descendant in the oldest cadet line from the main branch
of the 8etons~viz., that of Seton of Parbroath. He gave
forty years to the collecting of his material — a circumstaDc^
which, he thinks, requires some apology in view of Pauls
advice to Timothy and Titus to '* avoid foolish questions ''
and '' endless genealogies." Alas for Paul, the more recon-
dite the questions and the more endless the genealogy, the
greater the temptetion to explore both. Moreover, the
provocation of the '* insolence of wealth " and the claims
now '^ advanced in every direction by Americans who
aspire to Society " has strengthened the author's impulse
to record the history of the Seton family and its American
branch. The name of Seton is reverberant with Scottish
history, and even to those who know least about it it is a
kind of shibboleth. One expects it to emerge from almost
any song or tele of Scotland, as in the Lord of the Itles :
Where's Nigel Bruce, and De la Have,
And valiant Seton — where are they r
Where Somervile, the kind and free P
And Fraser, flower of chivalry P
The Setons, like all Scotland's noble families, were of
Norman origin, and they are of the few families who can
be traced right back to Norman soil.
All this is set forth in procession by the author.
Throughout this portion of his work he is but following
in the footsteps of other historians of the family, notablj)
of course, Sir Eichard Maitland of Lethington, who
annalised the family down to 1599. A completed history
of the family, by Mr. George Seton, was published four
years ago. In general interest the best pages in Dr.
Seton's work are those in which he describes his own
•.»
^3 June, 190b.
The Academy*
S3^
^
.4-.
IR
t I
bhildliood in his father's mansion on an estate now
practically swallowed np in New York :
liVe were brought up in aristocratic seclusion. Our
Ancient Scotch descent, our gentle English connexions,
and the social superiority of our family were made familiar
to lis from childhood ; while the heirlooms and miniaturesi
and old letters with armorial seals upon them, woidd be
tangible witnesses of oar association witii other lands and
otlaer ages. . . , Oiur nearest visitors lived five miles
aiw^ay. . . . Our only railroad station was William's
Hrmdge, three miles distant, which my father used to say
^WAS quite near enough to a gentleman's house ; and he
iisiaally preferred to drive the twelve or fifteen miles down
\^e old Boston post road, through West Farms and
Sarlem, to the City. like all the Colonial families, my
father had a stock of old Madeira. . . • The late Cardinal
(then Archbishop) McCloskey, who was a guest, spoke to
nie once about tlie inestimable flavour of that wine. . . .
The fire always seemed brighter and pleasanter to me
because the hickory and chestnut and beechwood logs and
the hemlock cones came from our own place. . . . Our
Fourth of July fireworks used to gather the villagers to
o jr front lawn, which was free that evening to all.
What a novel there is here ! This island of peace and
pride being overtaken by railways, trusts, electricity,
** notions,'* and New York — even by patriotism, for Dr.
Seton says that theirs was the only house around which
either had a flag, or ever thought of raising it. Dr.
Seton is amply justified of his long labour.
FBAifCE Since 1814. Bt Babon Pierre de Coubertin.
Bazon Pierre de Coubertin's work, or the greater part
of it, has, if we mistake not, already appeared in the shape
of a series of articles in one of the English reviews, though
no mention is made of the fact in this volume. However,
that does not detract from the interest of this study by a
capable observer of a most important period of French
history. M. de Coubertin holds, and nghtly, we think,
that historians have made a great mistake in splitting up
the history of France since the death of Napoleon I. into
periods perfectly distinct from each other. All these
phases have a continuity which M. de Coubertin en*
deavours to bring out, and with success, though perhaps
all his conclusions will not meet with universal acceptance.
Three French nations have been struggling with one
another during the past century ; in the centre the real
French nation, which has always called for repose. '* She
is naturally somewhat apathetic, and suffers herself to be
circumvented rathcpr too easily ; but, after all, she is the true
France, and it is impossible to understand her history if
we do not see in her the victim of those others, Re-
actionaries and Jacobins, who for eighty years have
outraged her turn by turn." The Eeactionaries and the
Jacobins have always entertained a lively hatred for each
other, and the true France has suffered in consequence.
But M. de Coubertin holds that the Hundred Days was the
period of greatest misfortune for modern France. In 1814
Louis XYIII. had come back as a heaven-sent sovereign,
and no one imagined that his throne could be overturned.
The ease with which he fell in 1815 destroyed the prestige
of the Boval family, and paved the way for the intermin-
able revolutions and disturbances which have followed.
Those interested in the France of to-day will find this
book suggestive and informing. (Chapman & Hall.)
Oxford Bowino. By the Rev. W. E. SnBRWooD.
Mr. Sherwood, it will be remembered, rowed for Oxford
in 1873 and 1874, and, with a few gears' interval, has been
treasurer of the O.U.B.C. ever since. He is, therefore,
peculiarly fitted to deal with a matter which has demanded
much patient research in official and other papers, and
the result is a book worthy of the subject The first half
of the volume is the more interesting, and deals with the
history of rowing and of the various races of Oxford from
the earliest known time. Incidentally Mr. Sherwood
points out that Thackeray makes the Eev. Bute Crawley
stroke the Christ Church boat in his undergraduate days,
taking ten years to pay off his college debts, and accom-
plishing this in 179 — . Thackeray thus antedates the
races at Oxford by at least thirty years : a curious and
interesting little bit of criticism. The larger half of the
book is taken up with statistics of the races. There are
two excellent indexes, and the volume is well illustrated
with photographs and with reproductions of old prints
(Henry Frowde.)
Fiction.
Joan of ihs Sword Hand. By S. B. Crockett.
(Ward, Lock & Co. 6s.)
A MAN in woman's clothing — that was the charm of
'* Charley's Aunt." The same, and the converse withal,
constitute the charm of Joan of the Sword, All resemblance
between the play and the novel there cease ; in the former
case ludicrous incongruity was the object ; in the latter —
whatever the object-— a grateful warmth and intimacy of
sex-feeling is the result. Absurd as it may seem to those
who think of Mr. Crockett as the ex-minister, his new
novel contains more than a touch reminding one of Mile,
de Maupin and Eosette. The pleasant trepidations which
he excites in an unaustere critic are enhanced by the fact
that he has laid his scenes in regions contiguous to that
ruled over by Hugo of '' the Bed Axe," and has fixed his
period a few years after that hero's accession to the mythi-
cal princedom of Plassenburg. There is really no limit to the
riot a man's fancy can run in a country and an age which
are both of his own invention. Yet Mr. Crockett dpes set
himself a limit. True love is instant and irrevocable in its
pages and marriage is the goal of even the basest of his
characters. But ms rhetorical flourishes would still bear
subjugation. ''I am the Duchess of Hohenstein," says
Joan, '* and I do not leave this boat till I know in what
place I am, and who this may be that cries ' Follow ! ' to
the daughter of Henry the Lion ! " And rhetoric bedizens
even the supreme moment when a desperate woman is
about to flre the enemy's powder-magazine. Needless to
say, when the heroine's brother '' knew very well that he
was going to his death . . . none would have discovered
from his bearing that there was aught upon his mind of
graver concern than the fit of a doublet or, perhaps, the
favour of a pretty maid-of -honour." But, for all that,
Mr. Crockett is master of a very vigorous and picturesque
style ; he knows and reveals a great deal about woman-
nature, and he has a sense of humour which can express
itself in whole scenes and not in mere intermittent guffaws.
The Cardinal's interview with the Pope, for instance,
is an excellent piece of comedy.
The Angel of Chance, By G. G. Chatterton.
(John Long. 6s.)
Changs was certainly an angel to endow an ill-provided
orphan with £4,000 a year ; but the title of the stoxy, and
its rather pretentious motto, do not prevent the reader
from being slightly bored by the obvious lack of artistic
intention which characterises the performance as a whole.
Rachel Meredith swims beautifully, and her admirer, who
has made her acquaintance in the water, loses his prefer-
ence for the affected and petite woman. Of the latter we
are told : " She fluttered away in the froth of the waves,
and down she sank finally in the salt sea-water, where
floated unconsciously the leg of Rachel Meredith above
her grave ! " Such jocosity is slightly inept,
Mrs. Grundy is displeased when she discovers that the
pair have swum to shore in curtailed raiment to avoid
spending a night together on the pier, and her anger
causes their abrupt separation. The reader is sorry, but
534
The Academy.
23 June, 1900.
cannofc fail to remark that they might have had the in-
telligence to throw their discarded garments into the sea
instead of leaving them as compromising evidence on the
pier.
A horrid system of punctuation, and a tendency to a
frank ugliness of phraseology, do not conceal the fact that
Mr. Chatterton is master of a clever and engaging style.
The bits of seascape and landscape which he profiers us
are touched with personality. Here is one who can speak
of '* purple willow-herb and golden hawk weed, campion red
and white, the speedwell thrusting bright blue eye up
through the delicate yellow cinquefoil. He is hiends
with Nature. His rector and curate, too, are very well
done, the former so chronically comfortable, the latter a
^* dusty cyclist with [a] bag of infant's clothing swung
cumbrously from his machine." Poor, awkward altruist,
it is a pity that he fell in love with the heroine when he
could not even open a gate properly ! In fine. The Angel
of Chance is a pleasant book, though, as we have suggested,
deficient in motive power.
Outbidden.
Br Fox BrssBLL.
Notes on Novels.
[^The9e note* on the weeVs Fktum are not necessarily final.
Reviews of a selection mllfoUawJ^
The Knights of the O&oss. By Hbnbyk Sienkiewioz.
The size bf this novel is appalling. It is issued in two
volumes, cidled '^ First Half " and '< Second Half," and is
accompanied by a '' group " portrait of the author and
his translator, Mr. Jeremiah Curtin. The work should act
as a kind of sandbank in which the American enthusiasm
for historical novels can bury itself. The period is that
of the Hussite Wars, wars which arose out of '^ ideas of
race and religion which were bom in Bohemia." (Dent.
2 vols. 6s. each.)
African Nights' Entertainment. By A. J, Dawson.
We have here fifteen stories by the author of Bismillahy
full of verve and colour, and dealing with the contact of
Europeans and Moors. The sixth story is typical, and
tells how Glare Maybum's soul was fired and melted by
Moroccan life, its heat and hues, its veiled women, its
despotism and stoicism, " the unchanging picturesqueness
jof me Thousand and One Nights, the dramatic inevitability
of the Old Testament." All this was very detrimental to
the claims of her engaged lover, Algernon Taunton, with
his milk and water correctness, his ^' impossible checked
knickerbockers, his Chippendale legs . . . and his little
' remarks about ' Oriental effects.' " The Byronic happened.
(Heinemann. 6s.)
Blix.
By Frank Norris.
'* A Love Idyll/' by the a])le author of Shanghaied
and Mclhagae. Blix is the nickname of the heroine,
given to her by Cond6 Bivers when they decide on a
Platonic friendship. Blix is San Francisco girlhood at its
whitest, ripest, best. Oonde writes stories, and is just
" convalescing from Maupassant " when we meet him.
Blix's family, the Bessemers, supply some delightful
youngsters. Novels are written, and sunsets dye the floor
of the Pacific. The story makes for fun and happiness.
(Eichards. 3s. 6d.)
Social Sinners. By Emile A. Palier.
An extremely crude story of politics and adultery. The
hero, in the height of hia ambition, is a candidate for
Congress, a husband, the father of two illegitimate
children, and the lover of a third woman. Much of the
story reads very much like a vulgar police report. (^New
York : Abbev Press.)
A sporting novel by the author of Cross Country Remi-
niscences, Hounds bay through the book, and horses
leave hardly room for the characters. ^^ Lovers in truth
they were," we read at last, '* though Jack Stanforth and
Geraldine Leycester have been married for eighteen
months or more. ... A ^and-looking bay horse trots
up at sound of the familiar voices, and rubs his nose
anectionately against Jack's sleeve and Gteraldine's hand."
(Everett. 2s.)
By Anna^
Daughters of Pleasure. Gomtesse de Br^ont.
A story of theatrical life, its jealousies, and dangers.
We are much in theatres, before and behind the scenes ;
and in the end the three heroines, Athene, Hera, and
Neara, emerge with laurels, characters, and husbands.
(Greening. 6s.)
The Beautiful Mrs. Leaoh, By Winifred Graham.
Unhesitating melodrama. Marriage in the first chapter
is followed by murder in the second, and there is mystery,
sin, rouge- et-noir, "The Avenging Voice," &c. But at
last : " He laughed gaily at her words, catching her to his
heart, and the gold-fish rose upon the surface of the still
water to watch that fond embrace." (Ward, Lock. 3s. 6d.)
Caged!
By HeadOn Hill.
Some misprints are funny. The first sentence of this
"Romance of a Lunatic Asylum" reads: "It was in
1857— the year of Mutiny and Terror, when the cries of
women and children went up to Heavan for mercy and
found it not." Somehow — we don't know why — ^this quite
prepared us for Plash Alf and his crimes ; and the g^esomie
"Grey House," where a series of heartrending shrieks
suggests to the proprietor " one of those pretty dears in
the refractory ward " ; and the diamond worth £60,000,
to steal which Flash Alf goes to India while other
characters lanc^ish in the Ghrey House. " You had
forgotten the old well ? " says one of the characters. But
the author has forgotten nothing. The story is all excite-
ment. (Ward, Lock. 6s.)
The Prison House.
By Jane Jones.
" A young man married is a man that's marred " is the
quotation over the fourteenth chapter, and over the
fifteenth: "Slowly, slowly, slowly the days succeeded
each other." It was the case of a man of the world
married to a woman who knew nothing, and shrank from
London, and evil, and life generally. She disliked Society,
and wanted her husband to go to church. " Every Sunday
morning and every Sunday afternoon Mary wresded for
her husband's soul." A second woman appeared, and had
her reign ; then came what little balm was left in Gilead.
A sombre story. (Blackwood. 6s.)
Spun Yarn.
By Morgan Bobertson.
Sixteen stories of sea life, naval and mercantile. The
second story, " The Brain of a Battle-ship," ends
gloriously : " ' Bise up,' said Mr. Clarkson, as they
surrounded him ; ' ' rise up, Daniel Drake Nelson
Farragut Finnegan. You are small potatoes and few in
the hill ; you are shamefully drunk and your nose bleeds ;
you are stricken with Spanish mildew, and you smell
vilely — but you are immortal. You have been a' diagraoe
to the service, but Fate in her gentle irony has redeemed
you, permitting you, in one brief moment of. yoiir mis-
spent life, to save your country the command of the set^ —
to guide, with your sub-conscious self, the finest battle-ship
the science of this world has conatructed to glorious
victory.' ... But Finnegan only snored." (Richlu^s. fo.)
23 June, 1900.
The Academy,
535,
THE . ACADEMY.
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A Novelist of the Unknown.*
£vEBYONB knowB that Mr. Wells, as a novelist, has two
fields of vidon. Broadly speaking, one is stellar, the other
mundane. In the one he looks for big things that may
be, in the other for little things that are. He must be a
singular reader who is not struck by the divergencies of
power which have given us the Time Machine and Mr.
Hoopdriver's bicycle ; which have shown us the Martians
devasting London, and Mr. Lewisham devastated by love.
Yet we would remark that the distance between these two
fields is more than obviously great. For whenever Mr.
Wells returns — we had almost written ^' homeward plods
his weary way " — from Mars, or from the forward abysms
of Time, to this dull little nineteenth-century Earth, he
straightway throws o£E the trappings of distances and eeons
.and sits down to depict suburban manners. His gestures
no longer connote measureless ether, or a fifth sense. He
does not even call the nations into his study, like Mr.
Kipling, or desire, with Stevenson, to dwell in the utter-
most parts of the sea and be the Ariel of Literature. Un-
si>oiled by the influences of the Pleiades, he dissects the
mind pf a Kensington draper's-assistant ; unblinded by
visions of Science in her glory, he tells us how a student
jilted Science for a poor girl in Olapham.
Now there is one description which appHes to Mr.
Wells in both these characters. To discover it would be
something of a feat if it were anything more than this :
that in both he is breaking fresh g^und, in both he is an
explorer. Not in Mars and not in Olapham has he stepped
in another man's tracks. Hoopdriver, with his pins and
aspirations, was as much to seek, really, as Graham and
his flying machine. So far, then, Mr. Wells is revealed
as the most enterprising of novelists, exploiting a planet
and a draper's shop as calndy as Cinquevalli tosses a
cannon ball with a pen. But the simile — like every simile
— calls for correction. There are profound literary
differences to be named and considered. We deny in toto
(to use a loved phrase of Smithers in Love and Mr,
Lewisham) that Mr. Wells's stellar novels are to be com-
pared with his mimdane novels. That seems a strong
view, but it is our view. We hear an opponent blurt :
" Consider the imagination of The War of the Worlds?^
But the word ^* imagination " does not satisfy us here.
Four-fifths of what passes for '^ imagination " in Mr.
Wells's scientific novels is not essential imagination ; it is
rather the skilful — the absolutely daring and decorative —
use of science. It is science in purple ; science producing
her "efEects" — the glory and smoke of the "experiment";
science rehearsing what she will be. When Mr. Wells
appears to be soaring, he is really only calculating
generously ; when he seems to be creating, he is oxdy
playing behind the professor's back ; and the ladder by
which he climbs, immeasurably aerial though it seems, is
an extension ladder taken from the laboratory cupboard.
♦ The Time Machine. By H. G. Wells. (1895.)
The War of the Worlds, By H. G. Wells. (1898.)
The Wheels of Chance: A Holiday Adventure, By H. G.
WellB. (1896.)
Love and Mr. Leivieham, By H. G. Wells. (Harper, 1900.)
Science, taking the bit between her teeth, can run
gloriously amok among the principalities and powers;
but ^e Phaeton who gives her ner head is not exercising
his imagination — he is merely having a lark. We have
a deeper objection to scientific novels. It is that their
subject-matter is outside literature, and is, indeed, as
noxious to literature as we feel that spiritualism^ is to
life. We have the strongest conviction that scientific
anticipations of the future of man and of the universe,
even when, like Mr. Wells's, they are briUiantiy conceived,
have no more to do with tiie art of the novel than The
Battle of Dorking.
These our troubles pass like a summer cloud when we
turn to Mr. Wells's two novels of human life. The JTheels
of Chance (1898) and his new novel, Love and Mr. Lewis-
ham. Here Mr. Wells is doing really fine work, and we
use the word in a sense far beyond clever. To call
such novels as these " clever " is the first infirmity
of Ignoble critics. Clever they are; and, if one must
dabble in the word, we are prepared to rant with Laertes,
and pile Pelions of proof on Ossas of assertion that Mr.
Welb is dever. But we dislike the word, and we resent
its application to a fine novelist. '^Clever" in dealing
with flesh and blood! Clever in tracing tears to their
springs in the human heart I Clever in justifying the ways
of God to men or of men to God! No. The great
novelists cannot be thought of as clever. They are
sagacious, charitable, wise, and tender. Was Scott dever^.
or Cervantes, or Sterne, or Dickens ? No one would use
so base a word. It is just a suspicion of devemess which
causes a few minds to see an everlasting ghostiy mark of
interrogation at the end of every proclamation of the
genius of Thackeray. It is precisely because we see in
Mr. Wells those greater things — the sympathy of one who
knows and the big hand of one who loves — that we feel
eager about his work. If the analysis of the mind of
Hoopdriver, the Kensington draper's-assistant who longed
for gentility, who cajoled and bed and blimdered toward
higher things, was clever, then assuredly it was a higher
quality that saved The Wheels of Chance from being one
long humorous butchery of Hoopdriver. It is indeed
alight with humour, and Hoopdriver is not spared a single
shaft of ridicule that a good man may give or take. But
there is one thing that Mr. Wells never does, or allows his
reader to do, and that is to doubt the essential manhood,
dignity, and native sweetness of the man who cannot help
sticking pins into his lapels. You have the queerest
feelings of regret as you see Hoopdriver's back disappear
with his bicyde into the stable yard attached to Messrs.
Antrobus's emporium in Kensington — ^his holiday, his
dream of culture, his worship of a beautiful girl, all to be
settled and adjusted in the intervals of "Hoopdriver,
Forward ! " .
In Love and Mr. Lewisham Mr. Wells's qualities appear
to even greater advantage. For one thing, this novel is a
higher organism than The Wheels of Chance. In The
Wheels of Chance the incidents of a bicyde chase through
several counties supply a kind of material or mechanical
interest—the easy interest of everv chase. The analysis of
character triumphs, but somewhat by emergence. In
Love and Mr. Lewisham character is all; Mr. Wells is
doing his best work aU along. We are not going to
describe the story in any detail. When we meet Mr.
Lewisham he is a very young master — in fact, eighteen —
at Whorfley Proprietary School, Whortiey, Sussex. There
he "hears his years before him, all the tumult of his
life " ; sees it every morning as his head comes through
his shirt, and his eyes fall on the magnificent schema of
study which he has pinned on the bedroom wall of his
humble lodging. Chance- wise, he meets Ethel Henderson,
and the pretty fools steal walks and talks and plight their
love ; and Mr. Lewisham is dismissed the school with his
character (in the Proprietary School sense) considerably
damaged. In Ix>ndoxi he toils at the Kensington Normal
536
The Academy.
23 June, 19%.
Science School; toils manfully, little embarraMed by
memories of Ethel, who has vamshed into dapham. The
Career flourishes. It enlists a supporter, too, in a fellow-
student, Miss Hey dinger, a girl of the period, who en-
courages him to wear the red tie of Sociahsm. Laboratory
work, examinations, and glowing talks in the G-allery of
Old Iron at the Museum with his Egeria. But Ethel
is to come again into his life, and she does it, so to speak,
with a vengeance. More naturally than it sounds, he
meets her in a darkened room, at a spiritualistic seance,
whither he has gone in laughing scepticism with some
fellow-students ; meets her, too, as the docile accomplice
of her step-father, Mr. Chaffery, in a despicable imposture.
Her hdplessness and her beauty and the old Whortley days
are too much for his common sense and strength of will.
And when he finds that Ethel is innocent at heart, though
not quite in conscience, it is enough; he loves her, will
save her. There are wonderful walks to Clapham,
dwindling honours at the school, tears and dismays in
Miss Hey dinger's bosom, and remorses (about the Career)
which cannot be uttered. At times he sees all things
with deadly deamess :
He suddenly perceived with absolute conviction that
after the siance he should have gon<^ home and forgotten
her. Why had he felt that irresistible impulse to seek her
oat ? Why had his imagination spun such a strange web
of impossibilities about herP He was involved now,
foolishly involved. All his future was a sacrifice to this
transitory ghost of love maViug in the streets.
Transitory ghost it should have been, but was not.
Marry the stepdaughter of a ChafEery, a quack, a blas-
phemer of science ! Marry on a legac v of one hundred
pounds ! A pretty pitiful marriage, fuU of its own mad
sweetness. For she was sweet, was Ethel, and for a time
her wifehood could hold its own against the Career. It
was the bills and the price of coal that brought complete
revelation : these, and the reproaches of Miss Heydinger,
and the blankness of his scholastic prospects. The revul-
sion, the rebellion, the final solution — ^need we speak of
them ? Lewisham is submissive to Love, and passes with
resolute resignation into the obscurity of a small home,
parentage, and Clapham. The child is coming, and this —
yes, this — ^is life ; the other was just vanity ; at any rate, it is
over, quite over. The schema that had long lined a
trunk is torn up without a pang — in the stillness of
thought.
That is the theme, and it is worked out with a searching
analysis that would be merciless if it were not, in fact, so
very merciful. We have need of such themes. Modern
fiction will be regenerated by these faithful seizures of
nefflected types. It has great work to do in floating
litUe men Twho are not little) and narrow lives (which yet
globe aU life) into our ken. Dickens did it by caricature,
by an emphasis necessary in his day. But it has yet to be
done in the noble manner; and it is much that for
Mr. Horatio Sparkins we have now Mr. Hoopdriver. Let
Mr. Wells travel this road. These two novels may be
masterpieces or not (we should be the last to deny it) ;
but we are certain that their production tends to create the
atmosphere in which masterpieces are b6m. Our own
faith in his future is immovable, and we know not
how we can pay him a less formal compliment than by
saying that wnen we closed Love and Mr, Lewisham^ full of
gratitude and stimulationsi we involuntarily groped for a
definition of good novel writing which might celebrate
our mood. And, groping, we found one which, with all
its defects and hitarrerie, seems to sweep into its net every
writer in whom is greatness, or the seed of greatness : a
definition adapted from Coleridge :
He writeth best who loveth best
All things both great and umall,
For the great God who loveth us
He made and loveth all.
Things Seen.
A Harvest Home.
We went into the kitchen when the men had taken their
tea, and found them sitting round the room on bencheg
against the wall — Angus, Murdoch, Eachan, Duncan, and
Ian, the boy. Their dogs, collies of uncertain breed, laj
about the stone floor at their feet — Old Smart, the amiable
and talented shepherd ; Tweed, the one-eyed and door,
who detested strangers ; Gloim and Sirdar, the boisterous
friendly youngsters ; and Chairl, the house-dog. All had
done justice to the meal ; and the men, having been
awarded a wine-glass of neat whiskey with their pipes,
were as silent and somnolently blissful as their dogs.
They had three meids a day in this kitchen the year ronnd,
but the whiskey and tobacco were harvest extras. A
glowLne peat fire and one small misty lamp provided a
sleepy light. On the huge dresser stood the '* maiden,"
a last gleaning of com, decorated and cherished tiU next
year, when it would be given, for luck, to the first hone
taken out to " shear " (reap). A grey parrot in a cage by
the window cried '< Thugad ! " at intervals, the Oaelic for
" Get out ! "
We suggested a reel, and the apathy of the Highlandeis
vanished. Our farmer host brought out his pipes, and we
danced like maniacs to the weird stimulating music, two
of the men taking off their boots to do their steps the
bettor. How they flung up their arms and yelled! It
was hard to believe they had been shearing since five am. ;
the firelight flickered on such ecstatic faces ! Then, ex-
hausted, we sat down while Angus, the bard, sang E^n
mo nighean dhann Bhoidheach and aongs of his own com-
position. Once started, there was no stopping hino, until
someone remarked that Mrs. Angus might be sitting ud.
The effect was electrical. He rose and shook hands all
round several times.
<* I will no be keeping the leddies up," he said gall&ntlj,
" but I will be thinking this wass the bonniest harreet
nicht I will effer be had."
The rest concurred. All but the parrot, who wanted to
go to sleep.
" Thugad ! " she croaked peevishly, and the dreaming
collies round the fire rose, stretched, and followed their
masters out into the night.
Juggernaut.
The setting sun shone right down the village street: it
lent the white road a dusty radiance, and glowed on Uie
red roofs of the houses. It was Sunday evening, the fiwt
warm Sunday of the year. Cheerful groups stood in ersry
doorway, shy youths and maidens lingered in dim corners,
dean and uncomfortable children roamed restlessly from
house to house. It was the hour of gossip, courtship, and
tobacco. Suddenly someone cried '* Here comes a motor.
In an instant the road was empty.
It came from the west, the golden sunset behind it
One moment it was a speck on the road, the next it was m
our midst. As it tore through the twilight, thb strange
misshapen monster from an alien world seemed eome
horrible uncanny thing, the living chariot of an evil god.
With a hoot and rattle it was past ; but as it fled a boj,
struck with a sudden passion for brute powers, cried out ;
'^ I would like to go to heaven on that motor."
Beyond the village, where the fields come down \^ the
highway, a flower had chosen to blossom in the very road*
It was an extremely nice flower — upright, indiridual,
impertinent.
But the motor passed by— rapid, relentless, unswerving:
and the flower was gone. .
Presently a vague scent of petroleum drifted Jowly
down to the village.
23 June, 1900.
The Academy.
537
Two ''Punch" Books.'
Week after week the remark, ''Another poor number
of Punchy^* may be made; but it matters nothing. In
the agg^gate — in the '' loomp " — Punch always scores,
is always satisfying. As one turns over the leaves of a
bound volume the inferior recedes into the backgroimd,
the genuine holds the eye.
The little volume entitled An Evening with ^^ Punch ^^
has been very well prepared by its anonymous editor.
We cannot agree with everything he says — we must
demur, for example, to his description of Mr. H. W.
Lucy as the '' greatest of diarists " — but his taste in
humour is fairly satisfying, although, by the necessities
of the case, he has been compelled to include a great deal
of rather thin and excessively out-of-date padding, not
because it is first-rate, but because it was needful to
illustrate the manner of such venerable jokers as Albert
Smith and GKlbert cl Beckett, to name only these. A paper
like Punch must always have a permanent bodyguaurd of
writers ready to supply, not humour itself, but that which
stands for humour. It is, indeed, one of the secondary
uses of a comic journal to bring home to each generation
the symbols of humour. Now and then the re^ thing is
suppued, as when Punch had the good fortune (to keep the
illustrations to our own day) to stimulate Mr. Anstey to
study the ''voces populi,'' or when Mr. Bumand's
"Happy Thoughts" began. But, for the most part.
Punchy together with its journalistic companions, uses
counters rather than current coin. The prmted pun, for
example, unless it is as good as Hood's, has not the true .
ring ; and Punch has latterly loved puns far too well. The
yoimger generation to-day cares nothing for the printed
pun, and not much more for the spoken. It does not, how-
ever, suit the book of the bodyguard of a comic paper to
recognise this, and the tiresome old convention therefore
goes on.
But we are driftmg into an indictment of Punchy while
all the time we are m the best possible humour with it.
For the Evening with ** Punch" has left us smiling and
happy, so full-flavoured is it — so ripe and wise and
shrewd, and now and then so gloriously comic. Whoever
acted as editor holds the right opinion of Oharles Keene —
that penetrating humorist and humanist and magnificent
artist. What a pencil was his! Look at its superb,
dashing strokes. Another man would toil all day at a
turnip field : Keene's hand made a score of rapid move-
ments, and behold ! not only a turnip-field, but an October
breeze that you can snifi and tingle under, blowing across
it! Look on p. 89 at the miserable street scene which
Leech considered good enough to stand above his joke,
and then recollect how Keene transferred horses and traffic
to paper. There are great examples of black and white
in tlus book ; there is Sir John TennieFs " Mose' in
Egitto" (on p. 165); there is Doyle's "Napoleon of
Peace" (on p. 127); there is a field scene bv Kandol^b
Caldecott, fiul of atmosphere (on p. 43); there is Mr.
Samboume's beautiful naiad (on p. 41). But the greatest
master of the medium was Charles Keene. On laying this
book aside it is Keene's strokes that dominate the memory.
And his g^ft for character, within his boimdaries, was per-
fect. Look at the soldier's face on p. 177 ; look at the sub-
missive husband on p. 145; look at the struggling Scots-
man on p. 101 ; and at the old gentleman on p. 37 starting
at the mandate '*Let loose the gorgonzola"; and look at
the Economist deecribing the horrors of London in the
"Bang went saxpence" picture on p. 27. Keene was so
fine a judge of a joke. He worked at them so lovingly,
with so ridfi an appreciation. Some of the best are here.
In A Peep into ^^Punch " Keene is even better repre-
sented, but unfortunately the pictures are reduced to so
• An Evening with " Putich" (Bradbury, Agnew & Co.)
A Peep into ** Punch." By J. Holt Schooling. (Newnes.)
small a scale — almost to postage-stamp size — that the
merits of the draughtsman evaporate, and only the joke
remains. The jokes are well selected, and we must be
grateful for smul mercies ; but it is a hard thing to lose
Keene's lines. Still Keene's pencil was only the half of
him ; his sense of fun was the other half, and his joy in
the humours of volimteers, of Scotchmen, of parsonages,
of rustics, and of inebriety is here. It speaks volumes for
the spirit of England's martial amateurs that they survived
Keene's delicious ridicule. On p. 286 of A Peep into
^^Punch " is one of his most acceptable volunteer jests —
the excited appeal of Capt. Wilkmson to Major Walker,
of the firm of Wilkinson, Walker & Co., Auctioneers and
Estate Agents : " Don't you think we'd better bring our
Bight Wing round to attack the Enem3r's Flank, so as to
{)revent them occupying those empty houses we have to
et in Barker's Lane?" The author of A Peep into
^^ Punch" by the way, is Mr. J. Holt Schooling, the
ingenious statistician, who month after month instructs
the readers of the popular magazines in such curious and
valuable matters as the distance which would be covered
by all the cigarettes smoked by Mr. Labouchere in a year
were they placed together in a line. Mr. Schooling for
the time being has forgotten his statistics, and has pre-
sented instead a very clear and informing account of the
birth and career of the Fleet-street sage and of all his
colleagues. A Peep into **Punch" is a book into which
one dips and dips again, to the complete rout of the duties
of the day.
Another humorist to whom justice is done in An
Evening with ** Punch" is Captain Howard. It gave us
almost a thrill to come again upon the Captain's contribu-
tion of December 6, 1856 (p. 49), entitled " Mysterious."
Even without the picture it is good :
Omnibus Drii'er, Have you set down that party as got
in at the Crescent, Jim ?
Conductor. Yes.
(An intervd of five mhiutes.)
Omnibus Driver, Tou recollect that there wet Sanday
I druv you down P
Conductor, Ah !
Omnibus Driver. Well, do you remember a werry ree-
markable surprlsin' circumstance I was a relatin' of to you
that af remoon ?
Conductor, To be sure I do.
(Another pause )
Omnibus Driver, Well, then —
Conductor. What ! you doQ*t mean to say as that —
Omnibus Driver (definitively). That's the party, sir !
(Inquisitive old Gent on the Box, who has arrived at his
destination^ ie upset for the rest of the day.)
Barring the conclusion of the story — which is enfeebled
by the exaggeration that comic journalists always seem to
feel needfm — the thing is perfect. And it is inspired by
a kind of humour now passing away. Dickena, Leech,
and Keene were the g^at masters of this method. One
wonders sometimes whether London had more of comic
material in those days, in the shape of quaint 'bus drivers
and conductors, cabmen and so forth, than it now has, or
whether these genial middle Victorians invented them-
Genuine fun is always rare, even in a selection from
fifty years of a leading comic journal. Somehow the
English mind does not incline much to fun. Lamb had it,
Hood had it, Sydney Smith had it, Mr. Burnand (in THE
Ride to Khiva^ lot example) had it, Lewis Carroll and
Edward Lear had it ; but there is little enough in ordinary
comic journalism. Mr. Friestman Atkinson's "Three-
volume Novel at a Glance," on p. 163 of this book, is full
of fun ; so is Doyle's picture of the Grenadier Guards, on
p. 63 ; and so are many things by Keene and Leech.
But these are pictures. In the prose and verse there is
little that is lightheartedly frivolous. For the most part
Mr. Punch takes himself seriously. The "Song of the
Shirt" is here, and Tennyson's verses against Bulwer
Lytton : " The padded man that wears the stays."
538
The Academy.
23 June, 1900.
Correspondence.
*' The Man Who Tramped.'^
Sib, — I have not a copy of The Wrecker beaide me at the
moment, but I believe the man of whom your oorre-
spondent '' B. M.'' writes, " who tramped and toiled and
had such a profit of his life among the Islands," is Mr.
0. A. Stoddard, author of Summer Cruising in the South
Seat. Let me draw the attention of " B. M." to letters
addressed to Mr. Stoddard in The Letter% of Jt, Z. Steven-
son ^Vol. I., page 173, and Vol. IT., page 18), and to Mr.
Colvin's notes on them. Probably these will solve the
difficulty. — I am, &o., A. H.
Glasgow: June 16, 1900.
•^ Drift."
Snt, — Five or six years ago I produced in this country
and on the other side of the Atlantic a volume of poems.
I had intended to call my volume Drift ; but some weeks
before publication a lettered friend (whom I note is still
an honoured contributor to the Agadbmt), to whom I had
explained this intention, sought to dissuade me from it, in-
asmuch as drift had no status as a noun and did not mean,
as apparently I held it to mean, flotsam. But I was head-
strong, and, by way of justifying my title, I added a few
introductory stanzas, in which I spoke of
Spray from Huron, cones from Erie,
Hemlock from the Gatineau ;
Grasses quaint from prairies dreary,
Mocking at the obo and flow.
Drift of weeds and drift of branches
Odd wisps from the blue-birds' nf st.
Yellowed stalks from distant ranches,
Sumac from the Gk>lden West.
and in conclusion :
There are green and humble pages
Of Love's making which do sift
Life's grey river as its rages,
And leave hidden yonder— Drift.
When the book came to be published, one or two critics,
who took note of the title, fell foul of it at first, but
finally held it to be justified by these same verses.
Three days ago a book was placed in my hand ; it was a
collection of poems ; it was entitled Drifts and the author
Mr. Horatio T. Brown. Were I a dead poet my friends,
relations, and executors would be foolish to complain ; but
I still Uve, and I treasure the hope of bringing out a
second and enlarged edition of Drift: and, moreover, I
hold I have as good a title to Drift as Mr. Swinburne has
to Atalanta in Calydon, And may I ask Mr. Brown, since
I cannot discern the fact in his book of poems, what he
means by Drift ? — ^I am, &c., Beoklxs Willson.
Hope Lodge, Twickenham: June 18, 1900.
Misquotations.
Sir, — I have not seen the Pall Mall Oautte list of mis-
quotations. The commonest of all is, undoubtedly, the
line from Lycidas, which, oddly enough, not long ago
occurred in a lecture given here.
May I suggest these '* howlers" as being only too
common: ''Gnbb'd, cabin'd, and confined,'' instead of
"cabin'd, cribVd, confined" (Macbeth, HI. iv.); "Like
angels' visits, few and far between," instead of "Visits
like those of angels, short and far between " — perhaps the
only lines of Blair that anyone remembers (Did Campbell
honour them, I wonder, in ** The Pleasures of Hope?" —
"like angel visits, few and far between"); and worst
of all : " Water, water everywhere, and not a drop to
drink," instead of " nor any drop to drink " ? — I am, &c.,
N. Lawden Banks.
The Eedlands, Tiverton, North Devon ;
June 18, 1900.
New Books Received.
[These notes on some of the New Books of the week art
ffreliminary to Reviews that may follow,^
A History of Bradfield
College.
By Old Bradfield Rots,
How do publishers time these things ? Just when the
performance of '' Agamemmon" is filling the papers with
notices of Bradfield College comes this history of the
school, written by old Bradfield scholars, and edited by
Mr. Arthur F. Leach, the author of a History of WinchtUt
School, '^ Bradfield, like Lancing and Radley," sajsMr.
Leach, ** was an outcome of the religious revivalism of the
second quarter of the nineteenth century, known as the
Oxford Movement." It was on the oldest model of a
public school, that of Winchester, that Bradfield was
founded by Thomas Steevens, rector of Bradfield, and lord
of the manor. (Frowde. 10s. fid. net.)
Annals of Sandhurst.
By Majob a. F. Mockub-
FsRRYMAlf.
No apology is needed for this history of our great train-
ing college for army officers. The Boyal Military College
for future officers of the Army was established in 1802.
Previously, the Boyal Military College was maintained for
the improvement of officers already commissioned. The
Staff College — the senior department of the institutioii—
is also fully described by Major Mockler-Ferryman, and
the great changes which have come over this highest
branch of military training are duly recorded. There is
significance in the fact that two-thirds of the book is
devoted to statistics of Sandhurst athletics. (Heinemann.)
SoMX Notable Hamlets.
By Clement Scorr.
Having given us his somewhat inchoate recollections
in The Drama of Yesterday and To-Day^ Mr. Scott has
collected his ''Hamlet" reminiscences in this volume.
Strictly spelling, the collector is Mr. L. Arthur Greening,
who writes an appreciation of Mr. Scott as "a. clever
and often misjudged man." The Hamlets are tiiosa
of Sarah Bernhardt, Sir Henry Irving, Mr. Wilson
Barrett, Mr. Tree, and Mr. Forbes Bobertson. (Greening.
2s. 6d.)
In Dwaef JjAitd and Cannibal Country. By A. B. Lloyd-
' Mr. Lloyd has been for four and a half years engaged
in the Church Missionary Society's work in Uganda.
When, last year, his time of furlough arrived he etrudk
out to the West Coast through Belgian territory, and
through the Pygmy Forest of which Stanley was the firat
to give an account. The book is profusely iUustrated.
(Unwin. fis.)
Where and How to
Dine in Paris. By Eowland Stboxo.
A very agreeable and helpful little book with a some-
what wider scope than its title indicates. " With the
information here conveyed it will be possible for the
Englishman to live much the same humdrum existence a8
the bom Parisian." (Eichards. 2s. 6(1.)
In addition to the foregoing, we have received :
history and biography.
Wvlie (James H.). The Council of ConBtance to the Dv\ith of John Hu(*.
Whitman (Si<lne.v), Convorsations with Bismarck. Collected hy tieinnch
von Poschiui^'er ln?'^!Ii>
Milanaet De Lutirtture e* D'Hiatnir€ Helvjieutet (ric.irui
H(xxl (Geor^), FamouH Fi^htinjf Regiments. , i*)
(Howl, Douglas ft HovranI) nrt ir
POETEY, OaiTIOISM, AND BBLLBS LBPTRBS.
JackBon (Holbr<x)k), The Eternal Now: A Qnatrain Sequence ^"'^.gJlS
Verncs • • •■•• ■ i
Cliamlwra (c3. HuViaonj/The Tj-rauny.of Tears (Heinemanu)
23 June, 1900.
The Academy.
539
inSOELLANlOUS.
Rye (Walter), An Index Herum to Norfolk Antiquities (Grose) 5/J
Henry (Prof. L. B. H.)* Bn^land's Armed Neutrality (Mitchell)
Bowker (B. R.) , The Arts of Life ( Houfifhton, Mifllin & Go.) net 5/0
'Oppenheim (Nathan), The Care of the Child in Health (Macmillan) 6/0
McClure (A. K.), Our Presidents and How We Make Them (Harper)
Alexander (P. Y.), More Loose Links in the Darwinian Armour
(Bale, Sons, & Danielsson) net 2/0
S M, O., The Fisherman's Text-Book (8.P.G.K.)
Frost ( Rev. F.) , The Ojibway Church Hymn Book (S.P.C.K.) 1 /D
Hutchinson (Horace 0.). Asjiects of Golf (Arrowsmith) 1/0
Blaker (H. 0.), The Principles of Warfare (Leadenhall Press) 1/0
Pycraft (W. P.). The Story of Bird-Life (Newnes) 1/0
Koechlin (R.) and Marquet de Vasselot 1 Jean J.), La Sculpture & Troves
et dans la Champagrne M^ridionale (Colin et Oie)
Royal Aeademif ^ieturstt 1900 (Gassell)
NEW EDITIONS.
tSmith (Martin B.), What I have Taught my Children.
(Williams ft Norgate) S/6
%* I^ew NoveU are acknowledged eUewhere.
Our Weekly Competition.
Result of No. 39 (New Series).
Last week we offered a priie of One G-ainea for the best qaotat!on
to be inscribed oYer the door of a London honse from whioh the
residents have temporarily fled for a oonntry holiday. Some
felicitonB sngf ^stions have been made. We award the prise to Miss
or Mrs.) Winifred Pa»nell, 97, Oakley-street, Chelsea, S.W., for this
line from Pope :
Dear, damn'd, distraoting Town, farewell I
Other replies are as follows :
Deserted is my own good hall,
Its hearth is desolate;
Wild weeds are gatheriog on the wall,
My dog howls at the nte.
(Byron.) [T. K., NewcasUe-npon-Tyne.]
Come away— no more of mirth
Is here or merry-making sonnd.
(Tennyson.) [E. fi., LiTerpool.]
A bright adien,
For a brief absenoe, proves that love is tme ;
Ne'er oan the wa^ be irksome or forlorn
That winds into ifcself for sweet retnm.
(Wordsworth.) [& B., Great Malvern.]
In the hope to meet
Shortly again, and make an absence sweet.
(Ben Jouson.) [ B. E. M., Edinborgh.]
From all his wearisome engagements freed.
Shakes hands with baainess, and retires indeed.
And all impatient of dry land, agree
With one consent to rndii into the
(Cowper.)
[J. L., London.]
Brother, had we bat time to live,
And fleet the careless hours together,
With all that leisure has to give
Of perfect life and peaoefal weather.
(Andrew Lang.) [ U . P. B., Glasgow. ]
Being holiday, the beggar's shop is sbnt
(^ Romeo and Jaliet," Act v., so. 1.) [A. W., London ]
He that hath found some fledg'd bird's nest may know,
At first sight, if the bird be flown ;
But what fair dell or grove he sings in now,
That is to him unknown.
(Yaughan.) [E. P., London.]
Shall I not take mine ease in mine inn?
<" Henry IV.," Part I., Act Ui., sc. 3.) [T. B. D., Bridgwater.]
We are blessed in the change.
C'Heniy V.," Act i, sc. 1.) [0. B., Bristol.]
Fresh woods and pastures new.
(BlUton.)
[H. J., London.]
Away, away, from men and towns.
(Shelley.) [M. A. C, Cambridge.]
At this hour the boose doth keep itself.
<'' As You Like It," Act iv., sc 3, line 82.) [J. C.-a, Bristol]
Where'er I roam, whatever realms to see.
My heart untravelled fondly turns to thee.
(Goldsmith.) [A. A., Blrkdale.]
Tired of the Senate's barren brawl
An hour with silence we prefer,
Where statelier rise the wo^s than all
Ton towers of talk at Westminster.
(William Watson.) [F. C. N., London.]
At this hour the house doth keep itself.
There's none within.
(» As You Like It," Act iv., sc. 3.) [K. K., DubUn.]
All within is dark as night :
In the windows is no light :
And no murmur at tiie door.
So frequent on its hinge before.
(Tennyson.) [E. M. H„ London]
All hope abandon ye who enter here.
[A. M. P, London.]
Other replies received from : M. I. C, EaUnor ; Bev. W. A S.,
Manchester; Mrs. S., London; A. S. H., Djilkeich ; M. M.,
Ramffgate ; H. F. H., Nottingham ; T. C, Bnxced ; J. J. B.
Glasgow ; Z McC., Whitby ; C. E., Redhill ; E. V., London ; G. M.
Bedford ; J. C, London ; £. F. McC., Whitby.
Competition No. 40 (New Series).
Wb offer a prize of One Guinea for a "Thing Seen" written in
verse and not exceeding eight lines. We need scarcely remark that
all or nearly all the poem should be devoted to the Thing Seen ;
comment should be inferential, or come briefly at the end.
BULKI.
Answers, addressed "Literary Competition, The Aoadbxt. 43,
Chancery-lane, W.C," must reach us not later than the first post
of Tuesday, June 26. Each answer must be accompanied by
the ooupon to be found on the second page of Wrapper, or it can-
not entor into competition. Competitors sending more than one
attempt at solution must accompany each attempt with a separate
coupon ; otherwise the first only will be considered. We oannot
consider anonymous answers.
POBTBAIT SUPPLEMENTS
TO
(i
THE ACADEMY/'
Th$ following have appeared^ and some of the numbers
containing them can still be obtained; or Complefs
Sets may be had separately for Ss, 6d. : —
BEN JONSON.
JOHN KEATa
SIR JOHN SUCKUNO.
TOM HOOD.
THOMAS GRAY.
ROBERT LOUIS STEVENSON.
SIR WALTER SCOTT.
SAMUEL RICHARDSON.
THOMAS DE QUINCEY.
LEIGH HUNT.
LOKD MACAULAY.
ROBERT SOUTHEY.
8. T. COLERIDGE.
CHARLES LAMB.
MICHAEL DRAYTON.
WALTER SAYAGE LANDOR.
SAMUEL PEPYS.
EDMUND WALLER.
WILKIE COLLINS.
JOHN MILTON.
WILLIAM COWPER.
CHARLES DARWIN.
ALFRED, LORD TENNYSON.
HENRY WADS WORTH LONii-
FELIX)W.
ANDREW MARYELU
ROBERT BROWNING.
THOMAS CARLYLE.
PERCY BYSSHB SHELLEY.
CHARLES DICKENS.
JONATHAN SWIFT.
WILLIAM MAKEPEACE
THACKERAY.
WILLIAM BLAKE.
SIR RICHARD STEELE.
ALEXANDER POPE.
DOUGLAS JERROLD.
FRANCIS BACON.
HENRIK IBSEN.
Special cloth cases for binding the half-yearly volume of
the Academy can he supplied for Is, each. The price of the
hound half-yearly volume is 8«. 9i. Communication should h^
addressed to the Puhlishery 43, Chancer y-lan^.
540
Trie Academy.
23 June, 1900.
OATALOQUE8.
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^ OP LITERATURE.
MONTHLY LIST OF NBWLY- PURCHASED
SECOND-HAND BOOKS IN LITBEATTJRB,
SCIENCE, AND ART.
No. 608. just published for JUNE.
Post free from
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CATALOGUE No. 2 may be had on application,
price 28. 6d., at
1. 80H0 8QUAIIB. W.
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OATAIiOQCTSS pott freo 00 appUoatfoo.
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The Academy
A Weekly Review of Literature and Life*
JZZ
No. 1469. Established 1869.
30 June, 1900.
Price Threepence.
[Hggisttrtd as a Ntmspapir,']
The Literary Week.
Sib E. Maunbb Thompson, in his report on the general
progress at the British Museum for the year enoung on
March 31 last, records a slight decrease in the number of
yisits of students to the reading room — 188,554 as against
190,886 in 1898. The daily ayerage was 624. The
number of volumes, &c., supplied to readers was 1,306,078,
as against 1,397,145 in 1898. Mr. O. K. Forteecue, in
his report on the Department of Printed Books, says that
the printing of the entire catalogue, which was begim in
1881, is now almost complete ; there now remains
imprinted only a portion of the heading '' England."
The number of readers in the newspaper room was 19,090,
giving a daily average of over 63.
Thx stoxy of action, or romantic novel, still holds the
field in America. The Cmiiuiy magazine, which is not
given to hasty statements, acknowledges in the current
issue that '* aiter sporadic advances, over a considerable
space of time, it has finally carried the citadel of public
fancy with a rush." But in this country the citadel has
not been carried b^ the historical noveL It would seem
that that honour is destined for what is known as the
society novel, the account — smart, witty, and sentimental
— of a circle of people whose objects in life are mainly
social ambition, and falling in and falling out of love. An
excellent example of this type of fiction is Mr. Percy
White's amusing and interestuig stoxy called Th^ Wiui
In the future, no doubt, the military story will dominate
our magazines and circulating libraries. We could wish
that these onrushing pages of fiction could all have the
pturpose and the meanmg behind the tale that characterises
the striking stories of fiie war bv Mr. Budyard Kipling
that are now appearing in the I>aUy Expreu^ ^' The Way
That He Took," whicm appeared on June 12th, 13th, and
14th, and ''The Outsider,^^ which appeared on June 19th,
20th, and 21st, should be printed as an appendix to
General Baden-Powell's Aids to Stmiting. We hope Dr.
Ck>nan Doyle will bring his ingenious brain to bear on
the medical arrangements, as Mr. Kipling has thrown the
flashlight of his intelligence on military matters.
Next week Mrs. Oraigie's latest novel, Robert Grange^
will be published. It is a sequel to Th$ School for Saints,
and the two books together represent five years' work.
Disraeli again is a prominent character. A sixpenny
edition of The School for Saints is ready for publication.
It is printed in the same style as the six-shilling book, and
is, perhaps, the largest sixpenny novel ever offered to the
public.
Thb publication of Mr. Churton CoUins's essays, Plain
IrtUhs akotU Current Literature^ has been deferred till the
autumn.
8. G., the writer of the Literary Notes in the Fall Mall
Gasette, has the courage of his convictions. Commenting
on the announcement Dy Messrs. Macmillan of the issue of
a complete edition of the writings of Mr. Walter Pater
" uniform with the Edition de luxe of Mr. Elipling's work,"
he says :
I have never been able to realise the fasdnation of
Pater's style, except, indeed, in passages like the famous
one about Leonardo's lady in the Louvre, nor to under-
stand the infloence of his thought. Mariiu t?ie Epicurean
idways seemed like the dry bones of ''Cbeats'* lectures
dressed up in togas, but there is no dqubt that the present-
ment of andent Bome had a peculiar charm for many
people who cared for literature, particularly for those who
Knew no Latin.
Mbssbs. Sampson Low announce the publication of
the Timsi^ Eietory of the War in South Africa. This His-
tory, which has been in course of, preparation for some
months, will be the joint production of several of the
Special Oorrespondents of the Times in South Africa. It
will be edited by lib. L* 8. Amexy, and will be completed
in five volumes.
Messrs. Obcil and Hildebband Habicswobth, who
will jointly edit the new monthly magazine, the.iVWr
Idbercd Rwiew^ have furnished us with some particulars
about their forthcoming venture. In size and shape the
New Liberal Review wifi resemble most of the other great
monthly reviews, and, like them, it will indude many
artides of literary and general iiiterest. But these resem-
blances soon fade away into differences. The New Liberal
Review will answer to its name, in that it will have a
distinct political trend of thought It will be the monthly
organ of Liberal Imperialism, and will print artides bv
the leaders of l^s p<Hitical division. Secondarily, it wifi
endeavour in a general way to attach clever young writers
to the Liberal cause. Literary and general artides will
be accepted from any writer, whether he is known or not,
who can furnish originality^ and style. Known writers
whose style is dull, or whose views can always be antid-
pated, will be left in the cold by the New L^eral Review,
An amusingly characteristic fact, elicited by our represen-
tative, is that whereas no definite list of contributors to
the New Liberal Review has yet been drawn up, a list of
writers who will not write for it has been made. Artides will
rule shorter in the New Liberal Review than in most of the
reviews; a lengtti of 3,000 to 4,000 words will be the
standard as against the 5,000 to 6,000 words favoured
by other editors. The political artides will, of course,
be in general accord witn the policy of the New Liberal
Review y and this granted they will under^ little editorial
treatment. But a strong editorial hand will be kept on
the rest of the Review; and a general control over the
whole of it will be exercised in a few pages of editorial
notes, somewhat in the style of the Spectator^ weekly
summary. The price of the New Liberal Review has not
yet been definitely settled, but we shall not be surprised if
a review edited within the waUs of the Harmsworth
Buildings is characteristically venturous in giving large
measure for little money.
544
The Academy.
30 Jutje, 1900.
Ws did not express a decided opinion on the Par-
liamentary proposals of the Briti^ Museum Trustees with
regard to the disposal of provincial newspapers and
'^ superfluous " literature. The subject is a difficult one,
and we have little doubt that '^ best wisdom" — to use an
old Quaker expression — will be vouchsafed to the few on
whom the decision really rests. Mr. Leslie Stephen, a
British Museum student of the highest type, wrote on the
subject in last week's Speaker^ but his views have hardly
his characteristic definitenees. One scarcely gathers what
he would himself propose. He points out that a supersti-
tious regard for facts as facts is apt to fill the ininds of
museum directors :
Because any fact may be impartimt, they speak as if
every fact must be interesting. A single observation may
dear up a soientifio difficulty. MilUons of years ago an
iusect happened to be stuck in a clod of »arth. Its
'* mortal remains" when dug up may give a decisive
solution of some problem of evolution. The one specimen
was priceless. But if we afterwards found a whole stratum
composed of similar remains they might tell us nothing
more. A single locust would be as instructive as a count-
less swarm. So a bingle ancient document found in a
mummy may reveal something of deep interest as to the
reuiotest civilisation. If similar documents were discovered
their value would decline in a rapidly accelerating ratio.
They would only repeat what we knew already.
On the other hand, *^ as we . . . are not yet quite infalli-
ble, we must keep everything that we may be sure of not
destroying just what our posterity will desire." The
<< only m^ral " which Mr. Stephen wishes to draw, and he
merely draws it — he does not elaborate it— is that '* the
demand for the preservation of the material should be
accompanied by a demand for its organisation. Our huge
storehouses should be arranged with a view to their
accessibility." This, however, has been said already by
those who object to the Trustees' proposals. There has
been organisation as far as space permitted. The cry is
for space. The Trustees propose to secure it by throwing
out ** superfluous " material. The objectors ask : ** When
did you discover that it was superfluous ? Your business
is to pull down your old barns and build greater." But —
mirabiU diotu — it has now been discoverod, through Mr.
Morley's inquiry in Parliament, that these *^ Trustees'
proposals " do not represent the mind of the Trustees at
all, but have been brought about by GK)vemment pressure.
The Trustees wish to hold what they have, and extend
their space ; and the (Government is thrifty ! Probably
the evaporation of the proposals has begun.
Mbanwhile, however, a correspondent writes to us :
Instead of scattering the provincial papers to the four
comers of the kingdom, the British Moseom authorities
ought to consider whether they could not better set free a
lot of space by distributing their superfluous books among
the free HbrariBs. A glance through the catalogue shows
that there are dozens of copies in tho library of mnny
books, and, probably, in a majority of cases not a single
copy is used from year's end to year's end.
Of Robert Hall's ** Modern lofidelity," for iastauce. first
published in 1800, there are sixteen editions; of *'The
Sunday Friend," thirteen editions; of a sermon by a
certain Archbivhop of York, ninn copies ; of the ** Collected
Sermons of Master Henrie Sooith (year 1592, &c.)," twelve
editions; of bis sermons on '* Jonah's Punishmeot," six
copits ; on *' God's Arrows against Atheists," six copies ; on
'* Contentment," six copies, and so on. Probably religious
writers take up more room than all other writers put
together. Oce Baptist minister has no less than six pages
of the catalogue to himself with writings on * * Pleasant
Things from ttie Ever asting Hills or Pleasant Truths for
all Peoples," *' Pearls from the Ocean, or Wealth for
Souls." and things of that kind. Perhaps the worst
ofEtjnders are the writers of school books. Of Hamblin
Smith's *' Arithmetic for Junior Classes," *' Arithmetic for
Senior Classes," and *' Answers " to each, there are, in all.
thirty- three copies. Of bis ** Algebra " " Trigonometry,'*
** Geometry," and ''Treatise on Arithmeticv' there are
altogether forty-two cojaes. There is a book onbotaay
by another Smith, writt^ in 1807, and almost of no valae
now, but it is represented by no fewer than nine oopiei.
Then the poets are certainly given too much spaoe. Of
Longfellow's *' Poetical Works" there are se^eatv-fonr
editions, besid^'S scores of volumes of "Selected," *'Etfly,"
'* Later," &c., poem^s. In addition there are thirteen
editions of "^ Miles Standish," twenty-six editions of
*' Bvangeline," twelve editions of " Hiawatha," &c All
the readers of all the ages to came will not wear out s
tithe of these, and they could be distributed with great
advantage.
AocoBDiNG to a daily paper (from which we condense
the following account), a strange literary lawsuit is amusing
Home. Some time ago Prof. Ougnoni, of the Enme
University, came into possession of a copy of some MSS.
alleged to have been written by Leopardi. He published
them as a contribution to Leopsjrdi literature. Soon after-
wards a Gbvemment librarian, named Taochi, declsred
himself to be the author of tiiie MSS« Prof. Ougnoni
maiatained that it was impossible for any living Italian
to counterfeit Leopardi's style, and refused to entertain
Tacchi's claim. Thirteen years passed, when, on the occa-
sion of the Leopardian centenary. Abbot Oozza Luzzi,
vice-librarian of the Vatican, published certain MSS. of
I^eopardi which had found their way into the Vatican
Library, and which the abbot declared to be authentic
Some of the MSS. contained passages identical with those
published by Prof. Ougnoni. On the strength of this
confirmation of his theory Prof. Ougnoni aocused Taochi
of literary dishonesty. Hence the present trial. Feeling
is running high not only between Ougnoni and Taochi,
but also between their respective advocates. Signer Feni,
the Socialist leader, is hot on one side, and Signor Bonacci,
a well-known Zanardellian, is hot on the other. These
two worthies recently came to blows over the question of
the authenticity of Ougnoni's copy of Leopardi, and had
to be separated by the Oarabineers. Meanwhile Italian
justice is putting on its spectacles.
•The present season of the Monday dinners of the
Authors' Olub will conclude on July 2. During the past
year tue club has entertained a number of distingULshed
guests, among whom may be mentioned Lord Wolseley,
the Lord Ohancellor, the Lord Mayor, the Bishop of
London, Sir George Trevelyan, Mr. Leslie Stephen, Mr.
James Bryce, General Sir Evelyn Wood, Sir Herbert
Maxwell, &e French Ambassador, the American Ambas-
sador, the Ohinese Minister, the Swedish and Norwegian
Minister, Sir Walter Foster, Sir D. Mackenzie Wallace,
Sir L Alma-Tadema, R.A., Sir E. J. Poynter, P.BA.,
Loril Strathcona, Mr. E. F. Knight, and Sir Robert Ball.
We do not quite follow Mr. Heinemann in his argu-
ment in last week's Literature that fashion in fiction does
not exist, or is of small account. He says: 'The only
justification I have ever found for the assumption that
fashion favours one class of novel to-day and a different
class to-morrow is that every striking work of literature
or art engenders in the lazy writer the vision of a
welcome pom asinorumy and with the unthinking reader
a comfortable wish for more of the same." Mr. Heine-
mann proceeds to give instance after instance of the
imitation of successful novels by inferior writers. Well,
in the world of dress this is the state of things which
we call fashion. What is fashion there but the '^poxis
asinorum" of people without original taste? Fashion is
the refuge of the unthinking in dress; and so it is in
literature. Mr. Heinemann seems to quarrel greatly with
the word, but to supply overwhelming evidence of
the fact. We regret tne phenomenon as much as he
30 June, 1900.
The Academy.
545
does ; but wei should say that there is undoubtedly,
in these days, such a thing as fashion in fiction. It is
happily more easily changed than fashion in dress, and we
are glad that Mr. Heinemann thinks that '' the success of
to-morrow may grow on any branch of the tree of fiction '' ;
adding, for emphasis : '* liet any new author offer me a
novel that excels in any particular — let his work be of any
school — ^he will not find me difficult to convince that his,
and his only for the nonce, is the novel towards which the
tendencies and the taste of the day are gravitating."
iNCiDxirrALLY Mr. Heinemann has this severe word on
the historical novel of the moment :
If I were asked whether the novel ol an unknown author
dealing with daily life in an everyday way would be afi
likely to '* catch on " as an historical romance* I tbink I
' should favour it, because it would in all probability be
nearer to human actuality, and might possibly be based on
observatinn and insight, if not even on experience or
knowledge. To make living and real personages of past
ages, hampered as the writer must be with the necessity of
creating a remote atmosphere and a strange milieu, is the
task of the master, and that is why, at a moment de^ott-d
to the apotheosis of the incompetent, it becomes the
favonrit** ambition of every bungling amateur.
Some of the philological asides which occur in Dr.
Murray's Eomanes lecture, which we deal with elsewhere,
are extremely interesting. He shows how Dr. Johnson
corrupted the spelling of tiiie word << dispatch." This
word
had been in English use for some 250 years when John-
son's Dictionary appeared, and had been correctly spelt by
everybody (that is, by everybody but the illiterate) with
dis'. This was Johnson's own spelling both before and
after he published the dictionary, as may be seen in his
I^Uer8 edited by Dr^ G. Birkbeck Hill. It was also the
spelling of all the writers whom Johnson quoted. But, by
some inexplicable error, the word got into the dictionary
as dt&patch, and this spelling was even substituted in most
of the quotations. I have not found that a single writer
f oUowea this erroneous spelling in the eighteenth century :
Nelson, Wellesley, Wellmgton, and all our commanders
and diplomatists wrote Diwatchee ; but since about 1820,
the filtering down of the influence of Johnson's Dictionary
has caused this erroneous spelling despatch to become
generally known and to be looked upon as authoritative ;
so that at the present time about half our newspapers give
the erroneous form, to which, more lamentably, the Post
Office, aft^r long retaining the correct officdid tradition,
recently capitulated.
New and recent books relating to Ohima and Japan are
pretty sure of a sale now that tiie Far East horizon is
beset with threatening clouds. A book which comes very
opportunely will be Ths ^^ Overland^^ to China, by Archi-
bald E. Colquhoun, F.B.O.S., the author of C%%na in
Transformation. This is an account of the building of the
Trans-Siberian Hailway, and a study of the rapid as-
cendency of Russian Influence in China during the past
few jjrears ; together with speculations as to the political
significance of the completion of this great undertaking.
Messrs. Harper Bros, will issue the book next Tuesday.
AxoTHEB imminent publication is Feudal and Modem
Japan, by Mr. Arthur May Knapp, which Messrs. Duck-
worth announce. Mr. Knapp nas frequentiy visited, and
for a long time resided in Japan, thus enjoying peculiar
advantages for observation. The book includes a study of
the history, religion, art, life and habits of the Japanese.
While avoiding that indiscriminating praise which has
characterised so many works on Japan, it presents fresh
points of view and furnishes information which is difficult
of access. There will be twenty-four photogravure illus-
trations of Japanese life, landscape, and architecture.
That the effect of the American law of copyright as ii
now stands jnay be to discourage the production of serious
literature is very dearly brought out by Mr. Alfred Austin
in his article on Anglo-American Literaiy Copyright in
the Pall Mall Magatine, Copyright in America can be
secured only by simultaneous publication on both sides of
the Atlantic. This means a double production and ex-
pense, and it is easy to see that in the case of a '' non-
popular " book this double expense may frighten an
Bngli^ publisher or author. But if they once publish
the book on this side only, the American copyright is , lost
for ever. What regrets and anomalies may then arise is
seen in the following fragment of a convenfation between
an author and a puUie^er, which Mr. Austin reports as an
actuality:
"I quite understand," said my friend; "but, had I
thought the book would have the circulation here it sepms
to be having, I should willingly have incurred the addi-
tional expense of 4Bimultaneouuy producing it in America.
As you say, it is now too late to do that. But I observe,
from the statement of sales you have just shown me, that
the book — tibat is to say, the English edition of it pubHehed
by you- finds a certain number of purchasers in America,
where so far, roughly calculated, as manv hundreds of
copies have been sent and sold as there have been thousands
soM here. Can you not, therefore— for this is the point I
wanted to urge — do something to stimulate the sale there
still further?"
'* Possibly," said the publisher. "But just consider
whether that would be wise, from a business point of view.
The book seems to be much appreciated in this country,
and therefore we have been able to dispose, as you say, of
a certain number of copies in America. But, if once the
impression arose there that the book is what in trade
parlance is called a great success with the Bnglish reading
public, it would at once be pirated, and we should be able
to dispose of no more copies to American readers. As
soon as it was believed that tiiere is * money in it,' it would
at once be reprinted there» and your share in that money
would be reduced to nil. As it is, you will receive some-
thing, at least, from the sales in America."
From which it appears that under the above circumstances
— ^which could arise in connection with no European
country — an author may find that it is directly against his
interest to bring his book prominentiy before a public
eager to read it.
•
Thb NetD BattU of Dorking, by a writer whose name is
represented on the tifle-page by a row of six asterisks, is
like the old BattU of Dorhing in its aim to arouse English-
men to a sense of the danger of a French invasion.
There are three months in every year— July, August,
September— during which the French army is fit for
immediate warfare. And every year during these months
there is a constantly rrcurring probability of a surprise
raid on London by the 120.000 men whom they could
without difficulty put on board ship, land in Bngland, and
maurch to within a dozen miles of London in less than
three days from receipt of the order to move.
The story tells how a French army landed at Horsham,
after a torpedo attack on Portsmouth, while the Channel
Fleet was off the Irish coast. An immediate advance to
London was met with fair promptitude by the volunteers
and reserves. After terrible bloudshed in Surrey, and
panic in London, the French army surrendered. But a
new necessity to defeat France on her own soil, and quench
her passion for revenge, was created, with corresponding
needs for army reform. The writer is strongly opposed to
those <* humanitarian " methods in war which endanger
results by excessive economy in human lives. He does
not believe in *' extended order" except in skirmishing.
In battie he advocates ^Hhe decisive, rapid advance, ending
in the relentiess bayonet attack, when having located your
enemy's position it is absolutely necessary to shift him
bodily out of it. Our fellows did this the other day in
those two wonderful bayonet duels with the French near
Dorking and at Chaldon." Larger lessons are enforced.
546
The Academy.
30 June, 1900.
Mb. Doknbllt is ever with us. War canoot stale, nor
Presidential elections wither, the infinite variety of his
attacks on Shakespeare. Mr. Donnelly is now Populist
candidate for the Vice-Presidency of the United States.
But neither Popidism nor populeuity can turn him from
his purpose of mducing us to spell Shakespeare's name
B-a-c-o-n. He now tells us that the very inscription on
Shakespeare's tomb bears witness against his authorship
of the plays. Mr. L. F. Austin makes short and sanguin-
ary work of this suggestion in the lUtutraUd London
Nhoa:
He [Mr. Donnelly] applies to the rhymes that aerved so
well to frighten illicit bone-distorbers the test of what he
calls Bacon's secret cypher. This produces the disclosure that
'* Francis Bacon wrote the Marlowe, Greene, and Shakspere
plays." . . . Mr. Donnelly must have expected more than
this. If in the intervals of writinfip the works that bear
his illnstrions name, and of discharging the duties of
a somewhat laborious office in the State, Bacon could find
time to write Shakspere, Marlowe, and (Greene, I see no
reason why he should not have written Ben Jonson, Beau-
mont and Fletcher — in short, the whole Elizabethan drama.
Nothing in the shape of toil is impossible to such a prodigy.
Not onl^ did he pile Pelion on Ossa by writing Shakspere,
bat with sheer wanton riot of intellect he introduced the
•
crypto^rram into the plays for the Populist candidate to
find out. Whilst his imngination was in the throes of
''Lear«" "Hamlet," and what not, his historical con-
science was penning a veracious narrative of the life and
times of Elizabeth, and interweaving it with the blank
verse. The Baconian theorists say it is incredible that a
man of Shakspere's education could have written his
poetry ; but they offSsr us in their imaginary Bacon the
most astoimding miracle in human history.
Apbofos of our recent remarks on the clashing of novel
titioB, the following statement is interesting. It appears
on a slip of pink paper in a book of two stories, by Dr.
G. H. E. Dabbs, entitled Before Good Night and From Door
to Door, the second story being a sequel to the first :
The author regrets that the similar title of this sequel-
story to that of Mr. Gapes's lately published book has
arisen by one of those accidents of coincidence which need
only to be acknowledged to be understood. Mr. Capes
had inadveitently adopted the identical title used in a
serial story by the author of Before Good Nighi, and it
was not brought to his notice until his novel waspublished
and reviewed. The author of this version of Frcrni Ihor
to Door, while fully f zonerating Mr. Capes, cannot sur-
render his ti^le.
Mb. HsiNBHAmY has in preparation a series of tranda-
tion« of the novels of Matilde Serao, to be published
uniform with the works of Gabriele d'Annunzio, the first
volume to appear in the autumn.
Owing to pressure on our space we have been unable
to quote so many verses in the " Things Seen " (metrical)
competition as we could have wished. We shall quote a
few others next week.
Biblioi>raphical.
The continued vitality of the late Mrs. Edwardes's story,
Ought We to Visit Her? is shown in the fact that Messrs.
Macmillan have just reissued it in two-shilling form. It
is by this novel and by Archie Lovell that Mrs. Edwardes
in all probability will be remembered. The former had
the distinction of being adapted to the stage by Mr. W. S.
Gilbert, at a time — a quarter of a century ago — when
dramatisations of novels were not so frequent or so popular
as they are now. Mrs. Edwardes's last published work
was posthumous — A Plaster Saint, which came out last
year, apparently without the advantage of the authoi'g
final revision. It had been preceded in 1890 by ?m{
Powder, and in 1885 by A Oirton Girl, Of Mrs. Edwardee's
Leah and Susan Fielding there were new editions as lately
as 1899 and 1893, but they have been oatdistanced in
popularity by A^rehie LoveU. In Ought We to Visit Eer ^
we have, no doubt, the survival of the fittest.
" Bibliographers of Thackeray," wrote Mr. F. G.
Kitton in li^ week's Literature, *^ are apparently tmawaie of
the fact that the author of Vanity Fair, in his early days,
was responsible for the libretto of a little musical opera
called <The Mountain Sylph,' first performed at the Boyd
Lyceum Theatre on Monday, August 25, 1884." I beg
Mr. Kitten's pardon. If the bibliographers of the author
of Vanity Fair do not ascribe to him the authorship of the
Ubietto of ^^ The Mountain Sylph," it is simply because lie
has no claim thereto. The said libretto was the work, not
of W. M. Thackeray, but of T. J. Thackeray, his cousm,
some references to whom may be fotmd in Planche's
ReooUections. The two Thackerays have frequentiy been
confounded in regard to theatrical productions, but it is
really high time that the truth prevailed. No dramat'^
work by W. M. Thadceray was ever performed in public,
whereas T. J. Thackeray made several appecurances of tki
sort, in addition to " The Mountain Sylph."
I see it stated that along with the text of The Mesmerut,
a new novel by Mr. B. L. jB^arjeon, will be published ^t
of a play whidi Mr. Farjeon has himself based upon the
story — " for the purpose of forestalling any raids that may
be made upon it for theatrical purposes." I doubt very
much if the said raids will have been successfully averted
by this latest device of the self-defending novelist. The
decision in the Little Lord Fauntleroy case appears to
Tender it possible for any raider to annex the entire plot
and characters of The Mesmerist, and make them into a
play, so long as he does not use any of Mr. Faijeon's
dialogue. Even Mr. Farjeon's tide, I believe, coiid be
taken by anyone sufGlcientiy unprincipled. I do not think
it has been used as a play-titie, and it would, therefore,
be proportionately valuable.
Talking of printed jplays, that sort of literary product is
becoming quite famihar. It was only the other day that
Mr. Haddon Chambers followed in the wake of Mr.
Pinero, Mr. Henry Arthur Jones, and Mr. Bernard Sbaw,
by giving to the world the text of his comedy, "The
Tyranny of Tears." Of course, Mr. Shaw and Mr. Jones
and Mr. Pinero did but follow tiie example of Mr. W. S.
Gilbert, most of whose dramas have attained the dignity
of print. (He has refrained, by the way, from including
his burlesques of operar—" Dulcamara," "The Pretty
Druidess," and so forth — ^in his volumes of plays.) But,
in truth, the extent of printed plays is very considerable—
the dramas of Westiand Marston, the comedies of T. W.
Bobertson, the plays of Knowles and Lytton and ao on,
being all accessible in volume form. Then, what a niine
of dramatic matter is to be found in the current list of
Mr. French's publications !
It is understood that the Tioo Stage Plays of Lucy Snowe,
announced by Mr. Heinemann, have never been offered
to managers for stage representation. They are called
" Denzil Herbert's Atonement " and " Bondage." If the
latter piece had been accepted for production, the title
would probably have had to be changed, for a play called
"Bondage "was performed in London in 1883, and the
proprietor thereof might claim priority of choice. Thfi
titie of Lucy Snowe's other play is not likely to be
challenged.
In reply to a correspondent, I may mention that Mij
Bernard Shaw's CasM ByrorCs Confession was published
by the Modem Press in 1886 (price one shilling), and that
a revised edition of it appeared in 1889. Mr, Shaw's
Unsocial Socialist appeared in 1887 (six shillings) and in
1888 (two shillings).
The Bookwobm.
30 June, 1900.
The Academy.
547
Reviews.
Grant Allen,
Grant AlUn. By Edwaxd dodd. (Gtant Eichards. 68.)
Tains says somewhere that a certain philosopher secured
for himself the devotion of the British public by discovering
the English Ood in the sacred writings of Uie SUndoos.
Though gifted beyond most men, and catohinff at times
glimj^es of profound truths, Orcmt Allen made no dis-
coveries of this type ; quite the reverse.
To accept nothing unless it commended itself to his
own reason and conscience was Grant Allen's fixed and
invariable rule, and as that is not the way of the world
he came sharply into collision with much that is dear
to the orthodox heart He hated shams and conventions,
and he took eveiy opportunity of saying so. He disliked
those vulgar superstitions which usurp the name of
religion, and he was at times outspoken in declaring
his preference for a relinon of essentials — truth, justice,
pity, love, gratitude and sympalhy. He hated war and
everything leading to it. Napier, ''Peninsular War
Napier," declared that soldiers were licensed murderers;
but Orant Allen dispensed with qualifications, and bluntly
avowed his belief that military enthusiasm meant en-
thusiasm for killing people. He was an evolutionist,
not of the limited, but of the unlimited kind ; and he
believed in the orderly unfolding of ever3rthing from
cosmic dust to man, body and soul. He wrote a book
on Ths JSvohttion of Ood, and was with difficulty per-
suaded to modify the tiile to The Solution of ths Idea
of God ; but even the modified title was all too shocking
for the British public; albeit that it had the approvfd
and had, in fact, been suggested by Mr. Herbert Spencer.
Finally, he unbosomed himself on the relations of the sexes
in The Woman Who Did.
Obviously, Grant Allen needs a biogranher who sympa-
thised with him, and who can put him rignt with the coiirt
of appeal — ^the coming generations. And the majority of
people who take an interest in the matter wiU be of
opinion that Mr. Edward Glodd is eminentiy well suited to
accomplish this task. Mr. Glodd is an evolutionist; he
understands the work accomplished by tiie pioneers of tiie
doctrine and, as he teUs us himself, he enjoyed Grant Allen's
friendship for well nigh twenty-eight years. Besides, he
had something to pour into the ear of the public of potent
e^ect with the vast majority of folks — ^to wit, a deeply
pathetic tale, and on a scaffolding of deep feeling he could
have erected a solid edifice of reason. For Gr^t Allen's
life was charged with tragic interest. After a period of
sunshine in the land of his birth — Oanada — and at Dieppe
and Birmingham, he matriculated at Merton Oolle^,
Oxford. While at Oxford changes occurred in family
circumstances and he was thrown on his own efforts, and
from that time till his death he never knew the peace
which comes from possessing a ffood banker's balance — a
peace which truly passeth all understanding — and he was
never wholly free from some measure of anxiety about
financial ways and means. He had one bit of good luck in
being appointed a professor at the Gx)vemment College in
Jamaica, but that only lasted three years, and was a mere
passing glimpse of the comfortable side of life. He had
to live bv his pen, and he soon learned that living by his
pen, in the regions he was specially equipped for — ^namely,
science and philosophy — meant starvation. Then he tried
his hand at eveiy branch of literature, and displayed a
versatility which was truly marvellous. He achieved
success ; he became a known man, and commissions poured
in. But success came too late. He had been constantiv
thinking, planning and scheming to produce wares to catch
the literary market, and this ceaseless mental activity and
worry wore him out, and cut short his Hf e at a compara-
tively early age. He was never robust, and his burden
was too much for him.
''What place is to be assigned to this versatile well-
equipped worker ? " Mr. Clodd asks this question in his
closing pages ; but he contents himself with some melan-
choly reflections about the short memory man has except
for tiie few immortals, and leaves the answer, to ms
question to time. He forgets that it was his bounden
duty to assign a place to this hero and martyr, and to help
time to form a correct verdict about him. We must say
frankly that we expected mueh from Mr. Glodd; we
thought him the right man for the task he had under-
taken ; but we must with equal frankness dedare that we
finished his book with feeungs of utter disapnointment.
He has g^ven us many good things — ^letters and sketches by
Mr. Herbert Spencer, fiarwin, Huxley, Mr. Andrew Lang,
Mr. Alfred Biissell Wallace, Ftof . Powell, and Miss Bird
(sister of Dr. G^rge Bird), but he has relied too much on
the good things supplied to him by others. His con-
necting narrative is at times singularly weak. He is apt
enough about Grant Allen's ancestry, lus " grand forebears
o' auld lajig syne," and he gives us a g^wl background
from which to trace this gifted man's physical and mental
constitution. But there is another background even more
important than that of the family — ^namely, one of the
social and intellectual antecedents of our time, so as to
enable us and tiiose who come after us to understand
exactly where Allen took up " the burden and the lesson,"
and what he has actually accomplished as a pioneer of
evolution. Grant AUen himself thought he nad done
something for evolution, his dying words to his son being :
" I want no memorial over my remains. Tell those who
care for anything that- I may have done to buy a copy of
Force and Energy.^^ But the evolution he did something
for was the Spencerian form of that doctrine, and that
form has never kindled in Mr. Glodd the enthusiasm of
an adherent.
Mr. Glodd's method, or rather want of method, is
glaringly evidenced in his bibliography of the writings of
Grant Alien. The bibliography is a complete misnomer.
The writings are given in chronological order, which
would be aU very well for an author who kept to a definite
pathway, and to whom dates were of consequence in order
to establish his claims to originality. But Grant Allen did
not keep to a definite pathway, but was philosopher,
naturalist, j^ysicist, historian, poet, novelist, essayist,
and critic. The efforts of a many-sided man like him
ought not to have been given indiscriminately according to
dates, but should have Men tabulated according to subject-
matter, and the tabulation should have been done in such
a way as to show a definite purpose and a definite unfolding
of a distinctive gospel. The bibliography is limited to
writings published m book form, and it is well that that
limitation is distinctly stated, otherwise we should have
been obliged to mention several omissions.
The Spencer- Allen correspondence forms the most inter-
esting and, at the same time, the most valuable portion of
the book. The letters are, however, given in chronological
order, and are consequenfly scattered throughout the
volume. In adopting this method Mr. Clodd allows an
opportunity to escape him of doing a signal piece of
service to two distinguished men. Mr. Clodd contents
himself with saying tiiat Grant Allen made an early nro-
fession of the faith as it is in Herbert Spencer, and that,
with some modifications hardly affecting tiie fundamentals
of that faith, his attitude remained imchanged to the end.
This would be all very well were Mr. Clodd writing for
pMLosophers ; but as he was writing for the public, and
the public, according to Lord Beaconsfield, are largelv
doctored with nonsense, and much require books whicn
refute that nonsense, a very different statement was called
for. Grant Allen diverged from Mr. Spencer on three
points. The public were told that Mr. Spencer keenly
resented tiie modified faUing-off in his gifted adherent,
548
The Academy.
30 June, f9<»
and showed his resentment in such a way that, had it
been true, woidd have reflected lasting discredit on that
philosopher. But it tiims out that the public have been
misinformed, and that from first to last, for a period
extending to a quarter of a century, there existed un-
clouded friendship between Mr. Herbert Spencer . and
Grant Allen. Only in one letter does Grant Allen put
in a very jxnid caveat for his way of looking at the land
question, which probably caused Mr. Spencer to smile
and r^ect on the Celtic form of Grant Allen's^hereditary
make-up. Mr. Spencer's letters are charmingly written,
and his epistolary touch has a freshness about it that
reminds one of Hume's playful style of addressing friends.
Olearly this correspondence ought to have had separate
treatment, so as to enable readers to understand the exact
nature of Allen's divergences, and adequately to appreciate
the solid ground he occupied in common with Mr. Spencer,
while the devoted friendship of the two ought to have
been specially emphasised. But in this as in the other
instances we have mentioned Mr. Olodd g^ves his readers
no assistance whatever.
The Byron of Tinsel and Splendours.
The WoEiKS of Loed Bykon. — Poetry. Vol. IIL Edited
by Ernest Hartley Coleridge, M.A. (John Murray.)
This volume of the new Murray Byron deals principally
with the Eastern tales— the "Giaour," the "Corsair,"
ending feebly with the "Siege of Corinth," **Parisina,"
and the " Bride of Abydos." Among its many illustrations
is a strikingly beautiful drawing of Augusta Leigh, Byron's
beloved half-sister, beautiful as regards the face presented.
Mr. Ernest Hartley Coleridge here, as always, fulfils his
work of editor and commentator wi^ quiet thoroughness,
though he has no new matter to lay before the public. '
" The whirligig of time brings about its revenges," but
never a stranger one than that which makes the descendant
of Coleridge a leader in the rearguard fight that covers
the retreat 6f Byron's reputation ; Byron, who damned
Coleridge with imperceptive condescension conceiting itself
praise (the adolescent satire of "English Bards "should
not be laid to his count). Coleridge, on his side, was not
Byron-bitten. But al) this is nothing to the gulf between
the most perfected (though, alas! most capricious) inspira-
tion of that day and the most tinsel splendours in English
poetry. Nothing more antithetic in heredity could happen,
unless a descendant of Byron should approve himself a
poet. Mr. Coleridge has the task of defending Byron's
most Byronic poems (which are far from equivalent to
Byron's best poems). His tactics involve him in certain
dashing advances of principle, which are magnificent, but
are they criticism? They come in such a questionable
shape that some will challenge them. We must, he says,
assunilato ourselves to Byron's accidents of environment.
" Unless we are ourselves saturated with his thought and
style, unless we learn to breathe his atmosphere by reading
the books which he read, picturing to ourselves the scenes
which he saw — unless we aspire to his ideals and suffer
his limitations, we are in no way entitled to judge his poen^y
whether they he good or bad" In other words (though Mr.
Coleridge may not intend it, may not realise his own
contention), poetry is to be judged by what is imperma-
nent, transitory, of the hour, not by what is permanent,
what remains when the detritusy loosened from immediately
circumjacent interests, has been precipitated in the on-flow
of the stream. Wagner (who was more than solely a
musician) maintained that the value of coiy masterpiece, in
whatsoever form of art, was precisely to be gauged by that
in it which survived unsubmerged, indestructible, after the
temporary and accidental had been borne under by time.
The musician here was surely the sounder critic. Because
these poems, not in detail but integrally, are unvital and
moth-eaten unless you contemporise yourself (pardon the
coinage) with Byron, they lack that unsubmergible
tial quality which belongs to all true wefcry. Pootiy is
a lifeboat ; overset for the moment by me roo^h seas of
time, it finally rights itself through its own structoral
buoyancy. That is the case with some verse (scarce or
seldoin poetiy ) in Byron, but not with this. His contempo-
raries (says Mr. Coleridge) " being undisturbed by efiucal
or grammatical or metrical offences, . . . understood
enough of what they read to be touched by their vitality,
to reidise their verisimilitude," But vitality, vorisinulitude,
is precisely what we feel lacJdng in these " Qiaours '* and
" Corsairs." As tor the metricd offence, it is not a thing
of technical detail, incidental and unconsidered lapae ; it
is an organic disease, a congenital weakness, one with l^e
very flesh of the poetry. " Bold and rapid and yet exact
presentments of me ' gorgeous East ' " Mr. Coleridge finds
in these Oriental poems. Their exactitude is a traveler's
trick of "local colour," superficial enough; but where is
the soul of the Bast? It is not in them. They are
Westeni melodrama, in "correct costume," taken from
Byron's notes of Turkish travel.
For their style, it is beguiling enough to make us
wonder they are not still popular. Take a not undeservedly
celebrated passage:
He who bath bent him o'er fhe dead
Bre the Brdt day of Death is fied,
The first dark day of Nothingness,
The last of Danger and Distress,
(Before Decay's defiicing fingers
Have swept uie lines where Seauty lingers,)
And marked the mild angelic air.
The rapture of Bepose that's there.
The fixed yet tender traits that streak
The languor of the placid cheek,
And — ^but for that sad shrouded eye.
That fires not, wins not, weeps not, now,
And but for that chill changeless brow»
Where cold Obstruction's apatiiy
Appals the gazing mourner's heart.
As if to him it could impart
The doom he dreads, yet dwells upon ;
Some moments, aye, one treaohArons hour.
He still might doubt the Tyrant^s power.
So fair, so calm, so softly sealed,
The first, last look by Death revealed !
Such is the aspect of this shore ;
'Tis Greece, but living Greece no more !
So coldly sweet, so deadly fdir,
We start, for soul is wanting there.
Hers is the loveliness in death.
That parts not quite with parting breath ;
But bieauty with that fearful bloom.
That hue which haunts it to the tomb,
Expressi'm'a last receding ray,
A gilded Halo hovering round decay.
The farewell beam of Feeling past away !
Eloquence here treads illusively close on the heels of
poetry, almost overtakes it in *' 'Tis Greece, but living
Greece no more ! " &c. So with some of the descriptions :
we have to collect ourselves before we discern that (as an
excellent critic once put it) they are not paintings, but
oleographs. For the minor poems, you will find that
typical Byronism,
Fare thee well, and if for ever, &c.
Byron related how he wrote it with the tears dropping on
the page, and so forth. But on what is obviously the
original (Mr. Coleridge confesses) there is no trace of
these tears which once excited the lachrymal glands of ao
many English schoolgirls — though there is of elaborate
corrections and erasures. Byron's evil genius moved him
to head it by the exquisite lines of Coleridge on broken
friendship ; that all succeeding generations might have a
monumental collocation of the false and the true. Por
the immortal Byron we await a future volume, with ** Don
Juan," " Beppo," and the " Vision of Judgment." That
is the Byron of profuse and surprising genius.
■bi
3Q June, 1^00.
The Academy.
549
The Spirit of Paris.
JVm. By HilaireBelloc. (Edward Arnold. 7s. 6d.)
This book is neither a history nor a topography, or it is
both in a personal, eclectic way. That it may not be read
on a wrong mental plane, Mr. BeUoo explains exactly how
lie came to write it. Loying Paris, and feelif^ Paris, he
desired, as a man must who *' has felt keenly &e modem
impression of a place he loves," to know '4ts changing
past, the nature and experience that it dretws from the
centuries, and the platform upon which there can be
constructed some litUe of that future he will never dee."
And so Mr. Belloc began to read books and gather old
its present. This mingling of past and present is raised
to a sort of luxuxv that is the main charm of the book.
The author has, indeed) no more serious aim than to bulwark
his day-dreams, and justify his veneration. To do this he
uses the suitable and suggestive facts, and leaves the others
gloriously alone. Hence this is the very last book in
which to seek a first acquaintance with &e history and
character of Paris. ^ It is neither a text-book nor a laborious
history. It is a personal appreciation, often learned with
the learning of formal accounts, but wayward in its
own operations. Criticism has little to do with the plan
of the work or the authenticity of its details. We can ask
whe&er imagination, insight, and sensitiveness are brought
to the contffluplation of Paris old and new, and whether
a book so little set on formal narrative has style and
intuition. With a few reservations, to be noted, we can
say that these virtues, so necessary to such a book, are
here. Still, the book is not quite right. It would have
been imjooved by divisicm into detached essays (instead
of chapters), with some corresponding changes of treatment,
and by the rejection of enough of its heavier material to
reduce its 476 pa^es to about 350 pages. The book is
something too solid, a little stifE ana forbidding to weak
brethren. Its Table of Contents wants fancy and allure-
ment; it does but promise a procession through *' Lutetia,"
'< Paris in the Dark Ages,'^ '' The Early Middle Ages,"
''The Later Middle Ages," &c., &c., whereas Mr. Bdloc
is not writing that kind of book. It is a book of felicitous
generalisations, interpretations, and associations. Take
this about the Paris students :
They keep it fresh with a laughter that is lacking iu the
centres of the modem world, and they supply it with a
frank criticism bordering on intellectaal revolt, whicfli is
the self-satisfaction of less fortunate capitals, mere sea-
ports, or military centres, fatally ignores. The yotmg
men, from their mgh attic windows on the HUl, interpret
her horizons ;^ and, as they grow to fill the places of the
old, such a youth helps them to keep the aty worthy of
the impressions with wnich she delighted their twentieth
year.
We are not going to follow Mr. Belloo through a work
which is interesting for its spirit rather than its perform-
ance. We will be as eclectic as himself, and remark
that the dim weird Paris of the later Middle Ages has
a real lodgment in his dreams, and is not weakly projected
in sentences like these :
Paris, whose mind was changing, yet kept her form.
Had you passed througti Paris in the mght in one of those
winters you would have had everywhere about you the
narrow mystery of Gk>thic streets. The bouses, over-
hanginft and timbered, would have hidden the sky, and
the spirit in which Europe bad attempted to reach heaven
would dtill be mournfully with you in decay. You would
have seen spires beyond the roofs, and here and there the
despairing beauty of the flamboyant in its last effort, the
juttinff carved windows of the rich, or the special accre-
tion of porches at St. Jacques or at the Auxerrois. . . .
All those who have well described the end of the Paris of
St. Louis have made their descriptions fall in with the
spirit of night. Victor Hugo shows you Paris moonlit in
tne snow from the towers of Notre Dame; its little wind-
ing streets like streams of black water in breaking ice, its
infinite variety of ornament catching the flakes that had
fallen. Stevenson shows you Paris moonlit in the snow
from the eyes of Poor Villon wandering after the murder,
and afraid of wolves and of the power of the king.
One more quotation. We recognise the truth of this
lingering farewell passage — this summary of Paris when
Paris is known.
All the streets are noisy with an infinite past; the
unexpected turnings of old streets, the reveries that hang
round the last of the colleges atid that haunt the won-
derful Hill are but a littie obvious- increment to that
inspiring crowd of the dead ; the men of our blood and
our experience who built us up, and of whom we are but
the last and momentary heirs, handing on to others a
tradition to which we have added very litUe indeed.
Paris rises around any man who knows her ; her streets
are changing things, her stones are like the clothes of
a man ; more real thsAi any present aspect she may carry,
the illimitable company of history peoples her, and it is in
their ready speech and communion tlutt the city takes on
its dignity. This lis the reading of that perplexity which
aJl have felt, of that unquiet suggestion which hangs about
the autumn trees and follows the fresh winds slong the
Seine ; the riddle of her winter evenings and of the faces
that come on one out of the dark in the lanes of the Latin
quarter. She is ourselves ; and we are only the film and
edge of an unnumbered past. There is nothing modem
in those fresh streets. The common square of the Inno-
cents is a dust of graves and a meeting place for the dead ;
the Danse Macabre was too much of a creation to pass at
the mere falling of the wall. The most recent of the orna-
ments mi^e a kind of /tabernacle for the memories of the
town—Etienne Marcel before his H6tel de Ville, Oharle-
magne before the CathedraL The Place de la Concorde
is not a crossing of roads for the rich, it is the death-scene
of the Qiiondins ; the vague space about the Madeleine is
not only a foreground for the church, it is also the tomb
of the Capetiana Wherever the town has kept a part of
her older varment — ^in the Cathedral, in the PaCsos, in
Ste. ChapeUe — ^you may mix with all the centuries.
This and the preceding passages will show tiiat Mr. Belloc
has written Pari9 with the bruliant pen that wrote DanUm.
But we must express our opinion that the book before us is
poised somewhat awkwardly between the essayist's sphere
and the historian's. It is lavish of generalisations which
demand rather than win acceptance. A certain fatigue
overtakes Ihe reader, who remembers that he was told
to expect a book of private interpretations and finds often
a sbhdity proper to a book of general usefulness. Facts
are too allusively handled, and tiie reader looks round for
a text-book to aid hiuL In short, Mr. Belloc seems some-
times to forget his part, and beoome strenuous. The book
does not strike a dear note. But it is full of educated
thought ; it opens and shuts many doors to learning, and
in its pages loiowledge and sentiment meet and say fine
things.
The Red Rags of Politics.
An Introduction to EnglUk Polities. By John M. Eobertson.
(Ghrant Eichards. 10s. 6d. net.)
This book contains five hundred pages of humdrum,
indifferent journalism and two pages of fine prose. The
journalism is speckled with hideous verbs, such as *'to
subsume," and still more adiectives, of which '* viable "
and '' demotic " are the least objectionable. Purity of lan-
guage, grace, energy, and imaginativeness distinguish the
small oasis of good writing to be found on pp. 500 and 501.
In it the author, describes the intolerable disappointment
generated by his studies of history, where the known and
le unknown alike appear to be only " fruitiess, purpose-
less moments in some vast eternal dream." Through aeons
of time "morning and evening wove their sad and
splendid pageantries " above a moiling race of men who.
550
The Academy.
30 June^ 1900.
in Mr. Bobertson's estimation, have acted with, extreme
folly ; 80 that tibie record would £11 one with despair but
for the hope that in the future '' soda! science/' working
with the weapons of Reason and persuasion, will effect a
transformation. A slender consolation to temper a judg-
ment so pessimistic ! It makes one ask if the reading can
be correct, the conclusions wisely drawn«
There is a personal question not without bearing on the
wider one. Our moralist, in a too brief passage, affords
proof of rare mental qualities — insight, poetry, thought,
passion. In toiling through the annals of Home, Ghreeoe,
§pain, Belgium, and so on, he is dull and prosy, his
language a jargon ; he writes like one out of his miiier*
Analysis, goitig a Httle deeper, finds further reasons for
distrusting him as a poUtiwd guide. The subject is so
apt to engender controTcrsy and attract prejudice, that it
ought, in the first jdace, t6 be presented impartially;
secondly, with more light than heat; and, thmlly, in a
form as clear, definite, and concrete as possible. Mr.
Eobertson beffins with a va&^e definition. '' Politics,"
he says, '' is uie strife of wills on the ground of social
action. As international politics is the scene of the strifes
' and compromises of States, so home politics is the scene of
the strifes and compromises of classes, interests, factions,
sects, theorists." As will be noticed, there is no etymo-
logical relationship between the word and this interpreta-
. tion. Compare the latter with the opening sentence of
Mx. Jenks in his exceptionally able Short History of
PoUiica : '^ By politics we mean the business of govern-
ment— ^that IS to say, the control and management of
people living together in a society " — a meaning at once
practical and scholarly. The object of Mr. Eobertson's
survey of the politics of the past is to obtain guidance
for the future. We do not hesitate to say that he ought
to have done it in the dry, hard manner of a shopkeeper
taking stock and surveying his past transactions.
War is a red rag to Mr. Eobertson ; another red rag to
Mr. Eobertson is patriotism. He is no believer in dying
nations, but appears to think that race is nothing; that
not proclivity, but suitable conditions, made antique Greece
artistic, Eome a conqueror, England a coloniser. But the
analogy of nature is against him. Tribes of birds and
beasts and insects grow and die as if they had a corporate
individuality. They differ immensely, too, in their po-
tentiaHties, and it would be easy to show that among them
.are races that are as expanding and affgressive as Eussia
is ; others are in decay, as is the case with China and Spain.
The most unsatisfactory feature of Mr. Eobertson's book is
that it does not introduce us to the issues now being shaped.
It is a resumS of dead controversies, a mumbling of the
remainder biscuit. Onathousandpointsheisreadytofight,
but why wrangle over the past ? Those dead empires that he
cites as waminffs for Ei^land were different They were,
so to speak, advance guards thrown forward before the
great army of mankind. But the whole world has now
made progress, so that as pioneers we are not more than a
handsbreadth in front. Ajid the points of interest to-day
are not in the past, but in the future. The end of the
century, by a curious coincidence, sees the end of many
movements. Most of its luminaries achieved their aim.
IFree Trade rewarded Bright and Cobden, universal educa-
tion followed on tiie steps of Forster, manhood suffrage
has practically been adopted, and the early Yictorian
Chartists are justified. Ikur. Gladstone's work lives in the
well-arranged taxation, the financial prosperity of the
country. Yet all these are but preparation and e<juip-
ment for another onward rush. Parliament, pohtical
discussion, politics generally, are dull and stale just
because they are stiU wranglmg over the dry bones—the
fresh, bright movements of the coming years are only felt
by a few thinkers. But Mr. Eobertson has not grained
the situation ; his eyes are all on four red rags — ^Beligion,
War, Patriotism, Imperialism — and they see neither
.around nor beyond.
A Prophet of National Life.
Charles Henry PearBon : MemcridU hy Hiimelff his Wife^ and
hie Friende, Edited by William Stebbing. (Longmans. ;
Thb author of NtUumal Life and Character was bom at
Islington Ohurch Missionary College, of which hia father
was principal. The early years of his life were passed in
a g^ey atmosphere of rigorism 'into which a Bible Society
meeting threw occasionally a gleam of sunshine. '* O
wretched man that I am, who shall deliver me from the
body of this death?" the littie boy was once heard to
moan ; and it is not easy to confine the scope of the lament
to the physical pain which was its immediate occasion.
At the age of six, in accordance with the rule of tiie bouse
— he was one of an innumerable brood — ^he was introduced
to the Latin Grammar ; and he was sent to Rugby the
year after the death of Arnold, whom Br. Tait had suc-
ceeded. It is from his own unfinished ''Story of my
life " that we leam the impression that those days left
upon his mind. In spite of a half-smothered kindness for
the traditional system of Englifth education — '' the best in
the world and very bad," as Talleyrand called it — ^be is
alive to its faults, and particularly to the neglect of
modem languages and mathematics. There is a picture of
the present First Lord of the Admiralty, who had lately
come back from a preparatory school at Meiningon, sur-
rounded by a group in the quadrangle, and invited, at the
critical moment before the weekly German lesson, to give
a swift and sound rendering of the day's task. So much
for Arnold's boasted reforms in that matter. As to the
beneficial consequences of Arnold's system of moral influ-
ence, Pearson evidently was inclined to be sceptieaL One
gathers that in his judgment the Bugby men of that
generation were neither better nor worse than men from
other public schools, only more self-conscious. The four
years he spent there he considered in a great measure
wasted, though he read all the books in the school library,
and learned to write correct Latin verses at the rate of
fifty an hour. Among his contemporaries were Wadding-
ton, afterwards Foreign Minister of the French Republic ;
Lawrence, the author of Chty Livingstone \ bjoA John
Ooning^n. Bonamy Price was one of his masters, another
was Oongreve, the disciple of Oomte, and the founder in
England of the church which has been described as oon-
sisting of " three persons and no Gh)d."
In 1847, having been removed by the headmaster *8
request as unmanageable, he was sent to King's College,
London, to which, says he, '' I owe everything that can be
derived from a place of education." While tnere, on the
occasion of the Chartist danger he shouldered his con-
stable's staff like a man, and incidentally laid seeds of
lung mischief which in the end was fatal. In the midst
of his lectures and studies at King's College he found no
opportunity for the study of mathematics ; so that when it
was time for him to proceed to Cambridge he was able
joyfully to point out that his acquirements in this branch
of study were hopelessly defective. There was nothing
for it but to send him to Oxford, and a place was found
for him on the books of Oriel.
But Oriel was not in good form : the discipline was lax,
the moral tone was low, the lectures were poor. Men like
Pearson and the present Bishop of Lincoln were forced to
withdraw themselves in a measure from the society of the
college. Election to a scholarship at Exeter transferred
him to a more congenial sphere.
Its principal figure at this time was the sub-rector,
William Sewell, whom, although at one time he had been
looked upon as a possible rival of Newman, Pearson seems
to have regarded witii such scorn as only an undergraduate
is capable of. Indeed, the man was by that time pretty
generally discredited : Suculus — ^Littie Pig — ^they named
him, because he would not go the whole hog. For the
sake of Grant DufPs daring, but perf ecfly pertinent^ parody
of an amateurish misstatement of a sound argument im-
^^Ml^A
jm
^
JO June, 1900,
The Academy.
551
perfectly understood, we transcribe here an incident
related by Pearson :
On one. occasion Sewell contrived to diverge from some
classical text into a Justification of the damnatory clauses
of the Athanasian Greed. *' I dare say you think it very,
strange that Qod should condemn a man to etemdi
torments ; to the worm that never dies and the fire that
is ne^er quenched; to the fellowship of the bad for all
time ; to the horrible companionship of his own thoughts,
simply because he hasn't believed certain abstruse dogmas,
which perhaps were presented to him in such a way as to
revolt hia natural feenngs, which, perhaps, he never heard
of. But just consider. If anyone writes to us and mis-
spells our name, or designates us by a title inferior to what
we may claim, are we not very ansry with him F And,
arguing from the creature to the Creator, shall we not
suppose that God will be much more angry with those who
confoimd or refuse to recognise His atmbntes?" '*If
the cn^ature is a fool, what must the Creator be ? " was
Grant Duff's pithy comment.
Pearson gained his first class in 1852, and two years
later was elected a fellow of his former college. Then came
the question of a profession. He had scruples about
taking Orders ; and on the surely rather hollow ground
that " the better the advocate is the worse is the chance of
justice being done/' doubted the morality of the legal
profession. So, ''hungiy for facts after the dry husks of
scholastic logic and metaphysiGS,'' he took to medicine.
Then his old love, King's College, called him to a pro-
fessorial chair, and finally to the chair of modem history,
dnring his occupancy of which he writes : '^ I am afraid
in olie or two instances an emulous or delicate student
really died of exoessiye mental strain."
His career as a iouxnalist began in 1856 with a review
of Miss Strickland's Jfory, Qu^ of Seats, which he con-
tributed to the Satwrday. Thenceforward he wrote regu-
larly for that paper till 1859, when he found himself out
of touch with it on the question of Italian Unity. After-
wards he worked for the Sp&etator, and in 1862 succeeded
HLutton as editor of the Naticnal Rivmo. His sketches of
ooUeagues and rivals during this season are by no means
the least entertaining part of his personal narrative. But
the strange thine is this half-blmd dandiacal dyspeptic,
this mediator and self -oonmiuner, tibis winner of poetical
eompetitions on set subjects, tlds chumer of elegiacs,
should have been all tne time athirst for savagexy.
Europe he knew ; the Antipodes caJled him — whither,
before the end of the next oentuzy, it was his prophecy
the centre of fashionable society shall be transfened.
Of his life there as fanner, as polinoian, and as educational
reformer we have left ouxselves no space to speak, having
preferred io confine ourselves to the sprightly and simple
'' Stoiy of my life," which is the principal cnarm of &e
book. But lor the convention whica would seem to regard
compression and conoisenees as an insult to the defunct,
we should be inclined to doubt the wisdom of printing
at length tiie appreciations of friends which fill a quarter
of the volume.
On religious questions he seems never to have thought
to a conclusion, and the things he is reported from time
to time to have said do not rise above the level of
oommonplace.
Literary Hampstead.
Sweet HampBtead and iU Auoeiatiom. By Caroline A.
White. (Eliot Stock.)
Mbs. White is in her eighty-ninth year, and her memories
of Hampstead axe as vivid as they are long-reaching.
Accustomed during a great part of ner life to '' coin her
brain for drachmas," she now dedicates the last of her
strong^ and talent to the place she has loved longest.
No writer can read untouched her quotation of a
sixteenth century poet :
Now cease my lute : this is the lasts
Labour that thou and I shall waste,
And ended is that we begun :
Now is this soog both sung and pasti
My lute, be stiU, for I am done.
A tender, truthful book is the result — the book of a dear
old lady. The sweetness of many summers seems to be
gatheied into its pages. We are in the lovely hill-suburb
that sees London on one side and England on the other ;
that has heard Shelley shout like a boy in his poetic glee,
and has seen Constable's eye grow dim with rapture as he
looked at St. Paul's from his bower, or watched a rain-
cloud pass over fir and hillock and gleaming fi^orse. In
nearly four hundred pages of lingering gossip Mrs. White
\ak%R us through all the Hampsteads (for there are many),
and the air seems always muimurous with new songs of
Nature or old talk of men. With eighteenth-century
Hampstead liLrs. White is thoroughly well acquainted.
And while, in her pages, we follow Steele and Addison,
Arbuthnot and Gay, Komney and Mme. B'Arblay, in and
out of the old sunny intricate streets and lanes, we know
them the better because Mrs. White can recall a Hamp-
stead so like to theirs. Even forty years ago the place
wore a stationaiy calm.
Then Hampstead was a street of village shops upon the
slope of the hill, with a broken sky-line of red-rooied,
one-storied, brown-brick or weather-boarded houses, with
small windows, often glazed with gla^s that darkened
light. Some of Uie shops had still hanging shutters and
open shop-boards, and many of them half-hatch doors,
a few of which^ with a fine vein of vrhat was called inde-
pendence, were comfortably bolted against all comers
during meal-times.
In nothing has Hampstead more changed than its out-
skirts and approaches. Its heart of warm red bride and
loamy gardens endures well ; but Mrs. White can tell you
of a time when the South £kid, now a congerie of third-
rate streets, was a little hamlet of red-roofed houses
embosomed in green trees, and when the Conduit Fields
and Shepherd's Well mi^ht be enjoyed where Fitzjohn's-
avenue and its tributaries now spread their villas. Here
is a picture of old Haverstock Hill :
As recently as 1859 the road to Hampstead was a
charming one, especially if one drove there ; for there you
had the advantage of seeing beyond and above ^e
pedestrian. No sooner did you cross the Canal Bridge
than your pleasure in the prospects began. Leering
Chalk Farm on the left, where in some one or other of the
effiioed fields Tom Moore and Jeffrey (afterwards Lord
Jeffrey) met to fight their intercepted duel, and Primrose or
Barrow Hill, in a ditch on the south side of which (1678)
the body of the murdered Sir Bdmondbury Godfrey was
found . • • and upon the summit of which, with sub-
limated vision, wuham Blake, fictor i^notua, saw the
spiritual sun, *' not like a golden disc the size of a Kuinea,"
but like an innumerable company of the heavemy host,
crying, '* Holy, holy, holy ! "
If we torn to the Hampstead humanities, whom shall we
select ? Mis. White delights in Leigh Hunt, in Constable,
and in Erskine — ^in a hundred others. There is something
about the old Lord Chancellor that rivets attention. His
residence, Erskine House, is familiar to all who know the
Spaniard's Inn and the Spaniard's-road. The house
and grounds had not much to commend tiiem to a Lord
Chanoellor, but Erskine found their possibilites of im-
provement deliffhttnl. His garden lay on the opposite
side of the roao, and was retched from the house by a
subway. To-day the garden is incorporated in the gioimda
of Mansfield House. Here Erskine, after his laTOurs at
Westminster, worked with his gardener, planting so
diligently that tiie place was soon named Evergreen Hill.
In the neighbourh<x)d he was known as an amiable man,
552
The Academy
^o June, 1900.
who loved flowers ; though a Hampstead dookej-driyer,
whom Erskine found ill-treating hi& animal, had reason to
remember little more of his lordship than his stick, which
was laid on hia back in righteous wrath. Burke came to
see Erskine at Hampstead after a long estrangement, and
said to him : ^'Oome, Erskine, let us forget all. I s!iiall
soon quit this stage, and wish to die in peace with every-
body, especially you." When, presently, they took a
turn round the grounds, Burke could not resist a kindly
sarcasm. As they emerged from the tunnel before
mentioned, all the beauty of Ken Wood, Lord Mansfield's,
and the distant country, burst upon him. '^Oh," said
Burke, "this is just the place for a reformer. All the
beauties are beyond your reach. lE^ou cannot destroy
them." It quite spoils the Erskine idyll to know that
after the death of his wife, in 1805, he returned to
London, liyed in Pimlioo, and married again.
Clos^ by Erskine House, GoUins's Farm, now called
Tooley's Farm, lies in the hollow below tihe Sandy-road
leading to North End. A choicer retreat for a writer or
an artist did not exist sixty years ago, and the spot had
even then associations of great interest. It
was for successive simimers the ** sunshine holiday"
home of the elder Linnell and his family, who perhaps
never worked harder himself when here, and who, being
here, drew around him a little company of his brother
artists— amongst them Blake, Yarley, Flaxman, and Mor-
land. Nearer to our own time Dickens had lodgings here,
and wrote, it is said, several chapters of Bleak House in
this retirement. Lover is also said to have made it his
summer quarters on one occasion. ... It is easy to return
from this point to the broad holly hedge opposite Lord
Erskine's house. At the end of it is the site (uutil quite
recently) of the most interesting reUc that Clampstead
retained of what may be called its classic days — the Nine
Elms, whose boughs had shaded the favourite resting-place
of Pope and Murray (the after owner of Ken Wood, Lord
Mansfield).
It is natural that Mrs. White should feel little sympathy
with the changes which have come over Hampstead in the
last few years. Even the holiday carnivals, to which the
Hampstead folk have been reconciled by many years of
repetition, have lost some of their picturesqueness. The
gipsies are hardly seen there now ; and, moreover,
in those far-away times gipsies . . . were not the only
picturesque figures to be met with on the Heath. It
was no unusual thing to meet with speculative lace-makers
from Buckinghamshire, in their short red cloaks, frilled
with black lace, and wonderful black bonnets, with
cushion and pendent van-coloured ribbons swinging from
it, selling their thread lace to chance customers, and
taking orders from others who had learned the value of
their wares.
Those of us whose nlemories of Hampstead go back
only fifteen years could name similar losses and regrets.
On p. 163 of Mrs. White's book there is a photograph
of North End, showing the little hamlet opposite the Bull
iLnd Bush inn. The cottage gardens are seen sloping
down to the road; almost you catch the scent of tkeir
mignonette and sweet-williams. But those cottages are
gone, their gardens are a grassy moimd ; gone are the tea-
tables on which cut flowers were generously placed in
jars, though they grew on every hand. It was a coign of
vantage, whence could be seen all the small stir of the inn.
To sit there, and be meditative ; to finger a pocket Horace,
and murmur, with the precocious mel^choly of youth,
Achilles perished in his prime
Tithon WHS worn away oy time,
or some other gnomic exclamation of the Sabine poet —
all this hallowed a spot which no villa or grocer's shop
or sky-dimbing block of flats can hallow. But what
are such memories and regrets ; and why do we name
them in the same page as Mrs. White's? Only that
we Inay claim a place in the great company of those
who hav6 loved Hampstead for her best gifts.
Other New Books.
EoBEBT BaowiriNa.
By Arthub Waugh,
The '' Westminster " series of smaU biographies, of
which this is the first volume, seems to be very well con-
ceived. We have had new editions of standard works id
neat pocket formats, but here we have oxigfinal work pre-
sentea as daintily as a classic that nobody reads. It seems
particularly fortunate that the field cnosen for this ex-
tension of a popular form of publishing' is Biography, for
there is no branch of literature that is more in need of
fresh sap. We have again and again protested against
the portentous size and artistic nuUity of the memoir of
commerce. The '* Westminster " biographies should show
that the biographical miniature is a very charming and
efficient means of recording a man's traits and achieve-
ments.
Mr. Waugh's memoir contains, we should judge, about
25,000 words, and it is divided into eleven short chaptsis.
His treatment of his subject is simple, picturesque, and
marked by good taste and proportion. A short biogiaphj
ought never to look like a big one painfully compressed,
and here no such error has been made. Within the limits
of > a small book there is freedom and leisure. Nor does
Mr. Waugh affiict us with advanced or ^^ precious " views
of Browning, Bostonian epithets, or fantastic Browning
Society elucidations. Indeed, his service to Browning's
genius consists partly in his quiet acceptance of him as a
classic, not as a curiosity or riddle-makings prophet. That
is the only right attitude. This book meets downing in
that level highway of literature on which he walks in the
footsteps of ^Shakespeare, Ben Jonaon, Shelley, Tennyson,
Dickens, Arnold. In minor matters the book is well
managed. Mr. Waugh furnishes a chronology, an
adjimet which no biography should be without, and a
bibliography which wiu satisfy all but the most exacting*
students. Browning's relations to others — to his wife,
friends, critics — are carefully noted ; and the hum of the
literary world is allowed to steal in, as it were, through
the poet's windows ; so that we see him atmosphericallj
and relatively.
In l^e following representative passage Mr. Wangh
discusses the traditional^' obscurity" of Browning in con-
uezion with his traditional '' message " :
What, then, was the quality in which Browning lay
outside the habits of his own time, — the quality which kepi
him for more than thirty years at work before he began
to have anythiog like a considerable following P It would
seem to have been almost entirely a question of method, and
not a question of thought or ** message " at all. Browning's
<< message " ... is essentially simple and direct. It is 000-
cemed entirely with wide and open problems of life. It may
be made to move hand in himd with orthodox religion. It
contains notiiing to repel or even astonish. It is a necai'
sary part of any spiritual system whatever, of every con-
ceivable school of philosophy which leads anywhere beyond
the abyss of despair. But his method was another matter.
It was new and disturbing, intricate and curious ; and it
was introduced into poetry at a time when literature,
having just recovered from the fervours of the French
Revolution, had settled down again into a natural calm,
in the pursuit of beauty for its own sake. Now, although
the pursuit of the spirit of beauty is implicit in all
Browning's work, he had very litUe care for abstract
principles apart trom. their diract relation to hmnanity-
Mankind, and especially the individual man as the
microcosm, was the entire concern of his poetry ; and, in
order to arrive at the truth of aU general principles bs ihey
affected man, it was the essence of his method to analvse
the emotions of the individual, to dissect the impou^i
and from the isolated example to proceed to the generah'sa-
tion. The method required complexity if it was to be in
the least degree effectual ; and the complexit}^' demanded
concentrated attention in the reader who was to follow it.
Excellent in itself, Mr. Waugh' s book recommends the
series which it inaugurates. (Kegan Paul.)
30 June, 1900.
The Academy.
553
All about Dogs*
By Chablbs Hsnby Lanb.
Mr. Lane is a well-known fancier, exhibitor, and judge
of dogs. His work will be of great value to those
interested in dogs with a pedigree. Of each breed he has
a few remarks to make of his own, and in the generality
of cases he adds thereto an authoritatiye list of points.
The illustrations are pictures of well-known winners,
capitally drawn by Mr. Moore. Indeed, his work in this
book demonstrates the superiority of the pencil oyer the
camera in delineating animals judged by points. It is
iseldom, indeed, that a photographer is elao a good judge,
and if he were it is impossible always to obtain a good
picture and at the same time bring out the beauties that
appeal to the connoisseur's heart. Mr. Lane has done his
work well, but sportsmen should be warned that before
all else he is a judge and exhibitor, and therefore does not
always show as much attention to the history of a breed as
is desirable. Eetrievers, for instance, he divides into flat
and curly without mentioning the dreumstance that the
former is a creation of the last forty years or so. Nor
does he venture on any criticism of the standard set up by
the Kennel Glub. For instance, it is very certain that the
continual exhibition of deerhounds is tending to make the
breed much too fine — ^merely a greyhound with a rough
coat. Here and there, in a country house, one may meet
with someone who cultivates the original type of strong,
rough dog with a jaw that would make prize-winning
impossible — a dog of the moimtain and forest; but the
average owner, on the look-out for show-btoch honours,
deliberately breeds away from what used to be needed on
heath and forest. We are sorry, too, that so good an
authority has not seen fit to make any mention of the
rough Scottish greyhound. The truffl<5-aog8 used in Wilt-
.sliire are also omitted — we suppose, because they are not
often shown ; but they have been bred true to type since the
days of the Spanish Armada, and quite deserved a place
among poodles. If, instead of '^ Ail about Dogs," 1^^.
Lane had chosen for titie '' A Manual for Dog Eidiibitors "
littie fault could have been found. (Lane.)
In Bibd-land with
Field Glass and Ojlmxrjl,
By Ouvbb Q-. Pike.
Within the last five years the photography of birds'
nests has grown into a popular pastime that is doing much
to define and render exact a kind of knowledge that used
formerly to be very va&:ue and untrustwortiiy. Adopting
the prevalent fashion, Mr. Pike has produced a pretty ana
enjoyable volume. Hi& pictures, as might be expected, are
not uniformly excellent. The majority are satisfactory — a
few, such as the Garden Warbler that serves as frontispiece,
are very fine indeed, but in one or two we are forcibly re-
minded of certain pictorial advertisements that used to
adorn the hoardings with *' Puzzle, find the Cat," inscribed
beneatii. ^ ' Find the Nightingale " might have been written
under the cat on p. 14 and "Find the Duck " on p. 178.
Ftobably the young ornithological student will sigh as he
looks for coloured pictures. So many nests and eggs,
particularly of small birds, resemble one another so closely
that we doubt if specimens could be named from black and
white illustrations. Mr. Pike's letterpress is dear and
unpretentious. Most of his work has been done in those
parts of Middlesex and Hertfordshire that are almost
suburban in character, and it is extremely interesting to
learn how many forms of wild life may be studied just
outside the postal district. But he also describes one or
two more distant journeys on his favourite quest, and that
to the Norfolk Broads deserves special mention. He and
three other naturalists sailed about in a yacht bearing the
appropriate name of the Meed- Bird, and one result is an
account of the Bearded Tit as full and satisfactory as any
that we have previously met. But the whole tour is very
charmingly described. In the course of the book Mr.
Pike animadverts bitterly upon the inroads that ' ^ murderous
millinery" is making on our fauna. ''Atone sale in
London that came under my notice," he says, "nine
himdred Kingfisher skins were offered besides 265,000
other gav-plumaged birds, and 4tf,600 oimces of Osprey
feathers." Our annual importation of bird-skins amounts
to 35,000,000. And, of course, most of them are killed in
the breeding season, when plumage is at its best. A
sufficient cause of protest, surely ! (Unwin.)
Fiction.
Ursula, By K. Douglas King.
(Lane. 6s.)
Ursula is bright and unflagging, but it is none the less a
literary mistake. It is one of those pseudo-Bussian tales
full of passion and treachery, in which one instinctively
feels that the choice of locality was due to a convention.
Given two pairs of cousins strongly resembling each other,
and it is oSvious that extraordinary things can happen to
tihem in a Buqsia manufactured by an English novelist.
Ursula tells the story herself, and soon strikes, the note of
fatalism by relating how, as a child, she was ''trans-
ported " into '' the unknown future " and saw '' crimson
stains" on white stones, and at her feet '' a stretched-out
figure, still as death." Later on we find that this tragedy
is the result of a desperate fight on the prsmises of a
villain distinguished by that eerie suavity which we have
learned to associate with the pseudo-Bussian of the English
novel. Miss King's climax has di^puty, for " the
stretched-out figure " had laid down his life to save the
man he hated for the sake of the woman he loved.
Ursula was that woman, and, having three lovers and a
very hi^h temper, she proved a worthy ally of the melo
drajnatic Noms. The pace of the story is exciting, and
the incidents attending the detention of Ursula and her
escort in the house of the doctor who proposes to murder
them have the (quality of genuine romance. We may
add that Ursula discovered the trend of her affections,
and that she makes her farewell to the reader from a
veritable heaven of domesticity. It would be interesting
to have Turgenev's opinion of tiie structure and charac-
terisation of this novel.
' To the HeaUng of the Sea. By Francis H. Hardy.
(Smiti^ Elder & Oo. 6s.)
Oddly enough Mr. Francis Hardy combines in his new
novel the sincere but shallow, religious sentiment evinced
in The Mills of God with a brilliant narrative of stock-
broking in extraordinary. His plot is of the simplest ;
a financial genius, Blabon, takes the place in Wall-
street of a friend, Uvingstone, who by recHess speculation
lies under an imminent risk of bankruptcy and dishonour.
Suffering as he is from nervous breakdown, Livingstone
is persuaded to cross the Atlantic to England for the
sake of '^ the healing of tiie sea." On the other hand, a
beautiful bnmette of charitable instincts is persuaded
to regard tile unfortunate stockbroker as a patient, and
to endeavour to take him out of himself. The senti-
ment of love made him feel acutely the injuxy sustained
by his self-respect during his financial adventures; and
indeed a man seldom finds it pleasant to remember that
he has appropriated to his own use money which he held
In trust. Thereupon Mr. Hardy with questionable fitness
vouchsafes him a vision of Him who walked the waves.
Furthermore — and here the Optimist casts on him a
tolerant eye — he allows his penitent stockbroker to save
a life at the peril of his own. Meanwhile astounding
juggleries go on in Wall-»8treet, to the end that Livinfl;stone
becomes once more a millionaire. But at what cost !
The first ten minutes of thut terrible '* Blue Monday '*
had worked ruin to a quarter of a million gamblers.
554
The Academy.
30 June, 1900
exposed the carefully concealed defalcations of a hundred
trusted officials, driven a 8o6re of desperate men to suicide,
swept into bankruptcy six Stock Exchange firms, and dosed
the doors of three large banks.
Let us hope InyingBtone was worth it
Nitll GhoyHf ComeduM, By Frankfort Moore.
(Pearson. 68.)
Ik this alight series of episodes Mr. Frankfort Moore
has followed a prevailing fashion, and given us a highly
idealised picture of Nell Gwyn. We watoh the fortunes
of the wayward and warm-hearted orange girl from her
first appearance outside Drury Lane Theatre, jesting with
Buckingham and Sedley, to the final scene, the omy one
of real human feeling, in which the lover she has mourned
as dead returns to find that Nelly is ''the King's." The
following is a specimen of the badinage between orange
girl and courtiers :
''Ay, but Fm no lady, only a bit of a woman,'* said
Nell.
'' If you're only a bit, I'll buy a score from the sample,
Nelly."
" Ay, your Qrace treats womankind as oranges — to be
picked up by the score."
« And to be foimd deadly sour."
'' Ay, and then flung into the gutter."
Her caprices and repentances are not rendered peculiarly
convincing, yet she is by far the most vital figure in the
book. Mr. Moore's 'Churchill is something of a puppet,
though Nell's jesting prophecies concerning him are not
without point.
'' L^d, Nell, Jack hath no quality of the volatile shuttle-
cock about him."
''Oh, yes; if we live long enough, we shall see him
exhibit the best quality of the drnttlecock — ^the quality of
changing sides rapidly without falling between them."
As to Lady Oaatlemaine and Mme. de la Querovaille, it is
dijQ&cult to conceive of these violent ladies, as here depicted,
appealing to the fastidious, if whimsical, taste of Oharles U.
Historic accuracy is not to be expected in stories of this
nature, and Mr. Moore has been at as little pains to impart
historic atmosphere. The absence of tnese qualities,
however, will probably not interfere with the poptdarity
of these come<ues witn readers desirous of a haJi-hour's
amusement, who wiU welcome their vivacity. (Pearson. 6b.)
The Sword of ths King, By Honald MacDonald.
(John Murray. 6s.)
The plot of Mr. MacD'onald's romance centres dosely
about the sword which gives it name. The '^ king " is
William of Orange, and we story deals with a plan for his
assassination and its thwarting by the heroine, Fhilippa
Drayton. Her wild ride, disguised, to warn the Prince,
and the service by which the seeming lad wins the gift of
William's sword, with a jpromise to redeem it by anv boon
in his power, is told in stirring fashion. Philippa's
brother, a Catholic and devoted adherent of King James,
is endangered by her act, and throu^ his escape Edward
Boyston, her lover, an officer of the Prince, is brought face
to face with degradation and death. In this crisis Philippa
claims the promise, and when William, sparing his fol-
lower's life, does not release him from disgrace. She
restores the sword — ^broken.
" The greater half," be said; and in despite of himself
he smiled.
Being by that smile much emboldened, I answered:
''Then am I more generous than William, Prince of
Orange. For life," I said, lifting from the floor the broken
point of the sword, "is less than honour. Yet, like his
Highness, I keep the point that kills."
The complicated situation is handled with force and clear-
ness, though none of the incidents are markedly original.
A promising first book.
Notes on Novels.
\_ThiM notes on the weeJ^e Fiction are not neeenwrily finsl
Reviews of a selection mil/Mow.^
Thb Ingrbasing Pubposs. By Jakbs Lahe Alles.
The author of The Choir Imdsible is comii^ to his own
in England, and this novel, full of racial warmth and
freshest human nature, will substantiate bis daims. As in
most of his other writings, Mr. Allen treats of Kentucky
life and Kentucky ideals. The period is that at the close
of the Civil War, about 1865. A wind of intellectual life,
embodied in a university, is passing over the State, and
hero and heroine alike respond to it. Intending to fit
himself for the Christian ministry, the hero is cauig^t k
the Darwinian theory, and he finds in love the solace k
had sought in religion. The book is redolent of the soil
from which David goes to his studies and to which he
returns. Life is intense, richly coloured, and splendidlj
aspirant in these pages; yet the eternal note of sadness
is brought in. (Mcusmillan. 6s. )
AlS thb Light Led. By Jambs Newton BASsEn,
In this novel also the period after the Wax of ^essioii
is chosen ; but here the effect of the war is not the
broadening of intellectual life but the narrowing and
hardening of religious l^e. The hero and heroine an
divided by sect ; we are among Methodists, " Disciples,"
and what not. (Macmillan. 6s.)
LiTTLB IkDABAS.
By J. Mic.
Five documents of Souih African life. Such documents,
too! The Kaffir, the Boer, the Englishman. As Mr. Edward
Gamett says, these studies may not quite " fit in with
what the newspapers say"; but there is no doubt that
they are well written and that they reflect human n&tare.
The first story, "The White-Patched Kaflar," ends thus:
"When Thornton gives the history of his fortune te
daims the credit of having made one black man carry out
his moral obligations, which, he says, is more than Exeter
Hall has done ; he firmly believes that Providence specially
decreed the white-patched Eafi&r should fall into his hands
to enable ^™ to help himself, and he maintftinB that
banging the black man's head with a Bible answers better
than tenderly handing it to him limp and soppy with
nesTophile teais. As his wife, who entered these jjages as
Ndl Marsden, has the costliest conservatory in Maritzbuig>
she agrees with him." (Unwin. 2s.)
Maist Datohters. By Sakah TrosR.
Mrs. Tyiler*s present concern is with the woman move-
ment, and her story deals with the inmates and interests
of " The Woman's Institute and Emporium of Technical
Knowledge and its Productions." The heroine's name a
Delia, and she is " illustrious in combined oookeiy and
mathematics." (Dighy, Long. 6s.)
A Hospital Eomakoe, and
Othbe Stobibs. By Elkanob Holmb-
Five short stories of the improving type, with mild
writing like this: "Those who have ever found them-
selves beneath the same roof with a pair of newly-
engaged lovers will bear witness to the imperative necessity
that exists for the constant observance of precaution in
entering rooms." (Digby, Long. 6s.)
The Wonderful Cabeer Editkd by
OF Ebbnezer Lobb. Allek Upvabt.
"The world knows nothing of its greatest men.*' The
title, and this motto, wiU suggest the nature of this 1)00k,
which follows an old convention. Ebenezer Lobb is the
all-round blunderer, whose adventures in sport, Hterature,
politics, the Volunteers, and other spheres, provide wmia
known as merriment. The book also includes "Sele^^ns
from the Prose and Poetry of Ebenezer Lobb." (H^J^
& Blackett. 6s.)
i
30 June, 1900,
The Academy.
555
THE ACADEMY.
Editorial and Publishing Offices, 43, Chancery-lane.
The ACADXICT win he Mmd pod-frett to wety Anmud SubBcriber
in the UhUed Kingdom.
/^rice for One leeue. Threepence ; postage One Halfpenny, Price
/or 52 iuuee, Thiriem ShilUnge; poitagefree.
J^oreign Batee for Yearly SuheoripUone 20i.
including poetage,
jLn^eriean Agents for the Aoadxbcy: Brentano^s^ 31, Vmon^
sguarey New York.
The Canadian Muse.*
It was decidedly the time and the hour to put forth a
ooUeotion — at any time interesting — of Oanadian verse.
Canada is to the fore in English mmds, as her troops are
to the fore in English batUe. The editor of A Treasury
of Canadian Feree dedicates his collection, to *'the
Lamartine of Canada " — ^Louis Frechette ; bni;, oddly, we
look in vain among the poets l^erein ^' sampled '' for the
said Mr. Louis Frechette. Why veil from our pardonably
irritated curiosity the Muse of the ''Lamartine of Canada" ?
There is, as we saw the oth^ day, an — ^nay, the Australian
Swinburne ; whom England knows not : now is there also
the Canadian Lamartine, ''an instant and no more"
flashed before our eyes and straightway withdi^wn.
"Wherefore are these things hid?" as Sir Toby Belch
says. "Why have these gifts a curtain before tbem?
Are they like to take dust, uke Mistress Moll's picture ? "
Lowell, you may remember, observed tiiat in every
American family of decent size at least one member was
sure to turn out to be some very great man all over again.
But in all seriousness, let us say that we are not minded
to treat this collection as such collections are mostly treated.
It seems usually considered that Colonial poetry is much on
a par with Colonial wine. If it give you a wry moutii
you sh^ not publicly say so, lest you discourage Colonial
industries. Both will mature, if you sufEer them time. It
appears to be thought rather a remarkable feat that the
Colonies should grow their own poetry at all ; as though
this exotic were unsuited to the soil and must naturally
be imported from the mother country. Therefore, Colonial
poetry is met with a fatherly indulgence, a " You'U soon
be as big as papa ! " air. Which is not good for Colonial
poetry. It is not remarkable that our great colonies should
produce poets : it is somewhat remarkable, perhaps, that
they have not yet produced greater poetry. Therefore, we
shall judge this book like an anthology of "B^gl^^fh poems ;
which is doing Canada much more honoiir than if we
treated it with slovenly lenity.
No one who reflects win expect much novelty, that
" national note " which is so thoughtlessly demanded from
our Anglo-Saxon ofEspring across seas. Thev inherit ^e
unbroken tradition of English poetry, and they are just
English poets writing on a new soil. Such dinerence as
climate may make will not be clamorous; it will i^ow
itself, if at aU, in subtle, imobvious ways. Save for scenic
distinctions, patriotic Canadian allusions, this volume is
much like a collection of lesser English verse. It does not
show that Canada is yet "going strong" in poetry.
There is evidently much fertility, much fluencv, but a
conspicuous lack of condensation. The ballad, which Mr.
Kiplmg has made the fashionable form in England, does
not seem to flourish in Canada as in its sister-colony,
Austrab'a. There is nothing here, for example, like the
ringing and swinging verses of the Austrauan Lawson.
Nor yet is Canada eminent in meditative verse — sparse
enough in England since Mr. Watson " cares not his idle
• A Treaeury of Canadian Vtree. With Brief Biographical
Notes. Selected and Edited by Theodore H. Band. (J. M.
Dent.)
bagpipe up to raise" (the expression is Spenser's, not
ours !) and Mr. A. C. Benson has fallen silent. Descriptive
poetry, or lyrics chiming of external nature, and the joy —
sometimes the melancholy— -of life ; these make up by far
the bulk of this collection. Shelley — stripped of meta-
physics and the flush of imagery fallen from him ; Keats,
witiiout condensation of phrase and figure ; such seem to
be the dominant inspiration of Canada. Something, at
times, of Tennyson one naturally finds ; rarely of MaUhew
Arnold. Once only we find the trace of Edgar Poe:
Emerson and the other American poets seem to be imin-
fluential.
That Canada, as represented here, has yet far to go is
demonstrable from a sLnffle fact: tiie uncontestable
simremacy amon^ all his leUows of Mr. Bliss Carman.
We were prepared to find him in the front rank — ^nay, at
the head ; but not for sudh primacy as this. He stands
head and shoulders above all the rest. This is the more
striking because (apart from " Low Tide on Qrand Pr6 ") he
is far ham being represented, we think, by his finest work;:
In him the Canadian fondness for external nature and the
jots de vivre culminates, reaches fulfilment and distinction.
Has he not, indeed, sung — and sung bravely— -of "the
outward eye," as Wordsworth did of " the inward, eye " ?
That was in the Songs from Fagabondia^ where his work,
indistinguishably mixed with Mr. Bichard Hovey's,
naturally fails to obtain for him individual credit. JBut
all his work is a song of the outward eye, full of manhood
and the "shriU spirit" of the open wind, in which no
morbidity can live. It is not always perfect poetry, it
does not always " come off," and he is not careful to bring
it oft when the shaping impulse fails ; he is not, that is to
say, eminentiy an artist ; but it is good to walk with Mr.
Carman on the road of life — and how many modem poets
are good travel-comrades? Flashes, too, there are of
deeper things, struck off with an adventurous individuality,
haruy things which give you a pleased fillip of surprise.
Ot this poet Canada may with right be proud. Too long
to quote is "Low Tide on Grand Pr6" ; but here is a
verse:
Wh8 it a year, or lives ago,
We took the gnwses in our hands,
And cauffht the summer flying low
Over the waving meadow-lands,
And held it there between our hands P
A fine example, this, of his mostpolished manner. Of
his more individual fancy, take " The Crimson House " —
good, though better might have been chosen by Mr.
Band:
Love built a cnmaon house —
I know it well —
That he might have a home
Wherein to dwell.
Poor Love that roamed so far
And fared so ill,
Between the morning star
And the Hollow mH,
Before he found the vale
Where he oould bide,
with memory and oblivion
Side by side.
He took the silver dew
And the dun-red clay
And behold when he was through,
How fair were they I
The braces of the sky
Were in its girth.
That it should feel no jar
Of the swmging earth :
That Sim and wind might bleach.
But not destroy,
THa house that he had builded
For his joy.
556
The Academy.
30 June, 190a.
** Hore will I stay," he said,
*' And roam no more,
And dust when I am dead
Shall keep the door.*^
There trooping dreams by night
GK) by, go by,
ThH walls Nre rosy white
In the son's eye.
The windows are more clear
Than sky or sea ;
He m»de them after Gtod's
Transparency.
It is a dearer place
Than kirk or inn ;
8ach joy on joy as tiiere
Has never been.
Let the reader whom, this book may stir to seek his
poems not overlook the two Vagahondta volumes, where
tfr. Oarman finds a congenial partner in his American
friend, Mr. Bichard Hovey. Among the nnmerous other
poets in the present collection, one of the best things is bv
a woman — Miss (or Mrs.) Isabella YahuK^fr Crawford. It
describes the Helot, intoxicated by his Spartan master,
for the warning of the Spartan's son, Hermos.
Dropped the rose-flushed do?es and hung
0<i the fountain's murmuring brims ;
To the bronzed vine Hermos clung —
SQver-like his ni^ed limbs.
Flashed and flushed rich coppered leaves,
Whitened by his ruddy hair ;
Pallid as the marble eaves,
Awed he met the Helot's stare.
• • . •
With fixed fingers, knotted, brown.
Dumb, the Helot grasfped his beard,
Heard the far pipes, mad and sweet.
All the ruddy hazes thrill,
Heard the loud beam crash and beat
In the red vat on the hill.
Wide his nostrils as a stag's
Drew the hot wind's fiery bliss ;
Red his lips as river-flags
From the strong CsBcuban kiss.
On his swarthy temples grew
Purple veins like clust^-red grapes ;
Past his rolHog pupils blew
Wine-born, fierce, lascivious shapes.
*' Lo," hfl said, ^* he maddens now !
Flames divine do scathe the dod :
Boubd his reeling Helot brow
Stings the garland of the god."
It has a fine colour-sense, as will be seen from these
extracts, and a classical condensation pf diction not
common in female work. Extremely spirited is her
'* Forging of the Sword''; and altogether she is one of
the most notable of the band. Another woman — Margaret
GKll Ourrie — hew a fresh descriptive poem, "By the St.
John."
With honeysuckles, meadow-sweets,
And rue the banks are lined ;
O'er wide fields dance gay marguerites,
To pipe of merry wind.
By the tall tiger-Uly^s side
Stands the rich golden-rod,
A king's son wooing for his bride
The daughter of a god.
The poem of which this is a specimen is favourably
typic^ of a large quantity of Canadian work in Ihis book.
Such, again, is Sarah Anne Curzon's *' Invocation to
Eain." Of the poetry which owns Keats for master Mr.
John H. Duvar's " How Balthazar the King Went Dowc
into Egypt " is a good representative :
Music was on the Nile boats : conch and horn.
Flute answering fiute, while zitter and lycoru
Took up the keynote from the leading barge,
And part ana counterpart in measured straiii,
In gathering volume, rolled on to the max^^
The while th^ swelling choniB ^r^^w amain
. And inland o'er the standing rice was borne.
Accomplished work, nowhere inspired. Lastly, for our
space wanes, let us quote a really good sonnet by Mr.
Charles Heavysege, on ^' Night " :
'Tis solemn darkness ; the suUinie of shade ;
Night, by no s^ars or rising moon relieved;
The awful blank of nothingness arrayed.
O'er which my eyeballs roU in vain, oeoeived.
Upward, around, and downward I explore.
E'en t > the fron^ers of the ebon air.
But cannot, though I strive, discover more
Than what teems one huge cavern of despair.
Oh, Il^ight, art thou so grim, when, black and bare
Of moonbeams, and no cloudlets to adorn,
Like a nude Etbiop 'twixt two honiis fair,
Thou stand'st between the evening and the mom 'f
1 1< ok thee for an angel, but have wooed
A cacodaemon in mine ignorant mood*
This fine sonnet, it will be seen, is alao descriptive. Nor
does Oanada excel in sonnetteering. On the whol^ eras
from the chosen specimens we have quoted, it will b«
evident that there is much accomplishment revealed in this
anthology, but a lack of the inevitability of high poetry.
We note, by the way, what is too often a characteristic cf
female poets, strongly displayed here — namely, a tendencr
to display enthusiasm for natural objects by addiessing
them in mminutives and coaxing faouliarities, with domes-
ticities (so to speak) of affection. The ladj, in fact, mak«
baby-eyes at nature. Sometimes pretty, always weak, it
becomes irritating in mass.
A Pedigree of ** Drudger)^'
Lexicographer — A harmless drudge. — Johnson.
De. Jambs A. H. Mubray delivered the Bomane*
Lecture for this year in the Sheldonian Theatre on the
22nd, and the lecture has been printed and neatly pub-
lished by Mr. Frowde within a few days. ** The Evolu-
tion of Ijexicography " was Dr. Murray's almost inevitebJj
subject, and he treated it with a i^ioroughnesB^wd
simplicity which make this little blue-paper-oovered
pamphlet well worth keeping. In effect we have here
pedigree of the Oxford English Dictionary, a veritabl*
**long pedigree of toil." l£ skeleton (but Dr. Mana/
gives it fiesh and blood) the pedigree is as follows :
In the seventh and eighth centories, when Latm ^^^
only Ungutge of books, the possessor of a good book n«-
^uently came across a difficult word which lay outside tbe
latin vocabulary. In such cases he often, aa s ^^P ^^
himself and otbers, wrote the meaning over the wow ifl
the original text, in a smaller hand, sometimeB in ean^
Latin, sometimes in English. Such an explanstioa ^^
over a word of the text is a gloss, Latin MSS. 01 tflf
Middle Ages are full of such glosses.
Later it occurred to someone to collect out of *^® ^^
to which he had access all the glosses they contained, ^
combine them in a list to be learned by h<»rt, or consulted
at need. Such a list constituted a Olossarium or Qlosssrf'
Simultaneously with the formation of such glossaries ./row
the Latin, vocabularies to the Latin were .formed for teacfl-
ing purposes. Vocabularies and glossaries were freq^^^^^
com Dined.
30 June, iqoo.
The Academy.
557
When such luis of words became very long it was seen
that their uaefahien would be increased by an alphabetical
arranirement of words and phrases. The various stages in
alphabetisation may be seen in four of the most ancient
glossaries of English origin that we possess, known (from
^e Ubraries to which they now belong) as the Leiden, the
Epinal, the Erfurt, and the Corpus (Ck>rpus Ohristi, Gam-
bridge).
Onwards to the eleventh century many vocabularies
were formed, all dealing with Latin words but all tending
more and more to give the meanings of words in EitgUahy
\mtil the vocabularies of the tenth and eleventh centuries
are truly Latin-English. "A new aim had gradually
evolved itself ; the object was no longer to explain difficalt
Latin words, but to give the Engush equivalents of as
many words as possible, and thus practically to provide a
Latin Dictionary for the use of Englishmen.'*
For three hundred years after the Oonquest English
lexicography stood still, but with the revival of Encrlish
as a literary and legal tongue more Latin - English
dictionaries, notably the OrtuB Vocabidorum of Wynkyn
de Worde, were produced. The next advance was Uxe
production of EngUsh-I^tin as distinct from Latin-Englinh
vocabularies. The Promptorium Parvtdorum, or Children's
£epository (1440), is the famous example.
With the Benascence came renewed activity, and in 1538
the first Latin vocabtdary to be called a " dictionary " was
published by Sir Thomas Elyot. It was followed, in 1554,
by Withal's A Short Didionurie/or Younq Beginners^ ending
with the words, '' Thus endeth this Dictionarie very useful
for Children."
Latin had been the essential element in all dictionaries.
Erench and Italian were now taken account of in the fine
French-English Dictionary of Randall Cotgrave, and the
Italian-English Dictionary of John Florio, both published
in 1611.
In 1604 Bobert Cawdrey supplied the g^rm of the
modem English Dictionary, in his TiibU AlphabtUcall of
Hard Words, and in 1616 came Dr. John Bullokar's
English Expositor on the same lines.
In 1623 appeared the work which first assumed the title
of The English Duiionarie, by Henry Cockeram. This is a
curiosity and a mine of instruction. Its hard words
include ahregate^ ''to lead out of the flock*' ; ocersecomiGk,
< < one whose hair was never cut" ; adcorporcUed, * * married " ;
hcUbulciUxte, *< to cry like a cow-boy" ; collocu^iocUe, '* to
enridi " ; adeoatiick, ** one who will do just whosoever."
In Cockeram's Dictionarie, blunder is given with the
meaning, ''to bestir oneself, and garble as the equivalent
of "to dense thmgs from dust." The Second Part is
intended to teach a learned style. The plain man may
write a letter in his natural language, and then, by turning
up the simple words in the cuctionary, alter them into
their learned equivalents. Thus " abound " may be altered
into exuperate; "too ^reat plenty" into uberty, "he and
I are of one age " mto toe are coetaneous, " youthful
babbling" into Juvenile inanUoquence,
Blount's Qlossographia took the field in 1656, and went
through many editions to 1707. Many other dictionaries
appeared, including that of Nathaniel Bailey, whose
Universal Etymological English Dictionary appeared in
1721, and obtained such a hold that editions continued to
appear long after Dr. Johnson's Dictionary. It contained
diagrams and proverbs. According to Sir John Hawkins,
Dr. Johnson used an interleaved copy of Bailey's Dic-
tionary as the basis of his own work.
In 1731 Bailey marked the stress accent, a step in the
direction of indicating pronunciation.
In 1755 appeared the Dictionary wbich had long been
projected by the booksellers, and had at length been
entrusted to Dr. Johnson. " Johnson's great work," says
Dr. Murray, " raised English lexicography altogeth« r to a
higher level. In his hands it became a department of
literature."
In 1791 John Walker— following Bailey, Dr. Kenriok,
and others— systematiscld English orthoepy.
Only two independent oontributions to the development
of lexicography were made in the earlier half of the nine-
teenth century. These were the American dictionaries of
Webster and Bicbardson, the former valuable for its
definitions, but weak in its etymologies ; the latter almost
scorning definitions, but rich in illustrative quotations.
Dr. Trench's paper, read before the Philological Society
about fifty years ago on " Some Deficiencies in Existing
English Dictionaries." pointed out that all the dictionaries
ne^ected the history of words, and omitted thousands of
rare and obsolete words. He also insisted that a complete
dictionary must be the work of m^ny collaborators. From
this impulse arose the movement which has culminated in
the preparation of the Oxford English Dictionary, " It
can be maintained." says Dr. Murray, " that in the Oxford
Dictionary, permeated, as it is, through and through, with
the scientific method of the century, lexicography has, for
the present, reached its supreme development.'
i>
Things Seen.
The Sower.
It was near a haunt of Folly in the early afternoon that I
happened on the Sower. Grizzled and slim, ill-suited in
rusty black, he threaded the moving crowd, singling out
one and another, saying a word and pausing for no reply.
He spoke in the ear of a tall, showy man, screwed up a
semitone abovd the pitch of fashion ; pressed for an instant
the dean hand of a defeated vendor of the PaU Mail
Oatsette ; whispered to a loafing, vicious stripling, and to a
meagre shopboy with a khaki tie. In his wake he left a
track of surprised faces. The newsman looked mildly
resentful ; the loafing lad laughed hoarsely ; the shopboy
cackled with a fine show of contempt. It was all one to
the Sower.
In a back street, whither an idle curiosity drew me after
him, he saluted a oostermonger. The fellow rested on his
handles, and called over his shoulder. As I drew near,
the Sower handed him from his breast-pocket a leaflet.
" Seek the Lord ! " said he, as he turned.
^' Qod 'elp me ! " cried the other, and winked hideously
at a pal upon the pavement.
The Sower passed on, dropping the seed right and left
as he went. At a certain aoor he paused and knocked.
I was almost level with him. I was curious — even a little
flustered : what message should I receive from this queer
evangelist — ^I, new from the alter this feast-day of Corpus
Christi ? Would he discern ? He looked steadily at me
from under his wry brows. His face a little relaxed.
'^ God bless you ! " he said.
The Bill Distributor.
Thb child — he could not have been more than five— -stood
but a stone's throw from the British Museum, handing
to every passer-by a slip of paper. Information thus
gratuitously distributed is often, in that neighbourhood,
558
The Academy^
30 Jane, 1900.
of a chanioter eminently ref usable; but his ofiering no
one could refuse. He showed no favouritism, however,
and it was a slip of paper I received. It was blank on
both sides* His mission was none the less earnest for
that. Two ladies were the next recipients of his bounty ;
I watched them staring. A moment later found him in
a jeweller's shop, but he was careful of his opportunities ;
and he was out again directly. As he stood on the
jeweller's threshold I bent down to him. '* May I ask
why you give people these pieces of paper ? " I said. His
blue eyes met mine widely, but vacantly ; his smooth
forehead was puckered. To ask was to puzzle him. He
had not the key of his humour.
He met no resentment^ how should he? For on his
blank slips of paper all his beneficiaries read them-
selves baick into uieir childhood — ^that state of dream
when action is dear for its own sake, and to play at
commerce with real customers is the Game of g^mes.
Correspondence.
**Mr. Punch": A Protest— An American
View.
Sib, — Few things are more amusing to the stranger
within your gates than the touching affection which the
British public maintains for their — and our-:— old friend
** Mr. Punch" ; and, upon the whole, he has deserved it.
But I must confess that I regret to see your excellent
Eaper, in . a critical artide, joining in the |)raLse of the
ktter-day '^Mr. Punch," as though he remained beyond
criticism, and as though the paper which we buy on the
bookstalls to-day was the same paper which our parents
and grandparents bought twenty — ^nay, ten — nay, five —
years ago. Please understand that I am only a Yankee,
whose humour may be '^ new," and whose tastes may be
vulgar; but what I am. Punch has made me, for he has
lain on my table since boyhood, and I would stand the test
of examination with the oluest-blooded Britisher that ever
laughed or wept with Leech or Keene (that magnificent
artist!), or smiled ironically with George Du Maurier.
And now, alas ! when I study this preceptor of my youth
at the end (or is it at the beginning ?) of the century, I
can only cry (quoting from my Bartlett), " What a falling
o£E is here." The Punch repartee to the old lady who
complained that Punch was not so good as it had
been was, '' Oh, it never has been." But that little spark
of humour won't scintillate to-day. The decadence is of
' a material kind. Lovers of Punch do not complain that
Keene is dead, that Tenniel has grown grey, that Phil
May is parsimonious of his exquisite draughtsmanship ;
' but an ugly sheet of advertisements has been stuck into
the heart of the paper, and sometimes, lately (but this
must be whispered), the illustration here has been the one
bright spot in the number. The pages are no longer
varied with small pictures, and the deadly pun, that
microbe of diseased humour, lies eveiywhere. One shiver-
ing block per page is the allowance, and often that block
stands as a tombstone to record a jest, lon^ since dead,
but which some irreverent jester will not allow to lie at
rest. The events of the moment are ignored. Mr.
Punch's Butory of ITis Own Times is ended, for Mr.
Samboume is a great artist to whom mundane afPairs
are a bore, and Sir John Tenniel is living in a glorious
past which nothing — ^not even his present — can obscure.
But this — all this— is but the commonplace of the
smoking-room and the street, and yet the " conspiracy of
silence " in the newspapers chatters its unceasing praise
and utters no word of criticism. How comes it that
English journals, critical in all else, allow their old friend
and comrade to stumble on blindly and never to warn him
with so much as a hint ? Well, sir, my explanation is
this : all men, especially newspaper men, make jokes.
and their hereditary desire to publish them in Punch txji
their hands, lest he should oie before their pio^vk
publidied. As I never detected you,* sir, in anything jb
a joke, I address my protest and appeal to the Acabsst.-
I am, &c., liuonrs M. Drage
(Manhattan-cresoent, Boston;,
Langham Hotel, London :
June 25, 1900.
[* And we have tried to joke bo often. — ^Ed,]
" Drift.''
Sin,— lir. Beckles Willson's letter to you on the sabjec
of '' Drift " shows the imprudence of not consoking 3
modem dictionary. For while the word drift board
fewer than half -a dozen meanings according to the \^.-
century lexicographers, its status as a noim is to-daj
established by at least nineteen, although I am xmableK
discover anywhere its application to floating weeds, floven
and grasses, in this poetical sense Mr. BecMes Willy?:
may, therefore, daim to be original ; but his lival, Mr
Brown, might with propriety have used dri/t as impljk
{inde Oentiuy Dictionary) a drift of snow, of logs, of cade
of swine, or of bullets. Whether this would hare beac
poetical I shall not presume to decide. — ^I am, &c,
E. B. POLLOCL
Queen Anne's Mansions, S.W. :
June 25, 1900.
Ernest Dowson.
Sib, — ^The discovery that the beautiful lyric by whiei:
the namie of Ernest Dowson will be chiefly remembered
was a mere Swinbumian rendering of a comic balkd d
Mr. Bumand's is sufficiently astonishing. The critifa:
insight your correspondent displa3rs is amazing ; perliif^
therefore, he will now indicate the source from which Mr
Bumand derived his fable. Whatever that may be, Jhwson
found the inspiration in his own life ; had, probably, never
heard of Mr. Bumand's version ; and, in writing hia ovt
was only giving the fullest expression to an emotion ttsr
has " tlmfled dead bosoms." A little more of that astoniah-
ing smartness upon which many people pride themselF®
would have rendered this clear to your oorrespoiidents
perspicacity. The line he cites, moreover, is a miflqnota-
tion; and the poetic formula he styles " Swinbumian ' a
one favoxured in this country by Bossetti as well as Swui-
bume, and in France by scores of poets since Yillon, vj
whom it was probably conceived. — I am, &c.,
Habold Lush.
Judy Office, Chancery Lane, W.C. :
June 25, 1900.
New Books Received
IThese noUs an Mme of the New Booke of the uf^i ^'
preliminary to Reviewe that may follow^
Essays of John Dbyden.
Edited by W. P. ^
Mr. Ker is Professor of English Literature inUniversitj
College, London, and this work has been anticipated witfl
interest for some time. It is not a complete edition 0
Dryden*s prose. The longer works and those unoonnectai
with literature have been left out. The book co'^^*
collection of Dryden's principal essays on literary ^iff
with a short commentary, and an introduction intended 0^
ezpbdn his position as a critic. There are also oopio^
notes. Dryden's prose is neglected of the ^^^^^'^ vL
its importance to thorough students has always oe^
great, and this presentation of it is welcome. (Clarenao
Press.)
30 June, 1900.
The Academy.
559
Thb English Chuboh nr thx By
l^xyvxmacTK xsb FrpTKBNTtt CtortKmiBS. W. W. Capbs.
This is the third volume (iiBSited in advance of the
«e€ond| which is not yet ready) in the great History t*f the
^ngluh Churchy which is being edited by the Dean of Win-
^skeeter, and which will be completed in seven volumes.
(Maomillan. Ts. 6d.)
Tn addition to the foregoing, we have received :
THBOLOQIOAL AND BIBLICAU
i|f«rtf Lt»son9 and Hfwm* in ihs Tmni or 8lavi Lanonage **f ike
indiwrn* ilfMadc«nmU Miner, Compiled by the Bishop of the Diocese.
(S.P.C.K.)
Kennedj (James Hoiij^hton), The Second and Third Epistles of St. Paul to
the Corinthians (Methuen) 0 0
^ohn. Marquess of Bute. A Form of Prayers, Following the Church Office.
(Burns & Oates) net LO
POBTRY. OamOISlC AND BBLLK8 LBTTBB8.
Bertonch (Barooess de)» The Cfutcaet (Chapman ^ Hall)
Oracey (H, K.), The Zuff Ballads (Kegan Paul) net 3y»
HISTORY AND BI06BAPHY .
Baylia (T. Henry), The Temple Church and Chapel of St Ann.
(Philip A Son) net 8/6
BlighJ William), The Mutinr on Board H M.B. Bounty ...(Bankside Press)
Tbe Westminster Biographies: Browning. By Arthur Waugh.
(Kegan Paul) net 2/0
Briakeahoff (General R.), Recollections of a Lifetime . (Rpbert Clarke Co.)
TRAVBL AND TOPOQ&APHT.
Jtee«r«m'« OnidS'Bofth to ths Jihins and it» PrommoM (OUphant) net 1/B
J^atftfTtfon't Qwid» to SwUzmiamd (Oliphant) net 1/G
Wa^ldell (Major L. A.), Among the Himalayas (Constable) 6,^
Freeston (C. L.), Cycling in the Alps, with some Notes on the Chief Passes.
(Richards) bfO
KDUCATIONAL.
Pase <T. E.), The .fineid of Virgil. Books VII.-XII (MacmUlan) 5/0
Hark (H.Thistleton), The Practical Sound and Bight Method of Language-
Teaching: French. Parti (Sonnenschein)
MIBOILLANXOUB.
Allen (Rev. O. C), Tales from Tennyson ^ (Constable) net 3/G
.Allsto. Zoroaster, Philosopher, Teacher, Hermit (Watts) 2/6
%* Niw Noveh are aeloMwUdgid $h0wh$r$.
Our Weekly Competition.
Result of No. 40 (New Series).
Last week we offered a prize of One Gainer for the best " Thing
Seen " in veree, not ezoeeding eight lines. This Competition has
i)een popular, azid has prodnowl Yery varied results. We award the
priae to ICr. J. H. Strachej, 69, Lanoaster-gate, W., for the following :
'Quiok through the bars of his cage the monkey, with jubilant
treble,
Seized the small paroel, unfolded the nut from the paper and ate
it,
Stretohed forth his paw for another, when, lo ! not a nut but a
pebble
Lurked in the treacherous wrapper, grating his teeth as thej met
it.
What chatter and grinning of fury ! what clutching for foes to
belabour 1
Till sudden he paused, there came over the foam of his wrath a
transition ;
He re^ wrapped the stone in a hurry, and up overhead to his neigh-
bour
Thrust it, then rolled on the floor of his cage in ecstatic deriiion.
Other replies are as follows :
On THB Taok.
<)lose where the calm cliff fronts on the splash and the swell of the
ocean.
She, in her strength and her height, paused with a shivering
sigh;
Wildly the huge white ^Is flapped about with tumultuous motion,
Loose ropes rattled, and shouts rose to the infinite sky.
This for a moment ; then she turned with a bang from the leeward ;
Sails taut, deck on a slant, ropes that were rigid again.
And, with the course and the force of a hawk, swept splendidly
seaward.
Buoyed by the great grey winds, over the mist of the main.
[G-. L. S., London. ]
At Ghobal Eitouabist.
Crow and altar, choir and pictured window
S^Mled from our r/>«r-^>mmt^ mortal siffht ;
In its stead . . , Niiy, who can paint that glory 7
Gould I find the w«'rd«— -I darn not write.
But I know a door in Heav*n was opened.
Lit the blood-stained way the Ifartyrs trod,
Till I saw the pathway of the lilies
White and golden, leading up to Ood.
[E. A., Suffolk,].
Ik thb Cbylon Tba Gabdbk, Pabis Exhibitioxt, 1900.
Green sliade and sward, and wicker chairs,
And tables set for te^i ;
Parisiaii talk, and British stares,
And sound of girlish glee.
In deft attendance on the crowd
Move dusky Gingalese —
Impassive, dignified, and proud—
Of Nature's gentry these.
[L. B., London.]
Workhouse folk in a sultry st'-reet.
Filing by with shuffling feet ;
A pauited woman dispensing doles,
Sn&es^ as they pass, on the grateful souls ;
Bmilea, then spits a wild-cat curse,
On one who sooms the ill-gained purse.
Human sinner, saint divine,
Mingle ever— myrrh and wine !
[T. B. D.]
I once did see a faoe that, gleaming, gazed
From out a halo of snow-whitened hair ;
And lo, a hand stretohed out, a sword upraised,
That flashed in shining radiance thro* the air.
It seemed to oroes a stream of rippling light.
And oome towards me ; and I soreamed alood,
And ran up to my mother in a fright,
Whom smiUng at me, said " 'Tis but a cloud."
[M. I. G., London.]
LOHDON.
Above, St. Paul's majestic pile,
The throngdd street below.
The busy scene, now flushed awhile
In tender evening glow.
The age-worn spire across the way,
Tbe mighty frosted dome,
The bridge beneath, all seem to say,
In London, here's my home 1
[B. H. H., London.]
Other replies received from : B. M. S., Gk^urock ;.H. D. G., Gam«
bridge ; G. B., Liverpool ; T. G.. Buzted ; J. B. W., Hove ; L. G. J.,
Nortti Berwick ; J. G. S.. Bristol ; £ R., London ; A. R , London ;
M. T., London ; A. L., London ; M. von S., London ; B. J. L. A.,
Penarth ; S. B. M., Gloidevon ; G. L. S., London ; Mrs. D , London ;
K. E. T.. Bristol ; G. G., Ferris ; M. B. E., Melbourne. Derbyshire;
H. R. B, London I L. L., Ramsgate; S. R., Malvern; T. B. D.,
Bridgwater ; M. G.. London ; H. B. M., Edinburgh ; F J. O., Wal-
sail ; A. S., Edinburgh ; R. H. M., Manchester ; E. R. G.. Groydon ;
E. S. G., RedhiU ; H. G., Leicester ; A. A., Birkdale ; Z. McO.,
Whitby; A. M P., Folkestone; H. G., Leicester; L. F., Man-
cheater ; L. M. L., Stafford ; S. W. S., Oatfnrd ; P. P., London ;
A. W., London ; R. B. J., London ; H. J., London ; G. S. 0., London ;
M. A. W., London.
Competition No. 41 (New Series).
Last week we received the following ingenuous letter, typical of
many which reach this office : —
"Dbab Sib,~I am most anxious, %% one having literary
aspirations, to cultivate ityU, Would you favour me with a
few hints, or tell me where I oould get the hints 7 — Yoara
truly, ."
We offer a prize of One Guinea for the best letter to be sent ia.
reply to the above.
RULBS.
Answers, addressed "Literary Gompetition, Thb Aoadbmt, 43,
Ghancery-lane, W.G.,'' must reaish us not later than the first post
of Tuesday, July 3. Each answer must be accompanied by
the ooupon to be found on the second page of Wrapper, or it can-
not enter into competition. Gompetitors sending more than one
attempt at solution must accompany each attempt with a separate
ooupon ; otherwise the first only will be considered. We cannot
conohler anonymous answera.
i
560,
T^e Academy.
30 June, noo.
OATAUOQUES.
WILFRID M. VOYNICH.
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price iR. U., at
1, 80H0 SQMJMIKf Wi
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85 LOST or UNKNOWN BOOKS.
WILLIAMS ft NOBQATIS,
IMPOBTBB8 OF FOftBieir lBf>OEA,
14 tttutotte Btfwi, OoTtnt Gudan. 90* Bofath rndartok Bt.
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,^ ^ enMileneeA In Idtenuj Woik, and who bMMOtM to tho
Bntiah llnMnm Beorting Boom, u open to arrmnge wfth
Anthor or any ponon requiring aadiuaee in Litonoy Be-
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SUNDAY OPBNING <S to 6 pm.).
oTTife?vSP?5S»*>J^Ji?^IN6 the BRITIBH MUSHTM on
SUNDAY AfTBBNOONS. durijif the Months of JULY and
AUGUST, wiU be from TWO toSIX o'clock.
E. MAUNDI THOMPSON.
^^.. ^ ,. Director and Prtneipal Libnoian.
British Museum, 28th June, 1900.
TJNIVERSITY COLLEGE, LIVERPOOL.
CHAIR OF PHY8IC&
The CHAIR of PHYSICS at UnlTeraity Collefte, liTerpool.
is now VACANT by the resignation of Dr. OUrer Lodge.
Applications for the appointment should be forwarded to the
RsBisTmAR. with references or tesUmouials {» copies), on or
before July l«^ The Professor will be txpeeted to take up
his work on October 1st, 1900. Further particulars may be
obtained from the Rmistrar.
TECHNICAL COLLEGE,
HUDDBBSFIELD.
Paii(ciPAi,-& 6. RAWSON, D.Sc.
The ASSfflTANT LECTUBESHIP in ART is VACANT.
ApplioatlaDS must be sent in to the ParxciPAL not later than
Julrand. Salary £100 per annum.
Statement of duties, and other partioulan. will be forwarded
upon appUoation to
TH08. THORP. Secretary.
ALL EXAMINATIONS.
•p REPARATION by CORRESPONDENCE
JL , „on a THOROUGHLY INDIVIDUAL SYSTEM. The
STAFF Ineludes Graduates of Ozft>nL Cambridge, London,
and Royal Univarsities. ~™.
SINGLE SUBJECTS TAKEN: lAtin, Greek. Franoh,
German. Mathematics, Sdence. Logic, Political Bconmny. ko.
Address Mr. J. CHARLESTON. B.A. (London and Ozml),
27, Chancery Lane, London, W.C.
JUST PUBLISHED.
8T0, doth, 206 pp., with S9 lUtutntfoDS, prtee loi. td. b«i.
A HISTORY Df BRADFIBLD COLLEGE.
By OLD BRADFIKLD BOYS,
Edited by ARTHUR F. LEACH,
^'cottman.—*^ The book has its first and dilof adttoatokboK
who are personally oonneoted, on* way or snatac^vith ttie
School iteelf. But it Is so tbcrooi^ilj done, and so fall of ohc
fully diffBsted information, as to be <n interast sad nlas toall
students of the historr of Bnglifth edneatlon in tht pmia:
oentuiy'" ^*
London: HENBY FBOWDE, Oxford UnitenityPm
WaxehOQse, Amen Gamer, E.CL
S'
T. PAUL'S SOHOOL^-An BXAMIKA-
TION for ailing up about 8IXTJSBN VACANCIEB m tht
Foundation wiU be held on the 4th. 6th, 6tb. 7tb. sad leth
SEPTEMBER NEXT.— For informatioa awly to the Bcuia
of St. Paul's School, West Kensington.
TTnriMBLEDON HIGH 8OHOOL.-H1&
VV J. T. TRENCH raceivM 6IBLS as BOABDE&B it
Lyndenhnnt, Woodaide. WlmUedoa. Reference Mraittoi t»
lllss F«^fag", Head Mistress, tha Mamois and Msntignwii
of Lansdowne. Bishop and Mrs. Bany. (M. and Mia. Omntx
Trenoh, and others.
CHALET CAUDE COTB, DIBPPE^Ab
English hMly RECEIVES BIGHT OIBIB of ifi tal
upwards in her Ch&let neir Dieppe. Gonversatiooal FnMb
rapidly aoauired. Speeial fadllaes foe Mink, Stetcbiac
German. Opportunities f
Direct Serrtoe twice dail]
Gwman. Opportunities for evei; fonn of heaUJty eqjofaMsL
**^ daily wlL J - -^ -
supplied on applying to Miss CusmcK, Dieppe.
id.— FaUdetsJbwmbi
TYPE-WRITING promptly and seoaratdj
d<m«. lOd. per 1,000 woida. Soaples and re
Mom-Oopies. ^-AiSSnm, Miss Mnasa. 18. Mortimsr '
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THE NINETEENTH CENTURY
No. 281.— JULY, 1900.
THE LESSONS of the WAR : a Proposed Association.
OUR VACILLATION in CHINA and its CONSEQUENCES. By H¥»by Nobkait.
SOLDIER SETTLERS in SOUTH AFRICA. By Colonel J. G. B. Stoffokd.
THE HOME GENERALS and their WORK in the coming AUTUMN. By Colonel Lovsdau Hiri.
ADMINISTRATIVE REFORM in the PUBLIC SERVICE. By P. Lyttsltoit Osia.
THE NATIONAL GALLERY in 1900 and its PRESENT ARRANGEMENTS. (With a Plan.) Bj"
M. H. Sfiblmavv.
IN the BYE- WAYS of RURAL IRELAND. By Michasl MAoDoirAeK.
HOOLIGANISM and JUVENILE CRIME. By the Rev. Awdbbw A. W. Dbiw.
TOWN CHILDREN in the COUNTRY. By Mrs. S. A. Babvbtt.
SIXPENNY TELEGRAMS WHY THBY DO NOT PAY, ' By J. HgnrncBB Hkatov, M.P.
IDENTIFICATION OFFICES in INDIA and EGYPT. By Favircie Galpok. F.R.S., D.OX.
MR. WILFRED WARD'S APOLOGETCCS. By Robbbt Bdwabd Dbol (late Editor of the "Weekly
Register").
THE PREROGATIVE of DISSOLUTION. By EDiiirirn Robibtsoh, Q.C, M.P.
WANTED a LEADER. By the Rev. Dr. J. Gviiravss Roobbs.
THE NEWSPAPERS. Bj Sir Wxmyss Rbxo.
London : 84MPS0N LOW, MARSTOX & CO , Ltd.
INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION
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FIBST INTERNATIONAL ASSEMBLY, PARIS EXHIBinON, 1900.
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Membership, including Five Tickets for Exhibition and copy of Special Guide, with fnR psitidpstioB
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6, Henrietta Street, Covent Garden, London, W.C.
PORTRAIT SUPPLEMENTS TO " THE ACADEMY/'
Conaiating of Thirty-seven PortraiU of Old and New Celehritiea in Literaturtt »^
still he obtained, singly, or in complete sets for Ss, 6d,, on application to the Officfh
43, Chancery Lane, W,C,