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m
«
* ' -, A COLLECTION
♦ OF
EXAMPLES AND PROBLEMS
IN
PURE AND MIXED
i
MATHEMATICS,
WITH
ANSWERS AND OCCASIONAL HINTS.
BY
THE REV. ALFRED WRIGLEY, MA., F.R.A.S. &c.,
OF ST. John's college, Cambridge;
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR OF MATHEMATICS AND CLASSICS IN THE
ROYAL INDIAN MILITARY COLLEGE, ADDI8COMBB.
FIFTH EDITION.— CORRECTED.
LONDON:
LONGMAN, BROWN, GREEN, LONGMANS, AND ROBERTS.
1859.
///. ^ . /tT.
PRINTED BT
i WILLIAM FRANCIS^
#
PREFACE
TO
THE FOURTH EDITION.
r"
In preparing this Edition, many additional Examples
■
and Problems have, tieen inserted in the Arithmetic,
Theory of Equations, Geometry, Mensuration, Applica-
tion of Algebra to Geometry and Conic Sections. The
present arrangement, and order of questions, it is in-
tended to retain in any future Edition.
It has been deemed expedient to omit examples in the
elementary processes of the Differential and Integral
Calculus, leaving those problems ia Mixed Mathematics,
which require the higher calculus, to suffice for that
subject.
All the Examples and Problems, in which Logarithms
may conveniently be used, have been solved with the
IT PREFACE.
aid of tables, in which the logarithms consist of six
figures. The Logarithmic Tables here used, were edited
by the Rev. J. Cape', M.A., &c., Professor of Mathematics
and Classics in the East India Company's Military Col-
lie, Addiscombe.
As in many calculations, logarithms are used rather
for convenience than from necessity, the answers obtained
will slightly vary, (i) according as logarithms are used
or not, (2) according as the tabulated logarithm consists
of five, six, or seven figures, more or less, and (3) accord-
ing to the extent of the use made of ' proportional parts.'
This variation is generally very small, and an indication
of the cause of it will be sufficient to explain the dis-
parity between the answers to some questions obtained
on different occasions or by different persons.
Great assistance has been derived from Barlow's Tables
of Squares, Cubes, Square Roots, &c., edited by Professor
De Morgan, 1840.
November 15, 1857.
ADVERTISEMENT.
The Pifth Edition is a reprint of the Fourth cor-
rected.
July 1859.
TABLE OF CONTENTS-
ARITHMETIC.
Sec. Page
1 . Vulgar Fractions i
2. Decimal Fractious 4
3. Duodecimals 7
4. Practice 8
5. Rule of Three Direct 9
6. Rule of Three Inverse 10
7. Double Rule of Three, Compound Proportion 11
8. Simple Interest 13
9. Compound Interest 14
10. Discount 15
11. Stocks 15
12. Single Fellowship 16
13. Double Fellowship 17
14. Extraction of Roots 17
ALGEBRA.
1 . Multiplication 18
2. Division 19
3. Greatest Common Measure 19
4. Least Common Multiple • • . . e 20
5. Fractions 20
6. Involution and Evolution 24
7. Surds 26
8. Equations:
I. Simple Equations 32
II. Simultaneous Equations of the First Degree 35
III. Problems in Equations of the First Degree 38
IV. Pure Quadratic Equations 40
V. Adfected Quadratic Equations 41
VI. Simultaneous Equations of the 2nd, 3rd, &c. Degrees , . 44
VII. Problems in Equations of the 2nd and higher Degrees. . 47
9. Inequalities 48
10. Ratio, Proportion and Variation 48
▼i TABLE OF CONTENTS.
Sec. Page
1 1 . Arithmetical Progression 49
12. Greometrical Progression 53
13. Harmonical Progression 55
14. PUes of Balls and Shells 56
15. Permutations and Combinations 57
16. Binomial and Multinomial Theorems 59
17. Indeterminate Coefficients 62
18. Reversion of Series 63
19. Summation of Series 63
20. Interpolation of Series 65
21. Chances or Probabilities 65
22. Scales of Notation (^1
23. Logarithms 68
24. Exponential Equations^ &c 70
25. Interest and Annuities 70
THEORY OF EQUATIONS.
1 . Formation of Equations^ &c 7;,
2. Transformations^ &c 74
3. Symmetrical Functions 75
4. Reciprocal or Recurring Equations ^6
5. Equations haying Equal Roots T^
6. Cubic Equations ']^
7. Biquadratic Equations 78
8. Limits of the Roots of Equations 78
9. Rational Roots 79
10. Sturm's Theorem 79
11. Methods of Approximation 79
GEOMETRY: Miscellaneous Theorems and Problems 81
MENSURATION.
1 . Areas of Plane Figures . . , 91
2. Surfaces and Contents of Solids 96
3. Mensuration of Shot^ Shells and Powder 101
PLANE TRIGONOMETRY.
1 . Trigonometrical Formulae, &c 103
2. Properties of Plane Figures 109
3. Trigonometrical Tables 113
TABLE OF CONTENTS. Vll
Sec. Page
4. Solution of Plane Triangles 114
5. Heights and Distances 1 14
6. Expansions, Series, &c 118
APPLICATION OF ALGEBRA TO GEOMETRY .... 121
^ ANALYTICAL GEOMETRY AND CONIC SECTIONS.
1. Straight Line, &c. 125
2. Circle 127
3. Parahola 1 29
4. Ellipse 134
5. Hyperbola 141
6. Sections of the Cone, and General Problems 143
7. Loci 146
STATICS.
1. Forces acting in one Plane, through one point 149
2. Forces acting in one Plane, but not through one point 152
3. Forces which do not act in the same Plane 158
4. The Centre of Gravity 159
5. Centre of Parallel Forces 165
6. Guldinus' Properties • 165
?• Machines:
I. Lever 166
II. Wheel and Axle , 169
III. Pulley 170
IV. Inclined Plane 171
V. Screw 172
8. Friction 172
DYNAMICS.
1 . Collision or Impact of Bodies 1 74
2. Uniformly Accelerated Motion and Gravity 178
3. Motion upon a Curve, and the Simple Pendulum 1 84
4. Projectiles 1 86
5. Rotation of Bodies :
I. Moment of Inertia 191
II. Centre of Oscillation 192
III. D'Alembert's Principle, &c • • 195
• • •
VIII TABLE OF CONTENTS.
HYDROSTATICS.
Sec. Page
1. Pressure on Surfaces 197
2. Centre of Pressure 202
3. Equilibrium of two fluids in a bent tube 204
4. Specific Gravity 204
5. Equilibrium of Floating Bodies 207
6. Elastic Fluids 209
7. Instruments and Machines 211
HYDRODYNAMICS.
1 . Efflux of Fluids from Vessels 214
2. Resistances 217
ANSWERS.
Arithmetic 221
Algebra 229
Logarithms 256
Theory of Equations 258
Mensuration » . . 264
Trigonometry 266
Application of Algebra to Geometry 274
Analytical Geometry and Conic Sections 280
Statics 282
Dynamics 291
Hydrostatics ' 300
Hydrodynamics 307
ERRATA.
Page 62. In (45), /or P' read P^. Page 156, 4th line, for other read same,
-^— 194. In (22), add ** the height of cone being equal to the radius of its hase."
aSS' Ex. 54. ifuert
[12] l+lr-J.:fl-9i:fi± ... +(_L-I-Z.2W ...
3 9 54 324 — Vjfi-i 2 6 jny ^
262. Ex. 12. [11] /»• 4-5577, -3**438 r«flrf-776, -r353.
262. Ex. 14. [6]/w* 5 read 2, U'ifor 10 read 3.
263. Ex, 16. [11] for imaginary read between ^9, 9X}.
». », [12]/or {8, 9}rearf{io, 11}.
264. Ex. 6. In [14] and [15] multiply the answer given by 2.
266. Ex. 12. [14] /or 929*9136 read 1977* i.
»» Ex. 16. The numbers of the questions [7], [8], ... [17] should be
altered to [8], [9] ... [18] respectively.
- 306. Ex. l^i^^-ifor^re^^^y, .
EXAMPLES AND PROBLEMS
IN
PURE AND MIXED MATHEMATICS.
ARITHMETIC.
VULGAR FRACTIONS.
Ex. 1. Reduce to their lowest terms —
1 il. .9^. 420. jg8_ 1407 .
144' 324' 5400' 1058* 221 I
2 1792 6409, 2433_ 8398^. 19527
■ 2048' 7395' 13787' 29393' 23667
23760 S277_5£ looiio 1 09990 1
' 26136' 645029' 31866 ' 1067803
Ex. 8. Reduce to simple fractions —
1. iUi SSiri i805f; 20J4I-
2913 . c** • 8-Li. • n^7 » T'j*o
»
Ex. 3. Express as simple fi*aetions —
1.^ off of 3; l-ofjofg; j- of 4 of 8.
2. » of tV of 6*; f of 2f of 2-fV; H of H of 3t of tV-
3. 4^ of 2» of i^ of ifj.; f of i of * of f of ^.
Ex. 4. Find the sum of —
1. i + i + i + i; i + l+i + f.
2 ARITHMETIC. [Ex. 4 — 8.
Ex. 4. Find the sum of —
Ex. fi. Find the value of —
1- T+T + f— .*rJ i-4-+!- + l + f
Q 4 4_ 7 _L a I II. IS^I4_LI3 ii
Q A — * 4 X-l-*.— »• « _L « -J- « 7 _ S _|_ S
»'• ^ T T tT^T — Tf tT^T^T F T « F'
4. (i|of3|.)-2-^; (4iof5f)~(2fofY-) + 7f.
Ex. 6. Find the product of —
2« TT X -pj- X -pj X -J- X — ; 3t ^ T ^ \T ^^ t) ^ -4600 X ig-g-a •
3. ii- of I of 2|.) X i5f ; (H of f of 6tV) X (14^ of 2A-) X ^•
Ex. 7. Find the quotient of —
1>i.^a . 3.^13 . ** ' X 7 . o < -^ ■ • *A-i-o3
• T • T» T ■ ITF' TT • TT' JT • T> TT • JT"
2. i47-,2^-f-i24-; 151^74^; (foff)^iVJ 42^{iToff)-
3. (f of 6)-^(^ of f of 4^) ; (J of 4. of A)-(tV of f of i).
4. (3Jx24i)H-(8^of^); (4-x^X3)H-(T«rXfx4)-
Ex. 8. Find the value of —
1. I+2X4.+3XV-; 7^-7x4^; ^(6|.+2^).
fxi4-xi2j: 4f-H . izi±±zi.
I 4 I 3 V * .1 I V' O' *VT5
4.
5.
13 14
TO- —
I S 16 * I 6 V ' — _L3 v*' »V1'-I-'3
24.x 24^x24^- 1 . 44x44 X4J--4 . 6j.x6j.x6j.-8
24-X24-1 ' 44x4t-4 ' 6^x64-4.
6- #^x.(T+i)> 44(i-|4)+Ax-^x(±xA).
T
7- !^xiY2:4-4xA.+^x{4,+44:)+^x(|.+f).
9. (21 + ^ of 34.-^)^1./^
of -■ T» 4- 5 'tT*
J^T It '15-
Ex. 8 11.] VULGAB FRACTIONS. 3
Ex. 8. Find the value of —
10. — ; i 7tV of —■
3 + ^ 2+ _ 10 +
5 + 7 3 + -T 3+^
4+-
Ex. 9. Find the value of —
1. ^ of 10*. 6rf. j ^ of £3 12*. ; tW? of ^7*-
2. f of a cwt.; ^ of i^ of a lb. troy ; -^ of a lb. troy.
3. J^g. of a ton ; f of an acre ; f of |. of a day.
4. £2 155. Sd.X^; £23 105. lid, X2tt; -^i 13*- 9^- X ly-
5. (£75 135. 9^.) x-^; (£525 i4«- 6|^-) xH-
6. (£18 17*. orf. X 2-^) ; (£40 115. 6ffl?.) X 57-jV-
7. f of £5 18*. 5rf. ; f of f of £16 85. lid.
8. 4 miles 3 fur. 37 poles 4f yd, x 5f ; 2 cwt. 3 qr. x 1^.
9. £4^+IIJ^.+ 7^\rf.; £|. + -jVf. + (|.of 215.)
10. I: of 215. + 1 of 55. + 4- of 75. 6rf.— |. of 2rf.
11. ^ of 105. 6rf.-f |. of 275.—^ of 65. 8rf.
12. I: of IOi^.-f I| of J- of 55. +|. of I^ of £1.
13. -^ of £1+1 of £140 105. 6</. + i-0f 215.
7t
14. If of 3i of £1 75. +f of 135. 4^. — f of i| of 6fs.
15. 7 * of 365.I: days -f 3-^ of | wk. + 1 of 5|. hr.
Ex. 10. Find the value of —
1. £9 95. 7^5^.-4-31-; £20 185. 2ffJ(/.-HI2i|.
2. £160 45. 8^.H--|. of £1 105. 6^. ; 3 wk. 4 d.-r-if.
3. 2A. 3R. 5P.-T-4-JZ5.; 1416A. 2R. i6P.-r-^of 4A. 5R. 27P.
4. ^ of l| of £2 165. 3d.-^^; 2\. of £8 145. 2-i?a«?.-^8f
6. 5 cwt. 2qr. 141b.— 1|-; 3 m. 7 fur. lioyd.-i-fi-.
Ex. 11. Reduce —
1. 65. id. to the fr. of £1 ; 85. 2d, to the fr. of 215.
2. 155. 94^. to the fr. of £1 ; £2 175. 7j^. to the fr. of £3 125.
3. £7 135. li^. tothefr. of£2 65. 104^.; 2iguin. tofr. of £i|^.
4. 5 yd. I ft. to the fr. of a mile.
6. 2 fur. 97 yd. 2^ ft. to the fr. of a mile.
B 2
4 ARITHMETIC. [Ex. 11 — 15.
Ex. 11. Reduce —
6. 3 qr. 3 lb. i oz. 12^ dr. to the fr. of a cwt.
7. 19 lb. to the fr. of 2 qr. ^i lb.
8. 13 wk. 5 d. 64. hr. to the fr. of 365^ days.
9. 3 R. 15 P. to the fr. of an acre.
10. 3^ crowns to the fr. of 7^ guin. ; 5| sq. yd. to the fr. of if P.
Ex. 12. Reduce —
1. 1^. to the fr. of iBi ; 2^. to the fr. of a guinea.
2. -|. of 25. 44^., and f of is. ^yi., each to the fr. of 2s, 6rf.
3. f of IS. 2d. to the fr. of 55. lorf. ; f of 6s. 8rf. to the fr. of 5*.
4. -YTVip of a guin. to the fr. of ^.
5. f of IS. gd. to the fr. of 35. 4^.
6. 3y of £4. 118. to the fr. of 13^ guineas.
7. I- of 1 1 of 95. yd. to the fr. of £2|-.
8. 2f of 141b. to the fr. of 3 qr. 10 lb.
9. i^ sq. yd. to the fr. of 2 ft. 5 in.
10. 74. of 3 A. 2 R. 5 P. to the fr. of i if acres.
11. 3i^«_ of 3d. 7 hr. to the fr. of 3 weeks.
12. f of £1 —f of a guin. to the fr. of a crown.
13. -3|l X {(V^ of £1) -(^ of 18.)} to the fr. of 27s.
Ex. 13.
1. What part of 44 guineas is 5f of -i^^ of £14?
2. What part of i-f roods is 25-j2j. poles ; of 3 wk. 4 d. is 2^ min. ?
3. What sum is the same fr. of 55. that 28. ()^. is of 215.?
DECIMAL FRACTIONS.
Ex. 14. Find the product —
1. Of 120*5 X 4176; 375*4 X '057.
2. Of*47x'00o8; -000476 X '0078 ; 573*005 X '000754.
3. Of 814632 X '0378; 9178 X -381.
4. Of 3-04 X '201 X '0152; 101*5 X 1*015 X*0I0I5.
Ex. 16. Find the quotient —
1. Of I735-5-T-6-5; 67288-^-647; 6^-oo8.
2. Of 3*I-r-*0025; 2-86-i-*0I3; 4-8-H-000l6.
Ex. 15 18.] DECIMAL FRACTIONS. S
Ex. 16. Find the quotient —
3. Of •07504-5-23-45; -00044408 -r- 'Oil 2,
4. Of 365 -r-- 18349; I 708-4592-^-0072.
6. Of 738-0964-f-"023 ; •io724-t--oo3i25.
Ex. 16. Reduce to decimals —
1 * • 1 9 . J-i. . I 1
*• TT ' TTTf 5 > T^^ > XaT*
2 5. I 3 . 3*1 . 5 6 . 10^7
94 74- 9 2f 31
-'^of — -J 301 —
32 31I:' ^ 19
6 1 . I . I . 169
7, J_3^ . i-2-2. . J-LJ. . 4 111
II. 5
ft 189 . II. 5
Ex. 17. Find the value of —
1. 58i-43 + -53i+8-oi + i9-04 + 307-5.
2. 2-7--9i3; 27-0427694-9-946; 4-3*H2857.
• • •••• ••
3. 28'43x 1*24; 3-8ix-io3; 5097x12.
4. 6-76 X -05; 30375 X -17; 4*583 X -581.
6. 12H-1728; 16-7-960; '3-^09.
• • • • 4 • ■
6. •09-^--04; •042H--036; 234*6-i-7.
7. -04-^-769230; 7-T--142857; (2-8 of 2-27)-- 1-136.
• • • • •
8. 25*2 13-5- -406; (-36-HI-78) X5-93-r--o72.
8-8 \
9 /?:37S^f.«:»_\^/<JL77^f4Y
V 6-3 -0625/ Vii-35 V
10. ^3:szi:!3 ^f r^s of ^'^\^y±2^^22i.
\ 4-1 4-5-8 3-25 / 215
Ex. 18. Find the fractional values —
1. Of '25; -725; 1634.
2. Of I 36; 3582; 15*26.
3. Of -085; "00875; '00023535.
4. Of -2; -27; -24; 172,
G ARITHMETIC. [Ex. 18 — 20.
Ex. 18. Find the fractional values —
• • • • • •
5. Of -051; 3148; -01136.
• • • * •
6. Of 5*187; -008763; 11-287.
7. Of (i2"5-f 1*25)^(12-5 — 1*25).
Ex. 19. Find the value —
1. Of 13^+ lyH- 8x43-— 4^ ''^y decimals, and by vulgar fractions.
2. Of 2-25 + 3-57+ I -375 + -32; 101-54-98-2464;
StX^'S^ 3*6 ; —^ — - ; and the product of the results.
3. Of I + - + h h +
I 1.2 1.2.3 ^•2.3.4 1.2.3.4.5 1.2.3.4.5.6
4. Of 2(-+~^, + -i-,+ -i— , + — ^J-
Is 3x5' 5x5' 7x5^ 9X5'J
5. Of 2i-+ :+ r+ ;- + iV-
1-3 3x3' 5x3^ 7x3^ 9X3'J
Of /I—— i— -4-— i ^4- - L_\ L.
*15 3x5' 5x5^ 7x5' 9x5'' 11x5"/ 239'
Ex. 20. Reduce —
1. 4^^. to the dec. of is. ; 28, 1 1|^. to the dec. of £i.
2. 185. 4irf. to the dec. of £1 ; i^d. to the dec. of £1,
3. 45. 7iV^. to the dec. of iBi ; Ss. 7^. to the dec. of 21*.
4. 145. 6id. to the dec. of 275. ; f of 21s, to the dec. of £1.
5. 55. 44^/. to the dec. of £1 ys. 6d,
6. £2 155. 9rf. to the dec. of 35. 8^.
7. 145. 9|^. to the dec. of 2^ guineas.
8. 5^ guineas to the dec. of £50.
9. 1 1 dwt. to the dec. of a lb. troy.
10. 10 drams to the dec. of a lb. avoird.
11. 3 qr. 3 lb. I oz. 12^ dr. to the dec. of a cwt.
12. 6 furlongs to the dec. of a league.
13. 5 lb. 10 oz. 3 dwt. 15 gr. troy, to the dec. of a cwt. avoird.
14. I cwt. 3 qr. 14 lb. to the dec. of i|- tons.
15. 12 min. to the dec. of an hour.
16. 3 R. 10 P. to the dec. of 2|^ acres.
Ex. 20 22.] DUODECIMALS. 7
Ex. 20. Reduce —
17. S sq. ft. 32 in. to the dec. of i^ sq. yd.
18. 3 wk. 4 d. 5 h. 6 m. 7 s. to the dec. of 4 weekfe.
19. 5 days 9 h. 7 s. to the dec. of 2 wk. 15 h.
Ex. 21. Find the value of —
1. 785 of £1 ; 3-465 of £1 ; 75435 of u.
2. -878125 of £l; -97216 of £ij 1-7962 of £1.
3. '375 of a guin.; 72708 of £1 7s.; 6-25 of 6s. Sd.
4. i-46875of £3 45. 6rf.; 7-125 of 31^ guin.; '03125 of £25.
6. -00243 of a lb. troy ; '0396 of a lb. avoird.; -35 of 2 qr. 17 lb.
6. '475 of a yd.j 27-138 of 2 m. 450 yd. ; '04535 of a mile.
7. *05 of an acre; i'3875 of 2 sq. ft. 95 in.; '255 of a league.
• • • •
8. 4-27 of 55. 104^ ; '0892857 14 of 7s.; 2-35 of 35.
• • •
9. '0138 of £4. 145. 6d, ; 2'207 of £3 9*. ^id.
10. £'75 + 2-055.; £*634375H--o25of 255.-h'3i6 of 305.
11. '75 of 6s. 8rf.— 1*84375 of 45. + 3-9796 of 2s.
12. 2-86805 of 35. + '83 of 45.— 1-8 of 55.
13. I- 1 25 of £1 75. + 44-045 of 11^.— -0625 of ys. 6rf. + 1-025
of 3f rf.
14. -175 ton + -i95 cwt. + 'i45qr. + -i5lb.
1^' '573 ii^'-i-75i y^'i '5 mile— -375 fur. ; '163 of 2 J^ miles.
16. 1-2 of 3 A. 2R. + -I35P. — 21-9 yd. + 310-1 ft.
DUODECIMALS.
Ex. 22. Find the product of —
1. 12 ft. 4 in. X 3 ft. 5 in. ; 17 ft. lO in. x 24 ft. 6 m.
2. 15 ft. 7 in. X 5 ft. 1 1 in. ; 207 ft. 9 in. x 7 ft. 10 in.
3. 6 ft. 5 in. 4 pt. X 4 ft. 5 in. ; 9 yd. 2 ft. 9 in. x I ft. 10 in.
4. 13 ft. 7in. II pt. X 7ft. loin. 4pt.
5. 125 ft. 9 in. 8 pt. X 25 ft. 10 in. 3 pt.
6. 3 ft. 4 in. X 4 ft. 5 in. X 5 ft. 6 in.
7. 23 ft. 5 in. 6 pt. X 10 ft. 6 in. X 5 ft. 7 in.
8 ARITHMETIC. [Ex. 23 — Z6.
Ex. 23. Find the quotient of —
1. 28 sq. ft. 66^in.-i-4ft. 5 in.
2. 80 sq.ft. 140 in,-f-5 ft. 6 in.
3. 1 1 sq. yd. 3 ft. 129 in.-r-2 ft. 9 in.
4. 84 sq. yd. 2 ft. lOO in.-r- 1 1 ft. 11 in.
5. 633sq. yd. 2 ft. 25 in.-f-^2 yd. 10 in.
6. iSosq.yd. 7 ft. 54in.-^7ft. 10 in.
PRACTICE.
Ex. 24. Find the values of —
1. 59623 at 7|^.; 2654 at S^.; 38940 at ii^d.
2. 8765 at 14^.; 18541 at I*. 8^rf. ; 264 at 6s.
3. 2084 at 9^. ; 20563 at 17*.; 43^65 at 195.
4. 2684 at 3.9. 6d, ; 6285 at 15*. yd, ; 1846 at ys. 6^d.
5. 24503 at 13*. 7|^. ; 265 at £2 15s. ; 382 at £b 13*.
6. 123 at £5 135. 64^. ; 356 at £7 15^. 7frf.
7. 3661 at £2 iSs. 8d,; 17624 at £3 55. 74^/.
8. 300214 at i8«. 3|^f. ; 644414 at £5 7«. 5i^.
Ex. 26. Find the value of —
1. 31685 ft. 9 in. at 6s. g^. per ft.
2. 37 cwt. 2qr. 141b. at £7 lOs. gd. per cwt.
3. 3 cwt. I qr. 7 lb. at 35. lod. per lb.
4. 90Z. i5dwt. 16 gr. at 2^. 11^. per oz.
5. 3 cwt. 2 qr. 21 lb. at ^655 los. per cwt.
6. 5 yd. 2 ft. 9 in. at 55. 34^. per ft.
7. 3 gal. 2 qt. I pt at 185. 6d. per gallon.
8. 20 A. 3 R. 25 P. at £5 ys. b^d. per acre.
9. 4 mo. 3 wk. 6 d. at i ys. 4J. per week.
10. 1 1 mo. 2 wk. 5 d. at £5 45. gd. per month.
11. 1 3 lb. 9 oz. 3 dwt. at £3 55. per oz.
12. 1 7 cwt. I qr. 12 lb. at £1 igs. 8rf. per cwt.
13. 356 A. 3 R. 39 r P. at £2 ly. 4^. per acre.
i4. 45 A. 3 R. 20 P. at £1 1 1 1 18. 4^. per acre.
15. 46 quarters 5 bash, at 58^. 8d. per quarter.
Ex. 25 — 27.] RULE OF THREE DIRECT. 9
Ex. 25. Find the value of —
16. 7 quarters 3 bush. 34- pecks at 75. 4^. per busheL
17. 9600 rupees at is. lod. each.
Ex. 26.
1. What is the dividend on £2045 159. ()d. at $8. i i^d, in the £ ?
2. What is the tax on an income of 500 guineas at ^d, in the Mit
3. An officer's pay is I2s. '^d. per day; how much is that in a
year?
EULE OF THREE DIRECT.
Ex. 27.
1. If I4«. will buy 8 lb. of tobacco; how much will £4 19^. i\d.
buy at the same rate ?
2. If the carriage of 3 cwt. i qr. 18 lb. of goods comes to
£1 i8«. Sid.; what will be the charge for carrying one ton the
same distance ?
3. If £^i buy 3f gallons ; how much will £/^ buy ?
4. If 3-J- acres let for ^10^ ; how much will 1 1^ acres let for ?
5. If I- of an estate be worth £220 ; what is the value of -^oiiil
6. If 136 tons 13 cwt. of coals cost £182 4^.; find the cost of
370 tons 16 cwt.
7. If one bushel of malt cost 55. lod, ; how much can I buy for
^27 55. 5rf. ?
8. If 344 yards of cloth cost £12 7^. iif^. ; how many yards
of this cloth can be bought for £3 195. o\d. ?
9. If 3|- oz. avoird. cost 75. ; what will 10^ lb. cost ?
10. If an income of ^£549 7 13^. 4^. yield a tax of £152 10^. 6^.;
how much is this tax per £1 ?
11. If i673i|: be the rent for 365 A. 3 R. 20 t.; what is the
rent of 100 acres.
12. If £65 lis. buy 138 gallons of rum; find the cost of
475 gallons ?
13. A bankrupt owes me £360 165. ^^d.^ for which I get only
£240 155. 6i. ; how much is this in the £ ?
14. If I oz. of tea cost •4583*.; how much will £61 12s. buy ?
16. How much per cent, is £62 of £75 ?
16. An article which cost 3^. 6d. is sold for 35. lo\;d.', what is
that per cent, profit ?
10 ARITHMETIC. [Ex. 27, 28.
Ex. 27.
17. If a tradesman gains y, 4|4^ upon an article which cost him
155. gd. ; how much does he gain per cent. ?
18. A person sold 72 yards of cloth for £8 145.^ his profit being
the cost of 11*52 yards; how much did he gain per cent. ?
19. If I cwt. of an article cost £y ; at what price per lb. must it
be sold to gain 10 per cent. ?
20. By selling a horse for £116 lys, a person lost 5 per cent.;
what will be his gain or loss per cent, if he sell him for £132 45. 6d,f
21. A tea-dealer buys a chest of tea containing 2 qr. 17 lb. at
3«. i^d. per lb., and two chests, each containing 3 qr. 7 lb., at
35. 54^. per lb. ; what will he gain per cent, by selling the mixture
at 45. per lb.?
22. A grocer buys coffee at £S los. per cwt., and chicory at
£2 I Of. per cwt., and mixes them in the proportion of 5 parts of
chicory to 7 of coffee ; at what rate must he sell the mixture so as
to gain £i6|- per cent, on his outlay ?
23. If 13 tons 8 cwt. of goods cost £525 ; what will 3 cwt. I lb.
i^^Qz. cost?
24. A shilling weighs 3 dwt. 15 gr., of which 3 parts out of
40 are alloy, and the rest pure silver. How much per cent, is
there of alloy ; and what is the weight of the pure silver ?
25. If the pound weight of silver be coined into 66 shillings;
what is the weight (avoirdupois) of half-a-crown ?
26. If I lb. (troy) of standard gold be coined into £46 14^. (hI. ;
what is the weight of a sovereign ?
RULE OF THREE INVERSE.
£x. 28.
1. If a board be 8 inches broad; what must be its length to
contain 12 square feet?
2. How many yards of matting J yard wide, will be sufficient to
cover a floor that is 154^ feet broad, and 2 7^ feet long ?
3. How many yards of paper i yard wide, will hang a room 18
feet long, 15 broad, and 10 high ?
4. If I lend a friend £100 for 12 months; for how long ought
he to lend me £175 as an equivalent ?
5. If 14 men can perform a piece of work in 17^^ days; in
how many days can 35 men do the same work ?
Ex. 28, 29.] COMPOUND PROPORTION. 11
Ex. 28.
6. If 4 men or 6 women ean do a piece of work in 20 days ; how
long will 3 men and 5 women take to finish it ?
7. If a certain sum pay for the carriage of 100 lb. for 120
miles ; how far ought 56 lb. to be carried for the same money ?
8. A regiment of 1000 men are to have new coats; each coat is
to contain 2|- yards of cloth i^ yards wide, and to be lined with
shalloon |- yard wide : how many yards of shalloon will be required ?
9. If a garrison of 1500 men have provisions for 13 months;
how long will their provisions last, if it be increased to 2200 ?
10. If 1000 men, marching 8 abreast, extend 325 paces; what
will be their extent if they march 10 abreast ?
11. If the step of a man be 2-|- feet, and that of a horse be 2^
feet ; how many horse-paces are equal to 50 man-paces ?
12. How many roubles, each worth 3s. \id., are equal in value
to 378 Napoleons at 15*. 9|^. each?
13. If 2 cwt. I qr. 18 lb. of tea cost as much as 18 cwt. 91b. of
sugar ; how much sugar should be given in exchange for i lb. of tea ?
DOUBLE RULE OF THREE.
COMPOUND PROPORTION.
Ex. 29.
1. If j6i20 be the wages of 6 men for 21 weeks; what will be
the wages of 14 men for 46 weeks ?
2. What must I pay for the work of 36 men for 7 months ; when
the wages of 50 men for 12 months amount to £1080 ?
3. If £'a be the wages of 13 men for 74^ days ; what will be the
wages of 20 men for 15-}- days ?
4. If, with a capital of £1000, a man gains £100 in 5 months;
in what time will he gain £49 los. with a capital of £225 ?
6. If the carriage of 4 cwt. 3 qr. for 160 miles be £3 175. ; what
will be the carriage of 1 1 cwt. 3 qr. 14 lb. for 100 miles ?
6. If II cwt. can be carried 12 miles for a guinea; how far can
26 cwt. 23 lb. be carried for 5 guineas ?
7. If a person can travel 142*2 miles in 44^ days, each 10*164
hours long; how many days of 8*4 hours will he be in travelling
505-6 miles?
8. If 6 horses can plough 171^ acres in 4 days; how many acres
will 54 horses plough in 2^ days ?
12 ARITHMETIC. [Ex. 29.
Ex. 29.
9. If 10 horses consume 7 bushels 2 pecks Id 7 days; in what
time will 28 horses consume 3 qr. 6 bush.^ at the same rate ?
10. If 48 men can perform a piece of work in 16 days of 9 hours
each; in how many days of 12 hours each can 64 men accomplish
the same ?
11. How many days of 15 hours each would 60 men take to per-
form a piece of work in ; when 45 men can do the same in 30 days
of 12 hours each?
12. If 27 men can do a piece of work in 14 days^ working 10
hours a day ; how many hours a day must 24 boys work^ in order
to complete the same in 45 days : the work of a boy being half that
of a man ?
13. If 5 men and 7 boys can reap a field of corn of 1 25 acres in
15 days; in how many days will 10 men and 3 boys reap a field of
com of 75 acres, each boy's work being one-third of a man's ?
14. If 134^ ells of cloth, 4- yard wide, cost 54. guineas; what will
33i yards, |- ell wide, come to ?
15. If 4- of a sheep be worth £^, and |. of a sheep be worth -j^
of an ox; how much must be given for 100 oxen ?
16. If 12 oxen be worth 29 sheep, 15 sheep worth 25 hogs, 17
hogs worth 3 loads of wheat, and 8 loads of wheat worth 13 loads
of barley ; how many loads of barley must be given for 20 oxen ?
17. If 12 of A count for 13 of B, 6 of B for 18 of C, and 13 of
C for 2 of D ; how many of A count for 100 of D ?
18. If 48 men, working 8 hours a day for one week, can dig a
trench 235 feet long, 40 wide, and 28 deep; in what time can 12
men, working 10 hours a day, form a railway cutting containing
156,060 cubic yards?
19. If the pound weight of standard gold, of 22 carats fine, be
worth £46 145. 6d. ; find the values of the following gold coins,
the weight and fineness (or number of parts of pure gold in 1000
parts of the coin) being as stated below :
(i). Mohur of Bengal, of weight 7 dwt. 23 gr. and fineness 993.
(2). Mohur of Bombay, of wt. 7 dwt. lOi gr. and fineness 953.
(3). Grold Rupeeof Bombay, of wt. 7 dwt. 11 gr. and fineness 922.
(4) . Grold Rupee of Madras, of wt. 7 dwt. 1 2 gr. and fineness 916.
(5). Star Pagoda of Madras, of wt. 2 dwt. 44.gr. and fineness 792.
20. If the pound weight of standard silver be worth 62s., of
which 222 parts in 240 are pure silver ; find the values of the fol-
lowing silver coins :
(i). Sicca Rupee, of weight 7 dwt. 12 gr. and fineness 979,
Ex. 29 — 33.] SIMPLE INTEREST. 13
Ex. 29.
(2). Arcott Rupee^ of weight 7 dwt. 9 gr. and fineness 941.
(3). Bombay Rupee, of weight 7 dwt. 11 gr. and fineness 926.
(4). Baroch Rupee, of weight 7 dwt, 10 gr. and fineness 883.
SIMPLE INTEREST.
Ex. 30. Find the Simple Interest —
1. On ^350, for 2 years, at 5 per cent.
2. On £530 17*. 6d,, for 11 years, at 5 per cent.
3. On £340 15*. 6rf., for 3 years, at 4 per cent.
4. On ^6235 14*. 4J,, for 3 years, at 5 per cent.
5. On £547 28* 4^., for 34. years, at 4 per cent.
6. On £300, for 3tV years, at 2 per cent.
Ex. 31. Find the Amount —
1. Of ^455, for 3|. years, at 5 per cent.
2. Of £1643 7^' Si^'9 f^^ 4 years, at 34^ per cent.
3. Of ^575, for S^ years, at 3f per cent.
4. Of 1895 guineas, for 4|. years, at 2^ per cent.
5. Of £411 105., for ^ year, at 4|- per cent.
6. Of £2860 i6s. 9|^., for 54^ years, at 4^ per cent.
Ex. 32. Find the Simple Interest and Amount —
1. Of i6347 105., for 219 days, at 5 per cent.
2. Of £684 185. 8rf., for I year 11 months, at 4^ per cent.
3. Of £126 105., for 135 days, at 2t per cent.
4. Of 200 guineas, for 4 years, 7 months, 25 days, at 4^ per cent.
5. Of ^67500, from May 5 to Oct. 26, at 3^ per cent.
6. Of £225 125. 6rf., from Sept. 29 to Dec. 25, at 34 per cent.
Ex. 33. In what time, at Simple Interest, —
1. Will £150 amount to £165 155., at 3 per cent. ?
2. Will £142 105. amount to £227 55. 9^., at 34^ per cent. ?
3. Will £1275 amount to £1549 II5., at 3^ per cent. ?
4. Will £100 amount to £1000, at 5 per cenf. ?
5. Will a given sum double itself, at 34^ per cent. ?
6. Will a given sum treble itself, at 4^ per cent. ?
14 ARITHMETIC. [Ez.
34. At what rate per cent, per annum^ Simple Interest, —
1. Will £300 amount to £350 in 7 years ?
2. Will £157 I5«. 4rf. amount to £295 165. 3^. in 25 years ?
3. Will £936 13*. 4^. amount to £1157 js. 4^. in 4|- years ?
4. Will a given sum double itself in 30 years ?
5. Will £200, in 146 days, produce £4 its, ?
Ex. 35. What sum or principal put out at Simple Interest —
1. Will amount to £1 11, in 5 years, at 4 per cent. ?
2. Will amount to £600, in 6 years, at 4 per cent. ?
3. Will amount to £105 6s. o^rf., in 3|. years, at 4^ per cent. ?
4. Will produce £455 per annum, at 3^ per cent. ?
5. Will produce £56 14*. interest, in 2^ years, at 44^ per cent. ?
COMPOUND INTEREST.
Ex. 36. Find the Compound Interest —
1. Of £256 io«., in 4 years, at 5 per cent,
2. Of £690, in 3 years, at 4^ per cent.
3. Of £317 i6«., in 5 years, at 3 per cent.
4. Of £760 105., in 4 years, at 4 per cent.
Ex. 37. Find the Amount, Compound Interest, —
1. Of £430, in 3 years, at 4 per cent.
2. Of £275 155., in 44; years, at 4 per cent.
3. Of £845 17s. lorf., in 5 years, at 3 per cent.
4. Of £2643 13*. 8rf., in 24. years, at 3 per cent.
5. Of £244 175. 64^., in 3|. years, at 2|. per cent.
6. Of £420 155., in 4 years, at 3 per cent., payable half-yearly.
Ex. 38. Find the diflFerence between the Simple and Compound
Interest —
1. Of £256, in 3 years, at 4^ per cent.
2. Of £13333 65. Srf., in 5 years, at 5 per cent.
3. Of 1004 guineas, in 3 years, at 44 per cent.
4. Of £38 105. 6rf., in 24 years, at 5 per cent.
Ex. 39.
1. What sum, at 4 per cent, per annum, Compound Interest,
will amount in 2 years to £405 1 28, ?
Ex. 39 — 43.] STOCEJS. 15
Ex. 39.
2. What principal^ at 3 per cent, per annum^ Compound Interest,
will amount in 6 years to £597 os. 6^.?
DISCOUNT.
Ex. 40. Find the Discount —
1. On £1000, due 4 years hence, at 5 per cent.
2. On ^6256 ys, 6d.f due 3 years hence, at 3 per cent.
3. On £1380 75. 6rf., due 9 months hence, at 3 per cent.
4. On £2ys bs, Sd., due 18 months hence, at 44 per cent.
5. On £1062 I OS., due i year 4 months hence, at 3^ per cent.
6. On £55, due 146 days hence, at 4|- per cent.
7. On a bill of £131 3«. 6d., drawn August i, at 4 months, and
discounted September 12, at 5 per cent.
Ex. 41. Find the Present Worth —
1. Of £903 145., due 2^ years hence, at ^i pcr cent, per ann.
2. Of £813 95., due I j. years hence, at 4|. per cent. —
3. Of £676 13«. 4rf., due 6 months hence, at 3 per cent. —
4. Of £324 i6s, Tid,y due 2^ years hence, at 3f per cent. —
5. Of 800 guineas, due 20 years hence, at 5^ per cent. —
6. Of £2197^ due in 3 years, at 4 per cent.. Compound Interest.
STOCKS.
Ex. 42. Find the quantity of Stock purchased by investing —
1. £500 in the 3I- per cents at 94.
2. ^643 1 1 85. ()d, in the 34- per cents at 85I-.
3. 400 guineas in the 4 per cents at 94.
4. £1606 in the 4 per cents at 100^.
5. £588 $s, in the 3^ per cents at 904..
6. £3097 in the 5 per cents at 105I-, brokerage \ per cent.
Ex. 43. Find the value in Sterling Money —
1. Of £1000, 4 per cent, stock at 82^.
2. Of £439 125. 6d,, 3^ per cent, stock at 92^.
3. Of i6 1 0,000, 3 per cent, stock at 93I:.
4. Of £4000, 3^ per cent, stock at 97 j^.
6. Of £2153 105., Bank stock at i88f, brokerage y per cent.
16 ARITHMETIC. [£z.
Ex. 44. Find the yearly income arising from the investment —
1. Of iBaooo in the 3 per cents at 88^.
2. Of £1047 ^*- 8^' ^ *^® 3 P®^ c^"*® ^* ^9i-
3. Of £3995 in the 34^ per cents at 99f .
4. Of £3003 in the Dutch 2^ per cents at 49^.
5. Of 5000 guineas in the 34- per cents at I02f, brokerage
^ per cent.
Ex. 45.
1. What interest per cent, is derived from investing money in
the 31- per cents at loij ? and in the 3 per cents at 93I: ?
2. If a person receive 44- per cent, interest on his capital by in-
vesting it in the 34^ per cents ; what is the price of the stock, and
how much stock can be purchased for £1200 ?
3. A person transfers £5000 stock from the 3^ per cents at 98
to the 3 per cents at 94; how much of the latter stock will he
hold, and what will be the difference in his income ?
4. What would be the difference in annual income from investing
c€i5000 in the 5 per cents at iioi, and in the 34 per cents at
92f?
5. A person invests £18150 in the 3 per cents at 90^, and on
the stock rising to 91, transfers it to the 34 per cents at 974-;
what increase in his annual income is thereby effected ?
6. If j6 1 000 of 3 per cent, stock at 72 be transferred to the
4 per cents at 90 ; find the alteration of income.
SINGLE FELLOWSHIP.
Ex. 46.
1. Four persons, A, B, C and D, rent a pasture for £50 ; A put
in 7 cattle ; B, 8 ; C, 9 ; and D, 10 : how much should each person
pay for his share ?
2. A tax of £530 is to be raised from 3 towns, the numbers of
inhabitants of which respectively are 2500, 3000, and 4200. How
much should each pay ?
3. A ship is wrecked, whose value is £1500, of which i68oo
belonged to A, £400 to B, £200 to C, and £100 to D. The in-
surance office pays them £1250 of their loss: how much of this
should each receive ?
4. Three persons whose estates are worth respectively £1000,
£755, and £645 a-ycar, buy 100 railway shares among them, each
buying a number proportional to his estate. How many shares
does each buy ?
Ex. 47-61.]
EXTRACTION OF ROOTS.
17
^ ^^ DOUBLE FELLOWSHIP.
L Four merchants^ A, B, C and D, trade together, A's stock
of ^6300 was in trade 12 months ; B's stock of £330 for 10 mouths;
C's of £375 for 8 months; and D's of £395 for 6 months. The
whole gain being £723; how much ought each to receive?
2. A company^ consisting of i captain^ 2 lieutenants^ 6 ser-
geants^ 10 corporals^ and 50 men, storm a fort, and find there a
treasure worth i6i6oo, which is divided among them according to
their pay and the time of their service. The captain has been in
the service for 5 years, and is paid 115. jd, a day; the lieutenants
have served 34. years, and are paid 6s, 6d. a day ; the sergeants
have served 7 years, and are paid 2^, 6d, a day ; the corporals have
sei*ved 4 years, and are paid is. 6d. a day ; and the men have served
2 years, and are paid is. a day : what portion of the prize should
each receive ?
EXTRACTION OF ROOTS.
Ex. 48. Find the square roots of —
1. 2601 ; 7225; 9801 ;
2.390625; 553536; 5764801;
3. 2; 150; 1053;
4. 75*347; '4325; 876-535;
5. 36'ooooo625; 1195-50669121;
. • •
6-249 ;
«• 5*3;
17;
7. fH; ^7-A; ^9^>
H. f ;
9.
TT9
45 .
s .
44-8 .
76X4
47089 ;
43046721.
3000;
•000729.
•0900375.
1788-57.
i5f;
138384.
7658.
H-
TJi
S04
•o I x'
Ex. 49. Find the cube roots of —
405224;
273'35944g.
1-092727;
•000057464.
r I 04 .
DTwry
1- 973361
2. 134217728;
3. -7854;
4. -007077888;
^i 3*4 .
Ex. 50. Find the fourth roots of —
1. 6561; 1679616;
2. 6724; 1-2544;
Ex. 51.
1. Find the sixth roots of 53 144 1 ;
941 192;
-001533.
2985984.
5 .
7^
% 3
2266-7I2I.
•96059601.
2. Divide the cube root of
as I S '4 5 6
3 * 7"6 8
262144; 19683.
by the fourth root of 8-3521.
3. Add together the cube roots of '059319 and 4-173281 ; and
multiply the sum by the square root of 105^^5^.
c
18 ALGEBRA. [Ez. 1^ 2.
ALGEBRA.
Ex. 1. Find the value —
when fl = 4, b=\, c=i.
2. Of a:*H-(a?*— 4^r+89)T, when 37=2.
3. Of |-(^)*', when fl=i, A= f.
4. Of (4a:*— I2d?'+ I3ur*— 4)t, when x=2,
MULTIPLICATION.
Ez. 2.
1 • Multiply ab^ by a^bc ; %mx^y by — yixy^ ; — A*te' by — k^Cx^.
2. Multiply 3a:'— 2a?*yH-3ury*— y' by 4^?*^*.
3. Multiply 3^— y by 2a?H-5y; ^^d 4^* + 3ary by x^yj,
4. Multiply I2d?'— 8j:*yH-i55:y* — loy^ by 3.r + 2y.
5. Multiply fl* + aa?H-a7* by fl*— oar + a?*.
6. Multiply iT* + 2xy — 3y* by a?* — 5a?y + 4y*.
7. Multiply a?' — aa?* + Aa?— c by a?* — te + «.
8. Multiply 9a:*4-3a?y + y*— 6a* + 2y + 4 by 3a:— yH-2.
9. Multiply fl* + 6* + c*--aA— flc— ^c by a-\'b-\'C,
10. Multiply -J^* + 3aa?—|-a* by 2a?*— oa?—^*.
11. Multiply iA'-5A*+iA+9 by iA*-A+3.
12. Multiply a^ + (2fl*-6>*H-a* + fl*^* by ;r*-fl*-A\
13. Multiply fl*» + ^— 2c" by 2fl*»— 36.
14. Multiply a?^»»-')»»— y(»-»)m by ^^ym
16. Multiply together a?— 3, a: + 4, ^—5, and a: + 6.
16. Multiply together 2a7— i, a:*^-^ and 2a7+ i.
17. Multiply together a74-3, a:— 7, a7 + 4 and a:— 10.
18. Multiply together 3^— 4y, x—2y, a?H-2y, and 3a7 + 4y.
Ex. 3, 4.] aREATEST COMMON MEASURE. 19
DIVISION.
Ex. 3.
1. Divide 750^6* by 50*6*; and — 1474?^^* by ^^xy^z.
2. Divide qx^y^^i^x^^z-^-bx^y^z^ by 3a?*y.
3. Divide 6a?* + 5iFy— 4y* by 30? +4^.
4. Divide a?' — 4ar— 63 by 37—7.
5. Divide 3^^ + i6A*A:-33AU*+ i4A*;t5 by A* + 7M.
6. Divide fl^ — 243 by a — 3; and ar'^ + y^" by ar'+y*.
7. Divide a?* — 2aW + a* by a?* — 2ax + a*.
8. Divide i — 6ar^ + 5^:* by i — 2a? + 4?*.
9. Divide />* +/)^ + 2pr — 25^* -|- 7^r — 3r* by /> — ^ 4- 3/*.
10. Divide x^—Sy^ + 125^^ 4- ^oxyz by ar— 2y + 55*.
11. Divide ar^— 14037*+ 1050a?'— 3ioia;* + 399oa:— 1800
by 0?' — 1247*4-47^— 60.
12. Divide a?*— -^a? V + 7^^ 4- ^y* by a?* + 2j7y + ^y*.
13. Divide -fa*+ —«*— T«^ + T"** + 2S^^ by -ffl + 56.
14. Divide aiar' -f- {ac—bd)x^— (af-\- cd)x -hdf by ax— d.
15. Divide(a?'— i)a' — (a?'+ar* — 2)fl*+ (4.^* + 3a? + 2)^—3(57+ i)
by (a?— i)a*-(ar-i)fl+3.
16. Divide — 2a?^y-*+ 17^?^^-^— 5577 — 24a' V
by — a?*y~^ 4- 7a?'y" ' + 8a7*y^
17. Divide i + 2a? by 1—34?, to 5 terms in the quotient.
18. Divide 1 — 347—20?* by 1—447, to 6 terms in the quotient.
19. Divide 4?p*— i by 47P— i ; and write down the last three tenns
of the quotient, when q denotes an integer.
20. Divide a^b—ab'^—a'^c-^-ac^-^b'^C'-bd^ by (a— A)(/7— c).
GREATEST COMMON MEASURE.
Ex. 4. Find the greatest common measure —
1 . Of 6fl*47y^ and Sabx^yz ; also of 947^^* — 2 laij^z and — 3a'4:^.
2. Of 5a*47*— I5flr4?y and I0tf47' + 35fl*47y*.
3. Of 4a* — b^ and 4a* + lab—zb"^,
4. Ota*— ab" 12b* and a* + 5<i* + 6Z»*.
5. Of 547* — 247— 3 and 547*— 1 147 + 6.
6. Of 947*— 4 and 94?*— 154?— 14.
7. Of 24:*+ 1147^ — 1347* — 9947— 45 and 2.r' — 747* — 464* — 21.
c2
20 ALGEBRA. [£z.
Ex. 4. Find the greatest common measure —
8. Of a:*4-a?'y— 9a?V-f ii^Ty'— 4y*
and a^—x^y — 3a?*y* -f ^xy^ — 2y*.
9. Of 6a:*— 25fl*a?*— 9«*and 30?^— i5aa?*4-fl*^— Sfl'.
10. Of 2iar^ — 26a?* + 8ar and 6a?*— a?— 2.
11. Of 5a:' 4-25?* — 15a?— 6 and — 75?' + 4^?* + 21a?— 12.
12. Of 6«*-fl^6-3fl*6*H-3aZ>^-^
and 9«*— 30^^ — 2(fV- 4- 3^6^ — M.
13. Of 6«*a?' — I oa^a^y — ga^x^y^ -f 1 5fla?'y'
and I oa^xy^ — i sa}y^ -f Sa^x^y^ — 1 2axyK
14. Of a6 + 2a*— 36*4-4^c + flc-c*
and 2a* — gac — 50^ + 4c* — 8 Ac — 1 26*.
15. Of 3a?* + (4a— 2A)a?— 2flA + a*
and a?^ -f (2a — i)a?' — {2ab — a*)a; — fl*6.
16. Of c*'a5-f ^— fl' — I and^fl*H-2e'fl*-e"'— 2e»-f a*-i.
17. Of 3ar^ - 7a?*y + s^"" - y^ ^V + 3^* - 3^^ -yS
and 3a?'H-sa?*3,r + a?y*--y^
LEAST COMMON MULTIPLE.
Ex. 5. Find the least common multiple —
1. Of 8a} bx^ and i4aA*a?^ ; of 3a:y* and 5a?*y*— 4a^'y.
2. Of 6fl*, 9aa?' and 24a?^ ; of 32a?*y*, j^oax^y and 5«*a?{a?— y)
3. Of 3a?4-6y and 2a?*— By*; of a^-f a?^ and a*— a?*.
4. Of 2 la?*— 26a? 4- 8 and yar'- 4a?*— 2ia?4-i2.
5. Of 4(a*4-aa?), I2(flar*-a?^), and 18 (fl*-ic*).
6. Of a?* — I, a?* 4- 2a?— 3, and a?' — 7a?* 4- 6a?.
7. Of a?*— y*, 3(0?— y)*, and I2(a:'4-y').
8. Of a?*— I, a?* 4- 1, (a?— i)*, (a?+ I)*, a?^— i, and a?' 4- 1.
FRACTIONS.
Ex. 6. Reduce to their lowest terms —
15^6^- 3a*Ac* 14a*— 7^6 iia?*4-iiff^^
^abc ' loax-^^bx' a?*— a*
a:*— 4a?4-3. 6a?*— 5a?— 6 a?^ — 4a?*4-5
a:* — 2a?— 3^ 4a?^— 9a? ^ a?' 4-1
a?'— 39a?4-70 a?^ — 19a?* 4- 119a?— 245
a?*— 3a?— 70 ' 3a?* — 38a? 4- 119
Ex. 6 — 8.] FRACTIONS. 21
Ex. 6. Reduce to their lowest terms —
2757*4-630?' — 12a?*— 28a?' 8a?* + 4^— 24y*
ac -^ by -{- ay -{- be ac+gbc—s^^ gca?* 4- {ad^ hc)x — bd
' af-^-ibx-^-iax-^-bf ladf+iSbdf—iocdf' a^x^—b"^
4a'c3?— 4a^<fe 4- i^/i^bcx — i ^^bdx 4- '^bab'^cx-- ^bab^dx .
yabcx^ — yabdx^ -^ yac^x^ ^yacdx^ -{-iib^cx^ -{- 2ibc*x^ — zib^dx^ ^2ib(
Ex. 7. Show that—
^ 3oo?'4-ii^V-38^'-4Qy^ ^^^ . . 7y* .
2. 7 7Ti=« + 2*4--^-
(a— d)* a— A
3. r-f ^ =i2g— 254---?-'
^ o?*-9^y^4-64/ ^^ , ^^ . '4y*
0?'— 6o?*y4-i3a?y*— 8y' ^ 0?— y
. , , ,. 2i' a'— i' . . a?' I
6. a*— aft + ft' r= 5-: 14^4-^ 4-
a + b flH-6 ' I— a? i— a?
^- («-*) ^-^iT-^-^b •
fl* + 6*-c* (a4.^» + c)(a4-^>-c)
8. 14-
2ab 2ab
2(a64-c(/) "" 2{ab-hcd)
Ex. 8. Find the value —
1. Of— 4-^- .JL,^JL. £±*-^f!^.
b c ' oc-\-y x—y' a^b a^—b^
2(a?— i) 2(a?+i) a: pq pr qr
3- Of w, . ^x + w, ^N + ^/, . ^^^ ^ 3 + TT
4(1 4-«) 4(1 — ^) 2(1 +07*) ' 07* 07* + I (07*+ I)*
^ Of ^ + — ? -3^ • ^i^ ^ oo^-x^y
2o?4y 2ar— y 407*—/' y x + y x^y-y^
e Of 3 . 3 . 1 i-^
4(1 -07)* "^8(1 -;r)"^ 8(1 4-^) 4(1+^')'
22 ALGEBRA. [£z. 8^ 0*
8. Find the value —
^- ^ 25(x + 2)* 25(0?* +1)
^i. I I I I
I— a? (I— ^)' (i— a?)' (i— a?)*
n^ ' I __l a?— I _ I
I I
10. Of
[x-^i){x + 2) (a?4-i)(a?4-2)(a?+3)
11. Of ^ - ^
(a?-|-i)(ar + 2) (a?+ i)(ar+2)(a?4-3)
12. Of . 't.^. . -f 7
(3-a?)(i+a?) (2-fa?)(i-3a?) (i+j7)(24-a?)
^« I — X I — 0?— a?* I — a? — a?* — a?'
14. Of -4- . . a -f
16. Of
fl + c 64-c
(a-'b)(x—a) {a^b){x—b)
^^' ^^ a{a-^b){a--c)'^ b(b-a){b-^c)'^ cic-djic-by
,j Q/. I I I
^^' ^\a'-b){a^c){x-ar (b^a)lb^c)(x--b)'^ (€^a)(c-b)(x-cy
^o Of - -4- - ^ S.
*»• ^' {a--b)(a^c)(x'-ay {b'-a)(b-c){x^by (C'a){c--b){x^cy
^. a* 6^^ c*
'^- ^^(««^)(a«c)(a:-a)^(6-a)(6-c)(^-A)"^(c-fl)(c-6)(a;-.c)'
^- ^' («-6)(a-c)(a?-fl)"^(^-«)(6-c)(a:-A)'*"(c-fl)(c-^)(a?«c)*
a?5« a;*** I I
21. Of- -!— +
a?** — I a:r*4-i a?"— i af^-^-i
Ex. 9. Required in their simplest forms, the product
4 3y' c 8a^' cy 6a* + 6a;y
Ex. 9, 10.] FRACTIONS. 28
Ex. 9. Required in their simplest forms^ the products —
2. Of («-^)x(« + ^); (x + -31.)x(-^.V.
\ aJ \x aJ \ a—xJ \a-\-%x/
V a—xJ \ a-\-x) a'— fl iT + or — ^^ a-^x
A rk^ ^*— 9^ + 20 jg*-i3g + 42 ar^H-3^4-2 a;* + 5ar+4
X -^bx ar—^x x*-\-2x+i a? 4-7^+12
\3a? 2b/ \2x ^aJ \x^ 2xy y^J V a?* S^ y )
7 Of /^ + (i^g + yr)a? -h g^a?* P^ +(;?/-" g^)a: — g/a?*
p—qx p + qx
»-o'(M)^(H)I^S-I-
Ex. 10. Required in their simplest forms, the quotients —
, i-.i.5fl* 3<?* « «"~^ a* + A* a—b
• " 6 • Srf' * c ' a*-6' • a + 6
0?*— y* ' oc—y ' a* — 2aa?+a?* a'—a?'
6. Of f-^+i::^)^f-4— i:if>
VI -f^ a? / Vi+a; X J
6. Of /'^li+iii^W^^-^^^Y
Var— y a? + y/ Va?— y a?+yy
24 ALGEBRA. [Ez. 10 ^13.
Ex. 10. Required in its simplest form^ the quotient —
a* 4- 2abx + (2ac 4- 6*)a?* 4- 2bcx^ + c^a^^ a^ -\- {ac — i*)ar* — bcx^'
£z. 11. Find the value —
b — a\ a f b—a
\ i+baj b \ l+baj
2- Of - ._!:. , „ + . ^ 1 . . -„+
3. Of
X
>
III 07
+ - + — — 1 +
H-^+_ . . »
4. Of3i=±l^);
Ez. 12. Find the value—
a + bx b + ax
a—bx b—ax
a + bx b + ax
a — bx b—ax
1. Of-^ =— : whena?=i.
ar'— 4jr* + 4x— I
^»x^4-2x — ?< 2d?* — 110?+^ , 1
2. Of -^^ — 7 — ^- ; — ; 5 ^ j when a?=5 in each case.
a?*— 6a: + 5 ' 30?' — 130?*— loa?' -^
3. Of ^ ; when ar=o.
^^ x^ -{-ax^—a^x—a^ ,
4. Of-T i i-i i — :-zi> whena?=fl.
ar* H- 2fla?' — 2a V — 2fl'a? + a*
INVOLUTION AND EVOLUTION.
Ex. 13. Find by involution the value —
1. Of (sax^z^ ; {sa^bx^Y > ("^T
2. Of (^-sy)^ (3^4-2y)*; (^*-3y*)*-
3. Of (i — 2a? + 3a?*)*; (a?' -2a?* 4- a?— 2)*.
4. Of (20? 4- 5y — 3-?)*; (3fla?— 2*y4-cr)*.
6. Of(2a;»-3/)'; (f+3'j (e'-c-')'.
Ex. 13 — ^15.] INVOLUTION AND EVOLUTION. 25
Ex. 13. Find by involution the value —
8. 0{ {a+c—by + {a + b-cy+ (b + c-ay + 2/^bc.
9. 0{{2X-J)*; {x-syy-, (^^-f)*'
10. Of {pt+ qzy ; (x'-i +!)*•
Ex. 14. Extract the square root —
2. Of 9fl* + 6fl6 + i*; i6a?*— 40a;y-f 25y*.
3. Of 4jrV 4-12^-^+9/ ; 360*0?*^* +
z I44ay2r*
4. Of i + 2a? + 7a?* + 6a?' + 9a7*; 4r*— 12a?' + 253?*— 244?+ 16.
6. Of 4a*— I2fli + 9i* + 4flc— 6Ac4-<?*.
6. Of 1 6 J*— 1 6ab^x + 1 6i V + 4a*ar* - 8ax^ + 4jp*.
7. Of Qar*— 6a?y + 30arj2r+6ar^ + y* — loyz— 2y^+25z*+l0^/ + /*.
a*
8. Of 9a?* — 30aa? — 3a*a? 4- 25a* + Sa' H —
4
9. Ofa?* + 6a? + h —
3 9 3 4
10. Off^+^.f^-^-^4-r\
25 IS 36 5 3
11. OfS4-^+-^.-^-^%5l\
ar ipy 4y* xz yz z
y X y X *
13. Of25f-^+-ft-i^+i^.-
^ 7y 1 00?* 2a? 49y
14. Of 4+1^+^+^+3.
4y* x^ y*- X ^
16. Of ar^— 4jr^y+ ioa7*y*— 20^y + 250?*^*— 24ay5-f i6j^*.
16. Of I— a?*; a?* + fl*; a?* — 2aa?; each to 5 terms,
Ex. 16. Extract the cube root —
, ni^ 6 15 343<2?''^^ 8«"^''
1. Of27a:V ; ~1^-Tx\ 0*
26 ALGEBRA. [£z. 15—10.
Ex. 15. Extract the cube root —
•2. Of I -f 64?+ I2a?* + 8ar'; 27a?' — 54a* + 364? — 8.
3. Of 8fl^ — 36«*a?* + 54a*a7+— 270?^.
m7 MV m7
7. Of (a+ i)^a?'— 6caP(a+ i)^ar*+ I2c*a^(a+ i)^X'-ic^a}P.
H. Of I —a?; ^*--3fl*> each to 4 terms.
Ex. 16. Find the value —
V 3 27 27 81 729/
SURDS.
Ex. 17. Reduce to entire surds —
1. 2x3x5 2S(2i)-i-; 3i(l^)-i; ^(»4)T.
Ex. 18. Reduce to their most simple forms —
1. 1251; 162T; 48^5 160T; 3x4321.
2. i6l; (ioi)-i; SCV*)*; i(i6f)-i.
3. (36a*«y)i; (Soa'A'c*)*; {l^f^Y.
^- Ip?; ^ 3^1 4y''>' ' 3CV9CV '
Ex. 19. Simplify the expressions —
1. -/i"28 — 2^50+ V72— -/78.
Ex. 18 — 21.] SURDS. 27
Ex. 19. Simplify the expressions —
3 ^^7"
Ex. 20. Find the product —
2. Of (i — a^a?~i + fltd?i— a-fa?T) x aiar"^,
3. Of (ar-f- 2y^ + 32rT)x(a? — 2y5 4.32rT).
4. Of (aT 4- flT^T + ^f) X (flT — 6t) ; (ariy 4- yf ) x (ari — y-T) .
5. Of (a* 4- 2a*i* 4- 4a^6? 4- 8a* + i baH'i 4- 326 J) x (a^ — 2*1) .
6. Of {a?t— 2(a:y)T4-y*}x(a?f— yf).
7. Of {(^*)* + (^^)i+(^)T} X {(a:V)*-(A)*}.
8. Of (4^ri4-T«^4-T«*)x(ai— IflT).
9. Of [M)T4-{(ai6)^}T] X [(«-^)^-{(a^6)*}*].
10. Of {par^4- (p— i)a*a?T4- (p— 2)a'a?-T} x riart—^rTY
11. Of (af 4- a*a?"i 4- a'aj-i 4- aia?-i 4- a^a?"^ 4- a?-^^) x
(«i— aiar~F 4- a^a?~T— a?~i).
JL i 1 '
12. Of (a 4-*)*" X (a 4- J)" x (a-i)"»x («-*)«.
13. Of (4+2a/2)(i- a/3)(4-2a/2)(a/2 4- Vi){i + ^3)(^2- ^3).
14. Of (a?— 1 4- 2^){x'- 1 — 2i)(a?4- 2 4-3*) (a? 4-2 — 3^).
16. Of (-fl)ix (-J)i; (-a)ix (-i)i; (-a)ix(-J)i.
16. Of{5 + 2(-3)i}x{2-(-3)i}.
Ex. 21.
1. Divide M\)^ by Mi)^ ; TV(f )^ by f (if )i.
2. Divide i^oo^ by 350;^^; (a?'y'"'*)m by (a?*y'"»)i; flt x fl^ by a^
2S ALGEBRA. [Ez. 21, 22.
EZ.2L
3. Difide (♦tfi)i— (|^i)i by ^h-i.
4. Difide i&r— y* by ixi-^yi; i6ar— -y^^ by 2x»— 4y.
5. Divide a*— i by a*— Ji; «'— i' by tfi+fti.
6. Divide a?*— i6y* by ar^— 2^.
7. Divide tfi + a^iT+aiiT + oA + ai^f+ii by ai-\-bi,
8. Divided?'— 2(ar*y')i—ar*(a?y)i+2yT bya?^— yi.
9. Divide dfi—4jri—247i— a?* + 6a? by a?i— 4x^4-2.
10. Divide a— i* by fll-4-a^M4-fli^ + 6^.
11. Divide ar~*— y"" by x'T—y'i; a?~' — 64^* by a?~*4-2yi.
12. Divide 8ari+y~i— z-f 6a?iy-^xrT by ix^-^y^—zi.
13. Divide (;i'V)^""^'^S'^"TW*+Tj^^(i^"*^"0*
by (p^)i-l-(A')i
14. Divide xi^yc^ by 0?* + ^, to 4 terms in the quotient.
15. Divide a?i by xi—y^f to 4 terms in the quotient.
1(5. Divide a:— a by a?»— a«.
17. Divide 6x{x^y)yi^xy{6x)i by 2ar(3^) — 3(2^^)^.
Ex. 22. Simplify the expressions —
1. {ab\(ab^)i.{al/)l(ab^)i}T ; (ai)T'i-h6{a^{a^c)T}i.
2.
— ' — . — ' — ,- ; ir^i^l-
I
;5.
4(1+074) 4(1—^^) 2(1 +a;)
£+(^^--j)4^a7— (a?*— i)t
0?— (a?*— 1)4 ^+ (a?*— i)i
^ (a:^-^i)i^(a;^^i)i ^ (a?*+ i)i-(a:*~i)4
Ex. 22 — 25.] SURDS. 29
Ex. 22. Simplify the expressions —
12 2
8. + 7=—.+ 7=-
a?— I 2;f4-i— '^— 3 2a?+i-fv— 3
9 /__££__y_i.!^
v3a*— 6ac+3cV a—
f a?-f y . a?-hy , ^^-hy^ . a?^— y^ . i]Ti
t ^ y a?» y» 4J
10
Ex.23.
Ill
1. Raise — lajxyT^r?: to the 3rd, 4th and 6th powers.
2. Raise — 3ar*yTj2rT to the 5th and 9th powers.
3. Raise -/ i-_ j to the 4th; {a^6(fl'Ac)T}l^ to the 7th power.
4. Find the cubes of aT^j-'-f a-To?; and 2a:(3y)^— 50?%.
6. Find the cubes of |^^y"^—|j?-iyl; and aT-f ^y— -ct.
6. Find the cube of {x+ a/— y»)T— (^— '^^Piii
7. Find the 4th powers of ai—bi; and 20?^ — 3y-J.
Ex. 24.
7a* (a) T
1. Find the square roots of 3(5)^; and
9(343^*)^
2. Find the cube roots of {lya^x)^ ; and (27a^^)T,
I
3. Find the mth root of — 2n»fl"*A**"c*.
Ex. 25. Extract the square roots —
1. Of fl*a?-* + 2fla?-' + 3 + 2a-'a? + a~V; and — 2 + a»^ + a-» A
2. Of 5a?'-4a;(5c^)i + 4^; and i4-i^-l±3V4-a\
10 2
30 ALGEBRA. [Ex. 25 — 39.
Ex. 25. Extract the square roots —
4. Of i+a?— frT(i+4?i)+a?^(2 + T2y;p3).
6. Of a?y— 2a?(a:y— 0?*)^; and awp— 2fl(fla?— a*)».
6. Of fl* + 2^(fl* — a?*)4 ; and 2fl + 2 («* — b^)i.
7. Of 4a?' 4- an/* — y' — 4^y (a?* — a?y)^ ; and i + (i — w*) ».
8. Of 24-2(1 — a?)(i + 207—5?*)^; and .r + y + '? + 2(a?r4-y2r)"i".
_» i_ mp+4 il — 1 * *— xr
9. Ofa?'* + -J:(6''a?*'*)»v— ^.r v ; and a^fy 4- (fl^'A)*- — ih^a^jrjfr ,
Ex. 26. Extract the square roots —
1. Of 74-2 >/lo; 74-4^3; 24- ^"3; 164-6^/7.
2. Of 28 — 10 >/3; 8 — 2\/l5; 41 — 12^/5; 37 — 20^/3.
.3. Of 4— i/7; 3\/64-2i/i2; 4t— f^3; 3^^34-2^/6.
4. Of V^TS- \/l6; 8^/3— 6 V^S; 4.1/184-2; f 1/21 — 21/3
Ex. 27. Extract the square roots —
1. Of 4mw4-2(m*— n*) \/ — i; and2ni/--i.
2. Of I— 41/^^; 2i^^^--2; 4'^--5 — I; —34-21/2.
3. Of 21— 1/— 400; —3— 4V — I; -03 4: '04 1/^^.
4. Of 21^^; -181/^.
Ex. 28.
1. Extract the square root of 64- 1/8 — 1^72— 1^24.
2. Extract the square root of94-2i/34-2 1/5 4- 2 V 15.
3. Extract the square root of 12 — 8 1/24-61^3—41/6.
4. Find the value of (4 4- 3 ^ — 20)^ + (4— 3 ^ —20)^.
Ex. 29. Extract the fourth roots —
1. Of i6a^—g6a^xi + 2i6a^x^^2j6a^'a:^ -^Six^.
2. Of a7*y"t— 4^*y~T4-6a7yT— 4^~^yT4-a?"*jyT.
Ex. 29—32.] SURDS. 31
Ex. 29. Extract the fourth roots —
3. Of -j^' — la^^i -\- if-a?»yf —• ^SOa^iyT' + 625^1^.
4. Of 97 + 28 i/ 12; 49 + 20\/6; 14 + 8^/3; Y""4^2.
5. Of— 79 — 8 \/ — 5; — l6fl*; —64^*; —I.
Ex. 30. Find the cube roots —
1. Otia^-ia^b^-^-eai^Sbi.
3. Of 54a— 32a?— 36(2aar)T(3aT— .2ta?T).
4. Of {a?+(fl*«?)T}* + {a4.(aa?*)T}*.
5. Of 38 + 17 i/5; IO>/7+22; 7— 5>/2.
6. Of 16— 6^/3; 24>/2i— 64; 11^/2 + 9^^3.
7. Of —II — 2 v/— I ; — 4— I0\/ — 2; —I.
8. Extract the Sth roots of 41 + 29 \/2 ; 29 i/2 — 41.
Ex. 31. Reduce to equivalent fractions with rational denominators-
J ^5^+ v^'03375 . ij- i^3 _ . _i
\/8o— >v/-oi ' 2>/2— 3>/3' 2 v'2— ^^3
2.
3.
3^5+ ^3. 31
r — 5
i/5— >/2 v^5— ^^3 4^5 + 3^/2
1+ i/2 I
i + v'2+v^3' ^2+ v'3+ v/5
1 2— >i/3 V^9— >v/ 2 I
.
V'3+>J/S' 2+ v/3' \/9+\/2' fl'-6T
Ex. 32. Find the value —
1. Of 1=^(1+1?)^ when ^=^¥-0^-
i-haxKi—ba:/ ' a\b J
2. Of i^(i±£!li., when ^=l(r«y-f*f
32 ALGBBRA. [Ez. 32 34.
Ex. 32. Find the value —
3. Of-^ —^ — ^ '-f, when x=Tr —
4. Of jog' — ( I— />*)»( I — 5'*)*, when 2/?=a?H — > 2q=:y'*--'
X y
Ex. 33.
1. Which is greater {i)i or (|.)t; 4^2 or V3 ; ^9 or ^18 ?
2. If m>3 ; prove that m^>(m4- i)t.
3. Express ; in the form A-f B v'— i.
c + fl?'/— I
4. Resolve fl* + i* + c'4-«?* — 2(arf4-^c) into 2 simple factors.
EQUATIONS.
I. Simple Equations.
Ez. 34. Solve the equations —
1. 3a: + S = 9a?— 7.
2. a = 150^—42.
3. 5(^+0-2 = 3(a;+s).
4. 3(a?-2) +4=4(3-^)-
6. 13a?— 2i(a?— 3) = io + 2i(a:— 3).
6. 5-3(4-^) 4-4(3-2a?)=:o.
/• 3(^— 3)-2(^— 2)+a:— i=a:+3 + 2(j?+2)-f 3(j:+1).
8. s(sa:-6)-4(4<r-5) + 3(3a?-2)-2a?--i6=o.
9. 6a7-f 2a?— a = 3a?-|-2c.
10. -4-T=c«
a
11. 3^+1^=34.
12. -|^ + y;r=a7— 7.
^^ X X X X ^x
234 6 12
30? 70? I la?
<»• /»• liar
15. ^-f-/-4--- 366 = 0.
4 15 6 ^
^
SX. 34.] EQUATIONS* 38
Ex. 34. Solve the equations— >
16 ^ S^-<-4 _, 4^-9 .
' a 3 3 '
17. — +— =V+'*-
g— 2 g+a3 lo+a:
18. X— = -— •
3 4 5
tuc csa I
21. -j-+y+^=9«+^C/a— ca:).
22. r=3+ r'
23. ^(«— a)— |(2a?— 3i)— i(a— a?)=ioii+ii6.
24. T =a*— i\
26. ^
26. £_£l^=3£r4+:i.
8 24^ IS 12
27.f-8|=2(|-i)-i±« + xj.
oQ ^-*-^ 4Q2— 3jg 47^ -6a?
29 12 ^ 2
^ 7£±S^9£l2-^=:5+££r3^^3..
23 10 5 15 -^^
^ iia?-i3 igar 3 S^-2St _^3, i7^+4 .
25 7 4 ^21
3
- -!(-i)i(3-?)^5
4 5t ai
Si ALGEBRA. [£z. 34« 35.
Ex. 34. Solve the equations —
« I.I I 7
^. -H = -•
3— a: I— a?
36.
07— 7_2a:— 15 I
a7+7"" 2a?— 6 2(a?+7)
T
37. - — ^:^^ — h— =a?+i.
237+1 3^
a?— I 9\a? + 2/ 9
^^ 66a?+i . 407+ 5
39. r- + r^^^^ — ^=52.
i-5a7+i *sa?— I -^
^^ 3ar"~207+i ^ (7ar-2)(3a7-6) 9
5 35 10
6—53? 7 — 2a?* _307+ i_ 2a?— 2^
15 i4(a?— 1)~ 21"" 6 105*
2 i(ar— i) 2\3a?— 2/
.0 3 + 237 5±2^_, 4^^-2
43. ^— ; ^I ; — z — ; %'
1+237 7+237 7 + 1637 + 437*
£z. 35. Solve the equations —
1. {l2 + a?)^=2 + 37i.
2. (5ar+l0)^=(5a?)^ + 2.
3. {33^^ + 5)*= 108 + 93?.
4. ^(i7a?-6)T+3.= i^V
?37— I (?37)2— I
(3^)» + I ^
^ 03? — 6* (037)*— 6
{fl37)* + 6 C
7. a?i-(«+a?)i=^y-
8. -(a + 3?)»H — (a+a?)a=7a?*y
^
Ex. 35j 36.] EQUATIONS; 85
Ex. 35. Solve the equations —
10. a?4 + {^— (i— ^)i}» = i.
11. art-|-{a— (aa?-fa?*)*}i=a4.
12. (a— «)*+2(a+a7)*={fl— ^ + {fla? + a?*)*}*.
na
13. «?*+(a + 5?)i=-
14. aji-f 2(2fl— a7)4={ar-f (2a* — 3aaf+^*)*}i.
16. (i— ^)4 + {i— a? + (i+^)*}*=(i+a?)i
I
16. (a?+a?*)*— (a?— a4)4=a('— ^y*
17. (a*+3)4-(a*-3)4=(2a:i)i
18. (i+a?)*+(i— a?)T=2T.
-L JL
19. (a+a?)«=(^* + 8fla?H-6*)am.
21. aa?+i= ^ \ *
a + (a?+a*)T
a^ — la — (a* — oa?^^]-^
22. , ^ ^ — =iVi=^-
a* + { a — (a* — flo?) Y}'
23^ (36a?-H)t-f(36# ^^^
(36a?+i)*-(36a?)*
^^ i+a?— (2ar+a?*)4 (2+a?)*H-a?4
24. ; 71^^' r*
I +a? + (2a?H-a?*)4 (2+a?)^— a?»
II. Simultaneous Equations of the First Degree.
Ex. 36. Find the values of x and y in the equations —
1. 2a?=ii + 9y. I 2. 3a?-7y= jA
3^?— 12^=15./ 1137+5^=87./
D 2
36
' ALGEBRA.
[Ex. 36.
Ex. 36. Find the values of x and y in the equations —
135?+ 7y- 101=0./ 4a? + 9 =5^—14./
5. ax^ihy^
ax^byy 1
7. 3ar— 2^=c, 1
9. f +y=8,
3 S
9 10
f ay=J, 1
— 4y=c.j
6. a:+ay=J,
8. (a— J)a? + (a+%=c,\
{«*-&*)(^+3^)=n. /
5+9
12. 4£±iy=^^
40 ^
Sx-S3y=o. I 14. 2^ ^ _7+__,
4yH.— — =264, ^4
15 3^+4y+3 ^+7-y ^^ , y-8^
• 10 IS ^5
9y+S«g— 8 a?-fy 7a?+6
12 4 ~ II
16. 2a?+*4y=i'2, 1
0.4a?— •02y=*oi.J
18. ^+2
0? y
n m
-H —
a? y
=4
3y+
ar-i8
=30
17.-^+-^^
3« sy
5* 3y
19. ?+|
a
X 1
20. 6^-^=^
23— a?
y-3 _o^ 73 -Qy
50 — 120?
2
Ex. 36, 37.] EQUATIONS.
Ex. 36. Find the values of x and y in the equations —
4^-2y + 3 i8— ^+5y_a? y i
21.
4 5 7
U.
T^y
22.
(2*-y+r5)(f-^+fJ=(y-2.+ iS)(f-f+f>.
2 ^ S^+3y + 3
2(6 + a?)i=3(6— y)i
+ 2,
23. («*-&*) (Sa?+3y) = (4^-^) 2flA,
a*y -^ + (a + ^ + c)bx=b^y + (a + 26)ff^
24. v^— (20— a?)» = (y—
.}
I. yi— (20— a?)^=(y— a?)i,l
3(20— a?)4=2(y— a?)^. J
37
Ex. 37. Find the values of x, y, z, &c. in the equation
1. 2a?+4yH- 5^=49^
3^+Sy+62r=64,
4^+3y+4^=SS«
3. 3a:-7y+4^= i,]
-5a:+9y— z=22,\-
a? — 2y+ ^= O.J
6. 4(y— a?) = Sj2r— 22,
3j2r+4a?=6y+2,
jT— 3^ = 14— 105?.
X V Z
X . 5r
— — =10.
2 3
2. a? + 2y + 32r=i7,
2a?— 3y+ ^= o,
3^+ y-S^=-iSv
4. 5^ + 3^=65,1
2y- 5r=liA
3a?+4^=S7-J
6. 2(a?-y) = 35r-2,
07— 35r=3y— I,
2a? + 32r=4(i— y)..
2r X
a?— I y--2_^n|-3'
10
4 5
2 J
2ar+^— 4 . 3y"-6j2r+i a?— 2
12 13 4
3a?— 2y+5 4a;— 5y+7r _2 , 3y— 9£+6
5 7 .~7'^ 5 '
^-y+3«=2-
38
ALGEBRA.
[SZ. 37, 38.
Ex. 37. Find the values of «, y, z, &c. in the equations —
11.
10. a?— y-f-;2r=o,
12. ^=1,
xz
=2,
w-i-z
14.
10
i+-=2i-6,
15.2
— h— +-=10-3,
Sof 2y z
16. 5^?— iiy4+i3j2rT=22,
4«+ 6yi+ S^=3ii
X Z
I I
13. a?y=3(ar+y),l
a?j2r=8{a?+j2r),>
7y2r=9(y+^).J
15. ?+3.1=-L,
X y z 12
^ y 2r 24^
^ y jzr 2
17. 9^— 22r+ tt=4i,i
7y-S^- /=I2,
4y-3^+2tt=S>
3y-4ti+3/=7,
72r— 511=11.
k
III. Problems in Equations of the First Degree.
Ex.38.
1. What number is that, to which if 16 be added, 4 times the
sum will be equal to 10 times the number increased by one ?
2. What number is that which exceeds its seventh part by 12 ?
3. Find that number to which if a third part of it be added, the
sum will equal 4 times the number diminished by 8.
4. Find a number such that if increased by 16, it will become
7 times as great as the third part of the original number.
5. The sum of two numbers is 14; and half their difference is 2:
fii}d the numbers.
6. A and B begin to play with equal sums; A won £5 and then
3 times A^s money was equal to 1 1 times B's ; what had each at first?
7. A is twice as old as B ; 22 years ago he was 3 times as old.
What is A's age ?
8. A messenger starts on an errand at the rate of 4 miles an
Ex. 38.] EQUATIONS. 39
Ex. 38.
hour ; auother is sent 14 hours after to overtake him ; the latter
walks at the rate of 4|- miles an hour ; when and where will he
overtake him ?
9. A and B engaged in play ; when A had lost £20 he had only
one-third of the money which B had ; but by continuing to play he
not only won back his £20 but also £50 more with it^ and then
found he possessed half as much again as B : with what sum did
they respectively begin ?
10. A garrison of 500 men was victualled for 48 days; after 15
days it was reinforced, and then the provisions were exhausted in
1 1 days : required the number of men in the reinforcement.
11. If A does a piece of work in 10 days, which A and B can do
together in 7 days ; how long would B take to do it alone ?
12. A person performs two-sevenths of a piece of work in 13 days;
he then, with the aid of another person, finishes it in 6 days ; in
what time could each do it separately ? *
13. Find the time in which A, B and G can together perform a
piece of work, which requires 7, 6 and 9 days respectively when
done singly.
14. A cistern is filled in 24 minutes by 3 pipes, one of which
conveys 8 gallons more, and another 7 gallons less than the third,
every 3 minutes. The cistern holds 1050 gallons. How much
flows through each pipe in a minute ?
15. A person buys 4 houses : for the 2nd he gives half as much
again as for the ist ; for the 3rd, half as much again as for the 2nd ;
and for the 4th as much as for the ist and 3rd together : he pays
£8000 for them all. What is the cost of each ?
16. Find the fraction, which, if i be added to its numerator, be-
comes ^; but if I be added to its denominator, becomes -^
17* Find 2 numbers, such that if the first be added to 4 times
the second, the sum is 29 ; and if the second be added to 6 times
the fiirst, the sum is 36.
18. Find that number of 2 figures, to which, if the number formed
by changing the places of the digits be added, the sum is 121 ; and
if the same 2 numbers be subtracted, the remainder is 9.
19. A man and his wife could drink a barrel of beer in 15 days;
after drinking together 6 days, the woman alone drank the remain-
der in 30 days : in what time could either alone drink it all ?
20. To cpmplete a certain work, A requires m times as many
days as B and C together ; B requires n times as many as A and C
40 ALOEBJiA. [£x. 38, 39.
Ex. 38.
together ; and C requires p times as many as A and B together :
compare the times in which each would do it ; and prove that
I I.I
m+i n+i p^-i
21. From a certain sum I took away a third part, and put in its
stead £50 ; next from the sum thus augmented I took away one-
fourth, and put in its stead £70 ; I then counted the money and
found <£i20 : what was the original sum ?
22. A bill of 25 guineas was paid with crowns and half-guineas ;
and twice the number of half-guineas exceeded 3 times that of the
crowns by 1 7 : how many were there of each ?
23. A and B start to run a race to a certain post and back agam.
A returning meets B at 90 yards from the post and arrives at the
starting-place 3 minutes before him. If he had returned imme-
diately to m^t B, he would have met him at one-sixth of the
distance between the post and the starting-place. Find the length
of the course and the duration of the race.
24. A farmer sells to one person 9 horses and 7 cows for £300
and to another, at the same prices, 6 horses and 13 cows for the
same sum : what was the price of each ?
25. A farmer mixes barley at 28. 4J, a bushel with rye at 3^. a
bushel, and wheat at 4^. a bushel, so that the whole is 100 bushels
and worth 3^. 41^. a bushel. Had he put twice as much rye, and
10 bushels more of wheat, the whole would have been worth exactly
the same per bushel : how much of each kind was there ?
IV. PuBB Quadratic Equations.
Ex. 39. Solve the equations —
1. ^* + S = -T^*-i6. 2. 3ar*-{2a?*-3)=i^t9.
4- 5
3. 85?+-=— a?. 4. i<a? =~^.
07 7 -^ or 5
I— 2a? 1 + 20? ^ \a!^ + 3J \ a?* + 9 / ^
7. a?(a?-io)=:(6*— o?)io. 8. {So?+ir=7s64-+5ar.
7ar" + 8 a^* + 4 _a?* 35-2^ ^ . 5^' + 7 i7~t«
21 8a?*— II 3 9 ^5a?*— 7 3
XZ. 39> 40.] EQUATIONS.
Sx. 39. Solve the equations —
12. A'(6fa?*)*=i+«*.
41
a a
11. T-T- + T = c.
13. (l-fa?+a?*)^=tf— (I— «+«*)*•
14.
(a + i^*)*— (fl— *0*
a-f-a?— (a*-a:*)i a?
^ • ^i-Cfl*^-!)*"" 2 ' '^•- (!+.;)*+ (I -^r-"-
18. 1=^(14?)*= I. 19. , ^+^ ^, + . """^ , =ai.
20. {a + (a*-^*)i}* + {fl-(a*-a?*)*}*=n/ ^^±±—^\\
[a+ («*— a7*)^J
(i— a?)»+i (i+a?)^— I
22. {(i+ar)*— aa?}i+{(i— 5?)* + aa?}i=a?.
V. Adfected Quadratic Equations.
£z. 40. Solve the equations —
1. a?*— 10^7=24.
3. a?*— 185? + 32=0.
6. a?*— a?=ii342.
7. a?*— ma? =3400.
•7. a? "■■" "ja? T" "5^ "^ o«
, , ^* . ^
11. —=94- —
3 2t
13. 6ar* + 5^—4=0.
16. 3a?*— I2a7 4-i = 6a?— 23.
17. I7a?*+i9a?=i848.
ip'-8
19. a? — J-— =2.
^, 2ia?' — 16
21. -— i 7a?=S.
3a?*-4 . ^ ^
2. ar* + 2ar=8o.
4. a?* + io=i3(a?+6).
6. a?*H- 9a?— 52=0,
8. ^*=s(^ + 89)-fSS5S-
10. a?*— fa7--4=:o.
12. 4aj*— 4a?=8o.
14. I2a?*— a?— 1740=0.
16. iia?*— ii^=9a?.
18. 3(ar-.2)*=i84-(8a?-f i).
" ' 5 ^ 3 .'
42 ALOSBRA. [Ex. 40.
Ex. 40. Solve the equations —
23. 4^+^=5^45±_7. 24. ^— i_= '
27. a?*— (a+6)a?+a4=o. 28. (a— i)ar*— ((1 + 6)07+26 = 0.
29. —, r— (a^ — 6a)aP= r— ;•
30. mqx*^rrmx-{-pqx^np^o,
„, 2a?(a— a?) a «^ 16 . a?* 6
31. — ^ ^=— 32. -^ + — =— •
3a— 20? 4 «t 2 a?»
33. -+— ^ — h — i^ — = 0. 34. 3ar*=5o?*— 80?*— 306.
35. 37^—70?' = 8. 36. II- 9a?'+a7^=299 + 3o?^ — 5A^
37. a?-*— 2a?-»=8. 38. a?'« + ffa?"5^=2«*.
39. 3a?i— a?-i + 2=o. 40. a?"T+2=: ^ ^"^ -
a?^^+S
41. arJ+lI^=5Z^--pi 42. (a?-c)(a6)i-(fl-6)(ca^)^=o.
43. a: + S = (a?+S)* + 6. 44. a?*=2i +(a7*-9)i
46. a?*— 2a?+6{a?*— 2af+5)»=ii.
46. a?*— a? + 5(2a?*— 5a?+6)^=4.(3a?+33).
47. 9a?— 3a?*+4(a?*— 3a? + 5)» = ii.
I a?*
48. a7+{a?*— aar+6*)»= — \-b.
a
^^ (jc*+a?+6)^ _ 2o~4:(a?* + a? + 6)^
3 (a?*+a?+6)i
^ Va?— 4/ a?— 4
61. {(ar-2)*-a?}*-.(a:-2)*=88-(a?-2).
52 {ar+(2a?-i)^}i-{a?-(2cr-i)^}i=2| £2^__|\
5ia7+(2a7-.l)iJ
40, 4L]
EQUATIONS.
48
Ez. 40. Solve the equations —
53.
+
64. er={(i+a?)*— i}{(i*-a?)*-f i}.
8^ 2a? V3 4; 3
66. (a? + 2)* + 2{5?+2)^i— 3ari=46 + 2j?.
58.
X'
_ 3
2ar— 5 a?*— 17
69. ar-3 = ^±^^
61. 4*^-f I2a?(i+a?)^=27(i+a:).
62. 2«* + (a?* + 9)*=a?*— 9..
63. (a+a?)*+4(«— a?)*— S(a*— a?*)*=o.
8
60. a?i— -=-r^
^ ar^— 2
:2a*.
64. i • 7" 7'
(a— ar)^ (a+xp
65. (l-fa?)T+(i— a?)T=(i— ar*)T.
1+^' I— a?'
68. (a-fa?)i-f(a— a:)i=A.
70.
a?+(a?*— fl*)* _a?
69. 2a?(i— a?*)i=a(i+ir*).
^±1 I a»-.i» i i
7^- ^^=2^M:g^(^-^^)-
72. (W:^*,
8arTT
8
i5a?H 3(27a+8a?)T 5a?T
Ex. 41. Solve the equations —
1. a?+7a?T=22.
2. a?''^3a7=2.
o. xa? "■" «/ "■■ 1 .
4. a?'--6a7 + 9=o.
[N.B. a:-8 + 7(**--2)=o.]
[N.B. 4?(jp*— 4)4-(*-2)=o.]
[N.B. 2ar*(ar-i)+ar*-i=o.]
[N.B. J?(a?*-9) + 3(j? + 3)=o.]
44 ALGEBRA. [£z. 41^ 42.
Ex. 41. Solve the equations —
5. a?' — 6^* + 10^— 8 = 0. [N.B. a?(ar*— 6j?+8) + 2(ar— 4)=o.]
6. 270?^ — 1355?* + 225^7-- 117 = 0. [N.B. 3J?— 3 is a divisor.]
7. ^*-^a?-f 25 = 7^i(s-:p). [N.B. (ar-5r~7**(*-5)+'r*=9^]
8. a?+— 2ar'+a?=l32. [N.B. a?*— 2a?Hj?*— (**— a?) = i32.]
10. ip*— ay'-f-l^*— J?-f l==0.
11. «^—8ar' + ioa?* + 240:4-5=0. [N.B. (**— 4a?)*— 6(a?*-4a')-f 5=0.]
12. a?*+-^a?'-39ar=8i. [N.B. ar*-8i+-^(**-9)x=o.]
13* TZ~x — Ti — ^' 1^' 77""; — ^=~"' • 1^' -? — : — r< = <'5»
VI. Simultaneous Equations of the 2nd^ 3bd^ &c. Degrees.
Ex. 42. Solve the equations —
1. a?— 2y=2,l 2. a?*+y*=8s,l
3^=36. J a?y=42. J
3. a7* + y*=4i,l 4. a?* + y* = io,l
x—y^i. J ar+4y=7. /
6. a?*— 6a7+iiy*=9,l 6. ar*—a?y= 153,1
^— 3y=i- i a?+y=i. /
•7. a?*— a?y— y*=-|i,oy,"l 8. 2a?*— 3ay+/=24, 1
ar-y=2. / 3^*-5^+2/=33./
9. 7a?*— 807=159,1 10. 1 6or*+ 37=203^,1
5ar+2y=7. J 6or— 8y=3. /
11. 5^+3^-y=492>\ 12. i(3^+5y)+i-(4^-3y) = i3A>l
2y=3o?. J 3o?* + 2y*=i79.- /
13. ^*=85yi:365, 1 ,4, 5^=84-^ySl
15. -,V(a'*+y*)=i(«+y),l 16. i4«y=(2ar-f)(7yH-^),l
a?y=8. / a?y=(^-9)(y»+i). /
17. «+y+xy=iiA 18. a?+3(a;+y)*=3io— y,l
a?*y+a!y*=30. J xy=zi. J
.19. a;* + iry+y* = 52,'l 20. x*+xy=a^,\
a;y— ar* = 8. J y*— «y=6*. /
Ex. 42.] EQUATIONS. 45
Bz. 42. Solve the equations —
21. a?-«+y-'=a-«,l 22. a?*-(y+i)a? + (y-i)y=5i, I
23. ar*+^=6, 1 24. (6a?i + 6yi)i + ia?i=9— ly*,")
26. a?'-y' = 63,'l 26. ar*+yT=5, 1
^ -y =3- J * -fy =35-/
27. a?i+y^=4. 1 28. x^ + y^ = lS2y 1
ipi-fyi=28.J a?*y + ^* = l20. J
29. a?*-fa;y + y*=«%l 30. a?+3(a?+y)^=i8-y,l
31. a?i+yT=z3ar,l 32. 3^* + 4y* = 7^>l
33. a?5+y'=35i>l 34. a?i+y^= 126,1
a?y=i4« / arJ + yT=6. J
36. a?*+y*=2S7,l 36. ^+y*=337n
^+y=S- J a?y=i2. /
37. a;*-y*=i456o,'i 38. a?+4-/=64i, 1
a?— y=8. J a7(a?*+y*) = 290. J
39. a?^+y^=a^l 40. a?* + 2r*=35?5',l
x + y—b. J a?5 + -?^ = 2. J
41. a?— y=i, I 42. a?V +0^2^=156, 1
(a?*+y*)(a?'-y') = 247.J 2a?y-a?y=i44.J
43. If-.8i=:(2y^i8)il 44. (f)%(?!V=-6i ^ I
y + 3^*=9-f3(^V)M (a?V)^ + (a^')i=78. J
46. -= t , x > 46. -jH j-^t=20 ,
y ar a?*+y* I y y^ y [
y* a;* y* ^
47. a?Hy'-fa?*y+a?y*=i3,l 48. a;*+y*=i + 2a^ + 3a?y,l
fl?*y* + arV=468. • J a?Hy' = (i+a?)(i + 2y*).J •
46
ALGEBRA.
[Ex. 42.
Ex. 42. Solve the equations —
49. ar*(J-y) = fly(y-«),l 50. (ar*
61
. a?*+y*=49 + ^y 1
)y^
62. ar*+S^V""3^V + 5^' -+-2^=3794
=43- J
a?*— 3a?V + S^V"" 3^' + y*=
= 328,
-,.}
63. (ic*+y*)*+ary(a:*-y*)* + ar»-y*
a?*-y*=3-
64. a?*+y*=a? + 6,
66. x{bc—xy)^y{(X!y—ac), 1
66. a:+(a?*-y*)*=7{(^+y)*+(a:-y)i}l
r
67. (a^*+a?)*+a?^=y(a?+9)*+3y4
a:(y + iy=36(y'+^). ^
}
60. a;yV= 108,1
5^*= 18,
A=3.
a?*y 2
63. af*+a:y-f y*
y*+yxr+-2r*
69. « I — :
y 1 :
=y*,|
61. a?yr=i05,
y^ 35
z
' 35' ;
7 ^
62. ^^
xyw
xzw
y;?tt;=i54o
^31. 1
420, \
660, I
37.
28,
19,
66. a?+y-f 5^= i3>
a?*+y*+-2r*=9i.
64. a?H-y + 5r=ii,
a?* + y*+2r*=49,
y2r=3a?(2'— y).
66. a?-fy + 2r=l3,
^* + / + **=:6l,
48.] EQUATIONS. 47
YIL Pboblems in Equations of the 2nd and higher degrees.
Ex. 43.
1. Find two numbers, whose difference is two^ninths of the
greater, and the difference of whose squares is 128.
2. The sum of two numbers is 16; and the quotient of the
greater divided by the less is 2^ times the quotient of the less by
the greater : find them.
3. The difference of two numbers is 15, and half their product
is equal to the cube of the less number : find them.
4. The product of two numbers is 24, and their sum multiplied
by their difference is 20 : find them.
5. The difference of the squares of two consecutive numbers is
17: find them.
6. The product of two numbers is 18 times their difference, and
the sum of their squares is 117: find them.
7. What two numbers are those whose sum multiplied by the
greater is 204; and whose difference multiplied by the less is 35 ?
8. There are two numbers such that the sum of the products of
the first multiplied by 4 and of the second by 3 is 53 ; the differ-
ence of their squares is 15 : find the numbers.
9. The product of two numbers added to their sum is 23 ; and
5 times their sum taken from the sum of their squares leaves 8 :
required the numbers. •
10. Divide the number 14 into two parts, such that the sum of
the quotients of the greater divided by the less, and of the less by
the greater may be 2y^.
11. What two numbers are those whose sum added to the sum of
their squares is 42, and whose product is 15 ?
12. A farmer bought some sheep for ^£72, and found that if he
had received 6 more for the same monev, he would have paid £i
less for each. How many sheep did he buy ?
13. A and B distribute £60 each among a certain number of
persons : A relieves 40 persons more than B does, and B gives to
each 55. more than A. How many persons did A and B respect-
ively relieve ?
14. A vintner sold 7 dozen of sherry and 12 dozen of claret for
£50. He spld of sherry 3 dozen more for £10 than he did of
claret for £6. Required the price of each.
15. A detachment from an army was marching in regular co-
lumn, with 5 men more in depth than in front ; but upon the
48 ALGEBRA. [Ex. 43 46.
Ex. 43.
enemy coming in sight, the front was increased by 845 men ; and
by this movement the detachment was drawn up in 5 Hues. Re-
quired the number of men.
16. The product of the sum and difference of the hypothenuse
and a side of a right-angled triangle is 2 ; and 4 times the sum of
the squares of the hypothenuse and this side is equal to 5 times the
sum of these two lines : find the 3 sides of the triangle.
17. There are three numbers, the difference of whose differences is
5 ; their sum is 44, and continued product 1950 : find the numbers.
18. Divide the number 26 into three such parts that their squares
may have equal differences, and that the sum of those squares may
be 300.
19. The sum of 4 numbers is 44 ; the sum of the products of
the first and second, and third and fourth is 250 ; of the first and
third, and second and fourth is 234 ; and of the first and fourth,
and second and third 225 : find them.
^ , , Inequalities.
Ex. 44.
1. Show that n'H- 1 is ^^n^-^-n,
2. If a?* = «* + i*, y* = c* + rf* j show that xy>ac + hd or ad + be,
3. IfoJj show that a— J>(a4— 6^)*.
4. If a?>y : show that a?— y> p-, but < ^•
6, Show that «y~*+^"*y>^~"+y"*j x*+y^-^z*>^xy-hiicz-\-yz,
6. Show that 2(1 +a*+a+)>3(a-ha').
7. If46*>fl*; showthat a?* + J*>aa?.
8. It X7>a; show that a?' + 7ar*>(a7+fl)'.
9. Show that (a + J + cy^2jabc, but ^g{a} + 6^ 4- c^).
10. Show that abc>^{a+b-^c){a+c—b){b + c—a),
1 1 . Show that ^' -f y' + 5r'>4:(a?V + a?y* + af*z + ^^* + y^z + yz"-) . •
RATIO, PROPORTION AND VARIATION,
fix. 45.
1. Compare the ratios 7 : 8 and iq : 11 ; 19 : 25 and 56 : 74.
2. Show that a : b>^ax :bx-^h} but ^ax ibx^k.
3. Show that a^-^b^ia^-h b^^d" + 6* : a + 6.
4. Which is greater, a-^x : «— a?, or a*+a?* : a*— ^ ?
Ex. 45, 46.] ARITHMETICAL FBOORESSION. 49
Ex. 45.
6. Show that a—x : a -fa? is > or <«*— a?* : a* -fa?* according as
a : a? is a ratio of less or greater inequality.
it uru-^v. • 4. fl + ^ 4^ a*— a?* a— a? «
6. Wnich IS greater, or : -^ or -^; r ?
° a a-^-x a}—x^ a^—x*
7. Find the ratio compounded of a+a? : a— a?, a*4-ar* : (a-f a?)*,
and (a*— a?*)* : a^^oi^,
8. If a : 5>c : rf; show that a -f c : 5 -|- rf<:a : A, but >c : rf.
9. Ifa:A=c:rf; show that 7a + 6 : 3a + 5^=70 -f«?: 3c + 5^.
10. If a be the greatest of the 4 proportionals a, b, c, d; show
that a-f rf>5-f c; and that a^'-^d^^b^' + c^.
11. If a : A=c : rf; show that
fj. j\ («— ^)(«— c) II II. (a—b)(a—c)
a a d b c abc
Find the equation between a? and y, —
12. Uyax, and y=2i, when a?=3.
13. It xj/oiX^ + y^, and y=4, when a?=3.
14. If y»aa?*-aS and y=— > when a?= (a^-f A*)^.
15. If y*aa?, and y= ±2tf, when a?=a.
16. If X(xy and ya^; show that
{aX'{-by'{'Cz)a{h{xy)^ + k{xz)^'{-l{l/z)i\,
17. There are two vessels A and B each containing a mixture of
water and wine, A in the ratio of 2 : 3, B in the ratio of 3 : 7. What
quantity must be taken from each in order to form a third mixture
which shall contain 5 gallons of water and 1 1 of wine ?
18. The value of diamonds a as the square of their weights, and
the square of the value of rubies a as the cube of their weights ; a
diamond of a carats is worth m times a ruby of b carats, and both
together are worth £c : find the values of a diamond and ruby, each
weighing a? carats.
ARITHMETICAL PROGRESSION.
I/S be the sum ofn terms of a series in Ar, Prog,, a, 1 the ist and
nth terms respectively, d the common difference
l=a-f(n-i)d; S=={2a-f(n-i)d}-.
Ex.46. ^
1. Find the 15th term of the series 3, 7, 11, &c.
B
50 ALOEBRA. [Ex. 46.
Ex. 46.
2. Find the nth term of the series 5, i, —3, &c.
3. Find the 20th term of the series 57, 54, 51, &c.
4. Find the 8th term of the series |^, -^y 4-, &c.
5. Find the 19th term of the series -f, i^, i^^ &c.
Find the sum —
6. Of I + 3 + 5 + &c. to 20 terms.
7. Of 2 + 7 + i2-f&c. to loi terms.
8. Of 12 + 7+2— 3— &c. to 9 terms.
9. Of — 5 — 1 + 3 + &C. to 12 terms.
iO. Of 2 + 2^ + 24-+&c. to 12 terms.
1. Of 13+ I2J-+ ii|-+&c. to 40 terms.
12. Of I +2|-+4f +&C. to 22 terms.
13. Of 2^ +3^+4^+ &c. to 5 terms.
14. Of i+f+f +&C. to 15 terms.
15. Of 6 + -^ + 5 + &c. to 25 terms.
[6. Of 17 + ^ + 15^ +&C. to 51 terms.
7. Of — 7 — 5f— 4f ""&c. to 21 terms.
[8. Of i— f— V"""^- *^ ^ terms.
19. Of 2|.+ 2 + ^ + &c. to n terms.
20. Of h |--^-^ + &c. to n terms.
n n n
21. Of (a+a?)*+ (a*+a?*) + (a— a?)* + &c. to n terras.
22. Of -—-7 + ^ . . +^-— f-+&c. to » terms.
How many terms of the series —
23. 7, 9, 1 1, &c. amount to 40 ?
24. 19, 17, 15, &c. amount to 91 ?
25. 54, 51, 48, &c. amount to 513?
26. '034, '0344, '0348, &c. amount to 2748 ?
27. The first term of an AR. series is -^, the common difierence -— ,
and the sum of the series 22 ; find the number of terms.
Ex. 46.] ARITHMETICAL PROGRESSION. 51
Ex. 46.
28. The first term of an AR, series is 5, the number of terms is
3O9 and their sum 1455; find the common difference.
29. The first term of an AR. series is 19, the last term i, and the
number of terms 12 ; find the common difference.
30. The sum of 11 terms of an AR. series is 22^ and the common
difference is -f- ; find the first term.
31. The first term of an AR. series is 17, the last term — i2j.,
and the sum 25-1^ ; find the common difference.
32. Insert 3 AR. means between 117 and 477.
33. Insert 4 AR. means between 3 and 18.
34. Insert 4 AR. means between 2 and —18.
35. Insert 9 AR. means between i and — i.
36. Insert 7 AR. means between — i^ and 4^
37. There are n AR. means between i and 31, such that the 7th
mean: (n— i)th mean =5 : 9; required n.
38. The sum of n AR. means between i and 19 : sum of the first
»— 2 of them : : 5 : 3 ; required n.
39. There are n AR. means between a and b, and between the
pth and gth terms of these means there are r AR. means inserted;
find the mth term of the last set.
40. The 5th and 9th terms of an AR. series are 13 and 25 re-
spectively ; what is the 7th term ?
41. The nth term of an AR. series is ^(3^—1); find the first
term, common difference, and the sum of n terms.
42. The sums of 2 AR. series each to n terms, are as 13 — 7« :
1+371; find the ratio of their first terms, and also of their second
terms.
43. In the series i, 3, 5, &c. the sum of 2r terms : the sum of
r terms : : a? : i ; determine the value of x.
44. Find the ratio of the latter half of 2n terms of any AR. series,
to the sum of 3/1 terms of the same series.
46. If m and n be the (j» + g)th and (/>— g)th terms respectively
of an AR. scries ; find the pth and ^th terms.
46. If a, b and c be the joth, qth and rth terras respectively of
an AR. series; show that a{q^r)-^b{r^p)'{'C(p^q) = o,
£ 2
52 ALGEBRA. [Ez. 46^ 47*
Ex.46.
47. If «„ 8^ Sj, . . «y be the sums of r AR. series, each continued
to n terms; i, 2, 3, . . r their first terms, and I, 3, 5, , . (2r— i)
their common dififerences respectively; required the sum of the
series «, +^»-f ^3+ . . . -{-Sr*
48. If Sn, Sn+i, Sn+z • • • deuotc the sums of n, n-f i, n+2, . . .
terms of an AR. series; find the sum of *n-l-*n+i> + ^n+a+ . . to w
terms.
49. In the two series 2, 5, 8, . . . and 3, 7, 1 1, . . . each continued
to 100 terms; find how many terms are common to both series.
50. A debt can be discharged in a year by paying is. the first
week, 3$. the second, 5$. the third, and so on ; required the amount
of the debt and the last payment.
51. From two towns 168 miles distant, A and B set out to meet
each other ; A went 3 miles the first day, 5 the second, 7 the third,
and so on ; B went 4 miles the first day, 6 the second, 8 the third,
and so on : in how many days did they meet ?
52. Find 4 numbers in AR. progression, such that the sum of
the squares of the first and second be 29 ; and the sum of the
squares of the third and fourth be 185.
53. Given P and Q the mth and nth terms of an AR. series ; re-
quired the rth term.
Ez. 47. Find the sum —
1. Of i*-h2* + 3* + &c. to 15 terms.
2. Of i*-f 3* + 5* + &c. to 21 terms.
3. Of 2* + 5* + 8* -f 8cc. to n terms.
4. Of I' + 2^ -f 3^ -f &c. to n terms.
6. Of 1.2 + 2.3 + 3.4 + 4.5 + &C. to 10 terms.
6. Of 1.3 + 3.5 -f 5.7 + 7.9 + &c. to 12 terms.
7. Of 3.8 -f6.il +9.14 4- &c. to n terms.
8. Of 2.5— 4.7 + 6.9— &c. to 2r terms.
9. Of the triangular numbers i, 3, 6, 10, 15, . . • to » terms.
10. Of the pyramidal numbers 1,4, 10, 20, 35, ... to n terms.
1 1 . Given »* -h (» + 1)* + (n + 2)* -f . . to 9 terms =501; required n,
12. Determine the AR. series of 1 1 terms, whose sum is 220, and
the sum of their cubes 147400.
Si. 48»] GEOMETRICAL PROGRESSION. 53
GEOMETRICAL PROGRESSION.
If B be the sum of n terms of a series in Creom, Prog,, % z the ist and
nth terms respectively, r the common ratio ; then will
z=ar'*-S
<^}
If the series be convergent, in which case r<:i; and be extended
without limit so that n becomes oo ; then wUl the limiting sum
^=~
Ex.48. ' '
1. Find the 5th term of the series 5, 10, 20, &c.
2. Find the 7th term of the series 54, 27, 134., &c.
3. Find the 6th term of the series 3f , 2^, i^, &c.
4. Find the 5th term of the series 27, —45, 75, &c.
6. Find the 7th term of the series —21, 14, — 9y, &c.
Find the sum —
6. Of I -h 3 -f 9 + &c. to 9 terms.
7. Of 8 4-20 + 50 + &c. to 7 terms.
8. Of 254- 10 + 4 + &c. to 10 terms.
9. Of 9—64-4— &c. to 9 terms.
10. Of 3+4|^+6|:+&c. to 5 terms.
11. ^— 4.4-!-— &c. to 8 terms. 12. ^— T4-|r— &c. to 5 terms.
Find the sum of n terms —
13. Of^-:|:4-TV— &C. 14. Of 4— tV4-:5V— &C.
16. Of|.-(#4-i-&c. 16. Of 34-9*4-3*4-&c.
Find the limit of the sum of the following infinite series :
17. 44-24-14-&C. 18. 9 — 6 + 4— &c.
19. I— 4.4.3.— &c. 20. I— 1-4-^— &c.
21. 44-34-I-4-&C. 22. i— 1.4-|— &c.
23. 31-4-21:4-11: 4- &C. 24. I 4- 2-^4- 3^- &C.
26. 14-f— T + A— &c. 26. -^ ^4- — f— &c.
I T T • 7^ 2 2 3.2' 3.2^
27. I— 2a?4-2^* — 2a7H&c. 28. '^^ •t^+^LZ^a»--&c.
ff 9 9^
54 ALGEBRA. [Ex. 48.
Ex. 48. Find the limit of the sum of the following infinite series :
t • • • ■ • •
32. Find the values of '027 ; i'i45; '21501; -142857.
S3. Insert 2 Geom. means between i and 100 ; 4 between 2 and
^4i 3 between i and 128 ; and 4 between |- and — 5tV'
34. If P be the sum of the series formed by taking the ist and
every joth term of an infinite Geom. series, in which a=i, and r is
<!; Q the sum of the series formed by taking the ist and every
^th term; prove that P^(Q— i)''=Q^(P— i)^.
35. If the Ar. mean between a and b be double the Geom.; find 7-
a
36. The difiference between 2 numbers is 48, and the Ar. mean
exceeds the Geom. by 18 ; find the numbers.
37. If P and Q be the j9th and qth terms of a Geom. series; find
the nth term.
38. If m and n be the Oo + g)th and (p— 5')th terms of a Geom.
series ; find the j9th and qth terms.
39. If a, A, c, rf . . .be n-f 1 quantities in Geom. progression, show
that the reciprocals of a^—b*, b^—c^, c^—d^, &c. are also in Geom.
progression ; and find the sum of the latter series.
40. If Oy b, c, d he in Geom. progression ; show that
{a+b'\'C'\-d)^={a + by-\'{c+dy + 2{b'i-c)\
41. K a, b, c he in Geom. progression; show that
a* + 6* + c*>(a— A + c)*.
42. If P be the continued product of n quantities in Geom. pro-
gression, S their sum, and S, the sum of their reciprocals ; show
thatP=(|)".
43. The sum of £700 was divided among 4 persons, whose shares
were in Geom. progression ; and the difierence between the greatest
and least was to the difiference between the means as 37 to 12.
What were their respective shares ?
44. Given S, and 8^ the sums of the even and odd terms respect-
ively of a Geom. series, of 2w terms. Of m Ar. means inserted
between its joth and qth terms, required the rth mean.
b. 40^ 50.] HARMONICAL PROGRESSION. 55
Ex. 49. Find the sum —
1. Of 1 — 30? +Sa?*— 7a?' +&C. to infinity.
2. Of i+lr+f -f &c. to infinity.
3. Of ^+|--f rf"^^^- *^ infinity.
4. Of 1 + 5+ 13 + 29 +&C. to n terms. [The rth term is 2«'+«— 3.]
6. Of 1 + 3+ 7-f 15 + &C. to n terms. [The rth term is 2*'— i .]
6. Of 3 + 6+ II + 20 + &C. to n terms. [The rth term is 2''-|-r.]
7. 0{ 2+4.+^-\-^ -^-kc. to n terms. [The rth term is 5 - 3 -••+».]
8. Of 1.1 + 2.3 + 4.5 + 8.7 + &c. to n terms.
9. Of i.2a?+ 2.3^* + 3.44?' + &C. to infinity, and to n terms.
10. Of 1.20? +2.44?* + 3.8a?' + &C. to infinity.
11. Of 1.33: + 4.90?* + 7.27a?' + &C. to infinity.
12. Find the 9th term of the series 4, 7, 10, 16, 28, &c.
HARMONICAL PROGRESSION.
Jfsi, h, c, d, 8fc, be in Harmonical progression,
a : c=ia— b : b— c; b : d=b— c : c — d ;
and -, -f -, -, 8iC, are in Ar, progression,
Ex. 50.
1. Continue to 3 terms each way the series 2, 3, 6 ; 14^, 2f, 2i'}
and I, i-J., If.
2. Insert 2 Harm, means between 2 and 4 ; and 4 between 2
and 12.
3. Insert 6 Harm, means between 9 and 3 ; and 3 between i
and 20.
4. Insert n Harm, means between x and y,
5. Find a fourth Harm, proportional to 12^ 6, 4.
6. Given a? and y the ist and 2nd terms of a Harm, progression;
continue the series, and write down the nth term.
7. Given M and N the mth and nth terms of a Harm, pro-
gression; find the (w + n)th term.
8. If a, b, c be the pth, qth, and rth terms respectively of a
Harm, series ; show that {p — 5')aA + (r —p)ac + (Q' — r)bc = o.
9. If a, 6, c be in Harm, progression, show that a* + c*>2A*;
and if n be a positive integer, a** + c">2d*».
56 ALGEBRA. [Ex. 60, 61.
Ex. 60.
10. The sum of 3 numbers in Harm, progression is 26, and the
product of the extremes exceeds the square of the mean, by the
mean ; find the numbers.
11. The sum of 3 numbers in Harm, progression is 37, and the
sum of their squares is 469 ; find the numbers.
12. The sum of 3 numbers in Harm, progression is 11, and their
continued product is 36 ; find the numbers.
13. Compare the lengths of the sides a, hy and c of a right-angled
triangle, c being the hypothenuse, when the squares described
upon them are in Harm, progression.
14. Show that the Ar. 6eom. and Harm, means between a and
b are in continued proportion.
15. If y be the Harm, mean between x and z, and x and z be the
Ar. and Geom. means respectively between a and b ; express y in
terms of a and b,
16. There are 4 nos. of which the first 3 are in Ar. progression,
the last 3 in Harm. ; show that the ist : 2nd : : 3rd : 4th.
17. If a*=iy=c*= &c., and a, b, c, &c. be in Geom. progression,
then will x, y, z, &c. be in Harm, progression.
PILES OF BALLS AND SHELLS.
If n be the number of balls in a side of the base row ;
^n(n+ i)(n4-2) is the number of balls in the triangular pile ;
^n(n+ i)(2n4-i) square . .;
^n(a+ i)(2n+ i + sd) rectangular . .,
where n+d 1^ the number of balls in the longer side of the base,
Ex. 61. Find the number of balls in —
1. A triangular pile, each side of the base having 36 balls.
2. A square pile, each side of the base having 32 balls.
3. A rectangular pile, the length and breadth of the base con-
taining 52 and 34 balls respectively.
4. An incomplete triangular pile, a side of the base course having
25 balls, and a side of the top 13.
5. An incomplete triangular pile of 15 courses, having 38 balls
in a side of the base.
Ex. 51j 52.] PERMDTATIONS AND COMBINATIONS. 57
Ex. 51. Find the number of balls in —
6. An incomplete square pile^ a side of the base course having
44 balls, and a side of the top 22.
7. An incomplete square pile of 30 courses^ having. 65 balls in
each side of the base.
8. An incomplete rectangular pile of 18 courses, having 56 balls
in the length, and 38 in the breadth of the base.
9. An incomplete rectangular pile of 25 courses, having 100 balls
in the length of the base, and 35 in the breadth of the top.
10. An incomplete rectangular pile, having 12 and 26 balls re-
spectively in the shorter sides of its top course and base, and 45 balls
in the longer side of its base.
11. An incomplete square pile, the upper course consisting of
529 balls, and the base of 5184.
12. The number of balls in a complete rectangular pile of 20
courses is 6440 ; how many balls are in its base ?
13. The number of balls in the shorter side of the base of a com-
plete rectangular pile is 15 ; how many must there be in the other
side that the pile may contain 4960 balls ?
14. The number of balls in a triangular pile is to the number in
a square pile, having the same number of balls in the side of the
base, as 6 to 1 1 ; required the number in each pile.
PERMUTATIONS AND COMBINATIONS.
1 . The numbet' of permutations of n different things, taking r of them
at a time, is n(n— i)(n— 2) . . . (n— r+ i).
2. The number of permutations of n things, when p of them are of
one sort, q of another, r of a third, and so on ; all taken together is
1.2.3 . . . n
(1.2.3 • • P)(^-2-3 • • ^(^'^-S • • 0(^^0
3. The number of combinations of n different things, taking r of them
/ . n(n - i)(n~.2) . . (n~r4- 1)
at a time, is, -^- •
1.2.3 • • • ^
Ex.52.
1. How many changes may be rung with 4 bells out of 7 ; and
how many with the whole pejd ?
2. How many different signals may be formed by means of 12
different flags which can be hoisted 4 at a time above each other ?
3. In how many different ways may 8 persons be seated at table ?
58 ALGEBRA. [Ex. 52.
Ex. 52.
4. In how many different ways may the letters of the continued
product a^cey be written ?
5. Find the number of permutations that can be formed out of
the letters of the words Mississippi, Museum, Meeanee, Nusserree.
6. The No. of Perm, of n things^ 5 together, is 20 times the
No. 3 together : find n.
7. The No. of things : No. of Perm. 3 together : : i : 72 ; find
the No. of things.
8. What is the No. of things, when the No. of Perm, is 5040 ?
9. There are 6 letters of which a certain No. are a's; and 120
words can be formed of them : how many a's are there ?
10. Kpx, jOj, . . .|?n be the Nos. of Perm, that can be formed out
of n quantities taken 2, 3, &c. n, together respectively ; show that
PxPi . 'Pn=PiPn{(Pj-Px){P4-Pl){Ps''P4) ' ' ' iPn-i-Pn-z)}-
11. Find the No. of Combs, of 10 things, 4 together; and also
6 together.
12. Find the No. of Combs, of 10 letters a, b, c , . , s together;
in how many of the Combs, will a and b occur together ?
13. Find the No. of Combs, of 1 2 letters a, i, c . . , 4 together ;
in how many of the Combs, will a, b and d occur together ?
14. On how many nights may a different patrol of 5 men be
draughted from a corps of 36 ? on how many of these would any
one man be taken ?
15. The No. of Combs, of n things, 4 together, is 7^ times the
No. of Combs., 2 together ; find n.
16. The No. of Combs, of n things, 5 together, is 3 '6 times the
No. of Combs., 3 together ; find n.
17. The No. of Combs, of n-h2 things, 3 together, is 11 times
2W
the No. of Combs, of — things, 2 together ; find n.
«^
18. At a game of cards, 3 being dealt to each person, any one
can have 425 times as many hands as there are cards in the pack :
required the No. of cards.
19. How many Combs, can be formed out of 7 things taken
I, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 together respectively ?
20. The total No. of Combs, of 2n things is 65 times the total
No. of Combs, of n things ; find n.
21. How many different sums can be formed with the following
Ex. S2, 53.] BINOMIAL AND MULTINOMIAL THEOREMS. 59
Ex. 52.
coins : a farthings a penny^ a sixpence^ a shilling, a half-crown, a
crown, a half-sovereign, and a sovereign ?
22. Out of 17 consonants and 5 vowels, how many words can be
formed, each consisting of 2 vowels and 3 consonants ?
23. How many words of 6 letters may be formed out of 24 letters
of the alphabet, with 2 of the 5 vowels in each word ?
24. The No. of Perms, of n things, 3 together, is 6 times the
No. of Combs. 4 together ; find n.
25. The No. of Perms, of n things taken r together is equal to
10 times the No. when taken r— i together ; and the No. of Combs,
of n things taken r together is to the No. when taken r — i together
fts 5 : 3 ; required the values of n and r.
26. If, generally, C^' denote the No. of Combs, of m things taken
p together-5 show that Cji\=C^;^-hC^'';;'\
27. A person wishes to make up as many different parties as he
can out of 20 friends, each party consisting of the same number ;
how many should he invite at a time ?
28. When the No. of Combs, of 2n things taken r together is the
greatest possible ; required r.
29. There are 4 regular polyhedrons marked, each face with a dif-
ferent symbol, and the numbers of their faces are 4, 6, 8, 12 respect-
ively ; taking all of them together, how many different throws are
possible ?
30. Find the No. of different Combs, of n things, of which p are
of one sort, q of another, r of a third, and so on, when taken i, 2, 3,
&c. n together severally.
BINOMIAL AND MULTINOMIAL THEOREMS.
1. In the expansion of (a-f-x)",
the (r+ i)th term is "(n- !)(»-») • • • i'^-lll^u-r^r,
1.2.3 ' • '^
2, In the expansion of (a4-bx + cx*-f . . . -|-kx*)»,
the term involving x"^ is , . . ' '^"\, r — aP.b^.c'.«^c.x<i+"+"
(i.2.3..p)(i.2.3..q)(i.2.3..r)^c.
where p-|-q+r-|-...=n, and qH-2r-|-...=m.
Ex. 53.
1. Expand (i-f^f; (1+20?)^; ('■^~)^ (^'^~)'
60 ALGEBRA. [Ex. 63.
Ex. 53.
2. Expand (I -3^)^ (i—J; (i-^)"*; (i+|-0"
3. Expand (flH-a?)9; (fl-*)^; (2a?-3y)*; (s-f/-
4. Expand (a*— 2a?)-5; (3a-«-2a?)-4; (c— a?)"'; (fl + A)"'.
6. Expand (1 + 2a?)4 ; (i— ar)*; (a+fp)i; (|^-3y)f.
6. Expand ( I -a?) -4; (i-^*)-i; (a*-ar*)-T; (a?5+^5)-f.
7. Expand 5—;^; — ; r—; — 2f! — -.
8. Expand (A+A;\/^^)7; (6-y>/Z7)8; (-.flS^-^ v^Zrj)^
9. Expand (H-a?+«?*)^; (i— 2a?+a?*)*; (a— 26+3^)*.
10. Expand (i+a?+a?*+.. in inf.)*; (i+a?+af* + . .in inf.)^.
Find the coefficient —
11. Ofof^ in {a^x)9. 12. Of a^ in {sa}-^^.
13. Of ar" in (a* -ft V)*. 14. Of a?* in (i -f ix—wy.
m
16. Of a*6V in {a+b+cy. 16. Of ;p^ in (a-ft;p-cw*)«.
ir . Of fl*-^6V in (a + ft 4- c)*. 18. Of of in (3a + 2x) -t.
19. Ofar^in (a-f 6ar+ca?*+£fc')^
20. Of 07* in (2 + 44?— 3a?*+a?')7.
21. Of a?* in (i -f 2a?-f 3a?* -f . . in inf.)^
22. Of ay^'in (i + 2a?-f 3a?*H-..ininf.)*.
23. Of ft Ve*/ in (a + 2ft + 3c + 4^+ 5^ + 6/) ".
Find in the following binomials or multinomials expanded —
24. The 6th term of (4a*ca?— 3c^y3^)4 ; and of (aa?— fta?* i/ — i)i.
26. The 5th term of (3a?— 2y)-"°; and of (— «4-^ ^^^)^.
26. The (r+ i)th term of {^— (3y^)*}*.
27. The greatest term of (i +4)^.
Ex. 53.] BINOMIAL AND MULTINOMIAL THEOREMS. 61
Ex. 53. Find in the following binomials or multinomials expanded^ —
28. The middle term of (i +u?)"* ; and of (i +a?+a?*)".
29. The middle term of (2— 5a?— 7a?*+a?'-f 35?*)^.
30. The No. of terms in (a+i-fc)'; and in (a + Jar +ca?* + <&')*.
31. Show that
i.2.3...n
(a»±i)2«/ _,_ I \ j^^ (_ ,x.3.S-(2M-iV ,/_i\
1.2 V a?**»-v ^ ^ 1.2.3... («+i) >* ^^
(,-.).=.{.-n(j£j)+fe£)(j£^)--S».)
/ a?V a?* a?' , . . ^ .
r-l — 1 =i4-a?H 1 1-.„: when nis infinite.
V n) 1.2 1.2.3
Find the values of the following infinite series —
1 I 1.3 I 1.3.5 I ,
2 2 2.4 2* 2.4.6 2'
n+i n+i n+2 ,
33. I— 2n-f3n' 4n« h...
2 23
1 . in(n— i) . in(n— i)(n— 2)
34. 1+- n+— ^^ ^ + — ^ ^^^ ^ + ...
2 3 1.2 4 1.2.3
36. a-(g + 5)n-|-(a-f25) ^^^^ ^ -(g-f-3^) ^ ^j)^ "^ + -..
36. If the coefficients of the (r-f i)th and (r-f3)th terms of
(i 4- a?)" are equal, n being a positive integer; find r.
37. The coefficients of x in the 5th and 7th terms of (i + 2a?)*' are
II 20 and 1792 respectively; find n.
38. The coefficients of a? in the 3rd and Sth terms of (i —a?)" are
^ and — tJt respectively; find n.
62 ALOEBRA. [Ex. 53^ 54.
Ex. 53.
39. If generally n^ bethecoeflScient of the(r+ i)th termof (i -f^)'»,
show that («+/))r=«r-f- »r-iJ»i-f-»»r-i/>i+&C. + n,j9y.,-fj9y.
40. If generally m^ be the coefficient of the (r+i)th term of
(i— a?)-*", show that mr + (m+i)y«,= (m+i)r.
41. Find the sum of the squares of the coefficients in the expansion
of (i +a?)*', when » is a positive integer.
N.B. Equate the coeffts. of x^ in (i + a?)'*.(a?+ l)" and in (l + *)*".
42. Find the sum of the products of every two consecutive coeffi-
cients in the expansion of (i -f a?)**, n being a positive integer.
N.B. Equate the coeffts. of x^~^ or j?*«+' in (i +a?)'*.(a:+ I)** and in
(i4-a?)**».
43. If a, b, c, d be any consecutive coefficients of an expanded
binomial^ show that (5c+fl(i)(i— c)=2(ac*— 5*^?).
44. If 5= sum of two quantities^ /) = their product, and ^=the
quotient; show that jo*=s+f g*— 4^'+ — g*— ^^^g'^ + &c.\
46. If 5= sum of the squares of any two quantities, p=2X pro-
duct, and P= the/?th power of the sum; show that
P.P^.P .pi &c.in inf. =«4 1 +p(P) +P'^P-'VpY +PiP r')iP-^) (Py .
INDETERMINATE COEFFICIENTS.
Ex. 54. Reduce into simple or partial fractions —
(a?— i)(a?— 2)(a?— 3) * (a?— a) (a?— 6) (a?— c)
^ a?* .1
3. :—^ r-, r- 4.
(a?* — i)(a?— 2) a?*— a*
. x—\ 3a?* ~8a?+i6
a7' + 8a?*-f 2ia?+i8 ' 2a?^ — 145?*+ i6a? + 20
Expand in a series of ascending powers of x —
„ 3 + 20? i + 2ar ^^ x—ax^-^-hx^
5 + 7:r I— a?— a?* i^cx -{-dx^
Ex. 54 — 56*] SUMMATION OF SERIES. 68
Ex. 54. Bxpand in a series of ascending powers of x —
12. -7 ^ r-7 X \ and find the coefficient of a?**.
(j;-i)(a?-2)(a?-3)'
REVERSION OF SERIES.
Ex. 55. Find the valae of x in an infinite series, in terms of y —
1. When y= I — 2a? +30?*.
2. When y=a + 6a?-f CO?*.
3. When y=i+a?— 2a?*+a?^
4. When y=fl + 5a?+ca?* + (fo?^
5. When y= 1 + 2^ + 45?* + 8a?^ + ...
6. When y=a? 1 ...
23
7. Wheny=i+a?H- + f- h —
^ 1.2 1.2.3 ^•^•3-4
8. When y=a? 1 -^ — h...
^ 1.2.3 1-2.3.4.5 1.2.3.4.5.6.7
9. Wheny=a?-f +— ^ — + -^-- + ...
^ 2 3 2.4 5 2.4.6 7
10. When y=flw? + 6a?*4-ca?' + ...
11. When a?^ — 3a? + y=o.
12. When n(a?^ — i)— a;!y=o.
13. When a?^ — aa?y— 6^=0.
SUMMATION OF SERIES.
ind, by the method of Indeterminate Coefficients, the sum—*
i*-f 2* + 3*+4* + &c. to II terms.
i*-f4* + 7*+io*-f &c. tow terms.
1.2 + 2.3 + 3.4 + &C. to 10 terms.
1.2 + 3.4-f 5.6 + &C. to n terms.
1.2* + 2.3* -f 3.4*4. &c. to n terms.
1.2.3 + 2.3.4+ 3.4.5 -f&c. to '^ terms.
i' + 2' + 3' + &c. to 20 terms.
i^ + 3^ -f- S^ + &c. to n terms.
15 terms of a series whose »th terra is (2/i— i)(3n+ i).
Ex. 56. Fii
1.
Of I
2.
Of I
3.
Of I
4.
Of I
6.
Of I
6.
Of I
7.
Of I
8.
Of I
9.
Of I
64 ALGEBRA. [Kx. 67 — 59.
Er. 67. Find, by the method of Subtraction, the sum —
1. Of 1 1 h-.to n terms, and to infinity.
1.2 2.3 3.4
2. Of 1 1 h ... to n terms, and to infinity.
3-S S-7 7-9
3. Of 1 1 — ■■ h ... to n terms, and to infinity.
1.4 4.7 7.10 ' ^
4. Of — o + 1 o + ..• to n terms, and to infinity.
3.8 5.13 13.10
6. Of 1 1 h ... to n terms, and to infinity.
1.2.3 ^•3'4 3'4'S
6. Of 1 1 h ... to n terms, and to infinity.
1.4.7^4.7.10 7.10.13 ^
7. Of 1 1 — - — h ... to n terms, and to infinity.
I.3-S 3-57 S-7-9
2, "2 A.
Q Of 1 1 h . . . to n terms, and to infinity.
I.3-5-7 3-5.7-9 5.7-9." ^
Ex. 58. Find, by the method of MuItipUcation, the sum —
1. Of 1 1 h ... to n terms, and to infinity.
1.3 2.4 3-5
2. Of 1 1 1- ... to n terms, and to infinity.
3.7^7.11^11.15 ^
3. Of 1 1 — 2 H" ... to n terms, and to infinity.
1.4 2.5 3-^
4. Of — • — h — — T+ — •- T+ ... to n terms, and to infinity.
1.22 2.32* 3.42' ^
c 6 7
6. Of — = — I 1 — - — I- ... to n terms, and to infinity.
1.2.3 ^•3-4 3-4.5 ^
^ ^« IQ I 28 I 39 I . 52 I . ^ ^ ,
6. Of — ^ h o + -^^ z + -^-z — + ••• to n terms, and
1.2.34 2.3.48 3.4.516 4.5.632
to infinity.
Ex. 50. In the following Recurring series find the sum —
1. Of I + 2« + 3a?* 4- 4^?' + ... to n terms.
2. Of 1+4^^+70?*+ ioa?' + ... to n terms.
Ex. 50 — 62.] INTERPOLATION OF SERIES. 65
Ex. 50. In the following Recurring series find the sum —
3. Of I* + 2*a?+ 3^ + 4V + ... to n terms.
4. Of i* + 3*a?+ 5*0?* + 7V + ... ton terms.
6. Resolve i — |a? + -^a?*— 1^'4-... into its constituent Oeora.
progressions.
Ex. 60. Find, by the method of Dififerences —
1. The 1 2th term of i, 5, 15, 35, 70, 126, &c.
2. The 9th term of 2.5.7, 4'7'9> 6.9.1 1, &c.
3. The sum of 1.2 + 2.3 + 3.4 + 4.5 + . ..to n terms.
4. The sum of 1.2.3 + 2.34 + 3^5 + ... to n terms.
5. The sum of 1.2.5 + 3'4*7 + S'6«9 + •«. to n terms.
6. The sum of 2.5.6 + 4.7.8 + 6.9. 10+.. .to n terms.
7. The sum of i^ + 2' + 3^ + 4' + ... to n terms.
8. The sum of 1. 1^ + 3.2^ + 5.3' + 7.4^ + . ..to n terms.
9. The sum of 3+ 11 + 31 + 69+ 131 +&c. to 20 terms.
10. The sum of i + ii + 19 + 30 + 48 + 76 + &C. to 20 terms.
11. Thesumof I +6 + 21 + 56 + 126 + 252 + 462 + &c.toi5 terms.
12. The sum of 25 terms of a series whose nth term is n*(3n— 2).
13. The sum of 20 terms of each of the 5 orders of figurate Nos.
•. ^ INTERPOLATION OF SERIES.
1. Find the 5th term of the series of which the 6th differences
vanish, and the ist, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 6th, 7th terms are 11, 18, 30,
50, 132, 209.
2. Find the 2nd term of the series of which the 4th differences
vanish, the ist, 3rd, 4th and 5th terms being 3, 15, 30, 55; and
continue the series to 10 terms.
3. Given the square roots of 19, 20, 21, 23; find that of 22.
4. Given the cube roots of 121, 122, 124, 125 ; find that of 123,
6. Insert three equidistant terms between every two consecutive
terms of i, 4, 10, 20, 35, &c.
^^ CHANCES OR PROBABILITIES.
1. What is the probability of throwing an ace in the first only of
two successive throws ?
66 ALGEBRA. [Ex. 62.
Ex. 62.
2. What is the probability of drawing the 4 aces from a pack of
cards in 4 successive trials ?
3. There are 4 white balls and 3 black placed at random in a
line ; find the probability of the extreme balls being both black.
4. Of two urns, one contains 12 balls, the other 7, which are
marked with letters, both beginning with a, b, c, &c. If a ball be
drawn from both urns, what is the probability that the two will have
the same letter-mark t
5. In a lottery containing black and white balls, where it is as
likely that each drawing will yield a black as a white ball, what is
the probabihty that in 11 trials, 11 white balls will be drawn?
6. In the game of ^ heads and taik/ what is the probability that
heads will come up 3 times exactly in 7 trials ?
7. In 5 throws with a single die, find the chance that an ace will
be thrown at least twice.
8. An urn contains 7 white balls, 12 red and 10 black. If two
of these balls be draw^n, what is the probability that one will be
white and the other red ?
9. From a bag containing 2 guineas, 3 sovereigns and 5 shiK
lings, a person is allowed to draw 3 of them indiscriminately ; what
is the value of his expectation ?
10. An urn contains 3 white, 4 black and 5 red balls ; what is the
chance of drawing i white, 2 black and 3 red balls in six successive
trials ?
11. There are 3 balls in a bag, one of them is white, another black,
and the third, it is equally probable, is white or black ; determine
the chance of drawing 2 white balls, if 2 be drawn.
12. If the House of Commons consist of m Tories and n Whigs ;
find the probability that a committee of /? -f g members selected by
ballot will consist ofp Tories and q Whigs.
13. Ten balls are drawn at random from an urn containing 20
white balls and 5 black ; what is the probability that 3, and no
more, black balls will then be drawn ?
14. At a game of whist, what is the chance of dealing one ace and
no more to a specified person ? And what is the chance of dealing
one ace to each person ?
16. A throws 6 dice, B throws 12, C throws 18. Compare the
chances of A's throwing one six, B two sixes, and C three sixes.
16. There are two urns, in one of which are 5 white balls and
Ex. 62, 63.] SCALES of notation. 67
Ex. 62.
4 black ; in the other> 3 white and 2 black : what is the probability
that if one ball be drawn it will be white ?
17* What is the chance of throwing an ace once only in three
trials ?
18. A die is thrown time after time ; in how many times have we
an even chance of throwing an ace ?
19. If there be 12 bags, each containing 7 white balls and 2
black ; and a ball be drawn from each bag successively : determine
beforehand what is the most probable number of white balls that
will be drawn.
20. What is the probability of throwing the point 16 with four
common dice?
SCALES OF NOTATION.
N.B. The letters t, e are used in the following examples to denote
10, 11 respectively.
£x. 63.
1. Express the denary No. 5381 in the ternary and nonary scales.
2. Express the common Nos. 34705 and 790158 in the septenary
scale.
3. Express the quinary No. 34402 in the quaternary scale.
4^ Express the common Nos. 6587 and 3907 in the duodenary
scale ; and then find their product.
5. Express the undenary Nos. 8978 and 3256 in the duodenarjp
scale ; and then find their product.
6. Multiply 24305 by 34120 in the senary scale.
7. Multiply 59^4 by 7906 in the undenary scale.
8. Divide 143322 16 by 6541 in the septenary scale.
9. Divide 95088918 by tt4. in the duodenary scale.
10. Divide tteti222 by teet in the duodenary scale.
11. Extract the square roots of 25400544 in the senary scale, and
of 32^75721 in the duodenary.
12. In what scale is 40501 equivalent to the denary No. 5365 ?
13. In what scale is 147 equivalent to the denary No. 124?
14. The denary No. 4954 expressed in another scale is 20305 ;
find the radix of that scale.
15. Find a fraction in the denary scale equivalent to the senary
number 45*2534, &c.
F 2
68 ALGEBRA. [Ez. 63 — M.
Ex. 63.
16. Which of the weights i Ib.^ 2 Ib.^ 4 Ib.^ 8 Ib.^ &c. must be
selected to weigh 1719 lb. ?
17. Which of the weights i lb., 3 lb., 9 lb., &c. must be selected
to weigh 3041b. f
18. If N, N' be any 2 numbers in the denary scale, composed
of the same digits differently arranged ; prove that N /^ N' is divisible
by 9.
19. Any number consisting of an even number of digits in a
system whose radix is r is divisible by r + 1, if the dieits equidistant
from each end are the same. ^ ^ ^
LOGARITHMS.
Sz. 64. Find, by logarithms, the product —
1. Of 24' 13x6-052. 2. Of 49-51 X 283605.
3. Of 5-281925x4-375921. 4. Of 20-192248x634-47.
5. Of 864665-2 X 8*097466. 6. Of 2487492 X -006988964.
7. Of -007461 X -3351767. 8. Of -0700379 X -0086752.
9. Of -034632 X -397302. 10. Of '00087214 X -001963.
11. Of 4-002 X 608-27 X -0425839.
12. Of 6387009 X 2560301 X •000725.
13. Of 4*697 X 3*2157 X *9483 X -0305.
14. Of 4100 X 7*319 X -03 X 439257 X "0000045879.
£z. 66. Find, by logarithms, the quotient —
I. Of 35274-+-5678. 2. Of 48-25-4-634-87.
3. Of II-4--3929. 4. Of -9649-7-35-0583.
5. Of -26439H--28629. 6. Of -07425-5-*oo8352.
7. Of 576423I-H-OOI58. 8. Of '84750-?- 14-36009.
9. Of -0697565-^-9975641 . 10. Of •ooio48869-4--oo47i698.
£z. 66. Find, by logarithms,—
1. The square of 35-7924. 2. The cube of 31*097.
3. The cube of 5-0008562. 4. The 4th power of -05632.
6. The 5th power of -948008. 6. The 13th power of 1-0975.
7; Thei9thpowerof 1-001786. 8. The 70th power of 1-0009.
9. Thei 50th power of I -0035. 10. The nth power of -809.
Ex. 67 69«] LOGAEITHMS. 69
Ex. 67. Find, by logarithms, —
1. The square Root of 3*62 1409. 2. The cube Root of 3852.
3. The cube Rt. of 199586*25 1. 4. The 5th Rt. of 24871-53.
6. The cube Rt. of -00052653. 6. The 2nd Rt. of -00780908.
7. The 5th Rt. of -0856329. 8. The nth Rt. of 7854-39.
9. The 19th Rt. of -00123456. 10. The 20th Rt. of 5.
11. The 365th Rt. of 1-045. 12. The 3-5th Rt. of -7289.
13. The •8th Rt. of -08. 14. The •065th Rt. of 1-6235.
Ex. 68. Find a fourth proportional —
1. To 8352, 3-69, 30-57. 2. To 357'i09> SOoo-8, -031.
3. To|^, 1^, -099. 4. TothecubeRts.of-2i,-23,-25.
6. To (-00058309)*, (-2839)^ (-018-^25)*.
Find a third proportional —
• • • •
6. To -00709, '1508. 7. To 5-241, 9*5308.
8. To (-948)^ (-00052653)*.
Find a mean proportional —
9. To (-03)*, (-529807)*. 10. To (-01)*, (-io)*.
11. To (387-908)*, (-0187)?,
Ex. 60. Find the value —
^ 38067 X -000507 X 1 -3596 ^^ 281 X 2-71828 x-og
•5498 X 300 X -0086735 • 84000 X -7301 X-0073
3 q^ 'oo8432ix(tV)* ^ Of (-005^34)^ X (-01 7)*
(8-37)i • (24)*
'■ o f'Sl';^y - «■ or (l|,.o.8,»}*.
Qff 13659 x(8-256)" l^ 8 Of i (U)^ X •oo4(846)»
I (1-86)* J ■ i3(i52)4h-34(-i86)*
9. Of !^-°"s);;-i. 10. Of &75r-{Lpjiz.
(1-025)"+ 1 (24871-53)1
,, --,,•« X -4 X -S... to 12 terms ,„ nr ij> ^ ,j,s ,
"• Of -3x-9X2-7...to9term, - ''■ ^ (^^2 i6.. 7id.) x (res)".
70 ALGBBRA. [Ex. 70 72,
Ex. 70.
1. Given log 2 =-301030, log 3='477i2i, log 7=845098;
fiud the logs of 6, 15, 5*4, iy'S> '875 and 6860.
2. Given log 18= 1*255272, log 25= 1*397940 ;
find the logs of 2, 3, '16, 450, '075 and 375.
3. Find log 256 to the base 2 ^2.
EXPONENTIAL EQUATIONS.
£z. 71. Solve the equations —
1. 20*= 100.
2. 2'= 769.
3. a)'=*.
4. (i)'==54i.
6. (2')'x(3*)'=4-9.
6. (7ix9-i)"=2Tx6i.
7. (4|-)(3'5)*=iooo.
8- (TfT)''=i75.
9. a*'+«'=c.
10. a'^.b*^z:zc.
11. 3*'.5i'-4=7'-Mi»-'.
12. 23'.7*»-'=i35-M7"-'.
,19'.
13. 14'= 63^,1
i7'=87y./
14. i9'=S3y>l
15. 2'.3y =560,1
5a?=7y. J
16. 3''+y.2-'=20,'l
2a?=5y.J
17. 5^'-7^=9iS6,l
3M 1^=3497./
18. («*)*. (*y)«'=c,l
napsnmy. J
19. a^^^y*, and ar'=y*.
20. (a* - 2fl*6* + *♦)'-'= (a-
-6)".(« + ^)-*.
21. 2fl4' + fl*'=a^.
22. a*— a-'=2c.
23. a^a^fl^ &c. fl"-'=n.
_ „ INTEREST AND ANNUITIES.
£z« 7a.
1. Find the amount of j666o at 5 per cent, per annum, compound
interest, payable quarterly for 6 years.
2. What is the amount of ^62639 i(ys. 34^. in 5 years, at 4 per
cent, per annum, compound interest, payable monthly ?
Ex. 72«] INTEREST AND ANNUITIES. 71
Ex.72.
3. What 8um will amount to £1000 in 10 years at 5 per cent,
per annum^ compound interest f
4. What sum will amount to £S^() Js, i^d. in 15 years at 3^ per
cent, per annum^ compound interest, payable quarterly f
5. At what rate per cent, will £300 amount to £500 in 4 years,
compound interest r
6. At what rate per cent, will a given sum double itself in 6 years,
compound interest ?
7. In how many years will ^600 amount to d66ooo at 5 per
cent., compound interest ?
8. In what time will a given sum treble itself, at 3 per cent, per
amium, compound interest, payable half-yearly ?
9. In how many years will ^2653 ys. 6d, invested at 34- per cent,
per annum, compound interest, payable quarterly, amount to
^63327 lis. rio^dJ
10. What is the discount on iBioo due 3 years hence, at 44 per
cent, per annum, compound interest ?
11. A person puts out £25 at 4 per cent, per annum, compound
interest, and adds to his capital at the end of every year a sum
equal to the third part of the interest for that year ; find the amount
at the end of 20 years.
12. A sum of £3500 is left for three children. A, B and G, in such
a manner that at the end of 7, 9, and 12 years, when they re-
spectively will come of age, they are to receive equal sums ; find
the present values of each share at 4 per cent, per annum, compound
interest.
13. A debt of £500 accumulating at 4 per cent, per annum,
compound interest, is discharged in n years by annual payments of
£41 13^. ^.; find the value of n,
14. A banker borrows money at 34^ per cent, per annum, and
pays the interest at the end of the year ; he lends it out at the rate
of 5 per cent, per annum, but receives the interest quarterly, and
by this means gains d£200 a-year ; how much does he borrow ?
15. A person spends in the ist year n times the interest of his
property ; in the 2nd year 2n times that of the remainder ; in the
3rd year yi times that at the end of the 2nd year ; and so on : at
the end of 2^ years he has nothing left; show that in the tth year
he spends as much as he has left at the end of that year.
72 ALGEBRA. [£SL 72.
£z. 72.
16. What IS the present worth of an annuity of £425 at 5 per
cent, per annum^ payable quarterly, for 12 years, at compound in-
terest ?
17. An annuity of £50 for 21 years is sold for ^550; required
the rate of interest allowed to the purchaser.
18. If a lease of 651^ years be purchased for £250, what rent
ought to be received that the purchaser may make 7 per cent, per
annum on his money ?
19. A person purchases the reversion of an estate after 12 years
for dBiooo ; what rent ought he to receive that he may realise 6 per
cent, per annum on his money ?
20. The reversion of an estate in fee simple producing £85 a-year
is made over for the discharge of a debt of .£946 izs. J yd.; how
soon ought the creditor to take possession, if he be allowed 5 per
cent, per annum interest for his debt ?
21. Find the present value of an annuity of £2$, to commence
in 8 years, and then to continue for 15 years, at 2t P^^ cent, com-
pound interest.
22. An annuity of £50 is to commence at the end of 12 years
and to continue for 25 years ; find the equivalent annuity to com-
mence immediately and to continue 25 years, at 3^ per cent, per
annum in both cases.
23. An annuity of ^50 which is to continue for 36 years is left
equally between A and B ; A receives the whole for the first I2 years,
and B the whole for the remainder of the time : what is the pre-
sent worth of the annuity, and the rate of compound interest per
annum f
Ex. 1 — 8.] THBORY OF EQUATIONS. 73
THEORY OF EQUATIONS.
Ex. 1. Form the equation whose roots are —
1. +5> -3- 2. 3, -2, 7.
3. o, —I, 2, —5. 4. ±^, ±^.
5. o, ±7, 4-(i± x/'^). 6. ±4v^3> S±i ^^^•
7. ± i/2, + i^ — 3. B. i±ai, ± ^^.
9. What is the 4th term of the equation whose roots are
-2, -I, I, 3,4?
10. Find the middle term of the equation whose roots are
5>3> i> -i> -^» -4-
11. Determine which of the Nos. 7, 6, 5, 4, 2, are roots of the
equation a;*— 19^7' + 12857* — 356074-336=0.
12. Investigate the ist^ 2nd^ &c. derived polynomials of
^^ — ioa?*-f 290?^— lOo?*— 62^+60; and x^—px^ — qx^-\-s.
Ex. 2. Find the equation containing the other roots of —
1. 07*— 190?' + 132a?*— 302574-56=0, one root being 4.
2. a7*— 1657' 4- 86a?*— 176074- 105=0, two rts, being i, 5.
3. 07*— 2a?*— 6707^4-20007*4-58807=1440, two rts. being 2, 6.
4. 0^4- 3307' 4- 148074- 240=07^ 4- 2ior* 4- 400?*, two rts. being
3> -I-
5. 0794-07'— 90774-3^*— 8fl?*4-8or*— 307' 4- 9^7* —07= I, one rt.
being i.
Ex. 3. Find all the roots —
1. Of 07' — 1 107* 4- 37^—35 = o, one root being 3 -f i/2.
2. Of 07*— 307*— 4207— 40=0, one rt. being — ^(34- v^— 31).
3. Of 07* — ioor*4- 2907' — 1007*— 62074-60=0, two rts. being
3/^2-
4. Of 07' — 707* 4- 1 607 — 1 2 = o, two rts. being equal.
6. Of 07' — 507*4-807— 4=0, two rts. being equal.
6. Of 0?^ —a?* — 807 4- 1 2 = o, two rts. being equal.
7. Ofa7*— |^4--i3y=o, two rts. being equal.
8. Of 07* 4- 13^' 4- 33^^*4-31*+ 10=0, three rts. being equal.
74 THEORY OF EQUATIONS. [Ex. 3, 4.
Ex. 3. Find all the roots —
9. Of iP*— i4J?' + 6ia:*— 84^+36=0, having 2pair8 of equal rts.
10. Of a?*— I3ar* + 67ar' — I7iar* + 2i6a?— 108=0, the rts. being
of the form a, a, a, b, b.
U. Of ar'— 9a?* + 23a?— 15=0, the rts. being in Ar. Prog.
12. Of a?'— 3af*^65?+8=o, the rts. being in Ar. Pr.
13. Of ar*— ioa?' + 35a?*— 50ar + 24=o, the rts. being in Ar. Pr.
14. Of a:*— 2d?' — 2iiP*-f 22a:+40=o, the rts. being in Ar. Pr.
15. Of 0?' — 135?* + 39a?— 27=0, the rts. being in Geom. Pr.
16. Of a?'— 14a:* + 5657—64=0, the rts. being in Geom. Pr.
17. Of a?'— 26a?* + 156a?— 216 = 0, the rts. being in Geom. Pr.
18. Of a?*+|?a?'+ga?*-f ra?+«=o, the rts. being in Geom. Pr.
19. Of a?*- 15a?' + 7oa?* — i20a? + 64=o,therts*beinginGeom.Pr.
20. Of 6ar*— 35a?' + 62a?*— 35a? + 6=0, the rts. being of the form
Transformations.
Ex. 4. Transform into equations haying integral coefficients —
1. a?'+2a?*-f-^-f-^=o.
2. a;'- fr*-f-fjjr— *4=o.
3. af*-|a:'+A^*—rJ^— 51^=0.
4. a?*— fa?*— 1^-1-^=0.
Form the equation whose roots are the roots —
6. Of a?*-h 7ar*— 4a? + 3=o, each multiplied by 3.
6. Of a?* + 2a?' — 7a? — I = o, each multiplied by 5 .
7. Of a?' — 3a?* + 4a? + 10=0, each divided by 2.
8. Of a?'+i8af*4-99a?+8i=o, each divided by —3.
9. Of a?' — 27a?— 36=0, each diminished by 3.
10. Of a?*- i8a?' — 32a?*-f- i7a? + 9=o, each diminished by 5.
11. Of ar* + 2a?*— 15a?'— I2a7*— 76a7=8o, each diminished by 2.
12. Of a:*— 27a?*— 1 4a? +120=0, each diminished by 3.
13. Of a?*— i8a?'— 32a?*+ i7a?+9=o, each increased by 2.
14. Of a?* — 7a?' + 2a?— 8=0, each increased by 1*2.
15. Of 2ar*— 13a?* + loa?— 19=0, each diminished by i.
16. Of igar*— 22a-'' — 35a:*— 16a:— 2 = 0, each diminished by 3.
Ex. 5 8.] SYMMETRICAL FUNCTIONS. 75
Ex. 5. Transform the following^ into equations wanting the 2d term —
1. a?'— 6a?* -f- 7a?— 2=0- 2. af^ — 6a?* -h 5=5=0.
3. a?'— 6a?*+i2a?+i9=o. 4. a?'-h9a?*— 4a? + 8 = o.
5. a?' — 6a?* + 4a?— 7 = 0. 6. a?'— 2a:*— 5ar-i- i=o.
7. a?' + 4a?* + 3ar— 7=0. 8. a?*+8a?'-f a?*— a?— io=o.
9. ar*— 3a?' + 5a?— 6=0. 10. a?*— I2a?' + 17a?*— 9a?+7 = o.
,1. 3a?' + i5a?* + 25a?— 3 = 0. 12. a?* + 3a?*— 7a?*— 2a? + 5=o.
Transform the following, into equations wanting the 3rd term —
13. a?' + 5ar* + 8a?— 1=0.
14. a?^— 6a?*H-9a?— 20=0.
16. a?'— 4a?* + 5a?— 2=0.
16. a?*— 1 8a?'— 6oa?* 4- a?— 2=0.
17. 3a?*— 4a?' + 2a?* + 7a?— 9 = 0.
18. 2a?^ + 5a?* + 5a?'— a?*+i=o.
19. In an equation of n dimensions^ the 2nd and 3rd terms may
be taken away by the same transformation^ when the square
of the sum of the roots : sum of their squares =n : i.
Symmetrical Functions.
Ez, 6. If S|. denote the sum of the rth powers of the roots of an
equation ; find the value —
1. Of Sfi in a?'— a?— 1=0.
2. Of Sg and S-» in ar*+a?' — 7a?*— a? + 6=0.
3. Of Sj and S.j in a?*— a?' — 193?* + 49a?— 30=0.
Ex. 7. Find the equation whose roots are —
1. The sums of every 2 roots of ar'— 40a? + 39 = 0.
2. The squares of the roots of a?' — 2a?* + 2a? — 4 = o.
3. The squares of the roots of a?' — 6a?* + 8ar— i o = o.
4. The cubes of the roots of a?' — 2a?* +1=0.
Ex. 8. If a, b, c he the roots of a?'— joa?* + 5'a?— r=0; find the
equation whose roots are —
1. a + b, a+c, b + c, 2. ab, ac, be.
3. a*, b% c*. 4. a* + 6*, a*-\-c\ i* + c*.
I I I ^ a b a c b c
a b c b a c a c
7. a}, b\ c\
76 THEORY or EQUATIONS. [Ex. 9^ 10.
Reciprocal or Becurrino Equations.
Ex. 0. Solve the following equations —
1. a?*— ioar' + 26a?*— ioa?4-i = o.
2. a?*+5a?' + 2a?*+54?-hi=o.
3. ar*— |^' + 2a?*— fa?+l = o.
4. a?^— 5a?*4-9a?' + 9a?*— 5a?+i=o.
6. a?*— 8a?*— 8a?+i = o.
6. a?^-- ^a?*+V^;r'-\^ar*+-^ar-i=o.
7. ar^— 6a?*— 2a?'H-2a7* + 6a7— 1=0.
8. a?^ + 3a?*— 5a?*— 2a?'— 5a?* + 3a?H-i=o.
9. a?'+4fla?^ + 2a?*— 4fla?*+i=o.
10. ar9-|-ar*— 9a?7 + 3a?^— 8a?* + 8a?*— 3a?' + 9a7*— a*— i=o.
11. a?'**— 3ar* + 5a?^— 5a?*+3a?*— 1=0.
12. 2ar*— 5a?'+6a?*— 5a?+2 = 0.
13. 4a?*— 24ar* + 57a?*— 73a?' + S7a?*— 24ar+4=o.
14. a?*4:l = 0; a?*— i = o; a?9+i=o; a?"— a^*=o.
15. Two roots of a?^— 23a?* + 22a?* 4-SSa?' — 32a?* — 33a? +10= o
are 2 and —5 ; find all the other roots.
Equal Boots.
Ex. 10. Solve the following equations^ having equal roots —
1. a?'— 2a?*— i5a? + 36=o.
2. a?*— 9a?* + 4a?+i2 = o.
3. a?*— 6a?'+i2a?*— ioa? + 3 = o.
4. a:*— 12a?' + 50a?*— 84a? +49 = 0.
6. 2a?*— I2a?' + I9a?*— 6a? + 9=o.
6. 4a?*— 4a?' — 7a?* + 8a?— 2 = 0.
7. 6a?*— 25a?' + 26a?* H- 4a?— 8 = 0.
8. a?*— iia?*-f 44a?'— 76a7* + 52a?— 12 = 0.
9. a?*— a?*+4a?'— 4a?* + 4a?— 4=0.
10. a?^— 2a?^— 4a?*+i2a?' — 3a?* — i8a?+i8 = o.
11. a?^ + 3a?^— 6a?*— 6a?' + 9a?* + 3a?— 4=0.
12. a?'— 7a?7—2a?*+ii8a?^— 259a?*— 83a?' + 6i2af*—io8a?— 432=0.
13. If an equation has 2 equal roots, and the terms are multiplied
by the terms of an Ar. Prog, in order ; show that the result
is =0.
Ex. 10 — ^12.] CUBIC EQUATIONS. 77
Ex. 10.
14. If an equation has t equal roots, the equation formed by
multiplying the terms by the terms of an Ar. Prog, in order,
has (^— i) of them.
15. If a?^-f ga?'— r^*— /=o has two equal roots; show that one
of them is a root of x*+—a!-^- — — = o.
Ex. 11.
1. If the roots of a?^— jMf* + g'a?— r=o be in Harm. Prog., and
p, q, r be integers, show that r is the square of the greatest
root. Apply this property to solve x^ — 23^* +135^— 225 = o.
Solve the equations —
2. a?^ — iia?* + 36ar— 36=0; whose roots are in Harm. Prog.
3. a;^^^x^+a!'-^=o; whose roots are in Harm. Prog.
4. 8^^ — 6a?*— 3a?+i = o; whose roots are in Harm. Prog.
6. 243?^— 26a?* + 90?— 1=0; whose roots are in Harm. Prog.
6. ar'— 5a?*+i6a?— 12=0, and a?' — 2a?*— 15^:+ 16 = 0; which
have one root common to both.
N.B. IfB, be the root common to both, x—b, is a common measure.
7. a?'— 5a?*+i3a?— 9=0, and a?' — 2a?* + 4a?— 3 = 0; which have
one root common to both. (See the last note.)'
8. a?*- 3a?'-f 4a?*— 6a?+4=o; the product of two roots is 2.
9. a^+a?^-^ 62a?* — 80a? 4- 1 200 = o ; the product of two rts. is 30.
10. a?' — i7a:*4-94^— 168 = 0; two roots are as 3 : 2.
Cubic Equations.
Ex. 12. Solve by Cardan^s or the Trigonometrical Method —
1. a?'— 9a?— 14=0. 2. a?'— 9a?+28=o.
3. a?' + 6a?— 2 = 0. 4. a?' — 3a?— 18=0.
6. a?'— 9a?* + 25a?— 25 = 0. 6. a?' + 3^* -h 9a?— 13 = 0.
7. a?'— 6ar* + i3a?— 10=0. 8. a?'— ioa7* + 3ia7— 42 = 0.
9. a?' + 6a?*— 32=0. 10. a?' — 3a?*— 9a? + 20=0.
11. a?'— 8a?*— 6a?-f 9 = 0. 12. a?'— 6a?* + 5a?+ 12=0.
13. a?'— 8a?— 1 = 0. 14. a?' — 49a? -h 1 20 = 0.
16. a?' + 6a?* + 27a?— 26=0; the real root to 6 decimals.
16. a?' — 3** + 5a?— 43 = 0; the real root to 6 decimals.
78 THEORY OF EQUATIONS. [£z. 12 — 14.
Ex. 12. Solve by Cardan^s or the Trigonometrical Method —
n. a?'— i3a?*-f 49a?— 45=0; the real root to 6 decimals.
18. .r*— 9a?* + 6a?— 2 = 0; the real root to 4 decimals.
19. a?a-f24^i— -245=0.
i i
20. a?'» — 36a?'*— 91=0.
Biquadratic Equations.
Ex. 13. Solve by Des Cartes', Euler's or Ferrari's Method —
1. 07* — 34?*— 42a? — 40 = 0,
2. 0?*— 25a?* — 600^—36 = 0.
3. 0?*— I2a?— 5 = 0.
4. 07*— 40?'— 8a?+32=o.
5. ar*— 6a?' + 8a?*4-6a7— 9=0.
6. a?* + 8a?' + 9a?*— 8a:— 10=0.
7. ar*- 80?'— 1 2a?* + 600? + 63 = 0.
8. a7*+2a?' — 7a?*— 8a:+i2 = o.
9. ar*—20ar' 4-1480:*— 46407 + 480 = 0.
10. 90:*— 60:^- 439a?* + 2940:— 98 = 0.
Limits of Roots.
Ex. 14. Determine a number greater than the greatest positive root —
1. Of 07^—40:*— 40: + 20 = 0; by Newton's Method.
2. Of a?' — 50?* + 7a: — I = o ; by Newton's Method.
3. Of o?^ — 6o:*-f 1807— 22=0; by Newton's Method.
4. Of 07*- 2a:' — 30:* — 150:— 3 = 0; by Newton's Method.
5. Of 07* — 5a?' + 1 1 a: — 20 = o ; by Newton's Method.
6. Of 07*+ 1407*— 12a: — 35 = 0.
7. Of a7^ + a7*+a7* — 250:— 36 = 0.
8. Of a?^ + 7a7*—l2ar'— 4907*4-5207— 13 = 0.
9. Of 40?^ — 807+4-230?' 4- 105a?*— 8oa? 4- 3 = 0.
10. Apply the consideration of signs to determine the number
of positive and negative roots of a7*— 2a?*— 4a7 4-8 = 0.
Ex. 15—17.] STUBM^S THEOREM. 79
Rational Roots.
Ex. 15. Find, by the method of divisors, the roots —
1. Of a?'— 9^* H- 22a?— 24=0. 2. Of ;r^ — 20?*— 4arH-8=o.
3. Of ^^ + 30?*— 8a?4-io=o. 4. Of ar' — 5a?*— i8a?4-72 = o.
5. Of a?*- 4^'-f8ar*— 16=0. 6. Of 2ar' — 3ar*4-2a?— 3 = 0.
7. Of a?*— ;r'— I3a7*+i6ar— 48 = 0.
8. Of 3a?^ — 2ar*— 6a?+4=o.
9. Of 8a?' — 26ar*+liar+lO=o.
10. Of;«r*-9a?' + ^a?* + ^a?-V=o.
11. Of 6^— 25a?' + 26a?* + 4^— 8 = 0.
12. Of 6a?* 4- 53^?'— 95^*— 25a? 4- 42 = 0.
Sturm^s Theorem.
Ex. 16. Determine the number and position of the real roots —
1. Of a?'4-2a?*— 3a?4-2 = o. 2. Of a?' — 3a?*— 42?+ 11 = 0.
3. Of ar' — 2a?— 5 = 0. 4. Of a?'— 15a?— 22 = 0.
5. Of ar' — 27ar— 36=0. 6. Of ar'— I2a?— 15 = 0.
7. Of a?'4-2a?*— 5ia?4-iio=o. ». Of a?' + ioa?* 4- Sa?— 2600=0.
9. Of a?*— 4a?' — 3a? 4- 23=0. 10. Of a?*— 33a?*— 1 00a?— 84 = 0.
11. Of a?*- i8a?'4-7ia?*4-iooa?— 70^0.
12. Of a?*— I2a?'4-i3a?*4-24a?— 30=0.
13. Of ar*— 6a?'4-46a?— 105 = 0.
14. Of a?*— a?'— 4a?* 4- 4»H- 1=0.
15. Of a?^ — 3a?*— 24a?' 4- 95a?*— 46a?— 101=0.
16. Of a?54-3a?*4-2a?' — 3a?*— 2a?— 2=0.
17. Ofa?5— ar*— I5a?'4-38ar*— 26ar+6 = o.
18. Of a?^— ioar'4-6a?4-i=o.
19. Of a?7— 2a?^— 3a?'4-4a?* — sar4-6=o.
20. Of a?^4-24a?5 4-i25a?*— 376a?'— i726a?*4-SS92a?— 4080=0.
Approximation.
Ex. 17. Determine a real root —
1 . Of a?' — 2a? — 5 = o ; by Newton^s Method.
2. Of a?' — 5a? — 3 = o ; by Newton^s Method.
3. Of a?' — 7a?— 1 = 0; by Newton^s Method.
80 THEORY OF EQUATIONS. [Ex. 17i
Ex. 17. Determine a real root —
4. Of 07^ — 707 + 7 = 0; by Newton's Method.
5. Of 207^ — 3^— 6=0; by Newton's Method.
6. Of 607' — 14157 H- 263 = o ; by Double Position.
7. Of 2ar*— i3a?*+ioa?— 19=0; by Double Position.
8. Of or* — 1 207 H- 7 = o ; by Double Position.
9. Of ^* — 207*— 13a?' 4- 39^7*— 20cr 4- 4=0; by Double Position.
10. Of 5^7^ — 1 337' — 1 100 = o ; by Double Position.
11. Of (a7*-f 3a7-f i)T-f (2a?*-f i)^=2*6i7; by Double Position.
12. Of «?*+ 5^7=1000; by Double Position.
13. Of 2ar* -f 5^7' -f 4a?* -f 307= 8002 ; by Horner's Method.
14. Of 07^ H- 4!P*— 207' 4-1 oa?*— 2^=962; by Horner's Method.
16. Of or^-f6o7*— 1007'— II207*— 20707=110; by Horner's Method.
16. Of 07^ 4- 1 207* +590?' + 15007* 4- 20 107 =207; byHomer'sMethod.
17. Approximate, by the Method of Continued Fractions, to the
greatest root of 07' — 30?* — 207 4- 1 = o, determining the first
four converging fractions.
18. Find the limiting equation of
(0?— fl)(o?— J) (a?— c) — w*(o:— fl) — n*(a7— i) — /)*(o?— c) — 2m^ny =0;
and thence show that all its roots are real.
Ex. 1 — 15.] MISCELLANEOUS THEOREMS A.ND PROBLEMS. 81
GEOMETRY.
Miscellaneous Theorems and Problems.
1. The straight line which bisects the vertical angle of an isosceles
triangle^ bisects the base^ and is perpendicular to it.
2. The straight line, which joins the vertex of an isosceles tri-
angle and the middle of the base^ bisects the vertical angle, and is
perpendicular to the base.
3. If the line bisecting the vertical angle of a triangle be per-
pendicular to the base, the triangle is isosceles.
4. If the line bisecting the vertical angle of a triangle, also bisect
the base, the triangle is isosceles.
5. The lines bisecting an internal, and the adjacent external angle
of a triangle, are at right angles to each other.
6. From two given points, to draw two straight lines to meet in
a given straight line, and to make equal angles with it.
7. Of any two straight lines, that may be drawn from two given
points without a given line, to meet in that line, the sum is the
least, when they make equal angles with the line.
8. On a given straight line, to describe a square, of which it shall
be the diagonal.
9. To trisect a given finite straight line.
10. The difference between any two sides of a triangle is less than
the third side.
11. If any two sides of a triangle be bisected, and from the mid-
dle points, perpendiculars be drawn to the sides, the straight lines
joining the point of intersection with the three angular points of the
triangle are equal to one another.
12. If any two angles of a triangle be bisected by straight lines,
which meet in a point, the three perpendiculars drawn from this
point to the sides of the triangle are equal to one another.
13. The three perpendiculars drawn from the middle points of the
sides of a triangle, intersect in one point.
14. The three straight lines bisecting the angles of a triangle,
intersect in one point.
16. The three straight lines joining the angular points of a tri-
angle with the middle points of the opposite sides, intersect in one
point.
o
82 GEOMETRY. [Ez. 16 29.
16. In a right-angled triangle^ the line drawn from the right
angle to the middle point of the hypothenuse is equal to half the
hypothenuse.
17. In a right-angled triangle, the angle contained by the line
bisecting the right angle, and the line drawn perpendicular to the
hypothenuse, is equal to half the difference of the two acute angles
of the triangle.
18. If each of the equal angles of an isosceles triangle be equal
to one-fourth the vertical angle, and from one of them a perpen-
dicular be drawn to the base, meeting the opposite side produced,
then will the part produced, the perpendicular, and the remaining
side, form an equilateral triangle.
19. The quadrilateral figure, whose diagonals mutually bisect each
other, is a parallelogram.
20. The parallelogram, whose diagonals are equal, is rectangular.
21. The parallelogram, whose diagonals intersect at right angles,
is equilateral.
22. Through a given point to draw a straight line which shall
make equal angles with two given straight lines.
23. The area of a rhombus equals half the rectangle contained
by the diagonals.
24. Prom a given point between two given straight lines, to draw
a straight line, which shall be terminated by the given straight lines,
and bisected by the given point.
25. If in the sides of a square, four points be taken, at equal
distances from the four angular points taken in order; the figure
contained by the straight lines which join them shall also be a
square.
26. If the sides of any hexagon be produced to meet, the angles
formed by these lines are together equal to four right angles.
27* If the sides of any pentagon be produced to meet, the angles
formed by these lines are together equal to two right angles.
28. If the sides of any polygon being produced meet extemaUy
the angles formed by these lines are together equal to twice as
many right angles wanting eight as the polygon has sides.
29. If from any angle of a triahgle> a straight line be drawn to
the middle point of the opposite side, the sum of the squares of the
sides containing this angle shall be equal to twice the square of the
bisecting line, together with twice the square of half the bisected
side.
Ex. 30 — 45.] MISCELLANEOUS THEOREMS AND PROBLEMS. 83
30. In a parallelogram^ the sum of the squares of the sides is
equal to the sum of the squares of the diagonals.
31. If from the angles of a triangle, lines be drawn bisecting the
opposite sides, four times the squares of these lines is equal to three
times the squares of the sides of the triangle.
32. In any triangle ABC, if BP, CQ be drawn perpendicular to
CA, BA, produced if necessary, then shall BC*=AB.BQ-f AC.CP.
33. If ABC be an isosceles triangle (B=C), and if CD be drawn
perpendicular to AB, then shall CD*=BD*H-2BD.DA.
34. If AD be drawn to any point D in the base of the triangle
ABC ; show that AB*.CD + AC\BD = AD*.BC + BC.BD.CD.
35. If ABC be a triangle, with the angles at B, C, each double
of the angle at A; prove that AB*=BC*-f AB.BC.
36. If perpendiculars AP, BQ, CR be drawn from the angular
points of a triangle ABC upon the sides, show that they will bisect
the angles of the triangle PQR.
37. Bisect a triangle by a line drawn from a given point in one
of its sides.
38. Bisect a triangle by a line drawn parallel to one side.
39. If the areas of a triangle and of a square be equal, the peri-
meter of the triangle will be the greater.
40. If from the angle A of any parallelogram, any line be drawn
cutting the diagonal in P, and the sides BC, CD, produced if ne-
cessary in Q, R; show that AP*=PQ.PR.
41. If two circles touch, either externally or internally, and from
the point of contact two chords be drawn, meeting the circum-
ferences, the chords of the intercepted arcs will be parallel.
42. If two chords intersect in a circle, the difference of their
squares is equal to the difference of the squares of the difference ot
the segments.
43. If two chords be drawn from any point of a circle, and upon
these chords, as diameters, two other circles be described, the three
points of intersection of these three circles will be in the same
straight line.
44. A common tangent is drawn to two circles, which touch ex-
ternally ; if a circle be described on that part of it which lies be-
tween the points of contact, as diameter, this circle will pass through
the common point of contact of the two circles, and be touched by
the line which joins their centres.
45. If from any point without a circle, two straight lines be
6 2
84 GEOMETRY. [Ez. 46 — 57.
drawn^ making equal angles with the line through the centre, they
will cut off equal segments from the circle.
46. DF is a straight line touching a circle, and terminated by
AD, fiF, tangents at the extremities of any diameter AB ; show that
the angle subtended by DF at the centre is a right angle.
47. If the chord of a quadrant be made the diameter of a semi-
circle, and from its extremities two straight lines be drawn to any
point in the arc of the semicircle, the segment of the greater line
between the two arcs is equal to the less line.
48. Show that there can be six equal circles placed around a
given circle of the same diameter, so as to touch each other and the
given circle.
49. If on two lines containing an angle, segments of circles be
described, containing angles equal to it, the straight lines being
produced, shall touch the circular arcs described on them exterior
to the angle.
50. Of all lines which touch the interior and are bounded by the
exterior of two circles which touch internally, the greatest is that
which is parallel to the common tangent.
61. If two circles cut each other, the line joining their centres
shall bisect their common chord.
62. If two circles cut each other, and from either point of inter-
section diameters be drawn, the lines joining the extremities of
these diameters will pass through the other point of intersection.
63. If a common tangent be drawn to any number of circles
which touch each other internally, and from any point of this tan-
gent as a centre, a circle be described, cutting the other circles ; and
if from this centre, lines be drawn through the intersections of the
circles, the segments of the lines within each circle shall be equal.
64. To draw two straight lines from two given points to meet in
a line, given in position, and which shall contain a right angle.
66. To find a point, such that the tangents drawn from it, to
touch two given circles that touch one another externally, may
contain a given angle.
56. If a straight line touch the interior of two concentric circles,
and be terminated by the exterior one, it will be bisected by the
point of contact.
67. If from the extremities of any diameter of a given circle,
perpendiculars be drawn to any chord of the circle, or the chord
produced, that is not parallel to the diameter, the less perpendicular
shall be equal to the segment of the greater contained between the
circumference and the chord.
Ex. 58 — 71.] MISCELLANEOUS THEOREMS AND PROBLEMS. 85
58. If a tangent to a circle be parallel to a chord, the point of
contact is the middle point of the arc cut off by the chord.
59. Any two parallel lines meeting a circle cut off equal arcs.
60. If two chords of a circle intersect at right angles^ the sum pf
the squares of the four segments equals the square of the diameter.
61. If two chords of a circle intersect at right angles, and thus
cut off four arcs, the sum of any two opposite arcs equals the sum
of the other two.
62. AB is the diameter of a circle, MN a chord paraUel to AB ;
in AB take any point P, and join PM, PN, then shall the sum of
the squares of PM and FN equal the sum of the squares of AP ajad
BP.
63. If a circle be described on the radius of another circle, as its
diameter, any straight line drawn from the common point of con-
tact, and terminated by the outer circumference, is bisected by the
inner one.
64. In every triangle inscribed in a circle, the intersections of
the sides produced and tangents at the angles opposite, are in a
straight line.
65. AB is any chord of a circle ; AC, BC are drawn to any point
C in the circumference, and cut the diameter perpendicular to AB
in D, E; if be the centre, show that OD.OE=OA*.
66. If ACDB be a semicircle, whose diameter is AB, and AD,
BG be any two chords intersecting in P ; show that
AB*=AD.AP+BC.BP.
67. ABC is a triangle whose acute vertex is A ; show that the
square of BC is less than the squares of AB, AC, by twice the
square of the line drawn from A to touch the circle on BC as
diameter.
68. Two circles touch one another externally in C ; if any point
D be taken without them, such that the radii AC, BC subtend
equal angles at D, and DE, DF be tangents to the circles, then
DE.DF=DC\
69. To draw a straight line which shall touch two given circles.
70. If from any point without a circle two lines be drawn touch-
ing it, the angle contained by these lines is double the angle con-
tained by the chord joining the points of contact, and the diameter
drawn from one of these points.
71. To divide a given sti*aight line into two parts, so that the
rectangle contained by the whole and one of the parts may be equal
to the square of a given line, which is less than the line to be
divided.
86 GEOMETRY. [Ex. 72 ^90.
72. To draw a straight line, which shall touch a given circle, and
make with a given straight line an angle equal to a given angle.
73. To describe a circle which shall pass through a given point,
and touch a given straight line in a given point.
74. To describe a circle which shall pass through a given point,
have a given radius, and touch a given straight line.
75. To describe a circle which shall pass through a given point,
and touch a given circle in a given point.
7^. To describe a circle which shall touch a given straight line in
a given point, and also touch a given circle.
77 • To describe a circle which shall touch a given circle in a given
point, and also touch a given straight line.
78. To describe a circle which shall have a given radius, and its
centre in a given straight line, and shall also touch another straight
line inclined at a given angle to the former.
79. If an equilateral triangle be inscribed in a circle, and chords
be drawn from its angles to any one point in the circumference,
that chord which falls within the triangle shall be equal to the sum
of the other two.
80. From the obtuse angle of a triangle, to draw a straight line
to the base, such that it may be a mean proportional between the
segments of the base.
81. To divide a right angle into five equal parts.
82. To inscribe a circle in a given rhombus.
83. To inscribe a circle in a given segment of a circle.
84. The area of an equilateral triangle inscribed in a circle is
equal to one-fourth of that described about it.
85. The area of the inscribed square is equal to one-half of that
of the circimiscribed.
86. The area of the inscribed regular hexagon is equal to three-
fourths of that of the circumscribed.
87. If ABC be an isosceles triangle, and DE be drawn parallel to
the base BC, then shall BE*=BC.DE + CE*.
88. ABC is an equilateral triangle, E any point in AC ; in BC
produced take CD = CA, CF=rCE, and let AF, DE intersect in H ;
prove that HC(AC + EC)=AC.EC.
89. If a triangle ABC have a right angle C, and AD be drawn
bisecting the angle A, and meeting BC in D ; then shall AC* ; AD*
= BC : 2BD.
90. Prove also, that in the same triangle 2 AC* : AC*— CD*
=BC : CD.
Ex. 91 — 104] MISCELLANEOUS THEOREMS AND PROBLEMS. 87
91. APB is the quadrant of a circle, SPT a line touching it at
P ; C is the centre, PM perpendicular to CA ; prove that
triangle SCT : triangle ACB = triangle ACB : triangle CMP.
92. In any triangle ABC, if AE be drawn from the angle A in
any direction, and BE, CF be drawn perpendiculars to it from B
and C, and EG, FG be drawn to the point of bisection G of BC ;
then shall GE equal GF.
93. If perpendiculars be drawn from the extremities of the base
of a triangle to a straight line, which bisects the angle opposite to
the base, the area of the triangle is equal to the rectangle contained
by either of the perpendiculars, and the segment of the bisecting
line that is between the angle and the other perpendicular.
94. If from any point within an equilateral triangle, perpendicu-
lars be drawn to the sides, the sum of these perpendiculars is equal
to the perpendicular drawn from either of the angles to the opposite
side.
96. ABC is a triangle inscribed in a circle, AD, AE lines drawn
to the base and parallel to the tangents at B, C respectively ; show
that AD=AE, and BD : CE=:AB* : AC*.
96. In any triangle ABC, right-angled at C, if AD be drawn
bisecting the angle A; show that BC : AC=AB— AC : CD.
97. ABC is a triangle inscribed in a circle ; AD, AE are lines
drawn to BC or BC produced, parallel to the tangents at C, B
respectively; show that BE : CD = AB* : AC*.
, 98. ABCD is a trapezoid, AD parallel to BC; show that
AC*-BD* : AB*-CD*=BC + AD : BC-AD.
99. AB, AC are the sides of a regular pentagon and decagon
inscribed in a circle whose centre is O ; it OP be drawn to AB
bisecting the angle AOC ; show that the triangles ABC, APC, as
also the triangles AOB, BOP are similar, and that AB* — AC* = AO*.
100. The diagonals AC, BD of an inscribed quadrilateral meet in
E; show that AB.BC : AD.DC=BE : ED.
101. AB, the line joining the centres of two circles whose radii
are R, r, is divided in C, so that AB : R-f?'=B'— r : AC— BC ;
show that the tangents drawn to the circles from any point in CD,
perpendicular to AB, are equal.
102. To find two straight lines which shall be arithmetic means
between two given straight lines.
103. To divide a given straight line AB by two points of division
C and D, so that AC, AD, AB may be in harmonical proportion.
104. If through any point D of a straight line AD which bisects
a given angle BAC a straight line GFDE be drawn meeting AG
88 OEOHET&Y. [Ex. 105 — 116.
(which is drawn perpendicular to AD)^ AB and AC respectively in
0^ F, E ; show tnat £D^ EF, EG are in harmonical proportion.
105. If the four sides of a quadrilateral figure be bisected^ the
lines joining the points of bisection shall form a parallelogram,
whose area equals half the area of the quadrilateral.
106. If two diagonals of a regular pentagon intersect; ist, the
greater segment is equal to a side of the pentagon ; 2nd, the two
diagonals cut each other in extreme and mean ratio.
107* Within an isosceles triangle to find a point, such that its
distance from one of the equal angles may equal twice its distance
from the vertical angle.
108. If two circles touch each other, and any two parallel diame-
ters be drawn, the straight Une joining their extremities towards
the same or opposite parts, according as the circles touch internally
or externally, shall pass through the point of contact.
109. If two circles touch each other externally, and also a given
straight line, the part of the line between the points of contact is a
mean proportional between the diameters.
110. If two circles touch each other, either internally or exter-
nally, any two straight lines drawn from the point of contact will
be cut proportionally by the circumferences.
111. If from one extremity of a chord a tangent be drawn to a
circle, equal to the chord, and a line be drawn joining the further
extremities of the chord and the tangent, the arc intercepted be-
tween that line and the tangent shall be equal to half the arc sub-
tended by the chord.
112. If a straight line, w^ich touches two circles, cut another
straight line, which joins their centres, the segments of the latter
will be proportional to the diameters.
113. If from the extremities of any chord of a circle, perpendicu-
lars be drawn to the chord, the points where they meet any dia-
meter shall be equally distant from the centre.
114. If a circle be inscribed in a triangle, and another circle be
described touching the base and the other two sides produced ; ist,
the points where the circles touch the base shall be equally distant
from its extremities ; 2nd, the distance between the points where
they touch either one of the sides shall be equal to the base.
115. To describe a circle which shall pass through two given
points and touch a given straight line.
116. From a given point in the side of a triangle, to draw a
straight line, which shall bisect the triangle.
Ex. 117 ^135.] MISCELLANEOUS THEOREMS AND PROBLEMS. 89
117. From a given angle of a trapezium, to draw a straight line,
bisecting the trapezium.
118. From a given point in the side of a triangle, to draw straight
lines, which shall divide it into any number of equal pai*t8.
119. To transform any rectilineal figure into a triangle, of equal
area, whose vertex shall be in one of the angles of the figure, and
its base in one of its sides.
120. To transform any given triangle into an isosceles one of
equal area.
121. To transform any given isosceles triangle into an equilateral
one of equal area.
122. To divide a given straight line into two segments, such that
the rectangle contained by them shall be a maximum.
123. Through a given point within a circle, to draw the least
possible chord.
124. On a given base, to describe a triangle, having a given ver-
tical angle, and whose area shall be a maximum.
125. On a given base, to describe a triangle, another of whose
sides is given, so that the area may be a maximum.
126. To divide a circle into any number of parts, which shall be
equal both in area and in perimeter.
127. To divide a circle into any number of equal concentric annuli.
128. Describe a square, having given the difierence between the
diagonal and a side.
129. Given one side of a right-angled triangle, and the difierence
between the hypothenuse and the other side, to construct it.
130. Given the perpendicular from the right angle on the hypo-
thenuse of a right-angled triangle, and the difierence of the seg-
ments of the hypothenuse, to construct it.
131. Given the hypothenuse, and the sum of the two sides of a
right-angled triangle, to construct it.
132. Given the segments of the hypothenuse of a right-angled
triangle, made by a perpendicular from the right angle, to con-
struct it.
133. Given the hypothenuse, and the difference of the sides of a
right-angled triangle, to construct it.
134. Given the sides of a right-angled triangle in continued pro-
portion, and the length of the hypothenuse, to construct it.
135. Given the base of a triangle, one of the angles at the base,
and the difference of the two sides, to construct it.
90 GEOMETRY. [Ez. 136—140.
136. Given the base^ the difference of the two angles at the base^
and the difference of the two sides of a triangle, to construct it.
137. Given the vertical angle of a triangle, and the segments
into which the perpendicular from the vertex divides the base, to
construct it.
138. Given the base, the vertical angle, and the sum of the sides
of a triangle, to construct it.
139. Given the base, the ratio of the sides, and the vertical angle
of a triangle, to construct it.
140. Given the vertical angle of a triangle, the sum of its sides,
and the difference of the segments into which a perpendicular from
the vertex divides the base, to construct it.
Ex. 1.] PARALLELOGRAM. 91
MENSURATION.
AREAS OP PLANE PIGURES.
General Formulae.
1 . In a parallelogram, if b, c be two sides including the angle A,
d the perpendicular on h ;
area =dc sin A^=hd,
2. In a triangle, if a, b, c be the sides opposite to the angles A, B, C;
d the perpendicular from A on a,p the semi-perimeter ;
area =\ad^^c sin A=^ \/p(p'-a)(p—b)(p'-c).
3. In a trapezoid, if a, b be the two parallel sides, d the perpen-
dicular distance between them ;
area=-(a-j-d).
4. In a regular polygon of n sides, if za be the length of each side ;
180°
area =nar cot •
n
5. In a circle, if r be the radius, and 7r=3'i4i6 ;
circumference =2irr; area =»rr*.
6. In a circular ring, if a and b be the external and internal radii ;
area =7r(a*— 5*).
7. In the sector of a circle, if n be the number of degrees at the centre ;
length of arc : circumference of circle : : n : 360,
area of sector : area of circle : : n : 360,
area of sector =i(arc x radius).
8. In a parabola, if a be the height, and b the base ;
area = *a5.
9. In an ellipse, if a and b be the semi-axes ;
area =;wab,
N.B. 100 links = i chain, and 10 square chains = i acre.
Parallelogram.
Ex. 1. Find the area of —
1. A square^ whose side is 15 chains 40 links.
2. A rectangular field, whose sides are 5o|: and 123 yards.
92 MENSURATION. [Ex. 1^ 3.
Ex. 1. Find the area of —
3. A rhombus^ whose side is 5 ft. 7 in., and height 4 ft.
4. A rhombus, whose side is 17 yd., and angle 49° 14' 15".
5. A rhomboid, the base being 23 ft. 8 in., and height 16 ft. 9 in.
6. A rhomboid, whose sides are 4 and $i chains, angle 16° 43'.
7. The side of a square court-yard is 85 ft. 3 in. ; what will it cost
paving at 2s, gd. per square yard ?
8. What is the side of a square garden that cost £33 16^. lo^d.
trenching, at 2^. per square yard ?
9. Find the side of a square field of 10 acres.
10. If the length of a rectangular field, whose area is 29 acres
22 poles, be 18 chains 50 links; what is the breadth ?
11. The side of a rhombus is 20, and its longer diagonal 34*64 ;
find the area, and the other diagonal.
12. The two diagonals of a rhombus are 50*4 and 37*8 ; find the
side and the area.
13. A grass-plot, in the form of a rhombus, cost 5 guineas making
at yd. per square yard ; if the side be 45 feet, what is the angle ?
14. How much paper |- yard wide will be required for a room,
that is 22 feet long, by 14 feet wide, and 9 feet high ; if there be
3 windows and 2 doors, each 6 feet by 3 feet ?
Triangle.
Ex. 2. Find the area of a triangle —
1. The base being 8 ft. and height 7 ft. 9 in.
2. Two sides being 24, 17-6 yd., and the included angle 30°.
3. Isosceles, the vertical angle 120°, and height 6 ft. 3 in.
4. Equilateral, each side being 18 ft.
5. The sides being 400, 348 and 312 yd.
6. The sides being 3615, 2709 and 2874 links.
7. Equilateral, the perimeter being 125 ft.
8. Two angles being 57^50', 38° 40', and side opposite the
latter, 72.
9. Find the side of an equilateral triangle whose area is 5 acres.
10. Find the side of an equilateral triangle whose area cost as
much paving at gd. per foot, as palisading the three sides did at
155. a yard.
Ex. 2, 3.J TRAPEZOID AND TRAPEZIUM. 93
Ex. 2.
11. A triangular field 738 links long, and 583 links in the per-
pendicular, produces an income of £12 a year. At how much an
acre is it let ?
12. The paving of a triangular court-yard came to £100, at
15^. per square foot ; if one of the sides be 24 yards long, find the
length of each of the other two equal sides.
13. Two sides of a triangle, whose area is 6 acres, being each equal
to 275 yards; find the angle between them.
Trapezoid and Trapezium.
Ex. 3.
1. How many square feet are there in a plank, whose length is
10 ft. 5 in., and the breadths of the two ends 2ift. and i|^ft. ?
2. Find the area of a trapezoid, whose parallel sides are 72 and
38y feet ; the other sides being 20 and 26|. feet.
3. If one of the parallel sides of a trapezoid be 137, and the
angles at its extremities 46® 15' and 54° 12', also the sJtitude 36;
find the area.
4. If the area of a trapezoid be 542 square feet, one of the
parallel sides 64 feet, and the angles at its extremities 72° 16' and
58° 42' ; find the other parallel side and the altitude.
5. The parallel sides of a trapezoid are 37 and 19, and the
angles made by the other sides with the side (37) are 68° and
41® 20'; find the area.
6. The breadth of the bottom of a ditch is to be 16 feet, the
depth 9 feet, and the inclinations of the sides to the top 65° and
74° ; what must be the breadth of the excavation at the top ?
7. How many square yards of paving are there in a quadran-
gular court, whose diagonal is 54 feet ; and the perpendiculars on
it from the opposite corners 25 and ly^ feet respectively?
8. The sides of a quadrilateral field taken in order are 1208,
856, 974, 1424 links; the angle included between the first two is
78° 40, and between the last two 63° 55'; find the area.
9. The sides of a trapezium are 690, 467, 359, 428 yd. ; the
angle between the first and second sides is 57° 30 , and between the
third and fourth 122° 30'; find the area.
10. In the trapezium ABCD, if AB = 345, BC=i56, ۩ = 323,
DA= 192, and the diagonal AC = 438 ; find the area.
11. Find the area, in acres, of a quadrilateral field ABCD, if
AD = 220, BC = 265, and the diagonal AC = 378 yards; and if
94 MENSURATION. [£x.
Ex.3.
perpendiculars Arom D and B meet the diagonal in E^ F so that
AB=ioo, CF=70 yards.
12. The sides of a trapezium are 335, 426, 387, 321 yd., and the
angle contained by the first two is a right angle ; find the area.
Regular Polygon.
Ex. 4. Find the areas of the following polygons —
1. A pentagon^ of which each side is 15 feet.
2. A hexagon^ of which each side is 30 feet.
3. A heptagon^ of which each side is 45 feet.
4. An octagon, of which each side is 15 feet.
Find the side of the regular polygon, in —
5. A heptagon, of which the area is one acre.
6. An octagon, of which the area is one rood.
7. A decagon, of which the area is four perches.
8. A dodecagon, of which the area is 1000 sq. yards.
Find the radii of the inscribed and circumscribed circles —
9. Of a pentagon, each side <^f which is 3.
10. Of a heptagon, each side of which is 25^.
11. Of an undecagon, each side of which is 20.
12. If the radius of a circle be 50, find the sides of a regular in-
scribed and circumscribed pentagon, octagon, and dodecagon.
13. Find the area of a regular nonagon inscribed in a circle, of
which the radius is 12.
14. A regular polygon of 25 sides is described about a circle of
radius 10; find its area.
Circle.
Ex. 5.
1. The diameter of a circle is 5 feet; what is its circumference ?
2. The circumference of a circle is 10 chains ; what is its radius ?
3. What is the area of a circle, whose diameter is 12 feet ?
4. Find the area of a circle, whose circumference is one mile.
5. The area of a circle being one acre, what is its radius ?
6. How much will the turfing of a round plot cost at 4//. per
square yard, if it be 130 feet round ?
Ex. 5 — 7.] CIRCLE. 95
Ex. 5.
7. The paving of a semicircular alcove with marble at 2s. 6d. a
foot came to £io ; what was the length of the semicircular arc ?
Find the area of a circular ring —
8. The internal and external diameters being 5 and 15 ft.
9. The radii of the bounding circumferences being 16 and 24 ft.
10. The external circumference being 55 inches^ the width 4- inch.
11. A curb 15 inches broad is put to a well 7 feet in diameter,
and costs 1 7^. 6d, At how much per square foot is that ?
12. Three men bought a grindstone one yard in diameter; the
shares being equal, what part of the diameter may each man grind
down?
Find the length of an arc of a circle —
13. The radius being g, and the angle at the centre 29i^°.
14. The chord being 45, and chord of half the arc 25*5.
15. The chord being 24, and versed sine 9.
16. Find the length of the minute-hand of a dial, the extremity
of which moves over an arc of 5 inches in 3^ minutes.
Ex. 6. Find the area of the Sector of a circle, when —
1. The radius is 8 feet, and the arc contains 159°.
2. The radius is 30 yards, and the arc 63 feet.
3. The arc contains 39° 30', and is 10 feet long.
4. The radius is 15, and the chord 12.
5. The chord is 20, and the angle at the centre 70° 18'.
6. The chord is 18, the perpendicular on it from the centre 10.
7« The cbord of half the arc is 17, and the versed sine 8.
b. If the area of a sector be 15 square feet, and the length of the
arc 6 feet ; find the radius.
9. If the area of a sector be 20 square feet, and the radius 5 feet ;
find the number of degrees at the centre.
10. A field in the form of an equilateral triangle contains half an
acre ; what must be the length of a tether fixed at one of its angles,
and to a horse^s nose, to enable him to graze exactly half of it ?
Ex. 7. Find the area of the Segment of a circle, when —
1. The diameter is 7 feet, and the height 30 inches.
2. The radius is 12, and the chord i6.
96 MENSURA^TION. [Ex. 7-
Ex. 7. Find the area of the Segment of a circle, when —
3. The radius is 20, and the angle at the centre 36*^.
4. The chord is 22, and the height 22.
5. The chord is 30, and the versed sine 9.
6. The chord is 150, and the arc contains 112^30'.
7. The chord is 40, and the chord of half the arc 25.
8. The arc is a quadrant, and radius 24.
9. The arc contains 120^, and is 500 feet long.
10. If the centre of a circle whose diameter is 16, be in the cir-
cumference of a circle whose diameter is 30 ; find the area of the
figure common to both circles.
11. If two circles be described on the bounding radii of a qua-
drant of a circle whose diameter is 4 ; find the area common to the
two circles, and the area intercepted between the arc of the quadrant
and the circumferences of the two circles.
12. Find the area of a parabola, whose height is 7 and base 12.
13. What is the area of an ellipse, whose axes are 34 and 30 feet ?
14. The axes of an ellipse are 25 and 35 ; find the area of an
elliptic segment cut off parallel to the shorter axis, the height
being 10.
SURFACES AND CONTENTS OF SOLIDS.
General Formulae.
1 . In a parallclopiped, U a, b, c be the three dimensions,
surface =2(a^-*-flc-f^c) ; volume =abc,
2. In a prism or cylinder, if phe the perimeter of either end, a*
its area, h the height.
Lateral or convex surface =ph; volume =a*A.
3. In a pyramid or cone, if p be the perimeter of the base, o* its
area ; h the perpendicular height, / the slant height.
Lateral or convex surface =iP^; volume =j-a*A.
4. In the frustum of a pyramid or cone, if p and q be the peri-
meters of the two ends ; / the slant height ; a* and 6* the areas of
the two ends ; h the perpendicular height,
/ h
surface =-(p-f-^) ; volume =-(fl*-fa^-f-A*).
* 3
5 . In a sphere whose radius is r,
surface =4irr*; volume =z^rr^.
Ex. 8 ^10.] SURFACES AND CONTENTS OP SOLIDS. 97
6. In the segment of a sphere of which d is the diameter, if h be
the height of segment and r the radius of its base ;
TT IT
Convex surface =wdh ; volume =7(3^— 2^)^*, or7(3r*-|-A*)A.
7. The Imperial gallon =277* 274 cubic inches.
_ ^ Parallelopiped.
Ex. 8.
1. If the lengthy breadth^ and thickness of a brick be g, 4,^, and
3 inches respectively ; find its surface and solidity.
2. How many gallons will a cistern hold^ whose lengthy breadth^
and depth are 4 ft. 9 in., 3 ft. 6 in., and 2 ft. 9 in. respectively ?
3. A rectangular cistern (open at the top), 8 feet long and 4 feet
broad, is made of sheet lead, every square foot of which weighs
16 lbs. ; while the whole cistern weighs a ton. How many gallons
of water will it hold ?
4. A ship's hold is 102 feet long, 40 feet broad, and 5 feet deep ;
how many bales of goods, each 3 ft. 6 in. long, 2 ft. 3 in. broad,
and 2 ft. 6 in. deep, can be stowed into it, leaving a gangway of
4 feet broad ?
5. A stone 20 inches long, 15 broad, and 8 deep, weighs 280 lb.
How many cubic feet of this kind of stone will iPreight a vessel of
240 tons burden ?
6. A log of timber is 18 feet long, 18 inches broad, and 14
inches thick. If 2^ solid feet be cut off the end of it, what length
will be left ?
_ ^ Prism.
Ex. 9.
1. The length of a triangular prism is 5 feet, and the sides of
its base are 6, 8, 10 inches; find the surface and solid content.
2. What is the solid content of the wedge, whose base measures
30 feet by 16 feet, and whose height is 12 feet ?
3. Find the content of a prism whose length and perimeter are
15 feet and 35 inches respectively; the base of prism being a re-
gular pentagon.
4. A hexagonal prism is 25^ ft. long, and the central diagonal
of its base is 2^ ft. ; find the whole surface, and solid content.
Pyramid.
Ex. 10.
1. Find the whole superficies and the solid content of a trian-
gular pyramid, each side of the base being 5|. feet, and the perpen-
dicular height 30 feet.
98 MENSURATION. [SS. 10 — tSL
10.
2. Find the solid content of the frustum of a triangular pjra-
mid| the sides of the base and top being g, 12, 15 and 6^ 8^ 10
respectively^ and the altitude 20.
d. Find the whole superficies and the solidity of a square p]rra-
mid, each side of the base being 12 feet^ and the slant height 25 feet.
4. Find the solid content of the frustum of a square pyramid;
each side of the greater end being 3 ft. 4 in.^ and of the less 2 ft«
2in.^ the perpendicular height being 10 feet.
5. How many cubic feet of water can be contained in a ditch^
of the form of an inverted frustum of a pyramid^ if it measure 400
feet by 20 at the top, and 300 feet by 15 at the bottom ; the uni-
form depth being 6 feet ?
6. Find the lateral sur&ce and the solid content of a hexagonal
pyramid, each side of the base being 2 feet 6 in., and the perpen-
dicular height 10 feet.
7* Find the whole surface and volume of the frustum of an
octagonal pyramid, whose perpendicular height is 6 feet, and each
side of the two ends 4 feet and 5 feet respectively.
_ ^^ Cylinder.
Ex. 11.
1. What quantity of sheet iron is required to make a funnel
2 feet in diameter, and 40 feet long ?
2. What is the solid content of a cylinder, whose diameter is
41: feet, and height 8 feet ?
3. Find the solid content of a cylinder, of which the length is
8 feet 10 inches, and circumference 4 feet 6 inches.
4. The diameter of a well is 3 ft. 9 in., and its depth 45 ft. ; what
did the excavation cost, at 7^. '^d. per cubic yard ?
Sphere.
Ex. 12.
1. Find the surface and solid content of a sphere, whose diameter
is 9 feet.
2. Find the volume of a sphere whose circumference is 45 feet.
3. Find flie radius and the circumference of a sphere, whose
circumference and solid content have the same numerical value.
4. Suppose the ball on the top of Saint Paul's to be 6 feet in
diameter ; what would the gilding of it cost at 34^. per square inch ?
Ex. 12, 13.] SURFACES AND CONTENTS OF SOLIDS. 99
Ex. 12.
5. If the diameter of the earth be 8000 miles^ and geologists
knew the interior to the depth of 5 miles below the surface ; what
fraction of the whole content would be known ?
6. Find the convex surface of a slice 2 feet high^ cut from a
globe of 17 feet radius.
7. Find the surface and solid content of the segment of a sphere,
10 feet in height ; the radius of the sphere being 20 feet.
8. The height of a spherical segment is 6 feet, and the circum-
ference of its base 20 feet ; find the surface and solid content.
9. If a heavy sphere 4 inches in diameter be placed in a conical
glass fiill of water, whose diameter is 5 and altitude 6 inches ; find
how much water will run over.
10. What will be the expense of painting the cylindrical pontoon
with hemispherical ends, at 6d. a square yard, the length of the
cylindrical part being 19 ft. 4 in., and the common diameter of this
cylinder and of the two hemispheres being 2 ft. 8 in. ?
11. What will be the weight of a quantity of water equal in bulk
to this pontoon, if a cubic foot of water weigh 1000 oz. ?
12. If a hemisphere be bisected by a plane parallel to its base,
show how to find the height of the segment.
13. Compare the surfaces of the 3 zones of the earth^s hemisphere ;
the torrid zone extending 234^° from the equator, the frigid zone
234.° from the pole, and the temperate zone occupying the inter-
mediate space.
14. In a spherical zone, the radii of the two ends are 10 and 6,
the altitude 8 ; find the convex surface and solid content.
16. How much of the earth's surface would a man see, if he were
raised to the height of the radius above it ? Find also what portion
of the volume is contained in the segment seen.
16. To what height must a man be raised above the earth, in order
that he may see one-sixth part of its surface ? Find also what por-
tion of the volume is contained in the segment.
17. The circumference of the earth being 25000 miles, and the
distance between London and York being 200 miles ; to what
height must a man ascend from one of these places in order that he
may see the other ?
Cone.
Ex.13.
1. What quantity of canvas is necessary for a conical tent, whose
altitude is 8 feet, and the diameter of the base 1 3 feet ?
H 2
100 MENSURATION. [£x. 13^ 14.
Ex. 13.
2. Find the solid content of a cone, the diameter of whose base
is 3-I- feet^ and altitude 6 feet.
3. Find the volume of a cone, when the circumference of the
base is 12 feet, and the slant height 15 feet.
4. Find the content of a conic frustum, the circumferences of
whose ends are 66 and 56 feet respectively, and the altitude 4 feet.
5. Find the convex surface and the solid content of the fmstum
of a cone, the perpendicular height of which is 7 feet, and the radii
of the two ends 4 feet and 5 feet respectively.
6. If from a right cone whose slant height is 30 feet and cir-
cumference of base 10 feet, there be cut oflf, by a plane parallel to
the base, a cone of 6 feet in slant height ; what is the convex sur-
face and volume of the frustum ?
7. An ale glass in the form of a conic frustum, is 3|- inches in
depth, the diameter of the mouth is 24- in. and that of the bottom
I in. ; find its content, and determine how many of such glasses an
imperial gallon would be equivalent to.
8. A cask, in the form of 2 conic frustums joined at the bases,
has the diameter at the head 20 inches and at the bung 25 in.;
also the length is 3 feet 4 inches ; find the weight of water required
to fill it, supposing that a cubic foot of water weighs 1000 oz.
9. A right cone and a hemisphere lie on opposite sides of a
common base of 2 feet diameter, and the cone is right-angled at
the vertex. If a cylinder circumscribe them in this position, how
much additional space is thereby enclosed ?
Artificers' Work.
The standard thickness of brick- work is 3 half- bricks ; any other
thickness must be reduced to this standard by multiplying the super-
ficial content of the wall by the number of half- bricks, and dividing
the product by 3.
The standard rod of brick- work contains 272^ square feet.
Ex. 14.
1. How many standard rods of brick- work are there in a wall
60 feet long, 12 feet high, and 3 bricks thick ?
2. A triangular gable 18 feet high, of i brick thick, is raised on
an end wall 20 feet long and 30 feet high, of 2 bricks thick ; what
is the cost of the whole at £4 a standard rod ?
3. What will it cost to build a wall 12 feet high, and 2 bricks
Ex. 14^ 15.] MEASUREMENT OF SHOT^ SHELLS AND POWDER. 101
Ex. 14.
thick, round a garden of rectangular form, which contains 3 roods,
and of a length equal to twice its breadth, at .£5 a standard rod ?
4. What is the expense of tiling a house at 25^. per square of
100 feet, the length of the house being 50 feet, and the breadth 30
feet ; the girt over being ^ of the breadth of the house, and the eaves
which project i foot on each side being reckoned into the work ?
5. What does the wainscoting of a room cost, at ^£3 155. a square
of 100 feet, if the length, breadth and height be respectively 21, 15
and 10 feet ; the door, which measures 6 ft. by 4 ft., and two window
shutters, each 5 ft. by 4 ft., being reckoned work and half work ?
6. Find the thickness of lead, in the pipe of i^ in. bore, which
weighs 141b. per yard in length.
N,B, A cubic foot of lead is supposed, in Exs, 6, 7, to weigh 1 1325 oz,
7. What is the expense of a leaden pipe of 2 inches bore, half
an inch thick, and 4 yards long, at 2^, a pound ?
MEASUREMENT OF SHOT, SHELLS AND POWDER*.
In the following questions it is assumed —
1 . That an iron ball of 4 inches diameter weighs 9 lb.
2. That a leaden ball of i inch diameter weighs ^ lb.
3. That 30 cubic inches of gunpowder weigh i lb.
Ex.15.
1. What is the weight of an iron ball of i foot diameter ?
2. What is the diameter of an iron ball which weighs 200 lb. ?
d. What is the weight of an iron shell, the external and internal
diameters of which are 9 inches and 6 inches respectively ?
4. If the outer diameter of a shell that weighs 75 lb. be 9 inches ;
what is the inner diameter ?
5. What is the weight of a leaden ball of 3 inches diameter ?
6. What is the diameter of a leaden ball which weighs 4 lb. ?
7* Show that a 21 lb. iron ball is of the same size as a 32 lb.
leaden ball.
8. What weight of powder will fill a box, whose three dimensions
are 2 feet, i-|- feet, and i foot ?
9. How many inches are there in each side of a cubical box that
holds 100 lb. of powder ?
* For Examples on the Piling of Balls and Shells, see pp. 56 & 57.
102 MENSURATION. [£x. 1&
Ex.15.
*% 10. How much powder will fill a shelly whose internal diameter
is 9 inches ?
11. What is the internal diameter of a shelly that holds lo lb. of
powder ?
12. What weight of powder will fill a cylinder whose height is
3 feet^ and diameter of base lO inches ?
13. What length of a gun of 6 inches bore will be filled with lo lb.
of powder ?
14. What is the radius of the base of a cylinder 4 feet high^ that
holds 100 lb. of powder ?
15. What weight of powder will fill a cone, whose altitude is 7 feet,
and diameter of base 2 feet ?
16. What is the altitude of a cone, the radius of whose base is
9 inches, that holds 50 lb. of powder ?
17. What is the radius of the base of a cone, whose altitude is
8 feet, and which holds 450 lb. of powder ?
18. What is the calibre of a gun, that carries a leaden ball of
4 ounces weight, allowing ^^h of the hallos diameter for windage ?
%
104 PLANE TRIGONOMETRY. £x« S.
Ex. 2. Prove the formulae —
2 sill A
13. tan2A— tanA=- . .
cos A -f- cos 3 A
14. tan»2A-tan»A=ii^3A^-
COS 2AC03 A
sin 2 A cos A ^ A
15. — ; J- X r= tan — •
I H- cos 2 A I H- cos A 2
,^ 2 sin A -f- sin 2 A ,.A
16. — ; — 7 ; r=cot — •
2 sin A — sin 2 A 2
17. ?i4±^=tanaA.
COS A -f- cos 3 A
18. sin 5 A sin A= sin* 3A— sin* 2 A.
19. sin 7 A sin 3A= sin* 5 A— sin* 2A.
20. sin 3 A sin^ Ah- cos 3 A cos' A= cos^ 2 A.
«, X A. A COS2A— C0S4A
21. tan'?AtanA= j -^-»
^ cos 2 A H- cos 4 A
I— 2 8in*A__ I
I -f- sin 2A "" sec 2 A + tan 2 A
23. cos A(i — tan 2A tan A) = cos 3A(i -f- tan 2A tan A).
24. sin A (tan Ah- 2 cot 2 A) = cos* ATiH- tan A tan— J»
, .. sin*2A— 4sin* A cos*2A— 4cos* A-f-'?
25 tan A^ > ^- * *^ t
sin*2A-f-4sin* A— 4 cos*2A + 4cos* A— i
26. 2 -f- 4 cot* 2 A = tan* A + cot* A.
^ /" .A A\/ . , A A\ . . .A
27. ( I + tan — h sec —11 I H- tan sec — 1 = sin A sec —
28. (cot tan — j (i — 2tan Acot 2A) = 4.
29. cos (A -f- B) cos (A — B) = cos* A — sin* B.
30. sin (A -h B) sin (A— B) = sin* A— sin* B.
31. 2(sin* A sin* B + cos* A cos* B) = i + cos 2A cos 2B.
/ A T»x sin* A— sin* B
32. tan(A + B)=-i — r r ^--^ d*
^ ' sin A cos A— sin 15 cos J>
33. C0SA4- cos(A + 2B) = 2cos(A + B)cosB.
34. sin (A-B) sin C— sin (A— C) sinB+ sin (B— C) sin A=o.
Ex. 2, 3.] TRIGONOMETRICAL FORMULAE. 105
Ex. 2. Prove the formulae —
35. sm(A + B)cosB-sm(A + C)co8C = 8m(B-C)co8(A + B + C).
36. sin (A+B-2C) cosB- sin (A + C-2B) cosC
= sin(B-C){cos(B + C-A) + co8(A + C-B)+co8(A+B-C)},
37. 8in(A + B)sin(B + C + D)
= sinA8in(G + D)+sinBsin(A + B + C + I)).
38. 4 sin (A— B) sin (mA— B) cos {m— i)A
= i + cos2(m— i)A— co82(A--B) — cos2(mA— B).
39. 4 cos mA cos wA cos rA = cos(7n + n-\- r) A + cos(m + n — r) A
+ cos(m— 71 +r) A -f- cos(m— n — r) A.
^« • A. '-n. ' r\ .A4*B.A-hC.B + C. •/A.-o./-i\
40. sin A H- smB + smO = 48in sin sin h sm ( A + B + C ) .
222
A . T> . n A + B A + C B + C ,. T, ^,
41 . cosA + cosB 4- cosC =4C08 cos cos cos(A + B 4- C),
*» £a *»
42. tanA+ tan B + tan C = tan A tan B tan C 4- ^^^f -n"^ A -
cos A cos B cos C
43. cot A 4- cot B 4- cot C = cot A cot B cot C — ^^^a i>"^ -i*
sin A sin B sin (J
44. 4sini(A + B4-C)sini(B + C-A)8in4,(A4-C-B)sini(A4-B-C)
= I — cos* A— cos* B— cos* C 4- 2 cos A cos B cos C.
45. 4cos|-(A 4- B + C)cosi(B 4- C - A)co84.(A + C - B)cos^(A 4- B - C)
= — I + cos*A4-cos* B + co8*C + 2 cos A cos B cos C.
46. vers (A-B) vers { i8o*»- (A 4- B) } = (sin A- sin B)*.
47. chd2^hd-=chd*A-chd*-.
22 2
. , /A T>\ • A 2|sinB8in* sin A sin*— )
smA ^cos(A— B)^sinA _ _V 2 2/
sinBcosB cosB sinB " sinB
Ex. 3. Find the values of —
1.
sin 7*^30';
sin 9° ;
sin 22"* 30^ \
sin 747''.
2.
cos 12°;
cos II* 15';
cos 33^45';
cos 549°.
3.
tan 9** ;
tan 22** 30' ;
tan 37^ 30';
tan I65^
4.
cot 18°;
cot 75° ;
cot 225** ;
cot 330^
5.
sec 22^30';
sec 54° ;
sec 225° ;
sec 195^
6.
cosec 60° ;
cosec 72°;
cosec 216®;
cosec 387
106 PLANE T&IGONOMETBT. [Sx. 3 6.
Sx. 3. Find the values of —
7. vers 15° ; vers 67° 30' ; vers 240° ; vers 342**.
8. chd36°; chd45*'; chd240°; chd 288^
Ex. 4, Prove the formulse —
1. sin 3A=4 sin A sin (60** -f A) sin (60°— A) .
2. 2 sec 2A= sec (45° + A) sec (45'*— A).
3. tan^s^H — j-f-cotr45°H — J = 2secA.
4. sin2A=^-^;:i-^^:+ti'
I + cot* (45^ + A)
sin 60°— sin 30° __ tan 60^— tan 45°
* sin 60° 4- sin 30°"" tan 60° H- tan 45"*
6. chd*(90*'— A) = 2— 2sinA.
7. chd 108°= chd 36° + chd 60°.
Ex.6. If A + B4-C=90°; prove that —
1. tanAtanB + tan AtanC + tanBtanG=i.
2. cot A4-cotB+cotC=cot AcotBcotC.
3. tan A+tan B+tan C=tan A tan B tan G + sec A sec B sec C.
4. sin 2A + sin 2B + sin 2C =4 cos A cos B cos C.
cosA + sinC— sinB i+tan-J-A
6.
cosB-f-sinC— sinA i+tan^B
Ex.6. If A + B + C=i8o^; prove that—
1. sin 2A + sin 2B + sin 2C =4 sin A sin B sin C.
2. sin* 4^A H- sin* ^R + sin* ^C -f- 2 sin ^^A sin ^^B sin 4.C = i .
3. cos*A + cos*B + cos*C + 2cos AcosBcosC = i.
4. sin A 4- sin B H- sin C = 4 cos ^A cos I^B cos 4^0.
6. cos A + cos B + cos C = 4 sin 4.A sin 4^B sin 4-C + 1 .
6. I + cos A cos B cosG =cos A sin B sin G + cosB sin A sin C
+ cos G sin A sin B.
7. tanA + tanB + tanC=tanAtanBtanG.
8. cotAcotB-f-cotAcotG-f-cotBcotC=i.
9. cot A + cotB + cot G =cot A cotB cotG + cosec AcosecB cosecG.
10. If sin' fl = sin (A - fl) sin (B - fl) sin (G - «) ; show that
cottf=cotA + cotB + cotG; cosec* J = cosec *A + cosec* B + cosec* C.
£X 7 9.] TRIGONOMETRICAL FORMULA. 107
Ex. 7.
1. If in any triangle ABC, sin A, sin B, sin C be in Ar. Prog.,
prove that cot— ^ cot— j cot— are also in Ar. Prog.
M Mt Ma
2. If fl— «, fl, fl + a be three angles whose cosines are in Har-
MM
monical progression; show that cos 9= V'lcos-*
3. If cos (A— C) cos B=co8 (A—B + C) j prove that
tan A, tan B, tan C are in Harmonical progression.
Prove that —
'sinAV . , * ^v, ., .n. tan A
tanB
4. If 1 = 1-: — rr) + (cos A COS C)* I thensinC =
VsmJo/ ^ '
c Ti?4. A isinB ., , f^ .. asinB
5. If tan A = — --7 r.; then tanfB— A) = , ^i'
a + 6cosB ^ ' 6 + acosB
6. IfsinB=wsin(2A + B); then tan(A + B)=ii^tanA.
7. Ifco8A=cosBcosC; tan-|:(A+B)tani(A— B)=tan*4C.
Ez. 8. Determine A in the following equations —
1. WnA=sin2A. 2. 2 8inA=:tanA.
3. tan 2 A = 3 tan A. 4. tan A = cosec 2 A.
6. 2sin*3A + 8in*6A=2. 6. sin*2A— sin*A=^.
7. tan A + Scot A=4. 8. tan* A + 4 sin* A =6.
9. tau A+cot A=4. 10. 2cos2A=2sinA-f i.
11. co8 3A+cos2A4-cosA=o. 12. 4sin Asin3A=i.
13. tanA+2cot2A=sinA( i+tanAtan — V
Ez. 9. Determine x in the following equations —
1. sin (a?+«)=cos(a?— a).
2. V'2 (cos 3a? 4- sin 3a?) = i .
3. sin7a?— sina?=8in3a?.
4. sin (a?+a) +cos (a? + a)=sin (a?— a) +cos (ar— a),
e i. / I \ 4. / \ I — 2C0S2«
6. tan (a?+«) tan (a?— «)= — : •
^ ' ^ ' 1 + 2 cos 2a
6. tanatana?=tan*(«+a?)— tan*(a— a:).
7. {(i + sin a?)i— i } {(i — sin a?)i + 1 } = tan 4« sin a?.
108 PLANE TBIOONOMETRT. [Bx. 9—11.
Ex. 9. Determine x in the following equations —
8. sin X sin (2a + a?) + n cos*a = O.
9. tan' X = tan (a? — «) .
10. sin a + sin (ar—a) +8in (afl?4-a) =sin (« + «)4-sin (2a?— «).
Ex. 10. Prove that —
1. 8in-'.f-f-sin-'4i=90°. 2. tan-"»4.-f-tan-'f =45°.
3. tan-'f + 2tan-'^=4S°. 4. cot-'|:+cot-'-J-=i35°.
6. sin-'-^ + cot-'3=4S^
6. eos-'Q)*-eos-{-^ + ^) = 30^
7. tan-'f+tan-'^ + tan-'f+tan-'^=4S°.
8. tan-' ^'.""/,* +tan-'-^^- + &c.H-tan-' Vl""^! =tan-7,-tan
9. sin-'f-f-y=tan-'f-)*.
Va + ar/ \aJ
,« . y a?C08^ \ , /a?— sin^X
10. tan-'( ^)— tan-M ^)=f-
Ex. 11.
1. If J=tan"'--r-> f=tan'-»— ? — ; sin(f -f 8) = 8in6o®co8 36**.
2. If cot-'(a?— i)— cot-»(a?+i) = — ; findar.
X X
3. If 8ec"'«-f-sec""'-=8ec'"'i + »ec~'-r; find a?.
a
4. If ver8-'(i+a:)— vers-*(i— 4?)=tan""'2(i— ar*)i; finder.
cos M"6
5. If cos t?= : find tan l-v in terms of tan iu.
I— ecostt * *
6. If tan $ = - : find the value of a cos 20 + & sin 2d.
7. Iftanfl = (-r: find the value of — * + -:—;•
\aJ ' cosfi smJ
8. If sin $ = sin a sin (f 4- 0) ; find tan in terms of a and ^.
9. If tan0=cosatanf ; find tan (f—$) in terms of a and 0.
Ex. 11 — ^13.] PROPERTIES OF PLANE FIGURES. 109
Ex.11.
10. If tanfl=tan'(-|^),co8*^=^(m*— i)j find wi in terms of d.
11. If tan4^« = tan'(4j3),tanj3 = 2tan^; prove that 2^= a + /3.
12. If tan(45°— i-J)=tan^^; prove that
(tan i + sec J)f + (tan J — sec J)t = 2 cot 2^.
13. If cos i = cos*a — sin*a( i — c* sin* J) * ; prove that
tan - = tan a ( i — c* sin*«)^.
Ex. 12. ^
1. Eliminate i from the equations^
7w=cosecJ— sind, n=secfl— cosd.
2. Eliminate 6 from the equations,
(a+i)tan(fl— ^) = (a— ^)tan (J + ^), a cos 29 + 6 cos 24 = c.
3. Eliminate i and ^ from the equations,
.. cos« - cosy tand tana
cos d = zif cos^ = ^} 7 =7 •
cosp ^ cosp tan 9 tan 7
4. Eliminate i and ^ from the equations,
a sin* 9 + ft cos* J =wi, isin*^+acos*9 = n, a tan J = ^ tan ^.
6. Eliminate x, y, z from the equations,
iL»/ » i\ n XX ^ sin(J + fl) sin(fl— fi) 8in24
^ (^ — y )cos J=a*2'* cos ^ ; — ^^ ^ = ^ ^ =
^ y z
6. Eliminate a and ^ from the equations,
a* + Z»*=— +R*, fl^>=-^sm«, (^ j +( — T — ) =1.
PROPERTIES OF PLANE FIGURES.
Ex. 13. In any right-angled triangle ABC, C being the right angle,
and a, b, c the sides opposite to the angles A, B, C respect-
ively ; prove that —
1. cos(A— B)=— ^« 2. cos(2A— B)=-(3c*— 4a*).
3. cos2A=^-^^^. 4. cos (450 + A)=-^(^j.
6. tan2A=7T v 6. taniA=f^^y-
/»*-«
7. Area=^ — --: =-sin2A: = — tanA.
4 42
8. R + /'=t(^+^); I^> ^ being the radii of circles, one de-
scribed about, the other inscribed in, the right-angled
triangle.
110 PLANE TRI60N0METBT. [EX. 14^ 16.
Ex. 14. In any triangle ABC, having a, b, c sides opposite to the
angles A, B, C respectively, prove that —
^ _ _ isinC
1. a=&cosC + ccosB. 2. tanl5= TTTTn'
tanB __ fl* + &*— c* versA _ g(a + c--&)
tanC'"a*-fc*-Z»*' ' versB b{b-\-c-a)'
6. -T—h t7x= i—' ^- C08A + C08B = — —• (28m fb)
sin(A + B) c* c
7. sin4,(A-B) =— .cos4,C. 8. eosi(A-B)=^-siniC.
a + 6— c ,^ tanj-A+tan^B c
9. tanMtan'B=^^-^V— • 10. * ^ » -
Y^tuii^o,-^^^^^ w. tan^A-tanj^B fl-A
8in*j:A_fl(a + &-c) ,o cot j^B + cotj^C 2a
^** sin*4.C"c(Z» + c-fl)' ^^' cot^A Z» + c-a
13. 4-(a* + i* + c*) = a6 cos C + flc cos B + *c cos A.
,^ . .1/1 . ^sinAsinB . ^ sin A sin B
14. Area=iaA8inC; =i^r r-j^ — ; =4-(fl*— ^M-t— rr — ^.
^^ ' ^ smC ' *^ ^sin(A— B)
15. Area=— 7 — . , . . ^ — 7^; = . 1. . cos j^A cos j^B cos IC.
4tani(A + B — C)' a + ^ + c ^ ^ ^
16. Area=i^(fl+ i + c)*. *^*° tA tan ^^B tan 4.C.
If R, r he the radii of circles, respectively described about^
and inscribed in, any triangle ; prove that —
^^Scos^-Acos-^BcosiC _ / sin A sin Bain C \t
^' R JTbTi ' "^V abc ) '
aba
18. r=i(a + * + c)tan4-Atan4-Btan4:C; 2Rr= . . . *
19. a cos A + b cos B + c cos C =4R sin A sin B sin C.
20. If a, /3, 7 be the angles, which the sides of a triangle subtend
at the centre of the inscribed circle ; show that
4 sin a sin j3 sin y = sin A + sin B + sin C.
Ex. 15.
1. If the sides a, & of a triangle include an angle of 120°, show
that c^=a^ + ab + b\
2. If 2cosB=-^ — 77, the trianele is isosceles.
smC "
3. If r — T?= ' X n ' the triangle is isosceles or rii^ht-anffled.
tanB sm B ° do
Ex. 15.] PROPERTIES OF PLAN£ FIGURES. Ill
Ex.15.
4. The vertical angle of an isosceles triangle is 90®; 2p is the
perimeter of the triangle and r the radius of the inscribed
circle; show that/? : r=2i-f- 1 : 2*— i.
6. If a line CE bisect the angle C of any triangle and meet the
base in E ; tan AEC =^ tan iC ; CE =— , cos iC.
a— ^ a + o ^
6. Prove that the distance of the centre of the circle inscribed in
2,bc
any triangle ABC from A is equal to r — cos 4-A.
7. Having given the perimeter 2p, and the three angles of a
triangle ; find the sides a, b, c.
8. If^ in a triangle^ the angles are such^ that A:B:C=2:3:4;
then will cosiA= — r— '
* 2b
9. If, in a triangle ABC, the angles are such, that A = 2B = 2*C ;
show that the side, a=2(a + i + c) sin I2°|^.
10. If, for any triangle, a? + - = 2 cos A, and y + - = 2co8 B ;
X y
show that bx-\ — = c.
y
11. In any triangle, the length of a perpendicular from A on
^, x 1 ^* sin C + c* sin B
the opposite side= 7 •
12. In any triangle the distance of a perpendicular drawn from
C on AB, from the middle point of AB=-»; — r =r»
' ^ 2 tanA+tanB
13. If, in a triangle ABC, b—a^nc; show that
/. C\ C J ^B— A i-fncosB
cos( A-f--)=wcos— ^ and cot = : — i^— •
V 2/ 2 2 9»smB
14. Given the three straight lines drawn from any point to the
three angular points of an equilateral triangle ; find one of
its sides.
16. If through a point within a triangle, three straight lines be
drawn from the angles A, B, C, meeting the opposite sides
1^ 1? 1? 1 .1, OD OE OF
m D, E, F respectively; then IW+ bk"*" CF~ ^'
16. If a straight line intersect the two sides AC, BC of a plane
triangle in the points b, a, and the base AB produced in c ;
then Ab .Be. Ca= Ac . Ba . Cb.
112 PLANE TRIGONOMETRY. [Ez. 15.
Ex.15.
17. The sides of a triangle are 3, 5, 6 ; find the radii of the in-
scribed and circumscribed circles.
18. Two sides of a triangle are 3 and 12^ and the contained angle
is 30** ; find the hypothenuse of an equivalent right-angled isosceles
triangle.
19. In a triangle, having given B, a, and its area, construct the
triangle.
20. Having given A, B, C the angles of a triangle, and R the
radius of the circumscribing circle ; find a, h, c.
21. If in a right-angled triangle, a perpendicular be drawn from
the right angle to the hypothenuse ; the areas of the two circles in-
scribed in the triangles on each side of this perpendicular are pro-
portional to the corresponding segments of the hypothenuse.
22. If r be the radius of the circle inscribed in a triangle whose
sides are a, b, c; and A, k, I be the distances of its centre from the
angles of the triangle; show that — = MhM '
23. If r„ r^, r^ be the radii of circles which touch respectively a
side of a triangle and the other two sides produced, prove that
r^r^r^ = abc cos j^A cos ^^B cos ^C.
24. If r be the radius of the circle inscribed in a triangle, and
^li fxi ^i tbe radii of the circles inscribed between this circle and
the sides containing the angles A, B, C respectively ; prove that
25. If Tq denote the radius of the circle inscribed in any triangle ;
r„ r^, Tj the radii of circles which touch each side respectively,
and the other two produced ; show that
— = — I 1 — ; area of triangle = (ror,rjr-) * .
^o ^i ^z ^1
26. The area of any triangle is to the area of the triangle whose
sides are respectively equal to the lines joining its angular points
with the middle points of the opposite sides as 4 : 3.
27. The area of any triangle is to the area of the triangle formed
by joining the points where the lines bisecting the angles meet the
opposite sides as {a + b){a + c) {b-\-c) : 2ahc,
28. The sides of a triangle are in Arithmetical progression, and
its area is to the area of an equilateral triangle of the same peri-
meter as 3 ; 5 ; find the ratio of the sides, and the value of the
greatest angle.
29. Find the ratio between (i) the sides, (2) the areas, of an
equilateral triangle and a square inscribed in the same circle,
EZ. 15, 16.] TRIGONOMETRICAL TABLES. 113
Ex. 15.
30. Compare the areas (i) of regular pentagons^ (2) of regular
octagons described within and about a circle.
31 . The square of a side of the regular pentagon inscribed in a
circle is equal to the square of a side of the inscribed hexagon, to-
gether with the square of a side of the inscribed decagon.
32. If, in a regular polygon of n sides, each side is 2a ; the sum
of the radii of the circumscribed and inscribed circles is a cot ~ — •
n
33. The area of a regular polygon inscribed in a circle is a mean
proportional between the areas of an inscribed and a circumscribed
regular polygon of half the number of sides.
34. A, B, C, are 3 regular octagons; a side of A is equal to the
diameter of the circle inscribed in B, or described about G ; find the
sum of the three areas, that of A being a^,
35. The distance between the centres of two wheels is a, and the
sum of their radii is c; find the length of a string which crosses
between them and just wraps round them.
36. If two circles, whose radii are a, b, touch one another exter-
nally, and if $ be the angle contained by the two common tangents
to these circles : show that sin tf =^^ — tti — •
(a + by
TRIGONOMETRICAL TABLES.
Ex. 16. Prove that —
1. sin 123° 14' 20"= '836393; cos 41° 13' 26" =752 1 40.
2. tan 28° 13' 47"= '536862; cot 15° 16' 45"= 3-660643.
3. sec 80° 59' 3o"=6'386593 ; cosec 100° 10' io"= 1-015979.
Determine A in the equations —
4. sinA=-346i05; cosA=*938629.
5. sec A= 2-005263; cosec A =4-25 7000,
Prove that —
6. log sin 1 5° 1 6' 1 7" =9*42060 1; logcos32° i4'55"=9'927237.
7. logtan23°24'25"=9-636370; log cot 53° 14' i5"=9*873364.
8. logsec75°i3'4o"= 10*593499; log cosec 130° 29' 30"= 10*118900,
114 PLANE TRIGONOMETRY. [Ex. 16 18.
Ez. 16. DetermiDe A in the equations —
9. log sin A =9* 246 1 79; log cos A =9- 123456.
10. log tan A= 1 1*012440; log cot A= 9*876543.
11. log sec A =10* 124625; log cosecA= 1 1*02498 1«
SOLUTION OF PLANE TRIANGLES.
Ez. 17. Solve the triangle ABC^ when the parts given are—
1. C =90^ ] 2. C =90^ -] 3. C =90^ ^
A =18^ 14'. I' A =42^35'A B =25° 19' 13".}.
AB=432. J BC=296-35.] AB=:i234. )
4. C =90^. ] 6. C =90^ 1 6. C =90^
B =56°53'3S"-> AB=957*34.V AB=3562.
AC = i84. J AC = 24. J BC=357.
7. C =90°.! 8. A =31° 13'. 1 9. B =39^15'.
AC=423A B =48° 24' 15".}- C =13^
BC = 584.J BC= 926*7. J AC = 326.
}
•=426. ^
'=354- >
=49" i6'.J
10. AB = 527. ] 11. AC=333. ^ 12. AB=i249-6. 1
AC=635-9r.l BC = 325. I BC= 397-3. I
B =88°i4'.J A =52°i9'.J A =8019' 35".]
13. C =i24°34'.l 14. A =53° 14'. ] 15. AB=426.
AC = 126. ^ AB=52i*05. I AC
AB = 264. J BC =417*4026.] A =49
16. AB=53*94. ] 17. AB= 1263.1 18. AB= 12-6356.1
BC= 156-5. L AC=i359. ^ AC = 13-4837. ^
B =i5«i3'i4".J BC=i468.J 60 = 11*2983.]
19. Find the angles of a triangle ABC when 4AB = 7AC and
A=9''i5'3S"-
HEIGHTS AND DISTANCES.
£z. 18.
1. At 120 feet distance from the foot of a steeple^ the angle of
elevation of the top was found to be 60° 30'. Required the height.
2. From the top of a rock 326 feet above the sea^ the angle of
depression of a ship's bottom was found to be 24°. Required the
distance of the ship.
3. A wall is surrounded by a ditch ; from the edge of this ditch
the angle of elevation of a point on the top of the wall is found to
^^ 35° f ^^^ ft* ft distance of 100 yards from the ditch the angle of
elevation of the same point is found to be 15°. Find the height of
the wall ; the breadth of the ditch ; and the length of the ladder that
would jrbt reach from the edge of the ditch to the top of the wall.
Ex. 18.] HEIGHTS AND DISTANCES. 115
4. From the top of a hill I observed two milestones in a straight
line before me; and found their angles of depression to be 5°and 15°,
what is the height of the hill ?
5. Two observers, on the same side of a balloon, in the same
vertical plane with it, and a mile apart, find its angles of elevation
to be 15° and 65° 30'. Find the height of the balloon.
6. A ladder 38 feet long, just reaches to a window 29' feet 6 inches
high on one side of a street ; and, on turning the ladder over with-
out moving its foot, it reaches a window 28 feet high on the other
side. Find the breadth of the street.
7. The top of a maypole being broken oflF, struck the ground
at a distance of I3|- feet from the bottom of the pole; and the
broken piece was found to measure 29^ feet. Find the original
height of the pole.
8. The aspect of a wall 18 feet high is due south, and the
length of the shadow cast on the north side at noon is 16 feet.
Find the sun^s altitude, or the angle of elevation of the sun above
the horizon.
9. The angle which the earth's radius subtends at the sun being
8"' 5 7 ; find the distance of the sun from the earth in terms of the
earth's radius.
10. At a distance of 200 yards from the foot of a church tower,
the angle of elevation of the top of the tower was 30°, and of the
top of the spire on the tower 32°. Find the height of the tower
and of the spire.
11. Two men are surveying: when each is at a distance of 200
yards from the flag-staff, the one finds the angle subtended by the
position of his companion and the staff to be 30° 15'. Find how
far they are apart.
12. In order to ascertain the height of a castle on the top of a
cliff, I measured from my position 240 yards directly from the castle,
and at the ends of this line, found the angles of elevation of the
top of the castle to be 29° and 13° 16'; also, at the further end
of the line, the castle's height required subtended an angle of
5' is'-
13. Two ships, half a mile apart, find that the angles subtended
by the other ship and a fort, are respectively 56° 19' and 63° 41',
Find the distance of each ship from the fort%
14. From the summit of a tower, whose height is 108 feet, the
angles of depression of the top and bottom of a vertical column,
standing in the horizontal plane, are found to be 30° and 60° re-
spectively. Required the height of the column.
15. From the top of a house 42 feet high, I found the angle of
elevation of the top of a neighbouring steeple on the same hori-
zontal plane, to be 14° 13', and at the bottom of the house it was
23° 19'. Find the height of the steepl*^^
I 2
1 16 PLANE TEIOONOMBTRY. [EX. 18*
16. In walking towards a certain object^ I found the angle of
elevation of its top to be 2^ 19' 13" at one milestone, and after pro-
ceeding to the next milestone, 1 found the angle of elevation to be
3® 28' 49^'. How much further should I have to walk before I
reached it, the milestones and object resting on the same level f
17. Wishing to ascertain the height of a house standing on the
summit of a hill of uniform slope, I descended the hill for 40 feet,
and then found the height subtended an angle of 34^ 18' 19". On
descending a further distance of 60 feet, I found this angle to be-
come 19** 14' 52". Find the height of the house.
18. Wanting to know the height of a castle on a rock, I mea-
sured a base line of 100 yards, and at one extremity found the angle
of elevation of the castle's top to be 45° 15', and the angle sub-
tended by the castle's height to be 34° 30'; also the angle sub-
tended by the top of the castle and the other extremity of the base
line to be 73° 14'. At the other extremity the angle between the
first extremity and the top of the castle was 73° 18'. Find the
height of the castle.
19. A person ascends 70 yards up a slope of i in 3|- from the
edge of a river, and observes the angle of depression of an object on
the opposite shore to be 2^°. Find the breadth of the river.
20. An object 12 feet high standing on the top of a tower sub-
tends an angle of j° 54' 10" at a station which is 250 feet from the
base. Find the height of the tower.
21. Having measured a base line of 400 yards, whose upper
end was 24 feet higher than the lower one, in the same vertical
plane with the top of a hill, I found the angles of elevation of the
top of the hill from the lower and upper ends of the base line to be
5° 14' and 3** 17' respectively. Find the height of the hill.
22. In order to measure the distance between two inaccessible
objects C and D, I measured a base line AB of 500 yards, and at
its extremities determined the following angles: CAB =94° 13',
DAB=62^ 20', DBA=84° 58', and CBA=4i° 16'. Find the
distance between C and D.
23. Wanting to know my distance from an object P on the
other side of a river, and having no instrument for observing angles,
I measured a base line AB of 500 yards, and from A and B mea-
sured directly in a line, away from P, distances of 175 yards to C
and D ; I then found my distances from B and A to be respectively,
CB=500 and AD = 650 yards. Find PA and PB.
24. A lighthouse was observed from a ship to bear N. 34° E.,
and after the ship had sailed due south for 3 miles, the same light-
house bore N. 23° E. Find the distance of the lighthouse from
each position of the ship.
26. Two objects, A and B, were observed from a ship to be at
the same instant in a line with a bearing N. 15° E. The ship then
£Z. 18.] HEIGHTS AND DISTANCES. 117
sailed N.W. for 5 miles^ when it was observed that A bore E., and
B bore N.E. Find the distance between A and B.
26. A privateer is lying 10 miles S.W. of a harbour, and observes
a merchantman leave it in the direction of S. 80** E., at the rate of
9 miles an hour. In what direction, and at what rate, must the pri-
vateer sail in order to come up with the merchantman in labours f
27. From the top of the peak of Teneriffe, the dip of the horizon
is found to be 1° 58' 10". If the radius of the earth be 4000 miles,
what is the height of the mountain 7
28. Having given that two points, each 10 feet above the earth's
surface, cease to be visible from each other over still water at a di-
stance of 8 miles ; find the earth^s diameter.
29. What is the dip of the horizon from the top of a mountain
i|- miles high, the radius of the earth being 4000 miles ?
30. From the top of a mountain 14^ miles high, the dip of the
horizon was found to be 1° 34' 30"; find the earth's diameter.
31. In a town are three remarkable objects. A, B and C, known
to be distant from each other as follows: AB =426*75, AC = 6 10,
and BC = 538*5. From my position S, I observe that B lies beyond
the line AC, and within the angle ASC: and I find the angle
ASC = 23^ 9'^ and ASB=i4^ 16'. Find the distance of S from
A, B and C respectively.
32. Having removed to the other side of the town, so that B
lies on the side of AC next to S, and still within the angle ASC ;
I observe the angles ASC, ASB to be 15** 14' and 14'' 15'. Find
SA, SB, and SC.
33. Having again moved so as to have A and C in a line with
S (A being the nearer), I find the angle ASB to be 18° 17'. Find
SA, SB, and SC.
34. Three points of land. A, B and C, are at known distances
from each other, namely AB=63, AC =44, and BC = 76. At a
boat in the piece of water between them the angles subtended by
AB and BC are observed to be 89° 15' and 130** 45' respectively.
Find the distances of the boat from A, B and C,
35. Being on a river, and observing a column on the banks, I
find the angle of elevation of its top to be 30^, and the angle sub-
tended by its top and a small island down the river to be 47° 25'.
After sailing past the column to this island, a distance of 450 yards,
I find the angle subtended by the top and my former position to
be 18° 30'. Find the height of the column.
36. On the opposite bank of a river to that on which I stood, is
a tower 216 feet high. With a sextant I ascertained the angle
subtended at my eye by the height of the tower to be 47° 56'.
Find my distance from the foot of the tower, supposing my eye to
be 5 feet above the level of the tower's foot.
118 PLANE TRIGONOMETRY. [Ex. 19, 20.
EXPANSIONS, SERIES, ETC.
Ex. 19. Expand in terms of the cosines of multiples of t —
I. cos^d; cos'^S. 2. cos^J; cos^fl.
3. sin^fl; sin'S. 4. sin^d; sin'°«.
Expand in terms of the sines of multiples of 6 —
6. sin^fl; sin^fi. 6. sin^S; sin" 9.
Expand in terras of the powers of sm 6 and cos i —
7. sin4fi; singfi. 8. C0S5J; cos 69; cos 79.
9. Expand tan 3d ; tan Si ; in terms of the powers of tan $.
By the exponential expressions for sin i, cos $ ; prove that —
10. tan 2fl= — TT*' 11» cos2fl = cos*fl— 8in*d.
I — tan*d
12. sind= (i — cosd) cot-» 13. sin 2J = 2 sin d cos d.
xA A ,K X /» sintf + sin^d
14. 2 cos* fl = I + cos 2d. 15. tan2d = — ji =^-
cosfl + cos3d
Ex. 20. Sum the series —
1. I + cos a? 4- cos 2a? + cos 3a? +&C. to n terms.
2. I + a? cos d + a?* cos 2i + x^ cos 38 + &c. to n terms.
3. sin i + sin 28 + sin 38 + &c. to n terms.
4. cos i + cos 38 -h cos 59 H- &c. in infin.
5. tan i + 2 tan li -h 2* tan 48 4- &c. to n terms.
6. cosec 6 4- cosec 2 J 4- cosec 46 4- &c. to n terms.
7.14- cos 9 cos f + cos* i cos 2(p + cos' 6 cos 3^ + &c. in infin.
8. cosJ4-cos(fl4?)4-cos(fl4-2f)4-cos(94-3?) 4-&c.ton+ iterms.
9. cos*fl 4- cos*(9 4 a) + cos*(9 -f 2a) + cos*(9 4- 3a) + &c. to nterms.
T /3 T At a
10. tanS4--tan-4--itan-rH--rtan-r4-&c. to 7i terms.
2 22 2 2* 2*
. a?cos9 . a?*cos2fl . a?'cos^J o • • /»
II. IH 1 H ^4-&c.mmfin.
I 1.2 1.2.3
12. sinft— l-sin 294-Tsin39— ^sin494-&c. in infin.
10 • A . ^* sin li x^ miTfi ^ - - n
13. arsmflH 1 =^4-&c. m mfin.
1.2 1.2.3
JEX. 20, 21.] EXPANSIONS, SERIES, ETtJ. 119
Ex. 20. Sum the series —
14. a? sin 9 — -^x^ sin 2fl 4- y ^' sin 38 — ^a^ sin 46 + &c. in infiiL
15. (eosfl-h >/~i sinfl) + (cosd4- >/^sind)*
+ (cos J + \/ — I sin 9)' + &c. to » terms.
16. (3^-i)3"^-T(3'-03-' + i(3*-03-^--..ininf.
17. -T- + ^^ + -T4-...in inf.
I* 2* 3*
18. -r + -r + -T4-...in inf.
I* 2* 5*
19. Prove that, tan nfl = '^ ^^ '^ ^j + ^^° ^j -^ f ' ^^ ^ ^"''"^^
cos 9 + COS 3d + cosffl + &c. to n terms
20. If sin a?=nsin (a + ^) ; express a? in a series of sines of mul-
tiples of a.
21. If tan$(i +77isin^)=mcos^; express d in a series of sines
and cosines of multiples of f.
In any triangle ABC prove that —
22. logeT-= (C0S2B — C0S2 A) + 4^(cos4B — C0S4A) + f (cos6B — co86A) -f &c.
23. loee-=-cosCH ■,cos2Ch 5 cos '^C -h &c.
c a la yt?
* • A ^* • A *^ •
- sm A H — ; sm 2 A H — :
C 2c 3c
Ex. 21. Prove that —
1. (a±*V'^)« = (a* + &*)^fcos-± V^^sin-Y if tand = -
2. logc sec 9 = 4^ tan* fl — ^ tan* fl + 7 tan^ d — &c. ; thence sum,
I— 4- + y— jr + &c. in infinitum,
o -A « . • * • ^ + * • 2w4-9 . (n— iW-4-d
3. 8m»=2**"'8m-8m sm .... sin-^^ •
n n n n
4. tan — tan— tan 2- . . . tan ^ 325= + j.
4n 4n 4n 4/1 ""
according as n is of the form 4m+ i, or 4w + 3 respectively,
5. sin J sin 3J sin 5^ . . . sin (2n + i)fl = 2""'* ;
w I
if -= (2/1+ i)J, and n be greater than -•
6. a = tan« — j-tan'«+^tan'a — ..., if a br -<^7r.
24. zB=-sinA + ;^8in 2A 4- 7773 sin 3 A + &c.
120 PLANE TRIGONOMETRY. [£z. 21 28.
Ex. 21. Prove that —
9. Find the sum of the straight lines drawn^ from any one of
the angular points of a regular polygon of n sides, each aide of
which is 2a, to all the other angular points.
10. Find the product of all the lines that can be drawn from
one of the angles of a regular polygon of n sides, inscribed in a circle
of radius a to the other angles.
Ex. 22. Solve by Trigonometry the equations —
1. 0?'— 6a:=4. 2. a?' — 147^7— 343=0.
3. a?'— 3a?+i=o. 4. 0?'— 3a?— 2 = 0.
6. a;*+i=o. 6. a?*— a?' + 1 = 0.
Ex. 23. Adapt to logarithmic computation —
1. a?=a* + i*. 2. x={a + b)i+{a^h)i.
3. a sin 57 + 6 cos ^=c. 4. a^={a^ + b^— lab co%C)^m
5. cosa7=coscsin AsinB-— cosAcosB.
Ex. 1 — 16.] APPLICATION OF ALGEBRA TO OEOMBTRT. 121
APPLICATION OF ALGEBRA TO GEOMETRY.
1. Divide a straight line^ one foot long^ in extreme and mean
ratio.
2. In a right-angled triangle^ the base =20^ and the difference
between the hypothenuse and perpendicular =8; determine the
triangle.
3. Given the sum of the base and perpendicular of a right-angled
triangle =49, and the sum of its base and hypothenuse =63] de-
termine the sides.
4. The area of a right-angled triangle being 54^ and the hypo-
thenuse 15; determine the sides.
5. Determine the right-angled triapgle^ in which the hypothe-
nuse is 17^ and the radius of the inscribed circle 3.
6. The area of a right-angled triangle =840^ and the radius of
the circumscribed circle =29 ; determine the sides.
7. The perimeter of a right-angled triangle is 20^ and the radius
of the inscribed circle i^ ; find the sides.
8. The perimeter of a right-angled triangle is 24^ and the perpen-
dicular from the right angle on the hypothenuse is 4|^; find the
sides.
9. Given the hypothenuse of a right-angled triangle^ and the
side of an inscribed square: find the two sides of the triangle (i)
when the given side coincides with the hypothenuse^ and (2) when
an angle of the square coincides with the right angle of the triangle*
10. The area of a right-angled triangle being -^A^ and the radius
of the inscribed circle r ; determine the sides.
11. CD is a perpendicular on the hypothenuse AB of a right-
angled triangle ; if r be the radius of tne circle inscribed in ABC,
and Vj, r^ of those in CBD, ACD ; show that r*=r,*4-r;fc*.
12. If the base of a triangle be 6, and the two sides 3 and 4 ;
find the segments of the base made by a line bisecting the vertical
angle.
13. Two sides of a triangle are 5 and 6*4^ and the length of a line
bisecting the vertical angle and meeting the base is 4 ; find the
base.
14. The base of a triangle is 14^ the difference of the two sides
2i, and a perpendicular from the vertical angle on the base 8 ; de-
termine the sides.
15. The base of a triangle is 34^ the sum of the two sides 50^ and
a perpendicular from the vertical angle upon the base 8 ; determine
the sides.
16. Given the base of a triangle =50, the altitude =24, and the
radius of the inscribed circlets 10 ; determine the sides.
122 APPLICATION OF ALGEBRA TO GEOMETRY. [Ex. 17 31.
17. Determine a triangle^ having given id the sum of the two
sides^ p the perpendicular and 2n the difference of the segments of
the base made by the perpendicular.
18. Given the base a, and the altitude |7 of a triangle; find the
side of the inscribed square.
19. To find a triangle^ such that its sides and a perpendicular on
one of them from the opposite angle^ may be in continued geo-
metrical progression.
20. Given the three perpendiculars from the angles of a triangle
upon the opposite sides ; find the area and sides of the triangle.
21. Determine the sides of a triangle, which are in Ar. Prog,
with the common difference = i, and in which the radius of the in-
scribed circle =4.
22. The sides of a triangle are in Ar. Prog., a, c being the longest
and shortest sides : if B, r be the radii of the circumscribed and
inscribed circles, show that 6Rr=ac.
23. Given a the base of a triangle, n : i the ratio of the two sides^
and d the distance of the vertex from a given point in the base ;
determine the sides.
24. Given 2a the base, p the perpendicular and m^ the rectangle
of the two sides of a triangle ; find the sides.
25. From the obtuse angle A of a given triangle, draw to the
base a Une, the square on which shall be equal to the rectangle of
the segments of the base.
26. Draw a straight line from one angle of a square whose side is
30, so that the part intercepted, between one of the sides containing
the opposite angle and the other side produced, shall equal 16.
27. If an isosceles triangle be inscribed in a circle having each of
the sides double of the base, show that r5(rad.)*=(2 side)*.
28. If a, hy c be the sides of a triangle, K, r the radii of the cir-
cumscribed and inscribed circles ; show that
^, abc (a-{-b-{- c)r
the area=-^ or =- •
4R 2
29. If in the triangle ABC, the lines bisecting the angles ABC
and meeting the opposite sides a, b, c be h, k, I respectively ; prove
*^»*^rG+DG+^)G+F)'
30. Upon the sides of a triangle ABC right-angled at C, having
described semicircles towards the same parts AEB, ADC, BDC ;
show that the difference of the figures ADBE, CD is equal to the
triangle ABC.
31. The centres of three circles (A, B, C) are in the same straight
line, B and C touch A internally, and each other externally ; show
that the portion of A's area which is outside B and C is equal to
Ex. 32 — 49.] APPLICATION OP ALGEBRA TO GEOMETRY, 12S
the area of the semicircle described on the chord of A which touches
B and C f%t their point of contact.
32. Through a point M equidistant from two straight lines AA',
BB' at right angles to each other, to draw a straight line PMQ, so
that the sum of the squares upon PM and MQ shall be equal to the
square upon a given line b.
33. To inscribe a semicircle in a quadrant.
34. Find the side of a square, and the radius of a circle inscribed
in a given quadrant.
35. To inscribe a circle in a given sector of a circle.
36. If a, b, c be the chords of three adjacent arcs of a circle
whose sum equals the semicircumference, of which x is the radius ;
prove that 4^^ — (a* + i*-l-O^"■^*^=0•
37. Given the chords of two arcs of a given circle ; find the chord
of their sum, and the chord of their difference.
38. Given the lengths of two chords of a circle which intersect at
right angles, and the distance of their point of intersection from the
centre ; find the diameter of the circle.
39. If a circle be described, so as to touch the side a of a triangle
externally, and the sides A, c, produced ; find its radius.
40. The radii of two circles which intersect one another are r, r';
and the distance of their centres is c ; find the length of their com-
mon chord.
41. In a given square to inscribe another square having its side
equal to a given straight line. What are the limits of this line ?
42. If from one of the angles of a rectangle, a perpendicular be
drawn to its diagonal d, and from the point of their intersection,
lines /), q be drawn perpendicular to the sides which contain the
opposite angle ; show that, /?t 4. ^t = rff.
43. If the distances of any given point within a square to three
of its angular points be h, k, I; determine a side of the square.
44. If h, k, I be the sides of a regular pentagon, hexagon and
decagon respectively, inscribed in the same circle ; show that
46. The radius of a circle being r, find the areas of the inscribed
and circumscribed equilateral triangles ; hence find the area of the
inscribed regular hexagon.
46. Show that the area of a dodecagon inscribed in a circle is
equal to that of a square on the side of an equilateral triangle in-
scribed in the same circle.
47. Find the radius of the circle inscribed in a given rhombus.
48. Show that, if in. a quadrilateral figure the sums of the oppo-
site sides are equal, a circle may be inscribed in it.
49. A circle is inscribed in an equilateral triangle, an equilateral
triangle in the circle, a circle again in the latter triangle, and so on/
if r^7\,7\,r^, ... be the radii of the circles, prove that r = r, -f r^ + rj -h .».
124 APPLICATION OF ALOEBBA TO GBOMETRT. [Ez. 50 56.
50. If r be the radius of the circle inscribed between the base of
a right-angled triangle and the other two sides produced, and W be
the radius of the inscribed circle between the altitude of the same
triangle aid the other two sides produced ; prove that
the area of the triangle ^=^ni^.
51. In a given square a circle is inscribed; in one of the inter-
stices between this circle and square another circle is inscribed ;
and in the interstice between the second cirde and square a third is
inscribed^ and so on to in6nity ; find the sum of the circular areas.
52. If be the centre of the circle (radius r) inscribed in a triangle
ABC; OL, OM, ON perpendiculars on the sides a, b, c; r„ r„ r,
the radii of the circles inscribed in the quadrilaterals AO^ BO, CO ;
prove that — ^H =— H ^— = •
■^ r—Tj r—r^, r—r^ 2r
53. If B^ r be the radii of two spheres inscribed in a cone^ so
that the greater (R) may touch the less^ and also the base of cone ;
find the volume of the cone.
54. Into a hollow cone^ whose vertical angle is 2a, are put a
number of spheres one above another^ each sphere touching the
one above^ the one below^ and the sheet of the cone ; show that
the radii of the spheres are in Geometrical progression.
55. Divide the frustum of a cone into three equal parts^ by two
planes parallel to the base.
56. Find the solid content of a triangular pyramid whose faces
are four equal isosceles triangles^ of which the sides are iz, I2
and 10.
Ex. 1.] ANALYTICAL GEOMETRY. 125
ANALYTICAL GEOMETRY
AND
CONIC SECTIONS.
I. Straight Line.
Ex. 1. Draw the straight lines whose equations arc —
1. y=3^H-i- 2. y— 3=5^+2-
3. Sy— 4^=0. 4. I— 2a7 + 3y=o.
X V
3 7 ^
7. Find the equation to a straight line which passes through
the two points a?=2, y=5 ; a?=o, y= — 7.
8. Find the equation to a straight line which lies evenly be-
tween two given parallel straight lines.
9. Determine the point of intersection of two lines whose equa-
tions are 3y— a?=o, 2^+y=i.
10. Find the equation to a straight line which passes through
the point a?= i^ ^=3 ; and makes an angle of 30"^ with the straight
line whose equation is 2y— a?+ 1 = 0.
11. Find the equation to a straight line which passes through a
given point in the axis of a? at a distance c from the origin and makes
an angle of 45® with the straight line whose equation is f = i-
12. Find the equation to a straight line which is perpendicular
to the line 4y+Sa?— 3 = 0, and cuts the axis of y at a distance =7
from the origin.
13. Find the distance of the origin of coordinates from the line
whose equation \& \x-\-\y=i,
14. Find the distance of the point of intersection of the lines
2^7—3^ + 5 = 0, 3a?+4y=o, from the line y=2a?-f i.
15. Find the cosine of the angle contained between two straight
lines whose equations are y— 3^+c=o, and y— 5a? + rf=o.
16. Find the angle included between the lines whose equations are
1+3^7 + 2^ = 0, 3 + 237 — 3y = o.
17. Find the tangent of the angle contained by the lines
3ta?+3y+4=o, 3a?+4y + s = o.
18. Find the equation to a straight line which bisects the angle
included between the lines 5y— 2a?=o, 3^ + 4^7=12.
126 ANALYTICAL GEOMETRY. [EX. L
EX.L
19. The equation {2y + x) (3y— ar)=o, represents two straight
lines inclined to one another at an angle of 135°.
20. The equation 2y*— 35?^— 20?*— y + 2a?=o, represents two
straight lines at right angles to one another.
21. The equation y*— a?y— 2,2?* + 5a?— y— 2 = 0, represents two
straight lines inclined to each other at an angle tan~'3.
22. The equation y*— 2^ sec 9+ a?* =0, represents two straight
lines that include an angle =d.
23. Find the length of a perpendicular drawn from the point
^=3> y=59 upoii ^^^ li°« 7^"-3y=9-.
24. Find the length of the perpendicular from the vertex upon
the base of a triangle ; the coordinates of the vertex being (3, 5),
and those of the extremities of the base (1,3) and (2, o).
25. Determine the geometrical signification of the equations-r-
(i) i2a?y + 8^— 27y— 18 = 0.
(2) a?*+y*+a?y=o.
(3) y*— 2a;y + 2a?*~2a?-f 1 = 0.
(4) y* + 4a?y+a?*— 2y + 2a?— 2 = 0.
(5) y*— 2a?y + 3ar* — 2y— roa?-f 19 = 0.
(6) y*— 2^y + a?* — 2y + 2a?=o.
(7) |^*—a;y+y*— 237+1 = 0.
(8) y'-9c>=o.
26. What is the inclination of the coordinate axes to one another,
when the two lines represented by the equation y* — a?*=o, are per-
pendicular to one another ?
27. The equations of two straight lines, referred to oblique axes
inclined at an angle od, being y— ma*=o, my-fa?=o; find the angle
between them.
28. If 1 hi — =1, be the equation to a straisrht
a + ocofioD o + aco&oD ^ °
line referred to axes inclined to one another at an angle co ; find the
equation to, and the length of, a perpendicular dropped from a point
{a, b,) upon this line.
29. Find the polar equation to a straight line ; and trace the line
whose equation is r=2a cos i^-^-z)
30. The polar equation to a straight line, which passes through
the two points, whose polar coordinates are (r„ a,), (r^, a^) is
sin(a^-a,) , sin(fl--aO . sin(a,-fl)
-f- -f- — o.
31. In the equation flry* + 6^yH-rfy + e^=o, find the relation
among the coefficients, that it may represent two straight lines.
32. Find the area included between the lines,
a?=o, y=o, 5a?+4y=20.
Ex. 1,2.] cmoLE. 127
Ex. 1.
33. Find the area included between the lines,
34. Find the area of the triangle included between the lines,
36. Find the area of the triangle included between the lines,
a? + 2y = S, 2^ + y=7, y=a?+i.
36. Find the area included between the lines,
y=a?tana, y=a7tana„ y=a?tanai + fl.
37. Find the area of the triangle included between the lines,
y=.ax'\-hy y=^a!x'\-V, y=a"x-\-b",
38. Find the area included between the lines,
a?— y=o, a? + y=o, x—y=a, x-\-y=b,
39. Express the area of a triangle in terms of the coordinates of
its angular points a, b; a\ U \ a", ^'.
40. Show that the lines, of which the equations are,
y=2a? + 3, y=3^ + 4> y=4^ + 5>
all pass through one point.
II. Circle.
Ifh,}s,be the rectangular coordinates of the centre of a circle^ c its
radius; then (x— h)*-|-(y— k)*=c*, is the equation to the circle.
£z. 2. Find the centre and radius of the circle —
1. a?*4-y* + 4^— 6y— 3 = 0.
3. 4a?*+4y* — 8a?+ i6y4-i9 = o.
4. a7* + y*— 2ca? + 6cy4-9c*=o.
6. (^+y— a)*=a?y ; the inclination of the axes being fx.
6. r* — 2 (cosfl+ V^3sinfl)r— 5 = 0.
7. Find the equation to the straight line, which passes through
the centres of the circles, a?* + 4^ + y* + 6y = 3 ; a?* -f y* + 2y = o.
8. Find the equation to a circle which passes through the three
points, ( I, 2), (1,3), (2,5).
9. Find the equation to a circle, having for diameter the distance
of a given point from the origin of coordinates.
10. Find the equation to a line touching a given circle, and
parallel to a given straight line.
11. Find the equation to the straight line, which passing through
the origin, is a tangent to the circle, a?*H-y*— 30? + 4y=o.
12. Find the equation to tangents to the circle a?*-fy*=9, at the
points whose common abscissa is ^=2.
13. Find the equation to a circle whose centre is at the origin,
and of which the line y= 30? + 2 is a tangent.
128 ANALYTICAL OEOMETRT. [Ez. 3.
Ex. 2.
14. If the line — l-r='> be a tangent to the circle a?* +y*=c*;
find the relation between a, b, c.
16. A straight line is drawn from a point (A, ^) so as to touch the
circle a?*+y*=c*, and to cut off a portion p from the axis of y ;
find an equation for determining p in terms of h, k and c,
16. Find the equation to a circle^ which touches a given straight
line, and passes through two given points.
17. Find the equation to a circle, of which the radius is e, and
which is referred to two rectangular tangents as axes.
18. Find the equation to a circle, the diameter of which is the
common chord of the two circles a?*+y*=c*, (ar— a)*+y*=c*.
19. Find the equation to the common chord of the two circles,
;r*— 4-r+y*— 2y— 11=0; a?* + 6ar+y* +4^—3 = 0.
QQ ft
20. If — h T= I, be the equation to a chord of the circle^?* +y*=c*;
find its length.
21. If y=mx, be the equation to a chord of the circle whose radius
is r ; show that the equation to the circle of which that chord is a
diameter is (i -f m*)(a?* + y*)— 2r(^+my) = o.
22. Find the equation to the chord of a given circle, which subtends
a right angle at the centre, and of which the position of one ex-
tremity is given.
23. If, on any three chords, drawn from the same point in the
circumference of a circle, as diameters, circles be described; the
points of intersection of these circles lie in one straight line.
24. If AB be the diameter of a circle, MN a chord parallel to AB,
P any point in AB; show that PM* + PN*=AP* + PB*.
26. From any point Q in the circumference of a semicircle, two
chords are drawn to the extremities A, B of its diameter. If,
from any point N in this diameter, a perpendicular be drawn,
cutting AQ in H, BQ in K, and the curve in P ; prove that
NH.NK=NP\
26» If 2a, 2j3 be the inclination to the axis of x of two radii of the
circle, a?* + y*=(?*; find the equation to the chord joining their
extremities.
27. Find the radius of a circle inscribed in the triangle, of whidi
the equations to the sides are,
a?cosaH-ysina=a, a7C0s^H-y sin/3=i, a?cosy + ysiny=c.
28. Find the equation to a circle referred to oblique axes.
29. If a?*— a?y + y*--fla?— fly =0 represent a circle; find the incli-
nation of the coordinate axes, and the radius.
30. Find the diameter of the circle represented by the equation
07* + 2xy cos o) + y*=ia?+ cy.
Ex. 3.]
PARABOLA.
129
III. Parabola.
General properties of the Parabola,
If AS=:Bi, AN=x, NP=y, S being
the focus —
1. y*=4ax, the rectangular equation.
2. BC the latus rectum =4a.
3. SP=a+x.
4. yy'=2a(x+x') the equation to Tt,
x'y' being the coordinates of P.
5. TN the subtangent z=2x,
6. NG the subnormal ^=2^,
7. SY*=STxSA=SPxSA.
8. ZSPT=ZtPx'.
9. ^r^a APN=|AN X PN.
2a
10. '•=~T fl' if SP=r, ZASP=fi; the polar equation.
Ex. 3. Find the position and dimensions of the curves —
1. H-2a?+3y*=o.
2. y— fa?*=2.
3. y*— 2a;2/ + a?*— 8a?+i6=o.
4. y* + 2UFy+a?* + y— 3^+1 = 0.
6. y*— 2a?y+^*— 6y— 6a? + 9 = o.
6. y*+4a^4"4^*4-3fl^ + fl*=o.
7. (y + (?)2 + (a?+c)^ = 2(?^.
8. The rectangle contained between two ordinates y„ y^ of the
parabola y*:=4xia:, is equal to a*, the distance between them being
a ; find the values of y„ y^.
9. Two tangents to a parabola drawn from the same point of
the directrix are at right angles to each other.
10. The tangent at any point of a parabola will meet the directrix
and latus rectum produced^ in two points equally distant from the
focus.
11. If two equal parabolas have a common axis^ a straight line
touching the interior parabola^ and bounded by the exterior^ will be
bisected by the point of contact.
12. Describe a parabola which shall touch a given circle at a given
pointy and have its axis coincident with a given diameter of the circle.
13. If a parabola intersect a circle in four points; prove that the
sums of the ordinates of the points of intersection on opposite sides
of the axis are equal to each other.
14. Find the ordinate of a point in a parabola such^ that a tangent
being drawn to the curve at this pointy the intercepts on the axes of
coordinates may be equal to one another.
15. The abscissa and double ordinate of a parabola are h and k ;
K
130 CONIC SECTIONS. [Ex. 3.
Ex. 3.
the diameters of its circumscribed and inscribed circles are D and d;
prove that D + rf= h-{-k.
In solving this question, we find that D=4a4-h and d=— 4a+k.
16. A straight line inclined at an angle ( to the axis of x touches
both the curves, y*=4^M?, a?* + y*=c*; find the value of d.
17. In a parabola y^^lx, the ordinates of three points, such that
the normals pass through the same point, are y„ y^, y^ } show that '
Vi +yz + yj=o^ ai^d find the equation to the circle passing through
these three points.
13. If from the point of contact of a tangent to a parabola, a
chord be drawn and a line parallel to the axis meeting the chord,
the curve and the tangent ; show that this line will be divided by
them in the same ratio as it divides the chord.
19. Find the equation to the circle of curvature at the extremity
of the latus rectum of a parabola.
20. Two straight lines which are always tangents to a given
parabola, are so inclined to the axis of x that the sum of the co-
tangents of the angles which they make with that axis is constant ;
prove that the locus of their intersections is a straight line parallel
to the axis.
21. Find the locus of the intersection of two straight lines, which
always touch a parabola, the product of the cotangents of their
inclinations to the axis being a constant quantity c.
22. Two tangents to a parabola make angles 0, tf with its axis ;
find the locus of their intersection, (i) when sin 0sin0'=m; (2)
when cot d — cot W = n.
23. From the vertex of a parabola a straight line is drawn, in-
clined at 45*^ to the tangent at any point ; find the equation to the
curve which is the locus of their intersections.
24. If PT, QT be two tangents at the points P, Q of a parabola
whose focus is S, then SP.SQ= ST* ; and if SP, SQ include an angle
a, the locus of T will be a hyperbola whose eccentricity = sec 4«.
26. PT, QT are two tangents to a parabola; iany other tangent
cuts these two in points jo, q respectively; prove that rnp + m^= !•
26. PT, QT are two equal tangents to a parabola, P, Q being the
points of contact ; if a third tangent cut PT in E, and QT in F ;
prove that PE = FT, and QF = ET.
27. If SY be the perpendicular drawn from the focus of a given
parabola upon the tangent at any point P ; find the locus of the
cejitre of the circle circumscribing the triangle SPY.
28. Two parabolas have a common focus and axis, and a tangent
to the one parabola intersects a tangent to the other at right angles ;
find the locus of the point of intersection.
Ex. 3.] PARABOLA. 131
Ex. 3.
29. If, from the focus of a parabola^ lines be drawn to meet the
tangents at a constant angle ; prove that the locus of the points of
intersection is that tangent to the parabola the inclination of which
to the axis is equal to the given angle.
30. Draw a normal at the extremity of the latus rectum of a pa-
rabola whose equation is y*=z^{x—a), and find its distance from
the origin of coordinates.
31. If PQ be the chord of a parabola, which is a normal at P,
and the tangents at P and Q intersect in a point T ; prove that the
line PT is bisected by the directrix.
.32. Find the equation to the normal of a parabola, which is in-
clined at a given angle to the axis of the curve.
33. Find the locus of the intersection of a straight line drawn
from the focus of a parabola, perpendicular to the normal at any point.
34« The locus of the intersection of two normals to a parabola at
right angles to one another, is a parabola whose latus rectum is one-
fourth of the latus rectum of the original.
35. If several parabolas have the same vertex and axis, the locus
of the extremities of normals to them from a given point in the axis
is an ellipse.
36. The area between two normals to a parabola at the extremities
of a focal chord, and the curve, is equal to 20fl*-^-3 sin' 2$, $ being
the inclination of one of the normals to the axis.
37. Find the locus of the intersections of the normals at any two
points of a parabola, on opposite sides of its axis, the ordinates of
which are as i to 2.
38. Find the area of the triangle included between the tangents
to the parabolse, y*=4aa?, y*=^mx, at points, the common abscissa
of which is h, and the portion of the ordinate intercepted between
the two curves.
39. Having given b, c the lengths of two tangents to a parabola
at right angles to one another; show that the latus rectum
40. If one side of a triangle and two others produced be tangents
to a parabola, and the points of contact be joined, a triangle will be
formed whose area is double of that of the exterior triangle.
41. Two tangents A, k, to a parabola, intersect one another at an
angle =00, and a circle is described between the tangents and curve;
show that the diameter = hk sin w-r- (A+ A; + 2 \/hk . sin ioo) .
42. A triangle is formed by the meeting of three tangents to a
parabola. Show that the products of the alternate segments of the
tangents made by their mutual intersections are equal.
43. A circle described through the intersections of three tangents
of a parabola will pass through the focus.
K 2
132 CONIC SECTIONS. [Ex. 3«
Ex. 3.
44. If P be any point of a parabola whose vertex is A^ and QSQ'
be the focal chord parallel to AP; PN, QM, Q'M' being perpendicular
to the axis; show that SM*=AM.AN, and MM'=AP.
45. If a circle^ described upon a chord of a parabola as diameter,
meet the directrix^ prove that it also touches it ; and show that all
the chords for which this is possible intersect in the same point.
46. If PSj9 be any focal chord of a parabola whose vertex is A ;
prove that AP^ Ap will meet the latus rectum in two points Q^ q,
of which the distances from the focus are equal to the ordinates of
p and P respectively.
47. If chords be drawn to a parabola^ all passing through the
point in which the axis and directrix of the curve intersect ; find
the locus of their middle points.
48. If TfSp be a focal chord of a parabola^ RDr the directrix
meeting the axis in D^ Q any point in the curve ; if PQ, pQ pro-
duced meet the directrix in R, r ; prove that DR x Dr= (2a)*.
49. Find the locus of the intersection of a tangent at one extre-
mity of a focal chord with the ordinate at the other produced.
50. In the focal distance SP take Sp equal to the ordinate PN.
Find the equation to the curve traced out by the point p,
51. If SL be drawn, from the focus S of a parabola perpendicular
to the normal at any point P ; show that the abscissa of L is equal
to SP ; and prove, AN being the abscissa of P, that SL*= AN.SP.
52. If PSp be any focal chord of a parabola ; prove that
SPxSp=a(SP + Sp).
53. Given the radius vector at any point of a parabola and the
angle it makes with the curve ; find the latus rectum and the posi-
tion of the vertex.
54. If QS^ be a focal chord of a parabola, drawn parallel to the
tangent at a point P ; prove that SQ ,Sq=4a* SP.
55. The abscissae of two points in a parabola, measured along
the axis are A, 3A ; and the corresponding focal distances r, 2r :
show that A=a.
66. If r, r' be two radii vectores of a parabola, the focus being
the pole, at right angles to each other, prove that
\r 2aJ \P 2fl/ ""
57. If, from any point P in a parabola, a perpendicular PH be
drawn to the directrix, prove that SP, SH, and the latus rectum
are in geometrical progression.
58. If PSp be any focal chord of a parabola ; prove that the rec-
tilineal triangle Vhp a (Pp)^.
59. If, the vertex of a parabola being the pole, r„ r^ be two radii
Ex. 3.] PARABOLA. 133
Ex. 3.
vectores at right angles to each other ; prove that
(4a)*=(r,r,)*-5-(r.f+r,T).
60. In the axis of a parabola is taken a point E, at a distance
from the vertex equal to 2a ; P is any point in the curve ; join EP,
PN is an ordinate to the axis : prove that EP*— EA*= AN*.
61. If from any point D in the arc of a parabola^ a straight line
DE be drawn parallel to the axis of the curve, to meet a chord ¥p
produced if necessary, in E; prove that EP.EpaED.
62. If BC, CD be two consecutive arcs of a parabola, the sagittse
of which drawn parallel to the axis are equal ; prove that the chord
of BCD is parallel to the tangent at C.
Def, Hie sagitta of an arc is a straight line drawn from the middle
point of the chord to meet the arc,
63. If AB^ BC be two consecutive arcs of a parabola, and LW,
GH, MV be the sagittse, drawn parallel to the axis of the arcs AB,
AC, BC respectively; prove that >v/LW+ v^MV= VGR.
64. Q^' is a chord of a parabola : from any point R in this chord
is drawn BEF parallel to the axis of the parabola, meeting the
curve in E, and the tangent drawn through the point Q in F;
prove that RQ : Ry=:EF : ER.
65. Find the latus rectum of the parabola f-j +(t) =!•
66. Find the area included between the parabola y^z^/^ax, and
the straight line x=y+a.
67. Find the locus of the centre of a circle inscribed in a sector
of a given circle, one of the bounding radii of the sector remaining
fixed.
68. In a plane triangle ABC^ if tan A tan ^3^2, and AB be
fixed ; find the locus of C.
134
CONIC SECTIONS.
[Sx. 4.
IV. Ellipse.
General Properties of the Ellipse.
T»
fc^
1
{]
^\b^,^,-^^
f^..
S y^
BT
cs
i/'CA=a, CB=b, ^=e; CN=x, NP=y;
OA
b*
1. y*=-i(a*— X*), fAtf rectangular equation,
a
2b*
2. LU /A^ /a^ rect. = — or 2a(i— e*).
a ^ '
3. SP=aH-ex, HP=a— ex, S, H being the foci,
4. a yy' + b*xx'=a*b* the equation to the tangent at P,
a* . b*
5. CT=— > CT'=— ; X, y the coordinates of ?.
X y
6. CG=e*x, GN=~x, PG being the normal at P.
a
CD*
7. QV»= gpi X PV . VP', wAcre QV anrf CD are parallel to PP.
8. CP*+CD*=a*+b*, and CD*=SP. PH.
9. CD.PF=ab.
10. Area of ellipse =7rab.
]_~^\ \ t(;Ae«SP=r, ZASP=0. 1
1 -h e C05 8 I ^^/^y. equations to
,— -^--T;«^A^CP=r, ZACP=9. ) '^^ ^^^^^^•
(i-e*co5*e)i ^
13. At^, the radius of curvature ^==~T~~i^* PG'.
Ex. 4. Determine the position and axes of the curves —
1. 3a?* + 2y* — 2a?+y— 1=0.
II. r=
12. r=
Ex. 4.] BLLIPSE. 135
Ex. 4. Determine the position and axes of the curves —
2. a?* + 2y* — 2a? + 4y— 6=0.
3. s^* + 2a;y + 5y*— I2a?— i2y=o
4. 3^*4-2^ + 3^*— i6y + 23=o.
6. a?*+a?y+y*+^+y— 5 = 0-
6. 3^*4-2a?y+y*— 4a?=o.
7. 5a?* + 6^yH-5y*— 26a?— 22y+ 29 = 0.
8. 1 6^7* + 1 6xy + 7y* + 64a? +32^ + 28=0; the coordinates
being inclined to each ol£er at an angle ^x.
9. If A, S, C be the vertex, focus and centre of an ellipse ; it is
required to show that if AC become infinite, AS remaining finite,
the ellipse will be changed into a parabola.
10. In an ellipse, find the position of that focal distance SP which
is a mean proportional to the semi-axes; when a =50, A =30.
11. If a circle be described touching the axis major of an ellipse in
one of the foci, and passing through one extremity of the axis minor,
the semi-major axis will be a mean proportional between the dia-
meter of the circle and the semi-axis minor.
12. Find the eccentricity of the ellipse whose equation is
2a?*-f 3y*=(?*.
13. In any ellipse, show that tan tan = •
14. If PSQ be a focal chord of an ellipse and X the foot of the
directrix; show that XP, XQ are equally inclined to the axis.
15. P is any point in an ellipse whose foci are S and H 5 r, R are
the radii of the circles inscribed in and circumscribed about the
triangle SPH ; prove that Rr a SP.HP.
16. If from the extremities of the minor axis of an ellipse, two
straight lines be drawn through any point in the curve and inter-
sect the major axis in Q and R; prove that CQ . CR=CA*.
17. If P oe any point in an ellipse, AA' its major axis, and PN
the ordinate, and to any other point Q in the curve, AQ, A'Q be
drawn, meeting NP in R and S ; show that NR . NS=NP\
18. If CP be any semidiameter of an ellipse, and AQO be
drawn from the extremity of the major axis parallel to CP, and
meeting the curve in Q and the minor axis produced in ; show
that2CP*=A0.AQ.
19. If AR be drawn perpendicular to the major axis of an ellipse
through its extremity A and equal to half the latus rectum ; and
an ordinate NP to the axis cut the straight line CR in Q; prove
that NP* = 2 area QN AR.
20. Find the equation to the tangent to the ellipse 4^* + gy* = 36,
at the extremity of the latus rectum.
21. A tangent at L (see figure) meets any ordinate NP produced
in R; show that NR=SP.
22. A tangent at the extremity of the latus rectum intersects
136 CONIC SECTIONS. [Ex. 4.
Ex. 4.
the minor axis produced, in the circumference of a circle on the
major axis.
23. If A, k represent the intercepts of the major and minor axes
respectively made by any tangent to an ellipse -^+^=i; prove
, a* b*
24. The length of the perpendicular upon the tangent from the
centre of an ellipse is equal to a(i— e*co8*^)», where f is the in-
clination of the tangent to the axis major.
25. If X be the acute angle between the tangent and focal dis-
tance at any point of an ellipse, the distance of that point from
the centre is equal to (a*— A*cot*X)^«
2S, In an ellipse the tangents at the extremities of any focal
chord intersect in the directrix and in a perpendicular to the chord
from the focus.
27. Find the equation to a tangent to an ellipse 2a?* + y* = 2,
inclined at an angle of 45® to the axis of x.
28. The tangent to an ellipse is inclined at an angle 6 to the
major axis ; show that the product of the distances of the extremi-
ties of the major axis from this tangent is equal to 6* cos* d.
29. If be the angle which the focal distance to any point of an
ellipse makes with the tangent, and ^ the angle between the lines
drawn from that point to the extremity of the axis major, then
2 tan =6 tan ^.
30. If a line be drawn through the centre of an ellipse, cutting
the axis major at an angle 0, and the curve at an angle ^ ; prove
that (a* — A*) cos (2d — ?) = (a* + i*) cos <p,
31. Find the area of the triangle contained between the axes
produced, and a tangent inclined to the major axis at an angle 0.
32. If two tangents to an ellipse make angles d, fl' with the major
axis, such that tan tan if is always equal to a constant c ; find the
locus of their intersection.
33. The tangent at a point P of an ellipse, of which C is the
centre, meets the axes in T, ^; if CP produced meet in L the
circle described about the triangle TC/, show that PL is half the
chord of curvature at P in the direction of C, and that the rectangle
GP.CL is constant.
34. If /, m be the cosines of the angles which the normal, at the
point afy^ of an ellipse, makes with the axes ; show that the equation
to the tangent may be reduced to the form £r+7wy=(/*fl*4-m*6*)i.
35. Find the equation to the normal at the extremity of the
latus rectum in the ellipse 3^* + 4y*=9.
36. If from G the foot of the normal at P a perpendicular GK be
drawn to eitherfocal distance, then PK will equal half the latus rectum.
Ex. 4.] ELLIPSE. 137
Ex. 4.
37. If PG, PG' be parts of the normal cut off by the axes major
and minor respectively, prove that pH>=-a*
38. Prove that GP (see figure) is the shortest line from G to the
curve.
39. In any ellipse prove that GK=e . PN. (See figure.)
40. Find the equation to, and the length of, the normal at any
point of an ellipse, in terms of its inclination to the axis major.
41. Prove that, tan CPG=Tia?y ; also, = sin 2PG8 : see fig.
42. If from a point R in the tangent at the extremity B of the
minor axis of an ellipse, a tangent RZ be drawn, prove that
BZ = chord BZ, if BR = >i/3 . AC.
43. Prove that the locus of the points of bisection of any num«
ber of chords of an ellipse which pass through the same point is an
ellipse ; and find the magnitude and position of the axes when the
coordinates to the point are given.
44. P is a point in an ellipse, D a point in the major axis, such
that PD is equal to the semi-minor axis; PQ is a normal at P
meeting in Q a perpendicular to the major axis through D : find
the locus of Q.
45. If perpendiculars drawn from the centre and focus of an
ellipse (see figure) meet the tangent at P in Y, Z ; prove that
TY^/TZy
pyvpzy '
46. Find the locus of the centre of a circle inscribed in the
triangle SPH.
47. If SP, HP be any two focal distances in an ellipse whose
vertex is A ; and if AQL be drawn cutting SP in Q and bisecting
HP in L ; show that the locus of Q is an ellipse whose axes are
2a{i—e) and 26(1— e).
I/S be taken for the origin of coordinates, x, y the coordinates of Q,
'xTi ■flifioa fffi I) ■tJ%A'» »t*A •My*.. t%1tn%t% tJtf^ iir' ^— etvtn Ttf — — J .
x'y' those of P, then we may show that x — and y
1 — e 1— e
48. If SY, HZ be perpendiculars from the foci upon the tangent
at any point P of an ellipse, then SZ and HY will intersect in the
middle point of the normal at P : and the locus of their intersec-
tion will be an ellipse whose axes are a{i + e^) and a(i— c*)^.
49. If a right line be drawn from the extremity of any diameter
of an ellipse to the focus, the part intercepted by the conjugate dia-
meter is equal to the semi-axis major.
50. GP and CD are conjugate semi-diameters of an ellipse;
138 CONIC SECTIONS. [Ex. 4.
Ex. 4.
normals at P and D intersect in R : prove that GB is perpendicular
to PD.
51. Two conjugate diameters of an ellipse are produced to meet
the same directrix^ and from the point of intersection of each, a
perpendicular is drawn to the other ; these perpendiculars will in-
tersect in the nearer focus.
52. If at the extremities of conjugate semi-diameters of an ellipse,
normals be drawn; show that the sum of the squares of these
normals =a*(i— c*)(2— c*), or ~(a* + ^*).
u
53. If from the extremities of any diameter of an ellipse chords
be drawn to any point in the curve, and one of them be parallel to
a diameter, the other will be parallel to the conjugate diameter.
54. The diameters, which bisect the lines joining the extremities
of the axes of an ellipse, are equal and conjugate.
55. If CP, CD be two semi-diameters of an ellipse at right angles
to each other, prove that the distance of the centre from the chord
PQ is equal to ab-r- {a* + 5^)^.
56. In any eUipse, prove that PE=AC. (See figure.)
57. From any point P of an ellipse, a straight line PQ is drawn
perpendicular to the focal distance SP, and meeting in Q the dia-
meter conjugate to that through P ; show that PQ varies inversely
as the perpendicular from P on the major axis.
58. If two equal and similar ellipses have the same centre ; show
that their points of intersection are at the extremities of diameters
at right angles to one another.
59. If in an ellipse the diameter conjugate to CP meet SP, and
HP (or these produced) in E and E'; prove that SE is equal to HE',
and that the circles which circumscribe the triangles SCE, HCE'
are equal to one another.
60. Two conjugate diameters of an ellipse include an angle y;
show that these diameters are equal to one another when sin y is the
least possible. In this case find the value o{ y; a being 8 and b, 5.
61. If CP=a', and CD (the semi-conjugate to CP) =V, have such
a position that ZA'CP=a, and DCB=|3; show that
a'*~y" _ cos(a + ^)
fl*— ^^"■cos^a-^)"
62. If C be the centre of an ellipse, and in the normal to any
point P, PQ be taken equal to the semi-conjugate at P ; show that
the locus of Q is a circle of which C is the centre.
It may be shown that CQ=a— b, a constant quantity, and therefore
the radius of a circle about C.
63. CP and CD are semi-conjugate diameters of an ellipse, and
Ex. 4.] ELLIPSE. 139
Ex. 4.
PF is a perpendicular let fall upon CD or CD produced ; determine
the locus of the point F.
64. The equation to an ellipse being a:*-|-3y*=4; find the equa-
tion to the diameter conjugate to that represented by 2^=3^?.
65. Prove that the distance of P (see figure) from a diameter,
drawn parallel to the line joining S and D, is equal to b.
66. If the conjugate semi-axes J, V, of an eUipse, are inclined
at angles a, j3 respectively to the semi-axis major; prove that
a'* sin 2a + V^ sin 2/3 = o.
67. In an ellipse, show that (SP-AC)* + (SD-AC)* = SC*.
(See figure.)
68. If the tangents at the extremities of any diameter DD' of an
ellipse be intersected by the tangent at any other point, in T, ly ;
then DT . D'T'=CP*, CP being the semi-conjugate to CD,
69. Find the locus of the middle points of chords joining the
extremities of conjugate diameters in an ellipse.
70. A triangle is described about an ellipse ; prove that the pro-
ducts of the alternate segments of the sides made by the points of
contact are equal.
71. If a polygon circumscribe an ellipse, the continued products
of the alternate segments are equal to one another.
72. Find the equation to an ellipse when referred to axes which
intersect in the centre of the ellipse and make equal angles with
the axis major.
73. In an ellipse whose semi-axes are 5 and 4, find the position
of CP when an arithmetic mean between CA and CB.
74. If PQ be two points in an ellipse, such that the lines CP, CQ
are at right angles to each other, then will 7vpi + pn»~~"^IJ'
7b> If (9, r), (J', r') be the coordinates of any two points in an
ellipse, the centre being the pole and the major semi-axis the prime
radius vector, show that — — -jj=^ — jTi-^(8in*fl— sin**').
76. P/7, Qg are chords of an ellipse drawn through one of the
foci at right angles to each other; prove that p-4-^r= — -— .
77. If P be any point in an ellipse, the vertex of which is A, and
nearer focus S; prove that, if ZPAS=9, ZASP=^,
tanfltan4^^=i-|-e.
78. If a line be drawn through the focus of an ellipse, making
an angle i with the major axis, and tangents be drawn at the ex-
tremities of this line, these tangents will be inclined to one another
2,6
at an angle ^, such that tan p= -^sin J.
140 CONIC SECTIONS. [Ex. 4.
Ex. 4.
79. If tangents drawn to any two points of an ellipse meet each
other; show that their lengths are inversely as the sines of the
angles which they make with the lines drawn to either focus.
80. Find the locus of the middle points of all focal chords of an
ellipse.
81. PSja is any focal chord of an ellipse, A an extremity of the
major axis, AP, Ap meet the directrix in Q, 9 ; show that QS^ is a
right angle. .
82. If R be any point in the circumference of a circle described
on AA' the major axis of an ellipse j and AR, A'R be joined, cutting
the ellipse in Q, Q' respectively, prove that Tq^" a'(5'~'~A* — '
83. If SQ be drawn always bisecting the angle FSC of an ellipse
(see figure) and equal to the mean proportional between SC and SP;
find the eccentricity of the locus of Q.
84. If lines, drawn through any point in an ellipse to the extre-
mities of any diameter PCP', meet the direction of its conjugate
diameter DCD' in M, N; prove that CM.CN = CD\
85. If r, r' be the distances of the two foci of an ellipse from a
point P in the curve; and 8, ^ from a point D in the curve; P
and D being the extremities of conjugate diameters; prove that
86. Find the locus of E, the intersection of SP and CD : (see fig.)
87. Prove that cos SPT=e cos STP: (see figure).
88. If CD be the semi-diameter of an ellipse drawn parallel to
a focal chord PS/?; prove that 2CD*=AC . Pjo.
89. The centre of an ellipse coincides with the vertex of a com-
mon parabola, and the axis major of the ellipse is perpendicular to
the axis of the parabola. Required the proportion of the axes of
the ellipse, so that it may cut the parabola at right angles.
90. If p, p' be the radii of curvature at the extremities of two
conjugate diameters of an ellipse, show that p^-hp'^ is constant.
Also if c, J be the curvatures at two points at which the tangents
are at right angles, c^ -f c'l is constant.
91. Find expressions for the chords of curvature through the
focus and centre of an ellipse.
92. Find the equation to the curve from any point of which if
two tangents be drawn to a given ellipse the angle contained between
them shall be constant.
Ex. 6.]
V. Hyfeubola.
General Properties of the HyperboUt.
7/CA=a. CB=b, CN=:x, NP=y;
(i) LL' the lal. reel.
_«b»_
!a(e«-i).
(3) SP=ex-a, HP=ex+a.
(4) a*yy'— b'xx'=— a*l)» the
equation to tangent.
(5) CP*-CI>=a^-b*, CP, CD
being conjugate semi-diameters.
(6)r=
., a(e»-i)
i/SP=
ZxSP=fl.
m to the Hyperbola referred to its
(7) 4Ky=a*+b*, fAe egwKi
asymptotes.
(8) /n (M equilateral hyperbola a=b.
£x. 5. Determine the position and axes of the following curves^
). y'— a;'— y=o.
2. y*— 2a?y— a7* + 2=o.
3. +y'— SiEy— +«'— 4i/ + 28ic— 15=0.
4. 4;Fy— 3J!*=a*.
5. an/ = 5x*—'j.
6. a^=a;*tan«+^*cota.
7. y*— iary + a'' + y+a7+ 1=0.
9. y*— 23:5—3;'— y+a;+ 1=0.
9. y*—^xi/+a!' + i=o; the coordinate axes being inclined to
each other at aa angle |t.
10. The Gemi-axis CA of an equilateral hyperbola is intersected
in T by a tangent to the curve at F: FN is the ordinate at F, and
CFia joined; show that CP.PN = FT.CN.
11. An ellipse and a hyperbola have the aame foci; show that
these curvea will intersect one another at right angles.
12. Express the length of a perpendicular, from the centre of a
hyperbola upon the tangent at any point, in terms of its inclination
to the transverse axis.
13. If A and B be the extremities of the axis majur of a hyper-
bola or an ellipse, T the point where the tangent at P meets AB or
AB produced, QTR a line perpendicular to AB and meeting AP
and BP in Q and R respectively, then QT=RT.
14. If in a hyperbola, P be a point, whose ordinate =( "oTt J >
and CY be a perpendicular from the centre upon the tangent at F;
then Py=SC.
142 CONIC SECTIONS. [£z. 5.
Ex. 5.
15. A pair of conjugate hyperbolas being given, to find their
centre.
16. In a rectangular hyperbola, show that every diameter is equal
to its conjugate diameter.
17. Find the latus rectum and eccentricity of the hyperbola which
is conjugate to that whose equation is y*=4(a?*-|-a*).
18. Of two conjugate diameters of a hyperbola, one only meets
the curve ; and if one be drawn through a given point of the curve,
find where the other meets the conjugate hyperbola.
19. If CP, CD be conjugate semi-diameters of a hyperbola, show
that, normals being drawn at P, D which intersect in K, KC is per-
pendicular to PD.
20. If, in a hyperbola, CP, CD be conjugate semi-diameters, and
DM, PN be perpendiculars on CA ; show that
DM : CN = BC : AC = PN : CM.
21. Find the area included by the normals to a hyperbola which
pass through the foci of the conjugate hyperbola.
22. The tangent at any point of a hjrperbola is produced to
meet the asymptotes ; show that the triangle cut ofiF is of constant
magnitude.
23. If a line intersecting a hyperbola in the point P, and its
asymptotes in R, r, move parallel to itself, the rectangle RP. Pr is
constant.
24. If 3CA=2CS in a given hyperbola, find the inclination of
the asymptote to the transverse axis.
25. CP is any semi-diameter of a hyperbola : a straight line
QRr parallel to PC cuts the curve in Q and the asymptotes in R, r :
prove that QR . Qr=CP*.
26. A straight line HPQK cuts the asymptotes Cx, Cy of a
hyperbola in the points H, K and the curve in P, Q ; prove that
PH = QK.
27. The radius of the circle, which touches a hyperbola and its
asymptotes, is equal to that part of the latus rectum produced,
which is intercepted between the curve and the asymptote.
28. Prove that every chord of a hyperbola divides into two equal
parts the portion of either asymptote which is included between the
tangents at its extremities.
29. Investigate the polar equation to the hyperbola, the focus
being the pole, having given SP— HP=2AC ; and di*aw the asym-
ptote by means of this equation.
30. If normals be drawn to an ellipse from a given point within
it, the points where they cut the curve will all lie in a rectangular
hyperbola which passes through the given point and has its asym-
ptotes parallel to the axes of the ellipse.
Ex. 5^ 6.] SECTIONS OF THE CONE AND GENERAL PROBLEMS. 143
Ex. 5.
31. If any right-angled triangle be inscribed in an equilateral
hyperbola, the perpendicular drawn from the right angle to the
hypothenuse is a tangent to the curve.
32. Find the locus of the extremity of a perpendicular from the
centre of a hyperbola upon a tangent at any point.
33. Find the locus of the intersection of two tangents to a hy-
perbola which meet one another at right angles.
34. Find the locus of the centre of the circle inscribed in the
triangle SPH ; S, H being the foci and P any point in the curve.
35. Find the radius of curvature to a hyperbola at the extremity
of its latus rectum, the axes being 20 and I2.
__ _. ^ . (normal)^
The radius 0/ curvature at any point "=^-7 — . . — f\%*
Sections op the Cone and General Problems.
I/AS=zx, NP=y, AV=d,
ZVAN=9, ZAVQ=2a;
2d sin a sin B 8inBsin(2a-\-d) ,
y*= X \ 'x\
' cos a cos^a
is the equation to the conic section.
Hence y*= imx + nx*, may be used
as the general equation,
Ex. 6.
1. If a cone be right-angled,
what is the inclination of its axis
to the plane of those sections, the
eccentricity of which is -y-?
2. If a right cone, whose vertical angle is 90**, be cut by a plane
which is parallel to one touching the slant side, prove that the latus
rectum of the section is equal to twice its distance from the vertex.
3. If a right cone, of which the semivertical angle is a, be cut
by a plane making an angle $ with its axis, the eUipse thus obtained
will be such, that the
minor axis : major axis = { sin (8 + a) sin (8— a)}^ : cos a.
4. A section of a right cone is made by a plane parallel to the
slant side ; when the plane passing through its directrix and the
vertex of the cone is perpendicular to the cutting plane, determine
the vertical angle of the cone.
5. The section of a right cone by a plane is an ellipse of which
a and b are the axes, h and k the distances from the vertex to the
]44 CONIC SECTIONS. [Ez. 6.
Ex. 6.
points where the plane cuts the sides of the generating triangle ;
show that a* -6*= (A- A;)*.
If za, be the vertical angle of a cone, it may be shown that
a*= (h — k)*+ 4hk sin* a, and b*= 4hk sin* a.
6. When the section of » cone is an ellipse or a hjrperbola,
show that the semi-minor axis is a mean proportional between the
perpendiculars dropped from the extremities of the major axis upon
the axis of the cone.
7* Find the latus rectum of the section of a right cone made
by a plane parallel to the slant side ; and when the plane passing
through the directrix of the section, and the vertex of the cone is
perpendicular to the cutting plane, determine the vertical angle of
the cone.
The vertical angle is equal to co*~'(^).
8. At what angle must a plane be inclined to the side of a cone
in order that the section may be a rectangular hyperbola ? Show
that the least vertical angle of the cone must be greater than the
angle between the asymptotes.
9. If a right cone be cut by a plane in a hyperbola, the angle f
between the asymptotes of the section is determined by the equa-
tion cos- =-r—^> where a is the semivertical an^le of the cone,
2 sm6 °
and 6 the inclination of the cutting plane to the base of the cone.
10. If the length of the axis of an oblique cone be equal to the
radius of its base, every section perpendicular to the axis will be a
circle.
11. The tangents to the interior of two concentric and similar
curves of the second order, whose axes are coincident, cut oflF from
the exterior curve equal areas.
12. Prove that in any conic section the diameter of curvature
varies as the cube of the normal.
13. In any conic section the projection of the normal on the focal
distance is constant.
14. In any conic section, if S be the focus and 6 the foot of the
normal at P, then SG varies as SP.
15. The sum of the squares of normals at the extremities of
conjugate diameters in any conic section is constant.
16. AP is the arc of a conic section of which the vertex is A ;
P6 the normal, and PK a perpendicular to the chord AP, meet the
axis in 6 and K respectively. Show that 6K is equal to half the
latus rectum.
17. If S be the focus and A the vertex of any conic section, and
Ex. 6, 7.] SECTIONS OF THE CONE AND GENERAL PROBLEMS. 145
Ex. 6.
if LT the tangent at the extremity L of the latus rectum meet the
AS
axis in T, show that Tm equals the eccentricity.
18. In any conic section, if two chords move parallel to them-
selves and intersect each other, the ratio of the rectangles of their
segments is invariable.
19. Find the length of the chord of a conic section, the equations
to the chord and section being t +f = i> and jf" = 7.mx -f no?*.
20. From the extremities of any chord PQ of a conic section, draw
the tangents PT, QT to meet in T ; then if ol be the angle which
the chord PQ makes with its corresponding diameter,
cot TPQ - cot TQP == 2 cot a.
21. If PSp be any straight line drawn through the focus S of a
conic section, meeting the curve in the points P and jo, and SL be
the semi-latus rectum, then will SP, SL and Sjo be in harmonical
progression.
22. A straight line drawn from the intersection of two tangents
to a curve of the second order is hannonically divided by the curve
and the chord joining the points of contact.
23. A conic section is cut in four points by a circle, and two
lines each passing through two of the points of intersection are
made the axes of coordinates, their point of meeting being the
origin ; show that the equation to this conic section is of the form
Under what conditions is the converse true ?
24. The distance of a point P from the circumference of a circle :
its distance from a fixed diameter AB : : » : i. Prove that the locus
of P is a conic section.
25. If two lines revolving in the same plane round the points
S and H, intersect one another in the point P in such a manner
that, (i) SP* + HP* equals a constant quantity; (2) SP is to HP
in tk*^ given ratio of » : i ; prove that in each case the locus of P is
a circle.
26. Find the locus of the intersection of two normals to a curve
of the second order, which cut one another at right angles.
27. Find the locus of the intersection of two tangents to a curve
of the second order, which cut one another at any given angle.
28. Find the equation of the curve traced out by the extremities
of the perpendiculars on the tangents of a circle, drawn from a point
in its circumference.
Ex.7.
I. Determine what the equation s(a?*H-y*) — 65?y=4c* becomes,
when the axes are turned through an angle of 45°.
L
146 CONIC SECTIONS. [Ex. 7, 8.
Ex. 7.
2. If the coordinate axes of the curve whose equation is
(a?* — y*)* = ax^x^ + 3y*) be made to revolve about the origin through
an angle of 45** ; required the equation to the curve referred to the
new axes.
3. Determine the axes to which the rectangular equation
a*y* + 6*a?*=fl*A* must be transferred, so that the transformed equa*
tion may be a7'*+y'*=a'*.
4. The equation y*4-2a*a7y— a?* =0 expressed by polar coordi-
nates is T^^oi^ tan 2d.
Loci.
Ex. 8.
1. Find the equation to the locus of a point the difference of
whose distances from two fixed points is invariable ; and trace the
curve.
2. The base of a triangle is constant, and the sum of the angles
at the base is also constant \ find the locus of the vertex.
3. Having given one side of a triangle, and the difference between
the tangents of the adjacent angles ; find the locus of the vertex.
4. The base of a triangle is given, and one angle at the base
is double of the angle at the other extremity of the base ; find the
locus of the vertex.
5. Determine the locus of a point so situated within a plane
triangle, that the sum of the squares of the straight lines drawn
from it to the angular points is constant ; if the curve has a centre,
find its position.
6. Having given the base and area of a triangle, find the locus
of the centre of the circumscribed circle.
7- Straight lines are drawn from a fixed point to the several
points of a line given in position, and on each as a base is described
a triangle whose vertical angle is one-half of each of the angles at
the base ; find the locus of these vertices.
8. The base of a triangle and the sum of the other two sides
are given ; find the locus of the centre of the inscribed circle.
9. Having given the base and altitude of a triangle, to find the
locus of the centre of the inscribed circle.
10. Find the locus of the vertex of a triangle upon a given base,
and having its vertical angle bisected by a line parallel to a given
line.
11. If the base and the difference of the angles at the base of a
triangle be given, the locus of the vertex is an equilateral hjrper-
bola.
12. The corner of a page is turned down, so that the triangle is
of a constant area a* ; the locus of the angular point is a lemniscata
whose equation is r* = a* sin 29.
13. If two lines SP, HP revolve about the points S, H so that
Ex. 8.] LOCI. 147
Ex. 8.
SPx HP=CS* (C being the middle point of SH); it is required
to find the locus of P.
14. If from two fixed points in the circumference of a circle,
straight lines be drawn intercepting a given arc and meeting without
the circle ; to find the locus of their intersection.
15. A straight line revolving in its own plane about a given
point intersects a curve line in two points ; find the curve when the
rectangle of the lines intercepted between the given point and the
points of intersection is constant.
16. A straight line of given length 2c is made to move so that
its ends are always in contact with two other straight lines which
include a given angle 2a ; show that the locus of its middle point is
an ellipse whose semi-axes are c tan u and c cot a ; and the direction
of one of its axes bisects the angle included between the two given
lines.
17. If an ellipse be moved between two straight lines at right
angles to one another, to show that the centre will describe a circle ;
and to find the locus of any given point in the axis.
18. If a parabola be moved between two straight lines at right
angles to one another, the equation to the locus of its vertex will
be xiyT -f- x^yi = «* .
19. The chord of contact of two tangents to a parabola subtends
an angle |3 at the vertex ; show that the locus of their point of
intersection is a hyperbola whose asymptotes are inclined to the
axis of the parabola at an angle (p, such that 2 tan (p= tan |3.
20. From two given points A and B two straight lines given in
position are drawn ; MRQ is a common ordinate to these lines, and
MP is taken in MRQ a mean proportional to MQ and MR; required
the locus of P.
21. Let AQA' be an ellipse, A A' the axis major, QQ' any double
ordinate ; join AQ and A'Q' and produce these lines to intersect one
another in P; the locus of P is required.
22. To find the locus of the centres of all the circles drawn tan-
gential to a given line, and whose circumferences pass through a
given point.
23. Let AQB be a semicircle of which AB is the diameter, BR
an indefinite straight line perpendicular to AB, AQR a straight line
meeting the circle in Q and BR in R ; take AP= QR ; required the
locus of P.
a
The locus of P is called the Cissoid of Diodes.
24. A point Q is taken in the ordinate MP of the parabola,
always equidistant from P and from the vertex of the parabola; re-
quired the locus of Q.
L 2
148 CONIC SECTIONS. [Ex. 8, 9.
Ex. 8.
25. Let AQB be a semicircle in which AB is the diameter and
NQ is any ordinate produced to P, so that NP : NQ=AB : AN;
to find the locus of P.
The locus of P is called the Witch of Agnesi.
26. Let XX' be an indefinite straight line, A a given point
without it, from which draw the straight line ACB perpendicular
to XX' which it cuts in the point C, and also any number of straight
lines AEP, AE'P', &c. ; take EP, always equal to CB ; then the locus
of P is required.
This locus is called the Conchoid of Nicomedes,
27. If P be a point in a cycloid and the corresponding posi-
tion of the centre of the generating circle, show that PO touches
another cycloid of half the dimensions.
Ex. 9. Trace the curves whose equations are, —
1. r=2flsin9tan9. 2. r*=fl*cos29.
3. y'=fl*a?— a?'. 4. y+a?=(3a?)^.
X a — X
' ^ (a?— i)(a?— 2)
9. xy=^ ±(^ + y)(^*""y*)^> where A is > at.
£z. 1.] FORC£S ACTING IN THE SAME PLANE. 149
STATICS.
Forces acting in the same Plane and whose Directions
(produced if necessary) pass through one Point.
The two conditions of equilibrium are, —
1. The sum of the resolved forces in any direction =o.
2. The sum of the resolved forces at right angles 4o the first set =o.
Ex. 1.
1. Two forces represented by 2, 3 are inclined to each other at
an angle of 45^: find their resultant.
2. At what angle must two forces 3, 4 act^ so that their resultant
may be 5 ?
3. If two forces be inclined to each other at an angle of 1 35° ;
find the ratio between them^ when the resultant equals the less.
4. If two forces acting on a point be in the ratio of 2 to 3 ; find
the angle between them, when their resultant is a mean proportional
between them.
6. Two forces, which are to each other as 2 to ^3, when com-
pounded, produced a force equivalent to half the greater. Find the
angle at which they are inclined to one another.
6. The resultant of two forces is lolb. ; one of them is 8 lb.,
and the other is inclined to the resultant at an angle of 36° : find
the other force, and the angle between the two.
7. Three forces acting on a point, and in the same plane, are in
equilibrium when their directions are inclined to each other at
angles of 60°, 135°, and 165° respectively. Find the ratio of the
forces.
8. Three forces acting on a point, keep it at rest ; and they are
in the ratios of ^3 + 1 : \/6 : 2. Find the angles at which they
are respectively inclined to each other.
9. Three equal forces, each equivalent to 6 lb., act on a point ;
the first two are inclined to each other at an angle of 75°, and the
third is inclined at an angle of 15° to the first. Find the magni-
tude and direction of the resultant.
10. Four forces, represented by i, 2, 3 and 4, act on a point. The
directions of the first and third are at right angles to each other;
and so are the directions of the second and fourth ; and the second
is inclined at an angle of 60° to the first. Find the magnitude and
direction of the resultant.
U. Three forces act perpendicularly to the sides of a triangle at
the middle points, and each is proportional to the side on which it
acts. Show that they will keep each other at rest.
150 STATICS. [Ex. 1, 2.
Ex. 1.
12. If forces^ proportional to the sides of any polygon^ act per-
pendicularly to these sides respectively at their middle points^ they
will keep each other at rest.
13. If three forces A^ B, C act upon a given pointy and keep it
at rest ; given the magnitude and direction of A^ the magnitude of
C and the direction of B : determine the magnitude of B and the
direction of C.
14. A point in the vertex of a right-angled triangle is acted on
by a number of focces^ represented in magnitude and direction by
lines drawn to equidistant points in the base : find the resultant.
15. Resolve the force P into two others p, p\ which shall act at a
given angle a, and whose difference d is given.
16. Resolve a force represented by 20 into two others, whose sum
is %%f and which contain an angle of 60°.
17. Two chords AB, AC of a circle represent two forces ; if AB be
given, find the position of the other when the resultant is a maximum.
18. If R be the resultant of the forces P and Q acting in the
same plane on a point A, and r, /?, q the respective distances of A
from the perpendiculars drawn from any point in the plane on the
direction of R, P, and Q respectively, then shall Rr=Pp-f Qg.
19. The angles A, B, C of a triangle are 30°, 60°, 90° respect-
ively. The point C is acted on by forces in directions CA, CB in-
versely proportional to CA, CB ; find the magnitude and direction
of their resultant.
20. Two forces 3 and 4, act on the ends of a rigid rod 10 feet
long, and the angles included between their directions and the rod
are 30° and 60° respectively. Find the magnitude and position of
a force which shall keep the rod at rest.
21. If two forces P, Q be represented in magnitude and position
by the focal distances of the extremities of the major axis of an
ellipse, which are as i : 3 ; and another force R, by the focal distance
of an extremity of the minor axis : show that the resultant of P and
R is equal to (P . Q)^.
When a body is supported by means of a string , the tension (T) 0/ the
string must be considered as one 0/ the forces that preserve equilibrium.
In the same string the tension is the same at every point and in both
directions. JVhen one string only supports a weight, the tension of
the string equals the weight.
Ex. 2.
1. A weight of 50 lb., suspended freely from a fixed point A, is
drawn aside from the vertical through an angle of 45° by a force
acting horizontally ; determine this force and the pressure on A.
2. Three weights of 4, 5, 6 lb. respectively, are suspended over the
circumference of a circular hoop, by three, strings knotted together
Ex. 2.] FORCES ACTING IN THE SAME PLANE. 151
Ex. 2.
at its centre : determine the relative positions of the strings, when
the hoop supported at its centre remains horizontal.
3. Two equal weights P are connected by a string passing over
two fixed pulleys A and B, situated in a horizontal line^ and sup-
port a weight W (=:P\/3) hanging from a ring C, which slides
freely on the string AB. Find the position of equilibrium.
4. A weight W is suspended from one extremity of a string,
which passes through a ring C fastened at its other extremity ; the
string passing over two fixed pulleys, A and B^ in the same hori-
zontal line. Find the position of equilibrium.
5. A weight W is suspended from one extremity of a string
which passing through a smooth small ring at B is fastened at its
other extremity to a fixed point A in the same horizontal line with
B ; at C, a fixed point of the string, another weight P is suspended ;
find the ratio of P to W that the vertical line through C may
bisect AB.
6. A and B are two given points in a horizontal line ; to A a
string AC is fastened =j^AB; to B another string is fastened,
which passing through a ring at C^ supports a weight at its other
extremity. Find the position of equilibrium.
7. A weight W is supported by two strings, which passing over
two fixed pulleys A, B, not in the same horizontal line, have two
weights P, Q at their other extremities ; find the position of W
when at rest.
8. Two equal weights are suspended by a string passing freely
over three tacks, which form an isosceles triangle, whose base is
horizontal, and vertical angle =120°. Find the pressure on each
of the tacks.
9. If a string ACDB be 2 1 inches long ; C and D two points
in it, such that AC = 6, CD = 7 ; and if the extremities A and B be
fastened to two fixed points in the same horizontal line at a distance
of 14 inches from each other ; what must be the ratio of two weights,
which hung at C and D, will keep CD horizontal ?
10. A string ACDB, of which the extremities A, B are fixed,
supports the weights P, W suspended at knots C, D ; if AC, BD
be produced to meet the directions of the weights in d,c respectively;
show that P : W=J)d : Cc, when there is equilibrium.
11. A string ABCDE, of which the extremities A, E are fixed, is
kept in a given position by the weights P, Q, R suspended at knots
B, C, D respectively ; compare the weights P, Q, R.
12. A weight W is sustained upon a smooth inclined plane by
three forces, each equal to yW, which act, one vertically upwards,
another horizontally, and the third parallel to the plane ; find the
inclination of the plane to the horizon.
13. Two forces 5, 3 acting respectively parallel to the base and
152 STATICS. [Ex. 2,
Ex. 2.
length of an inclined plane will^ each of them singly, sustain upon it
a weight W ; determine the magnitude of W.
14. Two weights P, Q are connected together by a string passing
over a smooth fixed pulley E ; P rests on a smooth inclined plane
AB, and Q hangs freely ; determine the position of equilibrium, and
the pressure on the plane.
15. Two weights, P and Q, support each other on two planes,
inclined to the horizon at angles a and j3 respectively, by means of
a string passing over the common vertex of the planes. Find the
ratio of P to Q, and the tension of the string.
16. O is the centre, OA a horizontal radius, of a quadrant ; over
a pulley at A a string is passed supporting two weights P and 2P at
its extremities, the former of which hangs vertically, while the
latter rests on the arc of the quadrant. Find the position of equi-
librium.
Take the moments about O of the forces acting on (iP).
17. Over a vertical semicircle ABD, whose centre is C, a string
is laid, which is equal in length to the arc of a quadrant of the circle ;
and which has two weights, P and Q, at its extremities. Find the
angle PC A, when the position is one of equilibrium.
Take the momenta q/'P, Q about C.
18. A string passes over a pulley at the focus of a parabola, whose
axis is vertical ; from one extremity of the string a weight P hangs
vertically ; and at the other extremity a weight Q rests on the convex
side of the parabola. Show that P = Q ; and that equilibrium exists
in all positions.
19. A sphere, of weight W, rests on two planes inclined at angles
a and |3 to the horizon* Find the normal pressures on the planes.
The weight of the sphere is one of the forces, and is supposed to act
at its centre, vertically downwards.
Forces acting in one Plane, but not through the same
Point.
The three conditions of eguilibrium are, —
1. The sum of the resolved forces in any direction=o,
2. Their sum in a direction at right angles with the first direction=^o.
3. The sum of the moments about Any point z=zo.
In determining these directions, and the position of this point, the
solution is in most cases rendered more simple by resolving the forces
in a direction perpendicular to the direction of some force that is not
known nor required, in order that this force may not appear in the
equation, and by taking the moments of the forces about a point through
£Z. 3.] FORCES ACTING TN ONE PLANE. 153
which this unknown force passes, in order that it may not appear in
another equation* And thus two equations will be all that are required,
instead of three, which must otherwise be employed.
The tensions of strings, reactions of planes, weights of bodies, 8fC.,
are considered as forces.
£z. 3.
1. If two parallel forces act in the same direction along the op-
posite sides AB^ DC of a parallelogram^ and another force act along
the diagonal BD ; and if these three forces be respectively propor-
tional to AB^ DC^ and BD ; find the magnitude and position of a
fourth force which will keep the parallelogram at rest.
2. Two forces F, F acting in the diagonals of a parallelogram
whose weight is W^ keep it at rest in such a position that one of its
edges is horizontal : if a, a! be the angles between the diagonals
and the horizontal side; F sec a=F' sec a'=W cosec (« + «').
3. AB is a rod capable of turning freely about its extremity A,
which is fixed ; CD is another rod equal to 2AB and attached at its
middle point to the extremity B of the former, so as to turn freely
about this point \ a given force P acts at C in the direction CA ;
find the force Q which must be applied at D to produce equilibrium.
4. If a set of forces, acting at the angular points of a plane
polygon, be represented by the sides taken in order, show that their
tendency to turn a body about an axis perpendicular to the plane
of the polygon is the same, through whatever point of the plane
the axis passes.
5. ABC is an isosceles triangle, C being a right angle ; and three
equal forces act in the lines AB, BC, CA. Show that their resultant
is to one of the forces as ^2 — i : i ; and that if CD be drawn per-
pendicular to AB, and DC produced to E, so that DE = CEv^2;
then the resultant acts through E in a direction parallel to BA.
6. A string, having its extremities fixed to the ends of a uni-
form rod, of weight W, passes over 4 tacks, so as to form a regular
hexagon ; the rod (which is horizontal) being one of the sides ; find
the tension of the string and the vertical pressure on each tack.
7. A uniform beam PQ hangs by two strings AP, BQ, from any
two fixed points A and B \ when there is equilibrium, compare the
tensions of the strings with each other, and with the weight of the
beam.
8. A uniform beam rests on two planes inclined at angles a and
|3 to the horizon ; find the inclination fl of the beam to the horizon ;
and the pressures on the two planes.
9. Two spheres rest upon two smooth inclined planes, and press
against each other : determine the inclination to the horizon of the
line joining their centres.
10. Two spheres arc at rest (pressing against each other) in a
154 STATICS. [Ex. 3.
Ex. 3.
given hemispherical bowl whose axis remains vertical ; determine 6,
the inclination to the horizon of the line joining their centres.
11. A uniform rod AB is placed with one end A, inside a hemi-
spherical bowl (whose axis remains vertical), and at a point P rests
on the edge of the bowl : if AB=3 x radius, find AP.
Resolve parallel to the rod, and take moments about P.
12. A uniform beam AB rests with one end A on a smooth vertical
wall ; the other end B is supported by a string fastened to a point
C in the wall. If the length of the beam be 3 feet, and the length
of the string 5 feet ; find CA, and the tension of the string.
Resolve vertically, and take moments about A.
13. A uniform beam AB, of weight W, rests with one end A on
a horizontal plane AC, and the other end on a plane CB, whose
inclination to the horizon is 60°. If a string CA, equal to CB,
prevent the beam from sliding, what is the tension of this string ?
Resolve horizontally, and take moments about A.
14. A uniform beam AB, whose weight is W, and length 6 feet,
rests on a vertical prop CD equal to 3 feet ; the other end A is on
the horizontal plane AD, and is prevented from sliding by a string
DA equal to 4 feet. Find the tension of this string.
Resolve horizontally, and take moments about A.
15. One end of a beam, whose weight is W, is placed on a smooth
horizontal plane ; the other end, to which a string is fastened, rests
on a smooth inclined plane (a) ; the string, passing over a pulley
at the top of the inclined plane, hangs vertically supporting a
weight P. Find the relation between P, W, and a, when the beam
will rest at all inclinations to the horizon, less than a.
16. A uniform beam rests with one end upon a given inclined
plane (a), the other end being suspended by a string from a fixed
point above the plane; determine the position of equilibrium, the
tension of the string, and the pressure of the plane.
17. A uniform beam AB has two strings fastened to its ends, one
of which, AC equal to length of beam, is festened to a ring C ; and
through C the other string BCP passes, supporting a weight P equal
to half the weight of AB. If A be the lower end of the beam, find
its inclination to the horizon.
Resolve perpendicularly to AC, and take moments about A.
18. A uniform beam AB rests with one end A on a prop ; to the
other end B is fixed a string which passes over a pulley D, at the
distance AD=AB, and sustains a weight P at its other extremity;
determine the position of equilibrium.
Ex. 3.] PORCBS ACTING IN ONE PLANE. 155
Ex. 3.
19. Two unequal weights P, Q connected by a rigid rod without
weight, are suspended by a string fastened at the extremities of the
rod, and passing over a fixed point; determine the positions of
equihbrium.
20. A rigid rod AB rests upon a fixed point D, while its lower
extremity A presses against a vertical wall EF ; find the position of
equilibrium, and the pressures at A and D,
21. A uniform beam AB is placed in a vertical plane, with one
end A on a horizontal plane CA, and the other end B against a
vertical plane CB ; the beam is now kept at rest by a string EC,
E being a given point in AB : find the tension of the string.
22. A uniform beam, 6 feet in length, rests with one end against
a smooth vertical wall, the other end resting on a smooth horizontal
plane, and is prevented from sliding by a horizontal force, applied
at that end, equal to the weight of the Deam, and by a weight equal
to y the weight of the beam, suspended from a certain point on the
beam. Find the distance of this point from the lower end of the
beam, if it be inclined at an angle of 45° to the horizon.
Resolve horizontally , and take moments about the lower end of beam,
23. To find the position of equilibrium of a uniform beam, one
end of which rests against a smooth vertical plane, and the other
on the interior surface of a given hemisphere.
Let 6 be the inclination of the beam to the horizon, and ^ of the radius
at the point where the beam presses against the hemisphere : resolve
vertically and horizontally, and take the moments about the lower end
of the beam,
24. A uniform beam AB rests with one end on a horizontal plane
AC, and the other on the convex surface of a hemisphere, whose
centre is C : determine the horizontal force which must be applied
to keep the beam in a given position, and the pressures on the
sphere and plane.
25. A given weight W is held at rest on the convex arc of a cir-
cular quadrant lying in a vertical plane, by means of a given weight
Q acting over a pulley B ; B, and C the centre of the quadrant,
being in the same vertical line : required the position of rest.
26. Two beams, whose weights are proportional to their lengths
9 feet and 7 feet, rest against each other on a smooth horizontal
plane; the upper ends resting against two smooth vertical and
parallel walls. If 10 feet be the distance between the walls, deter-
mine $, $' the inclinations of the beams to the horizon.
27. A uniform lever, whose arms, of lengths 2a and 23, are at
right angles to each other, touches the circumference of a circle,
156 STATICS. [Ex. 3.
Ex. 3.
whose plane is vertical, and radius c. Find the inclination of the
arm 2a to the horizon.
Resolve in direction of one arm, and take moments about the point of
contact of the other, so that one of the reactions may disappear,
28. Two equal uniform beams AB, A.C moveable about a hinge
at A, are placed upon the convex circumference of a circle in a ver-
tical plane : find their inclination to each other when at rest.
29. Three uniform beams^ AB, BC, CD, of the same thickness,
and of lengths /, 2/, and / respectively, are connected by hinges at
B and C, and rest on a perfectly smooth sphere, the radius of which
= 2/; so that the middle point of BC, and the extremities A and D
are in contact with the sphere. Find the pressure at the middle
point of BC.
Resolve the 6 forces vertically ; then, considering AB kept at rest by
two forces about a fixed point B, take the moments of these forces
about this point,
30. A roof ACB consists of beams which form an isosceles tri-
angle, of which the base AB is horizontal. Given W the weight of
each beam, and a the angle at which it is inclined to the horizon ;
find the force necessary to counterbalance the horizontal thrust at A.
Take the moments about C.
31. A uniform beam of length 2a, moveable in a vertical plane
about a hinge at A, leans upon a prop of length h situated in the
same plane : determine the strain upon the prop, a, /3 being the
inclinations to the horizon of the beam and prop respectively.
32. A uniform isosceles triangle, of which a is the length of each
of the equal sides and h the altitude, is placed in a smooth hemi-
spherical bowl of radius r, its three angles touching the bowl ; find
the position in which it will rest.
The centre of gravity of the triangle is in the line h at a distance from
the base equal to ^,
33. A uniform rod of length 2a rests against a peg at the focus
of a parabola, its lower extremity being supported on the curve ; if
4»» be the latus rectum of the parabola whose axis is vertical ; de-
termine the inclination of the rod to the horizon.
Resolve in direction of a tangent at the point where the rod rests on the
curve, and take moments about that point,
34. A smooth sphere, of radius 9 inches, and weight 4 lb., is
kept at rest on a smooth plane, inclined at an angle of 30° to the
horizon, by means of a uniform beam, of length 7 feet, moveable
about a hinge on the plane, and resting on the sphere. Find what
Ex. 3.] FORCES ACTING IN ONE PLANE. 157
Ex. 3.
must be the weight of the beam^ that it may be inclined at an angle
of 15° to the plane.
Resolve parallel to the plane ; the beam is kept at rest round a fixed
point by two forces; its own weight, and the reaction of the sphere.
35. A cylinder with its axis horizontal, is supported on an inclined
plane by a beam, which rests upon it and has its lower extremity
fastened to the plane by a hinge; find the conditions of equilibrium.
36. A given weight P is suspended from the rim of a uniform
hemispherical bowl of weight W placed on a horizontal plane : to
find the position in which the bowl will rest.
If the body have a fixed point, the only necessary condition of equili-
brium is that —
The sum of the moments of all the forces about the point =0.
37. At what point of a tree must a rope of given length a be
fixed^ so that a man pulling at the other end may exert the greatest
force in upsetting it ?
F^nd the greatest moment about the foot of a tree,
38. A uniform bent lever ACB hangs freely by one extremity A.
If C be a right angle, AC = 2a, BC = 2b; find the inclinations of
AC to the horizon.
39. AC and BC are two uniform rods of equal lengths joined at
C, and perpendicular to each other in a vertical plane ; but the
weight of BC : that of AC= v^3 : i. At what angle will BC be
inclined to the horizon, when the angular point C rests on a hori-
zontal plane, and the whole is kept in equilibrium ?
40. One end of a beam is connected with a horizontal plane by
means of a hinge, about which the beam can revolve in a vertical
plane ; the other end is attached to a weight equal to 3 times weight
of beam by means of a string passing over a pulley in a vertical
wall. If the length of the beam = the distance of the hinge from
the wall = the height of the pulley above the plane ; find the incli-
nation of the beam i, and of the string ^ to the horizon.
41. A uniform beam AB is moveable in a vertical plane about a
hinge at A ; to the other end B a string is attached, which passing
over a fixed pulley at C (AC=AB) supports a weight = half the
weight of the beam. Find the inclination of the beam to the
horizon, when AC is vertical.
42. A heavy rod AB=a is moveable in a vertical plane about a
hinge at A, and supports with its other extremity B another heavy
rod CDszb, moveable in the same plane about a hinge at C. If
158 STATICS. [Ex. 3, 4.
£x« o* «
AC=c be horizontal^ what must be the ratio between the weights
of the two beams, that CB may equal AB ?
Consider separately the force acting on the two beams.
43. P and Q are weights fixed to the extremities of a circular arc
whose chord = 2a, and height =6, and which is placed with its plane
vertical on a plane inclined at an angle a to the horizon. Find the
ratio of P to Q, in order that the arc (prevented from sliding) may
rest with its chord parallel to the plane.
Suppose the point of contact of the arc and plane to be fixed, and take
moments of P and Q about that point.
44. A straight uniform rod AC, of 1 2 lb. weight, and moveable
in a vertical plane about a hinge at C, has two equal weights of 2 lb.
each, suspended one from the extremity A, and the other from the
middle point B ; and is kept at rest by a string attached at A, pass-
ing over a fixed pulley D, and supporting a weight of 6 lb. If
CD = CA, be horizontal; find the inclination of the rod to the
horizon.
Forces which do not act in the same Plane.
Take any 3 lines at right angles to each other, which call the axes of x,
y and z ; then
(i) The sums of the resolved forces in the directions of the axes of x,
y and z are separately =0.
(2) The sums of the moments of the forces about the axes of x, y and
z are separately =0.
Ex. 4.
1. A right-angled triangle, whose sides are 3, 4 and 5, without
weight, rests horizontally on three props placed at its angular points.
Find the distances of a point in its plane from the sides containing
the right angle, on which if a weight be placed, the pressure at each
prop may be proportional to the opposite side.
Take the sides containing the right angle for the axes of x and y.
Resolve parallel to axis of z, and take moments about axes ofx, y.
2. Any triangle is supported at its angular points, and a weight
is laid on it at its centre of gravity. Show that the pressures at
the three props are equal.
3. A heavy triangle of uniform thickness and density, is sup-
ported in any position by three vertical strings fastened to the
angular points. Show that each string supports an equal portion
of the weight.
Take the moments about one of the sides.
Ex. 6.] THE CENTRE OF GRAVITY. 159
THE CENTRE OF GRAVITY.
Ex. 5.
1. If 6 be the centre of gravity of the triangle ABC, then
3(GA* + GB* + GC*)=AB* + AC*-fBC\
2. If three forces represented in magnitude and direction by three
lines 6A, GB, GC keep the point G at rest; show that this point
coincides with the centre of gravity of the triangle formed by joining
the extremities of the lines.
3. Find the centre of gravity of 3 particles of equal weight,
placed at the three angles of an isosceles right-angled triangle, whose
hypothenuse is equal to 8.
4. The sides of an isosceles triangle are 20, 20, 12 ; required
the distance, from the vertex, of the centre of gravity of the sides.
5. Three particles A, B, C, whose weights are proportional to
3, 2, I respectively, are placed so that AB = 5 feet, BC = 4, CA = 2 ;
find the distance of their common centre of gravity from C.
6. If /?, qy r be the distances of three particles, whose weights
are P, Q, R, from their common centre of gravity, and a, /3, y be
the angles contained by the lines p, q; q, r; r,p; respectively :
determine the ratios P : Q : R.
7. If the sides of a triangle ABC be bisected in the points P, Q,
R, then the centre of the circle inscribed in the triangle PQR is
the centre of gravity of the perimeter of ABC.
8. What is the form of a triangle, if its centre of gravity coin-
cide with the centre of a circle circumscribing it ?
9. What is the form of a triangle, if its centre of gravity coin-
cide with the centre of a circle inscribed in it ?
10. If two isosceles triangles, whose altitudes are A, A', stand
upon the same base ; find the distance from the base, of the centre
of gravity of the area included between the sides of the triangles,
when both are situated (i) on the same side of the base, and (2) on
opposite sides.
11. One corner of a triangle, equal to an nth part of its area, is
cut oflF by a line parallel to its base ; find the centre of gravity of
the remaining area.
12. If a, b be the two parallel sides of a trapezoid, its centre of
gravity will divide a perpendicular to those sides into two parts
that are to each other as 2a + 6 : a -f 26.
13. At the angles of a square, whose side is 20 inches, are placed
particles whose weights are as i, 3, 5, 7; find the distance of the
centre of gravity from the particle of least weight.
14. From a given square, it is required to cut oat a triangle,
having one side of the square for its base, so that the centre of gra-
vity of the remaining portion may be at the vertex of the triangle.
16. Find the centre of gravity of the figure formed by cutting ofi^
160 STATICS. [Ex. 6.
Ex. 5.
one corner from a squLre, whose side is 14 inches, by a line which
bisects the containing sides.
16. Having given a rectangle of uniform thickness, it is required
to draw from one of its angles, a line cutting oflF a triangle, so that
the remaining trapezoid, when suspended by the obtuse angle, may
hang with its parallel sides horizontal.
17. Find the perpendicular distance of the centre of gravity of
any quadrilateral figure from either of the diagonals.
18. Find the distance of the centre of gravity of 3 squares de-
scribed on the sides of a right-angled triangle, from the right angle ;
the sides about which are 6 and 3 inches.
19. Two arms of a bent lever are a and 6, and the angle between
them is a; find the distance of the centre of gravity of the whole
from the angular point, the arras being uniform.
20. A table of unifoim thickness, and in the form of a regular
hexagon, is supported at a point in the under surface, and weights
of 7, II, 15, 19, 23 and 271b. are suspended in successive order
from the corners of the table ; determine the point of support.
21. Find the centre of gravity of five equal heavy particles
placed at five of the angular points of a regular hexagon.
22. If PA, PB, PC represent three forces in one plane acting upon
a point P j show that the resultant passes through the centre of
gravity of the triangle ABC.
23. If on the given chord of a circle as base, triangles are in-
scribed in the circle : it is required to find the locus of their centres
of gravity.
24. Find the centre of gravity of a system of 4 equal bodies,
whose centres of gravity are at the corners of a triangular pyramid.
25. A cone, of which the weight is W, rests upon two props
placed under the extremities of its axis, which is horizontal ; de-
teraiine the pressure upon each prop.
26. In any triangular pyramid, prove that 4 times the sum of
the squares of the distances of the angular points from the centre
of gravity of the pyramid, is equal to the sum of the squares of its
cd^es.
27. Find the distance of the centre of gravity of the frustum of
a cone from the base ; a and b being the radii of the two ends, and
c the altitude of the frustum.
29, If two cones have the same base, and their vertices towards
the same parts ; find the distance of the centre of gravity of the
solid contained between their two surfaces from their common base.
2.9. If two spheres of radii a and b, touch each other internally ;
find the distance of the centre of gravity of the solid contained be-
tween the two surfaces, from the point of contact.
30. Find the distance of the centre of gravity of a hemispherical
Ex. 5, 6.] THE CENTRE OF GRAVITY. I6l
Ex. 5.
bowl from the base^ a being the internal radius, and c the thickness.
Thence find the centre of gravity of a hemispherical surface.
31. Find the centre of gravity of the solid intercepted between
the surfaces of a hemisphere and paraboloid on the same base, the
latus rectum of the paraboloid coinciding with the diameter of the
hemisphere.
N.B, In a paraboloid, a?=|-(aar{«) ; in a hemisphere, a?=|- (radius).
32. From a cube is cut off a pyramid which has for its base the
triangle formed by the diagonals of three adjacent square faces ;
find the distance of the centre of gravity of the remaining solid
from the angle of the cube opposite to the angle cut off.
33. A cube is truncated on one angle by a plane which bisects
three adjacent edges ; find the position of its centre of gravity.
The integral calculus is required in Ex. 6.
Let dm denote an element of the mass of a body at any point x^ y, z,
referred to any three coordinate awes, and let x, y, z be the coor*
dinates of the centre of gravity of the body : then
— fxdm - fydm - fzdm^
" fdm ^~' fdm '"^ fdm *
the limits of integrations being determined by the form of the body,
I. For a Symmetrical Area; the formula used is
"^fxydx - jyr*co8 8 d^ dr
^^ fydx ' '"" ffrdUr
Ex. 6. Find the centre of gravity of the area —
1. Of a semicircle.
2. Of a semi ellipse, the bisecting line being the minor axis.
3. Of a parabola whose axis is a.
4. Of any portion of the parabola whose equation is «y*=:a?',
contained by the curve and a double ordinate.
6. Of a cycloid, whose equation is y=a vers""' — |- {laaf—x^)^.
6. Of the Gissoid of Diodes, expressed by y*(a— a?)=a?^
7. Of a Catenary; a?=-(f*'+f ^), from a?=c to a:=|^.
8. Of a given sector of a circle.
9. Of a loop of the Lemniscata, r*z=a^ cos 2$.
M
163 STATICS. [£z, 6.
Ex. 6.
2. For an Area not Symmetrical; the formula are
- ffxixdy - ffydxdy ^ - f/r^ cos Sd$dr - f/r* sin Mdr
^"//dxdy' ^^ Jfdxy * °^ ^~ JfrdUr ' ^^ fJrdUr
Find the centre of gravity of the area —
10. Of a quadrant of a circle; a?*-f-y*=fl*.
11. Of the parabolic figure^ bounded by the axis and semi-latus
rectum.
12. Of the parabolic segment contained between the curve
y*=4»M?, and the Une y=fla?.
13. Of the sector of an ellipse, included between the curve and
two semi-conjugate diameters.
14. Of the segment of an ellipse cut off by a quadrantal chord.
15. Of the hyperbolic segment contained between the curve
fl*y*— d*a?* = fl*d*, and the line a?— y=2fl.
16. Of a figure bounded by the arc of a parabola, its directrix,
and two lines parallel to the axis.
17. Of the curve y = sin a?, between a:=o and a:=w.
3. For a solid of Revolution i the formula is
-_fxy^dx -_ ffr^ sin fl cos fl dHr
^"^Jfd^* ^^ *"" ffr"- sin Qdidr '
Find the centre of gravity of the volume —
18. Of a hemisphere.
19. Of the segment of a sphere.
20. Of a semi-prolate spheroid. .
21 . Of a paraboloid whose axis is a.
22. Of the frustum of a paraboloid ; a, b being the radii of its
ends, and h the length of its axis.
23. Of a hyperboloid, generated by the curve y*=-£(2flw?4-^*)'
24. Of the solid formed by the revolution of the sector of a circle
about one of its extreme ra£i.
25. Of the solid generated by the revolution, about the axis of
X, of the curve whose equation is c^y^^ax^—x^,
4. For any solid; the formulas are
-^fffxdxdydz —_fffydxdydz , . . — fffzdxdydz
"fffdxdydz' ^ "^ fffdxdydz * "^ fffdxdydz
Find the centre of gravity of the portion —
26. Of a sphere, a?* -j- y* -f ^r* = a*, cut off by three planes
a?=o, y=0, ;8r=0.
27. Of a paraboloid, y*4-^*=4^a;, cut off by three planes
a?={?, y==o, 2r=o«
Ex. 6.] THE CENTRE OF GRAVITY. 168
Ex. 6. Find the centre of gravity of the portion —
28. Of a cylinder, y* = 2aa7— a?*, intercepted between the planes
5. For a Plane Curve; the formula are
— fxds^ — fyds
Find the centre of gravity of the arc —
29. Of a semicircle.
30. Of a quadrant of a circle.
31 . Of a circle, the length of the arc being 5, and of the chord c.
32. Of a semi-cycloid, where y=avers~' — \-{2ax—x*')^.
33. Of a parabola y*=4»w?, cut oflF by the latus rectum.
34. Of the curve, y=sina?; from x^o to a?=T.
6. For a Surf ace of Revolution ; the formula is
^ fxyds
*"" fyds '
Find the centre of gravity of the surface —
35. Of a segment of a sphere : the equation to the generating
circle being y=(2fla?— a:*)^, and c the limiting abscissa.
36. Of a cone whose axis is a.
37. Of a paraboloid whose latus rectum is 4m and axis a.
38. Of a figure generated by the revolution of a semi-cycloid,
{y=flvers~' — h {lax—x^)^} about its axis.
IVhen the line, area, solid, S(C, are of variable density, we must no longer
consider the mere volume of an elementary portion, but its mass, which
equals the volume x density ; and then proceed as before.
Find the centre of gravity —
39. Of a physical line, the density of which at any point varies
inversely as the square of its distance from a given point in the
line produced.
40. Of the area of a circular quadrant, the density at any point
of which varies as the distance from the centre.
41. Of the volume of a right cone, the density of which at any
point varies as the square of its distance from a plane through the
vertex parallel to the base.
42. Of the volume of a hemisphere, consisting of laminae parallel
to the base ; when the density of each lamina varies as the square
of its own radius.
M 2
164 STATICS. [Ex. ?•
Ex. 7.
When a body is suftpended by one point, the straight line joining the
point oj suspension and the centre of gravity is vertical.
1. If a triangle, whose sides are 3, 4 and 5, be suspended from
the centre of the inscribed circle ; find in what position it will rest.
When a body, acted on by gravity only, is in equilibrium with one point
of it resting on a surface, the straight line joining this point of con-
tact with the centre of gravity is vertical.
Therefore, if the body be a solid of revolution, the centre of gravity is
always at the intersection of the axis, and the normal at this point of
contact,
2. A paraboloid of revolution, whose axis equals a, and radius
of base b, rests with its convex surface on a horizontal plane. Find
i the angle of inclination of its axis to the horizon.
3. A paraboloid laid upon a horizontal plane rests with its axis
inclined to the horizon at an angle of 30° ; compare the length of
the axis with the latus rectum.
4. A prolate spheroid rests with its smaller end upon a hori-
zontal plane ; determine the nature of the equilibrium.
5. A solid is composed of a cone and a hemisphere, of equal
bases, placed base to base. Find the ratio between the dimensions
of the cone and hemisphere, in order that the whole may be at rest
with any point of the spherical surface on a horizontal plane.
Find the centre of gravity of the compound figure, and when this point
coincides with the centre of base of hemisphere, the figure will balance
as required.
6. A solid is composed of a hemisphere and a paraboloid, of
equal bases, placed base to base. Find the ratio between their
dimensions, in order that the whole may be at rest with any point
of the spherical surface on a horizontal plane.
Volume of paraboloid =ii (volume of circumscribing cylinder),
7* A cone rests with its base upon the vertex of a given para-
boloid ; find the greatest ratio which the height of the cone can
bear to the length of the latus rectum of the paraboloid, while the
equilibrium remains stable.
8. If two hemispheres rest with the convex surface of one placed
on that of the other ; determine the nature of the equilibrium.
If a body rest with its base on a plane, it will fall over or not according
as the vertical through the centre of gravity falls without or within
the base.
9. ABCD is a quadrilateral figure of which the two shorter sides
AB, BC are equal, as also the two longer sides, AD, DC ; and tlie
angle ABC is a right angle. If the length of AB be given, what is
Ex. 7 — 9.] THE CENTRE OF GRAVITY. 165
Ex. 7.
the greatest length of AD^ that the figure may rest with the base
AB on a horizontal plane^ without oversetting ?
10. How high can a wall 4 feet thick and inclined at an angle
of 75° be built without falling ?
11. The slant height of a wall is equal to 3 times its horizontal
thickness : determine the inclination when it will be just supported.
12. A cube is placed on an inclined plane whose angle of eleva-
tion is 50°. Will it roll or slide ?
13. What is the least angle of inclination that a plane must have
to the horizon^ for a prism on a regular base of n sides to roll
down it ?
14. A cone is placed with its base on a plane inclined at an angle
of 30° to the horizon, and is prevented from sliding. Find the
smallest vertical angle it can have that it may not fall over.
16. A paraboloid, of given parameter m, when prevented from
sliding down a plane whose inclination is a, just stands on its base
without falling over. Find the length of the axis of the paraboloid.
Centre of Parallel Forces.
Ex. 8.
1. Three parallel forces, acting at the angular points A, B, G of
a plane triangle, are respectively proportional to the opposite sides
a,b,c; find the distance of the centre of parallel forces from A.
2. If three parallel forces, acting at the angular points A, B, C
of a given triangle, are to each other as the reciprocals of the op-
posite sides a, b, c; find the distance of their centre from C.
GuLDiNus^ Properties.
(i) The surface generated by a curve line, revolving about a fixed axis
in its oum plane =the product of the length of the curve, into the
length of the path described by its centre of gravity,
(2) The volume generated by a plane area revolving about a fixed axis
in its own plane =^the product of the area, into the length of the path
described by its centre of gravity.
Ex. 9.
1. A parallelogram and a triangle, on the same base and between
the same parallels, revolve around the base as an axis. Compare
the solids they generate.
2. Find the volume generated by the revolution of a right-angled
triangle, whose sides are a and b, about the hypothenuse.
3. Determine the volume of the frustum of a right cone, gene-
rated by a trapezoid revolving about its altitude h, which joins
extremities of the parallel sides a, b.
166 STATICS. [Ex. 9, 10.
Ex. 9.
4. Determine the distances of the centres of gravity of a semi-
circular area^ and a semi-circular arc^ from the diameter.
5. Find the surface of a sphere.
6. Find the centre of gravity, of the eighth part of a sphere, or
of the solid generated by a quadrant of a circle revolving about one
of its radii through an angle of 90°.
7. Find the distance of the centre of gravity of the area of a
semi-parabola from its axis.
Volume of a paraboloid =7 X circumscribing cylinder,
8. Find the surface and volume of the solid generated by the
complete revolution of a semi-cycloid about its axis.
9. Find the surface and volume of the solid generated by the
revolution of a cycloid about its base.
10. Find the volume of the solid ring generated by the revolution
of an ellipse about an external axis in its own plane through an
angle of 180°.
11. If any area revolve about an axis, in its own plane, and
dividing it into any two parts ; show that the difference between the
solids generated by the parts, will be equal to the whole area mul-
tiplied by the path of its centre of gravity.
MACHINES.
Lever.
i/*a, 0, be the lengths of perpendiculars drawn from the fulcrum upon
the directions of the forces P, W, respectively ; then Pa=Wc.
Ex.10.
1. A uniform straight lever, 3 feet in length, weighs 4 lb. ; what
weight on the shorter arm will balance 10 lb. on the longer, the
fulcrum being one foot from the end ?
2. In rowing, if the oar be 12 feet long, and the rowlock 24^ feet
from the handle, compare the pull of the rower with the resistance
of the boat.
3. One extremity of a straight lever 20 feet long (without weight)
rests on a fulcrum ; at what distance from the fulcrum must a weight
of 112 lb. be placed, so that it may be supported by a force equi-
valent to 50 lb. acting at the other extremity ?
4. Two weights P, Q are suspended from the extremities of the
arms of a straight lever without weight, which are as 3 : 5 ; P acts
at an angle of 60°, and Q at an angle of 45°; find the ratio of P : Q.
5. A bar weighs a ounces per inch. Find its length when a
given weight na, suspended at one end, keeps it in equilibrium about
a fulcrum at a distance of h inches from the other end.
Ex. 10.] MACHINES. 167
Ex. 10.
6. Four weights^ i, 3, 7 and 5^ are at equal distances on a straight
lever without weight. Where must be the fulcrum on which they
balance?
7. On a uniform straight lever^ weighing 6 Ib.^ and of 6 feet in
length, weights of i, 2, 2, 4^ 5 lb. are hung at respective distances
of I, 2, 3, 4, 5 feet from the extremity. Required the position of
the fulcrum, about which the whole will rest
8. If n4- 1 bodies, P, 2P, 3P, 4P, &c. be placed at equal distances
along a straight rod without weight, and of length na ; find the
point on which the whole will balance.
9. If a heavy rod of uniform thickness be moveable about a
fulcioim 3 feet from one end A, and 7 feet from the other end B ;
and a weight of 20 lb. at B be balanced by a weight of 60 lb. at
A : required the weight of the rod.
10. A beam, 30 feet long, balances itself on a point at one-third
of its length from the thicker end; but when a weight of 10 lb. is
suspended from the smaller end, the prop must be moved 2 feet
towards it, in order to maintain the equilibrium. Find the weight
of the beam.
11. A uniform beam, 18 feet long, rests in equilibrium upon a
fulcrum 2 feet from one end ; having a weight of 5 lb. at the fur-
ther, and one of no lb. at the nearer end to the fulcrum. Find
the weight of the beam.
12. A weight 3W is attached to two strings, whose lengths are
AD =4 ft. BD = 3ft., at point D; the other ends of the strings
being fastened to the extremities of a uniform straight lever of
weight W, whose arms AC, BC are 2 and 3 ft. respectively. Find
the force which, acting vertically at A, will keep the lever at rest in
a horizontal position.
13. AC, CB are the equal arms of a straight lever whose fulcrum
is C ; to C a heavy arm CD is fixed perpendicular to AB ; if now
different weights be suspended successively from the extremity A,
show that the tangents of the angles, which CD makes with the
vertical, will be proportional to the weights respectively.
14. Two weights are suspended from the arms of a bent lever
without weight, which are inclined to the horizon at angles of 45°
and 30° respectively; the first arm being 18 inches and the second
12 inches long. Find the proportion of the weights.
15. The arms of a bent lever are 3 feet and 5 feet, and inclined
to each other at an angle of 150°; and at their extremities weights
of 7 lb. and 6 lb. respectively are suspended. Find the inclination
of each arm to the horizon, when there is equilibrium.
16. The lengths of the arms, their inclination to each other, and
the weight at the extremity of the shorter arm being the same
as in the last question ; find what the other weight must be, in
168 STATICS. [Ex. 10.
Ex.10.
order that, ist the shorter^ and 2nd the longer arm may rest in a
horizontal position.
17. A uniform bent lever, when supported at the angle, rests
with the shorter arm horizontal ; but if this arm were twice as long,
it would rest with the other arm horizontal. Find the ratio be-
tween the lengths of the arms ; also the angle at which they are
inclined to each other.
18. The arms of a bent lever are equal, and the weights suspended
at their extremities are as i : Vi\ find the angle between the arms,
that the arm with the less weight may be horizontal.
19. If two forces P and W sustain each other on the arms of a
bent lever PCW, and act in directions PA, WA, which form the
sides of an isosceles triangle PAW; show that, if AC be joined and
produced to meet PW in E, P : W=WE : PE.
20. AP, B W are the directions of two parallel forces P, W, which
are in equilibrium on the equal arms of the bent lever ACB : draw
CD perpendicular to AB, and CE parallel to AP ; then
P + W : P-W= tan±(ACB) : tan DCE.
21. If a lever, kept at rest by weights P, W suspended from its
arms a, A, so that they make angles a, /3 with the horizon, be turned
about its fulcrum through an angle 2d; prove that the vertical
spaces described by P and W, are as a cos (a + 9) : A cos (/S— 9).
22. A body weighs 10 lb. 9 oz. at one end of a false balance, and
1 2 lb. 4 oz. at the other end ; find the real weight.
23. The whole length of the beam of a false balance is 3 ft. 9 in. ;
a certain body, placed in one scale, appears to weigh 9 lb. ; and
placed in the other appears to weigh 4 lb. Find the true weight
of the body, and the lengths of the arms of the balance, supposed to
be without weight.
24. One pound is weighed at the ends of a false balance, and the
sum of the apparent weights is 2|^lb. : what is the ratio of the
lengths of the arms ?
25. If in a false balance a body weighs p at one end, and q at the
other; find the centre of suspension.
26. The same weight is weighed at the two ends of a false balance,
and it is observed that the whole gain is -th part of the true
weight : find the distance of the fulcrum from the middle point of
the balance.
27. If one of the arms of a false balance be longer than the other
by — th part of the shorter : when used, the weight is put into one
scale as often as into the other. What will be the gain or loss per
cent, to the seller ?
Ex. 10^ 11.] MACHINES. 169
Ex. 10.
28. The beam of a false balance being uniform ; show that the
arms are respectively proportional to the differences between the
true and apparent weights.
29. A Roman steelyard^ whose weight is lo lb., has its centre
of gravity at a distance of 2 inches from the fulcrum ; and the
weight to be determined is supported by a pan placed at a distance
of 3 inches on the other side. Find the respective distances from
the fulcrum at which the constant weight of 5 lb. must be placed^
in order to balance 10^ 20^ 30, &c. lb. placed successively in the pan.
30. The distance of the centre of gravity of a Danish steelyard
from the extremity (where the pan containing the weight to be de-
termined is fixed) is 18 inches ; and the weight of the beam is 3 lb.
Find at what distances respectively, from the same extremity, the
fulcrum must be placed, when weights of 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24 ounces
are placed successively in the pan.
31. Given the weight Q of a wheel whose radius is 4 feet; find
the power, acting in a horizontal direction, required to draw it over
a square stone 2 feet in height.
Wheel and Axle.
P : W= radius 0/ axle : radius 0/ wheel.
Ex. U.
1. If a power of 10 lb. balance a weight of 555 lb. on a wheel
whose diameter is 4 yards ; what must be the ra^us of the axle ?
The thickness of the rope is here neglected.
2. The radius of the wheel being 2 feet, and of the axle 5 inches,
and the thickness of the rope being ^ inch ; find what power will
balance a weight of 1301b. The power and weight are supposed
to act in the axis of the rope.
3. The radius of a wheel being 3 feet, and of the axle 3 inches ;
find what weight will be supported by a power of 120 lb. The
thickness of the rope coiled round the axle is i inch.
4. There are two wheels, whose respective diameters are 5 feet
and 4 feet, on the same axle ; the diameter of the axle beiug 20
inches. What weight on the axle would be supported by forces
equal to 48 lb. and 50 lb. on the larger and smaller wheels re-
spectively ?
5. In a combination of wheels and axles, each of the radii of the
wheels, is to each of the radii of the axles, as 5 : i. If there be
4 wheels and axles, what power will balance a weight of 1875 lb. ?
6. In a combination of wheels and axles, in which the circum-
ference of each axle is applied to the circumference of the next
wheel, and in which the ratios of the radii of the wheels and axles
170 STATICS. [Ex. 11, 12.
Ex. 11.
are 2:i, 4:1, 8:i, &c., there is an equilibrium when the power
is to the weight as i : J9 ; determine the number of wheels.
7. Two weights of 5 lb. and 7 lb. are attached to two points
in the circumference of a wheel, the arc between them being 120°;
find tl^e position in which the greatest weight will be supported on
the axle.
Pulley.
(i) W=nP ; n being the number of strings at the lower block.
(2) W=2^P; the n moveable pulleys hanging each by a separate string,
(3) W=(2"— i)P ; each of the n strings being attached to the weight,
Ex.12.
1. At what angle must the strings of a single moveable pulley
be inclined to each other, in order that P may equal W ?
2. Find the power required to sustain a weight of 100 lb. on a
single moveable pulley, when the strings include a right angle.
3. In the system of pulleys where the same string passes round
all the pulleys, of which there are 5 at the lower block ; find what
power will support a weight of 1000 lb.
4. How many pulleys (supposed to be without weight) must there
be in the system, where each pulley hangs by a separate string, in
order that i lb. may support a weight of 128 lb. ?
6. In the same system there will be equilibrium, if the power,
the weight, and each pulley are all equally heavy.
6. In the same system of 6 moveable pulleys, find the ratio that
the weight of each pulley must bear to the power, in order that the
latter may just be balanced by the weight of the pulleys alone.
7. In the same system, a weight of 640 lb. is sustained by a
power of 5 lb. ; what is the number of moveable pulleys ?
8. In the same system, n being the number of moveable pulleys,
and the strings parallel ; if the weights of the pulleys, reckoning
from the one nearest to W, increase in a geometric progression,
in which 2 is the common ratio ; find the relation between P, W,
and w the weight of the lowest pulley.
9. In a system of 6 pulleys (supposed to be without weight)
where each string is attached to the weight ; find what weight will
be supported by a power of 12 lb.
10. In the same system of 8 pulleys, what power will be sufficient
to sustain a weight of 1020 lb. ?
11. In the same system of 8 pulleys, find the ratio that the
weight of each pulley must bear to the weight supported, in order
that the latter may just be supported by the weight of the pulleys
alone.
12. In the same system, n being the number of moveable pulleys
Ex. 12, 13.] MACHINES. 171
Ex. 12.
and the strings parallel ; if the weights of the pulleys^ reckoning
from the one nearest to P whose weight is w, increase in a geo-
metric progression, in which 2 is the common ratio: find the
relation between P, W and w,
13. If, in a system of pulleys where each string is attached to the
weight, the weight of the lowest pulley is equal to P, of the second
3P, and so on, that of the highest moveable pulley being 3*'"*P;
find the ratio of P : W.
Inclined Plane.
If a, he the intlination of the plane to the horizon,
g power to the plane,
R . . . reaction of the plane, or pressure upon it ;
then, P cos 8= W sin a ; R4- P «« f = W co5 a.
Ex. 13.
1. A force of 40 lb. acting parallel to the length sustains a weight
of 56 lb. on an inclined plane whose base is 340 feet ; find the
height and length of the plane.
2. What force is necessary to support a weight of 50 lb. on a
plane inclined at an angle of 15^ to the horizon; the force acting
horizontally ?
3. If, on an inclined plane, the pressure, force and weight be
as the numbers 4, 5 and 7 ; find the inclination of the plane to the
horizon, and the inclination of the forceps direction to the plane.
4. If the weight, power and pressure on an inclined plane be
respectively as the numbers 25, 16 and 10 ; find the inclination of
the plane, and the inclination of the power to the plane.
5. A weight W is just supported on an inclined plane by a force
P, acting by means of a wheel and axle placed at the top, so that
the string attached to the weight is parallel to the plane. Given
R and r, the radii of the wheel and of the axle ; find the planers
inclination to the horizon.
6. Two planes of equal altitudes are inclined at angles of 60°
and 45°, on which P and W ai'e respectively supported by means of
a string passing over the common vertex and parallel to the planes ;
find the ratio P : W.
7. P and W, connected ))y an inextensible string, balance on
two inclined planes which have a common altitude ; if the weights
receive a small displacement, show that their virtual velocities ai*e
inversely as their masses, and that their common centre of gravity
has neither ascended nor descended during the motion.
172 STATICS. [Ex. 14, 16.
Screw.
P : W= dist. between two threads : circumf, described by P.
Ex. U.
1. The distance between two contiguous threads of a screw is
2 inches, and the arm at which F acts is 20 inches ; determine the
ratio P : W,
2. Find the weight that can be sustained by a power of i lb.,
acting at the distance of 3 yards from the axis of the screw ; the
distance between two contiguous threads being i inch.
3. What must be the length of a lever, at whose extremity a
force of lib. will support a weight of 1000 lb, on a screw; the
distance between two contiguous threads being ^ inch ?
4. What force must be exerted to sustain a ton weight on a screw,
the thread of which makes 150 turns in the height of 12 inches;
the length of the arm being 6 feet ?
6. If the thread of the screw be inclined at an angle of 30** to
a transverse section of the cylinder whose radius is 9 inches ; the
length of the lever which turns the screw being 4 feet : find what
power will sustain 15 cwt. on it.
Friction.
When a body rests on any surface, the friction =/iR,* where R is the
normal pressure at that point, fi being constant and called the coeji*
dent of friction,
Ex. 15.
1. A given weight W is sustained on a rough plane, whose angle
of inclination to the horizon is a, by a power V, inclined at an angle
/3 to the plane ; fit being the coefficient of friction. Find between
what limits P must lie.
2. Determine the least force which will drag a weight of 50 lb.
along a rough horizontal plane, the friction being such as would just
prevent the body from sliding down a plane of inclination 30°.
3. An isosceles triangle, whose base is to one of its equal sides
as I : 7^> is placed with its base on an inclined plane; and it is
found that when the body begins to slide, it also begins to roll
over. Find the coefficient of friction.
4. A uniform beam, of weight W, leans against a vertical wall,
and has its lower end resting on a horizontal plane. If ft and fjJ be
the coefficients of friction of the wall and of the plane respectively ;
find the value of 6 the inclination of the beam to the horizon, when
motion is just on the point of taking place. Find also the pressures
on the wall and on the plane.
Resolve vertically, and horizontally, and take moments about the lower
end of the beam.
Ex. 15.] FRICTION. 173
Ex. 15.
5. A ladder rests against a vertical wall^ to which it is inclined
at an angle of 45°; the coefficients of friction of the wall and of the
horizontal plane being respectively f and i ; and the centre of gra-
vity of the ladder being at its middle round. A man, whose weight
= half the weight of the ladder, ascends it ; find to what height he
will go before the ladder begins to slide.
Resolve, and take moments as in the last example.
6. A hemisphere rests between a vertical wall and a horizontal
plane ; ft and /x' being the coefficients of friction of the wall and
plane respectively. Find J the inclination of the base of the hemi-
sphere to the horizontal plane, in the limiting position of equilibrium.
Resolve vertically, and horizontally, and take moments about the centre
of the sphere,
7. A uniform and straight plank of length /, rests with its
middle point upon a rough horizontal cylinder whose radius is r,
their directions being perpendicular to each other ; find the greatest
weight which can be suspended from one end of the plank whose
weight is W, without its sliding off the cylinder.
8. A uniform beam AB, of which the end B presses against a
rough vertical plane CD, is supported by a fine string AC attached
to a fixed point C in the plane ; find the position of the beam when
bordering upon motion.
9. An elliptical cylinder, placed between a smooth vertical plane
and a rough horizontal one, with the major axis of the ellipse
inclined at 45° to the horizon, is just prevented by friction from
sliding; required the coefficient of friction,
10. Two equal beams AC, BC are connected by a smooth hinge
at C, and are placed in a vertical plane with their lower extremities
A and B resting on a rough norizontal plane; if a be the greatest
value of the angle ACB for which equilibrium is possible, to deter-
mine the coefficient of friction at the ends A and B.
11. A cylinder lies upon two equal cylinders which rest on a
horizontal plane, all three in contact and having their axes parallel ;
find the conditions of equilibrium, that all the points of contact of
the cylinders and plane may begin to slip at the same instant.
174 DYNAMICS. [Ex. "L
DYNAMICS.
The Collision or Impact of Bodies.
Let A,Bbe the masses of the two bodies that impinge, one on the other ;
a, b their velocities before impact, and measured in the same direction ;
u, V the velocities after impact ; § the common elasticity of the two bodies :
then will
_ Ag + B&— cB(fl— &) _ Afl4-Bft+gA(q— ft)
" A+B ' ^ A+B
When the bodies are inelastic, f=o; when perfectly elastic, f=i.
Ex. 1.
1. A and B weigh I2lb. and 7 lb. respectively^ and move in the
same direction with velocities of 8 feet and 5 feet in a second ; find
the common velocity after impact ; also the velocity lost by A, and
that gained by B respectively.
2. A, moving with a velocity of 1 1 feet, impinges upon B moving
in the opposite direction with a velocity of 5 feet, and by the col-
lision A loses one-third of its momentum ; what are the relative
magnitudes of A and B ?
3. A, weighing 8 lb., impinges upon B weighing 5 lb. and mo-
ving in A's direction with a velocity of 9 feet in i sec. ; by coIUsion,
B's velocity is trebled ; what was A's velocity before impact ?
4. A and B are two perfectly hard balls meeting in opposite
directions ; A is three times as large as B, but moves with a velo-
city of 12 feet in i sec, which is only |^rds of B^s velocity; what is
the common velocity after impact ?
6. A : B : : 3 : 2, and the velocity of A : velocity of B : : 5 : 4 ; they
are perfectly hard bodies, and move before impact in the same di-
rection ; find the velocity lost by A, and gained by B.
6. There are 5 inelastic bodies, whose weights are i, 3, 5, 7, 9 lb. j
the first impinges on the second at rest with a velocity of 4 feet
in I sec. ; the second on the third, and so on : find the velocity
communicated to the last.
7. A and B are two perfectly elastic balls and in the ratio of 4 : 3 ;
they are moving in the same direction with velocities as 5 : 4 ; what
is the ratio of the velocities of A and B after impact ?
8. A and B are perfectly elastic ; they are moving in opposite
directions ; A is treble of B, but B^s velocity is double that of A ;
determine the motions after impact.
9. A and B are two perfectly elastic bodies, and the velocity com-
Ex. 1.] THE COLLISION OR IMPACT OF BODIES. 176
Ex. 1.
municated from A^ to B at rest^ is to the velocity retained as 7 : i ;
find the ratio of A to B.
10. There is a row of perfectly elastic bodies in an increasing geo-
metrical progression whose common ratio is 3^ and placed contiguous
to each other ; the first impinges upon the second^ which transmits
its velocity to the thirds and so on ; the last body moves off with
■g^th of the velocity of the first body ; what was the number of
bodies ?
11. A perfectly elastic ball 2 lb. in weighty moving with a velo-
city of 9 feet per sec.^ communicated a velocity of 2 feet to a body of
8 lb. weighty by means of an intermediate body ; find its magnitude.
12. Two perfectly elastic spheres A, B, meet directly with equal
velocities ; find the relation between their magnitudes^ that after
collision one of them may remain at rest.
13. A, B, and C are three perfectly elastic bodies^ and C = 3A;
find B^ so that the velocity communicated from A to C through B^
may be to the velocity communicated immediately from A to G> as
16 : 15.
14. Determine the ratio of two perfectly elastic balls A^ B ; so
that A, after striking B at rest, may lose -th of its velocity.
16. A (=3B) impinges upon B at rest; A's velocity after impact
is three-fifths of its velocity before impact ; find the value of e.
16. The centres of two balls, A and B, move along the same
straight line with velocities a and b ; find the velocity of each after
impact, when 6A=5B, a is 7 feet per sec, 4^ + 5^=0, and e=|-.
17. Find the elasticity of two spheres A and B, and their propor-
tion to each other, so that when A impinges upon B at rest, A may
remain at rest after impact, and B move on with one-sixth part of
A's velocity before impact.
18. Two Dodies, A and B, whose elasticity is f, moving in oppo-
site directions with velocities 25 feet and 16 feet per second respect-
ively, impinge directly upon each other ; find the distance between
them, when 44- seconds from the moment of impact have elapsed.
19. With what velocity must a ball, whose elasticity is §, impinge
upon another equal ball of the same substance moving with a
velocity c, in order that the impinging ball may be reduced to rest
by the collision ?
20. At what angle must a body, whose elasticity is j-, be incident
on a perfectly hard plane, that the angle between the directions
before impact and after, may be a right angle ?
21. Determine the velocities of two bodies A and B, whose
elasticity is t, moving in the same direction ; so that after collision,
A may remain at rest, and B may move along with an assigned
velocity.
176 DYNAMICS. [Ex. 1.
Ex.1.
22. A set of five balls, whose elasticity is ^, are in geometric pro-
gression, with the common ratio 2 ; the first impinges on the second
at rest, the second on the third at rest, and so on ; compare the
velocity of the first before impact, with the velocity communicated
to the last.
23. The sides AB, CD of a billiard table are parallel; and an
imperfectly elastic ball stnick from a point C in one side, impinges
at E in the other, and is reflected to D in the first side. Show that
the time along CE : time along ED=« : i.
24. An imperfectly elastic sphere, whose elasticity = tan 30°, im-
pinges upon a plane with a velocity such that the velocity after
impact = (velocity before impact) x sin 45°; find the angles of inci-
dence and refiexion.
25. A spherical body A impinges directly with a velocity a upon
a spherical body B at rest ; their common elasticity being e, find
the mass of a third body, which moving with A^s velocity before
impact, shall have the same momentum which B has after impact.
26. A and B are two balls of given elasticity ; what must be the
magnitude of a third ball, that the velocity communicated from A
to B, by the intervention of this ball, may equal that communicated
immediately from A to B ? Determine also the limits within which
this problem is possible.
27. If A communicate velocity to B through a number of other
bodic3, which are geometric means between A and B, find the limit
to which the velocity of B will continually approach, when the number
of means is continually increased, the bodies being perfectly elastic.
28. A ball, whose elasticity is e, projected from a given point in
the circumference of a circle, after being refiected from it twice,
returns to the given point. Required the direction of projection ;
and compare the times of describing the first and last chords.
29. A and B are two given points in the diameter of a circle ;
find in what direction a perfectly elastic body must be projected
from A, £0 that after reflexion at the circle it may strike B.
30. Given the point A between two incUned planes; find the
direction of projection, such that the body, after refiexion at each
plane, may return to A.
31. A row of four balls A, B, C, D of perfect elasticity is placed
in a straight line. Required the ratio of their masses, that the
momentum of A may, after impact, be equally divided among the
four; B, C, D being originally at rest.
Find the result also when there are n balls.
32. A number of balls A, B, C, ••• of given elasticity are placed
in a straight line ; A, with a given velocity, impinges on B, B then
impinges on C, and so on; find the masses of the balls B, C, •••,
in order that each of the balls A, B, C, ••• may be at rest after im-
Ex. !•] THE COLLISION OR IMPACT OP BODIES. 177
Ex. 1.
pact on the next ; and find the velocity of the nth ball after being
struck by the (n— i)th.
33. A number n of equal spheres are placed on a smooth table in a
straight line and close together : they are connected together by
equal inelastic threads of given length / : a velocity a is communi-
cated to the first in the direction of the line passing through their
centres^ so as to separate it from the second : find the time which
elapses before the last sphere is set in motion.
34. One perfectly elastic sphere impinges on another equal sphere
at rest^ so that the line joining their centres at the impact makes an
angle of 45° with the first line of motion ; find the angle between
the paths of the spheres after impact.
35. Two balls A and 2A, whose elasticity is ^, move with velo-
cities 2a and a respectively^ and the direction of each makes an
angle of 30° with the common tangent at the point of impact ; find
the directions and velocities of the bodies after impact.
36. A ball A in motion is struck by an equal ball B moving with
the same velocity^ and in a direction making an angle a with that
in which A is moving^ in such a manner that the line joining their
centres at the time of impact is in the direction of B^s motion ; find
the velocities of the bodies^ whose elasticity is §, after impact^ and
show that that of A will be greatest when a=2 cot"'(2— i)^.
37. An inelastic sphere A moving with a given velocity a im-
pinges upon an inelastic sphere B at rest^ the line joining the centres
of the two spheres at the instant of collision making an angle a with
the direction of A's motion ; find the velocity of A after impact.
38. The direction and velocity of the motion of the common centre
of gravity of two bodies is not altered by their impact.
39. Two perfectly elastic balls are dropped from two points not
in the same vertical line^ and strike against a perfectly elastic hori-
zontal plane : show that their common centre of gravity will never
re-ascend to its original height^ unless the initial heights of the
balls be in the ratio of two square numbers.
40. If a perfectly elastic ball be projected from either focus of
an ellipse^ in any direction within the plane of the figure ; show
that it will return, after two reflexions from the curve, to the same
focus.
41. A, B, C are the weights of three perfectly elastic balls, in
the order of their magnitudes ; A strikes B at rest with a given
velocity, and drives it against G ; the distance between B and C
being given, find where A will overtake B again.
42. A ball, of given elasticity «, is to be projected in a horizontal
plane from a given point P, so that being reflected at any number
of given vertical planes in a given order, it may afterwards strike a
N
178 DYNAMICS. [Ex. ly 8.
Sx.1
given point Q; find the direction ot projection by m geometrical
construction.
Def. The term * vis viva ' expresses the product of the mass of a body
Mo the square of its velocity.
43. In the direct impact of two perfectly hard bodies^ prove that
the difference of the vires viva, before and after impact^ is equal to
the sum of the vires viva of the bodies moving with the velocities *
lost and gained respectively.
44. Find the sum of the vires viva of two imperfectly elastic
bodies m, m/, after direct collision.
45. In the oblique impact of two perfectly elastic bodies^ the sum
of each body multiplied into the square of its velocity^ is the same
before and after impact.
46. If A^ B^ C be three perfectly elastic balls having the veloci-
ties a, b, c respectively ; and A impinge upon B^ and B upon C^ so
that their velocities after impact are u, v, w respectively^ v being
the velocity of B after impinging on C : prove that
Aa*+Bft* + Cc*=At«*+Bt;* + Ctt;\
UNIFORMLY ACCELERATED MOTION AND GRAVITY.
Let s denote the space described in the time t seconds by a body acted
on by an uniformly accelerating force f At the beginning of the t sec.,
the body is supposed to be at rest, and at the end of t sec, to have ac^
quired a velocity v. Then —
2/ t
If a body be projected with a velocity V in a direction coincident
with, or opposite to, that in which facts; then —
5. s=zVt-{-ift\ or Vt—i-ft^ respectively.
6. t;*=V*+2/», or V*— 2/j? respectively.
If F,Q be two weights supported on two inclined planes that have a
common vertex, and whose angles of inclination to the horizon are a, j3
respectively; then
f'=z ^^^^^^9 force ^Psina^Q sin jS
mass moved P+Q
where g=^2'igoS^ feet=z ^2' 2 feet nearly; log ^=1*507732.
Ex. 2.
I. A body has been falling for 1 1 seconds ; find the space de-
scribed^ and the velocity acquired.
^ ._V 2S /2S\i ^ ^ V V 2S
Ex. 2.] UNIFORMLY ACCELERATED MOTION AND GRAVITY. 179
Ex. 2.
2. Find the time in which a falling body would acquire a velocity
of 500 feet ; and the height from which it will have fallen.
3. What is the velocity acquired by a body when it strikes the
earthy having been dropped from a height of 450 feet; and the
momentum acquired by a body of 10 stone weight ?
4. A body has been falling for 15 seconds; compare the spaces
described in the seventh and last sec(5nds.
5. A body has fallen through a height equal to 440 yards;
what was the space described by it in the last second ?
6. A body has been falling for 124. seconds ; what was the space
described in the last second but 5 of its fall ?
7. The space described by a body in the 5th second of its fall
was to the space described in the last second but 4^ as i to 6 ; what
was the whole space described ?
8. A body, in falling, has described one-third of the altitude in
the last second : determine the altitude, and the time of descent.
9. A body falls from the top of a tower 200 feet high : deter-
mine the time of its falling through a part, whose length is two-
thirds of its height, and which is so situated that its extremities are
equidistant respectively from the top and bottom of the tower.
10. If a body fall through a distance of a feet at two diflFerent
places, and if the time of falling at one place be T seconds less,
and the velocity acquired m feet greater, than at the other ; compare
the force of gravity at the two places.
11. A body is projected vertically upwards with a velocity of 64
feet per second ; how far will it ascend before it begins to return ?
12. With what velocity must a stone be projected from the top of a
tower, 250 yards above the sea, that it may reach the water in 6 sec. ?
1.3. A stone dropped from a bridge, strikes the water in 2^ seconds ;
find the height of the bridge. Also, if the stone be projected down-
wards with a velocity of 3 feet per second ; in what time will it
strike the water ?
14. A body is projected vertically upwards, and the time between
its leaving a given point and returning to it is given ; find the
velocity of projection, and the whole time of motion.
15. Upon a steeple 150 feet high is a spire of 40 feet; at the
same instant that a stone was let fall from the top of the steeple,
another was projected vertically upwards from the bottom of it,
with a velocity sufficient to carry it to the top of the spire ; at what
point will these stones meet ?
16. A body is projected upwards from the lower extremity of a
vertical line, 250 feet high, with a velocity of 90 feet per second ;
after what time must another be projected downwards from the
upper extremity with the same velocity, so as to meet the former in
the middle point of the line ?
N 2
180 DYNAMICS. [Ex. 3.
17. A body projected vertically upwards from the bottom of a
tower^ with a velocity equal to that acquired through i'8 times its
height^ rose to the top in 2 seconds ; find the height of the tower.
18. A body projected in the direction of the action of a constant
force describes P and Q feet in the ^th and ^th seconds ; find the
magnitude of the force^ and the velocity of projection.
19. A body is dropped from a height of 400 feet ; after it has
fallen through 50 feet, another is projected from the same height,
with such a velocity that the two bodies reach the ground at the
same time : find the velocity of projection.
20. If, from the extremities of a vertical line h, two bodies be
projected at the same time, one downwards with a velocity a, the
other upwards with a velocity c; determine where they will meet.
21. With what velocity must a body be projected downwards, that
in n sec. it may overtake another body, which has already fallen
a feet ?
22. A body, whose elasticity is i, projected from the floor of a
room 12 feet high, strikes the ceiling and floor, and just reaches
the ceiling again; find the velocity of projection.
23. A rocket, ascending vertically with a velocity of 100 feet in
I sec, explodes when it has reached its greatest height, and the
interval between the sound of the explosion reaching the place of
starting, and a place ^ mile distant, is i sec. ; determine the velo-
city of sound.
24. An imperfectly elastic body is projected downwards with a
given velocity against a hard horizontal plane, and being reflected,
just reaches the point of projection in / sec. ; find the distance of
the plane from this point, and the elasticity of the body.
25. An imperfectly elastic ball is projected downwards with a
certain velocity, and after falling through a height of 20 feet meets
a horizontal plane; the ball rebounds 10 feet, then falls again and
rebounds 4 feet : find the elasticity, and velocity of projection.
26. A ball of given elasticity is projected vertically upwards with
a velocity of 40 feet per second; it returns to the point of projection,
which is on a hard horizontal plane, and rebounds ; it returns again
and rebounds, and so on, till the motion ceases; find the whole
space described.
27. A ball, whose elasticity is ^, falls from a height of 50 feet
upon a hard horizontal plane, and rebounds continually till its
velocity is destroyed : find the whole space described.
28. Two balls A, B perfectly elastic, are dropped at the same
instant from two given points in the same vertical line ; find the
point where B, after rebounding from the horizontal plane, will
meet A.
29. Two perfectly elastic balls, beginning to descend from difiei-ent
Ex. 2, 3.] UNIFORMLY ACCELERATED MOTION AND GRAVITY. 181
Ex. 2.
points in the same vertical line^ impinge upon a perfectly hard plane
inclined at an angle of 45°^ and move along a horizontal plane with
the velocities acquired ; find what distance they ¥^11 move along the
horizontal plane before collision takes place.
30. PQ is a given vertical line terminating in a hard horizontal
plane at Q ; a perfectly elastic ball being dropped from P meets
another perfectly elastic ball rebounding with a known velocity from
Q^ and both are reflected back : to find where they must meet in
order that they may thus rebound from one another continually.
Ex. 3.
1. A body falls 9 feet along an inclined plane in the first second;
find the inclination of the plane.
2. The length of an inclined plane is 400 feet, its height 250;
a body falls from rest from the top of the plane ; what space will it
have fallen through in 34- seconds ; what time will it be in falling
through 300 feet ; and what velocity will it have acquired when it
has arrived within 50 feet of the bottom of the plane ?
3. The elevation of a plane is 25^ 30' ; a body, in falling from
the top to the bottom of it, acquires a velocity of 450 feet per
second ; required the length of the plane.
4. A body descending vertically draws an equal body 25 feet in
2i seconds up a plane inclined at 30° to the horizon, Dy means of
a string passing over a pulley at the top of the plane ; determine
the force of gravity.
5. Two bodies start from the top of an inclined plane, one fall-
ing down the length of the plane, and the other down its height ;
it is observed that the former is 3 times as long as the latter in
reaching the base. Required the inclination of the plane.
6. The length of an inclined plane is 40 feet, and its inclination
is 30° ; mark out upon it a part, equal to the height, through which
a body, falling down the plane, will move whilst another body
would descend freely through the height.
7. Divide the length of a given inclined plane into three parts,
so that the times of descent down them successively may be equal.
8. If a body be projected down a plane inclined at 30^ to the
horizon, with a velocity equal to three-fourths of that due to the
height of the plane, the time down the plane will equal the time
down its vertical height, from rest.
9. A given weight P draws another given weight W up an in-
clined plane of given height and length, by means of a string paral-
lel to the plane ; when and where must P cease to act, that W may
just reach the top ?
10. A body falls down a given inclined plane, and at the instant
when it begins to fall, another is projected upwards from the bottom
183 DYNAMICS. [Ex. 3.
Ex. 3.
of the plane with a Telocity equal to that acquired in falling down
an equally inclined plane n times its length ; where will they meet ?
11. A body is projected from the top of a given inclined plane
with a velocity a, and after the lapse of n sec.^ another is projected
from the bottom with a velocity c ; both bodies moving along the
plane^ determine where they will meet.
12. A body of given elasticity § is projected up an incUned plane
with a given velocity, and at the top impinges perpendicularly upon
another plane^ and returns to the point from which it set out with
two-thirds of the velocity of projection; find the length of the
plane, and the limits of e.
13. If a be the base of an incUned plane ; determine its height,
so that the time of a body^s falling down the plane may be the least
possible.
14. Determine that point in the hypothenuse of a right-angled
triangle whose base is parallel to the horizon, from which the time
of a body's descent to the right angle may be the least possible.
15. A right-angled triangle being placed with its two sides hori-
sM>ntal and vertical respectively, find their ratio, so that the time of
falling down the vertical and describing the base with the velocity
acquired, may be equal to the time of descent down the hypothenuse.
16. AG BC are two inclined planes meeting a horizontal plane
at the same point C ; having given the inclinations of the planes
and the length of BG, find the point A, such that an inelastic body
descending down AG may just ascend to the top of BG.
17- Two equilateral triangles in the same vertical plane are placed
with their bases at a distance of d feet from each other upon the
same horizontal Une, and a non-elastic body falls down the side of
the first, moves along the space between the bases and up the side
of the second triangle, the vertex of which it just reaches ; given
the side of the first triangle equal to a feet ; find the side of the
second, and the whole time of motion.
18. If two heavy particles begin to fall at the same time from the
common vertex of two inclined planes, the line joining them will
move parallel to itself.
19. Through what chord of a circle, drawn from the extremity of
a vertical diameter, must a body fall, to acquire half the velocity it
would acquire in falling down that diameter ?
20. Determine that diameter of a circle down the last half of
which a body descends in the same time as down the whole vertical
diameter.
21. In a vertical circle, two chords are drawn from the extremity
of a horizontal radius subtending arcs 6 and 26 : if the time down
the chord of 2$ equal n times that down the chord of 9 ; show that
sec 4 =»*—!,
Ex. 3.] UNIFORMLY ACCELERATED MOTION AND GRAVITY. 188
Ex. 3.
22. Two bodies^ A and B^ descend from the same extremity of the
vertical diameter of a circle^ A down the diameter^ and B down the
chord of 30°, Find the ratio of A to B, when their centre of gra-
vity moves along the chord of 120°.
23. In an inverted parabola^ the time of descending down any
chord from a point P to the lowest pointy is equal to the time of de-
scending vertically to a horizontal line^ which is at a distance below
the vertex equal to the latus rectum.
24. If from any point in a rectangular hyperbola^ whose axis is
vertical^ two lines be drawn to the extremities of this axis; the
times of descent down them will be equal.
25. In a hyperbola whose major axis is horizontal^ determine the
diameters down which a heavy body will descend in a given time ;
also that diameter down which it will descend in the shortest time.
26. The plane of a cycloid^ whose axis is a, being inclined to
the horizon at an angle of 60^ ; find the time of descent down a
chord, drawn from the vertex to either extremity of the base.
27. AB is a vertical line of given length : find the locus of a
point P, such that the square of the time down AP, plus the square
of the time down PB, starting from rest at P, may be constant.
28. Two bodies fall from two given points in the same vertical,
down two straight lines drawn to any point of a curve, in the same
time ; all the lines are in the same vertical plane ; find the equation
to the curve.
29. Two balls, whose weights are 9 lb. and 2 lb. respectively, are
connected by a string 15 feet in length; the 9 lb. is supported on
a smooth horizontal table, along which it is drawn by the 2 lb.
that begins to fall ; find the velocities acquired by the latter after
falling vertically through 12 feet, and 20 feet; slso the times of
motion in both cases.
In the latter case, let the string be supposed to break when the 9 lb.
reaches the edge of the table,
30. Two equal weights W are suspended over a fixed pulley ; what
weight must be added to one of them, that it may descend through
100 feet in 8 seconds ?
31. A mass of 18 lb. is so distributed at the extremities of a cord
passing over a fixed pulley, that the more loaded end descends
through 13 yards in as many seconds; required the weights at each
end.
32. A weight of 7 lb. draws up one of 5 lb. over a fixed pulley;
at the instant of letting go the weight of 7 lb. a velocity 4 feet is
communicated to it; how far will it descend in 8 seconds, and what
velocity will it have acquired at the end of that time ?
33. If P, Q be two bodies connected by a string passing over a
184 DYNAMICS. [Ex. 8, 4.
Ex. 3.
tmooth fixed pulley and P descend ; after P has described a given
space a, let a weight p be removed from P^ leaving the remainder
P— /) less than Q. Determine the subsequent motion.
34. A weight P after falling freely through a feet, begins to raise
up a weight Q>>P, connected together by means of a string passing
over a smooth fixed pulley ; find the extreme height to which Q
can rise, and the time of its ascending.
35. Find the straight line of quickest descent from a given point
within a circle to the circumference.
36. Find the straight line of quickest descent, from the focus to
the curve of a parabola, whose axis is vertical.
37. The major axis of an ellipse is vertical ; determine the radius
vector measured from the upper focus, down which the time of de-
scent is the least possible.
MOTION UPON A CURVE, AND THE SIMPLE PENDULUM.
If l=z number of inches in the length of a simple pendulum,
t sec, = time of one oscillation ;
=-0'
If, in the latitude of London, L he the length of the seconds* pen^
dulum, and g the force of gravity ;
L=39'>393*»-; ^=3219084/^; *= 3' 141 59
logL=: 1*592613; log g= 1*507732; log ir= -497150.
Ex. 4.
1. Three planes A, B, C are m contact; A is vertical, B and C
are inclined to the horizon at angles 60^ and 30^ respectively ; find
the velocity, with which a body beginning to descend from A will
begin to move along the horizontal plane passing through the lower
extremity of the plane C.
2. A ball having descended to the lowest point of a circle through
an arc whose chord is a, drives an equal ball up an are whose chord
is b ; find the common elasticity e of the two balls.
3. If i be the angular distance of a body from the lowest point
in a circular arc ; show that the force in the direction of the arc is
to the force in the direction of the chord as 2 cos^d : i.
4. Having given the length of the seconds' pendulum, find the
length of a pendulum that will oscillate 4 times in one second ; and
another 9 times in one minute.
5. In what time would a pendulum, 80 inches long, vibrate at
the distance of two of the earth's radii, above the surface of the
earth?
Ex. 4.] THE SIMPLE PENDULUM. 185
Ex. 4.
6. Find the length of a pendulum which oscillates as often in
one minute as there are inches in its length.
7. Find the length of a pendulum that would oscillate three
times, whilst a heavy particle falls from rest through 8 1 feet.
8. If a pendulum vibrate seconds at the earthy it would vibrate
minutes at the moon^ the distance of the moon from the earth^s
centre being taken equal to 30 times the earth's diameter.
9. A seconds^ pendulum is lengthened 1*05 inches; find the
number of seconds it will lose in 12 hours.
10. A pendulum which should beat seconds, is found to lose 20
seconds a day. Determine the quantity by which its length should
be increased or diminished.
11. A pendulum gains 3 seconds in an hour, before it is carried
up a high mountain ; at what height in the ascent would the pen-
dulum keep true time, if the earth's radius were 4000 miles ?
12. How high must a seconds' pendulum be carried above the
level of the sea, that it may vibrate 598 times in 10 minutes, the
radius of the earth being 3958 miles ?
13. A seconds' pendulum is carried to the top of a mountain and
there loses 48*6 seconds in a day; determine the height of the
mountain, supposing the earth's radius to be 4000 miles.
14. The length of a pendulum that vibrates sidereal seconds being
38*926 inches; find the length of a sidereal day. Find the increment
of the length of the pendulum, that it may measure mean solar time.
15. A pendulum, which would oscillate seconds at the equator,
would, if carried to the pole, gain 5 minutes a day ; compare the
forces of equatoreal and polar gravity.
16. Two pendulums, the lengths of which are L and /, begin to
oscillate together, and are again coincident after n oscillations of L,
Given L the greater, to find /.
17. Two pendulums, A and B, begin to oscillate together, and are
again coincident after 1 2 oscillations of A ; find the length of B,
that of A being 38*3 inches and longer than B.
18. A pendulum, which vibrates seconds at Greenwich, taken to
another place is found to lose n seconds a day ; compare the forces
of gravity at the two places.
19. If a clock, at a place A on the earth^s surface, keeps true
time, and when taken to another place B loses n minutes daily, but
goes right on being shortened by the mth part of an inch ; find the
length of the pendulum.
20. A pendulum 40 inches long oscillates 3*5 times between the
time of seeing the flash and hearing the report of a cannon ; find
the distance of the cannon from the observer, the velocity of sound
being assumed equal to 35^ per second.
21. If from the extremity of the vertical diameter of a circle the
186 DYNAMICS. [Ex. 4.
Ex. 4.
chord of 6o° be drawn ; compare the time of falling down this chord
with the time of oscillation of a pendulum equal in length to the
chord.
In the interior of the earth —
Gravity varies directly as the distance from the earth's centre,
22. A seconds' pendulum^ on being carried to the bottom of a
mine^ is found to lose lo seconds a day; determine the depth of
the mine^ if the earth's radius be 4000 miles.
23. How far below the earth's surface, or how high above it,
must the pendulum, whose length is 39*12 inches, be taken to
oscillate seconds, the earth's radius being 3958 miles ?
24. If a pendulum, when carried to the top of a mountain, is
observed to lose in a given time just twice as much as it does when
taken to the bottom of a mine in the neighbourhood ; show that
the height of the one is equal to the depth of the other.
25. The times of oscillation of a pendulum are observed at the
earth's surface, and at a given depth below the surface ; hence de-
termine the radius of the earth, supposed spherical.
26. A particle, acted on by gravity, descends from any point in
the arc of an inverted cycloid, of which the axis is vertical, to the
lowest point of the curve ; find the time of descent.
PROJECTILES IN A NON-RESISTING MEDIUM.
If two straight lines be drawn through the point of projection, one
horizontal, the other vertical; and these lines he taken for the coordi-
nate axes of X and y respectively ; V the velocity of projection, and a
the angle which the direction of projection makes with the axis of x ;
h the space due to the velocity of projection ; then the equation to the
curve described by the projectile is
gx*- x^
I, y = xtana—-^ji 5— = j?<a«a— —r 5: — •
^ 2 V' cos^a 4A COS* a
If R be the horizontal range, T the time of describing this range,
H the greatest height, then
2V
2. T=— M»a. 3. R^zhsin za, 4. H^hsin^a,
y
If R', T' be the range and time respectively on an inclined plane
passing through the point of projection, and having an elevation i; then
^ ^ cos I g cos I
If w be the weight of a ball or shell, p the weight of the gunpowder
Ex. 6.] PROJECTILES. 187
used in firing the ball or shell from a mortar, and v the velocity gene"
rated by the powder, then
7. v=:i6oo(^^yfeet,
Ex. 5.
1. A body is projected in a direction making an angle of 15°
with the horizon, with a velocity of 60 feet per second ; find its
range, greatest altitude, and time of flight.
2. A body is projected at an angle of 45°, and descends to the
horizon at a distance of 500 feet from the point of projection ; with
what velocity was it projected, what was its greatest altitude, and
the whole time of flight ?
3. The horizontal range of a projectile is 1000 feet and the time
of flight is 15 seconds ; find the direction and velocity of projection ;
also the greatest altitude of the body during the flight.
4. The horizontal range of a body, projected at an angle of 15°,
is 841 feet ; flnd how high the body would rise, if projected vertically
upwards with the same velocity of projection.
5. If the horizontal range of a projectile be to the greatest
height as 4 : 3^ ; find the angle of projection.
6. If the horizontal range of a body, projected with a given
velocity, be three times the greatest altitude, find the angje of pro-
jection. Find this angle when the range is equal to the altitude.
7. Find the velocity and direction of projection of a ball, that
it may be 100 feet above the ground at the distance of half a mile
and may strike the ground at the distance of 1200 yards.
8. From one extremity of the base (500 feet) of an isosceles
triangle, whose vertical angle is 36°, situate in a vertical plane, a
body is projected in the direction of the side adjacent to that ex-
tremity, so as to strike a body placed in the other extremity; find
the velocity of projection, and the time of flight.
9. A shell being discharged at an angle of 45°, its explosion was
heard at the mortar 2i seconds after the discharge ; required the
horizontal range, the velocity of sound being 35^ per second.
10. A ball is fired at a given elevation a towards a person who is
on the same horizontal plane as the gun ; if the ball and the sound
of the dischai^e reach him at the same instant, find the range ; the
velocity of sound being 35^ per second.
11. If a body be projected with a velocity of 850 feet per second
in a direction making an angle of 60° with the horizon ; find the
focus of the parabola described, and also its latus rectum.
12. Find the velocity and direction, with which a body must be
projected from a given point, that it may hit two other given points
in the same vertical plane.
13. If the area of the parabola described by a projectile be one-
188 DYNAMICS. [Sz. 5.
Ex. 5.
third of the square described on the horizontal range ; find the angle
of projection.
14. Two bodies are projected from the same point with the same
velocity ; the directions of projection are measured by the angles a
and 2a respectively ; compare the areas of the parabolas described^
supposing the horizontal ranges equal.
16. If the areas in the last problem be equal ; what is the value of a?
16. Two bodies are projected from the same point with equal
velocities^ and their horizontal ranges are equal ; if the areas of the
parabolas described are as 2 : i ; find the angles of projection.
17. A shot is fired with a given velocity towards a tower whose
horizontal distance from the cannon is one-half the range, and
whose altitude subtends an angle tan~'|. at the point of projection ;
find the inclination of the cannon to the horizon, that the shot may
strike the summit of the tower.
18. At a distance a from the bottom of a vertical line, a ball is
projected at an angle of 45°, which just touches the top^ and after-'
wards strikes the ground at the distance b from the bottom on the
other side ; find the height of the line.
1!>. A body is projected at an angle of 60° elevation, with a'
velocity of 150 feet per second; find the direction and velocity of
the projectile after the lapse of 5 seconds ; also its height above
the horizontal plane passing through the point of projection.
20. Two bodies are projected from the same point with equal
velocities so as to describe the same horizontal range^ and the times
of flight are as 3^ : i ; required the directions of projection*
21. If two bodies be projected from the same pomt with equal
velocities, and in such directions that they both strike the same
point on a plane whose inclination to the horizon is |3; if a be the
angle of projection of the first, compare the times of flight.
22. AB is the vertical diameter of a circle. A perfectly elastic
ball (hmcends down the chord AG, and being reflected by the plane
UC, describes its path as a projectile ; show that the body will strike
the circle at the opposite extremity of the diameter CD.
23. A ball of given elasticity is projected with a given velocity
ut a given elevation. On meeting the horizontal plane it rebounds,
describes another parabola, and again rebounds ; and so describes a
scries of parabolse. Find the whole horizontal distance described
before the ball ceases to rebound.
24. The velocities at the extremities of any chord of the parabola
described by a projectile, when resolved in a direction perpendicular
to the chord, are equal.
26. A body projected from the top of a tower, at an elevation of
30^^ above the horizon, fell in n seconds at a distance of a feet from
the base ; find the height of the tower.
Ex. 5.] PROJECTILES. 189
Ex. 5.
26. With what velocity must a body be projected from a tower,
in a direction parallel to the horizon, so that it shall strike the
ground at a distance from the foot of the tower equal to half its
height ?
27. A body is projected, from the top of a tower, 200 feet high^
with a velocity of 50 feet per second and at an angle of elevation of
60° ; find the range on the horizontal plane passing through the
foot of the tower, and the time of flight.
28. A body is projected from the summit of a hill, whose form is
a right cone the vertical angle of which is 1 20°, in a given direc-
tion with a given velocity ; to find where the projectile will strike
the hill.
29. A body is projected from the summit of a mountain of 45^
elevation^ so as just to strike at the bottom, and with double the
velocity of projection, which equals that due to a height of 400 yards ;
find the height of the mountain and the greatest height attained
by the projectile.
30. A body, projected in a direction making an angle of 30° with
a plane whose inclination to the horizon is 45°, fell upon the plane
at the distance of 250 feet from the point of projection, which is
also in the inclined plane ; required the velocity of projection, and
the time of flight.
31. At the foot of a tower 60 feet high runs a river 300 feet in
width ; a hill slopes from the opposite bank of the river at an angle
of 30° to the horizon ; from the top of the tower a cannon-ball is
fired at an elevation of 60°; the impetus is 500 feet: at what
distance from the bank of the river will the ball strike the hill ?
32. The heights of the ridge and eaves of a house are 40 feet and
32 feet respectively, and the roof is inclined at 30° to the horizon.
Find where a sphere, falling down the roof from the ridge, will
strike the ground, and also the time of descent from the eaves.
33. If a body be projected up a plane AC, inclined at 45° to the
horizon, with the velocity acquired in falling down a vertical line
= AC ; find the range AD on the horizontal plane passing through
the point A. Determine also the time between its leaving the point
of projection and meeting the horizontal plane.
34. Given the base of an inclined plane ; find its inclination so
that a body projected directly up it, with a given velocity, may after
passing the top, fall at the greatest possible distance beyond the
base in the same horizontal line.
35. A body is projected with a velocity of 160 feet per second, and
at an angle of 45° with the horizon ; after the lapse of 5 seconds,
an object, dislodged by the projectile, strikes the ground ; required
the distance of the object struck from the point of projection.
36. From the top of a tower, two bodies are projected with the
190 DYNAMICS. [Ex. 5.
Ex. 5.
same velocity at different given angles of elevation, and they strike
the horizon at the same place ; find the height of the tower.
37* Two bodies A and B are projected at the same instant^ from
the same point, with velocities u and v respectively — the one verti-
cally and the other at an elevation of 30° ; find the path described
by their common centre of gravity.
38. Four balls, whose weights are 2, 3, 5 and 6 pounds respect-
ively, are projected from the same point at the same instant and with
the same velocity of 1000 feet per second; the angles of elevation
are severally 22° 30', 30°, 45** and 60° ; find the height of their
common centre of gravity after 3 seconds have elapsed, and the
highest point to which it will rise.
39. A body is projected vertically upwards from a point A, with
a given velocity ; find the direction in which another body must be
projected with a given velocity from a point B in the same hori-
zontal line with A, so as to strike the first body.
40. Several bodies being projected in different directions from the
same point and with the same velocity ; it is required to find the
locus of all the bodies at the end of a given time.
41. Find the locus of the vertices of all the parabolas described
under the circumstances of the last problem.
42. Planes AP, AP', AP", &c. being drawn in every direction
from the point A, and bodies projected from A with a given velocity
at such angles that the ranges on each of these planes shall be
the greatest ; to find the locus of all the extreme points P, F, P',
&c.
43. A body of given elasticity slides down an inclined plane of
given length, whose inclination is cos"'-^, and impinges on the
horizontal plane at the foot of the inclined plane ; required the
range of the body after reflection at the horizontal plane.
44. An iinpc^rfcctly elastic ball, from a given height is let fall on
a given inclined plane ; required the point at which it will again
strike the plane after reflection.
45. A perfectly claMtic ball falls from a height A on a plane in-
clined at an angle; of 30^ to the horizon ; after what time will the
ball again strike the plane; and what is the distance between the
two points stnick ?
40. A perfectly elastic body is projected from a point in a plane
whose inclination to the horizon is 1 ; find the angle of projection in
order that after striking the plane the body may be reflected verti-
cally upwards.
47* Two balls are projected at the same instant from two given
points in a horizontal plane and in opposite directions so as to de-
scribe the same parabola. What must be their relative magnitude
Ex. 6.] ROTATION OF BODIES. 191
Ex. 5.
and elaBticity, so that after impact one of them may return through
the same path as before and the other descend in a right line ?
48. The time of describing any portion PQ of the parabolic path
of a projectile is proportional to the difference of the tangents of
the angles^ which the linear tangents at P and Q make with the
horizon.
49. If two particles be projected from the same point, at the same
instant^ with velocities u, v, and in directions a, fi respectively ; find
the time which elapses between their transits through the other
point, which is common to both their paths.
60. An imperfectly elastic ball is projected with a given velocity
and in a given direction ; when the ball is at its greatest height it
is reflected directly by a vertical plane ; determine where the ball
will strike the horizontal plane, passing through the point of pro-
jection, and the whole time of flight.
61. It u, V, w be the velocities at three points P, Q, R of the path
of a projectile, where the inclinations to the horizon are a, a—fi,
a— 2^, and if t, i be the times of describing PQ, QR respectively :
show that wt^vt. and — | — = ^•
u w V
62. A ball of 13 lb. weight is fired from a mortar on the summit of
a mountain with a charge of 6*5 oz. of powder, so as just to strike
at the bottom and with double the velocity of projection ; find the
height of the mountain.
63. How much powder is required to throw an 8-inch shell 1500
yards on an inclined plane passing through the point of projection,
its inclination being 28° 45 , and that of the mortar 48° 30' ?*
54. A gun is mounted on a citadel 450 feet above the level of
the sea. A pirate is observed in a line, making an angle of depres-
sion = 5° 30', and it is required to fire into her a 1 3-inch shell :
how much powder will be necessary, and what is the time of flight,
the inclination of the gun being 24° 30' ?*
ROTATION OF BODIES.
I. Moment of Inertia.
If k be the radius of gyration of any system of particles m, tn\ 7n^\
S(C. capable of moving about an axis at the distances r, r', r", 8iC,
respectively t then
/ mr*-i-my*-h>»V^*-h^c. \i_ r 2!(mr^) U ( fr'^dm \i
^""V m-f-m'-f-m''+*c. ) ~\ S(m) J ' ^'^ 1 fdm J *
* The %-inch and i yinch shells are supposed to weigh 48 lb. and 196/6.
respectively.
192 DTNAMTC8. [Sz. &
6. Find the radius of gyration —
1. Of a right line or slender rod about an axis throngh its ex-
tremity and perpendicular to its length.
2. Of a plane circle or wheel revolving on its centre.
3. Of a circular arc about a radius through its vertex.
4. Of a circular arc about an axis perpendicular to its plane and
passing through its centre of gravity.
6. Of a circular arc about an axis perpendicular to its plane and
passing through its vertex.
6. Of a circular area revolving about a straight line parallel to
its plane^ at a distance c from its centre.
7. Of an elliptic area about its principal axes
8« Of an elliptic area about an axis through the centre perpen-
dicular to its plane.
9. Of an isosceles triangle about a perpendicular let fall from its
vertex upon its base.
10. Of a triangular lamina about an axis perpendicular to its plane
and passing through one of its angular points.
U. Of a triangular lamina about an axis through its centre of
gravity and perpendicular to its plane.
12. Of a parallelogram about an axis through its centre of gravity
and perpendicular to its plane.
13. Of a regular polygon of n sides, about an axis through the
centre and perpendicular to its plane.
14. Of an annulus about a perpendicular axis through the centre.
16. Of a parabolic area bounded by the curve and a double ordi-
nate to the axis, about a line through the vertex perpendicular to
the plane.
\Ck Of a sphere about a diameter.
17. Of a spherical shell about a diameter.
18. Of a cylinder about its axis.
19. Of a solid cylinder about an axis, passing through the middle
point of, and perpendicular to, its own axis.
20. Of a right cone about its axis.
21. Of a right cone about an axis passing through its vertex and
perpendicular to its own axis.
22. Of a paraboloid about its axis.
23. If the density of a straight rod AB vary as the nth power of
the distance from one end A, and k, kf be the radii of gyration of
the rod about axes at right angles to its length through A, B re-
spectively ; compare the values o{ k, kf ; also find n, when k=6kf.
24. The moment of inertia of any plane figure about any axis,
equally inclined to the principal axes, which have the same origin,
is equal to two- thirds of the greatest of the moments about those
principal axes.
Ex. 7.] ROTATION OF BODIES. 193
II. Centre op Oscillation.
If I, h he the distances of the centres of oscillation and gravity of a
system of particles from the axis of suspension, then
'_ mr^'\'m'r'^'\'m'^r"*'\'8f c._ ^mr^) frHm
'~ (m -h m' -h m'' + ^c.)A "* A . S(m) ' ^^ h .fdm
Ex. 7. Find the time of oscillation — ■
1. Of an isosceles triangle^ about an axis through its vertex per-
pendicular to its plane.
2. Of three equal weights placed at the angles of an equilateral
triangle without weight, which is suspended by an axis, perpendi-
cular to its plane and bisecting one of its sides.
3. Of a regular hexagon, about an axis through one of its angular
points, and perpendicular to its plane.
4. Of a circular arc of 60% about an axis through its middle
point perpendicular to its plane.
5. Of a cube, about one of its edges.
6. Of a square pyramid, about an axis through its vertex per-
pendicular to its geometrical axis.
7. Of a solid cylinder^ about a line in its surface parallel to tho
axis.
8. Of a sphere, about an axis touching its surface.
9. Of a right cone, about an axis which is a tangent to the cir«
cumference of its base.
10. Of a paraboloid, about an axis through its vertex perpendicular
to its geometrical axis.
11. Of the solid, generated by a sector of 60° of a given circle,
revolving about one of its extreme radii ; the solid being suspended
from the vertex.
12. Two equal heavy particles are fixed, one at the middle point,
and the other at the extremity of a rigid imponderable rod, and
suspended from the extremity ; find the time of an oscillation.
13. A heavy particle is suspended at a distance of 30 inches
from a horizontal axis ; at what distance must another particle of
double the weight be placed, so that the two, rigidly connected,
may together vibrate seconds 7
14. If three pendulums, consisting of three equal heavy particles
attached to the same horizontal axis by rigid imponderable rods, of
lengths, such that their times of oscillation are i sec, 2 sec, 3 sec. .
respectively ; find the time of oscillation, when all three are rigidly
connected together.
15. A pendulum consists of a rigid imponderable rod A A', 52
inches long, and 2 spheres of radii 5 and 3 inches, placed with their
centres at A, A' respectively ; find the time of oscillation about a
horizontal axis through a point S in the rod^ such that A'S equals
12 inches.
19i DYNAMICS. [Bx. 7.
Ex. 7.
16. A rigid rod SA without weight, 5 feet long, passes through
the centres of three spheres C, B, A whose radii are 2, 3, 5 inches
respectively, so that SC=40 in., CB=i2 in., BA=8 in., S being
the point of suspension ; find the time of an oscillation.
17. Find at what point of the rod of a perfect pendulum, must be
fixed a given weight of indefinitely small volume so that the pen-
dulum may vibrate in the shortest time possible.
18. If the interior of two circles, which touch internally, be taken
away, and the remaining area oscillate about an axis in its own plane
which is a tangent at the point common to the two circles ; find
the centre of oscillation.
19. Compare the times in which a circular plate will vibrate about
a horizontal tangent, and about a horizontal axis through the point
of contact at right angles to the tangent.
20. Find the isosceles triangle of a given area, which, vibrating
about an axis passing through its vertex perpendicular to its plane,
shall oscillate in the least time possible.
21. A sector of a circle revolves about an axis perpendicular to
its plane, and passing through the centre of the circle ; find the
angle of the sector when the length of the isochronous simple pen-
dulum equals one-half the length of the arc.
22. Prove that a right cone, whether suspended at its vertex or by
the diameter of its base, will oscillate in equal times.
23. Determine the ratio of the diameter of the base to the alti-
tude of a cone, so that the centre of oscillation, when the cone is
suspended by the vertex, may be in the centre of the base.
24. Find the dimensions 01 a cone of given volume, which, being
suspended by the vertex, will oscillate as many times in a minute
as there are mches in the length of its axis.
26. A cylindrical rod of given length oscillates seconds, when
suspended from one extremity ; at what point must it be suspended
to oscillate once in n seconds ?
26. A pendulum consists of a rigid rod OA without weight, and
a sphere of which the centre is A and radius r ; to determine the
point A' in the line OA at which the centre of another sphere of
radius r' must be fixed in order that the time of oscillation of the
system of 2 spheres may be the least possible.
27. Two straight rods, equal in length, are suspended by their
extremities, one being of uniform density, and the density of the
other varying as the nth power of the distance fi*om the axis of
suspension ; the times of their small oscillations are found to be as
5! : 6i ; required the value of n.
28. A bent lever, whose arms are a, b, and inclination to one
another 0, makes small oscillations in its own plane about the an-
gular point ; find the centre of oscillation.
Ex. 7^ 8.] ROTATION OF BODIES. 195
Ex. 7.
29. A uniform rod of length a is bent into the form of a cycloid,
and oscillates about a horizontal line joining its extremities ; find
the length of the isochronous pendulum.
30. If two particles whose weights are as 2 : 3 oscillate^ one in a
semicircle, and the other in a cycloid ; show that the whole tension^
of the two strings, at any given inclination of them to the horizon,
are equal ; the motion m both cases beginning from the highest
point.
III. D'Alembbrt's Principle.
Ex. 8.
1. Two heavy particles P, P' are attached to a rigid imponderable
rod APP', which is oscillating in a vertical plane about a fixed point
in its extremity A; determine the motion.
2. Two particles, attached to the extremities of a fine inextensible
thread, are placed upon two inclined planes having a common ver-
tex ; determine the motion of the particles and the tension of the
thread at any time.
3. One body m draws up another nJ on the wheel and axle ;
determine the motion of the weights and the tensions of the strings.
4. A body P, draws another body Q, over a fixed pulley AB ;
determine the motion, and tensions of the string.
5. A square is capable of revolving about a side ; find where it
must be struck perpendicularly that there may be no impulse upon
the axis.
6. Suppose a cylinder, that weighs 100 lb., to revolve upon a
horizontal axis, and to be set in motion by a weight P of 151b.
attached to a string which is coiled round the surface of the cylinder ;
find the space through which the weight descends in 5 seconds.
7. If P in the preceding Ex. be 20 lb. and descend through
75 feet in 3 seconds ; what is the weight of the cylinder ?
8. A sphere C, of radius 3 feet and weight 500 lb., is put in
motion by a weight P of 20 lb. by means of a string going over a
wheel whose radius is 6 inches ; in what time will P descend through
50 feet, and what velocity will it then have acquired ?
9. A paraboloid whose weight W is 200 lb. and radius of base
20 inches, is made to revolve about its axis, which is horizontal, by
means of a weight P of 15 lb. acting by a cord that passes over a
wheel of one foot diameter on the same axis ; after P has descended
for 10 seconds, it is removed, and the paraboloid is left to revolve
uniformly with the velocity acquired ; find the velocity of the centre
of gyration of the paraboloid, and the number of revolutions it will
perform in one minute.
o 2
196 DYNAMICS. [Xz. 8.
Ex. 8.
10. Two weights of 5 lb. and 3 lb. hang over a fixed pulley^ whose
weight is 12 oz.; find the time of either weight moving through
a space of 30 feet.
11. What weight could be raised through a space of 30 feet in
6 seconds by a weight of 50 lb. acting by means of a string going
round a fixed and a moveable pulley, the weight of each pulley
being i lb. ?
12. A weight of 500 lb. is raised by a rope wound round an axle
whose radius is 6 inches; the weight of the wheel and axle is
80 lb., and the distance of their centre of gyration from the axis of
rotation is 3 feet ; find the radius and weight of the wheel, so that
another weight of 100 lb., acting at its circumference, may make
the 500 lb. ascend through a space of 10 feet in 5 sec. ; also find
the pressure upon the axis during the motion.
13. A hemisphere oscillates about a horizontal axis, which coin-
cides with a diameter of the base ; if the base be at first vertical,
find the ratio of the greatest pressure on the axis to the weight of
the hemisphere.
Ex. 1.] PRfiSSURE ON SURFACES. 107
HYDROSTATICS.
PRESSURE ON SURFACES.
I. Let A be the area of any surface immersed in a fluid, x the depth
of the centre of gravity of the surface A below the surface of the fluid,
p the density of the fluid, and P the normal pressure on A ; then
P=AjpJ?g
II. The vertical pressure on A is equal to the weight of the fluid m-
cumbent on A.
Ex. L
1. An equilateral triangle is immersed in a fluid so that one side
is vertical ; compare the pressures on the three sides.
2. Two equal isosceles triangles are just immersed vertically in a
fluids one with its base^ the other with its vertex downwards ; find
the ratio of the pressures.
3. An isosceles triangle with its base downwards is just immersed
vertically in a fluid; divide the triangle by a line parallel to the
base so that the pressures on the upper and lower parts may be as
1:7.
4. A triangle, the area of which is A, being immersed in a fluid
with its angular points at depths h, k, I below the surface of the
fluid ; it is required to find the pressure on the triangle.
6. Two equal squares are just immersed vertically in a fluid, one
with a side, the other with a diagonal vertical ; find the ratio of the
pressures.
6. Two squares, whose sides are 9 and 5 inches respectively, are
immersed vertically in a fluid, their sides being parallel to its sur-
face. The first square has its upper side at a depth of 4 inches
beneath the surface ; find the depth to which the second square
must be sunk^ so that the pressure on it may be 3 times that on
the first.
7. The sides of a rectangle immersed vertically in a fluid are 9
and 14, the shorter side being coincident with the surface. From
one of the angles at the suriace draw a straight line to the base,
dividing the rectangle into two parts, such that the pressures on
them may be in the ratio of 5 : 3.
8. A rectangle, whose sides are 20 and 7, is immersed vertically
in a fluid, with its shorter side coincident with the surface ; divide
the rectangle into 5 parts by horizontal lines, so that the pressures
on each part may be equal.
9. A parallelogram^ of which the diagonals AC^ BD intersect ia
108 BTDROtTATICS. [Sz. L
O, is immened in a fluids to that AB is in the snrbee of the fluid;
eompare the pressures L, M, Non the triangka AOB, BOC, COD.
10. A circle whose radios 19 6, is just immersed yertically in a
floid ; find tbe radios of a circle toodiing the former internally at
the sorface of the floid, so that the pressores on the smaller cnrele
and fnistum mav be as 5 : 4.
11. If a circle be inscribed in a sqnare, and another square be in-
scribed in the circle, and the whole ngore be then just immersed Teiti-
cally in a fluid, so that an angular point of the greater square nmy
coincide with the surface; compare the pressures on the squares
and circle.
12. A rectangle is described about a parabola, and the whole
figure is immersed vertically in a fluid, so that the vertex coincides
with the surface of the fluid ; eompare the pressures on the parabola
and rectangle.
Id. A parabola is immersed in a fluid with its axis vertical^ and
vertex coincident with the surface; divide the parabola by a hori-
zontal line into two parts, so that the pressures on them may be as
m : n.
14. A parabola with its axis vertical, has its vertex coincident with
the surface of the fluid in which it is immersed ; divide the parabola
by horizontal lines into four parts, so that the pressures on them
may be equal.
15. If a cubical vessel be filled with fluid and rest on one of its
sides ; compare the vertical and lateral pressures.
16. A cubical vessel filled with fluid is held with one of its dia-
gonals vertical ; compare the pressures on the sides.
17* If a cubical vessel be filled, half with mercury and half with
water ; compare the pressure on the sides with the pressure on the
base, which is horizontal.
18. A side of the base of a square pyramid is 10 inches, the alti-
tude is 22 inches ; if the pyramid be filled with water, compare the
pressure on the base with the pressure on each side, and with the
weight of the water.
19. If two spheres whose radii are as 3 : 5, be just immersed in
a fluid ; compare the pressures on them.
20. If a given sphere be just immersed in a fluid ; compare the
pressure on the sphere with the weight of the fluid displaced.
21. If the density of mercury be 13*568 times that of water; it
is required to compare the pressure on the internal surface of a
sphere filled with water, with the weight of a sphere of mercury of
the same radius.
Hz. 1.] PRESSURE ON SURFACES. 199
£z. 1.
22. Compare the pressures on the upper and lower halves of a
hemispherical basin filled with fluid.
23. If a hollow spherical segment 5 inches in height be cut from
a sphere whose diameter is 16^ and be filled with water ; determine
the lateral pressure.
If N represent the normal pressure » M the vertical pressure, and L
the lateral pressure, then
24. Divide a hollow sphere filled with fluids by a circle parallel
to the horizon^ into two parts^ so that the pressures on them may
be equal.
25. A hemisphere is immersed in a fluids with its base coincident
with the surface of the fluid ; divide the hemisphere by horizontal
planes into four parts, so that the pressures on all the convex sur-
faces may be equal.
2Q, Compare the whole pressure on the surface of a spherical
segment filled with fluid, with the weight of the fluid.
27. The radii of the ends of a frustum cut from a sphere, whose
diameter is 2r, are a, b, and the height is h : find the depth to which
this frustum must be sunk in a fluid with its axis vertical, that the
pressures on its two ends may be equal to n times the pressure on
its curve surface.
28. A solid hemisphere is immersed in a fluid with its axis in-
clined at an angle a to the vertical, the surface of the fluid being a
tangent plane to the hemisphere ; find the whole pressure on the
convex surface of the solid.
29. The height of a cylindrical vessel filled with fluid is equal to
the diameter of the base ; compare the pressures on the base and
concave surface, with the weight of the fluid.
30. A solid cylinder is immersed in a fluid, the depths of the
centres of its circular ends being A, k, its radius r and length d;
determine the pressure on the whole surface.
31. A solid cylinder is just immersed in a fluid with its axis
vertical ; divide the cylinder by a horizontal plane into two parts,
such that the pressures on the convex surfaces may be equal.
32. A cylindrical yard-stick is just immersed vertically in a fluid;
divide it mto three parts which shall sustain equal pressures.
33. A cylinder filled with fluid with its axis vertical is divided by
horizontal sections into 5 annuli, so that the pressure on each an-
nulus may be equal to the pressure on the base ; the radius of the
cylinder is 7 inches ; determine its height and the breadth of the
third annulus.
200 HYDROSTATICS* [Ez. 1^ 2.
Ex. 1.
34. Divide a given cylinder which is just immersed in a fluid with
its axis vertical, into n parts so that the pressures on them may be
equal.
35. A cylinder 15 inches in length is just immersed vertically in
two fluids that do not mix, whose densities are as i : 2 ; and the
pressures upon the two parts of the convex surface of the crj^linder
, are as 2 : 3 ; find the length of the cylinder immersed in each fluid.
36. Divide a cylinder whose axis is 20 inches, into four parts,
such that when the cylinder is just immersed vertically in a fluid^
the pressures may be in Geometrical Progression with 2 for the
common ratio.
37. A cylinder, the length of whose axis is 2h, rests with its axis
vertical in two fluids that do not mix, whose densities are as i : 2 ;
the distance between the surfaces of the fluids is h ; find the density
of the cylinder that it may be just immersed.
38. Find the whole pressure on the surface of a solid cone inclu-
ding its base, when immersed in a fluid with its axis vertical and
its vertex just at the surface of the fluid.
39. If a right cone, its axis being vertical, is just immersed in a
fluid, (i) with its base, (2) with its vertex, downwards; compare
the pressures on its convex surface in each case.
40. A right cone with its axis vertical is just immersed in a fluid,
vertex downwards ; divide the cone by a horizontal plane, so that
the pressures on the convex surfaces above and below the section
may be equal.
41. What is the least depth of fluid, whose densitv is p, in which
a cone, whose height is A and density 0-, can rest with its axis ver-
tical, the vertex of the cone touching the base of the vessel f
42. What must be the vertical angle of a conical vessel, so that
when placed with its vertex upwards and filled with heavy fluid
through a hole at the vertex, the pressure on the concave surface
may be to the pressure on the base as 4 : 3 ? Show that the ratio
of these pressures cannot for any cone be less than 2 : 3.
43. A given paraboloid filled with fluid stands upon its base which
is horizontal ; compare the pressure on the concave surface with
the weight of the fluid.
44. Determine the form of a vessel of revolution, which being
filled with fluid, is such that the pressures on all horizontal sections
are equal to one another.
The Differential or Integral Calculus, or bothy may be required in Ex. 2»
Ex. 2.
1. A circle is just immersed vertically in a fluid; divide the circle
Ex. 2.] PRESSURE ON SURFACES. 201
Ex. 2.
by a horizontal line into two parts, so that the pressures on them
may be equaL
2. Find the pressure on a loop of the Lemniscata of Bemouilli,
whose equation is r^=a^ cos 2$, the loop being just immersed with
its axis vertical.
3. If a spherical vessel be filled with fluid, determine that hori-
zontal section which sustains the greatest pressure ; and compare
that pressure with the pressures on the two surfaces into which the
sphere is thus divided.
4. A hemisphere, with a flat lid and filled with fluid, is held with a
point in its edge uppermost ; to find its position when the sum of
the pressures on the concave and plane surfaces is the greatest
possible.
5. If an inverted paraboloid with its axis a vertical, be filled with
fluid; find the depth of that horizontal section on which the
pressure is greatest.
Normal Pressure of Heterogeneous Incompressible Fluids,
6. Compare the pressures on a plane figure immersed in a fluid
at different depths, but always horizontal ; when the density of the
fluid varies as the nth power of the distance from its surface.
7. A semicircle is immersed vertically in a fluid with its diameter
coincident with the surface; determine on which of the chords
parallel to the surface the pressure is greatest, when the density
of the fluid increases as the square of the depth.
8. Find the pressure on a triangular plane, one angle of which
is a right angle, and the base of which coincides with the surface
of the fluid : the inclination of the plane to the horizon is a, and
the density of the fluid varies as the depth.
9. A given parabola is just immersed in a fluid with its axis ver-
tical: determine the double ordinate, on which the pressure is
greatest, when the density of the fluid increases directly as the
depth.
10. A circular area is just immersed, vertically in a fluid, the
density of which increases directly as the depth; determine the
whole pressure on the area.
11. A cycloidal area is immersed in a fluid, whose density varies
directly as the depth, the axis being vertical and the vertex at the
surface ; determine the whole pressure on the area.
12. Determine the magnitude of a sphere of given density, which
will rest just immersed in a fluid, whose density varies as its depth.
13. A cylinder, having its axis vertical, is filled with fluid, the
density of which varies directly as the depth ; find the whole pres-
ure on the concave surface. Also, find the pressure on the portion
1
202 BYDftOSTATICS. [Sx. %, 3L
2.
of tbe concave unrfBce, included between two horiiontal tcctioM^ at
depths d, if.
14. A conical vessel is filled with floid whose density variea as the
depth ; if the pressure on the base, which is horiiontal, equal the
pressure on the concave surface ; find the vertical angle.
15. A given cone, with its vertex downwards, is filled with fluid,
the density of which varies as the square of the depth ; determine
the horizontal section, on which the pressure is gr^Uest.
16. A right cone resting with its base on a horiiontal plane ia
filled with fluid, the density of which varies as the nth power of the
depth ; compare the pressure on the concave surface with the weight
of the fluid.
17. An oblate spheroid, generated by the ellipse 9y*+«*=36,
the major axis being vertical, is filled with fluid, the density of which
varies as the depth ; find the horizontal section which sustains the
greatest pressure, and the value of that pressure.
CENTRE OP PRESSURE
Of a plane Surface immersed in any homogeneous incompremble Fluid*
Let the plane of the immersed area, inclined at any angle to the
horizon, be produced to meet the surface of the fluid, and let the line
of intersection be taken for the axis of y : draw the axis of x in thai
plane perpendicular to the axis of y.
Let m,, m^, m^, . . be elemental portions of the immersed area,
*iyi» x^%» ^zVi • • • their coordinates respectively,
X y the coordinates of the centre of pressure ; then
— m, j?i -H ni^Xx 4- m,arj + • . • _ S(mx*) ffx^dxdy
~" m,*r, + m^x^ -f- iWja^j + . . . "" S(mj?) ffxdxdy
^_ m^x ^ y^'\-m^x^y^-{'m^x^y^'\-, ,_ Hmxy) ffxydxdy
^ "" w ,d?, -f- m^x^ -H m^x^ + . • . S(f»wr) ffxdxdy
the limits of integration being determined by the extent and form of the
area.
If the immersed area be symmetrical with regard to the axis of Jt,
then y=o.
Ix. 3.
1. Find the centre of pressure of a parallelogram immersed in a
fluid, one side of the area being in the surface of the fluid.
2. Find the centre of pressure of a rectangular plank immersed
vertically to any depth within a fluid, the ends of the plank being
horizontal, and at depths h, k.
3. If a square whose side is ao inches, be immersed vertically
Ex. 3.] CENTHE OV PRESSURE. 208
Ex. 3.
in a fluids with a side horizontal^ to such a depth that the distance
of the centre of pressure from the centre of gravity is if inches ;
determine the depth.
4. Find the centre of pressure of a square^ whose side is a,
immersed to a depth h below the surface, one of its diagonals being
vertical.
6. Find the centre of pressure of a triangle, of which one side a,
coincides with, and another i, is perpendicular to, the fluid surface.
6. Find the centre of pressure of a trapezoid, whose parallel sides
are a and by the former being coincident with the surface of the fluid,
and h the distance between the parallel sides.
7. A circular area is just immersed in a fluid, find the centre of
pressure.
8. Find the centre of pressure of a semicircle, having its diameter
vertical, and the upper extremity of it in the fluid surface.
9. Find the centre of pressure of a quadrant, having one of its
bounding radii coincident with the fluid surface, and the other ver-
tical.
10. Find the centre of pressure of the sector of a circle, whose
centre is in the surface of the fluid, and axis vertical.
11. Find the centre of pressure of a parabola, the directrix of
which is coincident with the surface of the fluid.
12. A hollow cube filled with fluid is held with one of its diagonals
vertical ; find the centre of pressure on one of its lower faces.
13. The staves of a cylindrical tub full of water are to be kept
together by a single hoop ; find where it must be placed.
14. If a flood-gate move upon a vertical axis, the area on one side
of the axis being the quadrant of a circle, and on the other side a
rectangle of the same altitude ; determine the width of the rectangle
so that the gate may just open by the pressure of the water when
it has risen to the top.
15. If a sphere filled with water, be divided by a vertical plane
into two hemispheres ; determine the position and magnitude of the
lateral forces which shall just prevent their separation.
16. The axis of a cylindrical vessel, containing a given quantity
of fluid, is inclined at a given angle to the horizon ; determine the
centre of pressure of its base.
Heterogeneous Incompressible Fluids.
17. If a rectangular board whose sides are a, b, be immersed
vertically in a fluid, the density of which varies as the square of the
depth, and the side a coincide with the surface, find the centre of
pressure.
18. A semicircular area is just immersed vertically in a fluid, th^
204 HYDROSTATICS. [Ez. 3 — 5.
Ex. 3.
density of which varies as the depths with its diameter coinciding
with the surface ; find the centre of pressure.
19. A parabolic area^ cut off by a double ordinate to the axis h, is
immersed vertically in a fluids the density of which varies as the
depth ; if the tangent at the vertex lies in the surface of the fluid,
find the depth of the centre of pressure.
Equilibrium of two fluids of different densities in a bent tube.
If two fluids that do not mix, meet in a bent tube, the altitudes of
their surfaces above the horizontal plane in which they meet, are in*
versely as their densities,
Ex. 4.
1. If equal lengths of two fluids whose densities are as n : i be
poured into a circular tube; determine their position when at rest,
n being >i.
2. If a, fi be the angles subtended at the centre, by the lengths
of a circular tube, occupied respectively by two fluids that do not
mix, and whose densities are p, o*, the former being the heavier ;
find their position of equilibrium.
3. If equal lengths of two fluids whose densities are p, p' be
poured into a cycloidal tube ; determine the altitudes of their upper
and common surfaces.
SPECIFIC GRAVITY.
The weight of a solid, immersed in a fluid, is equal to the difference
between the true or absolute weights of the solid, and of an equal volume
of the fluid.
Ex. 5.
1. A cube, each edge of which is 4 inches long, weighs 16247
grains in air, and 95 grains in water ; determine the weight of a
cubic inch of water, iSf the Sp. 6r. of water = 770 x Sp. Gr. of air.
2. The edges of two cubes are as 3 : 5, and their Sp. Grs. as 3 14;
find the ratio of their weights.
3. The weights of two globes are as 1 1 : 3, and their Sp. Grs. as
3:2; compare their diameters.
4. If a cubic inch of metal weigh 10*36 oz., and a cubic foot of
another metal 9601b. avoirdupois; compare their Sp. Grs.
6. A globe and cyhnder, whose surface would circumscribe the
globe, are formed of different substances, but are of the same weight ;
compare their Sp. Grs.
6. A uniform rod of iron, 84- inches long, and of Sp. Gr. 7*2,
floats vertically in mercury, whose Sp. Gr. is 13*568; find the
length of the portion immersed.
Ex. 6.] SPECIFIC GRAVITY. 205
Ex. 5.
7. If the weight of a globe in air be JV, and in water w ; deter-
mine its diameter and Sp. Gr. ; having given p, et as the Sp. Grs.
of water and air respectively.
8. If a body weighs 6 lb. in air^ and 2 lb. in water ; and another
body weighs 7 lb. in air and 4 lb. in water; compare their Sp. Grs.;
that of air being 'OOiiis, and of water unity.
9. A diamond ring weighs 694. grains, and when weighed in
water 644^; if the Sp. Grs. of gold and diamond be 16*5 and 3*5
respectively, find the weight of the diamond.
10. The crown of Hiero, with an equal weight of gold and an
equal weight of silver were all weighed in water. The crown was
found to lose -^^ the gold ^, and the silver :^, of the common
weight. In what proportion were the gold and silver mixed in the
crown?
11. The Sp. Grs. of pure gold and copper being 19*3 and 8*8;
find the Sp. Gr. of standard gold, which is an alloy of gold and
copper in the proportion of 11 : i.
12. Given the Sp. Grs. of lead =11*352, of cork ='24, of white
fir ='569; how much cork must be added to 561b. of lead that
the united mass may weigh as much as an equal bulk of fir ?
13. Find the weight of a hydrometer, which sinks as deep in rec-
tified spirits of Sp. Gr. *866, as it sinks in water when loaded with
60 grains.
14. The weight of a piece of wood in air is 4 lb., of a piece of lead
in water 4 lb., and of the lead and wood together in water 3 lb. ;
required the Sp. Gr. of the wood, that of water being i, and of air
•001225.
15. A body weighs 4 oz. in a vacuum, and if another body which
weighs 3 oz. in water be attached to it, the united mass in water
weighs 2^ oz. ; find the Sp. Gr. of the former body.
16. If 21 pints of sulphuric acid of Sp. Gr. 1*84 be mixed with
8 pints of water, it is found that the mixture measures only 28 pints ;
find its Sp. Gr.
17. A pint of rectified spirits of Sp. Gr. *866, is added to a pint
of water ; if the mixture measure 2 pints, what is its Sp. Gr. ?
18. If, in a mixture of two fluids whose Sp. Grs. are 3, 5 respect-
ively, a body whose Sp. Gr. is 8, loses half its weight ; compare
the quantities mixed.
19. Three fluids whose Sp. Grs. are 4, 5, 7 are mixed together in
the proportion of 5, 7, 9 volumes respectively ; find the Sp. Gr. of
the compound.
20. If P, Q, R be the apparent weights of the same substance
in three fluids, whose Sp. Grs. are X, /x, v respectively ; show that
P(^-ft) + Q(x~v)+E(^-x)=o.
21. Two fluids, whose volumes are v, v', and Sp. Grs. 0, p' re-
206 HYDROSTATICS. [Ex. B.
Ex. 5.
spectively, on being mixed^ are found to have lost in volume -th
part of the sum of their original volumes ; find the Sp. 6r, of the
mixture.
22. A cone and a paraboloid of the same altitude^ floating in a
fluid with their vertices downwards, have each one-sixth of the axis
above the surface of the fluid ; compare their Sp. 6rs.
23. A sphere of lo inches diameter floats between two fluids,
naphtha and water, whose Sp. 6rs. are '708 and i respectively; if
five-eighths of the surface of sphere be immersed in the water, find
the Sp. Gr. of the sphere.
24. A hollow copper sphere, whose internal diameter is 2 feet,
just floats in water; find its thickness, when the Sp. 6r. of the
copper is 8788.
25. Three equal globes, whose Sp. Grs. are 3, 4, 6, are placed in
the same straight line. How must they be disposed, so that they
may balance on the same point of the line in vacuo and in water ?
26. A cone whose axis is vertical fioats between two fiuids whose
Sp. Grs. are p, p' and sinks to the depth of two-thirds of its axis in
the heavier (f) ; find the Sp. Gr. of cone.
27. In a cylinder three-fourths filled with water, a hydrometer is
observed to sink to a certain depth ; if the cylinder be now filled
up with a fiuid of 3 times the Sp. Gr. of water, find the weight with
which the hydrometer must be loaded to make it sink to the same
depth in the mixture.
28. A body weighs 10 lb. in vacuo and another 51b. in water;
their volumes are 48 and 72 cubic inches respectively : compare
their Sp. Grs., assuming that a cubic foot of water weighs 1000 oz.
29. A ship on sailing into a river sinks 2 inches, and after dis-
charging 12000 lb. of her cargo rises i inch ; determine the weight
of the ship and cargo, the Sp. Gr. of sea-water being 1*026.
30. Find the depth to which a sphere, of diameter 10 inches and
Sp. Gr. '75, will sink in water.
31. Find the depth, to which an inverted paraboloid, made of
wood Sp. Gr. '65, whose axis is 18 inches, will sink in water.
32. If a cylinder, placed in a fluid with its axis vertical, rest with
two-thirds immersed ; and when placed in another fluid rest with
four-fifths immersed ; determine to what depth it would sink in a
mixture composed of equal volumes of these fluids.
33. A cylinder, placed with its axis vertical in a fluid (p), rests
with an mth part immersed ; when placed in another fluid (p') it
rests with an nth part immersed ; find the depth to which the cylinder
would sink in a mixture composed of a parts of the first fluid, and
b parts of the second.
34. A spherical bubble, composed of matter whose Sp. Gr. is o*.
I
Ex. 5^ 6.] EQUILIBRIUM OF FLOATING BODIES. 207
Ex. 5.
and filled with gas of Sp. 6r. p^ just floats in air of Sp. Gr. a : do*
termine the thickness of the bubble.
35. If the Sp. 6r. of iron, alcohol and water be 7*2, '8, and i
respectively, find the internal radius of a spherical shell of iron
-^ inch thick, which, when filled with alcohol, will just float in water.
36. If a hemispherical vessel, of which the weight is W, float
upon a fluid with one-third of its axis below the surface ; find the
weight which must be put into the vessel, so that it may float with
two-thirds of its axis below the surface.
37. A cylinder of Sp. 6r. *5, has its axis and diameter of base, each
=9 inches ; compare the depths to which the cylinder, its axis being
vertical, will sink in water, when under an exhausted receiver, and
when the air (Sp. Gr. •001225) has been admitted.
38. A sphere sinks in water, under an exhausted receiver, to a
depth ='65 of its diameter; find the depth of immersion after the
air (Sp. Gr. *ooi225) has been admitted.
39. If a wooden ball, connected by a small wire with a ball of
lead of the same given radius, be dropped into the sea, and upon
striking the bottom, the wooden ball be disengaged and rise to the
surface ; the whole time elapsed and the Sp. Grs. of the balls and
sea-water being given, find the depth of the sea.
^ ^ EQUILIBRIUM OF FLOATING BODIES.
Ex. 6.
1 . A triangular prism floats with its axis horizontal and one edge
immersed ; find its metacentre.
2. In the oblique position of equilibrium of an isosceles triangle
floating in a fluid, show that the circle, described through the vertex
and extremities of the line of floatation, will bisect the base.
3. If a triangular prism, the sides of whose base are 5, 6, 7,
float in a fluid with its smallest angle immersed ; and if the surface
of the fluid divide the longest side so that three-fifths of it are im-
mersed; find the position of the prism.
4. If a square of Sp. Gr. p be immersed in water ; show that if
one angle be immersed, there will be 12 difierent positions of equi-
librium, if lie between -^ and ^ ; and if three angles be immersed,
there will oe 12 different positions, if p lie between |4 ^^^ tI*
5. A right-angled triangular board, floats in a fluid with its
right angle immersed and hypothenuse horizontal ; find its meta-
centre.
6. Find the density of a square lamina, which floats in a given
fluid, with one angle in the surface and two below it.
7. A right cone, whose vertical angle is 90°, floats with its vertex
208 HYDROSTATICS. [Ex. 6.
£z. 6.
downwards in a fluid whose Sp. Gr. is to that of the cone as 8 : i ;
determine the nature of the equilibrium.
8. A hollow right cone, whose vertical angle is 60®, is placed
with its axis vertical and vertex downwards ; find what quantity of
fluid it must contain, in order that a given sphere, whose Sp. Gr.
is half that of the fluid, may sink just deep enough to touch the
surface of the cone.
9. A solid cone of uniform density, whose axis equals the radius
of its base, floats with its axis vertical and vertex downwards in two
fluids which do not mix ; the axis is trisected in the points in which
it meets the surfaces of the two fluids ; if the densities of the fluids
be as 3 : 2, determine the nature of the equilibrium.
10. Find the metacentre of a right cone, floating in a fluid with
its axis vertical and vertex downwards.
11. What must be the vertical angle of a cone, which floats with
its vertex downwards, in order that the metacentre may be at the
centre of the plane of floatation ?
12. If a solid cylinder of Sp. Gr. *5, having an elliptic base, be
placed in water ; determine the nature of the equilibrium.
13. A cone of given Sp. Gr., rests in a given fluid with its vertex
immersed and axis vertical ; show that the nature of the equilibrium
will not be affected by altering the altitude of the cone ; and find
the vertical angle when the equilibrium is neutral.
14. Find the least density of a cone, whose vertical angle is 90**,
which can float in stable equilibrium, with its vertex downwards, in
a given fluid.
15. Find the depth to which a given paraboloid must be immersed,
with its axis vertical and vertex downwards, in a fluid of three
times the density of the paraboloid, in order that it may remain
there at rest.
16. Find the metacentre of a paraboloid generated by the para-
bola y* = i05?, having its Sp. Gr. =75 and floating in water with
its axis vertical and vertex downwards.
17. A rectangular board floats vertically in a fluid with two of
its sides horizontal ; find the measure of its stability.
18. A paraboloid, with its axis vertical and vertex downwards,
floats in a fluid with half its axis immersed ; compare the axis of
the paraboloid with the latus rectum of the generating parabola^
when the solid is in a position of indifferent equilibrium.
Xz. 7*] ELASTIC FLUIDS. 209
ELASTIC FLUIDS.
The pressure of the atmosphere at the earth's surface, it is assumed,
is measured by a column of ^^ feet of water, or 30 inches of mercury.
Ex.7.
1. Show that the height of a homogeneous atmosphere is the
same for all elevations above the earth's surface.
2. If a cylindrical vessel 20 feet long be half-filled with water
and then inverted^ the open end communicating with a basin of
water; find the altitude at which the water will stand in the
cylinder.
3. A cylindrical tube^ 24 inches long and closed at one end^
contains mercury which occupies 16 inches of its length ; if the
tube be now inverted and the open end be inserted into a basin of
mercury ; find the altitude of the mercury when at rest.
4. The nth part of a given cylindrical tube being filled with air;
determine the quantity of mercury to be poured in at the top so as
just to fill the tube.
6. A cylindrical tube^ 37 inches loiig^ and closed at one end, is
filled witn 2i|- inches of mercury, with 14 inches of water, and with
air in the remaining part; find the depth to which the mercury
would subside after immersing the open end of the tube in a basiu
of mercury.
6. A cylindrical tube, 4 feet in length, closed at its upper end,
is let down in a vertical position into the sea ; having observed that
the water had risen in the tube 3 feet, find the depth to which it
had been sunk ; assuming that a column of 32 feet of sea-water
measures the weight of the atmosphere.
7* If an inverted hemisphere full of air be forced down, so as just
to be immersed in mercury ; construct the equation, from which a:,
the heieht to which the mercury rises in the hemisphere, is to be
determined.
8. If a hollow paraboloid, mouth downwards, whose axis is
10 feet long, be sunk vertically till the water rises internally 5 feet;
determine the distance of the vertex from the surface of the water.
9. If a paraboloid of given dimensions be immersed with its
axis vertical and mouth downwards in water to a depth A of the
vertex, and the water rise in it to a height k ; find the density of
the air in the vessel at first.
10. A piston, weighing 5 lb., closely fitting a vertical tube full
of common air, whose length is 2 feet, diameter 3 inches and closed
at the bottom, descends by its own weight ; find the distance of the
piston from the top of the cylinder when it has ceased to descend.
A cubic foot of mercury, it is assumed, weighs 13568 or.
11. Two vertical cylindrical tubes, of given diameters and alti^
p
210 HYDROSTATICS. fEx. 7.
Ex. 7.
tudes^ one of which is hermetically sealed^ and the other open at
the top, are connected by a third which is horizontal and filled with
water^ so that the air in the sealed branch may be in its natural
state : a column of water of the same base and altitude as the open
tube being poured in> determine the space through which it will
descend in that branch.
If zhe the height in feet above the earth* s surface, t, T the tempera-
tures, indicated by Fahrenheit's thermometer, of the air, and mercury
in the barometer whose altitude is h, at the lower station ; t\ T', V the
corresponding values at the upper station, then will
If the temperatures at the two stations be considered each 32°, this
formula becomes
2r=6o345%j,-
12. According to Gen. Roy (Phil. Trans. 1777) the mean height
of the mercury in a barometer on Carnarvon Quay was observed to
be 30*151 incnes^ the temperature of the mercury S9**'9 Fahr., and
that of the air S9°'9. On the top of Snowdon the height of
the mercury was 26*474 inches^ the temperature of the mercury
50°'88, that of the air 49°* i. Find the height of Snowdon above
Carnarvon Quay.
13. Near the summit of Chimborazo, the barometer was observed
by Humboldt to fall to 14*85 inches, the attached thermometer
being then 50° Fahr. and the detached 29°* 12. The same baro-
meter, carried down to the shore of the Pacific Ocean, rose to
30 inches, while both the attached and detached thermometers stood
at 77°*54. What was the height attained by the traveller ?
14. If a spherical balloon, of which r is the radius, be filled with
gas whose Sp. 6r. is a, that of air being i, and be loaded with a
weight W ; determine how high it will rise.
15. When the balloon of the last question floats in the air, and
a given weight w of ballast is thrown out; find the additional
height to which the balloon will rise, and how much a barometer
in it will sink, the temperature being considered uniform.
16. Find the radius of a spherical balloon, filled with gas whose
Sp. Gr. is to that of air as i : 10, the whole weight of balloon with
its appendages being 800 lb., that it may just rise 2 miles high ;
supposing one cubic foot of air at the earth's surface to weigh 1*2 oz.,
where its density is 4 times as great as at the height of 7 miles.
17* If the internal radius of a spherical balloon made of copper
147 inch thick, be 50 feet, and the balloon be filled with gas of Sp.
Ex. 7, B.] INSTRUMENTS AND MACHINES. 211
Ex. 7.
Gr. 'I, that of air being unity; how high will it rise in the atmo-
sphere, the weight of the car, &c. being 5000 lb. ?
A cubic foot of air weighs 1*225 or., of copper 8788 oxr,
INSTRUMENTS AND MACHINES.
Ex. 8.
1. If the radii of the cistern and tube be 3 and i in the com-
mon barometer ; determine the true variation corresponding to an
apparent rise or fall of one inch.
2. Find the length of a water-barometer inclined at 60° to the
horizon, corresponding to 31 inches of a mercurial barometer, the
Sp. 6r. of mercury being 13*568.
3. Some air being left in a barometer tube 33 inches long, it is
found that the mercury in it stands at 29 inches when in a perfect
barometer it is at 30 ; find the altitude in the imperfect instrument,
when that in the perifect is 25 inches.
4. If, when the mercury in a true barometer stands at an alti-
tude A, the mercury in an imperfect barometer of length / stands
at the altitude a; find the altitude in the true barometer corre-
sponding to an altitude c in the imperfect instrument.
5. Two barometers, of the same length /, being imperfectly filled
with mercury, are observed to stand at the heights a, a' on one day,
and b, If on another. Determine the quantity of air left in each,
the temperature being constant.
6. The weights of a body in air are a, d corresponding to the
heights A, hi of the barometer ; find the weight corresponding to a
height A".
IfKthhe the capacities of the Receiver and barrel of an Air-pump
or Condenser ; p, p„ the densities of air in the receiver at first and after
n descents of the piston : then in the
^.V.^«,. ,,=(g|-J, ; Condenser. p.^^P-
7. If the density of air in the receiver of an air-pump which has
only one barrel, be diminished to one-fourth of its original density
after 3 turns ; compare the capacities of the receiver and barrel.
8. If in an air-pump, the density after 5 turns is to the original
density as 7 : 44 ; compare the capacities of the receiver and barrel.
9. If there be two air-pumps with receivers, each of 10 cubic
feet, and the single barrels be of i and 2 feet capacity respectively ;
compare the quantities of air exhausted by 5 turns of the first, and
3 turns of the second.
10. If a body, when placed under the receiver of a given air-pump,
weigh a oz.^'and after n turns weigh a! oz., determine the weight
p 2
313 HrbftosTAtiG6. [Ex. 8.
Ex. 8.
of the body in a vacuum ; and if the Sp. Or. of the body be given,
find the density of the air in the receiver at first.
11. Having given the quantity of air p contained in the air-
pump at first ; how many turns will be required to exhaust a given
quantity q ?
12. If the mercury in a barometer, placed in the receiver of an
air-pump, stand at 30 inches; and after 12 turns has sunk to 17
inches ; compare the capacities of the receiver and barrel.
13. Having given the altitude k of the mercury in the barometer-
gauge of an air-pump, and the capacities of the receiver and barrel ;
find the number of turnft.
14. A barometer, having some air in the tube /, stands at an
altitude a, and being placed under the receiver of an air-pump in
which Rssmd, after n turns the mercury has an altitude c; find
the standard altitude and the quantity of air in the tube.
16. The barrel of a condenser is equal to each of two barrels of
an air-pump ; and R the receiver, which is equal to the receiver of
the air-pump, =2ob ; if each be worked 4 turns, compare the den-
sities of the air then contained in the receivers.
16. If the barrel of an air-pump discharges at every turn into
the receiver of a condenser; determine the' density of the air in the
condenser after n turns, both vessels being filled with common air
at first*
17* A receiver whose capacity is R, has two barrels connected
with it ; one of which, whose capacity is a, condenses ; the other,
whose capacity is 0, exhausts : they take their strokes alternately,
beginning with a; find the density of air in the receiver after n
strokes of both.
18. If the capacity of the receiver of a condenser be 30 times
that of the barrel, and the length of a horizontal gauge be 20
inches; determine the position of the globule of mercury after 12
turns.
19. The capacities of the receiver and barrel of a condenser are
I o and I cubic feet respectively ; in the receiver is placed a cylin-
drical tube 20 inches long, closed at its upper end, its lower and
open end in contact with the surface of mercury in a vessel : deter-
mine the ascent of the mercury in the tube at each of the first 5
successive descents of the piston ; the barometer standing at 30 in.
20. The gauge of a condenser, being a cylindrical tube, as in
Ex. 19, is one foot long ; the space occupied by the air in it after 2
descents of the piston is 6 inches : find the space which the air will
occupy after the 3rd descent of the piston, the barometer standing
at 30 in.
21. If R, b denote the capacities of the receiver and barrel re-
spectively of an air-pump ; it is required to find the depths at which
Ex. 8.] INSTRUMBNTS AND MACHINES. 213
Ex. 8.
the piston-valve will open on the ut, ind^ 3rd> &«, descents of the
piston ; the range of which is a.
22. If h, h! be the altitudes of the mercury in a barometer, placed
in a cylindrical diving-bell of length a, at the beginning and end of
a descent ; find the depth descended by the bottom of the bell,
a being the density of mercury,
23. If a hemispherical diving-bell be sunk in water, until the surface
of the water in the bell bisects its vertical radius ; find the distance
between the surfaces of the water, within and without the bell*,
24. If a prismatic diving-bell of given volume V full of air, be
sunk to a depth so that the distance between the surfaces of the
water within and without the bell is k ; find the volume of air (at
its natural density) which will be required to be forced into the
bell, in order that ~th of its volume may be kept free from water,
25. In two common pumps, each consisting of one uniform
cylinder, with a valve at or near the surface of the water in the
reservoir, if the greatest altitude of the piston above that surface be
20 feet in each; and the least altitude of the piston be 1 6 feet in
one, and 17 feet in the other : find in each case the greatest height
to which water can be raised*.
26. If c be the greatest distance between the piston and the
surface of the water in a common pump, a the altitude of a column
of water which the air would support ; show that th& pump cannot
work unless the length of the stroke be greater than c*-r-4a.
27. Compare the lengths of a degree on Fahrenheit's, the Genti'r
grade and Reaumur's thermometerst
28. If 68° Fahr.sm** Cent.=n** Reaum. -, find m and n.
29. Find tBe degrees on Fabr. corresponding to 25® Reaumur.
30. If the tube of a thermometer be 'i inch in diameter, and
the distance between the boiling and freezing points be 7 inches,
determine the capacity of the bulb or volume below the freezing-
point ; assuming the expansion of mercunr to be *oooi for i® Fahr.
31. A thermometer, open at the top, is nlled with mercury, which
weighs 1250 grains, and the temperature of which is 32°; on being
exposed to a higher temperatiire, 4*5 grains of mercury are expelled ;
find this temperature, the expansion of mercury in volume being
•018 from 32° to 212°.
32. What part of its volume at 60°, is the expansion of a body
for each additional degree of temperature; if it expand *oo^ parts
of the volume, which it has at 32° for each degree above 32* f
* It is aseumed that the wattr^barometer stands at S$/fst,
214 HYDRODYNAMICS. [E^. 8, 9.
Ex. 8.
33. Two thermometers are differently ^duated; one of them
denotes two particular temperatures by a^And V^, and the other by
c° and d^; what will the latter indicate^ when the former indi-
cates n° ?
HYDRODYNAMICS.
Efflux of Fluids from Vessek.
Ex. 9.
1. A cylinder^ whose diameter is 5 inches and altitude one foot,
is filled with fluid issuing into it through an aperture '125 inch
diameter, in 14- minutes; find the velocity of the fluid at the aperture.
2. If a column of fluid immediately over a small orifice, and
having the same sectional area, be to the column which issues in
one second as 2 : 5 ; find the velocity at the orifice, and the height
of the fluid above it.
3. A cylindrical vessel filled with fluid rests with its base on a
horizontal plane ; through an orifice 3 feet from the base, the fluid
spouts to a distance of 5 feet ; or 7, or 10 feet on the horizontal plane;
find the altitude of the cylinder corresponding to the three cases.
4. If a cylinder, filled with water, be placed upon a wall 9 feet
in height ; and at 2 feet from its base the water spouts through a
small onfice and falls on the ground at the distance of 14 feet from
the wall ; determine the altitude of the cylinder.
5. If in the vertical side of a prismatic vessel 12 feet long filled
with fluid, there be made two holes at the depths of 5 and 7 feet ;
find where the effluent streams will intersect.
.6. If a cylinder 18 feet long and 5 feet in diameter, full of water,
be inclined to the horizon at an angle of 60^, and a small orifice be
made in the middle of it ; find the range of the issuing stream on
the horizontal plane on which the cylinder rests.
7. The velocity of water, issuing through a small orifice into a
vacuum, is 5 times greater than when the pressure of the air is re-
moved from the upper surface of the fluid ; determine the depth of
the orifice.
8. If a paraboloid, whose generating curve has for its equation
^= i6j7, resting with its base on a horizontal plane, be kept con-
stantly filled with fluid ; find at what point a very small orifice must
be made that the latus rectum of the parabola described by the
issuing fluid may be 8.
9. If a cone, whose vertical angle is 90® and altitude 7 feet, be
filled with fluid, and rest with its base on a horizontal plane \ find
the distance from the vertex, of an orifice in the side, so that the
issuing fluid may just strike the base of the cone.
10. A sphere full of water is placed on a horizontal plane ; find
Ex. 9.] HYDB^ODYNAMICS. 215
Ex. 9.
where a small orifice must be made in it so that the parabola of the
spouting fluid may jurt touch the surface of the sphere.
11. A cylindrical vessel filled with fluid rests with its base on a
horizontal plane; find the position of the orifice that the range on
the plane may be the greatest possible.
12. If a cylinder lo feet long^ filled with water^ stand vertically
on the top of a plane inclined at 30° to the horizon ; find where a
small orifice must be made in the cylinder that the issuing fluid
may strike the plane at the greatest distance.
13. If the vertical angle of the cone in Ex. 9 be 60^^ find the
position of the orifice, that the fluid may strike the horizontal plane
at the greatest distance from the base.
«
The symbol k is used to denote the area of the small orifice or of the
vena contract a.
14. A cylindrical vessel empties itself in a certain time through a
small orifice in the base : compare the volume of the fluid discharged
with the volume which would have been discharged in the same
time had the vessel been kept constantly full.
' 15. The orifices in the equal bases of two upright prismatic
vessels are in the ratio of 2 : i, and the vessels are emptied in equal
times ; compare their altitudes.
16. Divide a cylinder 14 feet long, filled with fluid, into two such
parts, that the times of emptying the fluid contained in each, through
a small orifice in the base, may be equal.
17. An upright cylindrical vessel empties itself through a small
orifice in the base ; compare the pressures upon the concave surface
at first, and when half the time of emptying has elapsed.
. 18. A cylinder 2/ feet long, has its lower half filled with mercury,
and the rest with water. Find the time in which it will empty
itself through a small orifice in its horizontal base ; the Sp. Gr. of
mercury being a-.
19. A small aperture is made in the vertical side of a cylindrical
vessel filled with fluid, the diameter of which is to that of the orifice
as 12^ : I; compare the latus rectum of the parabola first described
by the spouting fluid, with the length of a pendulum vibrating 3
times while the surface of the fluid descends to the orifice.
20. If the diameter of a cylinder be 10 inches, and the diameter
of an orifice in its base '025 in. ; also the height of the fluid in the
cylinder be 8^ feet ; find the time of emptying, taking g^ 32*2 ft.
21. If a cylinder of given dimensions, with its axis vertical, be
filled with fluid, and the surface of the fluid descend through an nth
part of the axis in / seconds ; determine the diameter of the orifice
in the base.
22. A cylinder filled with water empties itself through an orifice,
216 HYDRODYNAMICS. [£x. 9.
Ex. 9.
of radius a, in the side, at the height B. jLtter the times r and s
it is observed to spout to the distances m and n respectively from
the foot of the cylinder; find the dimensions of the cylinder.
23. Find the time in which the sur&ce of fluid in a conical
vessel filled with fluid will subside to half its original altitude,
through a small orifice in the vertex; the axis being vertical.
24. Compare the times of emptymg two equal cones through
equal orifices in the vertex and tne base.
25. Find the time of emptying the frustum of a cone, the radii
of whose ends are 5 and 9 inches, and altitude a feet, through a
small orifice in its smaller end.
26. Find the time of emptying a square pyramid whose base is
a* and altitude A, through a small orifice in the vertex, the axis
being vertical.
27* A sphere is emptied, through a s^nall orifice at the lowest
point, in less time than any spherical segment of the same volume.
28. Find the time in which a hemisphere filled with fluid will
empty itself through a small orifice in its vertex, the axis of the
hemisphere being vertical.
29. Find the time in which a hemisphere filled with fluid will
empty itself through a small orifice in the base, its axis being vertical.
30. If the times in which two hemispheres are emptied, one by an
orifice in the vertex, the other by an equal orifice in the base, be as
3:5; find the ratio of their radii.
31. The times of emptying a segment of a sphere through equal
orifices in its vertex and base are as 2 : 3, the base being horizontal
in both cases ; compare the volume of the segment with that of the
sphere.
32. Find the time of emptying a given paraboloid filled with
fluid, through a small orifice in its vertex, the axis being vertical.
33. Compare the times of emptying two equal paraboloids,
through equal orifices, one in the vertex, the other in the base.
34. Find the equation to the parabblie curve, which revolving
about its axis would generate a vessel, such that the time of empty-
ing it would be to the time of emptying the circumscribing cylinder
as 1 : 9*
35. If a prolate and oblate spheroid have the same axes 2a, 2b ;
compare the times of emptying through equal orifices in the ex-
tremities of the axes of revolution.
36. Find the time of emptying an eUipsoid, filled with fluid,
through a given small orifice at the extremity of one of its principal
axes 2c, which is vertical.
37. Find the time of emptying a vessel, formed by the revolution
of a given cycloid about its axis, through an orifice in its vertex, the
axis being vertical.
Ex. 9^ 10.] HYDRODYNAMICS. 217
*
Ex. 9. . ' *
38. A clepnydra in tl|^ ^cngu of a vessel of revolution, is con-
structed so that the water may descend through equal depths in
equal times ; investigate the equation to the generating curve.
39. Find the velocity with which water issues through a small
orifice, 25 feet below its surface, into a vessel oontsdning air, of
which the density is one-third that of the atmoqihere; when the
water-barometer stands at 33 feet.
The height of the homogeneous atmosphere is assumed to he zySgOfeet.
40. Find the velocity with which air rushes through a small
aperture into a vacuum.
41. A closed paraboloid, with its axis vertical and vertex down-
wards, containing air of the natural density, is let down in water to
a certain depth, and a small orifice being opened at its vertex, the
water rises up to the middle point of its axis; find the depth, and
the velocity with which the water first rushed in.
42. An air-pump has its receiver and single barrel of 10 and i^
cubic feet capacity respectively ; after 15 descents of the piston, the
external air is admitted through a small aperture into the receiver ;
find the initial velocity.
43. An air-pump and a condenser have each a receiver and barrel
of 10 and I cubic feet respectively ; a tube furnished'with a stop-
cock connects the receivers; after 12 descents of both pistons the
stop-cock is opened; determine the initial velocity of the air from
the receiver of the condenser to that of the air-pump.
RESISTANCES.
Ex.10.
1. A lamina, in the form of a semicircle, moves through a fluid
in the direction of its axis, first with its vertex, and next with its
diameter foremost , compare the resistances in the two cases.
2. A lamina, in the form of a segment of a circle, moves through
a fluid in the direction of its axis, first with its vertex, and next with
its base foremost ; compare the resistances in the two cases.
3. A lamina, in the form of a semi-ellipse, bounded by the minor
axis, moves through a fluid in the direction of its major axis, first
with its vertex, and next with its base foremost ; compare the re-
sistances in the two cases.
4. A lamina, in the form of a parabola, bounded by an ordinate,
moves through a fluid in the direction of its axis, first with the
vertex, and next with its base foremost ; compare the resistances in
the two cases.
5. If the lamina be in the form of a complete cycloid, and
move as in the preceding Exs. ; compare the resistances.
218 HYDRODYNAMICS. [Ex. 10.
Ex. 10.
6. Compare the resistance on a sph^re^..which moves through a
fluids with the resistance on a circular plate of the same radius which
moves with the same velocity in a direction perpendicular to its
plane.
7. A solid a^ment of a sphere is placed in a stream which
moves in the direction of its axis^ first with its vertex, and next with
its base opposed to the stream ; compare the resistances in the two
cases.
8. Compare the resistance on a given cylinder moving through
a fluid in the direction of its axis, with the resistance on the same
cylinder moving with the same velocity in a direction perpendicular
to its axis.
9. A cone moves through a fluid with a given velocity in the
direction of its axis, first with its vertex, and next with its base fore-
most ; compare the resistances in the two cases.
10. If a paraboloid of revolution, whose base is perpendicular to
its axis, move through a fluid in the direction o£ the axis, first with
the vertex, and next with the base foremost ; compare the resistances
in the two cases.
11. A prolate spheroid moves through a fluid with a given ve-
locity in the direction of its axis of revolution; determine the
resistance.
12. A solid, generated by the revolution of a cycloid about its
axis, moves with a given velocity through a fluid in the direction of
the axis, first with its vertex, and next with its base foremost ; com-
pare the resistances in the two cases.
ANSWERS,
Page 1— ».] 221
ANSWERS TO EXAMPLES.
ARITHMETIC.
Ez.1.
'■-' 12' 27' 90' 23' II '-«J 8> ,j. ,7. 7» 3^j
[31 12. J.. Ml. 9999'
'■-' 11' 11' in* 0707«
3 97073
Ex. 2.
rn i?. 12°. 'jttti. £ii2. rai i^. 2^. 1^. 122. isj.
'-'■' 12' 9 ' 8 ' 120 '■''J ,5. ,7> ,p. ,8' 2,
Ex.3.
8
Ex. 4.
[1] H\ ^H- M ^H; \ [3] iotV; i5i«r. W i; S3U.
Ex.5.
[1] iiVr; ^H. [2] ^.: ^- [3] %\) \ [4] 2^; 24H-
Ex. 6.
D] lU; 5U; 2821. [2] ^; ii; j^g. [3] i5|;9H-
Ex. 7.
6_
3
II r.<i o . II
■^^^ '^' Tx' S^ 7; J- [2] ii-iV^; 2; ItV; 35,2^.
[3] 8i^; ^. [4] 38 A; 7J7-
Ex. 8.
[1] 9; 2i; 3f. [2] i*; J^- [3] li; ^; ^•
W It'.?^; \) I. M 2ii; SiVir; 6^. [6] ^; ^.
[7] I. [8] 4; JL. [9] 5. [10] ^; ii; i.
L'j 7 975 Lj J ^ -* 151' 157' 10
Ex. 9.
[1] 2«. 3rf. ; £2 1 7«. 7|rf. ; 7*. 7|^.
[2] 42 lb. ; 7 o«. 4 dwt. ; 13 dwt. iS^Vr gr
[3] 7cwt. 3qr. 141b.; 2R. 20 P.; I2h. 51m. 25f sec.
222 ARITHMETIC. [Page 3, A,
Ex. 9.
[4] £2 68. 4f//. ; £49 4«. 7A^. ; £2 i6«. ^d.
[6] £283 i6s. 7id.; £2007 6«. siU-
[6] £45 185. 11:^.; £2314 17*. lOV^^,
[7] £2 io«. 9«?.; £2 16*. 3€?.
[8] 25 m. 5 f. 15 p. 4^ yd. ; i cwt.
[9] £4. i5«-3l^M 14^- iffrf-
[10] £1 28. [11] £1 65. 11^.
[12] 108. ll^d. [13] £30 I4«. 8^.
[14] £8 io«. S±id. [15] 7yr. 24 wk. id. 34m.
Ex. 10.
[1] £2 105. 6|rf.; £1 I2«. 7-j?5^. nearly.
[2] 525 ; 2 wk. I d.
[3] 2 R. 1 9^ P. ; 209 1 ^ nearly.
[4] £16 8«. I^rf.; £2 7«. 6^.
[6] 3 cwt. I qr. 141b.; 4 miles 2f. 80 yd.
Ex. 11.
W^A- Mg?^*-. M^^i
■W^- M^i- [6]|. [7] 4
[8] .4^. [9] £7. [10] il; ^.
^753* 32 ^ -* 171^ 605
Ex.12.
M II- [6] jg- m ^- [8] g. [9] 51
5 S
5Tr
[10] 2if|i. [11] 41^. [12] ^. [13] 1^
Ex.13.
[1] £2. [2] ill; ^_. [3] Sd.
^ -^ 9 ^ -^ 440' 90000 ■- -*
Decimal Fractions.
Ex. 14.
[1] 5032*08; 21*3978. [2] '000376; -0000037128; •43204577.
[3] 307930896; 34-96818. [4] -009287808; 1-045678375.
Page A— -6.] ARITHMETIC. 223
Ex.15.
[1] 267; '0104; 750. [2] 1240; 220; 30OOO.
[3] '0032; '03965. [4] 1989*2092; 237286.
[6] 32091-14782; 34'3i68.
Ex. 16.
[1] '08; '152; 2-8; '00125; '0078125.
[2] -625; 'O08125; -5136; -0448; 13-34.
[3] 2-1875; -98; 5-3. [4] -79375; -5-
[5] 'I705; -32. [6] '3; -142857; -06; -187.
[7] -13; 2'345; 5-045; -12345.
« • • • • •
[8] '20432; '523809; -161290322580645.
Ex.17.
•« •• . ..•
[1] 916-5248066. [2] 1-864; 17-09582248074732999; -857142.
[3] 35*38370; '393666; 61-165. [4] -37592; 54; 2-6.
• • . • • • • «
[6] -00694; -016; 3*6. [6] 225: 1-145; 301714285.
[7] '052; 49; 5-6. [8] 61-99918 &c.; 1-683502 &c.
[9] 59-5875. [10] -6065655.
Ex.18.
W ^' ^' '^* W '^' 3fl4; ^5H'
[3] IL. JL. 4707 r4-| 2. j_. £. 19.
•- "^ 200' 800' 20000000 9' 11' 33^ II
rsl 27 . 17. 2.. rg". 4669. _24i_. 745. ryi IL.
^^ 330' 54' 88 L^J 900' 27500' 66 '-'■' 9
Ex. 19.
[1] i8'549; 18,5^.
[2] 7-525; 3298; 43-05; 13-6; i46oi'3467075.
[3] 2*71805. [4] -405465102.
[6] -693146. [6] -78539814.
Ex. 20.
D] -375; '^89583. [2] -91875; -00625.
224 ARITHMETIC. [P^^ ^ — ^«
Ex. 20.
[3] -23257; -40972. [4] -538580246913; 63.
[6] -1954. [6] 15-033707865 &c. [7] -282142857.
[8] -11025. [9] -04583. [10] --0390625.
[11] -7. [12] -25. [13] -042968.
[14] -053571428. [16] -2. [16] -325.
[17] -464197527 &c. [18] -9004493 &c. [19] -36752690 &c.
Ex.21.
[1] 15*. 8-4rf.; £39*. 3-6€?.; 9-0522€?.
[2] 17*. 6|^.; 19*. 5-3184^.; £115^.11*088^.
[3] 7*. lo^^rf.; 19*. 7'57rf'; £2is.Sd.
[4] £4. 14s. 844rf.; £26 35. 8^^.; 155. yid.
[6] 13-9968 gr.; 10-1376 dr.; 251b. 8 oz. 1 2-8 dr.
[6] ift. 5-iin.; 6im. 377yd. 2ft. 6-96in.; 79yd. 2ft. 5-376111.
[7] 8 perches; 38q.ft. 99'4i25in.; 6far. 4p. 4yd. ift. 2'4in.
[8] £15*. i'583rf.; 7id.; js. 0^.
[9] u. 3frf.; £7 i3«. i-3863«?. [10] 17*. o-6rf.; £1 28. 9frf.
[11] 5«. 7-0104^. [12] 28. 11^.
[13] £3 ii«. 6'22^d. [14] 3cwt. 2qr. 261b. -8o«,
[15] 2 ft. 3*609 in. ; 3 furl. 25 poles ; 3 fiirl. 10 p. 3 yd. 2 ft,
[16] 4A. I K 4P. 29yd. 8-864861 ft.
Duodecimals.
Ex. 22.
[1] Sq. 4yd. 6ft. 2oin. Sq. 48 yd. 4ft. 132 in.
[2] Sq. 10 yd. 2 ft. 29 in. Sq. 180 yd. 7 ft. 54 in.
[3] Sq. 3yd. i ft. 66f in. Sq. 6yd. oft. 78 in.
[4] Sq. II yd. 8 ft. 54 in. 9' 8". [6] Sq. 361yd. 3 ft. 86-ji5:in.
[6] Cub. 2 yd. 26 ft. 1680 in. [7] Cub. 50 yd. 25 ft. 423 in.
Ex.23.
[1] 2 yd. o ft. 51 in. [2] 4 yd. 2 ft. 8|^ in.
[3] 12 yd. I ft. 5 in. [4] 21 yd. o ft. 8 in.
[5] 13 yd. o ft. 2i^ in. [6] 69 yd. o ft. 9 in.
Page 8 — lO.] AEITHMETIC. 225
« ^M Practice.
£x. 24.
[1] £1925 6*. 6^.; £93 19^. lid.; £1906 Ss. gd.
[2] £529 115. o^rf.; £1603 05. Sid*; ^79 4«.
[3] ^937 i6«.; ^17478 115.; £41101 155.
[4] £469 145.; ^4897 15. 3rf.; £696 15. lid.
[6] £16718 35. lO^rf.; £993155.; £254065.
^[6] £698 55. 7^.; £2770 95. 11^.
[7] £1075 85. Sd.; ^5783 105. 7id.
[8] £2749 45. 11-352^.; £34620 145. 6f|rf.
Ex. 25.
[I] £10792 195. 2^. [2] £283 115. li^d.
[3] £71 25. 2d. [4] £1 85. 6-4i6rf.
[6] £204 135. lid. [6] £4 135. 1 1 id.
[7] £3 75. o|rf. [8] £112 85. iid.
[9] £17 4^. 2id. [10] £61 35. 2iy.
[11] £536 145. gd. [12] £34 85. 6d.
[13] £951 195. lod. [14] £5118 25. 5rf.
[16] £136 155. 4d. [16] £21 195. id.
[17] £880.
Ex. 26.
[1] £609 95. 5if|^. [2] £15 65. 2d.
[3] £223 115. 3rf.
Rule of Three Direct.
Ex. 27.
[1] 2qr. looz. 4f dr. [2] £ii 55. 471^. [3] Sffgall.
[4] £36 65. oid. [5] £90. [6] £494 85.
[7] iiqr. 5bu8h. 2pk. [8] 11, [9] £15 195. 6i.
[10] 6iil^. D^] ^200. [12] £225 I2s.6d.
[13] 135. 4'i5rf. [14] 168 lb. [15] 82|..
[16] lOf [17] 2lf. [18] £16.
[19] 15. 4id. [20] 74:percent.gain. [21] £18 i85.io|^.
[22] £7percwt. [23] £5175.11^17^. [24] 74,; 3dwt.8^gr.
[25] -4987 oz. [26] 5 dwt. 3*2736 gr.
Q
226 ARITHMETIC. [Pag® ^^ — *®*
Rule of Three Inverse.
Ex. 28.
[1] i8ft. [2] 63ifyd. [3] 97fyd.
[4] 6f mo. [6] yid. [6] ilifrf.
[7] 2i4f miles. [8] 4i66|.yd. [9] 8^ mo.
[10] 260 paces. [11] 4^ff paces. [12] 1771.
[13] 7f.lb.
Double Rule of Three. *
Ex. 29.
[1] £613 68. Sd. [2] £453 128. [3] £11 O*. 2^.
[4] 1 1 mo. [6] £6 08. 3|rf. [6] 2511^ miles.
[7] 19-36 days. [8] 88 A. 2 R. 15 P. [9] 10 days.
[10] 9 days. [II] 18 days. [12] 7 hours.
[13] 6 days. [14] £15 i6if. o^frf. [15] £2000.
[16] 23,^ loads. [17] 200 of A. [18] 358-6 days.
[19] I. £1 13*. 6-82rf.; 2. £1 10^. I*29£?.; 3. £l 9«. 2*5211^.;
4. £1 gs. 2'iSd.; 6. 7«. 4-3 irf.
[20] 1. 2«. 0'6o7rf.; 2. 18. ir2SSd.; 3. I*. 11*1461/.;
4. 18. 9-948£?.
_ Simple Interest.
Ex. 30.
[I] ^35. [2] ^291 jg8. 7id.
[3] £40 17*. IO*32rf. [4] £35 78. I^.
[6] £76 II«. Il-I2rf. [6] £20 108.
Ex.31.
[1] £534 i2«. 6d. [2] ^61873 8«. io|rf.
[3] £744 165. lid. [4] £2249 ^3*« H^'
[6] £416 105. 34^. [6] £3529 il«. 2tV^
Ex.32.
[1] £10 8«. 6rf.; £357 i8«. 6d.
[2] £54 35. o-6irf.; ^739 !*• 8-6irf.
[3] £1 128. gd.; £128 28. gd.
[4] £43 I9«. Aid.; £253 19*. 4^.
[5] £112 7*. 544rf. ; ; . £7612 78. sHd.
[6] £1 17*. 7id.; £227 105. lirf.
P4ge la^IS.] ARITHMBTIC. S27
Ex. 33.
[1] 34 years. [2] lyyr. [3] sfyr.
[4] iSoyr. [6] 28* yr. [6] 47TVy'-
Ex.34.
[1] 2^ per cent. [2] 34. [3] 44.
Ex.35.
[1] £92 10*. [2] £483 17*. 5,2^1.
[3] £91 13*. 4rf. [4] £14000.
[6] £560.
GoMFOUND Interest.
Ex.36.
[1] £sS5*.6iA [2] £97^8.1- lid.
[3] £50 12*. 4d. [4] £129 3*. bid.
Ex.37.
[1] ^483 i3«- 91^- [2] ^329 o*- 9*
[3] £980 12*. 444*. [4] £2846 15*. id.
[6] £268 13*. [6] £473 19*. S^
Ex.38.
[I] £1 II*. 6^^. [2] £350 Ss. Sd.
[3] I3«. 0-1632* [4] 38. 10-807875*
Ex.39.
[1] £375. [2] ^Soo.
Discount.
Ex.40.
[1] £166 13*. 4rf. [2] £21 3*. 4id.
[3] £30 78. 6d. [4] £17 8«. zid.
[6] £50 II*. lofrf. [6] £1 o*. 6frf.
[7] £1 9«- 91^-
Ex.41.
[1] £840. [2] £765.
[3] £666 13*. 4* [4] £296 6*. lid.
[6] £400. [6] £1953 2«. 6rf.
Q2
228 ARITHMETIC. [^^g^ 15—17,
Stocks.
Ex. 42.
[I] £531 185. 34^. [2] £5050.
[3] £446 lbs. 7r^. [4] £1601 jgs. io|rf.
[6] £650. [6] £2935 los. lOid.
Ex.43.
[1] i;82i 5«. [2] £408 6s. oid.
[3] £9375. [4] £3885.
[5] £4064 14^. Jid.
Ex. 44.
[1] ie67 Jss. ii-fi^. [2] £35.
[3] £140. [4] £151 135. 4rf.
[6] £17955.4^.
Ex. 45.
[1] £38*. iiiid.; £34*.
[2] 77I-; £1542 17*. Ifrf.
[3] £5212 i5«. 3ffrf.; £6 2*. 4^.
[4] £113 9^?. i:^. [6] £53 6s. Sd.
[6] £2 increase.
Fellowship.
Ex.46.
[1] A, £10 S«. lo^d.; B, £11 155. 31?^.;
C, £13 4«. 8^.; D, £14 145. i^.
[2] £136 lis. iif^.; £163 i8«. 4|t^.; £229 95. 8f»4?.
[3] A, £666 135. 4rf. ; B, £333 6s. Sd. ;
C, £166 ly. 4rf. ; D, £83 6s. Sd.
W 41!-; 3iH> 26f.
Ex.47.
[1] A, £212 2s. 6|4|^. [2] Capt., £251 105. 6^fff^.
B, £194 Ss. iifl^. Lieut, £98 j6s. o^^d.
C, £176 155. saU' Serg., £76 OS. cx^^^.
D, £139 13*. o,^. Corp., £26 IS. ifHirf.
Private, £8 13*. 8*||?rf.
Page 17> 18.] arithmetic. 220
EXT&ACTION OF RoOTS.
£z. 48.
[1] si; 8s ; 99; 217; 372.
[2] 62s; 744; 2401; 6561.
[3] 1-414213; 12-247448; 32-449961; 54772255; 87-509999,
[4] 8'6802; -6576; 29-606; -027.
[6] 6-0000005208; 34*5761; '30006249.
[6] 2-3094; 1-3; 2-49; 42-29158,
[7] §; 5i; 5^; i6a.
[8] -881917; -69189; -9400155; 3-952847; 2-9032.
[9] -24253; -31943; 8-7649; 20-4939.
Ex. 49.
[1] 46; 74; 98; 144. [2] 512; 6-49.
[3] -9226; 1-03; •115304- W -192; . •03859-
[6] 1*29266; l-8l6; -82207; '9859.
Ex. 50.
[1] 9; 36; 6-9. [2] 9*05538; 1-0583; -99-
Ex.51.
[1] 9; 8; 5-1961524. [2] -25. [3] 20-S.
ALGEBRA.
[1] 46; ^- [2] 7. [3] O. [4] ^12.
Ex.1.
x6:
9
Multiplication.
Ex.2.
[1] a^b^c; -6mfut^i/^; h^kUW.
[2] 1 2xY — 8a?*y' + 8 j?y — 4J?*y^-
[3] 6ar*+i3a;y-5y*; ^a^-^gx^y-gxy^.
[4] 36a?* H- 295?*^* — 20y*.
[6] a* + aVH-ar*.
[6] a?* — 3a?'y — 9a? V + 23«y' — 1 2y*.
[7] a?* — (aH-/)a?*H-(ft + a/H-«)a?' — (cH-ft/H-<w)ar*4-(c/ + i«)a?— £».
[8] 27a?'— y' + i8a?y + 8.
280 ALGBBRA. [^^^ *"• — *^*
£z. 2.
[9] a' + ft' + c' — 3a*c.
10] s^ + ^' - — «*^* + -gfl'^ + !«*•
4 ^^ 4 4
12] ar^H- (a*-2ft*)a^- (a*-A*)ar*-fl*-2a*A*-a*A*.
13] 2a*'*H-2a'*J''— 4fl"c"— 3a*ft— 36P+'H-6ic*.
14] ij»»— ^"•-»>*y"— a:^»~')*H-y***.
16] a?*H-2«'— 410?*— 42arH-36o.
16] 4x*— i« [17] a?*— lOp'— 37«* + 286xH-840.
4
18] 9ar*-S2ar*y* + 64y*.
Division.
Ex. 3.
[1] isa'; 2ia?yz'. [2] 3y— 5a:y»j8r+2«'j(V. [3] 2ar— y.
[4] x^ + jx-^g. [6] 3A'-5A**+2AA:*.
[6] a*+3fl'+9a* + 27fl + 8i; ar"-a^y*+a!^y*-a?y+y'.
[7] a?*+2aar'H-3aV + 2a'ar+a*. [8] 1+ 2ar + 3a?* + 4a?' + sar*.
[9] p-^iq—r. [10] a?* + 2a;y— Sar2rH-4y*H-ioy2rH-2SJ8r*.
[11] a?'+i2«*— 43ar + 30. [12] x^—2xy+^\
[13] |a + ^ft+sc. [14] ftar*H-car-/.
o 4
[16] (ar*+ar+i)a-(ar+i). [16] 2a?V"'-3^-
[17] H-Sa?+iSa?*+45a^'+i3S^+&«-
[18] iH-arH-2a?* + 8ar' + 32ar*+i28a:* + &c.
[19] a?w-p-f^rM'-V4-a?w-3PH-&c. + a?*''+a?*»+i.
[20] (A-c)a»-*+ (ft*-tf*)tf*-' + (ft'— c»)a»-»+ See.
+ (ft*-*— c»-»)a + (ft*-"— c"-').
Greatest Common Measure.
£z. 4.
[1] 2axy; ^^xz. [2] 500?. [3] 2a— ft. [4] a+3ft*
[6] ar-i. [6] 3ar + 2. [7] 24?* + 7a?+3.
[8] ar'-3arV + 3«y*-y'- [9] 3^*+^*- [10] ix-2. [ll]ar*-3.
[12] 3a*— 2aft4-ft*. [13] la^x-'lay^. [14] 2a + 3ft— c.
[16] x-^a. [16] a6*+«'+a + i. [17] 3^?— y.
Page AO — aa.] ALGEBRA. 231
Least Common Multiple.
Ex. 5.
[1] 56a'ftV; i5arV— I2j?y. [2] 72aV; i6oa*a?^y*(^— y)*
[3] 6a?*— 24y*; a*— a'a?+aif'— a?*.
[4] 2iaf*— 26a?»— 55a?* + 78a?— 24. [6] 36ai?*(a*— ar*).
[6] ^* — 34?*— i9a?'H-3ar*+i8a?.
[7] I2(a?^— 2a7V+ary+ary — 2^?/+^*). [8] 4?'°— «^— a?*+i.
_ Fractions.
£z. 6.
*• -* 5c ' 5^' «— « «+i^ 2J?*+3J?' df*— «+i
[31 ^*— 7^-f 'o . ^*— i2j?4-35 [41 5^*+' ar*-h2jy-h4y* ^
"- -' «— 10 ^ 3a?— 17 *■ ■" 9^?^— 4*^ 2(20?— 3y)
[61 £±iL. -L. £f±^. rei 4f(Hj^.
L*'-' /+2^' 2(i^^ fl«+6 L^J 7jy»(ft^.c)
Ex. 8.
rai _j fLtf!±l. r4i — ^— . i
[8] "lib?— M ii^.-
I ap
^^^^ (*+i)(*+3)' '■^^■' (*+i)(^+2)(*+3)'
no-i 23 + i6ay— 30j?*- -3J?^ P ^ 3— 33?— 3*^+23?^— j?*+^^— J?*^
•-* J 6— iij?3-2iaf*-a?3 + 3a?*' ■- -• i+«+^*+2*^+jr*+j?5 + a;« *
ri4l 3-a?^-5^'-4^-3^' pig-i ._J±L_.
L -• H-2af+3«*+3J?'+2af*H-af' ^ -• (a?— a)(a?— 6)
Ex. 9.
fl. ft£rf. 2fl(ca?--y) p . «^-^ . iLZii,
L^-l y ^ a ' 3c(a?+y) •• ■■ aV ' a+2a?
232 ALO£BRA. [Page A3^
Ex.0.
P - ga?(g*— gar— a?*) a^-kg*a?*-ha?* P -, a?*— iiJ?+28 ar-f 2
L^J ^x_<p» ; ^_^ • L4J -^^ ' ar+3'
Tfil ^4- 4-2^. 30^ I9g^ft 2igV gab^ b^
L^-l 9^"*"^"*'8g6' ar* loar^y"*" 5a?V ioaiy5"*"y*'
W f 6-:)- M <S+g)-
Ex. 10.
rn £S?!^. ^g . i!l+*! r^l 4^^~3^\ /^(gif -f be)
L -^ 3AC* ' gA-6a?' («-*)*' *■ -• 9^ + 8y' ' bdieh-fg)
[3] I. ?±f(a» + fl^ + ar*). [4] I. [5]
X ^ ' •■ -' 2ar*— I
I- J 2ay ' '-'-' bd/iswy+twx+tyz)' ^ -^ c d^ e'
Ex. U
[1] a. [2] I. [3] ?l±igl-=a-JZi£5 -±3^±^+g.
raT 47-4^. gft(i-a?*)
L^J I2ar~5' (6»-g>
Ex. 12.
[1] -3. [2] 3i ^- [3] -I. [4] 2a.
Involution and Evolution,
Ex.13.
[1] ga^a^z'; ^i2Sa'b^w9; ^^^7^-
[2] x^—ioxy-\-2Sy^; 9a?*4-i2a7y + 4/; a:*— 6a?y + 9^*.
[3] I— 4a?+ioa?*— I2a?' + 9a7*; a?^— 4a:^ + 6ar*— 8ar' + 9a?*--4a7-f 4.
[4] 4a?*H-2oa;y— I2a?z+25y*— 30y5r-f 9;?*;
9a*a?* — 1 2abxy + 6gca?2r + 4ft*y* — 4icy^ + c*^*.
L^J y* ^+^, 4 3 + 4 + 9 6+16'
g* 40*6* 6a*c^ 46* 126V . 9c*
— — ^— — — — -|- ■■ -|- ■ ..— ■ -j~ — •
a?* ay xz y* yj z*
Page a4— ae.] aloebra. 233
Ex.13.
[6] 8^*-36a7V* + 54^V-27/; fl + j^ + j^+fl;
^3*— 2^*4-35"'— «"'*.
[7] I— 6ar4-2iar*— 44a?' + 63a?*— S4a?* + 27ar^;
^-6^+ 15^-20+ isg-6g+^. [8] (a+ft+c)'.
[9] i6a?*— 32a?' + 24a?*— 8a?+i;
fl?^— I5a?*y + QOipy — 2705?*^' + 405ay*— 243y* ;
,4 600?" i5aV_2oaV 150^ 6aV a*
[10] jo^a?^ + Sp^qai^z + I op^q^x^z^ + i qp*^'a? V + S/^^'^o?^ + 5^ V ;
Ex.14.
[1] ±3«^^y; ±^'; ±'^- [2] 3«+A; 4^-sy.
[3] 2a?2r + 3y; 6a*ay-|^. [4] l+ar + 3a?*; 2ar*-3ar + 4.
[6] 20—36+0. [6] 46*— 2aar+2a7*. [7] 3a?— y + Sz + ^
[8] 3a?-sa-^. [9] a?+j-^- [10] j+|-^-
[11] £+l_L^ [12] t-l-l. [13] ^-s+M.
*--'a?2y2f '--^y2a? '■-'7y"'4r
M ^+»+^' [15] a;'-2a:»y + 3ajy»-4y'.
[16] i_V_V_JLa?« Lar«-&c.;
■■ -■ 2 8 10 128 '
a* a* a* ja' « a* a' c«* „
'^■'"iS~8P"'"l6F'~Ti8?'^**'*' *~''~ii~i^~8P~***
Ex. 15.
[1] 3«yj ^; -^- [2] 1+2*; 3*-*-
+y 5y
[3] 2«»-3-.^ [4] ^-2y- f+^. [5] f-5-f •
[6] ar— 4+-. [7] (a+ i)*":p— 2ca^
[8] I — X — x^—4-x^—kc.: a?t— a^aj't'— a*a?"x— -a^a?"""^— &c.
{
234 ALOKBRA. [Page A6, a7.
Ex.16.
[1] f-2y^^. [2] a-^l. [3] a-f
Ex. 17.
Surds.
[2] {2sa*x)i} -(i6«y»)i; (-36«»Ac*)i; (x»-a»)*.
36 V3.
Ex. 18.
[1] S^Si 2V^i 2|^3;
aVs;
[2] 4V4; ^^i; 1^75;
iVi47-
[3] ba^xy^; 2«4(ioaV)*;
MS
[4] ,^(6«y)*) ^(30afz)*;
i(9ac)i.
Ex. 19.
[1] ^2. [2] V3. [3] IIi/3; 5*; i/9.
[4] 6«pi; 3«*(3*)*. [6] a*A*; (f«-^)**.
Ex. 20.
[I] 2aV; artyxi; [j-^ ' [2] a^a?-*— aTia?-i + flHa?-i— aA^pi,
[3] ar* + 6a?2r*— 4y + 9zT. [4] a— 6; a?*y— y*.
[5] a'-64i\ [6] ^*-3a?V + 3a?V-y».
[7] ^HyTt 4- a?HyH — a?l^yT§ — a?Tiyfi-.
^ -• 2 10 3 5 4 20
[9] a-T— a*A*. [10] ;?ar'— or*— fl*^— (/? — 2)«'.
[11] a + aiar-i-a*ar-i-ar-'. [12] (a*-ft*)^.
[13] 16. [14] a?*+2ar^-8ar*-6^-i.
[16] -(ad)i; i/-T(ad)i; ^^flA)i [16] i6-(-3)4.
Page a7 — a9.] algbbka. 235
Ex.21.
ni '-' li^f' t2] |*«; -T^jr-j a-^. [3] ^*.
[5] a^+aJii + aftT+aTii+flTftf + ji; a^— aifti^-aiji— jl.
[6] a?i + 2a?yi+4a?*y4-8y4. [7] a*+a6T+jf.
[8] 0?*— 2a?*yi— lyr. [9] a?— ari. [10] ai— A*.
[11] a?-T+a?-*y-T+y-f;
a?-i — 2a?~*yT + 4j?-iyT — 8a?" "y + 1 6a?~%^ — 32y^.
[12] 4a?— 2a?*y-i + 2a:M + y"''4-y~*2rT+j8fT. [13] jjtgi— lyTgT.
[14] 0?-*— ia?-i— iar-* + -a?-» + &c.
[15] a?iH-a?"iyT+a?"iyT-f a?-iy-f &c.
[16] 0? » +0? » a*+a? * tf" + &c.+«"a * H-a » ; nbeingintegral.
[17] «(3#+y(^)*-
Ex. 22.
[1] aMii; a*+6aATcA. [2] 2 ^''*'^^^ ; <a"^«)
[3] 7^.- [4] 4-(^-l)i [5] a.^ [6] /r^f^^^i^'V
£z. 23.
[1] — 8a?iy»i; i6x*y^z; 6/^^y*zi.
[2] ^243^«y2ri; - 19683a?' V"^^'. [3] (^')*; «^6?ci%.
[4] aa?~5 + 3«^a?~ ' + 3«"^a? + a" 'a?' ;
24a?'y(3y)i— i8oa?4y* + iSo^V (3y)*— i25a:iy'.
w.
236 ALGEBRA. [Page AO< dO.
£z. 23.
a+ft-c+3(a*ft)i-3(a*c)i+(3flA*)*+3(flc*)*-3(6*c)*+3(fc*)*-6{rf
[6] %y i/3I-3(-ir» + y»)|{(ar+y ^~i)i_(a.«y ^^*}.
[7] a'-4atAi + 6tfiA*-4fliA^+A*°;
Ex.24.
[1] (135)*; f(y)* [2] (3«r^j*; (3«ri)*.
i. JL ±
[3] (— i)~.2~*flA*c*.
Ex.25.
[2] si^i-2ci; l-V + a. [3] iflJ-^oAi + ?«**.
4 '■-'235
[4] i-^arT+ari [5] ar-(^-a?*)i; fl-(a«-.«*)*.
[6] a?+(a*-;p*)i; (aH-6)J + (a-.d)i.
[7] 2:ri.y(.-y)i; (i±:!i)V,(i^)*.
[8] I— ar+(i + 2a:— ar*)^; (^+y)* + 2ri.
[9] a?* — l^a^', a''9'-a^b^.
Ex.26.
[I] ^S+ ^2; 2+^3; ^(^3+0; 3+^7-
[2] S-V'3; i^S-^3; 6-^5; 5-2^3.
M ;^-(^7-0; ^-J^3i ^6(1 + ^2); >^3(i+^2).
[4] ^2(^2-1); ^3(^5-^/3); |7^(v/2 + i); «^i?(i-1^7
Ex. 27.
[1] m + ii + (m— n) >/^; ni(H- V'^).
Page 30» 31.] aloebba. 287
£z. 27.
[2] 2— \^^; 1+ V^; 2+ V'^; \/^— v'^.
[3] 5 — 2>/^^; — I+2V^^^; O'2+O-IV'— I.
[4] i+i/^; 3(,.^z:7).
£z. 28.
[1] ^3-v^2-i. [2] n-v'3+v's.
[3] i-i/2+^3-^6. [4] 6.
Ex.29.
[1] 2ai— 3a?i. [2] an/'i-'X-iyT. [3] ia?i— 5^t.
[4] 2+ ^3; i/2+i/3; "^-(^^3 + 0; ^(^2-1).
[6] 2+ i/^; ai/2(i± i/^); 2a*(i± i/~l); -^±-1-^^.
Ex. 30.
[1] ifl— 26*. [2] fl-iari— i+a*a?-*.
z
[3] 3(2fl)T— 2(4a?)T. [4] a?f-faf.
[6] 2+i/S; l+i^7; I— i^2.
[6] I— V3; ^21 — 1; V'2+^3.
[7] 1 + 2 V"^; 2— >/^; T±-~^--^*
[8] i + i/2; ^2—1.
2— 2
Ex. 31.
rn .r- 9-h2>/2+3>/3-f2>v/6 2>/2-i->v/3
[2] i/s+^2; 9 + a^^; ±^Szil^.
4+3 a/2 — 2 A/3— V6 ^ 3A/2-h2A/3— 4^30
r.-i 9A/3-94/5-h3V^7687j;-i$ + 5^677-5V25 , 5-8^/3 + 4^ ,
i7-i2^2+i2^3 + 8i/9-8e/7?-6V648; ?!±^±i?.
238 ALOBBRA. [Page Sl—33;
Ex. 32.
[1] I. [2] a+b. [3] b. [4] ^0^+^}
Ex.38.
[4] {a-rf+(A-c)v'-i}x{a-rf-(A-c)^-i}.
_ ^. I. Simple Equations.
Ex. 34.
[1] 07=2. [2] 07=3. [3] a? =6. [4] a?=2»
[5] a?=4. [6] a?=sT, [7] 0?= — 4. [8} ar=2.
W ^=^'' [1^] ^=S- [11] ^=8- M ^=42.
[13] a?=i2. [14] a?=i2. [16] 07=120. [16] a?=-»
[17] a?=i3. [18] x=S. [19] 07=4. [20] 07=9.
t^^] ^=?+&=i?^- t^] a7=2a-sA + ^- [23] a7=2S« + 246.
[24] ;p=^. [26] a?=^(3a-ft). [26] a?=i^. [27] a?=-8.
[28] a?=72. [29] a?=i9. [30] a?=8. [31] a?=5-i,
[32] a7=2. [33] a?=ii. [34] 0?=-- [36] a?=2-
* 5
[36] ^=8. [37] a?=i. [38] 0?= — 107. [39] Ar=:28.
[40] a?=l^. [41] ar=4. [42] ar=4f. [43] a?=|.
8
Ex.35.
[I] ^=4. [2] ^=^- [3] ar=(^y. [4] a;=i4.
[5] -3. [6] -K^-f ^y- [7] -=£
or
[12].= ^. [13].=<^«. [,4].= ^.,oraa.
[16] ^=H. [16] ,=i(i_«+_L_y. [17] «=9.
Page 35—38.] ALGEBRA. 289
Ex. 35.
[18] «=l. [19] «=^-r^- [20] a:=o. [21] ar= +2a* + a-'.
[22] x^a{i-(^yy [23] *=^. [24] ^=l(ai-fl-i)».
II. SlUlTLTANBOlTS EQUATIONS OF THE FiBST DeGBEB.
Ez. 36.
[1] x=i, y=-i. [2] x=7, y=2. [3] «=4, y=7.
[4] x=3, y=7. [6] «=^, y=~
[9] a?=i8, y=io. [10] 07=144, y=2i6. [11] 4?=:5, y=2.
[12] ar=i, y=l. [13] ar=99, y=l5. [14] ap=S, y = S-
4 5
[15] ar=7, y=9. [16] ^='02, ^ = 2-9. [17] ar=2f*, y=iff.
P -| _ abc(ab + ac — ^c) __aAc(ac— aft— ftc)
L*^-! ^"a*6*-|-aV-ftV' 2^~"a*6»+aV-6V*
[20] a?=2i, y=20. [21] a7=i8, y=24. [22] a?=3, y=2,
_ _ 00 ao f- -I /
Ex. 37.
[1] 07=7, y=s, 2r=3. [2] ^=1, y=2, ^=4.
[3] ar=S, y=6, 2r=7. [4] ar=7, y=iO, 5r=9.
[6] a?=2, y=4, z=6. [6] ar=2, y=— 3, xr=4.
[7] a?=i2, y=i2, 2r=i2. [8] 37=5, y=7, i8r=-3.
[9] a?=i8, y=i2, 5r=4.
1^^^^ ^=(fl-c)(6-c)' y=(fl-ft)(ft-c)^ ^=(fl-c)(fl-ft)'
mT 2 2 2
[11] 0?=— rr — ^ y= — TT— * ^=r-t •
[12] x=j> y=y, ^=-12. [13] 07= -6^, y=2/r, ^==3|4-
240 ALGEBRA. [P<^
37.
[14] a?=-> y=-i ^=— [15] 07=6, y=i2, r=8.
* 3 4
[16] a?=i, y=4, 2r=27. [17] ar=S, y=4, z=3, tt=2, /=i.
III. Problems in Equations of the First Deoreb.
X.38.
[1] 9. [2] 14- [3] 12. [4] 12. [6] 9, 5. [6] £S IS*.
[7] 88yrs. [8] Shr.; 38 miles. [9] A,£70;B,£i30. [10] 1000.
[11] 231 days. [12] 45^,10^ days. [13] 2*4 days.
[14] 17A. 14H1 i^Aga"- [16] £iooo,£isoo,*22so,ie32so.
[16] -t. [17] 5,6. [18] 65. [19] Man,2ifdays; woman, 50 days.
[20] A's : B's : C's=m+ 1 : n4- 1 : JoH- 1 days. [21] £115-
[22] 21^0. [23] 1080yd.; i6im. [24] Ahorse,£24; acow,iSl2.
[25] Barley, 28 bush. ; Bye, 20 b. ; wheat, 52 b.
IV. Pure Quadratic Equations.
Bx. 39.
[1] x= ± 3. [2] x= ± (gy. [3] ar= ± 24.
[4] *= ±(|f)'- [5] *= ±-3. [6] x= ±3.
[7] ar=±8. [8] x=±S-S- [9] «=±2.
[10] *=±V/S. [H] ar=±^(i-g)*. [12] *=±1.
[15] ar=±(2ii6-6*)i [16] x=± ^ .
c"] '= ±(S-:)' [»]-=±Xt-);
[19] .= ±:^.. [»] .= ±.(.-^'.
[»>] '=+J(«'-4)*- [a] *=±2{(l-.)(l-i.)J*.
k
Page Al, 4A.] ALGEBRA. 241
V. Adfected Quadratic Equations.
Ex.40.
[I] a?=i2, — 2. [2]a?=8, — 10. [3]a?=i6,2. [4]a?=i7,— 4.
[6] a?=i07, —106. [6] a?=4, —13. [7] cr=i36, —25.
[8] ^=80, -75. [9] a;=i, i. [10] ^=3, -*.
[11] a?=6, -44,. [12] ^=5, -4. [13] a?=l, -*•
^ 3
[14] a?= 12^55:, -12. [16] a? = 2, 4. [16] w-K — i^.
2 22
[17] ir=944, -II. [18] a:=7, -i- [19] ir=2, i-
[20] a?=i(5± V22-6). [21] a?=2, — — • [22] x=g, — i5.
[23] a;=3, -87. [24] ar=8+ ^^SoT. [26] ar=8, --t.
27
[26] d?=3, -344. [27] af=«, b. [28] j?=i, ^.
[29] x=a, -b. [30] a:=^, -^. [31] wr=h, \.
[32] a:=8, 4. [33] a?=^(-3±^3)- [34] a;=±3, ± ^'^'%.
[36] a;=2, -I, -i± ^3^,i(i+ ^-3). [36] a;=2, (-6)^.
[37] a;=i, -i- [38] ^=^. ;i. [39] ^=(i)^, (_,)f.
[40] a?=-8, -i. [41] ^=4, (-7)f. [42] a:=^, ^.
[43] ar=4, -I. [44] jf=±5, ±3^/2. [46] ar=i, i±2 vTs.
[46] a;=3,-V(5± \/73i9). [47] a;=i(3 + i/5), 1(9+ -/^g^).
[48] .=«. o, ^{i±(5-?)>
[49] a;=5, -6, i(± V377-1). [60] a?=±s, +4*/2.
2
[61] a;=6, -I, 1(5 + 3 */_3). [62] x=\, \.
242 ALGEBRA. [P^ge 4A« ^^4.
Ex. 40.
[63] x=2a{a±{a*'\-a)i}, where « = i{ — a±(a*H-4*)5:}.
4
[54] ^=o, '^i;^. [56] a:=6, -|.
[66] a;=4, 9, ^(-13 ±3^^)- [57] ar=4, -2, -i± v^7-
[58] a?=i(3± ^^), i(-3± */iI).
[69] x=l{7± ^13), i(-i± i/^j).
[60] a;=i, 16, 1(1+3 v':::;. [61] *=3, -^' 3(9! ^97)-
[62] .= ±(3±^)^ ±C-±^)^ [63] .=|., o.
[64] x=±a{±S\/2—li)i. [65] a?=±i\/^.
II . . X y . \ I I
[66] .= ±{^i±(^-^)7. [67].= ±{e±4±l^|(£±i)-y
[68].= ±P-{a»±(«+^)Y]^-
[69] a:=±i[-i±(l-ff*)i±{2±2(l-o*)T}5]i.
[70] ^=«, |(-3± i/=y). [71] x=(^) ";'.
[72] *=p(3± ^^).
Ex.41.
[1] aft=:8, 29 + 7 */ — 10. [2] X=2, —I, —I.
[3] »=i, i(-i± i/^). [4] a;=-3, 1(3 ± ^^).
[6] ;r=4, l± tZ-TT. [6] x=l, -(6± ^-3).
[7] ar=4, 6|, 1(209+ ^3 v'a49). [8] x=^, -3, l(i± *Z-43).
[9] a:=i, I,i(-3±i/I).
Page 44. 45.] ALGEBRA. 24S
Ex. 41.
[10] x=U2± ^=7), i(-i± v'^^). [11] a?=s, -I, ^+^^5'
+ 4
[12] a?=±3, i(-i3± v/^Tl5).
[13] ;r=-i, "^^'yiy-'^^ [I4]^=i±^3±(3±2^#.
riSl J— ' +4°+ ^S(' +4^)^+{ — io+6oa+2 -/sCi +40)*}?
4(1 -fl)
VI. Simultaneous Equations of the 2nd, 3RD, &c. Deorebs.
Ex. 42.
[1] x=6, -4,1 [2] x=±7, ±6,1 [3] ar=5, -4,!
y=2, -3J y=±6, ±7./ y=4, -5./
[4] a?=3, -2tV,1 [5] a?=7, -5,! [6] x=9, -8^,1
y=i,2-^. J y=2, -2./ y=-8, 9f.J
[7] ^=5, J' 1 [8]a.= ±5,l [9] ^=3,-1^,1
y=3, -5.) y=±2.J y=-4,8ff./
[10] x=zh -3ir. "I [11] *=8, -8-2, I [12] ^=7, I
y=2i. -3flT J y=i2, -12-3./ y=±4-/
[13] x=s, 17. X [14] a?=7, -I, + */-3 + 3,i
y=3. -"S-J y=i, -7» ± v^-3-3./
[16].=4,2,^(-2±^^),| [i«],=ai^i
y=2,4,f(-a+v/^.)J ^='^- ^
[17] ^=3. 2. 5, x,l ^'^'^ *=7, 3. g(-3i± Vi3s), ]
y=3. 7»z(-3»+ *^205). J
[19] x=±i, ±^Vl, 1 [20] a;=+i{3a» + A» + (a*+6a»6» + 6*)i}i,
^ _\
y=±6, ±v^3-J y=±i{a* + 3**±K+6«*6*+A*)i}i
3 *
[21] -^— {*+(-«*-m,lf22] .=9,3,-7±av/5T,,
y=,.!*T»{*±(^«'-m. J ^=3,9, -7+2 v-,.l
244 ALGEBRA. [P&g^ ^*^<
Ex. 42.
[23] .r=l6,4,l [24] 07= i6, 735^, l [25] a?=4, -1,1
y=4, i6.J y=4, 723^. / y=i/ —4. J
[26] a?=27, 8,1 [27] 07=9, 1,1 [28] 07=5, 34
y=8, 27J y=i, 9-/ y=3>5-J
[29] .=±{««+i«+(io«*6^-3«*-3**)*},l f3o] ,=5, ,8i.l
y=4, i7f-J
y=^{a*+6*-(ioa»i»-3a*-34*)*}.J
[31] x=4, I, 0,1 [32] x=0, 4,1 [33] a?=7, 2,1
y=8, o. / y=o,l-i y=2, 7./
[34] ^=625, I, 1 t^^ ^=+' '' i(5± V^I^),)
•* y=^ 4, -(5+*^ -159)- J
[36] ar=+4, +3, ±4 V^, ±3v'^;l
y=±3. ±4, ±Z^-i, ±4V-i. J
[37] «=ii,"l [38] a?=+5, ±2, ±(±5^-2+^37o-5)i,]
Sf=3. / y=±2, ±5, ±(±5^-2+*^370'5)*-J
[39] .=i[6±Ua(^/-in*],l
y=^[*+{±<*^')'-*-}^]./
[40] «= ± (io)T(-5 + • I X 5*),1
y=±(io)T(-5--ix55).J
[41] ^=3,-2,l{±(-^)'+l},
y=^,-3,i{±(-f/-x}..
[42]-3,f(i+^)^ 1 [43].=o,^(f/.
^=^' -<h?)M
9
[44] ip=8i, i6,i(7 + 36^-22),l [46] a?=i(i±v/2),
y=i6,8i 1(7-36^^^)./ y=i-
Page A5, 46.]
Ex. 42.
[46] ^=8, -4,
ALOEBRA.
8(i9 + 8V^5),l
8(S + 2V^6). J
S45
[47] ^=3, -2, ^{(i#±(-ii^i#h
y=-2, 3, ^{(i3)* + (-iii^'i3)^}.
[48] ^=2, -X, ±i(-^H.y/I), y=:,, ±_L
[49] ^:
[60] X
y
± {na) i, -{n± (»* + 4n V'flft)^},
z
= ±4, ±1, ±4^1, ±^lllA
= ±i, ±4, ±^-i, ±4^-iJ
y=2, -I, iCil^'^), ^(i±3*/S)-.
[62] a?=±3, ±2, ±7(^^^ + 1)5 ±3*^^ ±2^
Z
y=±2, ±3, ±i(V-27-i)i
±2^^, ±Z^^> l-Cv'i;— ■v^^T).
— I:
+ 2, ±^-i, ±(±v/-i3+|)*, "1
+ 1, ±2i/^, ±(±^^=^-y''-J
[63] ar:
[55] x=^±{ac)i, -{a— i+c± [(a— i + c)* — 4ac]-i},]
y= + (Jc)^, i{64-c— a+ [(a— ft + c)*~4ac]i}J
246
ALGEBRA.
[Page AB—AB'
Ex.42.
[66] X
=5.1
=4-/
[67] «=|(i9± ^105), |(-i3± ^^^^),
}
[68] X:
[69] X--
y
[62] x:
y-
z-
[60] 0?=!/
y
Z'
=1,1
= 2,1
-3-J
[61] X
y
10
L63] «=±4, ±7^.
I ./-
y=±3, ±j*^3,
■^=±2, +3^3-
[64] w.
y
3,
6..
[65] ar=9, I,
y=3,
Z=i, 9.
[66] »=4,
y=6,
^=3,
3,
6.
VII. Pboblehs in Quadratic Equations.
Ex. 43.
[1] i8, 14. [2] 10, 6. [3] 18, 3. [4] 6, 4.
[6] 8, 9. [6] 6, 9. [7] 12, 5- [8] 8, 7.
[9] 7, 2. [10] 8, 6. [11] 5, 3. [12] 18.
[13] A, 120; 6,80. [14] Sherry £2 a doz. ; Claret £3 a doz.
[16] 4550. [16] \, J. ^^. [17] 25, 13, 6.
[18] 14, 10, 2. [19] 15, 12, IQ, 7.
Ex.45.
Ratio, Pboportion and Variation.
rn 71, !2. Z£3, Z22. \A\ a^x-a-x r6i i±^- ''*~^*
L*-' 88' 88' 02?' Q2C '-4J « + a?.a ar. L*>J „ , „,_^
[7] 1:1.
925 925
[12] y=^x.
12
[13] xy=j-^x^+y^).
Page 49~0a.] ALGEBRA. 247
Ex. 45.
[14] y*=~(a?*-a*). [16] y*=4aa?. [17] I8t>2gall.; 2nd,i4gall.
[18] Diam. £, 7 , ^ ; ruby £^ ^ ^ , -
Arithmetical Progression.
Ex.46.
[1] 59. [2] -35. [3] o. [4] ^.
M i7iT- M 400. [7] 25452. [8] -72.
[9] 204. [10] 40i. [11] o. [12] 407.
[13] 20tV- [14] O. [15] O. [16] 17.
[17] 133. [18] :^(i3-7^). [19] ^(9-n). [20] ^^
[21] n{a* + a?»-(7i-3)fla;}. [22] -^jna-^i}. [23] 4.
[24] 13 or 7. [25] 19 or 18. [26] 60. [27] 4. [28] 3.
[29] ~1. [30] -I. [31] -iZ. [32] 207,297,387.
[33] 6, 9, 12, 15. [34] —2, —6, —10, —14.
rorT 4321 I 2 3 4
[35] -i, ^9 -9 -i O, > > — ^> — -2^-
^■^55555 5 5 5
[36] -i, i, I, i|, 2t, 3i, 4. [37] n=l4. [38] n=8.
z 4
PoQT g {(r-h !)(«-;? -H) + m(p-g)}-h5{(r-H);^~m(/?-g)}
^^ ' (r+i)(«+i)
[40] 19. [41] i; ^; :;^(3n4-i). [42] |; -|. [43] 4.
[44] 1. [46] ;>th, ^; ^th, m-(m-n)^.
[47] inr(n7*+i). [48] w(3n-i)^ + n(n-i)(7n-2)— — •
Z Z A • Z> 4
[49] 25. [50] £135 4^.; £5 3«. [61] 8. [52] 2, 5, 8, ir.
Ex. 47.
[1] 1240. [2] 12341. [3] -(6n* + 3«— i).
2
248 ALORBKA. [POS^
Ex. 47.
[4] {"-^}*- W 440. [6] 2588.
[7] 3»(n+i)(n + 3). [8] -2r(4r+5).
[9] in(n+i)(n + 2). [10] J-«(n+i)(n + 2)(n+3.)
[11] n=:3. [12] 5, 8, 1 1, &c.
GEOHETaiCAL PROGRESSION.
Ex. 48.
[1] 80. [2] ^. [3] 1. [4] 208f. [6] -^.
[6] 9841. [7] 32491- M 41-6622976. [9] 51^.
[10] 39^. ["]-^- Mil'.
[-3A{-(-:)> M^{-(-f)"}- ^
[15] fi{x-(- 4)-}{^5- ^2). [16] -^•^•
[17] 8. [18] 5^. [19] A. [20] i. [21] 16.
[22] 1. [23] lO^. [24] 2f. [26] i^f. [26] -^.
pi] .34?f)L_. [32] -L J I3V; ^; i.
[33] (lOO)T, (lOO)f ; 4, 8, 16, 32; 2, 8, 32; -I, i, -2, y.
[^] l=f^|' [36] 49, I. [37] (g3)^'-
t^^ i»»-x(a>-y)* - [^3] ^'°8, iei44, ^192, ^256.
[44] rth mean =^|;;^(^J +^;^^(sj l^p^^'
\
Page 05—08.] ALGEBRA. 249
Ex. 49.
[I] (7^- [2] 3. [3] I. [4]4(2--i)-3«.
[6] 2(2*»— I)— n. [6] 2(2*— i)+-(nH-l).
2
[7] 5n-2(t -i;). [8] 2-(2»-3) + 3.
L^-' (T+^5' (i-«)'
t^«J (r^«- t"] Ti^F- t^2^ 388.
Harmonical Progression.
Ex. 50.
[.](..f|>(».-6,-3);(li.i|.Jf>(.5.-^.-3>
(A. \. |> (f «. !)• m 'f Z: f 3. 4, 6.
[3] 7. 5 A, 4H. ^, Sff. 3A; lif. ^i^> 3H'
[4] (»-*-0^ ^ («-hi>y («+i).gy ^ (n-hO^ .
^ -' «y+J? ^ («— i)y+2a?^ («— 2)y + 3^^ *^ y-\-nx
\P] 3* M ^» Vi ^ > -^ — ' &C., f v-^^7 r—
^ -^ ^ L J » y^ 2a?— y ^x—2y ' (»— l)a?— («— 2)y
t7] ^miv-S^ - t^^] ^' ^' '^- f"] '°' "' '5- [12] 2, 3, 6.
[13] ^=+2i, ^=±(i±2^)i [16] y=2(«+*)-^{(f)'+(^)*}*.
_ Piles of Balls and Shells.
Ex. 51.
[1] 8436. [2] 1 1440. [3] 24395. [4] 2561.
[5] 7580. [6] 26059. [7] 78755- [8] 25707.
[9] 104700. [10] IIIIO. [11] 123225. [12] 740.
[13] 46. [14] 816, 1496.
_ Permutations and Combinations.
Ex. 52.
[1] 840, 5040. [2] 1 1880. [3] 40320. [4] 13860.
[6] 34650; i8oj 210; 15120. [6] n=8. [7] 10.
260
ALGEBRA.
[Page
Ex. 52.
[8] 7- P] 3- [11] ^io> 2IO- [12] 252; 56, [13] 495; 9-
[14] 376992; 52360. [16] n=i2. [16] n=i2. [17] n=g.
[18] 52. [19] 127. [20] n=6. [21] 255. [22] 816000.
[23] 27907200. [24] n=7. [25] n=l5, r=6. [27] lO.
[28] r=n. [29] 2304. [30] (;>+i)(jf + i)(r+ i)&c. — I.
Binomial and Multinomial Theorems.
Ex. 53.
[1] I + 7a?-|- 2ia?* + 35a?' + 3507* + 2i4?5 + jafi-^-x' ;
1 4- ioa?H- 40a?* + 80a?' + 8oa'*+ 32a?* ;
4 2 16* ^ 10 64"
27 . 27 , 81
[2] I — i8a?-|- 135^*— 540a?' 4 12150?*— 14580?^ 4 729^*;
I ^^x -{--ac^ —--w^ + \x^ a?* ;
iS
32
1 4 a? -f |a?* 4 -^a?^ 4 -^^a:* 4 &c. ;
S*" ' 16 256'
3 3
280
> 6 . II2O • Q_
a?** + -^— a?'— &c.
27 81
[3] fl9 4 c^a^x 4 36a V 4 84aV + 1 26a*a:* 4 1 26fl*«' + 84a'«i^
4 36a*a?7 -f Qoa?' 4 x^ ;
a^— 7fl^a7 4 2ia^a?*~35a*a:' 4 35a'a?*— 2iaV + Taa^—x^ ;
i6a?*— 96a?'y + 2i6a:*y*— 2i6a?y'4 8iy*;
i: . 312c - 62c , . I2C . ? r . I A
^ ^ ^ ^ 12 54 432 1296 ^66^0
[4] a-'°4ioa-"a?4 6oa-'V428oa-'V4ii20a-'V4-&c.5
a* 8g^j? 4oa^j?* i6oflV 5 6oa*jr* «
8T'^H3 729 ~i'87 "^ 6561 '^^''
c* c*+' 1.2 «?*+* i.2.&c.r 0*+*^ *
?-*;
A , «(«4i) K*-
i«+i
+ -^r-'i^+«^*'-+(-^)
.«(«4i)&c.(*4r— 1) A*"
i.2.&c.r
o»+»' —
4&C.
[5] i4a?— -a?*4-a?' — fa'*4&c.:
2 2 o
I— |a'— -^ w^
6 72
35 ^1 _ &^j _ iiLTiL?: &c. (6r-- ij)/£y
1296'
1.2.34. ^^- '^
(D-fec;
Page 60.] ALGEBRA. 251
Ex. 53.
M fli-f fl-ia?— :^"ia?* + -^a""Ja?'— &C.
6 54
if a /l\T I «/4\T
(_ i)r-..3 '5?-(4^- _L)^i-.^fa.
^ ^ i.2.3.4...rx 3'* '
(lp-(l)'--«!'-i(!)Vv-*c.
2.i.4.7.&c.(3r~s) /3y-»^ g^^
i.2.3.4.&c.rx2'" \.2/
'- -■ 2 8 10 128 2.4.6.&c.(2r)
2 8 10 128 2.4.6.&c.(2r)
a I 8, 2 "4^ 14. ao^ _
3 9 81
3.6.9.&c.(3r)
— i.2.3.&c.rx5'^ ^
[7] a"'— fl-^ari' + a'^a^— a""*a? + a'"^a?J— &c.
[8] A7 + ^h'^k V - 1 - 2 lA^jt* -35A*yfe' v^ - 1 + 35^^^:*
-56jy >v/^-28Ay +86y7 v'zrr+y*.
, «(«— 1)(»— 2) ,„ ^ , / « 1
+ -^^ — ^a5«-9a?' V — I — &c. >•
1.2.3 J
[9] I + 5a:+ 15a?* + 30a?' + 455^+5 ix^ + 4Sar^ + 30a?7 + i5a7' + 5a79 4-ar'°;
I — 6a? 4- 15a?*— 20a:' + 15a?*— 6a?^+a?*;
fl*— 8a'A4- I2fl'c + 24a*6*— 72a*^c+ 54aV— 32/?^^ + I44a6*c
— 2i6flf6c* + loSflfc^ 4- 166*— gb^^c 4- 2i6^V — 2i6^c' 4- 8 ic*.
252 ALGEBRA.. [Page SO— Cfl.
Ex.53.
[10] i+2^4-3a?* + 4a?' + &c.; H--ar+i^ar* + i^|a?»+&c.
[11] — I26a*. [12] —1400000a". [13] ^a'^b'\
[14] +145. [16] 2ioa*iV.
P^g-. m(m-ii)(m-zii) f ftc* m-5« ft^c (m-3»)(m— 411) fe»l ^
ri7l »("-0(»~^)(»~3)(»-4) riQi ^ i.6.n.&c.(5r— 4) z'^
*" ^ 12 • L J — 5.io.i5.&c.(5r) (3a)''+T
[19] 6fli* + 6oa*J'c + 6oa'6*rf+6oa'Jc*H-3oa*crf. [20] —36120.
[21] 4368. [22] g(r+i)(r + 2)(r + 3). [23] 5103000000.
rosl 7ici^ . -^ — r26l 5-i»3>7»&c.(4r-9) (3^)^ .
L^^J 7i5(3^).4> 2401 ^V* "^ ■' 4.8.i2.i6.&c.(4r)>-iyi-5
[27] i, the 2nd term. [28] ''^/;,^3;i'"r^ (^)" ' 73789^"-
I
7
[29] 108073a;". [30] 55; 35. [32] Q)
[33]^- M^^'- [36] O. [36]r==_,.
[37] «=8. [38] «=Z. [41] M^^^0(,.).
Indeterminate Coefficients.
[1] __i 11.+JL.
^ •* x—i x—z a?— 3
(a_d)(a-.c)(ar-a) ^ (6-fl)(^-c)(a:-6) ^ (c-fl)(c-6)(ar-c)
L J 6(ar+i)~2(a:-i)"*"3(ar-2)'
I
4a^(a?— a) 40^(0? -|- a) 2a*(j?*-ha*)
Page ca* €3.] algebra. 268
Ex. 54.
r.-i 'o 5 3 L__.
P -, I I 1 s—i I
[71 3_-4._3__._4_.
TQl _..5i_^ 6^+3!_.
L"-* 26(a?— 5) I3(a?*— 20?— 2)
[10] H-3^+4ar* + 7a?' + iij?*+i8ar*H-&c.
Beversion of Series.
Ex. 55.
[1] ^= -^(y- + J(y- i)*-:^(y- 0' + ^|(y- 0*-&<^.
[3] a?=(y-i) + 2(y-i)* + 7(y-i)5 + 30(y-i)*4-&c.
[4] ^=|(y-«)->-a)*+^^(y-a)'-i^^=^
[6]a;=i(y-i)-i(y-ir+i(y-i)'-l(y-i)4 + &c.
[6] a?=y + -^+-^^+— ?! — 4-&C.
■- -^ ^1.2 1.2.3 I-2-34
[7]^=(y-i)-i(y-ir+i(y-i)'-i(y-i)*+&c.
[8] ^=y+l.y_Vi:3.y!^i:3j£^&,.
•-J ^ 23 2.4 5 2.4.6 7
[9] ar=y ^ + — ^ ^ — 7- + &C.
'- -■ ^ 1.2.3 i-2'3-4'5 1.2.3.4.5.6.7
[10] ^=;y-^-+^y-- ^*^'-y-^''V +&c.
[11] .= ^5_'y-^y»--i-y._^y*-&C.
ALeSBKA^
[Page
[10] i + 2af+3a!» + 4«' + &c.; !+-«+ ^a7' + i^?ir' + &c.
2 2.4 2.+.0
[11] -1260+. [12] -1400000a". [13] ^<i-¥A'«.
[14] +145. [15] 2l0a*iV.
[16].
«(«-i)(a-,)(a-3)(,
-■»)(«-2n) r fe' m-3« ft'e (»,-,b)(«- 4,) 6^1 =
l.2.3«3 Po^ « ff* 4,s.B» 'a'J .
-:£). [18] + '-^-"'^''^f?^-4) ^l-,.
[19] 6ai' + 6o«'i'c4-6oa'**rf+6oa'6c' + 3oa*cd. [20] —36120.
[21] 4368. [22] l{r+l)(r + 2){r+i). [23] 510300000a
[24]-Zii3!._^j -3J7J^^—
'- -■ ax4»fl»cixl S aT^
60 J^
2401 g^'
[26]
^.i.3.7.&c.(4f-9) (3z)^^
l"J /-^(j,)... ,^,a- l"J 4.8.ii.i6.Sc.(v)V-i,.'-}
[27] i, the 2nd term. W ''/.f^ii^T '' '"''■ 73789«".
[29] 108073.". [30] 5Si 35- [32] (D*.
[33]^- [34] i^'. [35] o. [36]r=5-,.
[37] .=8. [38] .=Z. [«]iiig^'V,.
.5.to.(»— .) / . X
..•.3.&c.» K'+tJ
Ex. U.
Indetb&hi Nate Cokfficibnts.
M 6(j+o~;(:;=T)+3-5ii)
,)-^(J-.)(6-t)(z-S)^(c-.)(.,-»)(,-t)
'4«'(.-») 4."(«+") »•('■+••)
Page Ca* 63.] ALGEBRA. 268
Ex. 54.
r.-i 'o 5 3 L__.
'-^-J*5"^a^* ^"^**+i (^*+i)*'
r7i 3_,._3_. 4 .
L'J ar+2^x+3 (^+3)*
r«i __5J 6^+3i_..
^"•^ 26(a?— 5) 13(0?*— 2ir— 2)
rm 3 *' . 7X" » 7*XII , , 7^X11 . «
'"■'55 S' 5* 5'
[10] i4-3^ + 45?* + 7a?' + iia7++i8a?^ + &c.
Beversion of Series.
= (y-i)+2(y-i)»+7(y-i)» + 3o(y-i)*+&c.
=y +—+-^^+—^ 1- Sec.
" i.z 1.2.3 I-2.3.4
=(y-i)-i(y-ir+f(y-i)'-;J(y-i)*+&c.
^ 23 2.4 5 2.4.6 7
=y — ^—-^r-^ T — 7-+&C.
^ 1.2.3 ^-2.3.4.5 1.2.3.4.5.0.7
[10] -=iy-^*+^y'-5^^^=^^?^±^V+&c.
[11] .= ^5_'y_^y^--I-,»_^/_&C.
[12] a;=i + 1,-^3 + 3C-&«-
Ex. 55
•
[1]
X
[2]
X
[3]
X
[4]
X
[6]
X
[6]
X
[7]
X
[8]
X
[9]
X
254 ALBEBiu. [Pige ••— •■
El. 55.
[.3].=* + S-°^; + ^-i..
Summation
Ei.56.
OP Seribs.
[I] 506. [2] i«(6»-
-3«-i). P:440.
[4]in(»+i)(4»-l).
M ■^»(»+i)(»+2)(3»+5).
[6]l»(n+.)(» + J)(« + 3).
[7] 44100.
[8] »'(2"'-0-
[9] 7305.
Zx.67.
m.-TT^'-
['^3(» + 3)'6-
r.i "<•+■)
M 3(S"+5)' .S'
[*J 8(,-.-l)(3S3' H
"(»+3) . ■
L»J I0(!«+I)(2« + S)' V>
L'J !(j»+,)(2. + 3)' 8
Ex. 58.
r,-| "(J'+S) . )
r.,T it(ii«*+48B+49) II
M ,8(. + i)(.+.)(.+3J' 18-
m ._.?(i'"+7) . J.
w,(.+.)(.+2)' .
M " . '
m I "+4 ' . 1
L«J" (.+ ,)(.+0.""
Ex. 5«.
i+!»-(3n+i)j- + (3n-2)»-*'
., .+ — (»+l)-X- + (»'+2..
-i)*"+'-n»«"+»
^■'J (,-.)•
r„ i+fa+.'-(.»+i)-*- + i(,«--3>.".-(!»-i)>i-«
(I-*)'
[6] 2(1— ai+J!*— a;' + &c.) — (l+-a;+-ar'4-— «' + &
Page 65 — •7.] ALGEBRA. 255
Ex.60.
[1] 1365. [2] 8694.
[3] ■Jn(n+i)(n + 2). [4] ]n{n+i){n+z)(n + 2).
3 4
[6] «»(2»» + 3)+in(4»*-i). [6] 2n»(n*+i4)+^(4a* + 5).
[9] 44330. [10] 8361. [11] 38760. [12] 305825.
[13] 20; 210; 1540; 8855; 42504.
_ ^ Interpolation op Series.
Ex. 61.
[1] 82. [2] 3, 7, 15, 30, 55, 93, 147, 220, 315, 43S.
rrT 195 280 38c 663 o
W '' nl' ITS' U' +' d' ^'-
_ ^ Changes or Probabilities.
Ex. 62.
[1] \' [2] — ! [3] i. [4] -i
[2]
I
270725
[6]
35.
128
101
625
W I^- M ^. [7] iig. [8] 1.
[9] £1 J2S. r2d. [10] ^^. [11] i. [12] -^.
[13] j^. [14] ^ nearly ; ^ nearly. [16] 6" : 6* x 5' X 1 1 : 5'° x 136
[16] ~ [17] ^- [18] 3-8oi8. [19] 10. [20] ^g.
^ ^^ Scales op Notation.
Ex. 63.
[1] 2II0I022; 7338. [2] 2031 16; 6500445.
[3] 212231. [4] 398^; 2317; 8751215.
[6] 6^12; 814; 475^968. [6] 1411103040.
[7] 42202772. [8] 1456. [9] t^tee. [10] ette.
[11] 41 12; 62te. [12] Senary. [13] Nonary. [14] 7.
256
ALGEBRA.
[Page 67—69.
Ex. 63.
[15] 125ii. [16] lib., 2lb., 2Mb., 2Mb., 2nb., 2nb., 291b., 2'Mb.
[17] Place I lb., 3* lb., 3* lb., 3nb., in one scale, and 3 lb., 3Mb.
in the other.
Ex. 64.
[1] 146-0347.
• [4] 1281 1*36.
[7] '00250075.
[10] '0000017 12.
[13] -436859.
Ex. 65.
[1] 6-2124.
[4] '0275227.
[7] 3648-24.
[10] -222361.
Ex.66.
[1] 1281-1.
[4] -0000100612.
[7] 1-03445.
[10] •097147.
Ex.67.
[1] 1-9030.
[4] 7-57077-
[7] -61 1685.
[10] 1-0838.
[13] 0-4254650.
Ex. 68.
[1] -013506.
W -649357.
[6] 3-20742.
[9] -1 13888.
Logarithms.
[2] 14041-28.
[6] 7001602.
[8] "000607592.
[11] 103-6617.
[14] 1814-215.
[2] -076.
[6] -923502.
[8] -0590177.
[2] 30071-7.
[6] -76570.
[8] 1-06470.
[2] 15-6757.
[6] -08075.
[8] 2-25996.
[11] I -000 1 2.
[14] 1728-712.
[2] -4341"-
[6] -097416.
[7] 17*3306.
[10] -025776.
[3] 23-113327.
M 17385.
[9] -01375935.
[12] 1185-57.
[3] 27-997.
[6] 8-89.
[9] -0699268.
[3] 125-064.
M 3*35170.
[9] 1 688690.
[3] 58-44.
[6] -0883690.
[9] -702946.
[12] -913613.
[3] -087717.
[8] -0085161.
[11] I-2185.
^
Page 69— 7fl.] algebra. 257
Ex. 69.
[1] 18-342. [2] -153553- [3] -00148897.
[4] -019875. [6] -000016025. [6] -94361.
[7] I-344435- M -0000029979. [9] -159133.
[10] -22095. [11] -1023. [12] £6g 28. 4-68rf.
Ex. 70.
[1] log6 = -778i5i, log 15 = 1-176091, log 5-4=732393,^
log 17-5 = 1-243038, log -875 = 1-942008, log 6860= 3-836324*
[2] log2 = -30io3o, log3 = -477i2i, log -16^=^1-204120.
log 450 =2-6532 1 2, log -075 =2-875061, log 3-75= -57403 1.
[3] 5-3.
Ex.71.
[1] ii?= 1-537. [2] ^=9-5868. [3] a?=-5849.
[4] ^^=17-917. [6] a7=-37i66. [6] 37=2-342.
[7] a?= 1-217. M ^=9*673. •
„ ^^logc-rflogg ^^ \ogc
'- -' 6 log a L -^ mloga + nlogd
[11] ii?= 1-242. [12] a?=3-i27. [13] a?= 1-6624, y= 1-2764.
[14] ii?=-98l2l, ^=-33920. [16] a?=4-28l8> ^=3-0584.
[16] ^=3-5510. y= 1-4204. [17] x= - 1-3533^ 2^=4-0229.
riQ-i ^( »»*logc \i __/ «*logc \T
'- -' "" Vm* log a -f n* log h) ' *' "" Vm* log a + «* log 6 y
[19] ^=2-25, y=3*375. [20] ^=|^||^j-
pi] ^^ log(V^+,) ^^l^{^0±f.*)i}, [-23] ^==fj2Si!)*
*■ -' 2 log a '- -' log a ^ -^ Vlogfl/
Interest and Annuities.
Ex. 72.
[1] £889 4*. [2] £3223 4*. yd. [3] £613 iSs. 4^.
[4] ^£497 lis, gd. [6] £13 i2s. 4|^. [6] £12 4*. iirf.
[7] 47;303Fs. [8] 36-894 yrs. [9] 6|-yr8. nearly
[10] £12 ys, 4-8^. [11] £70 135. sd.
[12] A^s share £1274 ys. i^d.; B's, £1178 45. 3J/f.j C'8,£i047 8«. yd,
[13] n= 16-67 &c. yrs. M £12549. D^] ^38^7 3«- 7^-
[17] £6 i6s. 6id. [18] £17 145. 2irf. [19] £120 145. y^d.
[20] After 12 yrs. [21] £218 135. 24^. [22] £34 is. 3^.
[23] £933 8«. gid. present worth; £4 is. lod. per cent.
s
258 THEORY OP EQUATIONS. [Page 73, 7A.
THEORY OF EQUATIONS.
Ex. 1.
[1] a?*— 2a?— 15 = 0. [2] a?' — 8a?*H-a?+42 = o.
[3] a7*4-4a?' — 7^?*— ioa?=o. [4] 225a7*— 436^* + 64=0.
[6] 957^ — 6a7*— 439a?' 4- 294a?*— 98a? =0.
[6] a7*—ioj?'— 1957* + 4800?— 1392 = 0.
[7] a7*4-a:*— 6 = 0. [8] a?*— 257' + (i +<?—«')a?*—2ca? 4-c( !—«') = O.
[9] 29ip\ [10] 28a?'. [11] 7, 6, 4, 2.
[12] X' =537*— 4057' + 870?* — 20^— 62 j andX' =^sa^—'ipx*^ — ^qx',
X!* =20^7' — 1 2007* +17447— 20; X" =20a7' — 6pj7— 2^;
X'" = 60^7* — 240^7 + 1 74 ; X'" = 6oa7*— 6p ;
X^^^) = 1 2007 — 240 ; X^*^) = 1 2037 ;
Xf^> = l20. X(^)=I20.
Ex. 2.
[1] o?'-i5a?* + 72a?- 14=0. [2] 3, 7.
[3] a?' + 6a?* — 3i«— 120=0. [4] a7*+a?'— i6a?*+4a?— 80=0.
[6] a7*H-2a?7— 737^— 4a?5 — i2a7*— 4a?' — 7a?* + 257+1=0.
Ex. 3.
[1] 3± -^2, 5. [2] --(3+ \/-3i), 4, -».
2
[3] 3» ± *^2> 2, 5. [4] 2, 2, 3.
[6] 2, 2, I. [6] 2, 2, -3. [7] -, -. =^
[8] -1,-1,-1, -10. [9] I, I, 6, 6. [10] 3, 3, 3, 2, 2.
[11] I> 3> 5- [12] -2, I, 4. [13] I, 2, 3, 4. [14] 5, 2, - 1,-4.
[15] 1,3,9. [16] 2,4.8. [17] 2,6,18.
[18] If «, aq, aq*, aq^ be the roots ; then q is found from
J +i=i{ + ^M±r)*_ I } ; and « from «»j' = ±»*.
[19] I, 2, 4, 8. [20] 3, i, 2, i.
Ex. 4:
[1] y'+i2y*+9y + 24=o.
[2] y'-l4y»+iiy-75 = o.
[3] y*-25y» + 375y*-i26oy- 11700=0.
Page 74, 75.] THEORY 07 EQUATIONS. 269
Ex.4.
[4] /— 48y*-8iy+90=o.
[6] /4.63y*— io8y+243=o,
[6] /+ioy'—875y— 625=0.
[7] 4y'-6y* + 4y + S=o.
[8] y'-6y*+iiy-3=o.
[9] y' + 9y*— 90=0.
[10] y*+2y'-iS2y*- 1 153^-2331=0.
[11] y5+i2y*+4iy' + 26y*— 160^—336=0.
[12] y* + 1 2y'H-27y*- 68^-84=0.
[13] y*— 26y' + ioo/ — i03y+7 = o.
[14] y*— 62^+ 7*4y' + 7'92y*— i7-872y— 79232=0.
[16] 2y*H-8y'— y*— 8y— 20=0.
[16] i9y*+2o6y' + 793y* + i232y4-58o=o.
Ex. 5.
[1] y'-5y-4==o. [2] y'-i2y-ii=o-
[3] y' + 27=o. [4] y'-3iy + 74=o.
[6] yJ-8y-I5 = 0. [6] yJ«i5y^Z2=o.
3 *7
[7] y'-^y-^=o. [8] y*-23y* + 59y-52=o.
P] y*-¥2^'+Ty-|^=o. LlO] y*-37y*-i23y-iio=o.
[11] 27y'-i52=cr. [12] y*-.3V-"2-68y*+4-456y+3"99i04=o.
[13]y'+y*-^=0; or y'-.y*-5=o.
[14] y' + 3y*— 20=0; ory'— 3y*— 16=0.
[16] y'-y*=0j ory^+y*— ;^=0.
7
[16] y*— 22y' + 63y— 44=0; or y*4-22y'—2599y— 13992=0.
[17] 27y*+67y-59=o.
[18] 2y*-.Zy* + ^y+-J=o.
jjj^ g^ Symmetrical Functions.
D]S,=i. [2]S.=795; s..=?|.
S 2
S6C THEORY OP EQUATIONS. [Page 75, 76.
Ex. 6.
[3]S,= -2849; S.,=llig.
Ex.7.
[1] a?^— 40a:— 39=0. [2] a?'— 12a?— 16=0.
[3] ar' — 20a?*— 560:— 100=0. [4] a?' — 5a?*4-3a?+i = 0.
Ex. 8.
[1] a?' — 2pa?* + (/>* + ?)^—(;??—r)=0.
[2] x^-^qx^-{-prx—r^=o,
[3] a?' — (;>*— 2g)a?*4-(s'*— 2;?r)a?— r*=o.
[4] a?' — 2(;>*— 2g)a?*-f (j»*— 4;>*5' + S5'*— 2/^0^
— {p*'q^ — 2p V H- ^j^g^r — 2q^ — r*) = o.
[6] rV—(5'*—2;w)a?*H-(p*— 25^)5?— 1 = 0.
[6] rV — {pq — 3r)ra?* + {p^r—Spqr + 3r* + 5^^)^?
— (/?*§'*— 2pV + 4^5T— 25'' —r*) = o.
[7] 0?' — (;>' — 'ipq + 3r)a?* -I- (3r* — 3;>5'r + 5'')a: — r' = o.
Reciprocal or Recurring Equations.
Ex.9.
[1] 3±2V'2; 2+^/3. [2] -( — S± i^2i)j + i/^.
[3] 2,i; ± i^^T. [4] -i,|{3±2^^±(i±i2^^*}.
2 Z
[6] - 1, 7(9 ± ^53 ± ("8 ± 18 i/53)'}. [6] I, 2, |. 2 ± v'S.
4 *
[7] I, ~{5± v^6T + (70±iOi/6rH}.
4
[8] ar=a + (a* — i)^, where a = 2*ii ; —1*202; '5914.
[9] a?={(a+i)* — a^}i{(a— i)* + a^}i
[10] -I, ±s/'^, \{i±^^}, ^(3±i^5)> -2±i^3.
[12] I, I, i{l+ ^^=T^}. [13] 2, 2, i, i, i{l± i/^}.
Page 76, 77.] THEORY OP EQUATIONS. 261
Ex. 9.
'[\4]^{±\^2±\^'^\; ±1, ± \/^: ±1, ±(j-~^'
— I, cos (n X 20**) ± \^^^ sin (n x 20°), where n is i, 3, 5, 7
successively: +a, ±flr^i — ^)> ±ai/— i, -{±//3± i^ — i}.
[16] I, -I, -I, 2±i/3.
Equal Boots.
Ex. 10.
[1] 3> 3> -4. [2] 2,2, -I, -3-
[3] I, I, 1,3- W 3±^^>3±^^-
[5] 3, 3, ± v/-^- [6] -^> ^> ± ^2.
[7] 2, 2, |, -i. [8] 3, 2±i/2, 2±i/2.
[9] I, + i/ — 2, ± i/^. [10] ± V3, ±^^3, l± V''^.
[11] I, i> I, -1,-1. -4- [12] 3, 3, 3, 2, 2, -I, -I, -4.
Ex. 11.
[1] 3> 5. IS- [2] 2, 3, 6.
• [3] I, i> i. [4] -i, I, i.
[6] i, i, i. [6] I, 2± i/-8; I, i(l± i/65).
4. 3 z z
[7] I, 2± i/^; I, 1{I± ^317}. [8] 2, I, ± i/^.
Z
[9] 5> 6, -6±2V'^=7. [10] 6, 4, 7.
^ ^^ Cubic Equations.
Ex.12.
[1] 3-591. [2] -4, 2± v'l^. [3] 4^-2^ or -32748 &c.
W 3. ^{-3± ^^^}. • [5] 5> 2± i/^.
[6] I, -2 + 3 v^-i. [7] 2, 2± V— I. [8] 6, 2+ i/-.3.
[9] 2, -4, -4. [10] 4, ^{-i± i/H}.
263 tBBOBT or BQTTATioNs. [Page 77— 7».
Ex. 12.
DO 8-577* 4*5577. -2'M3^' [12] 3. 4, -i-
[13] 2-88879, -27639> -'"Sog- [14] 5, 3. -8.
[16] -801247. [16] 4*225i39' [17] 6-841982.
[18] 8-3066. [19] i. [20] 7-.
4
B1QVADRA.TIC Equations.
Ex. 13.
[1] 4, -I, -^3± ^^^}- [2] 6, -I, -2, -3.
[3] i± -/a, — 1±2 -/— 1. [4] 4, 2, -1+ ^^.
[6] 3. 3» I. -*- [6] ±1, -4±i^6.
[7] 3. -I, 3± ^30. [8] I, 2, -2, -3.
[9] 6, 2, 6±2i/37. [10] ±7,-^(1+*/^).
«. ^. Limits OF Boots.
[1] 4. [2] 3. [3] 3.
[4] 4- [6] 5. [6] 5-
[7] 10. [8] 8. [9] I.
[10] Not more than two positive roots, and one negative.
Rational Boots.
Ex. 16.
[1] 6, |{3± */^}. [2] 2, 2, -2.
[3] -5. i± ^^^. [4] 3, 6, -4.
[fi] 2- [6] K ± ^^.
2
[7] ±4, ^{i±*^^=n}. [8]^. ±i/2.
[9] I' |{3±^4i}. [10] f, 1, 3(1 ±^*).
[11] 2, 2, |, -i. [12] |, 1, i{>i, + ^i;9}.
Page 79, ao.]
THEORY OF BQTTATION8.
268
Stubm^s Theorbm.
N,B, The formula {a, b] denotes that one root lies between a, b,
Ex. 16.
[1] {—4, — 3} ; two roots imaginary.
[2] {-2, -i}; {1,2}; {3,4}.
[3] {2, 3}; two roots imaginary.
[4] -2, {-2i, -2^}; {4,5}.
M {-5> -4}; {-2, -I}; {5, 6}.
M {-3. -2}; {-2, -I}; {3, 4}.
[7] {-10,-9}; {3>4}; {3.4}.
[8] {11, 12}; two roots imaginary.
W {2. 3} > {3. 4} ; two roots imaginary.
[10] The roots are 7, —2, —2, —3.
[11] { — 2, —i}; {0,1}; two roots imaginary.
[12] { — 2, — i}; {8, 9}; two roots imaginary.
[13] 5>-3>2±(-3)*-
[14] Roots all imaginary.
[16] {—5, — i}; { — i^o}; {3, 10}; two roots imaginary.
[16] {i, 2} ; two pairs of imaginary roots.
[17] —5, — 4} ; two pairs of imaginary roots.
[18] {-4, -3}; {-1,0}; {-1,0}; {0,1}; {3,4}.
[19]{-7>-6}; {-7,-6}; {-2,-1}; {0,1}; {0,1};
two roots imaginary.
[20] {—6, —5}; {i, 2}; two pairs of imaginary roots.
Ex.17.
Approximation.
[1] 2-09455.
2] 2-4908.
[3] 2-7147.
[4] 1-6920 or 1*3568
■ [6] 1-7837-
[6] -5-5975-
[7] 2-4573-
[8] 2-04727.
[9] -4-00317.
[10] 2-5293.
[11] -2916.
:i2] 4-5463-
[13] 7-33555403-
[14] 3-3548487-
[15] 4-4641016.
[16] -6386058033.
[17] i> ^. '^5,
■■ -■ I 2 S3
192
55
[18] (a?— fl)(ar— 6)=/?*, or (a?— fl)(a7— c)=»*, or (a?— 6)(a?— c)=m*.
264 MBNSURATTON. [Page 91 — 95.
MENSURATION.
Ex. 1.
[1] 23 A. 2R. 34-56?. [2] I A. ill. 6 P. io|.Yd. [3] 22^ Ft.
[4] 218-895 Yd. [6] 396-pVFt. [6] 2R. 21P. 74, Yd.
[7] iBiii OS. 77rf. [8] 57 Yd. [9] 220 Yd.
[10] I5chain875links. [11] 346-4; 20. [12] 31-5; 952*56.
[13] 53°/ 48". [14] 82* Yd.
Ex. 2.
[1] 31 Ft. [2] 105-6 Yd. [3] 67-658 Ft.
[4] 140-296 Ft. [5] ioA.3R.8P.i2iYd. [6] 38-411 A.
[7] 83-53 Yd. . [8] 3489-224. [9] 236-4 Yd. •
[10] 46-188 Ft. [11] £5 115. 6|rf. [12] 19-065 Yd.
[13] 50° 10' 28".
Ex. 3.
[1] 22- 1 354 Ft. [2] 885^ Ft. [3] 3844-323.
[4] 55'59i 9*064 Ft. [6] 327-066. [6] 22-777.
[7] 128^. . [8] iiA. iR. 7-68P. [9] 41-4622 A.
[10] 52330-3. [n] 17A. 2R. 21P. [12] 27-401 A.
Ex. 4.
[1] 387-1 1 Ft. [2] 2338-272 Ft. [3] 7358-7 Ft.
[4] 1086-4 Ft. [6] 36-495 Yd. [6] 158303 Yd.
[7] 3-9656 Yd. [8] 9-4507 Yd. [9] 2-06457; 2-55195.
[10] 26-216; 29-097. [11] 34-057; 35'494-
[12] Pentagon; 58-778, 72-654 : Octagon; 38*268, 41*421 :
Dodecagon; 25-8819,26-7949.
[13] 416526. [14] 315*823.
Ex. 5.
[1] 15-708 Ft. [2] I -59 1 5 chains. [3] 113-0976 Ft.
[4] 5093 A. [6] 39-25 Yd. [6] £2 gs. g^.
[7] 22-42 Ft. [8] 157-08 Ft. [9] 1005-31 Ft.
[10] 26-7146. [11] 61J, nearly.
[12] 6-6o6i, 8-6093, 20-7846. [13] 4*633.
[14] 26-544. [15] 16-087. [16] 14-69 In.
jft.
Page 95 — 99.] mensuration. 265
Ejl. 6.
[1] 88-802 Ft. [2] 315 Yd. [3] 72-526 Ft,
[4] 92-59. [6] 185-088. [6] 132-6.
[7] 31970. [8] 5 Ft. [9] 9i°4o'22"-8.
[10] 48-072 Yd.
Ex.7.
[1] 1776-74111. [2] 33-53. [3] 8-1066.
[4] 509*38. M 192-30. [6] 4229'3i-
[7] 441-93- M I64-39- M 35004-3 Ft.
[10] 86-74. [11] Each area =-— i.
z
[12] 56 Yd. [13] 801-lFt. [14] 162-03.
Ex. 8.
[1] i62Sq.In.; i2i|:Cub. In. [2] 284-924. [3] 897-42.
[4] 9324.. [6] 2666|:. [6] i6f Ft.
Ex. 9.
[1] lO-fSq.Ft.; I Cub. Ft. [2] 2880 Ft.
[3] 8-78i58Ft. [4] Surfaces i77'Oi39;8olidcontent=83-0266.
Ex.10.
[1] 260-94 Sq. Ft. ; 130-98 Cub. Ft. [2] 760.
[3] 744Sq.Ft.; 1164-924 Cub. Ft. ^ [4] 76759 Ft.
[6] 37000. [6] 76-737 Ft.; 54-126 Ft. [7] 589-068 Ft.
Ex. 11.
[1] 251-328 Sq. Ft. • [2] 127-2348 Ft.
[3] 14-235 Ft. [4] £6 1^8. 54rf.
Ex.12.
[1] 254-469 Sq. Ft. ; 38 1 -704 Cub. Ft. [2] 1538-8.
r3]r=ii/6; c=iri/6. [4] £237 lOj?. irf.
[5] _1- nearly. [6] 213-629 Sq. Ft.
[7] 1256-64 Ft.; 5236 Ft. [8] 144-925 Ft.; 208-59 Ft.
[9] 26-272 Cub. In. [10] 108. 2^. [11] 7369- 18 lb.
266 TRIGONOMETRY. [Page 99— 103.
Ex. 12.
[12] A' — 3rA* + r' = o, would give the height A, r being the radius.
[13] 83 : 518 : 399 nearly. [14] 502-65 ; 929-9136.
I c 12
[16] -■ (surface) ; — (volume). [16] - rad. ; — (volume).
4 32 2 27
[17] 5*03167 miles.
Ex. 13.
[1] 210-488 Sq. Ft. [2] 19-24 Ft. [3] 5683 Ft.
[4] 1187-12 Ft. [6] 199-93 Sq. Ft. ; 447-15 Cub. Ft.
[6] i44Sq.Ft.; 7883 Cub. Ft. [7] 9-253 Cub. In.; 29-966.
[8] 577-61 lb. [9] T Cub. Ft.
Ex.14.
[1] 5-289. [2] £13 108. 4^. [3] £225 6s. gd*
[4] £29 ys. 6d. [6] £28 4«. [6] -20737 in.
[7] £2 Ss. 2d.
Ex.15.
[1] 2431b. [2] 1 1 -246 in. [3] 72- 14 lb.
[4] 5-8 in. [6] 5-78 lb. [6] 2*65 in.
[7] 172-8 lb. [8] 14-42 in. [9] 12721b.
[10] 8-3 in. [11] 94-24 lb. [12] io-6iin.
[13] 4-46 in. [14] 422-23 lb. [16] 17-68 in.
[16] 11-588 in. {17] 1-074 in.
TRIGONOMETRY.
Ex. 1.
[1] i6«' 74' 59''-876 ; i25«' 56' 63^^-58 ; 87«' 60' 53''-39.
[2] 55° 44' S3"; -(69° 18' o"-7); -(135° 3^' 28'^.
[3] 125° 49' 4"; 35° 22' 19"; -(134'' 10' 17")-
[4] -99484; 1-0035; -31416; '94248; -392^7-
[6] 57° 17' 44"-8 ; 28° 38' 52"-4; 85- 56' 37"-2;
igo 5' 54"-9 ; 38*' 1 1' 49"-8 ; 47^ 44' 47''-2.
[6]8inA=4; cotA=i; chdA=i/*.
LJ 5^ 4 5
Page loa— 107.]
TRIOONOMETRY.
Ex. 1.
[7] 8m3A=i;
cos4A=-i;
[8] cosec2A=^;
24
versinA=—
5
267
tan2A=s ^^3.
[9] 8mA=--
Ex. 3.
[1] 7{2-(2+i/3)*}*; 7{(3+^5)*-(5-'^S)*};
1(2- v'l)*; i{(5+^5)i_(3_>/5)4}.
[2] |{^5-i + (30+6^5)*h i{2+(2+^2)i}45
[3] V5+1— {5 + 2'/S)'^; '•2-1;
^6-V'2-(2-V'3); -(2-^/3).
[4] (5 + 2*/s)4; 2-^3j ij -i/3.
[6] (4-2^2)*j ||(io + 2i/s)}*; -Vi; -(a/6- ^2).
[6] \^l; {i(io-2*/s)|*j _|i(io+2^5)p
(io-^5)i+^(3-'/S).
[7]i{2-(2+i/3)ih i{2-(2-^2)*}j \: l_l(io + 2v'5)4
2 Z 2 JL
[8]i(V'5-i); {2-\^2)i; '/y, U\0-^^/ %%
z z
Ex. 8.
[1] O"] 60°. [2] 0°; 60°. [3] 0"; 30°.
[4] 45»; go"; i35». [6] 15°; 30°; 45°; 75°.
[6] 18°; 54° J i8o°±i8°; i8o°+S4°- [7] 45°; tan-(3).
[8] 60°; 120". [9] 15'; 75°. [10] 18°; 234°.
[II] 45".; 120°. [12] 18°; 54°. [13] 45°; i3s°j 225°j 315°.
Ex. 9.
[I] 45°. [2] 35°. [3] 15°; 60°. [4] 45».
268 TRIGONOMETRY. [P^tge 107 — lid.
Ex. 9.
[6] - CDS'" ' (2 COS* .let) . [6] COS" ' ( I + cos a) .
[7] lot; IT— 2a. [8] cos (ar + a) = ± (n+ l)^c08«.
[9] i{a + 8in-'(3 8in«)}. [10] a?=36°; io8°.
4
Ex. U.
[2] ar= + (^3+i). [3']x=±ab.
[4]x=l; -I. . [6] (i±f)*tanl«. [6] «.
[7] (af + jf)i. [8] J!^«_«?LL
•■ -■ ^ ^ ^ -' I— sinacosp
2 sin*- tan ^
[9] — . [10] i=i(cosf« + sinf 9)i.
'■ -■ 1+ cosatan*^ ^ J «. ..V /
Ex. 12.
m 2
%/ a
[1] (mn)T(mT-f nT)=:i. [2] cos2^=-
zac
[3] tan - a tan - 7= tan - /3.
z z z
[4] (m— 6)(»— 6)fl* = (m— a)(n— a)4*.
[6] a* sin d = 6* sin ^. [6] cot 2a) = cot 2a + —^5- cosec 2a.
Properties op Plane Figures.
Ex.15.
sin-A sin-B sin-C
[7] a-p — —1 — —; b=p — -— — ; c=^p ^
cos-Bcos-C cos-Acos-C cos-Acos-B
22 22 22
[14] Each side =^{ (A» + Jt» 4. /^) + i/6(A*A;* + A*/* + /fc*/*) - 3 (>^4 4. ^ ^ ^
A^ A;^ / being the three given straight lines.
[17].=1|^H; R=4i^4. [18] 6. [19]c=i^).
[20] fl=2RsinA; &=2RsinB; c=2R8inC.
[28] 3:5:7; 120°. [29] V'3 : V2 ; 3^ : 8.
Page 113, 114.] trigonometry. 369
Ex. 15.
[30] i(3 + ^^S) ; \{2 + i/2). [34] 2^(2 « i/2).
[36] 2J(a*-c*)i + c(ir-C08-'^)|
^ ^^ Trigonometrical Tables.
Ex. 16.
[4] 20^ 14' 57"; 20° 10' 38"-6. [6] 60° 5' 12"; 13** 35' 10".
[9] 10° 9' 9"; 82° 21' 50". [10] 84° 26' 58"; 53° 2' 10".
[11] 41° 21' 4S"; 5° 25' 2".
„ ^ Solution op Plane Triangles.
Ex. 17.
[1]B =71° 46'.] [2] B =47^25'.]
BC= 135-167. V AB=437-958. >
AC=4io'3i. J AC = 322'466.J
[3] A =64° 40' 4/-1 W A =33° 6' 25".
BC= 1115-45. > AB=:2i9*66i.
AC=527754. J BC= 119-979.
[5] BC= 957-039. ] [6] A =5° 45' 7". ]
A =88° 33' 49". ^ B =84° 14^3". r^
B=i°26'ii". J AC = 3544-06. J
[7] A =54*' 5' 1". 1 [8] C =100° 22' 45".
B =35° 54' 59"- ^ AB= 1758-78.
AB=72i-i. J AC= 1337-18.
[9] A =127° 45'.] [10] C =55° 55' 43".
AB=ii5 905.^ A =35° 50' a 7".
BC =407-401.] BC= 372-5,
[11] B =54° 10' 56", or 125° 49' 4".
C =73°^o'4", or 1° 51' 56".
AB=393-755,or 13-3668.
[12] C =27° 5' 42", or 152° 54' 18".
B =144° 34' 43", or 18° 46' 7".
AC =1590-1, or 882-72.
[13] B =23° 8' 33". ^ [14] C =90*
A =32°i/27".k B =36° 46'.
BC= 171-268, J AC = 3ii-878.
.0
[16] C =76» 44' 55".l [16] A =iS7° 3' 3^"-]
B =53° 59' 5". I C =7U3^ts". \
80=331-633. J AC =105-4075. J
270
TRiaONOMKTIlT.
[Page 114— lis.
Ex. 17.
[17] A=67° 58' 51".
B
C
59° 7' 4"
o ^if ^11
52" 54' 5".
[19] 0=158° 49' 55"^;
[18] A=5i°8'4".
B " "
A=5i°8'4". 1
B=68° 18' 50". \
C=6o*»33'6". J
B=:ii°54'29"4-
Heights and Distances.
Ex. 18.
[1] 212099ft. [2] 73221 ft.
[3] 75*6735; 43*4045; 61-988 yd. [4] 228631 yd.
[6] 537-187 yd. [6] 49-643 ft. [7] 56-43 ft-
[8] 48° 22'. [9] 24109 X (Earth's rad.).
[10] 115-47; 9*503 yd. [n] 345*534 yd.
[12] 39*65 yd. [13] 910-82; 845-54 yd.
[14] 72ft. [16] ioi-89ift. [16] 3513*325 yd.
[17] 48-633 ft. [18] 100-137 yd. [19] 441-955 yd.
[20] 160-85 ft. [21] 82-804 yd. [22] 578*6 yd.
[23] 420-7; 707-6yd. [24] 6-143; 8-792 miles.
[26] 6-3397 miles. [26] N. 76** 56' E. ; 13*938 miles an hour.
[28] 8448 miles.
[30] 7937-86 miles.
SB= 1650-10; 80=1155-91 yd.
SB = 149345;
SB=II72;
SB=58-74;
[36] 200-21 ft.
[27] 2-36 miles.
[29] 1^42'.
[31] SA= 1469-76;
[32] SA= 1664-23;
[33] SA=896-34;
[34] SA= 23-556;
[35] 234-6 ft.
80 = 2030-92 yd.
SO = 1506-34 yd.
80=23-347 yd.
Expansions^ Series^ &c.
Ex.19.
[1] co8^9=~cos6a-f-4cofl4J4-— COS2J + -4;
^ -^ 32 16 ^ 32 16'
cos* J
[2] cos^J
cos^J
= — rC0s8tf+-7 00s6fl-f — cos4*4--^cos2d-f-^<
128 16 32 ^16 128
= -^(COS 5J + 5 COS 3J -h 10 COS i) ;
=7~(cos 7* + 7 COS 5*+ 21 COS 3J + 35 cos J).
"4
•
Page 118.] TRIGONOMETRY. 271
= g (cos 4^—4 cos 2d 4- 3) ;
= — 5(cos 8J— 8 cos 69 + 28 cos 48—56 cos li + 3S).
I 2q
= (cos 6J— 6 cos 4.6 + 15 cos 2j— 10) ;
= (cos 108— 10 COS 8J + 45 cos 6t— 120 cos 40
512^ ^-^ ^
-I-210COS2J— 126).
=-^(sin 58 — 5 sin 38+10 sin 8) ;
— 7(sin98— 9sin78 + 36sin58 — 84sin38+i268in8).
= — ^(sin 78— 7 sin 58 + 21 sin 38 — 35 sin 8) ;
"4
— (sin 1 18 — 1 1 sin 98 + 55 sin 78—165 sin 58
£z.l$
1.
[3]
sin* i :
8in*j:
w
sm««:
sin'"*
m
8in<«=
sin' 4:
[6]
sin^fl:
sin" 8
[7]
sin 48:
sin 98:
[8]
cos 58:
COS 68
cos 78
[9]
tan 38
tan 88
1024'
+ 330 sin 38—462 sin 8).
:4 sin 8 cos' 8—4 cos 8 sin' 8 ;
9 sin 8 cos* 8—84 sin' 8 cos^ 8+126 sin^ 8 co8*8
— 36 sin7 8 cos* 8 + sin' 8.
: cos^ 8 — 10 sin* 8 cos' 8 + 5 sin^ 8 cos 8 ;
: cos^ 8 — 15 sin* 8 cos* 8 + 15 sin* 8 cos* 8— sin* 8 ;
: cos78— 21 sin*8cos*8 + 35sin*8cos'8 — 7sin*8co8 8.
3 tan 8— tan' 8.
I— 3tan*e '
8tan8— 56tan'8 + 56tan^8— 8tan^8
'i— 28tan*8 + 7otan*8— 28tan*8+ tan* 9'
Ex. 20.
. . no? (»— l)x
r,n Sin — cos^^ ^ J.. , xA A A .
LIJ 2 2 p -, j?»+»cos(n— 1)8— a?*»cosn8— xcosfl+i
[2]
.J? '- -' X*— 20? cos 8+ I
sm-
2
_ _ sin(n+i)8sinw8 _ , _ _ ^. ^ ^/ «m
[3] — ^ ^ [4] o. [6] cot8— 2»cot (2'»8).
sin-8
2
[6] cotia-cot (2-+'fl). [7] '-r^'^'! V
L J 2 ^ ' *" "^ I+C0S*fl — 2C088C0S^
272 TRIGONOMETRY. [Page 118— IflO.
Ex. 20.
sin-(n+ 1)^ cos'(9-f-w«) . r a . / x i
^ 2^^ ^^ ^ 2 ^^ pq-i n , 8in»aco8{2fl + (n— i)a}
L8J —J m ^ +
sm-fl
2^
2 sin a
[10] -^.cot-^— 2cot2tf. [11] e*~*'cos(a?sin9).
[12] -. [13] e*"^^ sin (a? sin 4).
2
^* p.^-. TT*
[16] ~- [^7] ^- [18] ^
[20] a?=nsinaH — sinaaH — sin3a + &c.
»i* . m^ . m* . . m'
[21] tf = m cosf sin 2^ cos 3p H — sin4f H — cos 5^ — &c.
^345
Ex. 21.
[2] -6931471. [9] acosec*—- [10] na*-«.
Ex. 22.
[1] a?=i±\/3;— 2. [2]^=i4cos20°; — i4cos40°; — I4C08I8^
[3] a?= 2 cos 40° ; 2 cos So"* ; — 2 cos 20°.
[4]a?=2; — i; —I. [5] a?=-{ ± ^2+ >/^}.
[6] d?= cos 20°+ \^ — I sin 20°; — cos40°+ \^^^ sin40**;
— cos 80° ± x/'^i sin 80°.
Ex. 23.
[1] a?=a*sec*(p; iftan(p=-«
[2} X = 2a^ cos-^ ; if sin p = —
c b
[3] sin(a? + f) = -cosp; iftanf=--
[4] a?=(a— J) secf ; if tan p = ^^^-^ sin -C.
cos n.
[5] cosa?=-:— -sin (B— «) : if cotfl= cosctanA.
Page lAl — 1A3.] APPLICATION OF ALOBBBA TO CfEOMVTRT. 273
APPLICATION OF ALGEBRA TO GEOMETRY.
[1] 7-4164, 4-5836111. [2] 20, 21, 29.
[3] 21, 28, 35. [4] 9, 12.
[6] 8, 15. [6] 40, 42.
[7] 8-20194, 3-048, 875, [8]' 6, 8, 10.
[9] Let the hypothenuse ^c, side of square ^8\ then the sides
of the triangle are, (i) £((£±^^±(£^3^1 .
2 1 (C— «)t J
(2) ir«+ (c» + »»)^± {c»-2»»-2»(c»+«*)*}*]-
[10] Sides =i{A+r±(|,+r»-3A/}.
[12] 31, 2f . [13] 57 </2 or 8-06094.
[14] 12-579, 9*079- [IS] 40-295, 9705.
[16] 30, 40. [17] Ba8e=2rf(i+jj^j*j 8ide8=<i±n(i + -i^V
[18] ^. [19] Sides are, a{^^), «(^)*, «•
[20] If x,y,zhe the sides, and A, k, I the perpendiculars on them ;
«-?(**Q!, „-?W.V -_«(A*0\
where D={AA+W+*/)(M+A/-*/)(A*-«+A/)(«-A*+*/)}i.
[21] 13, 14, 15.
being the segments of the base.
[24] Sides = [2a»- {m*-^Y)i±2a{a*-p*- (iii*-4ay)i}4]4.
[25] If BP=^, CP=a—x, be the segments of the base BC, andi>-e;
a;=— {2a*+c»-4*±(4a*+4*+c*-4a»4»-4aV-24V)*}.
[26] The intercept is the hypothenuse of a right-angled triangle
whose sides are 13*1355 and 9*1355.
[32] PMQ is the hypothenuse of a right-angled triangle, whose
sides are -{i -f 2d± (&*— 4^*)^} ; d being the distance of M
z
from the line AA' or BB'.
274 APPLICATION OF ANALYTICAL GEOMETRY. [Page 1^3 — lfl6.
[34] If a be the radius of the quadrant —
sideof Bquare=- V^l; radius of inscribed circle=a(>/ 2— i).
z
[37] ^{a(rf*— c*)4±c(rf*— fl*)^}; a, c, d being the chords and
diameter.
[38] K 2a J 2c be the chords^ h the given distance;
diameter = { 2 (a* + c* + A*) } *.
r^^i -o •!• 2 area of the triangle
[39] Badia8== r-; ^- '
[40] Chord =:-{(c+r+r')(c+r-r')(cH-r'-r)(r + r'-c)}i
[43] Side of square = -^ { A* + P + (4**** + 4*'/* + 2A*/» -A*- f*- 4**) J
[46] Area of hexagon=i^. [47] Radiu8= (-.i^ofrhombus N ^ ^
2 •- -• vsum of Its diagonals/
[51] Sum of circular areas =— P^ j, where a^side of square.
[63] Volume of cone =~(tj ij-
[65] The radii of the sections are, (^?!!±*1)* and (^!±^)*;
fl, b being the radii of the ends of the frustum.
[66] Content of pyramid = 161-589.
ANALYTICAL GEOMETRY.
I. Straight Line.
£z.l.
[7] y— 6a?H-7=o.
[8] If y=ax + b, y=ax-\-c; then y=fla? + -(A+c).
z
[9]*.=^; y.=^- [10] iiy-(8+5v^3)af=S(S--v/3).
["] y=ii(*-'')' if«>«- [12] 5y-4^=3S- [13]
29
[14]|?^5. [15] :;^- [16]90». [17]^-
[IB] y-if =3-566(.-0 [23]-^. [-24]^^.
Page las, ia7.] ciRCLV. 275
£z.l.
[26,] Represents two straight lines, w=-; y= •
4 3
[26 J Represents only the origin of coordinates.
[26j] Represents the point of intersection of the two lines, 07= i, y = i.
[26j Represents two straight lines whose equations are
y=: (-r2± v^3)a?4- (i + v^3)-
[26j Represents the point of intersection of the lines, ^=sa?+ i, a?= 3.
[266] Represents two straight lines, y=x + 2; y=a?.
[267] Represents the point of intersection of two lines, a?= i, y =-.
z
[263] Represents three parallel straight lines, viz. the axis of x, and
two lines on opposite sides of it, each at the distance 3c.
[26] 90°.
[27] tan d=— J-— tan » ; t being the angle between the lines.
«— a b' ^ (a*+6*+2o6cosw)i
[31] ae=bd. [32] lo. [33] ^. [34] -■ [36] 3.
g^f Bin(a-«.)co8-a. 1
•- -• 2 \8in (a—a^) sm (a,— aj J
[39] i{(a'-.a)(y + J) + (a"-a')(y'H.y) + (fl-fl")(^ + ^')}-
II. Circle.
Ex. 2.
[l]A=-2, k=3; c=4.
[2] A=— 6, *=4; c=2.
[3] A=i, ^=—2; c=—
[4] A=c, ^=—30; radius =c.
[6] Coordinates of centre, each =-a ; radius = -j-;
the coordinate axes are tangents to the circle.
[6] Coordinates of centre are, 4=-ir, r=2 ; radius of circle =3.
T 2
276 PARABOLA. [Page ia7— 1A9.
Ex. 2.
[7] y=a?— I. [8] aj^'-^rH-y*— Sy+i4=o.
[9] If a, h be the coordinates of the given point ;
the equation required is a7*+y*=flMr+iy.
[10] If («— fl)*-f (y— 4)*=r*, and y=ina?-f c, represent the circle
and straight line respectively ; then will
y— i=m(a?— a) ±r(i +m*)i.
[11] 4y=3«^- [12] 2a?±5*y=9.
[13] a.*+y^=^. [14]^=^ + ^.
[15] (l-jy-2*p + A* + ** = 0.
[16] If ^,y,9 ^]^a be the coordinates of the two given points^
ax-\-by^p, the equation to the tangent;
then h, k, c are determined from the equations —
(aA+ J*-/»)»= (a* +4V-
[17] «*+y»-2c(ar+y) + c»=o. [18] (a!-ia)*+y*=c*-V.
* 4
[19] 3y + 5^+4=0. [20] 2(c*-^,)^
[22] If a be the angular coordinate of the given extremity ;
the polar equation is r^-^nec(6^u±-y
[26] ircos(« + l3)H-ysin(« + j3)s=Jccos(«— /J),
[27] RadiuD- ""^^^""^^'^^^^'^^^"^^"^^^"^^^"^^
4 sin ^(^ - 7) sin i(y - a) sin i(a - fi)
[28] If A^ A be the coordinates of the centre, 00 the inclination of
the coordinate axes, c= radius of circle; the equation is
(a?— A)*4-(y— *)* + 2(ar— A)(y— *) cos»=c*.
[29] »= — ; radius = a. [30] Diameter =-; — (A* + c*— 2Jcco8«)t.
III. Parabola.
Ex. 3.
Let h, k denote the transformed coordinates of the vertex,
L the latus rectum :
[l]A=-.i, ifc=o; L=^ [2] A=o, ikara; L«j.
Page lfl9— 133.] PARABOLA. 277
£z. 3. Let hj k denote the transformed coordinates of the verteX;^
L the latus rectum :
[3] A=s^^2, *=— i/2; L = 2V2.
2
•- -■ 4 lo '
[5] h=^\^2, A:=o; L=3v^2.
L J 25 ' 75 ' 25
[7] A=o, A: = o; L=4cV'2.
[8] y,=fl(i/s~2)i y*=a(v'5 + 2)i
[14] Ordinate = half the latus-rectum. [16] csin0=acos*d.
■
[17] a7*-f y*— (A + -/)a? — ky=0; h, k being the coordinates of
the point common to the three normals.
[19] a?*+y*— ioflf^4-4«y— 3«*=o.
[21] A straight line^ x=ac,
a*
[22] ( I ) A circle, (a? — a) * + y * = — ^ • (2) A parabola^ y* = 4^0? + 4i^n\
[27] A parabola^ y*=a(2a?— a).
[28] A right line, r cos 4 =« + «', perpendicular to the axis.
[30] Distance =4^.
[32] y=>na?— (m*4-i)ma; where m= the tangent of the givenZ.
[33] A parabola, y* = a(a?— a).
[37] ay* = -^ (a? — 2^)' is the required equation ; the locus of which
is the evolute of the parabola.
[38] 2{aif^mi)hi, [47] A parabola, y*= 2a (a? H- a).
[49] aa?y*=(<r* + «*)*, is the equation to the locus.
[60] (J^^^±^^, S being the origin.
[63] L=4r8in*«.
[66] 4a»i'Hn'»-H(a* + 2«6cos<» + *»)i [66] -^^a*.
[67] A parabola, L=:2 x rad. of sector, the centre of which coin-
cides with the pole and focus.
[69] If AB=c, BC=r, ZABC=«; thenr=^— ~-j is the equa-
tion to the locus.
278 ELLiFSB. [Page
IV. Ellipse.
Ex. 4. If h, k be the transformed coordinates of the centre of the
ellipse^ a, b the semi-axes : —
f]*=i. »=-;. .=(ii)* ,=(ii)*.
[3]A=v'2, *=o; a=v^2, *= v^3.
[4]A=i/2, A=2\/2; a=-^ b = --^'
*■ -* 3 3 3 •
[8] a=|, 6 = 3.
[10] Abscissa of P= - 14-087. [12] ^.
[20] 3y+a?v^5=9. [27] y=^+ ^^3-
[31] Area of triangle =-(a*tan J + 6*cotd).
z
[32] An ellipse whose area =2 x area of the original ellipse.
[35] y=2^-4^.
4
[40] Iff be the inclination^ cos^^m, sinf =n; the equation i^
X y a* — 6* 111 6*
-= — :; r ; the length = — -i •
[43] If h, k be the coordinates of the given point ; the equation
to the locus is^ r— ^4- ,. =-^ + £i*
[44] The locus of Q is either of two circles, a?*4-y* = (fl±^)*-
[46] An eUipse, ( i + e)y * 4- ( i — ^)a?* = a*e* ( i — «) •
[60] tan2^=|- [63] ~H — i=(-TT^) ; is the equation to the locus.
[64] 9^ + 2^=0. [69] J+|l=i.
Page 139 — 143.] hyperbola. 279
Ex. 4.
[72] (a* sin* a H- V' cos* a) (a?* + y*) + 2 (a* sin* a — V' cos* a)xy = a*6*.
[73] zACP=4o° 13' 34".
[80] An ellipse^ major axis -s^ae, and similar to the original.
[83] Eccentricity = (-^^ •
[92] /*(ar*-a* + y*-6»)*=4(ay + 6y-a*6*),if /=tan (givenZ)
V. Hyperbola.
£z. 5. lihy k be the transformed coordinates of the centre of the
hyperbola ; a, h the semi-axes : —
[1] A=o, ^=i; a=6=j.
[2] A=0, A:=0; fl=A = 2i.
[3] a=6=i(242)*.
[4] A=o, A:=o; a, -a are the semiaxes.
[5] A=o, ^=0; a=( v^iB— 5)5:^/14, &=( i/26 + 5)i v^i4.
[6] A=o, A:=o; ratio of axes = tan (45° — ]•
[7] A=^, *=o; a=.\V2, ft=^.
[8] A=-(2— v^2)^, A = -(2+\^2)ij fl=i = i--5.
4 4 °
[9]a=>/3, ^^irs
[12] J_'' = ( — , a ]*; where m= tan (given inclination).
[17] Latus rectum =8a, eccentricity =5^.
[18] If a/ y* be the coordinates of the given point ; those of the
required pomt are -y> — •
[21] Area =?(«* + 6*) (a*4-2i*)i [24] tan"*^.
[32] The equation to the locus is (a?*4-y*)*=«*a:*— 6y.
280 LOCI. [Page
Ex. 5.
[83] The locus is a circle whose radius =(«*— i*)i.
[34] A tangent at the vertex, <r=a. [35] 13*05.
Sections of the Cone, etc,
Ex. 6.
[1] 60°, 30** j which correspond respectively to the elliptic and
hyperbolic sections.
[4] COS""*— [7] Latus rectum =4^sin^a.
[8] d= cos- '(^2 cos a)— a.
[19] If / denote the length of the chord ; then
[26] If the centre be the pole, the equation to the locus is
r I— n* tan* 9 , « j a*— 6*
-=—-—5- — i*: where n=r> andc= -— ..
c i+»*tan*J' b (a*+6*)4
Ex.7.
£1] a?*H-4y*=2c*, [2] 4xy=:2*a(ar'— y').
[3]«=tan-»^, fi=^^a; «'=(^*)*-
Loci.
Ex. 8.
[1] If the distance between the two fixed points = 2c, the given
differences 2a, and the origin bisect the line 2c; the equation
to the locus is (c*— a*)a?*— a*y*=(c*— a*)a*.
[2] If the middle point of the given side (2a) be the origin, and
the given sum =tan"*m; then f»(a*— a?*— y*) = 2fl:y.
[3] If the middle point of the given side (2a) be the origin, and
mthe given difference; then m(a*— ^*) = 2a;y.
[4] If the extremity of the base (c), at which is the less Z, be the
origin ; then y* = 3a?* — 2cx ; a hyperbola.
[5] The locusisacircle; of which, rad. =-{3n* — 2(3^* + A* + A*) }i,
and the coordinates of the centre are a?,=-A, y,=-A:; A, A
being the coordinates of the vertex, and the middle point of
the base (2a) bdng the origin.
Page 146—148.] LOCI. 281
Ex. 8.
[6] A straight line perpendicular to^ and bisecting^ the base.
[7] If the fixed point be the origin of coordinates ; y^ax-^-b the
equation to the given line; the equation to the locus is
y(i— flc)— a?(a + c)=-Acosec — : wherec= cot — •
[8] If the base = 2ae^ the sum of the 2 sides = 2a ; one extremity
of the base being the pole, r = — ^- — ^— j- expresses the locus.
[9] K the middle of the base (2a) be the origin, and c the alti-
tude; c(a*— a?*— y*) = 2y(a*— a?*) expresses the locus.
[10] If the middle of the base [za) be the origin, x, y the coordi-
nates of the vertex, t/ = maif the equation to the given line ; then
»»(y* —a?* H- a*) = (m*— i)xy.
[13] If C be the origin, and SHs2c, the locus is expressed by the
equation, (a?* + y*) * = 2c* (a?* — y*) ; the Lemniscate of Bemouilli.
[14] If the middle point of the chord {la) joining the two fixed
points be the origin, a the angle at the centre subtended by this
chord, /3 that by the given arc ; the locus is a circle
(a?*4-y*— a*) tan (a— /3) = 2ay.
[16] The curve is a circle.
[17] Radius of circle =(a*H-4*)i.
[20] If the middle point of AB=:2a be the •origin, tan A=ib,
tan B=n, then y*:=mn{x^^a^) is the equation to the locus.
[21] The locus of P is a hyperbola, whose axes coincide with those
of the ellipse.
[22] If the given line be the axis of ar, and a line perpendicular to
it and passing through the given point the ordinate of which
is c, be the axis of y, the locus is a parabola whose equation is
ar* + c* = 2cy.
[23] If A be the origin, 2a the diameter; y*(2a— a?)=a?^ is the
equation.
[24] The vertex being the origin, and 4a the latus rectum of the
parabola, then y^ta — ji") > is ^'^ equation to the locus.
t/ ^ '2.(1 ^5^
[25] If A be the origin, 2a the diameter; -^=( 1) is the
equation.
[26] If C be the origin, AC = a, CB=A, XX' the axis of x\ the
locus of P is defined by the equation «y= ± («+y)(^*""y*)^«
282 STATICS. [Page 149—151.
STATICS.
Forces acting in the same Plane.
Ex.1.
[1] 4-63. [2] 90^ [3] V2 : I. [4] I2S« 41'. [5] I50^
[6] 2-663; 47° i/- [7]\/6:2:>/3-i. [8] 105% 120^ I35^
[9] 15*237 lb.; 28° 50', Z between resultant and first force.
[10] 6*88 ; 102° 16', Z between the resultant and first force.
[13] Ka^ be the Z s between the directions of A, B ; A, C respect-
ively: B=— Acosa+(C*— A*sin*a)T; sintf=r^sina.
[14] If there be n pairs of forces^ the resultant acts in the direction
of the perpendicular p, and is equal to 7.np.
[15] ^=i{rf+(P-rf'8in«f)%ecf }; y=i{-rf + (P-rf»sm*f)%ecf )
[16] 17*08276, 4*91724.
[17] cot (a— 29) = 3 cot a; a is the Z, between the diameter AD
and AB, d between AC and AD.
[19]IfP=^, Q=i^; R=^-:^; Z between P,R=6o^
[20] R=5; Z between R and rod =83® 7' 48"; portion of rod
between R and the force (4) is 3*0217 feet.
Ex. 2.
[1] Force =50 lb., pressure =7071 lb.
[2] 97° II', 124° 14', 138' 3S'.
[3] Z between the strings =60**.
[4] Z between CA, CB=I20°, and CA=CB.
[5] If AB=2a, AC = c; ^ = 2(1 -^^^
[6] BC=-638 AB; zBAC=32°32'3"; z ABC =24^55' 54".
[7] If the inclination of AB to the horizon = a; 9, ^ the Zs between
AC,AP; andBC,BQ: cos9= ^p^ > cosp = — ^^ ;
hence ZACB= 94- (p, BAC=90°— «+«, ABC=90°— ^qpa,
and AB=«, give AC, BC.
[8] Pressure = one of the weights. [9] 1 1 : 3.
%
Page 151—154.] STATICS. 283
Ex.2.
[11] If BA, BC make Z s «*, a' wkh the vertical upwards, and so
of the rest; P: Q: tt=cota + cota':cotjS + cot|3':coty + cot7/.
[12] 2tan-« (-5), or 53° / 48". [13] W=375.
P
[14] costf=^sina; R=Pcosa — (Q*— P*sm*«)i; ifR=pressure,
t = ZBPE, and a= the inclination of plane.
[15] P : Q=sin jS : sin a; tension =P sin a.
[16] Arc from A to (2P) = 6s° 4'. [17] tanPCA=^.
r,«T Wsin/? , .V Wsina ,-.
[19] "^—t — r-5\^ oil plane (a); -:— 7 — -r-?yj on [p).
■■ -• 8m(a+p) ^ ^ '' sm(a+^) ^'^^
Forces in one Plane, but not through one Point.
Ex. 3.
[1] The diagonal CA.
[3] Q acts in the direction DA, and Q : P=DA : CA.
[6] Tension = — ; on the two upper tacks, vert, press. = -W;
on the two lower, = 0.
[7] If T be the tension of PA, T' of QB ; the inclination of PQ
to the horizon ; then, aT sin APQ= W cos tf = 2V sin BQP.
[8]tantf= ^^"^^-:"> ; R=-^^,> R'=-^^^;
•- -• zsmasm/S' 8m(a+p) sm(a+/3)'
the lower end of beam resting on the plane (a).
[9] tan 9 = ^JJll^JJ > ^9 ^' ^^^E t^® weights of the
spheres on the planes whose inclinations are a, a'.
[10] The centres C, A, B of the hollow and solid spheres are sup-
posed to be in the same vertical plane ; W, W the weights of
the two latter ; CA=r, CBrrr', ZACB=a, CAB=iS; (p=in.
clination of AC to the horizon; then
Wr
tan f = ==p^cQsec a + cota; and = j3 '^ ^.
[11] AP= 1-838 X radius.
[12] CA=-^, or2*3094ft.; Tension =5— i(wt. of beam).
[13] Tension =^W. [14] Tension =^W.
284 STATICS. [Page 154. 155.
Ex. 3.
[16] PssWfi — jsina; where a= leugth of beam^ c= the di-
stance from the centre of gravity to its upper end.
[16] If 2a, c be the lengths of beam and string ; i, ^ their inclina-
tions to the plane respectively; d the distance of the fixed
point from the plane : the position is determined by
2 sin (f— J) sina= cos f cos (J + a), and 2aBm6'^cs\nf=d;
also. Tension = -^— - W : Pressure = ^ "1^^ W :
' sm^ cosy
W being the weight of beam.
[17] cos
8.
[18] If a, i be the inclinations of DA, BA to the horizon, and W
be the weight of beam; then, 2P cos =WcosJ.
[19] If the rod BC = a, A the fixed point, length of string BA.C = c,
i the inclination of AB to the horizon; then, AB= p q ,
Pc
AC = p Q ; hence, the ^ BAC may be found from the 3 sides
of the A ABC being known : «=90°-iBAC.
[20] Let AG = fl, G being the centre of gravity of rod whose weight
is W ; c= a J_'' from D to the wall, 6 the inclination of rod to
the horizon, B, B' the pressures at A and I> ; then
cos
•=(;)*' ""^{(f)*-}*' «-Kf-
[21] Let z BAC=«, ACE=8, W= weight of beam;
Tension =W — t—z .•
2 Bin (a — f)
[22] 44 ft.
[23] tan f = 2 tan 4 ; 2/ cos tf=r cos^ + a : where 2/= length of
beam, r= radius of hemisphere, and a= a J.*" from its centre
to the vertical plane.
[24] Let H, R, R' be the horizontal force and pressures on sphere
and plane respectively; la the length of beam, and W its
weight, a=Z. BAC, AC being horizontal : then
Ha8in*a^Tp. t> «sina„^ ,,, / a . N*^
= W, R= W, R' = {i sinacosalW.
[26] If BC=c, BN=a?, the abscissa of W measured along BC,
r = radius ; then x = ^^ —z —•
Page 165— 1 69.] STATICS* 285
Ex.3.
[26] 7tand=9tany, gcosJ+ycosJ'ssio,
[28] If 26 be the inclination^ 2a the length of each beam^ r = radius
of circle ; r cos d s a sin' $.
[29] ^gi X weight of 3 beams. [30] -Wcota,
z
[32] cottfss '^ ^,a_ — j^, being the inclination of triangle to
the horizon.
[33] sind=f — 1 —I. [34] 17791b. nearly.
[35] If W, W be the weights of cylinder and beam^ a, J the inclina-
tions of plane to horiizon and of beam to the plane^ a the distance
of cent, of gravity of beam from the hinge ; then^
2 cos (9 H- et) sin* -= — ^^^7 — ; r being the rad. of cylinder.
Pr
[36] tan $===?; A being the Z between the axis of bowl and the
vertical, r=rad. and A=:dist. of cent, of gravity of bowl from
its geometrical centre.
[37] At distance from the ground =-7— [38] tan"*'! " h*^ r
[39] 60°. [40] sin(^— d)=gCOsd=sinf— cosf. [41] 3o^
[42] 2fl':A(2a*— c*). [43] a— Jtana : a + Jtana.
[44] 53° 27' 23"; 68'' 5' 10" according as A is below or above C.
Ex. 4.
[1] Each distance =i.
„ ^ Centre of Gravity.
Ex. 5.
[3] In the ±J from the right Z to the hypothenuse, at a dist.
2|-from that point.
W1174. Wr3944ft. [6]P:Q:R»^:?^:?af5
286 STATICS. [Page 159—161.
Ex. 5*
[8] Equilateral. [9] Equilateral. [10] -(A4-A')i -(^— *)•
"hfx "f" 211 4^\
[11] Distance from the middle point of base =-( p jmeasured
along hy the line bisecting the parallel sides.
[13] 18-02775 in.
[14] Altitude of A = (3 — V'3)a = i '268a; ia being a sideof square.
[15] In the diagonal drawn from A, the comer opposite to that cut
off, and at a distance ^^ in. from A.
3
[16] Base of A cut off ='634 x horizontal side of rectangle.
[17] -(rf— rf') j dy £?, being the J." from the opp. Zs on the same
diagonal.
r-rtT . r^^T (a*+^-h*o*ft*cosa)T
[18] 5-059 in. [19] i ^^^^^ '-
[20] The point of support is in the line joining Uie weights 1 1, 23,
and at a distance = ^^ . — from the centre of the table, whose
W+102 '
weight =W, and side =a.
[21] 5=-«, measured from the Z' point without a weight, along a
line drawn through the centre of the hexagon, whose side is a.
[23] A circle, whose radius =-r.
[24] It coincides with the centre of gravity of pyramid.
[26] IW, iw, at the base and apex. [27] £(^t^±l?!).
[28] 1 (sum of the altitudes). [29] ?1±|^+^1+*!.
^^■^ %f^^ntXey '\- [31] -i (radius).
[32] 2^ X (edge of cube). [33] i^i^ x (edge of cube).
Ex. 6.
[1] S=^; if a=rad. [2] 5=^; if 2^= major aids.
[3] i= ?a. [4] i=:5A, if As axis. [5] 5= ^l.
Page 161—163.] STATICS. 287
Ex. 6.
[11] x=h, y=h; if y»=4aa:. [12] i=?5. y=?^.
[13] S=^ y= i ^^^ ^^ being conjugate diameters.
[14] 5=^^-?_j, y=f^__j; 2fl, 2 J being the axes.
[16] If J?, y be measured along the axis and directrix respectively,
y=A, y=A' the equations to the two parallel lines;
^ 48ofl3 + 4oa(A*- AA' + A'*)
^ 4I I2a*+(A*-M'H-A'*) j'
[17] 5=^5r, y=|^. [18] S=|fl.
[19] i=^^^ — — ~; a being therad. of sphere, and a— A the height
of segment.
[20] ar=^-fl; 2a being the major axis. [21] a?=-a.
[22] x=-( a.tz ) ; « being greater than *, and 5 measured from
the greater end.
[23] 5= -^^ — T^r ; A being the length of the axis.
[24] ar=-flCOs*-; a being the Z between the bounding radii.
4 2
[25] i=|a. [26] i=:j^=i=|a.
[27] If r be the radius of the section of paraboloid made by the
plane x=c\ then 5=-<?, y =^= — •
[28] x=^a, y=o, i=|(c+m)fl.
[29] i=?^. [30] i^.
[31] «=— , y=o; the axis of* bisecting the arc, and a = radius.
9
288 STATICS. [Page
'»'.=v -y.(.-iy. [33] i=;{ ?XTgxy.;' }-
_ I
[34] y = -{ v^2 + log ( ^/2 + 1) } ; 8 being the length of the carve
8
between the proposed limits.
[36] x=-c. [36] x^-a, from the vertex.
[39] 5=r-— l6g-; a, A being the distances from the given point
of the two extremities of the line, and the point being the origin.
[40] 5=y=^« [41] 5=4a, a being the axis of cone.
[42] i=g, y=o.
Ex. 7.
[1] The side (3) is horizontal. [2] cotJrr^^-a^. [3] ^.
[4] Unstable. [6] Slant ht. of cone =2(rad. of hemisphere).
[6] Alt. of paraboloid = Vi«5 x rad. of hemisphere. [7] 2 : i.
[8] If r, r' be the radii of the upper and lower hemispheres, the
equilibrium is stable or unstable according as r is < or ^^-r'.
[9] AD= Vg^ X AB. [10] Slant ht. of wall= 15-45 ft-
[11] cos-' {pj or 70° 32' nearly. [12] Roll. [13] i^.
[14] 16° 26'. [16] 9mcot*«.
Ex. 8.
. . . -cos-. [2] c ^ . . — px '—
Ex. 9.
[l]3:l- [2]
3(«»+*»)i
rA
[3] ^(a»+«4 + A»). [4] f^; ^. [fi] 4«-'.
Page 1«6— 170.] STATICS. 289
Ex. 9.
[6] girr'. [7] y=|x extreme ordinate.
[8] Surface = 8irfl*f w — ^ j ; volume = ^?ra^(9flr* — 16).
[9] Surface =—7ra*: volume =^irV.
[10] ir^abc; a, b are the semiaxes^ and c the dist, of the centre of
ellipse from the axis.
Lever.
Ex. 10.
[1] 22 lb. [2] 19 : 24. [3] 8-928 ft. [4] ^= 1-36.
[5] J - n + (J* + n^)i. [6] Where the wt. 7 acts. [7] 344 ft.
[8] At-na from the end, at which the smallest wt. is placed.
[9] 20 lb. [10] 90 lb. [11] 20 lb.
[12] 2^W. [14] 4/2 : V'3.
[15] Longer arm, 48° 22' below; shorter, 18° 22' above the horizon.
[16] 4-8496 lb.; 3-6372 lb. [17] ^^2:1; I20^ [18] 135^
[22] II lb. 6 oz. [23] 6 lb. ; 2 ft. 3 in., I ft. 6 in. [24] 2 : i.
[25] If a be the length of thebeam,the arms are -7— t~7~' / , / •
[26] a-«-(4n+ i)^; where 2a is the length of the beam.
[27] Loss = / , \ per cent. [29] 2, 8, 14, 20 &c. inches.
[30] i6tV, ^Sh I4f; ^3h I2i|, 12 inches. [31] Qv'3.
Wheel and Axle.
Ex.11.
[1] Iff in. [2] 28|.lb. [3] i234f lb.
[4] 2641b. [5]3lb. [6]i{(^-M!)*^x}.
[7] Angle i between the greater wt. and vertical diameter of wheel
is determined by tan fl = ^ — ^= tan 46° 6' 7"- 6.
Pulley.
Ex.12.
[I] 120^ [2] 70711b. [3] 100 lb. [4] 7.
u
290 STATICS, [Page 170 — 173.
Ex. 12.
[6] 64 : 63. [7] 7. [8] W=2-P-i(4«- i)w.
[9] 7561b. [10] 4lb. [11] 1:247.
[12] W=(2»+' — i)P + {(n-i)2«+i}M?.
[13] P : W=2 : 3»— I.
Inclined Plane.
Ex. 13.
[1] Height =3476;., length =485-86;. [2] 13-4 lb.
[3] 44° 25'; 11° 32'. [4] 20^ 16' 54"; 57^ 12' 22''.
[5] sin-'d^). [6] P : W= >/2 : >/3.
Screw.
Ex. 14.
[1] 1:62-83. [2] 678-58 lb. [3] 3-3157 yd.
[4] •3961b. [6] 181-865 lb.
Friction.
Ex. 15.
ril w/^— ^^it^-???-*^ -yrr/ sin g— |i4 cos a \
'- -^ \cos/3-|-|xcos/3/' \co8j3--fx»sin/3/
[2] 25 lb. Id a direction making 30° with the horizon. [3] -^.
[4] tan 9 = — ^; press, on wall = '^ , ; press, on plane = — - — -,.
[6] To ^ths of the ladder's length. [6] sin i =°tSl±I!^
'■■'7 ■^ SC+P-f*-)
[8] If /, c be the length of the beam and string respectively, f, t
their inclinations to the vertical, then (4/*— 4c*— |x*c*) tan*fl
+ 2/jLC^ tan 9 + 4/* — c* = o ; the — or + sign being taken accord-
ing as the beam is on the point of sliding upwards or down-
wards respectively; also / sin f =c sinfl.
[9] jM,=:-e*, e being the eccentricity. [10] /Mr=-tan-«.
[11] =r=-r^— I j; W being the weight of the upper cylinder,
W the weight of each of the lower cylinders ; /x, fjJ the coeffi-
cients of friction respectively between the cylinders and between
each cylinder and the plane.
Page 174 — 177.] dynamics. 291
DYNAMICS.
Collision or Impact of Bodies.
Ex. L
[I] V = 6f5- ft. J vd. lost by A = i-^h. ; vel. gained by B = i-ff ft.
[2] A:B=37:ii. [3] 384:ft. [4] 44ft. [6] -oSfl; -120.
[6] ^^ ft. [7] 29 : 36. [8] «= - ^« ; v=la. [9] 7 : 5.
[10] 7. [ll]-63lb. [12] A=3B,or=iB. [13] B=2A,or3A
[14] A:B=2n-i : i. [16] -6. [16] tt=-4-45ft.; »=3-945ft.
^[17] i=g=g. [18] 123 ft. m -(t^i)^- [^] 30^
[21] «=^-A+B' *~l^TBr' ^^^''^ "^ ^^ *^® e^^®^ v^^-
AB
[22] 10-4976 : I. [24] 30^ and 45^ [26] (l +f) g-^-
[27] '=(if'-
[28] tan 9 = ( ^ j ; Sbeing measured from a diameter through
the point of projection ; ;^— ••
•3
[29] cos 9= ^^ ^ ; where r= rad., a, b the distances of
2a{ab{ab+r*)}'s
A, B from the centre, and 6 the direction of projection.
[30] To be solved by a geometrical construction.
[31] A:B:C .0=10:6:3: i.
If nir be the rth ball, &c. : -^^= -^ — --
Mr+i n—r
[32] B=iA; C = 4A; 1)=\A; &c. Vel. required =«€«-«.
[33] Time =^^^y=^ ^- [34] 90^
[36] The direction of each ball after impact makes an Z 21° 3' 6"
with the common tangent at the point of impact :
vel. of A=2fl X -92796; vel. of (2A)=fl x -92796.
u 2
292 DYNAMICS. [Page 177 — ISO.
Ex. 1.
[36] «*=:-{ H-8H-(l—g)co8a}* + fl*8in*«; «>*=-{l-ff — (l — e)c08flt]
4 4
[37]«=«{sm»«+(^^j}.
[41] If c be the given distance; A will overtake B at a distance
__ 2C(A-B)
""^3AC-B(A-fB-fC)*
[44] mu^-hmfv''=ma^ + m!b*--- '—--^f ^ •
Uniformly Accelerated Motion and Gravity.
Ex. 2.
[1] 5 = 1948-1 ft.; t; = 354-2ft. [2] /=l54^sec.; 5=3883flfc.
[3] Vel. = 1 70*2 ft. ; mom. =10 tons I2| cwt. [4] 13 : 29.
[5] 275-46;. [6] 225-4ft. [7] 15970 ft.
[8] Alt. =477-9 ft.; /=5-449sec. [9] /= 1-778 sec.
[12] V=a8-4ft. [13] Ht. =100-596;.; ^ = 2-408 sec.
[14] V={2^(« + y)}^ T=2{^(a + y)}*:
where a is the distance of the given point -from the point of
projection, and 2/ the given time.
[15] i20-4ft. from the bottom of steeple. [16] 1-42 sec.
[17] 3-9*. P8]/=?E?i V=0fctt^S=2).
[19] 72-25 ft.
[20] At the distance -. — .^ > from the upper extremity.
[21] Vel. = -+(2^fl)i [22] V= 100-216 ft. [23] 1173-8 ft.
[24] If c be the given vel. ; f =g±^-^; dist. of plane=(y;^) ^.
[25]€=V^; ¥ = (10^)^=17-94 ft. [26] ^^Jt. [27] Io6^ft.
[28] Let a, b, x be the distances from the horizontal plane of the
given points and point of meeting respectively ; then
loflft— fl*— g6*
^= zi — - —
Page ISO — 18d.] DYNAMICS. 293
Ex.8.
[29] 2{ab)i; a, b being the altitudes of the given points.
[30] If be the point of meetings P0=— 75^-i(2fl— A);
where wi, rrl are the masses of the balls^ PQ=2fl, and
A=ht. due to the given velocity.
Ex.3.
[1] 33°59'56"*4. [2]«=i23-227ft.; ^=5'46sec.; t; = ii8-67fk.
[3] 7306-2 ft. [4] 32 ft. [5] sin-"fi\ or 19^ 28' 16".
[6] The upper extremity of the part is 24^ft.from the top of the plane.
1; 3; 5^.
FH-W/ hi
[7] -/, K ^l-
•■ •* 9 9 9
[9] Distance from the bottom of plane = — 5 — \TTi) *
TJmP - (PH-W)/ f zFh |i
imie- p \(p/_WA)(A-h/)^J •
[10] At (i — ^ j /, distance from the bottom.
l—an — n*^sina\ 1 1 —an — ^n^^sina
[11] At a Distance=cl — ; I — a sin a\ :
•■ y a-fc-fn^sm« / ^ \ fl + c + n^sm«
from the lower extremity.
[12] /=— V_.\9 / [13] Ht.=a.
[14] If C be the rt.Z,C A vertical; ZACP=45°-iA,P being the
z
required point.
P -| vertical side _ 3
*- -^ borizontal side "4
[16] a:=-: ./ . z3v ; «> i3 being the inclinations of CA=fl?,
"- "^ 8inaco8*(aH-p) ' ^ r- o »
CB=c, to the horizon.
[17] ^; time =^|a + 2rfj-r.(^aV'3)i
[19] Z between the chord and diameter =60®.
294 DYNAMICS, [Page 1
Ex. 3.
[20] Diameter's inclination to the vertical =85° 4' 43"*6.
[22] A:B= V^S — 1:2='366: 1.
[25] If i be the inclination of the required diameters to the axis
of 0?^ and n sec. the given time;
«»«= ±(^)*, wleo the time i. . mmimm..
[27] The locus is an ellipse or hyperbola^ according as the given
constant c is greater or less than— /2fl being =AB; the equa-
tion is y*= (- 1 j{a*— J?*), the origin bisects AB and y is
horizontal.
[28] J?*— y*=a* ; 2a = distance between the two given points, and
X is measured from the middle point between them.
[29] V,= ll-852ft.; Vi=22-304ft.; /, = 2*025sec.; /i = 2-545sec.
W
[30] -4-- [31] 9-i2904lb.; 8-87096 lb.
4*05
[32] «=203-68ft.; »=46'92ft.
[33] P will then descend through a space = /p ■ qwq^p 4. \ ^>
after which, it will ascend : /= Q,p_f ff»
[35] Draw a Une from the upper extremity of the vert. diam. to
the given point, and produce it to meet the circumference ;
the produced part is the line of quickest descent.
[36] The axis. [37] «= cos-'^^Y
Simple Pendulum.
Ex.4.
[1] -|— (9a + 6^/3 J -1-80)1 ; where a, b, e are the lengths of
the planes A, B, C.
Page 184—188.] DYNAMICS. 295
£x. 4.
zb
[2] e= 1. [4] 2-4462 in.; 1739-52111. [6] 4-289 sec.
[6] 52-036 in. [7] /=^= 1-82378 ft. [9] 568-08 sec,
[10] Diminished by -018 in. [11] 3^ miles. [12] 13*24 miles.
[13] 2|- miles, nearly. [14] 23 hr. 56 m. 4 sec.; •2i33in.
[15] 144 : 145-^. [16] /= (^)'l. [17] 28-139 in.
t^^^ f^= ' + 8^' ^"^^^y- t^^] ^ ^"- t^^ 3986-4 ft.
[21] 2 : ». [22] -94 of a mile.
[23] 1*95 miles below, or '98 mile above the earth's surface.
[25] Earth's radius = * ; where /, is the time of an oscillation
at the surface, and t^ at the given depth A.
[26] '»■(-) ; axis of cycloid being 2a.
Projectiles.
Ex. 5.
[1] R=55-9i6ft.; T =-965 sec; 11 = 3-745 ft.
[2] V= 126-86 ft.; H = i25ft.; T =5*573 sec.
[3] « =74° 33' 48"; V = 250-46 ft.; H= 905-36 ft.
[4] 841 ft. [5] 60°.
[6] tan-'i, or 53^' 8'; tan-«4, or 75^ 58'.
[7] V=645-ift.; a=8o5'4".
[8] V= 165-48 ft. ; 1=9-778 sec.
[9] 179-62 ft. [10] 2450^ tan a.
[11] Lat. rect. =11222 ft. nearly; the coordinates of focus are^
a?,=97i8-9ft.; y,=56ii-2ft.
[12] If a?,y„ a?iy» be the coordinates of the two given points;
tan£t= 7 r; V*=^. *^ ^^sec «.
[13] tan-' 2, or 63° 26' 6". [14] i : 4 cos* a. [15] 6o^
[16] tan-' V'2, or 54° 44'; 90**— tan-' V'2, or 35° 16'.
296 DYNAMICS. [P*g^ ^
Ex. 5.
[17356^19'. [IB] "*
[19] Thedirection,9=i57°3o'36"; vel. =8ri77ft.;ht.=247-i3ft.
[20] 30°; 6o^ [21] p= cosa ^23] Eange=— 3^.
[26] Ht. =:^— ^. [26] Vel. = r^y; a being the ht. of tower.
[27] R=i28ft.; time =5-i28ec.
8V*
[28] At dist. = sin (30** + a) cos a.
[29] Ht. of mountain =36006;.; greatest ht. of projectile =846*866;.
[30] V= 124-68 ft. ; i=5-4778sec. [31] 503-2 ft.
[32] 21-637 ft. from the base of house ; /= i-i sec.
[33] AD = i-707iAC; /=-487AC^sec. [34] 45°.
[36] The value of (a?* + 2^*)*, deduced from, y=a?- (735) ^^ and
[36] Ht. = ^h^^^^-^^ ; a, jS being the Z s of projection.
[37] y=i^^5-?(^^>; 5, y being the coord, of the
centre of gravity.
[38] Ht. = i9i7-o88ft.; H=73377ft.
[39] liu, V be the vels. of projection of A, B, respectively ; sin a = -.
[40] If the point of projection be the origin, t the given time ; the
locus is the circle, a!^ + \y+-g^J =V*/*.
[41] An ellipse, a?*=4(%— y*)-
[42] A parabola, r=Y^^^; «=?-i.
[43] R=(i) d; where /= length of plane, e= elasticity.
[44] Dist. =4^(1+ f)e sin 6 ; where A= given ht., and fl= inclina-
tion of plane.
[46] Time = f—Y ; dist . = 4A. [46] tan u = ^(3 tan i-«- cot 1) .
[47] f ='5 ;• one ball is double of the other.
.-^s
■^
Page 181, lea.] DYNAMICS. 297
Ex. 5.
[49] T=i{ «t;sin(it^<3) l
[60] At a dist. from the point of projection = (i — 6)A sin 2a;
[62] 2-1 i8i miles. [63] 1*554 lb. [64]4lb. 30Z.; /=i2f8ec.
ROTATION OF BODIES.
I. Moment of Inertia.
Ex. 6.
[1] ^*=-fl*; a being the length of the rod.
[2] A;*=-fl*; a being the radins of circle.
[3] k^^-a'' ^^ — ; a being = radius, and 2c = chord of arc.
2 sm '-
a
r*
[4] A;*=— (5*— c*) ; r, c, 5 being the radius, chord and arc.
[6] ^*=2r*( I— -j ; r, c, « as in the last problem.
[6] ^*=-fl* + c*j a being the radius of circle.
4
[7] A;* = -6* ; A/* = -a*, about the major and minor axes respectively.
4 4
[8] ^*=-(a* + J*) ; 2a, 2b being the axes of ellipse.
4
a*
[9] ^*= — ; a being the base of triangle.
24
[10] A;*= — (3a* + 36*— c*) ; c being the side opposite to the angle
M, 2
at which is the axis.
[11] *»=^(a»+*»+0.
[12] A;*=-(a* + 6*) ; 2fl, 2b being adjacent sides.
2+cos— \
I ; a being the length of each side.
I — COB — /
298 DYNAMICS. [Page 18a« 193
=:-(a^ + &^) j Of b being the radii of the annulus.
z
=^*-|--A*; a, 6 being the extreme ordiuates.
=-a^ ; a being the radius of sphere.
~ \ ~3~^) * ^' * being the radii of shell.
=-a^ ; a being the radius of cylinder.
2
= V + V J a being the radius, and 2c the lengthof cyUnder.
+ 3
Ex.6.
[14] k*
[16] *»
[16] k*
[17] **
[18] *»
[19] *»
[20] A*
[21] A*
[22] A*
[23] A»
=-^*; a being the radius of base.
=-^(fl* + 4c*) ; a =radius of base, and c =altitude.
=-i^ ; b being the rad. of the base of paraboloid.
=-(n+i)(n + 2)A'*; 71=7, or — lo.
II. Centre of Oscillation.
L is used to express the length of the seconds* pendulum,
Ex.7.
[1] i=[^] ; a being the altitude of triangle.
[2] t==(- — -'Tj ; « being a side of the triangle.
[3] '=( J- ) ' ^ being a side of the hexagon.
[4] ^= J y-( — I ] I* ; ^ being the radius of the arc.
[6] t=[ — = — j ; a being a side of the cube.
[6] t=( ^ J ; h being the altitude, and a a side of base.
(. I
^j\ ; a being the radius of cylinder.
Page 183 — 185.] DYNAMICS. 299
Ex. 7.
[8] ^=(^) ; a being the radius of sphere.
[9] /= -J A ^ aT. a\r f* > fl=rad. of base, c=s alt. of cone.
— ^ I ; 6=rad. of base, c= axis of paraboloid.
[12] /= Tgi- j ; fl being the length of the rod.
[13] 42|- in. nearly. [14] /= i/7 sec.
[15] 1-0589 sec. [16] 1*2198 sec.
[17] a?=-{(m*+mn)i— m}; m= mass of bob, n= mass of given
wt. ; /, X the distances of m, n from the point of suspension.
[18] l=^H a . i.iu% — )i ^f * being the radii of the circles.
[19] p=(|)^ [20] Base of A =2 (Area)i
[21] 2sin-*^. [23] Diam. =2X altitude.
4
[24] ^4i^+Z.^y=6o*L; where V=VA.
[25] The distance x from the upper extremity of the cylinder is
given by the equation,
where a =rad. of cylinder, and c =its length.
[26] K OA=a, OA'=a?j »», ml the masses of the spheres A, A';
if 2 ^7 111
a? = — , < in(m + in')a* + -m^{mr*' + mV*) j- ^a.
[27] n=2. [28] /=- "^^ -r-
[30] i X length of rod.
_ ^ III. D'Alembert's Principle.
Ex.8.
[1] The rod will oscillate isochronously with a simple pendulum
1. 1 ^v PxAP*+FxAP*
whose length ^ p^AP+FxAP^ '
800 HYDROSTATICS. [Page 195— 1S8.
Ex. 8.
[2] If m, rn! be the masses of the 2 particles^
, oLf al . . inclinations of the planes to the horizon,
. X ^ af . . distances of the particles at the time t firom
the common summit of the planes ; then
(»iH-»i')^=^(»isina— wi'sina'); Tension =—-—,(sina + sina')^.
[3] •=^^*(sir^^^^jta)> the whole Z through which the
wheel and axle have revolved in the time t ;
T_ mV(gH-qO + M A;^ T^ __ »ia(g-fg0.f MA*
[4] Accelerating force = (^^^)q»!^^^x ; ^ being the fixed pul-
ley, a its radius, and MA;^ its moment of inertia ;
Tension of AP= i'l'''+^f>7, > of BQ= j^^'^t^^^lA
[5] The point required is at a distance = -a from the middle
point of the fixed side; a being a side of square.
[6] Space =92-856 ft.
[7] Weight of cylinder =37*258 lb.
[8] Time =33*488 sec. ; velocity =2*986 ft.
[9] Velocity= I2'29ft.; no. of revolutions in i m.= 1 22*022 nearly.
[10] 2*79 sec. [11] Weight =84*109 lb. nearly.
[12] Radiusof wheel = i6*4ft.; its wt. = 5^ lb.; pressure = 6 I0'4lb.
[13] 109:64.
HYDROSTATICS.
_ Pressure on Surfaces.
Ex.1.
[1] 1:2:3; *^® second term corresponding to the vertical side.
[2] 2:1. [3] The line bisects the axis. [4] -k[h-\-k-^I)q,
[5] I : V'2. [6] 80*12 in. [7] Base of triangle = 5-!g..
[8] The breadths are 8-9443, 37048, 2*8428, 2*3966, 2*1115.
[9] L : M : N= I : 3 : 5. [10] Radius = 4*9324.
Page 198— aOQ.] hydrostatics. 301
£z. 1.
[11] Press, on large sq. : press, on © : press, on small sq. =4 : ir : 2.
[12] 4:5. [13] Depth of lme=r— ^ j x axis of parabola.
[14] If ;?„ z^, z, be the depths of the dividing lines, h the axis of
parabola; then ;2r,=-Ax 2T; Zi=-Ax8t; z^=^hxii^.
z z z
[15] I : 2. [16] Press, on an upper side : press, on a lower = i : 2.
[17] If q, o- be the densities of water and mercury respectively;
Press, on sides : press, on base=a- -f 3g : o" + g.
[18] Press, on base : press, on each : wt. of water =3 : 2*256 : i.
[19] 27 : 125. [20] 3 : I. [21] I : 4*5223- [22] I : 3-
[23] Press. =?r x I22"i9, the density of water being i.
[24] Depth of circular plane =rad. of sphere x 2^.
[26] Depths of dividing planes are;?, =-r, z^=^-r X2^, z^ = -rx 3^.
z z z
[26] Press. : wt. =r : r h ; r being=rad. of sphere, A=height of
segment.
[27] Depth of the middle point of axis=: ^ a , ^a_ — Tx*
[28] Press. =Tg(2 — cos«) x (rad. of hemisphere)'.
[29] Press, on base : press, on concave surf. ; wt. of fluid = i : 2 : i.
[30] Press. = ^(r + rf)(A-f *). [31] Depth of plane =r~j^x axis.
[32] 207846 in. ; 8*6094 in. ; 6*6o6 in.
[33] Ht. =35in.; breadth =4*9749 in.
[34] ^.=(^)''^; ^*=G)^*' ^^=0)^*' -^"-^C^)**^
where a?„ x^ . .a?«-i are the depths of the successive dividing
planes.
[35] 10 and 5 in.
A I 4 I
[.S6] Depthsofdividingplanesare^,=^(i5x i)»; '8^a=~(i5 x 3)^;
[37] Density of cylinder =^x density of lighter fluid.
302 HYDROSTATICS. [Page dOO, aoi.
Ex. 1.
[38] Press. =iirAr(2/+3r)5. [39] 2 : i.
[40] Depth of dividing plane is a root of ^^ — 6hz^ + h}=o.
[41] ''=h(^f. [42] 6o».
[43] 4{(A + m)i— mi} : sm^A; where A is the height and 4111 the
latus rectum of paraboloid.
[44] y*=7 — is the equation to the generating curve, A being the
length of the axis, and c a constant.
Ex.2.
[1] If 6 be the Z at the centre subtended by the horizontal line,
4sin'^fl-3sinfl + 3J=3».
[2] 0-/ • [3] Depth of section=- x diam. of sphere; 8:12: 15.
[4] Inclination of axis of hemisphere to the vertical = tan''3.
[6] i«-
[6] If A, A be any two depths, the pressures are as A"+» : **+».
[7] Depth =r- J X radius.
[8] g; where a=ht., i= base of A, and ^=:density at the
[9] Depth of ordinate =i x axis.
[10] |flrr^ X density at the centre of circle.
[11] — wrV ; r being the rad. of generating circle, and <r the density
1 z
at the middle point of the axis of cycloid.
[12] Rad. = - ; 0" being density of sphere, and g the density of the
fluid at depth unity.
[13] 7cA* ; gc — T — g ; where e is the circumference of cylinder,
and A its length ; g the density at the lowest points of the fluid.
Page aOd— d04.] HYDROSTATICS. 303
Ex. 2.
[14] 6o^ [16] Depth of section = - x axis of cone.
[16] Press. : wt. = 2 : cos a ; the vertical ^ of cone being 2«.
[17] Depth of section =9; Press.ss^rgxg', where §= density at
depth unity.
Centre op Pressure.
Ex. 3.
[1] x=-x immersed side. [2] 5=-.vr — i^.
*■ -• 3 3 ^ — ^
[3] Depth of cent, of gr.=2oin. [4] ^=4-. ^^^ , ^ .
[5] 5=ii; y=La. [6] 5=^.f±g. [7] 5=Jr.
[8] i=^r; y=4^. [9] S=^^r; y=|r.
[10] x=h*(-. hcosaj; y = ^rsina; a being the Z at the
centre of the sector.
ril"| 5=3_( L — Z_) . where 4a=lat. rect. and A: = axis.
7V3^+5«/
[12] If the lowest point of cube be taken as the originof coordinates,
the axes being two sides of a lower face, then x= — a=y;
a being the length of a side.
[13] Depth of hoop =- x length of tub. [14] (j\ r.
[15] i= — ; y=-r: resultant = — •
[16] If a be the rad. of cylinder, a the inclination of the axis to the
vertical, c' the given volume of fluid ; then the distance of the
cent, of press, from the geometrical centre of base =^ tan a.
[17] 5=4*. [18] 5=f^. [19] i=ZA.
i
Ex. 4.
[1] If 9= circular dist. of the common surf, from the lowest point,
a = circular len&rth of each fluid : tan J = — -- tan -•
'#
304 HYDROSTATICS. I^^ ^04 Q07,
Ex. 4.
f jsin -— ff-ain*-
[2] tan 9 = 21 — ; ; — ^ 1 : 6 being measured as in the last
\ ysrna-f trsinp y °
problem.
[3] If x^ a?4 measure the distances of the upper surfaces of the
heavier and lighter fluids respectively from the lowest point of
cycloid; ..=^^-: '^=mf)'-
_ Specific Gravity.
Ex. 5.
[1] 252703 gr. [2] 81 : 500. [3] 66^ : 3.
[4] 1-1655 : I- W 3 • 2. [6] 4-51 in-
MSl-gr- [10] "=9- [11] i7'55-
[12] 38-8o3lb. [13] 38776 gr. [14] -800245.
[16] -8421. [16] 1-6657. [17] -QSS-
[18] The mixture is of equal volumes of the two fluids.
[19] 5-6x9. [21] Sp. gr. =;^ fit^).
[22] 5 : 6. [23] -9076. [24] -493 in.
[25] The 1st and 3d globes are placed at distances 2^ i respect*
ively on one side, and the 2d globe at dist. 3 on the other side.
[26] — (i9f + 8§'). [27] - X wt. of hydrometer.
27 2
[28] 144 : 73. [29] 422-802 tons.
[30] The depth is a root of a?' — 15a?* + 375=0, which lies be-
tween 6-7 and 6-8 in.
Q
[31] 14-512 in. [32] — xaxis.
[33] Depth = — ^-T X axis of cylinder.
[34] {(^^3^) —I j X internal radius.
[36] r=9-4in. [36] 2-5 x W. [37] 4'S : 4-4944875-
[38] The depth is a root of a?'— i*5«te* + •35895^^=0;
where e^= diameter.
Page d07 — d09.] hydrostatics. 305
Ex. 5.
[39] If g, ^, 0- be the Sp. 6r. of the lead, wood, and sea-water
respectively, t the given time; then accel. force downwards
(/) = (i-^f)^. and upwards {f) = (^-i)g:
depth =V..(i-fi-f-;;^).
Equilibrium of Floating Bodies.
Ex. 6.
Let M be the metacentre, H, G the centres of gravity of the fluid
displaced, and of the solid respectively \ f , (r the densities of the solid
and of the fluid,
[1] HM = — (line of floatation)^ -e- area of A' part immersed.
[3] The side 6 will be immersed to the extent of 4*8 or 6'2.
[6] HM is bisected by surface of fluid.
[6] ^ X density of fluid. [7] Neutral.
4
[8] Altitude of the cone of fluid = (radius of sphere) x 2T.
[9] Stable.
[10] HM = i7-(-) j flbeingthe rad. ofbaseandAthealt. of cone.
[11] 60°.
[12] Assuming the motion to be about a principal axis of the
elliptic section ; the equilibrium is stable, neutral or unstable
according as the other principal axis is greater than, equal to,
or less than \/2 x (axis of cylinder).
I - \X^ P" [14] i x density of fluid.
[16] Depth =(-)* X axis.
[16] AM = 107735, A being the vertex of paraboloid.
[17] If fl, h be the horizontal and vertical sides of rectangle, then
MG = 4.8-*fi-i). [18]
1 2d 0* 2 V cry ^ -^
axis __ 3
lat. rect. ""2
_ ELASTic Fluids.
£z. 7.
[2] 7*2o6ft. [3] 1 1-22 in.
306 HYDROSTATICS. [Pag® ^^^ — ^ ^ ^ *
Ex. 7.
[4] If a be the length of th e tube, A=alt . of mercury in the
barometer j - j a — A ± 4/ (a + A)* — ^— \ measures the quan-
tity of mercury required.
[5] i8'99in. [6] Depth of upper end =95 ft.
[7] a;* — (A + r)x^ — 3r V + (5r' + 3 Ar*)a? — 2r* = o,
where r = the rad. and A=ht. of barometric column.
[8] 94 ft.
[9]Density=(i4-^')(i-|ya;
where a =axis of paraboloid, and a density of atmosphere.
[10] I' I in. nearly.
[11] If r, r, be the radii, and a, c the altitudes of the open and
closed tubes respectively, h the alt. of the water barometer
and X the descent ; then
r^{r^ +r*)a?* — r*{ (a + c + A)r* + cr\}x + «crt= o.
[12] 3554 ft. [13] 19227 ft.
[14] If W be the wt. of the material and appendages including the
given wt., then ^ = 60345 log ( ^^^^^^sj '
[15] Additional ht. =60345 log { ^^^)t^^^y.3^ } ^'i
barometer sinks - — r in.
4irr^
[16] 16-44 ft. [17] 14623 ft.
INSTRUMENTS AND MACHINES.
£z. 8.
[1] J in. [2] 40-473 ft. [3] 24-5278 in.
[5] If X, y be the lengths of tube which the air left in them, of
the mean density of the atmosphere, would occupy,
__ [ a\l^a-a!) h\l+h'-b') \ ( ^Stl^ ^^HLz^l
^"X a b /"*"\i,(/-fl) b{l-b)]'
__ \ a{l+a' ^a) b{lJth^ -b) \ f a(l-a) b jl-b) \
^~l «' b' /"^\a'(/-a') bXl^b')}
[6] « + ^3^(«'— «)• [7] 1:4^—1 or i:'5874.
Page ail— ai4.] HYDRODYNAMICS. 307
Ex. 8.
[8] I : '4443. [p] 9:10 nearly.
Density reqd = j?^^^^;±^ x Density of body.
[11] No. of turns = log ( I— ^W log ^—T' [12] 25 : rii.
[13] No. of turns = log fi — t)-*- log ^^-ri >
where h =ht. of barometer.
[14] If A= standard alt., and a?= length of tube occupied by the
air, when of the atmospheric density ; then
„a«=(;-.){f-(^)>e-tf).
[16] I : -68558, or 1-4586 : I. [16] ja-^^J}^.
t^^^ {? "*" (^ "?) (rT"c)1^- ^^^^ 5f in- from the receiver.
[19] The successive alts, are 1-16, 2-2318, 3*2274, 4' 1485, 5 in.
[20] 4-694 in.
[21] General term of the series is a^rssfl-j i — f „ , ) [•
[22] {h'-h)(<r+-^\ [23] 72-6 ft.
[24] [ — -T — I jV ; h being = alt. of water barometer.
[26] (i) The water will pass through the valve in the piston;
(2) 9 or 1 1 ft.
[27] 20:36:45. [28] 7W=20; n=l6. [29] 88°^:.
[30] 3-054 cub. in. [31] 68°. [32] -0043859. [33] ^^^^n.
HYDRODYNAMICS.
£z. 9.
[1] I7f ft. [2] Vel. =25-7 ft. ; ht. = 10-3 ft.
[3] 5Aft.; 7Aft.; nj-ft. [4] 6-pVft.
[5] On the horizontal plane of the base, at a distance from the
side of the vessel = 1 1*832 ft.
X 2
308 HYDRODYNAMICS. [Page 214 — ai7.
Ex. 9.
[6] Range^ measured from the lowest point of cyl. = 13*478 ft.
[7] If ft. [8] Depth of orifice is a root of 2a?^— 40?*= i.
[9] 1-4x2^ ft.
[10] If 9= inclination of the radius through the orifice with the
vertical; then (i-f sinfl)*=4sinfl (co8 9+ sin^d).
[11] Depth =- X length of cyl. [12] Depth of orifice=3'i7 ft.
[13] Vertical depth of orifice = 1-43 ft.
[14] 1:2. [16] 4:1.
[16] Depth of dividing plane = 104. ft. [17] 16 : i.
[18] -7-( ~ )* • I (<r + i)* + (T^— I j ; K being = area of base of cyl.
[19] w* : 8. [20] 31 hr. 25 m. 37 sec.
[21] If X, d be the diameters of the orifice and cylinder, a= altitude
of cylinder; a;'=|{i-("-=i)*}(yy.
[22] Rad. of cyl. =«{%(^J}*; ht. =^(!!^)%i.
[23] If A =ht. of cone, r=rad. of base; ^=^(-j » *"" »
[31] 27s : 343.
[32] ^ f — J ; if A= axis, and /= lat. rect. of paraboloid.
[33] 1:2. [34] y= Aa?*. [35] b^ : «*.
M^©* P'] f(|)*(»--|i> M^'A*-
[39] 55008 ft. [40] 1335-17 ft-
[41] If h ft. of water measure the atmospheric pressiire, a = axis,
Depth of orifice =A + — 7=, vel. = | %g(h + —T-\ V-
[42] 1150-45 ft- [43] 1831-355 ft.
*
4
**
Page 21 7> 218.] resistances. 309
RESISTANCES.
Ex. 10.
[1] 2 : 3-
[2] rf* — c* : rf* ; d, c being the diam, and chord respectively.
1^
[41 tan"' — : — : where b is the extreme ordinate, and 4m the
lat. rect.
[6] 3:4. [6] I : 2.
[7] r* — c'':r^; r, c being the radii of sphere and segment's
z
base respectively.
[8] ^^ ; d, I are the diam. of base and length of cyUnder re-
spectively.
[9] sin* a: I ; la being the vertical Z of cone.
[10] T5 log ( I +ri 1 > where L= lat. rect., 6= diam. of base.
[11] If la, 26 be the axes of the generating ellipse, v the vel. of
the sphere, and g i3ie density of the fluid ; then
the resistance = ^g'J^*) (J^^ ^""^ l "" 0'
[12] gir*— 16: I29r*.
TUE END.
PRINTBD BY RICHARD TAYLOR AND WILLIAM FRANCIS,
RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.
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