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ACIDIC PRECIPITATION IN
ONTARIO STUDY (APIOS)

PROJECT SUMMARIES:
1990-1991

FEBRUARY 1992

Ç Environment
Environnement

Ontario

ISSN 0824-880X
ISSN 1188-3294

ACIDIC PRECIPITATION IN ONTARIO STUDY (APIOS)
PROJECT SUMMARIES:

1990-1991

Report Prepared by:

Acidic Precipitation Office
Ontario Ministry of the Environment

FEBRUARY 1992

€

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PIBS 1832

PREFACE

As a result of the findings of the Sudbury Environmental Study and Lakeshore Capacity
Study, the Acidic Precipitation in Ontario Study (APIOS) was established in 1979 to
investigate the long range transport of air pollutants and particularly those pollutants
associated with acid deposition in Ontario. The program is managed through six working
groups or tasks (Atmospheric Processes, Aquatic Effects, Terrestrial Effects, Environmental
Management and Economics, Laboratory Support and Methodology, and Communications).
The APIOS program operates on a five year planning cycle.

Up until 1990, a comprehensive annual program report has been prepared which encompasses
the progress of all projects within each task. The format for presentation has been changed
this year and the contents consist of a compilation of Project Summary Sheets for the
Atmospheric Processes, Aquatic Effects, Terrestrial Effects tasks and the Acid Precipitation
Office. Information for Laboratory Support and Methodology studies and Environmental
Management and Economic Analysis studies has not changed significantly from the previous
annual report and have, therefore, not been included.

A separate document entitled "Acidic Precipitation in Ontario Study (APIOS) - Publications"
has been prepared which lists all publications and technical reports associated with the APIOS
program since its inception in 1979. General information on acid rain and the Countdown
abatement program are available upon request from the Ontario Ministry of the Environment’s
Public Information Center at (416) 323-4321.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

TASK 1: ATMOSPHERIC PROCESSES

TASK 2: AQUATIC EFFECTS
- Biological Studies

- Chemical Studies

TASK 3: TERRESTRIAL EFFECTS

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AIR QUALITY AND METEOROLOGY SECTION
AIR RESOURCES BRANCH
PROJECT SUMMARY: 1990-1991

Project Title:

Compilation of an Ontario Gridded Carbon Dioxide and Nitrous Oxide Emission Inventory

Project Leader:

S. Wong

Purpose:

To prepare a detailed emission inventory of carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide for the Province
of Ontario.

Background:

There is widespread concern in the international scientific community that certain gases
released by human activities, mainly related to the use of energy, are now building up to
concentrations large enough to affect the global climate,.through a process known as the
"green house effect".

Carbon dioxide is one of the major contributors to the green house effect. Global CO,
concentrations are presently rising at a rate of three to four percent per decade. The primary
cause of the CO, emissions is the burning of oil, natural gas and coal.

Nitrous oxide is a naturally-occurring gas which has increased significantly in recent years
due to human activities such as the application of fertilizers and the burning of fossil fuels.
Scientists have estimated that even though the concentration of nitrous oxide is much less
than that of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, nitrous oxide has a much higher global
warming potential (which is an index to compare the ability of various green house gases to
absorb long wave radiation and thus heat the lower atmosphere).

Project Description:

The Ontario CO, and N,O gridded inventory was prepared for the base year 1988, using
methodology developed by Environment Canada, specific data compiled by the Ontario

Ministry of Energy, and other information sources. Emission factors were applied to available
point and area source base quantity data for each contributing process, in order to compile
anthropogenic CO, and N,O emissions by sector and process at the provincial level. In some
instances, previously-developed emission factors were refined or verified by available source
test data, some new sources were added and the major natural source emissions were
estimated and included in the inventory. Emissions attributable to various public service
sectors and specific industrial source fuel contributions were derived and specified at the
provincial level, to indicate relative sector contributions.

Product:

A technical report describing the methodologies and the results of the study is currently being
finalized by the contractor. The data compiled in this study will be arranged in PC Focus
database files.

Publications/Reports/Presentations:

Ortech International: Compilation of an Ontario Gridded Carbon Dioxide and Nitrous Oxide
Emission Inventory. Final Report. No. P-91-50-6436/OG, September 1991.

External Cooperation:

This work has been developed in consultation with the Ministry of Energy and Environment
Canada.

Application of Results:

The results will be used in development of global warming strategy and to monitor
effectiveness of limitation measures.

AIR QUALITY AND METEOROLOGY SECTION
AIR RESOURCES BRANCH
PROJECT SUMMARY: 1990-1991

Project Title:

Acid Rain/Toxic Gases Emission Data Base Update, Maintenance and Data Analysis

Project Leader:

S. Wong

Purpose:
= To maintain and update all existing acid rain/toxic emission inventories
- To provide support to management for decision making purposes.

- To provide support for the study of atmospheric transport of toxic pollutants.

Background:

The Ontario Emission Inventory System (OEIS) was developed to identify and quantify major
emission sources of acid-rain related pollutants (SO,, NO,,VOC). This has been expanded to
include other common pollutants such as CO and particulates as well as pollutants of
environmental concern such as alkaline dust, ammonia and toxic substances. The information is
used to aid in the decision making for management and is also used as input to the long range
transport modelling activities. About one hundred and fifty thousand records of point and area
sources in several FOCUS and Dbase data bases, are installed on several microcomputer stations
linked by a local network system. The system consists of numerous major data groups listed

below:

a. Ontario emission inventories of regular pollutants

b. Ontario volatile organic compounds (VOCs)

C: Ontario alkaline dust and ammonia emissions

d. Canada emissions

€: United States power plants

E United States point sources

g. Metal emissions

h. Several Dbase, FOCUS maintenance, updating and reporting systems

Project Description:

Data analyses on Ontario statistics such as population, fuel consumption, marine, aircrafts, rail
road, waste, fire, vehicle registration etc. for 1987 and 1988 were completed and the information
was used to update the area source sectors of the OEIS emission inventories.

Point source emissions for 1986/1987 were updated through the process of emission survey
questionnaires. Raw data from the survey questionnaires were extracted. Engineering
calculations to quantify emissions were performed. The calculated results were then stored into
a data handling system where data verification procedures were applied before transferred to the
final data base.

Automobile emissions of NO, and VOC were updated with the EPA Mobile 4 transportation
model. Mobile 4 transportation model was acquired, installed and modified for Ontario
conditions (i.e. car fleet, registration, mileage distribution, temperature etc.).

Product:

Up-to-date emission information are presented in the Fast Reference Emission Document (FRED)
published semi-annually. Data input for the long-range transport model and other modelling
requests were produced. Information was provided to the Ministry’s management, the Federal
Government, public agencies, other scientific and environmental interest groups. Emission
forecasts, such as SO, projection, were also generated.

Publications:

1990 Ontario Emission Inventory Fast Reference Emission Document version 2. Ministry
Publication, Winter 1990.

External Cooperation:

Conservation and Protection Service of Environment Canada and the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA) are consulted in the emission inventory activities.

Application of Results:

The results from this project are used in the formulation and management of the NO,/VOC
control programs, in monitoring the effectiveness of control program implementation, in the
development of emission forecasts, in detailed studies of the Ontario portion of the Windsor-
Quebec City Corridor and in atmospheric modelling studies.

AIR QUALITY AND METEOROLOGY SECTION
AIR RESOURCES BRANCH
PROJECT SUMMARY: 1990-1991

Project Title:

ADOM Evaluation and Development with EMEFS I data

Project Leader:

C. Fung

Purpose:

To evaluate the Acid Deposition and Oxidant Model (ADOM) using data from the Eulerian
Model Evaluation Field Study (EMEFS)

Background:

ADOM was developed to address the question of non-linearity of acid deposition response to
emissions change. It has been evaluated with data from a few sources with limited
representation. The EMEFS I program, carried out over eastern North America during the
summer of 1988, provides the most comprehensive attempt so far to collect and compile quality
assured/controlled data in three dimensions to evaluate comprehensive models. The first phase
of the evaluation has been completed using surface data.

Project Description:

This effort is part of a cooperative program between the U.S. and Canada to evaluate
comprehensive models for simulating acid deposition. Some of the agencies involved in the
evaluation part of the work are Ontario Ministry of Environment (OME), Environment Canada,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Electric Power Research Institute of the U.S.,
Analytical Sciences Corporation and ENSR Corp. of the U.S. A model evaluation protocol was
developed by the Model Evaluation Team to provide guidance on the evaluation effort. OME’s
involvement includes: establishing (constructing and quality checking) the meteorological and
emissions data for the period, running ADOM for a particular period, processing and displaying
the output data, comparing with observation data, organizing international meetings to interpret
the comparison results, investigating the possible causes of any discrepancies and repeating the
evaluating process if the findings require. Due to the multi-dimensionality of the model and hence
the evaluation effort, this model evaluation process must be organized as an ongoing and iterative
process lasting at least a few years.

Product:

During the evaluation process using surface data, a number of inadequacies in the model has been
identified and rectified. This includes problems in the preprocessing of the meteorological and
emissions data which have gone undetected in previous evaluations that go back four or five
years and the discovery of non-precipitating clouds as a major mechanism for converting SO, to
SO,” which until now has not been identified as a significant contributor to the ground level
concentrations of sulphate. Also, a number of other processes have been investigated. A paper
documenting the results of the evaluation have been prepared for submission to a journal and a
Ministry’s green back report has also been published.

Publications:

Fung C., Bloxam R., Misra P.K. and Wong S. (1991) Understanding the Performance of a
Comprehensive Model. Proceedings of the Seventh Joint Conference on Applications of
Air Pollution Meteorology with AWMA, 46-49, Jan 13-18, 1991. New Orleans, Louisiana.

Fung C., Bloxam R., Misra P.K., and Wong S. (1990) Evaluating the Comprehensive Model
ADOM. Proceedings of the Ontario Ministry of the Environment’s Technology Transfer
Conference. Nov. 19-20, Toronto, Ontario.

Fung C., Bloxam R., Misra P.K., Wong S. and Yap D. (1990) Evaluating the Comprehensive
Model ADOM with data from Three Seasons. Ontario Ministry of the Environment
report log 90-2206-078.

Federal/Provincial Research and Monitoring Coordinating Committee (RMCC) (1990) The 1990
Canadian Long-Range Transport of Air Pollutants and Acid Deposition, Part 3:
Atmospheric Sciences.

Fung C., Bloxam R., Misra P.K. and Wong S. (1990) Evaluating the Comprehensive Model
ADOM with Data from Three Seasons. Paper prepared for the 18th ITM (NATO/CCMS)
Meeting, Vancouver, B.C. May 13-18.

External Cooperation:

This work is collaborated with the Atmospheric Environment Service, Environment Canada, and
the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI).

Application of Results:

The knowledge that was gained through evaluating the model with just a small fraction of data
(surface observation) has produced a wealth of information and enhanced our understanding of
the physico-chemical processes of the acid precipitation phenomenon. Further evaluation using
more species in full three dimensions will allow us to understand the processes in greater detail.
The knowledge gained in the process can be applied to the simulation of toxic transport in the
future.

AIR QUALITY AND METEOROLOGY SECTION
AIR RESOURCES BRANCH
PROJECT SUMMARY: 1990-1991

Project Title:

ADOM response to SO, emissions change

Project Leader:
C. Fung

Purpose:

To determine the degree of non-linearity in the acid deposition response to changes in precursor
emissions using ADOM as a surrogate of nature.

Background:

The Acid Deposition and Oxidant Model (ADOM) was developed to address the issue of non-
linear response of acid deposition to emissions change. This is made possible by the
incorporation of all the pertinent processes in the model. The model is used to quantify the
degree of non-linearity over eastern North America.

Project Description:

ADOM was first run using the emissions and meteorological input data for a summer period in
1988. The output of this run serves as the base case for future comparison. Then SO, emissions
during that period were reduced by 50 per cent across the domain while leaving the other inputs
the same as the base case. The results of this run were compared with the base case results and
deviations from a linear response (i.e. 50 per cent reduction in all sulphur species) noted.

Product:

The results of this study indicate that the response of sulphur deposition to emissions change is
non-linear over the heavy emissions area. However, the degree of non-linearity is small, of
the order of a few per cent. Previous studies using data from other seasons produced similar
results.

Publications:

These preliminary results have been discussed in a number of conferences.

External Cooperation:

The work is collaborated with the Atmospheric Environment Service, Environment Canada.

Application of Results:

The results of this investigation is preliminary in two ways: the model is still being improved
sand this set of results only represents one season. To gain greater confidence in our results,
ADOM will have to be further evaluated with data available from the EMEFS program.
Sensitivity tests will be made for other seasons in order to aggregate to longer periods.

AIR QUALITY AND METEOROLOGY SECTION
AIR RESOURCES BRANCH
PROJECT SUMMARY: 1990-1991

Project Title:

Development of emissions and meteorological data files for EMEFS II and Nov/Dec 1988

Project Leader:

R. Bloxam

Purpose:

To furnish the necessary input data for evaluating ADOM for a spring and a winter period.

Background:

The Eulerian Model Evaluation Field Study (EMEFS) was initiated to provide data to test
Eulerian model performance. The latest field study was done during March - May, 1990. To
produce model outputs for comparison with observation, period-specific meteorological and
emissions data are required.

Project Description:

The meteorological data are obtained from two sources: Canadian Meteorological Centre (CMC)
spectral model output and observations. Recently, the CMC model has been upgraded. To
ensure that the meteorological fields generated for the current study are consistent with previous
constructions, a comparison was first made between the outputs generated using results from the
two versions of the spectral models. On ascertaining the compatibility of the two sets of
meteorological data, the processor was run to generate meteorological data by merging
observations and spectral model output for the entire period and the quality of these data checked
against weather maps.

The emission data are a combination of the 1985 National Acidic Precipitation Assessment
Program (NAPAP) emissions inventory, real time data from selected point sources and
meteorological driven biogenic and mobile emissions. These data are consolidated into files with
format compatible with ADOM input format.

Products:

Period specific meteorological and emissions data files for running ADOM.

Publications:

Selective data will be plotted and documented at the end of the project.

External Cooperation:

The Atmospheric Environment Service of Environment Canada is a co-sponsor of both the
meteorological and emissions data construction projects.

Application of Results:

Running ADOM with these data sets will allow the model to be evaluated for a spring and a
winter periods. This will be the first time a comprehensive model is evaluated so extensively
for these two seasons in all three dimensions. Also, the evaluation based on these two seasons
will be the prerequisite for aggregating representative model outputs for various seasons to annual
output.

AIR QUALITY AND METEOROLOGY SECTION
AIR RESOURCES BRANCH
PROJECT SUMMARY: 1990-1991

Project Title:

Preparing the SANtiago MODelling (SANMOD) system for application to southern Ontario

Project Leader:

C. Fung

Purpose:

To perform preliminary tests on SANMOD to delineate its applicability.

Background:

The SANMOD modelling system, based on an Eulerian modelling framework, was developed by
the ENSR Co. to study urban air pollution in Santiago, Chile which is located in a mountainous
region. SANMOD consists of a simple meteorological preprocessor with terrain following
features and the dispersion model handles complex oxidant/ozone chemistry. This new model
has not been extensively tested.

Project Description:

SANMOD was first installed on OME’s computers. Then input data files representing idealized
cases of meteorology and chemistry were constructed as input to the model to delineate model
response.

An effort to construct a quality controlled gridded meteorological data set by assimilating

observation into model output has been initiated. This makes use of the SANMOD preprocessor
and the OME meso-scale wind field model.

Products:

A number of problems and potential problems were identified in SANMOD and solutions to the
problems were found in consultation with the developer.

Publications:

None at present. A consultant report on the meteorological assimilation will be produced at the
completion of the work.

Application of Results:

SANMOD can be applied to the Windsor-Quebec corridor to study the merit of various emission
control strategies for ozone abatement. The same modelling framework can also be adapted to
study air toxics. The meteorological data set produced as part of this effort can be utilized by
other meso-scale models for simulation over southern Ontario.

AIR QUALITY AND METEOROLOGY SECTION
AIR RESOURCES BRANCH
PROJECT SUMMARY: 1990-1991

Project Title:

Regional scale oxidant studies using ADOM

Project Leader:
C. Fung

Purpose:

To determine the effectiveness of various ozone abatement strategies using ADOM as a surrogate
for nature.

Background:

Since the Acid Deposition and Oxidant Model (ADOM) has incorporated the pertinent
mechanisms (chemistry and meteorological) for the generation and destruction of ozone and that
it has been evaluated for ground level ozone concentration, it is used as a tool to evaluate the
relative effectiveness of hypothetical abatement strategies.

Project Description:

August 1 - 4, 1988 was chosen as the study period because of the high ozone levels experienced
over southern Ontario. ADOM was run with meteorological and emissions data for that period
to produce a base case. Six scenarios were made with different and anthropogenic reactive
hydrocarbon (RHC) reductions and the results compared to the base case results:

50 per cent reduction of emissions across the entire domain
emissions totally eliminated in Ontario

50 per cent reduction of RHC across the entire domain
RHC emissions totally eliminated in Ontario

RHC totally eliminated in the U.S.

RHC totally eliminated across the entire domain

On ee NS

Products:
The results of this study agree with previous findings that NO, control is more effective than
RHC control. At the same time, none of these controls is totally effective in eliminating ozone

exceedance from the province. Some peculiarities in the way the ADOM handles ozone under
certain conditions have also been noticed. This will require further studies.

Publications:

A Ministry’s report is currently being prepared.

External Cooperation:

The work under this project will involve Environment Quebec and Ontario Hydro.

Application of Results:

The results of this study are preliminary. Since the resolution of the present utility of ADOM
does not allow application down to the urban scale, which is the scale of concern, these results
serve as a direction pointer to further modelling on finer spatial resolutions using other models
or modified versions of ADOM.

MODELLING METEOROLOGY AND ASSESSMENT
AIR RESOURCES BRANCH

PROJECT SUMMARY: 1990-1991

Project Title:

Model long range transport, transformation and deposition of mercury species.

Project Leader:

R. Bloxam

Purpose:

The objective of this study is to integrate the best available data on mercury emissions, dry
deposition, scavenging and chemistry into a model to examine the deposition loading on lakes
and land surfaces.

Background:

Concern about the buildup of methylmercury in fish in remote lakes as well as the Great Lakes
has resulted in studies of the role that atmospheric transport plays in the mercury cycle.
Indications from a number of studies suggest that atmospheric transport and deposition are the
primary source of total mercury in remote lakes. A joint project involving Ontario Ministry of
Environment (OME), Atmospheric Environment Service (AES) and GKSS-Forshungszentrum
Geesthacht (GKSS) in Germany was initiated to develop mercury models.

Project Description:

For this project the mercury atmospheric system is assumed to consist of 3 components: Hg’,
particulate mercury and divalent mercury (i.e. Hg Cl, or HgO). The elements needed to put
together a model of mercury are:

emission rates for the 3 species for anthropogenic and natural sources;
inferred or measured information on dry deposition;

wet scavenging of mercury;

dry phase chemistry; and

aqueous phase chemistry.

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The framework of the ADOM model has been adopted for this mercury modelling. The
partitioning of mercury between the 3 species is a major concern since their wet scavenging and
dry deposition characteristics are very different. Elemental mercury which includes most of the
emissions is very insoluble and would thus be scavenged or dry deposited slowly. The other
mercury species would be scavenged or dry deposited quickly which would strongly affect
deposition patterns.

Since many of the elements needed for a mercury model are poorly known, the project has
proceeded in steps. A preliminary model was developed to allow initial comparisons with the
few air and precipitation measurements available. The emission, chemistry and physical
information on mercury is then to be updated to reflect the best current knowledge. Since many
elements will still be poorly known a series of sensitivity tests will be used to estimate the degree
of uncertainty in modelled air concentrations and deposition of the mercury species. These
results would then be compared with observations before performing base case model runs over
a long meteorological data set.

Product:

In the 1990-91 fiscal year a preliminary 3 species mercury model was produced and the model
was run for a five day period in April 1981 Oxidant Scavenging and Characteristics of April Rain
(OSCAR). The results from the last 2 days of model runs are summarized below:

1. Air concentration of Hg° were in the 1 to 3 ng m° range which are similar to the
average observed values of 1.5 to 4 ng m® away from source areas.

2: Modelled air concentrations of Hgll and particulate mercury were less than 0.05 ng m®
using 5% of total emissions for each of these species. Very few reliable observations
exist. Measured average particulate values in the New England area were ~ 0.06 ng m®
while values in Wisconsin averaged ~ 0.02 ng m°.

3. Concentrations of Hgll and particulate mercury in precipitation varied strongly with
precipitation amount which is consistent with rapidly scavenged species. For moderate
precipitation areas both HglII and particulate mercury concentrations in precipitation were
in the 0.5 to 4 ng 1" range.

On the other hand, scavenging of Hg° produced only about 1 ng 1 of mercury in
precipitation. ;

The total modelled values of 3 to 7 ng 1 in moderate precipitation is lower than the
observed values of 10 to 20 ng 1° but it must be kept in mind that the speciation of the
emissions was very crude.

Based on information obtained at a mercury conference and workshop in Sweden in 1990, model

modifications were proposed for anthropogenic emission speciation and griding, natural
emissions, aqueous chemistry, boundary values for mercury species and for the dry deposition

rates of the mercury species. By March 1991 modified anthropogenic mercury emission
inventory was available (total emissions are still poorly known) and most of the above mentioned
model modification had been implemented. The next stage of the project will be to run a series
of model sensitivity tests on emissions, dry deposition rates, aqueous phase oxidation and the
final products of oxidation, and the boundary values for air concentrations coming into the model
domain. The final stage in this project would be a longer model simulation to estimate wet and
dry deposition rates for annual or seasonal mercury deposition. This information would then be
used to estimate mercury loading to the Great Lakes or to remote lakes in Ontario or northeastern
North America.

Publications/Reports/Presentations:

Petersen, G., B. Schneider, D. Eppel, H. Grassl, A. Iverfeldt, P.K. Misra, R. Bloxam, S. Wong,
W.H. Schroeder, E. Voldner and J. Pacyna 1990; presented at 18th Int. Tech Meeting on
Air Pollution Modelling and its Applications, Vancouver B.C.: Report # GKS90/E/24 by
GKSS, Geesthacht, West Germany.

Bloxam, R.: 1990. Presentation at 2nd International Workshop on Modelling the Atmospheric
Transport and Deposition of Mercury, Gavle, Sweden.

Petersen, G.: 1990. Presentation at International Conference on Mercury, Gavle, Sweden.

Bloxam, R. and G. Petersen: 1990 Summary Report: 2nd International Workshop on Modelling
the Atmospheric Transport and Deposition of Mercury.

Bloxam R., S. Wong, P.K. Misra, E. Voldner, W. Schroeder, and G. Petersen. 1990: Poster
Paper at Ontario Ministry of Environment Technical Transfer Conference, Toronto.

External Cooperation:
A joint project involving our ministry, the Atmospheric Environment Service of Environment

Canada, and GKSS-Forshungszentrum Geesthacht of Germany and the Swedish Environmental
Institute.

AIR QUALITY AND METEOROLOGY SECTION
AIR RESOURCES BRANCH
PROJECT SUMMARY: 1990-1991

Project Title:

Meteorological Support Services.

Project Leader:

D.Yap

Purpose:

To acquire and archive meteorological data on an on-going basis so as to provide support for
acid precipitation and air toxics studies.

Background:

An operational Meteorological Data Acquisition System (MDAS) has provided on-going support
for special studies, episode analyses and modelling activities. MDAS is a computerised system
which collects and archives meteorological data supplied by Canada’s Atmospheric Environment
Service, via a satellite link, from the North American network of weather stations. Air parcel
trajectories are generated by the system for interpreting event precipitation and other air quality
data.

Products:

- Meteorological and air quality statistics related to long range transport of air masses into
Ontario were compiled.

- Routine analyses utilizing existing software to determine relationships between
meteorological and precipitation chemistry and air quality parameters were performed.

- Scientific reports were prepared.

- A Data General MV/3500 computer was installed to replace the aged Eclipse S/130.

Publications/Reports/Presentations:

Warmenhoven, H. and D. Yap (1991). Sector Analyses To Examine The Relative Contributions
In The United States And Canada Acidic Wet Deposition In Ontario, 1981-1985, MOE
Report ISBN 0-7729-6902-7.

External Cooperation:

Linkages with the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Ontario Hydro have been
established to provide back-up meteorological data support.

Application of Results:

MDAS data and analyses are used to examine the contribution of emissions in the United States
and Canada to acid wet deposition and toxics in Ontario. The purpose of these studies will allow
us to identify general source regions that contribute to acid wet deposition and air toxics in
Ontario. The system is also used in support of emergency response (nuclear and chemical) and
the Air Quality Index/Air Pollution Index and Lambton Industrial Meteorological Alert.

ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH AND SPECIAL PROGRAMS
AIR RESOURCES BRANCH
PROJECT SUMMARY: 1990-1991

Project Title:

Acid Rain Monitoring

Project Leader:

N.W. Reid

Purpose:

To determine the spatial and temporal patterns of acidic deposition in Ontario, and to evaluate
the response of these patterns to emission control measures introduced in Canada and the United
States.

To study episodes of acidic deposition, and to use short term monitoring data in conjunction with
meteorological information to identify the sources contributing to acidic deposition in Ontario.

Background:

Concerns about acidic deposition in Ontario, and its effects on terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems,
have existed for a number of years. Accordingly a province-wide monitoring program was
established in 1980. This program was designed to provide good spatial and temporal resolution,
and results from the program are integrated into a number of program areas. Thus, data from
the monitoring program has provided input to terrestrial and aquatic programs, and has formed
the basis for legal initiatives.

Project Description:

Concentrations of acid related species in both air and precipitation are monitored in two
networks. In the Daily Network, samples are collected over 24 hours using a three stage filter
pack for air, and a wet-only collector for precipitation. The sampling period in the Cumulative
Network is 28 days; the sampling equipment is similar to that of the Daily Network.

There are currently 4 sites in the Daily Network, providing data which are used in the study of

episodes, and in the identification of trends. The Cumulative Network consists of 19 sites. This
network provides the long-term spatial and temporal record of acidic deposition in Ontario.

Product:

Annual reports containing listings and statistical summaries of data. In addition detailed analyses
of data are carried out, and are reported in Ministry reports, scientific journals, or at scientific
conferences. The data are stored in the APIOS Deposition Monitoring Data Base, maintained
by the Air Resources Branch, and are also filed in the Acidic Deposition System (ADS) data

base, currently held at Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratories, and in the NatChem data base at
Atmospheric Environment Services in Downsview, Ontario.

Publications/Reports/Presentations:
Green, D. APIOS: 1988 Daily precipitation chemistry listings. ARB-004-90.

Green, D. APIOS: 1988 Daily ambient air concentration listings. ARB-005-90.

Green, D. APIOS: Annual statistics of concentration and deposition - Daily Precipitation and
Air Monitoring Network 1988. ARB-002-90.

Green, D. APIOS: Cumulative (28-day) precipitation chemistry listings, 1988. ARB-006-90.

Green, D. APIOS: Cumulative (28-day) ambient air concentration listings, 1988.
ARB-007-90.

Green, D. APIOS: Annual statistics of concentration and deposition - Cumulative Precipitation
Monitoring Network, 1988. ARB-001-90.

Green, D. APIOS: Annual statistics of concentration - Cumulative Ambient Air Monitoring
Network, 1988. ARB-003-90.

Reid, N.W., Shackleton, M.N. and D.B. Orr. An overview: the Toxics Deposition Monitoring
Network. ARB-052-90.

Shackleton, M.N. Technical and Operating Manual: Toxics Deposition Monitoring Program.
ARB-254-89.

Reid, N.W. and M.A. Lusis. Modelling ozone production in the region of Sarnia, Ontario.
NESCAUM Symposium on the control of NO, and VOC in ozone management. Boston,
Mass. 30 May - 1 June 1990.

Air Resources Branch. Ontario Ministry of the Environment Volatile Organic Compounds
Monitoring Network Quality Assurance Plan. ARB-021-90.

Steer, P. et al. Occurrence of dioxins and furans in air and vegetation samples from a tire fire
in Ontario, Canada. Submitted to Dioxin ’90, W. Germany, 1990.

Waddell, D., Chittim, B., Clement, R., Tashiro, C., Davies, S., Szkolcai, A., Steer, P. and
T. Dann. Database of PCDD/PCDF levels in ambient air and in samples related to the
pulp and paper industry. Chemosphere 20, 1990 (in press).

External Cooperation:

Atmospheric Environment Service of Environment Canada and Batelle Northwest Laboratories
are cooperative partners on this project and the development of a Post-1994 Abatement Strategy.

Application of Results:

The results will be in monitoring the effectiveness of the Countdown abatement program and the
implementation of the U.S. Clean Air Act Amendments and Post 1994 Strategy.

ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH AND SPECIAL PROJECTS
AIR RESOURCES BRANCH
PROJECT SUMMARY: 1990-91

Project Title:

Toxics Deposition Monitoring

Project Leader:

N.W. Reid

Purpose:

To determine the input flux of selected toxic chemicals from the atmosphere to the Great Lakes
basin.

Background:

It is recognized that a significant fraction of the input of certain toxic chemicals to the Great
Lakes is by direct deposition (both wet and dry) from the atmosphere. A monitoring network
has been established to quantify this fraction, and thus to provide input data for the development
of abatement strategies.

Project Description:

The list of target compounds includes pesticides, PCB, PAH and trace metals. Concentrations
in air are determined over 28 days using a filter pack method (for metals), and on a 4 day in 14
cycle, using a modified high volume sampler for the organic species. Precipitation samples are
collected separately for metals and for organics, but the sampling period is 28 days in both cases.
The network consists of 6 sites, two on Lake Superior, one each on each of the other lakes
having a Canadian shoreline, and one at Dorset. A seventh site is located on the Toronto Islands
to provide data on urban influences. This site also provides input data for the Toronto Waterfront
Remedial Action Plan.

Close cooperation is maintained with the monitoring work planned and carried out under Annex

15 to the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement, and also the work in progress in the United
States as required under the US Clean Air Act Amendments.

Product:
Annual reports will be produced containing listings and statistical summaries of data. In addition,
analyses of data have been reported in scientific journals, and at scientific conferences. The data

base for this monitoring program is currently being finalized, and will be maintained by the Air
Resources Branch.

Publications/Reports/Presentations:

(see Acid Rain Monitoring)

External Cooperations:

Environment Canada and the U.S. Environment Protection Agency are cooperative partners on
this project.

Application of Results:

The results will be used to support the: IC - transboundary pollution, Contamination of the
Great Lakes, Canada-Ontario Agreement, U.S. Clean Air Act Amendments, U.S.-Canada Air
Quality Agreement.

TASK 2

AQUATIC EFFECTS

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BIOLOGICAL STUDIES

eMICUTE JADIDOION

LIMNOLOGY SECTION
WATER RESOURCES BRANCH
PROJECT SUMMARY: 1990-1991

Project Title:

Monitoring of selected Muskoka-Haliburton lakes for sensitive invertebrate species.

Project Leader:
G. Mierle

Purpose:

To assess the effects of long-term trends in lake and stream chemistry on aquatic biota.

Background:

Several cases of local, abrupt, species extinction in the Muskoka-Haliburtion area have been
documented by university researchers. It would appear that, in addition to hydrogenion (H*)
sensitivity, certain life history characteristics lead to a high probability of extinction over a
short period of time, even though the degradation of water chemistry may be slight. Thus, it
appears that if the right species are selected, there is a reasonable probability that a
monitoring programme may detect population losses over a relatively short period of time,
e.g. 5 years.

Project Description:

Lakes with a range of sensitivity from ultrasensitive (<5 peq/L) to low sensitivity (80 peq/L)
will be routinely sampled over an extended period of time for species which are normally
abundant, have short life spans, and are believed to be sensitive to H*. These include
gastropods, amphipods, crayfish, leeches, and some insects. A variety of sampling techniques
and schedules were tested and compared in the first year. An optimum protocol was devised,
which will be used in the succeeding years of the study. The monitoring data will be
integrated with the Department of Fisheries and Oceans (DFO) monitoring project, and the
combined data sets will be used to examine regional as well as temporal trends in community
composition. Enumeration of the 1988 and 1989 samples were completed in 1990.

Product:

A technical report on an intensive crayfish trapping study has been released, and a technical
report on the littoral benthic invertebrates is near completion. The data collected have been
organized under the Oracle database management system.

Publications/Reports/Presentations:

Reid, R.A. and S.M. David. 1990. Crayfish distribution and species composition in Muskoka
and Haliburton lakes. Ministry of the Environment Data Report DR 90/1.

Application of Results:

The results will be used to document ecosystem damage from acid deposition and the extent
of recovery from the sulphur control programs implemented by Canada and the U.S.

LIMNOLOGY SECTION
WATER RESOURCES BRANCH
PROJECT SUMMARY: 1990-1991

Project Title:

Surveys of lakes in the Muskoka-Haliburton area for sensitive aquatic species to determine
sensitivity as a function of lake chemistry.

Project Leader:

G. Mierle

Purpose:

1. To determine the mathematical relationship between alkalinity and the frequency of
occurrence of species or groups of species that are known or are suspected to be sensitive
to low pH.

2. To characterize and compare the littoral zone invertebrate communities of circumneutral
and acidic, low alkalinity lakes.

Background:

Much of the concern over the anthropogenic acidification of Ontario lakes and streams has
been directed towards its adverse effects on sport fish. In recent years, however, it has
become apparent that the most sensitive aquatic organisms are a variety of benthic
invertebrates that form the main part of the diet for sport fish. In order to quantify these
damages, biological surveys of softwater Ontario Shield lakes will be conducted.

Project Description:

The littoral zone invertebrate community was sampled at 5 stations in approximately 60 lakes
during the fall of 1987. Concurrent water samples were taken for chemical analysis.
Additional samples were collected in the fall of 1988 to augment the data on low alkalinity
lakes. The biological samples are currently being processed to identify specimens to lowest
possible taxon. The biological and chemical data will be subjected to multivariate statistical
analysis to determine if any significant correlations exist between the chemical parameters and
the occurrence of particular biota or various community parameters.

Product:

Samples have been collected and have been enumerated.

Publications/Reports/Presentations:

The final consultant’s report on data analysis is pending.

External Co-operation:

M. Stevenson, Freshwater Institute, Department of Fisheries & Oceans
G. Mackie, Trent University, Peterborough

Application of Results:

The results of this study will be used to document ecosystem damage from acid deposition.

LIMNOLOGY SECTION
WATER RESOURCES BRANCH
PROJECT SUMMARY: 1990-1991

Project Title:

Effects of acidification on the zooplankton littoral micro-invertebrate communities of
Precambrian Shield lakes in Ontario.

Project Leader:

N. Yan

Purpose:

1. To determine if the acidification of lakes in Ontario directly or indirectly influences the
taxonomic composition, size, structure, predator: prey ratios, productivity, temporal
variability, or biomass of zooplankton communities. Microcrustacea, the most important
plankters, are emphasized, but effects on rotifers and phantom midges (Chaoborus) are
also being assessed.

2. To determine the rate at which, and the degree to which, normal zooplankton
communities are re-established following experimental or natural water quality
improvements in acidic lakes following neutralization.

3. To determine the influence of acidification on littoral microcrustacea.

4. To determine if there are any linkages between lake water acidification and the
accumulation of trace metals in zooplankton.

Background:

This is an ongoing project that forms part of the documentation of the impact of acid
deposition on the biology of aquatic ecosystems and potential food chain impacts.

Project Description:

The objectives are being addressed by a combination of intensive, long-term monitoring of
plankton from carefully selected lakes, extensive monitoring of 55 lakes distributed along a
gradient of pH in south-central Ontario, synoptic sampling of several hundred lakes
distributed across Ontario, and experimental manipulations and modelling exercises designed
to test hypothetical mechanisms responsible for observed community alterations.

Product:

An analysis of a province-wide data base established that acidification of lakes has had
widespread direct effects on one of the most important zooplankton taxa in Ontario. Model
calculations of invertebrate predation in a non-acidic lake near Sudbury established that
substantial changes in zooplankton size and taxonomic structure in acidic lakes could be
indirectly attributed to changes in predation pressure. A comparison of current zooplankton
assemblages of Sudbury lakes with historical communities and non-acidic reference lakes
established that zooplankton communities may recover in response to improvements in water
quality (Keller and Yan under review). Analysis of samples has been completed by staff of
the National Museum of Nature. An analysis of survey and experimental data indicated that
metal levels of zooplankton are influenced by acidity and humic content of lake waters, and
by zooplankton community composition, physiological status and animal behaviour.

Publications/Reports/Presentations:

Keller, W., L.A. Molot, R.W. Griffiths and N.D. Yan. 1990. Changes in the zoobenthos
community of acidified Bowland Lake after whole-lake neutralization and lake trout
(Salvelinus namaycush) re-introduction. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 47: 440-445.

Yan, N.D., G.L. Mackie and P. Grauds. 1990. Control of cadmium levels in Holopedium
gibberum (Crustacea, Cladocera) in Canadian Shield Lakes. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 9:
895-908.

Yan, N.D., W. Keller, H.J. Maclsaac and L.J. McEachern. 1990. Regulation of zooplankton
community structure of an acidified lake (Swan Lake, Canada) by the invertebrate
predator, Chaoborus. Ecolog. Applicat. (in press).

Yan, N.D., G.L. Mackie and P.J. Dillon. 1990. Cadmium concentrations of crustacean
zooplankton of acidified and non-acidified Canadian Shield lakes. Env. Sci. Technol. 24:
1367-1372.

Keller, W., N.D. Yan, K.E. Holtze and J.R. Pitblado. 1990. Extinctions of Daphnia galeata
mendotae by lake acidification. Env. Sci. Technol. 20: 1259-1261.

Yan, N.D. and P.M. Stokes. 1990. The impoverishment of aquatic communities by smelter
activities near Sudbury, Canada in G. Goodwell (ed.), The Earth in Transition, Patterns
and Processes of Biotic Impoverishment, Cambridge University Press. (in press).

Keller, W. and N.D. Yan. 1990. Recovery of crustacean zooplankton species richness in
Sudbury area lakes following water quality improvements. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. (in
press).

Yan, N.D. and G.L. Mackie. 1990. Contributions of zooplankton to the total cadmium pool
in Canadian Shield lakes varying in acidity. Water Air Soil Pollut. (in press).

Johannsson, O.E., M.A. Shaw, N.D. Yan, J.M. Filion, S. Lawrence and D.S. Malley. 1990.
A comparison of freshwater zooplankton sampling gear: nets, traps and submersible
pump. Canadian Journal Fish and Aquatic Science (submitted).

External Co-operation:

W. Keller (MOE, Sudbury)
R. Chengalath (National Museum, Ottawa)
D. Lasenby (Trent University, Peterborough)

Application of Results:

The results of this study will be used to document the impact of acid deposition on the
biology of aquatic ecosystems and potential food chain impacts.

LIMNOLOGY SECTION
WATER RESOURCES BRANCH
PROJECT SUMMARY: 1990-1991

Project Title:

Ecological impact of acid precipitation on stream insects in Algonquin Park, Ontario.

Project Leader:
R. J. Hall

Purpose:

To determine if changes in stream insect communities have occurred due to increased
acidification in Algonquin Park, Ontario.

Background:

This project will add to the documented evidence on the effects of increasing and decreasing
acid deposition on the biology of aquatic ecosystems.

Project Description:

Detailed, quantitative studies of stream insect populations were made about 50 years ago at
several sites in Algonquin Park. Although much of the data was never published, many of
the original records have been obtained from one of the researchers (F.P. Ide). New
collections are being made at the same sites using modern collecting methods as well as the
original techniques. Comparison of the new data to the historical records will reveal: 1) if the
modern methods were comparable to the original techniques, 2) if changes in insect species
have occurred at the various sites, and 3) if the biomass and size distribution of emerging
insects have changed. These results will be related to water chemistry and pH tolerance data
to determine if the area has been acidified since the original collections and if recovery of
acid-sensitive insects can be positively correlated with recently reduced deposition of acid
precursors.

Major activities for fiscal year 1990 included 1) resurvey of chemistry and invertebrates in
Mud and Costello Creek in Algonquin Provincial Park to assess possible recovery due to
reduced acidic deposition, 2) development of the invertebrate data base in the Oracle database
management system, 3) preparation of report on chemical and biological data summary for

Mud Creek and Costello Creek in Algonquin Park, 4) preparation of report on factors
regulating stream invertebrate communities in Algonquin Park between 1937-1990.

Product:

Detailed analyses of the data have been conducted. At a site where current pH fluctuations
are small (pH 6.4-6.1), the same insect taxa that were present in 1984-85 were observed one-
half century earlier. However, at sites where large pH depressions are currently observed
(6.4-4.9), many mayfly and stonefly taxa that were present 48 years ago and that are known
to be intolerant to depressed pH (pH <5) were not recorded in 1984-85. Since aquatic insects
are integrators of changes in water quality, the loss of the acid sensitive insects indicates that
poorly buffered surface waters in this region have acidified sometime within the last 48 years.
In addition, large increases in blackflies have occurred in the acidified sites in 1984-86
compared to collections made in the same locations from 1937-1948. Sites that have not
acidified within the last 50 years have the same numbers of blackflies between 1937 and
1986. Thus, blackflies have increased as a result of increased acidification.

Publications/Reports/Presentations:

Hall, R.J. and M. Coleman Taylor. 1990. Emergence of Trichoptera from two streams in
Algonquin Park, Ontario (submitted for internal review).

Hall, R.J., D.J. Giberson and M. Coleman Taylor. 1990. Emergence patterns and phenology
of mayflies (Ephemeroptera) in two streams in Algonquin Park. (Manuscript).

Hall, R.J. and M. Coleman Taylor. 1990. Life histories of stoneflies (Plecoptera) in Ontario
Streams during 1984-1986. (Draft manuscript).

Chmielewski, C.M. and R.J. Hall. 1990. Responses to immature blackflies (Diptera:
Simuliidae) to experimental pulses of acidity. (Draft manuscript).

Chmielewski, C.M. and R.J. Hall. 1990. Evidence of increased blackfly emergence as a
result of increased acidification. (Draft manuscript).

Hall, R.J. 1990. Effects of episodic acid disturbances on lake outflow benthic communities
at the Experimental Lakes Area, Ontario: an area of low hydrogen ion deposition. Can.
J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. (in press).

Hall, R.J. 1990. Relative importance of seasonal, short-term pH disturbances during
discharge variation on a stream ecosystem. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. (in press).

Hall, R.J., R.C. Bailey and J. Findeis. 1988. Factors affecting survival and cation

concentration in the blackflies Prosimuluim fuscum/mixtum and they mayfly
Leptophlebia cuspida during spring snowmelt. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 45: 2123-2132.

Imhof, J.G., N. Kaushik, J. Bowlby, A. Gorden and R.J. Hall. 1989. Natural River
Ecosystems: The ultimate integrators. pp. 114-127 in Proc. of the Management of
Ontario Streams, Toronto, Ontario.

External Co-operation:

Mary Coleman Taylor (Ploughgate)
Robert Bailey (University of Western Ontario, London)
Carol Chmielewski (Trent University, Peterborough)

Application of Results:

The results of this study will be used to document the effects of acid deposition on the
biology of aquatic ecosystems.

LIMNOLOGY SECTION
WATER RESOURCES BRANCH
PROJECT SUMMARY: 1990-1991

Project Title:

Aqueous inputs of mercury to lakes in the Muskoka-Haliburton region.

Project Leader:
G. Mierle

Purpose:

To evaluate (and modify as necessary) a photo-oxidation/solvent extraction technique for
preconcentrating mercury from stream, lake and rainwater. To determine the relative
importance of terrestrial and atmospheric loadings of mercury by routinely monitoring its
concentrations in streams and precipitation, and from hydrologic data. To determine if
watershed characteristics can be related to the mercury contamination of streams. To relate
mercury concentrations in water to levels in biota.

Background:

Acidified lakes tend to have increased mercury levels. The sources of mercury in sensitive
areas and the relationship between mercury concentrations in water to levels in biota need to
be clarified.

Project Description:

A photooxidation/solvent extraction procedure was developed for the determination of ultra
trace concentrations of mercury in water. The technique was used to analyze stream, lake and
precipitation samples in the Muskoka-Haliburton area. By combining these data with
hydrologic information, the relative importance of atmospheric vs. terrestrial loading of
mercury to lakes will be quantitated. The influence of watershed characteristics on the
retention or release of mercury will be examined, and the relationship of mercury
concentration in lake water to its concentration in biota will be explored. To determine the
cause and extent of severe mercury contamination of fish populations in the lakes surrounding
Huntsville, and to assess the concentration of mercury in the Huntsville lakes and streams
relative to other area lakes and streams.

Product:

Volume weighted concentrations of mercury are 3 to 5 times higher in precipitation than in
runoff. Direct deposition accounts for about half of the mercury input to headwater lakes.
Watersheds act as sinks for mercury, not as sources as previously hypothesized. Most of the
mercury deposited on watersheds by precipitation is retained. The proportion of
atmospherically deposited mercury exported from watersheds varies from about 5% to 30%
and is dependent on the export of humic substances, which is determined by the proportion of
wetland in the watershed. Mercury concentration in the Huntsville lakes is 2 to 3 fold higher
than in other lakes in the area. The high concentration may be due to the exceptionally high
fraction of wetland in the Huntsville watersheds and the consequent low retention of
atmospherically deposited mercury.

Publications/Reports/Presentations:

Mierle, G. and R. Ingram. 1990. The role of humic substances in the mobilization of
mercury from watersheds. Water, Air, Soil Pollut. (in press).

Rasmussen, P. and G. Mierle. 1990. The determination of mercury in vegetation. Water,
Air and Soil Pollut. International Conference on Hg in the Environment Proceedings.

External Co-operation:

D. Boomer, D. Russel, ITC, Laboratory Services Branch (MOE)
P. Rasmussen, J. Nriagu (University of Waterloo)

Application of Results:

Improved understanding of the relationship between mercury concentrations in water to levels
in biota. Results will be used in the development of mercury control initiatives.

LIMNOLOGY SECTION
WATER RESOURCES BRANCH
PROJECT SUMMARY: 1990-1991

Project Title:

Toxicity of trace metals to native Ontario aquatic biota in soft waters.

Project Leader:
G. Mierle

Purpose:

To determine the lethal and sublethal toxic thresholds of copper and other trace metals to
native Ontario biota, and to determine the influence of dissolved organic carbon, pH, and
major ions on trace metal toxicity.

Background:

In several cooperative studies with National Water Institute and the University of Waterloo
the acute toxicity of several trace metals to fathead minnow larvae in soft water was
evaluated. Copper was identified as a metal with markedly greater toxicity in soft water than
hard water, and with possible environmental impacts at current levels at atmospheric
deposition. The acute lethal concentration was below the present Provincial Water Quality
Guidelines, a result which suggested that the PWQO for copper should be revised for
softwaters. At present there is insufficient data to meet the requirements for PWQO
revisions, and there are no labs in North America with the necessary facilities to conduct long
term, low level experiments to provide the required data. To bring together the appropriate
facilities and skills to conduct these experiments, the Dorset Research Centre and the
University of Waterloo have entered into a cooperative work agreement whereby the Dorset
Research Centre will provide facilities and funding, and the University of Waterloo will
provide staff to conduct the necessary experiments.

Project Description:

The principal goals for the 1990-91 fiscal year were to construct a clean toxicity laboratory,
convert the existing laboratory to a culture facility, to establish cultures of targeted species for
toxicity testing, to establish proper working conditions in the clean lab, and to conduct
preliminary tests on targeted species.

Product:

Sufficient information will be gathered from the toxicity tests to revise the PWQO for copper
for softwaters. Also the results should yield a better understanding of how water quality
parameters affect copper toxicity.

Publications/Reports/Presentations:

External Co-operation:

G. Dixon (University of Waterloo)

Application of Results:

Used to revise the Provincial Water Quality Objective for copper for soft waters.

LIMNOLOGY SECTION
WATER RESOURCES BRANCH
PROJECT SUMMARY: 1990-1991

Project Title:

Filamentous Algae

Project Leader:

H. Vandermeulen

Purpose:

1. To determine if acidification directly or indirectly influences the distribution,
abundance and taxonomy of filamentous algae in Ontario lakes. |

2; Time trend analyses and definition of aquatic effects relative to acid deposition.

Background:

Excessive growth of filamentous algae can have a number of unwanted effects, such as
modification of fish habitat, fouling of swimming areas, and reduction in shoreline aesthetics.
A survey of over 5,000 cottagers concluded that cloud-forming filamentous algae,
predominantly Zygogonium tunetanum, occur in approximately half of the central Ontario
study area lakes. Shoreline accumulations of filamentous algae are the single most important
concern of cottagers on affected lakes (Dorset staff per. comm., SPR Survey). This is the
only project assessing extent and rates of changes of filamentous algae in Ontario.
Furthermore, the necessary levels of emission control must be based on the predictability of
aquatic ecosystem response.

Project Description:

Shoreline mapping of filamentous algae in experimentally manipulated lakes, and selected
central Ontario lakes. Continue long-term biological co-monitoring programme with Dorset
Research Centre (filamentous algae component).

Product:

The data will be used to monitor the long term effects of changes in acid deposition rates.

Publications/Reports/Presentations:

Jackson, M.B., E.M. Vandermeer, N. Lester, O.A. Booth, L. Molot and I.M. Gray. 1990.
Effects of neutralization and early reacidification on filamentous algae and
macrophytes in Bowland Lake. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 47: 432-439.

Howell, E.T., M.A. Turner, R.L. France, M.B. Jackson and P.M. Stokes. 1990. Comparison
of Zypnematacean (Chlorophytal) algae in the metaphyton of two acidic lakes. Can. J.
Fish. Aquat. Sci. 47: 1085-1092.

France, R.L., E.T. Howell, M.J. Patterson and P.M. Stokes. 1990. Relationship between
littoral grazers and metaphytic filamentous algae in five softwater Ontario lakes.
Hydrobiologia (in press).

France, R.L. and P.M. Stokes. 1990. Influence of lake pH and macrograzers on the
distribution and abundance of nuisance metaphytic algae in Ontario, Canada. Can. J.
Fish. Aquat. Sci. (submitted).

Vandermeulen, H., M.B. Jackson and A. Rodrigues. 1990. Filamentous algal communities in
Sudbury Area lakes: Effects of variable lake acidity. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci.
(submitted).

Application of Results:

The results of this study will be used to document ecosystem damage from acid deposition
and the extent of recovery from the sulphur control programs implemented by Canada and the
US:

LIMNOLOGY SECTION
WATER RESOURCES BRANCH
PROJECT SUMMARY: 1990-1991

Project Title:

Phytoplankton - Lake Characterization and Time Trends

Project Leader:

K. Nicholls/L. Nakamoto

Purpose:

iB To characterize the biomass and species composition (seasonal) of several acid
sensitive lakes in central Ontario relative to circum-neutral and moderately well
buffered reference lakes.

2 To document changes in phytoplankton related to changes in acidification and trophic
status.

Background:

The biomass and species composition of the phytoplankton of dilute, nutrient-poor, acid
stressed lakes is typically very different from that of more alkaline lakes. Some indicator
species or associations of species have been identified as strong indicators of acid stressed
lakes. Because phytoplankton species form the base of aquatic food webs, and because some
species are more "food-web functional" than others, lake acidification and lake neutralization
can have important ecological effects on communities of higher organisms (e.g. fish) through
alterations of the phytoplankton community. Effects may also be more directly demonstrated
as changes in occurrence of certain bloom-forming or odour producing species.

Project Description:

Regular collections of phytoplankton from several Muskoka-Haliburton-Sudbury area lakes
(by Dorset and Northeastern Region staff). Some analyses are done on pooled samples to
reduce analysis costs.

Product:

Technical reports and scientific publications on long term trends related to acidification
abatement.

Publications/Reports/Presentations:
il Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. (1990), 47: 422-431.

Application of Results:

The results will be used to ecosystem damage from acid rain and recovery from SO, emission
controls.

TASK 2

AQUATIC EFFECTS

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CHEMICAL STUDIES

eHIQUT2 JADIMaHS

LIMNOLOGY SECTION
WATER RESOURCES BRANCH
PROJECT SUMMARY: 1990-1991

Project Title:

Deposition of ions and nutrients in Muskoka-Haliburton.

Project Leader:
P. Dillon

Purpose:

To quantify the atmospheric bulk deposition of ions (NO,, NH,, SO,, CI, Ca, Mg, Na, K, H)
and nutrients (phosphorus, nitrogen) to catchments and lakes in Muskoka-Haliburton.

Background:

In order to determine the effects of acid deposition on the aquatic environment, measurement
of the deposition of sulphates and other ions to the lakes and streams in the Muskoka-
Haliburton area is needed on a long-term basis.

Project Description:

Bulk collectors have been used for rain and snow collection at a variable number of sites in
Muskoka-Haliburton since 1976. Currently, four sites are employed (Plastic Lake, Dorset
Research Centre, Heney Lake and Harp Lake). A meteorological data base for the region is
also maintained. Organization of a meteorological data base using data base management
software (ORACLE) was initiated.

Product:

To date, it has been determined that precipitation chemistry in Muskoka-Haliburton is
dominated by the strong acids, H,SO, and HNO,, with a significant amount of NH,. The
SO,/NO, ratio, averaging 2:1 on an annual basis, 1:1 during winter, and 3:1 during summer,
is dropping as S emissions decrease. SO, concentration decreased in the period 1979 to 1986
as a result of decreases in SO, emissions; as SO, deposition declined, the importance of NO,
deposition has increased. Analysis of trends in deposition data indicates that a trend to

decreasing concentrations of SO, and H has stopped, deposition has been virtually constant
since 1987.

Application of Results:

Results are used in monitoring the effects of the Canadian and U.S. acid rain control
programs.

LIMNOLOGY SECTION
WATER RESOURCES BRANCH
PROJECT SUMMARY: 1990-1991

Project Title:

Long-term trends in aquatic chemistry.

Project Leader:

P. Dillon

Purpose:

To measure the changes in lake, stream and lake sediment chemistry that result from
atmospheric deposition of strong acids, ions and trace metals.

Background:

Measurement of changes in water chemistry will allow prediction of the rate of acidification
and provide valuable information for developing and implementing emission reduction
strategies.

Project Description:

A set of 20 streams and 8 lakes in Muskoka-Haliburton have been monitored for durations
ranging from 8-13 years. An additional 40 lakes are sampled on a less frequent basis. We
are attempting to measure long-term effects of acidic deposition on the chemistry and biology
of these waters. A set of 4 lakes near Sudbury that were extensively studied in the 1970s are
also monitored regularly. These data are also used to develop and test chemical models for
prediction of the effects of acid deposition.

Analysis of trends in stream chemistry has been carried out. The analysis of trends in lake
chemistry of the secondary lakes is underway to determine if the major study lakes’ behaviour
is typical. Extrapolation to the provincial and sensitivity survey database will follow.

Trends in lakes near Sudbury, where deposition of S has decreased substantially, have
levelled off in the last few years.

Product:

This study has provided us with rate of change of lake chemistry as a function of atmospheric
deposition for a set of lakes in south-central Ontario. It will also provide the means to
extrapolate long-term changes province-wide.

Publications/Reports/Presentations:

Girard, R. and R.A. Reid. 1990. Morphometric and geological data for nineteen lakes in the
Parry Sound and Nipissing District and Haliburton County. Ont. Min. Envir. Data
Report DR 90/2.

Girard R. and R.A. Reid. 1990. Dorset Research Centre Study Lakes: Sampling
methodology (1986-1989) and lake morphometry. Ont. Min. Environ. Data Report DR
90/4.

Scholer, P.J., P.J. Dillon, B.D. LaZerte and K. Devito. 1990. Survey design for assessing the
sensitivity of lakes to acid deposition. Ont. Min. Envir. Tech. Rep. 152 pp.

Application of Results:

Results have been used in negotiations with the U.S. for sulphur emission controls and
subsequently needed to monitor the benefits of the control programs and to determine if the
target loadings need to be refined.

LIMNOLOGY SECTION
WATER RESOURCES BRANCH
PROJECT SUMMARY: 1990-1991

Project Title:

Lake and watershed mass balances.

Project Leader:

P. Dillon

Purpose:

To determine quantitatively the inputs of substances to the study lakes and watersheds and the
chemical response of the lakes and streams, so that prediction of the effects of changes in
input rates can be made; to determine the relative importance of the different sources of
alkalinity to lakes; to determine the fate of sulphate deposited on lakes and catchments.

Background:

Documented evidence of the impact of acid deposition on selected chemical characteristics of
aquatic ecosystems is an important component of Ontario’s case for emission reductions. It
will also provide information for the development and refinement of target loadings.

Project Description:

Mass balances of important chemical substances (strong acids, alkalinity, nutrients, base
cations, etc.) have been measured for approximately 20 catchments and 8 lakes for periods
ranging from 8-13 years. These data are the basis for modelling the relationships between
environmental stresses (e.g. acidic deposition) and the chemical and biological response of the
lakes and streams, and for determining acceptable levels of environmental stress.

In 1989-90, analysis of catchment yields of SO, and base cations for the Plastic Lake system
was completed; long-term trends in mass balances were compared to trends in deposition
rates, indicating that catchment response to changes in S deposition was relatively rapid.

Carbon budgets for Plastic and Harp lake were completed, demonstrating the role of the lakes
as dissolved organic carbon (DOC) sinks and CO, sources.

Product:

Mass balance measurements demonstrated that in-lake production of alkalinity by sulphate
reduction, denitrification, organic acid protonation and ion exchange was at least as important
as external sources to the lakes’ overall alkalinity budgets. Sulphate is stored in specific
portions of the study watersheds, e.g. bogs, that experience reducing conditions for at least
part of the year, but the SO, can be released in large quantities following re-oxidation in dry
periods. In the long-term however, there appears to be no net storage of sulphate in the
catchments. The catchments are sources of base cations, while the lakes are conservative
with respect to base cations. Additional chemical responses will be assessed and provide

input to the modelling project.

Application of Results:

The results are used to monitor the effects of the Canadian and U.S. acid rain control
programs.

LIMNOLOGY SECTION
WATER RESOURCES BRANCH
PROJECT SUMMARY: 1990-1991

Project Title:

Modelling the effects of acidic deposition on lake and stream chemistry.

Project Leader:

P. Dillon

Purpose:

To develop, test and utilize mathematical models relating the deposition of strong acids to
lake and stream chemistry; to develop methodologies for assessing the performance of these
models.

Background:

These models are needed to assist in determining the benefits of various emission control
strategies in both Canada and the U.S.A.

Project Description:

Data collected as part of the lake and watershed mass balance project have been used to
develop, calibrate and confirm several models. A lake model (FLASCH) has been utilized for
sulphate, phosphorus and base cations. The Birkenes-Storgama chemistry model developed
for Norwegian streams by Seip and Christophersen was calibrated for several of the Harp
Lake inflows and has been employed in making predictions about the effects of changes in S
deposition on the chemistry of other Harp inflows. Recent progress made in model
development has resulted in a proposal to modify the hydrologic component of the model.
Furthermore, scientific groups in Norway, Great Britain, Canada, and the U.S.A. are co-
operating on further model development and applying the model to catchments in their
countries. The MAGIC model has been implemented for Plastic Lake, and the results
compared to long-term changes in the lake and catchment, and to independent estimates of
weathering rates.

Product:

These models can be used both as investigative tools and as predictive tools. As investigative
tools, they can be used to examine the efficacy of scientific concepts about the Systems being
modelled. As predictive tools, they can be used to predict changes in parameters, such as
alkalinity, pH, Ca and SO, under current loadings or under different scenarios of increased or
decreased loadings. As additional data become available, these models are refined in order to
improve their accuracy in prediction.

Publications/Reports/Presentations:

Locke, B.A. 1990. Quality control data report for the Limnology Section, Dorset Research
Centre, Ont. Min. Envir. Data Report DR 90/3.

External Co-operation:

J. Cosby (Duke University), R. Wright (Norwegian Institute for Water Research)
J. Kirchner (University of California at Berkeley)

J. Davis (Electric Power Research Institute)

D. Lam. G. Bobba (NWRI, Environment Canada)

H.M. Seip, N. Christophersen (CIIR, Oslo, Norway)

Application of Results:

Used to assess the benefits of abatement programs.

LIMNOLOGY SECTION
WATER RESOURCES BRANCH
PROJECT SUMMARY: 1990-1991

Project Title:

Alkalinity surveys of lakes in central Ontario.

Project Leader:

B. Neary

Purpose:

To assess the degree of acidification of lakes in central Ontario. To determine whether the
acid buffering status of lakes in central Ontario has changed with time.

Background:

Work is underway to determine the acidification status of lakes across Ontario. Certain
geographic areas and lake sizes are under-represented in the current data base. These data
deficiencies have been identified and will be addressed through the collection of lake water
chemistry data. Trends in alkalinity, on a lake population basis, will be determined by
resampling lakes which were sampled a number of years ago.

Project Description:

Data on lakes which have not been sampled so far will be incorporated into the Inland Lakes
Database. Projections from available data will then be made to the estimates of the total
number of lakes in areas of Ontario receiving significant amounts of acid deposition,
providing reasonably accurate projections of the size of the aquatic resource adversely
affected by acidification. The resampling of lakes will permit statements on whether the acid
neutralizing status of sensitive lakes in Ontario is changing appreciably.

Product:

Estimates of the number of affected lakes in areas of Ontario receiving acid deposition.

Publications/Reports/Presentations:

Neary, B.P., P.J. Dillon, J.R. Munro and B.J. Clark. 1990. The acidification of Ontario
lakes: an assessment of their sensitivity and current status with respect to biological
damage. Ont. Min. of Envir. Technical Report, January 1990.

Scholer, P.J., P.J. Dillon, B.D. LaZerte and K. Devito. 1990. Survey design for assessing the
sensitivity of lakes to acid deposition. Ont. Min. Envir. Technical Report.

Application of Results:

Results are used to produce the Acid Sensitivity Survey document. Data are also valuable for
assessing the impact of other environmental problems. An example is the use of lake
chemistry data to synthesize maps of the probability of zebra mussel invassion into inland
lakes in Ontario.

LIMNOLOGY SECTION
WATER RESOURCES BRANCH
PROJECT SUMMARY: 1990-1991

Project Title:

Chemical fluxes and neutralization processes in stream courses.

Project Leader:
P. Dillon/B. LaZerte

Purpose:

To measure the changes in stream chemistry in Harp Inflow #4 and Plastic Inflow #1 from
the stream sources, in order that the processes that control the neutralization rate of acid
deposited from the atmosphere can be determined. The role of wetlands and the influence of
groundwater will be evaluated.

Background:

Most of the strong acid deposited on catchments in Muskoka/Haliburton is neutralized but the
mechanisms and rates are not understood. These data are essential for model development
and for understanding the response of catchments to the decreasing acid deposition expected
to result from the Countdown Acid Rain Programme.

Project Description:

The chemistry of the streamwater is being monitored at a number of sites in each of the Harp
#4 and Plastic #1 inflows. The nitrogen and phosphorus fluxes in these catchments have been
investigated and the importance of wetlands as transformers of both to organic forms
documented.

Product:
The processes that control the neutralization rate of acid deposited from the atmosphere will

be determined. The importance of groundwater in catchments with deep till will be assessed,
as will the importance of wetlands as sources/sinks for acid, S, trace metals, cations, etc.

Publications/Reports/Presentations:

Schiff, S., R. Aravera, S. Trumbore and P.J. Dillon. 1990. Contribution of carbon isotopes
to the understanding of the cycle of dissolved organic carbon in forested watersheds.
Water Resources Res. (in press).

Wels, C., J. Cornett and B.D. LaZerte. 1990. Hydrograph separation using geochemical
tracers. J. Hydrol. (in press).

Wels, C., R.J. Cornett and B.D. LaZerte. 1990. Relationships of stream solutes and
hydrology during spring runoff in small shield headwater streams. Ministry of the
Environment Tech. Report.

Wels, C., C. Taylor, R. Cornett and B.D. LaZerte. 1990. Stream flow generation in
headwater basins on the Canadian Shield. Hydrol. Proc. (in press).

Dankevy, S. 1990. Groundwater flow and chemistry in a small acid-stressed subcatchment
of the Canadian Shield. B.Sc. Thesis. University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario.

Dillon, P.J. and B.D. LaZerte. 1990. Response of the Plastic Lake catchment, Ontario to
reduced sulphur deposition. Environmental Pollution (submitted).

External Co-operation:

S. Schiff - Waterloo University
M. English - Wilfred Laurier University

Application of Results:
The results will be used in determining the effects of the sulphur control programs. The

methodologies developed for this project will be useful in the future for evaluating trace metal
and other contaminant fluxes.

LIMNOLOGY SECTION
WATER RESOURCES BRANCH
PROJECT SUMMARY: 1990-1991

Project Title:

Trace metal cycling in calibrated watersheds.

Project Leader:
B. LaZerte

Purpose:

To determine the major sources and sinks of cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), copper (Cu) and zinc
(Zn) in the calibrated catchments and lakes that we are currently studying in Muskoka.

Background:

Acidification is accompanied by elevated concentrations of some trace metals, which can
adversely affect biota. Some of the metals are mobilized from the catchment by acid
deposition; others are transported concurrently with the strong acid in precipitation.

Project Description:

At present, we are monitoring precipitation inputs, soil water seeps, lake inputs and outflows.
Methodologies are of almost sufficient sensitivity to monitor ambient levels. A few
improvements are being implemented to increase sensitivity down to the ng/L range. Field
sampling techniques have been revised and are of sufficient cleanliness to eliminate
contamination problems. Data collection will continue at all sites with expansion to Dorset
lysimeter samples.

Product:
An interim assessment indicates that uplands soils are major sinks for Cu and Pb.

Conversely, acidification releases Zn from the soils. Zinc may be stripped from the organic
layer of soils. Wetlands appear to export Cu and Pb, probably as organic complexes.

Publications/Reports/Presentations:

Bendell-Young, L.I., H.H. Harvey, P.J. Dillon and P.J. Scholer. 1990. Contrasting behaviour
of manganese in the surficial sediments of 13 south-central Ontario lakes. Sci. Tot.
Envir. (in press).

Norton, S.A., P.J. Dillon, R.D. Evans, G. Mierle and J.S. Kahl. 1990. The history of
atmospheric deposition of Cd, Hg and Pb in North America: evidence from lake and peat
bog sediments. In S.E. Lindberg, A.L. Page and S.A. Norton, eds. Sources, Deposition

and Canopy Interactions Vol. III Acidic Precipitation, Springer Verlga, New York, N.Y.
pp. 73-102.

Dillon, P.J. and B.D. LaZerte. 1990. Response to the Plastic Lake catchment, Ontario to
reduced sulphur deposition. Environ. Pollut. (in press).

LaZerte, B.D. and K. Burling. 1990. Manganese speciation in dilute waters in the
Precambrian shield, Canada. Water Res. 24: 1097-1101.

Application of Results:

The results will be used in monitoring the effects of the Canadian and U.S. sulphur control
programs.

LIMNOLOGY SECTION
WATER RESOURCES BRANCH
PROJECT SUMMARY: 1990-1991

Project Title:

Bioaccumulation of nutrients by upland forest ecosystems.

Project Leader:

B. LaZerte

Purpose:

To quantify the contribution of the uptake of minerals (especially base cations) by forest
growth to the acid budget of the soil and soil-water solutions.

Background:

Growing forests have been shown to be important acidifiers of terrestrial catchments. It is
important to separate the effects of forest growth versus anthropogenic acid deposition.

Project Description:

The standing crop and annual increment of basic cations (nitrogen (N), sulphur (S) and
aluminum (Al)) in the upland forests ecosystem including major tree species, litter and
organic soil components will be measured for the Harp, Plastic and Hawkeye Lake study
areas.

Using these data, the rate of proton production by forest growth will be calculated from the
net difference in anion and cation assimilation and compared to rates of proton loading by
atmospheric deposition, and proton consumption of abiotic soil processes. The standing crop
measurements will then be compared between stands, with other forest stands in different
deposition zones, with known nutritional requirements of the major tree species, and with soil
content and availability (see weathering and sulphur projects).

Product:

Preliminary Standing crop reports are available for the High Falls site. On a weight basis, this
catchment is highly depleted in sulphur and potassium with respect to a Hubbard Brook, New
Hampshire study. A final report will be completed by 1991.

Application of Results:

The data for this study will be used in the soils catchment acidification models developed
under other projects.

LIMNOLOGY SECTION
WATER RESOURCES BRANCH
PROJECT SUMMARY: 1990-1991

Project Title:

Soil/soil water interactions.

Project Leader:

B. LaZerte

Purpose:

1. To measure the input, export and internal cycling of nutrients including sulphur (S and
metals in forested ecosystems.

2. To investigate the interaction between deposition, vegetation, soils, groundwater and
streamwater.

3. To characterize the degree, forms and mechanisms of sulphur storage in the soil, to
examine S storage capacity, release and uptake in the Plastic and Harp Lake soils.

Background:

Routine monitoring at the Harp and Plastic Lake sites includes precipitation, groundwater,
soilwater and streamwater. The Harp and Plastic Lake sites in southern Ontario were
established in 1981 whereas monitoring at the Hawkeye Lake site in northwestern Ontario
started in 1982, and was terminated at the beginning of FY 1989-90.

Project Description:

Soil water monitoring by horizon with zero tension lysimeters and tension lysimeters and
monitoring of streams and deep groundwater is performed at Plastic and Harp Lakes.
Lysimeter data will be related to the stream chemistry data. As most neutralization of acidic
deposition occurs in the soils, knowing the major processes occurring in the soils, and their
rates is very important.

Soils have also been sampled from the catchments and analyzed for about 23 different
parameters. Laboratory experiments were performed on the soils to determine sulphur

binding processes and their importance by horizon, sulphur species present and aluminum
leaching from the soils.

Product:

Data from these monitoring sites will be used in a long-term catchment acidification model,
in related biogeochemistry project reports and for estimation of critical S load to soils.

The major difference in stream chemistry between Plastic and Harp Lake catchments is
accounted for by the long residence time of the groundwater at Harp Lake. Harp soil
solutions have a greater pH and alkalinity than Plastic lake soil solutions, however, base
cation concentrations are similar. Sulphate is higher at Plastic Lake. These findings confirm
that differences in pH and alkalinity of the soil drainage waters are due to differences in
aluminum and sulphate released from the soils, not base cation release.

The presence of hydroxy-interlayered vermiculite may account for the strong uptake of base
Cations seen in the B horizons of the soils. Preliminary studies have shown allophane to be
the major amorphous aluminum-silica (Al-S); compound in the soils. Soil solution
concentrations of Al and Si agree with this hypothesis.

Application of Results:

These results will be used in monitoring the effects of the Canadian and U.S. sulphur control
programs and for estimation of critical sulphur load to soils.

LIMNOLOGY SECTION
WATER RESOURCES BRANCH
PROJECT SUMMARY: 1990-1991

Project Title:

Natural mineral weathering rates of bedrock and till on the Precambrian Shield
and how they are affected by acidic deposition.

Project Leader:

B. LaZerte

Purpose:

1. To identify the important weathering reactions that occur within a catchment and to
determine the catchment-wide rates of these reactions.

2. To evaluate the effects of strong, weak and complex organic acids on the nature and rate
of weathering of minerals and relate the reactions to runoff water compositions of local
and regional catchments.

3. To produce a kinetic-thermodynamic model for weathering of minerals and rocks.

Background:

This project will assist in defining the interactions between various components of the
terrestrial system and components of the aquatic system.

Project Description:

The first goal will involve four phases:

- identification of weathering reactions in the catchment,
- major element mass balances and rates of reaction;

- behaviour of trace elements in the catchment;

- surface studies.

The second goal will be achieved by:

- experimental studies with strong, weak and organic acids;
- comparative study of catchment waters and experiments.

A kinetic-thermodynamic model will be developed to simulate weathering of minerals and
rocks in different environmental settings and under different physical and chemical conditions.
Product:
Major achievements for FY 1990-91 include:

Paper on "Experimental studies on weathering rates under different acidic conditions".

Integration of these results into an overall catchment weathering model.

Publications/Reports/Presentations:

Kettlewell, D. 1990. Weathering processes within a soil profile from the Harp Lake
catchment, Ontario. B.Sc. Thesis, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario.

Nesbitt, H., N. MacRae and W. Shotyk. 1990. Congruent and incongruent dissolution of
labradorite in dilute, acidic salt solutions. Geochimica Cosmocima Acta (in press).

Rasmussen, P., S. Schiff and W. Nesbitt. 1990. The determination of exchangeable cations

in acid soils: errors caused by dissolution of the exchange substrate during neutral salt
extraction. Can. J. Soil. Sci. (submitted).

External Co-operation:
The study is being conducted by Prof. Nesbitt at the University of Western Ontario (London).

Application of Results:

These mineral weathering results are used in models of long-term changes in stream
chemistry to determine the rate of acidification in the Muskoka-Haliburton area.

LIMNOLOGY SECTION
WATER RESOURCES BRANCH
PROJECT SUMMARY: 1990-1991

Project Title:

The impact of increased sulphur deposition on the sulphur cycle of upland forest ecosystems.

Project Leader:
A. Neary (LSB)

Purpose:

1. To determine to what extent sulphate adsorbed to soil iron (Fe) and aluminum (Al)
oxides is a major sink in upland forest soils, and to what extent this sulphate is
*specifically’ adsorbed.

2. To determine to what extent sulphate is incorporated into upland forest biomass (see
Bioaccumulation project) relative to that adsorbed in the mineral fraction (1) of upland
forest soils.

3. To determine the saturated sulphate retention capacity.

4. To determine effective rate constants for catchment sulphur uptake and release as a
function of deposition rates.

5. To determine to what extent mineral weathering is releasing authigenic sulphur as
sulphide (see Mineral Weathering project).

Background:

Information on the sulphur cycle is key to both the aquatic and biogeochemistry components
of the APIOS programme.

Project Description:

Laboratory experiments are used to determine the important sulphur binding processes and
their rates in natural soils.

Product:
Previous studies indicate that water soluble sulphate is found mostly in the upper organic
horizons, whereas adsorbed sulphate is primarily in the B horizons. Effective rate constants

for catchment sulphur uptake and release as a function of deposition rates will be used in the
long-term catchment acidification model.

Publications/Reports/Presentations:

Hern, J. 1990. Influence of soil sulphate adsorption on lake acidification. Verh. Verein.
Internat. Limnol. (submitted).

Hern, J. 1990. An investigation of the sulphur status of Plastic Lake soil. Final report to the
Ministry of the Environment.

External Co-operation:

J. Hern (Trent University)

Application of Results:

Results will be input into the long-term catchment acidification model used to determine the
rate of acidification in the Muskoka-Halibuton area and to evaluate the effects of various
abatement programs.

LIMNOLOGY SECTION
WATER RESOURCES BRANCH
PROJECT SUMMARY: 1990-1991

Project Title:

The role of wetlands in chemical cycles.

Project Leader:

P. Dillon

Purpose:

To evaluate the role of wetlands in modifying the acid, sulphur and base cation cycle of
catchments.

Background:

Wetlands, which are ubiquitous in Precambrian catchments, can act as sulphur (S), nitrogen
(N) and cation sinks. This may result in delayed recovery of aquatic systems following S
emission reductions. The Plastic Lake catchment now appears to be releasing some of the
sulphur that was stored earlier and "altering" the chemistry of downstream waters accordingly.
The wetlands are also a source of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), which controls the natural
organic acidity of surface waters.

Project Description: —

The research will focus on catchment/wetland systems for which we already have an
extensive database. These include the Sphagnum-conifer swamp at Plastic Inflow #1 and the
beaver pond and sedge fens at Harp Lake Inflow #4. The processes that control S fluxes will
be investigated, and measures of the S pools in the wetlands and their depletion rates
developed. The role of wetlands as methane producers will also be evaluated.

Product:

The results of the S-cycle work will contribute to the modelling work on lake response to S
and N emission reductions.

Publications/Reports/Presentations:
Devito, K. and P.J. Dillon. 1990. The influence of hydrology on nitrogen retention in a

Sphagnum-conifer peatland on the Canadian Shield. Abstracts ASLP, annual meeting,
Williamsburg, Virginia, June 1990, p. 24.

External Co-operation:

Most of the work will be conducted by external research associates at universities including
N. Roulet/K. Devito (York University) and J. Cornett/C. Wehenmeyer (Trent University).

Application of Results:

These results will be used to determine the effects on lake response of the Canadian and U.S.
acid rain control programs.

LIMNOLOGY SECTION
WATER RESOURCES BRANCH
PROJECT SUMMARY: 1990-1991

Project Title:

Watershed manipulation experiments.

Project Leader:
P. Dillon

Purpose:

To continue to cooperate and co-fund external agencies conducting watershed manipulation
experiments to determine critical loads to terrestrial catchments.

Background:

The Ministry of the Environment has been funding the RAIN (Reversing Acidification in
Norway) watershed manipulation experiments since 1982. The objective of the RAIN project
is to determine the rate of response of the chemistry of runoff water from small catchments to
changes in loading of strong acid from the atmosphere. To date, the chemical study results
appear to indicate that acidification is reversible. Much of our interest in the RAIN project is
based on the belief that the results of the study can be extrapolated to the Canadian
environment. However, since there are some significant differences between the experimental
RAIN catchments and sensitive Canadian catchments, from FY 1987/88, we have been
providing funding to assist the Department of Fisheries and Oceans in their experimental
acidification of a catchment in the Experimental Lakes Area (ELA).

Project Description:
The Ministry of the Environment plans to continue to fund the ELA project. The data from

the study will be useful for the final interpretation of our results and for extrapolation from
the RAIN project to Ontario.

Product:
These studies will provide us with critical load estimates for terrestrial catchments. They

have already been extensively useful because they have provided irrefutable proof of the
reversibility of catchment acidification, thus supporting the emission control programme.

Publications/Reports/Presentations:

Wright, R.F., B.J. Cosby, M.B. Flaten and J.O. Reuss. 1990. Evaluation of an acidification
model with data from manipulated catchments in Norway. Nature. 343: 53-55.

External Co-operation:

R. Wright (Norwegian Institute for Water Research)
R. Heckie/C. Allan (Canada Department of Fisheries and Oceans)

Application of Results:

Results have supported the need for emission controls. They will also provide us with critical
load estimates for terrestrial catchments.

EXPERIMENTAL LAKE NEUTRALIZATION PROGRAM
MOE/MNR
PROJECT SUMMARY: 1990-1991

Project Title:

Experimental Lake Neutralization Program.

Project Leader:
W. Keller

Purpose:

To investigate the feasibility of using neutralization to protect and rehabilitate acid sensitive
and fully acidic Ontario lakes.

Background:

This inter-agency program was initiated to provide natural resource managers with
information regarding the potential usefulness of neutralization as a management technique,
while negotiations for reductions in acidic deposition continued and control technology was
developed. Neutralization is considered only a temporary measure, because it alleviates the
symptoms of the problem but does not eliminate the cause. It was felt, however, that interim
methods of mitigating the effects of acidification on aquatic resources should be assessed, and
lake neutralization did hold promise for some situations.

Project Description:

Intensive monitoring commenced on one fully acidified lake (Bowland Lake; 47 °40°N,
80°50’W) and two lakes sensitive to acidification (Trout Lake: 45°35’N, 80°10’W;
Miskokway Lake; 45°40’N, 80°14’W) in the spring of 1982. Bowland Lake had historically
supported a lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) population that had become extinct, leaving a
fish community comprised of abundant acid-tolerant yellow perch (Perca flavescens). Trout
and Miskokway lakes continued to support lake trout populations as well as populations of
other sportfish and forage fish species.

Bowland and Trout lakes were ultimately selected as the final candidates for neutralization.

Bowland lake was neutralized in August 1983 and Trout Lake in May 1984. Because both
lakes were remote, it was most cost effective to treat them with finely powered limestone

(CaCO,) dropped from a fixed wing air-craft. Long term post-neutralization patterns in the
chemistry and biological communities (fish, plankton, benthos) were examined up to 1990.

Product:

Findings of the study were encouraging. Neutralization increased the pH and alkalinity of
Trout Lake, without causing damage to the existing aquatic communities. Improved growth
of lake trout in the lake appeared to be related to increased abundance of Mysis, a favoured
prey item, after neutralization. Whole-lake neutralization was also effective in increasing the
pH and alkalinity of Bowland Lake to levels typical of dilute Precambrian Shield lakes,
although reacidification, inevitably, increased lake acidity during the post neutralization
period. Reacidification patterns generally followed patterns of water replenishment time.
After neutralization, surface water pH depressions asssociated with acidic spring runoff
continued. However, despite the continuance of these acid episodes, improved whole-lake
water quality did allow reestablishment of a lake trout population in Bowland Lake, and
ultimately, successful reproduction by the introduced lake trout.

Other aquatic trophic levels generally showed either positive responses or a lack of response
to the neutralization of Bowland Lake. The phytoplankton community of the lake changed
from dominance by blue-greens to dominance by other taxa, particularly chrysophytes, a more
natural condition for oligotrophic Precambrian Shield lakes. Zooplankton community
composition also shifted to a structure more typical of non-acidic lakes, but recovery was not
complete by the time lake reacidification again began to affect the plankton community. No
substantial effects on the plankton community of Trout Lake, related to the neutralization,
were observed. Aquatic macrophytes were not measurably affected by neutralization;
however, profuse benthic growths of filamentous algae were rapidly eliminated, then began to
reestablish very early during the reacidification of Bowland Lake.

Not all biological changes after neutralization could be directly attributed to altered chemistry.
Patterns in the abundance, biomass, and size structure of zoobenthos were closely linked to
changes in the fish community. Zoobenthos surveys also demonstrated that even after
restoration of suitable water quality, recovery of natural zoobenthos community composition
may be a slow process, since many acid sensitive taxa were still absent from Bowland Lake 2
years after neutralization. Significant increases in the diversity of zoobenthos communities
did, however, occur after neutralization.

Application of Results:

Overall, this study has developed suitable techniques for the neutralization of remote acidified
or acid sensitive lakes. No significant adverse impacts of the treatments were observed, and
positive responses did occur among various aquatic trophic levels. While neutralization is
obviously not a general solution to the lake acidification problem in Ontario, it is technically
feasible in many situations, and does provide a management option that can be expected to
provide substantial biological benefits in some cases. 1990-91 was the last year of this study.

Publications/Reports/Presentations:

Gunn, J. M., J. G. Hamilton, G. M. Booth, G. L. Beggs, C. D. Wren, H. J. Rietveld, and
J. R. Munro. 1990. Survival, growth and reproduction of lake trout (Salvelinus
namayeush) and yellow perch (Perca flavescens) after neutralization of an acidic lake
near Sudbury, Ontario. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 47:446-453.

Jackson, M. B., E. M. Vandermeer, N. Lester, J. Booth, L. A. Molot, and I. Gray. 1990.
Effects of neutralization and early reacidification on filamentous algae and macrophytes
in Bowland Lake. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 47:432-439.

Keller, W., L. A. Molot, R. W. Griffiths, and N. D. Yan. 1990. Changes in the zoobenthos
community of acidified Bowland Lake after whole-lake neutralization and lake trout
(Salvelinus namaycush) reintroduction. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 47:440-445.

Keller, W., D. P. Dodge, and G. M. Booth. 1990. Experimental Lake Neutralization
Program: an overview of neutralization studies in Ontario. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci.
47:410-411.

Molot, L. A., P. J. Dillon, and G. M. Booth. 1990. Whole-lake and near-shore water
chemistry in Bowland Lake, before and after treatment with CaCO, Can. J. Fish. Aquat.
Sci. 47:422-431.

Molot, L. A., L. Heintsch, and K. H. Nicholls. 1990. Response of phytoplankton in acidic
lakes in Ontario to whole-lake neutralization. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 47:412-421.

Keller, W., N. D. Yan, T. Howell, L. A. Molot, and W. D. Taylor. 19__. Responses of |
zooplankton to the experimental neutralization and early reacidification of Bowland Lake
near Sudbury, Ontario. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. (under review).

Booth, G. M. C. D. Wren, and J. M. Gunn. 19__. The efficacy of shoal liming for
rehabilitation of Lake Trout (Salvelinus namaycush) populations in acid stressed lakes.
N. Am. J. Fish. Mgmt. (under review).

Howell, E. T., G. Coker, G. M. Booth, W. Keller, B. Neary, K. Nicholls, F. D. Tomassini, N.
Yan, J. Gunn, H. Rietveld, and D. Wales. 19__. Ecosystem responses of a pH 5.9 lake
trout lake to whole-lake liming. Lake and Reserv. Mgmt. (under review).

BAR Environmental. 19___. Experimental Neutralization Ten Year Technical report. Vols 1
and 2 (in prep.).

External Cooperation:

The study was coordinated by B.A.R. Environmental. Various subcontractors including
university and private sector participants were involved.

SPECIAL STUDIES UNIT
NORTHEASTERN REGION
PROJECT SUMMARY: 1990-1991

Project Title:

Long-term Acidification Monitoring of Northeastern Region Lakes.

Project Leader:

W. Keller

Purpose:

To assess long-term patterns in the chemical and biological status of lakes in northeastern
Ontario, related to deposition of acids and metals from regional and long range sources.

Background:

Following the initial documentation, in the 1970’s, of widespread effects of acidification in
northeastern Ontario lakes, various lake monitoring programs were initiated. Originally,
efforts focused on assessing the extent of chemical and biological damage due to chronic and
episodic acidification. Estimates of damage, based on survey data, revealed that the majority
of acidic lakes in Ontario are located within the Northeastern Region, and a very high
proportion of these are affected by emissions from the Sudbury Smelters.

With recent findings that decreases in Sudbury smelter emissions have resulted in improved
water quality in many Sudbury area lakes, emphasis has shifted toward monitoring long-term
chemical and biological trends in regional lakes in order to permit assessment of the adequacy
of control measures, and to develop an understanding of how lakes will respond to decreased
acid loadings. Observations of lake recovery in the Sudbury area to date have provided great
support for source control strategies.

Project Description:

Various levels of lake monitoring are being conducted in northeastern Ontario. Efforts
include 1) once annual chemistry sampling of 45 acidic lakes within 120 km of Sudbury 2)
monthly or twice monthly chemical and biological sampling of 6 lakes on a continuing basis,
and 3) monthly chemical and biological sampling of 5 lakes, with intervals of ~5 years
between study periods. Chemical sampling routinely includes assessment of acidity, major

ions, nutrients and trace metals. Biological sampling routinely includes collection of
zooplankton and phytoplankton samples. In some lakes, periodic surveys of benthic
invertebrate communities are conducted.

Product:

Aquatic surveys in the Northeastern Region have provided major contributions to the
provincial lake sensitivity data base. Studies, particularly in the Sudbury area, have been
instrumental in developing our understanding of the chemical and biological responses of
aquatic systems to acidification, as reflected by the large number of Sudbury related
publications in the scientific literature.

An effort is currently being coordinated by MOE to compile a multi-agency,
multidisciplinary, series of papers for publication as a set in a high quality journal. This
should provide an excellent summary of the current status of the lakes, and will establish an
important framework for examining data from future studies.

Current field efforts focus on documenting actual chemical and biological responses of
aquatic systems to reductions in sulphur and metal deposition. Evaluation of responses, and
documentation of real benefits is essential to demonstrate the worth of source abatement
strategies and to determine additional abatement measures required. In particular, monitoring
programs will focus on evaluating the effects of the Countdown strategy, on regional lake
water quality.

Application of Results:

Studies in the Sudbury area have made substantial contributions to developing our
understanding of the acid deposition problem. The monitoring programs that have been
established will allow evaluation of the response of lakes to emission controls and will permit
assessment of additional abatement measures needed.

Publications/Reports/Presentations:

Yan, N. D., W. Keller, H. J. MacIsaac and L. J. McEachern. 1990. Regulation of
zooplankton community structure of an acidified lake by Chaoborus. Ecol. Appl.
1:52-65.

Keller, W., N. D. Yan, K. Holtze and J. R. Pitblado. 1990. Inferred effects of lake
acidification on Daphnia galeata mendotae. Environ. Sci. Tech. 24:1259-1261.

Gunn, J. M. and W. Keller. 1990. Biological recovery of an acid lake after reductions in
industrial emissions of Sulphur. Nature (London). 345:431-433.

Keller, W. and N. D. Yan. 1991. Recovery of crustacean zooplankton species richness in
Sudbury area lakes following water quality improvements. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. (in
press).

Keller, W. and J. M. Gunn. 19___. Whitepine Lake. In Data Book of World Lake
Environments. International Lake Environment Committee, Otsu, Japan (in press).

Keller, W., J. M. Gunn and N. D. Yan. 19__. Evidence of biological recovery of acid
stressed lakes near Sudbury, Canada. Environ. Poll. (in press).

Keller, W., J. R. Pitblado and J. Carbone. 19__. Long-term chemical responses of acidic
lakes in the Sudbury, Ontario area to reduced smelter emissions. Can. J. Fish. Aquat.
Sci. (under review).

Vandermeulen, H., M. B. Jackson, A. Rodrigues and W. Keller. 19___. Filamentous algal
communities in Sudbury area lakes: effects of variable lake acidity. Can. J. Fish. Aquat.
Sci. (under review).

Griffiths, R. W. and W. Keller. 19___. The response of the benthic macroinvertebrate fauna
in three lake basins to a reduction in acid deposition. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. (under
review).

External Cooperation:

Much of this work is conducted in close cooperation with other government agencies and
universities, in particular the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Laurentian
University.

TASK 3

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PHYTOTOXICOLOGY SECTION
AIR RESOURCES BRANCH
PROJECT SUMMARY: 1990-1991

Project Title:

Survey of hardwood decline in Ontario

Project Leader:
W.D. Mcllveen

Purpose:

To document the condition of hardwood forests in Ontario with respect to potential effects of
long-range transported pollutants.

Background:

Dieback and decline of forest trees has been reported in Ontario. The cause of this problem
has been attributed to acidic precipitation. The extent and severity of the problem requires
documentation as does the potential temporal change. To obtain the required information, a
network of permanent observation plots was established across the province.

Project Description:

Quantitative assessments of tree condition at 110 plots in the Great Lakes - St. Lawrence and
Deciduous Forest Regions were conducted in 1986, 1987, 1989 and 1990. Site quality and
soil properties also were recorded. Samples of foliage from sugar maple and yellow birch as
well as soil samples for chemical analysis were collected from selected plots.

Product:

The 1986 survey identified regional differences in the condition of hardwood trees. The
greatest frequency of declining trees occurred in the Muskoka, Haliburton and Parry Sound
areas. While sugar maple was the dominant species in the survey, decline symptoms of
greater severity were identified on other species. Subsequent surveys identified small changes
in the condition of the trees on the plots. Some changes were possibly related to defoliation
by insects. In 1990, slight changes in dieback were noted with about 15% of plots showing
some deterioration from previous years. Most plots stayed the same or improved slightly.

Neither soils nor foliage samples showed signs of marked nutrient imbalances or deficiencies.

Higher concentrations of aluminum were found in foliage from the south western part of the
province which is subjected to the heaviest acidic deposition load. There are an number of

correlations between vegetation and soil chemistry or texture. Low pH soils have higher Al
and foliage in such soils have lower Ca and Mg. Increases in decline index were correlated
with lower soil pH and higher foliar Mn.

Application of Results:

The information will establish the present condition of maple forests in the province as a
baseline for determining whether there are regional differences in the condition of the trees
over time. Any changes in forest condition over the monitoring period will aid in determining
the severity, distribution and cause of a problem. This information serve as a foundation for
regulatory strategies required by environmental managers.

PHYTOTOXICOLOGY SECTION
AIR RESOURCES BRANCH
PROJECT SUMMARY: 1990-1991

Project Title:

Sugar maple decline in Ontario

Project Leader:

W.D. Mcllveen

Purpose:

The objectives of the study were to establish a series of permanent observation plots in maple
forest stands and use these plots to: i) develop a tree decline rating system, ii) determine
causal agent(s) of sugar maple decline at selected sites and iii) determine the role of
atmospheric pollutants in tree decline.

Background:

The problem of dieback of sugar maple trees initially was indicated to be most severe in the
area of Muskoka. Following preliminary site visits, a project was designed to determine
whether the problem was related to acidic deposition. This included a multi-year study at 7
sites in Muskoka and a control site near Thunder Bay. In 1985, the network of plots was
expanded to include sites on and off the Precambrian Shield and on the Shield in areas which
did not suffer insect defoliation during the 1970’s.

Project Description:

In 1984, 7 plots were established in Muskoka. The total reached 11 sites in 1985. At each
plot, all trees in a fixed area were identified and evaluated. Eco-physiological techniques were
employed on fixed area (20 m x 20 m) plots. The trees on these plots were evaluated
annually to 1990. Samples of soil, foliage, twigs and roots were collected for chemical
analysis. Increment cores were taken from each tree to assess growth patterns and age.
Samples from pairs of trees were collected for stem analysis of growth patterns in wood
formation. The chemistry of sap samples was determined from selected trees from 1986 to
1990.

Product:
Summaries of the data received to date have been prepared. Tree condition did not change

significantly at the study sites from 1984 to 1986. Tree condition deteriorated in 1987 and
trees were in their poorest recorded condition in 1988. A slight recovery in condition was

noted in 1989 and they remained similar in 1989. The causes of maple decline was
determined to be multifactorial and variable among sites. Among the stresses thought to be
involved were climatic events, drought, insect defoliation, Armillaria root rot and poor
woodlot management.

Application of Results:

The information derived from this project has provided considerable assistance in defining the
relative importance of the various agents involved in the forest decline syndrome. Biological
agents and physical environment are involved in a complex relationship which results in
reduced growth, tree dieback, and tree mortality. Acidic deposition is regarded as an
additional stress which accelerates the rate of the decline process.

PHYTOTOXICOLOGY SECTION
AIR RESOURCES BRANCH
PROJECT SUMMARY: 1990-1991

Project Title:

Dendrochronology study of sugar maple

Project Leader:

W.D. Mcllveen

Purpose:

To establish a growth chronology for sugar maple at selected sites in Ontario. The study was
required in order to determine whether acidic precipitation and related pollutants were
adversely affecting the growth of these trees.

Background:

Relative growth rates of trees are recorded as variations in widths of the annual rings.
Interpretation of the growth ring patterns is known as dendrochronology and can serve as an
excellent indicator of previous environmental conditions. Proper utilization of this type of
information from sugar maple trees could provide a valuable addition to our knowledge of the
forest in Ontario.

Project Description:

In 1985, a contract was prepared to establish sugar maple growth chronologies in the Ottawa,
Algonquin and Sault Ste Marie areas. A total of 54 mature sugar maple trees were
destructively sampled and about 2000 increment cores were collected from associated tree
species at the study sites.

In 1989, the project was expanded to add 3 additional areas (St. Williams, Peterborough,
Barrie). In combination with the previous data, these sites allowed a better coverage of the
province across several pollution deposition zones. Similar sampling and measuring
techniques were used.

Product:

Growth trends at the first three study sites (Ottawa, Parry Sound and Sault Ste. Marie) show
increased growth patterns up to 1960. After this time, the pattern of growth showed a rapid
decline to 1985 to about 50% of that for 1960. Similar patterns were observed at the later
sites. A further observation was that the rate of decline in growth was greatest in the
southwest where the heaviest pollution loading is typically encountered in the Province.

Application of Results:

The reduced growth rates of the study trees is strong evidence that forest productivity is being
threatened. Over time, less lumber will be available to increasing demands from a growing
population. This could have far-reaching implications for the future of the lumber industry in
the Province of Ontario. In addition, slower growth means smaller amounts of CO, can be
sequestered in woody material, thus reducing certain options for dealing with the climate
change problem.

PHYTOTOXICOLOGY SECTION
AIR RESOURCES BRANCH
PROJECT SUMMARY: 1990-1991

Project Title:

Statistical analysis of sugar maple tree ring growth

Project Leader:
D.L. McLaughlin

Purpose:

To develop a tree ring de-trending function for use with Ontario dendrochronological data.

Background:

Tree ring growth data have been collected for sugar maple in Ontario and a similar data set
for red pine growth is currently being produced. It is not known whether existing growth
models developed in other jurisdictions are applicable to the Ontario situation. An impartial
Statistical analysis of data for the province is required to determine the best method for
interpretation of the data.

Project Description::

A grant was awarded to the University of Guelph, Department of Mathematics and Statistics,
to examine the existing data set. The specific elements include the following:

1) Review of dendrochronological data with reference to tree ring de-trending functions,
and categorize their efficiencies and shortcomings.

2) Review of the methodology used in sugar maple and red pine dendrochronology from
a Statistical perspective.

3) Development of a "made in Ontario" de-trending function for tree ring series.

The relative merits of existing models using data for Ontario will be systematically evaluated
and the most appropriate model selected.

Product:
The work is progressing and model development is well under way. The most appropriate

model for interpretation of future dendrochronological studies will be identified and can then
be applied in any future study.

Application of Results:

This project is integral to the proper use and understanding of the tree ring data generated by
the red pine and sugar maple dendrochronology studies.

PHYTOTOXICOLOGY SECTION
AIR RESOURCES BRANCH
PROJECT SUMMARY: 1990-1991

Project Title:

Dendrochronology of red pine in Ontario

Project Leader:

D.L. McLaughlin

Purpose:

1) To determine the long term growth patterns of red pine across a pollution gradient in
Ontario.

2) To determine if growth reductions have occurred in the last 10 to 25 years, and if any
recent reductions are related to the pollution gradient.

Background:

Previous studies in Ontario and elsewhere in eastern North America have identified, a rapid
decline in growth rate of sugar maple after 1960. It was not known whether this pattern was
unique to maple or was present in other tree species as well. To determine this, growth
patterns in a valuable conifer species such as red pine, was needed. Red pine has a large
north-south range, less genetic variability and much narrower soil/site conditions. The study
will compliment the work conducted in 1986-1990 on sugar maple.

Project Description:

Seven study areas were selected across the major pollution gradient from southwest to east in
Ontario: 1) St. Williams, 2) Durham, 3) Bracebridge, 4) North Bay, 5) Pembroke, 6) Blind
River, and 7) Temagami. Five plots were established in each study area, and three sub-plots
composed each study plot. A single tree at the centre of each sub-plot was felled for stem
analysis, and increment cores were collected from the 10 trees closest to the centre tree.

Product:
The field work of collection of samples has been completed. Measurement and interpretation

of tree ring patterns is underway. A report summarizing the data with respect to the influence
of environmental quality will be prepared.

Application of Results:

This project compliments the study of dendrochronology of sugar maple in that it deals with
an entirely different type of tree species. The information provides data for one of the most
highly managed species in Ontario and thus can be rapidly incorporated or considered in
forest management plans.

PHYTOTOXICOLOGY SECTION
AIR RESOURCES BRANCH
PROJECT SUMMARY: 1990-1991

Project Title:

Investigation of birch dieback in the Wawa area of Ontario

Project Leader:

W.D. Mcllveen

Purpose:

To investigate the nature, extent and cause of dieback of white birch trees in Northern Ontario

Background:

The location of the most severe dieback of forest trees in Ontario involves an extensive area
of birch trees on the east shore of Lake Superior, mainly south of Wawa. The cause of the
dieback is not known but could involve acidic fog, climate change and/or natural factors. The
zone is considered to be too remote and too extensive to implicate a local point source of
phytotoxic emissions. Several species of white birch trees and their hybrids appear to be
involved.

Project Description:

The project involves several facets. These include identification of tree species using
electrophoresis of bud tissues, collection of increment cores for preliminary growth studies,
collection of fog samples, sample collection of soil, foliage, sap and roots for chemical
composition studies, and establishment of permanent plots for plant community studies. Most
of the former have been completed. More definition of the affected area needs to be carried
out.

Product:
Preliminary analysis of results from 300 trees indicate that the older tree population is
dominated by Betula cordifolia while the younger population is dominated by B. papyrifera.

Because the former are favoured by cooler climatic conditions, it is speculated that recent
(less-favourable) climatic changes are having a role in the dieback. Recent climatic changes

are also evident in the past few years showing a dramatic reduction in the incidence of fog,
hence, few samples of fog water could be collected.

Soil samples collected from the pits dug at each site indicate that the surface soils are
extremely acidic (pH 2.9) and aluminum forms about 50% of the CEC which is very small.
There is very little buffering capability and K and Mg concentrations in the soil also very
low. Bean plants growing in soils collected in this area developed toxicity symptoms.

Sap chemistry indicates higher concentrations of aluminum and other constituents in younger
trees. Analysis of other data is underway.

Application of Results:

The problem offers an excellent opportunity to investigate the cause of an advanced forest
dieback problem and the results could be extrapolated to areas with less severe dieback

symptoms.

PHYTOTOXICOLOGY SECTION
AIR RESOURCES BRANCH
PROJECT SUMMARY: 1990-1991

Project Title:

Interaction of simulated acidic rain and insect defoliation on sugar maple

Project Leader:

W.D. Mcllveen

Purpose:

To determine if insect defoliation of sugar maple is mediated by acidic precipitation

Background;

Extensive defoliation of sugar maple trees by Forest Tent Caterpillar has occurred historically
in the Muskoka area where current forest dieback problems are occurring. The relative roles
and possible interaction of acidic deposition and insect defoliation are uncertain and therefore
need clarification.

Project Description:

In the present study, the possible interaction of these two agents is being investigated in
controlled conditions with exposures to simulated acidic rain. The work was carried out
mainly at the Controlled Environment Facility at Brampton.

Established potted sugar maple seedlings from the Muskoka area were subjected to artificial
defoliation and feeding by Forest Tent Caterpillar larvae. Growth and overwintering of trees
was monitored. Caterpillar larvae were also subjected to preference tests of maple foliage
treated with simulated acidic rain and their growth and performance monitored.

Product:

Indications are that the defoliated trees grew more slowly than non-defoliated trees. Severely
defoliated trees were less likely to survive over winter. Acidic precipitation did not show any
direct effects on the trees during the duration of this study.

Caterpillars grew faster and larger when feeding on acid-treated trees. The implications of this

observation are unclear at this time but larger caterpillars could produce more offspring and
thus subsequent generations could have a greater impact on the maple forest.

PHYTOTOXICOLOGY SECTION
AIR RESOURCES BRANCH
PROJECT SUMMARY: 1990-1991

Project Title:

International early warning diagnosis for forest decline

Project Leader:

W.D. Mcllveen

Purpose:

To develop methodologies for measuring biochemical of physiological injury to trees prior to
the onset of visible dieback symptoms

Background;

Forest decline is a major concern in parts of Europe including West Germany. Symptoms
observed on affected trees are not reversible in many instances and this decreases the
potential for managers to react to the development of decline. The methodologies employed in
Europe might have application in Ontario in determining similarities between the situation in
Europe and the situation in Ontario.

Project Description:

A program of foliage collection and analysis with project components similar to those used in
Germany was carried out in Ontario in 1987 and 1988. Samples of foliage from sugar maple,
white pine and Norway spruce were collected at 16 sites (12 only for spruce) across the
pollution gradient from southwest to southeast. Six or 8 trees were sampled per site and
conifer foliage was separated into 3 age classes.

Contact angle measurements for water droplets on foliage and Hartel tests of fresh foliage
samples were made. Pigment analysis included chlorophylls a & b, carotene, lutein, and
several xanthophylls. The ratios of the latter have been indicators of tree health status in
Europe.

Product:

Results show that there was a strong trend towards characteristics of earlier aging of foliage
such as leaf wetting and internal chemistry while chlorophyll content was higher at sites in

the most polluted in Ontario. It is difficult to separate ozone and acidic deposition potential
effects since these are co-deposited. Magnesium distribution patterns in conifer foliage may
be more useful in defining nutritional stresses.

Application of Results:
Although trends were detected, the application of the present early diagnosis tests is probably

limited due to inherent variability in Ontario plant material. Application of the tests to an
individual tree or plant is unlikely to provide a definitive explanation of its condition.

PHYTOTOXICOLOGY SECTION
AIR RESOURCES BRANCH
PROJECT SUMMARY: 1990-1991

Project Title:

Effects of soil fertility applications on sugar maple decline

Project Leader:

W.D. Mcllveen

Purpose:

To determine the potential for inorganic fertilizers to reverse symptoms of dieback of sugar
maple

Background:

Requests from concerned citizens and other groups have been received concerning potential
methods to save trees that are suffering dieback symptoms. One purported means of
accomplishing this is the application of commercial fertilizer products. There is currently very
little information on which to base recommendations for fertilizer applications in response to
these requests, especially as they apply to the Ontario situation. The present study was
developed in response to this need.

Project Description;

In 1988, the Ontario Ministry of the Environment funded a one year pilot fertilization
program. The study involved 4 sites in the Muskoka-Peterborough area with two sites each on
and off the Precambrian Shield. At each site, individual trees were identified and classed as
healthy or exhibiting dieback symptoms. In each of these classes, fertilizers or lime were
applied to three replicated trees. Prior to treatment, foliage and soil were collected from each
tree. Tree condition was assessed annually and samples of soil and foliage were collected.

Additional genetic information from each tree was determined under a different Ontario
Ministry of the Environment funded project.

Product:

Analysis of the data with respect to changes in tree condition or foliage and soil chemistry
caused by fertilizer application are currently in progress.

Application of Results:

The two prime benefits of this project include the diagnosis of nutrient deficiency (if this is
indeed the problem resulting in the tree dieback) and will contribute to the development of
recommendations for fertilizer applications for property owners.

PHYTOTOXICOLOGY SECTION
AIR RESOURCES BRANCH
PROJECT SUMMARY: 1990-1991

Project Title:
Tree seedling plot study

Project Leader:
W.D. Mcllveen

Purpose:

To evaluate the effects of lime application either on tree growth or in foliar chemistry at tree
seedling plots established in northeastern Ontario.

Background:

The application of agricultural limestone is a routine procedure to overcome acidic materials
in soil. It would appear natural consider this approach in dealing with the potential effects of
acidic precipitation on soils. The application of limestone was included as one of the
treatments of tree seedling plots established in northeastern Ontario.

In addition to neutralizing the acidic components in the soil, several metals (including
micronutrients) would become less available while the supply of calcium would be expected
to increase. Such changes would likely become apparent in the foliage chemistry and possibly
in the growth of the tree.

Project Description:

In 1979-81, tree seedling plots were established throughout the southern portion of
Northeastern Ontario. These plots consisted of one to five species with 100 trees of each.
Various treatments were applied for 3-4 years to test the response of the trees to the
treatments, one of which was agricultural limestone. Condition, survival and growth of the
trees was monitored for several years and the trees were tended during that period.

The present study was designed to take advantage of the work which had already been
completed. In 1990, eight plots with Jack pine and red pine were selected for evaluation. The
sampled plots were located at Novar, St. Joseph’s Is., Huff Lake, Parkinson, Campbell Twp,
Street Twp, Gogama, Burwash and Algonquin Park. Tree heights were not determined
because the trees were too crowded to make measurements. Stem diameters were measured
and tree crown conditions were evaluated. Foliage and soil (0-5, 0-15 cm) samples were
collected for analysis (four replicates for each treatment).

Product:

A report incorporating the results of this project will be prepared when the analytical portion
of the study is completed.

Application of Results:

The effectiveness and consequences of applying limestone to tree seedings as part of forestry
practices to overcome acidic inputs will be documented.

PHYTOTOXICOLOGY SECTION
AIR RESOURCES BRANCH
PROJECT SUMMARY: 1990-1991

Project Title:

An inter-agency study of acidic rain and hardwood decline in North America

Project Leader:

W.D. Mcllveen

Purpose:

To develop a standardized method for assessing hardwood forest dieback.

Background:

Various governmental agencies in North America are concerned about the health of forests in
their respective jurisdictions where tree dieback has been identified. The methods used by
each are not necessarily standardized; hence, data are not directly comparable. To ensure that
a unified approach is used, an intergovernmental cooperative study was initiated between a
number of Canadian and U.S. groups. These included Ontario, Quebec and New Brunswick
plus most border states from Wisconsin to Maine.

Product:

A standardized method for establishing tree plots and evaluating trees was developed and
validated. In Ontario, 24 permanent plots were installed and monitored by the Canadian
Forest Service, Forest Insect and Disease Survey (FIDS) in 1988. Plot selection was aided
through advice from Phytotoxicology staff. All plots were evaluated again in 1989 and 1990.

Each plot consists of 5. subplots of a fixed area. Each tree in the plot was scored for condition
according to the project quality assurance manual. A number of plots are located in close
proximity to those set up by the Ontario Ministry of the Environment and therefore they
provide a means of comparison between the two projects.

The results for 1988 indicate that the program was very successful regarding completion of
plot establishment and quality of data. Data for the study period suggest that overall tree
condition improved slightly but not at sites in the heaviest deposition zone (may have actually
decreased).

100

Application of Results:

The study will help to determine rate of change of forest (sugar maple) dieback and the role
of management practices and acidic deposition in that change. In addition, the effort
developed a spirit of cooperation among the agencies involved and a set of reference study
sites that can be used when comparing data among diverse study areas.

101

PHYTOTOXICOLOGY SECTION
AIR RESOURCES BRANCH
PROJECT SUMMARY: 1990-1991

Project Title:

Historical foliar sulphur project

Project Leader:

W.D. Mcllveen

Purpose:

To determine if changes in foliage composition has changed on a regional basis.

Background:

Changes in contamination of the terrestrial environment are frequently difficult to determine
because the original conditions have not been documented. One of the oldest data sets
encountered for Ontario consists of sulphur analysis for foliage of several tree species
conducted in 1944. The study was centred on emissions from Sudbury but extended to sites
remote from Sudbury. The locations and analytical procedures were documented. It was
believed that this data set could be compared with current situation by collection of new
samples at the sites described and making allowances for the analytical techniques.

Project Description:

The historical data were obtained from the Provincial Archives. The data were reviewed
regarding sample sites, dates and other relevant information. As many as possible of the
historical sites were visited and a comparable set of samples were collected for white pine,
red pine, trembling aspen and white birch. The samples have been submitted for chemical
analysis for sulphur as well as a suite of metals. Methods for sulphur analysis at each time
period will be compared and a correction factor applied when the results become available.

Application of Results:

Comparison of data between the two study periods would contribute to our knowledge of the
effects of sulphur deposition to vegetation resulting from long range transport. More
specifically, it may be possible to determine whether conditions have improved or deteriorated
(i.e., has the sulphur content of vegetation increased or decreased). The data could also
contribute to our knowledge of the distribution of metals (notably cadmium) in the food of
wildlife.

102

PHYTOTOXICOLOGY SECTION
AIR RESOURCES BRANCH
PROJECT SUMMARY: 1990-1991

Project Title:

Wildlife forage project

Project Leader:

W.D. Mcllveen

Purpose:

To determine concentrations of cadmium and other metals in forage utilized by deer and
moose. :

Background:

Previous studies by MNR have shown major game animals to have elevated concentrations of
cadmium in their tissues. The degree of contamination appeared to be related to sensitivity of
the soil in the sample areas to acidic deposition. An understanding of the effects of acidic
deposition on availability of cadmium through the forage of the animals is necessary. The
initial approach was to determine cadmium levels in forage plants.

Project Description:

The field work was completed cooperatively with MNR staff. The first part of this included
analysis of aquatic vegetation normally consumed by moose. The second part involved
analysis of terrestrial vegetation consumed by moose and deer. Foliage, twigs, soil and moss
were collected in late 1989 and these analyses have just been completed.

Product:

Aquatic forage plants preferred by moose (Utricularia) accumulated more cadmium in poorly
buffered watersheds. This probably had a role in the elevated cadmium burden found in
moose tissues from these areas. An indication of the terrestrial sources of cadmium will come
from the present study of vegetation. Two of the most frequently utilized browse species
(birch and aspen) are known accumulators of cadmium (and notably zinc).

Information from MOE, MNR, and other agencies will be compiled and compared.

103

Application of Results:
Because it would not be possible to cause wildlife to alter their choice of food plants, any

actions to reduce cadmium uptake into vegetation must include measures to reduce
acidification of soil. This project then provides additional justification for acid gas abatement.

104

ACID PRECIPITATION OFFICE

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ACID PRECIPITATION OFFICE
PROJECT SUMMARY: 1990-91

Project Title:

NO,/VOCs Management Plan

Project Leader:

W. H. Chan

Purpose:

To develop a plan that will address domestic ground level ozone air quality through multi-
stakeholder consultation.

Background:

In the fall of 1988, the Canadian Council of Minister’s of the Environment (CCME), agreed
to develop a plan to address ground level ozone levels in Canada. After stakeholder
consultations, a final plan was released in October 1990 which was approved in-principle in
November, 1990 by CCME with federal-provincial agreements to be signed by November,
1991. The plan is multi-phased with the first phase addressing peak ozone levels and
exceedances by NO, and VOC controls in four broad source categories: transportation, power
generation, product modification and industrial facilities. The plan is composed of a national
prevention component and a regional remediation component. Being one for the identified
ozone non-attainment area (Windsor-Quebec Corridor), Ontario will identify and implement
regionally specific measures. Consultations between Air Resources Branch and the Acid
Precipitation Office and appropriate stakeholders have been underway to identify feasible
actions to be implemented by 1995 and 2000 to meet corresponding emissions reduction
targets.

Second and third phases of the plan will be developed in 1994 and 1997 to define further
reductions to consistently attain the 82 ppb ozone objective by 2005 in all areas of Canada.
Product:

The final Phase 1 NO,/VOCs Management Plan was released in May, 1991. A Cabinet

submission of Ontario’s proposed plan to meet the requirements is scheduled early in 1992
followed by the signing of a federal-provincial agreement.

106

Implications:

Implementation of this plan will not only improve ground level ozone air quality, but also
reduce potential global warming and acid deposition due to ozone and nitrates, respectively.
Publications:

ibe Management Plan for Nitrogen Oxides (NO,) and Volatile Organic Compounds
(VOCs), Phase 1, November 1990.

2: Management Plan for Nitrogen Oxides (NO,) and Volatile Organic Compounds
(VOCs), Phase 1 Summary Report, November 1990.

107

ACID PRECIPITATION OFFICE
PROJECT SUMMARY: 1990-91

Project Title:

Post-94 Control Strategies

Project Leader:

A. Deshpande

Purpose:

To ensure that Ontario’s Federal/Provincial commitments for sulphur dioxide and nitrogen
oxides are met consistently after 1994.

Background:

Ontario’s Countdown Program limits total sulphur dioxide emissions from all sources to

877 kt from 1994 onwards. Because of uncertainties about growth in economic activity these
emissions could exceed this figure after 1994. Moreover, the target deposition rate of wet
sulphate of 20 kg/ha/yr may be insufficient to protect all areas sensitive to acid rain impact in
Ontario.

Nitrogen oxide emissions are considered in this paper because NO, is one of the precursors of
acid rain and also plays an important role in oxidant formation in Ontario’s Windsor-Quebec
Corridor (WQC). Therefore, it may be necessary to reduce SO, and/or NO, emissions from
existing sources by up to 100,000 - 200,000 tonnes per year in order to achieve these
objectives.

Product:

A paper was prepared jointly by the Fiscal Planning and Economic Analysis Branch and Acid
Precipitation Office (APIOS) covering control technologies and related costs to obtain further
reduction of 10, 30, and 50 percent in SO, and NO, emissions from stationary sources in

Ontario from the base year 1994.

This paper is based on earlier studies done by:

108

(a) Senes Consultants Ltd. on "Countdown Acid Rain: Future Abatement Strategies’
(1989) and

(b) | VHB Research and Consulting Inc. on "Nitrogen Oxides and Volatile Organic
Compounds Abatement Cost Study" (1989)

under Ministry programs.

Other economic incentive instruments to achieve the Ministry goals have been briefly
reviewed and some examples given.

Publications/Reports/Presentations:

Approval is presently sought from the Ministry to release this paper.

Implications:

A 50% reduction of SO, or NO, emissions beyond those required by the Countdown Program
from stationary sources is technically feasible but will cost several hundred million dollars.
While all stationary emitters would probably protest further reductions, greater resistance to
Post-Countdown reductions is expected under an Equal Percent Reduction Strategy than
Least-Cost Strategy.

The results of this study do not indicate whether priority should be given to SO, or NO,
abatement nor were the economic implications of Post Countdown abatement costs on

individual plants or firms assessed.

Economic incentives like tradable emission permits or emission charges could enhance the
Ministry’s enforcement capabilities for a Post Countdown Abatement Strategy.

109

ACID PRECIPITATION OFFICE
PROJECT SUMMARY: 1990-91

Project Title:

Countdown Compliance

Project Leader:
A. Deshpande

Purpose:

To ensure that the four corporate sources of SO, in Ontario comply with the Countdown Acid
Rain regulations.

Background:

In 1985 regulations were passed which placed acid gas emission limits on the four corporate
sources of SO, in Ontario which collectively, emit over 80% of the province’s sulphur
dioxide emissions.

The legal limits (in kilotonnes) for the four companies are:

1986 1994
Inco 685 265
Falconbridge 154 100
Algoma (Wawa) 180 125
Ontario Hydro 370 175

Each of the companies is required to submit regular emission reports and to date, each
company has reported emissions which are less than their regulation limit. Progress reports,
showing methods used and costs, are required from each company every six months. The
government reviews these progress reports and a summary and analysis report is prepared and
published.

110

Product:

During 1990-91, the ninth and tenth progress reports have been submitted by the four
companies. The government’s responses to the ninth report and the tenth report are available.

Implications:

Although the companies have met the current emissions reduction limits, further reductions
beyond 1994 must be considered to protect aquatic ecosystems. Some companies have
indicated that further reductions may be possible.

111

ACID PRECIPITATION OFFICE
PROJECT SUMMARY: 1990-91

Project Title:

Communications Program

Project Leader:

D. Corrigan/G. Merchant

Purpose:

To increase public awareness in Ontario and internationally of the science of acid rain, its
effects in Ontario and the Countdown SO, abatement program.

Background:

The Communications program was initially aimed at obtaining support in the U.S. for acid
gas controls and to publicize Ontario’s acid gas control program. Public relations materials
that were prepared since 1985 reflected this theme. With the passage of the Clean Air Act
Amendments in November, 1990, the focus of the program shifted from increasing awareness
of the issue within the U.S. to publicizing recent scientific findings within Ontario as a result
of the abatement actions of both countries.

Product:

The "Countdown Acid Gas Control Program 1985-94" brochure was updated to include more
recent effects, aquatic recovery information as well as abatement actions by both Canada and
* the US. A stand alone bilingual display to accompany the brochure was designed for use by
Ministry staff or upon request from other agencies. A draft of a Health Effects Fact Sheet
was prepared by Acid Precipitation Office staff and an annual report of program findings
from 1989-90 was prepared and distributed to a mailing list of 500 individuals and agencies.

Acid Precipitation Office staff participated in a number of public relations presentations at
schools, colleges and universities. In addition, the Office handles on average 10 telephone
information requests per day and 5 walk-in requests for technical information on acid rain.
The number of requests for information on NO,/VOCs management and global warming has
increased during 1990-91.

A communications strategy for 1991-92 was prepared.

112

ACID PRECIPITATION OFFICE
PROJECT SUMMARY: 1990-91

Project Title:

Global Warming Strategy Development

Project Leader:
G. Endicott/I. Leung

Purpose:

To establish a greenhouse gas emission reduction target for Ontario and to develop a strategy
to meet that target.

Background:

The Ministry of Energy issued a discussion paper in March 1990 which stated that its policies
would result in greenhouse gas emissions lower than 1989 by 2000. The City of Toronto has
adopted a 20% reduction in CO, from 1988 levels by 2005 while the federal government
proposed stabilization of CO, and other greenhouse gas emissions at 1990 levels by 2000.

In January 1991, the Ministries of Environment and Energy jointly commissioned a report
from a coalition of environmental groups on possible measures to reach the 20% reduction
goal through energy related CO, reductions. The report, entitled "Degrees of Change, Steps
Towards an Ontario Global Warming Strategy" was completed in June 1991. It contained
recommendation on how to reach a 26% reduction of about 75% of Ontario’ s energy related
CO, emissions from 1988 levels by 2005.

Product:
Requests for proposals due in the process of being evaluated or sent out on the following:
(a) Inventory of Ontario Greenhouse Gas Emissions (jointly with Energy)

(b) Scoping of a Global Warming Science Program

113

A Cabinet submission on a global warming program failed in May 1991. Cabinet requested a
new submission on further progress for December 1991 and a second submission on a
program by summer 1992.

Implications:

The establishment of a greenhouse gas emission reduction target and the associated strategy to
meet that target will require the cooperation of all levels of government and interested groups.
The government will not be able to proceed with implementation of the strategy without
enhanced public awareness of the issue and widespread social cooperation.

114

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Full text of "Acidic precipitation in Ontario study (APIOS) project summaries : report prepared by Acidic Precipitation Office, Ontario Ministry of the Environment"

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