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ACADIENSIS 

«•«•««    EDITED  BY    «««««« 

DAVID    RUSSELL    JACK, 


A  Quarterly  devoted 
to  the  Interests  of  the 
Maritime  Provinces 
of  Canada.  *  *,» 


VOLUME  V 

J905. 


v.S 


CONTENTS. 


PAGE 

An  Affair  of  Honor 173 

David  Russell  Jack. 
Book  Reviews ", 86,  261 

Celebration  at  Annapolis  Royal,     10 

Reuben  G.  Thwaites. 
Cbamplain  Memorial,  Proposed,  3 

David  Russell  Jack. 
Cobbett,  William 182 

S.  D.  Scott. 
D'Avray,  Joseph  Marshall 303 

Joseph  Whitman  Bailey. 

DeMont's  Tercentenary  at  Annapolis,  N.  S.         ...          5 

J.  W.  Longley. 
Dredging,  47 

L.  W.  Bailey. 
Dutch  Conquest  of  Acadia,  The 278 

G.  O.  Bent 
Epitaphs,  St.  Andrews,  N.  B 178 

David  Russell  Jack. 
Europe  as  seen  by  an  Acadian,     218 

David  Russell  Jack. 
Expedition  to  the  Headwaters  of  the  Little  South  West  Miramichi,      116 

Edward  Jack,  edited  by  W,  F.  Ganong. 
Explanation,  An      ; 93 

David  Russell  Jack. 
Fay  Song, 216 

N.  W.  Adam. 
Judges  of  New  Brunswick,  The,  and  their  Times,  —  Supplement,  ..      1-64 

J.  W.  Lawrence,  edited  by  Alfred  A.  Stockton. 
Juvenile  Exploration, 256 

Joseph  Whitman  Bailey. 
Loyalists'  Reception,  The 115 

H.  A.  Cody. 
Memorials  of  St.  Paul's  Church,  Halifax,  N.  S 57 

David  Russell  Jack. 
Nelson,         275 

Charles  Campbell. 

Prehistoric  Times  in  New  Brunswick, 152 

*    S.  W.  Kain. 
Prescott  of  Lancaster,         95 

G.  O.  Bent. 
Proces— Verbal  of  Andrew  Certain,  The 37 

G.  O.  Bent. 


CONTENTS.—  Continued. 


PAGE 
Queries,        277 

Renvoye,  l66 

Mary  Mellish. 

Sadness  of  the  Twilight,  The          '    ... 92 

Herbert  L.  Brewster. 
Saint  Croix  Tercentenary, 

Henry  S.  Burrage. 

Soldiers'  Diary,  A, 

David  Russell  Jack. 

Supra,     i 

Berta  Cleveland. 
Tercentenary  Celebration  at  St.  Croix.  The          ....  33 

James  Vroom. 
Theatrical  Interlude,  a  Hundred  Years  Ago, 102 

Jonas  Howe. 

The  Story  of  God, 20° 

Charles  Campbell. 

Thomson  Family,  The 3°& 

William  Chase  Thomson. 

Unforeclosed  Mortgage,  An 

Agnes  Creighton. 
Visitor's  Impressions  of  the  Champlain  Tercentenary,  A      —  15 

W.  F.  Ganong. 
Waterbury.  John,  Loyalist.  270 

Jonas  Howe. 
Willards,  The  Loyalist, »57 

G.  O.  Bent. 


QUEEN  SQUARE,    SAINT  JOHN,  N.  B. 
One  of  the  sites  suggested  for  the  proposed  Statue  of  Champlain. 


>> 


CONTENTS. 


Vol.  V.  No.  J. 


January,  J905. 


Proposed    Champlain  Memorial,    . .  i 

De  Monts   Tercentenary, 5 

Celebration  at  Annapolis, 10 

Celebration  at  St.  John, 15 

Celebration  at  St.  Croix, 24 

Process-Verbal  of  Andrew  Certain,  37 

Dredging, 47 

Memorials, 57 

Book  Reviews, 86 

Old  Pewter, 89 

Judges  of  New  Brunswick  and 
their  Times. 


SUPRA. 


Above  the  hope  of  life; 
Above  the  rime 

Of  frozen  winter 

And  the  storms  of  time; 
Look  up,  O  soul, 
Unfalteringly,  to  see 

The  faint  star  of  thy 

Immortality. 


DESIGN  FOR  PROPOSED  CHAMPLAIN  MONUMENT,  ST.  JOHN,  N.  B. 

Hamilton  MacCarthy,  Sculpt. 


ACADIENSIS. 

VOL.  V.  JANUARY,  1905.  No.   i. 

DAVID  RUSSELL  JACK,  -   HONORARY  EDITOR. 

proposed  Cbamplain  flDemorial 

AT  SAINT  JOHN,  N.  B. 


HEN  it  was  learned  by 
the  citizens  of  Saint 
John  that  a  memorial 
was  to  be  erected  to 
Sieur  de  Monts  at 
Annapolis,  and  that 
Mr.  Hamilton  Mac- 
Carthy,  of  Ottawa, 
sculptor,  had  been 
commissioned  to  prepare  the  design  and  supervise  the 
work,  towards  whidh  the  government  of  the  Dominion 
of  Canada  had  generously  contributed  a  very  large 
pioportion  of  the  cost,  it  was  felt  that  Saint  John 
should  in  justice  be  favored  in  like  manner.  Accord- 
ingly her  claims  were  laid  before  the  government  wita 
the  result  that  an  appropriation  of  $5,000  was  set  aside 
towards  the  cost  of  a  memorial,  and  Mr.  MacCarthy 
was  directed  to  prepare  a  design. 

That  gentleman  at  once  repaired  to  Saint  John,  and 
after  consultation  with  the  Mayor  and  members  of  the 
City  Council,  and  with  the  members  of  the  Historical 
and  other  societies,  a  model  was  prepared,  in  plaster, 
of  which  a  reproduction  appears  herewith. 

The  statue,  including  the  base,  will  be,  when  com- 
pleted, about  nineteen  feet  six  inches  in  height,  the 
figure  to  be  of  bronze,  heroic  size,  and  the  pedestal  of 


4  ACADIENSIS. 

granite,  either  in  grey,  or  grey  with  red  or  black  base 
and  cap. 

The  figure  is  most  spirited  and  striking,  standing 
erect  with  outstretched  arm,  pointing  presumably  to 
the  mouth  of  the  river,  the  discovery  and  naming  of 
which  was  so  enthusiastically  celebrated  on  the  24th 
of  June  last.  The  long  cloak  depending  from  the 
shoulders  cannot  be  discerned  in  the  photograph,  but 
it  adds  greatly  to  the  grace  and  freedom  of  the  figure. 
The  model  is,  of  course,  only  tentative,  and  is  subject 
to  alteration,  should  such  be  considered  desirable. 

Mr.  MacCarthy's  work  is  widely  known  in  Great 
Britain,  but  in  Canada  there  are  several  masterpieces 
of  design  from  his  studic.  Among  the  more  import- 
ant works  which  he  has  completed  are  a  statue  of  Sir 
John  A.  Macdonald  in  the  Queen's  Park,  Toronto, 
which  cost  $12,000 ;  a  bronze  statue  of  Col.  Arthur  T. 
H.  Williams,  M.  P.,  at  Port  Hope;  the  monument  to 
the  soldiers  who  fell  in  the  South  African  war,  at 
Halifax,  N.  S.,  which  cost  $10,000,  and  which  was, 
b)  the  way,  the  first  memorial  of  the  kind  to  be  erected 
in  the  Empire;  and  similar  monuments  at  Charlotte- 
town,  Ottawa,  and  Brantford.  Mr.  MacCarthy  has 
designed  a  very  striking  bronze  statue,  a  South  Afri- 
can memorial  not  yet  completed,  which  is  to  be  erected 
at  Quebec. 

It  is  to  be  hoped  that  the  Provincial  Government  of 
New  Brunswick,  as  well  as  the  Mayor  and  Corpora- 
tion of  the  City  of  Saint  John  may  vote  a  considerable 
sum,  $2,500  each,  if  possible,  towards  the  completion 
of  the  undertaking  as  by  this  method  all  classes  of  the 
community  would  contribute  to  the  perpetuation  of 
the  memory  of  the  man  who  gave  his  life  to  Canada, 
and  to  our  noble  river,  one  of  the  finest  in  all  America, 
the  name  by  which  through  three  centuries  it  has  con- 
tinued to  be  known.  DAVID  RUSSELL  JACK. 


JDe  flDonte'    Gercentenar?, 

AT  ANNAPOLIS  ROYAL   N.  S. 

HE  idea  of  celebrating  the  tercentenary 
of  the  discovery  and  found- 
ing of  Port  Royal  in  1604 
originated  with  the  people 
of  Annapolis  themselves. 
Judge  Savary,  who  has 
been  indefatigable  in  his- 
torical studies,  was  pro- 
minent in  presenting  the 
idea.  As  Annapolis  Royal 
now  consists  of  but  about 
a  thousand  inhabitants,  it 
was  felt,  and  properly  felt,  that  to  have  the  matter 
celebrated  in  proper  form,  the  Historical  Society  of 
Nova  Scotia  should  be  entrusted  with  the  duty  of 
making  the  necessary  arrangements.  In  the  mean- 
time, the  town  council  and  the  Board  of  Trade  of 
Annapolis  Royal  passed  resolutions  asking  the  His- 
torical Society  to  move  in  the  matter,  and  also  guaran- 
teeing on  the  part  of  the  town  all  proper  measures  for 
the  suitable  entertainment  of  the  distinguished  persons 
who  would  be  invited  to  attend  and  participate. 

The  Historical  Society  took  up  the  matter  promptly 
and  the  Council  prepared  to  take  measures  for  secur- 
ing the  proper  celebration.  The  idea  was  to  make  it 
a  purely  intellectual  and  historical  celebration.  Invi- 
tations were  sent  to  all  the  Historical  Societies  in 
Canada,  and  in  northern  part  of  the  United  States, 
also  to  Canadian  and  American  universities.  Invita- 
tions were  also  sent  to  the  members  of  the  Canadian 
Government  and  Parliament  for  Nova  Scotia,  and  of 
the  Provincial  Government  and  Legislature,  and  the 
5 


6  ACADIENSIS. 

/ 

Premiers  of  all  Provincial  Governments.  The  Prime 
Minister  of  Canada  was  asked  to  deliver  the  oration 
upon  the  occasion. 

In  a  celebration  of  such  historical  moment,  it  was 
conceived  desirable  that  the  three  great  nations  con- 
cerned should  be  officially  represented  on  the  occasion : 
France  on  the  ground  of  first  discovery,  the  United 
States  on  the  ground  of  English  conquest,  Great 
Britain  on  account  of  present  possession. 

Invitations  were  consequently  sent  to  the  President 
of  the  French  Republic,  and  through  the  good  offices 
of  M.  Kleczkowski,  the  Consul  General  of  France  at 
Montreal,  the  attendance  of  a  representative  of  the 
French  Government  were  easily  obtained.  M.  Klecz- 
kowski himself  was  appointed  to  be  the  direct  repre- 
sentative of  the  French  President  on  the  occasion,  and 
most  admirably  and  tactfully  did  he  discharge  his 
responsible  office.  More  difficulty  was  experienced  in 
obtaining  a  representative  of  the  United  States,  but, 
after  official  communications  had  passed  between  the 
Governor  General  and  Secretary  of  State,  an  American 
representative  was  also  obtained.  The  Governor 
General,  of  course,  represents  the  King  on  all  official 
occasions  in  Canada. 

It  was  also  conceived  that  to  give  more  eclat  to  the 
function,  ships  of  war  representing  the  three  nations 
should  visit  the  Annapolis  Basin,  and,  through  the 
kindness  of  the  Admiral  commanding  the  fleet  in 
British  North  America,  the  flagship  "  Ariadne  "  was 
sent  to  represent  Great  Britain,  the  "  Troude "  to 
represent  France,  and  the  Secretary  of  the  Navy  was 
good  enough  to  send  two  American  ships,  the  "Detroit" 
and  "  Topeka  "  to  represent  the  United  States.  The 
Minister  of  Marine  and  Fisheries  was  also  good 
enough  to  send  part  of  the  Canadian  fleet  to  participate 
in  the  celebration. 


HON.    J.    W.    LOXGLEY. 


DEMONTS  TERCENTENARY.          7 

The  people  of  Annapolis  Royal  performed  their  part 
of  the  function  well.  The  historic  Fort  Anne  of  old 
Port  Royal,  which,  thanks  to  the  Department  of  Militia 
of  Canada,  has  been  restored,  and  is  now  carefully 
kept,  was  tastefully  decorated  by  the  flags  of  the  three 
great  nations  participating.  A  guard  of  honor  from 
the  Canadian  Militia  of  the  69th  Regiment,  command- 
ed by  Colonel  LeCain,  was  provided,  with  a  band,  and 
bands  from  H.  M.  S.  "Ariadne,"  the  French  "Troude" 
and  the  U.  S.  ship  "  Topeka  "  were,  also,  in  attend- 
ance, and,  by  a  friendly  arrangement  between  the 
nations,  detachments  of  men  from  the  French  and 
American  ships  were  permitted  to  land  under  arms, 
and  take  part  in  the  guard  of  honor. 

His  Excellency  the  Governor  General  was  especially 
invited  to  be  present,  and  for  some  time  held  out  hope 
that  he  would  attend.  For  some  reason  or  other,  at 
the  last  moment,  he  did  not  attend,  although  many 
there  are  who  think  that  he  both  could  and  should 
have  attended  on  such  an  important  historical  occasion. 
His  Honor  the  Lieutenant  Governor  of  Nova  Scotia, 
as  the  representative  of  His  Majesty  in  Nova  Scotia, 
appeared  and  gave  an  official  welcome  to  the  distin- 
guished representatives  of  the  great  nations  who 
attended.  Captain  Dillingham  was  the  official  repre- 
sentative of  the  United  States. 

Sir  Wilfrid  Laurier,  owing  to  parliament  sitting  at 
the  time,  was  unable  to  be  present.  The  Historical 
Societies  of  both  Canada  and  the  United  States  sent 
a  large  number  of  representatives,  as  also  did  many 
of  the  universities. 

The  weather  was  beautiful  on  both  days,  the  2ist 
and  22nd  June,  during  which  the  exercises  took  place. 
Vice-Admiral,  Sir  Archibald  L.  Douglas,  and  Major 
General  Sir  Charles  Parsons,  Commander-in-Chief  of 
the  Forces  in  British  North  America,  were  in  attend- 


8  ACADIENSIS. 

ance.  His  Honor  the  Lieutenant  Governor,  attended 
by  the  representatives  of  France  and  the  United  States, 
and  also  by  the  Admiral  and  General,  and  conducted 
by  the  President  of  the  Nova  Scotia  Historical  Society, 
were  received  by  the  united  guard  of  honor,  the  several 
bands  playing  "  God  Save  the  King."  The  exercises 
for  the  morning,  the  afternoon  and  the  evening  of  the 
2  ist  were  of  a  purely  historical  and  intellectual 
character,  and  addresses  were  delivered  by  the  Presi- 
dent of  the  Historical  Society,  the  Lieutenant  Governor, 
the  representatives  of  France  and  the  United  States, 
the  Honorable  Mr.  Tourgeon,  representing  the  Govern- 
ment of  Quebec,  and  His  Grace  the  Archbishop.  In 
the  evening,  a  large  meeting  was  held  in  the  Academy 
of  Music,  at  which  addresses  were  delivered  by  a 
number  of  distinguished  people  from  the  various 
Historical  Societies  of  both  Canada  and  the  United 
States,  Mr.  Charles  Francis  Adams,  of  Boston,  being 
the  leading  speaker. 

The  next  day,  the  22nd,  the  ceremony  was  perform- 
ed of  laying  the  corner  stone  of  the  monument  to 
DeMonts,  erected  by  the  Dominion  Government,  and 
on  this  occasion  addresses  were  delivered  by  the 
Admiral,  the  General,  and  other  distinguished  persons. 

No  flaw  occurred  in  any  of  the  proceedings,  which 
were  conducted  with  great  ceremony  and  eclat,  and 
witnessed  by  thousands  of  people. 

In  a^  short  time  the  monument  to  DeMonts,  which 
is  being  done  by  Mr.  Hamilton  McCarthy,  will  be 
unveiled,  and  further  impressive  ceremonies  will  take 
place. 

The  notables  gathered  together  by  the  Nova  Scotia 
Historical  Society  at  Annapolis,  as  also  the  ships  of 
war,  were  made  available  for  the  celebration  of  the 
same  incident  at  St.  John  and  at  Docjiet  Island,  near 
Calais,  Maine. 


DEMONTS  TERCENTENARY.          9 

Some  people  there  may  be  who  see  no  utility  or 
significance  in  these  historical  celebrations.  Fortu- 
nately these  are  not  in  the  majority.  Most  persons, 
and  especially  intelligent  persons,  recognize  the  im- 
portance of  celebrating  these  mile  stones  in  our  Cana- 
dian history. 

Annapolis  Royal  is  the  oldest  settlement  in  British 
North  America,  and  one  of  the  oldest  in  North 
America.  Marvellous  developments  have  taken  place 
since  DeMonts  sailed  up  the  Annapolis  Basin  and 
founded  a  colony  in  the  primeval  forest.  The  United 
States  has  expanded  into  a  great  nation,  and  Canada 
is  rapidly  pushing  forward  into  a  conspicuous  place 
among  the  nations  of  the  world.  Civilization  and 
enlightenment  have  reached  their  highest  development 
in  America,  and  all  of  us,  whether  English  or  French, 
can  afford  to  feel  proud  of  what  has  been  achieved  in 
North  America  in  the  comparatively  short  space  of 
three  hundred  years. 

J.  W.  LONGLEY. 


Celebration 

AT  ANNAPOLIS  ROYAL,  JUNE,  J904. 


HREE  hundred  years  is  but  a  brief 
span  in  the  history  of  a  European 
community.  In  Acadia,  events  have 
occurred  in  that  short  period,  that 
run  the  gamut  of  human  experi- 
ences— from  primeval  savagery  in 
men  and  nature,  up  to  mod- 
ern conditions  of  cultured  prosperity. 

When  arriving  at  Annapolis  the  twentieth  of 
last  June,  I  saw  upon  the  decorated  streets  of  that 
ordinarily  quiet  little  town,  several  descendants  of  those 
dusky  aborigines  who  three  centuries  ago  greeted  De 
Monts,  Champlain  and  Poutrincourt.  Under  the  com- 
mingled banners  of  Great  Britain,  France  and  the 
United  States,  and  elbow  to  elbow  with  Englishmen, 
Scotchmen,  Frenchmen,  Americans,  and  negroes,  these 
Indian  holiday-makers  moved  sedately,  but  with  evi- 
dent satisfaction,  probably  aware  in  some  small  degree 
of  the  historical  significance  of  their  presence. 

Annapolis  is  delightful.  Here  are  all  the  elements 
of  human  happiness — a  small  and  altogether  charming 
town,  streets  arched  with  abundant  shade-trees,  com- 
fortable homes,  attractive  drives  which  bring  one  to 
outlooks  on  the  shoulders  of  abutting  ridges,  affording 
wide  views  of  glistening  tidal  rivers  pouring  through 
carefully  diked  marshes  into  the  broad  bosom  of 
Annapolis  Basin,  which,  paralleling  the  Bay  of  Fundv, 
stretches  southwestward  in  graceful  curves  and  be- 
tween ranges  of  undulating  hills,  to  Digby  Gut,  its 
stately  opening  to  the  sea.  The  town  was  in  gala 
attire — the  streets,  houses,  and  shops  festooned  with 
banners  and  strips  of  bunting,  the  flags  of  three  nations 
flying  from  innumerable  staffs,  and  the  nights  made 
10 


THE  ANNAPOLIS  CELEBRATION.         n 

P..  - 

gay  with  paper  lanterns  and  colored  lights.  Every- 
where was  evident  the  spirit  of  hospitality.  The 
expression  of  good  will  was  so  unobtrusively  genuine, 
that  one  felt  it  to  be  the  ordinary  manner  of  Annapolis 
and  not  manufactured  for  the  occasion.  It  was  a  good 
place  to  go  to,  and  one  difficult  to  bid  farewell. 

The  town's  holiday  dress,  the  omnipresent  cordial- 
ity, the  orderly,  well-groomed  and  interested  crowds 
upon  the  streets,  the  ample  arrangements  for  the  exer- 
cises, and  the  highly  intelligent  character  of  the  audi- 
ences— these  were  the  especial  contributions  of  Annap- 
olis ;  too  great  praise  cannot  be  awarded  to  His  Wor- 
ship the  Mayor,  the  commissioners  of  the  fort,  and  the 
other  officials  and  committees  in  charge.  To  the  Nova 
Scotia  Historical  Society,  and  especially  to  its  Presi- 
dent, the  Hon.  J.  W.  Longley,  credit  must  be  given 
for  the  uniformly  high  character  of  the  several 
addresses,  and  the  admirable  temper  and  great  dignity 
which  characterized  the  proceedings  throughout. 

On  the  mornings  of  Tuesday  and  Wednesday,  the 
twenty-first  and  twenty-second,  the  exercises  were  held 
within  the  walls  of  old  Fort  Anne.  From  the  surpris- 
ingly well-preserved  ramparts  of  this  interesting  his- 
torical monument,  is  obtainable  a  far-reaching  view  of 
Annapolis  Basin.  The  French  war  vessel  Troude,  the 
American  cruisers  Topeka  and  Detroit  and  the  Can- 
adian steamer  Constance  were  floating  near  by,  decor- 
ated in  honor  of  the  occasion;  while  several  miles 
below,  unable  to  approach  closer  because  of  her  great 
draught,  the  British  flagship  Ariadne  gave  color  to  the 
horizon.  The  cannonading  of  these  bulky  visitors — 
strange  contrast  to  the  little  French  craft  which  pene- 
trated the  basin  three  hundred  years  ago — had  awak- 
ened the  town  at  dawn ;  and  now,  within  the  walls  of 
turf,  were  represented  by  their  trim  marines  and  well- 


12  ACADIENSIS. 

trained  bands,   headed  by   the   ships'  officers   in   full 
regalia. 

The  spirit  of  international  amity  was  abroad. 
French,  English,  and  American  blue  jackets  fraterniz- 
ed with  evident  good  feeling,  not  only  at  Annapolis, 
but  at  the  succeeding  celebrations  at  St.  John  and  St. 
Croix  Island.  The  speeches  of  the  several  national 
representatives  were  of  the  same  friendly  character. 
The  bluff,  hearty  manner  of  the  American  and  British 
naval  and  military  officers  was  greeted  by  the  sympa- 
thetic audience  with  genuine  applause.  The  French 
speakers,  both  from  Quebec  and  the  mother  land,  were 
also  most  cordial;  but  there  was  in  their  utterances  a 
pardonable  touch  of  regretful  sentiment — for,  as  the 
special  representative  of  the  French  Republic,  M. 
Kleczkowski,  declared  with  admirable  pathos,  "On 
more  than  one  shore  has  France  thrown  by  the  handful 
the  good  seed  of  effort  in  which,  so  spontaneously,  she 
given  her  heart  and  her  genius;  many  a  time  has  the 
initiatory  idea  come  from  her — she  sows,  but  does  not 
always  reap."  The  situation  was  difficult ;  for  French- 
men were  here,  in  an  Englis'h  town,  celebrating  their 
planting  of  a  tree  whose  fruitage  had  been  wrested 
from  them  by  the  arms  of  England.  But  they  carried 
their  part  with  exquisite  grace,  and  it  was  quite  evident 
tc  a  stranger  that  the  celebration  tended  still  further  to 
unite  French  and  English  in  Canada.  The  remarks 
and  social  tact  of  M.  Kleczkowski,  at  all  three  celebra- 
tions, were  especially  effective  in  this  direction. 

.Another  indication  of  the  international  character  of 
the  Annapolis  meeting  was  the  presence  of  several 
representatives  of  learned  societies  from  Great  Britain 
and  the  United  States.  The  delegate  of  the  Royal  His- 
torical Socity,  Mr.  Hovenden,  arrived  only  in  time  for 
the  St.  John  exercises ;  but  addresses  of  congratulation 
were  delivered,  chiefly  on  the  evening  of  Tuesday, 


HENRY  S.  BURRAGE,  D.  D. 


THE  ANNAPOLIS  CELEBRATION.         13 

from  the  American  Historical  Association,  the  state 
historical  societies  of  Massachusetts,  New  York,  and 
Wisconsin,  and  the  provincial  historical  society  of  New 
Brunswick.  The  representative  of  the  New  York  So- 
ciety, Mr.  Samuel  V.  Hoffman,  'bore  to  the  celebration 
a  most  interesting  relic — a  bronze  astrolabe,  bearing 
date  1603,  believed  to  be  the  one  used  by  Champlain 
while  in  Annapolis  Basin.  Mr.  Charles  Francis  Adams, 
representing  the  Massachusetts  Society,  capped  this 
relic  with  another  from  Boston,  the  ancient  key  of 
Fort  Anne,  carried  to  New  England  by  English  parti- 
zans  of  the  days  of  the  colonial  wars.  The  interest  of 
the  Dominion  Government  was  evinced  in  addresses 
from  its  representatives,  and  in  its  generous  gift  of  a 
bronze  statue  of  De  Monts ;  the  corner  stone  of  this 
memorial  was,  upon  Wednesday  morning,  laid  with 
much  ceremony  by  His  Honor  the  Lieutenant  Gover- 
nor of  Nova  Scotia,  assisted  by  representatives  of  the 
three  participating  nations — but  the  statue  itself  will 
not  be  ready  for  unveiling  until  a  later  period. 

Significant  also,  of  the  temper  of  the  occasion,  was 
the  large  part  taken  in  the  ceremonies  by  the  presid- 
ents of  the  several  colleges  of  Nova  Scotia;  nearly  all 
of  them  delivered  at  the  Tuesday  evening  meeting, 
addresses  which  were  notable  for  patriotism,  breadth 
of  culture,  and  grasp  of  historical  ideals.  His  Grace, 
Archbishop  O'Brien,  of  Halifax,  and  the  Rev.  W.  C. 
Gaynor,  President  of  the  New  Brunswick  Historical 
Society,  most  worthily  represented  the  church. 

Upon  Tuesday  afternoon,  the  townspeople  of  Annap- 
olis gave  to  the  visitors  a  ride  by  steamer  down  the 
basin  to  the  shore  of  Lower  Granville,  the  site  of  the 
original  Port  Royal,  made  famous  by  that  jolly  chron- 
icler, Lescarbot.  The  condition  of  the  tide — a  factor 
to  be  reckoned  with  in  Acadian  affairs — rendered  t 
impracticable  to  land  the  party ;  but  Judge  Savary,  the 


14  ACADIENSIS. 

local  historian,  'had  carefully  marked  with  flags  the 
site  of  the  old  stockade.  The  scene  was  viewed  at  long 
range,  while  appropriate  speeches  were  being  made  by 
several  of  the  guests,  and  explanations  were  offered  by 
Judge  Savary  and  other  local  antiquarians.  The  lack: 
of  opportunity  for  a  careful  examination  of  this,  one  of 
the  most  interesting  historic  sites  in  North  America, 
was  deeply  regretted  by  many  of  those  present. 

During  Wednesday  afternoon  the  hosts  and  host- 
esses of  Annapolis  paid  their  final  respects  to  the  vis- 
itors by  giving  them  a  most  enjoyable  drive  about  the 
environs ;  at  six  o'clock  bidding  them  farewell  at  the 
railway  station,  the  train  leaving  at  that  time  for  Dig- 
by.  An  hour  later,  ,the  steamer  Prince  Rupert  was,  in 
the  midst  of  a  driving  rain,  bearing  the  guests  towards 
St.  John — regretful  at  leaving  behind  a  town  and 
people  to  whom  all  had  in  their  fifty  hours  of  sojourn 
become  as  closely  attached  as  though  the  friendship 
were  of  far  longer  standing;  but  looking  hopefully 
forward  to  the  second  celebration,  to  which  New 
Brunswick's  capital  had  hospitably  invited  them. 

REUBEN  G.  THWAITES. 


PROF,  VV.  F.  GANONG, 

of  Smith  College,  Northampton,  Mass. 


fl  Ui$itor'$  impressions  of  tfte  Cfcamplain 
tercentenary. 

ST.  JOHN,  JUNE  2J-24,  J904. 

HE  editor  of  ACADIENSIS  ha* 
asked  me  to  contribute  to  this 
journal  a  brief  account  of  the 
Champlain  Ter  -  Centenary, 
and  I  infer  he  wishes  the  im- 
pressions of  a  disinterested 
visitor.  I  am  not  sure  that  1 
can  be  considered  disinterest- 
ed in  matters  pertaining  to 
St.  John,  since  it  is  my  native 
city  and  I  am  extremely  fond 
of  it,  but  I  shall  try  to  write  without  bias.  I  shall  not 
attempt  to  describe  the  celebration  in  any  detail,  for  I 
have  neither  space  nor  inclination  therefor;  and  be- 
sides this  has  been  done  very  much  better  than  I  could 
do  it  in  the  elaborate  newspaper  accounts  of  the  time, 
all  still  fresh  in  the  minds  of  my  readers,  and  all,  no 
doubt,  preserved  in  the  many  scrap-books  of  those 
interested  in  such  matters.  It  were  most  desirable,, 
by  the  way,  that  complete  sets  of  the  newspaper  ac- 
counts of  the  celebration  should  be  preserved  for 
future  readers  in  the  Legislative  Library  at  Freder- 
icton  and  in  the  Public  Library  at  St.  John.  In  the 
latter  case  I  presume  this  has  been  done,  but  in  the 
former  I  feel  sure  it  has  not;  for  the  Legislative 
library  is  practically  useless  in  the  one  function  for 
which  it  ought  primarily  to  exist, — as  a  repository  of 
information  about  the  past  arid  present  of  the  Pro- 
vince of  New  Brunswick.  But  as  to  my  present  sub- 
15 


16  ACADIENSIS. 

ject,  I  shall  simply  give  some  account  of  the  impres- 
sion the  events  of  the  celebration  made  upon  me,  with 
such  comments  as  the  matters  suggest. 

Much  to  my  regret  I  was  detained  at  home  by 
College  duties  so  that  I  was  unable  to  reach  St.  John 
before  Wednesday  the  22nd,  and  hence  I  missed  not 
only  the  celebration  at  Annapolis,  but  the  first  sessions 
of  the  Royal  Society  of  Canada,  which  really  inaugur- 
ated the  celebration  at  St.  John.  It  was  most  appro- 
priate that  a  meeting  of  this  Society,  by  far  the  most 
important  learned  society  of  Canada,  and  a  special 
patron  of  History  as  well  as  of  the  Sciences,  should 
form  a  part  of  the  Champlain  Ter-Centenary.  Its 
sessions  were  opened  Tuesday  afternoon  in  the  High 
School  building,  and,  I  presume,  like  all  sessions  of 
learned  bodies  the  world  over,  were  attractive  to  stu- 
dents only  and  hardly  held  the  interest  of  the  public. 
But  I  was  told  by  a  friend  that  the  address  of  the 
President,  Colonel  G.  T.  Denison,  on  Tuesday  evening, 
was  not  only  largely  attended,  but  was  an  extremely 
powerful  exposition  of  its  subject, — the  United  Em- 
pire Loyalists  and  their  Influence  upon  Canadian 
History.  It  is  by  the  laborious  researches  of  special- 
ists like  Colonel  Denison,  and  the  presentation  of  their 
results  and  matured  conclusions  to  the  student-world 
through  addresses  and  monographs,  that  the  great 
body  of  human  knowledge  is  quietly  and  gradually, 
but  surely  and  solidly,  built  up,  and  made  a  part  of  the 
intellectual  possession  of  the  race.  After  the  address 
the  Fellows  of  the  Royal  Society  with  other  guests 
were  received  by  Senator  and  Mrs.  Ellis  at  their  home, 
one  of  the  many  courtesies  extended  to  the  visitors  by 
Senator  Ellis  during  the  celebration. 

On  Wednesday  there   were   sessions  of  the  Royal 
Society  in  the  morning.     At  noon,  His  Worship  the 


THE    "ACADIE." 

A  reproduction  of  the  vessel  in  which  Champlain  and  deMonts 
entered  the  Bay  of  Fundy,  June  1604. 


WALTER  W.  WHITE,  Esquire, 
Mayor  of  Saint  John,  Chairman  of  the  Champlain  Tercentenary  Committee. 


A  VISITOR'S  IMPRESSIONS.  17 

Mayor  of  St.  John  entertained  many  of  the  Fellows  of 
the  Ro}ral  Society,  with  other  guests,  at  luncheon  at  the 
Union  Club.  In  the  afternoon  the  visitors  were  re- 
ceived at  Duck  Cove  by  the  members  of  the  combined 
Natural  History,  Historical  and  Loyalist  Societies  of 
New  Brunswick,  and  all  preparations  had  been  made 
for  a  pleasant  outing  at  this  very  attractive  plac2. 
But  the  weather  turned  bad  and  spoiled  the  excursion, 
the  only  feature  of  the  celebration  thus  marred.  In 
the  evening  a  popular  scientific  lecture,  one  of  those 
given  to  the  public  annually  under  the  auspices  of  the 
Royal  Society,  was  delivered  in  the  Higli  Sdiool  build- 
ing. This  lecture  treats  some  subject  of  contemporary 
scientific  interest,  and  this  year  it  dealt  with  the 
.modern  study  of  Adaptation  in  Plants — with  illustra- 
tions from  photographs  projected  by  the  stereopticon. 
The  night  was  stormy  and  the  audience  was  small, 
"but  it  'was  sympathetic  and  inspiring  to  the  lecturer, 
a  matter  on  which  I  can  speak  with  knowledge,  for  I 
was  the  said  lecturer.  I  may  add  that  if  the  audience 

•  enjoyed  listening  to  me  one-half  as  much  as  I  enjoyed 
speaking  to  it,  the  lecture  was  a  success  for  all  con- 
cerned. 

The  proceedings  of  Tuesday  and  Wednesday  were 
obviously  chiefly  of  interest  to  the  student  part  of  the 
community ;  'the  events  attractive  to  the  public  in  gen- 

•  eral  began  Thursday  and  continued  through  Friday. 
On  Thursday  morning  there  was,  appropriately  enough 
for  this  maritime  city,  a  regatta  on  the  harbor,  but  I 
missed  it,  as  I  was  with  the  Royal  Society  which  had 
been  invited  by  Senator  Ellis  to  an  excursion  on  the 
water.     The  day  was  perfect,  as  was  the  excursion, 
and  I  was  thankful  that  the  strangers  to  St.  John  had 
this  opportunity  to  see  the  surroundings  of  die  city  at 
•.their  best,  and  to  obtain  a  more  just  impression  of  them 


i8  ACADIENSIS. 

than  the  excursion  to  Duck  Cove  the  day  before  had 
permitted.  The  vessel  steamed  down  the  harbor  and 
met  the  British  flagship  Ariadne  coming  in  to  join  the 
French  Troude  and  the  American  Topeka  and  Detroit,. 
already  at  anchor.  As  the  Ariadne  moved  towards  the 
others,  they  seemed,  with  their  white  paint  and  trim 
lines,  ailmost  like  pleasure  yachts  in  comparison  with 
her  grim  and  distinctly  war-like  bulk.  We  went 
around  Partridge  Island,  up  the  harbor  again  through 
the  Falls  and  back  to  the  city.  Then  there  were  meet- 
ings which  lasted  until  noon,  when  Governor  Snowball 
held  a  levee  for  visitors  and  citizens  in  the  Court 
House.  In  the  afternoon  there  were  further  meetings 
of  the  Royal  Society,  and  in  the  evening  followed  one 
of  the  chief  features,  in  some  respects  the  chief  and. 
central  feature,  of  the  celebration, — the  public  meet- 
ing, with  appropriate  addresses,  in  St.  Andrew's 
church.  This  event  seemed  to  me  almost  ideal.  The 
church  was  filled,  but  not  crowded,  by  the  guests  of 
the  celebration,  members  of  learned  societies,  an4 
officers  of  the  visiting  war-ships,  together  with  the 
leading  citizens  of  St.  John.  Among  others  were  two- 
Bishops  of  the  Roman  Catholic  Church,  Archbishop 
O'Brien  of  Halifax  and  Bishop  Casey  of  St.  John,, 
together  with  other  clergy  of  that  church.  On  the 
platform  with  the  chairman  of  the  meeting  were  the 
Lieutenant  Governor  of  the  Province  in  full  Windsor 
uniform,  the  French  Consul  General  in  even  more 
brilliant  court  dress,  naval  officers  in  uniform  and 
scholars  in  more  sombre  garb.  Altogether  the  scene- 
was  effective,  pleasing  and  appropriate,  and  the 
addresses  were  worthy  of  the  occasion.  The  chairman 
was  the  President  of  the  New  Brunswick  Historical 
Society,  Rev.  W.  C.  Gaynor,  who  gave  the  opening 
address  and  presided  happily  throughout.  The  speaker 


NEW  LIBRARY,  BUILDING 

in  which  was  placed  the  tablet  to  Champlam   and   deMonts. 





BRASS    TABLET. 
Free  Public  Library  Building,  St.  John,  N.  B.,  unveiled  24th  June,  1904. 


MONUMENT   AT  RIVERSIDE  PARK,  ST.  JOHN,  N.   B., 
Unveiled  June  24th,  1904. 


A  VISITOR'S  IMPRESSIONS.  19 

who  perhaps  most  interested  the  audience  was  M. 
Kleeczkowski,  the  Consul  General  for  France  in  Can- 
ada, for  his  handsome  presence,  courtly  manner  and 
pleasing  accent  formed  a  winning  setting  for  his  really 
graceful  and  appropriate  address.  Another  pleasing 
speaker  was  M.  Benjamin  Suite,  the  newly  elected 
President  of  the  Royal  Society  of  Canada,  who,  like 
M.  Kleeczkowski,  spoke  both  in  English  and  in  French. 
The  grace  and  taot  of  these  two  speakers  emphasized 
anew  the  lesson,  that  the  English  in  Canada  may  learn 
much  of  the  amenities  of  civilization  from  their  French 
fellow  countrymen,  and  this  potential  union  of  Anglo- 
Saxon  energy  with  French  culture  may  yet  prove  a 
chief  factor  in  the  making  of  a  truly  great  Canadian 
nation.  The  other  addresses,  by  Dr.  Stockton  (twice 
or  thrice  too  long  for  the  occasion,  but  otherwise  excel- 
lent), representing  the  Loyalist  Society;  by  Hon.  J.  P. 
Baxter,  representing  the  Maine  Historical  Society;  by 
Hon.  Judge  Landry,  speaking  for  the  Acadians;  by 
Hon.  Charles  Francis  Adams,  representing  the  Massa- 
chusetts Historical  Society ;  by  Colonel  Denison,  repre- 
senting the  Royal  Society  of  Canada;  by  Mr.  N. 
Hovenden  of  the  Royal  Historical  Society  of  Great 
Britain;  by  M.  Renei  Benoit,  representing  the  Acadi- 
ans of  New  England,  and  by  Hon.  J.  W.  Longley, 
representing  the  Nova  Scotia  Historical  Society,  were 
naturally  of  uneven  value,  but  ail  were  appropriate 
and  none  could  have  been  spared.  There  was  also  a 
poem  by  Mr.  Chas.  Campbell,  and  Commander  Dilling- 
ham,  senior  officer  of  the  American  warships,  made  a 
brief  and  spirited  address  quite  in  the  manner  to  be 
expected  of  a  fighting  man.  It  was  very  pleasing  to 
observe  the  note  of  confident  strength  running  through 
the  addresses  of  the  Canadians,  and  the  tone  of  gen- 
uine friendship  and  respect  in  the  speeches  of  the 
foreign  visitors. 


20  ACADIENSIS. 

Friday,  the  24th,  was  the  anniversary  day,  and  on 
this  naturally  fell  the  pageant  which  in  the  popular 
imagination  marked  the  culmination  of  the  celebration. 
Happily  the  day  was  as  perfect  as  heart  could  desire. 
Shortly  after  eight  o'clock  all  St.  John  foregathered  at 
the  Market  Square,  the  guests  on  the  grand  stand  pro- 
vided for  the  occasion  facing  the  landing  place  at  the 
slip,  and  the  public  on  the  sidewalks,  housetops,  and 
at  all  available  windows.  Soon  the  bands  heralded 
the  approach  of  the  soldiers,  and,  later,  the  sailors  from 
the  various  warships,  who,  as  they  arrived,  marched 
to  their  respective  places,  forming  all  together  a  great 
hollow  square  surrounding  the  Market  Square.  The 
scene,  with  the  fair  sky  above,  the  eager  crowds  at 
every  available  point,  the  uniformed  soldiers  and  sail- 
ors, the  abundant  flags  and  bright  decorations  of  the 
buildings,  and  the  air  of  eager  interest  everywhere, 
was  most  pleasing,  and  quite  in  the  spirit  of  a  great 
popular  celebration.  Shortly  after  nine  a  special  thrill 
of  interest  seemed  to  run  through  the  crowd,  and 
immediately  there  came  into  view  at  the  end  of  the 
slip  a  little  vessel  of  ancient  build,  with  long  streamers 
flying  and  an  ancient  French  flag  at  her  masthead, 
while  about  her  circled  many  canoes  filled  with  excited 
savages.  As  she  came  nearer  her  quaint  square  sails 
were  furled,  and  she  glided,  not  without  some  difficulty 
in  the  navigation,  to  an  anchorage  in  the  middle  of 
the  slip.  Then  the  group  of  brightly  dressed  gentle- 
men on  the  upper  deck  were  brought  ashore  by  their 
friends  the  Indians,  and  as  they  landed  we  all  recog- 
nized Cham  plain,  and  de  Monts  and  Poutrincourt  and 
the  other  gentlemen  of  the  expedition,  with  the 
priests,  the  guard,  and  others,  all  brilliantly  clothed  in 
the  fashion  proper  to  gentlemen  of  France  three  cen- 
turies ago.  They  proceeded  to  the  centre  of  the  Square 


A  VISITOR'S  IMPRESSIONS.  21 

where  they  made  gifts  to  the  Indians  and  smoked  with 
them  the  pipe  of  peace.  They  took  possession  of  the 
land,  with  formal  ceremony  in  the  name  of  the  King  of 
France,  and  their  new  friends  danced  the  war  dance 
about  them.  All  this  part  of  the  ceremony  was 
extremely  effective.  In  fact  so  well  was  it  done  that  I 
quite  forgot  for  a  time  that  it  was  a  show,  and  even 
forgot  to  philosophize  and  psychologize,  while  I  had 
some  momentary  impulse  to  approach  Champlain  and 
ask  ihim  the  truth  as  to  certain  ambiguous  passages  in 
his  narratives !  When  these  ceremonies  were  finished, 
the  noble  explorers,  with  their  retinue,  and  all  of  the 
red  men,  entered  the  waiting  carriages,  and  headed  a 
procession  of  the  military  and  sailors  to  Riverside 
Park,  where  a  statue  and  monument  in  honor  of  New 
Brunswick  soldiers  who  fell  in  the  South  African  war 
was  unveiled.  The  entire  representation  of  the  arrival 
and  landing  of  the  expedition  was  extremely  well 
planned  and  managed.  As  a  spectacle  it  was  at  one 
and  the  same  time  striking,  appropriate  and  pleasing, 
and  the  energetic  members  of  the  Royal  Kennebecasis 
Yacht  Club  and  of  the  Neptune  Rowing  Club,  who 
had  it  in  charge,  may  well  be  satisfied  with  its  success. 
At  noon  a  dinner  was  given  by  Mayor  White  at  the 
Union  Clu'b  to  many  of  the  prominent  visitors,  and  in 
the  afternoon  a  tasteful  tablet  to  the  memory  of  Cham- 
plain  and  deMonts  was  unveiled  in  the  new  Public 
Library.  The  occasion  was  marked  by  two  notable 
features,  the  reading  by  Dr.  Dawson  of  his  fine  poem 
on  Champlain,  and  the  address  by  Rev.  Dr.  Raymond, 
in  the  course  of  which  he  gave  the  all-sufficient  reasons 
why  Champlain  is  honored  before  deMonts  in  the  St. 
John  celebration.  As  1  looked  around  this  admirable 
building,  which  should  mean  so  much  in  the  future  of 
St.  John,  I  felt  grateful  to  its  generous  and  far-sighted 


22  ACADIENSIS. 

donor ;  but  I  felt  also  a  keen  regret  that  it  was  a  total 
stranger  and  not  some  citizen  of  the  city  and  Province, 
who  had  reaped  the  satisfaction  of  rendering  so  great 
a  service  to  the  people  of  this  city.  The  men  of  means 
in  New  Brunswick  have  hardly  yet  grasped  the  great 
truth  which  Mr.  Carnegie  and  many  other  business 
leaders  have  so  thoroughly  learned,  that  no  better  and 
more  satisfying  use  for  wealth  has  yet  been  found 
among  men  than  its  devotion  to  the  advancement  of 
the  public  good  through  the  various  phases  of  educa- 
tion. 

In  the  evening  there  were  torch-light  processions 
and  illuminations  on  the  harbor,  but  these  I  did  not 
see,  for  I  had  to  start  at  five  o'clock  to  be  present  at 
the  St.  Croix  celebration  the  next  day. 

If  I  have  seemed  to  write  over  enthusiastically  of 
the  celebration,  it  is  not  wholly  due  to  a  prejudice  in 
favor  of  things  New  Brunswickian.  It  is  my  calm 
judgment  that  the  entire  celebration  was  both  extreme- 
ly well-planned,  and  also  remarkably  well  carried  out. 
It  was  not  of  course  flawless.  No  extensive  and  com- 
plicated series  of  functions  which  occur  but  once,  and 
which  there  is  no  opportunity  to  rehearse,  can  be  free 
from  untoward  incidents,  but  every  fair-minded  per- 
son makes  allowance  at  such  times  for  difficulties  which 
cannot  be  foreseen  or  prevented  by  any  human  fore- 
thought. And  the  drawbacks  of  this  kind  in  this  cele- 
bration were  very  few  and  of  slight  moment  in  com- 
parison with  its  general  excellence.  The  events  seemed 
to  me  both  appropriate  and  well-balanced.  The  intel- 
lectual side  was  admirably  represented  by  the  four- 
days  sessions  of  the  Royal  Society  of  Canada  and  by 
the  meeting  in  St.  Andrew's  Church.  The  spectacular 
element  could  not  have  been  more  appropriately  or 
successfully  presented  than  it  was  by  the  representation 


Landing  of  Champlain,  deMonts  and  party  by  the  Indians  at  Market  Slip, 
St.  John,  N.  B.,  June  24th,  1904. 


A  VISITOR'S  IMPRESSIONS.  23 

of  the  arrival  and  landing  of  Ohamplain,  supplemented 
by  the  various  sports  and  processions  and  by  the  pres- 
ence of  the  war-ships  of  three  nations.  The  idea  of 
the  permanent  value  of  the  celebration  of  historical 
events  was  well  expressed  in  the  dedication  of  the  tab- 
let in  the  Public  Library,  in  the  unveiling  of  the  statue 
at  Riverside  Park,  and  in  the  inauguration  of  a  move- 
ment to  erect  a  statue  of  Ohamplain  in  the  city.  The 
social  amenities  were  duly  and  well  observed,  not  only 
through  many  hospitalities  in  receptions,  dinners  and 
other  formal  entertainments,  but  also  through  constant 
minor  courtesies  extended  by  individual  citizens  to  the 
visitors,  not  the  least  of  which  was  the  presentation  by 
the  editor  of  copies  of  the  Ohamplain  number  of  this 
magazine  to  all  prominent  visitors  to  the  city.  To 
secure  the  presence  of  so  many  diverse  elements,  and 
to  combine  them  to  harmonious  co-operation,  required 
the  application  of  much  historical  knowledge,  no  little 
tact  and  influence,  social  and  political,  and  an 
immense  amount  of  well-directed  hard  work.  Many 
contributed  their  parts  to  the  result,  but  as  I  under- 
stand the  matter,  there  are  three  men  to  whom  especi- 
ally the  success  of  the  Ter-Centenary  is  due.  They  are, 
His  Worship  Mayor  White,  the  active  and  sympathetic 
supporter  of  all  the  preparations,  and  the  worthy  repre- 
sentative of  the  city  during  the  celebration;  Rev.  Dr. 
Raymond,  the  scholarly  historian  and  persistent  pro- 
moter of  the  entire  plan;  and  Mr.  D.  Russell  Jack, 
Honorary  Secretary  of  the  Celebration  Committee, 
the  energetic  organizer  and  capable  executive  of  details 
from  the  beginning.  New  Brunswick  is  the  better  for 
the  celebration,  and  those  who  brought  it  to  a  success- 
ful outcome  have  rendered  a  notable  service  to  people 
and  to  province. 

W.  F.  GANONG. 


Cfcc  $t  Croix  and  Calais  De 
tercentenary* 


T  WAS  certainly  fitting  that  the 
de  Monts  and  Champlain  Tercen- 
tenary should  begin  at  Annapolis, 
the  old  Port  Royal,  where  de  Monts 
and  his  little  company  first  landed 
after  their  arrival  upon  the  Ameri- 
can coast  in  the  summer  of  1604. 
It  was  also  fitting  that  the  celebration  should  be  con- 
tinued at  St.  John,  especially  as  the  discovery  of  the 
St.  John  river  by  de  Monts  and  his  party  occurred  on 
June  24th,  St.  John's  day,  the  river  receiving  the  name 
which  the  discoverers  gave  to  it  because  of  the  day. 
But  the  celebration  would  have  been  incomplete  with- 
out commemorative  services  at  St.  Croix  Island,  where 
de  Monts,  after  a  further  examination  of  the  coast, 
decided  to  locate  his  colony;  and  such  services  were 
held  Saturday,  June  25th,  on  this  interesting  spot  in 
the  St.  Croix  river,  followed  by  added  services  at 
Calais  in  the  afternoon. 

Many  who  had  participated  in  the  celebration  at 
Annapolis  and  St.  John  reached  Calais  on  Friday 
evening.  Friday  had  been  a  perfect  June  day.  Would 
the  weather  be  equally  favorable  on  Saturday  ? 

The  tide  made  it  necessary  that  those  who  proposed 
to  be  present  at  the  exercises  on  St.  Croix  Island 
should  be  early  on  their  way  Saturday  morning.  It 
was  expected  that  the  United  States  Revenue  cutter 
"  Woodbury  "  would  take  the  invited  guests  from 
Calais  to  the  island,  the  Collector  of  the  port  of  Port- 

24 


ST.  CROIX  TERCENTENARY.  2$ 

land  having  courteously  made  an  arrangement  to  that 
end ;  but  on  account  of  the  low  tide  on  Saturday  morn- 
ing the  depth  of  water  in  the  river  at  Calais  was  in- 
sufficient for  the  requirements  of  the  "Woodbury." 
The  Dominion  cutter  "  Curlew,"  however,  performed 
this  service  for  some  of  the  guests,  and  the  rest,  with 
the  citizens  and  numerous  visitors,  found  such  means 
of  conveyance  as  could  be  secured  either  by  water  or 
by  land  to  Red  Beach,  opposite  St.  Croix  Island. 

The  writer  went  by  carriage  to  Red  Head.  It  was 
a  most  delightful  ride  along  the  river  for  the  most 
part,  here  and  there  with  charming  views  of  the  New 
Brunswick  fields  and  hills  beyond.  But  it  was  a  morn- 
ing with  clouds,  and  the  clouds  became  more  and  more 
threatening  all  the  way  to  Red  Beach.  A  short  dis- 
tance from  the  village  we  had  our  first  glimpse  of  St. 
Croix  Island  and  the  lighthouse  near  its  centre.  The 
river  at  this  point  is  wide — a  mile  and  a  half  possibly, 
for  this  is  a  stranger's  estimating — and  the  attractive- 
ness made  it  easy  for  us  to  understand  why  de  Monts 
and  his  associates,  as  they  came  up  the  river  on  a  June 
day  three  hundred  years  ago,  regarded  it  as  a  fitting 
location  for  the  establishment  of  the  colony.  It  was 
not  only  an  attractive  island,  but  its  situation  made 
it  easily  defensible  from  the  attacks  of  hostile  Indians. 
The  colonists,  it  is  true,  did  not  foresee  what  perils 
the  winter  would  bring  with  its  icy  cold.  They  came 
up  the  river  under  summer  skies  and  with  a  pleasant 
prospect  before  them  whichever  way  they  turned. 

On  the  day  of  the  celebration  the  scene  was  made 
much  more  attractive  by  the  presence  of  the  warships 
of  France,  Great  Britain  and  the  United  States,  which 
were  anchored  north  of  the  island,  and  which  had  been 
gaily  decorated  in  honor  of  the  day ;  while  about  them 


^6  ACADIENSIS. 

was  anchored  a  fleet  of  smaller  craft  which  had  been 
attracted  thither  by  the  commemorative  services. 

We  soon  found  means  of  transportation  to  the 
island.  The  very  general  interest  in  the  celebration 
was  in  evidence  everywhere,  as  indeed  it  had  been  in 
Calais,  and  during  the  drive  to  Red  Beach.  Water 
•craft  of  various  kinds,  here,  there,  and  on  all  sides, 
carried  visitors  to  the  island.  But  the  clouds  were 
still  threatening,  and  hardly  had  the  guests  of  the  day 
reached  the  island  when  there  was  an  outpouring  from 
the  skies  which  hurried  guests  and  visitors  to  such 
places  of  shelter  from  the  rain  as  the  island  afforded. 

When  the  shower  had  passed  the  grass  was  too  wet 
for  such  an  exploration  of  the  island  as  was  desired 
by  all.  Especially  had  such  an  exploration  been  made 
easy,  as  the  committee  having  the  exercises  in  charge 
had  carefully  marked  the  sites  of  de  Monts'  house, 
the  houses  of  his  associates,  the  forge,  the  guard  house, 
the  chapel,  the  garden,  the  cemetery,  etc.,  as  they  were 
enabled  easily  to  do  from  the  original  drawing  made 
by  Champlain  at  the  time  of  the  settlement.  Further- 
more, because  of  the  threatening  aspect  of  the  weather 
it  was  deemed  important  that  attention  should  at  once 
fce  given  to  the  literary  exercises. 

These  were  held  in  a  tent  which  happily  had  been 
erected  by  the  committee  north  of  the  lighthouse  for 
the  use  of  the  guests  of  the  day.  The  exigencies  of 
the  hour  gave  it  largely  to  the  visitors.  The  flags  of 
the  three  nations  waved  over  it,  and  representatives 
of  these  nations  participated  in  the  literary  exercises 
that  followed.  The  significance  of  the  occasion  was 
in  the  minds  of  all  the  speakers,  and  found  eloquent 
expression.  Those  grouped  around  them  evidently 
entered  into  the  deep  meaning  of  the  hour.  It  was 
not  a  mere  holiday  affair  that  had  brought  together 


ST.  CROIX  TERCENTENARY.  27 

the  large  company  then  and  there  assembled.  De  Monts 
and  his  little  company,  whose  feet  had  pressed  the  soil 
where  we  stood,  who  were  filled  with  high  hopes  for 
France  by  giving  her  dominion  on  these  western 
shores,  were  the  forerunners  of  a  host  of  adventurous 
souls,  who  had  a  vision  of  the  future  of  this  con- 
tinent which,  though  inadequate,  as  we  already  know, 
was  bright  enough  to  stir  within  them  noble  purposes 
and  spur  them  to  high  endeavor. 

On  the  part  of  all  the  speakers  there  was  generous 
recognition  of  the  part  which  France  played  in  the 
opening  of  the  new  world  to  settlement  and  civiliza- 
tion. Especially  was  this  recognition  manifested  in 
the  welcome  extended  to  the  Consul  General  of  France, 
M.  Kleczkowski.  It  was  not  his  charming  personality 
merely  that  won  for  him  throughout  the  day  the 
enthusiastic  plaudits  of  men,  women  and  children,  but 
the  fact,  in  a  very  large  degree,  that  he  was  the  repre- 
sentative of  France,  and  in  his  person  stood  for  those 
who  not  only  on  the  island  of  St.  Croix,  but  all  along 
the  St.  Lawrence  and  the  Ohio  and  the  Mississippi, 
had  toiled  heroically  and  sacrificed  nobly.  To  me  the 
most  pathetic  words  spoken  that  day  were  the  words 
of  M.  Kleczkowski,  when  he  said :  "  It  has  been  the  lot 
of  France  to  scatter  mariy  fruitful  seeds,  the  benefits 
of  which  others  have  reaped."  No  more  fitting  or 
beautiful  expression  could  the  speaker  have  given  to 
the  thought  that  evidently  filled  his  mind  and  heart. 
This  was  not  a  high  day  for  France.  It  might  have 
been,  and  before  us  throughout  the  services  there  was 
ever  the  alluring  vision  that  cheered  de  Monts  and  his 
fellow  voyagers  as  they  sailed  up  the  fair  waters  of 
the  St.  Croix  and  landed  on  this  charming  islet  to 
establish  the  beginning  of  French  colonization  on  the 


28  ACADIENSIS. 

Atlantic  seaboard.  Certainly  the  vision  had  not  failed 
of  realization,  and  Gen.  Chamberlain,  in  his  noble 
address,  when,  alluding  to  the  lost  hope  of  de  Monts, 
greeted  the  colonist-leader  and  said  concerning  that 
hope :  "  The  work  is  going  on,  but  by  other  hands ; 
the  dream  is  coming,  but  to  other  eyes ;  yet  the  thought 
is  his,  and  the  fulfilment,  though  different,  is  of  his 
beginning ; "  and  most  fittingly  it  was  added :  "  Better 
is  his  later  fame  that  his  early  fate.  For  the  name 
and  place  you  give  him  to-day  is  from  a  whole-hearted 
sympathy  beyond  that  accorded  in  his  time,  and  the 
mounds  which  revive  these  memorials  of  him  are  of 
those  who  enter  into  the  largeness  of  his  thought." 
There  was  many  a  heartfelt  response  to  these  expres- 
sive words  as  they  fell  from  the  lips  of  the  distinguish- 
ed soldier  who  uttered  them ! 

It  was  not  forgotten  in  these  commemorative  ser- 
vices that  in  de  Monts'  company  Protestant  and  Roman 
Catholic  stood  side  by  side.  It  had  not  been  so  in 
France  in  the  preceding  century.  On  how  many 
bloody  fields  for  three-quarters  of  a  century  had  they 
contended  in  fiercest  conflict !  But  the  edict  of  Nantes 
had  brought  about  a  better  state  of  things  in  France, 
and  the  value  of  religious  liberty  which  men  were 
beginning  to  see  found  happy  recognition  upon  St. 
Croix  Island.  If  later  in  France  the  edict  of  Nantes 
was  disowned  and  at  length  revoked,  religious  liberty 
had  a  re-birth  on  these  western  shores  in  Roger  Wil- 
liams, and  is  now  the  prized  possession  of  all  — 
Protestant  and  Roman  Catholic  alike. 

Nothing  could  be  more  appropriate  than  the  memorial 
of  de  Monts'  settlement  at  St.  Croix  Island  which  was 
unveiled  at  the  conclusion  of  the  services  in  the  tent. 
On  a  natural  boulder,  a  short  distance  north  of  the 


ST.  CROIX  TERCENTENARY.  29 

lighthouse,  a  bronze  tablet  had  been  placed,  facing  the 
west,  bearing  this  inscription : 

To  Commemorate 
The  Discovery  and  Occupation 

of  this  Island  by 
DE  MONTS  AND  CHAM  PLAIN, 

who  naming  it 

L'isle  Saincte   Croix 

Founded  here  26  June,  1604, 

the  French  Colony  of  Acadia 

then  the  only  settlement 
of  Europeans  North  of  Florida 

This  Tablet  is  erected  by 

Residents  of  the  St.  Croix  Valley 

1904. 

The  unveiling  of  this  tablet  was  the  supreme  moment 
in  the  celebration.  Guests  and  visitors  gathered 
around  the  well-worded  record  of  the  event  which  the 
day  commemorated,  and  when  the  flags  that  covered 
the  tablet  were  removed,  the  war  vessels,  in  answer  to 
a  signal  given  by  the  commander  of  the  "  Detroit," 
thundered  forth  a  salute — which  was  echoed  and  re- 
echoed from  the  neighboring  American  and  Canadian 
shores. 

Before  the  unveiling,  Mr.  James  Vroom,  of  St. 
Stephen,  the  efficient  secretary  of  the  Citizens'  Com- 
mittee, in  the  name  of  the  Mayor  of  St.  Andrews, 
offered  a  resolution  which  was  presented  to  the  com- 
pany by  Hon.  Charles  E.  Ewen,  of  Calais,  the  pre- 
siding officer,  and  unanimously  and  enthusiastically 
adopted : 

"Resolved,  That  this  company,  composed  of  citizens  of  the 
United  States  of  America,  subjects  of  His  Majesty  King 
Edward  VII,  residing  in  British  North  America,  and  visitors 
fro.n  abroad,  being  assembled  to  commemorate  the  three 


30  ACADIENSIS. 

hundredth  anniversary  of  the  discovery  and  settlement  of  the 
island  on  which  Sieur  de  Monts  and  his  companions  passed 
the  winter  of  1604,  and  to  which  the  discoverers  gave  the  name 
of  Saint  Croix,  deplore  the  use  of  later  names  for  the  island, 
and  desire  that  as  a  mark  of  honor  to  de  Monts  and  Cham- 
plain  it  be  henceforth  known  by  the  name  of  St.  Croix  Island. 

Certainly  nothing  could  be  more  fitting  than  this 
revival  of  the  original  designation  of  the  islandj  and 
the  Maine  Historical  Society  will  use  its  influence,  we 
are  confident,  in  the  endeavor  to  obtain  from  the 
United  States  government  official  recognition  of  the 
name  by  which,  for  every  reason,  the  island  where 
de  Monts  planted  his  colony  should  henceforth  be 
known. 

I  was  greatly  interested  in  the  scholarly  addresses 
delivered  in  the  afternoon  in  the  Opera  House  in 
Calais  by  Prof.  W.  F.  Ganong,  Ph.  D.,  of  Smith  Col- 
lege, and  Hon.  James  P.  Baxter,  LL.  D.,  Mayor  of 
Portland,  Maine.  Prof.  Ganong's  great  familiarity 
with  the  facts  concerning  de  Monts'  settlement  at  St. 
Croix  Island,  and  also  with  those  other  facts  connected 
with  the  history  of  de  Monts'  colony  which  were  of  so 
much  importance  in  the  settlement  of  the  northeastern 
boundary  controversy,  made  his  address  an  illuminating 
one;  while  Mr.  Baxter,  in  his  review  of  Champlain's 
great  services  in  connection  with  the  expedition,  gave 
that  distinguished  explorer  who  served  France  so 
faithfully  in  the  new  world  for  many  years  his  true 
place  in  western  discovery  and  colonization.* 

It  was  to  be  expected  that  the  events  which  the  day 
commemorated  would  appeal  to  poetic  feeling,  and  the 


*  The  address  delivered  by  Hon.  James  P.  Baxter,  LL.  D., 
at  the  St.  Croix  Celebration,  was  published  in  full  in  the  pre- 
vious issue  of  ACADIENSIS.  ED. 


HON.  JAMES  P.  BAXTER. 


ST.  CROIX  TERCENTENARY.  31 

expectation  was  realized.     Finely  conceived  was  Mrs. 
Ida  Vose  Woodbury's  "  The  Island  Story  "  beginning : 

Beautiful  Isle  on  the  breast  of  the  river,, 
With  green  restful  glades  and  with  rocks  wild  and  free, 
Whence  cam'st  thou  here?  from  the  deeps  of  forever? 
Tell  me  thy  story,  thy  strange  history. 

In  Mr.  Henry  M.  Rideout's  beautiful  ode,  fitting^ 
expression  was  given  to  the  same  story,  closing  with 
these  strong  lines : 

Here  stands  the  remnant  of  the  isle,  but  where 

Dwell  the  defeated  spirits,  whether  those 

Who  to  Port  Royal  bore 

The  folded  banner  and  dismantled  frame 

Of  settlement,  or  those,  the  island  dead, 

Whose  bones  were  left  to  wear 

In  slow  effacement  with  the  tidal  shore? 

The  hillock  silver-crowned  with  gracile  birch 

Melts  in  the  levelling  centuries. 

Margins  forlorn  of  the  brown  ocean-bed 

That  flooding  seas  reclaim, 

Show  to  our  patient  search 

Few  vestiges.     The  envious  wave  overflows 

Earth  and  man.     Oblivion  would  seem 

Victorious,  and  those  eager  lines  a  dream. 

Is  it  not  so :  for  here  before  the  seas 

And  everlasting  hills 

To  witness,  we  do  rear 

Enduring  bronze — we,  who  shall  soon  appear 

Dream  and  illusion  to  our  children. 

Nature,  unheeded  or  beloved,  fulfills 

Her  awful  purposes ;  ephemeral  men. 

The  deeper  marvel,  shall  hand  on  renewed 

Courage,  and  faith,  and  mending  destiny 

For  days  they  shall  not  see. 

Here  flows  the  shining  river  endlessly, 

Here  the  isle  echoes  with  their  fortitude. 

The  services  of  the  day  were  closed  with  the  singing 
of  two  stanzas  of  "  God  Save  the  King,"  and  also  two 
of  "  My  Country,  'tis  of  Thee."  When  the  audience 


32  ACADIENSIS. 

rose  to  sing,  Capt.  Dillingham,  of  the  "  Detroit,"  was 
standing  at  the  centre  of  the  stage  by  the  side  of  Gen. 
B.  B.  Murray,  of  Calais,  who  presided.  Capt.  Hill, 
of  the  "  Columbine,"  was  at  the  extreme  left  of  the 
line.  Leaving  his  place  by  the  side  of  the  presiding 
officer,  Capt.  Dillingham  walked  down  the  line  and 
placed  himself  by  the  side  of  Capt.  Hill,  joining  heartily 
in  the  singing  of  the  British  national  hymn.  Then 
he  returned  to  his  place  by  the  side  of  Gen.  Murray, 
and  there  joined  in  singing  to  the  same  music  the 
national  hymn  of  the  United  States,  bearing  his  testi- 
mony in  this  expressive  sailor-like  way  to  the  kinship 
of  the  two  great  English-speaking  nations  which  have 
wrought  so  mightily  on  this  continent  during  the  past 
three  hundred  years.  It  was  a  fitting  close  to  com- 
memorative services  that  had  deeply  stirred  patriotic 
feelings  on  both  sides  of  the  St.  Croix  river,  and  which 
will  unquestionably  for  many  years  to  come  have  an 
abiding  influence  in  strengthening  international  bonds. 

HENRY  S.  BURRAGE. 


JAMES    VROOM, 
Honorary  Secretary  St.  Croix  Valley  Celebration  Committee. 


€fce  tercentenary  Celebration  at  St.  Crete. 


HE  series  of  tercenten- 
ary celebrations  in 
honor  of  the  founders 
of  Acadia  was  fitting- 
ly closed  with  the  cel- 
ebration at  St.  Croix. 
Annapolis  honored 
the  'memory  of  De- 
Monts,  the  leader  of 
the  first  colonists  and 
founder  of  Port  Roy- 
al ;  St.  John,  the  memory  of  Champlain.  The  people  of 
St.  Croix  valley,  with  impressive  ceremonies,  unveiled 
on  the  little  island  that  became  the  last  resting  place 
of  so  many  of  those  first  colonists  a  plain  memorial 
tablet  to  mark  the  site  of  their  habitation ;  and  sought 
to  make  the  island  itself  their  monument  by  restoring 
to  general  use  its  ancient  name  of  St.  Croix.  While 
the  success  of  each  of  these  celebrations  is  unques- 
tioned, and  the  intentions  of  their  promoters  were  well 
•  carried  out,  the  thought  of  standing  orf  the  sacred 
spot  which  had  been  the  scene  of  all  the  hopes  and 
fears  and  sufferings  of  that  short  summer  and  terrible 
winter  of  three  hundred  years  ago  gave  a  peculiar 
solemnity  and  force  to  the  ceremonies  at  St.  Croix 
Island;  and  the  fact  that  the  local  committee  of  man- 
agement was  made  up  of  men  from  both  sides  of  the 
boundary  line,  including  the  mayors  of  Calais,  St. 
.Stephen,  Milltown  and  St.  Andrews,  could  not  fail  to 
add  to  the  present  significance  of  the  event  and  the 
;promotion  of  international  friendship. 
33 


34  ACADIENSIS. 

Unfortuately,  because  of  the  difficulties  of  landing,, 
the  island  could  be  visited  only  at  high  water,  and  the 
stay  must  be  short ;  and  still  more  unfortunately,  when 
brief  commemorative  exercises  were  over,  a  heavy 
shower  hurried  the  departure  and  prevented  visitors 
from  lingering  where  the  sites  of  the  principal  houses 
and  other  points  of  interest  had  been  marked  for  their 
information. 

The  part  of  the  island  which  has  washed  away  in 
the  three  centuries  since  its  occupation  includes  prob- 
ably most  of  the  cemetery ;  but  the  site  of  the  buildings 
remains,  and  their  position  was  easily  determined  from 
Champlain's  plan.  Near  the  centre  of  this  site  is  a 
granite  boulder  in  its  natural  position,  which  was 
probably  directly  in  front  of  the  residence  of  DeMonts 
and  in  the  face  of  which  the  bronze  memorial  tablet 
is  appropriately  set. 

The  ceremonies  consisted  of  a  welcome  to  the  vis- 
itors, with  replies  by  distinguished  guests ;  an  oration, 
by  Gen.  Chamberlain,  the  well  known  historian  of 
Maine ;  and  the  unveiling  of  the  tablet.  The  veil  was 
lifted  by  the  daughters  of  the  Mayor  of  Calais  and  the 
Mayor  of  St.  Stephen;  for,  though  the  island  lies  in 
the  city  of  Calais,  the  towns  and  parishes  on  the  New 
Brunswick  bank  of  the  river  had  an  equal  part  in  the 
duties  and  honors  of  the  day,  and  were  generously 
accorded  their  full  share  of  the  credit. 

The  U.  S.  cruiser  Detroit  and  the  French  cruiser 
Troude  had  come  from  St.  John  to  do  honor  to  the 
occasion;  and  the  British  ship  Columbine  had  been 
specially  sent  from  Halifax  to  take  the  place  of  the- 
ficgship  Ariadne.  The  scene  when  the  guns  of  the 
cruisers  fired  a  salute  at  the  unveiling,  and  the  hills  of 
Maine  and  New  Brunswick  shores  doubled  and  trebled 
the  sound,  was  one  that  will  remain  in  the  memory  of 


HON.  JOSHUA  L.  CHAMBERLAIN, 
MAJOK-GENERAL,  U.  S.  V. 


TERCENTENARY  AT  ST.  CROIX.         35 

the  thousands  who  were  present.  The  heavy  clouds 
had  not  yet  lost  their  shapes,  though  the  rain  coming 
up  the  river  was  beginning  to  shut  out  the  distant 
view.  The  three  warships,  bright  with  flags,  the 
Dominion  cruiser  Curlew,  the  U.  S.  revenue  cutter 
Woodbury,  the  steam  yacht  Nautilus,  with  five  excur- 
sion steamers  and  innumerable  smaller  boats,  filled 
the  broad  expanse  of  the  river.  The  shores,  in  mid- 
,  summer  green  made  deeper  by  the  darkened  sky,  were 
crowded  with  spectators  who  could  not  find  convey- 
ance to  the  island,  or  were  content  to  look  on  from 
afar ;  while  the  island  itself  held  more  people  than  had 
ever  been  on  it  before  in  all  the  three  hundred  years  of 
ils  history.  Near  the  monument,  the  centre  of  inter- 
est, from  one  tall  flagstaff  floated  the  national  flag  of 
the  United  States,  and  from  another  a  flag  displaying 
the  broad  white  cross  of  France,  the  merchant  flag  of 
the  time  of  Champlain.  The  modern  flags  of  France, 
Great  Britain,  the  United  States  and  Canada  flew 
above  the  large  white  tent  which  had  been  erected  for 
the  visitors,  telling  the  nationalities  of  the  guests  it 
sheltered ;  and  the  uniform  of  naval  officers  an«l 
marines  marked  them  as  official  representatives  of 
their  several  nations.  Others  there  were,  the  French 
Consul  General,  the  Premier  of  New  Brunswick, 
officials  of  the  State  of  Maine,  representatives  of  the 
Royal  Society  and  of  other  societies  whose  presence, 
not  so  easily  discerned  among  the  throng,  was,  never- 
theless, known  and  felt  as  giving  dignity  to  the  simple 
ceremonies  and  making  them  all  that  they  were  meant 
tc  be — a  due  recognition  of  what  was  accomplished  by 
the  French  pioneers  when  they  built  upon  that  spot 
the  first  Acadian  village,  and  began  there  the  work 
ot  permanently  planting  European  civilization  in  the 
regions  of  America  north  of  Spanish  rule. 


.36 


ACADIENSIS. 


The  Curlew  took  the  invited  guests  to  St.  Stephen, 
where  carriages  were  waiting  to  convey  them  to  St. 
Croix  Club,  Calais,  for  a  luncheon.  The  afternoon 
was  devoted  to  a  meeting  of  the  Maine  Historical 
Society  in  Calais ;  and  the  evening  to  a  dinner  and 
reception  to  the  guests,  at  which  the  mayors  of  Calais, 
St.  Stephen  and  Milltown  acted  as  hosts.  All  passed 
off  pleasantly,  and,  except  that  the  time  was  again  too 
short  for  all  that  was  planned,  left  little  to  regret. 
The  distinguished  visitors  were  well  pleased  with  their 
reception;  and  the  feelings  of  kindly  fellowship  were 
a  pledge  of  international  good  will  for  the  future,  at 
least  so  far  as  those  men  are  concerned  who  were 
gathered  to  represent  Britain,  France  and  the  United 
States  at  the  tercentenary  of  the  first  settlement  of  the 
St.  Croix. 

JAMES  VROOM. 


OK  Pw<$-U«rt>aUf  flnarew  Certain. 

F  the  original  accounts,  which  have 
come  down  to  us,  of  the  circum- 
stances   attending    the    taking    of 
.  Fort  Latour  or  Fort  St.  John,  by 
the    Sieur   d'Aunay,   in    1645,   the 
most  valuable  appears  to  be  that 
contained  in  the  proces-verbal    of 
Andrew  Certain,  which  is  preserved  in  French  archives. 
This  seems  to  be  the  only  report  of  these  matters,  of 
an  official    nature,  in    existence,    or  which   was    ever 
made,  excepting,  perhaps,  some  records  of  the  Friars. 
The  report,  according  to  Francis  Parkman,  is  dated 
May  10,  1645 — twenty-three  days  after  the  fall  of  the 
fort — though,  strange  enough,   it  refers  to  events  of 
a  later  date,  and  gives  the  death  of  Madam  Latour  as 
having  taken  place  June  15,  1645.     The  signers  of  this 
document — some  or  all — must  have  been  eye-witnesses 
of  the  occurrences  therein  related.    This  report  and  the 
statements  of  the  Capuchin  Friars  (of  whom  Daunay 
was  a  patron),  as  well  as  some  other  French  writings 
on  the  subject,  may  be  open  to  the  charge  of  being 
overfavorable  to  Daunay.*     On  the  other  hand,    the 

*The  Histoire  de  I'  Acadie  fran<;oise  de  1598  a  1755,  by 
Celestin  Moreau  (Paris,  1873),  the  most  valuable  work  extant 
upon  the  Daunay-Latour  feud,  was  written,  as  the  author 
frankly  avows  in  his  preface,  "  to  avenge  the  memory  of  a  man 
who  has  been,  up  to  the  present,  judged  by  the  testimony  of 
his  adversaries  and  enemies,  of  d'Aunay,  the  successor  of 
Commander  Razilly  in  the  government  of  the  French  colony." 

Moreau's  work  is  founded  upon  a  manuscript  book,  called 
L'  Acadie  colonis&e,  par  Charles  de  Menou  d'  Aunay  Charnisay, 
written  by  a  modern  representative  of  Daunay's  family,  the 
Count  Jules  de  Menou,  who  was  also  the  author  of  a  printed 
work,  entitled,  Preuves  de  I'  Histoire  de  la  Mctison  de  Menou. 

37 


38  ACADIENSIS. 

account  of  Nicolas  Denys,  which  appears  to  be  the  only 
source  of  information  discovered  by  Acadian  narrators, 
is  of  doubtful  veracity.  Denys  was  friendly  to  Latour 
and  an  enemy  of  Daunay.  His  book  was  published  in 
1672 — twenty-seven  years  after  the  capture  of  the  fort, 
and,  probably,  nine  or  ten  years  after  the  death  of 
Latour.*  It  contains  evident  errors. 

Moreau,  in  his  History,  utterly  discredits  the  story 
of  Denys,  and  deals  a  sad  blow  to  the  long-established 
and  oft-repeated  local  accounts  of  the  taking  of  La- 
tour's  fort.  Moreau  says  (p.  224)  :  "  The  treachery 
of  the  Swiss,  the  terms  of  quarter,  the  execution  en 
masse  of  the  soldiers  who  had  survived  the  assault, 
the  presence  of  Madam  Latour  at  the  execution  of  the 
vanquished,  all  is  false,"  and  he  then  proceeds  to  give 
his  reasons  for  so  saying,  which  space  will  not  permit 
to  be  reproduced  here.  Although  difficult,  amid  mists 
and  fogs  of  prejudice  and  passion,  ancient  and  modern, 
to  get  at  full  facts,  it  seems  safe  to  say  that  our  school- 
boy conceptions  of  a  truly  good  and  noble  Latour,  at 
St.  John,  N.  B.,  hounded  by  a  cruel  and  dreadful 
Daunay  from  somewhere  else,  are  apt  to  be  modified 
by  later  light,  and,  especially,  when  we  attempt  to 
bring  to  bear  upon  the  subject  the  impartiality  of  feel- 
ing and  correctness  of  statement  which  should  char- 
acterize the  historian. 

Parkman,  who  devotes  the  first  section  of  "  The  old 
regime  in  Canada"  (1896)  to  "the  feudal  Chiefs  of 


*The  discovery  of  the  Scotton  manuscript  appears  to  fix 
the  hitherto  unknown  date  of  Latour's  death  in  1663 — perhaps 
the  latter  part  of  1662.  According  to  Latour's  own  statement, 
he  first  came  to  Acadia,  at  the  age  of  fourteen  years,  with  the 
Poutrincourts.  If  this  was  in  the  voyage  of  1610,  as  stated 
by  Rameau  in  his  Une  coloni  feodale  (and  other  evidence 
favors  it),  Latour  must  have  been  67  or  68  years  of  age  at 
his  death. 


ANDREW  CERTAIN.  39 

Acadia" — Latour  and  Daunay — says  of  the  latter: 
"  In  his  qualities,  as  in  his  birth,  he  was  far  above  his 
rival,  and  his  death  was  the  ruin  of  the  only  French 
colony  in  Acadia  that  deserved  the  name."  Even 
Parkman,  who  made  extensive  researches  in  France, 
appears  to  have  overlooked  some  interesting  evidence 
available  in  Boston. 

Following  is  an  attempt  to  translate  the  proces-verbal 
d'  Andre  Certain,  an  interesting  document  in  Acadian 
history,  which  does  not  appear  to  have  been  heretofore 
printed  in  English.  Says  Moreau :  "  Here  is  the 
truth  of  this  siege  of  which  Denys  has  written  the 
romance." 

GILBERT  O.  BENT. 


THE    OFFICIAL   REPORT. 

In  the  year  one  thousand  six  hundred  and  forty- 
four,  the  twenty-fifth  day  of  December,  two  months 
after  the  notification  of  the  decree  of  council,  dated 
the  fifth  of  May  [March?]  of  the  same  year,  made  to 
the  sieur  de  la  Tour,  and  to  all  those  who  were  with 
him  in  the  fort  of  the  river  St.  John,  by  the  Mount  joy, 
the  fifteenth  October,  1644,  Mr.  Charles  de  Menou, 
knight,  seigneur  d'Aunay  Charnisay,  governor  and 
lieutenant-general  for  the  King  in  all  the  extent  of  the 
coasts  of  Acadia,  country  of  New  France,  considering 
the  refusal  of  the  said  de  la  Tour  and  the  obstinacy  of 
his  people,  fitted  out  once  more  two  of  his  sloops,  to 
attempt,  by  peaceful  means,  to  bring  back  these  rebel- 
lious people  to  the  obedience  which  they  owed  to  his 
Majesty.  For  which  purpose  my  said  sieur  deputed 
a  lieutenant  of  his  ship  to  command  one  of  them  and 
his  sergeant  the  other,  with  orders,  in  his  name,  to 
proceed  to  the  river  St.  John  and  make  every  effort 


40  ACADIENSIS. 

to  adroitly  win  over  some  of  these  rebellious  people, 
to  instruct  them,  and  to  give  them  letters  for  their 
comrades,  signed  by  my  said  sieur,  with  the  assurance 
of  the  pardon  of  their  offences  and  payment  of  their 
wages  dutifully  submit  themselves  as  true  subjects, 
also  to  show  them  that  the  decrees  of  council  bound  by 
my  said  sieur  to  this  course.  Having  faithfully  exe- 
cuted these  orders  they  received,  in  response,  only 
insults  and  execrations  from  these  unfortunates. 
Eight  days  after,  the  wife  of  the  said  sieur  de  la  Tour 
arriving  in  the  river  of  St.  John,  conveyed  by  an  Eng- 
lish vessel,  obliged  her  husband  to  go  to  Boston,  to 
the  English,  to  declare  himself  of  their  religion,  as  she 
had  just  done,  and  to  demand  of  them  a  minister  for 
his  plantation,  thereby  inducing  the  whole  body  of 
English  to  maintain  them  in  their  possessions,  with 
the  offer  that  they  would  divide  all  the  coast  of  Acadia 
after  they  had  made  themselves  masters  of  it :  And, 
the  28th  of  January,  1645,  trie  said  lady  spoke  so 
insolently  to  the  reverend  Recollet  fathers  who,  at  that 
time,  were  in  her  habitation,  that,  acting  as  one  possess- 
ed of  a  demon  and  in  scandalous  disrespect  of  the 
religion,  Catholic,  Apostolic  and  Roman,  her  husband 
present,  who  approved  of  all  her  actions,  they  were 
constrained  to  go  forth  and  seek  means  to  get  away 
from  the  place,  although,  in  those  countries,  the  winter 
is  very  severe.  Which  the  said  sieur  de  la  Tour  and 
his  wife  granted  them,  with  derision  and  insults,  giv- 
ing them,  for  this  purpose,  an  old  pinnace,  almost 
sinking,  with  two  barrels  of  Indian  corn  as  all  their 
provision.  This  will  be  verified  by  an  attestation  of 
those  who  were  in  the  service  of  the  sieur  de  la  Tour 
and  his  wife  and  a  letter  of  one  of  the  aforesaid 
Recollet  fathers  superior  in  the  said  place.  Eight  or 
nine  of  the  people  of  the  said  sieur  de  la  Tour,  know- 


ANDREW  CERTAIN.  4^ 

ing  the  deplorable  state  of  this  habitation  and  the 
formal  rebellion  of  the  sieur  de  la  Tour,  his  wife  and 
the  rest  of  their  comrades,  against  the  duty  which  they 
owed  to  God  and  to  the  King,  also  withdrew,  and 
accompanied  the  said  reverend  Recollet  fathers.  They 
with  much  peril,  delivered  themselves  up  at  Port 
Royal,  the  ordinary  abode  of  the  sieur  d'Aunay,  who,, 
after  having  been  fully  informed  of  all  the  above, 
received  them  humanely,  sending  the  two  Recollet 
f liars  to  the  house  of  the  reverend  Capuchin  mission- 
ary fathers,  who  received  them  with  so  much  affection 
and  performed  towards  them  so  many  kind  deeds  and 
sacred  functions  that  they  were  entirely  overcome,  as 
well  as  the  eight  persons  who  accompanied  them,  on 
account  of  the  favorable  reception  given  them  by  my 
said  sieur,  who  was  not  content  to  lodge  and  maintain 
them,  as  his  own  people,  but  paid  them  their  wages, 
which  the  said  La  Tour  during  all  the  years  that  they 
had  served  him  had  denied  them.  Which  is  proven 
by  a  receipt  of  these  same  persons  for  the  sums  which 
had  been  placed  in  their  hands,  signed  by  their  hands. 
Having  thus  cleared  the  way,  as  above  related,  my 
said  sieur  inquired  more  particularly  concerning  the 
condition  of  those  miserable  persons  and  the  obstinacy 
of  the  rest  of  those  who  were  living  with  the  said 
la  Tour,  who  had  gone  to  the  English  in  Boston  to 
endeavor  to  overturn,  as  already  has  been  told  above, 
the  treaty  of  peace  made  between  the  said  English 
and  the  sieur  Marie,  confidant  of  my  said  sieur 
d'Aunay,  and  also  to  induce  some  merchant  to  bring 
supplies  into  the  river  St.  John,  where  there  were  only 
left  forty-five  persons.  Considering  these  things  my 
said  sieur  assembled  all  the  officers  who  were  at  that 
time  in  his  service,  when  it  was  decided  to  take  time 
by  the  forelock,  and,  although  scarcely  practicable,  it 


42  ACADIENSIS. 

was  thought  necessary  to  assume  some  risk  in  an  affair 
of  so  much  consequence,  which  constrained  my  said 
sieur  to  take  command  of  the  largest  of  his  vessels,  of 
the  burden  of  three  hundred  tons,  equipped  for  war, 
and  to  place  himself  on  guard  at  the  entrance  of  the 
river  St.  John  for  the  purpose  of  surprising  the  said 
la  Tour,  with  part  of  his  people,  who  thought,  under 
cover  of  the  inclemency  of  the  weather,  to  make  his 
voyage  without  it  becoming  known.  This  my  said 
sieur  having  accomplished  and  anchored  at  a  league 
from  the  fort  of  the  river  St.  John,  attended  by  a 
Capuchin  friar  missionary  and  by  the  two  aforesaid 
Recollets,  sent  again,  by  one  of  his  sloops,  to  the  said 
wife  of  la  Tour  and  all  those  who  were  at  that  time 
with  her,  the  reverend  Recollet  father  Andre,  who 
purposed,  perchance,  to  win  some  over  to  repentance, 
making  known  to  them  the  warm  welcome  which  he 
and  their  comrades  had  received  from  my  said  sieur. 
In  this  they  were  no  more  successful  than  in  times 
past.  Two  months  passed  away  in  similar  expectation, 
after  which  my  said  sieur  resolved  to  strike  the  iron 
while  it  was  hot,  seeing  that  one  of  his  ships,  equipped 
for  war,  had  just  arrived  from  Port  Royal,  as  he  had 
ordered,  accompanied  by  a  pinnace,  also  full  of  men. 
After  having  rallied  from  his  settlements  all  persons 
capable  of  carrying  a  musket,  he  landed  a  good  part 
of  his  men  and  two  pieces  of  cannon,  with  orders  to 
place  them  promptly  in  battery  as  near  the  fort  of  the 
river  St.  John  as  they  could  with  safety,  and,  as  soon 
as  they  had  executed  his  order,  he  would  bring  this 
ship  within  pistol-shot,  so  that,  without  giving  the 
besieged  opportunity  to  recover  themselves,  a  cannon- 
ade might  be  made,  from  sea  and  land,  and  continued 
until  a  breach  was  created.  During  the  execution  of 
these  orders,  a  small  English  vessel  appeared  at  the 


ANDREW  CERTAIN.  43 

entrance  of  the  said  river,  loaded  with  provisions  and 
munitions  of  war,  in  which  there  was  one  of  the 
domestics  of  the  said  la  Tour,  who  was  entrusted  with 
letters  from  his  master  for  the  said  lady  his  wife,  which 
assured  her  that  in  a  month  or  two  she  would  find  her- 
.self  in  a  much  better  position.  The  said  domestic 
had,  furthermore,  a  letter  from  the  governor  of  the 
Grand  Bay  of  the  English,  addressed  to  the  said  lady, 
in  which  he  exhorted  her  to  profit  by  the  instruction 
which  she  had  received  during  her  residence  there. 
The  said  vessel  was  seized  and  detained  by  my  said 
sieur  and  the  crew  sent  back  to  the  place  whence  it 
had  come,  with  a  sloop  that  my  said  sieur  gave  them 
for  this  purpose.  They  having  returned  reported  to 
the  gentlemen  the  magistrates  of  the  English  govern- 
ment that  their  vessel  had  been  seized  while  trading 
with  the  French,  and  that  the  treaty  of  peace  which 
they  had  made  with  the  sieur  Marie  was  not  observed, 
with  a  thousand  other  complaints,  by  which  they 
sought  to  conceal  the  object  of  their  voyage.  This 
obliged  these  gentlemen  to  send  a  special  messenger 
to  my  said  sieur  to  demand  of  him  satisfaction  for  the 
property  taken  by  him  from  one  of  their  merchants, 
contrary  to  the  articles  of  peace  which  the  sieur  Marie, 
his  confidential  agent,  had  signed  with  them  on  his 
behalf.  To  which  my  said  sieur  made  answer  and 
showed  to  their  deputy  the  imposture  of  their  said 
merchant,  who,  through  a  desire  for  gain,  abused  their 
commission,  and,  instead  of  trading  in  the  plantations 
of  the  real  French,  he  himself  broke  this  treaty  of 
peace,  considered  by  his  magistrates  and  the  sieur 
Marie,  his  confidential  agent,  carrying  fraudulently 
supplies  and  munitions  of  war  to  maintain  some  rebels 
in  their  disobedience  of  their  duty  which  they  owed 
to  their  natural  prince.  All  which  explanations  en- 


44  ACADIENSIS. 

tirely  satisfied  both  the  deputy  and  the  gentlemen  the 
magistrates  of  the  Grand  Bay.  The  aforesaid  deputy 
having  departed  and  my  said  sieur  d'Aunay  being 
notified  that  the  battery  was  in  order  and  his  men  who 
were  on  shore  prepared  to  carry  out  his  commands, 
resolved  to  expedite  matters,  and,  before  the  said  sieur 
de  la  Tour  got  wind  of  it,  to  make  his  main  effort. 
This  proved  so  successful  that,  after  having  once  more 
summoned  the^e  unfortunates  to  surrender — who  sent 
him  for  answer  a  volley  of  cannon  balls,  hoisting  the 
red  flag  on  their  bastions  with  a  thousand  insults  and 
blasphemies — and  having  cannonaded  the  said  fort  of 
the  river  of  St.  John,  from  land,  as  well  as  from  his 
large  ship,  which  he  had  brought  within  pistol  range 
of  the  fort,  he  demolished  a  part  of  their  parapets  and 
made  himself  master  of  the  place  by  a  general  assault 
which  he  caused  to  be  delivered  on  the  evening  of  the 
same  day — the  day  after  Easter.  This  was  accom- 
panied by  so  great  a  blessing  of  God,  that,  although 
the  loss  of  men  to  my  said  sieur  was  great,  the  affair 
might  have  been  still  more  bloody.  Some  of  the  be- 
sieged were  killed  in  the  heat  of  combat  and  the  others 
made  prisoners,  among  whom  were  the  wife  of  the  said 
la  Tour,  her  son  and  her  maid,  and  another  woman, 
who  were  all,  in  the  said  fort,  of  the  female  sex,  none 
of  whom  received  any  injury,  either  to  their  honor  or 
their  persons.  Some  of  the  prisoners  were  pardoned 
by  my  said  sieur  and  the  rest  of  the  most  seditious 
were  hanged  (pendu  et  etr angle)  to  serve  as  a  memorial 
and  example  to  posterity  of  so  obstinate  a  rebellion. 
This  is  proven  by  the  attestation  which  was  delivered 
and  signed  by  a  good  part  of  those  who  received  life 
and  favor.  The  following  day — 18  April,  1645 — mv 
said  sieur  caused  to  be  buried  all  the  dead,  on  both 
sides,  with  the  distinction,  for  as  many  as  requisite,  in 


ANDREW  CERTAIN.  45 

such  a  recontre,  making  prayer  to  God  and  'holding  a 
solemn  service  for  all  those  for  whom  the  two  reverend 
Capuchin  fathers  missionaries,  who  had  been  present 
throughout,  judged  it  to  be  due.  This  is  proven,  as 
'well  as  all  the  above,  by  an  authentic  attestation  of  the 
some  aforesaid  reverend  fathers  Capuchin  missionaries. 
After  which  my  said  sieur  set  to  work  to  fill  up  the 
trenches  made  outside  by  the  besiegers,  to  repair  the 
fortifications  of  the  place,  t9  remedy  defects  discovered 
by  him  and  to  make  an  inventory  of  all  that  was  found 
to  be  left  in  it  after  the  pillage  made  by  the  soldiers, 
that  my  said  sieur  had  given  them,  then  to  supply  the 
said  place  with  all  things  necessary  for  its  preservation 
and,  finally,  to  place  in  charge  a  capable  and  faithful 
person  in  the  King's  service.  This  occupied  three 
weeks  or  a  month,  during  which  time  the  wife  of  the 
said  la  Tour,  who  was  at  first  at  liberty,  was  put  under 
restraint,  on  account  of  a  letter  which  it  was  found 
she  had  written  to  her  husband,  and  a  custom  that  she 
had  of  communicating  with  him  by  means  of  the 
savages.  It  was  intended  to  send  her,  by  the  first 
opportunity,  to  France,  under  good  escort,  to  the  Lords 
ot"  the  Council,  which  alarmed  her  so  much  that,  with 
spite  and  rage,  she  fell  sick,  and,  notwithstanding  the 
good  treatment  and  kindness  which  were  exercised  on 
her  behalf,  died  the  15  June,  after  having  adjured 
publicly,  in  the  chapel  of  the  fort,  the  heresy  which 
she  had  professed  among  the  English  in  the  Grand 
Bay.  This  is  proven  by  the  attestation,  already  cited 
above,  of  the  two  reverend  Capuchin  fathers  mission- 
aries. 

The  present  proces-verbal  has  been  made  by  us, 
Andrew  Certain,  provost  and  keeper  of  the  Royal  Seal 
of  the  Coast  of  Acadia,  Country  of  New  France,  at  the 
request  of  Monsieur  d'Aunay  Charnisay,  Governor  and 


46 


ACADIENSIS. 


Lieutenant-General  for  the  King  in  all  the  extent  of 
the  Coast  of  Acadia,  Country  of  New  France,  the  loth 
day  of  May,  1645,  and  delivered  the  same  day  and 
year,  as  above,  to  be  of  service  and  value  to  him  in 
case  of  need.  All  in  presence  of  witnesses  and  the 
principal  chiefs  of  the  French,  who  are  in  the  said 
Coast.  Signed  Longrilliers  Poincy,  Bernard  Marot, 
Dubreuil  Vismes,  Javille,  Jean  Laurent,  Henry  Dans- 
martin,  Barthelemy  Aubert,  Leclerc  and  Certain, 
provost  and  Keeper  of  the  Royal  Seal. 

GILBERT  O.  BENT. 


REDOING !  Not  a  very  attractive 
title,  certainly;  and  a  vivid  im- 
agination indeed  must  he  possess 
who  can  picture  an  ordinary 
dredging  machine  as  a  thing  of 
beauty."  Yet  every  one  knows 
how  spontaneous  and  how  general 
is  the  movement  of  the  passengers 
to  the  side  of  the  steamer  from 
which  a  view  of  the  grim  monster  can  best  be  had  in 
passing.  Is  it  curiosity  to  see  how  it  works?  or  is  it 
a  feeling  of  speculation  as  to  what  it  may  possibly 
bring  up,  which  causes  us  to  watch  with  such  interest 
the  descent  of  the  big  iron  bucket,  the  rise  again  of  that 
bucket  to  the  surface  with  its  streams  of  dirty  water 
issuing  from  every  cranny,  or  the  sudden  dropping  out 
of  its  bottom  and  the  descent  of  its  muddy  cargo  into 
the  attendant  scows?  What  odd  treasures  must  the 
ooze  of  many  of  our  harbors  hold !  What  manifold 
witnesses  at  once  of  the  wealth,  the  luxury,  the  skill, 
the  extravagance  —  nay,  also,  of  the  crime  of  our 
modern  civilization!  47 


48  ACADIENSIS. 

But  this  is  not  the  only  nor  even  the  most  interesting 
kind  of  dredging.  Is  not  the  word  further  suggestive 
of  oysters?  And  is  not  everything  connected  with 
oysters  capable  of  arousing  the  liveliest  degree  of 
enthusiasm  in  the  average  Anglo-Saxon? 

But  the  dredging  of  which  we  wish  now  to  speak 
is  neither  mud  dredging  nor  oyster-dredging,  nor  even 
clam-dredging,  though  it  may,  and  often  does,  embrace 
all  three.  It  is  the  dredging  of  the  naturalist  for 
whatever  the  sea-bottom  may  contain ;  the  Search,  in 
their  native  hamlets,  for  the  dwellers  of  the  deep;  the 
study,  from  living  specimens,  of  some  of  the  most 
-curious  and  interesting  manifestations  of  the  phenom- 
ena which  we  call  Life. 

Who  is  there  for  whom  the  sea-shore  does  not 
possess  an  irresistible  attraction?  What  a  new  life 
do  we  inhale  with  every  breath  from  off  the  salt  water ! 
Doubts  we  may  indeed  entertain  as  to  the  tricks  of  old 
Ocean,  and  hesitate  to  trust  ourselves  too  far  upon  his 
surface;  but,  to  stand  upon  his  brink,  to  watch  his 
wavest  rolling  up  upon  the  sand  or  dashing  themselves 
to  foam  upon  the  rocks,  to  gather  shells  or  sea-weeds 
which  the  tide  lays  bare ;  still  better  to  glide,  with  oar 
or  sail,  not  too  far  from  shore,  to  look  down  through 
the  transparent  waters  and  to  watch  the  strange  forms 
which  tenant  those  glossy  depths.  What  is  there 
on  earth  to  compare  with  such  enjoyment? 

One  of  the  most  delightful  regions  for  recreation 
of  this  kind  is  that  of  the  north  shore  of  the  Bay  of 
Fundy,  more  particularly  about  Eastport  and  St. 
Andrews.  The  scenery,  in  the  first  place,  is  (when 
the  fog  is  out)  all  that  can  be  desired;  a  background 
to  the  north  of  picturesque  hills,  including  Chamcook 
Mt.  and  the  more  distant  eminences  of  the  Nerepis 
Range,  in  the  foreground  a  panorama  of  wooded 


DREDGING.  49 

islands,  with  here  and  there  the  white  walls  of  some 
fisherman's  cottage;  on  the  surface  of  the  bay  a  small 
fleet  of  fishing  boats  awaiting  the  turn  of  the  tide,  or 
it  may  be  one  of  the  big  steamers  of  the  International 
line,  crowded  with  passengers  and  full  of  expressions 
of  admiration  of  the  passing  scenes.  And  then  the 
opportunities  for  collecting  are  unsurpassed.  No  bet- 
ter fishing  grounds  for  the  animals  "  that  move  in  the 
waters  "  can  be  found  on  the  Atlantic  sea-board ;  and, 
recognizing  this  fact,  naturalists  have,  for  many  years 
past,  been  in  the  habit  of  making  Eastport  or  Compo- 
bello  their  headquarters  for  the  summer,  and  devoting 
themselves  systematically  to  the  study  of  marine  life 
in  its  native  haunts. 

To  do  this  no  great  preparation  is  required.  A 
pair  of  good  eyes  and  a  determination  to  use  them,  an 
indifference  to  salt  water  and  its  effects  upon  one's 
clothing,  the  companionship  of  one  or  two  sympathetic 
friends — these  are  the  principal  desiderata;  though  of 
course  a  boat,  a  skipper  to  manage  it  (best  one  who 
has  before  been  upon  a  dredging  expedition  and  knows 
the  ground),  and  a  suitable  dredge,  will  also  be  needed 
if  one  is  to  do  anything  more  than  merely  to  search 
the  shores. 

Much  indeed  may  be  found  without  leaving  the 
shore.  If  the  time  be  that  of  the  spring  tides  a  strip 
of  coast  will  be  disclosed  at  low  water,  which  at  all 
other  times  is  submerged;  and  then  one  has  only  to 
walk  along  the  edge  of  the  beach,  or  to  examine  the 
pools  left  among  the  ledges  of  the  rocks,  to  find  much 
that  will  be  of  interest.  On  the  former  he  has  only 
to  carefully  turn  over  the  stones  which  are  scattered 
along  its  surface  to  find  beneath  the  latter,  preserved 
from  exposure  to  the  sun's  destructive  rays  by  the 
sheltering  rock  and  the  water  beneath  it,  specimens 


50  ACADIENSIS. 

of  the  beautiful  marine  worms  which  abound  in  such 
situations.  It  may  seem  strange  to  speak  of  worms 
as  beautiful;  but  that  is  because  we  get  our  ideas  of 
the  group  of  animals  only  from  the  common  earth- 
worms, which,  however  useful  they  may  be  as  tillers* 
of  the  soil,  can  hardly,  by  any  stretch  of  fancy,  be 
called  pretty.  But  pretty  the  sea-worms  certainly  are,, 
exhibiting  as  they  do  the  most  delicate  shades  of  color, 
pale  blue,  pink,  lavender,  mauve,  etc. ;  while  along  their 
sides,  at  least  a  certain  species,  are  rows  of  locomotive 
bristles  which  shine  with  a  golden  metallic  glitter. 
On  these  same  shores  one  may  find  the  curious  cake- 
urchins,  or  the  still  more  curious  coils  of  agglutinated 
sand  (the  "sand-saucers"  of  the  children),  formed 
by  the  snail-like  whelks  as  they  lay  their  eggs  and 
moulded  to  the  form  of  their  shells ;  or  one  may  investi- 
gate the  cause  of  the  numerous  little  jets  of  water 
which,  turn  as  we  may,  anticipate  our  coming,  and 
find  that  they  mark  the  position  of  the  respiratory 
tubes  of  the  common  clam  (My a  arenaria),  the  clam 
itself  being  buried,  head  downwards,  six  inches  or  a 
foot  below  the  surface.  The  ordinary  sea-urchins  are 
also  a  most  interesting  study,  whether  in  the  still  living 
animal  we  watch  the  movements  of  its  myriad  spines, 
01  its  curiously  extended  "tube-feet,"  or,  a  little 
higher  up  on  the  shore,  where  it  has  been  left  by  the 
crows,  we  study  out  the  architecture  of  its  shell  or  its 
wonderfully  curious  oral  apparatus,  the  so-called 
"  Aristotles  Lantern,"  with  its  five  concentrically 
acting  jaws. 

But  all  the  objects  sink  into  insignificance  beside  the 
contents  of  some  tidal  pool,  where  the  sea-anemones 
have  found  a  congenial  home.  These  animals  are  very 
abundant  upon  our  coast,  and  invariably  awaken  the 
surprise  and  admiration  of  those  who,  for  the  first 


DREDGING.  5* 

time,  see  them  fully  expanded.  No  wonder  that  the 
earlier  investigators  called  them  animal- flowers;  for 
one  cannot  look  at  many  of  them  without  being  re- 
minded of  a  chrysanthemum,  and  no  show  of  chrysan- 
themums can  show  a  greater  variety  or  richness  of 
color.  Considering  how  closely  related  they  are  to 
the  coral  animals  of  tropical  seas,  one  wonders  why 
they  do  not,  in  our  cold  northern  waters,  similarly 
clothe  themselves  with  a  limestone  covering;  but  the 
why  and  the  wherefore  of  natural  phenomena  often 
baffle  the  shrewdest  investigator,  and,  whatever  the 
cause,  the  reef-building  corals  fail  to  grow  where  the 
temperature  of  the  water  falls  below  68°. 

With  the  sea-anemones,  in  the  same  clear  tidal  poolsr 
fringed  around  with  a  mantle  of  green  algae,  may  be 
seen  numerous  little  shrub-like  communities,  again 
bearing  much  resemblance  to  some  forms  of  vegeta- 
tion, and  apt  to  be  mistaken  for  them  by  the  novice, 
but  in  reality  the  larval  or  sedentary  stage  of  the  more 
familiar  jelly-fishes,  so-called,  which  at  times  becloud 
the  surface  of  the  water  as  far  as  the  eye  can  reach. 
Little  shrimps  and  other  crab  or  lobster-like  creatures 
may  also  be  seen  darting  to  and  fro  among  the  waving 
filaments  of  sea-weed,  or  perhaps  a  real  lobster  may  be 
found,  detection  in  this,  as  in  many  other  instances, 
being  made  difficult  by  the  close  correspondence  be- 
tween the  color  of  the  animal  and  that  of  its  natural 
surroundings.  Finally  one  can  find,  with  a  little 
search,  in  such  situations,  a  number  of  the  smaller 
star-  fishes  (Cribrella)  or  possibly  a  sun  star  (Cross- 
aster),  both  remarkable  for  the  variety  as  they  are  for 
the  beauty  of  their  coloration. 

But  all  this  is  not  dredging,  however  useful  it  may 
be  as  a  preparation  for  the  latter.  We  will  therefore 
suppose  that  a  suitable  boat  has  been  chartered;  suits* 


&  ACADIENSIS. 

of  old  clothes  donned  (those  of  oily  character  are  not 
amiss)  ;  due  allowance  of  "  grub  "  has  been  stowed 
away  in  the  locker;  a  dredge,  with  several  fathoms  of 
rope  stands  ready  for  a  cast;  and  with  a  slight  but 
favoring  breeze  we  glide  down  towards  the  group  of 
the  "  Western  Isles,"  recalling  as  we  sail  Scott's 
descriptions  of  Bruce's  wanderings  among  the  similarly 
named  islands  off  the  west  coast  of  Scotland.  Pass- 
ing, but  at  a  safe  distance,  the  really  formidable  whirl- 
pool 

"Where   thwarting   tides,   with   mingled   roar," 

sweep  around  the  western  extremity  of  Deer  Island, 
sometimes  with  force  enough  to  swing  even  a  steamer 
half  way  round, 

"  Conflicting  tides  that  foam  and  fret 
And  high  their  mingled  billows  jet," 

we  glide  gradually  out,  past  little  inlets  whose  shores 
of  bright  red  slate  or  sandstone  are  strongly  contrasted 
with  the  green  of  the  verdure  which  caps  them,  past 
fishermen's  boats  whose  occupants  are  eagerly  watch- 
ing to  see  the  contents  of  their  hauls,  past  a  revenue 
cutter  prepared  to  "  make  a  haul "  if  any  craft  within 
his  ken  arouses  suspicion  as  to  fraudulent  designs  in 
the  direction  of  smuggling, — until  at  last  a  suitable 
spot  is  reached,  and  we,  too,  make  ready  for  a  haul. 
The  spot  chosen  is  a  roadstead  between  two  rocky 
islands,  through  which  the  tide  flows  not  too  rapidly, 
but  yet  with  strength  enough  to  carry  away  all  muddy 
sediment  and  to  leave  the  bottom,  plainly  visible 
through  the  glossy  water,  of  clear  sand  or  gravel. 
Even  from  the  surface,  perhaps,  big  star-fishes  may 
be  seen  here  and  there,  or  hungry  pollock  or  the  ugly 
sculpin  gliding  to  and  fro,  all  on  the  alert  for  prey. 
He  who  has  any  doubt  as  to  the  struggle  for  existence 


DREDGING.  55, 

and  the  "  survival  of  the  fittest "  can  get  many  an 
instructive  lesson  from  the  life  of  the  water.  But. 
while  we  are  theorizing,  our  dredge  has  been  cast  over 
the  stern,  we  have  been  "brought  up  with  a  round 
turn,"  as  this  has  caught  upon  the  bottom,  and  all  our 
rope  has  run  out,  and  now  it  is  our  turn  to  do  a  little 
struggling.  For  while  here,  as  in  so  many  other 
instances,  facilis  est  descernsus,  it  is  by  no  means  so 
easy  to  recover  what  we  have  let  go  out  of  our  hands. 
In  the  recovery  all  in  the  boat  must  join  (except  the 
skipper,  who  never  leaves  the  helm,  but  has  a  merry 
twinkle  in  his  eye  as  he  watches  the  eagerness  with 
which  the  others  haul  at  the  rope),  and  so  the  dredge, 
heavy  even  when  empty,  but  now  filled  with  contents 
indescribable,  is  gradually  lifted  off  the  bottom.  The 
work  is  much  like  hauling  in  an  anchor,  and,  as  with 
the  latter,  is  greatly  assisted  by  a  lusty  chorus  in  which 
all  join,  whether  their  voices  be  musical  or  no.  At 
last  the  heavy  machine,  looking  something  like  a  great- 
ly magnified  rat-trap,  of  the  French  pattern,  reaches 
the  surface,  but  unlike  most  rat-traps,  which  remain 
empty  while  the  animals  play  gayly  around  and  over 
them,  but  rarely  think  of  venturing  within,  there  can 
be  no  doubt  as  to  this  having  caught  something.  Lifted 
on  to  the  deck  it  is  opened,  and  out  roll  its  contents, 
a  mixture  to  which  I  have  already  applied  the  term 
indescribable.  Pebbles,  sand  and  mud  we  recognize 
readily  enough,  and  one  or  two  big  stones  now  make 
us  understand  why  the  dredge  was  so  heavy  in  lifting 
from  the  bottom;  but  mixed  up  with  these  materials 
are  many  things  which  are  neither  sand,  nor  mud,  nor 
stones.  One  of  the  most  common  is  a  creature  which 
in  shape  and  size  recalls  a  cucumber,  and  is  actually 
known  among  naturalists  as  a  sea-cucumber  (Cucum- 


54  ACADIENSIS. 

.aria),  though  in  reality  an  animal,  not  a  plant.  Then 
there  are  star-fishes  of  many  different  sizes  and  pat- 
terns— some  with  five  rays,  some  with  only  two,  or 
one;  some  with  the  arms  quite  short,  others  long  and 
snake-like  (snake-stars  or  brittle-stars)  ;  some  yellow, 
some  pale  pink  or  red;  all  wriggling  about  in  a  ludi- 
crous way,  investigating,  and,  as  far  as  possible, 
accommodating  themselves  to  their  new  environment. 
Squids,  too,  are  here,  their  soft,  leathery  bodies  of 
pinkish  hue,  thickly  spotted  with  a  darker  tint,  and 
having  their  queer  heads  cut  up  into  a  wreath  of  long 
tentacles,  each  covered  with  suckers  much  like  a 
surgeon's  cupping  glass  in  structure  and  capable  of 
taking  quite  as  firm  a  hold.  But  strangest  of  all  is 
the  wonderful  basket  fish — a  relative  of  the  ordinary 
star-fishes,  though,  like  them,  not  really  a  fish  at  all, 
unless  we  are  willing  to  overlook  all  natural  relation- 
ships and  (as  was  once  the  custom)  call  everything  by 
that  name  that  lives  in  the  sea.  I  say  it  is  related  to 
the  ordinary  star-fishes,  and,  like  them,  has  a  five- 
angled  disc  at  centre  (why,  by  the  way,  are  plants 
and  animals  both  so  commonly  constructed  upon  the 
plan  of  five?)  but  the  rays  which  start  from  the 
corners  of  this  disc  go  but  a  little  way  before  each 
divides  into  two,  which  makes  ten  in  all.  Then  these 
ten,  a  little  further  out,  similarly  divide,  and  the  ten 
becomes  twenty.  Still  further  the  twenty  becomes 
forty,  the  forty  eighty,  and  so,  without  going  per- 
haps farther  than  five  or  six  inches  from  the  centre, 
there  may  be  ten  successive  bifurcations,  and  the  whole 
number  of  arms  become  some  thousands.  Old  Gov- 
ernor Winthrop,  of  Connecticut,  who  first  brought  this 
curious  arrival  to  the  notice  of  naturalists,  and,  in  the 
year  1670,  sent  specimens  of  it  to  the  Royal  Society 
of  London,  himself  counted  the  sub-divisions  until 


DREDGING.  55 

they  reached  81,920,  "beyond  which,"  he  says,  "the 
further  expanding  of  the  fish  could  not  be  certainly 
traced." 

But  time  and  space  alike  forbid  me  to  dwell  longer 
upon  these  wonders  of  the  deep.  Besides,  the  tide  is 
on  the  turn,  and  unless  we  wish  to  remain  "  outside  " 
another  six  hours,  we  must  turn  with  it.  But  even  as 
we  glide  swiftly  along,  upon  our  homeward  way,  there 
is  much  to  attract  and  interest  us.  There  is,  for  in- 
stance, the  sorting  out  the  material  we  have  gathered, 
and  its  transfer  to  bottles  of  spirits  or  to  pails  of  water, 
according  as  we  wish  to  preserve  it  for  museum  pur- 
poses or  for  later  study  in  the  living  state.  There  is 
the  sharp  lookout  for  jelly-fishes  as  they  go  floating 
by,  either  the  pale,  transparent  aurelia  with  its  group 
of  ovaries  arranged  like  a  St.  Andrew's  cross,  or  the 
far  larger  and  more  formidable  but  less  common  purple 
jelly-fish  (Cyanea)  with  its  broad  umbrella-like  disc 
and  its  forests  of  long  snake-like  tentacles  streaming 
away  for  yards  berind  it.  Perchance  a  porpoise  may 
'be  seen  rolling  lazily  over  from  side  to  side,  careless 
of  the  approach  of  an  Indian  in  his  canoe,  looking  out 
for  a  shot.  Or,  upon  some  rocky  ledge  we  may  descry 
a  seal  or  two  "rolling,"  to  use  the  quaint  words  of  our 
forest  provincial  geologist,  as  applied  to  such  a  scene, 
"  rolling  their  heads  upon  their  oily  hinges." 

But  we  have  reached  the  wharf  at  last,  and  with  it 
the  end  of  the  chapter,  for  the  present  at  least.  We  are 
tempted  to  enter  upon  another,  descriptive  of  the 
wonderful  things  brought  up  from  Ocean's  greater 
depths  by  such  expeditions  as  those  of  H.  M.  S. 
Challenger  and  others,  and  which  have  so  greatly 
altered  our  notions  as  to  the  existence  and  nature  of 
life  in  such  situations.  We  cannot  help  thinking  also 


56  ACADIENSIS. 

of  how  the  geologist,  hammer  in  hand,  also  goes  on 
dredging  expeditions,  so  to  speak,  into  the  muds  of 
ocean-floors  and  draws  therefrom,  as  may  be  done 
around  these  same  shores  of  the  Charlotte  County 
coast,  evidences  of  the  life  that  once  was,  but  has  long 
since  passed  away.  We  are,  I  say,  greatly  tempted 
to  dwell  at  further  length  upon  these  things,  but  Mr. 
Editor  has  doubtless  other  dishes  to  serve  up  and  we 
must  desist.  Only,  if  any  student,  tired  with  his 
winter's  poring  over  books,  or  oppressed  by  the  heat 
of  the  July  sun,  wishes  a  little  real  rest,  combined  with 
amusement,  instruction  and  all  the  conditions  favorable 
to  renewal  of  energy,  let  him  seek  Eastport,  Grand 
Manan,  Lepreau  or  some  similar  places  upon  the  coast, 
and  organize  a  dredging  expedition.  The  writer  has 
tried  it  and  knows  whereof  he  speaks. 

L.  W.  BAILEY. 


memorials  $t.  Paul's  Ctoircl),  fialifax,  n,  S. 

AINT  PAUL'S  Church,  being  the 
oldest  Church  of  England  in  Can- 
ada, founded  by  George  II.,  in 
1749,  and  built  at  the  expense  of 
government  in  1750,  it  has  much 
of  historic  interest  for  all  Canad- 
ians. It  numbered  among  its  clergy 
and  laity  some  of  the  most  notable  names  in  the  early 
history  of  Nova  Scotia.  The  arduous  task  of  making 
copies  of  all  the  inscriptions  within  its  walls  was 
cheerfully  undertaken  by  a  Halifax  lady,  to  whom  the 
editor  of  ACADIENSIS  feels  that  he  is  deeply  indebted 
for  the  kind  assistance  so  freely  and  gratuitously  given. 
In  the  opinion  of  not  a  few  of  our  readers  such 
material  may  be  considered  as  out  of  place  in  the  pages 
of  a  magazine.  This  might  be  considered  a  correct 
view  under  ordinary  conditions,  but  it  must  be  remem- 
bered that  this  magazine  is  endeavoring  to  execute 
as  far  as  space  and  money  at  command  will  permit, 
the  work  which  is  carried  on  by  paid  government 
officials  in  other  parts  of  the  world.  Unless  the  work 
is  carried  out  by  some  person  we  are  liable  to  have 
other  instances  such  as  those  of  Trinity  Church  and 
Saint  Andrew's  Church,  Saint  John,  where  the 
memorials  of  which  there  is  not  even  a  correct  list  in 
existence  today,  were  all  destroyed  by  the  fire  of  1877. 
This  is  probably  the  first  attempt  to  copy  the  monu- 
mental inscriptions  in  old  Saint  Paul's,  and  the  work 
is  of  a  nature  that  is  likely  to  be  more  appreciated  at 
a  later  date  than  by  readers  of  the  present  day. 
57 


58  ACADIENSIS. 

Among  the  various  escutcheons  hanging  upon  the 
walls  of  the  church  are  two,  one  of  Governor  Charles 
Lawrence;  the  other  of  Captain  Richard  Bulkeley. 

The  monument  to  Governor  Lawrence  appears  to 
have  disappeared  from  the  church,  but  no  one  seems 
to  know  why  or  when  it  was  removed. 

On  Sunday,  the  4th  of  September,  1904,  there  was 
unveiled  a  very  beautiful  window  which  was  placed  in 
Saint  Paul's  Church  by  the  late  Robert  Uniacke  and 
Mrs.  Uniacke  as  a  memorial  to  their  daughter,  Mrs. 
Morris.  At  the  base  of  the  window  is  the  following 
inscription : 

"In  loving  memory  of  Grace  Frederika  Hardinge 
Morgan  Morris,  wife  of  Major  Maurice  Morgan 
Morris,  R.  A.,  and  daughter  of  Robie  and  Frederika 
Uniacke,  who  died  in  London,  January  ist ,  1904. 
Erected  by  her  father  and  mother  in  affectionate 
remembrance.  Blessed  are  the  pure  in  heart  for  they 
shall  see  God." 

The  unveiling  of  the  window  has  a  pathetic  interest 
from  the  fact  that  since  it  was  ordered,  Mr.  Uniacke 
has  himself  passed  away. 

In  copying  the  monumental  inscriptions  the  work 
was  commenced  at  the  chancel,  thence  to  the  east  side, 
following  around  the  building. 

From  Akins'  History  of  Halifax  City,  pp.  225,  et 
seq.,  quoted  by  Sir  John  Bourinot  in  his  "Builders  of 
Nova  Scotia,"  p.  130,  we  learn  that 

"Charles  Lawrence  was  a  Major  in  Warburton's 
Regiment  of  Infantry.  He  was  a  member  of  the 
Council  and  sworn  in  Governor  of  the  Province  on 
the  death  of  Governor  Robson.  He  died  unmarried, 
on  the  nth  October,  1759.  He  was  greatly  respected 
by  the  whole  community,  and  the  Legislative  Assembly 
caused  a  monument  to  be  erected  to  his  memory  in  St. 


MEMORIALS  ST.  PAUL'S  CHURCH.      59 

Paul's  Church,  "from  a  grateful  sense  of  the  many 
important  services  which  the  Province  had  received 
fiom  him  during  a  continued  course  of  zealous  and 
indefatigable  endeavours  for  the  public  good,  and  a 
wise,  upright,  and  disinterested  administration." 

This  monument  has  now  disappeared  from  St.  Paul's 
Church.  His  escutcheon  remains  in  the  east  gallery. 

Sir  John  Bourinot  also  tells  us  p.  132,  that 

"Mr.  Bulkley  was  buried  under  St.  Paul's  Church. 
His  escutcheon,  with  the  bull's  head  crest  hangs  in  the 
west  gallery." 

It  is  a  matter  of  regret  to  the  writer  that  photo- 
graphs of  some  of  the  more  important  inscriptions 
could  not  accompany  the  present  article.  Possibly 
upon  a  later  occasion  they  may  be  inserted  with  an 
historical  sketch  of  the  church  and  some  of  the  men 
and  women  who  have  been  connected  with  it. 

DAVID  RUSSELL  JACK. 


In  the  Chancel  a  mural  tablet,  surmounted  by  an  urn. 

To  the  Memory  of 

THE  REVEREND  ROBERT  WILLIS,  D.  D. 

Rector  of  the  Parish  of  St.  Paul,  and  Archdeacon  of  Nova 

Scotia, 
This  Monument  is  erected  by  his  Parishioners  in  testimony 

of  their 
Affectionate  regard  for  one  who  presided  over  this  Parish 

For  a  Period  of  40  years ; 

Gaining  by  his  gentle,  conciliatory  spirit  the  affections 
Of  his  people,  and  by  his  sympathy  and  open-hearted  liberality 

The  Blessings  of  the  Poor. 
He  died  on  the  21  ?t  of  April  1865 

In  humble  submission  to  the  will  of  God,  and  with  full  trust 

In  the  Merits  of  His  Redeemer; 

Aged  80  years. 

J.  H.  Murphy,  Sculp. 


60  ACADIENSIS. 


Beneath,  surmounted  by  his  crest  is  one 

In  Memory  of 

SIR  JOHN  WENTWORTH,  BARONET, 

Who  administered  the  Government 

Of  this  Province  for  nearly  XVI  years 

From  May  MDCCXCII  until  April  MDCCCVIII 

With  what  success,  the  public  records 

Of  that  Period 
And  His   Majesty's  Gracious  Approbation 

will  best  testify. 

His  unshaken  attachment  to  his  Sovereign 
And  the  British  Constitution  was  conspicuous 

Throughout  his  Long  Life. 

He  died  on  the  Vlllth  day  of  April  MDCCCXX 
In  the  LXXXIVth  year  of  his  age. 


On  the  right  hand  side  of  the  beautiful  stained  glass  window, 
representing  Christ  bearing  His  Cross ;  the  Resurrection  and 
Ascension : 

"  To  the  Honour  of  Gods  and  in  Memory  of  the  late  John  W. 

Ritchie  &  Amelia,  his  wife,  this  window  is  erected  A.  D. 

MDCCCXCIII." 


Surmounted  by  a  mitre,  is  a  tablet 

To  the  Memory  of 
THE;  RIGHT  REVEREND  AND  HONOURABLE  CHARLES  INGLIS,  D.  D. 

(Third  son  of  the  Reverend  Archibald  Inglis  of  Glen 

and  Killcar  in  Ireland) 

BISHOP  OF  NOVA  SCOTIA  AND  ITS  DEPENDENCIES 
Whose  sound  learning  and  fervent  piety 
Directed  by  zeal  according  to  knowledge, 

And  supported  by  fortitude,  unshaken  amidst  peculiar  trials 
Eminently  qualified  him  for  the  arduous  labours  of  the 

FIRST  BISHOP 

Appointed  to  a  British  Colony, 
This  stone  is  raised  by  filial  duty  and  affection, 


MEMORIALS  ST.  PAUL'S  CHURCH.      61 

In  grateful  remembrance  of  every 

PRIVATE  VIRTUE 

That  could  endear  a  Father  and  a  Friend, 

Of  the  ability,  fidelity  and  success  with  which 

He  was  enabled  by  the  Divine  Blessing  to  discharge  all  his 

PUBLIC  DUTIES 

The  general  prosperity  of  the  Church  in  his  Diocese 
The  increase  of  his  Clergy  and  of  the  provision  for  their 

support 

Are  the  best 

MONUMENT 

Obit  anno  salutis  MDCCCXVI      aetatis  LXXXII. 


THE  RIGHT  REVEREND  JOHN  INGLIS,  D.  D. 

By  whom  the  above  Monument  was  erected 

Had  followed  his  pious  parent  to  the  grave. 

The  inheritor  of  his  virtue  and  his  zeal 

In  the  cause  of  His  Divine  Master 
After  a  faithful  service  of  many  years 

As  Rector  of  this  Parish, 
He  was  consecrated,  in  the  year  of  our  Lord  1825 

BISHOP  OF  THE  DIOCESE. 

Endued  with  talents  of  a  high  order, 

He  zealously  devoted  his  whole  life 

To  the  diligent  discharge  of  his  sacred  duties 

As  a  minister  of  the  Gospel  of  Christ. 

He  died  on  the  27th  of  October  1850, 

In  the  73rd  year  of  his  age, 
And  in  the  26th  of  his  Episcopacy. 

In  erecting  this  Monument 

To  their  lamented  Pastor  and  Bishop 

The  members  of  this  Church  have  the  melancholy  satisfaction 

Of  uniting  it  with  that 

On  which  he  himself  has  so  feelingly  recorded 
The  virtues  of  his  father. 

(Crest  below,  with  the  motto  "Nisi  dominus  erustra."} 


62  ACADIENSIS. 

Following  along  the  walls,  under  the  right  hand  gallery  are 
tablets : 

In  Memoriam 
EDWARD  ALBRO 

Entered  into  rest  January  i,  1895 

Aged  86  years. 

And  his  wife, 

ELIZABETH  MARY 

February  n,  1895,  aged  81  years. 

During  the  whole  of  their  long 

And  useful  lives  they  were  regular 

And  devout  attendants 
On  the  services  of  this  Church. 

To  the  memory  of 
MRS.  MARY  STANSER 

(Wife  of  the  Reverend  Robert  Stanser,  D.  D., 

Rector  of  this  Parish) 

Who  departed  this  life 

On  the  7  day  of  June  A.  D.  1815, 

In  the  47th  year  of  her  age. 

This  Stone 

Was  erected  by  the  parishioners 

In  affectionate  remembrance  of  her 

Amiable  character  and  Christian  virtues, 

And  as  a  mark  of  respect  for 

Their  beloved  Pastor. 

Sacred  to  the  Memory  of 

LIEUTENANT  GENERAL,  SIR  JOHN  HARVEY, 

Knight,   Commander  of  the   Most  Honourable  Order  of  the 

Bath 

And  of  the  Guelphic  Order  of  Hanover, 

Who,  during  a  period  of  nearly  60  years 

Extending  from  A.  D.  1794  to  A.  D.  1852 

Served  his  Sovereign  and  his  Country 

With  Honour,  Gallantry  and  Distinction, 

In  various  high  offices  of  trust  and  responsibility, 

Military  and  Civil, 


MEMORIALS  ST.  PAUL'S  CHURCH.      63 

Having  in  time  of  war  done  his  duty  as  a  soldier 

In  Ireland,  in  India,  in  Egypt  and  in  North  America, 

It  was  subsequently  his  lot  in  time  of  peace 

To  govern  the  British  Colonies 

Of  Prince  Edward  Island,  New  Brunswick, 

Newfoundland  and  Nova  Scotia; 

Dying  at  Halifax,  N.  S., 
Whilst  Lieut.  Governor  and  Commander  of  the  Forces  there 

On  22  March  1852,  aged  74. 

A  loyal  Subject,  a  kindly  Friend,  a  devout  Husband, 
An  affectionate  parent,  an  honest  man,  a  sincere  Christian, 

"  I  have  fought  the  good  fight,  I  have  finished 
my  course,  I  have  kept  the  faith."    2  Tim.  c.  IV.  v.  7. 

SACRED 

To  the  Memory  of 

The  Honourable 

ELIZABETH,  LADY  HARVEY, 

(Third  daughter  of  the  First  Viscount  Lake, 

A  distinguished  General) 

And  wife  of  Lieut.  General 

Sir  John  Harvey,  K.  C.  B.,  K.  C.  H., 

Lieut.  Governor  of  Nova  Scotia, 
And  Commander  of  the  Troops  in  that  Province 

And  its  dependencies, 

By  whom  this  tablet  was  erected. 

Born  6th  October,  1777, 

Died  loth  April,  1851. 

Sacred  to  the  Memory  of 
EDWARD  WARWICK  HARVEY, 

Youngest  son  of 
Lieut.  General  Sir  John 

And 

The  Honble.  Elizabeth,  Lady  Harvey. 
He  died  and  was  buried  at  Sea 

Near  Kingston  in  Jamaica, 
On  the  XVth  day  of  February, 

MDCCCXLVI 
Aged  XXIII  years. 
Multis  ille  flebilis  occidit. 


64  ACADIENSIS. 

In  friendly  remembrance  of 
REVEREND  RICHARD  WARREN,  M.  D., 

Native  of  London,  England, 
Appointed  curate  of  St.  Paul's  Parish 

April,  1871, 

Where  he  laboured  with  much  acceptance. 
Died  December  3,  1874. 

Aged  34  years. 

Erected  by  the  N.  S.  Institute  of  Natural  Science 
Of  which  he  was  a  Member. 

A  hand  balancing  the  scales  of  Justice : 

To  the  Memory  of 

THE  HoNquR\BLE  SIR  BRENTON    HALIBURTON. 

Who  for  more  than  half  a  century  adorned  the  Bench  of 

The  Supreme  Court  and  for  twenty  seven  years  was 

Chief  Justice  of  Nova  Scotia. 
Kind  amiable  loving  and  beloved 

In  every  relation  of  life 

He  united  to  a  cheerful  disposition 

And  many  private  and  social  virtues 

The  graces  of  a  truly  Christian  character. 

Long  time  a  member  and  afterwards 

President  of  the  Legislative  Council 

He  took  a  warm  and  active  interest  in  the  welfare  of  the 

Province 
And  the  improvement  of  its  laws  and  institutions. 

On  the  Bench 
He  was  dignified  affable  and  courteous 

A  patient  and  laborious  judge 
Of  great  legal  and  general  intelligence 
And  a  singular  aptitude  for  the  investigation  of  truth 
These  with  his  knowledge  uprightness  and  impartiality 

Obtained  for  him  universal  esteerru 

Born  Deer  3,  1775,  he  entered  into  rest  July  16,  1860. 

M  I  know  whom  I  have  believed  and  am  persuaded  that  he  is 

able  to 
""  Keep   that  which  I  have  committed  unto  him  against  that 

day." 
Crest — A  man's  head  on  the  lookout  "Watch  well." 


MEMORIALS  ST.  PAUL'S  CHURCH.      65 

Erected  to  the  memory  of 

THE  REVEREND  WILLIAM  COGSWELL,  A.  M. 

Who  departed  this  life  on  the  5th  day  of  June  A.  D.  1847 

Aged  thirty  seven  years. 

This  faithful  Minister  of  the  Gospel  was  born 
Baptized  and  confirmed  and  admitted  to  Holy  Orders 

In  this  Parish. 

Educated  in  King's  College  Windsor  he  was 
Curate  of  St.  Paul's  Parish  upwards  of  fourteen  years 

The  whole  term  of  his  ministry 

And  ever  preached  Jesus  Christ  and  Him  crucified 

He  was  a  most  zealous  laborer  in  the  Lord's  Vineyard 

As  the  sole  foundation  of  every  sinner's  hope 

Of  salvation  as  the  only  channel  through  which  pardon 

And  grace  could  be  extended  to  any  of  our  fallen  race 

And  by  the  eloquence  of  his  preaching  and  the  purity  of  his 

life 
He  enforced  and  exemplified  the  doctrine  and  fruits  of  faith. 

No  monument  is  required  to  perpetuate  his  memory 
In  the  minds  of  those  who  had  the  happiness  to  know  and 

The  privilege  to  hear  him 

But  the  inhabitants  of  the  parish  feel  it  a  duty  to  record 

Their  sense  of  the  value  of  his  services  while  living 

And  their  grief  of  their  loss  by  his  death. 


An  open  book  and  below  it : 

To  the  memory  of 
ISABELLA  BINNEY  COGSWELL 

Daughter  of  the  late  Honourable  Henry  Hezekiah  Cogswell 

Who  entered  into  her  rest  Deer  6th  1874.    Aged  55  years. 

Converted  in  early  life  under  the  ministry  of  her 

Beloved  brother,  she  devoted  herself  to  the  service 

Of  her  Lord  with  remarkable  zeal  and  cheerfulness. 

In  labours  most  abundant,  there  was  scarcely  a 

Good  work  in  connection  with  the  Parish  of  St.  Paul 

*Or  with  the  City  at  large,  in  which  she  was  not  engaged. 

The  last  act  of  her  useful  career  was  that  of 
Ministering  for  many  nights  to  the  sick  and  dying 
When  her  overtasked  strength  yielded  to  the  long 


66  ACADIENSIS. 


Continued  strain,  and  she  crossed  the  river. 

"  Safe  in  the  arms  of  Jesus," 
"  Safe  on  His  gentle  breast." 

Leaving  behind  her  the  sweetest  memories, 

And  honoured  and  beloved  not  only  by  the  Parishioners 

Of  St.  Paul's  but  by  the  whole  community. 


In  memory  of 

HENRY  ELLIS  and  MARY  ELLIOTT 
The  beloved  children  of  Henry  H.  and  Isabella  Cogswell; 

Who  were  removed 

In  the  flower  of  their  days 

From  the  affections  of  many  who  valued  them. 

To  join 
(As  those  who  know  them  best  believe)   the  countless 

multitude 

Which  is  before  the  Throne  of  God  and  of  the  Lamb 
For  ever  and  ever. 

HENRY  died 
On  the  5th  day  of  November  A.  D.  1827. 

MARY 

On  the  22nd  day  of  October,  A.  D.  1839, 
Having  respectively  attained  the  age  of 
Twenty  one  years. 

"  Thy  son  liveth." 

"  The  Maid  is  not  dead  but  sleepeth." 


Surmounted  by  the  Ritchie  crest : 

To  the  loved  and  honoured  memory  of 
JOHN  WILLIAM  RITCHIE, 

Judge  in  Equity 
Of  the  Supreme  Court 

Of  Nova  Scotia 

Born  at  Annapolis 

March  26th  1808, 

Died  at  Be'lmont,  Dec'r  I3th  1890. 


MEMORIALS  ST.  PAUL'S  CHURCH.      67 

His  long  and  busy  life 

Was  passed  in  such  close 

And  happy  communion 

With  His  God 
That  the  Spirit  of  his 

Divine  Master 
Shone  through  his  words  and  deeds. 

All  who  knew  him 
Felt  the  strength  and  purity 

Of  his  character : 

Only  his  children  know  the  depth 

Of  its  tenderness. 

The  path  of  the  just  is  a  shining  light 

Shining  more  and  more  unto  the  perfect  day. 


To  the  loved  and  honoured  memory  of 
AMELIA  REBECCA  RITCHIE, 

Daughter  of 
The  Honourable  William  Bruce  Almon,  M.  D. 

Born  July  2Oth  1817 
Died  at  Belmont,  February  28th  1890. 

For  more  than  fifty  years 
The  loved  and  loving  wife  of 

John  William  Ritchie, 
She  stretched  out  her  hands 

To  the  needy 
She  opened  her  mouth 

With  wisdom 
And  her  tongue  was  the  law 

Of  kindness. 
Her  children  rise  up 
And  call  her  blessed; 

Her  husband  also 
And  he  praised  her. 

The  path  of  the  just  is  a  shining  light 

Shining  more  and  more  unto  the  perfect  day. 


-68  ACADIENSIS. 

Sacred 

To  the  memory  of 
MARY  WILLIS 
Wife  of  the 

Reverend  Robert  Willis,  D.  D. 
Rector  of  this  Church 

And 

Archdeacon  of   Nova  Scotia. 

Who  departed  this  life 

nth  April,  1834, 

Aged  43  years. 

The  sign  of  Esculapius  at  the  top  of  a  tablet: 

Sacred  to  the  memory 

of  the 
HONOURABLE  WILLIAM   BRUCE  ALMON,  M.  D., 

A 
Member  of  the  Legislative  Council  of  Nova  Scotia 

And 
Long  an  eminent  physician 

In  this  town, 

Who  departed  this  life 

(From  typhus  fever  contracted  in  the  zealous  discharge 

Of  public  duty) 

On  the  I2th  day  of  July  A.  D.  1840 
In  the  53rd  year  of  his  age. 

In  his  dying  hours 
He  testified  his  trust  in  the  blood  of  his  Redeemer: 

During  life 

His  active  benevolence,  his  amiable  disposition, 

His  tender  attentions  to  the  sick  and  afflicted, 

His  sympathy  in  sufferings  and  his  unwearied  efforts 

To  relieve  them 
Endeared  him  to  all  classes 

Of  this  community. 
.His  numerous  friends  have  felt  a  melancholy  satisfaction 

In  uniting  to  rear  this  stone, 

In  perpetuation  of  the  memory  of  one 

So  warmly  beloved 

And 
So  deeply  lamented. 


MEMORIALS  ST.  PAUL'S  CHURCH.      69- 

Concerning  them  which  are  asleep  sorrow  not  even  as  others 
which  have  not  hope. 

For  if  we  believe  that  Jesus  died  and  rose  again  even  so 
Them  also  which  sleep  in  Jesus  will  God  bring  with  him. 

i  Thess.  IV.  c.,  13,  14  v. 

(Beneath  is  the  good  Samaritan  succouring 
the  wounded  man,  while  the  priest  and  Levite  pass  by). 


Sacred  to  the  memory  of 

MARGARET 
The  wife  of  the 

Honourable  Brenton  Haliburton 

Chief  Justice  of  Nova  Scotia, 

Who  departed  this  life 

On  the  5th  of  July  1841, 

Aged  66  years. 

Early  trained  in  the  nurture 

And  admonition  of  the  Lord 

By  her  pious  father, 

The  First  Protestant  Bishop 

In  the  British  Colonies 

She  was  conspicuous  • 

Throughout  her  life 

For  piety  to  God 
And  charity  to  the  poor. 

This  tablet  is  reared 
As  a  humble  memorial 

Of  her  virtues 
By  an  affectionate  husband. 

"  Blest  are  the  dead  which  die  in  the  Lord, 
Even  so  saith  the  Spirit? 
For  they  rest  from  their  labours." 


70  ACADIENSIS. 

Sacred 

To  the  memory  of 

JANE  FRANCES  YOUNG, 

Wife  of  George  R.  Young,  Esqr. 

And  eldest  daughter  of 

Thos  H.  Brooking,  Esqr  of  London. 

Who  departed  this  life  at  Halifax, 

28th  December  1841,  aged  26. 

This  memorial 

Is  erected  in  commemoration 

Of  the  piety  of  the  deceased  and 

Of  her  many  virtues  as  a  wife  a  mother  and  a  friend 

Sacred  to  the  memory  of 
RICHARD  JOHN  UNIACKE 

A  Judge  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  Province  the  third  son 
Of  Richard  John  Attorney  General  and  Martha  Maria 

Delesderniers. 
He  died  of  a  short  illness  at  Halifax  on  the  twenty-first  day  of 

February  1834 

Generally  regretted  leaving  four  children 
His  remains  were  deposited  in  a  private  burial  place 

Adjoining  the  churchyard  of  Sackville  Church. 
He  was  a  kind  father  and  friend  an  upright  judge  an 

honourable  man 
This  stone  is  erected  by  his  eldest  brother  Norman  Fitzgerald 

A  tribute 
To  the  memory  of  a  beloved  affectionate  brother  aged  44. 

Uniacke  crest  below,  with  motto  Audax  et  fidelis. 

Sacred  to  the  memory  of 

NORMAN  FITZGERALD  UNIACKE. 

Eldest  son  of  the  late 

Richard  John  Uniacke 

And  Martha  Maria  Delesderniers 

His  wife, 

Of  Mount  Uniacke. 

He  was  for  many  years  Attorney 

General  and  afterwards  Judge  of 

The  Supreme  Court  in  Lower  Canada. 


MEMORIALS  ST.  PAUL'S  CHURCH.      71 

He  died  on  the  nth  day  of  December 

1846 

Aged  68  years. 
His  remains  lie  interred  in  the 

Churchyard  at  Sackville. 

This  tablet  is  erected  as  a  testimony 

Of  affection  and  in  deep  sorrow  for  the 

Loss  of  a  kind  and  indulgent  husband. 

Uniacke  crest  below. 

To  the  memory  of 

ESTHER 

wife  of  David  Rowlands,  M.  D., 

Surgeon  of  H.  M.  Naval  Hospital  in  this  town 

And  daughter  of  Thomas  Hassall  Esqre. 

Of  Kilrue  in  the  County  of  Pembroke 

Who  after  a  short  illness  ended  a  life  of 

Benevolence,  piety,  charity 

And  all  that  could  render  her 

Beloved,  esteemed  and  respected 

On  the  28th  of  February  1817. 

Aged  40  years. 

This  humble  tribute  is  paid  by  her  disconsolate  husband 
Who  could  best  appreciate  her  inestimable  worth. 

"  A  woman  that  feareth  the  Lord,  she  shall  be  praised. 

Provs.  3 ist  chap.  30  Vers-e. 

Sacred  to  the  memory  of 

LIEUTENANT  COLONEL  PETER  WATERHOUSE 

Late  Major  LXXXI  Regiment 

Who  departed  this  life 

XIX  April  MDCCCXXIII,  aged  XLIV  years 
Twenty  two  of  which  he  served 

In  the  above  Regiment. 

This  testimony  of  regard 

Was  erected  by  his  brother  officers 

As  a  memorial  of  his  'worth;  and  of  their  esteem  and  regard. 

(Crest  beneath,  somewhat  broken). 


72  ACADIENSIS. 

A  tablet,  with  raised  urn  in  wood,  surrounded  with  etchings 
of  flowers : 

Sacred 

To  the  memory  of 

SOPHIA  ELIZA  SAWYER 

Second  daughter 

Of  Rear  Admiral 

Herbert  Sawyer 

Born  nth  March  1770 

Died  31  January  1788. 

In  memory 

Of 

EDWARD  BINNEY 

Born  September  nth  1812, 

Fell  asleep  in  Jesus, 

February  23rd  1878. 

A  Father  to  the  Poor. 

If  we  believe  that  Jesus  died 

And  rose  again,  Even  so  them 

Which  sleep  in  Jesus  shall  God 

Bring  with  Him.    I.  Thes.  IV,  14 

Even  so,  sleep  my  beloved  until 

Jesus  come  again  in  glory. 

(This  tablet  has  the  long  s's). 

To  the  memory  of 
GEORGE  WENTWORTH  MOODY. 

Of  the  Royal  Navy, 

Second  son  of  Charles  Moody,  Esqre  of  London 

Who  was  drowned  while  on  duty  near  this  place 

In  the  sixteenth  year  of  his  age; 

Novr  2nd  1810. 


M.     S. 

Of 

ELIZA  USSHER. 

Wife  of  Commodore  Sir  Thomas  Ussher,  C.  B.,  K.  C.H. 
Who  died  at  Halifax  universally  regretted 


MEMORIALS  ST.  PAUL'S  CHURCH.      73 

And  was  interred  in  this  churchyard 

with  much  public  sympathy, 

February 

1835. 

This  tablet  is  erected  by  her  bereaved 
And  affectionate  family. 

Then  follow  three  brass  tablets : 

"  In  loving  memory 

Of 
THOMAS  AVERY 

BROWN 
Who  for  more  than 

Fifty  years 

Was  a  faithful 

And  devout  member 

Of  this  Church. 
Born  October  8,  1810 
Died  August  20,   1880." 

In  loving  memory  of 

HUGH  HARTSHORNE 

Who  entered  into  rest  on  Easter  Day,  1890. 

Aged  85  years. 
This  tablet  is  erected  by  his  affectionate  daughter's. 

In  affectionate  memory 

Of 

PETER  LYNCH 

Who  was  churchwarden 

Of  this  church 

For  many  years. 

Died  May  22nd  1893. 

Aged  76. 

"The  path  of  the  just 
Is  as  a  shining  -light." 

This  tablet 

Is  placed  here  by 

His  loving  daughter. 


74  ACADIENSIS. 

(Some  long  s's  in  this  and  small  letters)  : 

Sacred 

To  the  memory  of 

CAPTN  ROOM'  THOS  DOUGLAS 

Commander  of  His  Majesty's  sloop 

Sylph 

Who  died  the  3rd  of  August  1813 
Aged  31  years. 

(The  last  tablet  to  be  placed  in  position,  sometime  last  year, 
is  this  to  a  member  of  the  choir,  who  was  killed  in  South 
Africa.  The  unveiling  ceremony  was  solemn  and  simple)  : 

In  a  Maple  Leaf  is  the  word  "  Canada." 

"  Sacred  to  the  memory  of 

E.  STANLEY  BANFIELD, 

Trooper  2nd  Canadian  Mounted  Rifles, 

Who  died  at  Elands fontein,  South  Africa,  June  5th,  1902, 

Aged  23  years  and  7  months. 

This  tablet  is  erected  by 
His  brother  Freemasons  of  the  2nd  C.  M.  R. 

And  Canadian  Field  Hospital. 
"The  Spirit  shall  return  to  God  who  gave  it." 

Consecrated  to  the  memory  of 

LIEUTENANT  JOHN  JAMES  SNODGRASS 

An  officer  easily  distinguished  for  gallantry  in  the  field, 

Talents  in  literature,  and  the  virtues  which  adorn  private  life. 

He  commenced  his  military  career  in  the  year  1812; 
Served  in  the  Peninsula,  France  and  Flanders  with  the  52nd 

Regiment ; 

Was  actively  employed  during  the  whole  of  the  Burmese  war 
On   the   staff  of  his  father  in  law,  Lieutenant  General    Sir 

Archd  Campbell,  Bart.,  G.  C.  B. 

and  subsequently  held  for  six  years 

The  office  of  Depy.  Qr.  Mr.  Genl.  in  Nova  Scotia : 

While  assiduously  discharging  with  honour  to  himself 

And  benefit  to  his  country,  the  duties  of  his  public  station 

It  pleased  the  Sovereign  Disposer  of  all  things 


MEMORIALS  ST.  PAUL'S  CHURCH.      75 

;To  bring  down  his  strength  in  his  journey,  and  to  shorten 

his   days  " 
On  the  I4th  of  January,  A.  D.  1841, 

AE:43- 

He  has  left  a  widow  and  an  only  son  to  lament  their 
Irreparable  loss. 


Over  the  eastern  door,  similar  to  that  erected  to  the  daughter 
of  Rear  Admiral  Sawyer  is  one : 

Sacred 

To  the  memory  of 

MRS.  SUSAN  HARDY 

Late  wife  of  Captain  Hardy 

Of  the  Royal  Navy 

Who  departed  this  life 

On  the  27th  day  of  March, 

1799 

In  the  3Oth  year  of 
Her  age. 


To  the  memory  of 

JOHN  GEORGE  DEWARE,  ESQRE. 

Second  son  of  the  late  James  Deware  Esqre. 

Of  Vogrie  near  Edinburgh, 
Rear  Captain  of  H.  M.  Ship  of  war  Rose, 

Who  died  isth  August   1830 

When  swimming  across  a  creek 

In  the  Island  of  St.  Charles 

Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence. 

Aged  32. 

This  Tablet 

Is  erected  by  his  Mother 

to  the  Memory  of 
a  kind  and  affectionate  Son. 


76  ACADIENSIS. 

Dedicated  to  the  memory  of 

JARED  INGERSOLL  CHIPMAN 

By  a  few  early  and  attached  friends 

As  a  memorial 

Of  their  affectionate  remembrance 
Of  his  many  amiable  qualities 

And  their  regret 

For  the  untimely  loss  of 

An  esteemed  and  beloved  companion. 

He  died  after  a  short  illness 

On  the  2oth  of  May  A.  D.  1839. 

Aetat  20  years. 

Under  a  weeping  willow : 

Sacred  to  the  memory  of 

THOMAS  NICKLESON  JEFFERY,  ESQRE. 

Who  closed  his  useful  life 

On  the  21  of  October  1847 

In  the  6sth  year  of  his  age. 

He  was  eldest  son  of 
John  Jeffery  Esq  of  Sans  Souci  M.  P. 

For  Poole  Dorsetshire  England. 
In  the  year  1803  he  wras  appointed 
Collector  of  His  Majesty's  Customs 

For  this  Province 
Was  member  of  the  Council, 

And  for  some  time  administered  the  Government 
With  the  approbation  of  his  Sovereign 

And  the  satisfaction 
Of  the  Legislature  and  people. 

This  monument 

Is  erected  by  his  family 

In  affectionate  remembrance  of 

His  many  virtues. 

Below  is  the  crest:  Justum  et  tenacem  propositi. 

In  memory  of 
WINCKWORTH  ALLAN  ESQRE. 

For  many  years 
A  much  respected  inhabitant 

Of  this  town.  .    ...  • 


MEMORIALS  ST.  PAUL'S  CHURCH.      77 

Born  21  November  1760; 
Died  in  London  30  July  1834. 

His  remains 
By  his  request 

Are  interred 

In  the  new  cemetery 

Kensal  Green. 

This  monument  is  erected  as  a  testimony  of 
affection,  and  gratitude. 

In  memory  of 

SARAH  JESSY  HENRIETTA  MUDGE 

Whose  remains  are  interred  under  this  church 

She  was  a  native  of  Lancaster  England  and  wife  of 

John  Mudge  Esqre.  cf  H.  M.  Ordnance  Department  here 

It  pleased  God  to  remove  her  from  this  world  on  the 

26th  of  November  1818  when  she  closed  a  virtuous  life 

In  the  24th  year  of  her  age. 

No  studied  Phrase  thy  virtues  shall  commend 
Or  lengthened  Epitaph  thy  praise  extend 
But  may  thy  name  be  registered  in  heaven 
And  all  thy  venial  trespasses  forgiven. 

Beneath  the  figures  of  a  child  weeping  in  its  mother's  lap : 
To  the  memory  of 
AMELIA  ANNE, 

The  wife  of  His  Excellency 
Major  General  George  Stracey  Symth,  Lieut.  Governor  of 

New  Brunswick 
Who  died  on  the  ist  of  July  1817,  of  a  consumption, 

Aged  32  years. 
And  was  buried  near  this  monument. 

Vain  was  a  husband's  wish,  his  tenderest  care, 
And  many  an  anxious  friend's  unceasing  prayer, 
To  save  from  death — her  soul  was  early  blest 
And  called  by  Heaven's  grace  to  endless  rest. 
Ah  useless  here  in  tributary  verse 
Her  form  her  face  her  virtues  to  rehearse 
But  fond  remembrance  ever  loves  to  dwell 


78  ACADIENSIS. 

And  to  the  world  in  grateful  lines  to  tell, 
Those  gifts  so  rare,  by  gracious  Heaven  design'd 
To  soften  care  and  soouth  the  troubled  mind. 
Farewell  blest  shade  thy  piety  and  love 
Will  gain  a  sure  rezvard  in  realms  above. 

Sacred  to  the  memory  of 

RICHARD  JOHN  UNIACKE 

Fourth  son  of  Norman  Uniacke 

Of  Castledown 
In  the  County  of  Cork,  Ireland, 

Many  years  member  of 

His  Majesty's  Council  and  Attorney  General  of  this  Province 
He  died  at  Mount  Uniacke 

October  the  nth  1830 

In  the  77th  year  of  his  age. 

His  remains  were  removed 

And  deposited  in  a  valut, 

Beneath  this  church. 
This  monument  is  erected  by  his  children 

In  gratitude  to  God 
For  the  invaluable  gift 

And  in  sorrow  for  the  loss  of  a  good  and  affectionate  parent 
The  memory  of  the  just  is  blessed.     Proverbs  chap.  10  ver  7th. 

Sacred  to  the  memory  of 
WILLIAM  JAMES  ALMON  ESQRE.,  M.  D., 
Many  years  a  benevolent  and  successful 

Practitioner  in  this  town 
Beloved  and  respected  by  all  who  knew  him. 

He  died  at  Bath,  England, 

On  5th  February,  1817,  aged  62. 

And  was  buried  under  St.  James  Church 

In  that  city. 

,    .  Also 

In  memory  of 

REBECCA 

Widow  of  William  James  Almon  M.  D. 

Who  died  June  5th  1853 

Aged  90  years. 


MEMORIALS  ST.  PAUL'S  CHURCH.      79 

This  tablet  is  sacred  to 
THE  HONBLE  CHARLES  FRANCIS  NORTON 

(Brother  to  Fletcher  Baron  Grantly) 

Captain  in  His  Majesty's  52nd  Light  Infantry 

And  Military  Secretary  to  His  Excellency  Major  General  Sir 

Colin  Campbell,  K.  C.  B., 

Those  officers  of  the  Garrison  of  Halifax 

Who  knew  him  long  and  well 

Fully  appreciating 

The  many  high  and  sterling  qualities 

Which  won  their  esteem  and  affection 

Pay  this  last  melancholy  tribute 

To  the  memory  of 

One  whose  untimely  loss  they  deplore 

And  whom  as  a  comrade  and  friend 

They  never  can  cease  to  regret. 

He  died  after  a  short  illness 

On  the  20th  of  October  1835. 

Aged  28  years. 

Crest — coloured — Motto :  Avi  numerantur  avo.} 

In  memory  of 

LIEUT  JOHN  BINNEY,  R.  N. 

Second  son  of  the  Honourable  Hibbert  N.  Binney 

And  Commander  of 
His  Majesty's  Packet  Star 

Who  was  lost  at  sea 
On  his  passage  from  Falmouth  to  Halifax 

In  a  gale  of  wind 
24th  November  1835. 

The  packet  was  thrown  on  her  beam  ends 
And  dismasted  and  he  with 

Eleven  seamen 
Washed  overboard  and  drowned. 

(Crest  beneath). 

Consecrated  to  the  memory  ot 

THE  HONBLE.  WILLIAM  CROFTON 

Brother  of  Baron  Crofton  and 

Lieut  in  H.  M.  85th  Infantry 


8o  ACADIENSIS. 

His  brother  officers  who  best  knew  his  worth 

Have  erected  this  last  memorial 
Of  their  esteem  and  affection  for  one 

whose  early  loss 

They  deeply  and  sincerely  deplore; 
He  died  after  a  very  short  illness 

At  Halifax 
While  on  his  way  to  join  his  regiment 

Stationed  in  Canada. 

On  the  i6th  of  April  A.  D.  1838. 

AEtat  24. 

(Crest  beneath). 


Beneath  a  crest  with  the  motto  "  Deus  non  ego." 
(Printed  in  small  letters). 

Sacred  to  the  memory  of 

The  Honourable 

HENRY  NEWTON 

The  first  Collector  of  His  Majesty's  Customs 
In  Nova  Scotia 

At  Halifax. 
Which  appointment  he  held 

For  Fifty  Years, 
With  signal  Honour  to  himself 

And  advantage  to  the  public 

His  father  HIBBERT  NEWTON,  Esqre 

Filled  the  same  office  at  Annapolis 

Forty  Years. 

He  was  a  member  of 

His  Majesty's  Council  for  this  Province 

Forty  two  years 
And  invested  with  other  offices  of 

Distinction  and  Trust 

Greatly  beloved  and  respected 

For  his  many  virtues  and  chiefly  for  his  exemplary 

Christian  character  and  conduct 
Consistently  sustained  through  a  long  life 
In  an  age  of  great  laxity, 
And  religious  indifference ; 


MEMORIALS  ST.  PAUL'S  CHURCH.      81 

He  died  universally  lamented 
On  the  20th  January  1802 

Aged  70  years. 
This  monument  is  erected  by  his  son 

EDWARD  AUGUSTUS  NEWTON 
As  a  memorial  of  his  father's  exalted  worth 

And  in  fervent  gratitude 
For  his  pious  teaching  and  example. 

"  The  righteous  shall  be  had 
in  everlasting  remembrance.." 

(Beneath  a  large  female  figure,  upright)  : 

In  memory  of 

HONOURABLE  SAMPSON  SALTER  BLOWERS 
For  five  and  thirty  years  President  of  H.  M.  Council 

Chief  Justice  of  Nova  Scotia. 

A  learned,  grave  and  impartial  Judge 

An  able  and  faithful  servant  of  the  Crown 

And  a  true  friend  to  this  Province 

Of  a  strong,  discriminating  mind  and  sound  judgment 

Amiable  and  benevolent  in  manners  and  disposition 

Exemplary  in  conduct  and  of  the  strictest  integrity. 

After  a  long  career  of  labour  and  usefulness 

Honoured  and  esteemed  by  all 

He  resigned  his  office 

And  passed  the  decline  of  life  in  peaceful  retirement 

And  died  on  the  20th  day  of  October  A.  D.  1842 

At  the  age  of  one  hundred  years. 

(Under  an  urn — in  old  fashioned  type,  with  long  s's)  : 

Here  lye  the  remains  of 

The  Right  Honourable 

LORD  CHARLES  GREVILLE  MONTAGU 

Second  son  of  Robert  Duke  of  Manchester 

His  Lordship  after  having  served  His 

Majesty  with  Honour  in  various  Countries 

And  gone  through  great  Fatigues 

Fell  a  sacrifice  to  his  public  zeal 


82  ACADIENSIS. 

through  the  Inclemency  of  a  severe  winter  in  Nova  Scotia 

where  he  was  employed  to 

settle  a  brave  Corps  of  Carolinians 

whom  he  had  commanded  during  the  late 

war  between  Great  Britain  and  Spain. 

He  died  much  regretted 
On  the  Third  day  of  February  1784,  aged  45. 

Vir  bonus  fortis  et  Patriae  fidelia  fuit. 


(Old  fashioned  lettering)  : 

Erected  to  the  memory  of 

CAPTAIN  HENRY  FRANCIS  EVANS 

Commander  of  His  Majesty's 

Ship  the  Charlestown. 
Who  was  slain  on  the  25  of  July  1781 

In  defending  a  Convoy  against 
A  superior  Force  and  in  testimony 

Of  his  voluntary,  generous  and 

Successful  exertions  in  protecting 

The  Coast  and  Commerce 

Of  this  Province. 
Grata  Civitas  posuit. 

(Crest,  three  boars  heads). 


Consecrated  to  the  memory 

Of 
MARTHA  MARIA  UNIACKE 

Whose 

Remains  lie  interred  beneath  this  Monument 
She  was  born  the  III  day  of  December  MDCCLXII 

And  was  married  to 
Richard  John  Uniacke,  Esqre,  His  Majesty's  Attorney 

General  for  this  Province 

On  the  III  day  of  May  MDCCLXXV. 

She  was  the  mother  of  six  sons  and  six  daughters,  eleven  of 

whom 
With  their  father  were  left  to  mourn  their  sad  loss 


MEMORIALS  ST.  PAUL'S  CHURCH.      83 

This  excellent  woman  during  her  short  life 

Fulfilled  every  duty  with  the  most  religious  exactness. 

And  left  an  example  to  her  family  never  to  be  forgotten. 

It  pleased  God  to  remove  her  to  a  better  world 

On  the  IX  day  of  February  MDCCCIII 

When  she  closed  her  innocent  and  virtuous  life, 

After  a  tedious  and  painful  illness 

Which  she  supported 
With  true  Christian  patience  and  resignation. 


(The  Uniacke  crest,  then  immediately  below)  : 

Consecrated 

To  the  Memory  of 

MARY  MITCHELL 

(Widow  of 
The  late  Sir  Andrew  Mitchell 

Knight  of  the  Bath 

And  eldest  daughter  of  Richard  John  Uniacke  Esqre.) 
Who  died  on  the  25th  of  October  1825 

Aged  43  years. 
A  Brass  Tablet : 

I.  H.  S. 

In  loving  memory  of 

ANDREW  JOHN  UNIACKE 

Youngest  son  of  Richard  John  Uniacke  of  Mount  Uniacke 

Nova  Scotia 
And  grandson  of  Norman  Uniacke  of  Castletown  Co.  Cork, 

Ireland 

Who  died  at  Dover,  England,  on  the  26  July  1895  aged  86. 
Also  of  Elizabeth,  his  devoted  wife 
Who  died  in  London  6th  June  1886. 

"  Lord  thou  hast  been  our  refuge  from  one  generation;  to 
another." 

This  finishes  the  tablets  in  the  main  part  of  the  build- 
ing. The  Royal  arms  appear  on  the  gallery  of  the 
old  organ  loft.  In  the  galleries  themselves  hang 
several  hatchments,  emblazoned  in  their  heraldic 


84  ACADIENSIS. 

colours,  but  with  nothing  to  inform  us  whose  they  are. 
Some  of  their  mottoes  are :  "  Fide  et  fortitudini  vivo." 
Another,  with  a  crest  of  three  calves'  heads  and  open 
compasses :  "  Nee  temere  ne  timide." 

A  lion  rampart — the  first  word  of  the  motto  blurred 
beyond  recognition  : et  generosus." 

Several  others,  too  dim  to  be  read  in  the  light  in 
which  they  now  hang. 

As  you  enter  the  church  by  the  north  door,  in  the 
vestibule  over  the  main  entrance,  is  a  hatchment  with 
the  motto  "  Quanius  sera  tandem  veriet." 

On  either  side  of  this  are  wooden  notices : 

"  This  Church  was  built 
At  the  expense  of  Government 
In  the  year  of  Our  Lord  1750." 


DONATIONS  TO  THIS  CHURCH. 

i          s.        d. 

1760  Conrad   Musher 100 

1776  John  Rock 700 

1801  John  Stealing 75        ..    :     .. 

1811  Honble  A.  Belcher 50        ..         ^. 

1812  A  Stranger 54          5 

1816  Sir  J.  C.  Sherbrooke 100 

1825  Honourable  C.  Hill 50 

1828  John  Rees 50 

1842  Honble  H.  N.  Binney 50 

1842  George  Clark 10 

1844  Mrs.  Isabella  Hill 50 

1846  Judge  Norman  F.  Uniacke 50 


MEMORIALS  ST.  PAUL'S  CHURCH.      85 

On  the  stairway,  leading  to  the  left  hand  gallery,  a 
wooden  hatchment  (old  fashioned  lettering)  : 

In  memory  of 
FRANTZ  CARL  ERDMAN 

Baron  de  Seitz 

Colonel  in  Chief  of  a  Regiment  of  Hessian 
foot  and  Knight  of  the  Order  pour  la 

Vertu  militaire 

Departed  this  life  the  igth  decbr.  1782 
In  the  6sth  year  of  his  age. 


On  the  right  hand  stairway  a  stone  tablet : 

To  the  MUCH  REGRETTED 

Memory  of  BRicd'r.  Gen'l. 

FRANCIS  MCLEAN  a  Gallant 

OFFICER  and  an  HONEST  MAN 

this  humble  tribute  is  inscribed 

BY  the  hand  of  a  Sincere 

'  LAMENTED  Friend  Major 

GEN'L.  JAMES  PATTERSON 

his  successor. 
ANNO  DOMINI  1782. 


38oofc  IReviem 


The  Barclays  of  New  York:  Who  they  are  and  who  they 
are  not, — and  some  other  Barclays,  by  R.  Burnham  Moffat, 
474  PP-,  large  8vo.,  cloth.  Published  by  Robert  Greer  Cooke, 
307  Fifth  Avenue,  New  York.  Price,  $5.00. 

This  work,  which  is  dedicated  to  Alexander  Barclay,  Esq., 
of  St.  Paul,  Minn.,  is  a  splendid  example  of  careful  compila- 
tion, good  paper  and  printing,  and  careful  and  thorough 
indexing,  all  very  essential  features  in  a  book,  where  accuracy 
and  ready  reference  are  of  prime  importance. 

Mr.  Moffa-t  explains  in  a  brief  preface,  that  the  work  has 
grown  out  of  the  author's  search  for  the  ancestry  of  his  great 
grandfather,  Thomas  Barclay,  of  St.  Mary's  County,  Mary- 
land. The  interesting  matter,  that  came  to  his  notice  during 
the  course  of  that  search,  invited  frequent  digressions  from 
his  own  line,  until  his  notes  were  charged  with  a  variety  of 
material  which  he  felt  should  be  preserved  in  some  permanent 
form.  He,  accordingly,  determined  to  print  privately  and  at 
his  own  expense  the  work  as  it  now  appears,  but  so  many 
requests  were  made  for  copies  of  the  work  that  he  decided 
to  place  it  upon  the  market  at  less  than  cost,  and  thus  make 
it  accessible  to  all  who  care  for  it. 

The  portion  of  the  work  more  particularly  of  interest  to  the 
Acadian  genealogist  is  Part  VII,  which  shows  the  line  of 
descent  from  Rev.  Thomas  Barclay,  the  first  rector  of  St. 
Peter's  Church  at  Albany.  Pages  09-218  are  devoted  to  his 
descendants. 

Among  the  allied  families  dealt  with,  wholly  or  in  part,  are 
the  following,  namely,  Bayley,  Betts,  Biddle,  Cunard,  Lispen- 
ard,  Morris,  Beverley-Robinson,  Scovil  Ward,  Webb,  and 
de  Lancey. 

The  Rev.  Thomas  Barclay,  it  will  be  remembered,  had  four 
sons,  the  second  of  whom,  Henry  Barclay,  was  the  second 
rector  of  Trinity  Church,  New  York.  Rev.  Henry  Barclay 
was  in  turn  the  father  of  five  children,  the  youngest  of  whom, 
Anna  Dorothea,  married  on  21  st  January,  1778,  Lieut.  Col. 
Beverley  Robinson,  son  of  the  senior  Beverley  Robinson. 

"At  the  evacuation  of  New  York,  Lieut.  Col.  Beverley 
Robinson  was  placed  at  the  head  of  a  large  number  of  Loyalists 

86 


BOOK  REVIEWS.  87 

who  embarked  for  Shelbourne,  Nova  Scotia,  and  who  laid 
out  that  place  in  a  very  handsome  and  judicious  manner,  in 
the  hope  of  its  becoming  a  town  of  consequence  and  business." 

From  Lieut.  Col.  Beverley  Robinson  many  of  the  name  who 
have  been  prominent  in  the  history  of  the  Maritime  Provinces 
of  Canada  are  descended,  and  by  reference  to  the  work  under 
review  much  valuable  data  concerning  them  may  be  obtained. 

All  the  public  libraries  in  the  Provinces  of  New  Brunswick 
and  Nova  Scotia  should  contain  a  copy  of  this  work,  which 
is  invaluable  for  reference,  and  no  private  collection  of  genea- 
logical works  can  be  considered  complete  without  one. 


Types  of  Canadian  Women  and  of  Women  who  are  or  who 
have  been  Connected  with  Canada,  edited  by  Henry  James 
Morgan,  LL.  D.,  F.  R.  S.  N.  A.,  etc.  Vol.  I.  4to.,  382  pp., 
boards.  William  Briggs,  Toronto,  publisher. 

The  result  of  four  years  of  almost  uninterrupted  labor,  we 
are  informed  in  the  preface,  this  first  volume  of  what  will 
without  doubt  develop  into  a  series,  has  been  given  to  the 
public.  Each  page  presents  a  portrait,  finished  in  the  best 
style  known  to  the  photographer  and  the  process  engraver,  of 
a  Canadian  woman,  accompanied  by  a  short  biographical 
sketch. 

Unlike  many  books  heretofore  professedly  Canadian,  but 
which  have  really  been  limited  in  their  scope  chiefly  to  por- 
tions of  Quebec  and  Ontario,  the  work  under  review  will  be 
found,  upon  examination,  to  be  strictly  what  the  author 
claims  for  it — a  Canadian  work  representative  of  all  Canada. 

Commencing  with  Her  Royal  Highness  the  Princess  Louise, 
Duchess  of  Argyle,  there  follow  portraits  of  women  who 
have  been  prominent  in  all  walks  of  life,  in  the  literary  and 
social  circle,  as  leaders  in  benevolent  undertakings,  and  in 
various  other  ways. 

Among  those  more  particularly  noticeable  on  account  of 
their  connection  with  the  Acadian  Provinces  may  be  men- 
tioned Miss  Margaret  Anglin,  eldest  daughter  of  the  late 
Hon.  T.  W.  Anglin ;  Mrs.  Charles  Archibald,  Vice-president 
for  Nova  Scotia  of  the  National  Council  of  Women;  Mrs. 
Bcwring,  nee  Isabel  Maclean  Jarvis,  of  St.  John,  N.  B.,  now 
of  "  Beechwood,"  Aigburth,  Liverpool,  England ;  Mrs.  Craske, 


88  ACADIENSIS. 

wife  of  Capt.  John  Craske,  Prince  of  Wales  Leinster  Regi- 
ment; Mrs.  Cunard,  third  daughter  of  Hon.  T.  C.  Haliburton; 
Lady  Daly,  daughter  of  the  late  Sir  Edmund  Kenny,  Halifax, 
N.  S.;  Madame  de  St.  Laurent;  Lady  Fane,  sister  to  Lady 
Daly,  before  mentioned;  May  Agnes  Fleming,  writer,  of  St. 
John,  N.  B. ;  Mrs.  Gilpin,  wife  of  the  Very  Rev.  Dean  Gilpin, 
of  Halifax,  N.  S. ;  Mrs.  George  H.  Hart,  daughter  of  Nehe- 
miah  Beckwith,  of  Fredericton,  N.  B.,  and  writer  of  "  St. 
Ursula's  Convent,"  which  is  believed  to  have  been  the  first 
Canadian  novel  in  the  English  language  issued  from  the 
native  press;  Lady  Love,  daughter  of  Thomas  Heaviside,  of 
St.  John,  N.  B.,  who  married  Major  James  Frederick  Love, 
52nd  Regiment,  a  distinguished  officer;  Lady  Love,  daughter 
of  Stephen  de  Lancey,  a  well-known  Loyalist;  Mrs.  J.  C. 
Mackintosh,  of  Halifax,  N.  S.,  who  was  the  first  President  of 
the  local  Council  of  Women.  There  are  many  others,  probably 
equally  as  well  known  as  those  which  have  been  enumerated, 
but,  unfortunately,  lack  of  space  prevents  the  publication  of 
a  more  complete  list.  The  volume  is  well  worthy  of  perusal 
and  preservation. 

The  New  Brunswick  Magazine  has  again  made  its  appear- 
ance, five  years  having  elapsed  since  the  date  of  its  previous 
publication,  Mr.  John  A.  Bowes,  of  St.  John,  N.  B.,  being  the 
Editor  and  Manager.  Three  numbers  have  been  received, 
dated  September,  October  and  November,  1904. 

The  principal  contents  of  the  various  numbers  are  as  fol- 
lows : 

September — Discovery  of  the  St.  John,  24th  June,  1604,  by 
Charles  Campbell ; Tercentenary  of  St.  John,  and  an  Historical 
Review,  both  unsigned;  The  Champlain  Memorial,  being  an 
address  delivered  by  the  Rev.  W.  O.  Raymond,;  LaTour's 
Bequest,  a  serial  story  by  James  Hannay,  D.  C.  L. 

October — St.  John's  Merchants,  by  Clarence  Ward;  The 
City's  Finances,  by  John  A.  Bowes ;  Civic  Ownership. 

November— A  Great  Indian  Chief,  by  Rev.  W.  C.  Gaynor; 
Tears  of  the  Sea  Bird,  a  story  by  Judith  Tempest ;  St.  John's 
Merchants,  continued,  by  Clarence  Ward;  A  Ride  with  a 
Madman,  a  story  by  H.  C.  Armstrong,  is  not  new  to  the  read- 
ing public. 


BOOK  REVIEWS.  89 

Genealogical  Sketch  of  some  of  the  Descendants  of  Robert 
Savory,  of  Newbury,  1656,  compiled  by  Fred.  W.  Lamb,  a 
descendant,  16  pp.,  paper,  price  50  cents. 

Genealogical  sketch  of  the  Lamb  Family,  compiled  by  Fred. 
W.  Lamb,  a  descendant,  7  pp.,  paper,  price  50  cents. 

In  the  first  mentioned  sketch  the  compiler  acknowledges 
his  indebtedness  to  Judge  A.  W.  Savery,  of  Annapolis,  N.  S., 
from  whose  book,  "  The  Savery  and  Severy,  Savory  and 
Savary  Genealogies"  it  has  been  taken.  It  has,  however, 
been  supplemented  by  a  great  deal  of  work  by  the  compiler, 
who  also  acknowledges  his  indebtedness  to  Mrs.  Sarah  F. 
Johnson,  of  West  Newton,  Mass. 

The  second  sketch  gives  in  a  very  condensed  form  the 
descendants  of  Isaac  Lamb,  who  was  said  to  have  been  a 
soldier  in  Cromwell's  army,  and  to  have  bought  land  near 
New  London,  Conn.,  about  1695  or  1696. 

The  Roberts  Family,  by  Frank  Baird,  is  an  article  giving 
a  sketch  of  the  family  of  Rev.  Canon  Roberts,  LL.  D.,  five 
in  number,  chief  among  whom  is  of  course  the  well  known 
poet  and  writer  of  "  nature  stories,"  Charles  G.  D.  Roberts. 
Other  members  of  the  family  who  are  known  in  the  world 
of  letters  are  Theodore  Roberts,  Mrs.  Elizabeth  Roberts  Mac- 
Donald,  William  Carman  Roberts  and  Lloyd  Roberts,  'the 
nineteen-year-old  son  of  Charles  Roberts.  Portraits  of  all 
of  the  members  of  the  family  mentioned,  including  Mrs. 
(Emma  Wetmore)  Roberts,  wife  of  Canon  Roberts,  are  given 
in  the  Westminster. 


©tt>  pewter. 


Mr.  John  H.  Buck,  whose  excellent  work  on  "  Old  Plate," 
published  by  the  Gorham  Company,  has  been  more  than  once 
referred  to  in  the  pages  of  ACADIENSIS,  is  engaged  on  the 
history  of  "Old  Pewter."  He  would  be  glad  of  descriptions 
of  vessels  with  rubbings  or  impressions  of  marks  on  Cana- 
dian, American,  or  other  pewter  from  collectors  or  others 
interested.  Mr.  Buck's  address  is  49  North  8th  Ave.,  Mount 
Vernon,  N.  Y. 


7 


...New... 
Publications 


7 


INTERCOLONIAL  "FISHING  AND  HUNTING." 
INTERCOLONIAL  "TOURS  TO  SUMMER  HAUNTS." 
INTERCOLONIAL  "SALMON  FISHING." 
INTERCOLONIAL  "MOOSE  OF  THE  MIRAMIGHI." 

VIA 

INTERCOLONIAL  FOR  "A  WEEK  IN  THE  CANAAN  WOODS." 
INTERCOLONIAL  "TIME  TABLE  WITH  DESCRIPTIVE  NOTES. 
INTERCOLONIAL  "FOREST  STREAM  AND  SEASHORE." 


...WRITE... 

GENERAL  PASSENGER  DEPARTMENT, 
MONCTON,    N.    B. 

For  Free  Copies. 


CONTENTS 


Vol.  V.  No*.  2-3. 


April-July,  1905. 


The  Sadness  of  the  Twilight,  ....  92 

An  Explanation, 93 

Prescott  of  Lancaster, 95 

A   Theatrical  Interlude, 105 

The  Loyalists  Reception, 115 

An  Expedition,  Miramichi, 116 

Prehistoric   Times  in  N.  B.,    ..    ..  152 

The  Loyalist  Willards, 157 

Renvoye, 166 

An  Affair   of  Honor, 173 

Epitaphs, 178 

William    Cobbett, 182 

A    Fay   Song, 216 

Europe  as  Seen  by  an  Acadian,   . .  218 

Juvenile   Exploration, 256 

The  Glory  of  God, 260 

Book  Reviews, 261 

John  Waterbury,  Loyalist, 270 


When  at  eventime  the  wind  is  in  the  lillies, 
And  the  shadows  drift  along  the  garden  way; 

When  the  stars  are  soft  and  bright  above  the  moun- 
tain, 
And  the  night-bird  sings  his  melancholy  lay; 

There  mingles  with  the  sobbing  of  the  river, 
A  strange,  sad  music,  faintly  blown  to  me; 

Low  words  that  tell  of  deep  unending  heartache, 
Somewhere  beyond  the  beauty  of  the  sea. 

And  the  sorrow  of  those  far  and  mystic  valleys, 
That  whispers  down  the  dimness  of  the  tide, 

Has  wrought  a  grief  amid  the  Northern  meadows, 
Where  never  idle  tears  were  wont  to  bide. 

And  to  my  heart  there  comes  a  nameless  yearning, 
A  note  of  pain,  that  pleasures  may  not  still, 

That  e'er  repeats  its  sweetly-plaintive  measure, 
When  the  wind  is  in  the  lillies  on  the  hill. 

When  the  sunset  lights  are  dead  beyond  the  pine- 
trees, 

And  the  winds'  low  chant  is  ringing  down  the  vale, 
Without  a  sadness  of  its  own  to  ponder, 

My  soul  is  answering  to  that  lone,  far  wail. 

No  more  for  me  the  soothing  of  the  starlight; 

No  more  sweet  dreams,  along  the  grassy  lane, 
Until,  adown  the  scented  summer  twilight, 

Fades  the  strange  music  with  its  gift  of  pain. 

HERBERT  L.  BREWISTER. 


ACADIENSIS. 


VOL.  V.  APRIL-JULY,  1905.  No.  2-3. 

DAVID  RUSSELL  JACK,     -     -     -  HONORARY  EDITOR. 


an  Explanation. 

HEN,  on  the  twenty- 
eighth  of  November 
last,  the  editor  of 
ACADIENSIS.,  having 
previously  seen  the 
January  magazine  safe- 
ly off  the  press,  left 
St.  John  for  Europe, 
he  fully  expected  that 
his  return  to  Canada  would  be  in  ample  time  to  pre- 
pare the  April  issue  for  publication.  This  anticipa- 
tion, however,  was  not  realized. 

Matters  of  private  business  which  should  have  been 
disposed  of  in  two  weeks  required  his  attention  in 
London  until  the  middle  of  January.  When  finally 
he  felt  free  to  resume  his  itinerary,  the  time  remaining 
at  his  disposal  was  all  too  short  for  his  purpose,  as 
subsequent  experience  proved. 

A  number  of  letters  written  by  the  way  have  ap- 
peared in  the  Saint  John  Daily  Telegraph.  There 
was  so  much  encountered  that  was  new  and  interest- 
ing, particularly  so  to  a  Canadian  visiting  Russia  at 
such  a  critical  time  in  the  history  of  that  unhappy 
country,  and  such  kindly  criticisms  were  bestowed 
upon  the  writer  upon  his  return,  coupled  with  a  gen- 
erally expressed  wish  for  further  information  along 
the  same  lines,  that  he  has  decided,  possibly  against 


94  ACADIENSIS. 

the  dictates  of  his  own  better  judgment,  to  insert  in 
this  issue  an  article  touching  upon  some  of  the  places 
visited,  illustrated  by  photographs  largely  taken  with 
his  own  camera. 

As  this  journey  did  not  constitute  by  any  means 
his  first  visit  to  Europe,  or  even  to  Russia,  he  cannot 
be  considered  entirely  as  one  who  sees  with  the  eyes 
of  a  novice.  He  sincerely  hopes  that  what  has  been 
prepared  may  prove  of  general  interest  to  the  readers 
of  ACADIENSIS. 

Upon  his  return  to  St.  John  on  the  twenty-second 
day  of  April,  the  editor  found  numerous  letters  await- 
ing his  arrival  containing  enquiries  as  to  whether 
ACADIENSIS  had  suspended  publication,  or  whether 
the  enquirer  has  been  overlooked  in  the  mailing  list. 
Fortunately  neither  of  these  surmises  were  correct. 

It  being  then  too  late  to  prepare  the  April  issue,  a 
double  number,  to  appear  at  the  regular  midsummer 
date,  was  determined  upon.  The  success  of  this 
issue  is  a  matter  concerning  which  each  reader  must 
be  his  own  judge. 

It  is  hoped  that  this  explanation  and  apology  will 
be  accepted  in  a  kindly  spirit,  the  editor  pledging 
himself  that  such  a  thing  will  not  occur  again,  at  least 
not  for  some  time  to  come. 


prescott  of  ^Lancaster, 

HE  Prescotts  of  the  County  of 
Lancaster,  England,  sent  forth  a 
Prescott  who  founded  the  town- 
ship of  Lancaster  in  Massachu- 
setts, which,  in  turn,  sent  out  a 
Loyalist  son  who  founded  the 
parish  of  Lancaster  in  New  Brunswick. 

Among  the  New  England  forefathers  whose  de- 
scendants have  spread  far  and  wide  over  America, 
and  include  a  large  proportion  of  the  people  of  the 
Maritime  Provinces  of  Canada,*  was  John  Prescott, 
a  noteworthy  pioneer  man,  and  founder  of  an  Ameri- 
can family  which  has  had  many  distinguished  repre- 
sentatives. The  commonly-accepted  pedigree  traces 
his  line  of  descent  from  James  Prescott,  of  Standish, 
in  Lancashire,  in  Queen  Elizabeth's  time.  Accord- 
ing to  this  pedigree,  John  Prescott  was  baptized  in 
the  parish  of  Standish  in  1604-5.  He  married,  in 
1629,  Mary  Platts,  alias  Gawkroger,  of  Yorkshire, 
and  settled  at  Sowerby,  in  Yorkshire,  where  he  lived 
for  some  seven  years. 

In  the  large  emigration  from  England  in  the 
troublous  time  of  1638,  John  Prescott,  worker  in  iron, 
went  forth,  with  his  wife  and  family.  He  did  not 


*The  percentage  of  New  England  blood  in  the  population 
of  the  Maritime  Provinces  of  Canada  is  probably  greater 
than  in  New  England  itself.  In  the  State  of  Massachusetts 
nearly  three-fourths  (62.3  per  cent  in  1900)  of  the  nresent 
population  are  of  foreign  birth  or  parentage.  The  old  Bay 
State  has  become  foreignized  by  immigration,  while  in  large 
sections  of  Canada  the  original  British-New  England  strain 
still  predominates. 

95 


96  ACADIENSIS. 

follow  the  main  body  of  this  emigration  to  the  Massa- 
chusetts Bay  colony.  Showing,  apparently,  that  aver- 
sion to  Puritanism  which  distinguished  him  in  later 
years,  he  went  to  the  island  of  Barbados.  There  he 
became  a  landowner  and  lived  for  two  years,  but,  not 
finding  climatic  and  other  conditions  agreeable  in  the 
West  Indies,  he  sailed  northward  for  the  Massachu- 
setts Bay,  and,  in  1640,  landed  at  Boston.  He  took 
up  his  abode,  where  so  many  of  the  New  England 
pioneers  first  pitched,  at  Watertown.  There  he  had 
grants  of  land  and  lived  five  years.  In  1643  he  be- 
came associated  with  Thomas  King,  of  Watertown, 
Henry  Simonds,  of  Boston,  and  others*  in  the  pur- 
chase from  the  Indian  Sachem  Sholan  of  a  tract  of 
land  on  the  Nashaway  (Nashua)  river,  eighty  square 
miles  in  extent.  Here  a  settlement  was  formed, 
of  which  for  near  forty  years  John  Prescott  was  the 
mainstay.  He  permanently  settled  on  these  lands  in 
1645,  losing,  in  transit,  a  portion  of  his  effects  and 
narrowly  escaping  drowning,  with  his  family,  in  the 
Sudbury  river.  This  settlement  was  then  a  frontier 
post  in  the  unbroken  forest,  though  only  thirty-five 
miles  west  of  Boston.  Governor  Winthrop,  in  his 
journal  (II,  306),  regards  this  accident,  with  the 
pious  superstition  of  that  time,  as  brought  about  by 
"  a  special  providence  of  God,"  on  account  of  Pres- 
cott's  association  with  Dr.  Robert  Child,  who  was  one 
of  the  grantees  of  these  lands,  and  some  other  men 
of  broader  views  than  the  Puritans,  in  refusing  to 
bow  the  knee  to  what  Parkman  calls  "  one  of  the  most 
detestable  theocracies  on  record."  (Old  Regime,  p. 


*  Among  the  grantees  of  these  lands  was  Stephen  Day, 
who,  in  1639,  set  up  at  Cambridge  the  first  printing  press  in 
America  north  of  Mexico.  He  printed  that  famous  old 
curiosity  known  as  the  Bay  Psalm  Book. 


PRESCOTT   OF   LANCASTER.  97 

21 ).  The  Puritan  scales  on  good  Governor  Win- 
throp's  eyes  prevented  him  from  seeing  the  real  inter- 
position of  Providence  shown  in  the  remarkable  pre- 
servation of  Prescott  and  his  family  from  a  watery 
grave. 

In  1652,  when  there  were  nine  families  settled  on 
the  Nashaway,  a  petition  was  sent  in  to  the  House  of 
Deputies,  asking  for  incorporation  as  a  town,  and  re- 
questing that  it  be  given  the  name  of  "  Prescott," 
which  was  acceded  to.  Later  on,  however,  the  Puri- 
tan deputies,  having  discovered  that  John  Prescott 
had  never  taken  the  church  covenants  and  was  not 
a  "  freeman,"  rescinded  this  order  and  called  the  set- 
tlement "  West  Town."  Still  later,  in  1653,  by  way 
of  compromise,  they  changed  the  name  to  "  Lan- 
caster," after  John  Prescott's  native  county  in  Eng- 
land. The  name  is  perpetuated  to  the  present  day, 
though,  from  the  territory  included  in  the  original 
purchase  from  the  Indians,  several  "  towns "  have 
been  carved.* 

John  Prescott  built  the  first  grist-mills  in  Lancaster 
and  the  adjoining  town  of  Groton.  He  was  not  only 
yeoman  and  blacksmith,  but  a  miller  and  millwright, 
a  trader,  a  hunter,  a  surveyor — besides  being  a 
doughty  Indian  fighter  and  resister  of  Puritan  oppres- 
sion. 

In  1669,  when  about  sixty-five  years  of  age,  John 
Prescott  became  a  "  freeman  "  and  a  voter.  Charles 
II.  had  then  been  on  the  throne  for  some  years,  and 


*The  counties  of  Massachusetts  are  divided  into  sections 
called  "towns,"  which,  to  British  ideas,  would  represent 
"townships"  or  "parishes." 

If  the  name  originally  given  the  town  of  Lancaster  had 
been  adhered  to,  there  would  probably  now  be  a  parish  of 
Presco-tt  instead  of  a  parish  of  Lancaster  in  St.  John  county. 


98  ACADIENSIS. 

the  old  Puritan  "  freeman's  oath  "  had  been  modified 
by  orders  from  the  British  government,  so  that  those 
not  church  members  could  become  "  freemen  "  and 
voters.  For  thirty  years  "  Goodman  Prescott "  had 
lived  in  the  Massachusetts  colony  and  declined  to  take 
the  original  oath,  remaining  all  that  time  without  a 
vote  and  not  eligible  for  any  official  place,  not  even 
to  serve  on  a  jury.  He  made  a  brave  and  notable 
stand  for  liberty. 

In  1676,  during  King  Philip's  war,  the  town  of 
Lancaster  was  wiped  off  the  face  of  the  earth  by 
Indians,  and  many  of  the  inhabitants  killed  and  car- 
ried captive.  For  over  three  years  grass  grew  where 
the  settlers'  homes  had  been,  and  all  was  wilderness 
again.  John  Prescott  and  his  family  were  among 
those  who  escaped,  and  in  1679  he  returned  and  re- 
built his  house  and  mills.  Their  sites  are  marked  by 
memorial  tablets  in  what  is  now  the  town  of  Clinton, 
where  the  land  in  the  central  portion  of  the  town  was 
formerly  owned  by  Prescott. 

In  December,  1681,  the  earthly  career  of  John  Pres- 
cott came  to  an  end.  In  his  will,  drawn  up  in  1673, 
he  exhorts  his  family  "  to  preserve  love  and  unitie 
among  themselves  and  the  upholding  of  Church  and 
Commonwealth."  His  body  was  interred,  as  instruct- 
ed in  his  will,  in  "  the  common  burying  place  here  in 
Lancaster."  His  grave  was  marked  by  a  rude  frag- 
ment of  slate  rock,  upon  which  might  be  discovered 
the  words,  faintly  incised :  "  John  Prescott,  deceased." 

For  222  years  this  was  the  monument  of  John  Pres- 
cott. In  1903,  when  Lancaster  celebrated  its  2$oth 
anniversary,  this  was  replaced  by  a  more  suitable 
memorial  stone,  erected  by  Mrs.  Roger  Walcott  (nee 
Edith  Prescott),  widow  of  the  late  Governor  of  Massa- 
chusetts, and  a  granddaughter  of  the  historian  Pres- 


PRESCOTT   OF   LANCASTER.  99 

cott.     It  bears  the  following  inscription,  written  by 
the  late  United  States  Senator  George  F.  Hoar,  of 
Worcester,  who  was  a  Prescott  descendant: 
Here,  with  his  children  about  him,  lies 

JOHN    PRESCOTT, 
Founder  of  Lancaster,  and  first  settler  of  Worcester 

County. 
Born    at    Standish,    Lancashire,    Eng.,    died    at    Lancashire, 

Massachusetts,  December,   1681. 

Inspired  by  the  love  of  liberty  and  the  fear  of  God,  this 
stout-hearted  pioneer,  forsaking  the  pleasant  vales  of  Eng- 
land, took  up  his  abode  in  the  unbroken  forest,  and  encounter- 
ed wild  beast  and  savage  to  secure  freedom  for  himself  and 
his  posterity.  His  faith  and  virtues  have  been  inherited  by 
many  descendants,  who  in  every  generation  have  well  served 
the  state  in  war,  in  literature,  at  the  bar,  in  the  pulpit,  in 
public  life  and  in  Christian  homes. 

John  Prescott  is  said  to  have  brought  with  him  to 
America  a  suit  of  armor  which  had  doubtless  been 
worn  by  him  or  some  of  his  ancestors  in  the  British 
army.  In  this  he  used  sometimes  to  array  himself, 
greatly  to  the  terror  of  the  Indians.  The  common 
statement — in  the  Prescott  genealogy  as  well  as  about 
all  other  accounts  —  that  John  Prescott  was  an 
"  officer,"  or  saw  military  service  "  under  Cromwell," 
must  be  classed  among  the  fictions.  A  brief  glance 
at  dates  shows  that  Cromwell  himself  did  not  see  any 
military  service  until  the  outbreak  of  civil  war  In 
England  in  1642 — four  years  after  the  emigration  of 
John  Prescott! 

In  Eastern  Canada  the  name  of  Prescott  is  not  a 
common  one,  though  there  are  many  people  in  the 
Maritime  Provinces  who  are  descended  from  John 
Prescott  through  the  distaff  lines.  Some  of  John 
Prescott's  descendants  have  intermarried  with  St. 
Stephen,  N.  B.,  families,  but  the  New  Brunswick 


ioo  ACADIENSIS. 

Prescott  family  is  descended  from  James  Prescott 
who  settled  in  New  Hampshire  in  1665.  He  was 
born  some  forty  years  later  than  John,  and  is  thought 
to  have  been  a  connection.  The  pedigree  given  in 
Prescott  genealogy*  makes  their  grandfathers  broth- 
ers. From  these  two  emigrant-ancestors  most  of  the 
people  of  this  name  in  America  are  descended.  Jesse 
Prescott,  the  New  Brunswick  progenitor,  who  settled 
in  Charlotte  County,  N.  B.,  in  1812,  was  of  the  sixth 
generation  from  James,  and  a  great-grandson  of 
Capt.  Jonathan  Prescott,  of  the  New  Hampshire 
regiment,  who  died  at  Louisburg  in  1746. 

John  Prescott  had  eight  children  who  reached 
maturity.  One  of  his  daughters — Lydia — married 
Jonas  Fairbank,  ancestor  of  the  presnt  vice-President 
of  the  United  States.  In  1652  Jonas  Fairbank  "  was 
fined  for  wearing  great  boots  before  he  was  worth 
£200."  (Fairbanks  genealogy).  Among  descend- 
ants of  John  Prescott  may  be  mentioned  Dr. 
Jonathan  Prescott,  of  Halifax,  the  progenitor  of 
the  Nova  Scotia  branch  of  the  family  (see  ACADIEN- 
SIS, IV,  8),  who  was  of  the  fifth  generation  from 
John.  Benjamin  Prescott,  killed  at  Louisburg  in 
1745,  and  Capt.  Peter  Prescott,  one  of  the  early  set- 
tlers of  Granville,  Annapolis  Co.,  Nova  Scotia,  were 
brothers — uncles  of  Dr.  Jonathan,  of  Halifax.  The 
"  young  Dr.  Prescott,"  told  of  by  Paul  Revere,  who 
happened  to  be  returning  from  a  visit  to  his  sweet- 
heart, Miss  Mulliken,  of  Lexington,  and  assisted 
Revere  in  his  famous  "  midnight  ride  "  of  April  18-19, 
1775,  was  Samuel  Prescott,  of  Concord — cousin  to 
Dr.  Jonathan,  of  Halifax.  He  escaped  by  jumping 
his  horse  over  a  wall  when  Revere  was  taken  by  the 
British  patrol,  subsequently  served  on  board  a  priva- 


*"The  Prescott  Memorial,"  by  Wm.  Prescott,  M.  D.,  1870 


PRESCOTT  OF  LANCASTER.     101 

teer,  was  captured,  carried  into  Halifax,  N.  S.,    and 
'died  in  prison  there. 

Sarah,  a  daughter  of  Jonas,  youngest  child  of  John 
Prescott,  married  in  1705  John  Longley,  of  Groton, 
whose  son,  William,  was  an  early  settler  of  Granville, 
N.  S.,  and  the  progenitor  of  the  Nova  Scotia  family 
of  this  name. 

Hon.  Benjamin  Prescott,  son  of  Jonas,  was  the 
father  of  Col.  William  Prescott,  who  led  the  Colonial 
forces  at  the  battle  of  Bunker  Hill.  In  1755  he  served 
as  lieutenant  in  the  expedition  to  Nova  Scotia  which 
removed  the  French  Acadians.  A  monument  to  him 
stands  on  Bunker  Hill  and  another  at  Groton  —  the 
place  of  his  birth.  His  son,  the  Hon.  Wm.  Prescott, 
was  the  father  of  William  H.  Prescott,  the  historian. 
Col.  William  Prescott's  sister,  Elizabeth,  was  the  first 
wife  of  Col.  Abijah  Willard,  one  of  the  Loyalist 
founders  of  New  Brunswick. 

GILBERT  O.  BENT. 


H  Gbeatvtcal  flnterlut>e  a  1b>unt>reJ> 


"All  the  world's  a  stage, 
And  all  the  men  and  women  merely  players: 
They  have  their  exits  and  their  entrances  : 
And  one  man  in  his  time  plays  many  parts." 

—  As  You  Like  It. 

MONG  the  miscellaneous  char- 
acters that  found  a  temporary 
residence  in  the  City  of  the 
Loyalists  in  the  year  of  grace 
1798,  was  a  gentleman  whose 
accomplishments  must  have 
been  a  wonder  to  the  staunch 
defenders  of  the  British  con- 
stitution who  formed  the 
bulk  of  the  population  in  those  early  years,  strange 
and  adventurous  as  the  careers  of  many  of  these  old 
worthies  had  been. 

It  was  a  memorable  year  in  British  history  that 
was  drawing  to  a  close.  The  glorious  news  of  Nel- 
son's victory,  "  off  the  mouth  of  the  Nile,"  had  been 
received  four  months  after  the  great  battle,  and  had 
"  been  productive  of  general  joy  throughout  the 
infant  city."* 

The  columns  of  the  two  city  journals  were  filled  with 
the  names  and  contributions  of  the  loyal  men  of  those 
days  to  the  "  national  fund  "  for  prosecuting  the  war 
to  a  victorious  close,  and  details  of  the  conflicts  in  which 
England  was  then  engaged  on  land  and  sea  were 


*  In  the  early  newspapers  of  St.  John  this  expression  will 
often  be  met. 
102 


A  THEATRICAL  INTERLUDE.          103 

eagerly  looked  for  and  as  eagerly  read.  In  the 
midst  of  this  enthusiasm  the  hero  of  our  story  appear- 
ed— in  the  advertising  columns  of  the  city  news- 
papers. 

"  Mr.  Marriott,"  (in  this  respectful  style  the 
gentleman  referred  to  introduced  himself  to  the  people 
of  St.  John)  had  come  apparently  unheralded — but  that 
was  a  matter  of  small  account — he  had  no  intention 
of  hiding  his  light,  or  rather  his  accomplishments, 
under  a  bushel;  in  fact  they  were  his  means  of  sub- 
sistence, and  like  a  wise  man  he  attempted  to  make 
the  most  of  them. 

We  can  easily  follow  Mr.  Marriott's  short  business 
and  theatrical  career  in  St.  John  a  hundred  years  ago 
as  he  advertised — if  we  are  allowed  to  use  the  term — 
extensively  in  the  Gazette  and  Weekly  Advertiser, 
one  of  the  small  newspapers  printed  in  the  city,  a 
fyle  of  which  has  been  preserved  in  good  condition, 
'and  is  now  in  possession  of  the  Rev.  W.  O.  Ray- 
mond; and  he  seems  likewise  to  have  enjoyed  the 
confidence  of  Mr.  John  Ryan,  the  editor  and  printer 
of  that  valuable  journal.  What  tide  of  fortune  cast 
him  on  our  rock-bound  shores  at  that  early  period 
must  remain  a  mystery,  even  his  Christian  name 
escaped  the  notice  of  the  printer.* 

Mr.  Marriott's  advertisements  bear  the  marks  of 
originality,  and  prove  him  to  have  been  a  man  who 
had  seen  the  world  and  buffeted  with  fortune;  in  fact 
they  are  the  only  attractive  advertisements  to  be 
found  in  the  series,  covering,  as  they  do,  a  period  of 
nearly  four  years.  A  glance  at  these  old  times,  and 
the  reproduction  of  some  of  Mr.  Marriott's  advertise- 


*From  the  Roll  of  Freemen  of  the  City  of  St.  John,  we 
learn  that  in  the  year  1798,  Fuller  Francis  Marriott,  who  is 
described  as  a  laborer,  was  made  a  freeman  of  the  city. 


104  ACADIENSIS. 

ments,  may  be  of  interest  in  this  age  of  prodigious 
advertising,  and  from  them  learn  the  important  lesson, 
that  the  names  of  the  men  who  advertise  will  live  in 
history.  The  first  and  introductory  advertisement  is 
copied  entire: 


Begs  leave  to  inform  the  Public  of  St. 
John,  that  he  sells  SowM  Broths,  Beef 
and  Mutton  Steaks,  at  the  lowest  prices, 
at  a  minute's  warning.  —  Dinners  dress- 
ed and  sent  out  at  an  hour's  notice.  — 
Suppers,  &c.  —  Turtles  dressed  in  the 
English  mode.  —  Mock  ditto  —  made  by 
one  day's  notice.  —  Mutton,  Pork  and 
Beef  Sausages.  —  Partridges,  Ducks, 
Geese,  &c.  Spirits,  Brandies,  Gin,  Purl. 
Wines,  &c.,  &c.,  at  the  sign  of  the  Red 
Cross,  King  Street. 

Mr.  Marriott  humbly  hopes  that  his 
assiduity  to  deserve  success  will  meet 
the  countenance  of  a  generous  Public. 

N.  B.  —  ALSO,  Shaving,  Hair-Dressing, 
&c.,  on  the  Most  reasonable  terms. 

St.  John,  N.  B.,  Dec.  28th,  1798. 

That  first  winter  in  our  rigorous  climate  must  have 
been  an  anxious  and  weary  season  for  the  stranger, 
and  doubtless  Mr.  Marriott  found  business  at  "  the 
Sign  of  the  Red  Cross  "  dull,  for  in  the  issue  of  the 
Case  tie  of  February  15,  1799.  he  had  an  announce- 
ment which  indicates  he  was  of  a  literary  bent,  as  well 
as  the  possessor  of  a  fund  of  general  knowledge  that 
he  was  willing  to  impart  for  a  consideration  : 


A  THEATRICAL  INTERLUDE.         105 

MR.  MARRIOTT 

Respectfully  informs  the  Ladies  and 
Gentlemen  of  St.  John  and  vicinity,  that 
he  intends  opening  a 

SCHOOL 

on  Monday,  the  6th  of  March,  to  teach 
the  English  Grammar  with  exact  pre- 
cision in  an  entire  new  mode,  and  con- 
formable to  the  instructions  of  our 
modern  authors. 

Mr.  Marriott  will  also  undertake  to 
teach  young  Gentlemen  to  read  and 
speak  emphatically  in  order  to  com- 
plete an  UNFINISHED  EDUCATION  during 
his  evening  avocation,  in  private  either 
at  home  or  abroad.  WRITING  and 
CYPHERING  included.  —  DRAWING  — 
FENCING,,  if  required,  on  advanced 
prices. 

Mr.  Marriott,  from  a  thorough  know- 
ledge of  the  English  Tongue,  flatters 
himself  with  the  idea  of  accomplishing 
his  Pupils  in  a  short  time  with  those 
rudiments  necessary  for  education. 

ALSO. —  Lilley's  Grammar,  coercive 
with  Dilworth's. — LATIN,  &c.,  if  re- 
quired. 

TERMS.— One  Dollar  entrance,  and 
Three  Dollars  per  Quarter  each,  for 
Reading,  Writing  and  Cyphering. 

Drawing. — One  Dollar  entrance,  and 
Six  Dollars  per  Quarter.  Fencing, 
ditto. 

To  preside  over  a  cooking,  drinking  and  provision 
store,  and  a  school  with  many  difficult  branches  to 
be  taught  in  the  evenings,  seemed  ample  to  furnish 
intellectual  employment  for  one  man,  but  Mr.  Mar- 
riott was  also  what  that  generation  named  in  irony, 
a  play-actor.  The  same  issue  of  the  Gazette  con- 


106  ACADIENSIS. 

tains  a  longer  and  more  important  advertisement, 
which  exhibited  his  wonderful  versatility,  and  is 
copied  in  full: 

BY     PERMISSION. 

AT  MR.  JARVIS'S  STORE. 


MR.  MARRIOTT 

RESPECTFULLY  informs  the  Ladies  and 
Gentlemen  of  Saint  John,  that  being 
assisted  by  a  Lady  and  Gentleman  of 
this  City,  he  is  enabled  to  get  up  a 
Whole  PLAY.  And  a  Concert  of  In- 
strumental Music — which  will  be  per- 
formed on  MONDAY  Evening,  the  25th 
instant. — 

A   Celebrated  Tragedy 

CALLED 

DOUGLASS : 
The  Noble  Scotch  Shepherd. 


Young  Norval, Mrs.   Marriott. 

Old  Norval, A   Gentleman. 

Glenalvon, Mr.  Marriott. 

Lord    Randolph, A    Gentleman? 

Servants  filled  by  others. 

Lady  Randolph 

A  Lady  of  this  City. 

Anna,  . .  . .  By  a  Young  Lady  instructed 

for  the  purpose. 


A  BENGAL  LIGHT,  by  which  the  audi- 
ence will  be  able  to  discern  2,000  faces 
and  persons  in  the  dark,  and  the  place 
appear  as  light  as  day. 

A   Scots   Song,  called 
"  To  the  Green  Wood   Gang  Wi   Me," 

By  a  Lady  of  St.  John. 
The  whole  to  conclude  with  a  grand 
Artificial   FIRE    WORK! 


A  THEATRICAL  INTERLUDE.          107 

N.  B. — As  the  scenery  will  be  entirely 
new  and  adapted  for  the  Play,  and  every 
decoration  necessary  fitted  for  the  pur- 
pose, equal  to  a  Theatre,  it  is  humbly 
requested  the  generous  inhabitants  of 
St.  John  will  patronize  Mr.  Marriott 
in  his  undertaking. 


Boxes  2s.  6d.  —  Pit  is.  3d. 

money   taken   at    the   Door. — 
The  Door  will  be  opened  at.  Five  o'clock 
and  the   Performance  to  begin  at   Six. 
Tickets  to  be  had  of  Mr.  Ryan. 
Several   Gentlemen   have   kindly   pro- 
mised to  form  a  Band  of  Music. 

It  would  appear  from  a  postscript  to  the  same 
advertisement  in  the  next  issue  of  the  Gazette,  that 
"on  account  of  the  uncertainty  of  gaining  a  commo- 
dious place,  and  a  wish  to  represent  the  play  with  all 
its  perfections,"  it  was  postponed  until  the  27th  Feb- 
ruary, when  the  performance  would  be  held  in  the 
Exchange  Coffee  House. 

This  was  the  first  attempt  to  perform  the  "  cele- 
brated tragedy "  of  Douglass  in  St.  John.  It  was 
written  in  1756  by  John  Home,  a  Scotch  clergyman, 
who  incurred  rigorous  censure  from  the  elders  of  the 
kirk  for  adorning  the  stage  with  this  pathetic  and 
interesting  composition.*  The  play  became  a  favorite 
with  the  various  companies  of  local  amateur  players, 
who  afterwards  essayed  its  production  at  Drury  Lane 
and  Hopley's  Theatres.  Many  incidents,  some  of 
an  exceedingly  comic  character,  used  to  be  related  of 
the  players  who  took  part  in  these  performances. 

On  the  24th  of  March  the  tragedy  of  Douglass  was 
again  performed,  by  desire,  at  the  Coffee  House,  with 

*  The  British  Drama,  Vol.  I,  p.  156.  The  writer  is  indebted 
to  Mr.  James  Coll,  the  best  authority  on  dramatic  subjects 
in  St.  John,  for  the  use  of  the  volume. 


io8  ACADIENSIS. 

Congreve's  famous  old  farce,  "  Love  for  Love,"  as  an 
afterpiece.  An  epilogue  of  thanks  was  to  be  spoken 
by  Mr.  Marriott  at  the  close.  Tickets  to  the  perfor- 
mance were  sold  only  by  Mr.  Rogers  at  the  Coffee 
House.* 

It  would  be  interesting  now  to  have  the  names  of 
the  players  who  assisted  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Marriott  at 
these  performances.  Mr.  Ryan,  the  printer  of  the 
Gazette,  has  given  no  account  of  them  in  his  news- 
paper. But  they  must  have  been  successful,  as  the 
play  was  repeated  for  the  third  time  for  Mr.  Marriott's 
benefit,  who,  in  his  appeal  to  the  ladies  and  gentlemen 
of  St.  John,  humbly  requested  "  the  honour  of  their 
countenances  "  on  that  occasion. 

With  true  theatrical  precedence  Mrs.  Marriott  was 
also  entitled  to  a  benefit,  but  the  play  chosen  would 
hardly  be  supposed  acceptable  for  a  lady's  benefit — 
"  George  Barnwell,  or  the  London  Prentice."  It 
was  announced  that  in  the  course  of  the  evening  Mr. 
Marriott  would  endeavor  to  please  the  audience  with 
a  variety  of  prologues,  and  the  whole  to  conclude  with 
a  pantomimic  interlude  called  "  Jack  in  Distress," 
with  a  country  dance  in  characters. 

The  next  enterprise  to  engage  Mr.  Marriott  was 
the  "  Thespian  Hotel,"  and  in  connection  with  it  a 
Spouting  Club.  In  a  half  column  advertisement  in 
the  Gazette  of  April  17,  he  stated  his  scheme,  and  the 
benefits  to  be  derived  from  the  club: 


*  The  Coffee  House,  which  stood  at  the  corner  of  King  and 
Prince  William  Streets,  was  the  meeting  place  for  the  town 
residents  in  those  early  years,  and  was  the  scene  of  many 
events  in  the  history  of  St.  John. 


A  THEATRICAL  INTERLUDE.         log 

THESPIAN  HOTEL. 
MR.  MARRIOTT  having  removed  to  a 
House  lately  occupied  by  Mr.  Duffy,  in 
Tyng  Street*  next  door  to  Mr.  WATER- 
BURY'S,  respectfully  informs  his  friends, 
that  having  a  commodious  Room  for 
the  purpose,  he  intends  opening  a 
SPOUTING  CLUB,  on  Monday,  22nd  April, 
for  the  amusement  of  such  gentlemen 
who  shall  honor  him  with  their  support 
during  the  Summer  Season. 

Open  at  7  o'clock  and  close  at  10. 

The  Club  will  be  continued  weekly, 
on  each  succeeding  Monday. 

Terms  for  subscribers,  is.  3d.  each; 
is.  to  be  spent  in  any  refreshments  re- 
quired; 3d.  each  for  candles,  &c. 

"  Any  gentleman  professing  himself  a  candidate 
for  this  liberal  institution,  may  perfect  himself  in  a 
prologue,  epilogue  or  speech  for  the  entertainment  of 
his  friends.  By  this  means,"  Mr.  Marriott  assured 
the  public,  "  the  manners  will  be  more  polished,  the 
expression  more  dignified,  the  address  easiiied,  -and 
the  voice  meliorated." 

There  is  a  touch  of  sadness  in  the  appeal  Mr.  Mar- 
riott made  in  this  advertisement,  that  "  having 
attempted  every  mode  to  gain  a  winter  subsistence 
with  the  worthy  inhabitants  of  St.  John,  humbly 
hopes  his  summer  endeavors  will  not  prove  fruitless." 

The  club  Mr.  Marriott  desired  to  establish,  and  to 
which  he  gave  the  strenuous  name  of  Spouting  Club, 
would  be  known  in  after  years  as  a  free-and-easy. 
No  doubt  the  meetings  were  very  jolly  as  long  as 

*Tyng  Street  was  the  eastern  portion  of  Princess  Street, 
from  Charlotte  Street  to  Courtney  Bay;  the  western  portion 
from  Charlotte  Street  to  the  harbour  was  named  "  George 
Street." 


no  ACADIENSIS. 

they  continued,  but  whether  the  club  fulfilled  all  Mr. 
Marriott  claimed,  we  have  no  means  of  knowing. 
Success  does  not  appear  to  have  crowned  any  of  Mr. 
Marriott's  schemes. 

On  the  ist  of  May  Mr.  Marriott  announced  to  the 
ladies  and  gentlemen  of  St.  John,  that  he  had  fitted 
up  a  theatre,  "in  so  commodious  a  stile  as  to  render 
it  universally  agreeable;  and  flatters  himself  with  a 
hope  of  meriting  and  gaining  their  support."  "This 
theatre  was  to  be  opened  positively  in  the  course  of 
the  following  week,  "  if  fair  weather."  "  The 
Citizen,"  a  comedy  in  two  acts,  and  "  The  Millar  of 
Mansfield,"  were  the  plays  chosen  for  the  opening 
performance,  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Marriott  taking,  of 
course,  the  leading  characters.  Mr.  Marriott,  who 
was  also  a  poet,  was  to  recite  a  prologue,  written  by 
himself,  "  on  the  late  happy  preservation  of  the 
American  ship  Sally  in  Hampton  Roads  by  His 
Majesty's  ship  Hinde." 

I  have  not  been  able  to  ascertain  where  this  theatre 
was  located,  it  was  the  first  attempt  to  establish  a 
theatre,  with  regular  performances,  such  as  they  were, 
in  St.  John.  "  Tickets  were,  sold,  and  an  exact  line 
drawn  of  the  situation  of  the  seats  at  Mr.  Toole's." 
All  the  performances  were  not  advertised  in  the  news- 
papers, probably  on  account  of  the  expense. 

Notwithstanding  his  limited  resources,  Mr.  Mar- 
riott was  very  ambitious  in  his  selection  of  plays,  and 
desired  to  offer  the  most  popular.  Rowe's  tragedy, 
"Jane  Shore,"  was  to  be  played,  but  on  account  of 
the  difficulty  in  procuring  a  book  containing  the  play 
it  was  unavoidably  postponed,  and  Bickerstaff's 
comedy,  "The  Recruiting  Officer,"  and  "The  Citizen," 
a  farce,  were  performed  instead. 

In  the  Gazette's  issue  of  June  4th  Mr.  Marriott  in- 


A  THEATRICAL  INTERLUDE.          in 

formed  "  his  friends  and  the  public  at  large,  that  a 
variety  of  Fresh  amusements,  neat  as  imported,  will 
be  ready  for  their  price,  as  will  be  expressed  in  hand- 
bills." Also  "  an  aditional  prologue  from  the  latest 
calculations,"  whatever  that  would  mean.  It  was  the 
custom  in  those  days  to  open  theatrical  performances 
with  a  prologue  and  close  with  an  epilogue,  and  as 
Mr.  Marriott  composed  and  recited  for  his  perfor- 
mances, a  copy  of  his  verses  would  no  doubt  cast  light 
on  the  difficulties  of  an  early  theatrical  manager. 

The  population  of  St.  John,  then  about  six  thou- 
sand, was  too  small  to  support  even  as  modest  a 
theatre  as  Mr.  Marriott  attempted  to  conduct,  and  the 
end  came.  On  the  3ist  July,  1799,  a  benefit  was 
given  Mrs.  Marriott,  when  Garrick's  farce,  "  The 
Lying  Valet "  and  "  The  Citizen  "  were  performed ; 
"  each  piece  filled  with  performers  equal  to  the  task," 
the  announcement  stated.  This  was  the  last  appear- 
ance of  the  Marriotts.  For  a  brief  period,  probably 
six  or  eight  months  in  all,  they  played  their  roles, 
attracted  public  attention,  and  furnished  gossip  for  the 
town  gallants — birds  of  passage,  they  disappeared, 
and  sought  other  lands,  where,  let  us  hope,  they 
found  more  pleasure  and  profit  for  their  talents  than 
in  St.  John,  for  life,  in  those  early  years  was  a  round 
of  toil  and  disappointments,  endured  heroically,  with 
little  amusement  to  enliven  the  struggle  for  existence. 

The  plays  the  Marriotts  offered  were  all  well  known 
tragedies  and  comedies  that  have  held  a  very  high  place 
on  the  English  stage;  the  setting  in  which  they  were 
presented  no  doubt  was  crude,  and  the  players  who 
assisted  often  awkward,  but  they  taught  serious  les- 
sons of  life,  and  assisted  to  create  a  fondness  for  the 
legitimate  drama  that  still  exists. 

The  year  following  the  disappearance  of  the  Mar- 


112  ACADIENSIS. 

riotts  (1800),  as  I  learn  from  a  paper  prepared  by 
my  friend,  Mr.  Clarence  Ward,  and  read  before  the 
New  Brunswick  Historical  Society,  William  Botsford, 
William  Simonds,  George  Leonard .  and  Charles  I. 
Peters  petitioned  the  Common  Council  of  St.  John, 
praying  on  behalf  of  themselves  and  other  young 
gentlemen,  leave  to  fit  up  the  City  Hall  for  the  pur- 
pose of  a  theatre;  and  the  prayer  of  the  petitioners 
was  granted. 

This  organization  was  the  earliest  club  or  society 
of  amateur  players  formed  in  St.  John.  The  mem- 
bers were  all  connected  with  the  leading  families  of 
the  city,  and  their  entertainments  were  probably  as 
good  as  amateur  performances  usually  are.  No 
actors  of  reputation  had  then  visited  St.  John,  and 
the  critics  were  the  few  who  had  attended  theatres  In 
London  and  other  large  cities.  The  members  were 
ambitious  and  the  selections  good,  and  the  efforts  of 
the  players,  "  to  hold,  as  'twere,  the  mirror  up  to 
nature,"  must  have  been  appreciated. 

The  first  record  of  the  public  appearance  of  the 
organization  represented  by  Messieurs  Botsford, 
Simonds  and  associates,  was  the  following  advertise- 
ment, that  appeared  in  the  issue  of  the  Royal  Gazette 
of  February  3,  1801 : 

ST.  JOHN  THEATRE. 

[By  DESIRE.] 
On  Friday  Evening,  the  6th  February, 

will  be  presented 

THE    NATURAL    SON, 

A  Comedy  in  Five  Acts. 

To  which  will  be  added  the  favorite 

FARCE  OF 
CROSS    PURPOSES. 


A  THEATRICAL  INTERLUDE,          113 

Between  the  PLAY  and  FARCE  will  be 
Sung  the  celebrated  Song, 
"The  Lakes  of  Killarney." 

*^"The  Play  will  conclude  with  a 
Dance  by  the  Performers  in  Character. 

^TICKETS  may  be  had  of  the 
Managers  at  the  Coffee  House. 

**  Performance  to  begin  precisely  at 
Six. 

£®"The  Ladies  are  requested  to  appear 
in  very  low  head-dresses,  otherwise  the 
sight  of  the  rear  boxes  will  be  obstruct- 
ed. 

N.  B. — In  case  there  is  not  a  sufficient 
number  of  TICKETS  sold  in  time  to  de- 
fray the  expenses  of  the  night,  the 
Tickets  may  be  returned  and  the  money 
will  be  refunded. 

Vivant  Britannicorum  Rex  et  Regina. 

On  the  evening  of  February  20,  another  perform- 
ance was  given  in  the  same  place,  when  Sher  dan's 
comedy,  "  The  School  for  Scandal,"  with  the  farce, 
"  The  Mayor  of  Garrett,"  were  played. 

The  last  performance  of  the  season,  advertised  in 
the  Royal  Gazette,  was  given  on  the  evening  of  March 
13,  1801,  when  Goldsmith's  comedy,  "  She  Stoops  to 
Conquer,"  and  the  farce,  "  Three  Weeks  After  Mar- 
riage," were  played,  no  doubt  to  appreciative  audi- 
ences. 

This  dramatic  organization  continued  in  existence 
for  some  years,  and  numbered  among  its  members 
many  men  who  became  prominent  in  provincial  affairs, 
and  whose  names  are  even  yet  familiar  to  the  older 
residents  of  St.  John.  The  City  Hall,  in  which  the 
performances  were  held,  stood  on  the  centre  of 
Market  Square,  opposite  King  Street.  A  picture  of 
the  building  is  given  in  the  late  J.  W.  Lawrence's 
book,  "  Foot  Prints." 


114 


ACADIENSIS. 


It  could  not  be  expected  that  the  drama  would  re- 
ceive the  support  it  merited  in  those  early  years.  The 
struggle  in  which  England  was  then  engaged  appealed 
to  the  patriotism  of  the  people,  and  aroused  their  loyal 
and  poetic  feelings;  but  the  drama  had  to  wait  for 
another  generation,  and  more  talented  artists,  to 
reveal  the  beauties  of  the  mimic  stage. 

JONAS  HOWE. 


'  IRecepticm. 

Broad  stream,  mighty  stream ! 

Stream  of  an  ageless  past! 

Slow  gliding  down  as  in  a  dream, 

Bade  welcome  to  these  shores,  at  last 

With  sails  all  furled,  and  anchors  cast, 

Those  noble  hardy  pioneers — 

The  Loyalists  of  old. 

Tall  trees,  stately  trees! 

Trees  of  an  ageless  wood! 

Low  bending  in  the  gentle  breeze, 

You  kissed  the  stream  from  whence  you  stood, 

And  homage  paid  the  true  and  good, 

Those  noble  hardy  pioneers — 

The  Loyalists  of  old. 

Fair  lands,  golden  lands ! 

Lands  of  the  ageless  race ! 

With  open  arms  and  stretched  out  hands, 

Received  into  your  warm  embrace, 

And  sheltered  with  a  kindly  grace, 

Those  noble  hardy  pioneers — 

The  Loyalists  of  old. 

H.  A.  CODY. 
Greenwich,  N.  B. 


Hn  Erpeoition  to  tbe  fbeaowaters  of  tbe 
little  Soutb*THIlest  flMramicbt. 

[Bv  EDWARD  JACK.] 
EDITED  AND  ANNOTATED  BY  W.  F.  GANONG. 


PREFACE. 

The  late  Edward  Jack,  as  result  of  a  long  career 
as  surveyor,  lumber  cruiser,  Crown  Lands  official,  and 
devoted  student  of  New  Brunswick  affairs,  knew  this 
Province  more  intimately  than  had  any  other  man  up 
to  his  time.  He  was  also  an  amateur  naturalist  and 
geologist  of  considerable  attainment.  He  had  a  fond- 
ness for  writing,  but,  as  facilities  for  publication  in 
permanent  form  were  very  poor  in  this  Province  in 
his  day,  most  of  his  productions,  some  of  which  have 
a  permanent  value,  either  appeared  in  the  newspapers 
or  else  remain  still  in  manuscript,  in  either  case  being 
inaccessible,  and  little  better  than  lost.  Copies  of 
most,  perhaps  all,  of  his  newspaper  articles,  together 
with  his  manuscripts,  are  now  in  possession  of  his 
nephew,  Mr.  D.  R.  Jack,  the  editor  of  this  journal,  with 
whose  co-operation  I  propose  to  re-print,  from  time 
to  time,  in  ACADIENSIS  the  more  valuable  of  these 
writings.  The  first  is  the  accompanying  narrative  of 
an  expedition  to  the  headwaters  of  the  Little  South- 
west Miramichi,  herewith  presented.  It  is  printed 
from  a  manuscript,  and  apparently  is  now  for  the  first 
time  published. 

Among  Mr.  Jack's  papers  are  two  complete  accounts 

of  this  expedition.     One  is  more  specific  as  to  names, 

localities,  etc.,  and  was  apparently  written  out  as  a 

lecture  for  a  New  Brunswick  audience;    the  other  is 

116 


W-TG  del 


Rap 

to  illustrate 
"An  Expedition  to 
headwaters  of  the 

Li  tilt  Southwest 

hy  Edward  Jack 

in,    /f/3 
++  Yfl* Jacks  ca mps  j v-  -  /it's  route. 


AN    EXPEDITION.  117 

of  a  more  general  character,  giving  fewer  specific 
details,  but  fuller  accounts  of  the  New  Brunswick 
woods  and  life  in  them,  seemingly  written  to  be  de- 
livered as  a  lecture  some  where  at  a  distance  from  the 
Province.  The  former  is  much  the  more  interesting 
and  important  to  us,  and  is  here  closely  followed,  with 
an  occasional  footnote  from  the  "  other  copy."  It  is 
verbatim  ct  litteratim,  except  that  I  have  given  abbre- 
viations in  full,  made  divisions  into  paragraphs,  cor- 
rected an  occasional  slip  in  the  hastily  and  closely 
written  manuscript,  and  omitted  occasional  catch- 
words, obviously  intended  simply  for  guidance  of  the 
lecturer. 

The  region  described  by  Mr.  Jack  is  nearly  as  wild 
to-day  as  when  he  was  there  in  1883.  More  lumber- 
ing has  been  carried  on,  additional  timber  lines  have 
been  run,  sportsmen  visit  it  in  considerable  numbers 
under  the  guidance  of  the  same  Mr.  Braithwaite  who 
was  with  Mr.  Jack,  but  otherwise  it  is  still  a  wilder- 
ness. I  have  myself  been  privileged  to  make  some 
scientific  and  topographical  study  of  it,  the  results  of 
which  have  been  published  in  full,  with  illustrative 
maps,  in  the  Bulletins  of  the  Natural  History  Society 
of  New  Brunswick,  in  No.  XX,  page  461,  1902,  and 
in  No.  XXIII,  page  320,  1905. 

The  present  article  of  Mr.  Jack's  has  an  especial 
interest  as  a  part  of  a  distinctive  New  Brunswick 
literature,  a  literature  of  which  there  is  already  much, 
though  scattered  and  little  accessible,  and  of  which 
there  will  be  more  in  the  future.  It  is  a  literature  of 
out-door  life  in  New  Brunswick,  followed  for  explor- 
ation, for  sport,  for  scientific  research,  or  simply  for 
love  of  the  free  life  of  the  open.  Much  of  it  is  poor 
from  a  literary  standpoint,  but  it  has  this  great  and 
lasting  merit,  that  it  is  genuine,  trustworthy,  and 


ii8  ACADIENSIS. 

full  of  the  actual  spirit  of  the  life  of  the  woods. 
In  all  these  respects  it  contrasts  greatly  with  a  more 
recent  literature  of  our  woods  and  their  animal  in- 
habitants, which,  while  well  nigh  faultless  from  a 
literary  standpoint,  is  otherwise  pretentious,  artificial 
and  insincere.  Each  much  choose  the  kind  he  likes 
best,  but  I  venture  the  belief  that  sincerity  will  outlast 
polish,  and  truth  will  outlive  pretense. 

MR.  JACK'S  NARRATIVE. 

On  Tuesday  the  I7th  of  September,  [1883],  our 
party  left  Fredericton  for  the  purpose  of  making  a 
survey  of  some  Crown  lands  on  the  head  of  the  little 
South  West,  a  branch  of  the  North  West  Miramichi 
River,  whose  western  waters  take  their  rise  from  the 
sides  and  base  of  a  range  of  hills  near  the  head  of  the 
Tobique  and  Nepisiguit,  and  which  separate  the 
streams  tributary  to  the  River  St.  John  from  those 
which  flow  into  the  Bay  of  Chaleur.  This  country  is 
covered  by  the  original  forest,  and  has  been  visited 
only  by  some  adventurous  lumberman  in  search  of 
pine  timber  or  by  the  solitary  hunter,  whose  blazes 
and  traps  one  occasionally  meets  with  in  his  journey- 
ings  through  its  dark  and  secret  recesses. 

The  day  on  which  we  left  was  bright  and  warm, 
and  the  country  bordering  on  the  shores  of  the 
Nashuaak  River,  up  which  the  first  of  our  route  lead, 
looked  very  pretty  beneath  the  mellowing  influence  of 
an  early  autumn  day.  The  leaves  were  rapidly  chang- 
ing color.  Some  of  those  of  the  maple  were  of  the 
most  ensanguined  crimson,  while  in  the  broad  leaves 
of  the  dogwood  dark  red  and  bright  green  were  con- 
tending for  the  mastery.  Here  and  there  among  the 
verdant  beeches  which  overshadowed  our  way  we 


AN    EXPEDITION.  119 

could  see  the  yellowish  tint  deepening  into  the  golden 
one  which  presages  the  fall  of  their  leaves.  The 
Nashuaak,  which  here  runs  through  the  grey  sand- 
stones of  the  coal  measures,  has,  during  the  lapse  of 
ages,  worn  out  a  valley  a  mile  or  two  in  width,  in  the 
centre  of  which  this  pretty  stream,  free  from  rock  or 
boulders,  meanders,  sparkling  and  bright  over  a  clear 
gravelly  bottom,  rippling  around  grey  sandbars  with 
a  scarcely  audible  murmur.  On  either  bank  were 
alluvial  lands  of  considerable  fertility.  In  some  places 
these  were  extensive,  and  among  them  one  could  trace 
the  course  of  a  river  by  the  elms  and  maples  which 
grew  on  its  banks.  On  these  intervales  the  people 
were  harvesting  their  grain,  and  everything  bore  the 
appearance  of  comfort  and  decent  sufficiency.  The 
little  village  of  Nashuaak,  a  cluster  of  houses  through 
which  we  passed,  about  eight  miles  distant  from 
Fredericton,  has  set  the  surrounding  country  an  ex- 
ample of  neatness  which  it  would  do  well  to  follow. 
The  half  a  dozen  white  cottages  with  green  blinds  and 
pretty  shrubbery  about  them,  evince  a  taste  which  is 
far  too  rare  in  New  Brunswick,  many  of  whose  farm- 
ers, even  on  some  of  the  richest  and  most  fertile  inter- 
vales on  the  St.  John  below  Fredericton,  are  quite  con- 
tented to  live  in  dirty  looking  unpainted  cottages, 
which  are  not  only  a  disgrace  to  their  owners,  but  a 
blot  upon  the  landscape  which  adorns  the  shores  of 
that  beautiful  river  which  the  Abenaquis  were  wont, 
in  their  admiration  of  it,  to  call  the  "  Wollestook," 
the  River,  as  if  it  excelled  all  others  of  which  they 
possessed  any  knowledge. 

At  a  distance  of  sixteen  miles  from  Fredericton  we 
left  the  Main  Nashuaak  for  a  time,  turning  up  one 
of  its  branches,  the  Tay.  This  is  a  charming  spot. 
At  its  mouth  the  stream  wanders  through  a  broad 


120  ACADIENSIS. 

and  luxuriant  intervale;  on  either  side  are  high  hills, 
those  to  the  west  being  for  the  greater  part  still  cover- 
ed by  the  original  growth  of  beech,  birch  and  maple. 
On  one  of  the  hills  which  form  the  eastern  side  of  the 
valley,  and  overlooking  the  Nashuaak,  there  stands  a 
lonely  grave,  that  of  Lieutenant  Patrick*  Campbell, 
who  had  fought  through  the  Revolutionary  War  in 
a  Highland  regiment,  and  whose  dust  here  reposes 
on  soil  once  his  own,  but  which  has  long  since  passed 
into  the  hands  of  strangers  to  his  name  and  race. 
Among  the  first  settlers  on  the  lower  Nashuaak  were 
some  companies  of  the  famous  Black  Watch  which 
were  disbanded  here,  where  are  still  to  be  found  such 
typical  [Scotch]  names  as  McPherson,  McLean,  Mc- 
Leod,  Fraser,  Forbes,  and  Ross.  They  are  a  hardy 
race,  and  many  of  them  yet  retain  more  than  a  trace 
of  the  fire  of  old  Gaul.  It  was  only  last  season  that 
one  of  the  Ross's,  who  had  emigrated  to  the  far  west, 
having  in  his  charge  as  express  agent  of  a  railway 
train  a  large  sum  of  money,  when  attacked  by  some 
six  or  seven  robbers,  fought  them  off,  and  although 
twice  wounded,  succeeded  in  keeping  them  at  bay  for 
such  a  length  of  time  that  assistance  arrived  and  the 
money  was  saved.  His  mother  was  still  living  on  ^he 
Nashuaak  early  in  the  present  year. 

Ascending  the  Tay  for  about  half  a  mile,  we  turned 
to  the  right,  where,  for  some  five  or  six  miles,  we 
passed  over  high,  poor,  and  uninteresting  looking 
hills  until  we  came  again  to  the  hills  which  border  the 
Nashuaak  overlooking  Stanley,  where  the  rocks  of  the 
coal  measures  are  underlaid  by  lower  carboniferous 
or  silurian,  a  fact  which  is  at  once  apparent  to  the  eye 
in  increased  fertility. 

*In  the  other  copy  he  is  called,  and  correctly,  Dugald 
Campbell. 


AN    EXPEDITION.  121 

Stanley,  which  is  situated  on  the  west  bank  of  the 
Nashuaak  on  the  side  and  at  the  bottom  of  a  steep 
hill,  comprises  a  small  collection  of  houses  and  three 
nearly  new  churches,  Catholic,  Presbyterian,  and 
Episcopalian,  the  two  latter  having  neat  parsonages 
connected  with  them.  Stanley  was  formerly  the  head- 
quarters of  a  settlement  commenced  by  an  English 
company  some  forty  years  ago,  which,  officered  by 
gentlemen  newly  arrived  from  Great  Britain,  without 
the  least  experience  in  the  country  or  people,  proved, 
as  might  have  ben  expected,  a  failure  financially.* 
Much  of  its  land  was  well  timbered  with  spruce,  and 
when  Mr.  Gibson,  the  leading  capitalist  of  New  Bruns- 
wick, bought  the  mills  at  the  mouth  of  Nashuaak,  he 
purchased  much  of  it,  which  he  has  turned  to  the 
most  profitable  account,  thus  showing  that  the  right 
man  in  the  right  place  can  do  more  than  can  be  done 
by  vast  sums  of  misdirected  capital.**  The  original 
grant  to  the  Company  from  the  Crown  exceeded  500,- 
ooo  acres.  The  greater  part  of  this  has  since  been 
sold  by  them  to  farmers  and  lumbermen.  In  the 
vicinity  of  Stanley,  especially  on  the  narrow  belt  of 
lower  carboniferous  rocks  which  crosses  the  Nashuaak 
close  to  Stanley,  and  which  extends  to  the  Bay  of 
Chaleur  at  or  near  Bathurst,  the  soil  is  of  exception- 
ally good  quality;  indeed,  some  wheat  grown  by  Mrs. 
Taylor  at  Red  Rock  took  the  premium  at  the  great 
exhibition  in  London  in  [blank  in  MSS.].  A  yearly 


*  This  was  the  New  Brunswick  and  Nova  Scotia  Land 
Company.  Its  history  is  sketched  in  the  Transactions  of  the 
Royal  Society  of  Canada,  Vol.  X,  1904,  Section  ii,  81. 

**A  full  account  of  Mr.  Gibson's  connection  with  this  pro- 
perty is  given  by  Mr.  Jack  in  the  St.  John  Sun  (weekly), 
March  20,  1895,  in  an  article  which  will  probably  appear 
later  in  this  journal. 


122  ACADIENSIS. 

agricultural  exhibition  is  held  in  this  village  in  the 
month  of  October.  This  is  looked  forward  to  months 
ahead.  There  is  always  a  good  show  of  grain  and 
roots,  and  in  the  evening  a  grand  supper  is  given  at 
the  Stanley  Arms,  where  Mrs.  Logan  does  the  honors 
in  a  creditable  manner.  The  ball  which  succeeds  is 
held  in  the  Temperance  Hall,  where  the  young  men 
and  ladies  of  the  neighborhood  enjoy  themselves  in 
a  manner  unknown  to  the  formalists  of  city  life. 

Mr.  Patchell,  a  well  to  do  farmer  residing  close  to 
the  village,  formed  one  of  our  party,  and  in  the  even- 
ing over  the  camp  fire  described  to  the  party  the  splen- 
did eating  capacities  of  one  of  Stanley's  farmers  and 
lumbermen,  who,  at  12  o'clock  at  night,  said  to  him, 
"  Mr.  Patchell,  I  do  not  care  much  about  pie  (of  which 
he  had  already  eaten  ten  heaping  plates  full),  I  would 
like  a  little  fowl  (he  had  then  finished  about  three), 
just  another  piece  of  chicken,  Mr.  Patchell,  for  I  am 
not  going  to  eat  much  pie."  Mr.  Patchell  could  not 
exactly  say  just  how  much  of  the  bountiful  supply  of 
liquors  present  were  required  to  wash  down  this  sup- 
ply of  fowl,  but  from  his  description  it  must  have 
been  something  enormous. 

Crossing  the  river  by  a  good  bridge,  we  ascended 
a  hill  on  the  east  about  a  mile  long  through  fertile 
lands.*  We  followed  the  Cross  Creek  road  for  about 
four  miles,  thence,  turning1  to  the  north,  took  the  road 
through  Maple  Grove,  a  new  settlement  about  four 
miles  in  length,  where  the  soil  is  of  superior  quality. 
We  reached  the  last  house  in  it,  that  of  Mr.  James 
Flynn,  where  we  concluded  to  remain  for  the  night. 


*  From  this  point  onward  the  reader  may  follow  Mr.  Jack's 
route  on  the  accompanying  map.  The  course  he  followed  is 
shown  by  the  dotted  line,  and  his  camping-places  by  the 
crosses. 


AN    EXPEDITION.  123 

\ 

I  know  of  no  better  upland  in  New  Brunswick  than 
that  which  is  found  here,  unless  it  may  be  that  of  the 
County  of  Carleton,  or  some  spots  such  as  Butternut 
Ridge.  All  around  Mr.  Flynn's  clearing  stood  a 
luxuriant  growth  of  rock  maple  and  birch,  and  just 
opposite  his  house,  Mr.  W.  Richards,  who  here  owns 
a  tract  of  4,000  acres,  had  about  twenty  in  oats.  This 
land  had  been  carefully  cleared,  and  the  fire  had  not 
been  allowed  to  run  into  the  magnificent  forest  by 
which  it  was  bounded.  Three  years  ago  Mr.  Flynn 
came  to  this  lot.  There  was  then  not  a  tree  cut  upon 
it.  He  had  a  large  family  of  young  children  and  was 
without  means.  Now  he  has  a  log  house,  a  good 
frame  barn,  and  an  extensive  clearing.  This  season 
he  cut  about  fourteen  or  fifteen  tons  of  excellent  hay. 
All  of  his  work  was  done  without  hired  help,  and  he 
may  now  be  considered  an  independent  man.  All  of 
the  supplies  which  he  grows  he  can  sell  to  the  lumber- 
men for  cash  at  his  door,  as  the  main  road  to  one  of 
the  chief  lumber  districts  on  the  S.  W.  Miramichi, 
which  we  were  to  follow,  passes  his  door.  This  lot 
Mr.  Flynn  has  purchased  on  time,  and  had  already 
paid  a  considerable  part  of  the  purchase  money  by  the 
result  of  his  labors  upon  it,  thus  showing  that  a  per- 
son desirous  of  farming  had  better  pay  a  fair  price 
for  his  land  than  to  have  the  inferior  soil  which  is 
given  away  to  too  many  settlers  under  our  ridiculous 
free  grant  and  labor  Acts,  on  condition  of  their  settling 
upon  it,  and  perhaps  also  of  the  government  making 
them  a  road.  Hundreds  of  settlers  have,  under  these 
acts,  settled  upon  land  upon  which  settlers  should 
never  have  been  placed,  and  where  their  labor,  instead 
of  enriching  the  country,  has  tended  to  its  impoverish- 
ment through  the  fires  which  are  so  destructive  to 
our  pine,  spruce,  and  hemlock  forests.  These  Acts 


124  ACADIENSIS. 

have  not  only  caused  great  injury  to  the  country  at 
home,  but  what  must  people  abroad  think  of  the  value 
of  a  country  which  not  only  gives  away  its  land  but 
also  makes  roads  to  it,  more  especially  when  much  of 
this  land  is  within  sight  of  one  of  our  best  railways? 
It  is  high  time  that  the  Crown  lands  of  New  Bruns- 
wick should  have  some  outside  supervision  given 
them,  and  that  there  should  be  a  competent  officer 
appointed  who  should  be  required  to  say  where  settle- 
ments should  and  should  not  be  made,  as  well  as  to 
examine  into  and  to  report  upon  the  character  and 
quality  of  our  timber  lands,  and  in  what  manner  they 
can  best  be  conserved  and  utilized,  among  which 
investigations  that  of  protection  from  forest  fires 
should  obtain  a  prominent  place.* 

But,  to  return  from  this  digression,  the  next  morn- 
ing we  were  astir  bright  and  early,  and,  bidding  Mr. 
Flynn  and  civilization  good-bye  for  a  month,  we  enter- 
ed the  forest,  taking  the  portage,  which  was  excellent 
and  free  from  stone  or  mire  holes.  The  forest  through 
which  we  passed  was  composed  largely  of  maple  and 
birch  so  free  from  underbrush  that  you  could  see  their 
tall  stately  trunks  for  some  distance  on  either  side 
of  you,  while  their  overarching  boughs,  often  meeting 
above  our  heads,  afforded  us  a  refreshing  shelter 
against  the  rays  of  the  sun. 

The  little  brook  which  ran  past  Mr.  Flynn's  lot  was 
a  tributary  of  the  St.  John.  One  mile  brought  us  to 
Jewett  Brook,  a  branch  of  the  Miramichi,  so  that  we 
had  here  crossed  the  watershed  between  the  B,ays  of 
Fundy  and  Chaleur.  The  land  along  the  portage  was 
excellent  farming  land,  but  there  were  no  settlers. 


*The  policy    of    the    Province  in    these    matters   remains 
exactly  where  it  was  when  Mr.  Jack  wrote. 


AN    EXPEDITION.  125 

At  a  distance  of  six  miles,  we  came  to  the  Taxes,  a 
branch  of  the  Miramichi,  and  a  large  stream  which  we 
crossed  by  a  good  bridge  built  by  the  lumbermen. 
About  a  mile  beyond  this,  a  little  way  from  our  port- 
age, we  found  the  camp  of  Mr.  Henry  Turnbull, 
where  a  party  of  men  were  making  birch  timber  for 
Messrs.  Bevan  &  Co.  Our  portage  continued  about 
the  same  course  across  a  large  tract  of  land  owned 
by  this  Company.  Along  the  road  which  we  took 
the  land  was  excellent  and  free  from  stone.  A  short 
distance  after  we  had  left  it,  however,  when  within 
about  two  miles  of  the  S.  W.  Miramichi,  the  road 
became  very  rocky  and  the  soil  unfit  for  cultivation. 
Growing  spruce  were  however  abundant  upon  it.  At 
what  is  called  by  the  lumbermen  the  Bevan  Hill,  on 
Guy  Bevan  &  Co.'s  tract,  I  noticed  purple  slates 
similar  to  those  which  accompany  the  iron  ore  deposits 
of  Woodstock,  and  there  were  numerous  evidences 
of  a  deposit  of  that  mineral  in  the  vicinity.  It  is 
possible  that  there  may  be  here  an  outcrop  of  the 
upper  silurian  which  occurs  at  Woodstock.  This 
would  account  for  the  fertility  of  the  soil. 

As  afternoon  drew  on  we  passed  down  the  eastern 
slope  of  the  high  ridge  which  divides  Taxes  from  the 
South  West  Miramichi.  The  incline  was  steep  and 
the  way  rocky,  and  our  tired  horses,  for  we  had  two 
pair  dragging  wooden-shod  sleds,  appreciated  the 
easy  descent.  Looking  to  the  east  and  north  I  could 
see  steep  ridges  covered  by  hard  wood,  among  which, 
notwithstanding  all  the  cutting  that  had  been  done  for 
years,  there  stood  many  thrifty  looking  spruce.  We 
were  coming  down  to  a  point  on  the  S.  West  opposite 
the  mouth  of  the  McLean  Brook,  once  the  best  spruce 
land  on  that  side  of  the  Miramichi,  but  which  had 
been  more  injured  by  the  spruce  disease  than  any  land 


126  ACADIENSIS. 

which  I  had  ever  seen.  Mr.  W.  Richards,  who  logged 
there  a  few  years  since,  told  me  than  on  one  of  his 
brows,  where  there  were  browed  100  spruce  logs,  he 
could  find  but  ten  which  had  been  cut  from  living 
trees.  Whatever  may  have  been  the  cause  of  this 
forest  destruction,  the  damage  done  to  the  country 
and  individuals  is  enormous.  The  trees  which  had 
been  cut  among  before  this  pest  took  place  were  but 
little  injured.  It  was  only  the  thick  bodies  of  uncut 
spruce  which  suffered.  The  evil  seems  to  be  passed, 
or  nearly  so,  as  I  could  see  few  or  no  red-topped  trees 
on  the  sides  of  the  ridges  which  we  passed.* 

Before  nightfall  we  reached  a  little  depot  camp  on 
the  banks  of  the  South  West,  which  I  had  visited  a 
month  previously  in  company  with  Mr.  Henry  Braith- 
waite,  who  now  formed  one  of  our  party.  At  the 
time  of  my  first  visit  the  river  had  been  fairly  high, 
and  Mr.  Braithwaite  went  out  with  his  canoe  and  he 
and  his  companion  brought  back  some  six  grilse. 
Now  the  water  was  very  low,  so  much  so,  indeed,  that 
it  was  hard  work  to  cross  in  a  canoe.  We  had  walk- 
ed this  day  sixteen  miles,  so  that  all  of  us  were  ready 
after  supper  to  take  our  places  on  the  fir  boughs.  As 
the  camp  was  small  and  not  too  clean,  we  pitched  a 
tent  which  we  had  with  us  near  the  bank  of  the  river, 
whose  noisy  murmurs  soon  lulled  us  to  sleep.  The 
next  morning  shortly  after  sunrise  we  rose  and  ate 
breakfast,  sending  back  one  of  our  teams  for  more 
supplies,  as  they  were  going  to  work  on  Burnt  Hill, 
[Brook],  where  dams  were  to  be  built  and  rocks  blown 
for  the  purpose  of  improving  the  driving  capacities 
of  one  of  the  branches  of  this  stream.  We  were  de- 
tained so  long  the  next  day  by  various  circumstances 

*  Nothing,  apparently,  has  been  heard  of  it  since  this  time. 


AN    EXPEDITION.  127 

that  we  made  but  four  miles,  pitching  our  tents  by  the 
side  of  an  old  burnt  depot.     This  day's  walk  had  been 
through  good  spruce  land  which  had  been  a  good  deal 
cut  among,  but  which  will  yet  yield  a  good  deal  of 
timber.     We  had  got  some  partridges  during  the  day, 
which  made  us  an  acceptable  evening  meal.       The 
next  day  we    travelled    across    various    branches    of 
Burnt  Hill  to  the  depot  camp  on  the  south  branch,  a 
distance  of  twelve  miles.     It  was  nearly  all  through 
spruce  land,  which  will  yet  produce  much  money  if 
the  fire  is  kept  out  of  it.     It  also  had  been   a    good 
deal  worked  among.     After  leaving  the  Bevan  block, 
we  had  met  no  land  fit  for  settlement.    The  last  slates 
which  we  saw  were  about  two  miles  S.  W.,  then  fol- 
lowed granite.     As  we  came  near  the  depot  we  found 
that  the  white  spruce  had  taken  the  place  of  the  black, 
and,  as  the  former  grows  in  a  more  scattering  manner 
than  the  latter,  the  land,  for  timber  purposes,    was 
becoming  of  less  value. 

The  little  camp  at  the  depot  which  we  occupied  was 
the  headquarters  of  Mr.  Bra'thwaite,  who,  without 
doubt,  is  the  best  hunter  in  New  Brunswick,*  and 
who  also  possesses  the  best  knowledge  of  the  timber 
lands  on  the  Miramichi  River.  It  was  situated  about 
a  mile  east  of  the  south  branch  of  Burnt  Hill,  where 
was  also  a  large  store  house  where  provisions  which 
had  been  hauled  from  Kent  Station  on  the  N.  B.  R. 
R.  during  the  previous  winter  were  stored,  There 
was  also  a  large  lumber  camp  here  with  the  accom- 


*This  reputation  Mr.  Braithwaite  still  possesses.  He  is 
now  the  most  popular  and  successful  of  New  Brunswick 
guides,  and  every  year  takes  several  sportsmen  to  the  head- 
waters of  the  Little  Southwest  Miramichi.  He  is  not  only 
the  most  expert  of  woodsmen  and  hunters,  but  a  courteous 
gentleman  as  well. 


128  ACADIENSIS. 

panying  hovel.     About  three  acres  of  land  had  been 
cleared,  in  the  centre  of  which  stood  our  residence, 
which  was  a  camp  12x15  ft.  in  dimensions.       Mr. 
Patchell,  who  had  been  occupying  it  alone  during  the 
season,  had  killed  four  bears.       In  it  were  a  small 
cooking  stove,  a  table,  and  a  rude  bed  on  which  we 
placed  some  fresh  gathered  fir  boughs.       The    bed 
stood  about  three  feet  from  the  stove.       Two  bunks 
were  placed    against   the    logs  on   the   opposite  side. 
Everything    gave    evidence    of  a  hunter's    residence. 
In  one  corner  stood  a  rifle ;  cartridges  and  empty  shells 
occupied  a  shelf,  kettles  or  pans  were  lying  or  hang- 
ing around;  in  one  corner  stood  the  flour    and   pork 
barrels,  while  just  above  the  door,  on  a  shelf  in  close 
proximity  to  the  flour,  were  papers  containing  arsenic 
and  bottles  of  strychnia.     Knives  and  scabbards  were 
visible  in  several  places ;  a  shelf  with  a  tin  wash  basin 
stood  on  the  left  hand  of  the  door ;  two  little  windows 
about    1 8  in.  high    admitted    a    little   light   into   this 
chamber,  which  was  parlor,  store-room,  bedroom  and 
all.     There  was  one  little  bench.     When  at  meals  the 
side  of  the  bed  was  occupied  as  a  seat.     Over  the  door 
was  inscribed  in  mystic  word,  "  Puer  Oreando,"  which 
one  of  the  men  said  had  been  put  there  by  some    of 
the  lumber  sealers  during  the  previous  winter,    who 
also  had  made  this  place  their  headquarters.     To  the 
north  was  a  little  hill  somewhat  higher  than  the  emin- 
ence on  which  our  camp  stood,  while  to  the  south  there 
was  a  higher   ridge   covered   by    dark   green  spruce. 
The    moose    birds    were    flittering    about   the  doors, 
occasionally  gathering  up  a  morsel  of  meat  which  had 
been  thrown  out  by  the  cook,  while  a  party  of  cross 
bills  twittered  from  the  top  of  a  high  birch  near  by, 
which  they  occasionally  left  to  peck  at  a  piece  of  pork 
which  lay  in  a  barrel  in  the  old  camp.     These  pretty 


AN    EXPEDITION.  129 


and  hardy  little  creatures,  who  lay  their  eggs  in  the 
month  of  February,  are  very  fond  of  pork,  which  they 
greedily  devour.  Later  in  the  season  they  are  fre- 
quently accompanied  by  a  tiny  bird  well  known  in 
Russia  as  the  siskin,  with  whom  they  appear  to  be 
on  very  fair  terms. 

The  moose  bird,  who  is  a  little  larger  than  our 
robin,  is  of  a  dark  color,  with  a  white  ring  around  his 
neck.  He  becomes  so  tame  that  he  will  take  a  piece 
of  pork  out  of  your  hand.  Indeed,  we  caught  one 
flying  away  with  one  of  our  spoons  which  had  been 
left  out  with  a  little  pork  fat  in  it.  He  is  a  great 
mimic,  imitating  the  cries  of  other  birds.  So  soon 
as  you  light  a  fire  and  the  moose  bird  sees,  or  probably 
smells,  the  smoke,  he  at  once  makes  you  a  visit,  hover- 
ing around,  eyeing  you  with  his  sharp  bright  eyes, 
turning  his  head  from  side  co  side  in  the  most  comical 
manner  until  he  sees  a  chance  of  picking  up  some 
scrap  of  food,  with  which  he  flies  off,  and,  after  hiding 
the  meat  he  does  not  require  for  food,  he  flies  back 
to  make  you  another  visit.  At  this  season,  when  trout 
are  spawning,  he  follows  along  the  shores  to  pick  up 
the  spawn,  of  which  he  is  very  fond.  They  are  great 
thieves.  The  cook  cannot  leave  a  piece  of  soap  lying 
out  of  doors,  and  I  have  often  seen  the  moose  birds 
fly  away  with  small  pieces  thus  left  out. 

Our  first  business  when  arriving  at  camp  was  to 
make  some  bread.  The  cook  had  unfortunately  for- 
gotten his  yeast,  but,  full  of  resources,  as  all  true 
woodsmen  are,  he  remedied  the  defect  by  a  resort 
to  the  forest.  There  is  a  broadleafed  parasitic  which 
clings  to  the  sides  of  the  maple  commonly  called 
lungwort.  This  is  gathered  and  steeped  in  warm 
water  for  a  couple  of  hours.  One-half  pint  of  the 
decoction  and  one-half  pint  of  water  are  mixed  to- 


130  ACADIENSIS. 

gather;  into  this  sufficient  flour  is  placed  so  that  you 
can  beat  it  up  with  a  spoon.  The  mixture  is  now 
placed  where  it  would  be  warm  and  left  over  night, 
when  it  will  be  ready  for  baking  in  the  morning.  The 
second  use  of  the  leaven  makes  it  perfect.* 

On  Sunday  morning,  as  we  had  a  good  stock  of 
partridges  which  we  had  shot  along  the  road,  we  had 
a  sumptuous  breakfast.  On  Monday  we  went  about 
i^  miles  north  east  of  the  camp  to  one  of  the  Beaver 
Brook  lakes,  accompanied  by  Mr.  Braithwaite,  and 
there  secured  three  fine  black  ducks.  Mr.  Braithwaite 
had  one  day  got  eighteen  of  these  fine  birds  here. 
The  previous  day  Mr.  Braithwaite  and  two  others  of 
the  company  had  been  at  MeKeel  brook  lake,  where 
they  had  fired  from  an  old  canoe  at  a  caribou,  which 
they  had  missed.  They  got  some  partridges,  one 
black  duck,  and  a  pretty  little  grebe,  which  they  had 
cooked  and  eaten  without  salt,  having  been  short  of 
provisions.  The  grebe  is  a  tiny  little  duck  which  fre- 
quents the  seaboard.  It  is  about  the  size  of  the  teal, 
and  a  Fredericton  young  man  who  was  along  told  a 
Grand  [Lake]  one  who  was  in  the  company  that  it 
was  a  teal.  The  Grand  Lake  gentleman  partook  of 
it  as  such,  although  he  said  that  he  had  never  seen  a 
teal  before  whose  legs  stuck  out  behind  like  a  loon's. 
The  grebe  I  have  heard  called  the  Devil  Diver.  I 
can  remember  when  I  was  a  boy  having  shot  one  and 
having  had  it  cooked  in  the  most  approved  manner. 
I  tried  to  eat  it,  but  it  was  so  rank  and  fishy  that  even 
the  hunger  of  youth  did  not  afford  sufficient  sauce  to 
make  the  attempt  successful. 

"This  plant  appears  to  be  the  lichen,  Sticta  pulmonaria, 
commonly  called  lungwort,  but  no  property  to  explain  its 
power  of  bread-raising  seems  known  to  botanists. 


AN    EXPEDITION.  131 

On  Tuesday  we  took  a  pair  of  horses,  on  which  we 
loaded  our  supplies  in  bags  laid  on  their  backs,  and 
followed  Turnbull's  portage  to  his  camp  on  the  Clear- 
water,  three  miles  below  where  the  line  between  the 
counties  of  York  and  Victoria  crosses  it.  At  this 
camp,  in  which  were  two  cooking  stoves,,  we  passed 
a  comfortable  night.  Just  as  we  were  entering  the 
doorway  Mr.  Braithwaite  pointed  out  to  us  one  of 
Bruin's  freaks.  He  had  taken  a  paraffine  lamp  out 
of  the  camp  and  had  rolled  himself  over  on  the  ground 
between  the  body  of  the  lamp  and  the  chimney  which 
had  fallen  off  and  lay  there  unharmed.  The  bear 
appears  to  have  a  great  fondness  for  paraffine  oil,  as 
I  have  seen  a  spot  where  it  was  spilled  two  years  pre- 
viously at  the  root  of  a  tree,  where  the  bears  had  been 
scratching  and  tearing  around  a  few  days  before  the 
date  of  my  visit. 

Clearwater,  at  this  place  the  highest  point  from 
which  logs  had  been  driven,  is  four  or  five  rods  wide. 
It  is  a  bright  rapid  stream  running  over  beds  of  sand 
and  gravel.  It  has  a  steep  and  rapid  descent.  Canoes 
can  be  easily  poled  during  fair  water  up  to  the  Turn- 
bull  camp,  and  when  it  is  high,  some  miles  further. 
It  is  bounded  by  high  hardwood  covered  hills,  on 
which  there  is  usually  but  little  spruce,  whatever  there 
is  growing  rather  in  valleys  or  ravines  between  the 
lofty  elevations  which  constitute  the  great  part  of  this 
country,  the  range  extending  from  Nictau  on  Tobique 
to  Rocky  Brook  being  by  far  the  most  lofty  in  New 
Brunswick.*  During  our  journey,  after  the  leaves 
had  fallen,  I  stood  on  the  summit  of  one  of  the  high- 


*  This  is  correct  if  one  makes  the  range  curve  around  be- 
tween Tobique  waters  and  those  of  the  Miramichi  and  Nepisi- 
guit  But  the  highest  part  is  that  from  Dunn  (or  Logan) 
Lake  to  Nictor  Lake. 


132  ACADIENSIS. 

est  of  these.  Its  ascent,  which  was  quite  steep, 
measured  from  base  to  summit  more  than  half  a  mile. 
Looking  around  me  from  this  lofty  elevation,  all  that 
I  could  see  was  immense  round,  or  rather  semi-oval 
shaped  hills,  covered  with  hard  woods  to  their  very 
summits,  while  to  the  north  Clearwater  mountain 
towered  far  above  his  fellows.  These  mountains 
were  so  regular  that  they  looked  like  the  high  waves 
of  some  tumultuous  sea.  How  vast  must  have  been 
the  struggles  of  Mother  Earth  when  her  heaving 
bosom  solidified  into  these  grand  old  forms  so  regular 
and  so  true  in  their  outlines.  Here  are  no  jagged 
peaks,  no  craggy  rocks.  Each  hill  is  rounded  off 
nearly  similarly  to  his  neighbors.  The  rock  was 
feldspathic,  approaching  granite,  and  must  at  one 
time,  prior  to  its  solidification,  have  been  in  a  pasty 
state.  Was  there  a  time  when  the  sea-lashed  sides 
and  tops  of  these  lofty  hills  constituted  all  that  is  now 
New  Brunswick,  or  did  they  rear  their  heads  suddenly 
into  day  from  the  eternal  night  of  their  dark  Plutonian 
caves,  where  fire  and  water,  solids,  fluids,  and  gases  in 
one  chaotic  whirl  strive  and  struggle  for  the  mastery? 
What  shall  I  say  of  the  solemn  calmness,  the  eternal 
grandeur  of  these  silent  awe  inspiring  forests  ?  Here, 
and  perhaps  here  alone,  as  mountain  after  mountain 
meets  the  view,  man  acknowledges  his  nothingness. 
Amid  the  pomp  and  vanities  of  courts,  the  allurement 
and  flatteries  of  society,  the  human  animal  estimates 
his  value  at  far  higher  rate  than  when  travelling 
amid  this  solitary  scene,  and  where  the  works  of  man 
give  place  to  those  of  the  Creator  alone. 

The  next  morning  we  waded  the  clear,  cold  waters 
of  the  Clearwater  for  a  distance  of  three  miles,  until 
we  came  to  where  Mr.  Braithwaite's  hunting  line 


AN    EXPEDITION.  133 

crossed  the  stream.*  Here  we  took  our  packs  off  the 
horses'  backs  and  sent  them  back.  Here  we  found  a 
little  hunting  camp  made  of  poles  and  birch  bark ;  and 
here  we  ate  our  dinner  and  made  up  our  packs  in 
order  to  follow  the  hunting  line  which  was  to  lead  us 
to  the  foot  of  the  Dead  water  on  the  Little  S.  West. 
Our  supplies  consisted  of  pork,  tea,  sugar,  and  flour. 
We  had  tin  plates  and  cups,  two  frying  pans,  one  tin 
baker,  a  wash  dish  and  soap,  and  towels,  two  tents, 
and  sufficient  blankets  to  cover  the  whole  party.  Up 
the  steep  hills  of  the  Gearwater  we  mounted,  until, 
at  a  distance  of  four  miles,  we  came  to  another  hunt- 
er's camp  built  of  logs.  It  was  situated  at  the  foot 
of  a  high  hill  among  a  forest  of  large  maple  and  birch, 
upon  the  only  decent  soil  that  we  had  seen  since  leav- 
ing the  west  side  of  the  S.  W.  Miramichi.  Here  we 
got  some  pork,  beans,  and  flour,  which  Mr.  Braith- 
waite  had  left  the  past  winter.  They  were  in  a  good 
state  of  preservation  and  perfectly  good.  The  plan 
which  he  took  to  preserve  them  from  the  bears  and 
the  effects  of  damp  weather  was  to  cut  down  a  small 
tree ;  the  articles  were  then  placed  in  a  barrel  which 
was  wrapped  about  with  birch  bark  bound  with  wire. 
This  was  then  attached  by  wire  to  the  end  of  a  long 
pole  which  was  run  out  over  the  top  of  the  stump,  so 
as  to  project  a  considerable  distance  beyond  it,  in  the 
same  manner  as  a  bucket  is  suspended  at  the  end  of 
the  old-fashioned  wellpole  that  one  occasionally  sees 


*  Obviously  this  hunting  line  followed  the  county  line  be- 
tween Victoria  and  York,  which  had  been  run  ?nd  marked  in 
1873.  It  is  rather  usual  for  trappers  to  take  advantage  of 
county  lines  and  timber  lines  in  setting  their  traps,  hunting, 
etc.,  for  not  only  are  such  lines  well  marked  by  blazes,  but 
they  are  more  or  less  brushed  out,  making  travel  easier  than 
elsewhere. 


134  ACADIENSIS. 

in  our  country  districts.  The  short  end  of  the  pole 
was  weighted  down,  leaving  the  barrel  suspended  in 
the  air.  Bruin  did  not  know  how  to  trip  this,  while 
the  squirrels  can  neither  climb  the  wire  or  gnaw  it  off 
as  they  might  if  the  same  had  been  replaced  by  rope. 
We  gathered  some  fresh  fir  boughs  and  here  made  our 
bed  for  the  night. 

The  next  morning  we  again  took  our  packs  and 
ascended  a  hill  more  than  half  a  mile  long,  which 
divides  the  waters  of  Clearwater  from  those  of  the 
Little  South  West.  From  this  elevation  two  lakes 
were  visible,  one  to  our  left,  a  mile  long,*  being  the 
head  of  this  branch  of  the  Little  S.  West,  the  other, 
to  our  right,**  the  head  of  Rocky  Brook,  two  miles 
long.  Neither  of  these  are  shown  on  our  Province 
plans.  Both,  especially  Dungarvon,0  Lake,  abound  in 
trout. 

Following  the  Little  S.  West  through  a  tangled 
forest  of  spruce  and  fir  encumbered  by  windfalls  and 
underbrush,  as  evening  drew  on  we  pitched  our  tents 
Yi  of  a  mile  from  the  head  of  a  deadwater  on  the 
Little  S.  West,  which  is  three  miles  long.00  Where 
we  camped  there  appeared  to  be  no  soil, — nothing  but 
rocks  covered  with  moss,  which  soon  burnt  off,  leaving 
the  bare  stones  in  view.  As  the  deadwater  was 


*  Now  called  Indian  Lake,  a  very  charming  and  elevated 
lake. 

**  Moose,  or  Rocky  Brook,  Lake ;  also  very  pleasing,  and 
the  most  elevated  lake  of  any  size  in  New  Brunswick  (1,673 
feet  above  the  sea). 

0 Apparently  an  alternative  name  for  Moose  Lake,  perhaps 
given  when  it  was  supposed  to  empty  into  Dungarvon  River, 
which  is  very  near. 

00  This  is  the  Crooked  Deadwater,  a  great  hunting  ground. 
It  is  mapped  (for  the  first  time)  in  the  Bulletin  of  the 
Natural  History  Society  of  N.  B.,  No.  XXIII,  323. 


AN    EXPEDITION.  135 

navigable  for  canoes,  and  as  we  could  with  some  diffi- 
culty paddle,  pole,  and  carry  one  down  the  stream 
which  ran  from  it  to  the  S.  W.  Lake,  we  concluded 
that  we  would  make  one.  So  next  morning  Mr. 
Braithwaite  started  out  to  find  a  pine  fit  for  such  a 
purpose.  The  one  which  he  knew  of  proving  unfit 
when  cut  down,  he  found  another  at  a  distance  of 
about  twenty  rods,  which,  on  cutting  down,  turned 
out  to  be  a  good  tree.  He,  Mr.  Flinn,  and  the  cook 
set  out  to  work,  although  it  rained  hard,  and,  with 
their  axes,  spokeshave,  crooked  knife,  and  an  old 
adze  or  grub  hoe  which  we  had  found  in  Turnbull's 
camp,  the  next  day  had  made  and  carried  on  their 
backs  to  the  head  of  the  deadwater,  ]/4  of  a  mile  dis- 
tant, one  of  the  prettiest  log  canoes  that  I  ever  had 
seen.  It  was  christened  Molly  in  honor  of  a  fair 
Abenaquis  whom  our  Indian  boy,  Frank  Sapier,  was 
said  to  admire.  Some  of  our  party  went  down  the 
deadwater  for  a  short  distance  in  it  and  came  back 
with  three  black  ducks  and  one  golden  eye.  On  their 
return  they  had  seen  near  the  head  of  the  deadwater 
a  couple  of  beavers  feeding,  but  had  failed  to  get  a 
shot  at  them.  These  animals  abound  here.  The  next 
day  as  I  was  walking  through  the  hardbacks  and 
heaths  which  border  the  shore  of  the  deadwater  I  saw 
several  of  their  houses,  which  looked  as  if  some  one 
had  piled  up  a  lot  of  sticks  cross  wise  over  one 
another,  in  this  case  to  the  height  of  three  or  four 
feet.  Indeed  the  exterior  was  but  a  confused  mass 
of  these. 

"  Molly,"  which  was  capable  of  carrying  five  men 
in  still  water,  took  two  men  and  our  supplies,  and 
myself  and  one  of  the  other  men  followed  the  shore 
of  the  deadwater.  The  travelling  around  it  was  very 
treacherous  owing  to  the  holes  made  by  the  otter, 


136  ACADIENSIS. 

which,  together  with  his  slides,  were  very  numerous. 

When  about  a  mile  from  the  foot  of  the  deadwater 
we  met  the  "  Molly "  returning,  and  were  ferried 
across  at  a  singular  place  called  the  jaws,*  where  the 
deadwater  is  joined  by  another  large  stream  which 
heads  about  two  miles  south  of  Gulquac  Lake.  This 
has  several  lakes  on  it.  Neither  it  or  the  lakes  are 
shown  on  any  plan.  At  the  jaws  there  is  a  singular 
horseback,  probably  of  rock,**  which  runs  across  the 
barren  for  some  miles.  Its  elevation  above  the  sur- 
face is  but  a  few  feet.  The  jaws  are  at  the  point 
where  it  is  intersected  by  the  deadwater,  thus  render- 
ing that  stream  very  narrow.  It  is  at  this  point  that 
the  Loupcerviers  cross.  As  the  trees  are  close  down 
to  the  water's  edge,  and  as  the  animals  hate  to  show 
themselves  on  the  heath,  Mr.  Braithwaite,  taking  ad- 
vantage of  this  fact,  set  his  Loupcervier  traps  winter 
before  last,  and  caught  here  thirty-five  of  the  animals, 
and  last  winter  the  further  number  of  sixteen.  A 
pile  of  bones  whitening  in  the  autumn  sun  testified  to 
the  success  of  his  operations. 

As  otter  signs  were  plenty,  Mr.  Braithwaite  placed 
a  trap  near  the  jaws,  in  which,  on  our  return,  was  a 
splendid  male  hard  and  fast. 

At  the  foot  of  the  deadwater  we  found  another 
hunting  camp  built  of  logs  and  birch  bark,  where  we 
camped  for  the  night.  Here  we  were  joined  by  Mr. 
Patchell  and  his  son,  Archie,  who  had  remained  be- 


*The  accompanying  photographs  of  the  Jaws,  of  the 
Crooked  Deadwater,  of  Mr.  Braithwaite's  camp  and  of  the 
Trout  Pool  were  taken  by  Professor  A.  H.  Pierce,  my  com- 
panion on  my  trip  to  these  places  in  August,  1904.  The  photo- 
graph of  Big  Lake  was  taken  by  Mr.  M.  I.  Furbish,  my  com- 
panion on  another  trip  to  this  lake  in  1901. 

**It  is  really  of  glacial  materials,  boulders,  gravel,  etc. 


The  trout  pool  at  the  inlet  is  Little  Southwest  (Big,  or  Tuadook  Lake), 
one  of  the  best  trout  pools  in  New  Brunswick. 


THE  JAWS  (seen  from  the  West). 


AN    EXPEDITION.  137 

hind.  When  Archie  was  coming  out  at  the  Eastern 
Beaver  Brook  Lake,  on  the  Turnbull  portage,  a  very 
large  male  caribou  had  had  the  audacity  to  run  up  to 
one  of  the  grey  horses  that  the  teamster  was  driving 
before  him  with  packs  on  their  backs.  When  at  a 
distance  of  seventy  feet,  Archie  fired  at  him  with  a 
partridge  load,  and  Risteen,  the  teamster,  followed  up 
the  charge  with  an  axe,  when  the  beast  tossed  his 
head,  snorted,  and  ran  off.  Some  years  ago  on 
Nashuaak  a  caribou  did  the  same  thing,  ran  up  to  a 
grey  horse,  evidently  desirous  of  making  his  acquaint- 
ance. 

We  were  in  a  game  country.  Even  before  we  had 
crossed  the  Clearwater  we  saw  plenty  of  fresh  moose 
and  caribou  tracks.  These  are  easily  distinguished  by 
the  practiced  eye,  the  form  of  their  hoofs  being  very 
different.  As  Mr.  Braithwaite  had  no  hunting  line 
from  the  foot  of  the  deadwater  to  the  Little  S.  West 
Lake,  a  distance  of  four  miles,  and  as  the  brush  was 
very  thick,  we  commenced  to  bush  a  line  to  carry 
on.*  In  one  of  Mr.  Braithwaite's  sable  traps  I 
noticed  the  bones  of  an  owl  which  had  been  caught 
in  it. 

On  the  3Oth  of  September  snow  had  fallen  which 
remained  until  the  next  day.  On  the  2d  of  October 
kettles  of  water  brought  from  the  brook  remained 
only  a  few  minutes  until  they  were  skimmed  over  by 
ice.  On  the  3d  of  the  same  month  we  had  snow  again, 
indeed,  snow  squalls  were  very  frequent.  By  the  4th 
of  October  we  had  bushed  a  trail  and  carried  our  sup- 
plies, tents  and  blankets  to  the  head  of  the  lower 
deadwater,  which  has  to  the  east  a  gloomy  lake**  Y$. 


*This  trail  is  still  open,  and  used  by  hunters. 
**  Pocket   Lake,   dominated   by   a   mountain,     Braithwaite's 
Mountain,  to  the  eastward. 


138  ACADIENSIS. 

of  a  mile  long,  connected  to  it  with  a  deep  wide  chan- 
nel. This  lake  is  shown  also  on  no  plan.  While  two 
of  our  men  poled  and  dragged  the  canoe  down  the 
river,  over  falls,  jams,  and  beaver  dams,  the  country 
through  which  we  travelled  was  covered  by  a  thick 
tangled  growth  of  underbrush  and  by  a  great  quantity 
of  fallen  trees.  We  kept  near  the  stream  nearly  all 
the  way  to  avoid  the  round  hills  which  surrounded 
us,  and  of  which  we  obtained  occasional  glimpses 
each  time  that  we  came  down  the  river,  here  from 
three  to  four  rods  wide,  and  which  here  presented 
trout  pools  whose  surface  had  never  been  disturbed 
by  other  than  natural  flies.  The  hills  were  covered 
by  fir  and  spruce,  largely  the  white,  whose  slender 
and  pointed  tops  rose  high  above  the  summits  of  its 
less  lofty  companion. 

The  second  deadwater  of  which  I  have  spoken  is 
about  a  mile  long.  Its  gloomy  shores  are  fringed 
on  either  side  by  barrens,  and  its  banks  overhung  by 
low  densely  growing  shrubs.  Beavers  were  here 
numerous,  and  we  noticed  where  they  had  eaten  the 
leaves  of  the  water  lily  and  saw  the  sticks  which  cov- 
ered several  of  their  houses.  On  arriving  at  the 
head  of  the  deadwater,  at  which  our  canoe  was  arrived 
already,  we  deposited  our  burdens,  while  the  rest  of 
the  company  went  back  on  the  trail  to  bring  up  the 
balance  of  our  bed  clothes.  Fortunately  our  trail  had 
struck  one  of  Homes*  old  pine  timber  roads  cut  fifty 
years  ago,  and  thus  we  had  saved  a  good  deal  of 
labor.  Having  gone  away  a  few  rods  from  the  head 
of  the  deadwater,  which  is  a  splendid  fishing  point 
for  sea  trout,  just  at  the  junction  of  the  rapid  stream 


*For  whom  Holmes  Lake  was  named.  All  this  region 
was  lumbered  for  pine  long  before  the  spruce  became  of  any 
value. 


AN    EXPEDITION.  139 

k 

with  the  still  waters  below,  on  my  return  to  the  shore 
a  strange  scene  met  my  view.  One  of  the  company 
was  hurrying  up  the  shore  with  Mr.  Braithwaite's 
rifle  in  his  hand,  while  Frank  Sapier,  our  Indian  boy 
of  seventeen,  unemotional  as  all  of  his  race,  silently 
pointed  over  the  stream  into  the  thicket  on  the  other 
side.  The  northern  shore  at  this  point  was  low  and 
flat,  while  the  other  bank  was  steep  and  covered  by  a 
thick  mass  of  evergreens.  Frank  stood  on  the 
gravelly  shore  of  the  brook.  As  I  neared  him  he 
whispered,  "  Moose,  moose."  Peering  into  the  dark 
forest  in  the  direction  indicated  by  Frank's  finger,  at 
at  distance  of  150  feet,  I  saw  as  in  a  vignette,  spruce 
surrounded,  the  head  and  antlers  of  a  huge  bull  moose. 
It  was  perfectly  motionless.  He  was  apparently  con- 
templating our  party  with  astonishment  and  evident 
hate  and  terror.  At  this  time  of  year  their  wonted 
timidity  deserts  them,  and  these  then  lords  of  the 
forest  will  sometimes  approach  and  even  charge  upon 
him  who  disturbs  their  ancient  domain.  By  this 
time  my  companion  advanced,  took  aim  with  his  rifle, 
and  fired.  As  soon  as  the  smoke  cleared  away  I  again 
saw  that  grim  head  and  those  demonic  horns  motion- 
less as  before.  Surely,  I  said  to  myself,  we  must  all 
have  been  mistaken.  These  horns  must  be  the  twist- 
ed and  tangled  limbs  of  some  ancient  cedar  which 
imagination  has  formed  into  horns,  and  that  head  so 
motionless  must  be  the  part  of  some  dead  tree  which 
the  bark  has  left  grey  in  the  winter  of  its  decay. 
Was  our  imagination  reviewing  the  freaks  of  child- 
hood and  dressing  wonted  objects  in  unwonted  guise? 
Again  the  rifle  was  raised,  and  again  those  everlast- 
ing hills  from  their  und'sturbed  solitudes  reverberated 
its  sound.  When  the  smoke  again  cleared  away  the 
head  and  horns  had  vanished,  and  the  crashing  of  the 


140  ACADIENSIS. 

branches  witnessed  to  the  reality  of  the  appearance 
which  I  had  seen.  Frank  and  my  companion  follow- 
ed the  animal's  trail  for  some  distance  without  finding 
any  evidence  that  it  had  been  wounded,  though  they 
discovered  a  few  drops  of  blood  in  or  near  its  tracks. 
The  game  was  gone,  and  we  were  left  in  mute  aston- 
ishment. I  imagine  the  animal  contemplated  a  charge, 
and,  that,  if  we  had  not  attacked  him,  he  would  have 
done  so  to  us.  The  moose  is  an  awkward  animal, 
and  in  order  to  have  avoided  him  it  would  only  have 
been  necessary  to  have  stepped  behind  a  tree  which 
one  could  easily  dodge  around. 

Three  of  us  descended  the  deadwater  with  the  bag- 
gage in  the  canoe,  while  the  others  made  their  way 
through  the  woods.  At  about  a  mile's  distance  we 
came  to  a  series  of  rapids,  where  the  brook  is  full  of 
granite  boulders,  among  which  it  rushes  down  a  deep 
descent  for  about  X  of  a  mile,  where  it  joins  the  Little 
South  West  Lake,**  which  is  about  3  or  4  miles  long. 
Our  canoe  and  baggage  was  carried  from  the  foot  of 
this  deadwater  to  the  shore  of  the  lake,  where  we 
found  the  last  of  Mr.  Braithwaite's  hunting  camps, 
the  roof  and  sides  of  which  had  fallen  in.  This  we 
set  about  repairing  as  best  we  could  with  birch  bark, 
which  Mr.  Braithwaite  succeeded  in  pulling  from  a 
tree  down  the  lake.  After  dinner  Mr.  Braithwaite, 
in  company  with  another  person,  took  the  canoe  and 
baggage  down  to  the  foot  of  the  lake,  while  a  party 
of  men  walked  around  the  shore  of  the  lake  to  join 
him  in  order  to  find  the  boundary  tree,*  from  which 


*Also  called  Big,  or  Tuadook,  Lake. 

** Apparently  on  a  north  and  south  line  run  a  year  or  two 
earlier  by  Freeze,  as  shown  on  the  accompanying  map.  No 
doubt  the  reason  for  this  expedition,  to  run  only  a  single  line, 
was  that  lumbering  for  spruce  was  about  to  be  commenced, 
and  it  was  necessary  to  mark  off  the  timber  limits  for  revenue 
purposes. 


A  view  eastward  along  Little  Southwest  (Big  or  Tuadook)  Lake  from  its  western  end.    In  the 
middle  background  is  Braithwajte's  Mountain, 


AN    EXPEDITION.  141 

we  were  to  start  our  line,  which  was  distant  from 
our  camp  about  seven  miles,  as  there  were  no  other 
lines  in  the  vicinity.  The  head  of  the  Little  South 
West  Lake  was  about  %  of  a  mile  from  the  camp. 
This  end  of  it  was  very  shoal  and  full  of  grass  and 
weeds,  among  which  we  could  see  flocks  of  black 
ducks  feeding.  Close  to  our  camp,  at  the  entrance 
of  the  inlet  into  the  lake,  was  a  famous  trout  pool, 
where  we  could  stand  on  granite  boulders  and  cast  a 
fly  without  any  danger  of  entangling  our  lines  in 
overhanging  trees.  Out  of  this  we  took  a  number  of 
trout,  some  of  a  pound  in  weight;  one  weighed  2^ 
Ibs.,  but,  as  they  were  not  in  season  and  did  not  taste 
very  well,  we  did  not  trouble  this  spot  much.* 

The  shores  of  the  lake  here  are  usually  low  and 
fringed  with  sapling  pine,  whose  light  green  tops 
waved  beneath  the  wind,  murmuring  softly  to  the 
cold  wind  which  was  blowing  among  their  boughs. 
The  ice  was  making  in  the  lake  every  night  and  snow 
squalls  were  frequent  for  some  days.  The  land  just 
,at  the  head  of  the  lake  was  low,  but  at  the  distance 
of  a  mile  or  so  the  Cow  Mountains,  a  range  of  hills 
thus  named  by  the  lumbermen,  which  extended  north 


*In  the  other  copy,  Mr.  Jack  adds  at  this  point:  "I  had 
been  once  before  at  this  spot.  The  month  was  July.  I  cut 
a  common  pole,  and  with  a  line  of  salmon  twine,  to  which 
was  attached  a  mackerel  hook  covered  with  red  flannel  for 
bait,  in  a  few  minutes  two  of  us  caught  more  than  we  wanted. 
I  have  known  a  trout  weighing  6l/2  Ibs.  to  be  caught  here." 
He  refers  to  his  visit  here  in  1873,  when  he  ran  a  line  from 
surveys  further  south,  to  and  across,  the  Jake,  as  shown  on 
the  map.  The  late  R.  H.  Lyle,  who  was  here  a  year  later 
running  other  lines  to  the  northward,  wrote  me  that  he  had 
caught  two  trout  weighing  together  13  pounds  in  this  pool. 
As  to  Mr.  Jack's  surveys  of  1873  and  1883,  his  original  plans 
of  both  are  in  the  Crown  Land  office  at  Fredericton. 


142  ACADIENSIS. 

apparently  until  they  joined  the  range  of  mountains 
on  the  head  of  Nepisiguit.  A  large  flat  country  ex- 
tended east  from  their  base,  while  their  sides  seemed 
to  be  well  clothed  with  spruce.  A  small  brook  run- 
ning out  of  another  little  lake*  empties  into  the  head 
of  the  Little  S.  West,  and  here  we  found  a  motley 
collections  of  catarmarans  and  canoes.  The  logs  of 
the  catamarans  were  of  cedar,  pointed  at  the  forward 
part  so  as  to  enable  the  navigator  to  propel  them  more 
easily  through  the  water.  These  were  held  together 
by  cross  pieces  which  were  firmly  fastened  each  to  the 
other  by  cross  pieces  having  holes  cut  in  them, 
through  which  wedges  were  driven.  Of  the  canoes, 
one  was  a  log  canoe  of  immense  size,  which  had  been 
cut  in  two,  leaving  a  square  end  on  which  pieces  of 
board  were  nailed.  These  were  calked  so  as  to  ex- 
clude the  water.  Here  also  was  one  made  from 
spruce  bark.**  The  gunwale  was  made  from  two 
round  poles.  Outside,  or  rather  beneath  these,  were 
narrow  strips  of  wood  pressed  against  the  upper 
edge  of  the  bark.  These  pieces  compressing  the  edge 
of  the  bark  were  tied  to  the  gunwale  by  means  of  the 
inner  bark  of  the  cedar,  which  is  very  tough,  so  much 
so  that  the  Indians  nearly  always  use  it  instead  of 
straps  in  carrying  their  loads,  which  they  do  largely 
by  means  of  the  forehead,  across  which  the  cedar  bark 


*Irland  Pond,  named  for  the  well-known  sportsman-writer 
who  has  been  several  times  in  this  region  with  Henry  Braith- 
waite.  The  reader  may  find  this  lake  and  surroundings 
mapped  in  the  Bulletin  of  the  Natural  History  Society  of 
N.  B.,  No.  XX,  1901,  461.  I 

**  Hind,  the  geologist,  crossed  the  portage  from  Long  Lake 
to  this  place  in  1864,  and  his  Indians  made  a  spruce  bark 
canoe  in  which  they  went  to  the  outlet  of  the  lake.  (Report 
on  Geology  of  N.  B.,  1865,  page  152). 


AN    EXPEDITION.  143 

is  placed.  A  round  pole  was  tied  to  the  gunwales 
across  the  centre  of  this  strange  craft,  and  the  bow 
and  stern,  which  showed  the  only  seams  were  sewed 
up.  A  piece  of  wood  on  either  side  compressed  the 
bark  together.  The  tops  of  the  gunwales  at  stem  and 
stern  were  strongly  tied  together  by  bands  of  cedar 
bark,  some  hoops  answering  the  purpose  of  ribs,  while 
some  twenty  pieces  of  cedar  served  for  floor  boards. 
In  the  centre  the  gunwales  were  tied  together  by 
pieces  of  cedar  bark  well  sewed.  At  one  of  the  ends 
the  fastening  was  made  by  means  of  a  piece  of  codline 
and  a  leather  thong.  The  model  was  good.  These 
spruce  bark  canoes  are  built  and  shape  given  them 
by  driving  stakes  in  the  ground,  just  as  the  Indians 
do  when  building  their  birch  bark  canoes.  This 
canoe  had  been  built  by  some  solitary  hunter,  as  it 
was  capable  of  carrying  but  one  person.  Coming  to 
the  old  blazes  or  spots  which  marked  the  Indian  port- 
age, we  followed  them  for  a  mile,  when  we  came  to  a 
spot  where  a  party  had  camped  some  years  before. 
We  noticed,  not  far  from  this,  in  pencil  on  a  tree,  the 
words,  "John  Cameron,  T.  Paul,  June  i6th,  1869." 
Beneath  were  some  words  in  Indian.  The  camping 
ground  had  probably  been  that  of  Capt.  Maunsel's 
party,  including  two  ladies,  who  some  years  since 
ascended  the  Tobique  to  its  source,  and  thence  by 
this  portage  descended  the  Little  S.  West  to  New- 
castle. The  ladies  must  have  possessed  great  courage, 
since  the  descent  of  the  Little  S.  West,  a  very  rough 
and  rapid  river,  would  be  sufficient  to  make  any  men 
feel  uneasy,  to  say  nothing  about  ladies.* 


*The  reader  may  find  a  description  of  this  rough  river  in 
the  Bulletin  of  the  Natural  History  Society  of  N.  B.,  No. 
XX,  1901,  54. 


144  ACADIENSIS. 

As  I  have  mentioned  our  Abenequis  boy,  Frank, 
and  he  was  a  character,  I  may  here  say  a  few  words 
of  him.  Frank  was  always  good-natured,  laughing 
at  the  big  loads  which  he  had  to  carry  from  day  to 
day.  We  had  brought  some  coffee  with  us,  and  one 
morning  the  cook  made  us  a  good  kettle  of  it.  When 
Frank  put  his  to  his  mouth  and  tasted  the  liquid,  he 
said  in  a  most  surprised  manner,  "  Wha,  what  sort 
of  tea  is  that  ? "  meanwhile  expressing  the  utmost 
surprise.  He  had  never  tasted  coffee  before.  He 
possessed  an  insatiable  desire  of  acquiring  knowledge. 
When  we  camped  the  first  night  I  heard  him  asking 
some  of  the  men  how  some  word  was  spelled.  Wrhen 
they  told  him,  he  repeated  the  letters  after  them.  On 
questioning  him,  I  found  that  he  could  spell  a  number 
of  words.  He  said  that  he  had  learned  this  much 
from  the  men  on  the  Burnt  Hill  drive  last  spring. 
Having  with  me  a  copy  of  the  New  Testament,  I  made 
Frank  a  present  of  it,  and  it  was  a  strange  and  pleasing 
sight  to  watch  his  swarthy  face  and  bright  intelligent 
eye  as  he  sat  by  our  flickering  camp  fire  spelling  over 
the  words  of  our  blessed  Lord's  prayer.  He  said  that 
he  had  spent  two  days  at  the  Indian  school  opposite 
Fredericton,  which  was  started  only  a  short  time  since 
by  the  Government  of  the  Dominion.  It  is  very 
strange  that  these  poor  people  have  been  so  long 
neglected.  With  all  due  thanks  to  the  present  Gov- 
ernment of  the  Dominion  for  this  just  act,  one  cannot 
but  regret  that  it  had  not  been  done  sooner,  as  no 
doubt  there  are  many  of  the  Abenequis,  who,  like 
Frank,  have  thirsted  after  knowledge  if  they  had 
known  where  to  obtain  it.  There  is  another  Indian 
school  also  started  by  the  present  government  of  the 
Dominion.  It  is  at  the  mouth  of  the  Tobique.  Miss 
Hartt,  of  Grand  Falls,  is  the  teacher.  She  has  already 


AN    EXPEDITION.  145 

done  wonders  in  the  way  of  teaching  the  young  In- 
dians whom  she  finds  especially  ready  at  figures. 

Sunday,  7th  of  October.  Summer  has  returned. 
As  I  sit  alone  in  our  little  wigwam,  the  flies  buzz 
around  my  head  while  the  warm  wind  sighs  among  the 
trees  breathing  its  softest  tones  as  it  waves  the  top- 
most boughs  of  the  lofty  pine.  The  bright  sun  is 
shining  through  the  pointed  spiry  top  of  a  tall  white 
spruce  to  the  west  of  the  camp,  making  its  leaves 
appear  as  of  silver  spray,  while  the  blue  waters  of  the 
lake  glimmer  through  the  dark  foliage  of  the  ever- 
green trees.  I  listen,  but  there  is  no  voice,  no  sound, 
save  the  murmur  of  the  wind  or  the  voice  of  the 
water  as  it  splashes  lazily  against  the  shore  or  de- 
scends the  rapids  among  the  boulders  in  the  brook. 
The  leaves  of  the  few  white  birches  which  stand  about 
the  camp  are  of  a  sickly  yellowing  green,  while  others 
more  exposed  are  brown.  The  leaves  of  a  cluster  of 
mountain  ash  trees  are  of  a  brownish  red,  harmonizing 
well  with  the  ensanguined  hue  of  its  bitter  berries, 
whose  brilliant  color  has  attracted  more  than  one 
partridge  to  its  fate  at  our  hands. 

On  the  morning  of  the  8th  how  changed  was  the 
scene.  The  centre  of  v  the  lake  opposite  our  camp  was 
all  ice.  The  night  had  been  very  cold  and  calm.  The 
only  living  object  visible  was  a  solitary  little  grebe, 
who  seemed  to  revel  in  the  unwonted  coldness  of  its 
waters.  The  black  ducks  had  left  for  a  warmer 
climate.  Thenceforth  we  could  only  expect  the  pre- 
sence of  sea  ducks  and  wild  geese,  some  of  whom  had 
already  begun  to  make  their  appearance. 

On  the  9th  the  party  sent  to  bring  up  the  line  re- 
turned with  a  great  load  of  caribou  meat.  They  had 
found  the  boundary  tree  of  which  they  had  been  in 
search.  Just  at  the  moment  that  Mr.  Braithwaite 


146  ACADIENSIS. 

had  discovered  this,  with  a  spring  beside  it,  of  which 
also  the  party  had  been  in  search,  as  water  was  scarce 
among  the  rocks,  a  splendid  cow  caribou  walked  up 
to  the  party,  looking  enquiringly  at  them.  Mr.  Braith- 
waite  took  the  cover  off  of  his  gun,  put  in  a  couple  of 
charges  of  buck  shot,  and  killed  her  at  the  first  fire. 
This  meat  came  in  good  play,  as  they  were  short  of 
food,  .and  would  have  had  a  poor  time  without  it. 
Mr.  Braithwaite,  on  leaving  us  in  the  canoe,  said  to 
one  of  the  men,  "  Take  a  good  supply  of  cream  of 
tartar  and  but  little  soda."  So  well  had  they  com- 
plied with  his  request,  that,  on  my  asking  Frank,  on 
his  return,  how  they  had  fared  for  bread,  he  said, 
"  Just  right,  we  had  bread  that  would  make  good 
moccasin  skins."  So,  soon  as  he  had  found  the 
corner  or  boundary  tree,  Mr.  Braithwaite  started  a 
line  west  towards  the  S.  West  lakes,*  leaving  one 
man  behind  to  cure  the  caribou  meat,  which  is  done 
as  follows :  The  meat  is  carefully  cut  in  strips  from 
the  bones,  a  small  smoke  is  made  upon  the  ground, 
around  this  four  stakes  are  driven,,  and  upon  them 
is  placed  a  framework  of  fir,  which  gives  no  taste  to 
the  meat,  which  is  placed  upon  it,  where  it  is  sub- 
jected to  the  action  of  smoke  for  a  sufficient  time  to 
cure  it,  being  turned  from  time  to  time  so  as  to  en- 
able the  smoke  to  act  completely  upon  it.  Should 
the  weather  become  moist,  the  meat  can  be  protected 
by  a  covering  of  birch  bark.  When  cured  this  way, 
meat  will  keep  good  for  months  without  the  addition 
of  salt. 

Beavers  were  plentiful  about  the  lake,    and    Mr. 


*  It  is  shown  on  the  accompanying  map.  Recently  I  asked 
Mr.  Braithwaite  in  a  letter  whether  he  remembered  this  trip, 
and  he  told  me  he  did,  and  gave  me  further  facts  about  it. 


AN   EXPEDITION.  147 

Braithwaite  on  his  way  down  had  set  a  trap,  which 
he  found  sprung  on  his  return,  with  a  beaver's  paw 
in  it. 

The  line  started  by  Mr.  Braithwaite  crossed  the 
head  of  the  main  S.  West,  here  a  stream  as  large  as 
the  Nashuaak  at  Stanley.  It  is  shown  on  no  plan. 
Near  the  crossing  place  Mr.  Braithwaite  noticed  what 
he  thought  were  salmon.  On  going  down  he  found 
that  the  fish  were  sea  trout  on  their  spawning  beds. 
How  far  this  river  extends  to  the  north,  I  cannot  say, 
but  it  must  be  for  ten  or  fifteen  miles  from  the 
glimpses  that  I  got  from  a  high  hill,  which  showed 
me  an  extensive  valley  extending  up  to  the  mountains 
on  the  head  of  the  Nepisiguit,  apparently  a  lumber 
country.  I  could  distinguish  pine  tops  among  the 
spruce.  This  is  but  one  specimen  of  our  ignorance 
of  our  own  country.  We  rely  on  our  timber  lands 
to  pay  our  debts,  and  here  is  a  country  of  which  we 
absolutely  know  nothing.* 

The  line  which  ran  true  west  for  more  than  ten 
miles,  until  it  connected  with  the  county  line  between 
Northumberland  and  Victoria  for  at  least  one-third 
of  the  distance,  is  through  first  class  black  spruce  land, 
the  best,  Mr.  Braithwaite  said,  that  he  knew  of  on 
the  Miramichi.**  He  climeed  [trees]  several  times, 
and  said  that  from  what  he  could  see,  he  believed  that 
this  first  class  black  spruce  country  extended  for  a 
very  considerable  distance  to  the  north.  He  also 
said  that  to  the  north  and  east  he  saw  the  fog  rising 
from  what  appeared  to  be  a  large  lake.0  We  had 


*  The  country  of  which  he  speaks  has  recently  been  studied 
and  mapped ;  a  full  account  is  in  the  Bulletin  of  the  Natural 
History  Society  of  N.  B.,  No.  XXIII,  1905. 

**  It  has  since  been  extensively  lumbered. 

°No  doubt  Cover  Lake,  where  now  he  has  a  hunting  camp 


148  ACADIENSIS. 

certainly  found  a  large  body  of  black  spruce  and  pine, 
and  ascertained  the  fact  that  a  very  considerable 
portion  of  the  main  Little  S.  West,  and  numerous 
lakes,  had  found  no  place  on  the  plan  of  the  province. 

As  there  was  very  little  soil  in  this  country,  and  as 
it  had  been  subjected  to  high  winds,  it  was  very  diffi- 
cult to  run  lines  in,  owing  to  the  great  quantity  of 
blown  down  firs,  by  which  it  was  in  places  covered. 
Our  work  completed  here,  we  took  our  canoe  to  the 
head  of  the  lower  deadwater  and  hauled  it  out,  and 
shouldered  our  packs  for  Burnt  Hill.  At  the  upper 
deadwater  Mr.  Braithwaite  found  a  splendid  otter 
in  one  of  his  traps,  and  a  beaver's  paw  in  another, 
which  he  had  set  for  a  beaver,  and  not  for  otter. 
Just  as  we  were  returning  to  our  old  camping  ground 
where  we  made  the  canoe,  Mr.  Flinn  and  Frank  were 
ahead  of  me,  when  a  hugh  bear  rushed  past  Mr.  Flinn, 
who  called  out  to  Frank,  who  had  the  rifle  in  his 
Jiand.  It  was,  however,  unloaded,  and  Bruin  escaped. 

The  rest  of  the  party  made  their  way  to  Cleai  water, 
while  Mr.  Braithwaite  and  Frank  went  into  the  forest 
for  three  days  by  themselves  to  connect  the  Jewett 
survey  with  one  of  the  mile  trees  on  the  county  line, 
so  as  to  establish  the  accuracy  of  our  survey,  which 
differed  a  mile  from  those  brought  up  by  others  from 
the  mouth  of  the  Little  S.  West.*  On  this  trip  Mr. 
Braithwaite  saw  on  the  head  of  Rocky  Brook  two 
moose  and  the  numerous  tracks  of  others. 

We  could  have  loaded  teams  with  the  products  of 
the  chase.  And  just  here  an  idea  strikes  me.  The 
time  and  place  remind  me  that  this  is  that  centennial 
year  which  we  have  looked  forward  to  as  the  time  in 


*  He  probably  refers  here  to  the  Berton  survey  of  this  river 
made  in  1838. 


AN   EXPEDITION.  149 

which  to  do  honor  to  the  memories  of  the  departed 
heroes  who  first  laid  the  corner  stone  of  our  Country. 
Memorial  halls  and  monuments  have  been  suggested, 
but  would  it  not  be  in  better  keeping  with  the  subject 
if  we  should  endeavor  to  perpetuate  their  remem- 
brance by  setting  apart  a  portion  of  the  county  which 
they  came  to  occupy,  retaining  it  as  they  found  it,  as 
a  park,  in  which  the  moose,  caribou,  and  beaver,  who 
were  the  sole  residents  of  the  country  when  the 
Loyalists  first  landed,*  might  be  preserved  for  future 
generations. 

In  the  heart  of  New  Brunswick  there  is  a  forest 
covered  country,  whose  soil  is  stones,  if  I  may  be 
allowed  to  use  such  an  expression.  But  I  can  convey 
in  no  better  manner  its  utter  worthlessness  for  agri- 
cultural purposes.  It  comprises  the  territory  of  the 
head  waters  of  the  S.  West  Miramichi,  Nepisiguit, 
and  Tobique.  It  may  be  described  as  follows:  Be- 
ginning at  the  northwest  angle  of  Northumberland, 
thence  running  southerly  57  miles  along  the  line  of 
this  county;  thence  easterly  parallel  with  the  line  be- 
tween Restigouche  and  Northumberland  33  miles; 
thence  northerly  parallel  to  the  first  mentioned  line 
of  Northumberland  57  miles  to  the  line  between 
Restigouche  and  Northumberland;  then  westward 
along  the  same  to  the  place  of  beginning,  comprising 
1881  sq.  miles.  By  this  no  injury  would  be  done  to 
settlements,  since  it  includes  no  settling  land,  and  the 
forest  rangers  who  would  look  after  the  game,  would 
also  serve  as  fire  protectors  of  the  forest,  and  moose, 
caribou,  and  beaver  would  soon  become  abundant. 
When  sufficiently  plenty,  hunting  permits  might  be 


*A  statement  much  more  striking  than  accurate. 


<i5o  ACADIENSIS. 

given,  which  would  be  a  resource  for  the  maintenance 
of  the  park.* 

The  protection  of  the  woods  from  destruction  by 
fire  is  especially  desirable.  We  have  been,  and  are 
yet,  doing  our  best  to  destroy  our  timber  lands  by 
means  of  our  Free  Grants  and  Labor  Acts,  $6,000 
being  voted  last  session  to  be  expended  in  this  form, 
as  if  our  farming  lands  were  of  so  little  value  that  we 
had  to  pay  people  to  become  settlers  upon  them,  thus 
bringing  our  country  into  contempt  abroad.  It  is 
only  a  few  weeks  since  I  was  shown  by  Dr.  Kingdon 
a  work  issued  last  year  by  the  Society  for  Promoting 
Christian  Knowledge,  giving  directions  to  emigrants. 
In  describing  New  Brunswick,  it  says  under  the  head- 
ing "  Free  Grants,"  in  large  letters,  "  Anyone  can  get 
100  acres  of  land  in  New  Brunswick  by  settling  on  it 
and  paying  $20,  or  by  performing  that  amount  of 
work  on  the  roads  and  bridges."  The  damage  to 
our  timber  by  these  silly  and  wicked  Acts  can  be 
counted  by  hundreds  of  thousands  of  dollars.  One 
instance  I  have  now  in  my  view.  The  Kouchibouguac, 
which  would  have  yielded  a  constant  revenue  to  the 
Province  of  $4,000  a  year,  has  been  so  burnt  up  and 
destroyed  by  the  location  of  settlers  under  these  Acts 
on  timber  lands  unfitted  for  settlement,  that  it  will 
soon  be  nearly  valueless  for  any  purpose. 

It  is  about  time  that  the  Province  of  New  Bruns- 
wisk  should  awake  to  the  necessity  of  preserving  its 
timber. 


*This  proposal  has  been  revived,  independently,  within 
recent  years,  under  the  auspices  of  the  Natural  History  Society 
of  New  Brunswick,  and  in  1901  the  House  of  Assembly  pass- 
ed a  bill  authorizing  the  Governor-in-Council  to  set  aside 
such  a  park  of  not  over  900  square  miles  in  extent.  But  no 
steps  have  been  taken  to  carry  it  into  effect. 


AN   EXPEDITION.  151 

To  return  from  this  digression  to  the  proposed 
memorial  park — two  of  the  side  lines  of  this  being 
county  lines,are  already  surveyed,  leaving  two  others 
to  be  completed.  The  best  man  to  survey  these  lines 
and  to  take  charge  of  this  park  would  be  my  friend, 
Mr.  Henry  Braithwaite,  the  best  hunter  in  New 
Brunswick,  one  who  is  well  acquainted  with  this 
county,and  who  also  knows  all  of  the  hunting  ways, 
as  well  as  the  habits  of  all  the  animals  which  frequent 
our  forests.  He  says  that  this  can  be  done  at  a  cost 
of  $2,000  per  year,  and  that  large  sums  of  money  can 
be  obtained  from  hunting  licenses,  enough  to  pay  all 
expenses.  I  propose  to  meet  this  $2,000  by  abolishing 
bear  bounties,  which  are  utterly  useless,  injurious  to 
the  trade  of  the  country,  and  an  encouragement  to 
idleness,  and  appropriating  the  money  so  saved  to  the 
protection  of  game  in  Centennial  Park  from  extinction 
and  the  forest  trees  standing  there  from  fire. 


prehistoric  £ime0  in  Mew  Brunswick 

IN  the  beginning  of  the  last  century  Wordsworth 
said: 

"The  world  is  too  much  with  us;  late  and  soon, 

Getting  and  spending,  we  lay  waste  our  powers ; 
Little  we  see  in  nature  that  is  ours." 

These  words  apply  even  with  more  force  to  our 
own  time,  when  the  present  seems  to  crowd  out  con- 
templation of  the  past  and  leaves  little  time  for 
thought  of  the  future.  There  will  always  be  found  a 
number,  however,  for  whom  a  view  of  the  early  his- 
tory of  man  will  have  attractions,  and  for  such  in  our 
midst  I  write  these  few  notes. 

Investigators  are  agreed  that  early  man  was  a  savage 
with  no  local  habitation  and  no  religion;  he  was  a 
hunter  and  a  fisher.  Among  the  various  agencies 
which  lifted  man  from  his  lowly  state  to  his  present 
position,  die  use  of  tools  occupies  a  prominent  place. 

In  another  journal*  I  have  described  some  of  the 
implements  made  by  the  early  inhabitants  of  this  pro- 
vince, and  in  the  present  article  I  wish  to  draw  atten- 
tion to  a  few  of  the  specimens  that  have  been  added 
recently  to  the  collection  of  the  Natural  History  So- 
ciety of  New  Brunswick.  The  archaeological  collec- 
tions of  this  society  are  steadily  growing,  and  now 
afford  very  valuable  material  for  students  and  investi- 
gators. 

The  drawings  from  which  the  illustrations  have 
been  made  were  executed  by  Mr.  Charles  F.  B.  Rowe, 
to  whom  I  wish  to  express  my  thanks. 


*Bulletin  N.  H.  S.  of  N.  B. 
I52 


PREHISTORIC    TIMES.  153 

STONE  KNIVES. 

Savage  man  needed  a  knife,  and  in  this  region  lie 
made  it  of  stone.  Two  excellent  specimens  have  been 
presented  to  the  museum  by  Mr.  Duncan  London,  of 
Lakeville  Corner,  Sunbury  Co.  No  doubt  many 
specimens  of  so-called  arrowheads  and.  spearheads 
were  fitted  with  wooden  handles  and  used  as  knives, 
but  these  implements  would  appear  to  have  been 
specially  made  for  cutting  purposes.  Figure  I 
represents  a  very  interesting  specimen  of  an  aboriginal 
knife.  Mr.  London  found  the  larger  part  of  it  in  the 
spring  of  1889  on  the  southwest  shore  of  Maquapit 
Lake.  In  the  following  year,  while  carefully  exam- 
ining the  same  ground,  he  found  the  smaller  part,  and 
united  them  with  cement.  The  fracture  is  shown  in 
the  drawing.  Many  of  the  articles  found  on  this 
shore  are  broken,  and  I  think  in  most  cases  this  has 
been  done  by  pasturing  cattle,  who  frequent  this 
locality  and  cut  up  the  soil  with  their  hoofs.  The 
material  is  a  very  dark  red  felsite,  it  is  very  nicely 
chipped, "and  is  oval  in  shape.  It  has  a  slight  "wind." 
The  illustration  (actual  size)  shows  two  views  ?f 
this  specimen. 

The  specimen  shown  in  Figure  2  was  also  found 
on  the  southwest  shore  of  Maquapit  Lake  by  Mr. 
London  in  1902,  and  is  the  only  one  of  its  kind  in  our 
collections.  The  material  is  petrosilex,  a  substance 
well  suited  for  the  purpose  of  the  aboriginal  work- 
man. Petrosilex  is  a  hard  silicious  rock  of  volcanic 
origin,  but  not  so  glass-like  as  obsidian.  This  knife 
does  not  show  much  evidence  of  use.  It  is  three  and 
a  half  inches  long,  and  probably  a  wooden  handle  was 
fitted  on  the  straight  side,  which  is  chipped  to  an 
edge  for  that  purpose.  Thus  hafted,  this  implement 


154  ACADIENSIS. 

was  probably  used  by  the  women  to  remove  the  fat 
from  the  skins  of  animals.  It  reminds  me  very  much 
of  the  Ulu  or  woman's  knife  in  use  among  the 
Eskimo  women  for  this  purpose,  and  is  of  about  the 
same  size  as  some  figured  by  Dr.  Thos.  Wilson  in 
Report  Smithsonian  Institute,  1897,  U.  S.  National 
Museum,  page  950,  pi.  44. 

SPEARHEAD. 

The  spear  is  a  weapon  of  high  antiquity,  and  stu- 
dents hold  that  it  long  antedates  the  arrow.  In  pre- 
historic times  spearheads  of  stone  were  attached  to 
shafts  of  wood,  probably  measuring  from  six  to  ten 
feet  in  length.  With  these  weapons  the  early  inhabit- 
ants of  this  region  could  strike  down  large  game  or 
contend  with  their  savage  neighbors. 

Figure  3  shows  one  of  these  spearheads  found  on 
the  shores  of  Maquapit  Lake.  It  has  been  chipped 
from  a  piece  of  dark  greenish  grey  petrosdlex,  and  is 
quite  smooth  with  wear. 

BORER. 

Among  the  tools  that  pre-historic  man  brought  into 
use  at  about  the  same  time  that  he  learned  the  use  of 
the  arrow,  we  find  implements  classed  as  borers  or 
perforators. 

So  far  as  I  know,  very  few  of  these  have  been 
found  in  New  Brunswick,  and  the  only  specimen  in 
the  collection  of  the  Natural  History  Society  of  New 
Brunswick  was  found  on  the  shore  of  Maquapit  Lake. 

It  is  made  of  white  quartz,  a  very  durable  and 
attractive  material.  Two  views  of  this  tool  are 
shown  in  Fig.  4. 

It  is  not  always  possible  to  distinguish  clearly  be 


6 


PREHISTORIC    TIMES.  155 

tween  a  borer   and   an   arrowhead,   as  no   doubt  the 
same  implement  could  be  used  for  either  purpose. 

ARROW-SHAFT  SCRAPER. 

The  invention  of  the  bow  and  arrow  has  been 
assigned  to  Neolithic  times,  and  Dr.  Thomas  Wilson 
considers  that  it  marks  an  epoch  in  man's  history  equal 
to  the  discovery  of  gunpowder  in  the  historic  period. 

The  bows  and  arrows  of  the  old  inhabitants  decayed 
long  ago,  but  the  stone  arrow-heads  may  still  be 
found  in  many  parts  of  the  province. 

In  the  making  of  arrow  shafts,  stone  scrapers  were 
used,  and  one  of  these  implements  made  of  chalcedony 
was  found  in  1901  at  Maquapit  Lake.  An  illustra- 
tion is  shown  in  Fig.  5  (actual  size).  So  far  as  I 
know,  this  is  the  only  specimen  of  this  kind  yet  re- 
corded in  this  province. 

SINKERS. 

Figs.  6  and  7  represent  objects  unlike  anything 
heretofore  in  the  collections.  The  larger  specimen 
(6)  was  found  in  1903  on  French  Island,  in  French 
Lake.  It  is  made  from  hard  red  shale,  and,  as  will 
be  seen  by  the  drawing,  has  a  notch  at  both  ends. 
The  smaller  specimen  is  made  of  a  greenish  grey 
argillite.  It  is  spindle  shaped  and  somewhat  flatten- 
ed on  both  sides. 

At  each  extremity  it  is  finely  notched,  and  on  one 
side,  at  both  ends,  a  grove  extends  for  about  one- 
quarter  of  an  inch.  This  object  was  probably  used 
for  a  sinker,  but  if  such  was  the  case,  the  line  upon 
which  it  was  fastened  must  have  been  very  fine. 


156  ACADIENSIS. 

IRON  LANCEHEADS. 

The  savages  inhabiting  this  region  when  it  was 
discovered  by  Europeans  lived  almost  wholly  by  the 
chase.  When  European  traders  came  this  way  the 
natives  were  quick  to  see  the  superiority  of  iron  to 
stone,  and  it  would  seem  that  traders  made  articles 
required  from  stone  patterns  received  here. 

Fig.  8  shows  an  iron  lancehead  (actual  size).  The 
tang  is  short,  and  in  this  respect,  as  well  a.s  in  the 
length  of  the  blade,  it  is  very  like  a  type  of  stone 
lancehead  described  by  Dr.  G.  F.  Matthew  from  the 
village  site  of  Bocabec. 
» 

IRON  HARPOONS. 

Before  the  arrival  of  Europeans  the  natives  used 
bone  harpoons  in  fishing,  a  good  specimen  of  which 
has  been  found  here.  The  iron  harpoon  shown  In 
Fig.  9  is  three  barbed  on  one  side,  and  has  an  oval 
hole  in  head  for  attachment  to  a  thong.  Directly 
over  the  eyehole  the  head  of  the  harpoon  slopes  to  a 
thin  edge,  evidently  to  facilitate  insertion  in  a  wooden 
shaft. 

Similar  harpoons  have  been  found  in  other  parts 
of  America  as  well  as  in  Europe,  and  it  is  possible 
that  harpoons  of  this  kind  have  been  made  in  France 
from  bone  specimens  brought  from  those  shores  by 
some  voyageurs. 

S.  W.  KAIN. 


SAMUEL   WILLARD. 

Loyalist  pensioner,  died  at  Lancaster,  Massachusetts, 
January  i,  1856,  aged  96  years. 


THE  WILLARD  PRAYER  BOOK. 


Che  Loyalist 


T  the  outbreak  of  the  Revolutionary 
War  the  Willards  were  the  most 
prominent  and  well-to-do  residents 
of  the  town  of  Lancaster,  Massa- 
chusetts. They  were  descendants 
of  Major  Simon  Willard,  the  vet- 
eran leader  of  troopers  in  King  Philip's  war,  and  father 
of  seventeen  children — fourteen  of  whom  arrived  at 
maturity  and  had  issue.* 

Nahum,  Abijah,  Levi  and  Abel  were  sons  of  Col. 
Samuel  Willard,  who  commanded  the  Worcester 
County  regiment  at  the  capture  of  Louisburg  in  1745- 
These  four  brothers  were  Loyalists,  and  all  suffered 
severely  for  their  adherence  to  the  royal  cause.  Dr. 
Nahum  Willard  lost  practice  and  prosperity  by  his 
"  Toryism/'  removed  to  Uxbridge,  Mass.,  and  there 
died,  April  26,  1792.  Lieutenant-Colonel  Levi  Wil- 
lard served  as  ensign  in  his  father's  regiment  at 
Louisburg  in  1745,  at  the  age  of  eighteen  years.  He 
was  of  the  extensive  mercantile  firm  of  Willard  & 
Ward.  He  died  at  Lancaster,  July  n,  1775.  Abel 
Willard  was  a  lawyer.  He  took  refuge  in  Boston, 
and,  at  the  evacuation,  sailed  for  Nova  Scotia. 
Thence  he  went  to  England,  in  1776,  and  died  in  Lon- 
don, November  19,  1781. 

Abijah  Willard  —  gentleman,  soldier,  landed 
proprietor,  man  of  affairs — was  born  at  Lancaster, 
July  27,  1724.  The  house  where  he  was  born,  built 


*"  Willard  Memoir,"  by  Joseph  Willard,  1858. 


158  ACADIENSIS. 

in  1687,  is  still  standing — now  in  the  town  of  Har- 
vard.* He  married  (i)  December  2,  1747,  Elizabeth, 
daughter  of  Hon.  Benjamin  Prescott,  of  Groton;  (2) 
in  1752,  Anna,  daughter  of  John  Prentice,  of  Lan- 
caster; (3)  in  1772,  Mary,  widow  of  John  McKown, 
of  Boston.  Abijah  Willard  was  made  captain  or 
captain-lieutenant  in  his  father's  regiment,  before 
Louisburg,  in  1745,  at  the  age  of  twenty-one.  In 
1755  he  commanded  a  company,  composed  principally 
of  Lancastrians,  in  the  expedition  against  the  French 
in  Nova  Scotia.  His  orderly  book  and  journal  of 
this  campaign  are  preserved  in  family  archives.  A 
transcript,  "  verbatim  literatim  et  punctuatim,"  made 
in  1885  by  the  Hon.  Henry  S.  Nourse,  historian  of 
Lancaster,  Mass.,  who  died  in  1903,  is  in  the  town 
library  of  Lancaster.  The  Journal  begins  April  9, 
when  his  company  marched  forth  from  Lancaster,  and 
ends  abruptly  on  January  6,  1756.  His  command 
sailed  from  Boston,  May  22,  on  the  sloop  "  Victory," 
with  the  fleet  organized  for  this  expedition,  arrived 
off  Annapolis  May  26,  and,  later,  took  part  in  the 
Capture  of  Fort  Beausejour.  August  6,  under  sealed 
orders  from  Col.  Monckton,  he  started  for  Baie  Verte. 
There  were  some  thrilling  experiences  with  Fundy's 
world-beating  tides.  August  9,  the  whole  command 
had  a  narrow  escape  from  being  engulfed  by  the 
roaring  and  inrushing  waters  on  the  precipitous  shores 
of  the  Basin  of  Minas.  The  journal  says,  regarding 
this  incident: 

The  men  being  frightened,  travelled  as  fast  as  possible. 
We  was  obliged  to  travel  two  miles  before  we  could  escape 

*  An  account  of  tnis  ancient  house,  with  illustration,  is 
given  in  Nourse's  "  History  of  the  Town  of  Harvard,  Mass.." 
p.  82.  Abijah  Willard's  family  removed  to  the  house  known 
as  "The  Willard  Mansion,"  in  Lancaster,  Mass.,  when  Abijah 
was  an  infant  of  some  two  years. 


THE    LOYALIST    WILLARDS.  159 

the  tide  and  before  we  got  to  the  upland,  where  we  could  get 
up  the  banks,  was  obliged  to  wade  in  the  rear  up  to  their 
middles,    and    just    escaped    being  washed  away.  *  *  *  *  At 
this  place  by  the  be't  observation  the  tides  rise  80  foot. 
Under  date  of  August  13,  the  journal  relates: 

*  *  *  *  met  Capt.  Lewis  with  his  party,  and  then  I  opened 
my  orders,  which  was  surprising  to  me,  for  my  orders  was 
to  burn  all  the  houses  that  I  found  on  the  road  to  the  Bay  of 
Verts   against  the   Island   of    Saint   John's    [Prince   Edward 
Island.] 

He  proceeded  to  burn  houses  and  vessels,  barns  and 
crops,  and  generally  to  devastate  the  country,  march- 
ing the  French  men,  whom  he  could  collect,  to  Fort 
Cumberland  (as  Beausejour  had  been  re-named  in 
honor  of  the  Duke  of  Cumberland).  He  relates  his 
experiences  at  Shepody,  Petitcodiac,  etc.,  etc.,  and  re- 
garding his  operations  at  one  of  the  principal  settle- 
ments, after  showing  that  the  Frenchmen  "  chose  to 
leave  their  families,"  he  says : 

*  *  *  *  this  afternoon   I   ordered  the  whole  to  be  drawed 
up  in  a  body,  and  bid  the  French  men  march  off  and  sott  fire 
to  their  buildings,  and  left  the  women  and  children  to  take 
care  of  themselves    with    great    lamentation,    which    I    must 
confess  it  seemed  to  be  something  shocking. 

Abijah  Willard'  received  the  rank  of  colonel  after 
this  expedition,  and,  in  1759  and  1760,  commanded  a 
regiment  in  the  campaigns  of  Amherst  against  the 
French  in  old  Canada.  His  orderly  book,  above  re- 
ferred to,  contains  the  regimental  orders  for  June  and 
July,  1759. 

After  the  capture  of  Quebec  and  Montreal,  and  the 
ending  of  French  rule  in  Canada,  war  alarms  ceased 
for  a  time,  and  Col.  Willard  was  enabled,  while  per- 
forming various  duties  of  good  citizenship,  to  attend 
to  the  improvement  of  his  estates,  etc.  But  trouble 
was  brewing,  and  the  contest  between  the  Whigs  and 
Tories  becoming  acute.  In  1774  Col.  Willard  was 


160  ACADIENSIS. 

one  of  the  thirty-six  councillors  for  the  Province  of 
Massachusetts,  appointed  by  royal  writ  of  mandamus. 
These  appointments  greatly  raised  the  wrath  of  the 
Whigs,  or  Patriots.  Col.  Willard,  while  paying  a 
visit  to  an  estate  which  he  owned  in  Connecticut,  was 
seized  by  the  mob,  taken  some  six  miles  towards  the 
nearest  jail,  and  only  released  upon  signing  a  docu- 
ment, August  25,  1774,  agreeing  not  to  serve  as  a 
Mandamus  Councillor. 

On  the  morning  of  the  igth  of  April,  1775,  Col. 
Willard,  who  was  the  wealthiest  citizen  of  Lancaster, 
took  a  horse  from  his  stables,  and  filling  his  saddh- 
bags  with  seeds,  started  to  ride  to  Beverley,  with 
the  intention  of  spending  a  few  days  in  superintend- 
ing planting  and  sowing  on  a  large  farm  which  he 
owned  there.  He  did  not  sow  his  seeds  at  Beverley, 
but  on  that  eventful  day  seeds  of  another  sort  were 
sown,  which  bore,  and  are  still  bearing,  a  great  and 
wonderful  harvest.  On  his  way  he  came  upon  the 
minute-men  thronging  to  Concord  and  Lexington — 
and  the  fight  was  on.  Col.  Willard  kept  on  riding. 
He  rode  as  far  as  Boston  and  joined  Governor  Gage 
and  the  British.  He  never  saw  the  pleasant  vales  of 
Lancaster  or  his  paternal  estates  again.  He  was 
among  those  who  were  proscribed  and  banished  and 
their  estates  confiscated. 

Col.  Willard  was  appointed  by  Gen.  Gage  captain 
of  the  first  company  of  "  Loyal  American  Associates" 
of  Boston. 

On  the  morning  of  June  17,  1775,  Gen.  Gage  and 
some  of  his  officers  stood  on  an  eminence  in  Boston 
watching  the  operations  of  the  Colonial  troops,  who 
were  fortifying  Breed's  Hill.  Col.  Willard  recog- 
nized, through  a  field  glass,  the  tall  form  of  his 
brother-in-law,  Col.  Prescott,  directing  operations. 


THE    LOYALIST    WILLARDS.  161 

Gen.  Gage  questioned  him  regarding  Prescott,  and 
asked,  "  Will  he  fight?"  Col.  Willard  had  campaign- 
ed in  Nova  Scotia  with  Prescott  twenty  years  pre- 
viously and  knew  something  of  his  quality.  He  re- 
plied, "  Aye,  sir ;  he  is  an  old  soldier,  and  will  fight 
as  long  as  a  drop  of  blood  remains  in  his  veins." 
"  The  works  must  be  carried,"  said  Gage, — and  that 
day  Bunker  Hill  was  fought.*  The  works  were 
carried  after  three  assaults,  and  when,  it  is  said,  Pres- 
cott's  ammunition  gave  out.  When  Boston  became 
untenable  and  the  evacuation  took  place,  Col.  Willard 
accompanied  the  British  troops,  with  a  thousand  other 
loyal  refugees,  who  went  to  Nova  Scotia.  As  one  of 
the  British  officers  put  it,  using  a  phrase  of  that 
period,  "  Neither  '  Hell,  Hull  nor  Halifax '  can  afford 
worse  shelter  than  Boston."** 

Col.  Willard  later  served  as  commissary  at  Long 
Island.  Sabine's  "  Loyalists  "  states  that  he  could 
have  had  a  commission  as  colonel  in  the  royal  service 
if  he  had  desired,  but  he  -would  not  'bear  arms  against 
his  countrymen.  In  1779  he  went  to  England  from 
New  York,  and  remained  there  some  two  years,  re- 
turning to  New  York  in  1781.°  At  the  close  of  tihe 
war,  in  1783,  he,  with  fifty- four  others,  formed  "  the 
fifty-five "  petitioners  for  grants  of  land  in  Nova 
Scotia.  He  probably  went  to  England  the  same  year, 
and  appears  to  have  been  in  London  in  February, 
1784.°°  His  name  frequently  appears  in  the  pamphlets 
published  in  London  in  1784,  signed  "  Viator  "  and 
"  Consistent  Loyalist,"  —  the  former  criticising 
his  conduct  and  the  latter  upholding  him.  He  was 


*  Frothingham,  "  History  of  the  Siege  of  Boston,"  p.  126. 
**  Frothingham,  p.  312. 

0  Joseph  Willard,  note  in  Willard  orderly  book. 
°°Winslow  Papers,  p.  165. 


162  ACADIENSIS. 

among  the  grantees  of  Carleton  of  1783,  and  upon  his 
return  to  New  York  from  England  in  1784,  he  pro- 
ceeded to  his  new  home  in  New  Brunswick.* 

He  was  sworn  in  as  one  of  His  Majesty's  council- 
lors for  the  new  province  of  New  Brunswick,  and 
St.  John,  November  22,  1784.  He  "chose  a  residence 


on  the  coast  of  New  Brunswick,  near  St.  John,  which 
he  named  Lancaster,  in  remembrance  of  his  beloved 
birthplace."**  His  years  ait  the  new  Lancaster  were 
but  few.  He  died  in  May,  1789,  in  the  65th  year  of 
his  age.  Mr.  Nourse  writes :  "  As  thousands  of 
French  Neutrals,  from  Georgia  to  Massachusetts 
Bay,  sighed  away  their  lives  with  grieving  for  their 
lost  Acadia,  so  we  know  Abijah  Willard,  so  long  as 
he  lived,  looked  westward  with  yearning  heart  to- 
ward that  elm-shaded  home  so  familiar  to  all  Lan- 
castrians." 

In  personal  appearance,  Col.  Willard  is  described 
as  "large  and  portly,"  of  "stately  presence  and  dig- 
nified manner." 

Some  time  —  probably  fifteen  of  twenty  years  — 
after  his  death,  his  son,  Samuel,  who  was  also 
a  Loyalist  settler  in  New  Brunswick,  returned 
to  Massachusetts,  and  the  family  took  up  its 
abode  at  the  old  homestead  iti  Lancaster,  which 


*Aug.  9,  1784,  Col.  Willard,  with  a  thousand  refugees,  I 
hear,  is  embarking  for  Nova  Scotia. — Diary  of  Justice  Peter 
Oliver,  in  England. 

**  Nourse,  "The  Military  Annals  of  Lancaster,  Mass." 
p.  197.  Hence  the  parish  of  Lancaster. 


THE    LOYALIST    WILLARDS.          163 

formed  a  portion  of  the  one-third  interest  in  his  estate 
which  the  confiscation  acts  allowed  the  wife  of  an 
absentee  Loyalist  "  to  the  end  of  her  life,  or  her  resi- 
dence in  any  of  the  United  States  of  America." 
Abijah  Willard's  property  was  all  seized  under  the 
Massachusetts  Act,  passed  April  30,  1779,  "  to  con- 
fiscate the  estates  of  certain  notorious  conspirators." 
Among  the  numerous  original  documents  cencerning 
his  estate,  at  the  Worcester  County  probate  records, 
is  a  full  inventory  of  the  confiscated  property — many 
parcels  of  real  estate,  personal  property,  household 
effects,  plate,  books,  pamphlets,  farm  stock,  etc.,  and 
even  "  one-fifth  part  of  a  pew  in  Lancaster  meeting- 
house," valued  at  fifteen  dollars. 

Col.  Willard's  widow  died  December  16,  1807,  at 
Lancaster  Mass.,  where  her  gravestone  is  standing  in 
"  the  middle  cemetery."  His  son,  Samuel,  died  at 
Lancaster,  Mass.,  January  I,  1856,  ae.  96,  and  his 
daughter,  Anna,  widow  of  Hon.  Benjamin  Goodhue, 
of  Salem,  August  2,  1858,  ae.  95.  Says  Mr.  Nourse : 
"  Memories  of  their  wholly  pleasant  and  beneficent 
lives,  abounding  in  social  amenities  and  Christian 
graces,  still  linger  about  the  old  mansion."  These 
two  children  received,  to  the  end  of  their  days,  small 
pensions  (£20  per  annum)  from  the  British  govern- 
ment, as  "  American  Loyalists."  Some  of  the  vouch- 
ers are  still  extant  at  Lancaster.  Col.  Willard  had 
one  other  child  who  survived  him — Elizabeth,  wife 
of  Joseph  Wales — who  died  at  Lancaster,  Mass.,  in 
1822. 

Thus  it  will  be  seen  that  the  days  of  Abijah  Wil- 
lard, Loyalist  founder  and  member  of  the  first  council 
of  New  Brunswick,  were  few  in  the  new  province, 
and  that  none  of  his  posterity  there  remained.  The 
parish  of  Lancaster  is  his  memorial. 


164  ACADIENSIS. 

While  this  paper  was  being  prepared,  the  Lan- 
caster, Mass.,  town  library  came  into  possession, 
through  a  great-granddaughter  of  Col.  Willard,  of  a 
once  magnificent  prayer-book,  which  is  believed  to 
have  formerly  belonged  to  Col.  Willard.  Its  battered 
covers  (i6^4  by  10%  inches)  bear  upon  them,  In 
faded  gilt,  the  crowned  monogram  of  King  George 
fifteen  times.  The  book  was  given  by  Col.  Willard's 
son,  Samuel,  to  the  latter's  daughter,  Mrs.  Jeremiah 
Lyon,  who  died  at  Lancaster,  Mass.,  in  1884,  ae.  85 
years,  the  record  of  her  death  stating  that  she  was 
born  in  New  Brunswick.  It  bears  imprint,  Oxford, 
1783,  "  cum  privilegio."  One  fly-leaf  has  been  cut 
out.  What  is  the  story  of  this  interesting  old  prayer- 
book?  Was  it  a  royal  gift  to  the  member  of  the 
newly- formed  government  of  New  Brunswick?  Per- 
haps someone  can  throw  light  upon  the  subject. 

The  old  home  of  "the  Loyalist  Willards,"  the 
beautiful  town  of  Lancaster-on-the-Nashua,  as  at 
present  constituted,  comprises  an  area  of  twenty-eight 
square  miles,  and  has  a  population  of  2,478  souls. 
There  modern  culture  and  liberality  eminently  hold 
sway,  and  ancient  and  unfortunate  feuds  between 
Patriot  and  Loyalist  no  longer  disturb.  Its  name- 
sake by  the  Bay  of  Fundy,  adjoining  the  city  and 
seaport  of  St.  John,  is  now  the  parish  of  Lancaster 
— protegee  of  Abijah  Willard.  It  is  a  fine  agricul- 
tural, residential  and  manufacturing  territory,  and  in- 
cludes a  rapidly-growing  seaside  resort.  Its  area 
(the  census  district  of  Lancaster)  is  forty-six  square 
miles,  and  population  5,278. 

When,  in  1900,  Massachusetts  law  obliged  towns 
to  have  an  official  seal,  the  town  of  Lancaster  adopted 
the  ancient  Lancashire  arms  as  the  design  for  its  seal. 
There  had  previously  been  in  use  for  many  years  on 


THE  WILLARD  PRAYER  BOOK. 


THE    LOYALIST    WILLARDS.  165 

the  book-plate  of  its  town  library  an  adaptation  of  the 
arms  of  the  English  town  of  Lancaster,  with  the 
legend  Ad  Alaunam;  Ad  Nashuam,  referring  to  fche 
Lancasters  "  on  the  Lune "  and  "  on  the  Nashua/' 
For  the  use  of  the  third  generation  of  this  line  of 
Lancasters — the  Lancaster  "  on  the  Bay  " — the  legend 
might  be  further  extended. 

GILBERT  O.  BENT. 

Lancaster,  the  county  town  [of  Lancashire]  is  the  Chester 
[town]  on  the  Lune,  formerly  the  Alauna,  whence  the  name 
Ad  Alaunam,  as  the  Roman  station  at  Lancaster  was  called. 
— Taylor's  Names  and  their  Histories. 

NOTE. — Acknowledgment  is  due  John  C.  L.  Clark,  Esq.,  the 
town  clerk  and  historical  authority  of  Lancaster,  Mass.,  for 
valuable  aid,  including  photographs,  kindly  furnished  in  the 
preparation  of  above  article. 


Renooye. 


BY  MARY  MELLISH,    M.  L.  A.  67. 


(Read  at  a  public  meeting  of  the  Mount  Allison  Alumni  and  Alumnae  Soci 
eties,  Sackville,  N.  B.,  May  26,  1873.    Reprinted  from  "  Allisonia.") 

"  If  only  good  that  can  bestow 

The  pow'r  approved  at  last  to  stand, 
How  poor  is  all  the  pageant  grand 
By  names  of  good  that  mortals  know. 

For  when  the  mighty  hand  of  time 

Bore  to  the  goal  of  mortal  state 

The  laurelled  army  of  the  great 
In  noble  deed  and  thought  sublime; 

Their  latest  hour  we  vainly  deemed, 

Would  prove  their  virtue  more  than  name, 
And  crown  the  glory  of  their  fame 

With  good  as  lasting  as  it  seemed. 

But  vanished  all  the  might  that  bound 

A  myriad  list'ners  to  their  breath ; 

No  warders  at  the  gates  of  death 
For  them  an  easier  entrance  found. 

And  yet  we  seek  the  envied  boon 

We  wrestle  for  it  in  the  strife 

We  crave  the  sun  to  cheer  our  life 
That  chance,  will  set  before  its  noon." 

166 


MARY    MELLISH    ARCHIBALD 


RENVOYE.  167 


Twas  thus  I  spoke,  as  half  alone, 
And  half  to  her  who  with  me  rov'd 
Thro'  many  a  glade  and  gloom  we  lov'd, 

And  made  each  others  thoughts  our  own. 

(My  childhood  friend — what  mem'ries  thrill, 
My  Widow'd  heart  where  thou  hast  been! 
E'en  tho'  the  green  earth  grows  between 

I  feel  thy  presence  with  me  still). 

Then  in  reply  to  what  I  said, 

She  breathed  her  deep-life  thought  to  me, 

And  shamed  my  low  philosophy, 
As  thus  she  taught  her  faith  instead : 

'  When  I  was  a  child,  with  a  nature  as  wild, 
As  the  winds  in  their  frolicsome  glee, 

My  pulses  were  stirred  with  the  joy  of  a  bird, 
As  I  roved  by  the  shores  of  the  sea; 

And  I  thought  no  song  out  of  heaven  so  sweet, 
As  the  song  that  the  waves  brought  to  me. 

So  daily  I  trod  on  the  summer-green  sod, 
On  the  banks  where  the  tide  rose  and  fell ; 

And  wrote  on  the  sand  in  a  mystical  hand, 
Which  the  art  of  a  sage  might  not  tell. 

Aye,  there  in  the  sand  wrote  my  four-letter  name, 
On  the  shore  where  I  loved  best"  to  dwell. 

Each  wavelet  was  bright,  with  its  jewel  of  light, 
One  fair  morn  as  I  stood  by  the  sea, 

And  over  it  came  in  a  halo  of  flame 
A  bright  gem  that  was  wafted  to  me : 

O  never  a  gem,  thought  my  rapturous  heart, 
Half  as  fair  as  this  treasure,  could  be. 


168  ACADIENSIS. 

So  jealous  my  care,  of  my  jewel  so  rare, 
That  I  hid  it  in  fondness  from  view; 

Far  dearer  to  me  was  my  gift  from  the  sea, 
Than  the  rest  of  the  world  ever  knew; 

And  I  hid  it  away  in  the  depths  of  my  heart, 
And  around  it  my  heart's  tendrils  grew. 

It  filled  all  my  days  with  sweet  magical  lays, 
Like  the  stars  sang  one  morning  of  yore; 

It  wrought  in  my  dreams  with  the  mystical  beams, 
Fairest  visions  of  joys  yet  in  store; 

And  the  years  in  their  flight  wrought  no  change  in 
my  heart 

But  the  change  that  I  loved  it  the  more. 

But  nevera  rose  did  its  beauties  disclose, 
But  to  fade  e'er  the  summer  was  o'er; 

And  never  a  star  rose  in  glory  afar 
But  at  morn  was  a  beacon  no  more ; 

And  long  lost  to  me  is  my  gift  from  the  sea, 
That  I  found  when  a  child  by  the  shore. 

Yet  daily  I  stray,  in  my  own  childish  way, 
To  my  haunt  by  the  broad  ocean's  side, 

And  over  its  breast  where  the  sky  seems  to  rest, 
Long  I  watch  for  a  sa  1  on  the  tide ; 

I  watch  for  the  sail  of  a  boatman  pale, 
Who  will  bear  me  away  as  his  bride. 

And  patient  I  wait,  for  he'll  not  tarry  late, 
Soon  his  sail  will  appear  in  the  west; 

And  this  well  I  know,  for  my  heart  tells  me  so, 
When  I  pray  for  a  season  of  rest. 

My  child-world  was    bright,    but    'tis  all    changed 

to-night, 
And  I  think  that  to  go  will  be  best. 


RENVOYE.  169 

But  when  I  shall  stand,  with  the  glorified  band, 
By  the  river  that  flows  by  the  throne, 

I  know  there  will  glide,  o'er  its  clear  crystal  tide, 
A  bright  gem,  in  its  glory,  alone. 

And  come  to  my  hand,  far  more  radiant  and  grand, 
My  dear  treasure — forever  my  own, — 

t, 

A  part  of  my  joy  to  become  evermore, 
As  I  tread  on  the  banks  of  the  heavenly  shore. 
Yes,  the  future  I  know,  will  bring  back  to  me 
The  gem  that  I  found  when  a  child  by  the  sea." 

We  parted  then;  full  well  she  taught, 

Good  may  be  lost,  but  not  for  aye ; 
Its  worth,  unknown  in  meaner  thought, 

Disclosed  in  never  ending  day. 

Then  rose  before  my  faith's  clear  sight, 

A  garden  clad  in  Eden's  flowers, 
All  bathed  in  hues  of  nameless  light, 

Entwined  in  amaranthine  bowers. 

Some  bore  a  semblance  to  my  own, 
That  perished  in  the  blighting  frost, 

And  tho'  in  beauty  far  outgrown, 
I  knew  they  were  what  I  had  lost. 

And  Knowledge  spreads  its  path  of  light, 

Which  winding  o'er  a  plain  began, 
Then  circling  up  in  mountain  height, 

Far  lost  in  giddy  distance  ran. 

And  toilers  thronged  the  path  along, 

Some  old,  some  launching  on  life's  tide ; 
A  few  had  pass'd  the  common  throng, 
And  climb'd  far  up  the  mountain  side. 


1 70  ACADIENSIS. 


And  there  were  they  of  old  renown, 
Who  oft  had  roved  the  stars  among, 

And  back  from  day's  majestic  crown, 
The  settled  clouds  of  ages  flung. 

But  ever  thus — must  loss  reveal 

The  treasured  boon  that  is  in  store? 

Can  mortal  never  trust  in  weal 
To  find  what  he  has  lost  before? 

And  what  is  good,  and  what  is  ill? 

Who  knows  the  import  of  the  twain? 
Not  always  good  what  suits  the  will; 

Not  always  ill  the  source  of  pain. 

A  light  breaks  o'er  life's  leaden  skies; 

Some  glad  events,  presaging  joy 
Bring  hopeful  tears  from  hopeless  eyes; 

And  blissful  thoughts  sad  hearts  employ. 

And  they  forget  their  painful  lot; 

Aye  more — the  gain  once  understood 
Of  suff'ring  here,  is  all  forgot, 

And  good  is  lost  in  seeming  good. 

No  joy  of  time,  no  wish  denred; 

Life  but  a  cloudless  summer  day; 
The  spirit  cries,  "  not  satisfied," 

Wrapt  in  the  body's  pamper'd  clay. 

But  sudden  comes  a  direful  change, 
His  lot  reversed;  perchance  he  will 

Be  richer  far  in  heav'n's  estate, 
And  good  evolve  from  seeming  ill. 


RENVOYE.  171 

Then,  must  I  seek  the  murky  night, 

And  shun  the  sunlit  golden  day? 
Cast  off  my  jewels  clear  and  bright, 

And  wear  the  ashes  of  the  clay? 

Count  saddest  scenes  and  deepest  woe 

Meet  heritage  to  mortals  given, 
To  wean  the  soul  from  scenes  below, 

To  seek  its  solace  but  in  heaven? 

"  Ah  no !  "  Kind  wisdom's  voice  replies, 

It  is  not  thine  to  seek  the  pain, 
That  final  good  may  thence  arise; 
Loss  is  no  precedent  of  gain. 

"  Nought  can  they  estimate,  who  see 

No  sunshine  thro'  their  prison  bars, 
Who  knows  of  good  and  ill  to  be, 
Must  often  peer  beyond  the  stars. 

"  Not  all  require  refining  fire ; 

Perchance  the  dross  in  some  is  less, 
Or,  his  estate  in  glory  higher, 

Who  wears  the  crown  'mid  deep  distress. 

"  And  the  short  day  in  human  lot, 

Of  gall  and  wormwood  pow'r  the  most, 
Linked  to  the  time  that  faileth  not, 
Is  in  the  endless  ages  lost." 

O  knowledge  rare !  on  all  bestow'd 
Who  haply  learn  to  trust  and  wait, 

And  patient  tread  the  rugged  road, 
That  leads  beyond  the  golden  gate. 


2  ACADIENSIS. 

O  weary  feet,  too  sore  to  climb ! 

O  tired  eyes  that  watch  in  vain ! 
Bruised  hearts  that  beat  the  walls  of  time, 

But  short  the  record  of  your  pain. 

O  silent  songs,  and  broken  lyres! 

O  faded  bays,  and  trampled  crown ! 
Bright  lives  that  lit  your  own  death  fires, 

Ye  may  not  tell  of  lost  renown ; 

If  ye  proclaimed  a  worthy  fame; 

Leucadian  skies  no  more  may  weep, 
But  warm  the  clay,  with  gladder  flame 

Where  Sappho's  treasured  relics  sleep. 

Else,  science  charms  no  more  our  eyes, 
The  oracles  of  wisdom  dumb, 

If  all  we  prize,  beneath  the  skies, 
Be  lost  in  ages  yet  to  come. 

The  boon  bestowed,  or  higher  set, 
To  tempt  our  eager  steps  to  climb, 

Tells  of  a  grace  unfathom'd  yet, 
The  herald  of  a  nobler  time. 


fltt  flffair  of  fionor. 


HE  writer  is  indebted  to  Mr.  J. 
Douglas  Hazen  for  a  copy  of 
the  following  statement  which 
was  prepared  and  signed  by 
Mr.  Anderson,  containing  a 
somewhat  detailed  account  of 
the  earliest  duel  which  took 
place  in  the  province  of  New 
Brunswick,  of  w'hidh  we  have 
any  record. 

The  principals  in  the  affair 
were  Messrs  John  Murray  Bliss  and  Samuel  Denny 
Street,  the  seconds  'being  Capt.  Stair  Agnew  for  Mr. 
Bliss  and  Mr.  Anderson  for  Mr.  Street. 

Mr.  John  Murray  Bliss  was  'born  in  1771 ;  came  to 
what  was  then  the  Province  of  Nova  Scotia  as  a  Loyal- 
ist in  1783,  was  'Solicitor  General  of  New  'Brunswick  in 
1809,  and  was  'appointed  to  the  bench  of  the  province  in 
1816,  succeeding  Mr.  Edward  Winslow.  He  died  in 
1834- 

Like  Mr.  Street,  Mr.  Bliss  was  prominent  in  pro- 
vincial life,  and  his  remains  lie  buried  in  the  old  Loy- 
alist graveyard  in  the  centre  of  the  city  of  Fredericton. 
He  was  a  generous  and  perhaps  an  impulsive  man,  one 
who  was  much  admired  by  his  contemporaries.  He 
was  the  owner  of  Belmont,  one  of  a  number  of  beauti- 
ful estates  which  fronted  on  the  St.  John  river  near 
Fredericton.  Among  other  donations  for  public  pur- 
poses was  the  gift  o!f  a  block  of  dand  in  the  Parish  of 
Lincoln,  in  Sunbury  County,  fronting  on  the  main 
highway  between  Fredericton  and  Oromocto,  which  he 
presented  for  the  purpose  of  a  graveyard. 

173 


174  ACADIENSIS. 

Mr.  Samuel  Denny  Street  was  a  man  of  small  size, 
about  five  feet  seven  inches  in  height,  and  a  contempor- 
ary has  described  him  as  "a  regular  game-cock,"  one 
who  would  brook  no  slight  from  any  man.  It  is  said 
that  he  had  been  a  midshipman  in  ithe  British  navy,  and 
the  writer  is  informed  that  he  bore  the  marks  of  combat 
in  many  places  about  his  person.  He  had  been  an 
officer  upon  lihe  British  side  during  the  War  of  the 
American  Revolution,  and  in  1781  was  in  active  service 
at  Fort  Howe,  at  the  mouth  of  the  River  St.  John.  At 
the  organization  of  the  New  Brunswick  courts  in  1785 
he  was  admitted  to  the  bar,  and  settled  in  Sunibury 
County. 

Mr.  Street  was  the  father  of  John  Ambrose  Street, 
Denny  Lee  Street,  George  Frederick  Street,  and  of 
William  Henry  Street,  senior  partner  in  the  old  firm  of 
Street  &  Ranney  of  St.  John. 

George  Frederick  Street  was  a  principail  in  a  later 
duel  'between  himself  and  George  Ludlow  Wetmore, 
in  which  the  latter  was  killed.* 

Samuel  Denny  Street  died  on  the  I  ith  of  December, 
1830,  in  his  seventy-ninth  year. 

Captain  Stair  Agnew,  formerly  of  the  Queen's  Rang- 
ers, was  a  leading  man  in  the  early  history  of  New 
Brunswick. 

Benjamin  Marston  gives  an  interesting  account  of 
Captain  Agnew  and  his  family  connection  in  Ms  letter 
to  Edward  Winsilow,  from  London,  England,  dated  the 
seventeenth  of  March,  1790.  He  says : 

I  felicitate  you  on  such  an  acquisition  to  the  country  as  the 
Agnew  family.  I  believe  I  have  some  small  merit  in  detect- 
ing their  course  to  N.  B.  Their  original  plan,  after  they  had 
determined  for  America,  was  to  go  to  Canada,  but  the  many 
conversations  which  I  used  to  have  with  them  on  the  subject 
they  thought  it  might  be  as  well,  when  the  Doct'r  came  out 

*  See  "  Footprints,"  by  J.  W.  Lawrence,  pp.  57-8. 


AN  AFFAIR  OF  HONOR.  175 

to  explore  the  country,  to  take  a  look  at  N.  B.  in  ihis  way. 
I  was  well  assured  in  my  own  mind  when  they  so  determined 
what  would  be  the  event.  I  find  I  was  not  mistaken.  Capt. 
Agnew,  the  son,  will  be  the  bearer  of  this.  He  brings  over  all 
the  family,  his  mother  and  wife.  He  comes  with  a  vast  pre- 
dilection for  New  Brunswick,  which  I  hope  no  circumstance 
nor  accident  will  lessen.  He  has  a  laudable  undertaking  in 
view.  To  lay  the  foundation  for  a  large  patrimonial  landed 
estate  and  to  raise  up  a  family  to  inherit  it.  He  is  a  Gentle- 
man who  has  had  a  good  early  education  in  Britain,  has 
rather  superior  abilities  and  has  missed  no  opportunities  of 
acquiring  information  as  he  has  come  on  in  life.  With  such 
talents  and  so  improved,  joined  to  an  active  disposition,  he 
will  be  a  very  valuable  member  of  society,  which  I  am  con- 
fident he  will  ever  be  ambitious  to  serve.  He  was  a  Captain 
in  the  Queen's  Rangers,  was  wounded  at  Brandy-wine  by 
which  he  was  I  think  (far  some  time  at  least)  rendered  un- 
fit for  field  service.  His  Lady  is  an  English  woman  of  a 
family  whioh  has  good  connections  here.  She  is  a  well-bred 
accomplished  woman  and  of  a  very  amiable  disposition — she 
will  be  a  real  acquisition  to  your  Lady  folks.  The  old  Lady 
(as  is  Capt.  Agnew  also)  is  a  native  of  Virginia  and  prac- 
tises all  the  good  old  customs  of  that  once  'hospitable  country. 
I  am  sure  her  goodness  of  disposition  wont  fail  to  engage  the 
esteem  of  all  who  shall  be  so  happy  as  to  form  an  acquaint- 
ance with  her.  I  know  'her  tea  table  has  offered  me  many  a 
comfortable  dish  of  tea.* 

The  writer  regrets  that  he  is  at  present  unable  to 
identify  Mr.  Anderson,  'Who  acted  as  second  for  Mr. 
Street.  There  were  two  of  the  name  who  were  particu- 
larly prominent  in  York  County  about  the  date  of  the 
duel.  The  first  was  John  Anderson,  a  pre-loyalist  settler 
and  magistrate,  from  whom  Rev.  John  Agnew,  D.  D., 
and  his  son  Captain  Stair  Agnew,  on  January  3Oth, 
1790,  purchased  a  tract  of  land  containing  about  1,000 
acres,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Nashwaak  river,  the  price 
paid  being  £540.  The  second  was  ** Peter  Anderson, 
who  was  in  1782  a  "Loyalist  Associator"  at  New  York 

*Winslow  Papers,  p.  376. 

**Sabines'  Loyalists  of  the  American  Revolution,  Vol.  I., 
p.  164. 


i/6  ACADIENSIS. 

to  settle  at  Shelburne,  Nova  Scotia,  in  the  following 
year.  He  went  to  St.  John,  New  Bruii'Siwick  and  was 
a  grantee  of  that  city.  He  died  at  Fredericton  in  1828 
ait  the  age  of  ninety-five. 

The  following  is  Mr.  Anderson's  account  of  the  duel : 

(Copy.) 
AN   AFFAIR  OF   HONOR. 

Thursday,  i6th  January,  1800,  at  half  past  five  o'clock  in  the 
afternoon,  Mr.  Street  sent  a  message  by  Mr.  Anderson  to 
Mr.  John  Murray  Bliss  to  meet  the  next  morning  at  the 
Artillery  Barracks  gate  at  seven  o'clock,  to  proceed  to  the 
grounds  for  adjusting  a  difference.  Capt.  Stair  Agnew  wait- 
ed on  Mr.  Street  with  Mr.  Bliss'  answer,  that  he  would  rather 
meet  him  in  an  hour  as  he  'had  business  which  would  call  him 
elsewhere  in  the  morning.  Mr.  Street  replied  in  .half  an  hour 
if  he  pleased,  it  was  then  fixed  fhat  we  should  retire  to  dinner 
and  should  afterwards  proceed  from  Vanderbecks.  About 
eight  o'clock  in  the  evening  Capt.  Agnew  called  on  M.r.  Ander- 
son and  proposed  .that  Mr.  S'treet  should  alter  his  message 
which  was  in  such  strong  and  direct  terms  that  it  left  Mr. 
Bliss  no  alternative.  M,r.  Anderson  replied  that  he  should  not 
consent  to  the  alteration  nor  make  the  proposal  to  Mr.  Street 
as  he  was  confident  Mr.  Street  would  not  alter  it,  but  told 
Capt.  Agnew  he  might  call  on  Mr.  Street  in  person  and  pro- 
pose it.  He  did  so  and  Mr.  Street  positively  refused. 

We  accordingly  proceeded  to  the  Court  House,  the  place  of 
meeting,  the  pistols  were  loaded  by  Capt.  Agnew,  who  then 
proposed  that  the  parties  should  submit  themselves  wholly  to 
their  seconds  throughout  the  business,  and  that  if  the  first 
shot  took  no  effect  that  the  business  should  then  terminate. 
To  this  Mr.  Street  refused  assent,  saying  the  seconds  had  no 
right  to  measure  out  satisfaction  to  him,  nor  to  prescribe  any- 
thing but  the  mode  of  proceeding. 

The  seconds  then  adjusted  the  distance,  nine  paces.  The 
principals  then  took  their  stations.  After  an  objection  made 
by  Mr.  Street,  to  the  apparent  greatness  of  the  distance,  being 
over-ruled  received  the  word  and  fired  nearly  together — but 
without  effect.  Mr.  Street  urged  a  reloading  of  the  pistols. 
Mr.  Bliss  said  he  was  ready  to  go  on.  Capt.  Agnew  and  my- 


AN  AFFAIR  OF  HONOR.  177 

self  interfered  and  insisted  the  business  should  go  no  fur- 
ther. Mr.  Street  insisted  in  strong  terms  he  would  have  an 
apology  or  the  blood  of  .his  adversary — .some  altercations 
ensued,  in  which  the  principals  were  desired  to  leave  the 
room,  and  when  wanted  .should  be  called  in.  We  agreed  Mr. 
Street  should  not  nor  had  a  right  to  renew  hostilities.  Upon 
my  giving  Mr.  Street  an  assurance  on  honor  I  would  agree  to 
nothing  short  of  an  apology  he  waived  his  demand  for  another 
shot.  I  was  induced  from  the  first  to  believe  from  Capt. 
Agnew  that  Mr.  Bliss  would  apologize  but  a  mistaken  point 
of  etiquette  prevented  him.  I  proposed  to  Mr.  Bliss  with  the 
consent  of  Capt.  Agnew  that  if  he  did  not  mean  anything 
personal  to  Mr.  Street  he  should  say  so.  Mr.  Bliss  very 
handsomely  acceded,  upon  which  I  informed  Mr.  Street  Mr. 
Bliss  would  apologize  to  him,  which  he  immediately  did  by 
saying  that  he  did  not  mean  to  offend  him  or  to  convey  the 
least  personal  insult,  nor  to  charge  Mr.  Street  personally  with 
the  utterance  of  any  falsehood  to  the  jury  on  the  cause  they 
had  tried  that  day,  and  every  matter  being  adjusted  the  gen- 
tlemen parted  apparently  good  friends. 

(Sgd.)  ANDERSON. 


DAVID  RUSSELL  JACK. 


Epitaphs. 

Old  Burying  Ground,  St.  Andrews. 

Transcribed  by  D.  R.  Jack. 
Continued  from  Vol.  4,  p.  49. 

Sacred  |  to  the  Memory  of  |  Mary  Ann  |  Infant  Daughter 
of  |  A.  L.  Street,  Esq.  |of  this  town  j  Obt  7th  Sept.  1831  | 
Aged  9  months. 

In  memory  of  1  Saml.  D.  Street  |  who  died  |  Mar  29,  1837  I 
AEt.  22. 

In  memory  of  |  Arthur  Owen  Street  |  who  departed  this 
life  |  I4th  September,  1854  |  aged  19  years.  |  Alfred  Walter 
Street  |  who  died  22nd  Octr.  1833  |  aged  i  year,  8  months,  | 
And  Saml  Denny  Street,  |  who  died  20  Octr.  1845  |  aged  2 
years,  9  months. 

Robert  Aubrey  |  son  of  |  George  D.  &  S.  Street,  |  Died  | 
Oct.  6,  1848,  |  AE.  3  yrs.  &  5  mos.  |  Suffer  little  children  to 
come  |  unto  me,  and  forbid  them  not,  |  for  of  such  is  the 
Kingdom  of  God. 

In  memory  of  |  Walter  D.  |  Second  son  of  George  |  and 
Susan  Street,  |  Who  died  at  sea  |  22nd  June,  1858,  |  Aged 
17  years.  |  What  I  do  thou  knowest  not  now,  |  but  thou  shall 
know  hereafter. 

Sacred  |  To  |  The  memory  of  |  Margaret  |  wife  of  |  Peter 
Stubs  |  Esquire.  |  Born  at  Liverpool,  G.  B.  |  May  7th,  1782,  | 
Died  January  5th,  1831. 

In  memory  of  |  an  infant  |  son  of  John  |  &  Mary  Strang,  | 
1820. 

Henry  Jesper  |  son  of  Benjn  M.  and  |  Eleanor  Stymest  | 
Died  May  9,  1816,  |  aged  i  month  and  I  day.  |  Happy  the 
child  who  privileged  by  fate  |  To  shorter  labour  and  to  lighter 
weight  |  Receiv'd  but  yesterday  the  gift  of  breath  |  Order'd 
to-morrow  to  return  to  death. 

Percy  Charles  Thompson  |  Sep.  xxix  |  mdcccliv  |  AEt.  iv 
ms. 

Gertrude  Jane  Thompson  |  July  v  |  mdccclvii  |  AEt.  xxv 
yrs. 

Sacred  |  to  the  memory  of  |  Dugold  Thomson  |  who  died  | 
Oct.  17,  1812,  |  AEt.  63,  |  Also  1  Experience  |  his  wife  |  who 
died  |  Jan.  15,  1846,  |  AEt.  80. 

In  Memory  of  |  Dougald  Thomson  |  Who  departed  this  | 
life  Oct.  i7th,  1812.  |  Aged  63  years. 

178 


EPITAPHS.  179 

Sacred  |  to  the  memory  of  |  Alex.  Thomson  |  who  departed 
this  life  |  April  2Oth,  1830,  |  Aged  44  years. 

Sacred  |  to  the  Memory  of  |  Mr.  Thomas  Tompkins,  |  who 
departed  this  life  |  on  Sunday,  the  30th  |  day  of  March,  1817, 1 
Aged  78  years. 

Sacred  |  to  the  Memory  of  |  Mrs.  Elizabeth  |  Margaret 
Tompkins,  wife  of  M>r.  Thomas  Tomkins,  |  who  departed  this 
life  |  on  Wednesday,  the  2nd  day  of  April,  1817,  |  Aged  81 
years. 

In  |  Memory  of  Fanny  |  Dan  of  John  D.|&  Catherine |  Wilson | 
died  |  2ist  Oct.  1850,  |  Aged  8  years  i  mo  &  9  days.  |  Suffer 
little  children  to  |  come  unto  me,  and  forbid  |  them  not,  for 
of  such  is  |  the  Kingdom  of  Heaven. 

In  Memory  of  |  Elizabeth  Wren,  wife  |  of  William  Wren, 
who  |  Departed  this  life  Sept.  30th,  |  1829,  Aged  25  years. 

In  memory  of  |  John  Wren,  |  who  died  Oct.  18,  1827,] 
aged  30  years,  |  Also  |  Fenwick  Wren  |  his  son  j  who  died 
Aug.  3,  1837,  |  aged  I  year  4  mos.  |  Decay  ye  tenements  of 
dust  |  Pillars  of  earthly  pride  decay  |  A  nobler  mansion 
waits  the  just  |  And  Jesus  has  prepared  the  way. 

In  memory  of  |  Mary  Ann,  |  who  died  |  Dec.  20,  1853,) 
aged  18  yrs.  |  Eliza  |  died  Jan.  19,  1853,  |  aged  2  yrs.  | 
daughters  of  Wm.  &  |  Julia  Ann  Wren. 

Mary  |  wife  of  |  Thomas  Wren,  |  Died  |  Nov.  n,  1843,  | 
AEt.  30,  |  Elizabeth  F.  |  their  daughter,  |  died  Aug.  15, 
1840,  |  AEt.  6  weeks.  |  Think  not  cold  grave  that  we  resign  | 
This  treasure  to  be  always  J:hine;  |  We  only  ask  for  it  to  stay,) 
'Till  Heaven  unfolds  eternal  day. 

In  memory  of  |  Sarah  |  wife  of  |  Joseph  Walton  |  who 
died  |  Sept.  i8th,  1857,  |  Aged  86  years. 

Edward  |  son  of  Robert  and  |  Hannah  Walton,  |  Born  May 
18,  1846,  |  Died  June  18,  1847,  |  aged  13  months. 

The  next  stone  broken  and  lying  on  ground,  the  written 
part  entirely  destroyed.  Gathered  up  enough  pieces  to  find 
that  it  was  in  memory  of  Joseph  Wilson. — D.  R.  J. 

Sacred  |  to  the  memory  of  |  Robert  B.  Watts  |  who  died  f 
Oct.  9,  1842,  |  Aged  19  years.  |  Cease,  ye  mourners,  cease  to 
languish,  |  O'er  the  grave  of  those  you  love;  |  Pain  and 
death  and  night  and  anguish  |  Enter  not  the  world  above. 

Erected  |  In  memory  of  |  Phebe  Ann  A.  |  wife  of  |  John 
Waycott,  |  who  died  |  Jan.  4th,  1857,  |  aged  27  years.  |  May 
her  soul  rest  in  peace.  . 


1 8o  ACADIENSIS. 

In  memory  of  |  George  Albert  |  Son  of  John  |  &  Susan 
Waycott,  |  who  died  |  30  Nov.  1859,  |  Aged  17  years,  |  &  4 
months. 

In  memory  of  |  John  |  Son  of  Capt.  John  &  |  Phebe  A.  A. 
Waycott,  |  who  was  lost  by  the  fall  of  the  |  mast  of  the  Schr. 
Julia  Clinch,  |  Sept.  25,  1867,  |  Aged  17  years.  |  Also  George 
A.  |  Died  Oct.  25,  1863,  |  aged  3  years.  |  And  Maria  A.  | 
Died  Aug.  I,  1863,  |  aged  21  days,  |  Children  of  Capt.  John 
&  |  Agnes  A.  Waycott.  |  Weep  not  for  us  parents  dear,  |  We 
are  not  dead,  but  sleeping  here,  |  As  we  are  now,  so  must  you 
be,  |  Prepare  for  death  and  follow  we. 

(On  reverse  of  stone)  : 

Ye  blistering  winds  and  lofty  waves  |  Has  tossed  me  to  and 
fro,  |  But  now  by  God's  decree  |  I'm  in  harbor  here  below.  | 
At  anchor  now  I  safely  ride,  |  For  here  I  rest  and  sleep,  | 
Once  more  again  I  must  set  sail  |  Our  Saviour  Christ  to  meet. 

Sacred  |  to  the  memory  of  |  Jane  Whitlock,  |  relict  of  the 
late  |  Wm.  Whitlock,  Esq.  |  who  died  |  Feby  3,  1838,  |  Aged 
68  years.  |  I  know  that  my  Redeemer  liveth  |  and  that  he  shall 
stand  at  the  lat-  |  ter  day  upon  the  earth,  and  though  |  after 
my  skin  worms  destroy  this  |  body,  yet  in  my  flesh  shall  I  see 
God,  |  whom  I  shall  see  for  myself  and  mi-  |  ne  eyes  shall 
behold  and  not  another's. 

In  memory  of  |  William  F.  |  Died  2nd  Sept.  1858,  |  Aged  9^ 
months,  |  Eliza  |  -died  2ist  Oct.  1863,  I  Aged  8  years,  |  Julia  | 
died  30  Oct.  1863,  |  Aged  5  months,  |  Annie  |  Died  6  Nov. 
1863,  |  Aged  2  years  |  &  4  mos.  |  Children  of  Henry  &  |  Agnes 
Whittaker. 

In  memory  of  |  Thomas  Wyer,  Esq.  |  who  died  |  Feb.  24, 
1824,  |,  AEt.  79  years  8  mos.  |  Jesus  thy  blood  and  righteous- 
ness, |  My  beauty  are,  my  glorious  dress ;  |  Midst  flaming 
worlds  in  these  array'd  |  With  joy  shall  I  lift  up  my  head!  | 
When  from  the  dust  of  death  I  rise,  |  To  claim  my  mansion 
in  the  skies;  |  Ev'n  then  shall  this  be  all  my  plea,  |  "Jesus 
hath  lived,  hath  died  for  me." 

In  memory  of  |  Mrs.  Mary  Wyer,  [  wife  of  Mr.  Thomas 
Wyer,  |  who  died  Oct.  26^1801,  |  AEt.  37.  |  Teach  us  submis- 
sion, to  they  awful  doom,  |  To  view  they  mercies  thro  affec- 
tions gloom,  |  Yet  still  remembering  that  the  parting  sigh  1 
Appoints  the  Just,  to  slumber  not  to  die,  |  The  starting  tear 
will  check  and  kill  the  rod,  |  And  not  to  earth  resign  thee, 
but  to  God. 


EPITAPHS. 


181 


In  |  Memory  of  |  Jeremiah  Pote  Wyer,  |  who  |  departed  this 
Life  |  at  Martha  Brae,  Jamaica,  |  25  December,  1794,  |  Aged  \ 
18  years  &  7  months.  |  Mourn  not  for  friends,  that  we  could 
meet  no  more,  |  And  let  your  unavailing  sorrows  cease,  | 
With  me  the  bitterness  of  Death  is  o'er,  |  And  all  that  is  to 
come  is  joy  and  Peace. 

In  memory  of  |  Mr.  David  Wyer,  |  who  died  |  Jan.  23, 
1828,  |  AEt.  32  years.  |  "Jesus  saith  I  am  the  resurrection  | 
and  the  life,  he  that  believeth  in  me,  |  though  he  were  dead, 
yet  shall  he  |  live,  and  whosoever  liveth  |  and  believeth  in  me 
shall  never  die." 

In  memory  of  |  Thomas,  |  infant  son  of  Thomas  1  and 
Sarah  Wyer,  |  who  departed  this  life  |  Oct.  3,  1815. 

In  |  Memory  of  |  Honorable  Thomas  Wyer,  |  who  died  | 
Dec.  23rd,  1848,  |  Aged  68  years.  |  Jesus  said,  I  am  the  resur- 
rection |  and  the  life;  he  that  believeth  in  |  me,  though  he 
were  dead,  yet  |  shall  he  live. 

Sarah,  |  Relict  of  |  Hon.  T.  Wyer,  |  Died  |  September  29,  | 
1865,  |  Aged  85  years.  |  "  Come  unto  me  all  ye  that  |  labor 
and  are  heavy  laden  |  and  I  will  give  you  rest." 

In  memory  of  |  Mira,  |  infant  daughter  of  |  Thomas  & 
Sarah  Wyer,  |  who  departed  this  life  |  Sept.  5,  1818. 


William  Cobbctt. 


MONG  eminent  men  who  have  lived 
in  this  province,  I  do  not  think 
there  is  another  who  has  obtained 
and  exercised  so  great  an  influ- 
ence on  the  life  and  thought  of 
his  time,  and  on  the  history  of 
England,  as  William  Cobbett. 
Though  his  public  service  was  rendered,  and  his 
public  offences,  if  we  choose  to  call  them  such,  were 
committed  after  he  left  the  province,  it  was  here  thot 
he  trained  himself  for  his  great  life  work.  It  will 
be  seen  that  the  remarkable  versatility  of  knowledge 
and  of  sympathy,  the  extraordinary  energy,  industry 
and  capacity,  the  fury  with  which  he  pursued  his 
enemies,  the  power  of  concentration  and  expansion, 
the  almost  superhuman  self-esteem,  the  rugged  horse 
sense  and  adaptiveness,  which  he  displayed  in  the 
wider  circles,  whereof  London  and  Philadelphia  were 
the  centres,  were  developed  and  exhibited  here  in  the 
barracks  of  St.  John  and  Fredericton. 

It  is  not  my  present  purpose  to  discuss  Cobbetc's 
place  in  history,  or  to  describe  any  part  of  his  extra- 
ordinary career — as  royalist  in  democratic  America, 
and  democrat  in  royalist  England;  as  the  political 
comrade  and  sworn  foe  of  Pitt;  as  the  friend  of  the 
royal  family  dined  and  wined  at  Halifax  by  the  Duke 
of  Kent,  and  afterwards  charging  the  Duke  of  York 
with  the  sale  of  promotions  in  the  army  for  the  main- 
tenance of  his  mistress;  the  man  who  took  up  the 
fight  of  Queen  Caroline  against  George  the  Fourth, 
182 


j^m 


WILLIAM  COBBETT. 


COBBETT'S  FARM. 


K.  Meadows,  Delr. 


WILLIAM  COBBETT.  183 

and  who  wrote  for  that  picturesque  female  the  pathe- 
tic letter  to  her  husband  which  moved  the  nation  to 
tears  by  its  touching  confession  of  a  mother's  fond 
affection  and  a  wife's  tender  devotion. 

This  much  may  be  said  now,  that  Cobbett,  whom 
the  common  people  heard  gladly,  was  in  his  way  the 
greatest  of  pamphleteers  inasmuch  as  he  could  get  a 
glad  hearing,  whether  he  denounced  Paine  or  Pitt, 
paper  money  or  potatoes ;  whether  he  condemned  the 
use  of  tea  or  commended  small  beer;  whether  he  dis- 
cussed the  political  issues  of  the  day  or  the  Protestant 
Reformation;  advocated  the  introduction  of  Indian 
corn  or  manhood  suffrage;  whether  he  maligned  the 
Methodist  church,  the  bishops  or  vaccination ;  whether 
he  scoffed  at  the  plays  of  Shakespeare,  exposed  the 
bad  English  of  Addison,  or  used  the  speeches  from 
the  throne  as  sentences  to  be  corrected  in  grammar. 
Writing  from  his  mean  lodgings  in  some  back  street, 
from  a  fine  house  in  London,  from  his  £40,000  farm 
at  Botley,  from  his  seat  in  parliament,  from  Newgate 
prison,  or  from  country  taverns  on  his  rural  rides, 
he  wrote  for  the  crowd,  and  the  crowd  heard  him. 
Sometimes  his  income  as  an  author  was  $50,000  a 
year,  sometimes  it  was  only  libel  suits,  bankruptcy, 
prison  and  exile.  But  he  never  lost  his  audience. 

This  Cobbett,  reformer,  radical,  or  royalist,  was 
always  and  everywhere  a  preacher.  It  is  not  too 
much  to  say  that  the  rise  of  the  modern  democracy 
in  England,  which  has  made  that  country's  govern- 
ment more  responsive  to  independent  and  original 
public  opinion  than  any  other  on  the  continent,  is  due 
more  to  William  Cobbett  than  to  any  other  man. 

This  paper,  however,  does  not  deal  with  Cobbett  as 
a  public  man,  either  in  England  or  the  United  States, 


184  ACADIENSIS. 

but  the  events  connected  with  his  1  f e  as  a  soldier  in 
this  Province. 

One  would  expect  that  whatever  dispute  might 
arise  about  Cobbett's  various  and  picturesque  moods 
and  political  re-adjustments,  there  could  be  in  the  case 
of  a  man  so  remarkable  for  precision  and  so  fond  of 
discussing  his  own  career,  no  question  of  the  year  of 
his  birth.  More  especially  should  this  be  expected 
since  Cobbett  himself  makes  so  much  of  the  claim  that 
he  was  a  good  soldier  at  seventeen,  a  corporal  at 
eighteen,  and  that  he  was  "  at  an  age  under  twenty 
years  raised  from  corporal  to  sergeant  major  at  once 
over  the  heads  of  thirty  sergeants." 

Now  Cobbett  joined  the  army  in  1784.  He  was 
a  non-commissioned  officer  in  1795,  and  sergeant 
major  in  1796.  This  appears  from  the  recommenda- 
tion for  his  discharge  given  by  Lord  Edward  Fitz- 
gerald, as  follows: 

"By  the  Right  Hon.  Major  Lord  Fitzgerald,  commanding 
His  Majesty's  54th  Regiment  of  Foot,  whereof  Lieut.-Gen. 
Frederick  is  colonel.  These  are  to  certify,  that  the  bearer 
hereof,  William  Cobbett,  sergeant  major  in  the  aforesaid 
regiment,  has  served  honestly  and  faithfully  for  eight  years, 
nearly  seven  of  which  he  has  been  a  non-commissioned  officer, 
and  of  that  time  he  has  been  five  years  sergeant  major  to  the 
regiment,  but  having  very  earnestly  applied  for  his  discharge, 
he,  in  consideration  of  his  good  behaviour  and  the  service 
he  has  rendered  to  the  regiment,  is  hereby  discharged. 

Given  under  my  hand  and  the  seal  of  the  regiment,  at 
Portsmouth,  this  iQth  day  of  December,  1791. 

EDWARD  FITZGERALD."* 

General  Frederick  endorsed  this  action,  added  His 
thanks  to  those  of  Lord  Edward,  though  as  an  orna- 
mental colonel  he  probably  knew  little  about  Cobbett's 
services.  In  fact  Lord  Edward  himself  must  have 


*Polkical  Register,  June,  1809. 


WILLIAM  COBBETT.  185 

known  little  more,  except  from  hearsay,  as  he  was 
not  with  the  regiment  more  than  six  months,  and 
probably  a  greater  part  of  that  time  he  was  roaming 
about  the  New  Brunswick  woods,  as  was  his  romantic 
habit. 

If  Cobbett  were  right  in  the  statement  of  his  age, 
he  would  have  been  born  in  1766,  and  in  several  places 
in  his  writing  he  gives  that  year  as  the  date  of  his 
birth.  He  excuses  one  of  his  love  affairs  and  many 
of  his  political  utterances  on  the  ground  of  his  youth, 
representing  himself  always  to  be  four  years  younger 
than  he  really  was.  To  add  to  the  confusion,  Henry 
Morley,  in  his  introduction  to  one  of  Cobbett's  books, 
says  that  he  was  born  in  1762,  but  makes  him  only 
twenty-eight  years  old  in  1794,  and  the  Encyclopedia 
Brittanica  gives  1766  instead  of  1762  as  the  date  of 
his  birth.  The  whole  matter  is  settled  by  the  register 
at  Farnham,  by  which  it  appears  that  he  was  christen- 
ed with  a  younger  brother  in  April,  1763,  and  the 
inscription  on  his  coffin,  which  gives  the  correct  date 
of  his  birth,  March,  9,  1762. 

This  weakens  the  pleasing  tradition  of  Cobbett's 
precocity.  He  was  not  sixteen  or  eighteen,  but 
twenty-two  when  he  joined  the  army,  not  seventeen,  but 
twenty-three,  when  he  came  to  New  Brunswick,  not 
eighteen,  but  twenty-three,  when  he  became  corporal, 
and  his  promotion  to  sergeant  major  occurred  when 
he  was  twenty-five,  instead  of  nineteen  or  twenty. 
When  he  saw  his  girl  at  the  spring  on  the  hill  where 
Rockland  Road  is  now,  he  was  twenty-five  or  more, 
and  when  he  met  the  other  girl  at  the  Nashwaak  he 
was  twenty-seven.  He  was  married  at  thirty. 

We  do  not  need  to  deal  here  with  much  of  Cob- 
bett's early  life.  Not  much  is  known  of  it,  except 
what  he  discloses  incidentally  in  his  various  books. 


186  ACADIENSIS. 

It  seems  that  his  father  gave  him  the  rudiments  of 
good  common  school  education.  He  was  taught  to 
read  at  an  early  age,  and  he  was  well  grounded  in 
arithmetic.  His  father  did  not  teach  him  grammar 
at  home,  as  he  did  other  things,  for  the  father  does 
not  appear  to  have  understood  the  technical  terms  of 
grammarians.  But  he  evidently  had  the  substance 
of  the  science,  for  he  seems  to  have  been  a  master  of 
good  English. 

As  a  boy,  Cobbett  made  great  use  of  his  eyes  and 
ears,  and  his  frequent  allusions  to  the  scenery  and 
natural  objects  which  attracted  his  attention  in  child- 
hood shows  that  he  began  his  studies  of  nature  and 
human  nature  at  an  early  age.  He  also  showed  a 
disposition  in  extreme  youth  to  retaliate  upon  those 
who  injured  or  insulted  him. 

"  When  I  was  a  boy,"  he  says,  "  a  huntsman,  George 
Bradley,  gave  me  a  cut  with  his  whip  because  I  jump- 
ed in  among  the  dogs,  pulled  a  hare  from  them  and 
got  their  'scent  on  Seal  Common  near  Waverley 
Abbey."  At  the  time  Cobbett  could  do  nothing  but 
call  names,  and  he  gave  Bradley  plenty  of  these.  He 
goes  on  to  say  that, — 

"The  native  resources  of  my  mind  made  me  inflict  justice 
upon  him.  I  waited  until  Bradley  and  his  pack  were  trailing 
for  a  hare  in  the  neighborhood  of  the  same  Seal  Common. 
I  placed  myself  with  a  red  herring  at  the  end  of  a  string, 
near  a  path  where  I  was  sure  the  hare  would  go.  By  and  by 
I  heard  the  view  hallo  and  full  cry.  I  squatted  down  on  the 
fern,  and  my  heart  bounded  with  the  ^rospect  of  inflicting 
justice,  when  I  saw  my  lady  come  skipping  by  toward  Pepper 
Hollow.  I  clapped  down  my  herring,  went  off  at  a  right 
angle,  clambered  up  a  steep  bank  where  the  horsemen  could 
not  follow,  went  over  the  roughest  part  of  the  Common, 
through  Moore  Park,  there  I  gave  some  twirls  about  to  amuse 
Mr.  Bradley  for  half  an  hour.  Then  off  I  went  and  down  a 
hanger  at  last,  to  the  bottom  of  which  no  horseman  could  get 
without  riding  around  a  quarter  of  a  mile." 


WILLIAM  COBBETT.  187 

At  the  bottom  was  an  alder  moor  ending  in  a 
swamp  and  a  river.  Cobbett  says  that  he  tossed  the 
herring  into  the  stream  and  then  re-climbed  the  steep 
hill  which  he  calls  a  hanger,  where  he  watched  the 
proceedings  of  the  hunters.  The  sport  continued 
until  late  at  night,  overrunning  the  track  a  hundred 
times,  spending  an  hour  in  the  stubble  field,  plunging 
and  miring  in  the  moor,  crossing  the  river  at  a  mill 
and  exploring  both  sides  of  the  stream,  finally,  "  amid 
conjectures,  disputations,  mutual  blamings  and  swear- 
ings, they  concluded,  some  half-leg  deep  in  dirt  and 
going  soaking  home  at  the  end  of  a  drizzling  day." 
It  may  surprise  this  company  to  know  from  Mr.  Cob- 
bett "  that  at  this  time  I  was  only  about  eight  years 
old."* 

One  other  incident  to  show  his  early  appreciation 
of  good  literature,  and  we  shall  proceed  at  once  to  his 
military  life  in  this  country.  Cobbett  always  had  a 
passion  for  Swift,  the  first  writer  with  whom  he  made 
acquaintance  after  Moses.  Whether  he  heard  about 
Swift  from  hrs  father  does  not  appear,  but  the  elder 
Cobbett  might  have  known  that  Swift  was  a  resident 
of  Temple's  home  near  by.  In  fact  it  was  at  his  same 
Moore  Park,  through  which  the  boy  dragged  the  her- 
ring, that  the  Tale  of  a  Tub  and  The  Battle  of  Books 
were  written.  This  fact,  however,  did  not  introduce 
him  to  the  Tale  of  a  Tub.  Young  Cobbett  heard  of 
the  beautiful  gardens  of  Kew,  and  had  a  desire  to 
work  in  them.  He  set  out  on  a  June  morning  to  walk 
thither  (say  thirty  miles),  having  in  his  pocket  thir- 
teen half  pence,  of  which  he  lost  one.  Two  pence  he 
spent  for  bread  and  cheese,  and  one  for  small  beer. 
He  says: 

"With  three  pence  for  my  whole  fortune,  I  was  trudging 
through  Richmond  in  my  blue  smock  frock,  and  my  red 

*Letter  to  Hon.  John  Stuart  Wortley.  Cobbefct's  Pol.  Reg. 
Vol.  81,  page  513. 


188  ACADIENSIS. 

garters  tied  about  my  knees  when,  staring  at  me,  my  eyes 
fell  upon  a  little  book  in  a  bookseller's  window,  on  the  out- 
side of  which  was  written,  "Tale  of  a  Tub,  price  three  pence." 
The  title  was  so  odd  that  my  curiosity  was  excited.  I  had  the 
three  pence,  but  then  I  would  not  have  any  supper.  In  I  went 
and  got  the  little  book,  which  I  was  so  impatient  to  read  that 
I  got  over  into  a  field  in  the  upper  corner  of  the  Kew  Gardens, 
where  stood  a  hay  stack.  On  the  shady  side  of  this  I  sat 
down  to  read.  The  book  was  so  different  from  anything 
that  I  had  read  'before — it  was  something  so  new  to  my  mind 
— that  though  I  could  not  understand  some  parts  of  it,  it 
delighted  me  beyond  description,  and  produced  what  I  have 
always  considered  a  birth  of  intellect.  I  read  on  until  it  was 
dark  without  any  thought  of  supper  or  bed." 

The  boy  slept  by  the  stack  that  night,  and  next  day 
went  on  reading  as  he  went  to  Kew,  where  the  Scotch 
gardener  gave  him  work.  He  also  lent  him  books  on 
gardening,  but  they  seemed  dull  after  Swift.  This 
little  volume  he  carried  about  with  him  everywhere 
for  several  years.  The  fate  will  be  mentioned  later. 
Cobbett  says  that  at  this  time  when  he  preferred 
Swift  to  his  dinner,  when  he  was  ready  to  sleep  behind 
a  haystack  rather  than  postpone  the  reading,  and  when 
he  was  allowed  to  scour  the  country  looking  for  work 
with  six  pence  in  his  pocket,  he  was  eleven  years  old. 
I  need  not  say  that  "  The  Tale  of  a  Tub,"  great  book 
as  it  is,  would  hardly  absorb  the  attention  of  many 
boys  of  that  age.  It  is  a  political  or  ecclesiastical 
allegory,  requiring  a  somewhat  mature  and  cultivated 
mind  to  see  its  force.  I  am  disposed  to  add  to  the 
age  of  Cobbett,  at  the  time  of  the  red-herring  episode, 
and  the  Tale  of  the  Tub  adventure,  the  four  years 
that  we  must  add  to  the  years  he  claims  when  he 
joined  the  army.  Even  then  we  may  see  in  one  inci- 
dent the  promise  of  the  greatest  controversial  pamph- 
leteer of  his  time,  and  in  the  other  the  sign  of  the 
intellectual  activity  and  industry  which  are  the  wonder 
of  all  his  biographers. 


WILLIAM  COBBETT.  189 

The  Tale  of  a  Tub  story  is  taken  from  a  note  in  a 
recent  Life  of  Swift,  and  was  published  in  the  Even- 
ing Post  when  Cobbett  was  appealing  to  Reformers 
to  pay  his  election  expenses.  The  Annual  Register 
of  1835  contained  a  long  obituary  notice,  in  which  it 
was  stated  that  Cobbett's  father  was  a  publican  as 
well  as  a  farmer,  and  that  the  tavern  he  kept  was 
called  "  The  Jolly  Farmer."  The  authorities  all  agree 
that  the  lad  had  a  desire  to  go  to  sea,  and  that  once 
he  went  on  board  a  man-of-war  at  Portsmouth,  in- 
tending to  enlist  as  a  marine.  Also  that  when  he 
actually  did  enlist  at  Chatham,  he  thought  he  was 
joining  the  navy. 

He  left  home  in  1783  (May  6)  to  go  to  Guilford 
Fair,  but  on  a  sudden  impulse  he  rode  on  with  the 
coach  to  London,  thereby  disappointing  a  group  of 
girls  whom  he  had  promised  to  take  to  the  show. 
A  hop  merchant  who  knew  Cobbett's  father 
got  him  a  place  as  a  copying  clerk  with  Mr. 
Holland,  an  attorney  at  Gray's  Inn.  He  stayed 
there  nine  months  and  then  enlisted.  At  Chatham  he 
was  clerk  to  General  Debeig,  in  command  of  the  gar- 
rison. It  was  this  general  who  advised  him  to  study 
grammar,  and  recommended  Bishop  Lowth's  text- 
book. Cobbett  copied  the  whole  volume  three  times 
and  learned  it  by  heart,  imposing  upon  himself  the 
task  of  saying  it  all  over  every  time  he  did  sentinel 
duty.  In  later  years,  when  he  himself  became  a 
writer  of  grammar,  he  did  not  think  so  highly  of  his 
early  master. 

Cobbett  was  in  many  respects  a  typical  man  for  a 
non-commissioned  officer.  He  had  a  perfect  physique, 
and  was  capable  of  enormous  labor.  When  he  was 
an  elderly  man,  and  weighed,  as  he  said,  as  much  as 
four  bushels  of  wheat  (240  pounds),  he  could  ride 


190  AOADIENiSIS. 

nine  hours  in  the  field,  or  after  the  hounds,  without 
dismounting.  He  was  methodical,  determined  to 
excel,  well  educated  for  a  soldier,  and  absolutely  sure 
of  himself.  It  is  not  surprising  that  he  commended 
himself  to  the  officers  and  obtained  advancement.  If 
the  officers  were  half  as  lazy  and  inefficient  as  he 
represents  them,  it  was  conven:'ent  for  them  to  have 
a  sergeant  major  to  do  the  work  that  they  should  have 
been  able  and  willing  to  do  for  themselves. 

A  man  who  rose  at  daylight  in  summer  and  at  four 
o'clock  in  winter,  who  dressed  with  extreme  neatness, 
shaved  with  cold  water,  and  was  always  ready  for 
duty  hours  before  he  was  needed,  who  abstained  from 
drink,  even  refusing  tea,  and  was  exceedingly  temper- 
ate in  his  eating,  who  could  write  a  hand  like  a  copper- 
plate, who  was  a  perfect  master  of  English  composi- 
tion, who  could  draw  plans  for  buildings  or  fortifica- 
tions, could  ride  a  horse,  go  through  the  woods  with- 
out getting  lost,  manage  a  team  or  a  canoe,  who  knew 
the  exercise  book  better  than  any  of  the  officers,  was 
pretty  sure  to  find  an  opportunity  in  a  new  country 
such  as  this  province.  He  was  with  a  regiment  that 
contained  many  recruits  and  many  officers  who  did 
not  know  their  business,  while  the  colonel  was  absent 
all  the  time,  and  the  major  nearly  all. 

When  the  54th  came  to  Halifax  from  the  war  which 
closed  in  1783,  it  would  require  fresh  men.  Among 
those  sent  over  from  England  in  1785  was  Cobbett, 
who  had  enlisted  at  Chatham  during  1784,  and  had 
been,  it  would  appear,  less  than  a  year  in  barracks  at 
home.  During  that  time  he  had  made  a  particular 
study  of  English  grammar.  He  bought  his  books, 
pen  and  paper  out  of  his  six  pence  a  day  allowance, 
or  rather  out  of  his  two  pence  per  week  left  over  after 
the  necessary  expenditure  at  the  market.  He  often 


WILLIAM  COBBETT.  191 

went  to  bed  hungry  because  of  this  outlay,  and  once 
cried  like  a  child  over  the  loss  of  a  half  penny.  But 
when  he  did  learn  grammar,  ne  knew  it  as  one 
can  see  who  takes  the  trouble  to  examine  the  text- 
book which  he  wrote. 

Of  Cobbett's  short  residence  at  Halifax  there  is 
little  mention.  It  is  probable  that  the  regiment  came 
to  St.  John  soon  after  he  joined,  for  though  in  his 
papers  he  makes  frequent  mention  of  what  he  saw 
in  New  Brunswick,  there  is  hardly  a  personal  allusion 
to  Nova  Scotia.  The  troops  would  come  from  Hali- 
fax by  water.  The  only  mention  that  Cobbett  makes 
of  his  trip  is  one  about  The  Tale  of  a  Tub. 
"  When  at  twenty  years  old  I  lost  that  book  in  a  box 
that  fell  overboard  in  the  Bay  of  Fundy,  North 
America;  the  loss  gave  me  greater  pain  than  I  have 
since  felt  at  losing  thousands  of  pounds."  I  think 
Cobbett  was  a  corporal  when  he  came  to  St.  John. 
If  not,  he  was  appointed  about  that  time.  He  was 
also  made  clerk  to  the  regiment  (Register,  June, 
1809).  Before  his  promotion,  a  clerk  was  an  officer 
with  no  other  duties  but  to  make  out  the  report  for 
the  regiment.  He  says :  "  I  rendered  the  clerk  un- 
necessary ;  and  long  before  any  other  man  was  dressed 
for  the  parade,  my  work  for  the  morning  was  done, 
and  I  myself  was  on  the  parade  walking  in  fine  weather 
for  an  hour  perhaps." 

The  domestic  romance  whcih  is  associated  with  St. 
John  in  the  life  of  Cobbett,.  and  which  alone  would 
make  the  ridge  from  Fort  Howe  to  L'ly  Lake  a 
pleasant  memory  to  him,  will  stand  another  telling. 
The  regiment  to  which  Cobbett  belonged  was 
quartered  immediately  below  Fort  Howe.  It  is  said 
that  the  Mission  Church  stands  on  the  site  of  the 
officers'  quarters.  Farther  east,  and  on  higher  ground, 


192  AOADIENSIS. 

were  the  quarters  of  the  artillery  corps,  in  which  Cob- 
bett's  future  father-in-law  was  a  non-commissioned 
officer.  It  would  on;  its  own  account  be  a  pleasant 
morning  stroll  to  climb  the  hill  and  walk  toward  Lily 
Lake,  past  "  Cobbe'tt's  spring,"  the  spot  associated 
with  his  delightful  love  story.  Here  is  the  first 
chapter  as  he  gives  it  himself: 

"  When  I  first  saw  my  wife,  she  was  thirteen  years  old,  and 
I  was  about  a  month  of  twenty-one.  I  sat  in  a  room  with  her 
for  about  an  hour  in  company  with  others,  and  I  made  up  my 
mind  she  was  the  very  girl  for  me.  That  I  thought  her  beauti- 
fnl  is  certain,  for  that  I  had  always  said  should  be  an  indis- 
pensable qualification,  but  I  saw  in  her  what  I  deemed  marks 
of  that  sobriety  of  conduct  of  which  I  have  said  so  much, 
and  which  has  been  by  far  the  greatest  blessing  of  my  life. 
It  was  now  dead  of  winter,  and,  of  course,  the  snow  was 
several  feet  deep  on  the  ground,  and  the  weather  piercing 
cold.  It  was  my  habit  when  I  had  done  my  morning's  writ- 
ing to  go  out  at  break  of  day  to  take  a  walk  on  the  hill,  at  the 
foot-  of  which  our  barracks  lay.  In  about  three  mornings 
after  I  had  first  seen  her,  I  had  by  invitation  to  breakfast  with 
me,  got  up  two  young  men  to  join  me  in  my  walk;  and  our 
road  lay  by  the  house  of  her  father  and  mother.  It  was 
hsrdly  light;  but  she  was  out  on  the  snow  scrubbing  out  a 
washing  tub.  '  That's  the  girl  for  me,'  said  I,  when  we  got 
cut  of  hearing.  From  the  day  that  I  had  first  spoken  to  her, 
I  never  had  a  thought  of  her  ever  being  the  wife  of  any  other 
man  more  than  I  had  thought  of  her  being  transformed  into 
a  chest  of  drawers ;  and  I  formed  my  resolution  at  once  to 
marry  her  as  soon  as  we  could  get  permission,  and  to  get  out 
of  the  army  as  soon  as  I  could.  So  that  this  matter  was  at 
once  settled  as  firmly  as  if  written  in  the  book  of  fate.  At 
the  end  of  about  six  months,  my  regiment,  and  I  along  with 
it,  were  removed  to  Fredericton,  a  distance  of  a  hundred  miles, 
up  the  River  St.  John;  and,  which  was  worse,  the  artillery 
(to  which  her  father  belonged)  was  expected  to  go  off  to 
England  a  year  or  two  before  our  regiment.  The  artillery 
went,  and  she  along  with  them ;  and  now  it  was  that  I  acted 
the  part  becoming  a  real  and  sensible  lover.  I  was  aware 
that  when  she  got  to  that  gay  place,  Woolwich,  the  house  of 
her  father  and  mother,  necessarily  visited  by  numerous  per- 


WILLIAM  COBBETT.  193 

sons  not  the  most  select,  might  become  unpleasant  to  her.  I 
did  not  like,  besides,  that  she  should  continue  to  work  hard. 
I  had  saved  a  hundred  and  fifty  guineas, — the  earnings  of  my 
early  hours,  in  writing  for  the  pay-master,  the  quarter-master, 
and  others, — in  addition  to  the  savings  of  my  own  pay.  I 
sent  her  all  my  money  before  she  sailed;  and  wrote  to  her  to 
beg  of  her  if  she  found  her  home  uncomfortable,  to  hire  a 
lodging  with  respectable  people;  and,  at  any  rate,  not  to 
spare  the  money  by  any  means;  but  to  buy  herself  good 
clothes,  and  to  live  without  hard  work,  until  I  arrived  m 
England;  and  I,  in  order  to  induce  her  to  lay  out  the  money, 
told  her  that  I  could  get  plenty  more  before  I  came  home. 

"  As  the  malignity  of  the  devil  would  have  it,  we  were  kept 
abroad  two  years  longer  than  our  time,  Mr.  Pitt  (England 
not  being  so  tame  then  as  she  is  now)  having  knocked  up  a 
dust  with  Spain  about  Nootka  Sound.  Oh,  how  I  cursed 
Nootka  Sound,  and  poor  bawling  Pitt,  too,  I  am  afraid.  At 
the  end  of  four  years,  however,  home  I  came;  landed  at 
Portsmouth,  and  got  my  discharge  from  the  army  by  the  great 
kindness  of  poor  Lord  Edward  Fitzgerald,  who  was  then  the 
major  of  my  regiment.  I  found  my  little  girl  a  servant  of  all 
work  (and  hard  work  it  was)  at  five  pounds  a  year,  in  the 
house  of  a  Captain  Brisac;  and  without  saying  hardly  a  word 
about  the  matter,  she  put  into  my  Tiands  the  whole  of  the 
hundred  and  fifty  guineas  unbroken.  Need  I  tell  the  readers 
what  my  feelings  were?  Need  I  tell  kind-hearted  English 
parents  this  anecdote,  and  what  effect  it  must  have  produced 
on  the  minds  of  our  children?  Admiration  of  her  conduct 
and  self-gratulation  on  this  indubitable  proof  of  the  sound- 
ness of  my  own  judgment,  were  added  to  the  love  of  her 
beautiful  person." 

There  is  something  more  to  be  said  about  Cobbett's 
wife,  but  at  this  stage  in  the  story  we  may  turn  back. 
I  take  up  another  New  Brunswick  love  story  :'n  which 
he  does  not  appear  to  quite  the  same  advantage. 

Again  we  take  his  own  narrative,  which  is  interest- 
ing not  only  as  a  part  of  the  story  of  his  own  life,  but 
for  the  light  it  throws  upon  the  condition  of  things 
in  the  province  one  hundred  and  twenty  years  ago : 

"The  Province  of  New  Brunswick,  in  North  America,  in 
which  I  passed  the  years  from  eighteen  to  that  of  twenty- 


194  ACAD1ENSIS. 

six,  consists,  in  general,  of  heaps  of  rocks,  in  the  interstices 
of  which  grow  the  pine,  the  spruce,  and  various  sorts  of  fir 
trees ;  or,  where  the  woods  have  been  burned  down,  the  bushes 
of  the  raspberry  or  those  of  the  huckleberry.  The  province 
is  cut  asunder  by  a  great  river,  called  the  St.  John,  which  is 
about  two  hundred  miles  in  length,  and,  at  half  way  to  the 
mouth,  full  a  mile  wide.  Into  this  main  river  run  innumerable 
smaller  rivers,there  called  creeks.  On  the  sides  of  these 
creeks  the  land  is  in  some  places  clear  of  rocks ;  it  is,  in  these 
places,  generally  good  and  productive;  the  trees  that  grow 
here  are  the  birch,  maple,  and  others  of  the  deciduous  class ; 
natural  meadows  here  and  there  present  themselves;  and 
some  of  these  spots  far  surpass  in  rural  beauty  any  other  that 
my  eyes  ever  beheld;  the  creeks  abounding  towards  their 
sources  in  waterfalls  of  endless  variety,  as  well  in  form  as  in 
magnitude,  and  always  teeming  in  fish,  while  water-fowl  en- 
liven the  surface,  and  wild-pigeons  of  the  gayest  plum- 
age flutter  in  thousands  upon  thousands  amongst  the  branches 
of  the  beautiful  trees,  which,  sometimes,  for  miles  together, 
form  an  arch  over  the  creeks. 

"I,  in  one  of  my  rambles  in  the  woods,  in  which  I  took  great 
delight,  came  to  a  spot  a  very  short  distance  from  the  source 
of  one  of  these  creeks.  Here  was  everything  to  delight  the 
eye,  and  especially  one  like  me,  who  seems  to  have  been  born 
to  love  a  rural  life,  the  trees  and  the  plants  of  all  kinds. 
Here  was  about  two  hundred  acres  of  natural  meadow  inter- 
spersed with  patches  of  maple  trees  in  various  forms  and  of 
various  extent;  the  creek  (here  about  thirty  miles  from  its 
point  of  joining  the  St.  John)  ran  down  the  middle  of  the 
spot  which  formed  a  sort  of  dish,  and  high  and  rocky  hills 
rising  all  around  it,  except  at  the  outlet  of  the  creek,  and 
these  hills  crowned  with  lofty  pine;  in  the  hills  were  Ihe 
sources  of  the  creek,  the  waters  of  which  came  down  in  cas- 
cades, for  any  one  of  which  many  a  nobleman  in  England 
would,  if  he  could  transfer  it,  give  a  good  slice  of  his  fertile 
estate ;  and  in  the  creek  at  the  foot  of  the  cascades,  there  was, 
in  the  season,  salmon,  the  finest  in  the  world,  and  so  abund- 
ant, and  so  easily  taken,  as  to  be  used  for  manuring  the  land. 

"If  Nature,  in  her  very  best  humor,  had  made  a  spot  for 
the  express  purpose  of  captivating  me,  she  could  not  have 
exceeded  the  efforts  which  she  had  made  here.  But  I  found 
something  here  besides  the  rude  works  of  nature;  I  found 


WILLIAM  COBBETT.  195 

something  in  the  fashioning  of  which  man  had  had  something 
to  do.  I  found  a  large  and  well-built  lag  dwelling  house, 
(standing  in  the  month  of  September)  on  the  edge  of  a  very 
good  field  of  Indian  corn,  by  the  side  of  which  there  was  a 
piece  of  buckwheat  just  then  mowed.  I  found  a  homestead, 
and  some  very  pretty  cows.  I  found  all  things  by  which  an 
easy  and  happy  farmer  is  surrounded;  and  I  found  still  some- 
thing besides  all  these,  that  was  destined  to  give  me  a  great 
deal  of  pleasure  and  also  a  great  deal  of  pain,  both  in  their 
extreme  degrees;  and  both  of  which,  in  spite  of  the  lapse  of 
forty  years,  now  make  an  attempt  to  rush  back  into  my 
heart. 

"  Partly  from  misinformation,  and  partly  from  miscalcula- 
tion, I  had  lost  my  way;  and,  quite  alone,  but  armed  with  my 
sword  and  a  brace  of  pistols,  to  defend  myself  against  the 
bears,  I  arrived  at  the  log  house  in  the  middle  of  a  moonlight 
night,  the  hoar  frost  covering  the  trees  and  the  grass.  A 
stout  and  clamorous  dog,  kept  off  by  the  gleaming  of  my 
sword,  waked  the  master  of  the  house,  who  got  up,  received 
me  with  great  hospitality,  got  me  something  to  eat,  and  put 
me  into  a  feather  bed,  that  I  had  been  a  stranger  to  for  some 
years.  I,  being  very  tired,  had  tried  to  pass  the  night  in  the 
woods,  between  the  trunks  of  two  large  trees,  which  had 
fallen  side  by  side,  and  within  a  yard  of  each  other.  I  had 
made  a  nest  for  myself  of  dry  fern,  and  had  made  a  covering 
by  laying  the  boughs  of  spruce  across  the  trunks  of  the 
trees.  But  unable  to  sleep  on  account  of  the  cold,  becoming 
sick  from  the  great  quantity  of  water  that  I  had  drunk  during 
the  heat  of  the  day,  and  being,  moreover,  alarmed  at  the  noise 
of  the  bears,  and  lest  one  of  them  should  find  me  in  a  defence- 
less state,  I  had  roused  myself  up,  and  had  crept  along  as  well 
as  I  could.  So  that  no  hero  of  eastern  romance  ever  experi- 
enced a  more  enchanting  change. 

"I  got  into  the  house  of  one  of  those  Yankee  Loyalists, 
who,  at  the  close  of  the  Revolutionary  War  (which,  until  it 
had  succeeded,  was  called  a  rebellion),  had  accepted  grants 
of  land  in  the  King's  Province  of  New1  Brunswick;  and  who, 
to  the  great  honor  of  England,  had  been  furnished  with  all 
the  means  of  making  new  and  comfortable  settlements.  I 
was  suffered  to  sleep  until  breakfast  time,  when  I  found  a 
table,  the  like  of  which  I  have  since  seen  so  many  in  the 
United  States,  loaded  with  good  things.  The  master  and 


196  ACADIENSIS. 

mistress  of  the  house,  aged  about  fifty,  were  like  what  an 
English  farmer  and  his  wife  were  half  a  century  ago.  Th^re 
were  two  sons,  tall  and  stout,  who  appeared  to  have  come  in 
from  work,  the  youngest  of  whom  was  about  my  age,  then 
twenty-three.  But  there  was  another  member  of  the  family, 
aged  nineteen,  who  (dressed  according  to  the  neat  and  simple 
fashion  of  New  England,  whence  she  had  come  with  her 
parents  five  or  six  years  before)  had  her  long  light-brown  hair 
twisted  nicely  up,  and  fastened  on  her  head,  in  which  head 
were  a  pair  of  lively  blue  eyes,  associated  with  features  of 
which  that  softness  and  that  sweetness,  so  characteristic  ot 
American  girls,  were  the  predominant  expressions,  the  whole 
being  set  off  by  a  complexion  indicative  of  glowing  health, 
and  forming,  figure,  movements,  and  all  taken  together,  an 
assemblage  of  beauties,  far  surpassing  any  that  I  had  ever 
seen  but  once  in  my  life.  That  once  was,  too,  two  years 
agone ;  and  in  such  a  case  and  in  such  an  age,  two  years,  two 
whole  years,  is  a  long,  long  while.  It  was  a  space  as  long  as 
the  eleventh  part  of  my  then  life.  Here  was  the  present 
against  the  absent;  here  was  the  power  of  -the  eyes  pitted 
against  that  of  the  memory;  here  were  all  the  senses  up  in 
arms  to  subdue  the  influence  of  the  thoughts ;  here  was  vanity, 
here  was  passion,  here  was  the  spot  of  all  spots  in  the  world, 
and  here  were  also  the  life  and  the  manners  and  the  habits, 
and  the  pursuits  that  I  delighted  in;  here  was  everything  that 
imagination  can  conceive,  united  in  a  conspiracy  against  the 
little  brunnette  in  England.  W'hat,  then,  did  I  fall  in  love  at 
once  with  this  bouquet  of  lilies  and  roses?  Oh,  by  no  means. 
I  was,  however,  so  enchanted  with  the  place;  I  so  much  en- 
joyed its  tranquility,  the  shade  of  the  maple  trees,  the  business 
of  the  farm,  the  sports  of  the  water  and  the  woods,  that  I 
stayed  there  till  the  last  possible  moment,  promising,  at  my 
departure,  to  come  again  as  often  as  I  possibly  could ;  a  pro- 
mise which  I  most  punctually  fulfilled. 

"Winter  is  the  great  season  for  jaunting  and  dancing  (call- 
ed frolicking)  in  America.  In  this  province  the  river  and  the 
creeks  were  the  only  roads  from  settlement  to  settlement.  In 
summer  we  travelled  in  canoes;  in  winter  in  sleds  on  the  ice 
or  snow.  During  more  than  two  years  I  spent  all  the 
time  I  could  with  my  Yankee  friends;  they  were  all  fond  of 
me;  I  talked  to  them  about  country  affairs,  my  evident  de- 
light in  which  they  took  as  a  compliment  to  themselves;  the 


WILLIAM  COBBETT.  197 

father  and  mother  treated  me  as  one  of  their  own  children; 
the  sons  as  a  brother;  and  the  daughter,  who  was  as  modest 
and  as  full  of  sensibility  as  she  was  beautiful,  in  a  way  to  a 
chap  much  less  sanguine  than  I  was  would  have  given  the 
tenderest  interpretation;  which  treatment  I,  especially  in  the 
last-mentioned  case,  most  cordially  repaid. 

"  It  is  when  you  meet  in  company  with  others  of  your  own 
age  that  you  are,  in  love  matters,  put  most  frequently  to  the 
test,  and  exposed  to  detection.  The  next  door  neighbor  might, 
in  that  country,  be  ten  miles  off.  We  used  to  have  a  frolic, 
sometimes  at  one  house  and  sometimes  at  another.  Here, 
where  female  eyes  are  very  much  on  the  alert,  no  secret  can 
long  be  kept;  and  very  soon,  father,  mother,  brothers,  and 
the  whole  neighborhood  looked  upon  the  thing  as  certain,  not 
excepting  herself,  to  whom  I,  however,  had  never  once  even 
talked  of  marriage,  and  had  never  even  told  her  that  I  loved 
her.  But  I  had  a  thousand  times  done  this  by  implication, 
taking  into  view  the  interpretation  that  she  would  naturally 
put  upon  my  looks,  appellations,  and  acts ;  and  it  was  of  this 
I  had  to  accuse  myself. 

"Yet  I  was  not  a  deceiver;  for  my  affection  for  her  was 
very  great;  I  spent  no  really  pleasant  hours  but  with  her;  I 
was  uneasy  if  she  showed  the  slightest  regard  for  any  other 
young  man;  I  was  unhappy  if  the  smallest  matter  affected 
her  health  or  spirits;  I  quitted  her  in  dejection,  and  returned 
to  her  with  eager  delight ;  many  a  time  when  I  could  get  leave 
but  for  a  day,  I  paddled  in  a  canoe  two  whole  succeeding 
nights  in  order  to  pass  that  day  with  her.  If  this  was  not 
love,  it  was  first  cousin  to  it ;  for  as  to  any  criminal  intention, 
I  had  no  more  thought  of  it  than  if  she  had  been  my  sister. 
Many  times  I  put  to  myself  the  questions,  'What  am  I  at? 
Is  not  this  wrong?  Why  do  I  go?'  But  still  I  went. 

"  Then,  further  in  my  excuse,  my  prior  engagement,  though 
carefully  left  unalluded  to  by  both  parties,  was,  in  that  thin 
population,  and  owing  to  the  singular  circumstances  of  it, 
and  the  great  talk  that  there  always  was  about  me,  perfectly 
well  known  to  her  and  all  her  family.  It  was  matter  of  much 
notoriety  and  conversation  in  the  province,  that  General 
Carleton  (brother  of  the  late  Lord  Dorchester)  who  was  .the 
governor  when  I  was  there,  when  he,  about  fifteen  years 
afterwards,  did  me  the  honor,  on  his  return  to  England,  to 
come  and  see  me  at  my  house  in  Duke  Street,  Westminister, 


198  ACADIEiN'SIS. 

asked,  before  he  went  away,  to  see  my  wife,  of  whom  he  hid 
heard  so  much  before  her  marriage.  So  that  there  was  no 
deception  on  my  part;  but  still  I  ought  not  to  have  suffered 
even  the  most  distant  hope  to  be  entertained  by  a  person  so 
innocent,  so  amiable,  for  whom  I  had  so  much  affection,  and 
to  whose  heart  I  had  no  right  to  give  a  single  twinge.  I 
ought  from  the  very  first  to  have  prevented  the  possibility  of 
her  ever  feeling  pain  on  my  account.  I  was  young,  to  be  sure ; 
but  I  was  old  enough  to  know  what  was  my  duty  in  this  case, 
and  I  ought,  dismissing  my  own  feelings,  to  have  had  the 
resolution  to  perform  it. 

"The  last  parting  came;  and  now  came  my  just  punish- 
ment. The  time  was  known  to  everybody,  and  irrevocably 
fixed;  for  I  had  to  move  with  the  regiment,  and  the  embark- 
ation of  a  regiment  is  an  epoch  in  a  thinly  settled  province. 
To  describe  this  parting  would  be  too  painful  even  at  this 
distant  day,  and  with  this  frost  of  age  upon  my  head.  The 
kind  and  virtuous  father  came  forty  miles  to  see  me,  just  as 
I  was  going  on  board  in  the  river.  His  looks  and  words  I 
have  never  forgotten.  As  the  vessel  descended,  she  passed 
the  mouth  of  that  creek,  which  I  had  so  often  entered  with 
delight;  and  though  England,  and  all  that  England  contained, 
were  before  me,  I  lost  sight  of  this  creek  with  an  aching 
heart. 

"  On  what  trifles  turn  the  greatest  events  of  a  man.  If  I 
had  received  a  cool  letter  from  my  intended  wife ;  if  I  had 
only  heard  a  rumor  of  anything  from  which  fickleness  in 
her  mind  might  have  been  inferred ;  if  I  had  found  in  her  any, 
even  the  smallest  abatement  of  affection;  if  she  had  but  left 
go  any  one  of  the  hundred  strings  by  which  she  held  my 
heart;  if  any  of  these  had  occurred,  never  would  the  world 
have  heard  me.  Young  as  I  was ;  able  as  I  was  as  a  soldier ; 
proud  as  I  was  of  the  admiration  and  commendations  of 
which  I  was  the  object;  fond  as  I  was,  too,  of  the  command, 
which,  at  so  early  an  age,  my  rare  conduct  and  great  natural 
talents  had  given  me;  sanguine  as  was  my  mind,  and  bril- 
liant as  were  my  prospects ;  yet  I  had  seen  so  much  of  the 
meanness,  the  unjust  partialities,  the  insoluent  pomposity,  the 
disgusting  dissipations  of  that  way  of  life,  that  I  was  weary 
of  it;  I  longed  to  exchange  my  fine  laced  coat  for  the  Yankee 
farmer's  homespun,  to  be  where  I  should  never  behold  the 
supple  crouch  of  servility,  and  never  hear  the  hectoring  voice 


WILLIAM  COBBETT.  199 

of  authority  again;  and,  on  the  lonely  banks  of  this  branch- 
covered  creek  which  contains  (she  out  of  the  question) 
everything  congenial  to  my  tastes  and  dear  to  my  heart,  I, 
unapplauded,  unfeared,  unenvied  and  uncalumnated,  should 
have  lived  and  died."* 

Mr.  W.  G.  McFarlane,  in  a  series  of  papers  written 
some  years  ago  for  the  St.  John  Sun,  speaks  of  this 
incident,  and  locates  the  Loyalist  farmer  on  the 
Oromocto.  It  seems  to  me  much  more  likely  that  he 
dwelt  on  the  Nashwaak.  The  distances  given  by  Cob- 
bett  in  his  New  Brunswick  reminiscences  are  often 
exaggerated,  the  scenery  seems  to  suit  the  Nashwaak, 
while  the  early  settlers  of  that  district  included  many 
families  such  as  are  described.  Still  I  quote  a  passage 
from  another  of  Cobbett's  works  which  may  be 
thought  more  favorable  to  the  Oromocto  theory.  In 
describing  a  journey  of  his  own  in  Kent  about  a  third 
of  a  century  afterward  (1825),  Cobbett  writes  thus 
of  the  journey  from  Tenterten  to  Appledore: 

"  The  fog  was  so  thick  and  white  along  some  of  the  low 
land,  that  I  should  have  taken  it  for  water  if  little  hills  and 
trees  had  not  risen  up  through  it  here  and  there.  Indeed, 
the  views  was  very  much  like  those  which  are  presented  in 
the  deep  valleys,  near  the  great  rivers  in  New  Brunswick 
(  North  America ),  at  the  time  when  the  snows  melt  in  the 
spring,  and  when,  in  sailing  over  those  valleys,  you  lock 
down  from  the  side  of  your  canoe,  and  see  the  lofty  woods 
beneath  you !  I  once  went  in  a  log-canoe  across  a  sylvan  s?  a 
of  this  description,  the  canoe  being  paddled  by  two  Yankees. 
We  started  in  a  stream;  the  stream  became  a  wide  water, 
and  the  water  got  deeper  and  deeper,  as  I  could  see  by  the 
trees  (all  was  woods)  till  we  got  to  sail  amongst  the  top 
branches  of  the  trees.  By-and-by  we  got  into  a  large  open 
space;  a  pie^e  of  water  about  a  mile  or  two,  or  three  to  four 
wide,  with  the  woods  under  us !  A  fog,  with  the  tops  of  trees 
rising  through  it,  is  very  much  like  this;  and  such  was  the 
fog  I  saw  this  morning  in  my  ride  to  Appledore."* 


*  Advice     to     Young    Men,    Morley's    Edition,  page  126. 
*Rural  Rides,  Edition  1853,  page  239. 


200  ACADIENSIS. 

We  may,  if  you  like,  though  we  are  not  bound  to 
do  it,  suppose  that  Cobbett  was  on  this  occasion  re- 
turning from  a  journey  to  his  Yankee  girl,  and  that 
the  Yankees  who  rowed  him  were  the  stalwart 
brothers. 

It  may  be  said  here  that  Cobbett's  hastily  chosen 
wife  was  a  treasure  to  him.  Surely  the  world  could 
not  have  contained  a  woman  better  fitted  to  be  the  wife 
of  a  man  so  strenuous,  so  full  of  self-esteem,  so  enter- 
prising, so  terribly  fond  of  raising  trouble  in  the 
world.  In  the  perpetual  cyclone  which  Cobbett 
managed  to  keep  in  operation,  Mrs.  Cobbett  moved 
serene  and  equable,  bearing  strong  children  and 
bringing  them  up,  minding  the  house  and  the  farm, 
visiting  her  husband  at  Newgate  when  she  could,  at 
other  times  sending  him  hampers  of  fowl  and  eggs, 
roast  pig  and  vegetables  and  home  made  cheese.  If 
a  mob  smashed  his  windows  in  England,  or  threaten- 
ed to  lynch  him  in  America,  Mrs.  Cobbett  did  not  go 
into  hysterics.  She  received  Tallyrand  and  other 
noblemen,  met  leading  public  men  in  London,  or  in 
her  country  home,  and  sat  up  till  two  or  three  o'clock 
in  the  morning,  like  Lucretia,  with  a  supper  ready  for 
her  lord  when  he  should  return  with  his  comrades 
from  some  of  his  political  agitation  meetings.  To- 
ward the  end  of  his  troubled  life,  Cobbett  said  that 
he  owed  it  to  his  wife  that  he  never  had  real  cares. 
He  could  always  leave  his  house  and  family  with  as 
little  anxiety  as  he  would  quit  an  inn,  not  more  fear- 
ing to  find  anything  wrong  than  he  feared  a  discon- 
tinuance of  the  rising  and  setting  of  the  sun.  He 
had  all  the  numerous  delights  of  home  and  children, 
and  all  a  bachelor's  freedom  from  domestic  care. 
Many  sons  this  woman  who  grew  up  in  St.  John  bore 
him,  who  became  as  tall  and  strong  as  their  father; 


WILLIAM  COBBETT.  201 

several  daughters  as  beautiful  and  as  good  as  their 
mother.  She  had  each  one  inoculated  with  small- 
pox, while  she  nursed  it,  Cobbett  having  a  malignant 
aversion  to  "  that  beastly  cow  stuff,"  as  he  called 
vaccination,  and  having  fiercely  opposed  the  grant  of 
£20,000  to  Jenner  for  the  discovery.  Yet  Mrs.  Cob- 
bett never  had  the  small-pox.  The  girl  of  the  wash- 
tub  outlived  her  husband,  who  died  at  73,  and  when 
she  had  been  a  widow  eleven  years,  published  an  addi- 
tion to  his  work  on  Cottage  Economy,  wherein  she 
gave  a  number  of  new  receipts  for  cooking  and  house- 
keeping, with  particular  reference  to  the  dishes  her 
husband  used  to  like.* 

And  Cobbett  was  a  good  husband.  He  never 
stayed  away  from  home  when  he  could  help  it.  Her 
praise  was  constantly  in  his  mouth.  At  her  first 
quiet  suggestion  he  gave  up,  after  his  marriage,  a 
boisterous  soldier's  habit  of  being  familiar  with  other 
girls.* 

In  Pennsylvania  during  their  early  married  life, 
when  she  was  in  delicate  health,  he  came  home  from 
his  work  and  went  out  again  to  parade  the  street  all 
night  with  a  club  driving  off  the  dogs,  whose  barking 
was  disagreeable.  The  only  thing  she  feared  was 
thunder,  and  if  a  storm  arose  when  he  was  giving  an 
English  lesson  to  French  royalist  refugees,  at  Phila- 
delphia, he  dropped  his  conjugations  and  started  full 
run  for  home,  so  that  it  became  a  by-word,  when  mak- 
ing his  class  appointment,  "  Sauve  le  tonnere, 
monsieur s. 

The  first  child  died,  and  it  was  while  watching  with 
the  mother  over  this  babe  that  he  wrote  the  grammar 
for  teaching  French  people  English,  which  in  his 


*  Cottage  Economy,  ipth  Edition. 

*  Advice  to  Young  Men. 


202  ACADIENSIS. 

modest  way  he  says  "  has  been  for  thirty  years,  and 
still  is  the  great  work  of  this  kind  throughout  all 
America,  and  in  every  nation  in  Europe."  I  may  go 
out  of  the  way  to  say  that  in  Cobbett's  opinion  all  his 
books  were  the  greatest  of  his  kind ;  one  gathers  from 
his  criticisms  that  only  about  130  volumes  of  good 
literature  have  been  written  in  English.  That  is 
approximately  the  number  of  Cobbett's  works. 

One  thing  more  might  be  said  respecting  this  mar- 
riage. In  Philadelphia,  where  Cobbett  soon  made 
himself  a  storm  centre  by  attacking  the  radicals,  he 
was  called  a  deserter  from  the  British  army,  and  it 
was  slanderously  affirmed  that  the  lady  he  brought  to 
America  with  him  was  not  his  wife.  Cobbett  pro- 
duced his  marriage  certificate,  which  he  showed  to 
Rev.  Dr.  Abercrombie,  an  eminent  scholar  and  divine. 
In  his  English  grammar,  printed  years  after,  Cobbett 
devotes  a  couple  of  pages  to  Abercrombie's  bad  Eng- 
lish,* though  in  that  interesting  text-book  he  observes 
that  the  doctor  was  a  kind  and  worthy  man,  and  that 
he  baptized  the  two  eldest  Cobbett  children.  And  if 
he  devotes  two  pages  to  Abercrombie's  bad  English, 
he  gives  many  times  more  to  the  errors  of  Addison, 
Dr.  Johnson,  Blair  and  Dr.  Watts. 

It  will  be  remembered  that  Cobbett  gave  his  be- 
trothed 150  guineas,  which  seems  to  have  been  the 
savings  of  two  years  as  sergeant  major  and  one  year 
as  corporal,  or  50  guineas  a  year.  He  explains  in 
the  register  that  after  his  marriage  he  had  only  £200, 
which  shows  that  he  only  saved  £50  in  the  last  four 
years,  most  of  the  time  spent  at  Fredericton.  I  sus- 
pect that  he  lived  a  gayer  and  more  social  life  there. 

A  pleasing  p'cture  of  Cobbett's  house  is  given  by 
a  distinguished  literary  woman,  Miss  Mitford,  who 


*  Cobbett's  Grammar,  page  65. 


WILLIAM  COBBETT.  203 

with  her  father  was  a  frequent  visitor  at  the  Botley 
estate.  There  she  met,  among  others,  Mr.  Gilford, 
of  the  Quarterly,  w'th  his  family,  and  also  the  most 
famous  of  Lord  Dundonald's  ancestors,  that  Lord 
Gochrane,  who  became  a  great  national  hero  because  of 
his  dashing  career  as  a  naval  officer,  and  who  was 
destined  like  Cobbett  to  suffer  fine  and  imprisonment. 
Dismissed  later  from  the  navy  and  disgraced,  he  went 
abroad,  commanding  with  great  'success  the  navy  of 
Chile,  and  (then  the  fleet  of  Brazil.  Returning  to  Eng- 
land he  vindicated  (his  character,  became  rear  admiral, 
and  was  buried  in  Westminster  Abbey. 

Miss  Mitford  found  this  young  hero,  afterwards 
known  on  the  South  American  coast  as  "El  Diablo," 
to  be  in  Cobbett's  house,  "  a  gentle,  quiet,  mild  young 
man,"  though  already  famous  as  "  a  burner  of  French 
fleets  and  a  cutter  out  of  Spanish  vessels."  Cob- 
bett's house  was  then  thronged  with  guests  of  all 
ranks,  "  from  the  Earl  and  his  countess  to  the  farmer 
and  his  dame,"  and  he  explains  in  his  books  that  he 
supported  a  family  of  nineteen,  including  nephews 
and  nieces. 

In  these  rather  exacting  circumstances  our  lady 
of  the  washtub  rose  easily  and  gracefully  to  the 
occasion.  Miss  Mitford  was  in  her  day  the  guest  of 
the  finest  houses  in  England,  and  knew  what  a 
hostess  should  be.  She  says : 

Everything  was  excellent — everything  abundant —  all  served 
with  the  greatest  nicety  by  trim  waiting  damsels ;  and  every- 
thing went  on  with  such  quiet  regularity,  that  in  the  large 
circle  of  guests  no  one  could  find  himself  in  the  way.  I  need 
not  say  a  word  more  in  praise  of  the  good  wife  to  whom  this 
admirable  order  was  mainly  due.  She  was  a  sweet  motherly 
woman,  realizing  our  notion  of  one  of  Scott's  most  charming 
characters,  Alice  Dinmont,  in  her  simplicity,  her  kindness,  ind 
her  devotion  to  her  husband  and  children. 


204  ACADIENSIS. 

When  Cobbett  was  a  corporal,  that  is  within  two 
years  after  he  enlisted,  "the  new  discipline,"  as  it  was 
called,  was  introduced.  This  Dundas  system,  as  they 
named  it  from  the  war  minister,  was  sent  out  in  little 
books  to  be  stud  ed  by  the  officers.  According1  to 
Cobbett,  the  officers  at  St.  John  did  not  study  much. 
He  says,  "  Any  old  woman  might  have  written  such 
a  book,  as  it  was  excessively  foolish  from  beginning 
to  end."  But  it  ordered  a  total  change,  and  this 
change  was  to  be  completed  before  the  next  annual 
review.  We  may  quote  further : 

To  make  this  change  was  left  to  me,  who  was  not  then 
twenty  years  of  age  (he  was  24)  while  not  a  single  officer  in 
the  regiment  paid  the  least  attention  to  the  matter,  so  that 
when  the  time  came  for  the  annual  review,  I  then  a  corporal, 
had  to  give  lectures  to  the  officers  themselves,  the  colonel  not 
excepted;  and  for  several  of  them,  if  not  for  all  of  them,  I 
had  to  make  out  upon  large  cards,  which  they  brought  for  the 
purpose,  little  plans  of  the  position  of  the  regiment,  together 
with  the  list  of  the  words  of  command,  which  they  had  to 
give  in  the  field.* 

At  the  review  we  may  suppose  that  General  Carle- 
ton,  governor  of  the  province,  was  present,  and  it  was 
hard  on  Cobbett's  pride  that  he  was  no  longer  pro- 
minent. He  says : 

There  was  I  at  the  review  upon  the  flank  of  the  Grenedier 
company,  with  my  worsted  shoulder  knot,  and  my  great  high, 
coarse,  hairy  cap,  confounded  in  the  ranks  amongst  other  men, 
while  those  who  were  commanding  me  to  move  my  hands  or 
my  feet,  thus  or  thus,  were  uttering  words  which  I  had  taught 
them,  and  were  in  everything,  except  mere  authority,  my  in- 
feriors, and  ought  to  have  been  commanded  by  me. 

Out  of  the  bitterness  of  these  reflections  and  a  dis- 
covery made  by  Cobbett  while  the  regiment  was  at 
St.  John,  came  the  -resolution  to  bring  down  the  pride 
of  some  of  his  officers.  If  about  this  time,  116  years 


*  Cobbett's  Political  Works,  Vol.  3,  page  252. 


WILLIAM  COBBETT.  205 

ago,  one  of  us  could  have  passed  by  the  quarters  of 
Sergeant  Major  Cobbett,  at  three  or  four  o'clock  in 
the  morning,  he  might  have  seen  that  sturdy  and 
portly,  but  athletic,  young  man,  hard  at  work  copying 
papers,  inspecting  regimental  books,  making  memor- 
anda, and  doing  it  all  with  caution  and  circumspec- 
tion. Later  at  Frederiction  the  light  in  Cobbett's 
quarters  burned  late  and  early.  He  had  now  with 
him  in  these  secret  operations  a  still  younger  and 
much  smaller  man,  a  corporal,  only  five  feet  high. 
They  two  were  working  up  a  boodle  investigation. 
Let  us  take  Cobbett's  own  story.  He  was  clerk  to  the 
regiment,  and  had  all  the  business  in  his  hands.  Be- 
fore he  had  held  the  job  a  year  "  neither  adjutant, 
paymaster,  or  quarter-master  could  move  a  step  with- 
out my  assistance."  He  discovered  that  the  quarter- 
master who  issued  the  men's  provisions  kept  about 
the  fourth  part  to  himself.  Cobbett  informed  the 
old  sergeants  and  .they  told  him  this  ihad  gone  on  for 
years.  They  were  terrified  at  the  idea  of  Cobbett 
mentioning  it.  He  did  mention  it,  however,  to  some 
of  his  superiors,  but  the  answer  he  got  led  him  to 
conclude  to  say  no  more  until  he  got  to  England. 
Meanwhile  there  was  noth:ng  to  hinder  his  prepara- 
tion of  the  case  as  he  had  access  to  all  the  books. 
But  in  the  winter  of  1791  he  began  to  see  that  after 
he  should  get  to  England  the  books  might  not  be 
available.  So  he  made  extracts.  Then  it  occurred 
to  him  that  he  should  be  in  a  position  to  prove  his 
extracts  genuine. 

Corporal  Bestland  was  a  sort  of  assistant  clerk. 
"  He  was,"  says  Cobbett,  "  a  very  honest  fellow,  much 
bound  to  me  for  my  goodness  to  him;  and  was,  with 
the  sole  exception  of  myself,  the  only  sober  man  in 
the  whole  regiment."  They,  two,  made  themselves 


206  AlCADIENSIS. 

busy  in  the  matter.  "  To  work  we  went,  and  during 
a  long  winter,  while  the  rest  were  boozing  and  snor- 
ing, we  gutted  no  small  part  of  the  regknentaJl  books." 

It  will  be  seen  that  the  Nashwaak  lady  was  not 
allowed  to  take  his  attention  from  this  mission. 

They  took  copies,  signed  each  with  their  names, 
and  clapped  the  regimental  seal  to  it,  so  they  could 
swear  to  the  copy.  Cobbett  had  a  strong  box  made, 
in  which  he  kept  these  dangerous  papers.  He  had 
several  bad  frights,  but  got  his  papers  safe  to  Ports- 
mouth and  to  London. 

The  subsequent  story  of  the  charges  is  a  long  one. 
Cobbett  laid  his  complaint  before  the  war  office.  He 
had  first  secured  his  discharge,  as  already  mentioned, 
through  the  good  offices  of  Lord  Edward  F  tzgerald, 
but  unfortunately  little  Bestland  was  still  in  peril. 
In  spite  of  Cofobett's  urgent  appeals  the  regimental 
books  were  not  secured  by  the  war  office.  He  had 
then  to  fall  back  on  his  copies.  But  he  had  promised 
Bestland,  who  feared  a  flogging,  that  his  name  would 
not  be  brought  into  the  case  unt'l  he  also  was  dis- 
charged. Cobbett  asked  that  the  war  office  would 
promise  to  discharge  a  man  whom  he  should  name 
after  the  promise  was  given.  This  was  refused.  The 
case  dragged  a  few  weeks.  Then  Cobbett,  who  had 
married  on  his  return  to  England,  packed  up  what  he 
had,  took  the  lady  of  the  washtub,  and  made  his  way 
to  France. 

It  was  always  stated  by  his  enemies  that  he  did  not 
go  empty-handed.  In  short,  the  charge  was  that  he 
took  money  to  abandon  the  case.  There  is,  however, 
no  need  to  suppose  so,  for  it  was  evident  that  he  could 
not  get  far  with  it. 


WILLIAM  COBBETT.  207 

Years  afterward  Cobbett  supported  the  charges 
made  against  the  Duke  of  York,  son  of  the  reigning 
King,  who  was  accused  of  giving  commissions  and 
promotions'  to  undeserving  people  in  consideration 
of  substantial  payments  to  Mrs.  Clarke,  the  Duke's 
mistress. 

In  the  stormy  discussion  of  these  charges,  Cobbett's 
sudden  abandonment  of  the  New  Brunswick  case  was 
thrown  up  to  him,  and  it  was  in  answer  to  these  re- 
flections that  he  gave  the  statements  which  have  been 
quoted. 

If  Cobbett  went  to  France  in  the  spring  of  1792 
somewhat  acquainted  with  the  French  language  and 
literature,  it  was  because  the  study  of  French  was 
another  of  his  New  Brunswick  activities.  This  study 
seems  to  have  been  taken  up  from  pure  lust  for  work. 
He  could  not  when  here  have  foreseen  that  he  would 
find  it  convenient  to  rush  to  that  country,  or  that  hav- 
ing been  driven  from  France  by  the  revolut  on  which 
followed  hand  upon  his  arrival,  (he  should  make  several 
hundred  pounds  a  year  during  the  next  three  years  :n 
Philadelphia  by  teaching  English  to  French  refugees. 
This  he  did,  while  incidentally  he  belabored  Tom 
Paine,  Jefferson,  Franklin  and  Citizen  Genet  through 
his  pamphlets.  His  career  in  the  Quaker  city  was 
closed  by  a  condemnation  to  pay  $5,000  damages  to 
Dr.  Rush,  who,  according  to  Cobibett,  had  killed  some 
hundreds  of  people  by  excessive  bleeding  —  among 
others,  George  Washington. 


Cobbett  did  some  other  things  in  New  Brunswick. 
In  no  less  than  three  of  his  books  he  mentions  a  cer- 
tain royal  commission.  The  date  should  be  about  1790, 
for  he  intimates  that  it  was  a  year  before  he  left  the 
province. 


208  ACADIE'NSIS. 

"  I  remember,"  he  says,  "  a  set  of  commissioners  being  sent 
out  from  England,  a  part  of  whose  business  it  was  to  make 
a  statement  and  report  of  the  population.  They  lived  about 
our  quarters  for  some  time;  they  had  some  jovial  carousings 
with  our  officers;  but  it  was  I  who  made  out  their  state- 
ment and  drew  up  this  report  to  be  sent  home  to  the  King, 
for  which,  by  the  by,  they  never  gave  me  even  their  thanks. 
This  statement,  Which,  as  was  the  case  with  everything  that  I 
meddled  with,  was  done  in  so  clear,  correct,  and  in  point  of 
penmanship,  so  beautiful  a  manner,  that  I  have  been  told  the 
Duke  of  Kent,  when  he  afterwards  became  commander-in- 
chief  in  these  provinces,  had  it  copied,  and  took  away  the 
original  as  a  curiosity." 

I  copy  this   from  the  Political   Register  of   1809. 

In  his  book,  called  iGobbett's  Corn — quoted  in  the  note 
to  Rural  Rides — it  is  stated  that  the  document  came 
into  the  hands  of  the  Duke  of  Kent.  There  is  no 
hearsay  about  it  this  time,  for  Cobbett  states  that  the 
Duke  showed  the  paper  to  him  on  the  often  mentioned 
occasion,  when  Cobbett,  proceeding  from  Philadelphia 
to  London,  had  the  honor  to  dine  w  th  that  royal  per- 
sonage. This  .was  in  1800,  and  Cobibett  wrote  in  1828. 

A  third  story  foe  gives  in  the  Register  of  1824.  As 
this  passage  is  rather  interesting  from  a  local  point  of 
view,  I  quote  a  somewhat  long  extract. 

Cobbett  is  denouncing  Sir  Francis  Burdett,  a  for- 
mer intimate  associate,  from  whom  he  had  received 
£3,000,  which,  according  to  Burdett,  was  a  loan  never 
repaid,  and  in  Cobbett's  view  a  political  subscription. 
Burdett  'had  been-  a  radical  member  of  parliament, 
and  was  a  colleague  of  Lord  Cochrane  when  the  latter 
was  sent  to  prison  and  sentenced  to  stand  in  the 
pillory.  This  latter  part  of  the  sentence  was  not 
carried  out.  If  it  had  been,  Sir  Francis  would  have 
voluntarily  stood  in  the  pillory  with  his  friend  and 
colleague. 


WILLIAM  COBBETT.  209 

Burdett  had  a  scheme  for  sending  the  suffering 
Irish  to  the  colonies,  and  Cobbett  was  contending  in 
his  demagogical  way  that  it  would  be  (better  to  pro- 
vide for  them  at  home.  He  gives  a  dramatic  state- 
ment of  the  difficulties  of  'transporting  a  million 
people  an4  starting  them  as  settlers  in  the  woods,  and 
adds : 

But  the  best  way  of  showing  what  must  be  done  in  such  a 
case,  is  to  show  what  actually  was  done,  when  this  government 
colonized  New  Brunswick,  which  country  is,  in  my  opinion, 
one  of  the  best  colonies  for  purposes  of  this  sort  that  belong 
to  His  Majesty's  Dominions. 

At  the  close  of  the  American  war,  our  government  sent  a 
parcel  of  old  soldiers,  who  during  the  war  had  married  Yankee 
girls,  and  a  parcel  of  native  American  royalists,  who  thought 
it  inconvenient  to  remain  among  the  rebels.  These  were  to 
settle  a  district,  which  in  honor  of  that  glorious  family  of 
which  Mr.  Charles  Yorke  talks  so  much  in  answer  to  the 
slanders  of  the  wicked  Mrs.  Clarke,  is  called  New  Brunswick. 
The  district  begins  at  the  northern  end  of  the  Atlantic  coast 
of  the  United  States,  and  it  extends  northward  about  eight 
or  nine  hundred  miles  perhaps.  The  main  settlement  was  at 
the  mouth  of  a  very  fine  river  called  the  St.  John,  which  comes 
down  nearly  from  Quebec  and  empties  itself  into  the  Bay  of 
Fundy. 

I  was  in  that  province  not  long  after  the  colonizing  began. 
Commissioners  were  sent  out  into  the  province  after  I  had 
4een  in  it  about  six  or  seven  years.  Their  business  was  to 
make  a  survey  of  the  province — they  did  make  the  survey. 
Their  mass  of  rude  materials,  and  more  rude  I  never  saw, 
were  put  into  my  hands,  and  I,  who  was  a  sergeant  major, 
drew  up  their  report,  which  they  sent  to  the  government. 
That  was  about  thirty-five  years  ago,  and  I  dare  say,  those 
commissioners  have,  if  they  be  alive,  pensions  to  this  day. 

I  know,  therefore,  something  about  the  manner  in  which  a 
government  colonizes.  The  distance  which  the  people  had  to 
go  was  a  mere  trifle.  The  expense  of  this  was  very  little. 
Then  the  settlers  were  far  from  being  poor.  They  were 
soldiers,  who  had  gone  through  a  war,  or  they  were  able 
Yankee  farmers.  *  *  *  *  Yet  they  had  provisions  (pork, 


210  ACADIENSIS. 

flour,  butter,  peas  and  rice)  found  them  for  four  years.  They 
had  blankets  found  them  to  a  liberal  extent.  They  were 
supplied  with  tools,  nails  and  other  things.  *  *  *  *And 
though  they  were  not  more  than  20,000,  the  suffering  among 
them  after  the  four  years  was  very  great.  *  *  *  Is  it  likely 
that  each  settler  cost  the  country  less  than  50  pounds?  Thzre 
was  a  provision  store  for  them  which  served  afterwards  as  a 
barrack  for  400  men. 

Who  composed  this  commission?  What  was  its 
object?  Why  was  the  beautiful  report  of  Cobbett 
left  at  Fredericton?  I  am  not  able  to  answer  these 
questions,  unless  the  commissioners  were  Dundas  and 
Pemberton,  who  came  to  this  country  to  inquire  into 
and  report  upon  Loyalist  losses.  In  the  Winslow 
papers,  edited  by  Rev.  Dr.  Raymond  (page  321),  we 
find  Lieutenant  Gordon  writ'ng  from  Halifax  to 
Edward  Winslow,  that  the  Loyalist  commissioners 
will  go  to  New  Brunswick  in  June,  1796.  In  con- 
nection with  Oobbett's  reflections,  At  may  foe  worthy  of 
notice  that  "  Pemberton  was  one  of  a  whist  party  at 
the  general's."  In  December,  1796,  Dundas  writes 
to  Earl  Cornwallis  an  account  of  the  condition  of 
things  in  the  province,  in  which  it  shows  that  his 
enquiry  went  beyond  the  Loyalist  losses.  He  did  not 
get  away  until  the  summer  of  1787,  which  was  the 
year  of  Cobbett's  removal  from  St.  John  to  Fred- 
ericton. It  is  perhaps  material  to  this  enqurry  that 
the  Duke  of  Kent  came  to  St.  John  and  visited 
Fredericton  in  1794. 

Still  we  have  not  exhausted  the  special  labors  of 
Cobbett  in  the  province.  I  quote  again : 

The  fame  of  my  services  and  talents  ran  through  the  whole 
country.  I  was  invited  to  visit  people  in  all  parts  of  the  pro- 
vince. I  had  the  settling,  or  rather  the  preventing,  of  eight 
or  nine  law  suits,  while  we  lay  at  Fredericton.  I  had  the 
affairs  of  the  whole  regiment  to  attend  to,  all  its  accounts, 


WILLIAM  COB'BETT.  211 

its  parades,  its  guards,  its  everything.  I  found  time  to  study 
English  and  French.  I  built  a  barrack  for  400  men,  without 
the  aid  of  either  draughtsman,  carpenter  or  bricklayer.  The 
soldiers  under  me  cut  down  the  timber  and  dug  the  stones, 
and  I  was  the  architect.  I  went  through  a  tract  of  timber 
of  above  100  miles,  where  no  man  ever  ventured  to  go  alone 
before,  and  this  I  did  for  the  purpose  of  putting  a  stop  to 
desertion,  by  showing  the  regiment  that  I  myself  was  able  to 
follow  the  fugitive.-.  And  accordingly,  after  that,  we  had  no 
more  desertion  to  the  United  States.  With  all  these  occupa- 
tions (of  which  I  mention  only  a  few  particulars  that  occur 
to  me  at  this  moment)  I  found  time  for  skating,  fishing  and 
shooting,  and  all  the  other  sports  of  the  country,  of  which, 
when  I  left  it,  I  had  seen  and  knew  more  than  any  other  man.* 

I  cannot  refrain  from  giving  another  short  quota- 
tion from  the  same  letter: 

Why  I  always  had  weight  and  power  wherever  I  was.  I 
was  a  leader,  and  it  would  have  been  a  base  abandonment  of 
the  claims  which  nature  and  habit  have  given  me  to  pretend 
that  I  am  nothing  more  than  such  a  man  as  Parson  Wood- 
cock. 

This  is  rather  vain-glorious,  but  it  is  true,  that  even 
before  Cobbett  left  New  Brunswick  his  fame  had 
begun  to  spread.  In  1805  General  Carleton  went  to 
Cobbett's  house  in  England  to  remind  him  that  he 
had  the  pleasure  of  knowing  him  in  New  Brunswick. 
He  had  been  reviewing  general  when  Cobbett  thought 
that  others  were  getting  all  the  praise.  General 
Carleton  desired  to  see  Mrs.  Cobbett,  remarkrng  that 
he  had  heard  in  New  Brunswick  of  Cobbett's  love 
affair. 

It  is  fair  to  say  that  Cobbett  made  one  exception  in 
expressing  contempt  for  his  officers.  He  told  the 
Duke  of  Kent  in  Halifax  that  Lord  Edward  Fitz- 
gerald was  a  fine  officer.  The  same  year,  dining  at 
Mr.  Windham's  with  Mr.  Pitt,  Mr.  Canning  and 


*  Political  Register,  June,  1809. 


212  ACADIENSIS. 

others,  Cobbett  explained  to  Pitt  that  Lord  Edward 
was  "  the  only  sober  and  only  honest  officer  I  had 
ever  known  in  the  army."  But  Lord  Edward  was 
not  long  with  the  54th.  He  had  served  in  the  Ameri- 
can war  in  other  regiments,  and  in  1788  he  joined  the 
54th  in  New  Brunswick,  because  some  disappointment 
in  love  impelled  him  to  cross  the  seas.  The  impulsive 
and  romantic  disposition  of  this  remarkable  man  had 
already  begun  to  exhibit  itself.  Two  letters  of  his 
to  h.'s  mother,  published  in  Moore's  Life  of  Fitz- 
gerald, shows  that  when  Lord  Edward  arrived  in 
Halifax,  June  21,  1788,  he  refused  to  take  the  ordin- 
ary route  by  Annapolis.  He  had  just  crossed  the 
Atlantic  for  at  least  the  third  time,  and  seems  to  have 
enjoyed  it,  yet  professed  to  his  mother  that  he  was 
afraid  of  the  Bay  of  Fundy  trip  from  Annapolis  LO 
St.  John,  a  passage  which  he  had  heard  sometimes 
consumed  a  fortnight.  Of  course  this  was  not  the 
true  reason.  Lord  Edward  had  already  become  a 
disciple  of  Rosseau,  was  fond  of  living  in  a  state  of 
nature,  and  much  given  to  solitary  and  adventurous 
journeys.  ?  Lord  Edward  made  the  overland 
journey,  with  the  colored  boy  who  had  saved 
his  life  at  Eutaw  Springs,  arriving  at  St.  John  about 
the  middle  of  July.  He  reports  to  his  mother  that 
the  regiment  is  still  there,  but  a  part  of  it  must  cer- 
tainly have  gone  to  Fredericton.  He  would  hardly 
get  to  Fredericton  (before  August.*  ? 

On  the  1 9th  of  the  following  March  Lord  Edward 
was  in  Quebec,  having  walked  all  the  way  on  snow- 
shoes  in  thirty-five  days,  thirty-one  without  seeing  a 
house,  and  making  the  journey  by  a  new  route. 
Thence  Lord  Edward  went  west  and  south,  bringing 


*  Probably    Cobbett    was    then    engaged    in    building    the 
barracks. 


WILLIAM  COBBETT.  213 

up  at  New  Orleans.  He  was  turned  back  when  he 
set  out  for  Mexico,  and  had  become  initiated  into  an 
Indian  tribe  at  Detroit. 

As  we  have  seen  he  was  home  in  England  when 
Cobbett  arrived,  and  assisted  him  to  obtain  his  dis- 
charge. But  he  left  the  regiment  and  the  service 
soon  after  Cobbett,  for  while  Cobbett  was  making 
his  way  to  America  to  escape  the  French  revolution 
Fitzgerald  was  having  a  glorious  time  with  the 
revolutionists  in  France.  There  he  drank  the  health 
of  the  nations  with  which  Britain  was  at  war,  became 
a  comrade  of  Tom  Paine,  and  was  so  exuberant  in 
his  hatred  to  monarchies  that  the  folks  at  home  retired 
him  from  the  army.  How  he  made  a  sudden  mar- 
riage with  a  certain  Pamela,  by  some  said  to  be  the 
daughter  of  a  Newfoundland  man,  and  by  others 
affirmed  to  be  a  daughter  of  Louis  Philippe  (Egalite), 
and  sister  to  the  later  French  king  of  that  name ;  how 
he  joined  the  king's  enemies  in  fact  at  the  last  be- 
coming commanding  officer  of  Wolf-Tone's  army  of 
United  Irishmen;  how  after  defeat  he  resisted  capture 
and  died  of  wounds  received  in  a  fight  with  the 
officers — is  another  story. 

Of  Cobbett,  I  will  only  give  a  few  references  to 
New  Brunswick  and  one  more  allusion  to  his  life 
here.  In  Household  Economy  he  speaks  of  keeping 
cows  and  sheep  and  goats.  Then  he  says : 

When  I  was  in  the  army  in  New  Brunswick,  where  the 
snow  lies  on  the  ground  seven  months  in  the  year,  there  were 
many  goats  that  belonged  to  the  regiment,  and  that  went 
about  with  it  on  ship  board  and  everywhere  else.  Some  of 
them  had  gone  through  nearly  the  whole  of  the  American 
war.  We  never  fed  them.  In  the  summer  they  picked  about 
wherever  they  could  find  grass,  and  in  winter  they  lived  upon 
cabbage  leaves,  turnip  peelings,  potato  peelings,  and  other 
things  flung  out  of  the  soldiers  rooms  and  huts.  One  of  these 


214  ACADIENSIS. 

goats,  belonged  to  me,  and  on  an  average  throughout  the  year 
she  gave  me  more  than  three  half  pints  of  milk  a  day.  I 
used  to  have  the  kid  killed  when  a  few  days  old,  and  for 
some  time  the  goat  would  give  nearly,  or  quite,  two  quarts 
of  milk  a  day.  She  was  seldom  dry  more  than  three  weeks 
in  the  year. 

It  may  interest  people  of  St.  John  to  know  Cob- 
bett's  opinion  of  sea-ports,  since  this  is  the  one  where 
he  lived  longer  than  at  any  other : 

I  hate  commercial  towns  in  general.  There  is  generally 
something  so  loathsome  in  the  look,  and  so  stern  and  unfeel- 
ing in  the  manners  of  sea-faring  people  that  I  have  always, 
from  my  very  youth,  disliked  sea-ports.* 

Here  is  an  opinion  of  his  concerning  Canada. 

Speaking  of  a  crowd  of  Norfolk  people  who  were 
"  fleeing  from  the  country,"  as  he  puts  it,  he  said : 

These  were  going  to  Quebec  in  timber  ships,  and  from 
Quebec  by  land  to  the  United  States.  They  had  been  told 
that  they  would  not  be  suffered  to  land  in  the  United  States 
from  on  board  ship.  The  roguish  villains  had  deceived  them, 
but  no  matter.  They  will  get  to  the  United  States,  and  going 
through  Canada  will  do  them  good,  for  it  will  teach  them  to 
detest  everything  belonging  to  it. 

Again  referring  to  Hull,  he  says : 

Ten  large  ships  have  gone  this  spring  (1830)  laden  with 
these  fugitives  to  escape  the  fangs  of  taxation.  Those  that 
have  most  money  go  direct  to  the  United  States.  Single 
men,  who  are  taken  for  a  mere  trifle  in  the  Canadian  ships, 
go  that  way,  have  nothing  but  their  carcasses  to  carry  over 
the  rocks  and  swamps,  and  through  the  myriad  place-men  and 
pensioners  of  that  miserable  region.* 

Again  he  denounces  "  the  rocks  and  swamps  of 
Nova  Scotia  and  Canada." 

From  Glasgow  the  sensible  Scotch  are  pouring  out 
amain. 

Those  that  are  poor  and  cannot  pay  their  passage,  or  can 
rake  together  only  a  trifle,  are  going  to  a  rascally  heap  of 


*  Rural  Rides,  1853  edition,  page  592. 

*  Rural  Rides,  page  600. 


WILLIAM  COBBETT.  215 

sand  and  rock  and  swamp  called  Prince  Edward  Island,  in 
the  horrible  Gulph  of  St.  Lawrence;  but  when  the  American 
vessels  come  over  with  Indian  corn  and  flour  and  pork  and 
beef  and  poultry  and  eggs  and  butter  and  cabbages  and  green 
peas  and  asparogus,  for  the  soldier  officers  and  other  tax 
eaters  that  we  support  upon  that  lump  of  worthlessness — for 
the  lump  itself  bears  nothing  but  potatoes — when  these  vessels 
come  *  *  *  with  apples  and  pears  and  melons  and  cucum- 
bers. The  sensible  Scotch  will  go  with  them  to  the  United 
States  for  a  dollar  a  head,  till  at  last  not  a  man  of  them  will 
be  left  but  the  bed-ridden.  These  villainous  colonies  are 
held  for  no  earthly  purpose  but  that  of  giving  money  to  the 
relations  and  dependents  of  the  aristocracy.  *  *  *  With- 
draw the  English  taxes,  and  except  in  a  small  part  of  Canada, 
the  whole  of  these  horrible  regions  would  be  left  to  the  bears 
and  the  savages  in  the  course  of  a  year. 

Such  English  as  this,  and  other  far  stronger,  for 
instance  his  description  of  fashionable  life  at  Chilten- 
ham,  or  the  really  scurrilous  abuse  of  Tom  Paine, 
whose  bones  Cobbett  afterward  reverently  resurrected 
to  give  them  greater  honor — (an  honor  they  failed  to 
receive  because  they  fell  into  the  hands  of  a  receiver 
in  bankruptcy) — such  English  Carlyle  had  in  mind 
— when,  classing  Cobbett  with  Walter  Scott,  he  said, 
"  Cobbett  also  as  the  pattern  John  Bull  of  his  country, 
strong  as  the  rhinoceros,  and  with  singular  human- 
ities and  genialties  shining  through  his  thick  skin, 
is  a  most  brave  phenomenon.  So  bounteous  was 
nature  to  us  when  British  literature  lay  all  sprawling 
in  Werterism,  Byronism,  and  other  sentimental:sm, 
tearful  or  spasmodic  nature  was  kind  enough  to  send 
us  two  healthy  men.  of  whom  she  might  still  say  not 
without  pride,  'These  also  were  made  in  England: 
Such  limbs  do  I  still  make  there.'  " 

S.  D.  SCOTT. 


Hi 


S  of-  the. 
net  mt  wind  in  flTt  summe 


ini\  anf( 


p 


etccj 


fltiri' 


to 


cxn 


<x 


rxo( 


Jni 


-fon 


pure 


vtUt  swt-oflfo.w.1^  ]ea^( 
u.  ti'ltTwifc  fffe  Wriiqfits  of  Tairy^om 


AH  iii  fe 


acn     h    prx^  wi/| 
of     urest  tuftertu/J 

v.         ' 


a.nc(  Aearts    art 
-a-Die.   /'/1   tcetfe.-ma.il, 
afeout. 


me.  l/sts  wfwc  we; 

n         '          ~^  ) 
^t\cLQ$   \}\  -every  nue, 

,  if .  ~"»  rl/ 

on  ciTnei-  s  \^  .. 


ies   Smiles 

t//t  in  Ifre  summer- 
etna 


Europe  a$  Seen  by  an 


NOTHER  man's  soul  is  darkness/' 
says  a  Russian  proverb,  "and  dark- 
er darkness  still  is  the  soul  of  an- 
other nation.  Men  go  abroad  and 
return  with  accounts  of  foreign  na- 
tions, fcheir  habits  and  absurdities ; 
but  the  candle  flickers  only  on  the 
outward  things.  From  time  to  time, 
however,  some  foreigner  takes  pity  on  us,  and  throws  a 
glimmer  from  within." 

These  words,  written  with  reference  to  another 
nation  than  Russia,  convey  nevertheless  a  true  idea  of 
much  that  has  been  put  (before  the  public  with  refer- 
ence to  this  unhappy  country.  Russia  is  probably  the 
least  travelled  of  any  of  the  European  states,  and  those 
from  other  lands  who  do  venture  within  her  borders 
usually  do  so  in  fast  express  trains,  along  certain  well 
denned  lines,  stay  at  hotels  where  "English  is  spoken," 
and  consequently  leave  Russia  with  a  poorer  knowledge 
of  the  country  and  the  people  than  they  might  have 
obtained  had  they  stayed  at  home,  and  contented  them- 
selves with  reading  up  the  subject  as  treated  by  the  best 
available  writers. 

Realizing  the  truth  of  the  allegations  in  the  quotation 
just  alluded  to,  the  writer  has  endeavored  conscien- 
tiously to  see  something  from  within,  to  realize  from 
the  Russian  standpoint  some  of  the  political  and  other 
difficulties  with  which  the  nation  is  confronted.  The 
present  occasion  does  not  constitute  his  first  visit  to 
Russia,  and  he  sincerely  trusts  that  it  may  not  be  his 
218 


Orangery  at  Sans  Souci,  near  Potsdam.  In  the  foreground  will  be 
observed  the  bronze  astronomical  instruments  removed  with  other  "loot" 
from  Pekin  by  the  Germans  during  the  recent  troubles  in  China. 


EUROPE  AS  SEEN  BY  AN  ACADIAN.    219 

last,  so  warm  have  been  some  of  -the  friendships  form- 
ed, and  so  pleasing  have  been  many  of  the  experiences 
through  which  he  has  passed. 

For  the  individual  who  has  travelled  through  central 
.and  southern  Europe,  but  has  not  visited  Russia,  there 
is  in  store  a  host  of  new  experiences.  Under  French, 
Spanish  or  Italian  administration,  the  passing  of  the 
frontier  by  the  ordinary  traveler  is  a  matter  that  can 
be  disposed  of  usually  in  half  an  hour,  amid  a  scene  of 
'hurry  and  bustle.  Ordinarily  it  is  a  scramble  for  first 
place  and  first  attention,  in  which  the  .person  who  holds 
up  the  largest  coin  first  catches  the  eye  of  -the  customs 
official  and  is  easily  the  winner.  Upon  entering  Russia 
an  entirely  different  condition  of  affairs  will  be  encoun- 
tered. 

In  proceeding  from  Berlin  northward,  about  eighteen 
hours'  travel  brought  the  writer  to  the  last  station  in 
German  territory.  There  the  train  was  boarded  by 
several  Russian  officials,  and  after  a  very  brief  interval 
moved  slowly  across  the  frontier  line  into  Russia. 

Upon  bath  sides  of  the  track  from  this  line  to  the 
first  Russian  station,  a  short  distance,  Russian  soldiers 
with  bayonets  fixed,  were  stationed,  about  forty  feet 
apart.  These  were  to  prevent  the  escape  of  any  indi- 
vidual from  the  train,  or  the  throwing  off  of  contraband 
articles  to  confederates  who  might  be  in  the  vicinity 
for  the  purpose  of  receiving  them. 

The  Russian  frontier  station  on  this  line  is  a  large 
and  commodious  stone  building,  quite  ample  for  all 
requirements,  and  in  this  all  the  passengers,  with  their 
belongings  and  whatever  freight  might  be  in  the  cars, 
were  speedily  collected,  sentries  in  the  meantime  sur- 
rounding the  station  and  the  train,  so  that  none 
should  escape.  Each  passenger  upon  entering  the 
building  handed  his  passport  to  the  sentry  at  the  door. 


220  ACADIENSIS. 

If,  for  any  reason,  he  had  no  passport  to  present,  it 
meant  deportation  without  delay. 

The  examination  room,  similar  to  other  rooms  for 
the  purpose,  was  provided  with  a  raised  platform  upon 
which  the  passengers,  upon  entering,  deposited  their 
baggage  and  awaited  the  pleasure  of  the  officials.  In 
the  centre  of  the  room  was  a  large  writing  table,  and 
about  this  table  the  officials,  military  and  otherwise, 
gathered.  There  was  no  unnecessary  delay,  and  when 
all  was  in  readiness  the  porters,  with  die  officials,  stood 
at  attention,  and  the  chief  official  appeared  from  an 
inner  room. 

The  examination  of  passports  was  first  taken  up  in 
the  order  in  which  they  happened  to  fall,  and  upon 
being  found  in  order  were  returned  to  their  respective 
owners,  the  examination  of  whose  baggage  was  then 
commenced.  Nothing  was  handled  roughly  or  care- 
lessly, but  the  examination  was  thorough. 

The  cameras  and  typewriter  of  the  writer  were  soon 
brought  to  light,  and  were  carefully  weighed  upon  a 
huge  scale  in  the  centre  of  the  room.  They  were  appar- 
ently within  the  limit  allowed  by  law,  as  they  were 
passed  witihout  remark,  the  only  charge  being  a  small 
fee  of  fifteen  copecks,  about  eight  cents,  probably  for 
the  vise  of  the  passport.  Upon  the  completion  of  the 
examination  permission  was  granted  to  repair  to  the 
waiting  room  or  to  the  restaurant,  but  not  to  leave  the 
building. 

The  whole  examination  was  probably  the  most 
thorough,  orderly  and  polite  that  a  traveller  in  any  part 
of  Europe  would  encounter,  and  by  the  individual  who 
had  nothing  to  conceal  there  was  absolutely  nothing  to 
be  feared.  This  being  at  a  time  when  European  Russia 
was  in  a  state  of  political  ferment,  the  conditions  would 
doubtless  be  as  acute  as  would  be  at  any  time  encoun- 
tered. 


The  famous  Windmill  (now  royal  property)  in  the  park 
of  Sans  Souci,  near  Potsdam,  which  the  owner  is  said  to 
have  refused  to  sell  to  the  king,  meeting  threatened  violence 
by  an  appeal  to  the  judges  of  Berlin. 


EUROPE  AS  -SEEN  BY  AN  ACADIAN.    221 

After  passing  the  customs  examination  the  majority 
of  the  passengers  repaired  to  the  restaurant,  where  a 
good  meal  was  served  at  a  moderate  price.  At  all  the 
entrances  to  the  room,  including  the  doors  to  the 
kitchen,  armed  sentries  were  posted,  under  whose 
watchful  eye  the  traveller  might  regale  himself  of  such 
Russian  delicacies  as  his  fancy  might  suggest.  Cavi- 
arre,  sauer-krout,  raw  fish  pickled  or  smoked,  salads, 
bologna,  red  cabbage  and  a  number  of  other  dishes 
which  do  not  constitute  the  usual  diet  of  the  ordinary 
Canadian  were  spread  out  in  an  appetizing  array  upon 
a  counter ;  but  there  was  a  good  beefsteak  and  plenty  of 
good  bread  and  butter  and  coffee  for  those  who  desired 
a  simple  meal. 

Luncheon  over,  there  was  nothing  to  do  but  loiter 
afcout  the  station  until  the  train  for  the  next  part  of  the 
journey  had  been  made  up.  During  all  this  time  the 
passengers  were  kept  under  strict  military  guard,  as 
though  they  were  a  body  of  recruits  intended  for  the 
far  east,  not  being  permitted  even  to  enjoy  the  fresh 
air  on  the  station  platform. 

At  this  station  the  writer  changed  from  the  fast 
express  to  the  slow  train,  which  makes  many  more 
stops  and  is  much  more  patronized  by  the  Russian 
people.  This  afforded  also  an  opportunity  for  about  an 
hour  and  a  half  at  Riga,  where  minor  disturbances  had 
occurred. 

In  passing  from  Germany  into  Russia,  the  character 
of  the  buildings,  the  style  of  dress  and  racial  features 
of  the  people,  and  the  appearance  of  the  landscape  all 
changed  abruptly.  Upon  the  German  side  the  result 
of  the  reafforestation  plans  which  have  been  consis- 
tently carried  out  during  a  period  of  years,  is  notice- 
able. Up  to  the  boundary  limit,  the  houses  are  all  of 
brick,  with  red  tiled  roofs,  the  farms  are  well  tilled, 
and  have  a  prosperous  appearance,  the  people  appear- 


222  ACADIENSIS. 

j 

well  fed,  stoutly  built,  and  thoroughly  German  in  every 
characteristic. 

Upon  the  Russian  side  everything  is  typically  Rus- 
sian, the  buildings  are  nearly  all  of  wood,  usually  con- 
structed upon  the  solid  plan  without  adr  spaces,  a  con- 
struction thoroughly  Russian.  The  majority  of  the 
buildings  are  of  logs,  flattened  on  two  sides,  and  care- 
fully mortised  together,  fhe  cross  partitions  being  mode 
in  the  same  manner  and  mortised  into  the  outside  walls. 
The  roofs  are  either  covered  with  shingles  or  with 
sheet  metal,  not  a  tiled  roof  to  be  seen.  In  strange 
contrast  to  the  stoutly  built  Germans,  who  are  usually, 
fairly  well  dressed  and  approximately  of  a  uniform 
size  of  figure,  one  observed  a  variety  of  types  and 
figures,  from  the  small,  undersized  Tartar  of  about  five 
feet  in  height,  up  to  the  huge,  raw  boned  rough  haired 
type  that  made  an  ordinary  six-footer  appear  like  a 
pigmy  in  his  presence.  The  long  knee  boot,  either  of 
Russia  leather  or  felt,  is  almost  universally  worn  by 
the  Russian  peasant.  , 

Those  of  the  readers  of  ACADIENSIS  who  wish  to 
know  just  what  a  Russian  peasant  looks  like  have  but 
to  recall  the  Doukhobors  who  entered  Canada  a  few 
years  ago,  clad  in  sheep  skins,  having  the  woolly  side 
of  the  hide  turned  in.  The  women,  as  well  as  the  men, 
are  usually  clad  in  sheep  skin  garments,  the  skirt  being 
short,  usually  not  much  below  the  knee,  and  the  boots 
of  the  same  type  as  those  worn  by  the  men.  Among 
the  better  class  of  peasant  women,  a  kerchief,  usually 
woven  of  white  goat's  wool,  is  worn  over  the  head,  but 
the  poorest  classes  wear  anything  that  will  help  to  keep 
the  cold  out,  from  a  woolen  scarf  to  an  old  salt  sack. 

These  fur-lined  coats  of  the  Russian  peasants  do  not 
strike  the  observer  as  being  particularly  clean,  but  they 
are  doubtless  as  much  so  as  many  of  a  more  preten- 
tious make.  A  well  known  St.  John  man  used  to  boast 


RUSSIAN    PEASANTS. 


A    RUSSIAN    MUJIK,  OR   PEASANT    WOMAN,    CLAD    IN  RUSSIA    LEATHER. 


EUROPE  AS  SEEN  BY  AN  ACADIAN.    223 

that  his  great-grandfather  had  an  overcoat  which  he 
wore  for  twenty-seven  years,  and  bemoaned  his  fate 
that  he  could  not  buy  one  of  the  present  day  manufac- 
ture which  would  last  one-quarter  of  that  time.  Should 
he  happen  to  read  this  article  his  attention  is  respect- 
fully invited  to  the  Russian  leather  coat  just  described, 
upon  the  bosom  of  one  of  which  the  date  1888  was 
artistically  embroidered,  the  year  in  which  the  coat 
was  made-  From  present  apparance  it  bids  fair  to  out- 
do the  twenty-seven  year  record  of  the  good  old  Loy- 
alist forefather. 

The  Russian  Empire,  as  we  are  of  course,  aware, 
includes  in  its  vast  population  Slavs,  Germans,  Mon- 
gols, Tartars,  Lithuanians,  Finns,  etc.  These  various 
peoples  each  retain  their  own  language  and  customs 
with  the  utmost  tenacity,  uotwithstanding  all  the  efforts 
of  the  Russian  government  to  cement  them  into  one 
race.  There  is  consequently  little  in  common  among 
them,  and  this  fact  will  explain  much  of  the  apparently 
cold  blooded  barbarism  with  which  the  troops,  when 
so  ordered,  will  shoot  down  those  who  are  in  name  at 
least  their  brethren  and  fellow  countrymen. 

Regiments  raised  in  one  district  are  used  to  police 
and  keep  down  the  people  of  another  portion  of  the 
empire,  and  thus  the  iron  heel  of  despotism  is  ever  on 
the  neck  of  these  unfortunate  people  wheresoever  they 
may  happen  to  dwell.  The  Tartars  are  most  in  evi- 
dence in  St.  Petersburg  and  vicinity,  and  are  usually 
regarded  as  the  most  terrible  and  bloodthirsty  of  all 
the  Russian  soldiery. 

So  strict  is  the  watch  kept  upon  incomers  that  the 
captain  of  a  British  or  American  steamer  calling  at  a 
Russian  port  is  not  permitted  to  retain  even  his  revol- 
ver, and  this,  with  all  the  ship's  signal  rockets  and  any 
powder  or  other  explosives,  is  removed  to  the  arsenal 


224  ACADIENSIS. 

upon  the  arrival  of  the  steamer,  there  to  remain  until 
she  is  again  ready  for  sea. 

The  difference  in  the  written  language  increases  the 
difficulty  of  travel  in  Russia  very  greatly,  so  much  so 
in  fact,  that  to  the  ordinary  pleasure  seeker  Russia  is 
practically  an  unknown  land.  To  all  but  the  experi- 
enced traveller  the  difficulties  are  so  insuperable  that 
some  more  easily  followed  route  had  better  be  under- 
taken. 

Peter  the  Great  is  said  to  have  invented  the  Russian 
alphabet,  but  the  language  is  difficult  to  acquire,  and 
one  of  the  professors  of  the  St.  Petersburg  University 
assured  the  writer  that  its  mastery  could  only  be  attain- 
ed, except  in  unusual  oases,  by  persons  actually  resi- 
dent in  the  country.  It  will  be  readily  understood, 
therefore,  that  the  task  which  the  Russian  government 
has  undertaken,  namely,  the  unification  of  the  language 
throughout  Russia,  would  appear  to  be  almost  super- 
human. To  tihose  of  us  who  believe  in  the  Biblical  rea- 
son for  the  diversity  of  languages,  it  would  seem  that 
the  task  is  one  that  can  never  be  completed,  all  the 
ukases  to  the  contrary  notwithstanding. 

Were  >the  people  a  willing  factor  in  the  case,  the 
difficulty  would  be  considerably  modified,  but  as  the 
Germans  and  Poles,  particularly,  cling  to  their  own 
language  with  the  same  tenacity  tihat  the  French  Can- 
adian does  that  of  his  forefathers,  and  as  nine- 
tenths  of  the  people  of  Russia  are  absolutely  illiterate, 
it  would  appear  necessary  to  first  educate  them  in  'their 
own  tongue  before  they  can  be  expected  to  acquire 
what  is  to  most  of  them  an  unknown  language. 

The  following  concessions  embodied  in  the  Czar's 
proclamation  of  religious  liberty  will  give  the  reader 
some  idea  of  the  restrictions  hitherto  placed  upon 
unorthodox  religious  worship  in  Russia: 


'There  is  usually  a  crowd  of  farmers  and  peasants  around  the  vodka  shop. 


TYPICAL   RUSSIAN   FARMHOUSE. 


EUROPE  AS  SEEN  BY  AN  ACADIAN.     225 

1.  Dissent  from  the  Orthodox  Church  in  Russia  in 
future  will  not  involve  prosecution  or  the  loss  of  civil 
rights. 

2.  Dissenters  are  permitted  to  hold  real  and  per- 
sonal property. 

3.  They  may  establish  monasteries  and  hermitages. 

4.  They   may   build   schools    wherever   there   is   a 
considerable  population  of  their  persuasion. 

5.  The  closed  meeting  houses  of  the  Stundists  may 
be  reopened. 

6.  "Old  Believers"   (the  sect  of  Raskolnike)   may 
be  promoted  to  the  rank  of  officer,  and  dissenters  gen- 
erally can  receive  the  military  medal  for  valour. 

7.  Roman     Catholics,    Mahommedans,     Buddhists, 
and  Lamaists  are  granted  similar  privileges,  and  the 
monasteries  and  convents  in  Poland  may  be  re-opened. 

8.  Punishments  for  past  religious  offences  may  be 
lightened  or  remitted. 

St.  Petersburg  unlike  most  of  the  other  great  cities 
of  the  world,  is  not  the  result  of  the  slow  growth  of 
centuries.  The  city  owes  its  creation  to  Peter  the 
Great,  the  great  reformer  of  the  Russian  Empire,  who, 
bent  upon  obtaining  a  position  in  Western  Europe,  a 
window,  to  use  his  own  words,  through  which  western 
customs  and  ideals  might  penetrate  into  the  vast  semi- 
barbarous  territory  which  he  ruled,  seized  the  territory 
in  the  middle  of  which  now  stands  the  present  city  of 
St.  Petersburg,  from  the  Swedes,  about  the  year  1700, 
and  commenced  the  plans  for  the  present  city. 

Upon  an  island  in  the  middle  of  the  River  Neva, 
about  three  miles  down  the  stream  from  the  fortress  of 
Nien  Sehauz,  a  fortress  was  built,  which  was  the 
nucleus  of  what  is  now  the  military  centre  of  St. 
Petersburg.  This  island  is  known  as  "The  Fortress" 
(Kriepost),  and  was  a  chief  base  of  operations  for  the 
troops,  for  the  measures  taken  by  the  military  for  the 


226  ,     ACADIENSIS. 

A 
purpose  of  suppressing  the  recent  outbreak.    Upon  this 

island  stands  -die  cathedral  of  SS.  Peter  and  Paul,  in 
which  are  buried,  with  but  one  exception,  all  the 
emperors  since  the  time  of  Peter  the  Great.  Within 
this  fortress  the  mint  is  also  situated. 

The  island  fortress  is  connected  with  the  mainland 
by  the  Troitsky  bridge,  near  one  end  of  which  is  the 
Winter  Palace  of  the  Czar  of  all  the  Russias.  Along 
the  bank  of  the  'Neva  on  the  palace  side  is  a  broad  drive- 
way, divided  from  the  river  by  a  wall  substantially 
built  of  hewn  granite.  On  a  fine  afternoon,  during 
peaceful  times,  this  driveway  is  much  frequented  by 
the  nobles  and  gentry.  Here,  too,  the  troikas,  the 
three-horse  conveyances  with  the  splendid  Bess- 
Arabian  horses,  are  seen  to  the  best  advantage. 

Extending  along  the  river  fronting  upon  the  driveway 
is  one  facade  of  the  Winter  Palace.  The  windows  of 
this  facade  command  a  fine  view  of  the  Neva,  the  fort- 
ress and  of  that  portion  of  the  city  which  lies  beyond. 
It  was  from  these  windows  that  the  press  representa- 
tives and  others  were  gazing  upon  the  occasion  of  the 
annual  ceremony  of  the  blessing  of  the  waters  of  the 
Neva  when  the  shower  of  bullets  occurred  which  shat- 
tered much  of  the  window  glass  of  the  palace,  and 
marked  in  a  dramatic  manner  the  outbreak  of  the  pres- 
ent troubles. 

The  Winter  Palace  is  a  very  long  pile  of  sandstone 
buildings,  having  several  courtyards  within,  and  it  was 
in  these  courtyards  that  the  various  bodies  of  troops 
were  quartered  during  the  night  of  Saturday,  January 
21,  prior  to  the  terrible  slaughter  of  the  following  day. 

The  opposite  facade  of  the  Winter  Palace  fronts 
upon  a  magnificent  square  or  parade  ground,  one  of 
the  very  finest  in  the  world.  The  palace  forms  one  side 
of  the  huge  quadrangle.  Standing  in  its  doorway  one 
sees  to  the  left  the  British  and  other  foreign  embas- 


"Busily  engaged  in  cutting  and  hauling  ice  on  the  river." 


"At  the  Railway  Station  some  of  the  passengers  would  always  run  out  for  tea.' 


EUROPE  AS  SEEN  BY  AN  ACADIAN.    227 

sies,  from  the  windows  of  which  as  well  as  from  the 
palace  a  portion  of  the  recent  terrible  slaughter  could 
have  been  witnessed.  The  buildings  to  the  right  and 
left  of  the  Winter  Palace,  with  the  exception  of  the 
British  embassy,  which  is  of  red  brick,  are  of  brown 
sand  stone,  and  of  uniform  height.  The  fourth  side  of 
the  parade  ground  is  completed  by  a  semi-circular 
range  of  buildings,  through  the  centre  of  which  is  a 
wide  street,  the  buildings  meeting  overhead  and  form- 
ing a  splendid  archway.  Immediately  over  the  arch- 
way is  a  group  of  bronze  figures  of  heroic  size,  of  the 
kind  for  which  Russian  sculptors  are  justly  famous. 
The  group  is  representative  of  Victory  in  a  Roman  tri- 
umphal car  drawn  by  six  horses. 

For  three  days  after  his  arrival  in  St.  Petersburg  the 
writer  was  unable  to  obtain  any  news  concerning  any 
agitation  that  might  be  working  in  the  community. 
Upon  the  surface  everything  about  the  city  was  in  a 
normal  condition.  The  shops  were  all  in  their  usual 
attire  and  were  apparently  doing  a  thriving  business. 
The  hotels  were  fairly  full,  but  the  visitors  were  not 
much  in  evidence,  the  majority  of  them  preferring  to 
have  their  meals  served  in  the  privacy  of  their  own 
rooms,  rather  than  appear  in  the  public  dining  room. 

The  only  noticeable  feature  about  the  city,  to  a 
stranger,  was  the  large  number  of  ttoops  engaged 
about  the  streets  in  breaking  up  the  ice  which  had 
accumulated  during  the  winter.  In  this  work  they 
were  assisted  by  several  thousand  peasants  with  carts, 
who  carried  away  the  ice  as  quickly  as  it  was  broken 
up  by  the  soldiers.  The  latter  were  a  hardy,  well 
developed  looking  lot  of  men,  and  appeared  the  picture 
of  health  and  cheerfulness  as  engaged  in  this  work. 
They  would  probably  much  rather  work  about  the 
streets  of  St.  Petersburg  than  be  en  route  to  Mukden, 
under  the  then  existing  circumstances. 


228  AOADIENSIS. 

At  every  street  corner  a  policeman  and  a  soldier 
were  stationed.  There  were  only  half  a  dozen  sentries 
on  duty,  apparently  about  the  Winter  Palace,  but  in 
some  of  the  large  government  buildings  within  a  block 
or  two,  large  numbers  of  soldiers  were  quartered  in  the 
basements.  In  every  direction  about  the  city,  officers 
innumerable  were  to  be  seen,  so  much  so  in  fact  that 
one  naturally  wondered  why  many  more  of  them  were 
not  at  the  front,  engaged  in  fighting  the  battles  of  their 
country.  If  one  enquired  about  any  strikes,  he  was  at 
once  told  that  there  were  no  strikes,  that  everything 
had  been  arranged,  and  that  the  men  had  all  returned 
to  work.  Becoming  finally  somewhat  sceptical  as 
to  the  truth  of  this  assurance  the  writer  hav- 
ing in  the  meanwhile  obtained  a  pocket  plan 
of  the  city  and  its  environments,  determined  to  do 
a  little  investigating  on  his  own  account.  The  Putiloff 
Iron  Works,  really  a  government  institution,  having 
been  already  the  scene  of  much  incident,  apparently 
afforded  the  most  interesting  and  most  available 
ground  for  investigation.  Accompanied  by  Mr.  Nesbit, 
a  mining  engineer,  who  was  a  chance  acquaintance 
at  the  hotel,  a  visit  was  paid  to  fche  works  which  are 
situated  at  some  little  distance  from  the  city,  but  are 
easily  reached  by  the  aid  of  a  tram-car.  The  road 
from  the  city  outwards  is  closely  built  up,  along  both 
sides,  with  small  provision  shops,  workmen's  dwell- 
ings, vodka  shops  and  cheap  'boarding  houses.  The 
sale  of  vodka  is  a  government  monopoly  throughout 
Russia.  A  bottle  of  vodka,  which  contains  about  40  per 
cent,  of  alcohol,  retails  at  about  one  rouble,  equal  to 
fifty  cents  per  quart  bottle. 

Some  little  distance  out,  about  three  versts  from  the 
city,  one  came  to  quite  an  open  space,  where  the  high- 
way took  an  oblique  turn  to  the  left.  Here  is  situated 
a  large  memorial  arch  of  stone,  under  which  the  road 


T3     « 

I 


O     C8    J= 

-s! 


EUROPE  AS  SEEN  BY  AN  ACADIAN.     229 

passes.  This  is  the  place  which  had  been  barricaded 
by  the  military  in  order  to  keep  the  workmen  out  of  the 
city  proper,  and  at  which  the  terrible  loss  of  life,  due 
to  the  ruthless  shooting  down  of  the  strikers  by  the 
military  recently  occurred. 

How  many  were  killed  on  this  occasion  will  never 
be  known,  as,  during  the  night  following  this  affair, 
the  todies  of  the  dead  were  all  gathered  up  in  carts 
and  removed  from  the  city  in  railway  cars,  being  all 
interred  in  one  common  grave. 

When  anxious  relatives  enquired  next  morning  for 
those  who  were  missing,  and  asked  permission  to  bury 
their  dead,  they  were  told  that  they  need  give  them- 
slves  no  concern,  as  the  government  had  already  dis- 
posed o>f  the  bodies  in  a  proper  manner. 

One  individual  who  claimed  to  have  a  personal 
knowledge,  stated  that  fourteen  car  loads  of  bodies 
were  removed  from  this  one  point.  This  was  the  most 
conservative  estimate  given.  In  March  last  all  traces 
of  the  affair  had  been  obliterated,  and  the  stone  arch 
had  been  newly  painted  and  gilded.  It  was  stated  by 
an  intelligent  employe  of  the  Putilbff  works,  a  Scan- 
dinavian employed  as  a  draftsman,  that  there  were 
2,000  men  missing  from  those  works  alone,  and  that 
the  relatives  of  many  of  these  men  did  not  know 
whether  they  had  been  arrested  and  thrown  into  prison 
or  whether  they  were  among  the  fourteen  car  loads 
which  had  been  buried. 

From  the  arch  to  beyond  the  Puti'loff  Iron  Works 
the  highway  continues  in  a  straight  line,  the  works 
being  on  the  shore  or  westerly  side  of  the  road.  Im- 
mediately upon  passing  the  arch,  large  numbers  of 
men  were  noticeable,  moving  about  singly  or  in  small 
groups,  and  it  was  at  once  apparent,  even  to  the  veriest 
(stranger,  that  the  Putiloff  works  were  by  no  means 
being  operated  at  their  full  capacity. 


230  ACADIENSIS. 

Proceeding  further,  the  throng  increased,  until  upon 
arrival  at  the  works  the  crowd,  in  which  there  were 
many  women  and  children,  became  very  dense.  About 
10  o'clock  most  of  the  men  who  had  been  working,  dis- 
continued, leaving  only  some  900  men,  barely  enough 
to  keep  the  cannon  works  in  operation,  which  the  gov- 
ernment was  determined  to  continue  to  operate 
at  all  hazard,  owing  to  tihe  urgent  demand 
for  cannon  at  the  front.  As  Mr.  Nisbett 
had  been  for  some  time  engaged  at  the  Iron 
Works,  he  was  able  to  interview  three  individuals  con- 
nected with  the  works,  who  were  idle  on  account  of 
the  action  of  the  strikers,  but  were  not  particularly 
identified  witih  the  movement.  One  of  these,  a  Scan- 
dinavian, before  alluded  to,  upon  the  assurance  that  he 
was  quite  safe  in  doing  so,  was  willing  to  talk  freely 
with  regard  to  the  condition  of  affairs.  The  others 
appeared,  and  somewhat  naturally,  disinclined  to  give 
any  information  concerning  the  actual  condition  of 
affairs. 

The  Putiloff  Works  give  employment  to  from  ten 
to  sixteen  thousand  men,  nearly  all  Poles,  who  receive 
an  average  wage  of  about  fifty  cents  a  day.  Work  is 
commenced  at  6  a.  m.  and  continued  until  12,  noon, 
when,  after  an  intermission  of  two  hours,  it  is  again 
resumed.  This,  it  is  needless  to  say,  makes  a  very  long 
day,  and  as  food  is  by  no  means  cheap  in  the  vicinity  of 
St.  Petersburg,  the  pay  can  scarcely  be  deemed  a  liv- 
ing wage.  For  a  number  of  days,  owing  doubtless  to 
some  pre-conceived  plan,  the  majority  of  the  men  had 
commenced  work  in  the  morning  and  about  10  o'clock 
dropped  their  tools  and  left  the  works.  This  was  cer- 
tainly a  very  aggravating  policy,  and  the  aim  of  the 
strikers  appeared  difficult  to  understand.  There  was  ap- 
parently a  difficulty  in  preserving  unity  of  action  among 
the  men,  and  as  the  government  had  determined  to 


EUROPE  AS  SEEN  BY  AN  ACADIAN.    231 

resume  work  in  certain  departments  at  two  o'clock 
upon  the  day  on  which  the  writer  visited  the  works 
serious  trouble  was  anticipated.  Acting  on  the  strength 
of  this  hint,  it  was  determined  to  await  developments 
at  that  hour,  and  instead  of  returning  to  the  hotel  for 
lunch,  to  take  pot-luck  at  the  'best  of  the  boarding 
houses  in  the  vicinity,  usually  frequented  by  the  clerks 
and  heads  of  the  departments.  The  result  proved  so 
unsatisfactory,  as  to  cleanliness,  although  the  dining 
room  had  a  large  seating  capacity  and  was  apparently 
well  patronized,  that  a  couple -of  boiled  eggs  and  an 
orange  were  all  the  refreshments  partaken  of. 

The  Iron  Works,  it  may  be  explained,  are  enclosed 
on  all  sides  by  a  board  fence,  strongly  constructed, 
about  fifteen  'feet  in  height,  the  principal  entrance  being 
through  two  large  gateways  which  were  guarded  by  a 
squad  of  infantry,  with  fixed  bayonets,  stationed  inside, 
and  which  were  only  opened,  as  occasion  required,  to 
admit  cartloads  of  supplies  which  arrived  under  mili- 
tary escort.  Between  the  two  large  gateways  are  fifteen 
smaill  low  doors,  purposely  constructed  so  as  to  permit 
the  passage  of  only  one  person  at  a  time.  Inside  of 
each  of  these  small  doors  a  very  narrow  passage  way 
had  been  railed  off,  and  beside  each  door  on  the  inside 
stood  one  or  two  armed  infantry.  All  of  these  precau- 
tions, it  is  perhaps  somewhat  needless  to  explain,  were 
for  the  purpose  of  preventing  the  entrance  from  being 
"rushed"  by  any  preconcerted  plan  on  the  part  of  the 
strikers. 

The  main  road  from  the  city  is  crossed  by  the  rail- 
way just  at  the  commencement  of  the  -works.  The 
crossing  being  a  level  one,  is  protected  by  gates,  and  to 
facilitate  traffic  a  narrow  overhead  footbridge  has  been 
constructed.  This  bridge  seemed  to  afford  a  good  point 
for  observation,  and  from  it  a  number  of  photos  of  the 
surroundings  were  taken,  'but  as  a  serious  effort  was 


232  ACADIENSIS. 

contemplated  'by  tihe  strikers,  to  prevent  the  return  of 
any  men  to  work  at  2  o'clock,  and  mindful  of  the  affair 
at  the  archway  of  a  few  days  >before,  the  writer  conclud- 
ed that  a  less  exposed  situation  would  be  more  to  his 
liking. 

The  dropping  of  a  Canadian  by  a  bullet,  stray  or 
otherwise,  like  a  crow  from  the  limb  of  a  dead  tree, 
would  probably  not  greatly  benefit  the  cause  of  human- 
ity. A  small  building  immediately  opposite  to  the 
entrance  to  the  works,  flanked  by  a  high  board  fence, 
'having  a  good  solid  stone  church  in  the  rear,  and  be- 
hind which  he  could  fairly  we'll  conceal  the  working  of 
his  cameras,  appeared  to  offer  the  desired  protection, 
with  an  opportunity  for  a  hasty  retreat,  if  necessary. 
Here  the  writer  took  up  his  position  to  await  develop- 
ments. 

By  one  o'clock  the  road  was  so  densely  packed  with 
strikers  that  it  became  difficult  to  move  about.  Soon 
an  individual  from  the  works  appeared,  and  under 
military  protection  read  a  printed  notice,  which  was 
listened  to  without  comment  by  the  strikers,  and  was 
then  posted  up  on  an  adjoining  building.  About  a 
quarter  past  one  the  soldiers  on  guard  were  reinforced 
by  a  platoon  of  cavalry  armed  with  rifles  and  with 
bayonets  fixed.  These  were  admitted  to  the  works 
and  a  few  moments  afterwards  about  fifteen  of  their 
number  returned  to  the  road,  which  they  continued  to 
patrol,  evidently  prepared  to  charge  upon  any  group 
that  might  show  a  disposition  to  create  a  disturbance. 
At  a  quarter  before  two,  the  small  door-ways  elsewhere 
alluded  to  were  opened,  and  a  number  of  men,  in  rather 
a  sheepish  and  morose  manner,  passed  in  to  resume 
work,  in  all  probability  about  ten  per  cent  of  those 
upon  the  roll.  At  two  o'clock  the  doors  were  again 
closed,  and  it  was  evident  that  any  demonstration  or 
violence  that  had  been  contemplated  had  been  over- 


EUROPE  AS  SEEN  BY  AN  ACADIAN.    233 

awed  by  the  display  of  force  on  the  part  of  the  gov- 
ernment. 

The  city  of  Moscow  is,  like  that  of  Rome,  situated  upon 
seven  hills.  It  is  the  second  capital  of  the  Russian 
empire,  contains  about  1,000,000  people,  about  20,000 
houses  and  covers  forty-six  square  miles  of  territory. 

Through  the  city  runs  a  small  river  upon  one  bank 
of  which  fronts  the  Kremlin,  a  fortress  of  which  Russia 
is  justly  proud,  once  considered  wel-nigh  invulnerable, 
but  now  little  else  than  a  vast  collection  of  ancient 
churches,  historic  monuments  and  stately  palaces,  some 
of  which  contain  jewels  and  other  treasures  of  fabulous 
value. 

Within  its  walls  are  four  churches,  in  one  of  which 
lie  the  remains  of  forty-seven  Russian  princes,  includ- 
ing all  the  Czars  down  to  tihe  time  of  Peter  the  Great. 

In  another  are  three  banners  of  solid  gold,  which  the 
novice  would  scarcely  notice  amid  the  oriental  splendor 
of  the  surroundings,  but  tihe  jewels  of  only  one  of 
which  are  worth  $225,000. 

The  amount  of  money  that  is  represented  in  all  the 
rest  of  the  gold  and  jewels  and  paintings  and  sculpture 
and  enamels  with  which  the  building  is  adorned  must 
be  vast  indeed  if  one  may  judge  by  the  single  item 
alluded  to.  In  the  Cathedral  of  the  Archangel  Michael, 
built  in  the  year  1509,  lie  the  remains  of  Ivan  the  Ter- 
rible, a  trace  of  whose  blood  must  have  flowed  in  the 
veins  O'f  the  late  Grand  Duke  Sergius,  so  greatly  was  he 
dreaded  by  the  people  whom  he  ruled  with  such  ruth- 
less sternness.  For  his  wife  the  popular  affection 
appeared  to  be  as  marked  as  was  the  hatred  for  the 
husband.  It  is  reported  that  it  was  only  the  presence 
of  the  Grand  Duchess,  and  the  disinclination  even  of 
the  malcontents  to  harm  her  that  prevented  the  royal 
victim  from  meeting  the  fate  which  ultimately  befell 
him,  at  an  earlier  date. 


234  AGADIENSIS. 

The  walls  of  the  Kremlin  are  7,000  feet  in  circum- 
ference, and  are  pierced  by  five  gates.  These  walls  are 
of  brick,  and  are  of  great  interest,  as  they  are  much 
older  than  the  buildings  which  they  now  surround. 
They  have  remained  intact  through  many  vicissitudes, 
and  'have  lasted  while  the  buildings  which  they  contain 
have  been  many  times  destroyed  and  rebuilt. 

Probably  the  most  important  of  the  gates  to  the 
Kremlin  is  the  Spass  (the  Saviour's)  Gate,  surmounted 
by  an  ikon  or  holy  image  which  is  held  in  especial  ven- 
eration by  the  Russians.  It  was  through  this  gate  that 
the  ancient  Czars  rode  forth  to  batftle,  and  under  which 
they  passed  upon  their  return.  This  ikon  is  the  same 
that  was  displayed  before  the  Tartars  when  they  were 
defeated  in  the  year  1526. 

Within  the  Kremlin  is  also  the  tower  of  Ivan  Veliky, 
built  in  1590,  with  its  fine  peal  of  bells,  the  largest  of 
which,  cast  in  the  reign  of  the  Empress  Anne,  in  1733, 
weighs  200  tons.  This  bell  is  sixty-eight  feet  in  cir- 
cumference, and  stands  upon  a  stone  pedestal  at  the 
foot  of  the  tower,  having  had  a  piece  knocked  out  of  its 
side  by  the  fall  of  a  rafter  during  the  fire  of  1737. 

There  is  probalbly  nothing  in  Russia  so  familiar  to 
the  readers  of  ACADIENSIS  as  this  bell,  which  still 
remains  the  largest  in  the  world. 

The  treasury  contains  an  unrivalled  collection  of  old 
silver,  jewelry,  firearms,  portraits  of  Russian  Czars  and 
Polish  kings,  the  Astrachan,  Georgian,  Kazan  and 
Siberian  crowns — carried  in  great  state  processions — 
also  the  crowns  and  sceptres  of  former  Czars.  When 
one  sees  this  vast  display  of  wealth  and  learns  of  the 
dire  poverty  and  lack  of  education  throughout  the 
empire,  one  is  almost  tempted  to  exclaim :  "Why  are  not 
these  jewels  sold  for  much  money  and  given  to  the 
poor?" 


A  RUSSIAN  CARICATURE  OF  LEO  TOLSTOI. 


A  few  idlers   surrounded   the    place,  a  wooden  railing  enclosing  the  spot 
where  just  previously  the  Grand   Duke  Sergius  had 
been  killed  by  a  bomb." 


EUROPE  AS  SEEN  BY  AN  ACADIAN.    235 

Mention  of  the  Kremlin  riding  school,  large  enough 
to  accommodate  at  one  time  5,000  mounted  horsemen, 
with  roof  unsupported  by  post  or  pillar,  should  not  'be 
omitted. 

Just  outside  of  the  walls  of  the  Kremlin  and  oppo- 
site the  Spass,  or  Saviour's  Gate,  is  the  Cathedral  of 
Wassili  Blazenny,  Basil  the  Beatified,  one  of  the  most 
remarkable  architectural  productions  in  the  world. 
Built  in  1555  by  Ivan  the  Terrible,  to  celebrate  the 
defeat  of  the  Tartars,  it  contains  nine  chapels,  none 
of  which  is  more  than  twenty  feet  in  diameter,  but 
having  each  a  lofty  roof.  The  chapels  are  lighted 
from  above,  in  the  case  of  the  middle  chapel  the  light 
coming  down  through  a  shaft  probably  not  less  than 
two  hundred  feet  in  depth.  This  shaft  forms  the 
interior  of  the  centre  minaret  of  the  group  of  which 
the  building  is  principally  composed.  Around  the 
outside  of  the  building  on  the  principal  floor,  runs  a 
narrow  passage  way  about  three  feet  in  width,  through 
which  the  visitor  is  conducted.  This  cathedral  is  only 
used  once  a  year  for  religious  worship,  and  as  the 
chapels  which  it  contains  are  very  tiny  the  building 
is  of  no  practical  value.  It  forms  a  unique  illustra- 
tion of  the  way  that  much  money  has  been  wasted  in 
Russia  without  benefit  or  advantage  to  anybody. 

It  is  related  that  after  the  building  had  been  com- 
pleted, Ivan  the  Terrible  invited  the  architect  to  dine 
with  him,  and  after  complimenting  him  highly  upon 
his  skill  in  designing  a  building  totally  unlike  any 
that  had  been  previously  constructed,  remarked  that 
he  supposed  that,  if  any  other  person  should  desire  a 
cathedral  at  all  similar,  he  should  decline  to  lend  his 
assistance.  The  unfortunate  architect,  little  suspect- 
ing what  was  before  him,  replied  truthfully  that  if 
he  was  employed  for  the  purpose  by  a  different  indi- 
vidual, he  should  of  course  be  guided  by  his  new 


236  ACADIENSIS. 

patron's  wishes  in  tthe  matter.  Upon  hearing  this 
just  and  fearless  statement  Ivan  was  so  enraged  that 
he  ordered  the  architect  to  be  immediately  blinded  and 
thus  effectually  prevented  his  ever  designing  a  build- 
ing which  might  in  the  least  resemble  that  which  had 
been  designed  for  himself. 

Beyond  the  first  line  of  walls  of  the  Kremlin  is  a 
second  wall,  enclosing  the  so-called  "Chinese  Town," 
and  which  wall  is  also  pierced  by  several  beautiful 
gates.  It  is  between  the  first  and  second  line  of  walls 
that  many  of  the  principal  business  houses  and  hotels 
in  Moscow  are  situated. 

Volumes  might  'be  filled  with  descriptions  of  all  the 
wonders  of  this  great  city,  for  it  is  truly  great  in  many 
ways.  It  is  more  typically  Russian  than  St.  Peters- 
burg, is  semi-barbaric  in  its  display  of  wealth  and  col- 
oring, it  contains,  not  one,  but  several  of  the  finest  busi- 
ness 'houses  that  the  traveller  will  find  in  Europe,  one 
of  the  largest  theatres  in  the  world,  and  best  of  all  for 
the  comfort  and  convenience  of  the  traveller,  has  one  of 
the  cheapest  and  'best  systems  of  cabs  and  sleighs,  in 
addition  to  numerous  street  car  lines.  In  the  winter 
time  there  are  no  less  than  17,000  small  low  sledges 
plying  for  hire,  all  numbered  and  under  license,  in  one 
of  which  any  point  in  the  principal  part  of  the  city  may 
be  reached  for  the  trifling  sum  of  twenty  copecks 
(about  ten  cents). 

In  explanation  of  this  extensive  cab  service  it  may 
be  mentioned  that  many  of  the  peasants  who  are  farm- 
ers during  the  greater  part  of  the  year,  flock  to  the 
cities  with  their  horses  in  the  winter  and  become 
sledge  drivers;  tihus  earning  enough  to  support  them- 
selves and  their  horses  during  the  severe  winter 
weather. 

The  difficulties  of  tfhe  language  shut  one  off  so  com- 
pletely from  all  the  usual  sources  of  information,  that 


EUROPE  AS  SEEN  BY  AN  ACADIAN.    237 

the  services  of  a  guide,  for  a  portion  of  the  time  at  least, 
are  indispensable.  F.  F.  Hoger,  a  German  by  birth, 
who  speaks  English  with  the  fluency  of  a  native,  is 
most  reasonable  in  his  charges,  and  is  thoroughly 
familiar,  not  only  with  the  city  and  its  surroundings, 
but  with  the  history  and  traditions  connected  with  all 
the  various  items  of  interest  in  the  treasury,  in  the 
cathedrals,  in  the  museums  and  in  the  Royal  Palace, 
which  latter  is  within  the  inner  walls  of  the  Kremlin, 
and  contains  no  less  than  700  rooms.  He  also  claims 
to  have  escorted  touring  parties  to  within  the  limits  of 
the  Arctic  circle,  and  throughout  Eastern  Russia  and 
Japan. 

Great  is  the  interest  for  the  traveller  and  the  student, 
in  this  wonderful  city,  its  luxuriance,  its  splendors,  the 
superstition  of  its  people,  the  wealth  of  its  rich  men 
and  the  dire  poverty  of  the  poor.  It  contains  1,050 
churches  and  only  200  schools,  yet  even  in  the  matter 
of  education  it  is  in  advance  of  the  rest  of  the  Empire. 

It  gives  the  writer  great  pleasure  to  be  able  to  testify 
to  the  great  and  unvarying  courtesy  with  which  he  was 
treated  by  all  classes  during  his  brief  visit  to  Russia. 
From  the  military  commandant  of  more  than  one  of  the 
principal  posts  through  all  grades  of  society  down  to 
the  humblest  peasant,  he  did  not  experience  a  single 
instance  of  discourtesy.  It  would  not  be  unreasonable 
at  the  present  time  to  expect  some  slight  friction,  and 
in  fact  he  was  frequently  warned  in  England,  France 
and  Germany  that  he  should  not  undertake  the  journey 
which  he  has  here  attempted  to  describe,  and  that 
should  he  do  so  he  was  assuming  grave  risks  of 
unpleasant  treatment.  Such,  however,  has  not  been 
his  experienr  •». 

The  Right  Aev.  T.  E.  Wilkinson,  Bishop  of  the 
Episcopal  Church  in  North  and  Central  Europe,  com- 
ments strong' y  upon  this  point  in  a  letter  addressed  to 


238  ACADIENSIS. 

the  editor  of  the  London  Daily  Mail,  in  which  he 
appeals  to  the  British  press  to  refrain  from  publishing 
exaggerated  and  unfair  reports  with  reference  to  Rus- 
sian affairs.  A  short  quotation  from  his  excellent  let- 
ter may,  perhaps,  be  permitted : 

"To  aggravate  and  torture  a  worsted  sister  nation  is 
not  magnanimous  and  is  altogether  unworthy  of  us  as 
a  great  nation.  Bismarck  used  to  say  that  Germany 
had  to  pay  for  the  windows  broken  by  her  press.  Eng- 
land will  have  to  pay  the  same  bill  some  day. 

"Russia  has  proved  herself  in  war  to  be  brave,  endur- 
ing, and  in  her  attitude  and  utterances  toward  her  vic- 
torious enemy,  chivalrous. 

"The  English  who  live  in  Russia,  will,  I  know,  bear 
me  out  in  what  I  have  written,  for  there  is  no  country 
in  Europe  where  English  people  have  been  treated  with 
such  unvarying  kindness  and  consideration  as  in  Rus- 
sia. I  travel  and  work  through  ten  nations  of  Northern 
and  Central  Europe  and  I  hear  complaints,  loud  and 
many,  from  our  countrymen  in  not  a  few  of  them,  as  to 
the  troubles  to  which  they  are  subjected,  but  not  in 
Russia. 

"The  Russians  are  a  kind-hearted,  generous,  and 
friendly  people ;  they  have  never  oppressed  the  English 
who  have  lived  among  them ;  on  the  contrary,  they  have 
allowed  them  many  and  great  privileges  and  advan- 
tages, since  the  days  of  Peter  the  Great  onwards." 

Among  the  reforms  most  urgently  needed  in  Russia 
the  following  may  be  mentioned,  a  primary  condition 
to  the  establishment  of  good  government,  namely  the 
discontinuance  of  the  present  war  upon  the  best  terms 
obtainable,  having,  as  a  matter  of  course,  been  first 
admitted : 

Representative  government,  including  curtailment  of 
present  powers  of  Czar. 

Religious  freedom  for  all  classes. 


Grand  Duchess  Sergius,  beloved  by  the  people  as  much  as  her 
husband  was  hated. 


EUROPE  AS  SEEN  BY  AN  ACADIAN.    239 

Freedom  of  the  press. 

The  right  to  openly  debate  public  questions. 

Education  for  the  masses. 

Separation  of  church  and  state,  as  being  in  the  best 
interests  of  both. 

The  abolition  of  contract  prison  labor. 

Abolition  of  prison  labor  in  mines. 

Provision  of  modern  jails  and  penitentiaries. 

Abolition  of  espionage,  as  a  part  of  government  sys- 
tem. 

Trial  by  jury. 

No  indefinite  imprisonment  without  trial. 

These  reforms  cannot  all  be  effected  in  one  year,  or 
even  in  ten  years.  If  the  Czar  and  his  advisers  show 
the  people  that  they  are  sincere  in  their  declared  inten- 
tion of  granting  reforms,  by  the  immediate  organiza- 
tion of  some  system  of  representative  government,  no 
matter  how  crude  it  may  be  in  its  first  inception,  serious 
disaster  to  the  nation  may  be  averted. 

Internal  warfare,  like  a  two-edged  sword,  keen  and 
terrible,  is  hanging  over  the  country,  suspended  but  by 
a  single  thread.  A  breath  of  wind  may,  at  any  moment 
cause  its  descent  upon  the  people.  Serious  for  Russia 
as  has  been  the  result  of  the  war  with  Japan,  it  would 
be  overshadowed  by  the  ruinous  effects  of  civil  war, 
should  such  a  contingency  occur. 

All  that  is  needed  to  precipitate  a  crisis  at  any 
moment  is  the  appearance  of  a  leader  of  sufficient 
energy  and  ability  to  organize  and  consolidate  the 
existing  units  of  discontent,  and,  like  a  flame  sweeping 
across  a  prairie  covered  with  dry  grass  the  empire, 
extending  across  two  continents,  would  be  swept  by  a 
wholesale  carnage,  the  like  of  which  the  world  has 
never  witnessed. 

From  Moscow  to  Constantinople  by  rail  is  a  contin- 
uous journey  occupying  three  days  and  three  nights. 


240  ACADIENSIS. 

The  land  until  the  traveller  approaches  the  Black  Sea 
is  level  and  monotonous.  There  are  several  large 
towns  or  cities  between  Moscow  and  Sebastopol,  and 
as  one  nears  the  latter  city  tihe  country  has  a  more 
prosperous  appearance  than  in  the  more  northern  part 
of  European  Russia. 

The  city  of  Sebastopol  is  well  built,  principally  of 
stone,  and  nearly  all  traces  of  the  Crimean  war  have 
been  obliterated  except  the  cemetaries  and  various 
national  monuments  to  those  who  died  in  the  war,  and 
which  alone  remind  the  traveller  of  what  has  been. 

The  usual  route  from  Sebastopol  to  Constantinople 
is  by  water,  the  steamship  service  being  fairly  good, 
and  the  journey  one  of  thirty  hoiirs  duration,  not  ex- 
cessively long. 

The  number  of  efficient  Russian  ships  of  war  of 
good  size  is  about  seven,  supplemented  by  about 
fifteen  torpedo  boats  and  other  small  craft.  The 
Russian  Black  Sea  fleet  is  by  no  means  a  formidable 
one.  Many  of  the  guns  from  the  ships  in  these  waters 
were  removed  on  merchantmen,  surreptitiously,  to 
eastern  waters  at  the  outbreak  of  the  Russo-Japanese 
difficulty. 

The  city  of  Constantinople  is,  without  doubt,  one  of 
the  most  picturesque  of  Southern  Europe  as  viewed 
from  the  water,  but  in  few  instances  will  such  serious 
disappointment  be  felt  by  the  traveller,  as  when  hav- 
ing landed,  'he  commences  to  explore  the  city  critically 
for  places  and  features  such  as  are  ordinarily  supposed 
to  interest  a  visitor.  The  mosques,  with  their  attendant 
minarettes,  give  a  charm  to  the  landscape,  as  viewed 
from  a  distance,  and  break  up  the  sky  line  with  a  grace 
peculiar  to  this  particular  city;  but  having  examined 
one  of  them,  the  traveller  has,  one  might  almost  say, 
seen  them  all,  and  looks  in  vain  for  something  else  of 
interest  to  which  he  may  turn  his  attention. 


*  I 

*»  i 


$$&**#         *«— —          •*•-•""-" 

m  mm  -i»ii 


~*el  I 
^  * 


2  H 


EUROPE  AS  SEEN  BY  AN  ACADIAN.    241 

The  streets  of  the  city  are,  at  best,  but  narrow  lanes 
and  alleys,  strewn  with  offal  and  garbage,  even  the 
"Grand  Rue,"  the  principal  business  street  in  Para, 
which  is  the  fashionable  quarter  of  the  city,  being 
scarcely  twenty-five  feet  in  width.  Narrow  as  are  the 
streets,  the  sidewalks  are  proportionately  narrower, 
and  in  most  instances  scarcely  admit  of  two  persons 
walking  abreast. 

The  city  is  over-run  with  dogs,  a  species  of  mongrel 
who  barely  manage  to  sustain  life  upon  the  garbage, 
which  is  thrown  into  the  streets  even  in  the  best  'parts 
of  the  city.  These  dogs,  w'hose  only  home  is  in  the 
streets,  sleep  in  the  sunshine  upon  the  sidewalks  in  the 
day  time,  where  they  are  safe  from  the  wheeled  traffic, 
and  after  dark  wander  about  in  quest  of  food.  Fight- 
ing and  snarling  all  night  long,  they  make  sleep  well 
nigh  impossible  to  one  unaccustomeu  to  the  uproar. 

•The  banking  arrangements  in  Turkey  for  extortion 
are  about  the  most  refined  and  complete  that  intelligent 
officials  can  devise.  Both  small  change  and  gold  are 
at  a  premium  of  from  8  per  cent,  upwards.  Upon  pre- 
senting a  draft  from  a  London  bank  upon  the  Credit 
Lyonarse  at  the  agency  of  that  concern  in  Constanti- 
nople, the  payment  is  made  in  Turkish  paper  money  of 
large  denominations.  In  case  that  one  receives  more 
money  than  he  intends  to  use  in  Turkey  he  must  pay  a 
premium  in  order  to  have  it  exchanged  into  French  or 
English  gold.  If  he  wishes  small  money  for  use  about 
the  city  he  must  pay  a  premium.  Payment  of  drafts  in 
gold  is  refused.  French  gold  and  silver  is  usually 
accepted  for  payment  of  small  accounts,  but  coins  of 
the  time  of  the  Empire  and  the  Republic,  although 
current  at  the  office  of  the  Credit  Lyonaise  in  Paris,  are 
"bad"  in  Constantinople.  For  changing  French  gold 
into  small  Turkish  silver  and  nickel-plated  coppers  the 
writer  was  charged_25  per  cent,  by  the  obliging  clerk 


242  ACADIENSIS. 

of  the  Para  Palace  Hotel,  although  it  was  pointed  out 
at  the  time  that  according  to  the  table  of  exchange  pub- 
lished in  the  guide  book,  this  was  a  gross  over-charge. 
That  the  guide-book  was  wrong,  was  the  only  explana- 
tion offered. 

Turkish  rugs  may  be  bought  much  more  reasonably 
from  a  reliable  dealer  in  London  or  New  York  than  in 
Constantinople.  For  the  services  of  a  barber,  for 
instance,  the  tourist  pays  nearly  double  the  price 
charged  in  the  most  expensive  establishments  in  the 
West  End  of  London.  This  scale  of  extortionate 
demands  pervades  all  classes  of  trade  and  business. 

Very  few  women  are  to  'be  seen  about  the  streets  of 
Constantinople,  the  few  that  appear  in  the  stores  and 
restaurants  bei'ng  principally  Greeks.  One  may  spend 
a  week  in  Constantinople  and  not  see  more  than  twenty 
Turkish  women,  those  who  appear  in  public  being 
closely  veiled.  Upon  the  lower  half  of  all  the  windows 
of  a  Turkish  city  residence  close  screens  of  wood  care- 
fully prevent  intrusion  from  prying  eyes. 

The  street  costume  of  a  Turkish  woman  is  invariably 
of  one  color  or  shade,  and  is  uniform  in  style  among 
the  rich  and  poor.  In  color,  black  predominates,  but 
occasionally  rich  brocaded  silks  of  light  weight  are 
worn  by  women  of  wealth.  The  cloak  is  long,  reaching 
to  the  ground,  and  is  caught  in  at  the  waist.  With  this 
cloak,  a  cape  which  covers  the  head  and  shoulders  is 
worn,  vuiile  a  black  veil,  thin,  but  almost  impenetrable 
to  the  eye,  is  invariably  used  to  cover  the  face.  Among 
the  more  elderly  women,  and  those  of  the  lower  classes, 
the  veil  is  so  disposed  that  the  eyes  and  nose  are  uncov- 
ered, but  the  mouth  and  forehead  are  carefully  con- 
cealed. 

The  streets  of  Constantinople  are  paved  principally 
wih  round  cobble  stones,  which,  in  addition  to  the 


2 

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ll 

•-    ee 

?  9 

a  S 


II 

>>  -*-• 


EUROPE  AS  SEEN  BY  AN  ACADIAN.    243 

unevenness  with  which  they  have  been  laid,  are  ren- 
dered even  more  unpleasant  for  walking  upon  by  the 
filth  and  slime  with  which  they  are  coated.  This  in 
addition  to  the  steep  gradients  of  the  principal  streets, 
their  narrowness  and  the  consequent  congestion  of 
traffic,  make  them  almost  impassable  to  pedestrians. 

That  portion  of  the  sidewalks  which  is  not  occupied 
by  sleeping  dogs  in  day  time,  is  largely  taken  up  by 
boot-blacks,  who  sit  about  in  the  sun  and  pound  their 
boxes  with  their  blacking  brushes  in  order  to  attract 
the  attention  of  any  one  who  may  appear  to  be  a  likely 
customer.  The  remaining  space  not  utilized  by  the 
dogs  and  boot-blacks  is  appropriated  by  innumerable 
beggars,  who  display  club-feet,  stumps  of  amputated 
limbs  and  diseased  parts  of  their  bodies,  artistically 
arranged,  so  as  to  best  work  upon  the  feelings  of  the 
passers-by. 

Much  of  the  cooking  at  the  innumerable  restaurants 
of  the  poorest  class  is  done  on  a  charcoal  brazier  upon 
the  sidewalk,  the  principal  disadvantage,  if  not  the  only 
one  in  the  eyes  of  the  Turk,  being  the  danger  of  losing 
the  mess  while  in  preparation,  by  theft,  upon  the  part 
of  one  of  the  pariah  dogs. 

In  Constantinople,  every  man  wears  a  fez,  red,  with 
a  black  tassel,  and  to  appear  upon  the  street  with  any 
other  head  dress  is  to  at  once  make  oneself  a  target  for 
all  those  who  lie  in  wait. 

The  Turk  as  seen  in  guide  books,  upon  picture  post- 
cards and  hand-bills,  and  in  devices  for  the  ensnaring 
of  the  unsophisticated  traveller,  is  a  trim  looking  indi- 
vidual, clad  in  a  picturesque  costume  of  brilliant  color- 
ing, which  harmonizes  well  with  his  swarthy  skin. 

In  real  life  he  is  a  very  different  being.  A  bundle  of 
rags  of  various  hues,  shoes  from  which  toes  and  heels 
protrude,  a  face  unshaven,  a  red  fez  from  which  per- 


244  ACADIENSIS. 

spiration  has  long  ago  eliminated  the  dye  around  the 
lower  edges,  a  general  indication  of  the  avoidance  of 
the  application  of  the  cleansing  principle  of  water  either 
to  person  or  apparel,  an  odor  of  garlic  pungent  and 
unmistakeable,  all  these  features  more  truly  represent 
the  average  Turk  as  he  actually  appears,  and  mark  him 
as  something  to  be  avoided. 

The  only  Turkish  costumes,  corresponding  at  all  to 
the  traveller's  ideal  in  such  matters,  to  be  seen  about 
Constantinople,  are  those  worn  for  advertising  effect  by 
some  of  the  employes  of  the  principal  hotels.  They  are 
supplied  by  the  employer  and  in  them  a  dirk  and  a  huge 
revolver  stuck  through  the  belt  are  given  undue  prom- 
inence. 

Having  once  seen  Constantinople  few  travellers  will 
in  the  least  regret  their  departure,  and  fewer  still  will 
ever  experience  a  desire  to  again  visit  sudh  a  place  of 
uncleanliness,  dishonesty  and  discomfort. 

From  Constantinople  to  Piraeus  by  water  is  (but  thirty 
hours'  journey,  and  the  sail  during  the  latter  part  of 
the  month  of  March  is,  under  normal  conditions,  prob- 
ably one  of  the  most  delightful  in  the  world.  All  along 
the  route  the  traveller  passes  innumerable  islands,  many 
of  them  devoid  even  of  vegetable  life.  Occasionally 
one  sees  the  ruins  of  an  ancient  temple  standing  lonely 
upon  a  hilltop  on  a  barren  island,  and  one  naturally 
wonders  why  it  was  placed  there  and  what  its  history 
might  be. 

Protected  by  islands  in  every  direction,  the  sea  is 
usually  smooth,  and  the  air  soft  and  balmy,  so  that 
even  in  mid-winter  the  traveller  may  sleep  at  night 
with  the  port-hole  of  his  stateroom  open,  secure  against 
bad  air  and  the  inroad  of  the  rolling  sea,  which  make 
ocean  travel  so  greatly  to  be  dreaded  by  many  people 
in  the  winter  season  in  a  more  rigorous  climate. 


EUROPE  AS  SEEN  BY  AN  ACADIAN    245 

Piraeus  is  practically  the  modern  city  of  Athens, 
being  situate  on  the  water  front,  while  Athens  proper  is 
but  about  five  minutes  distant  by  electric  car.  There  are 
innumerable  electric  railways  in  Greece  running  for 
greater  or  lesser  distances,  varying  from  the  limited 
town  trolley  line  to  the  fast  "third  rail"  system,  by  the 
aid  of  which  one  may  travel  easily,  swiftly  and  eco- 
nomically. 

To  tread  the  classic  soil  of  Greece  and  gaze  upon  the 
innumerable  architectural  memorials  of  Hellenic  genius 
is  the  desire  of  almost  everyone  who  has  read  anything 
of  Grecian  history.  There  is  no  country  in  the  world 
that  opens  the  floodgates  of  memory,  or  excites  the 
imagination,'  as  does  this  classic  archipelago.  The 
names  of  its  great  men  are  'familiar  to  students  in  all 
walks  of  life.  Its  sculptors,  statesmen,  orators,  poets, 
historians  and  philosophers  have  all  in  their  respective 
spheres  impressed  an  influence  upon  human  thought 
and  human  ideals  lasting  even  to  the  present  day. 

The  centuries  that  have  elapsed  since  Greece  was  at 
the  crowning  point  of  its  glory  have  not  entirely 
changed  its  national  customs  and  characteristics.  Suc- 
cessive settlements  of  Venetians  and  Turks  have  not 
effaced  all  that  the  Romans  and  Goths  left  of  its  endur- 
ing relics  in  stone  and  marble. 

Leaving  the  more  modern  city,  and  proceeding 
towards  the  hill  of  the  Acropolis,  one  comes  first  to  the 
Temple  of  Theseus,  one  of  the  most  perfect  of  the 
various  ruins  which  have  remained  almost  in  their 
entirety.  Following  up  the  hill  we  reach  the  cellars  of 
what  has  been  a  large  collection  of  houses,  just  under 
the  shadow  of  the  hill  of  the  Acropolis.  Here  one 
observes  tine  results  of  the  efforts  which  have  been  sys- 
tematically made  to  recover  some  of  the  numerous  art 
treasures  which  undoubtedly  lie  buried  here.  In  the 


246  AOADIENSIS. 

course  of  these  excavations,  wells,  walled  up  with  cut 
stone  and  of  great  depth,  have  recently  'been  discovered 
in  perfect  condition,  and  after  having  lain  disused  prob- 
ably for  twenty  centuries,  are  now  a  source  of  daily 
supply  to  many  of  the  small  houses  which  have,  com- 
paratively within  recent  years,  sprung  up  in  the  vicinity. 

Passing  on  by  a  winding  roadway  we  gradually  reach 
the  summit  of  the  noble  hill  of  the  Acropolis  and  the 
Parthenon,  the  buildings  upon  its  crest  a  monument  of 
the  climax  of  centuries  of  culture.  The  glory  of  the 
Atthens  of  old  is  here  illustrated  to  the  best  advantage 
by  tfhis  grand  pile,  the  Parthenon  towering  above  its 
neighbors,  the  Temple  of  Athena,  the  Erectheum  and 
the  Propylea.  The  view  from  the  summit  of  the  hill  is 
most  inspiring.  Just  below  one  sees  the  Aereopagus, 
and  nestling  against  the  hill  there  stands  in  splendid 
preservation  the  Pnyx  where  Demosthenes  and  Pericles 
stood  and  poured  out  their  flood  of  burning  eloquence 
to  listening  thousands.  Standing  upon  the  rostrum 
where  once  stood  these  great  men,  and  gazing  upon 
tier  above  tier  of  semi-circular  marble  seats,  one  may, 
in  imagination,  easily  re-people  them  with  the  men  and 
women  of  so  many  centuries  ago. 

From  the  hill  of  the  Acropolis  one  may  also  look 
down  upon  the  plain  of  Marathon,  now  covered  with 
vineyards  and  olive  gardens,  but  where,  nearly  two 
thousand  four  hundred  years  ago  a  battle  was  fought 
which  practically  decided  the  destiny  of  the  world. 
Upon  this  plain  there  is  a  mound  which,  it  is  main- 
tained, is  the  identical  heap  of  earth  which  was  raised 
over  the  bodies  of  the  Athenian  soldiers  who  fell  in  that 
great  struggle.  We  can  still  distinguish  the  slope 
where  the  Athenians  charged  the  Persian  line,  the  val- 
ley up  which  Miltiades  retreated  and  the  marshes  over 
which  the  Persians  were  pursued  by  the  victorious 
Greeks. 


EUROPE  AS  SEEN  BY  AN  ACADIAN.     247 

From  Pirsens  to  Patras  'by  water  is  about  a  day's 
journey.  Many  travellers  cross  Greece  from  point  to 
point  by  rail  in  order  to  avoid  the  longer  sea  voyage. 
To  one  who  is  fond  of  the  sea  the  longer  journey  is 
the  more  preferable.  , 

The  air  at  Patras  is  beautifully  clear,  and  looking  up 
from  amid  the  sweltering  heat  at  mid-day  on  the 
steamer's  deck  on  a  fine  afternoon  it  seemed  as  if  one 
might  almost  touch  the  snow  covered  mountain  peaks 
towering  high  above  the  cloud  line  directly  in  front. 
Between  the  two  points,  the  steamer's  deck  and  the  far 
off  mountain  top,  were  vineyards  and  olive  gardens, 
orange  groves  and  clusters  of  fig  trees  and  gardens  full 
of  spring  vegetables,  the  latter  for  all  the  world  as  one 
might  see  them  in  Canada  in  July. 

Half  way  up  the  hillside  is  the  ruin  of  an  old  castle, 
which  must  have  been  "built  upon  a  grand  scale.  Even 
yet  its  outer  wall  is  almost  intact,  while  its  donjon- 
keep  does  duty  as  a  penitentiary.  If  one  might  know 
its  history  what  tales  of  intrigue,  of  valour,  of  human 
ambitions  and  disappointments,  of  human  weaknesses 
and  vanities  might  be  disclosed. 

The  town  of  Patras  is  one  of  the  cleanest  of  southern 
Europe,  its  people  appear  frugal  and  industrious,  its 
market  is  well  supplied  with  provisions  of  every  sort, 
fresh  fruits  and  vegetables  abound,  it  is  a  centre  for 
yachting,  fishing  and  innumeralble  other  amusements, 
it  is  most  beautifully  situated,  it  has  not  yet  become 
polluted  by  that  element  which  seems  to  pervade  nearly 
all  the  resorts  frequented  by  travellers,  namely  of 
people  unwilling  to  work,  striving  to  obtain  something 
for  nothing  and  ever  on  the  alert  for  money,  no  mat- 
ter how  obtained.  The  people  appear  simple  in  their 
tastes,  and  even  the  little  homes  of  the  workingmen, 
consisting  of  a  small  cottage  frequently  containing  but 


248  ACADIENSIS. 

a  single  room,  appear  a  marvel  of  neatness  and  cleanli- 
ness. There  is  not,  as  yet,  any  large  hotel  there,  but 
people  of  simple  tastes  will  find  no  'difficulty  in  making 
themselves  comfortalbde. 

Between  Greece  and  Italy,  near  the  southern  end  of 
the  Adriatic  Sea,  lies  the  Island  of  Corfu,  a  favorite 
winter  resort  of  Europeans  on  their  way  to  and  from 
Cairo,  who  spend  a  week  or  two  there  in  order  to  avoid 
a  too  sudden  change  of  climate.  It  is  quite  noted  as  a 
resort  for  sportsmen,  and  the  shooting,  particularly 
woodcock,  is  excellent.  In  the  interior  of  the  island 
wild  boar,  roe-deer,  chamois,  bears  and  wolves  are  sard 
to  be  plentiful. 

From  Corfu  to  Brindisi  is  but  a  few  hours  journey, 
and  here  ended  one  of  tJhe  most  delightfu'1  voyages  the 
writer  has  ever  experienced.  The  delicious  warmth  of 
the  climate  was  intensified  by  contrast  with  the  terrible 
cold  of  the  Russian  winter,  the  green  grass  waving  in 
the  fields  overlooked  by  towering  mountain  crags  was 
the  antithesis  of  the  dreary  snow-covered  level  plains  of 
Russia,  the  cleanliness  of  the  towns  visited  was  in 
marked  contrast  to  the  filth  of  Constantinople. 

In  the  evenings  the  steamer  was  boarded  at  whatever 
port  she  happened  to  be  in  by  small  stringed  orchestras, 
who  assisted  to  beguile  what  might  have  been  a  weary 
hour,  and  the  members  of  which  were  satisfied  with 
very  trifling  remuneration. 

Brilliantly  lighted  cabins,  secluded  deck  corners,  a 
balmy  air,  sweet  music,  ample  space  to  dance  or  to 
promenade,  courteous  attendants,  luscious  tropical  fruit, 
the  perfume  of  innumerable  roses,  the  hum  of  conversa- 
tion or  the  quiet  enjoyment  of  ones  own  thoughts  as 
preferred,  a  smooth  sea,  the  stars  brilliant  over  head, 
the  horizon  sparkling  with  countless  electric  lights, 
foreign  costumes  in  every  conceivable  hue  were  all  con- 


EUROPE  AS  S'EEN  BY  AN  ACADIAN.    249 

ditions  which  were  encountered  upon  each  evening 
spent  in  one  of  the  numerous  ports  of  call.  Difficult  to 
please  indeed  must  be  the  individual  who  could  not  find 
enjoyment  amid  such  surroundings. 

Leaving  Brindisi  in  the  early  morning,  and  after  an 
all-day  journey  in  a  fast  express,  one  arrives  at  the 
great  city  of  Rome.  Augustus  J.  C.  Hare,  in  his 
Walks  in  Rome  tells  us  that : 

"If  we  would  profit  by  Rome  to  the  uttermost,  we 
must  put  away  all  prejudices,  whether  Roman  Catholic 
or  Protestant,  and  we  must  believe  that  it  is  not  in  one 
class  of  Roman  interests  alone  that  much  is  to  be 
learnt.  Those  who  devote  themselves  exclusively  to 
the  relics  of  the  kings  and  the  republic,  to  the  walls, 
or  the  vexed  questions  concerning  the  Porta  Capena, 
and  who  see  no  interest  in  the  reminiscences  of  the 
middle  ages  and  the  popes,  take  only  half  of  the 
blessing  of  Rome,  and  the  half  which  has  the  least  of 
human  sympathy.  Archaeology  and  history  should 
help  the  beauties  of  Rome  to  leave  their  noblest  im- 
press, in  arousing  feelings  worthy  of  the  greatest  of 
pagan  heroes,  of  the  noblest  of  Latin  poets,  of  the 
most  inspired  of  sculptors  and  painters,  as  well  as 
Paul  of  Tarsus,  who  passed  into  Rome  under  the 
Arch  of  Drusus,  upon  whom  the  shadow  of  the  tomb 
of  Caius  Cestius  fell  as  he  passed  out  of  Rome  to  his 
martyrdom  in  that  procession  of  which  it  is  the  sole 
surviving  witness,  and  who,  in  Rome,  is  sleeping 
now,  with  a  thousand  other  saints,  till,  as  S.  Ambrose 
reminds^  us,  he  shall  awaken  there  at  the  Great 
Resurrection." 

As  the  majority  of  the  readers  of  ACADIENSIS  are 
aware,  the  Vatican  Palace,  where  His  Holiness  Pope 
Pius  X,  resides  immediately  adjoins  Saint  Peter's 
Cathedral,  being  situated  on  the  right  hand  side  and  a 
little  to  the  rear  as  one  approaches  from  the  front. 


250  ACADIENSIS. 

Passing  through  the  long  colonade  which  appears 
prominently  in  all  illustrations  of  Saint  Peter's,  one  is 
met  at  the  doorway  'by  several  members  of  the  Swiss 
Guard,  famous  for  several  reasons,  and  whose  bril- 
liant costumes  of  red,  yellow  and  black  were  especially 
designed  for  them  by  Michael  Angelo. 

In  order  to  obtain  an  audience  with  His  Holiness,  it 
is  primarily  a  necessity  for  the  visitor  to  Rome  to  bear 
a  letter  from  the  bishop  of  the  diocese  from  which  he 
comes,  which  letter,  in  the  case  of  Canadians,  must  be 
exchanged  at  the  Canadian  College  at  Rome,  for 
another  letter  to  the  major-domo  at  the  Vatican.  Upon 
presenting  this  second  letter  to  the  guard,  the  visitor  is 
shown  up  two  long  flights  of  stairs,  and  awaits  his  turn 
for  a  short  interview  with  the  proper  official,  wflio 
receives  the  letter  and  makes  any  necessary  enquiries 
as  to  whether  a  special  audience  is  desired,  the  nature 
of  the  business  to  be  transacted,  and  any  other  details 
with  which  it  is  necessary  that  he  should  be  acquainted. 

If  the  visitor  is  particularly  fortunate,  he  may  receive 
his  card  of  admission,  which  is  sent  out  by  special 
courier  and  not  through  the  mail,  in  a  week's  time,  the 
arrangement  of  the  date  being  largely  dependent  upon 
the  number  of  applicants  already  in  waiting,  and  the 
amount  of  time  that  His  Holiness  may  be  able  to  devote 
to  such  audiences. 

All  preliminaries  having  been  arranged,  the  visitor 
must  arrive  promptly  at  the  appointed  hour,  and  is 
received  usually  in  the  hall  of  Saint  Gregory,  a  large 
audience  chamber  upon  one  of  tlhe  upper  floors  of  the 
Vatican  Palace,  and  in  which  all  those  who  are  to 
attend  the  audience  assemble  to  await  the  pleasure  of 
His  Holiness. 

This  hall  is  picturesquely  decorated  with  frescoes 
upon  the  walls  and  ceiling,  the  wooden  shutters  for  the 
windows  being  of  oak,  'beautifully  carved.  The  floor 


EUROPE  AS  SEEN  BY  AN  ACADIAN.    251 

is  of  marbles  inlaid  one  upon  another,  and  the  only 
furniture  consists  of  wooden  seats  placed  against  the 
wall.  To  reach  this  hall  it  is  necessary  to  pass  at  least 
two  sentries,  while  a  third  is  in  attendance  at  the 
entrance  to  the  chamber. 

At  the  upper  end  of  the  ball,  usually  seated  upon  one 
of  the  wooden  forms,  are  three  others  of  the  Swiss 
Guard  in  charge  of  a  captain,  armed  with  the  pictur- 
esque but  now  obsolete  battleaxe  and  hafllbert.  Although 
apparently  very  much  at  their  ease,  the  members  of  the 
guard  are  obliged  to  pay  strict  attention  to  all  who  enter 
or  leave  the  audience  chamber,  and  in  the  case  of 
notable  personages,  to  come  promptly  to  the  salute. 
The  papal  secretaries  wore  the  usual  evening  dress, 
the  one  or  two  cardinals  present  were  in  black  and 
purple,  while  other  officials,  probably  equerries  in 
waiting,  were  clad  entirely  in  purple,  wearing  cutaway 
coats,  knee  breeches  and  silk  stockings. 

Among  the  visitors,  probably  one-quarter  of  the 
number  were  of  the  fair  sex,  dressed  almost  without 
exception  in  black  silk  and  wearing  upon  their  heads 
the  black  lace  mantilla,  familiar  to  all  those  who  have 
travelled  in  southern  Europe.  The  assemblage  was 
very  cosmopolitan,  including  several  ladies  of  the 
Italian  nobility  whose  carriages  were  in  waiting  in  the 
courtyard  below,  attended  by  their  servants,  members 
of  various  religious  orders  in  their  respective  habits, 
women  of  the  middle  class  and  a  peasant  girl  in  the 
simple  but  marvelously  effective  costume  worn  usually 
by  the  Italian  women  of  her  station  in  life.  She  was 
accompanied  by  an  elderly  woman  of  the  same  class 
and  was  evidently  in  a  high  state  of  excitement  in 
anticipation  of  the  honor  in  which  she  was  to  par- 
ticipate. She  wore  nothing  upon  her  head  and  her 
luxuriant  hair  was  neatly  braided  and  was  quite  fair, 


252  ACADIENSIS. 

indicating  that  she  was  from  the  north  of  Italy,  not  far 
from  the  Swiss  frontier.  At  every  foot-fall  the  color 
came  and  went  upon  her  face  like  a  zephyr  playing 
upon  the  placid  surface  of  a  lake  on  a  summer  day.  All 
the  men  who  were  received  in  private  audience  were 
in  evening  dress.  The  remainder  of  those  present 
were  principally  members  of  a  body  of  pilgrims  who, 
to  the  number  of  over  500,  had  arrived  from  France  on 
the  previous  day. 

After  an  interval  of  waiting,  during  which  those 
who  had  arranged  for  a  private  audience  were  received 
in  an  inner  room,  it  was  announced  that  His  Holiness 
was  in  readiness.  The  Swiss  Guard  stood  at  attention 
at  the  upper  end  of  the  room,  while  facing  them  the 
the  visitors  were  arranged  in  a  semi-circle  extending 
from  the  door  on  the  north  side  of  the  audience-cham- 
ber to  that  on  the  south. 

Soon  His  Holiness  appeared,  wearing  the  white  robe 
with  white  silk  sash  appropriate  to  the  occasion,  and 
accompanied  by  the  major-domo  and  all  those  who  had 
been  received  in  private  audience.  At  the  appearance 
of  the  Pope  all  present  sank  upon  one  knee,  and  His 
Holiness  passed  along  the  line  exchanging  a  salutation, 
and  in  some  special  instances  a  few  words  with  a  par- 
ticular individual,  who  might  be  indicated  by  the 
accompanying  official.  This  ceremony  over,  he 
pronounced  a  benediction  and  the  long  anticipated 
ceremony  was  at  an  end.  The  scene  was  one  that  was 
most  impressive  and  strikingly  picturesque. 

The  Pope,  with  his  white  costume,  silvery  hair  and 
bright  countenance  would  impress  the  beholder  as  a 
man  of  strong  character,  but  nevertheless  of  a  most 
mild  and  pleasing  expression.  His  was  a  face  in  which 
gentleness  appeared  to  be  the  predominating  character- 
istic, and  seemingly  unmarred  by  human  passions  or 
earthly  cares. 


Photo  by  Dosio  &  C.,  Rome. 


POPE     PIUS    X 


EUROPE  AS  SEEN  BY  AN  ACADIAN.    253 

The  remains  of  the  Baths  of  Caracalla  form  the 
largest  mass  of  ruins  in  Rome  except  the  Coliseum. 
Formerly  they  were  most  beautiful,  from  the  im- 
mense variety  of  foliage  witth  which  they  were  adorn- 
ed. Now  all  this  is  changed,  and  even  the  tiniest 
plant  has  been  carefully  removed  to  prevent  further 
injury  to  this  structure.  These  baths  could  accom- 
modate i, 600  bathers  at  once,  and  were  commenced 
in  A.  D.  212  by  CaracalL.  They  covered  so  vast  an 
area  that  Ammianus  Marcellmus  remarked  that  the 
Roman  baths  were  like  provinces.  Bulwer  Lytton 
remarks  of  them: 

"Imagine  every  entertainment  for  mind  and  'body; 
enumerate  all  the  gymnastic  games  our  fathers  in- 
vented; repeat  all  the  books  that  Italy  and  Greece 
have  produced;  suppose  places  for  all  these  games, 
admirers  for  all  these  works;  add  to  this  baths  of 
the  vastest  size,  the  most  complicated  combination ; 
intersperse  the  whole  with  gardens,  with  theatres, 
with  porticoes,  with  schools ;  suppose,  in  one  word, 
a  city  of  the  gods,  composed  but  of  palaces  and  public 
edifices,  and  you  may  form  some  faint  idea  of  the 
glories  of  the  great  baths  of  Rome. 

Possibly  the  reader  will  permit  but  a  short  quota- 
tion from  Gibbon  in  order  fully  to  portray,  in  as  few 
words  as  possible,  this  vast  collection  of  buildings 
as  it  must  have  been  at  the  zenith  of  Rome's  period 
of  luxury  and  splendor: 

"These  Thermae  of  Caracalla,  which  were  one  mile 
in  circumference,  and  open  at  stated  hours  for  the 
indiscriminate  service  of  the  senators  and  the  people, 
contained  above  1,600  seats  of  marble.  The  walls 
of  the  various  apartments  were  covered  with  various 
mosaics  that  imitated  the  art  of  the  period  in  elegance 
of  design  and  in  the  variety  of  their  colors.  The 
Egyptian  granite  was  beautifully  incrusted  with  the 


254  ACADIENSIS. 

precious  green  marble  of  Numidia.  The  perpetual 
stream  of  'hot  water  was  poured  into  the  capacious 
basins  through  so  many  wide  mouths  of  bright  and 
massy  silver;  and  the  meanest  Roman  could  purchase, 
with  a  small  copper  coin,  the  daily  enjoyment  of  a 
scene  of  pomp  and  luxury  which  might  excite  the 
envy  of  the  kings  of  Asia.  From  these  stately  palaces 
issued  forth  a  swarm  of  dirty  and  ragged  plebeians, 
without  shoes  and  without  mantle ;  who  loitered  away 
whole  days  in  the  street  or  forum,  to  hear  news  and 
to  hold  disputes ;  who  dissipated  in  extravagant  gam- 
ing, the  miserable  pittance  of  their  wives  and  children, 
and  spent  the  hours  of  tihe  nigtht  in  the  indulgence  of 
gross  and  vulgar  sensuality." 

The  modern  city  of  Rome  is  becoming,  almost  as 
much  as  Paris,  a  place  where  people  with  money  are 
attracted  by  every  method  that  can  be  devised.  New 
hotels,  outrivalling  in  beauty  of  architecture  and 
sightliness  of  location,  even  the  palaces  of  bye-gone 
generations.  Well-kept  streets,  modern  sanitation 
luxurious  hostelries,  freedom  from  the  dreaded 
Roman  fever,  a  beautiful  climate,  magnificent  trees 
in  the  parks  and  streets,  music  and  paintings  one 
migtht  almost  say  unsurpassed,  added  to  many  other 
means  of  enjoyment,  make  Rome  a  paradise  in  which 
to  spend  the  winter.  Even  the  individual  with  com- 
paratively small  means  will  find  comfortable  quarters 
in  a  desirable  locality  at  a  moderate  price. 

An  illustration  of  a  modern  dwelling  in  the  new 
part  of  Rome  is  given  in  order  that  the  reader  may 
form  some  idea  of  the  style  of  building  now  being 
constructed  by  the  Roman  citizen  of  today  who  has 
means  sufficient  to  gratify  his  tastes  in  this  respect. 
The  beauty  of  -detail  in  Che  design,  the  audacity  of 
the  color  scheme,  the  convenience  of  internal  arrange- 
ment, the  solidity  of  construction,  are  all  worthy  of 


EUROPE  AS  SEEN  BY  AN  ACADIAN.    255 

note.  A  feature  which  should  not  be  overlooked  in 
the  particular  instance  before  us  is  the  spacious  and 
yet  secluded  place  upon  the  roof  of  the  tower  where, 
raised  above  the  dust  and  bustle  of  the  street,  the 
owner  may,  with  his  friends,  enjoy  the  cool  breezes 
in  the  evening  protected  from  tihe  dangerous  dews  of 
night  by  a  canopy  of  vari-colored  glass. 

In  conclusion  the  writer  begs  to  remind  such  of  the 
readers  of  ACADIENSIS  as  may  have  fallowed 
this  somewhat  lengthy  and  disjointed  accoi.  t  of  a 
few  of  the  places  visited,  that  the  illustrations,  with 
the  exception  of  the  portraits,  were  all  taken  by  an 
amateur  while  en  route  and  developed  under  con- 
ditions, the  difficulties  of  which  were  too  numerous 
to  be  here  described.  Dark  days  and  a  high  latitude 
with  very  little  sunshine  are  not  conducive  of  good 
results  in  this  class  of  work,  as  the  veriest  dabster  is 
aware.  When  to  these  are  added  the  difference  in 
the  systems  of  weights  and  measures,  the  difficulty 
in  obtaining,  particularly  in  Russia,  fresh  and  pure 
chemicals,  the  lack  of  a  proper  dark  room  and  of 
running  water;  the  danger  in  some  instances  of  ob- 
taining, under  the  very  eyes  of  spies  and  detectives, 
a  proper  exposure  even  with  a  carefully  disguised 
apparatus,  it  will  be  concluded  that  the  best  results 
could  not  reasonably  be  expected. 

The  greater  portion  of  the  foregoing  article  has 
appeared  in  a  series  of  .letters  published  in  the  St. 
John  Daily  Telegraph.  The  addition  of  the  illustra- 
tions and  the  elimination  of  much  that  was  of  passing 
interest  has  changed  the  character  of  the  work  suffi- 
ciently, it  is  to  be  hoped,  to  justify  the  republication 
of  a  portion  of  it  in  magazine  form. 

DAVID  RUSSELL  JACK. 


Juvenile  Exploration. 


OME  twenty-five  years  ago  the  con- 
ditions of  travel  northwest  of  Grand 
Falls  differed  greatly  from  those 
existing  today.  The  railway,  ending 
at  Edmundston,  had  barely  ceased 
to  be  an  object  of  awe  to  the  simple 
minded  habitants,  who  thought  the 
use  of  steam  power  a  tempting  of  divine  Providence, 
and  occasionally  obstructed  the  track.  Not  yet  had 
the  unpleasant  shriek  of  the  iron  horse  disturbed  the 
valley  of  the  gently-flowing  Madawaska.  No  dam 
and  saw  mill  were  seen  then;  no  unsightly  rock  cut- 
tings on  the  winding  shores  of  the  Temiscouata. 

We  were  young  'boys,  too  young,  perhaps,  to  'be  so 
far  from  home  alone,  when  we  alighted  from  the 
train  at  Edmundston  amid  a>  group  of  chattering 
Frenchmen,  and  sought  shelter  at  the  tavern  of  one 
Magloire  Hebert,  in  the  "lower  town,"  so  called.  Our 
birch  canoe  had  got  side-tracked  somewhere  on  the 
way  up  from  Fredericton,  so  a  great  hole  was  made  at 
once  in  our  limited  supply  of  money  by  the  necessity 
of  engaging  a  team  to  search  for  some  substitute. 
Octave  Bosser,  the  guide,  whose  lonely  cabin  fifteen 
miles  up  Madawaska  stream  we  reached  next  day, 
loaned  us  a  small  pirogue  or  dugout,  a  miserable 
rotten  little  canoe,  about  half  the  usual  size,  and  very 
cranky.  Then  came  our  first  experience  of  poling, 
which  is  the  fine  art  of  canoeing  to  those  under- 
standing it.  The  Madawaska  is  not  considered  "strong 
water"  but  it  is  deep  at  times,  with  here  and  there 
a  soft  bottom,  covered  with  long  grass  which  waves 

256 


JUVENILE  EXPLORATION.  257 

in  the  current.  Our  canoe  kept  whirling  about  so 
that  bow  and  stern  were  continually  reversed.  One 
of  the  poles  were  often  left  sticking  in  the  mud,  for 
in  swinging  suddenly  with  the  current,  unless  we  could 
extricate  it  quickly  it  was  a  choice  between  letting  go 
or  falling  overboard.  Many  narrow  escapes  were  thus 
recorded.  Our  goods  we  tightly  lastfied  to  the  canoe, 
to  the  amusement  of  Bosser,  himself  a  skilled  and 
mighty  poler. 

In  a  day  or  two,  by  better  luck  than  management, 
and  with  the  powerful  aid  of  Bosser  over  the  lower 
stretches,  we  glided  forth  upon  the  'broad  expanse 
of  Lake  Temiscouata.  The  day  was  intensely  hot; 
every  leaf  hung  motionless;  the  azure  sky,  green 
woods  and  hig*h  burned  ridges,  now  yel'low  with  faded 
small  growth,  were  alike  vividly  mirrored  upon  its 
glassy  surface.  We  at  first  clung  closely  to  the  shore, 
having  been  persistently  warned  against  sudden 
squalls  by  the  natives  below;  but  experience  soon 
proved  that,  in  respect  to  weather,  Temiscouata  much 
resembled  the  familiar  waters  of  the  lower  St.  John. 

Our  canoe  was  indeed  a  crazy  thing,  so  much  so 
that  throughout  the  voyage  both  natives  and  tourists 
expressed  surprise  at  it.  Some  kindly  disposed  Bos- 
ton fishermen  eloquently,  yet  vainly,  urged  us  to  pro- 
ceed no1  farther.  By  hitting,  however,  upon  the 
expedient  of  strapping  small  logs,  of  some  two  and  a 
half  feet  in  length  by  three  inches  in  diameter,  to  the 
sides  of  the  canoe,  conditions  became  so  improved 
that  a  sail  was  improvised  next  day  of  a  tattered 
blanket,  and  we  reached  Notre  Dame  de  Detour  4u 
Lac  after  speeding  some  hours  before  a  heavy  south 
wind,  which  raised  great  "white  caps"  all  about  us. 

After  a  stay  at  Detour,  where  some  supplies  were 
purchased,  we  tented  by  the  bank  of  the  green  and 
sinuous  Cabineau,  subsequently  poling  up  that  stream 


260  ACADIENSIS. 

troubled  waters,  an  act  more  suggestive  of  valor  than 
discretion. 

How  long  ago  all  this  seems!  As  the  years  roll 
by,  gradually  shrouding  such  youthful  adventures 
in  an  almost  mythical  haze,  we  feel  the  force  of 
Virgil's  well  known  line,  "Forsan  et  haec  olim  me- 
minisse  juvabit." 

JOSEPH  WHITMAN  BAILEY. 


tbe  Glory  of  God 


The  moon  have  I  for  shallop ;  and  the  stars 
My  far-off  beacons  by  the  which  I  steer 
On  sapphire  sea  past  changeful  isles  and  bars 
That  hoist  bright  silver  banners  as  I  near 
Their  faery  shores.    To  me  the  planets  sing 
Of  Art  and  Arms,  of  Glory  and  of  Years ; 
And  Earth,  the  mother  unto  whom  I  cling, 
Sighs  her  deep  undertone  of  pain  and  tears. 
And  so  my  boundless  vesper  dreams  are  swept 
With  Star-lanced  ether  and  through  veiled  eyes 
And  lids  that  harbored  many  tears  unwept 
I  feel,  what  no  man  sees  or  else  he  dies ! 

CHARLES  CAMPBELL. 


Book  Reviews* 


Proceedings  and  Transactions  of  the  Royal  Society  of  Can- 
ada, second  series,  Vol.  X,  Parts  I  and  II.  Meeting  of  June, 
1904. 

This  latest  publication  of  the  Royal  Society  of  Canada 
appears  to  contain  even  more  than  the  usual  amount  of  data 
contributed  by  Fellows  of  the  Society  residing  in  the  Mari- 
time Provinces,  or  relating  to  these  provinces. 

The  contents  include  an  account  of  the  proceedings  of  the 
Society,  of  the  general  business  transacted  at  the  session  of 
1904,  the  president's  address,  entitled  "The  United  Empire 
Loyalists  and  their  Influence  upon  the  History  of  this  Con- 
tinent," by  Lt.-Col.  G.  T.  Dennison,  and  various  other  papers 
read  before  the  Society. 

Among  the  associated,  literary  and  scientific  societies  which 
presented  reports  were  the  following,  whose  headquarters  are 
in  the  Maritime  Provinces,  namely :  The  Miramichi  Natural 
History  Association,  The  Natural  History  Society  of  New 
Brunswick,  The  Nova  Scotia  Institute  of  Science,  The  New 
Brunswick  Historical  Society,  and  the  New  Brunswick  Loy- 
alists' Society. 

Possibly  the  most  important  paper  published,  from  an 
Acadian  point  of  view,  is  that  of  W.  F.  Ganong,  M.  A.,  Ph. 
D.,  entitled  "A  Monograph  of  the  Origins  of  Settlements  in 
the  Province  of  New  Brunswick"  (with  maps).  (Contribu- 
tions to  the  History  of  New  Brunswick,  No.  6).  The  paper 
which  forms  184  pps.  of  the  first  volume  is  of  great  interest 
to  the  students  of  Canadian  'history,  and  forms  an  installment 
of  a  complete  history  of  the  Province  of  New  Brunswick, 
which  Dr.  Ganong  is  preparing  with  that  thoroughness  which 
has  always  been  a  characteristic  of  his  work.  This  article  is 
illustrated  by  numerous  maps,  the  arrangement  of  which  is 
most  ingenious,  showing  the  location  of  the  early  settlements 
and  their  origin,  the  physiographic  features  of  the  province, 
the  quality  of  the  soils,  the  early  highway  roads,  and  the  dis- 
tribution of  population  in  1904. 

Other  contributions  by  Acadian  writers  were  entirely  to 
Section  IV,  Geological  and  Biological  Sciences,  and  were  as 
261 


262  ACADIENSIS. 

follows:  "New  Species  and  New  Genus  of  Batrachian  Foot- 
prints of  the  Carboniferous  System  in  Eastern  Canada,  by  G. 
F.  Matthew,  D.  So.,  LL.  D. ;  The  Volcanic  Rocks  of  New 
Brunswick,  by  L.  W.  Bailey,  LL.  D. ;  The  Study  of  Canadian 
Fungi :  A  Review,  by  G.  U.  Hay,  D.  Sc. ;  Bibliography  of 
Canadian  Botany  for  1903,  by  A.  H.  MacKay,  LL.  D. 

Among  the  illustrations  are  portraits  of  deceased  Fellows, 
M.  Edward  Richard  and  Abbe  H.  R.  Casgrain.. 

Pant  II  of  the  Proceedings  and  Transactions  is  devoted 
entirely  to  an  "Inventaire  chronologique  des  livres,  brochures, 
journaux  et  revues  publics  dans  la  province  de  Quebec,  de 
1764  a  1904,"  by  N.  E.  Dionne,  LL.  D.,  Quebec,  who  has 
spent  much  time  for  several  years  in  compiling  this  most  valu- 
able addition  to  the  Canadian  works  intended  to  assist  stu- 
dents of  history. 

"The  Statutes  of  Nova  Scotia  passed  in  the  Fifth  year  of 
the  Reign  of  His  Majesty  King  Edward  VII,"  published  at 
Halifax,  N.  S.,  X+366  pps.  This  work  which  is  issued  from 
the  office  of  Mr.  R.  T.  Murray,  King's  Printer,  is  valuable  as 
a  work  of  reference  to  those  having  occasion  to  consult  the 
statutes.  It  is  'well  printed  and  strongly  bound. 

"Le  Montin  de  Dumont"  par  Phillipe-Baby  Casgrain,  K. 
C,  Ex-M.  P.  for  L'Islet  County,  Quebec,  and  Ex-President 
of  the  Literary  and  Historical  Society  of  Quebec,  n  pps. 
8  vo.  paper. 

"The  Fight  for  Canada,"  by  Major  Wood,  and  "The  Fight 
with  France  for  North  America,"  by  A.  G.  Bradley,  reviewed 
by  Phillippe-Baby  Casgrain,  the  author  of  the  work  just 
noticed  above.  29  pps.  Large  8  vo.,  paper. 

This  pamphlet  is  a  reprint  of  an  article  on  Major  Wood's 
book  which  appeared  in  the  Quebec  Daily  Telegraph,  Janu- 
ary 21,  1905;  also  of  the  reply  of  Mr.  A.  G.  Bradley  to  Mr. 
Casgrain's  notice  of  his  work,  reprinted  from  the  Telegraph. 
Upon  the  title  page  of  the  pamphlet  appears  a  note  inviting 
the  attention  of  the  'members  of  the  press  who  have  noticed 
Mr.  Bailey's  book." 

Review  of  Historical  Publications  Relating  to  Canada,  Vol. 
IX,  1904,  edited  by  George  M.  Wrong,  M.  A.,  and  H.  H. 
Langton,  B.  A.,  both  of  the  University  of  Toronto.  XII-|-24O 
pps.  Cloth.  Large  8  vo. 

This  volume  is  one  that  is  of  great  value  to  the  student  of 
Canadian  history,  and  in  fact  is  almost  indispensible  to  one 


BOOK  REVIEWS.  263 

who  would  keep  abreast  of  the  times  regarding  the  Canadian 
works  which  during  each  year  are  passing  from  the  press  in 
an  ever  increasing  stream. 

That  section  of  the  work  relating  to  provincial  and  local 
history,  more  particularly  to  the  sub-division  dealing  with  the 
Maritime  Provinces,  is  .more  carefully  edited  than  in  former 
years,  and  there  is  thus  an  indication  that  Acadian  writers 
are  being  more  generally  recognized,  and  that  literary  Canada 
does  not  lie  entirely  within  the  confines  of  the  province  of 
Ontario. 

The  following  from  the  table  of  contents  will  give  some 
idea  of  the  nature  of  the  portion  of  the  work  particularly 
referred  to.  Aside  from  the  French  Shore  Question,  the 
writings  under  review  comprise  the  following:  A  United 
British  North  America,  Pouton;  The  Newfoundland  of  To- 
day, Willey;  History  of  Presbyterianism  in  Prince  Edward 
Island,  MacLeod ;  New  Brunswick  Historical  Society  Collec- 
lections,  No.  5 ;  ACADIENSIS  ;  What  Acadia  Owed  to  New  Eng- 
gland,  Weaver;  Nova  Scotia  and  New  England  during  the 
Revolution,  Weaver;  The  Mira  Grant,  Gilpin;  The  Loyalist 
Tradition  in  Canada,  Davidson;  Ten  Years  in  a  Prohibition 
Town,  (Fredericton,  N.  B.,  Ed.),  Davidson;  Atrophy  of  the 
Maritime  Provinces,  in  the  New  England  Magazine;  The 
Wood  Family,  Wood. 

Among  other  works  reviewed,  possibly  of  local  interest, 
may  be  mentioned  the  following  writings :  A  History  of  Can- 
ada, by  Chas.  G.  D.  Roberts ;  Joseph  Howe,  by  Hon.  J.  W. 
Longley,  reviewed  at  length  in  this  issue  of  ACADIENSIS  ;  Dis- 
coveries and  Explorations  in  the  Century,  by  Chas.  G.  D. 
Roberts;  Acadian  Magazines  (Transactions  of  the  Royal 
Society  of  Canada),  D.  R.  Jack. 

Bureau  of  American  Ethnology,  twenty-second  annual 
report,  1900-1901,  published  1904.  Part  2,  372  pps.,  4to., 
cloth. 

This  volume  is  devoted  to  "The  Hako:  A  Pawnee  Cere- 
mony," and  is  the  work  of  Alice  C.  Fletcher,  holder  of  Shaw 
Fellowship,  Peabody  Museum,  Howard  University;  assisted 
by  James  R.  Murie,  who  is  an  educated  Pawnee  who  has 
taken  up  the  task  of  preserving  the  ancient  lore  of  his  people, 
in  which  endeavor  he  has  not  spared  himself.  A  high  com- 
pliment is  paid  to  'Mr.  Murie,  concerning  whom  we  are 
informed  that  "his  patience,  tact,  and  unfailing  courtesy  and 


264  ACADIENSIS. 

kindness  have  soothed  the  prejudice  and  allayed  the  fears  of 
•the  old  men  who  hold  fast  to  the  faith  of  their  fathers  and 
are  the  repositaries  of  all  that  remains  of  the  ancient  rites  of 
the  tribe." 

In  order  to  obtain  accurate  transcriptions  of  the  Indian 
songs,  graphophone  records  were  taken  of  all  belonging  to 
the  ceremony.  The  music  as  printed  has  been  transcribed 
from  the  cylinders  by  Mr.  Edwin  S.  Tracey,  and  each  tran- 
scription has  been  verified  by  him  from  the  singing  of  the 
Ku  rahus. 

Tahirussawichi,  an  old  and  full-Wooded  Pawnee,  from 
whom  the  ceremonial  was  obtained,  must  'have  been  an 
extremely  intelligent  and  interesting  individual,  and  the  short 
sketch  of  him  which  appears  as  a  preface  to  the  work  gives 
the  reader  some  idea  of  the  mam  who  has  been  thus  instru- 
mental in  preserving  the  records  of  his  race  for  posterity. 

Miss  Fletcher  relates  that  "it  took;  four  years  of  close 
friendly  relations  with  my  kind  old  friend  to  obtain  this 
ceremony  in  its  entirety.  .  .  .  His  work  as  it  now  stands 
shows  Tahirussawichi  to  be  broad  minded  as  well  as  thought- 
ful, reverent  and  sincere." 

The  book  is  'beautifully  printed  and  illustrated,  and  undoubt- 
edly of  great  value  to  the  student  of  American  Ethnology. 

Royal  Colonial  Institute  Proceedings,  Vol.  XXXV,  1903-4, 
X+5I3  pps.,  cloth,  8  vo. 

The  Royal  Colonial  Institute  which  was  founded  in  1868 
has  its  headquarters  on  Northumberland  Avenue,  London, 
W.  C.  The  object  of  the  Institute  is  to  provide  a  place  of 
meeting  for  all  gentlemen  connected  with  the  Colonies  and 
British  India,  and  others  taking  an  interest  in  Colonial  and 
Indian  affairs.  A  reading  room  and  library  is  maintained  for 
the  purpose  of  providing  recent  and  authentic  intelligence 
upon  Colonial  and  Indian  subjects,  and  also  a  museum  for 
the  collection  and  exhibition  of  Colonial  and  Indian  produc- 
tions. A  further  object  of  the  Institute  is  to  facilitate  inter- 
change of  experiences  amongst  persons  representing  all  the 
dependencies  of  Great  Britain;  to  afford  opportunities  for 
the  reading  of  papers,  and  for  holding  discussions  upon 
Colonial  and  Indian  subjects  generally,  and  to  undertake  sci- 
entific, literary  and  statistical  investigations  in  connection 
with  the  British  Empire. 

His  Majesty  King  Edward  is  the  Patron  of  the  Institute, 
and  the  Fellows  are  divided  into  two  classes,  resident  and 


BOOK  REVIEWS.  265 

non-resident.  The  membership  is  probably  over  4,000,  it 
being  reported  at  the  last  general  meeting  that  an  increase  of 
139  Fellows  had  been  made  since  the  previous  meeting.  It  is 
pointed  out  that  out  of  2,971  non-resident  Fellows,  over  1,000 
belong  to  South  Africa,  800  to  Australia  and  New  Zealand,  and 
only  115  to  Canada.  A  large  amount  of  attention  is  neverthe- 
less 'devoted  to  Canada  and  Canadian  affairs  in  the  proceed- 
ings of  the  Institute,  and  it  would  seem  that  Canadians  are 
not  making  the  best  of  their  opportunities  in  allowing  such  a 
small  representation  to  exist  in  such  an  important  institution, 
avowedly  carried  on  for  the  benefit  of  the  colonies. 

The  fees  for  non-resident  Fellows  are  small,  and  it  would 
appear  to  be  the  duty  of  every  Canadian  whose  desire  is  to  see 
a  more  united  Empire  to  cordially  support  such  a  valuable 
adjunct  to  the  promotion  of  Canadian  interests  in  the  mother 
country. 

In  unity  is  strength,  and  if  we  would  see  the  dream  of  Mr. 
Chamberlain  realized  and  Canada  'represented,  as  she  should 
ibe,  in  the  council  halls  of  the  Empire,  such  an  object  could  not 
be  more  properly  aided  than  through  the  support  afforded  by 
such  an  institution.  We  sincerely  trust  that  in  the  next 
annual  report  the  list  of  Canadian  Fellows  may  appear  to  have 
materially  increased. 

The  St.  Lawrence  River — Historical — Legendary — Pictur- 
esque, by  George  Waldo  Browne,  365+xix  pps.,  cloth,  illus- 
trated, large  8  vo.  G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons,  New  York  and  Lon- 
don, 1905. 

The  fact  that  this  book  is  from  The  Knickerbocker  Press  is 
sufficient  guarantee  that  the  mechanical  portion  of  the  work 
is  of  the  best  quality,  while  the  reputation  of  Mr.  Browne  as 
a  writer  of  historical  novels  is  well  known  to  lovers  of  that 
class  of  fiction  both  in  Canada  and  the  United  States.  One 
or  more  of  Mr.  Browne's  Woodranger  Tales  have  already 
been  reviewed  in  ACADIENSIS,  and  his  latest  publication  would 
seem  to  be  quite  a  step  in  advance  of  his  former  works, 
admirable  as  they  were  in  style,  diction  and  the  charm  of  plot 
unfolded.  In  the  work  at  present  under  review  Mr.  Browne 
confines  himself  strictly  to  facts  and  though  much  has  been 
written  regarding  this,  the  most  noble  river  probably  in  all 
North  America,  the  writer  claims  that  his  effort  represents 
the  first  attempt  made  to  collect  and  embody  in  one  volume 
a  complete  and  comprehensive  narrative  of  this  great  water- 


266  ACADIENSIS. 

way.  The  author  has  undertaken  as  far  as  he  could  in  a 
single  work,  to  present  a  succinct  and  unbroken  account  of 
the  most  important  historic  incidents  connected  with  the  river, 
combined  with  descriptions  of  some  of  its  most  picturesque 
scenery  and  frequent  selection's  from  its  prolific  sources  of 
legends  and  tradition's. 

As  is  stated  in  the  preface,  it  does  not  seem  practicable  to 
make  a  continuous  narrative  in  a  work  of  this  kind,  but  this 
plan  has  'been  followed  as  nearly  as  possible,  while  giving  at 
the  same  time  an  intelligent  account  of  the  incidents  in  their 
order. 

The  work  is  embellished  by  about  one  hundred  illustrations, 
in  the  selecting  of  which  much  care  'has  been  taken  to  give  as 
wide  a  scope  as  possible  to  the  views  'belonging  to  the  river. 

Regarding  fhe  St.  Lawrence,  an-d  quoting  from  Sir  J.  M. 
LeMoine,  F.  R.  S.  €.,  of  Quebec,  we  read  that  "It  lies  a 
thousand  miles  between  two  great  nations,  yet  neglected  by 
both,  though  neither  would  be  so  great  without  it, — a  river 
as  grand  as  the  La  Plata,  as  picturesque  as  the  Rhine,  as  pure 
as  the  Lakes  of  'Switzerland.  .  .  .  The  noblest,  the  purest, 
most  enchanting  river  on  all  God's  beautiful  earth  .  .  .  has 
never  yet  had  a  respectable  history,  nor  scarcely  more  than 
an-  occasional  arti'st  to  delineate  its  beauties." 

Mr.  Browne  would  appear  to  have  succeeded  well  in  the 
task  which  he  has  so  valiantly  assumed. 

Ontario  Historical  Society,  Papers  and  Records,  published 
by  the  Society  at  Toronto,  170  pps.,  paper,  large  8vo.,  illus- 
trated. 

The  following  is  the  table  otf  contents  of  this  valuable  pub- 
lication :  The  coming  of  the  Missionaries,  J.  Hampden  Burn- 
ham;  The  first  Indian  Land  Grant  in  Maiden,  C.  W.  Martin; 
Journal  of  a  Journey  from  Sandwich  to  York  in  1806,  Chas. 
Aikens;  The  John  Richardson  Letters,  Col.  E.  Cruikshanks ; 
Ontario  Onomatology  and  British  Biography,  H.  F.  Gard- 
iner; The  Origin  of  Napanee,  C.  C.  James;  Napanee's  First 
Mills  and  Their  Builder,  Thomas  W.  Casey;  Local  Historic 
Places  in  Essex  County,  Miss  Margaret  Clare  Kilroy;  Notes 
on  the  Early  History  of  the  County  of  Essex,  Francis  Cleary; 
Battle  of  Queenston  Heights,  Editor;  Battle  of  'Windsor, 
John  McCrea;  The  Western  District  Literary  and  Agricul- 
tural Association,  -Rev.  Thomas  Nathass;  Battle  of  Goose 
Creek,  John  S.  Barker;  McCollom  Memoirs,  W.  A.  McCol- 


BOOK  REVIEWS.  267  • 

lorn;  Brief  Sketch  of  a  Canadian  Pioneer,  reprint;  The 
Switzers  of  the  Bay  of  Quinte,  E.  E.  Switzer .  The  State 
Historian,  of  New  York  and  the  Clinton  Papers — A  Criti- 
cism, H.  H.  Robertson;  Anderson  Record  from  1699-1896, 
Mrs.  S.  Rowe. 

The  Hero  of  the  Hills,  by  G.  Waldo  Browne,  the  third  of 
The  Woodranger  Tales,  312  pps.,  doth,  $i,  L.  C.  Page  &  Co., 
200  Summer  St.,  Boston,  Mass.  Illustration's  by  Henry  W. 
Her  rick. 

The  Hero  of  the  Hills  is  a  tale  of  the  captive  ground,  St. 
Francis,  and  life  in  the  northern  wilderness  in  the  days  of 
the  pioneers,  and  is  dedicated  by  the  author  to  Frederick 
Worman  Stark,  a  lineal  descendant  of  the  hero  of  the  work. 

The  capture  of  Louisburg,  described  in  the  second  of  the 
Woodranger  Tales  while  a  performance  of  military  skill  and 
daring  worthy  of  rank  among  the  decisive  battles  of  America, 
resulted  in  harm  to  the  New  England  colonists,  by  whom  the 
victory  was  won,  from  the  fact  that  it  aroused  in  the  French 
a  spirit  of  retaliation.  According  to  their  method  of  war- 
fare in  the  colonies,  they  at  once  urged  the  Indians  to  com- 
mit those  attacks  upon  the  pioneer  'homes  of  New  England, 
which  carried  terror  all  over  that  extensive  territory. 

The  story  under  review  covers  the  period  between  the  short 
war  just  passed,  and  the  longer  and  more  sanguinary  conflict 
which  followed. 

During  this  period,  the  Indians,  sallying  forth  from  their 
stronghold,  St.  Francis,  made  several  attacks  on  the  settlers, 
which  were  fierce,  bloody  and  unexpected.  During  one  of 
these  attacks,  the  hero  of  the  story  and  his  companions  were 
seized  as  described  in  the  pages  of  the  work.  Their  adven- 
tures, how  they  lived  and  hunted  the  beaver  and  moose  with 
Fitzgaw  and  his  dusky  companions,  the  love  of  the  Indian 
for  his  children,  his  devotion  unto  death  under  certain  con- 
ditions, all  make  interesting  and  it  might  be  added  exciting 
reading  for  old  and  young  alike. 

That  the  Indian  was  a  warrior  by  nature,  goes  without 
saying,  and  the  price  of  his  liberty  was  eternal  warfare,  not- 
withstanding which  the  author  claims  for  him  traits  that 
redounded  to  his  credit  and  benefitted  those  with  whom  he 
came  in  contact. 

DAWD  RUSSELL  JACK. 


268  ACADIENSIS. 

From  the  press  of  Morang  &  Co.,  of  Toronto,  comes  a  de 
luxe  edition  of  the  Hon.  James  W.  Longley's  biographical 
study  of  Joseph  Howe.  It  forms  one  volume  in  the  series 
entitled  "  The  Makers  of  Canada."  It  is  a  book  of  three 
hundred  pages,  admirably  printed  in  bold,  clear  type,  and 
bound  in  buckram.  The  frontispiece  is  a  photogravure 
portrait  of  Mr.  Howe  seated  at  his  desk. 

Mr.  Longley  deals  with  his  subject  gracefully,  fluently,  and, 
we  think,  judiciously.  With  personal  recollections  of  Mr. 
Howe  at  his  command,  he  is  able  to  vivify  contemporary 
records,  to  discard  what  is  least  interesting,  and  to  keep  the 
salient  features  in  continuous,  picturesque  and  bold  relief. 
It  was  not  permitted  to  Joseph  Howe  to  play  a  large  part  in 
the  history  of  this  country  as  a  federated  section  of  the 
British  empire.  He  withdrew  from  active  participation  in 
Dominion  politics  not  long  after  the  union  of  the  provinces 
had  been  effected,  and  shortly  after  that  withdrawal  he  died. 
But  in  the  period  of  his  greatest  activity,  no  Canadian  leader 
did  more  than  he  to  centre  the  attention  of  the  British  Colonial 
Office  upon  Canadian  affairs,  no  man  displayed  a  greater 
capacity  for  healthy  revolution,  and  few  equalled  and  none 
excelled  him  in  his  genius  for  constructive  statesmanship. 
Space  prevents  detailed  discussion  of  his  campaign  on  behalf 
of  responsible  government,  a  campaign  which  involved  the 
matching  of  the  popular  will  against  a  narrow,  ignorant  and 
corrupt  oligarchy,  and  which  led  him  into  direct  and,  to  them, 
fatal  collision  with  Sir  Colin  Campbell  and  Lord  Falkland. 
Nor  may  we  follow  Mr.  Longley  too  closely  in  the  chapters 
treating  of  Howe  as  a  minister,  as  a  railroad  commissioner, 
as  the  persistent,  eloquent  and  convincing  representative  of 
his  colony  in  London,  of  his  journalistic  activities,  and  of  his 
relation  to  the  local  literature  of  his  time.  Perhaps  the  most 
graphic  passages  in  the  book  cover  the  epoch  when  Howe 
opposed  Confederation,  and  afterward  apparently  stultified 
that  opposition  by  entering  the  cabinet  at  Ottawa  as  Secretary 
of  State.  The  latter  action  was  held  by  his  enemies,  of  whom 
he  had  not  a  few  to  indicate  a  black  and  unpardonable 
treachery.  To  his  friends,  whom  it  bewildered,  it  appeared 
at  the  best  as  an  inexplicable  and  inexcusable  inconsistency. 
But  now  that  the  situation  is  revealed  in  clearer  perspective 
by  the  passage  of  time,  the  present  generation,  which  knows 


BOOK  REVIEWS.  269 

Joseph  Howe  only  as  an  historical  figure,  will  appreciate  his 
motives  and  justify  his  course.  No  other  man  than  he  could 
have  arrayed  the  whole  province  of  Nova  Scotia  against  Con- 
federation as  he  did  in  the  September  elections  of  1867,  and 
few  men  would  have  had  the  moral  courage  to  disregard  the 
verdict  thus  given  to  his  case  and  -embark  in  an  agreement 
with  the  very  forces  against  which  that  verdict  was  cast. 
Howe  took  this  step  simply  because  he  realized  at  last  the 
futility  of  further  opposition  to  the  expressed  will  of  the 
Colonial  authorities  in  London.  He  was  absolutely  devoid 
of  selfish  inspiration,  and  sincerely  desirous  of  promoting  the 
best  interests  of  Nova  Scotia  as  a  unit  in  a  system  from  which 
it  was  found  impossible  to  withdraw.  Howe's  view  of  the 
Confederation  project  in  its  inception  and  consummation  was 
unfortunately  distorted  by  his  political  far-sightedness.  He 
overlooked  the  possibilities  of  the  present.  He  was  charge- 
able with  the  error  which  a  distinguished  American  journal- 
ist once  imputed  to  a  professional  rival,  the  error  of  cutting 
the  future  into  too  large  slices.  He  was  a  federationist  by 
instinct,  but  his  contemplated  union  called  for  the  active 
hegemony  of  the  mother  country  and  the  intimate  association 
of  the  colonies  with  her  in  a  scheme  of  comprehensive,  toler- 
ant and  progressive  administration.  Of  course,  this  was  a 
dream,  but  to  a  man  of  Howe's  rich  and  fertile  imagination, 
it  was  a  dream  worth  cherishing.  And  he  cherished  it  to  the 
end,  even  when  he  knew  that  he  was  powerless  to  contribute 
to  its  realization. 

In  conclusion,  it  may  be  said  that  Mr.  Longley's  book  is 
one  no  student  of  Canadian  history  can  afford  to  be  without. 
History  is  the  biography  of  those  who  make  it,  and  in  this 
part  of  Canada,  at  least,  Joseph  Howe,  as  a  history  maker, 
ranks  foremost.  A.  M.  H. 


2/0  ACADIENSIS. 

30bn  Ulatcrbury,  Loyalist. 


The  "Mr.  Waterbury"  referred  to  by  Mr.  Merriott 
in  his  advertisement,  (see  ACADIENSIS  for  July,  page 
108),  was  John  Waterbury,  formerly  of  Stamford, 
Connecticut,  a  grantee  of  the  City  of  St.  John  in  1783. 
Mr.  Waterbury  was  banished  from  his  native  province 
of  Connecticut  for  loyalty  to  the  Crown  and  his  pro- 
perty confiscated;  he  was  one  of  the  early  merchants 
of  the  city  and  accumulated  a  handsome  fortune  in 
trade.  He  died  in  St.  John  in  1817.  His  only  child, 
Rebecca,  married  Lieutenant  James  Cudlip,  of  the 
Royal  Navy.  The  late  John  Waterbury  Cudlip,  who 
represented  St.  John  in  the  Provincial  Parliament, 
previous  to  Confederation,  and  was  Inspector  of 
Dominion  Customs  in  New  Brunswick,  which  office 
he  continued  to  hold  until  the  time  of  his  death,  was 
a  grandson  of  John  Waterbury  the  Loyalist,  after 
whom  he  was  named.  JONAS  HOWE. 


"The  Judges  of  New  Brunswick,' '  edited  by  Dr.  A.  A.  Stock- 
ton will  be  continued  in  the  October  issue.  Pressure  of  parlia- 
mentary duties  prevented  the  preparation  of  the  manuscript  in 
time  for  this  number.  Ed. 


C  O  R  N  E  L  I  S     STEENWYCK. 

Painted  by  Jan  Van  Govzen. 

Photographed  and  reproduced  for  the  first  time,  by  permission  NYw  York  Historical  Society 
>r  /,  .n/tensi.*;  The  portrait  is  surmounted  by  the  Arms  of  Steenwyck,  while  below  is  a  view  of 
lew  Amsterdam,  about  1656. 


^--v 


CONTENTS. 


Vol.  V.,  No.  4.  October,  J905 

PAGE 
Nelson  Centenary,  ....     171 

Nelson .     .     271; 


Queries, 

Dutch  Conquest  of  Acadia,  . 


277 
278 
287 


A  Soldier's  Diary,  .  .  . 
An  Unforeclosed  Mortgage,  295 
Joseph  Marshall  D'Avray,  .  303 
The  Thomson  Family,  .  . 

Judges  of  New  Brunswick 
and  Their  Times  —  Supple- 
ment,   


306 


33 


ACADIENSIS. 


VOL.  V.  OCTOBER.  No.  4. 

DAVID  RUSSELL  JACK,     -    -    -     HONORARY  EDITOR 


Iftelson  Centenary. 

"  Ye  Mariners  of  England ! 
That  guard  our  native  seas ; 
Whose  flag  has  braved,  a  thousand  years, 
The  battle  and  the  breeze! 
Your  glorious  standard  launch  again 
To  match  another  foe ! 
And  sweep  through  the  deep 
While  the  stormy  winds  do  blow ; 
While  the  battle  rages  loud  and  long, 
And  the  stormy  winds  do  blow. 
***** 

The  meteor  flag  of  England 

Shall  yet  terrific  burn, 

Till  danger's  troubled  night  4epart, 

And  the  star  of  peace  return. 

Then,  then,  ye  ocean- warriors ! 

Our  song  and  feast  shall  flow 

To  the  fame  of  your  name, 

When  the  storm  has  ceased  to  blow — 

When  the  fiery  fight  is  heard  no  more, 

And  the  storm  has  ceased  to  blow." 

On  the  2  ist  of  October,  1905,  one  hundred  years 
will  have  elapsed  since  the  British  fleet,  led  by  Admiral 
Horatio  Nelson,  on  board  His  Majesty's  first-rate  ship 
"  Victory,"  of  104  guns,  won  a  triumph  that  gave  that 
fleet  the  command  of  the  oceans  of  the  world,  which 
proud  position  it  still  maintains. 


272  ACADIENSIS. 

Much  has  been  told  in  song  and  story  of  him  who 
is  Britain's  greatest  naval  hero,  so  that  even  the  young- 
est of  our  readers  is  familiar  with  most  of  the  details 
of  the  Battle  of  Trafalgar.  It  is  therefore  unnecessary 
to  dwell  at  any  length  upon  the  causes  which  led  up 
to  that  important  event  in  British  history,  or  its  influ- 
ence upon  the  subsequent  history  of  the  world.  It 
would  nevertheless  appear  improper  that  a  publication 
such  as  ACADIENSIS,  mainly  historical  in  dts  character, 
should  allow  the  present  occasion  to  pass  without  some 
tribute  to  him,  the  centennial  of  whose  victory  and 
death  the  greatest  nation  that  has  been,  is  about  to 
celebrate. 

On  the  2ist  of  October,  1805,  as  before  stated,  the 
British  and  French  fleets  met  in  sight  of  Trafalgar, 
the  British  fleet  consisting  of  twenty-seven  sail  of  the 
line  and  four  frigates,  in  charge  of  Nelson  and  Col- 
lingwood,  while  Vil'leneuve  and  Admiral  Gravina  com- 
manded the  thirty-three  ships  of  the  line  and  seven 
frigates  which  composed  tihe  opposing  squadron. 

The  result  of  that  meeting  is  too  well  known  to  re- 
quire any  disquisition  in  these  pages. 

Concerning  Nelson's  death,  M.  Guizot,  the  famous 
French  historian,  in  has  History  of  England,  remarks 
that  "the  noblest  funeral  oration  of  such  men  is  the 
public  consternation  caused  by  their  death.  The  vic- 
tory of  Trafalgar  was  greeted  in  England  with  shouts 
of  joy  and  with  tears." 

"England  loaded  the  family  of  her  hero  with  honor 
and  gifts.  She  gave  to  him  the  most  magnificent  ob- 
sequies, and  placed  his  bust  in  one  of  the  apartments 
at  Windsor  resting  on  a  pedestal  made  from  a  portion 
of  one  of  the  masts  of  the  '  Victory.'  " 

Lord  Fitzharris  says  in  his  note  book :  "One  day,  in 
November,  1805,  I  happened  to  dine  with  Pitt,  and 
Trafalgar  was  naturally  the  engrossing  subject  of  our 


ACADIENSIS,  273 

conversation.  I  shall  never  forget  the  eloquent  man- 
ner in  which  he  described  his  conflicting  feelings  when 
roused  in  the  night  to  read  Collingwood's  despatches. 
He  observed  that  he  had  been  called  up  at  various 
hours  in  his  eventful  life  by  the  arrival  of  news  of 
various  hues ;  but,  whether  good  or  bad,  he  could  al- 
ways lay  his  head  on  his  pillow  and  .sink  into  sound 
sleep  again.  In  this  occasion,  however,  the  great  event 
announced  brought  with  it  so  much  to  weep  over  as 
well  as  to  rejoice  at,  that  he  could  not  calm  his 
thoughts;  but  at  length  got  up,  though  it  was  three 
in  the  morning." 

It  is  now  many  years  since,  prior  to  1877,  if  a  per- 
sonal reference  may  be  permitted,  that  the  writer,  then 
a  very  small  boy,  was  taken  down  to  the  dockyard  at 
Portsmouth  by  his  father,  to  see  the  old  ship  "Victory," 
then  in  use  for  the  training  of  some  of  the  youth  who 
were  entering  the.  British  navy.  Passing  from  the 
main  to  the  lower  deck,  upon  the  way  to  the  cockpit, 
it  wras  observed  that,  for  purposes  of  ventilation,  a  port 
hole  had  just  been  cut  at  the  bow,  close  to  the 
water  line.  This  staunch  war  vessel,  as  was  the  cus- 
tom at  the  time  when  she  was  built,  had  been  con- 
structed of  Spanish  oak,  the  hull  being  probably  not 
less  than  two  feet  in  thickness.  Most  of  the  larger 
pieces  of  oak  which  had  been  taken  out  when  the  open- 
ing was  made  had  been  carefully  saved,  doubtless  as 
souvenirs,  by  the  officers  of  the  ship,  but  a  careful 
search  brought  to  light  a  few  fragments  of  oak  which, 
with  permission  were  carried  away  to  Canada,  then, 
owing  to  slower  means  of  transportation,  apparently 
a  much  greater  distance  away  than  now.  These,  with 
a  stone  from  Edinburgh  Castle,  another  from  the  walls 
of  "Derry,"  and  an  ivy  leaf  from  Carrisbrooke  Castle, 
gathered  near  the  window  through  which  King  Charles 


272  ACADIENSIS. 

Much  has  been  told  in  song  and  story  of  him  who 
is  Britain's  greatest  naval  hero,  so  that  even  the  young- 
est of  our  readers  is  familiar  with  most  of  the  details 
of  the  Battle  of  Trafalgar.  It  is  therefore  unnecessary 
to  dwell  at  any  length  upon  the  causes  which  led  up 
to  that  important  event  in  British  history,  or  its  influ- 
ence upon  the  subsequent  history  of  the  world.  It 
would  nevertheless  appear  improper  that  a  publication 
such  as  ACADIENSIS,  mainly  historical  in  its  character, 
should  allow  the  present  occasion  to  pass  without  some 
tribute  to  him,  the  centennial  of  whose  victory  and 
death  the  greatest  nation  that  has  been,  is  about  to 
celebrate. 

On  the  2ist  of  October,  1805,  as  before  stated,  the 
British  and  French  fleets  met  in  sight  of  Trafalgar, 
the  British  fleet  consisting  of  twenty-seven  sail  of  the 
line  and  four  frigates,  in  charge  of  Nelson  and  Col- 
lingwood,  while  Villeneuve  and  Admiral  Gravina  com- 
manded the  thirty-three  ships  of  the  line  and  seven 
frigates  which  composed  tine  opposing  squadron. 

The  result  of  that  meeting  is  too  well  known  to  re- 
quire any  disquisition  in  these  pages. 

Concerning  Nelson's  death,  M.  Guizot,  the  famous 
French  historian,  in  has  History  of  England,  remarks 
that  "the  noblest  funeral  oration  of  such  men  is  the 
public  consternation  caused  by  their  death.  The  vic- 
tory of  Trafalgar  was  greeted  in  England  with  shouts 
of  joy  and  with  tears." 

"England  loaded  the  family  of  her  hero  with  honor 
and  gifts.  She  gave  to  him  the  most  magnificent  ob- 
sequies, and  placed  his  bust  in  one  of  the  apartments 
at  Windsor  resting  on  a  pedestal  made  from  a  portion 
of  one  of  the  masts  of  the  '  Victory.'  " 

Lord  Fitzharris  says  in  his  note  book :  "One  day,  in 
November,  1805,  I  happened  to  dine  with  Pitt,  and 
Trafalgar  was  naturally  the  engrossing  subject  of  our 


ACADIENSIS,  273 

conversation.  I  shall  never  forget  the  eloquent  man- 
ner in  which  he  described  his  conflicting  feelings  when 
roused  in  the  night  to  read  Collingwood's  despatches. 
He  observed  that  he  had  been  called  up  at  various 
hours  in  his  eventful  life  by  the  arrival  of  news  of 
various  hues;  but,  whether  good  or  bad,  he  could  al- 
ways lay  his  head  on  his  pillow  and  sink  into  sound 
sleep  again.  In  this  occasion,  however,  the  great  event 
announced  brought  with  it  so  much  to  weep  over  as 
well  as  to  rejoice  at,  that  he  could  not  calm  his 
thoughts;  but  at  length  got  up,  though  it  was  three 
in  the  morning." 

It  is  now  many  years  since,  prior  to  1877,  if  a  per- 
sonal reference  may  be  permitted,  that  the  writer,  then 
a  very  small  boy,  was  taken  down  to  the  dockyard  at 
Portsmouth  by  his  father,  to  see  the  old  ship  "Victory," 
then  in  use  for  the  training  of  some  of  the  youth  who 
were  entering  the.  British  navy.  Passing  from  the 
main  to  the  lower  deck,  upon  the  way  to  the  cockpit, 
it  was  observed  that,  for  purposes  of  ventilation,  a  port 
hole  had  just  been  cut  at  the  bow,  close  to  the 
water  line.  This  staunch  war  vessel,  as  was  the  cus- 
tom at  the  time  when  she  was  built,  had  been  con- 
structed of  Spanish  oak,  the  hull  being  probably  not 
less  than  two  feet  in  thickness.  Most  of  the  larger 
pieces  of  oak  which  had  been  taken  out  when  the  open- 
ing was  made  had  been  carefully  saved,  doubtless  as 
souvenirs,  by  the  officers  of  the  ship,  but  a  careful 
search  brought  to  light  a  few  fragments  of  oak  which, 
with  permission  were  carried  away  to  Canada,  then, 
owing  to  slower  means  of  transportation,  apparently 
a  much  greater  distance  away  than  now.  These,  with 
a  stone  from  Edinburgh  Castle,  another  from  the  walls 
of  "Derry,"  and  an  ivy  leaf  from  Carrisbrooke  Castle, 
gathered  near  the  window  through  which  King  Charles 


274  ACADIENSIS. 

made  the  futile  effort  to  escape,  formed  the  nucleus 
of  a  boy's  museum. 

The  great  fire  of  St.  John,  an  1877,  wiped  them  all 
away,  as  it  did  many  treasures  belonging  to  thousands 
of  other  people,  but  the  recollection  of  the  visit  to  the 
old  flag-ship  "Victory,"  of  the  spot  upon  her  deck 
where  her  brave  commander  fell,  and  of  the  place 
down  in  her  cock-pit,  where  one  of  the  bravest  of 
Britain's  many  brave  heroes  breathed  his  last,  full  of 
consideration  for  others,  rather  than  for  himself,  will 
always  remain  as  long  as  memory  itself  shall  continue. 

Regarding  Nelson,  it  may  safely  be  said  that  the 
sunlight  of  a  great  joy  softened  the  anguish  of  death 
for  one  whose  name  will  ever  be  foremost  where 
British  naval  heroes  are  discussed. 

DAVID  RUSSELL  JACK. 


The  seas  I  sail  lie  bright  before  my  bow, 

With  never  sign  of  foe, 
And  with  me,  well-beloved,  and  resting  now, 

My  olden  messmates  go — 

But  we  have  chased  the  rumour  of  a  sail 

O'er  all  the  midland  sea, 
And  peered  through  smother  of  Calabrian  gale, 

To  sight  our  enemy; 
And  luffed  and  found  him,  after  weary  while, 

Beneath  Egyptian  sun, 
And  shook  the  hoary  >echoes  of  old  Nile, 
Until  our  work  was  done. 

For  England's  sake,  for  England's  sake! 
A  foeman's  strength  we  needs  must  break ; 
What  count  our  little  lives?  But  naught, 
If  so,  the  victory  be  bought! 

\ 
But  we  have  craved  that  searching  morn  would  creep 

Along  a  rock-ribbed  shore, 
That  we  might  count  the  tall  masts  in  the  keep 

Of  stormy  Elsinore; 
Lest  one  apast  our  sleepless  watch  should  slip, 

Before  the  deadly  stroke, 
Or  'scape  the  prison  of  our  iron  grip, 
Amid   the  battle  smoke. 

For  England's  sake,   for  England's  sake! 

But  we  have  tossed  beyond  a  harbor  bar, 

Through  weary  night  and  day, 
And  watched  the  soaring  rocket  from  afar, 

275 


276  ACADIENSIS. 

Where  lonely  shipmates  lay, 
To  hold  apart  the  mating  strength  of  two, 

Against  our  sea-worn  fleet, 
And  strike  them  one  by  one  with  chosen  few, 

Or  ere  their  squadrons  meet. 

For  England's  sake,   for  England's  sake! 

And  when,  'mid  stress  of  storm,  they  slipped  apast, 

Encloaked  in  shrouding  night, 
We  knew  that  God  had  struck  the  hour  at  last, 

For  England's  crowning  fight ; 
And  prayed  Him  mercy  as  our  glad  ships  swung  j 

Where  Faith  and  Duty  led, 

With  sails  scarce  reefed,  with  weather  shrouds  taut 
strung, 

And  eyes  that  searched  ahead. 

For  England's  sake,   for  England's  sake! 

'Cross  Biscay  and  the  Western  Sea  we  drave 

With  taut  and  straining  sails ; 
Round  Western  Isles  we  scanned  the  sweltering  wave, 

And  wore  through  tropic  gales. 
But  wide  and  lonely  lay  the  ocean  round, 

And  we  must  guard  the  home, 
So  swift  our  ships  were  pointed  homeward  bound, 

And  raced  through  leagues  of  foam. 

For  England's  sake,  for  England's  sake ! 

We  found  the  foe  in  wide  Trafalgar  Bay, 

Lie  stretching  many  a  rod 
And  ported  helm  and  swung  into  the  fray 

With  one  short  prayer  to  God, 
That  He  would  grant  us  grace  our  land  to  save, 

By  mighty  victory  won. 
And  ere  the  sun  set  in  his  ocean  grave, 

The  will  of  God  was  done ! 


NELSON. 


For  England's  sake,  for  England's  saket 
A  foeman's  strength  we  needs  must  break; 
What  count  our  little  lives?  But  naught,. 
If  so,  the  victory  be  bought! 

CHARLES  CAMPBELL. 


©uertes. 


Information  desired  concerning  Caspar  Cronk,  who 
was  an  officer  in  a  U.  E.  Loyalist  Corps,  also  the  name 
and  address  of  any  of  his  descendants  now  living. — 
R.  K.  CRONKHITE. 

Wanted,  the  name  of  the  birthplace,  and  the  names 
of  parents  of  Alexander  Montgomery,  who  came  from 
Ireland  in  1754,  and  settled  at  Spencertown,  Albany 
County,  New  York,  married  Sarah  Look  wood,  daugh- 
ter of  Gershom  Lockwood,  of  Greenwich,  Connecti- 
cut, and  in  1783  went  with  other  Loyalists  to  New 
Brunswick.  That  part  of  Albany  County  is  now  called 
Columbia  County. — JOHN  S.  MONTGOMERY. 

Information  desired  concerning  Peter  Mooers  (or 
Moores),  who  settled  at  Maugerville  1761  >or  1763, 
his  birthplace  and  other  place  of  residence,  if  any, 
prior  to  his  arrival  at  Maugerville  ?  One  of  his  daugh- 
ters, Elizabeth,  married  Jacob  Perley ;  another,  Abigal, 
married  Stephen  Atherton.  Peter  Mooers  was  pro- 
bably at  one  time  a  resident  of  the  territory  now  in- 
cluded within  the  New  England  States  and  the  State 
of  New  York. — H.  LEBARON  SMITH. 


Dutcb  Conquest  of  HcaMa, 

HAT  the  Dutch  at  one  time  ef- 
fected a  conquest  of  Acadia  and 
proclaimed  the  country  subject 
to  the  High  and  Mighty  Prince 
of  Orange,  under  the  name  of 
New  Holland,  is  an  interesting 
and  apparently  little-known  fact 
in  Acadian  history. 

In  1673  the  Dutch  Republic 
was  at  war  with  both  France 
and  Great  Britain.  In  that  year 

a  Dutch  fleet  which  had  been  cruising  in  the  West 
Indies  sailed  northwards  and,  ori  August  Qth,  cap- 
tured New  York  and  alarmed  New  England. 

In  1674 — when  buccaneering  was  in  high  vogue — 
a  certain  Captain  Jurriaen  Aernouts,  sailing  the  Span- 
ish Main  in  command  of  a  frigate  bearing  a  name 
which  has  been  anglicized  as  the  Flying  Horse,  re- 
ceived, or  pretended  to  receive,  a  commission*  from 
the  Dutch  governor  of  Curacoa  authorizing  him,  in 
the  name  of  the  Prince  of  Orange,  to  plunder  and  des- 
poil any  of  the  enemies  of  the  Great  States  of  Holland. 
Captain  Aernouts  determined  to  seek  further  conquest, 
adventure  and  plunder  in  a  northerly  direction.  In 
the  month  of  July  he  appeared  at  New  York  (then 
for  a  brief  period  Dutch  New  Orange).  Here,  by 
accident  or  otherwise,  he  met  a  kindred  spirit  in  the 
person  of  one  John  Rhoade,  of  Boston,  an  accom- 
plished adventurer  and  pirate.  The  Dutch  captain 
learned  at  New  York  that  the  Peace  of  Westminster 

*The  "commissions"  of  these   famous    i7th   century  buc- 
caneers were  usually  of  a  more  or  less  fictitious  character. 
278 


CONQUEST  OF  ACADIA.  279 

had  been  signed  between  Great  Britain  and  Holland, 
February  19,  1674,  and  that  he  was  no  longer  free  to 
prey  upon  British  commerce  or  ports.  But  John 
Rhoade  talked  to  the  Dutchman  about  a  land  lying 
away  to  'the  north  of  the  British  possessions,  known  as 
TAcadie,  a  portion  of  New  France,  which  had  been 
visited  long  years  before  by  Dutch  navigators.  Rhoade 
had  voyaged  and  trafficked  about  the  wilds  of  Acadie 
and  knew  the  country,  knew  its  richness  in  furs,  fisher- 
ies and  forests ;  knew,  also,  the  weak  state  of  its  de- 
fences. He  is  said  to  have  obtained  access  to  Fort 
Pentagoet  and  to  have  remained  there  several  days. 
Here  was  a  voyage  for  the  Flying  Horse  Frigate  and 
its  one  hundred  and  ten  men  which  promised  easy 
conquest  and  valuable  plunder.  A  bargain  was  struck 
between  Rhoade  and  the  Dutchmen,  Rhoade  took  an 
oath  of  allegiance  to  the  Prince  of  Orange,  and  the 
Dutch  vessel  under  his  pilotage  was  headed  for  Aca- 
dian waters.  , 

Penobscot  Bay  (Maine)  where,  in  1609,  Henry 
Hudson,  in  his  famous  voyage  in  the  Half  Moon,  spent 
eight  days  in  refitting,  appears,  at  that  time,  to  have 
•been  the  only  place  in  Acadia  possessing  fortifications 
of  any  consequence.  Here,  where  now  is  the  village  of 
Castine,  was  situated  the  French  fort  Pentagoet,  of 
which  M.  de  Chambly  was  commandant,  having  been 
appointed  to  the  post  the  previous  year. 

In  the  early  days  of  August  the  Dutch  frigate  ap- 
peared in  Penobscot  Bay  and  summoned  Fort  Penta- 
goet to  surrender.  M.  Chambly  was  a  soldier  and^had 
"been  commander  of  French  troops  in  Canada.  Like 
his  predecessor  in  Acadie,  Grandfontaine,  and  his 
lieutenant,  the  young  Baron  St.  Castin,  he  first  came 
to  Canada  in  the  famed  Carignan  regiment.  He  pre- 
pared to  fight.  He  mustered  between  thirty  and  forty 
men,  all  told,  including  inhabitants,  but  poorly  armed 


280  ACADIENSIS. 

and  disaffected.  On  the  loth  of  August  the  Dutch 
stormed  the  fort.  Several  of  its  defenders  were  killed 
and  M.  Chambly  himself  severely  wounded.  The 
place  was  captured,  the  fortifications  dismantled  and 
destroyed,  and  houses  of  the  French  burned. 

Machias  and  other  French  trading  posts  in  Maine 
were  visited  and  plundered,  and  then  the  Dutch  vessel 
entered  the  "Baie  Francoise"  and  headed  for  the  St. 
John  river.  What  fortifications  there  were  on  the 
river  at  this  time  were  demolished  or  taken  possession 
of.  The  last  place  visited  was  Fort  Jemseg,  where 
M.  de  Joi'bert,  Sieur  de  Marson  and  Soulanges — 
another  Carignan  officer  —  was  in  command.  Fort 
Jemseg  was  not  in  a  condition  to  offer  resistance  -to- 
such  a  force  as  now  assailed  it.  It  was*  compelled  to 
surrender  and  was  dismantled  by  the  Dutch.  Both 
Chambly  and  Marson,  and  perhaps  other  officers,  were 
made  prisoners  and  carried  off  by  the  Dutchmen,  who, 
after  the  style  of  "the  brethren  of  the  coast,"  demanded 
for  them  a  ransom  of  one  thousand  beaver  skins  or 
equivalent. 

The  Dutch  vessel,  already  loaded  with  plunder,  did 
not  visit  Port  Royal,  which  was  probably  without  for- 
tification at  that  time,  but  where  there  were  some 
three  or  four  hundred  people  —  the  bulk  of  what 
European  population  was  then  on  the  shores  of  the 
Bay  of  Fundy. 

In  September,  1674,  the  Dutch  privateer,  with  the 
French  cannon  taken  at  the  forts,  the  plunder  of  furs, 
etc.,  and  with  the  Seigneurs  Chambly  and  Marson 
themselves  on  board,  sailed  into  Boston  Harbor.  All 
were  received  with  open  arms.  The  guns  were  pur- 
chased by  the  Puritan  authorities  and  placed  in  the 
"castle"  for  the  defence  of  Boston.  The  pelts  and 
other  booty  were  disposed  of  to  Boston  traders,  and,  as 
for  the  unfortunate  M.  Ohambly,  "Governor  of  Aca- 


CONQUEST  OF  ACADIA.  281 

dia,"  who  was  shot  through  the  body,  and  M.  Marson, 
the  Seigneur  of  Jemseg,  torn  from  his  wife  and  babe, 
they  were  locked  up  for  ransom,  by  the  Boston  Puri- 
tans, just  as  if  they  had  got  into  the  hands  of  real 
brigands. 

In  order  to  secure  the  ransom  Chambly  had  been 
permitted  to  despatch  his  ensign,  Baron  St.  Castin, 
with  Indian  guides,  to  Quebec,  bearing1  a  letter  to 
Count  Frontenac,  informing  him  of  what  had  befallen 
Acadia  and  his  officers  there.  Frontenac,  upon  receipt 
of  this  news,  at  the  end  of  September,  sent  an  expedi- 
tion with  canoes  to  the  St.  John  river,  to  ascertain  the 
condition  of  Fort  Jemseg  and  whether  any  attack  had 
been  made  on  Pont  Royal,  also  to  bring  to  Quebec 
M.  Marson's  lately— wed  wife  and  her  infant  daugh- 
ter* as  well  as  others  remaining  on  the  River  St.  John. 
Frontenac  furnished,  from  his  private  resources,  the 
amount  of  ransom  required,  which  he  sent  in  bills  of 
exchange  on  Rochelle,  by  the  same  expedition,  to  be 
forwarded  to  Boston,  with  a  letter  to  the  Governor  of 
Massachusetts,  protesting  against  the  unfriendly  ac- 
tions of  the  Boston  people  and  authorities  at  a  time 
when  Great  Britain  and  France  were  at  peace.  In  a 
communication  to  Colbert,  the  minister  of  Louis  XIV, 
under  date  of  November  14,  1674,  Frontenac  reports 
the  capture  of  these  forts  "by  buccaneers  who  came 
from  St.  Domingo  and  who  had  gone  to  Boston,"  and 
that  the  French  commandants  were  held  for  ransom 
in  Boston. 

There  seems  to  have  been  considerable  delay  in  pro- 
curing the  release  of  the  French  seigneurs,  and  they 
appear  to  have  been  kept  prisoners  by  the  Massachu- 

*  This  infant  daughter  was  Louise  Elizabeth  de  Joibert, 
goddaughter  of  Frontenac,  who  was  born  on  the  River  St. 
John,  August  18,  1673,  and  married  at  Quebec,  November  8, 
1690,  the  Marquis  de  Vaudreuil.  See  ACADIENSIS,  IV,  261. 


282  ACADIENSIS. 

setts  authorities  for  some  time.  More  than  nine  months 
after  their  capture  Frontenac  had  not  heard  of  their 
being  set  at  liberty,  and  on  May  25,  1675,  despatched 
another  expedition  for  Boston,  under  the  Sieur  Nor- 
manville,  a  famous  interpreter,  with  a  letter  of  safe- 
conduct  for  "men,  canoes  and  equipage."  He  sent  a 
communication  to  the  Magistrates  at  Boston  in  which 
he  said  "this  obliges  me,  gentlemen,  to  send  you,  for 
the  third  time,  the  Sieur  de  Normanville,  accompanied 
by  one  of  my  guards,  to  repeat  to  you  the  same  request 
and  to  entreat  you  to  remove  all  obstacles  affecting  the 
liberty  of  M.  Ohambly  as  well  as  the  other  persons 
who  are  with  him,  if  perchance  they  should  still  be 
prisoners." 

Doubtless  the  prudent  Bostonians  had  waited  to  get 
their  bills  of  exchange  on  Rochelle  cashed —  a  lengthy 
operation  in  those  days — before  setting  their  captives 
at  liberty.  This  was  certainly  according  to  the  ap- 
proved rules  of  brigandage. 

In  October,  1674,  the  Flying  Horse  sailed  from  Bos- 
ton. Captain  Aernouts  left  behind  four  of  his  com- 
pany— John  Rhoade,  another  Englishman,  and  two 
Dutchmen  named  Rodrigo  and  Andreson  —  with 
authority  for  them  and  their  associates  to  return  to 
"New  Holland,"  to  trade  and  to  hold  possession  of 
the  country  until  further  orders  came  from  him  or 
from  the  Dutch  government. 

Massachusetts  traders  who  had  hitherto  been  shut 
out  of  Acadian  waters,  or  compelled  to  pay  a  license  to 
the  French  for  fishing  and  trading  privileges  there, 
now  supposed,  as  Acadia  had  been  conquered  with  the 
help  of  Massachusetts,  that  they  would  have  free  access 
to  its  coasts.  They  expected  to  reap  rich  profits  from 
the  coveted  fur  trade  and  the  valuable  fisheries,  but 
were  destined  to  receive  a  serious  rebuff.  Rhoade 
and  his  associates,  obtaining  supplies  in  Boston,  armed 


CONQUEST  OF  ACADIA.  283 

and  fitted  out  two  vessels  and  resolved  to  exercise 
Dutch  authority  in  New  Holland.  They  attacked  and 
plundered  four  Massachusetts  trading  vessels  and 
warned  all  such  out  of  the  "jurisdiction  of  the  Prince 
of  Orange."  The  'bark  Tryall,  captured  in  the  River 
St.  John,*  they  claimed  had  supplies  from  Port  Royal 
for  Fort  Jemseg,  where  the  French  had  again  estab- 
lished themselves  with  the  help  of  reinforcements  from 
Port  Royal  transported  by  Boston  vessels.  Another  of 
the  vessels  seized  by  the  representatives  of  the  Prince 
of  Orange  was  the  Philip,  belonging  to  John  Freake 
of  Boston,  who,  on  February  15,  1675,  lodged  a  com- 
plaint with  the  Governor  and  Magistrates  of  Massa- 
chusetts concerning  the  seizure  of  his  vessel  "in  the 
River  of  St.  John  by  one  John  Rhoade  and  some 
Dutchmen  his  complices."  The  Massachusetts  author- 
ities sent  out  an  armed  expedition  under  command  of 
Captain  Samuel  Mosely,  who,  in  company  with  a 
French  vessel,  destroyed  Rhoade's  trading  posts,  cap- 
tured him  and  his  goods,  and  carried  all  the  Dutch  re- 
presentatives prisoners  to  Boston,  where  they  arrived 
April  2,  1675. 

They  were  tried  at  Boston  by  special  Court  of  Ad- 
miralty for  piracy.  ^s  subjects'  of  the  Prince  of 
Orange,  "inhabitants  in  his  highnesses'  territories  in 
New  Holland,  alias  Nova  Scotia,"  they  placed  before 
the  court  an  elaborate  and  ably  written  defence.  This 
defence,  among  other  points,  aptly  cites  Major  Sedg- 
wick's  expedition  into  Acadia,  in  1654,  when  Great 
Britain  and  France  were  at  peace.  In  giving  an  ac- 
count of  the  Dutch  conquest  of  Acadia,  the  defence 
relates : 

*  Copies  of  many  interesting  documents  regarding  these 
seizures,  the  trial  of  Rhoade,  etc.,  are  to  be  found  in  the  Col- 
lections of  the  Maine  Historical  Society,  Second  Series,  VoL 
VI.  (Documentary  History  of  the  State  of  Maine),  1900. 


284  ACADIENSIS. 

And  after  we  had  made  ourselves  masters  of  St.  Johns, 
Mathyas  and  Gamseake  (Jemseg)  and  several  other  places 
of  fortification  and  trading  houses  of  the  French,  and  brought 
away  the  plunder  and  principal  persons  prisoners,  we  did  not 
only  bury  in  two  glass  bottles  at  Penobscot  and  St.  Johns 
under  ground  a  true  Copia  of  our  Captain's  commission  and 
a  Breviate  of  the  manner  of  taking  the  said  places  by  the 
swords  of  the  Prince  of  Orange  subjects  for  his  highness 
use,  but  also  left  both  at  Penobscot  and  Jamshoke  (Jemseg) 
some  men  of  the  poorer  sort  of  our  captives,  the  former  in- 
habitants, whom  had  submitted  to  be  subjects  to  our  Prince, 
to  whom  we  gave  liberty  to  trade  and  ordered  to  keep  pos- 
session for  his  highness  till  farther  order  or  some  of  us  re- 
turned thither. 

Rhoade  and  some  of  his  associates  were  found  guilty 
•of  "piracy"  for  the  seizure  of  New  England  vessels 
and  were  sentenced  to  be  hanged,  but  later  on  were  re- 
prieved and  ordered  to  leave  the  colony.  Thus  Boston 
guarded  its  own. 

Mr.  Turtle  thinks  that  some  of  the  buccaneers  after- 
wards figured  in  King  Philip's  war. 

The  Dutch  government  did  not  quickly  realize  the 
importance  of  the  new  conquest  made  on  its  behalf, 
but,  as  time  passed — and  when  it  was  too  late — endea- 
vored to  assert  its  sovereignty  over  the  country.  Aug- 
ust 5,  1675,  tne  Dutch  ambassador  presented  a  letter 
to  the  King  of  Great  Britain  asking  for  the  punish- 
ment of  those  who  had  attacked  subjects  of  the  Prince 
of  Orange  in  New  Holland,  "for  the  prompt  release 
of  the  said  prisoners  and  the  restitution  of  the  said 
forts  with  full  indemnity."  More  than  a  year  later, 
on  the  nth  of  September,  1676,  when  New  England 
was  occupied  with  King  Philip's  war,  "The  Directors 
of  the  Privileged  General  West  India  Company  of  the 
United  Netherlands"  issued  at  Amsterdam  a  commis- 
sion to  John  Rhoade  authorizing  him  to  "take  posses- 
sion of  the  aforesaid  coasts  and  countries  of  Nova 
.Scotia  and  Acadie."  This  was  followed  up  by  the 


CONQUEST  OF  ACADIA.  285 

appointment  of  a  person  of  position  and  stability, 
Cornelius  Steenwyok  of  New  York,  as  Governor  of 
Acadia.*  His  commission,  issued  at  Amsterdam  Octo- 
ber 27,  1676,  is  a  document  of  considerable  length.  It 
authorizes 

Cornells  Steenwyck,  in  the  name  of,  and  for,  the  High  and 
Mighty  and  the  Privileged  General  West  India  Company,  to 
take  possession  of  the  coasts  and  countries  of  Nova  Scotia 
and  Acadie,  including  the  subordinate  countries  and  islands, 
so  far  as  their  limits  are  extended,  to  the  east  and  north  from 
the  River  Pountegouycet  (Penobscot),  and  that  he,  Steen- 
wyck, may  establish  himself  there,  and  select  such  places  for 
himself,  in  order  to  cultivate,  sow,  or  to  plant,  as  he  shall 
wish,  *  *  *  *  to  trade  with  the  natives,  *  *  *  *  to  build 
some  forts  and  castles,  to  defend  and  to  protect  himself 
against  every  foreign  and  domestic  force  of  enemies  or  pirates, 
etc.,  etc. 

Instructions  for  the  government  of  Acadie  are  given 
in  the  commission  and  in  a  lettter.  Rhoade  was  to  assist 
by  his  advice  and  experience.  No  action  appears  to 
have  been  taken  under  these  commissions  and  appoint- 
ments except  by  some  trading  expeditions  of  the  re- 
doubtable Rhoade,  who  was  seized  a  second  time  and 
taken  to  New  York.  It  is  not  probable  that  Governor 
Steenwyck  ever  visited  his  Acadian  domain. 

These  matters  caused  considerable  correspondence 
between  the  Dutch  and  British  governments,  and  be- 
tween the  latter  and  the  semi-independent  colonists  in 
New  England.  This  correspondence  was  being  carried 

*  Cornelius  Steenwyck,  the  only  Dutch  Governor  of  Acadia, 
came  from  Harlem,  Holland,  to  New  York  (then  New 
Amsterdam)  about  1652.  He  was  a  wealthy  merchant  and 
a  prominent  citizen  under  both  Dutch  and  English  adminis- 
trations. He  was  Governor's  Councillor,  Mayor,  etc.  His 
portrait,  painted  by  Jan  Van  Goozen,  and  also  the  original  of 
his  Acadian  commission,  are  in  possession  of  the  New  York 
Historical  Society.  A  translation  of  the  commission  is  given 
in  the  published  paper  by  J.  Watts  de  Peyster  on  "  The  Dutch 
in  Maine,"  1857.  He  died  at  New  York  in  1684. 


286  ACADIENSIS. 

on  up  to  the  end  of  1679,  an<^  tn€  Dutch  government 
was  then,  between  four  and  five  years  after  the  event, 
still  vigorously  insisting  upon  "indemnification  for 
damages  inflicted  upon  the  citizens  (or  subjects)  of 
the  State  by  those  of  Boston  in  taking  and  destroying 
the  two  forts  Penobscot  and  St.  John." 

The  British  government  found  it  necessary  to  ex- 
plain to  the  Dutch  ambassador  "that  the  King's  orders 
were  little  obeyed  by  those  of  Boston  and  the  adjacent 
colonies." 

Thus  it  will  be  seen  that  there  was  quite  a  real 
Dutch  conquest  of  Acadia,  though  it  was  not  followed 
up  and  was  without  permanent  result.  The  great 
Dutch  West  India  Company  had  seen  its  best  days. 
The  British  re-occupied  New  York  in  1674,  under  the 
Treaty  of  Westminster,  and  the  French  'soon  re-pos- 
sessed themselves  of  Acadia.  Peace  was  made  be- 
tween France  and  Holland  by  the  Treaty  of  Nim- 
wegen,  August  10,  1678,  which  contains  no  reference 
to  a  land  called  Acadie.  G.  O.  BENT. 

NOTE. — After  the  above  article  had  been  partially  prepared^ 
the  writer  saw  the  volume  of  Historical  Papers  by  the  late 
Charles  Wesley  Tuttle,  of  Boston,  published  in  1889,  contain- 
ing his  paper  on  the  Conquest  of  Acadie  by  the  Dutch  —  the 
result  of  much  laborious  research  concerning  this  long 
obscure  episode  in  Acadian  history— to  which  reference  should 
be  made. 


H  Sorter's 

HE  FOLLOWING  extracts  from 
the  diary  of  Sergeant  John  Bur- 
rell,  1759-1760,  are  re-published 
from  the  New  England  Historical 
and  Genealogical  Register,  pub- 
lished in  Boston,  in  October  of 
the  present  year,  having  been  com- 
municated by  William  Palmer,  Esq.,  of  Cambridge, 
Mass. 

These  extracts  are  from  a  fragment  of  a  diary  kept 
by  Segt.  Burrell,  of  Abington,  Mass.,  when  in  Capt. 
Moses  Parker's  company,  then  stationed  at  the  mouth 
of  the  River  St.  John.  This  territory  at  that  time 
formed  a  portion  of  the  Province  of  Nova  Scotia,  'but 
is  now  within  the  limits  of  the  Province  of  New  Brun- 
swick. 

Capt.  Parker's  company  was  stationed  at  tihis  point 
during  the  French  and  Indian  war,  1759-1760,  and  the 
diary  is  now  in  the  possession  of  the  great-grand- 
daughter of  its  compiler,  Abbey  Frances  Burrell 
Horton,  of  Cleveland,  Ohio. 

Sergt.  John  Brarell  was  a  son  of  John  and  Mary 
(Humphrey)  Burrell,  of  Weymouth  and  Abington, 
and  grandson  of  John  and  Rebekah  (  )  Burrell, 

of  Weymouth,  Mass. 

It  will  'be  remembered  that  at  Grand  Pre,  during 
the  expulsion  of  the  Acadians,  nineteen  hundred  an4 
twenty-three  French,  men,  women  and  children,  were 
peaceably  removed;  but  ait  Chignecto,  Shepody,  and 
other  places,  resistance  was  offered,  and  large  numbers 
of  the  inhabitants  from  these  parts  fled  to  the  River 

287 


288  ACADIENSIS. 

.St.  John.  Boisherfbert,  the  French  officer  in  command 
of  the  river,  was  at  one  time  at  the  head  of  as  many 
as  fifteen  hundred  of  these  French  fugitives.  The 
French,  thus  reinforced,  were  able  to  hold  the  mouth 
of  the  River  St.  John,  ami  they  had  a  fortified  post  at 
St.  Anns,  ninety  miles  up  the  river,  on  the  sate  of  the 
present  City  of  Fredericton.  The  destruction  of  both 
posts,  and  tihe  entire  removal  of  the  French  from  the 
river,  were  the  objects  to  which  the  attention  of  the 
English  was  now  'directed.  At  all  events  it  was  clear 
that  the  fort  at  the  mouth  of  the  river  must  be  re- 
occupied. 

Accordingly  in  the  summer  of  1758  three  ships  of 
war  and  two  transports  with  two  regiments,  one  of 
Highlanders  and  the  other  of  provincial  troops,  were 
despatched  from  Boston  to  re-take  Fort  LaTour.  They 
landed  at  what  is  now  known  as  Negro  Town  Point, 
and  cut  a  road  through  the  woods  to  the  place  where 
the  Carleton  City  Building  now  stands,  and  which  was 
then  used  as  a  vegetable  garden  by  the  French.  The 
location  of  'these  gardens  is  shewn  upon  a  "Plan  of  the 
Harbour  of  St.  John  in  Nova  Scotia/'*  surveyed  and 
sounded  in  September,  1761,  by  R.  G.  Bruce,  engineer. 
From  this  point  they  advanced  against  the  fort  in  the 
order  of  battle,  and  after  one  repulse  succeeded  in 
carrying  the  fort  by  storm.  They  captured  nearly 
three  hundred  prisoners,  and  the  rest  of  the  garrison 
escaped  across  the  river  in  boats,  and  finally  made 
their  way  up  the  river.  Many,  however,  were  killed 
by  the  shots  of  the  attacking  party.  The  French  lost 
over  forty  men.  This  ended  their  occupation  of  the 
mouth  of  the  River  St.  John,  and  soon  after  they  were 
driven  entirely  from  the  river,  with  tihe  exception  of  a 
few  families  who  continued  to  reside  near  St.  Anns. 
A  blockhouse  was  erected  by  the  British  at  Fort  Howe* 

*  Published  in  History  St.  John,  by  D.  R.  Jack. 


A  SOLDIER'S  DIARY.  289 

Fort  La  Tour  was  also  occupied  and  garrisoned  by 
them,  and  was  re-named  Fort  Frederick. 

It  is  at  this  point  that  the  diary  which  is  here  re- 
published  commences.  Colonel  Anbuthnot,  it  will  be 
observed,  was  in  command  of  the  garrison,  which  con- 
sisted of  about  two  hundred  men.  He  was  kept  fully 
employed  in  watching  the  French  and  the  Indians,  and 
must  have  had  rather  an  uneasy  time  of  it.  He  suc- 
ceeded in  removing  several  hundred  of  the  French 
inhabitants  of  the  river  in  small  parties  to  other  places. 

On  'Monday,  the  I7th  of  September,  1759,  an  im- 
mense tidal  wave,  six  feet  albove  the  ordinary  level, 
destroyed  all  the  dykes  and  a  part  of  Fort  Frederick. 
On  Sunday,  the  4th  of  November  following,  it  appears 
Hhat  "ye  wind  Blue  &  a  hYg  Tide  that  washed  ye 
stores  or  Blue  it  to  Peases_£hat  some  of  ye  Provisions 
fell  out  into  the  Tide  this  Day."  However,  the  ram- 
parts of  the  fort  were  raised. and  strengthened,  and 
new  cannon  were  mounted  on  its  bastions.  No  doubt 
the  place  was  lively  enough  for  a  time,  for  frolics, 
bear  killings,  a  tabajie  or  Indian  feast,  the  bringing 
in  of  French  refugees  and  prisoners,  the  capture  and 
arrival  in  port  of  "Scourners  &  a  grate  deal  of  plun- 
der," the  interchange  of  men  and  news  with  Halifax 
and  Annapolis,  must  have  made  the  fort  rather  a  lively 
place.  Letters  from  home  were  not  very  frequent,  for 
Sergt.  Burrell  records  that  on  January  the  i6th  he- 
received  a  letter  from  his  wife,  probably  from  "Grand- 
fathers Humphres"  at  Hingham,  Mass.,  dated  the  15th 
of  July,  1859,  exactly  six  months  previously. 

With  the  settlement  of  the  French  and  Indian  ques- 
tion, consequent  upon  the  'fall  of  Quebec,  life  at  Fort 
Frederick  must  have  become  monotonous  enougih,  and 
probably  differed  but  little  from  that  at  any  garrisoned 
post  at  the  present  day.  When  the  men  settled  down 
to  the  hum-drum  monotony  of  making  shingles,  and 


290 


ACADIENSIS. 


the  opportunities  for  "a  grate  deal  of  plunder"  no 
longer  existed,  is  it  at  all  a  matter  of  surprise  that  in 
spite  of  all  persuasion  to  the  contrary,  on  Monday,  the 
fifth  of  May,  and  on  Tuesday,  the  I3th,  seventy  of  the 
garrison  openly  left  in  one  schooner  and  eighty  in 
another,  to  return  to  their  homes  in  New  England? 

This  desertion  no  doubt  left  Col.  Arbuthnot's  gar- 
rison very  weak,  and  about  this  time  he  appears  to 
have  given  up  the  command  of  Fort  Frederick,  for 
Lieutenant  Tong  was  in  charge  in  July,  1760.  No 
mention  of  the  change  in  the  command  is  made  in  the 
diary,  although  its  compiler,  according  to  his  own 
story,  did  not  leave  the  River  St.  John  until  the  ninth 
of  that  month. 

Lieutenant  Tong,  upon  taking  command,  represented 
Fort  Frederick  as  being  greatly  in  need  of  repairs  and 
alterations  to  make  it  defensible. 

Whether  Sergeant  Burrell  was  one  of  those  who 
left  the  fort  of  their  own  free  will  and  accord,  contrary 
to  the  expressed  wish  of  their  commanding  officer,  or 
whether  he  was  duly  transferred,  the  diary  does  not 
inform  us.  In  the  absence  of  specific  information,  it 
is  only  fair  to  give  him  the  benefit  of  any  doubt,  and 
we  may  therefore  assume  that  Lieut.  Tong,  after  the 
arrival  on  "Monday  ye  7th  Capt.  Mayners  &  Lieut. 
Demming  with  about  59  men  for  this  fort  in  one 
sloupe"  permitted  the  homesick  soldier  to  return  to 
"Grandfathers  Humphres"'  at  Hingham,  where,  he 
states,  he  found  his  family  well  as  he  had  left  them, 
twelve  months  previously. 

Soldier's  diaries,  being  a  record  of  the  daily  events 
which  nearly  concern  their  own  lives,  are  notably  more 
truthful,  as  a  rule,  and  are  therefore  of  greater  histor- 
ical value  than  the  possibly  more  scholarly  and  better 
written  journals  of  their  superior  officers.  So  well  is 
this  fact  recognized  in  certain  countries  that  they  are. 


A  SOLDIER'S  DIARY.  291 

when  practicable,  gathered  up  and  carefully  preserved, 
as  forming  material  of  value  for  the  future  historian. 
While  a  diary  of  a  colonel  or  general  in  command 
might  be  written  with  a  view  to  its  subsequent  pro- 
duction in  evidence  at  a  court  martial,  or  to  its  publi- 
cation in  obituary  form,  the  common  soldier  has  noth- 
ing of  this  nature  to  cause  him  to  paint  his  picture  in 
colors  other  than  as  they  really  appeared. 

The  diary  before  us  is  well  authenticated  in  most  of 
its  important  details  by  contemporary  history,  and  we 
are  therefore  entitled  to  regard  it  as  the  truthful  record 
of  a  brave  man,  who  did  "nothing  extenuate  nor  set 
down  aught  in  malice." 

DIARY  OF  SERGEANT  JOHN  BURRELL. 

August  ye  3  Fryday  1759.  Saturday  4  Capt  Garash  came 
from  Annaploss.  Sunday  5  Our  armes  &  amonishon  all  re- 
ceveed  this  day  at  Saint  Johns.  Monday  6  maid  a  Fitualling 
return  alfebietakel  to  ye  Comisory.  Saturday  n  Capt  Garash, 
Lewtt  Hutchens,  Lewtt  Clapt,  Lewt  Demming,  Lewtt  Foster 
&  ye  Cornel  Aburthnet:  with  75  men  bye  ye  River  this  Day 
with  ye  Commisoner.  Wednesday  15th  Our  Cornell  &  2 
-vessels  come  home  this  night  with  his  Bad.  Thursday  i6th 
ye  whole  party  all  come  back  well  &  Brought  two  Scourners 
&  a  grate  deal  of  plunder.  Fryday  i7th  Brought  ye  vessels 
to  anker  this  day  &  had  a  frollek  [frolic].  Sonday  26th 
Ensn.  Pike  with  a  party  of  men  went  to  hallafax  with  one  of 
ye  Scourners  in  order  to  have  condemend.  Thursday  30 
August  Fryday  3Oth  we  kiled  a  Bare  a  swiming  acrost  ye 
River.  Our  Cornel  went  to  annapoless  with  ye  Scourner  this 
night.  Tuesday  [September]  4th  ye  Cornel  Came  back  from 
Annaples  all  well.  Wednesday  5th  our  Cornel  with  two 
Captens  &  three  Lewts  &  two  Ensn  about  85  men  went  bye 
ye  River  this  night.  Tttesday  nth  ye  Cornel  Returned  with 
ye  party  of  ye  scots  up  the  River  brought  but  a  little  Plunder 
for  they  were  beat  by  ye  enemy  fireing  upon  ye  party  as  they 
were  in  a  small  creek  &  kield  Ensn  Tirrell  and  Corporall 
Shelden,  John  Ells,  Eleser  Peks  &  Elishu  Randell,  Total  5, 
-&  wounded  at  ye  same  time  Lewt.  Foster,  Leonerd  Commins, 


292  ACADIENSIS. 

Isaac  Palmer,  Vine  Turner,  Ebenezer  Kers,  Solomon  Maker 
and  Isaac  Torrey.  Total  7 — all  of  Capt  Parker's  Company 
&  one  man  of  Capt  Garrashs  This  day  ye  8  instant  of  Sep- 
tember. Monday  i;th  a  grate  raine  that  washed  ye  part  of  ye 
Fort  that  it  fell  down  a  grate  part  of  ye  same.  Tuesday  i8th 
ye  Fort  keeping  still  falling  down.  Fryday  20th  Bige  Scourner 
went  to  Halafax  with  ye  Comisory. Saturday  22nd  Vine  Tur- 
ner Died  being  wounded  ye  8th  instant.  Sunday  23  Vine  Tur- 
ner burred.  Saturday  2Qth  ye  lettle  Scourer  Come  from 
Hallafax  all  well  Brought  Mr.  Corbett  a  letter.  Sonday 
3Oth  a  white  mors  came  Down  one  ye  Pint  &  we  fired  on. 
Monday  ye  ist  day  of  October  Drew  Lowances  for  seven 
days  victualling  Returns  to  ye  Cornelf  or  28  days.  Fryday 
ye  5th  Leannard  Commens  died  with  ye  wound  ye  enemy 
gave  him  ye  8  of  September,  he  lived  four  weeks  after  his 
body  was  shott  thrue  with  a  ball  wanting  one  day  of  it.  To 
ye  amasement  of  us  all.  Tuesday  ye  9th  vandued  ye  plunder 
that  was  Brought  Down  ye  River.  Fryday  I2th  two  vessels 
Come  into  this  place  from  Boston  and  one  grate  Scouner, 
Tuesday  ye  i6th  Isaac  Palmer  dyed.  Wednesday  I7th  A 
Cold  Storm  and  it  snowed  a  little  ye  wind  blue.  Thursday 
i8th  three  French  men  come  in  with  a  Flag  of  truse  and 
Brought  nuse  that  Quebeck  is  ours  &  offers  to  Resine  them- 
selves to  ye  English  Nasion  Quebeck  given  bye  ye  i7th  of 
September.  Fryday  19  ye  Cornel  went  to  Annoples  &  one  of 
ye  Frenchmen  with  ye  lettle  Snow.  Tuesday  ye  23  of  Octo- 
ber 1759  Our  Cornel  Come  from  Annoples.  Wednesday  24th 
a  party  went  bye  ye  ye  of  Saint  Johns  two  Capts  three  Lewt 
and  one  Ensn  &  three  Sarjan  &  three  Corprals  81  privates  & 
ye  Cornel  &  Doctor  &  one  vessel  that  came  from  Annaples. 
Wednesday  ye  3ist  Drue  amonishon  this  last  day  of  our  len- 
listment.  Saturday  [November] 3d  a  hard  rain.  Sonday  ye 
4th  ye  wind  Blue  &  a  hYg  Tide  that  washed  ye  stores  or  Blue 
it  to  Peases  that  some  of  ye  Provisions  fell  out  into  the  Tide 
this  Day.  Lewtt  Hutchin  Come  Back  &  brought  nuse  ye 
French  ware  all  coming  in  as  fast  as  they  could.  Monday 
ye  5th  one  family  of  ye  French  Came  into  ye  Fort.  Tuesday 
ye  6th  Capt.  Garash  come  home  with  one  Battoo,  all  well. 
Wednesday  ye  7th  ye  Cornel  &  all  ye  party  come  home  and 
Brought  about  thirty  famileys  of  ye  French  women  &  Child- 
ren, Sonday  ye  nth  ye  wounded  went  home  Mr.  Spalden 
&  Capt  Garash  total  4.  Monday  ye  I2th  ye  Indians  came 


A  SOLDIER'S  DIARY.  293 

into  the  Fort  about  15  of  them,  a  vitualling  role  to  ye  Cornel 
Tuesday  I3th  aboute  20  more  Indians  come  in  &  Drew  Low- 
ances  ye  Preast  himself  come  in.  Monday  ye  ipth  Capt. 
Garash  Brought  ye  Grate  Scouner  to  this  place.  Tuesday 
2Oth  one  Scouner  come  from  Annapales  and  brought  Pro- 
visions for  ye  Garrison.  Saturday  ye  24th  I  went  to  see  the 
other  mash  one  ye  west  side  of  ye  Fort.  Sonday  ye  26  John 
Boston  &John  Boutell  come  home.  Monday  ye  loth  of 
December  Mr.  Bryon  &  Mr  Camball  went  home  to  Nue  Eng- 
land. Fryday  21  st  One  Sloop  come  from  Boston  and  brought 
some  stores.  Monday  ye  24th  ye  Sloop  went  off.  Tuesday 
ye  25  Crismass  Day.  Sonday  ye  30th  I've  got  a  bad  Cold. 
Tusday  Janawary  ye  ist  day  of  ye  year  1760  three  Indians 
fell  over  Bord  &  Drowned  one  leetle  Boye  got  a  shoure. 
Wednesday  ye  2nd  ye  free  frolik.  Fryday  ye  4th  ye  little 
Scourner  went  home  as  we  supose  to  Neu  England  John 
Munfell  for  one.  Sonday  ye  6th  Capt  Cammall  come  & 
Brought  some  perfectt  nuse.  Wednesday  ye  i6th  Reseved  a 
letter  from  my  wif  Date  July  ye  i5th  1759.  Thirsday  ye  I7th 
One  Scourner  Come  in  from  Halafax  &  Brought  ye  Comisory 
Green  to  this  place.  Tuesday  ye  22d  Day  of  Janawary  1760 
Between  10  &  n  o'clock  at  night  a  Commet  was  seen  to  fall 
in  ye  north  west  &  a  noyes  was  heard  Like  to  3  cannon 
Destink.  Sonday  ye  27  our  Col.  went  a  Bord  in  order  for 
Halafax  with  part  of  ye  french  men.  Monday  ye  28th  ye 
women  &  children  went  a  Bord  this  Day.  Tusday  ye  29th 
they  set  Sail.  Wednesday  [February]  ye  13  our  Capt.  Parker 
went  up  to  Bobares  Fort  &  a  party.  Thirsday  ye  I4th  ye 
Sarj.  Treat.  Fryday  ye  i$th  Capt.  Parker  come  home.  Mon- 
day ye  i8th  maid  a  vitualing  Role  &  all  ye  soldiers  were  re- 
vewed  to  Day.  Thirsday  ye  21  Capt.  Parker  went  up  to 
Babare  Fort  a  fishing.  Fryday  ye  29  Leape  yeare  1760.  Wed- 
nesday [March]  ye  12  ye  Cornel  came  from  Halafax  &  all 
that  went  with  him  two  familes  of  ye  French  come  from 
Quebec.  Sonday  i6th  Capt.  Sanders  come  in.  Monday  ye 
I7th  Capt.  Cobb  &  Capt.  Sanders  went  out  of  this  harbor 
&  our  Col.  &  Capt.  Parker  to  Pasamaquody  with  ye  Indians. 
Wednesday  ye  igth  two  vessels  came  here  &  Mr.  Marten. 
Thirsday  ye  20  ye  Col.  from  Passamaquody  with  Capt.  Cobb. 
Sonday  ye  23d  a  Snow  Storm  we  all  Receved  4  pds  Bounty 
of  Col.  Arbuthnott.  Wednesday  [April]  ye  2  Capt  Garash 
home.  Thirsday  ye  3d  Capt.  Cobb  sailed.  Sonday  ye  6th  Capt 


294 


ACADIENSIS. 


Graves  home.  Fryday  ye  nthCapt.  Gay  &  Capt.  Russell  went 
out  this  day.  Monday  ye  I3th  Left  home  one  year.  Wednesday 
ye  i6th  Delivered  ten  tho'  shingles.  Tusday  ye  22d  finished 
30  thou.  of  shingles.  Wednesday  ye  23  one  Scouner  from  Bos- 
ton. Sonday  [May]  ye  4th  two  vessels  by  to  Comberton. 
Monday  ye  5th  a  number  of  Capt.  Garashes  men  with  some 
other  Desarted  on  Bord  of  a  Schowner.  Tusday  ye  i3th, 
30  of  our  Company  went  home  in  a  Schouner  to  New  Eng- 
land. Wednesday  ye  I4th  set  sail.  Sonday  ye  i8th  ye  Indian 
King  maid  grate  Pease.  Wednesday  ye  28th  Election  Day. 
Fryday  ye  30  more  Indians  for  pease.  Sonday  ye  ist  day 
June  1760  This  Day  Receved  a  letter  from  Daniel  Noyes  & 
Noah  Pratt  by  Capt  Curtiss.  Monday  ye  2d  a  Grate  number 
of  Indians  came  in  from  Passamaquody.  Fryday  ye  6th  Capt 
Hart  Casel  come  &we  finished  of  63  thousand  of  H  shingles 
&  ye  Col.  paid  us  173-5.  Saterday  ye  7th  mounted  guard  to 
day.  Sonday  ye  8th  Rote  a  Leater  home.  Tusday  ye  10th 
Delivered  to  Capt  Moses  Curtiss  one  Doble  Loom  for  to  con- 
vey ye  same  to  my  wife  at  Abington  36  pd.  old  told.  Fryday 
ye  I3th  Capt  Tomson  went  out  of  this  place  of  Capt  Curtiss. 
Saturday  ye  28th  ye  Grate  King  of  ye  Indians  Came  into  ye 
Garrison  for  to  make  a  Grate  peace  with  ye  English.  Sonday 
ye  2Qth  ye  Enggener  Eare  come  here  to  Build  a  fort  here. 
Tusday  ye  ist  of  July  1760  one  vessel.  Thirsday  ye  3d  Sarjt 
Buterfield  went  to  Hallafax  with  three  Indians  &  Mr.  Mc- 
Carthy. Monday  ye  7th  Capt  Mayners  &  Liut  Deming  with 
about  59  men  for  this  fort  in  one  sloupe.  Wednesday  ye  Qth 
we  left  Saint  Johns  &  sat  out  for  Anapoless.  Thirsday  ye 
loth  gott  into  Anapoless.  Fryday  ye  nth  all  Day  at  anapo- 
less  Satarday  ye  i2th .  hailed  down  to  ye  Basin  &  tarred  all 
night.  Tusday  ye  15th  we  left  ye  Basen  12  o'clock  &  sat  for 
Boston  &  have  a  fine  wind  all  day  &  all  night.  Fryday  ye 
i8th  a  hard  wind  &  we  got  into  Casco  bay  harbor  at  night. 
'Saturday  ye  ipth  sat  out  for  Boston  &  had  a  small  wind  all 
Day  ye  2Oth.  Monday  ye  21  st  Left  Cap  Ann  &  put  away  for 
Boston  had  a  South  East  wind  &  we  gott  into  Boston  at 
night.  Son  Seting,  Tusaday  ye  22d  came  to  Hingam  &  went 
as  far  as  Grandfathers  Humphres  at  night.  Wednesday  ye 
23  went  home  &  found  my  family  well  as  I  left  them. 

DAVID  RUSSELL  JACK. 


an  innforeclosefc  flDortgage. 

FORGETFUL  half  century  has  piled 
its  strata  of  oblivion  upon  the  mem- 
ory of  "Our  Fathers,"  since  the  first 
hearing  of  Joseph's  Howe's  appeal 
— "Room  for  the  Dead !"  and  it  is 
harder  yet  for  us  in  these  days  of 
the  omnipresence  of  the  present,  to 
realize  how  inevitably  the  work  of  dead  hands  has 
guided  our  destinies  and  how  inexpressibly  rich  we 
are  in  the  "Wealth  safe  garnered  in  the  Grave." 

Lunenburg,  Nova  Scotia,  is  a  town  maintaining- as 
many  shrines  to  ancestor  worship  as  the  main — yet, 
since  our  German  name  has  lost  its  accent — 'the  Wusts 
have  become  Wests,  the  Meichszners,  Maxners,  and 
the  Hartlings,  Hirtles — the  average  townsman  is  as 
likely  to  think  that  his  birth-place  derived  its  name 
from  the  moon  as  to  know  of  the  Hanoverian  town 
Luneburg  which  was  emptied  of  a  number  of  its  sturdy 
inhabitants  by  the  Proclamation  of  George  II,  of  the 
prosperity  awaiting  colonists  in  his  domains  over  seas. 
Probably  the  Heimweh  induced  by  the  long  voyage 
and  arrival  in  the  wilderness  caused  Lunenburg  to  be 
so  baptized  by  them,  some  of  whose  very  names  are  to 
us  unfamiliar  and  uncouth. 

The  chief  aids  to  vision  whereby  we  may  look 
back  along  the  vista  of  a  century  and  a  half  are 
to  be  found  in  oral  traditions  delivered  at  obscure 
ingle-nooks,  in  carefully  handled  family  relics,  in  that 
storehouse  of  the  pathetic,  tragic  and  commonplace — 
Parish  registers' — and  on  crumbling  tombstones. 
"That  things  are  not  so  bad  with  you  and  me  as  they 
might  have  been,  is  mainly  due  to  those  who  lived 

295 


296  ACADIENSIS. 

faithfully  a  hidden  life  and  rest  in  unvisited  tombs." 
Lunenburg  Town  is  built  upon  hills.  The  preci- 
pitous steeps  which  greeted  the  eyes  of  the  first  voy- 
agers into  Malagash  Bay,  are  still  traceable  in  our 
terraced  squares,  steep  streets  and  gardens  upheld  by 
stone  walls.  Our  toddling  steps  are  guided  along 
their  wearisome  ascent,  the  long  snow  covered  slopes 
tempt  us  to  bid  defiance  to  blue-coated  law  and  coast ; 
we  are  later,  perforce,  constrained  to  seek  the  society 
of  the  Muses,  enshrined  in  the  County  Academy,  upon 
that  hill  which  back  a  few  steps  in  the  path  of  time  was 
devoted  to  shards  and  nettles  and  consecrated  to  Hor- 
ror— Gallows  Hill;  in  later  middle  life  the  hill  is  too 
much  for  us,  and  we  walk  around  blocks  home,  and 
presently  our  neighbors  and  friends  accompany  that 
which  used  to  be  us  to  the  pollard-willow  guarded 
hill-top,  within  whose  narrow  precincts  we,  the  fifth 
generation  of  Lunenburg,  shall  lie.  The  long  proces- 
sion in  the  gate  has  perhaps  crowded  the  space  unduly, 
yet  if  we  do  lie  three  deep  will  it  not  be  more  sociable 
when  the  Sign  in  the  East  appears  over  Blockhouse 
Hill?  Lunenburg  graveyard  is  railed  at,  is  slighted, 
is  negligently  and  grudgingly  kept,  yet  to  hundreds  it 
has  proved  a  quiet  resting-place,  and  will  prove  to 
more  than  "many  a  man  of  four-score  three,  that  thinks 
to  fill  his  grave  in  quiet :  to  die  upon  the  bed  his  father 
died — to  lay  his  'bones  close  by  those  honest  bones." 
To  us,  with  this  ambition  joined  to  the  sure  and  cer- 
tain hope,  our  graveyard  has  a  homeliness  which  is 
beauty.  There  are  times  when  one  may  walk  over  the 
gravestones  of  one's  forebears  on  the  icy  crust,  when 
the  boughs  creak  and  bend,  and  "Resurgam"  appear- 
ing with  difficulty  above  the  snow  seems  an  empty 
boast.  There  are  sodden  spring  days  when  the  freshly 
dug  house  of  clay  must  be  continually  dipped  out,  lest 
the  latest  comer,  after  death,  should  be  drowned,  ac- 


UNFORECLOSED  MORTGAGE.     297 

cording  to  the  provisions  of  the  thorough  Scotch  law 
for  the  extinction  of  witches.  There  are  glorious  sum- 
mer sunsets  when  the  heavens  are  open  over  the  north- 
west hills ;  June  mornings  when  the  sun  brings  out  the 
inscriptions  on  the  old  slate  headstones,  so  that  "Hier 
ruhet  in  Gott"  looks  as  if  cut  yesterday.  Step  through 
the  thick  grass  and  read  two  inscriptions : 

Denkmal  der  Liebe 

gegen  den 

hier  ruhenden 

HERRN  JOHAN  GOTLLOB  SCHMEISSER 

weyland 

Evangelish  Lutherischen  Prediger 
zu  L/unenburg 

von 

Seiner  ehamaligen  Germeinde 

Er  ist  geboren  zu  Weissenfels 

der  22sten  Mertz  1751 

ins   Predigtamt 

Alhier  eingesetzt 

den  Isten  May  1782 

gestorben  den  23sten  Decemb'r  1806. 

I  Thess.  II.      V.  9,  12. 

(Monument  of  love  towards  the  here-resting  Herr  Johan 
Gotllob  Schmeisser,  at  one  time  Evangelical  Lutheran  Min- 
ister at  Lunenburg,  from  his  former  congregation.  He  was 
born  at  Weissenfels,  22  March,  1751,  appointed  to  his  ministry 
here  ist  May,  1872,  died  23  Dec.,  1806). 

Here  lieth  the  Body 

of 

JASPER  WOLLENHAUPT 

Son  of  Casper  and  Mary  Wollenhaupt 

Born  on  the  3rd  of  June  1782 

and  departed  this  life 

26th  day  of  July  1805 

He  died  as  he  lived,  a  dutiful 

son,  a  lover  of  his  country 

and  an  honest  man. 


298  ACADIENSIS. 

History,  writing  "worthy"  upon  .the  character '  of 
Herr  Schmeisser,  is  very  reticent  as  to  Casper  Wollen- 
haupt  who  fills  an  unmarked  grave.  The  record  of  St. 
John's  church  shows  him  to  have  been  a  church 
officer  and  a  sought-after  sponsor.  In  the  side-light 
cast  upon  his  character  by  this  epitaph  of  his  son  Jas- 
per, we  cannot  judge  hardly  the  man  whose  son  was 
worthy  this  verdict — the  father  who  wrote  such  an 
epitaph  for  his  son,  even  though,  in  a  strait  between 
the  devil  and  the  deep  sea,  he  helped  to  place  upon  his 
town  that  encumbrance  which  to  a  thrifty  German 
mind  is  Anathema  Maranatha — a  mortgage. 

The  drama  in  our  history  in  which  these  two  men 
played  their  parts  took  place  -during  the  American 
Revolution,  when  the  coasts  of  Nova  Scotia,  as  well 
as  the  shipping,  suffered  from  the  depredations  of  pri- 
vateers. Lunenburg's  turn  was  delayed,  but  not  un- 
expected, as  appears  from  the  note  of  a  grant  of  £50 
in  1779,  for  the  maintenance  of  a  blockhouse  and  guard 
there,  and  from  the  following  entry  from  the  baptismal 
records  of  St.  John's  church:  "1777  May  5.  Baptized 
son  to  John  and  Lucy  Creighton,  born  Apr.8.  In  a 
hurry  and  without  sponsors  on  account  of  the  con- 
fusion occasioned  by  the  approach  of  an  armed  vessel, 
which  proved  to  be  the  'Hope,'  Captain  Dawson." 
The  town  was  fairly  fortified,  nature  having  assisted. 
The  north  and  south  were  guarded  by  Back  and  Front 
Harbors,  the  latter  with  Battery  Point  at  its  entrance, 
upon  which  was  built  a  two-storey  blockhouse  of  slate 
and  wood,  with  mounted  cannon  and  a  well  near  (the 
well  is  the  only  remaining  mark).  Blockhouse  Hill  on 
the  east  was  surmounted  by  a  blockhouse  (hence  its 
name),  and  earth-works  (the  latter  remain,  the  second 
blockhouse  having  been  burned  by  idle  boys).  Gallows 
Hill  on  the  west  had  its  star-shaped  fort,  the  founda- 
tions of  which  were  still  traceable  before  the  building 


UNFORECLOSED  MORTGAGE.     299 

of  the  academy;  this  commanded  the  inland  approach. 
Near  the  house  of  the  military  commander,  Colonel 
Creighton,  on  the  site  of  tihe  present  ship  yard,  were 
two  'batteries.  In  the  earliest  times  picket  fences  ran 
from  harbor  to  harbor  enclosing  the  town.  The 
strength  of  these  defences  was  tried,  and,  as  will  be 
seen,  was  found  wanting,  owing  mainly  to  the  lack  of 
men  to  garrison  them. 

In  June,  1782,  a  privateer  fleet  of  six  vessels  left 
Boston  with  the  intention  of  plundering  Lunenburg. 
Of  these  a  brigantine,  the  "Seammell,"  was  command- 
ed by  Capt.  Stoddart,  and  a  schooner,  the  "Jessie,"  by 
Capt.  BaJbcock.  On  the  3Oth  June  they  dropped  anchor 
outside  what  is  now  the  fishing  village  of  Blue  Rocks. 
They  seized  three  men  to  pilot  them,  and  in  the  night 
a  force  of  ninety  men  under  Capt.  Babcock  and  Lieut. 
Bateman,  landed  on  Red  Head,  a  point  terminating 
the  crescent  sweep  of  Batttery  Beach,  a  place  well- 
known  to  visitors  at  Lunenburg  for  its  surf-bathing; 
these,  as  soon  as  morning  came,  fired  with  the  hope  of 
plunder,  took  the  road  to  the  town.  This  is  one  of  the 
old  German  roads  so  easily  distinguished  in  Lunen- 
burg County ; — they  apbly  illustrate  Ruskin's  idea  that 
a  nation  builds  its  characteristics  into  its  public  works, 
for  with  true  German  tenacity  of  purpose  they  proceed 
straight  to  their  desired  end.  This  road  leads  past 
the  Aulefang,  a  salt  marsh  behind  the  beach  once  fa- 
mous for  its  eels,  over  the  xhi'll  now  topped  by  the 
Marine  Hospital,  past  Rous's  Brook,  our  Plymouth 
Rock,  sacred  to  our  natal  day  ceremonies  on  seventh 
of  June,  thence  over  the  Blockhouse  Hill  Common. 
The  alarm,  attack  and  destruction  are  concisely  told 
in  a  report  sent  by  Leonard  Christopher  Rudolf,  Esq., 
a  colonel  in  the  militia,  to  the  government  at  Halifax. 
The  retained  copy  is  in  possession  of  Jessen  Rudolf, 
Esq.,  of  Lunenburg: 


300 


ACADIENSIS. 


"  Minutes  of  the  Invasion  and  Surprise  of  the  Town  of 
Lunenburg,  the  ist  July,  1782. 

"  At  the  rising  of  the  Sun  the  Town  was  allarmed  by  the 
firing  of  a  number  of  small  guns  near  the  Blockhouse  .md 
Mr.  Creighton's.  The  Case  was  that  Mr.  Creighton's  Servant 
having  perceived  a  large  company  of  armed  men  coming  on 
the  road  from  the  Commons,  had  acquainted  his  master  there- 
of. The  Night  Guard  being  already  gone  off,  Colonel 
Creighton  only  with  5  men  got  into  the  Blockhouse  and  \t 
the  approach  of  the  Enemy,  they  fired  at  and  wounded  3  men 
of  the  Enemy.  The  Rebells  directly  divided  into  several 
Parties,  2  of  which  ran  to  our  2  Batteries,  Spiked  the  Guns, 
broke  everything,  turned  the  Guns  and  Balls  down  to  the 
water;  Some  remained  at  Mr.  Creightons,  Spoiled  and  burnt 
his  house  and  Effects,  they  took  himself  with  five  men  and 
their  vessels  being  now  come  round  the  Point,  they  carried 
the  Colonel  with  the  others  Prisoners  on  board  their  vessels. 
In  the  meantime  other  Parties  has  overrun  the  Town,  entered 
every  house,  seized  all  arms  which  they  either  beat  to  pieces 
or  kept  them  particularly  the  Silber  Hilted  Swords,  Regi- 
mentals to  themselves.  When  their  Vessels  were  in,  which 
were  in  all  six  viz. — One  Brigantine,  a  large  Schooner  a  Row 
Galley,  a  Sloop  and  2  small  Schooners,  they  landed  more  men 
with  some  Carriage  Guns,  which  they  carried  up  and  placed 
them  near  the  old  fort  with  a  main  Guard  to  secure  them- 
selves against  our  Country  People  that  might  come  in  that 
way.  Now  they  fell  a  Plundering  the  chief  houses  and  the 
Shops  which  they  cleared  all.  The  Sufferers  are  chiefly: — 
Mr.  Creighton,  his  house  Robed  and  burnt.  Do  the  Store 
on  the  Wharf  cleared,  Mr.  Forster's  Store,  Mr.  Jessens 
House,  spoiled  and  Robed,  Mr.  Wollenhaupt's  Stores,  Mr. 
Donig's  shop,  Geo.  Roch,  John  Christopher's  shop,  Mr.  Mun- 
ichs  and  several  other  small  shops;  these  are  to  my  certain 
Knowledge,  but  there  are  many  more  Robberies  and  Damages 
done  whereof  I  am  not  yet  informed.  I  am  not  able  to  value 
the  whole  Loss  but  think  it  will  nearly  amount  to  £12,000. 
In  Town  we  are  at  present  allmost  without  Arms,  Ammuni- 
tion, Provisions  and  Merchandise:  besides  I  hear  they  have 
carried  off  from  some  houses — Money,  Gold  and  Silver.  The 
Surprise  was  so  sudden  that  we  had  no  alarm  except  by  the 
Report  of  the  firing  at  the  Blockhouse.  When  I  saw  that 
Col.  Creighton  was  carried  off,  I  ventured  to  expose  myself 
by  going  from  house  to  house  to  see  Matters  and  if  anything 


UNFORECLOSED  MORTGAGE.     301 

could  be  done.  I  was  also  with  Mr.  Delaroche  to  beg  his 
advice  who  afterwards  ventured  with  some  principal  Inhabit- 
ants to  go  on  the  Vessell  to  try  what  he  could  for  Mr. 
Creighton  or  the  Town,  but  without  success." 

"Without  success"  was  writ  large  not  only  upon  the 
venture  of  Peter  Delaroche,  missionary  of  the  Church 
of  England,  but  upon  all  efforts  to  repel  the  invaders. 
A  man,  George  Beohner,  sailed  from  the  Back  Harbor 
to  Halifax  in  an  incredibly  short  time  to  summon  help, 
but  fruitlessly.  The  man-of-war  despatched  arrived 
July  2nd.  Major  Joseph  Pernette,  living  on  the 
LaHave,  having  mustered  some  of  the  county  militia, 
marched  to  town,  but  was  met  outside  by  Major  D. 
Christopher  Jessen  and  besought  not  to  enter,  for  the 
marauders  had  threatened  on  the  first  movement  of 
the  militia  to  fire  the  town.  Mr.  Jessen  himself  had 
stubbornly  defended  his  house1  and  suffered  accord- 
ingly. The  house  still  stands  at  the  corner  of  Lincoln 
and  King  streets,  and  the  bullet  holes  could  be  seen 
there  some  years  ago.  Mr.  Delaroche's  colleague — the 
"Lutherischer  Prediger"  Herr  Schmeisser,  made  his 
defence  verbally.  He,  in  his  foreign  garb,  walked  the 
streets  deserted  of  all  save  the  marauders,  remonstrat- 
ing with  them  in  English  of  two  month's  learning, 
until,  exasperated  by  his  persistence,  he  was  pinioned 
hand  and  foot  and  left  lying  in  the  church  square. 

Though  the  place  was  ravished  of  everything  of 
value — money,  plate  and  shop  goods — yet,  unsatisfied, 
the  Americans  extorted  from  the  inhabitants  as  a 
bonus  for  not  burning  the  entire  town,  a  bond  payable 
for  the  sum  of  £1,000,  and  secured  upon  the  town 
itself.  The  threat  of  destruction  was  made  in  such 
grim  earnestness,  that  sooner  than  lose  the  little  re- 
maining to  them,  three  citizens,  of  whom  Casper 
Wollenhaupt  was  one,  signed  the  mortgage  on  behalf 
of  their  heirs  and  assigns.  This  mortgage  still  remains 
unforeclosed.  If  our  American  cousins,  in  these  days 


302 


ACADIENSIS. 


of  cousinly  national  amity,  ever  decide  to  press  their 
claim  we — the  citizens  of  today — will  have  to  decide 
whether  to  pay  the  piper,  stand  a  law  suit,  or  deny 
their  right  to  arbitrate  for  us — who  planted  our  Town 
in  the  wilderness,  named  our  streets  and  squares,  built 
the  church  in  which  many  of  us  still  worship,  decided 
where  our  dead  shall  lie,  and  into  whose  labors  we 
have  entered ! 

AGNES  CREIGHTON. 


PORTRAIT  AND  BOOK-LABEL  OF  JOSEPH    MARSHALL  D'AVRAY. 


3o0  epb  fIDareball  D'Hvra?. 

OSEPH  MARSHALL  D'AVRAY, 
of  whose  life  the  following  is 
a  short  sketch,  arrived  in  New 
Brunswick  in  January,  1848,  hav- 
ing been  appointed  by  the  then 
Earl  Grey  to  take  charge  of 
the  Normal  School  in  Freder- 
icton.  In  1853,  on  the  retirement  of  Mr.  Porter,  he 
was  appointed  Chief  Superintendent  of  Schools,  re- 
taining that  position  until  1858,  when  he  was  uncere- 
moniously removed,  for  purely  political  reasons,  by  the 
"Smasher"  government,  so  called.  For  many  years, 
prior  to  his  death  in  1871,  he  occupied  the  chair  of 
Modern  Languages  at  the  University  at  Fredericton. 
His  residence  was  destroyed  in  the  great  fire  of  1850. 
It  is  difficult  to  furnish  a  sketch  of  his  earlier  and 
rather  romantic  career,  for  an  evident  failure  to  attain 
die  realization  of  too  high  youthful  ideals  produced  in 
him,  as  it  has  with  so  many,  a  marked  reticence  dur- 
ing the  decline  of  'life.  He  was  born  on  the  3Oth  of 
November,  1811;  probably  at  Burleigh  House,  Little 
Chelsea  and  Clayer  street,  Piccadilly,  London.  His 
father,  Dr.  Joseph  Marshall,  seems  to  have  assisted 
Jenner  during  the  latter's  discovery  of,  and  early  ex- 
periments wjith,  vaccinatiort,  Dlr.  Marshall  visiifed 
Naples  in  1801,  during  a  terrible  epidemic  of  small- 
pox, acquired  there  a  most  lucrative  practice,  and, 
ultimately,  became  Physician  Extraordinary  to  King 
Ferdinand,  by  whom  he  was  also  laden  with  other 
various  gifts  and  honors.  Subsequently,  it  would 
seem,  the  doctor  became  attached  to  the  court  or  fol- 
lowing of  King  Louis  Phil'Hpe,  that  unfortunate  Bour- 

303 


304  ACADIENSIS. 

bon  creating  him  "Baron  d'Avray"  of  Ville  d'Avray, 
near  Paris.  His  inherited  arms  were  those  of  various 
branches  of  the  Marshall  family — ''Argent — A  chevron 
vert  between  three  crescents  gule." 

Dr.  Marshall  died  on  -the  Qth  of  January,  1838,  as 
the  indirect  result,  it  is  said,  of  injuries  received  in  a 
duel  fought  many  years  previously  at  Versailles,  and 
left  a  widow,  whose  maiden  name  was  Maxwell,  and 
a  large  family,  his  eldest  son,  Joseph  Marshall  de  Brett, 
Marechal,  Baron  d'Avray,  Chevalier  de  St.  Louis,  being 
the  subject  of  this  sketch.  As  dn  subsequent  years 
this  appellation,  in  full,  seemed  rather  too  heavy  for 
a  provincial  superintendent  of  education  to  carry  about 
in  his  official  visits  to  the  remoter  settlements  of  New 
Brunswick,  it  was  prudently  shortened,  except  on 
special  occasions,  to  Joseph  Marshall  d'Avray,  and 
further  shortened  to  "  Mr.  Deavry,"  by  numerous 
worthy  and  unlettered  country  folk. 

Ville  d'Avray  is  said  to  have  been  sold,  in  part  to 
pay  debts,  whereupon  Joseph  generously  resigned  his 
share  of  the  surplus  proceeds  to  his  sisters,  and  accept- 
ed a  position  in  the  College  Royal,  at  Port  Louis,  in 
the  Mauritius.  The  climate  there  proving  unfavorable, 
he  sought  a  new  appointment  of  Earl  Grey,  who  seems 
to  have  formerly  been'  on  friendly  terms  with  his 
father,  with  the  result  hereinbefore  stated. 

The  late  Eldon  Mullin,  Esq.,  in  an  article  published 
some  years  ago  in  the  University  Monthly,  thus  flat- 
teringly speaks  of  Prof.  d'Avray,  and  we  hope  the 
picture  accords  (with  the  recollection  t>f  his  other 
old  students.  "A  thorough  and  elegant  scholar,  with  a 
keen  appreciation  of  what  was  best  and  truest  in  litera- 
ture, an  unerring  'taste  in  expression,  he  was  an  ad- 
mirable model  for  the  young  men  who  surrounded  him. 
There  never  breathed  a  kindlier  man.  He  had  an  ex- 
quisite sense  of  humor,  and  many  of  his  jokes  will 


p 


JOSEPH  MARSHALL  D'AVRAY.  305 

recur  to  old  students.  But  his  wit  never  wounded. 
He  was  a  polished  and  cultured  gentleman  of  the  oM 
school,  and  never  forgot  either  himself  or  the  courtesy 
due  to  others.  As  the  memories  of  those  days  at  the 
University  come  crowding  on  my  mind,  no  figure 
stands  out  more  distinctly  than  that  of  "the  Baron," 
as  the  undergraduates  of  that  time  loved  to  call  him." 
Fredericton,  in  those  old  days,  was  social  from  its 
very  isolation,  nor  has  that  adjective  yet,  in  compari- 
son with  other  towns,  wholly  ceased  to  app'ly.  An 
inevitable  metamorphosis  began  to  overtake  this  little 
willow- fringed  city  on  the  intervale  about  1869,  when 
the  railway  destroyed  its  dreamy  seclusion,  when  merry 
stage-coach  -bells  ceased  to  jingle  along  the  Nerepis 
Road  in  depths  of  semi-arctic  winters,  and  half  frozen 
travellers  no  longer  sought  refuge  from  the  storms  at 
Darby  Gillan's  famous  wayside  inn.  In  accordance 
with  the  spirit  of  the  times,  a  firm  triumvirate  in 
mutual  esteem  existed  for  many  years  between  Joseph 
Marshall  d'Avray,  Dr.  George  Roberts,  then  principal 
of  the  Collegiate  School,  and  the  late  Mr.  Carman, 
Clerk  of  the  Pleas.  A  quiet  chat  between  these  three, 
upon  occasion,  was  not  lacking  in  cerebral  scintilla- 
tion. Such  a  frequent  and  leisurely  interchange  of 
ideas  ever  becomes  more  difficult  amid  the  perpetual 
motion  of  these  strenuous  days.  "Tempora  mutantur, 
et  non  mutamur  in  illis,"  yet  it  is  surely  pardonable 
to  regret  some  social  losses  in  the  material  gains  of  a 
wholly  new  regime. 

JOSEPH  WHITMAN  BAILEY. 


ftbomeon  ifamil? 

LEXANDER  THOMSON  was 
admitted  Bute  Pursuivant  Mar. 
20th,  1724,  and  he  demitted  the 
office  July  1 8th,  1765.  The 
author  is,  indebted  to  Francis 
James  Grant,  Esq.,  Rothesay 
Herald  and  Lyon  Clerk,  for  a 
copy  of  his  letter  of  resignation, 
which  is  as  follows : 

EDINBURGH,  July  i8th,  1765. 
MY  LORD: 

Finding  it  inconvenient  for  me  to  continue  any  longer  in 
the  office  of  Bute  Pursuivant  by  reason  of  the  obstinate 
disease  I  at  present  labour  under,  and  under  which  I  have 
laboured  for  some  years  past,  I  do  hereby  resign  and  demit  the 
said  office  of  Bute  Pursuivant  which  I  received  by  commis- 
sion from  Sir  Alexander  Erskine,  of  Cambo,  Baronet,  your 
Lordship's  predecessor  in  office,  and  that  to  and  in  favour 
of  your  Lordship,  to  the  end  and  with  power  to  your  Lord- 
ship to  dispose  thereof,  and  to  give  a  new  commission  to  any 
person  you  please,  which  I  shall  never  quarrel  nor  appear  in 
the  contrary  in  the  least. 

I  am,  my  Lord, 

Your  Lordship's  most  humble  and  obedient  servant, 
ALEX.  THOMSON,  SR. 

His  arms,  which  are  recorded  in  the  Public  Register 
of  all  arms  and  bearings  in  Scotland,  are  as  follows : 

Argent,  a  stag's  head  caboped  gules  attired  or,  on 
a  chief  azure  a  cross  crosslet  fitched  of  the  third,  a  bor- 
dure  of  the  second  charged  with  eight  escallops  of  the 
first. 

Crest,  a  thistle  proper. 

Motto,  pro  patria. 

A  drawing  of  the  arms  is  given  in  connection  with 
this  article.  306 


THE  THOMSON  FAMILY.  307 

Although  some  researches  have  been  made  in  Edin- 
burgh, it  has  been  impossible  thus  far  to  obtain  any 
further  definite  information  respecting  the  Pursuivant. 
It  is  evident,  however,  from  his  designation,  "Sr.,"  that 
he  had  a  son  bearng  the  same  name,  and  that  son  was 
undoubtedly  Alexander  John  Thomson,  the  Loyalist; 
for  the  latter  brought  with  him  from  Scotland  the  old 
family  Bible,  which  contained  the7  arms  and  family 
records  for  generations.  It  is  most  regrettable  that 
the  Bible  was  lost  in  the  burning  of  the  house  of  the 
late  George  John  Furnace  Burnham  Thomson,  Esq., 
at  Hampstead,  Queens  County,  N.  B.  This  occurred 
March  1st,  1878.  Many  old  papers  were  also  des- 
troyed, which  would  have  been  of  great  value  from  an 
historical  point  of  view.  Fortunately  the  arms  were 
familiar  to  many  who  have  been  able  to  certify  that 
they  were  the  same  as  those  of  the  Pursuivant.  The 
author  has  written  testimony  of  this  from  the  above 
named  George  John  Furnace  Burnham  Thomson, 
from  his  son,  George  Furnace  Thomson,  and  from  his 
daughter,  Elizabeth  Burnham  Thomson  (Mrs.  Moses 
Cowan),  of  St.  John,  N.  B.  He  also  received  from 
Mrs.  Mary  Jane  Stockford,  of  Woodstock,  N.  B.,  be- 
fore she  had  seen  the  arms  of  the  Pursuivant,  a  letter 
in  which  she  stated  that  the  crest  in  the  Bible  was  a 
thistle,  and  the  motto,  "pro  patria."  Thus  it  is  proved 
beyond  doubt  that  the  arms  in  the  old  Bible  were  those 
of  Alexander  Thomson  Bute  Pursuivant;  and  there  is 
no  reason  to  doubt  that  John  Alexander  Thomson,  the 
Loyalist,  was  his  son.  The  Lyon  King  of  Arms,  sSir 
James  Balfour  Paul,  has  stated  in  a  letter  to  the  author, 
that  he  considers  the  proof  of  descent  sufficient  to 
grant  a  matriculation,  or  confirmation,  of  the  arms. 


3o8  ACADIENSIS. 

ALEXANDER   JOHN    THOMSON. 

Alexander  John  Thomson,  United  Empire  Loyalist, 
son  of  Alexander  Thomson  Bute  Pursuivant,  was  born 
at  or  near  Edinburgh  about  the  year  1745.  He  mar- 
ried about  1768  Jennett  Furnace  who,  according  to 
family  traditions,  was  a  descendant  of  Sir  William 
Wallace. 

Some  time  previous  to  the  American  Revolution,  he 
left  Scotland  and  settled  at  New  York.  Little  is 
known  of  his  life  in  that  city,  but  tradition  says  that 
he  was  well-tcndo,  and  owned  considerable  property 
there,  which  was  subsequently  confiscated  by  the  State. 

During  the  war  New  York  was  the  Loyalist  strong- 
hold and  headquarters  of  the  British  army  in  America. 
But  the  troops  were  to  be  withdrawn  in  1783,  and  the 
Loyalists  realized  the  necessity  of  leaving  before  them. 
About  three  thousand  persons,  among  whom  were 
Alexander  John  Thomson  and  his  family,  set  out  in 
the  spring  of  1783  for  the  Mouth  of  the  St.  John  river. 
They  were  conveyed  thither  in  twenty  vessels  under 
the  command  of  Sir  Guy  Carleton,  and  reached  their 
destination  May  loth.  The  Loyalist's  son  John  has 
related  that  the  first  frame  house  was  being  erected 
at  the  time  of  their  landing;  also  that  the  family  re- 
mained at  St.  John  only  about  a  week,  and  left  in  dis- 
gust, as  it  was  foggy  all  the  time.  They  then  sailed 
for  Digby,  and  from  thence  proceeded  to  Shelburne. 

This  town  was  founded  by  some  five  thousand  Loy- 
alists, mostly  from  New  York,  who  landed  there  in  the 
spring  of  1783 ;  and  in  the  autumn  of  the  same  year 
about  five  thousand  more  arrived.  Substantial  houses 
were  built,  and  the  streets  were  regularly  laid  out  and 
paved.  But  the  site  of  Shelburne  had  been  injudicious- 
ly chosen:  the  harbour,  though  beautiful  in  summer, 
was  ice-bound  in  winter,  and  the  surrounding  country 


THE  THOMSON  FAMILY.  309 

was  poorly  suited  for  agriculture.  The  inhabitants 
gradually  deserted  the  place;  and,  in  a  few  years,  the 
population  was  reduced  to  three  hundred.  The  late 
George  John  Furnace  Burnham  Thomson,  a  grandson 
of  the  Loyalist,  has  related,  in  a  letter  to  the  author, 
that  his  grandfather  ''built  a  mansion  at  Shelburne, 
tired  of  it,  and  returned  to  Digby." 

It  is  certain  that  he  didn't  remain  long  at  Shelburne, 
for  his  name  appears  on  the  muster  roll,  or  census,  of 
the  Loyalists  at  Digby,  taken  May  24th,  1784.  Ac- 
cording to  which,  the  family  then  consisted  of  one  man, 
one  woman,  two  children  over  ten  years  of  age  and 
two  children  under  ten  years  of  age — six  in  all. 

The  Book  of  Proceedings  of  (the  Board  of  Agents 
for  locating  Loyalists  in  Digby,  states  that  Lots  Nos. 
15  and  1 6  in  Block  R  on  Montagu  Row  were  allotted 
to  Alexander  John  Thomson,  and  that  there  was  a 
house  on  Lot  No.  15  in  1785.  And  it  is  recorded  in 
the  Crown  Lands  office,  Halifax,  that  he  received 
grants  of  farm  lots  No.  6,  of  150  acres,  and  No.  8  of 
140  acres  in  Block  C  of  D'igby  Township ;  and  also  of 
water  lots  near  Digby.  Besides  these  grants  it  is 
stated  that  he  was  offered  a  large  tract  of  land,  extend- 
ing from  Digby  Gut  to  a  point  beyond  Annapolis ;  but 
neglected  to  take  out  the  necessary  papers  to  obtain  it. 

He  did  not  long  inhabit  his  town  house,  for,  in  1785, 
he  and  Thomas  Ellis,  a  cooper,  purchased  from  Pat- 
rick McM asters  and  Daniel  McMasters,  Lots  XVI  and 
XVII,  Hoare  Grant,  Clements  Township.  These  lots 
are  situated  at  Smith's  Cove,  opposite  Digby,  on  the 
southern  side  of  Annapolis  Basin,  and  about  a  mile 
distant  from  Digby.  Alexander  John  Thomson  built 
a  house  on  Lot  XVII,  where  he  and  his  wife  lived  for 
the  remainder  of  their  lives ;  and  Ellis  built  a  house  on 
Lot  XVI.  Both  houses  were  near  the  shore,  and  about 
twenty-eight  or  thirty  rods  apart.  The  cellar  of  the 


3io  ACADIENSIS. 

Thomson  house  is  still  visible,  but  the  house  has  not 
been  standing  since  1824,  at  least.  The  property 
passed  to  Thomas  Ritchie  in  1805,  and  is  now  owned 
and  occupied  by  Spurgeon  Weir.  It  is  said  to  be  a 
valuable  and  productive  tract. 

Alexander  John  Thomson  engaged  in  various  pur- 
suits, such  as  farming,  fishing,  lumbering,  etc.,  and  his 
name  appears  frequently  in  the  history  of  Digby 
County  by  Isaiah  W.  Wilson  of  Smith's,  Cove,  to 
whom  the  author  is  indebted  for  much  of  his  informa- 
tion. There  was  no  Presbyterian  church  at  Digby  at 
that  time,  so  he  attended  the  services  of  the  Church  of 
England;  for  the  name  appears  on  a  list  of  proprie- 
tors in  the  Parish  of  Djigby  who  were  taxed  for  the 
support  of  the  church.  The  list  is  dated  September 
2  ist,  1789.  He  died  of  cholera  at  Smith's  Cove,  and 
was  buried  there  June  6fch,  1805,  according  to  Burial 
Register  of  Trinity  church,  Digby. 

As  he  left  no  will,  administrators  were  appointed 
by  William  Winnett,  Esq.,  Judge  of  the  Court  of  Pro- 
bate for  the  County  of  Annapolis.  These  were :  John 
Thomson  (his  son),  John  Warwick,  Henry  Ruther- 
ford and  Phineas  Lovett,  Jr.,  all  of  the  Town  of  Digby. 
Their  bond  is  dated  December  2Oth,  1805.  An  ap- 
praisement of  the  estate,  dated  August  I2th,  1805  was 
made  by  James  Wooington,  John  Stewart,  and  John 
Hill.  The  document  shows  that  his  personal  property 
consisted  of  live  stock,  farming,  mill  and  fishing  imple- 
ments, household  effects,  etc.  His  real  estate  com- 
prised "Two  lots  of  land  on  the  Broad  Cove  Road 
leading  from  Digby,  Nos.  6  and  7,  containing  300 
acres,  more  or  less,  with  all  buildings  and  improve- 
ments, including  the  saw-mill ;"  and  "Two  lots  of  land 
in  the  Township  of  Clements,  Nos.  9  and  10,  contain- 
ing 200  acres,  with  the  fishing  privileges  and  appur- 
tenances.'" 


THE  THOMSON  FAMILY.  311 

The  Burial  Register  above  referred  to,  states  that 
Jennett,  widow  of  Alex  J.  Thomson,  died  at  Smith's 
Cove  of  Palsy,  and  was  buried  there  July  24th,  1809. 
The  issue  of  Alexander  John  Thomson  and  his  wife 
Jennetft  Furnace  were : 

1.  John,   said  to  have  been  born  at   Glasgow  about  1769, 
of  whom  below. 

2.  Ellen,  died  at  Granville,  N.  S.,  April  7th,  1863,  married 
at  Digby  in  1806  to  John  Tanch,  and  had  issue  as  follows : 

I. — James,  b.  April  23rd,  1807,  d.  Nov.  3rd,  1857. 

II. — Alexander,  b.  Jan.  isth,  1810  d.  Aug.  4th,  1876. 

III.— William,  b.  Apr.  2ist,  1812,  d.  July  i6th,  1876. 

IV. — Robert,  b.  Sept.  2ist,  1814,  d.  Oct.  5th,  1846. 

V. — Jane  A.,  b.  Feb.  2ist,   1817,  d.  Apr.  I2th,  1892. 

VI. — Catherine  M.,  b.  Oct  27th,  1819,  d.  Dec.  29th,  1870. 

VII.— George,  b.  Jan.  6th,  1822,  d.  Dec.  isth,  1851. 

VIII.— John,  b.  Apr.  3rd,  1825,  d.  June  9th,  1898. 

IX.— Dennis   Emery,  b.  Oct.  23rd,  1828,  d.  Sept.  8th,  1901. 

3.  Mary,    married   at   Digby,   April    I7th,    1788,   to   Charles 
Watt. 

There  was  another  Mary  Thomson  of  Smith's  Cove 
who  was  married  May  n,  1789  to  Griffith  Jenkins  of 
Digby.  It  is  not  quite  clear  who  she  was,  but  possibly 
a  niece  of  Alexander  John  Thomson.  This  would 
account  for  the  four  children  of  his  family  mentioned 
in  the  census  of  1784. 


JOHN    THOMSON. 

John  Thomson,  son  of  Alexander  John  Thomson 
and  Jennett  Furnace,  is  said  to  have  been  born  at 
Glasgow  about  1769.  He  married  at  Digby,  May  3ist, 
1798,  Elizabeth  Burnham,  who  was  born  at  New  York. 
The  marriage  is  recorded  in  the  register  of  Trinity 
church. 

At  the  age  of  about  seventeen  years,  he  was  appren- 
ticed to  Thomas  Ellis,  the  cooper  mentioned  before. 
In  consideration  of  which  apprenticeship,  his  father 


3I2  ACADIENSIS. 

paid  Ellis  one  hundred  guineas  in  gold.  He  after- 
wards entered  into  partnership  with  Ellis,  with  whom 
he  carried  on  the  business  in  Digby  on  the  corner  of 
Birch  and  Water  streets  until  about  1820,  when  he 
removed  to  Annapolis.  A  deed  of  sale,  dated  Decem- 
ber i8th,  1820,  John  Thomson,  cooper,  of  Digby,  to 
Daniel  Dakin,  of  easterly  portion  of  Lot  19,  Block  O, 
Botsford  Grant,  Digby  Township,  containing  thirty- 
six  acres,  Liber  V.,  Wilmot-Morton  Records,  pages 
696  and  697,  is  his  last  recorded  business  transaction 
in  Digby. 

During  the  War  of  1812,  he  held  the  position  of 
Prize  Master  at  Digby.  He  was  a  Free  Mason,  a 
member  of  Old  Digby  Lodge  No.  6. 

At  Annapolis  he  is  said  to  have  built  two  houses  for 
himself.  He  resided  there  until  about  1835,  when  he 
and  his  wife  went  to  live  with  their  son  William  at 
Eastpont,  Me. 

In  1842  they  removed  to  Hampstead,  N.  B.,  where 
they  remained  for  a  few  years  with  the:r  son  Alexan- 
der ;  and  then  went  to  live  with  their  daughter  Hannah, 
who  was  the  wife  of  Squire  James  Slipp.  John  Thom- 
son's wife,  Elizabeth  Burnham,  died  December  I2th, 
1842,  and  was  bur  ed  in  the  Little  River  cemetery, 
he  continued  to  reside  with  his  daughter  and  son-in- 
law  about  twelve  years,  and  finally  took  up  his  abode 
with  his  son  George,  at  whose  house  he  died  in  1856. 
He  was  also  buried  in  the  Little  River  cemetery  by  the 
side  of  his  wife. 

John  Thomson  has  been  described  by  his  grand- 
daughter, Mrs.  Stockford,  as  tall,  large  boned,  but  not 
very  fleshy;  his  features  being  large  but  refined,  with 
aquiline  nose  and  th:n  lips.  He  wore  a  moustache  and 
long  flowing  beard,  both  of  which,  as  well  as  the  hair 
of  his  head,  were  very  dark — almost  black. 


THE  THOMSON  FAMILY. 


313 


The  issue  of  John  Thomson  and  his  wife  Elizabeth 
Burnham  were: 

1.  No    name,    d.    inf.    bn.     Mar.     1800.     (Burial    Register, 
Trinity  Church,  Digby). 

2.  Alexander,  b.   Digby,   1801,  of  whom  below. 

3.  John,   b.   Digby,    1802,   went  to   New   York   and   became 
proprietor  of  large  hat  business  there.     He  married  and  had 
issue,  as  follows : 

I. — John  Burnham,  studied  medicine  at  Edinburgh  and 
afterwards  practiced  in  Philadelphia. 

II. — George  Furnace,  studied  medicine  at  Edinburgh  and 
afterwards  practiced  in  Boston. 

III.  Daughter,  d.  inf. 

4.  Jane,  b.  Digby,  July  8th,   1803,  d.  Annapolis,  Jan.   i6th, 
1887,    m.   Annapolis,     Nov.    nth,    1821,    to    Thomas    Easson 
Ritchie,    and    had    issue,    as    follows    (History    of   Annapolis 
County  by  Calnek)  : 

I. — John  Edward,  b.  1824. 

II. — James,  baptized  Jan.  6th,  1830. 

III. — Charlotte,  baptized  Jan.  6th,  1830. 

IV.— Charles,   baptized   Sept.,    1833. 

V. — Mary  Jane,  baptized  Sept.  I5th,  1835. 

VI— Avis,  baptized  Feb.  3rd,  1838. 

VII. — Dorinda  Thomson,  baptized   Feb.   27th,    1840. 

VIII. — George,  baptized  Aug.  8th,  1841. 

5.  Mary  Ann,  b.  Digby,  m.  Smalley,  went  to  live  in  New 
York. 

6.  James,  b.   Digby,   d.   Hampstead,   unmarried. 

7.  William,  b.  Digby,  Aug.  I7th,  1811,  of  whom  below. 

8.  Hannah,  b.   Digby,  Jan.   i7th,   1813,   d.   Hampstead,  July 
6th,  1853,  m.  James  Slipp,  Esq.,  J.  P. 

9.  George   John    Furnace   Burnham,  b.  at  Digby,  July  23rd, 
1815,  of  whom  below. 

10.  Daniel,  b.  Digby,  went  to  California. 


ALEXANDER  THOMSON. 

Alexander  Thomson,  son  of  John  Thomson  and 
Elizabeth  Burnham,  was  born  at  Digby  in  1801.  He 
married  at  Annapolis  October  ist,  1824,  Sophrona 
E.  Webb,  who  was  born  in  Halifax  in  1803.  The 
marriage  is  recorded  in  (the  register  of  St.  Luke's 


3I4  ACADIENSIS. 

church,  and  the  ceremony  was  performed  by  the  Rev. 
John  Millidge.  The  witnesses  were  Andrew  LeCain 
and  Alexander  Ritchie. 

About  the  year  1829,  he  moved  to  New  Brunswick 
and  settled  on  a  farm  at  Upper  Hampstead.  He  was  a 
Free  Mason,  a  member  of  old  Digby  Lodge,  No.  6. 
He  died  at  Woodstock  in  1891,  and  his  wife  died  at  the 
same  place  in  1889.  The  issue  of  Alexander  Thomson 
and  -his  wife  Sophrona  E.  Webb  were: 

1.  Eliza,  b.  at  Annapolis,  d.  inf. 

2.  William,  b.  at  Digby,  July  6th,  1872,  m.  May  i8th,  1851, 
of  whom  below : 

3.  Mary  Jane,  b.  at  Hampstead,  N.   B.,  Feb.  3rd,  1829,  m. 

June  i8th,  1852,  David  Stockford,  of  Woodstock,  who  d. . 

She  resides  at  present  with  her  sisted  Frances.     Issue : 

I. — Charles.    He  is  a  lawyer  and  resides  in  New  York. 

4.  Robert,  b.  at  Hampstead,  N.  B.,  Feb.  nth,  1831,  m.  Nov. 
I5th,  1855,  Matilda  A.  Anderson.    Issue: 

I.— Franklin. 
II. — George. 
III. — Edman. 
IV.— Walter. 

5.  Elizabeth,  b.  at   Hampstead,  N.   B.,  Feb.   nth,   1833,  m. 
Mar.  3rd,  1859,  John  Loud.    They  reside  in  New  York.    No 
issue. 

6.  Frances,   b.    at   Hampstead,    N.    B.,    Nov.   3rd,    1835,   m. 
Nov.  4th,  1855,  Elisha  Clark.     She  is  now  a  widow  and  lives 
with  her  family  in  Virginia.     Issue: 

I._Wesley. 
II.— Laura. 
III.— Elizabeth. 
IV.— Edith. 

7.  Hannah  b.  at  Hampstead,  N.  B.,  July  3ist,  1837,  m.  Dec. 

•31  st,  1865,  Allan  McLean;  former  d. .     She  resides  *n 

Woodstock,  N.  B.    Issue: 

I. — Laura. 
II. — Sophrona. 
III.— Elida. 
IV.— Charles. 

8.  John,  b.  at  Hampstead,  N.  B.,  Nov.  31  st,  1839,  m.  June 


THE  THOMSON  FAMILY.  315 

ist,  1864,  Mary  Pettengill.    They  reside  at  Windsor,  Carleton 
Co.,  N.  B.    Issue: 

I.— Elizabeth. 

II— Hanford. 

III. — Alexander. 

IV.— Daniel. 

V.— William. 

9.  Daniel  Palmer,  b.  at  Hampstead,  N.  B.,  Jan.  isth,  1841. 
He  went  to  New  York  in  1869,  where  he  passed  examinations 
before  the  board  of  engineers  of  the  Brooklyn  Navy  Yard, 
and   entered   the   service    of  the   United   States    government. 
He  was  at  the  storming  of  Fort  McAlister  on  the  gun  boat 
"  Nemaha."    After  the  war  he  made  several  trips  as  engineer 
on  a   steamship  sailing  between  California  and  Japan.     Sub- 
sequently, he  served  three  years  in  the  Japanese  navy  as  2nd 
engineer.     He  finally  settled  at  San  Francisco,  where  he  died 
of  Bright's  disease. 

10.  James,   b.   at   Hampstead,    N.    B.,    Mar.   20th,    1844,   m. 
Armenia    McKenzie,    of   Annapolis,    N.    S.,.     They   reside   in 
Medford,  Mass.     Issue : 

L— Elsie. 
II. — Alexander. 
Ill— James. 
IV.— (A  son). 

11.  Isabel,  b.  at  Hampstead,  N.  B.,  Apr.  6th,  1846,  m.  Alfred 
Ganong.     She  is  now  a  widow  and  resides  in  Weston,  Mass. 
Issue: 

L— Hattie. 
II.— Eliza. 
III. — Burnham. 
IV.— William. 
V.— Maud. 

WILLIAM   ALEXANDER  THOMSON. 

William  Alexander  Thomson,  son  of  Alexander 
Thomson  and  Sophrona  E.  Webb,  and  the  present 
head  of  the  family,  was  born  at  Digby,  N.  S.,  July 
6th,  1827.  At  the  age  of  twenty-two  years  he  set  out 
for  California;  but,  on  reaching  New  York,  he  was 
persuaded  by  his  uncle  Robert  Webb  to  give  up  the 
idea  and  to  remain  in  New  York.  He  decided  to 


3i6  ACADIENSIS. 

serve  an  apprenticeship  with  another  of  his  uncles, 
Samuel  Webb,  a  prosperous  ship  builder;  and  he 
progressed  so  rapidly  that,  at  the  end  of  two  years, 
he  was  drawing  full  pay  with  the  other  men;  and,  in 
three  years,  was  taking  contracts  on  his  own  account. 

In  1868,  he  removed  with  his  family  from  New 
York  to  Pleasant  Hill,  Cass  County,  Missouri,  where 
he  purchased  a  valuable  and  productive  farm,  on 
which  he  still  resides. 

He  is  a  member  of  the  Masonic  Lodge  at  East 
Lynn,  Mo.,  which  he  joined  by  demit  from  Polar  Star 
Lodge,  New  York  City. 

He  married  at  New  York,  May,  1850,  Mary  Ann 
Daley,  who  was  'born  in  Dublin,  Ireland,  of  Hugenot 
origin.  She  died  at  Pleasant  Hill,  June  nth,  1890. 

Issue : 

1.  Edward  Francis,  b.  at  New  York,  Aug.  7th,  1852,  d.  at 
Pleasant  Hill,  Jan.  nth,  1873. 

2.  Anna  Jane,  b.  at  New  York,  Aug.  23rd,  1853,  d.  at  New 
York,  Mar.  i8th,  1868. 

3.  Sophia,  b.   at  New  York,  April  6th,   1855,  m.  first  Dr. 
Lorenzo  Dow  Williams,  who  d. ;  m.  secondly  William  Mc- 
Donald, from  Province  of  Quebec.     She  and  her  family  reside 
at  Bottineau,  North  Dacota. 

Issue  by  ist  husband : 

I. — Frank  Audabon. 

II. — Ray  Lenias, 

III.— Ross  Dalby. 

Issue  by  2nd  husband: 

I. — William  Alexander  Thomson. 

4.  Alexander,  b.  at  New  York,  May  4th,  1857,  d.  at  New 
York,  Mar.  gth,  1858. 

5.  Jeremiah   Benjamin,  b.   at  New  York,  June   nth,   1858, 
m.  Mandy  Brockman,  of  Clay  Co.,  Mo.     He  is  a  prosperous 
contractor  and  builder,  and  resides  at  Los  Angeles,  Cal. 

Issus : 

I.— HattyFay. 

II.— Opal  Calantha. 

III.-Lester. 

IV.-Hazel. 

V. — Anna  Mary. 


THE  THOMSON  FAMILY.  317 

6.  John  Robert,  b.  at  New  York,  July  i8th,  1860,  m.  May 
I2th,   1882,   Charlotte  Elizabeth  Dunn,  who  was  b.  in  Iowa, 
April  7th,  1876.     He  owns  and  lives  on  a  farm  in  Cass  County, 

Issue : 

I.— Frederick,  b.  Cass  Co.,  Mo.,  Feb.  i8th,  1885. 

II.— James,  b.  Cass  Co.,  Mo.,  Aug.  5th,  1887. 

III.— Mary  E.,  b.  Cass  Co.,  Mo.,  Dec.  3rd,  1890. 

IV.— Charles  Frank,  b.  Cass  Co.,  Mo.,  Sept.  4th,  1893. 

V. — Edith  May,  b.  Cass  Co.,  Mo.,  Dec.  nth,  1894. 

VI.— Earl  Stanley,  b.  Cass  Co.,  Mo.,  May  i6th,  1896. 

7.  Adelaide,  b.    at    New    York,    Dec.  22nd,    1861,  d.   New 
York,  Oct.  8th,  1862. 

8.  Ada  Bell,  b.  at  New  York,  April  isth,  1863,  m.  James  E. 
Fetterlinj;.     They  reside  at  Warrensburg,  Johnson  Co.,  Mo. 

Issue: 

I. — Mary  Irene. 

II. — Howard. 

III.— Walter  Thomson. 

9.  William  Alexander,  Jr.,  b.  at  New  York,  April  26,  1864, 
m.  May  3rd,  1894,  Alma  H.  Cassiday,  of  Cass  Co.,  Mo.,  who 
was  b.  November  2nd,  1870.    He  is  a  farmer  and  resides  with 
his  father,  William  Alexander,  Sr. 

Issue : 

I.— Harry  Burnham,  b.  Cass  Co.,  Mo.,  Dec.  3rd,  1895. 
II._W'illiam  Alexander,  b.  Cass  Co.,  Mo.,  Dec.  i6th,  1897. 
III.— George  Furnace,  b.  Cass  Co.,  Mo.,  Oct.  27th,  1899. 

10.  Harry  Daniel,  b.   New  York,  Apr.    i6th,   1867,  m.  Ida 
Munn,  of  Cass  Co.,   Mo.     He  is  a  dealer  in  live  stock,  and 
resides  in  East  Lynn,  Cass  Co.,  Mo. 

Jrsue: 

I. — William  Alexander. 

II.— Carlisle. 

IIL—Walter. 


WILLIAM    THOMSON. 

William  Thomson,  son  of  John  Thomson  and  Eliza- 
beth Burnham,  was  born  at  Digby,  N.  S.,  August  i/th, 
1811.  When  in  his  seventeenth  year  his  father  appren- 
ticed him  to  William  Burnham,  cooper,  of  Digby.  The 
apprenticeship  expired  when  he  reached  the  full  age 
of  twenty-one,  viz.,  August  i^th,  1832,  after  which 


3i8  ACADIENSIS. 

he  removed  to  .Eastport,  Me.  Here  he  practised  his 
trade  for  a  few  years,  and  then  opened  up  a  general 
trading  business  and  acquired  property.  He  married 
at  Eastport  May  27th,  1835,  Caroline  Kimball  Wood, 
daughter  of  William  Wood,  Esq.  She  was  born  at 
Concord,  N.  H.,  September  i/th,  1809.  The  marriage 
is  recorded  in  the  register  of  the  Central  Congrega- 
tional church. 

About  the  year  1838,  he  removed  to  Indian  Island, 
Charlotte  county,  N.  B.,  but  returned  to  Eastport 
about  1843.  He  built  a  fine  large  house  at  Eastport 
about  the  year  1849,  which  is  still  standing.  It  is 
situated  on  the  east  side  of  the  main  road,  opposite 
Todd's  Head,  the  most  easterly  point  of  the  United 
States. 

He  removed  to  St.  John  about  the  year  1855,  an<^ 
engaged  in  the  inspection  of  fish  and  gauging  of  oil 
on  Peters'  wharf,  at  which  he  employed  several  men. 
About  the  year  1865  he  started  a  general  trading  busi- 
ness on  the  South  wharf,  which  he  carried  on  in  addi- 
tion to  his  other  industry  until  his  death. 

For  a  few  years  he  lived  in  a  house  on  King  street 
east;  and  afterwards  on  Union  street,  near  -the  corner 
of  Charlotte,  where  his  wife,  Caroline  Kimball  Wood, 
died  November  5th,  1861.  He  died  at  the  house  of  his 
son  Charles,  July  22nd,  1868.  Both  he  and  his  wife 
are  buried  in  Fernhill  cemetery,  St.  John,  where  a 
substantial  monument  marks  their  graves. 

At  Eastport  he  became  connected  with  the  Central 
Congregational  church  and  was  one  of  its  most  pro- 
minent members.  In  St.  John  he  was  a  deacon  in  the 
Union  street  Congregational  church,  and  took  an  ac- 
tive interest  in  the  Sunday  school  as  a  teacher  and 
superintendent.  He  was  also  choir  master  for  many 
years. 


THE  THOMSON  FAMILY.  319 

He  was  a  large,  heavy,  but  well  proportioned  man, 
and  of  pleasing  address;  and  he  had  a  well-trained 
and  powerful  bass  voice.  In  observing  the  Sabbath 
he  was  most  rigid :  on  that  day  he  never  allowed  his 
children  to  read  anything  except  the  Bible ;  and,  attired 
in  swallow-tail  coat,  silk  hat  and  black  stock,  he  would 
marshall  his  large  family  to  church,  morning,  after- 
noon and  evening. 

The  issue  of  William  Thomson  and  his  wife  Caro- 
line Kimball  Wood  were: 

1.  William  H.,  b.  at  Eastport,   Me.,  Apr.  20th,   1836,  d.  at 
Eastport,  Sept.  7th,  1836. 

2.  Ann   Elizabeth,    b.  at    Eastport,    Me.,    Sept.   I3th,    1837, 
d.  at  Eastport,  Sept.  26th,  1843. 

3.  Charles  Daniel,  b.  on  Indian  Island,  Charlotte  Co.,  N.  B. 
(of  whom  below). 

4.  Frederick  William,  b.   on  Indian   Island,    Charlotte   Co., 
N.   B.,  Aug.  3rd,  1842.     He  is  Government  Inspector  of  fish 
and   oils    on    South   Wharf;    and   his    residence    is   on    Main 
Street,   St.  John,  North   End.      He  attends  the  Union  Street 
Congregational   Church,  and  is  a  member  of  Albion  Lodge, 
A.  F.  and  A.  M.    He  married  at  St.  John  in  1865  Hannah 
Cowan.    Issue : 

I. — Charles  William,  b.  at  St.  John,  Mar.  I2th.  1867. 
II— Caroline   Martha,   b.   at   St.   John,   July    ujth,    1870,    -J. 
Mar.  3rd,  1875. 

III.— Ida  May,  b.  at  St.  John,  Dec.  isth,  1874. 
IV.— Henrietta  How,  b.  at  St.  John,  Sept.  gth,  1876. 
V. — Frederick  Cowan,  b.  at  St.  John,  Sept.   I2th,  1878. 
VI.— Blenda  Sweet,  b.  at  St.  John,  July  24th,  1883. 

5.  Leonard   Peabody,  b.    at   Eastport,    Me.,   Feb.   Qth,    1845. 
When  about  fourteen  years  of  age  he  ran  away  to  sea;  and 
became  a  master  mariner  at  the  age  of  twenty.     He  sailed  all 
over  the  world  in  various  ships,  of  which  he  was  part  owner, 
and  finally  settled  in  New  York.     Here  'he  died,  April  3rd, 
1887.     He  married   at   New    York  in   1878,   Henrietta   Flem- 
ming.    Issue : 

(A  son). 

6.  George  Henry,  b.  at  Eastport,  Me.,  Apr.   I2th,   1847,  d. 
at  St.  John,  Aug.  28th,  1887.     He  never  married. 


320  ACADIENSIS. 

7.  Caroline  Kimball  b.  at  Eastport,  Me.,  Oct.  4th,  1850,  m. 
at  St.  John  in  1870  to  Charles  C  Calkin.  They  reside  in 
Linden,  Mass.  Issue: 

I. — Annie  Burnham,  b.  St.  John,  Nov.  roth,  1872,  d.  inf. 

II. — Leonard  Charles      b.  Moncton,  Jan.  i4th,  1874. 

III.— Georgia  F.  D.,  b.  St.  John,  Apr.  4th,  1876. 

IV.— Frith  Dixon,  b.  Deer  Isle,  Me.,  Sept.  2nd,  1878. 

V.— Annie  Thomson,  b.   Steuben,  Me.,  June  28th,  1881. 

VI.— Pitt  Rainey,  b.  Deer  Isle,  Me.,  Sept.  28th,  1885. 

VII.— Olive  Nash,  b.  Deer  Isle,  Me.,  June  2Oth,  1887,  d.  inf. 

VIII.— William  Brownell,  b.  Deer  Isle,  Me.,  Mar.  29th, 
1889. 

IX. — Jessie  Mervie,  b.  Deer  Isle,  Me.,  Aug.  29th,  1892. 


CHARLES    DANIEL    THOMSON. 

Charles  Daniel  Thomson,  son  of  William  Thom- 
son and  Caroline  Kimball  Wood,  was  born  on  Indian 
Island,  Charlotte  Co.,  N.  B.,  March  3ist,  1840.  His 
boyhood  days  were  mostly  spent  at  Eastport  where 
he  obtained  his  education.  Shortly  after  his  arrival 
in  St.  John,  in  1855,  he  entered  the  business  establish- 
ment of  Barnaby  Tilton,  where  he  remained  seven 
years.  He  afterwards  assisted  his  father  on  South 
wharf  for  a  few  years.  In  1871  he  was  appointed 
ticket  agent  at  St.  John  on  the  European  and  North 
American  Railway  (now  the  I.  C.  R.).  In  1876  he 
was  transferred  to  Moncton  and  promoted  to  the  office 
of  cashier,  which  position  he  held  till  his  death. 

He  was  brought  up  a  Congregationalist,  and  was 
for  many  years  choir  master  in  the  Union  street  Con- 
gregational church,  until  his  removal  to  Moncton,  on 
which  occasion  he  was  presented  by  the  congregation 
with  a  handsome  silver  urn,  suitably  inscribed,  as  a 
testimonial  of  his  services.  In  Moncton,  he  became 
a  member  of  St.  John's  Presbyterian  church,  and,  ait 
the  time  of  his  death,  was  chairman  of  the  finance 
committee. 


THE  THOMSON  FAMILY.  321 

He  had  some  military  training  in  his  younger  days 
as  a  member  of  the  Peters'  Battery  at  St.  John,  known 
as  the  Kkid  glove  battery,"  which  was  formed  in  1861. 
The  rolls  of  this  company,  published  in  Baxter's  His- 
tory of  the  N.  B.  Battalion  of  Garrison  Artillery,  con- 
tain the  names  of  many  men  who  have  since  become 
prominent  in  the  affairs  of  St.  John. 

He  was  a  Free  Mason — a  member  and  Past  Master 
of  Albion  Lodge,  St.  John,  which  he  joined  September 
4th,  1863 ;  and  a  Knight  Templar,  which  order  he 
joined  September  24'th,  1883.  He  also  belonged  to 
the  Society  of  the  Sons  of  Scotland  in  Moncton,  and 
held  office  as  Chief. 

About  the  year  1878  he  built  a  substantial  and  com- 
fortable residence  in  Moncton,  on  the  corner  of  Bots- 
ford  street  and  Thomson  Avenue.  Here  he  died  Octo- 
ber 26th,  1902. 

His  character  is  briefly  !but  accurately  summed  up 
in  the  following  words,  taken  from  an  obituary  notice 
in  the  Moncton  Times: 

"  Mr.  Thomson,  though  of  somewhat  reserved  disposition, 
was  a  man  of  kindly  nature,  and  had  many  warm  friends. 
He  was  a  most  efficient  and  painstaking  officer,  and,  in  the 
various  relations  of  life,  enjoyed  the  esteem  and  respect  of 
all  who  knew  him." 

He  married  first  at  St.  John,  N.  B.,  January  I9th, 
1865,  Annie  Augusta,  -daughter  of  Josiah  Walker 
Smith  and  Susan  Rebecca  Chase,  born  ,at  Bangor,  Me., 
March  2ist,  1845,  died  at  Moncton,  N.  B.,  April  i8th, 
1 88 1.  She  was  beloved  by  all  who  knew  her.  • 

He  married  secondly  at  Charlottetown,  P.  'E.  I., 
December  3rd,  1884,  Mary,  daughter  of  Rev.  John 
Macleod  and  Amelia  Parker,  born  at  Brooklyn,  Hants 
county,  N.  S.,  March  I4th,  1860. 

Issue  by  first  wife: 

i.  William  Chase,  b.  at  St.  John,  N.  B.,  Jan.  5th,  1866. 
He  is  a  member  of  the  Canadian  Society  of  Civil  Engineers, 


322  ACADIENSIS. 

and  holds  the  position  of  Assistant  Engineer  with  the  Domin- 
ion Bridge  Co.,  Ltd.,  Montreal.  He  married  at  St.  John,  Apr. 
28th,  1892,  Emma  Frederica,  dau.  of  the  late  Hon.  Thomas 
Rosenell  Jones,  of  St.  John. 

2.  Grace   Kimball,  b.   at   St.   John,   N.   B.,   Nov.  6th,   1870, 
married  at  Moncton,  N.  B.,  Nov.  2ist,  1894,  Alfred  Edward 
Holstead.    They  reside  in  Moncton. 

3.  Susan  Rebecca,  b.   at  St.  John,   N.   B.,   Mar.   5th,   1875, 
married  at  Moncton,  N.  B.,  Nov.  Hth,  1895,  Lawrence  Robert 
MacLaren.    They  reside  in  Kentville,  N.  S. 

4.  Annie    Maud,   b.   at    Moncton,    N.    B.,   Apr.    nth,    1881, 
married  at  Moncton,  N.  B.,  July  loth,  1905,  Seymour  Peters. 

Issue  by  second  wife : 

1.  Mary  Beatrice,  b.  at  Moncton,  N.  B.,  Oct.  29th,  1885. 

2.  Carolyn  Louise,  b.  at  Moncton,  N.  B.,  Dec.  2ist,  1888. 

3.  Charles  John  Macleod,  b.  at  Moncton,  N.  B.,  Apr.  7th, 
1896. 


GEORGE  JOHN  FURNACE  BURNHAM   THOMSON. 

George  John  Furnace  Burnham  Thomson,  son  of 
John  Thomson  and  Elizabeth  Burnham,  was  born  at 
Digby,  July  23rd,  1815.  He  married  at  Eastport,  Me., 
in  1836,  Elizabeth  Presley.  After  his  marriage  he  re- 
moved to  Harnpstead,  N.  B.,  but  returned  to  Eastport 
about  1839.  He  finally  settled  at  Hampstead  in  1840, 
and  purchased  a  farm  of  four  hundred  acres  from  one 
Clark.  His  first  wife,  Elizabeth  Presley,  died  at  East- 
port.  He  married  secondly  March  1st,  1878,  Sarah 
Fox,  of  Gagetown,  N.  B.,  who  died  August  I2th,  1881. 
On  March  ist,  1878,  his  house  was  burned  to  the 
ground  and  everything  it  contained  was  lost,  includ- 
ing the  old  Bible  which  contained  the  family  arms  and 
records  for  generations,  some  old  documents,  heavy 
mahogany  furniture,  and  many  other  valuable  articles 
which  belonged  to  his  father  and  grandfather  before 
him.  He  died  at  Hampstead  November  24th,  1896. 

Issue  by  first  wife: 


THE  THOMSON    FAMILY.  323 

1.  James   William   Colter,   b.    at   Little   River,    Hampstead, 
N.  B.,  June  loth,  1838,  married  Oct.  I4th,  1862,  Isabella  Case. 
He  died  June  iSth,  1877.     Issue: 

I. — John   Burnham  b.   Oct.   4th,    1863,  d.   in   Mexico,   Dec. 
3ist,  1893. 
II. — Phoebe,  b.  Dec.    i6th,   1865.    Resides  in  Boston. 

2.  Elizabeth  Burnham,  b.  at  Eastport,  Me.,  Mar.  26th,  1840, 
married  at  St.  John,  Jan.  5th,  1857,  Moses  Cowan,  Surveyor 
and  Deliverer  of  Lumber.    Issue: 

L— Roberta  A.,  b.  at  St.  John,  Dec.  I4th,  1857,  m.  at  St. 
John,  Mar.  i4th,  1878,  Albert  L.  Slipp. 

II.— Edith  D.,  b  at  St  John,  July  8th,  1859,  m.  at  St.  John, 
Feb.  I4th,  1882,  Reuben  Golding. 

III.— Elizabeth  Martha,  b.  at  St.  John,  Aug.  i6th,  1866, 
m.  at  St.  john,  May  I9th,  1885  Theo.  Van  Wart. 

3.  Leonard  J.,  b.  at  Hampstead,  N.  B.,  Oct.  2nd,  1841,  m. 
Nov.  1 8th,  1867,  Agnes,  dau.  Dr.  Black,  of  Wickham,  Queens 
Co.,  N.  B.    He  died  at  Hampstead  in  1905.     Issue : 

I. — George  J.,  b.  Jan.  4th,  1869,  d.  Mar.  7th,  1895. 
II. — Robert  J.,  b.  Apr.   nth,  1870. 
III.— Tyler  A.,  b.  May  27th,  1873. 
IV.— Moody  B.,  b.  Mar.  ist,  1877. 

4.  Lucy  Amelia,  b.  at  Hampstead,  N.  B.,  Apr.  isth,  1845, 
m.  Dec.  25th,  1863,  Charles  William  Cowan,  of  the  Customs 
Department,  St.  John.     Issue: 

L— Mary  Elizabeth,  b.  Dec.  5th,  1864,  d.  Aug.  2nd,  1865. 
II. — Elsie  Cora,  b.  Apr.  2Oth,  1865. 
III. — Susan  Jane,  b.  Oct.  22nd,  1866. 

IV. — George  Burnham,  b.  Dec.  I2th,  1867,  d.  March  I9th, 
1868. 

V.— Bertha  Elizabeth,  b.  Apr.  15th,  1869,  d.  Sept.  22nd,  1885. 
VI. — Jennie  Isabella,  b.  Apr.  22nd,  1871,  d.  May  I9th,  1891. 
VII.— James  William,  b.  Sept.  3Oth",  1873,  d.  Oct.  4th,  1873. 

VIII. — Minnie  Agnes  May,  b.  Nov.  9th,  1875 

IX.— Leonard  Slipp,  b.  Dec.  i8th,  1877. 

X.— Frank  Rutherford,  b.  Jan.  I2th,  1887,  d.  Aug.  loth,  1887. 

5.  Abraham  Tyler,  b.  at  Hampstead,  N.  B.,  in  1846.       He 
resides  in  Melbourne,  Australia.     He  married  and  had  issue : 

I.— Vida,  b.  Dec.  25th,  1878. 
II.— John  Fender. 
Issue  by  second  wife: 

i.  George  Furnace,  b.  at  Hampstead,  N.  B.,  Nov.  2ist,  1855, 
married  Oct.  2nd,  1883,  Laura  Gaunce.  Issue: 


324 


ACADIENSIS. 


L— Alice  E.,  b.  Jan.  27th,  1884. 
II.— Abraham,  b.  Sept.  loth,  1885. 
III.— Myrtle,  b.  Dec.  3ist,  1886. 
IV.— Harry,  b.  Nov.  isth,  1888. 
V.— Hazel,  b.  Feb.  loth,  1889. 
VI.— Sarah,  b.  Oct.  loth,  1891. 
VII.— Fred,  b.  April  21  st,  1892. 
VIIL— James  W.,  b.  Sept.  7th,  1894. 
IX.— John,  b.  Dec.  24th,  1895. 

2.  Nettie   P.,  b.   at  Hampstead,  N.   B.,  Mar.    ist,   1857,  m. 
J.  A.  McKinnie. 

3.  Thos.   D.,   b.   at   Hampstead,   N.   B.,   Aug.   5th,   1858,   d. 
Aug.  1 5th,  1858. 

4  Rosella   M.,  b.   at  Hampstead,  N.   B.,  July  5th,   1859,  d. 
July  i8th,  1859. 

WILLIAM  CHASE  THOMSON. 


Genealogist. 


For  the  past  twenty-five  years  I  have  been  gather- 
ing data  concerning  families  in  Eastern  Canada  and 
the  New  England  States,  and  now  have  what  is 
probably  the  best  and  most  carefully  tabulated 
collection  in  this  part  of  Canada.  My  manuscripts 
include:  — 

A  carefully  annotated  list  of  nearly  4,000  N.  B. 

Loyalists. 
A  verbatim  copy  of  all  legible  inscriptions  in 

many  graveyards  in  New  Brunswick  and  Nova 

Scotia. 
A  verbatim  copy  of  the  records  of  some  of  the 

oldest   churches  in   the    Maritime    Provinces 

for   the   first    50  years  or  more  of  their  ex- 

istence. 
Copies   of   numerous   Wills,   and   abstracts    of 

many  others. 
Many  volumes  of  carefully  indexed  press  clip- 

pings of  death  and  marriage  notices  and  bio- 

graphical sketches. 

Complete  pedigrees  of  many  prominent  families. 
Several  thousand  old  original  letters  and  docu- 

ments, with  autographs. 
A  collection  of  nearly  all  of  the  known  provin- 

cial book-plates  and  coats  of  arms. 

I  have  copies  of  many  published  genealogies  which  contain 
references  to  local  families. 

Researches  made  at  London  or  Edinburgh,  personally  or  by 
deputy,  at  moderate  cost. 

Pedigrees  traced,  Genealogies  compiled,  Marriage,  Baptis- 
mal and  other  records  verified. 

TERMS     MODERATE. 

D.  R.  JACK,  Genealogist,  Editor  "  Acadiensis" 
Cor.  Sec'y  New  Brunswick  Historical  Society 
Historian  New  Brunswick  Loyalists'  Society  t 

As  I  am  preparing  a  work  on  the  Loyalists  of  the  American 
Revolution,  I  would  be  pleased  to  correspond  with  parties  in 
possession  of  information  which  should  be  included  in  such  a 
record. 


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Spoons  and  Forks. 

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OF  VxU  1       VlLiAOO       EXCELLED. 


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Market  Square,  ST.  JOHN,  N.  B. 

History  of  St  John. 


8  vo.,  180  pages,  cloth,  boards. 

Price  50  cents. 


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Price  15   Cents. 


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