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<j.S> .  P^^uJ. 


A  COMPILATION 


MESSAGES  AND  PAPERS 

OF  THE 

PRESIDENTS 


Prepared  Under  (lie  Direction  ol  ike  Joint  Commitlre 

on  Printing,  ol  the  House  and  Senate. 

Pursuant   to  an  Ad  ol    the    Filly-Second  Congress 

ol  the  United  States 

(With  Addition  and  Encyclopedic  Index 
by  Private  Enterprise) 


/ 


\  PI 


l/.lf 


CopyriKht.  1911,  1912.  1913, 
Copyright,  1914,  1916,  1917 

BY 

Bnnmo  or  National  Lituatou 


Government 

Is  Man's  Most  Exalted  WotL 

Republican  Government 

Is  the  Supreme  Type  of  Organization. 

The  United  States  Government 

Is  of  All  Governments  the  Best. 


Therefore,  the  men  who  performed  that 
most  difficult  of  human  undertakings — 
the  establishment  of  law — and  who  per- 
formed that  task  with  a  success  without 
parallel, — the  men  who  constructed  the 
American  Republic  are  leaders  whose 
works  have  proved  their  wisdom  con- 
summate  


That  Wisdom  is  concretely  bodied  forth  in  the 
Mkssa<;ks  and  Papers  <>k  tub  Prbsidbnt& 

In  these  Papers  our  Chief  Magistrates  and  the 
statesmen,  jurists,  financiers,  warriors  who 
composed  their  Cabinets  discuss  questions 
perpetually  before  the  voter,  and  define  the 
fundamental  policies  on  which  is  based 
this  greatest  human  achievement.  Their 
Doctrines   form   our    Governmental    Gospel. 


THE  ENCYCLOPEDIC  INDEX 

CONTAINS 


More  than  25,000  page  references  to  the  official  utterance* 
of  the  President*,  interspersed  with  *ome  eight  hundred  ency- 
clopedic articles  on  American  history  and  politics,  elaborating 
ana  going  into  the  details  of  every  subject  discussed  by  the 
executives. 

A  summary  history  and  description  of  every  branch  of  the 
Government — Executive,  Legislative  and  Judicial — outlining  the 
development  of  each  department  from  its  beginning  to  the  present 
time,  together  with  all  bureaus  and  special  commissions. 

An  analysis  of  each  administration  written  by  competent  con- 
temporaneous authority. 

Definition  and  summary  of  the  treaties  between  the  United  States 
and  all  foreign  countries. 

The  growth  of  the  Army  and  Navy,  with  the  latest  official  facts 
of  organization,  strength  and  equipment. 

History  of  each  State  from  original  territory  to  present  time. 

A  brief  description  and  history  of  every  country  in  the  world, 
and  the  trade  and  treaty  relations  of  each  with  the  United  States. 

Synopsis  of  all  political  panics,  their  platforms,  growth  and 
achievements.  Leaders  in  all  the  great  political  movements  since 
the  organization  of  the  government,  together  wilh  their  votes,  are 
given  in  detail,  as  well  as  the  origin  of  popular  nicknames  and 
campaign  cries. 

Accounts  of  the  wars  engaged  in  by  the  United  States,  together 
with  a  recital  of  the  causes  thereof  and  a  brief  account  of  each 
battle  fought  by  American  soldiers;  also  important  foreign  wars. 

List  of  Federal  courts  and  commissions  and  digests  of  such  lead- 
ing supreme  court  decisions  as  tend  to  interpret  the  constitution. 

Discussions  of  public  questions  of  national  policy,  such  as  Monroe 
Doctrine,  Panama  Canal,  Interstate  Commerce.  Banking.  Agri- 
culture, Exports,  Imports,  Mining,  Slavery.  Woman  Suffrage, 
Trusts.  Prohibition,  Labor.  Tariff,  etc. 

Aboriginal  inhabitants,  characteristics  and  early  home  of  each 
tribe  and  nation,  their  wars  with  the  while  settlers  and  decline 
before  advancing  civilization. 

More  than  a  thousand  selected  biographical  sketches  of  eminent 
American  statesmen  and  leaders  in  the  country's  development. 


THE  ENCYCLOPEDIC  INDEX  TO  THE 

MESSAGES  AND  PAPERS 
OF  THE  PRESIDENTS 

Serves  a  Double  Purpose. 

Pi««t: 

Assuming  that  the  reader  desires  to  investigate  a 
specific  subject, — the  Index  provides  him  with  a  suc- 
cinct digest  on  that  subject  and  underneath  cites  the 
numbers  of  pages  where  Presidential  references 
thereto  may  be  found.  Thus,  after  reviewing  the  fun- 
damental facts  involved  as  presented  by  the  digest,  the 
reader  is  aided  in  forming  his  own  opinion  on  the  ques- 
tion by  the  arguments  advanced  by  the  Executives. 

Second: 

Assuming  that  the  user  is  reading  a  Presidential 
Message, — the  Index  provides  him  with  data  on  every 
question  mentioned,  and.  by  the  page  citations,  enables 
him  to  compare  the  views  of  various  Chief  Magistrates 
on  the  same  subject 

Sea  the  aatalyii*  of  each  Adminncratioa  under  the  name  of  abe 
EsecBlive.  Trine  analyta  are  paragraphed  under  tubheading*  (inch  aa 
"  Slavery  ~).  M  thai  oo«  may  readily  trace  the  development  of  a  quealioo 
anrnefh.  many  Adaiaiilratioai,  and  find  die  narrative  toniinuoui. 

Sea  the  biographic*  of  men  faaou*  in  American  Statecraft.  Warfare 
and  Diplomacy,  aa  well  aa  the  biographic*  of  preaent  Cabinet  Minuter*. 
Seaaion,  and  Coognemiu.  which  appear  under  iheit  rctpectiva  name*. 

Set  THE  AbTXLUI 


■  United  State*.  Coveraearat  of.* 
"  Cootbtatioa.  Supteme  Couit 

Dae-ioe.  oo." 

State.  Treaaary.  War,  Jnatxc.  Port- 

eCce,  Navy,  Interior.  Agricul- 

aara.  Commerce  and  Labor, 

Department*  of. 

"  Partje*.  American  Political." 

■  Wan  of.  or  Affecting,  th*  United 
BmmT 


'  Batltaa  by  United  State*  Force*."' 

"  United  Slate..  Hirtory  of." 

"  Foreign   Relation*." 

"  Nation*." 

"Stale*   and   Territories" 

"  Dank*  and  Banking." 

"  Lawi." 

"  Law.  Term*  of." 

"  Indian  Tribe." 

"C*og.ephy." 


ILLUSTRATIONS 


Portraits  of  Presidents, 
Public  Buildings,  Monuments, 
Places  of  Patriotic  Interest, 
Historical  Paintings  and 
Contemporary  Cartoons 


(J  The  collection  of  pictures  appearing  in  the  first  ten 
volumes  of  this  set  can  safely  be  said  to  be  the  best  eve 
gathered  together  for  the  purpose  of  illustrating  the  his- 
tory and  progress  of  our  country  from  every  viewpoint. 

•J  The  pictures  themselves  almost  tell  the  story  of  the 
development  of  this  Nation.  They  appear  in  about 
equal  number  in  each  volume,  and  in  direct  connection 
with  the  text  matter,  therefore  in  chronological  order. 

<fl  On  the  back  of  each  of  the  historical  illustration  plates 
there  is  found  descriptive  matter  which  adds  value  to 
the  illustrations  and  important  historical  data  supple- 
menting the  messages  themselves. 

fl  In  the  forepart  of  each  of  the  first  ten  volumes  will  be 
found  a  list  of  the  pictures  contained  in  the  given  volume. 


FACSIMILE  REPRODUCTIONS  OF  STATE  PAPERS 


Idliu,  Jobs,  Coinage  Proclamation,  256. 

Miaa,  John   Qoincv,   Proclamation   of 

Tonaago  Duties  (ant  and  last  pages), 

»n 's  Note  to  Senate  Relating  to 
formon  Trouble*,  3135. 
jton-Bolwer  Treaty,  of  Taylor's  Ad- 
ministration  (final  page),  2867. 

Orrdasd'a     Prorlamatioo     on     Utah 'a 
JUmiasion  to  Union,  6154. 

Oiteliad'a  Signature  to  Proclamation 
h   into  Union,  il  1 55. 

DcUrstlon   of   Independent-   {Original 
Drift  of),  4. 

D*»luatioo  of  War  against  Spain,  6295. 

Declaration  of  War  with   Bfodi 

Fillmore's  Fugitive  Slavi'  ition 

Slave  Procliimutiuii 
(net  page),  2693. 
Oarfc:  ■,,  the  Senate.  4602. 

Onot'i  Centennial  Proelanintion.  4376. 
Orut'i  Signature  to  Centennial  Procla- 

antion,  4367. 
Ofiat't    I'meUmatlou    Calling    for   an 
l  Session  of  tbi  1976. 

•^.b'b     (Bcnjsmln)     Proclamation 
Abutting     Washington     to     Union, 

Risen 'a     (Benjamin)    8Ignnturo    to 
amation  Admitting  Washington 
i  Union,  5376. 
1"  Pauncefote  Treaty,  7762, 

iielamation,    Maryland    Rall- 
ned  Strike  (first  page),  1470 

iture      to      Proclamation, 
nd  Railroad  .Strike  (last  : 

oo  's  Proclamation  about  the  Pub- 
>  Land*   in   Alabama,  1011. 
Ji'kton's   .Signature   on   a  Stat*  Docu- 
■*nt.  1201. 

■  %'t      Nectralitv      Proclanin 

j«m»'i  Thanksgiving  Proclamation, 

IB*. 
/•baton's    Riiraaturo    to    Thanksgiving 

Precis  inatioo.  3531. 
I 


lint     Emancipation     Proclamation 

(flret,  last,  and   intermediate   pages), 

8*61 
LSni  -y-iburg  Address,  3373. 

i  hi  '■  1..  iter  to  Mr*,  liiitiv,  ..::n 
olo'i    Signature     to     Emancipation 

Proclamation, 
Lincoln'*  ProelamatJ admitting  Weal 

Virginia  into  tho   I'niou.  BSS9, 
Lincoln 'a     Si^nnti: n«      to     PrOOl 

Admitting  West  Virginia  into  Union, 

3.190. 
Monroe   Doctrino   (page  from  Monroe's 

8eventh   Annual   Message),  791. 
Monroe';.    Letter   to  a   Friend   Explain 

ing  National  Policy,  759. 
Pierce's    Proclamation    against    Cuban 

Filibusters   (first  page),  2769. 

tfon    against    Cuban 

Filibusters  (second  page),  2770. 
Roosevelt's    Proclamation    of    Special 

Holiday  for  Celebration  of  Centennial 

of  Lincoln  *  Birth,  6064. 
Rooeovolt's    Announcement    of   Cent.n 

ninl    of   Lincoln's    Birth,   Last    Page 

ami  Sijmature,  6965. 
South    Carolina '8  Secession   Ordinance, 

3151. 
Tafl  "a    Proclamation    of    the   Death   of 

Vice-President  Sherman,  7730. 
Taft's  ami  Se.rctai ;.    Knox's  Signature 

to   Announcement   of  Death   of    I 

President  Sherman,   77   1. 
Taylor 's   Signature   on    a   State    Docu- 
ment, 2566. 
Tyler's  Signature  on  the  Ratification  of 

tin-   Webster- Aehburton  Treaty.  2026. 
Van     Buren  's     Proclamation    Revoking 

Tonnage  I>utle«,  1549. 
Washington's  First  Thanksgiving  Proc- 
lamation, (it;. 

ubbnrton  Treatv,   Ratified  In 

Tyler's  Administration,' 2025. 
Wilson '«  Engagement  Book,  Pago  from, 

8016. 
Wilson's  Neutrality  Proclamation  at  the 

Outbreak    of    tl"'     European     War     nf 
'68. 
Wilson's  Neutrality  Proclamation.  Lust 

Pnge,    with    Signature    of    Secretary 

Bryan,  7969. 


ENCYCLOPEDIC  INDEX 

to  the 

Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


XOTE. — The  pages  of  the  Mismom  AMD  Paphw  or  tub  PeCrdbnts  »ro  con- 
Mttthfly  numbered  from  Pago  1  to  the  last  page  of  the  last  message  received 
Men  going  to  preta,  without  regard  to  the  division  into  volumes.  The  index 
mater*  therefore  refer  to  page*  only.  The  pago  numbers  in  each  volume  are 
taiiatrd  oa  the  back  to  assraro  quick  and  handy  reference. 

v?aen  a  word  or  group  of  words  is  followed  by  the  symbol  (q.  v.),  (which  see}, 
ai  irtMle  under  that  word  or  group  of  words  is  listed  in  the  Index,  and  should 
W  eiBialted. 


A.  n.  C.  Arbitration.— rmrlog  the  Mexican 
■mtiuto  of  i»ia  14.  dtlseai  «t  Iks  Doll 

M  Sttlrs  »<i«»red  nsany  Insults  and  abuses, 
•»  til  ss  leas  of  llf*-  and  property,  si 
as*  4  lb*   warring   factions        loaoUat 

Eston  culminated  uo  (be  Bib  of  April, 
»b-n   *    pa  K    »• 

!•  %u  aru-s-.t-d  nt   1  ampin*   and   th« 
•tOitry  of   I  tiled    8-ates   mall    wa- 
tts* slih      Admiral  Mayo,  eorumandlnc  tba 
**R  Is  (be  harbor,    demanded   a   salute   to 
-laics  lit  as  partial  reparation 

fi--es*  by  the  Americans. 
I  reflated  t>j   I  i    and 

f    Wilson    ba.ked    Admiral     kWl 
srltk   aa   order   for   (be  occupation 
its  by  Aavrlrao  land  and  naval 

•■tsa.     I  Page  tfcl 

■•'  wore    ready    to   begin    the 

f«tvj  overland  lo  Mexlro  City  8 
*SM,  Ike  Argentine  minister  nt  Washlng- 
■*.  fcabcr  da  i.iai  Risxlllao  sabaaaador. 
uf  fcoor  Snares,  lb*  Chilean  minister. 
r'.lft^i  their  service*  aa  mediators  to 
•t*  U«  dlfereaees  between  the  two 
slnstsrs.  [-resident  tClltoa  accepted 
P^ssVes  of  (be  dtpiomate  and  appointed 
■»•»  Joseph  R.  Lamar,  of  the  Supreme 
fen.  and  Frederick  W.  t>ha>*n.  an  at- 
*»ej,  of  St.  l-ools,  to  represent  the 
JisHs.  liueeu  also  appelated  delegate*. 
•}'  aedlalora  mat  at  Niagara  Falls,  Can- 
's* Kat  tO.  asd  by  J  use  12.  bad  a. 
*•»  •  plan  tor  a  provision!  government 
»  Nfsieo  to  casuist  of  a  president  ami 
•  iMset  of  four  leadlBf  Mcxfaas.  who 
■"asl  save  been  neutral  daring  the  revolu- 
*•  Presides!  WlJsno  demanded  that  a 
rsasilrstlooatlst  sbonid  he  chosen  a<  pro- 
•Wseal  president,  but  the  ru. -dittoes  re- 
fSatd  to  san.-Mnn  thla.  June  22.  peace 
Mteolt   were    slrsed   whereby    tb*    I'olted 

aaiitn.t-.ined  l»s  .  Islm  for  a   salute  to 
[  and  waived  (be  question  of  a  war 
l(y    frosa    Mexico,  aa   wsll   aa  elalmt 
— 9sg*a  dn-  -a.  with  the 

a*4erttaedln«  tnat  tbeae  weald  be  taken  up 


and  adjusted  by  the  provisional  govern- 
ment. 

kUHnwhlle  the  revolutionists  were 
lng  In  on  Mexico  City,  and  Carranxa.  the 
Constitutionalist  leader,  was  asked  to  par- 
ticipate in  the  arbitration  lags  ..u 
condition  that  be  agree  to  an  armloti.  e 
he  tvluted.  JuIt  0.  a  federal  elec- 
tion   was    held    in   Mexico  and    lluerla    wax 

Ulanqucl 
Vl.-i-l'r.-slclinl  K-w  of  the  populace  par 
llclpated  in  Hi"  voting,  and  ten  days  lat»r 
lluerta   resigned   and    boarded    the   German 

i-r  Oie.irfen  at  Vera  t'rui  and  del 
for  Jainnxa  Don  Francisco  Carbajal,  mln 
nt  foreign  relations,  was  placsd  la 
ilis.ee  of  the  government  at  Mexico  City, 
and  Invited  Carranxa  to  come  Into  the  dty 
and  form  a  provisional  government  grant- 
ing a  general  amnostj  to  those  who  bad 
auppcirled  the  lluerta  admlnlstratlon. 

/  B.  Plot— William  n.  Crawford,  of  Ceoc 
gla.  was  a  prominent  Democratic-Republican 
candidate  for  the  Presidency  la  1824,  Dur- 
ing the  early  part  of  that  year  a  scries  of 
i  signed  1°A.  U  "  appeared  In  a  Wash- 
Ingt.io  newspaper  charging  him  with  mal- 
feasance In  offlce  as  8»cretsry  of  the  Treas 
ury.  They  were  written  by  Mnlsn  Kd- 
wards,  of  Illinois,  who  bad  just  been  ap- 
pointed minister  to  Mexico,  and  who 
acknowledged  tbrlr  authorship.  Apr.  19. 
I'.dwnrds  presented  a  memotlol  t.» 
(be  House  of  Representatives  making  specific 
charges.  Tbsse  be  tailed  to  sustain,  and 
Crawford  was  exonerated. 

Abaco  Island  f  Bahama*),  negotiations 
for  cession  of  lands  on,  for  erection 
of    lighthouses,   845. 

Abandoned  Farms. — The  reasons  given  for 
fsrm  sbandonment  sre  the  Impoverish:..'  HI 
of  lb*  toll,  through  lack  of  f/rtlllrer  and 
rotation  of  crop*,  the  meager  financial  re- 
wards   of    ordinary    farm    labor,    and    the 


Abandoned 


tessages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


disinclination  of  country-bred  Dion  and 
woolen  lo  remain  on  farms  when  (bo  con- 
veniences and  luxuries  of  life  arc  to  be 
found  In  ibo  cities,  and  enjoyed  wlib  great- 
i:f  ii  The  city  man  who  lakes  ula 
family  to  the  country  l>  uaiiatly  actuated 
by  two  motive* — sentiment  and  the  high  ■  0»l 
of  living  In  the  city.  When  a  tuau  only 
one  generation  from  Ihe  farm  Inula  •  gg» 
wiling  at  <.u  cents  a  dur.cn.  broiled  chicken* 
at  a  ilullai.  and  Hi o  Hud  of  apple*  he  form- 
erly fed  to  bogs  bringing  a  cvul  apiece  In 
elty  market*  be  I*  ant  to  long  for  the 
aiiiindatit   loud   <>f   hla    boyhood  days. 

In  hla  "Altrurla."  a  novel,  printed  In 
lain.  William  Ucon  Uowells,  on  Am 
novelist,  predicted  that  »oon  the  railroad* 
would  i"'  Imploring  unm  to  gu  from  the 
cities  and  till  the  soil  Mr  W.  C  Urowo. 
I'realdmt  of  Ihe  (few  York  Central  Rail 
rood.  Ill  a  speech  In  New  Sort  City  In  l-iui. 
ileclared  that  there  lire  IC.IMIO  square  inlU-v 

nf  practically  abaod .1  (arm*  In  "-••■■.  Vork, 

New  t  :i>  j.:  1 11  in  J  Ihe  smith  null  tnlil.lle  Smith- 
ci  n  Slates,  and  that  there  are  2.700  acres 
of  abaudiiiu'd  Illlabli  land  within  two  .  ■ 
jiiurury  front  N-w  ioti  •  ii.v  which  can 
ii.  purchased  for  fan  an  acre.  Mr  Ilrown 
declared  himself  willing  to  head  a  million- 
dollar  syndics!.'  i.,  huy  ami  rcclaltn  tbssjsj 
abandoned  farina  In  a  practical  effort  to 
decrease  the  coal  of  foodstuff*  to  the  con- 
sumer. 

Many  men  with  city  experience  nnd  mod 
■I  n  Indnati  lal  sad  bu  li 
miming  profitable   whore  the   country-bred 

farruei-  wlih  only  (he  conventional  method* 
has  failed.     The  back-to  tin-farm  movement 
wan   given    considerable    Inipetna   l>j    Ih 
v.  lopim  nt  nf  Intenalvt  fanning  in  the  V 
by  Irrigation,  by  tbi   railroad*,  the  Depart 
ment  of  Agrlcultut.    ami    the   high    pi-h 
foodstuff  a  lu  the  rlilea. 

■  'resident   Roosevelt  appointed  n  commis- 
sion   to   Invcilmiti     the   rondllloiia  at   farm 
llfl    in    America,  and  he  dlaruaars   [ho 
lion  fully  In  a  special  message  (page  Tl'SU). 
(Sco  also  Country  Life  Commission.) 
Abelman  vs.  Booth.— An    Itaportanl    Su- 
preme Court  case  maintaining  the  con 
tlonalltv  uf  the  fugln  i«  of  18150. 

booth   wa*   tried   before   ».  >  "iiwui".»loner   ap- 

nied  by  the  united   Btatea  district  court 

Of    Wisconsin    for  violation   of  the   fugitive- 

alav*  law.  i  .  it"  appear  |H.fma>  the 

;   i    court,      railing    i  •  was 

iu,|iri...iie.i  i.v  Abelman,   ihe   Dnlted   Blatea 

marshal    for  the   distil- i     bnl    »u*   released 

by  the  supnine  emirt  of  the  Btats  on  I 

..f    hiiorus    corpus.      Later   he   was    Indicted 

i lie   t'nllcd  State*  district  court,   but 

was  ogaln   released   by   the  State  supremo 

eonrt.      In    is:,*    tin-    case   came   before    lb* 

I  nltad   States   fsUpn-iiic    r,,in-i        i;,,.  -i,    1 1 ; : . i 

.1   the    um-iinatltntlouallly  of  the   law. 

The  court  upheld   the  law  and  reversed    the 

-iu  of  the  State  aaprrruc  ami  [. 

Abolition  Party.— An    antl  slavery   party 

organised  In  1630,  which  later  alxorhrd  the 
Liberty  Tarty  (q.  v.).  and  the  National 
Anti-Slavery  Society  (q.  v.».  It*  mission 
having  been  fulfilled  by  the  emancipation  of 
the  slave*,  the  party  did  nm  In   .  i- 

after  the  Civil  War.    <»ee  Abolition- 
lata.) 

Abolitionists.— A  term  applied  during  and 
log  the  Civil  War  to  the  members 
of  ihe  New  England  Anti-Slavery  Society 
and  those  who  hold  with  them  that  "lm- 
median  unconditional  ■  rim  n.l  (.:<  i  !•  .n  .vllln.nl 
•-ipati'latlon  »n  the  right  of  every  slave 
and  that  ho  could  not  no  withheld  by  hla 
master  an  honr  without  aln."  The  first 
noclet]  aboil  lion    of    slavery    sra* 

formed  la  I'rooaylvonla  In  1T74  :  New  York 


followed   to   1786.   Rhode   Island    In    1186, 
Maryland    lo    lisil.    and    Connecticut,    Vir- 
ginia and  New  Jersey    before   17uj.     Among 
UN  picsldeuu  of  ihe  New  Vork  society 
John   Jay  and   Alexander   Hamilton. 

-i ■•  •  i  i.  l ti:u.  \»  i ninin  i.iuid  Harrison 
began  Ihe  publication  In  linai.ni  of  a  paper 
called  Tnc  Uterulor,  which  advocated  the 
Immcdloi.-  liberation  of  slaves,  regardless 
of  all  laws  or  constitutional  provlaloai  to 
the  coniiaiy.  At  tb.-  beginning  .if  ihe  fol- 
lowing year  be  organised  ihe  abovo  named 
with  Ihe  foregoing  us  its  chief  doc- 
trine Near  Ibc  close  of  l&l.i  a  similar 
society  wa*  formed  In   Thlisil.  -iphia 

From  il.li  i line  forward  the  quoitlon  be- 
came one  of  national  Importune-  '"  con- 
sequence of  his  uacumpi'.iiin-luK  uii.-ranccs 
fjarrlaon  k-a^  Indicted  by  gruud  juries  lu 
several  Southern  State*  and  rewards 
offered  for  bis  rouvicih.n.  Vu/k 

iii-,..'i.    Emancipator    was    another    organ 
of   the   Abolitionists.         Rome    strong 


pbleti  "■■   in.    sQblect  were        'Justice  and 
Expediency:  or.   Slavery  Considered    with  a 

View     Id     It.      Rightful 


edj  '  :  "Abollllon."  by  John  0  Wbl 
Haverhill,  Mats.  !  "Appeal  In  lb-half  of  ifiai 
Claaa  of  American*  Called  African.. 
I.ydln  Maria  Child  :  and  "The  Sin  of  Slav- 
ery and  lis  Remedy,"  by  Elltur  Wright,  a 
professor  In  the  Western  Reserve  C 
Abolition  sentiments  were  not  confined 
lo  i  In-  N.iribern  States.  The  feeling 
against  the  abolitionists  ran  high  nnd  riot* 

frequent      At   Al Illinois,  In   1s:iT. 

Klljnh  T.   I-oveJoy.  an  abolition  editor,   ITU 
mobbed   and    killed,    and    In    l.s.'is.    l'.-nnsyl 
vanla    Hall,    In    I'hllailelphla,    was    but 
In     18.18    many    of    ihe    party    desiring     to 
nominate   candldniet   for   otDcc.   a   pro 
Ing    lo  which    the    "flnrrltonlnns"   objected, 
wltbdn-w.     i«e„  Abolition   i-arty  and  lllue- 
tratlona  opposite  MM,  =U28.) 
Aborlglneg.— A  word  used  (a  OMlgmlU  ih- 
inhabllants     of    a    country,       In 
America  Hi"  lerm  la  applied  generally  to  Ihe 
Indians  found  by  the  i*ily  s.-tller*. 

Abrogation.— In  international  law.  the  act 
of  ! ..-I  lklne  or  discontinuing,  as  the  abroga- 
tion of  a  treaty. 
Absentee  Shawnee  Indians.  (Sec  Indian 

Tribes.) 
Abyssinia  (Ethiopia). — The  total  area  of 
ihli.plnu  I  inplrv  la  eailluuileil  nt  3S0,- 
000  to  lOOiOOO   Bngllab  aquare  mill   .   srltfa 
a    total    population    of    from    7,000,000    to 
torn   about   half  are   Abya- 
Rlnliinr-,  the  rcmnltidcr  being  Unllna.  negro 
tribes   on   the    went    and    south    frontiers, 
ami    D-.ninkll»    ami    Somali*    on    the 
About    one  (bird    -if   Ihe    who 
erc.1     br     Abymlntan     Soaiiilllnnd        The 
boundaries  of  ihe  empire  are  defined  on  the 
west,    north,    and    ooi  ihi-a  l, 
touch.    In    order,    the    Sudan:    the    Italian 
.    of  MxiMowoh   (Krltreu);  the  French 
colony    uf    DJIbutl;    ami    the    I 

ud  rrolectornle.  Northwnr.la  the 
houmlnrv-  la  about  IS"  30'  -N.  lit.,  falling 
just  south  of  Knssnla. 

y/iyitnrl  Ftatvrr*. — Western  Abyssinia 
1*  a  plateau,  wltb  peaks  rising  to  1  -  - 
000-18,000    feet  :     Eastern     Abyssinia    con- 

sUts  of  the  liuunhli  and  Bomall  lowlands. 

a  ufurol  /fesource*.— Western  Abyssinia 
contains    some   mineral   wealth :   Iron   and 

cool    am     noi     ei imoo,     and    gold     la 

washed  In  various  streams,  while  salt,  salt- 
petre, and  sulphur  arc  also  procurable. 
The  lower  country  ami  deep  valley  gorges) 
ore  very  hot  ;  the  higher  plateaus  arc  well 
watered,  with  a  genlol  ciimnie.  In  the 
hotter   regions,  sugar  cane,   cotton,  coffoe. 


Acclamation 


ntttr.  etc 
sstat.   wkcat 


i«iH*:   In  the  mldille  gone 
.    wkcat.     barley,     wlM    orungi-s    nutl 
rtktf   trull  ueea,     lot.  .H-. 

If*  riliirated ;  and  above  0,000  feet  aic 
•ictUral  pasture*  wlr.li  som*  ooru  cultliu- 
Ik*.    Tkwia-  are  ii.  In    tu*  year, 

•  4ry  winter  ami  a  rainy  summer  from 
Mr  to  Scpleasher.  Th*  chief  rivrr  Is  Hi. 
else  '  -  s,   males,   .lonk.j..    ■ 

p*tt  and  sheep,  ami   camels   In   Ibc   low- 
a**1*,  foam  ■  largo  portion  of  tbu  wealth 
•I  tkr  people. 
nUJ»r».— it    was   visited   by    the    Portu- 
i!»Z.     Th*  I  :il I  monarch- 

io  oue  klngd  tn  In  185S. 
U  UTJ  Kaaaal.  of  TUjre,  wbo  bail  aim  turd 
IV  title  X«*ua  Neguat  I  Kin*  of  Ktnj«). 
nicn*M4  ■■  Jofcanm-s  II,  Kmperor  of 
Ktaktfla.  At  111.  death  la  18«9.  Mrnellk 
II  (U-  nof  supreme  rulrr.    Del 

U,  1«S».  lb*  Italian  Government  assumed 
a  protectorate    •  ml*,    am!    by    a 

stbstaiurnt   treaty   with   King   Mcnrllk.   the 
reentry    come    wbolly    cuder    Italian    Influ- 
By  an    n,  .    i:i, 

1*9*,  Ilalj  nl  Grrat    llrlt.iln   un- 

dertook to  preserve  the  Integrity   of  Abys- 


M 


uoT*rmmrmi.— >;-*--«   Kcgost  or  Klugof 
Kinra    Menel.k     II     IKIng    of    Shoo..     TH* 
r»    la   a    fcder.it  Inn    uf    tt»    Kin 
•i.   Godjoni,  Jlmroi,    KurTa    anil 
!».  and  of  tli*  terrltortes  con.iuered  by  tbc 
.Dt    Kingdom   of  Shun:   th*   omwnrd 
•lea  Of  their  alli-fluiir«-  lo   the 
Koaperor   iiflnic  a   contribution    lo   I  hi 
filal  rcvenoe.     In  1908  a  Coucrll  of  Minis- 
ter*   waa   runiiliutn)  by   t !■-  with 
UJ  Kystsu.  grandson  of  M«-nrhk,  l*r**ldent 
•f  tn*  Council. 
Sept.  80.  m«.   I-iilJ.   than  rail   23  year* 
:.    waa    depot                                 m.    uulaero- 
lltu,  succeeded  to  til- 

System  la  Ixised  upon  th* 
of  Jaatlnlan,  and  there  la  nn  appeal 
from  th*  courts  lo  the  Binp.r  -.  I' 
property  lo  Inml  li-lng  little  known  and 
the  marriage  tie  being  i-ji-.ly  dissolved  by 
etlher  party,   there   la  little  aortal    collar- 

>.J.^.iri.,.    anil    KcHpton.— The    Abysslnl- 

■aa  are   Christian  and  th*  Emperor  claims 

deare  th*  eon  of  Solomon 

Ik*   gwr*w  of  So*ba.      The    M. 

(AlMiraa  kUttkeoa)   and  the  priests  and 

■una  decree   subject    to  tbu 

I'ulrlarrfc  of   A  sod    bare 

I  "i     religion*.    Judicial    aud    edocn- 

e*. 

•VodateUon   4*4   Imitvlry. — The   principal 

tonsils     nrc    agriculture,     rattle    breeding 

lib  t  exports  are  eof- 

•cat.    hid-  Irory   and 

provisions,    irnti    anil    amtnunl- 
trado 
ll  ipon     .tiny    on    ill 
rwwta  la  X  per  rent,  flu"  roMrna, 

•   la  lb*  hoaa*  of  lb.-  rotT**  plant, 
•  fctrw    forr.'  o(    the    rlilef   r.TportH. 

Cetlota.  aacar  iwnn  aid  Tlaea  floartah.     Iron 

<  nre 
ral-.-d       Am.-rlnn   rtay   aiilrtlnf.  hardware, 
roaeum    an-     lnitioit.-d.       It 
»a»  a-  May  IS    I'm.  Hint  I.1J 

baa  boeo  proe'.almi<d  Rmperor  after 
an  eaTort  br  bla  conaln  to  wreat  the  coTern- 
•rnt  from  blm.  -xnorta  are  cof- 

fre.  mm.  wax.  ca'd.  Irory  and  clret.     Paa. 
'ulrrnta  domlnatr  :  largo  herd*  of  cat- 
Ik.  atteep    aad   goati   are    rala.-d :   excellent 
knrarw  aad  lone  wooled  lber-p  In  higher  ole- 
Manilfaetnrea     prlmltlre:      aomc 
raarh.   and    worklnr   of   lintlirr  and    merals, 
■  ravaa  trade  Important:  hld*«.  aklna, 
wax.  cum,  coffee,  gold,  oitrleh  fealb- 


.1  .I.-,  .->.  ii-ni>:,-,i  r..r  bu  i:,„  iui,,i  bi  i  r 
cle«. 

Yrnnaportatlou  la  g«n*rnlly  nirrled  on 
iiy    mni.-s.  doukeyu  tad   pack  horaci  in  tb.- 

i    by    cuiucla   in    tin-    luwlanda.      A 

rnllwny   baa  Juat    uceii   bull 
amanlcca.       1  lo-    poni-     and     I'l.itnipha    ore 
I ■ .- .ii.  ii    ininugemcnt,    and    Abv»lnl.i 
has    becu    admitted    to    the     l'oital     Daloa 
Tclegrupba  nnd   telapbonea  baft  Dwa 
Mmcii-.l.    iin.l    11.I1111--1..11    t..    the    luternu 

legrnph     Couveniion     baa 
aougtit. 

Armv—  The  active  army  ronaUta  of  th. 
Imperial     Trooua,     numbering     about     MA 

men.  armed  wliu  i  Ifle 
tlllory  aio".  1 1  :i  I  In    linraenien 

feudatory  8i.-it.-ii  niiiiuiiiln  local  urrolc*. 
available  for  Imperial  purposea  In  time  of 
war. 

rowa*.— The  CaplUI.  Adln  Ababa.  In 
Shim,  baa  a  population  of  about  uu.ooo ; 
llarrar  contains  about  40,000;  and  Dlra 
Daw  a  from  6.0o0  to  T.000.  There  are  an- 
clem  111. -int.  •i-inrnl  remains  at  Akaum. 
UoDdar,  and  Aukolxr:  modern  archltertiira 
is  very  poor,  while  drainage  and  sanita- 
tion in*  unknown, 

Fnrtign  Relation:— Great  Britain.  Franc* 
and!  Italy  possess  territory  bordering  the 
Abymdnlan  Krnplrc  and  have  entered  Into 
an  sureement  to  respect  the  Integrity  of 
the  Empire.  Tbo  raited  Ktatet.  Austria- 
Hungary  nn.l  "Ji-rmniiy  liurc  llaTDcd  '-oronier- 
nni  trcattcf  with  the  Krnplrc.  There  are 
fi-pretentatlTCj  of  France.  Germany,  tirest 
BtlUIn,  Italy.  Kuaala  aud  the  II.  8.  A. 
at   the  capital,    I  Sec  also  Afrlra.i 

AcAtlemw,  MUiUry.  (8co  Military  Acad- 
emy.) 
Academy,   Naval.      (See   Naval    Acad- 
emy.) 
Academy  of  Sciences,  National,  commis- 
sion  from   membership   of,  to  formu- 
late plans  for  forestry  system.  6167. 
(Sec  also  National  Academy  of  Sci- 
ence.) 
Aeapulco.  Mexico: 

Controversies  between  American  con 
8ul    at,    aud    Mexican    authorities, 
2695. 
Imprisonment   of   American   citizens 
In.  2720,  2834.  8837. 
Aeapulco,  The,  seizure   and   killing  of 
Ocn.  Barrundla  on,  and   action  of 
American   minister   to    Guatemala, 
discussed,    554-1. 
Conduct  of  commaider  Relter  regard 

referred  to,  5569. 
Papers  regarding,  transmitted,  SMS. 
Accessory.— In  lnw  on*  wbo  Is  guilty  of  a 
felony,  not  by  commit  Hug  the  offense  In 
peraon  or  as  a  principal,  nor  by  being 
present  at  Ita  comml«Kl..n,  but  by  being  In 
■one  other  way  concerned  iio-reln.  a»  by 
ndvlatng  or  Inciting  another  to  eomtnlt  the 
crime  aceallnc    the    onVnd.-r    or  In 

any  -..  cape  puub-htiient. 

An  nee.-aaory  ttrjort  Ihr  fnrf  la  one  who 
•  ■Is  or  Incites  another  to  commit  a 
fob.ny  nnd  who  l«  not  present  when  the 
n.-i  1.  lone;  nllrr  the  /«el.  one  who  rvrvlrea 
and  conceals  or  In  sny  way  n«al«tK  thf  of- 
fender, knowing  him  to  haa-c  coromltteal 
11   f..|..n  laws  of  different  States  vary 

as  ro  Die  punishment  of  seccusorlen. 
Acclamation.  — in  i.Ki.lotive  l.idle«.  th»  set 
of    voting   by   ayes    nnd    nays :   also   called 
voting  flea   rorr 


Accounts 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Accounts  and  Disbursements,  Division 
Of,  AATlculturo  Department.—  An    linpor- 

■Malra  <-'f  lb»  I!ur>';iii  nf  Avrleulture. 
It  lim  complete  charge  and  aupervlalou  Orel 
tin-  fiscal  affairs  of  tbo  Department.  It 
audits  anil  pnj*  all  account!  and  adju«t» 
claim*     .  ■■:.in .  i  ''.,.  rtment:     decide* 

auratlona  Involving  the  expenditure  of  pub- 
nida:    prepare*    advertl-om.  nt-.    ncheii- 
ule*    and    contract!    for    annual    (upplicK. 

l«a«a,  sgt irnl      letter*  o{  authority,  and 

:iii  letter*  to  th«  Treasury  Department  and 
licpurtnifiii  of  Justice:  Issues  r«->in i-l t l"»n-* 
fur  UM  purchase  of  auppllc*  and  requeata 
tur  transportation  prepare*  the  annual  esti- 
mate* for  appropriations.  • 
An  Idea  of  thf  work  .1  n.  division  may 
■  m  the  .1:11.1:1.  hi  nf  a.  .-ii  i.  f 
that  in  d  recent   rear  tin"   wer    received. 

audited  mill  Jin  1  •  I  118,031  account*,  amount- 
ln|  to  110.730.108.02.  Hon  than  4.".00  of 
llii'»e    acrounta. 

combined  aeci  ["Here  wercalao  aw 

and  aent  to  the  Trenail  rj  for  payment  4.368 
account*.    In  the  payment  of  tbo  I1A.021  if- 

:  above  II   was  neci      irj    to 

draw  24*  requisition*  on  the  Trenaury  and 

laaua  22.V0M  cheek*.     To  earrjr  on  the  work 

mrtment  of  Agriculture   fur  ttiln 

year  Couarcsi   a|  1  *i:i.j>:  u:;il  fur 

■In  addition  to  permanent 
aunual  approprlutlona  amounting  to  {0.32O.- 

Iieclal    appropriation*  ul  II 
HH.    maklnit    11    total    .if   821  801 
eoat     of     maintaining     the     Department     >>f 
Agriculture    hm   crown    from    J7.04a.DS8    In 
I'mr.   1      •  tB  010,708.08  fi-r  1010. 

Account*,  Public,  ayatcrn  of,  ahoold  rjo 

improved,    1 120. 

Achocn,     nntivn     Kingdom     of     North 

Suinntrn,  wnr  bl  rbitida,  ncu- 

triililv  preserved  by  United  State*  in, 

1191  ' 

Acknowledgment. — An  acknowledgment  ll 

the    act    of   declaring    the    (SMMIOfl    of   an 

in.  in    In  fue    an    otllcer   authorized    to 

10    *ucn    declaration.      The    officer 

certifies    to    the    fnet    of    audi    declaration. 

.     M      kn>..«  ledge    of    the    peraou     ■  " 

declaring.  •  or  deed*  of  land   to 

be    entitled    to    1  I    mu«t    Orat     bo 

ai'kuuwiediied  h.fore  a  proper  oojeer.    Most 

of  (be  Slate*  have  forma  of  acknowledg- 
ment*, which  ahniild  be  followed 

Acknowledgment  a  may  be  taken  in  gen- 
eral by  notar.c*  pabrc.  in*tlcc*  of  Ibe  peace. 
Judge*  or  Clerk*   of   i.«  of  the   higher 

{radea,     Registers.     Mnalera     lo     Chan 
..nil    Cuuimlaaloner*.    town    clerk".    M 
and    Clerk*    of    Incorporated    cltlea,    wllliln 
their    respective    Jurladlcilona. 

Seal*  or  thali  aqolralenl   1  .-.r  whatever  la 

Intended  n«   inch)    are  ncccs-sarv  In  Alaska. 

client,      lielawaro,      Dlalrlct     of     Co- 

Florida,     Idaho,     llllnola,     Malm-. 

Massachusetts.  Mbhlgan,    Mloae- 

aota.   Missouri.    New    llauifshli-o    New    Jcr- 

aey.     New     York.     Nnrlh     Carolina,     Oregon. 

fennaylvanla.      Bonth     Carolina.      Vermont 
Irglnla,    \V»«I     Virginia.    Wisconsin, 
mlng.      la  slmost    all    the    State,    deed*    by 
eorporatlona    must    be   under   ami       Form 
a.r«  pn  scribed  01    Indl 
of  noil  of    ibe   states  en.pt   Connecticut, 
Florida,    Loul*la>  icknowledg 

ment  by  wife  la  required  in  Alaxka. 
Arkanaas.  Delaware.  District  of  Columbia. 
Florida.  Uenrgia,  Idaho,  Kentucky,  l.oolal- 
ana,  Montana,  Nevada.  New  Jersey,  North 
Carolina.  Oregon.  Pennsylvania.  South 
Carolina.     'I  Texas.      One    witness 

to  the  cotecntloo  of  .1.  >  <i-  is  required  In 
District    of   Columbia.    Maine    (cuatomaryi. 


Maryland.    Nebraska,    N-w    Jsrtay    fiiKuali, 

'  iklaln  Two 

lo  the  execution  of  deed*  are  rexiult.-d  la 
Arkansas.     Connectlrul      Florid  1  irgla, 

l.oulHlana.   '■' 

ah  Ire.  Ohio,  Oregon.  South  Carolina.  Texas. 
V.tuiuut,    Wlaconsln. 

Acre  Right. --The  ahare  of  a  citizen  of  a 
New  England  town  In  the  eumniuu  lands. 
The  value  of  the  Sere  right  wa«  » 
quantity  In  each  town,  but  rorled  In  differ- 
ent towns,  A  ten-acre  lot  or  right  In  a 
certain  town  w«k  equivalent  i"  113  arrea 
"f  upland  and  la  of  meadnw.  and 

a  certain  exact  p:  .'0"it  ■  •  - ■  ■  wa*  uialntaln.-d 
bttwauu  Um  aeie  right  and  ttlasla  lands. 
Act  Of  H08tlllty.— An  iinfrl.-ndly  repr*aon- 
tnli.in  calculotesl  to  provoke  war:  or  conduct 
of  a  warlike  nature  .n  the  port  of  one 
country     toward    another.       When     the    un- 

:   war-Ilk*  net  la  of  audi  a  D 
aa    to     preclude    or    make    undealrnhle    any 
attempt    at    a.ljimtment    by    arbitration    of 
diplomatic   protoat    and    repraaentatlona,    11 

heenliie.   an    OTel  I    111  I    |o     ».),    iiinl    I-    I 
mount  to  a  declaration  of  war  on  the  part 

.if    the   ..ffellih  r. 

Acts  of  Congress.     (Sen  H.1K  m 
Acts,  Public— Public  acta  nve  ilia  law*  of 
a    Slate    nod   of    Hie    DDllcd    Slatrss.     State 
recorda  are  the  regHlered  dieda  of  property. 
Journal!  of  Mflalataras,    iii.     .1. 

g*  are  the  recorda  of  courta     1 
the   Constitution  each    State  must  give   full 
faith  and  credit  to  the  public  ucla.  recorda, 
uinl     Judicial     proceedllUDi     *  ■  f     as 
Blat«    (twenty-four)  let   valuo    of 

ihl«    prorlalon    Is    that    II    preventa   .1 
Inwaulu.      When   a   eate   ha*   been    J 
hi   sua    Siaie.    it    rji  11  not   be  opened    in    the 
conrts  of  another  State. 

Ad  valorem.— Duty    on    imported    good*. 
1   on  the  value  thereof,  rather  than  on 
their  quantity  or  quality. 

Adams,   John.-1707-1801. 

1  hi  id  Administration— Federal. 
I  lot  frertdeal— Thomaa    Jetforaon. 
Secretary  of  fliofe — 

Timothy   Pickering  (continued  1. 

John   Marshall,    from    May   IS.    1800. 
tfrcrrfury    of    the    Trrmwv — 

Oliver  Wolcolt    (.xiutlnued). 

Bamuel   Dexter,  from  Jan.   1.  1801. 
Cfrcrefury    11/    War — 

Jamea  Mrllenry    le..nilunei|i. 

Bsmual  Dexter,  from  Isuu  IS,  1800. 

Roger    GrUwold.    acting    from     Feb.    3. 
I '.hi 
Secretary  of  the  Kai'j,— 

irsv  Cabot  appointed.     Declined  May 
8.  1708. 
llenjamln   Sloddert,  from  May  3,    1798. 
.lffo  n" — 

lea     l^e     (contlnuedl. 
•  d 
Joaepb   llaberabnm    (ennilnurdi. 
Parly   AflllutHon.— Adama  waa  *Msentlally 
a  Fcderallil  an. I  In  common  with  bu  party. 
dlatruated    Ibr   •••if-g.ivernlng  pov 
maaaea.    He  believed    In  Strong   centra]  gov- 
ernment   by    a     elnn.    SOI     Ii.t.  ditnry.    out 
0« I'll  by   merit      He  waa  ilemnrrallc  to  the 
extent  of  believing  timi   e.iualliy  meant  that 
an  iTieii  should  have  equal  right*  In  Ihi 
of   (he  law:    but    that   In    hereditary   rights, 
capacity,  advauiage..  and   poaltlon,  all  men 
<  equal.     While   il.e-preal- 
■l,nl    and   presiding  otBcer  In   Hi..  Rentl 
wna    frequently    caller!  de    by 

hla  casilni:  llona  »if    ritol   Impor- 

tance In   the   maintenance  of  the  policy  of 


Adam 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Washington.  Tbl*  occurred  no  fewer  than 
twenty  times  In  on*  oeaslon  of  Conge 

Fifth  fungus*  Dm  mil  In  extra  «es- 

•inn  »i  Philadelphia,  iih)   i;.,  i;»i    to  oon- 

•Ider  the  threatening  relations  wlili  I 
Jonathan    Dayton,    tcdcrnllst.    of    New   Jer- 
•ey.  was  eleeied  Speaker  nf  tlie  Uoum      The 
H(*   Of    the    three    filjc"'"    already    built    si»s 
authorised    nnd  were    culled 

for.  An  act  an  panted  puulshing  priva- 
teering on  a  friendly,  tuition  hy  a  flue  of 
$iii.<hm>,  nnd  Imprisonment  for  ten  yeiira. 
The  Room  Committee  on  Way*  nnd  Heanj 
wn»  firm   urgnnliod  at  tbl*  session. 

War  v\ll>  Fr.im-r  Thrtatmtd.  —  Adama 
appointed  Jobs  Marshall,  lillnldBc  Gerry 
and  C.  <'.  riockney  eommlaalonera  to  ti.-at 
with  Fran.  ■  I  :  ■  an  '  la  ■'■"'  ■  Oct.  *. 
17D7.  and  were  apprnarbed  with  n  pro 
tlon  to  bribe  members  of  the  French  Dlrec- 
"i  lJ'-y  refused  with  iiidiK'n ».  Im- 
plicating Talleyrand,  the  : 
el  foreign  AtTmr - .  and  worn  ordered  out  of 
Fiance.  It  waa  on  IbU  occasion  thar  Mr. 
I'lnckncy  U  reported  to  have  given  ut  tar- 
auee  to  rhe  famoim  •enteiie.  .1.  taring  that 
the  United  State"  bad  "Minimis  for  de- 
fense; not  one  rent  fnr  tribute."  Partisan 
feeling  was  general  ami  blttcl  throughout 
intiy  nml  ilitilumaey   was  strained  to 

ii unoat    to  atert    actual   hostilities   with 

Fiance. 

Congress  organised  the  Navy  Department 

•  nd  authorized  a  provisional  aunv  of  in,. 
cmmi  nun.  Harper's  Ferry  »«  (elected  ns  n 
site  for  a  government  armory  and  m&nu- 
fa>  tory.  Washington  was  appointed  rom- 
maader-ln-chi.  f  01  1 1m  army  with  the  rank 
of  Monti  -n  hi  <;.  ii.  u.l  I  lie  [intrlotlc  song 
"Hall.  Columbia."  was  Br«t  sung  In  May, 
ITB8.  i  ■..tiiriiatiil.-rs  of  ►hips  of  wat 
Inatracttd  to  wise  French  artued  vcs*cl» 
attacking  American  mcrchant-mro  or  rn't- 
ctlng    about    the    coast     for    that     pu 

' in  e     with     France    was 

■.•I.  'I    and    In    July   all    treaties   with 
that  coutiti  ■«red  Told.     Although 

several  nasal  engagements  took  place,  a 
state  of  war  did  .-.  or,  ling  t. .  inter- 

national judicial  opinion  The  parage  of 
the  Allen  nnd  Sedition  laws   Iq.v.)   was  one 

•  if     till        llelMl.le     ne|-      ,,f      the       fifth      C.lUgr«»S. 

Xlarrb    :ii».     171MI  from 

France  that  n  represent  n  tire  from  tho 
lulled  States  would  bo  received  with  the 
'  r.  .peel  .In.-  a  powerful  nation"  Adams  went 
William  Vans  Miirrnr  as  Minister  and  a»- 
•oclatrd  with  him  Chief  Justice  Ellsworth, 
of  Connecticut,    nml   Gov.    Imvlo.    of   \<»rth 

Carolina.      All    were    r. Iv.-.l    by    Nnpolfon, 

first    Consul. 

rnrtign  Policy  —Party  lines  and  party 
strife  during  the  Adnms  ndtululat ration  were 
largely  Influcncd  by  foreign  'ban  by 
domestic  pollllrnl  Irsties.  Despite  the  hu- 
miliation Inflict.  '  tonne  Republic 
by  both  Franco  nnd  Great  Itrltaln,  Adnms 
resolutely  followed  Washington's  policy  of 
sirlel  neiitralliy.  It  waa  difficult  to  steer 
safely  between  the  hitter  feeling  against 
Great     Hrltsln     which    the    Democrats    ill»- 

Sand  the  dislike  f  >r  France  majnl- 
BMM  by  tbe  Federalists.  The  decrees  l»- 
•ued  hy  France  against  American  commerce 
caused  Adnms  to  eont»ne  Congress  In  «pc- 

flal  session  soon  after  his  inauguration, 
n  his  metsage  on  Ihla  occasion  ho  review* 
the  situation  and  asks  Congress  to  consider 
how  war  with  France  may  be  averted.  Ho 
•aid:  <pag-  '.".'i-.i  "I  shall  Institute  a  frr.h 
attempt  at  negotiation  and  shall  not  fall 
to  promote  and  accelerate  an  nrcammreda- 
tlno  on  tortus  .-01111011  tile  nlth  the  rlifliis 
duties,  Interests,  .mil  honor  of  the  Batfoo.' 
The  special  commission  composed  of  Flack- 
ney.  Marshall,  and  (lorry  was  «.ul  to 
Frsnce.   Inn    was   not    openly   re,. 

Thro  followed  |bt  X.   1.  Z.  nfTnlr  (o.    t\). 


and  the  publicity  of  the  despatches  relating 
to  It  aroused  great  excitement  in  Europe 
•nd  a  storm  of  Indignation  In  America 
From  all  parts  of  ilia  1  nlled  states  came 
tho  war-cry.  Minions  for  defense;  not  o«»e 
cent  for  tribute,"  It  was  then  that  the 
nucleus  of  the  navy  was  formed,  am: 
army  strength,  md  and  commanded  bv  W 

Ington.  who  11 pied  the  rnnk  of  lieutenant 

general.      Then    the    French    directory    saw 

had    committed   and   mad* 

overture*  to  the  t  nited  Mat.-.     A  da  ins  met 

tliniigo  his   manner   of  doing   so   hy 

appointing  Vans  Murray  to  negotiate  peace 

nutniionlxcil    llnmiliou   and    lil>    friends   and 

lit   about    n    rupture   In    tut    cabinet 

Adams  always  stoutly  maintained  that   this 

waa  the   most   meritorious  act   of  his   lift  : 

and   later  generation*  have  so   icaiMcd.     "I 

tlolre."   he  .sol       mi  other  Inscription  oyer 

my   gravestone    than    this :    'Here    lies   John 

Adams,  »hu  took  upon  himself  Hi 

iiinij  of  pence  with  Franco  In  1800.      Tbe 

Stringent      lllletl      no. I      •edition      BCl*.     p***ed 

Inter     In     this    adtnlnlstrodon.     greatly     In- 
creased the  unpopularity  of  Adn 

Flnaticci— Adams    Tory    closely    followed 
Washl  rr   the  na- 

tional debt  as  rapidly  as  possible.  v>  far 
as  the  exigencies  of  war  would  peimlt.  He. 
howeror,  de|in  ii.  .1  doing  «>  by  means  of 
Flrsl  Annual  Ad.ii. ■--  ipagc 
lie  .nt.l  :  The  national  defense  must 
be  provltl.-d  for  as  well  as  the  rapport  of 
Government  .  but  both  should  be  accom- 
llshed  ns    mm n  M    DOMlbls    by    IminedlaU 


I 


and  as  little  as  possible  by  I 
Feb.  l'J.  1788.  In  a  special  message  (page 
2S^t  he  repotla  a  balauce  on  hand  ot  tm 
beglnnluh-  of  the  Tear  of  fid  in  his 
Fourth  \nniial  Mis. nice  1  page  '.'W7I  be  la 
iola  to  re|Kirt  to  Congress  a  greater  rev- 
enue rinri ncr  'he  j.-ar  tlum  ever  before,  aud 
says:  "Tbli  result  affords  conclusive  evi- 
dence of  the  great  resources  of  this  coun- 
irv  and  of  the  wisdom  and  cm,! 
measures  adopted  by  Congreaa  for  the  pro- 
of   • nerce    and    preservation    of 

•  credit."  In  his  reply  10  the  Senate 
(page  3021  he  fully  agrees  "that  the  groal 
Increase  In  revenue  Is  a  proof  Hint  Hie  ueaas 
urea  of  maritime  defen-o  wire  founded  111 
11.  This  policy  baa  raised  us  In  the 
esteem  of  nations."  Kv  proclamation  of 
July  22.  170T  (nag*  2,10 1  all  foreign  silver 
coins,  except  Snanlsh  mllbd  dollar!  nnd 
parrs  of  such  dollars,  shall  cease  to  pass 
current  or  to  be  legal  tender  within  lbs 
United  States  after  Oct.  IB.  1797:  nnd  all 
foreign  gold  colna  shall  case  to  be  legnl 
ti  mt.T  after  July  31  1708,  It  also  re- 
cords the  fact  tbnt  c.iinnge  of  allver  began 
at  the  Mint  of  the  t'nlted  State-  on  Oct. 
15.  17Bt:  and  of  gold  on   July  SI,    1 

Ttrlfl—  Jnly  8,  17!>7.  nn  act  was  passed 
"laying  additional  duty  on  salt  Imported 
Into    the   t'nlted   States  and    for  other   pur- 

p.»o»." 

/•uhblc  rV'if.— During  the  administration 
of  John  Adnms  tne  nubile  debt  of  the  ITnlted 
States  stood   as   follows:   Jnnuiiry    I,    1708, 

t'.i  12:  l.Ofl.  JTS'm.s  coo  vv  :   1800, 
*Z976.itMJS;    1801.   $83,038.0:0.80. 

,,,,,,.. — The  retallntori    tiroblhltlnn  of 

trade  with  certain  of  tbe  French  West  Indies 

was    rcmoTed    by    proclamations    In    1709 

These    applied    to    porta    In    the    Island    at 

Ihitnlngn         The     defensive     measures 

nd.. Tii.-ii  in   Congroai  for  the  protection  of 

merchnnt  vessels  under  convoy  of  an  armed 
frlrnte  together  with  the  renewal  of  amity 
ami  friend. hip  with  France,  caused  a  rsnld 
recuperation  In  commercial  circles.  Com- 
merelai  transactions  In  the  country  for  the 
year  1800  are  repreiumlcd  as  followa: 

Total  money  In  circulation.  *2fl.8O0,00O; 
Revenue*.    *l0,849,74'>  ;    i:«i»ndl(ur.«,    »7.- 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Aijams 


tlljSTO:     Import*.    Wl.33l.T68:     Export*. 

Mbrtcwl  Completion  of  fnno'eti  —In  tbe 

ntib   Cona-rvaa    tbe    Senate    of    thlrtj-mo 

■takers  waa  mad*  op  of  tw»nty-o*»c  I  cder- 

•Dus  and  clev»n   Ifc-ir-ocra!.  .   the  llmne,  of 

Jto  »»i»n,  was  made  up  of  fifty -one  red- 

■tallica  and   nftyfour   [K-mocrau.      In    tho 

Rita   Coograaa   to*   Stoats,   of    tbirty-tmo 

BsBbera,  was  aud*  up  of  nineteen  Krderal- 

Imi  anil  thirteen  Democrat  •  :    1 1, . -  |[c.ii«e.  of 

MS  awmbers.    vraa  mad*  up  of   afiy-sev«o 

iuiI  forty-eight  Ucmocrala. 

The  .M»tb  ('vngreo,  tbe  last  to  auembls 

U   ItlUdrlphla.     «»tl     Dec.     1.     Wn.     and 

TaaoaWr*   Sedgwick,   of   Massachusetts,    waa 

tSKted   Upeaker  death 

of  WaaatlBftoa  (Dec.  141  waa  a-.: 

Caofnaa    Dec    19    (pare   3*7 1    and   In   bla 

•aIo*y     Hear?     Lee     of    Virginia     us«.I     the 

amrtrable   pars»c.    "First  In   war.    Orti    lu 

S**ce   and    Brat   la   tbc  bcarla   of   hi- 

r-itnrn  "     At  ttilp  sestlon  a  go!d  medal  waa 

searded  to  Tliumaa  Truitun.   Wbi 

Band  Of  the  Cewi'Molfos.  bad  captured  tbe 

rrrarh    ablp   of    war   L'lnrurffmtr   an.)    tbe 

frigate  ta   rcageeac*.      The   frigate  Meorpe 

iifffow  carried  tribute  money  frt.ni  toa 

t'nltrd  State*  to  tbc  Dei  of  Algiers  aaul  was 

required  to  carry   lb*  Dcy's  imlnom 

aBttaepia. 
Saercetor    Ktrte* — When    tba    electoral 
rote*     were    coasted  iry    It    waa 

feoad  that  Jefferson  and  Burr.   isemnrralle. 
Republican  candidate*,  bid  each  73   ». 
Jobs     Actar=«.     IV.l-mil-l.    *'..'.,    ami     C.     C 
ttockncy    rederali«t.  rtl    nrni  Jobo  J»T,   1 
The   tic  mh«o   Jefferson   and    Borr   win 
sent     to    tbc    II'iiim-    to    decide     and    after 
•arm  day*  lo  whlcb  thlrty-«ls  hallota  were 
tikeo.  Jcffcraoo   aod  Uurr  were  elected. 
Aita*wL    John: 

Annual  addresec*  of,  240,  S61,  279.  295. 
Addresses    of    Senate    in    replv.    241, 
288.  282,    2M. 
Beplie*  of  President,  246,  257,  283, 

Addrewe*  of  House  in  reply.  247,  267, 
883,   300. 
la.  of  President,  848,  270,  286, 

iklcal  a  Vetch  of.  217. 
ilotional  amendment  relative  to 
postponement    of    meeting  of   Con- 
lUggcated  by.  240. 
ith  of,  announced  and  honor*  to  bo 
paid  memory  of,  914. 
Referred   to.  930. 
Death  of  Washington  announced  by, 

Addrcaa  and  replies.  288.  »!>.  290. 
Wvtaloa  between  people  and  govern- 

tnent    discouraged    ny.    229. 
Exequatur*  iseaed  consuls  of  Franc* 

revoked  by,  260. 
Finance*  dieeuased  by.  228,  243.  252. 

265.  281.  297. 
Foreign  policy  discussed  by,  228. 
Hostile  policy' of  Franco  diseusaed  by, 

MS. 
Inangurnl  address  of.  218. 
Oath    of    office,    notifiea    Congrens   of 

lime  and   place   of   taking.   1220. 
•  granted  insurgent*  In  Pnnn- 
293. 
Portrait  of.  210 


ProelaVBattSou  of — 

Commerce  with  Franco,  restraints 
on,  removed,  27s, 

Exequatur*  of  French  consuls  re- 
voked.  260. 

Extraordinary  session   of — 
Onagri  si.  18ft 
Senate,   306,   1220. 

Foreign  coin..,  legal  tender  of,  239. 

Inaorrectioa  in  Pennsylvania,  276. 

Land  for  lighthouse  designated, 
1221. 

Pardons  to  insurgents  in  Pennsyl- 
vania, 293. 

Retrain  ts  on  commerce  with 
France  removed  by  proclamation, 
278,   292,    204. 

ThuiikagiviBK  2.'.*,   874 
Property  of  United  States  in  posse*. 

aion  of,  discussed  by,  305. 
Senate  requested  by,  to  postpone  ad- 
journment,   257. 

ial   eetaion   meeBBiro   of,  223. 

Address   of  Senate  In   reply,  229. 
K.j.ly   of    Pi. 

Ail.lresn  of  House   in   reply,  232. 
Reply  by  President,  234. 
Thukaciviag  proclamations  of,  258, 

274. 

Adams,  John  Quincy.— 1825-1829. 
Tenth  Adiuitii-fuii'iii — iii-m. ■•  intic- 
BapnbUcan, 

ri. ■■-/•.■■  rldenl  -J.iim  c  (alhoun. 

Boorttory  of  State — 

Il.-iiry  I'lay. 
Srotc(urv  of  f*«  Trtrosury — 

Secretary  vt  War— 

Jam.-s  BartMur. 

im.i  B    Porter,  from  May  3rt.  1838 
eVetrfory  ...f  the    s.u-y— 

Samuel  I..  Soutbatd  u-unilnuedl. 
A  ttorneuOentral — 

William  >',  ,,i   i.-i.iiiintiedi. 
FaMmMiar-Oeaei 

John  McLean  (ronllniii^li. 
Pdrf«      Agination. — Tbonah      trained      In 

5 alltlrti  and  diplomacy  by  his  failu-r.  John 
nlncy  Adams  soon  manir.-.i.-.i  Independ- 
cue*  of  political  ctiotiic lit  and  action.  H» 
broke  wlih  tbe  federalists  «-ln-n  he  gave 
aoquallfled  o    Jefferson    on    tho 

I-oulMnna    Purchase,  ami.   later,  on   the  em- 
barcu.      Rpsaklag  nf   iii>-  )'.il.-rall»i.  di 
inn  thf  Leobcrd  sitmr.  bi     :nii       "Tbla  was 
tbe  cauw  which  ma  from  that  day 

and     forever     from     the     councils     of     tho 
ratlat  patty."     It  waa  not  long  until  ba 
•  active  In  RrpuMIran  circles,  both  as 
a  diplomat  and  as  a  Cabinet  ofllrvr      liurlng 

hi«  admlnlatratlon,  he  was  whig  no  far  as 

faroTtng  Internal  Improv.m-nr..  the  national 
bank,  and  high  tariff  on  Imnortatlonr.  As 
-  i  1'ri-ildrot,  he  w«»  elected  to  Congress 
18311  br  the  nntl-Matunlc  party,  but  tie 
there  maintained  n  i>erfrct|y  Independent 
attitude.  When  he  left  <v.oer«««  nc  suo- 
I  the  Abolitionists,  snd  from  ISSll 
until  lbi".  he  waa  Here*  In  bla  denunciation 

ii  Vnlncy  Adams  became  Chief  Maris- 
by  popular  choice  In  an  election  where 
pel  tonality  was  conriTned  more  than  party 
affiliation  The  eleninn  of  1824  was  not 
rernlatcd  by  I'oocreaslona I  caucua,  whlcb 
had  lost  Its  Importance  wltb  the  waning  of 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Adams 


mum 

3 


ikt  Federalist*,  nor  by  national  convention, 
vika  av>d>  of  nomination  did  Dot  oiiginatc 
■aUl  formed  hy  Hi.-  Auil-.Mma»  In  1S-.0. 
:  —lb*  rvnlcal  wan  '■■<'•  fur  all.  a_d 
■'■■  <i  19  four  candidal!-":  Adauia. 
Je-kwa.  Crawford,  aad  Hay.     Twent? 

190k  part  la  th*  election,  which  wai 

MoXot.  2.    Tbla  la  la*  «a-ll*»i  election  la 

-pr>-ar»  a  record  of  th*  popular 

•Mr,  at  ceeat  of  toe  electors   were  cooaeo 

If  rUI    israaa.      That    record   abowa    that 

recelred  l«a; 

,    Adam*.   108.321  :   Wlllfcji 

.  and  Henry  Clay.  *0.&S7. 
7*»  il  utrd  on  Feb.  0.  1SJS. 

pit   Aa-lrew    Jaektoa.     HO ;    John     l}uloey 
Aaua-  m  II     Crawfuid.  41:  aod 

~mt  Clay. 
i<f<   >•    Jl-t.it  —Xm   no  one    received   a 
•rooeedrd  on  llic  ttO" 
,    M>  elect    a    l>realdenl   from    tbe    three 
Mkm  raadWJatr  .-ludcd  clay,  the 

KaopuUrof  Ihe  canitidalea  In  the  Home. 
Vjltvy  Adam*  waa  elected  by  the 
tk»*  of  ihlrtrva  State*  :  Jackaon  received 
•Mre,  and  Crawford  fuur.  The  electoral 
Mlow  tad  electrd  Join  C 
riialnt.  with  183  ToletL  la  the  electoral 
raUate.  aavl  three  Xe-r  York  men.  who  were 
rvrtrnrd  a»  Clas  d  In  acc-rdaace 

tactr    Inati  i  •  la)    aroold    hare 

keen  oae  of  the  three  to  g.>  to  th" 
•ad  U»  reiult   mixta  t  bavo  been   very  d-r- 
f'rrat.    Tim  *a<  it.e  a-woed  titan  that  the 
Ifeaae  waa  called  upon  Co  cbooa*  a   PreJl- 

fa.Mlco.1  Compicr-Oft  of  Congrtf.—la  the 
Mart-.  a*  S.nat.- 

of  forty-elflu  im-mlKTa,  waa  made  np  of 
CatrtT«I(bt  tiemocraii  and  tea  Whig*;  and 
Oar  Bona*  f  113  meoiN'ra.  waa  made  up 
ind  131  Demo- 
ln  toe  Turn 
i    the   Banal  v. eight   member*. 

_    and*    up    of   thlny*cv*ii    Federal!*!* 
ill  (Irrm    W aim  ;   and    the   lloa«*. 
ta*n*>r*.  ara*  made  up  of  elghiy-Sve  Fed- 
n.mociata. 

lor*,  waa  elected 
Speaker  of  the  lloc«e  In  Hi*  NloelccnC 
pea*,    wbleb   nnmberrd  anion*  Ita  member* 
rdwar  i     i  Maasacanactte,    and 

Jama*  K.  folk,  of  Tenne««*n. 

In  1R2B  the  Smith  Amcrlran  Sialr*  railed 
a  general  ronere**  lo  meet  la  Panama  a-.d 
•nil.  '  ■  b»  repreaented 

ipaca  Ml).     IroMa*  the  deba-n  on  the  *iib 
Jeet  Id  the  Renal*  Jobo  Randolt*  r-f 

aeaoelalloa  of  Aaimi   a"d   clay    a* 
aad   the  blackleg.     A 
followed  between  Clay  and  Ran 
dlatporarancc    of    William     M- 
a-.ecdalg.ir..   V.   Y..  Sept.    12.  18W. 
._»  to  the  AntlMawnlc  party. 
faaVaa    Attain  —  Nnscron*    Ireatle*    wer* 
sm4*  wltb  Indiana  during  Adam*'  admin*.*- 
tratlow,  among  tbeai  tb*  eeaalon  of  the  lande 
of  aaoat   cf   <■■■■    i  ■    ■  •    Inhabiting   tefrttory 
ea*t  of  th*  Ml**l*(lpe>1  Itleer  and  their  ra- 
o*-val  to  ib»  Indian  Territory.    The  refu*al 
of  raw  Creek*  lo  be  bound  by  a  treaty  -IgO'd 
by  tbetr  cblef*  formed  Iho  sable*!  of  apodal 
aansags  by  Mr.  Adam*  inagc  890 1. 

Taeiir. — Two  *<t»  relatlte  to  the  tariff 
were  •*aar4  la  thl*  administration — thai  of 
•».  and  of  Mar  IP.  1S2JJ.  Hp^ak- 
ci(  of  th*  lil'»-  lo  bu  Fourth  Annual  Ilea- 
•■«*  rpaire  VS«>  I'realdrtit  Adam*  Mid: 
•a-iT  of  ill*  rttt  »e««ltin  wa«  In  II* 
nVralla  not  acceptable  lo  lh*  areat  Internta 
^f  aay  portion  of  tb*  t   »t»o   to 

tie  la'erett*  wh'eb  It  wa«  apecU'lT  1n'»od-d 
f*  aerre.  If*  object  w»*  to  balnn'o  th» 
bardeaa  ot>on  aatlre  lodiMtry  lmno*ed  br 
>i  of  formica  law*,  tmt  not  t* 
r.ti.  ih*  burden*  of  ono  aeClon  of 
i«V*a  t'  f-a".>rd«l  to  a-'.'h.-- 

If  any  of  tb*  dalle*  Impoaed  by 


I 


fmra 


the    art    n:  .  -»ni;f»rlurer    by 

a*£i*  i  .<'  plan 

a  tautul   luvi  ul   -'t   u-  ;•. o*.  irli'na.  callaT.it* 
hy   Uie   p.aclical    riUiilcQiO  of  i 

■la     tho*e    which 
i  y  and  re- 
more  or   rupply    the    place   of    ihoee    whlrh 
only   alleviate   one   crcat    national    1m 
hy    tin-   aepreaali 

Imtrrnal    lmprov<m<»t.t.  >|    o( 

Prewlilcot   Adam*  dJSi  mlly    In  r«- 

Earil  in  Inii 
He  predeceeiora.     In  bl<  Inuucural 
Adilre**    lima*  8U4I  bo  aald  :      ' 
lo    their    eonauraniailou     laQM    imn:.  se*    of 

nl    In    imr    i 
•  iImiiii  .1   I17   hlin    (Mouroel 

will    embrace   Ihe  whole  aplirre  of  ro- 
gation*.     'I 

awat  .1    hi* 

Inarurii  collar    Mil*- 

faction.     It  I*  tbni  from  wbleb,  I  am  >a  l«- 

liy    who  are   in   future  ages   to   1 

will     derive     llK'lr     mo*i    fertent 
Btatliuili?    to    Cbi  of     in.      Inlon : 

111  whlrh  the  hctictli-ent  a' lion  of  II" 
lior-rnmetu  will  bo  moM  deeply  felt  and 
arknowk-deed.  .  .  .  The  extent  and 
Itatlon  of  the  pevan  of  pit  tieurral  Got- 
lo  thl'  trai 
lanl  rubject  will  be  acttlrd  and  ae. 
knowledced  lo  tbe  common  Milafacllon  of 
all.  and  every  apceulaiii*  *nuple  will  ba 
wired  by  a  pracliral  1  lug." 

bt     of     the 
Cnll'd  State*  durlns  the  adml^lntrntlnn  of 
President    Adam*  atood   n»   f-  ■  1 1  ■ 
ary     1.     I82«.    t 

■  ■Oi:.. ST  ;      lollttv 
•M.421.«13.0T. 

In  Mm  Rnrond  Annual  Meiaaxe  ' rune  024) 
Ibc  I'realdent  »»r.i :  "It  l»  well  for  u*. 
hotrivrr.  to  b.<  admon'  ■wlty 

nf    abiding    l>7    the    maxim*    of    the    mo»t 
onoojy.    and   of    re«ortlnc    to    all 
ible    and    nvfu; 
•ulrig   with   Iteady    and   In 'i 

I  lie   total    dl«chnrjre  .  :  In 


hla   Third  Annual  il  ::i    li« 

«av«  :       "The    dn-p    ;■ 

rittaen*  of  all  ela*«e«  i  nl   n 


nl  dtMc-hanrc  of  the  nubile  delit 
will  anolorlae  for  the  cainnxuen*  wltb 
whlrh  I  deem  It  my  doty  to  uree  thl*  topic 
upon  tbe  connlileratlaii  of  Coiiitrcai     of  rec- 

"dlna  to  them  ai-«ln  (he  observance 
of  the  atrleteat  economy  In  the  application 
of  the  public  funds." 

flnuiir'.- In  hi*  Fourth  Annual  Mcaxafe 
(nag.;  U771.  at  the  clo»e  of  bla  admlnlatra- 
t!'-.u.  Pretldrnt  Adam*  mi  nhb-  10  *ay: 
"Tba  eondlilon  and  pi-onpi'i  >enue 

are  more  favorable  than  our  mo»t  nanitulne 
exne-ta'lon*  hnd  antlclnatcd."  lie  rennrtcd 
a  bnlonce  In  the  Treimry.  Jnn.  1,  IS'JH.  of 
•.1.841.072.&3  :  with  a  1  fa  I  -alanca 

of  over  $9,000000  on  the  firtt  of  tbe  corn- 
Ins  year  "The  receipt*  for  the  pre«ont 
year  have  amouated  to  near  two  tnllll "n* 
mora  than  »n  antlclnated  at  tbe  ••om- 
mrneevneot  of  the  la«t  ac-it-lon  of  ConeTe»»."* 
The  African  Slnvo  Trade.™ 
■  nlil  Pr>*lilent  Adam*  In  hi*  Flr«t  Annual 
>!"«»***»  inane  875),  "ha*  lon«-  been  exclud- 
ed from  tbe  n*e  of  our  One.  and  If  •'■me  few 
rltlxen*  of  oar  ronnfr  have  rontlnunl  to 
•el.  Ihe  law*  of  the  l--1nn  «*  well  a^  thoa* 
of  n-'nrr  nnd  hnrrinnl-r  nt  deflaoco  by  per- 
•■•vrrlnir  In  tbnt  aimmlnahlo  traffic.  It  baa 
been  only  by  rheltrrlinr  iln  m«e|ve»  unibr  the 
banner*  of  other  nn'lnn.  |...-  rnmeir  for 
»'■.•  fral  rx-lnclon  of  the  trade  rhni  our-  " 
But  the  Intensity  of  feellna  with  which  tbe 
"•••blent   loathed    alaverv    earn-,    sal    In    It* 

I    force   when,    an  •X-Prewjn'ent,    h<-   r*- 

tTirnrrt        tn       Conrre**       *o.l 

fought   th*  prMlavcry  force*  and  brought 


Adams 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


about  tin-  repeal  of  thy  "gag-law"  which  the 
ilori-p  liiaiual  the  Abolition- 

IlU, 

Adams,  John  Quincy: 

Annual    iih-hhh^.-h    of.    '•"'•,   :n<\  944, 
r7& 

Astronomical  observatory,  establish- 
meet  of,  recommended  by,  789. 

Biographical  sketch   of,  857. 

Commimioncr  to  negotiate  treaty 
witb  Sweden,  nomination  of,  254. 

Death  of.  announced  and  honors  to 
b©  pan!   memory  of,  217". 

Election  of.  notification  of,  858. 
Bflnly  of,  858. 

Finance*  discussed  by,  869,  923,  952, 
977. 

Foreign  Policy  discussed  by,  862,  868, 
U4,  MB,  '."'■!,  I'-:-'.  950. 

Inaugural  address  of,  860. 

Internal  Improvements  discussed  by, 
982. 

International  Congress  at  Panama 
dismissed  by.  (Hoo  Panama,  Isth- 
mus  of.) 

Minister  plenipotentiary  of  the 
United  states  to  the  court  of  Bu- 
lla at  St.   Petersburg  appointed  by 

President  attdlaon,  Tom  26,  iaoi>, 

456. 
Oath   of  office,   notifies  Congress   of 

tune  ami  place  of  taking,  859. 
Portrait  of,  856. 
Private     SO    tary  of,  assaulted  vrhiln 

di  I  ii. Ting  message  to  Con  k  i ''»«,  flits. 
Proclamations  of — 

tv.iniiiereial   iataMOUIM   with   Brit- 
ish colonial  ports  suspended,  941. 

Discriminating  'duties  suspended  on 

■els  of — 

Hanover,  910. 
Italy.  04& 
Extraordinary    session    of    Bcnate, 

m 

Facsimile  of,  opposite  948. 
Howard  for  apprehension  of  Willis 
rson,  943. 
Secretary  of   State,   604. 

Correspondence  in  regard  to  claims 
against  France,  Mt 
State  of  the  Union,  discussed  by,  865, 

916,   944,  978. 
Tariff  discussed  by,  979. 
Tribute    paid    memory    of    Jefferson 
and  Adams  by.  930. 
Adamson  Law.     (See  Railroads,  Eight- 

hour  Day.) 
Addison.  The,   impressment  of  seamen 

from,  2772. 
Adelaide.,    international    exhibition    at, 

discussed,   6116. 
Adjutant  Oenerai.     (8ee  War  Depart- 
ment  nnd  Army.) 
Administration.— This  term   !•  generally 
applied   to   (fas   President  and  his   Cabinet. 


The  President  as  chief  executive  offlcer  of 
tn«  nation  may  direct,  without  consults- 
tlon,  the  acts  of  any  departmental  chief, 
(ulded  solely  bj-  the  Constitution.  II'-  l* 
authorised,  however,  to  consult  the  heads 
of    Departmsata.       Washington    con 

trltb    his    Atlurncy-OcncrsI    snd    Secretaries 

of  State.  War,  and  the  Treasury.      When  In 

179k  rue  Navy  Department  was  rstabll 

llrnjamln      Stoddcrl.      Us      eln.-i 

offlcer.    ass    admitted     to    the     President's 

council.       The     rostmastcrs-fJcoenil     were 

not    catM    Into    council    until    18:29,    during 

William     T.     Harry's    Incumbency. 

tarlrs  of  tbe  Interior,  of  Agriculture  and  of 

Ctttatucrci.   ami    I. >r   were  Invited   to    ssett 

St  the  council  table  Immediately  upon  in- 
establishment  of  their  Departments. 
Admiral.— The  highest  rank  In  the  United 
States  Navy.  The  word  Is  derived  from  tbe 
Arable  amlr-al,  ami  means  "chief  of  the." 
It  «m  early  uxeil  In  England  as  the  title  of 
tb*  commander  of  the  nnry.  In  the  < 
States  the  rank  was  first  created  sepeelaUj 
to  confer  houor  upon  David  O.  Karroeut- 

July  11,  1H02,  upon  recommendation  of 
President  Lincoln,  Farrajrut.  then  ret 
to  courteously  but  unofficially  as  Commo 
dor*,  received  the  thanks  of  Congress  for 
his  distinguished  services  In  capturing  New 
Orleans  and  opening  the  lower  Mississippi  to 
tna  Union  forces.  I'pon  the  reorganlsatloa 
of  tbe  navy  In  the  ssme  month  tic  wn« 
placed  first  on  tbe  lilt  of  rear  admirals. 
Further  successes  on  the  lower  Mississippi 
and  In  Mobile  iisy  Induced  Congress   b 

Iireas  tbe  gratitude  of  tbe  country  by  creot 
ng  another  and  hljfher  grade  for  Farragut 
— that  of  VI. -r  Ailinlral — tn  which  offl. 
was  confirmed  Dec.  21,  1844.  After  the  war 
between  the  States  Congress  created  the 
office  of  Admiral  and  conferred  It  upon  Far 
rsgut  July  25.  1898.  Vice  Admiral  David 
D.  Porter  succeeded  to  the  title  In  1870,  and 
upon  his  death  In  1801.  tbe  title  became  ex- 
tjnet.  For  distinguished  services  In  the  bat- 
tle of  Manila  Ray.  May  1.  181)8.  George 
Dewey  was  promoted  by  Congress  to  be  Ad- 
miral of  the  Navy,  a  grade  above  admiral 
and  corresponding  to  admiral  of  tbe  licet  In 
the  Urltlsh  navy  and  a  similar  ono  in  other 
navies. 

The  naval  appropriation  bill  of  191.*.  eon- 
talned  a  provision  that  after  June  1  of  that 

Spar  tbe  commanding  officer  of  the  Atlantic 
ret.  the  Pacific  fleet  and  the  Asiatic  fleet. 
while  (sirring  as  such,  should  buve  the  rank 
of  Admiral,  and  tbe  officer  serving  as  second 
In  command  of  those  fleets  should  have  tbe 
rank  of  Vic..  Admiral  Under  thai  Isw 
Prank  K.  Fletcher,  Tbomai  II.  Howard  snd 
Walter  Cowles  were  named  ••>  Admirals.  The 
Admiral's  flag  has  a  navy  blue  background, 
on  which  four  stars  sre  arranged  Ilk*  the 
points  of  a  diamond  In  tbe  middle  of  tbe 
pennant.  Tha  rank  of  Admlrnl  In  the  navy 
corresponds  to  that  of  General  In  the  army  ; 
that  of  Vice  Admiral  to  Lieutenant  General, 
Rear  Admiral  I  first  nine  class  I  to  Major 
Oenernl  and  Rear  Admiral  (second  Bine 
class)  to  Brigadier  Oenaial. 

Admiral,  re  viral   of  grade   of,  recom- 
mended, 6345. 
Admiral  F.  Tordenaklotd,  The,   appro, 
priation  In  bebalf  of  owners  of,  rec- 
ommended, 3328. 
Admission  Of  States.— The  Declaration  of 
Independence  declares   "that   these    United 
Colonies  are.  snd  of  right  ought  to  be,  free 
and    Independent    States"    (page   4).      It* 
adoption  on   July  4.    17T5.  created   as  such 
the  original   thirteen   States  of  the   Union, 
vis. :  Delaware,  Pennsylvania,  New  Jersey, 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Aeronautics 


C Georgia,  Connecticut.  Uuurbuntu,   Mary- 
kud,  South  Car.  Hampshire,   Vlr- 

,  New  York.  North  Carolina,  aad  Rhode 
-bortly  before  thii  date  several 
if  the  Colooaea  bad  modltted  their  original 
damn  and  »«i*bll*hed  lesjrpeudcnt  local 
pononu.  Oct  II).  1780.  Ibt  Continental 
Cstgresa  pawrd  a  resolution  providing 
tut  western  territory  which  mlKbt  be 
"ceded  to  tb*  United  State*  67  *"7  par- 
dciavr  Stat*  aball  be  dlapoai-d  of  for  the 
«ooon    t<a<5t  of    v..  Stales    and 

W  arltScd  and  formed  Into  d'.-Mnct  repub- 
Bets  Slate*,  which  iball  become  members 
if  tke  federal  Union  and  bate  tbe  tamo 
Stat*  of  sovereignty,  fn-edum,  and  Indc 
•eidrsc*  aa  tb*  other  9UI««" ;  and  In  ITUD 
la*  'Voatltutaon  nude  Ita  provision  for 
U«  adaalaalon  of  new  State*  tpagc  M). 

*t*et  of  th*  State*  that  hare  been  ad 
■died  atnee  tbe  foraatlon  of  tbc  original 
bare  achieved  atatchood  from  a  con- 
.  of  territorial  orgauUatlon  prea-.-rlb.d 
Cotter***,  although  aome  have  not  con? 
Kb  tbt*  process.  8ocd  territorial  or- 
at  Ion  >n  Brat  eatabllabrd  by  CtJaV 
to  JJoly.  1I8T.  when  It  passed  the  ordl- 
*  prorldior  a  government  for  tbe 
orthwrat  Territory  i*.  r,  1.  Tbe  method 
direct  admiukm  la  Uluatrat.-d  by  V«- 
arbleb  was  formed  oat  of  territory 
d  by  X««r  Tort  and  New  Hampshire: 
.  which  wn  annexed  :  and  California. 
able*  waa  admitted  soon  after  the  Mexican 
air.  a-lthout  welting  to  U  vreanlxrd  aa  • 
ataal  atep*  by  which  a 
Territory  become*  •  State  are:  (li  A  peti- 
tion to  Congress  expressing  tbe  desire  of 
th*  people  for  admlolon;  <2l  an  enabling 
1  t  n«-wd  br  Congress  stating  tbe  eondl- 
lt«a>«  of  admlaloa  ;  <3i  the  adoption  of  a 
•anatltntloti  and  a  form  of  State  govern- 
aeat  ay  a  contention  of  rj-l-rat-a  cboacn  br 
the  people:  <«i  tbc  ratlaVrnilon  of  the 
eaatftltuiloQ  and  the  *!<--tlon  of  Stale  oO- 
eer*  07  lb*  people:  and  14)  a  proclamation 
by  the  UreeloVot  announcing  that  tbc  Terri- 
tory has  become  a  State. 

The  question  of  the  admission  of  Ranaaa 
aader  a  o  astltutk.n  whtrb  permitted  »la»- 
err  or  one  which  forbade  It  became  a  na- 
tional political  qoeallon  between  lH.-.fl  and 
IM.  Pro  ala  very  and  antl-slov.ry  par- 
_    aesjt  colonials    Into  iry    to 

a  roaalltaflon.  and  th.-   anlmoal- 
betwern    the**  became  ao   blttrr   aa  to 
riot   and   bloodshed.      iS.-*    Kansas: 
>mptoo    Coortltatlon :    Wyandotte    Con- 
tain t»o  0.1 

provisions  for  the  admission  of  New 
Mexico  aad  Arlxoae  Into  tbe  Union  at 
State*  were  made  by  Chapter  310  of  tbe 
if  the  Second  Session  of  th*  alxty-flrat 
t-Mrma  apfroTed  June  20,  1810.  Coo- 
>i>Ml  convention!  were  held  In  both 
Terrltorlea  uader  tbe  provision*  of  the 
nboTernentlnned  art.  State  Constitution* 
were  franjed  asd  submitted  to  the  people 
for  rattSratloo  asd  were  adopted.  The 
Conciliation  of  Ailioea  having  contained 
'liton  presiding  for  the  recall  of  the 
ladtrtary  h-r  tbe  electom  and  tbe  Conitlta- 
tloa  of  New  Mexico  having  contained  a 
ebtuae  "atteaptlnc  to  annul  and  »et  a*ld- 
tbr  iwondary  line"  heretofnra  leaallj  rno" 
hetweeo  tbe  Territory  of  New  Mexico  and 
the  State  of  Teta«,  Mid  Conxtltntlon»  falleJ 
rerelra  the  approral  of  tb*  Praaldent  and 

the  Flrtt  Seaaloo  of  tbe  ilxty  lecond 
a  Joint  reaolutlon  "to  admit  the 
Itnrlet  of  New  Meilm  and  Ar:«ona 
tjtaM  an  en'ial  fcntlnc  with  the  original 
'  wa»  adooted.  wbkb  admitted  both 
Trrrlrortea  to  autebood  conditionally :  tb* 
eaorftrloa  being  lb*  elimination  of  tbe  ob)ec- 
tie— bit  p-oTlilona  from  the  State  Conitl- 
twta»aai    adopted    by    tbe    peopt*  of    tbc    re- 


1SM. 

g 

t-erotnc 


•pectlre  Terrltorlea.  Tbe  llrat  Stat*  to  ba 
Joined  to  tb*  ortgllla)]  '  nlon  of  thirteen 
Mat.-*  an  \.  nn,, iit.  in  17B1.  and  Ihe  but. 
Arliona.    In    101 

Tb*  following  tabic  abow*  the  order  and 
date  of  admlKlon  to  tb*  Union  of  the  **e- 
eral  itatea,  a>  well  as  tbc  order  aad  date 
of  ratification  of  the  Cooatltutlon  by  th* 
vrlKlual  atuu-s : 

OMorsUL  *r*Ttia  Ratified  tb* 

biataa  Cuiiatitutiaa 

1— DeU-aro.  Doe.     T.  ITkJ 

3 — Pennsylvania Dec,  13. 1787 

3—  New  Jersey iv,-     18,1787 

*— <Jenrcl«                                   .  Jan,     2.1788 

o —Connecticut  Jan.     It,  17H8 

tl — Massachusetts  F*b.     0,1788 

7—  Manlaad..  April  38.1788 

8 — aoutii  Carotins  NIs,  33.  1788 

t—  New  Hampatm,  Juno  21. 1788 

10— J  irnnia  June  28.  lTfjg 

11— New  Y..rk  July  28. 1788 

12— North  Csrolina    .  Nov.  21. 1789 

13—  Hboda  Island  May  28. 1780 

aisTxa  soairmD  to  T«e  catow 
Stats*  Admitted 

1— Jsranout. Msr.    S.  1791 

2— Kentucky Ju„.     I.J7M 

J— Tennsaase.    .  .  June     1. 17BD 

♦—Ohio 10.1803 

*—  Louisiana.  .  April  30. 1813 

ft— Indlsns  Dee     ll.IHlo 

'—  Miaslaaippa 11,  e    10.1817 

I    nitarai 11,.-     ;<.  isia 

.8— Alabama.  ....      Dee.    14,1819 

10— Maine  afat 

'»— «7«ou"  Aug    10.  1MJ1 

13— Arkansas June  13.  1838 

13 — Michigan.  Jan.    34, 1837 

Is— Florida.  Mar.    3.1844 

14— Texa* Dee    28.1844 

'S- L°"»-  Dee.  28.1848 

17— Wisconsin  .             May  29. 1848 

I*— Tsllfntnis S,pl      9.  1848 

19 — Minnisuls. May  II,  1848 

20 — Oregon Feb.  14, 1840 

-"Sss  j,u.    SO    Is,. I 

32— West  VirginU  June    : 

23 — Nevada  Qra.     31,l«ft4 

24— NobrasU.  Mar     1.1807 

24— Colorado  Aug      1. 11(70 

20— North  Dakota  Kerr.    2,  two 

27 — South  Dakota  Nor.    2.1889 

28—  Montana Nov.    8, 1888 

»—Wash.n.tnn  Nov.  11.1888 

3)1—  Idaho  July     3.1100 

31-aVt-yoming July    :: 

32—  Utah Jan       4. 1890 

33— Oklahoma  N„v.  in,  1007 

•14— New   Mexico Jan.      I 

34—  Anson* |,i      14. 1012 

Admission  of  States  (toe  also  th«  sev- 

•■  r:il  BtaataSj    Kcconatruction;   Reato 

ration): 

Acts  for  admission  of  cartain  South- 
ern States  vetoed,  3846,  3848. 

RocommcndatioDg      rot»ardinir,     3033. 

a  im 

Admittance.  The,  seizure  of,  on  coast 

of  California,  2156. 
Adobe  State  —A   nickname  for  NYw  M»x- 

i    t.i.     (Sea  alio  Ktatr*.) 
Aeronautics.— Th*    ■  naelgatlng 

th..  air  ba*  an  authentic  blalory  dating 
bach  10  A.  D.  07,  The  free  Hying  balloon 
or  acrostic  1»  a  apbcrl-al  big  filled  with  gaa 
specific  grnrliy  Is  lighter  tban  the 
■  Ir  near  the  surface  of  tb*  earth  :  It  can- 
sot  be  steered,  and  la  at  tb*  mercy  of  the 
air  current*. 


Aeronautics  Messages  and  Papers  of  the 


A  dirigible  balloon  baa  an  elongated  en- 
velope, auij  I.  equipped  with  a  woior,  pro- 
and  a  rudder,  and  cod  be  steered  in 
■  moderate  wlud. 

Klyii  •  which  are  not  lifted  In- 

to tin.-  air  by  g»»  bags  are  generally  known 
a*  aeroplane*.  They  are  respectively  class- 
Illed  na  monoplanes,  biplanes,  tilplaues,  etc, 
according  a«  they  consist  of  ou»  or  a  cum- 
plane  surface*. 

The   Ftcnch  army.   In  a  battlo  with  ttao 
Austrian*  ae  Maubcrge.  Jnni  k  naod 

an  aerial  vessel  for  •-■  ng  the  posil- 

tlnn  of  the  enemy,  and  balloon*  were  used 
during  the  civil  war  In  Che  Called  States 
Bud  by  the  Kronen  at  tb*  aleg*  of  Paris. 

Experiment*    with    plane  mirfare*    ill 
at  high  *pocd  wont  Or»t  successful  In   1843, 
when    tb*    English    Inventor    ll.nn.in     flew 
the  flr»t  aeroplane,     In   America   the  plon- 

S-s     In     mecnaolcal      flight     were     Orlave 
anute,  of  Chicago,  and  A.  M.  Herring. 
The    first    subvutitlal    advance    In    flylug 
machine*    was   n 

many.  In  the  o-vmtlca  and  eighties.  Ills 
reicarcbc*.  followed  by  practical  demonstra. 
Hon  of  aeroplanes.  lm  ;bo  basis  of 

ill  .  ..  hi.  n!  i'i..fes*r>r 

•  uglry.  of  Ihe  smiiv..iii.-in  loitttutlon  la 
Washington,  began  ciprrlrnent'bk-  In  1SBD. 
and  Dew  aero**  the  1'otomo     Rival   in   1SII0. 

The    Wright    he i   .    Wilbur    nod    Orvlll*), 

following  Ihe  line*  of  l.niiglcy  and  Llllen- 
thai,  scado  their  first  nights  under  motor 
power  lu  10113.  July  I.  lliiis.  tllenn  II. 
Curttaa  fl-w  in  n  biplane  at  the  rate  of 
forty  mile*  an  hour. 

1  nt.-i  iint  l..ijnl  in.,  ilng*.  the  possibility  of 
serin:  mi  nt  i-ontra't*  and  offer*  of 

prtits  by  newspapers  and  aviation  societies 
gave  gr.at    Impetus    i  i  ,, patent   of 

aeroplane*  In   1009.   1010  an. I    1811.        The 
Wright  brother*  and  <■  r-nn    II  ,  C 
tinned   to  be  tho  foramoct  experimenters  In 
America,    a*    well    a*     winning     fame     and 

«j sit       In  September.   100ft,    Oreille 
'right  had  almo*t  met   the  lent  re- 

Iulretaents  for  a  practical  acioplnnc  for  use 
a    Hi.,  nini.v.    when  oni    of  his  pm 

'Iyer. 
Vn..  and  the  machine  fill  to  earth,  killing 
I. but  v.,    who    was    a 

Jnasengcr,    ami  Injuring    Wright. 

H      .1 

the  specifications  laid  down  by  the  govern- 
ment anil  won  a  beau*  of  J25.000  for  ex- 
.  edlng  thi  itlpulated  peed  and  the 
Wright  machine  was  pun-hased  bv  the  |0»" 
eminent  for  tho  use  of  the  Signal  Corps. 
The   American   avint  -   the 

most  conspicuous  winner  at  the  Ithclrnn, 
Praflci  In     1009.     winning    the 

Jame-  QordoO  Hennett  run  and  $5,000.  A 
few  weeks  previous  he  bad  won  the  SHers- 
111c  Amcrir.m  iijp  for  the  second  time?, 
i  b«  Ni •«  York  World  offered  a  prise  of 
» li  1,000  for  mi-  first  aviator  to  fly  from 
Albany  to  N-«  York  or  vice  venu.  Cnr- 
tl«s  made  this  trip,  winning  the  prlM. 
Way  2!>.  1010.  He  covered  the  distance  In 
2  hour-.  M  minute*  on  tb*  wing,  an  aver- 
ago  of  04  miles  an  hour.  June  30,  1010, 
Charles  K.  Hamilton  won  a  pill*  offered 
by  the  Sew  York  Timet  and  the  Phlln- 
i    UMOtr   by    flying    from    N*W    York 

B  Philadelphia  carrying  n  message  from  the 
of   Sew    Tort    lo   tin.    Coventor  of 
ad  returning     Nov.  7,  1910, 

Phllln    1".    1'nrmalee    flew    from    IlBrlnn    to 
mis.    O..   a    distance  of    (12    miles,    la 
DT    minute*,    carrying   200    pounds  of    mer- 
chandise.    Charles  '1.   Weymann,  an  Ameri- 
n  ib.-  James  dot-don  Uennett  fuji  al 
i       land,  Julv    1.   1B11. 
The  use  Dl  laehlnea  on  -.urines  of 

war  ha*  ari  of  military 

on  ii  nf  all  countries,  particularly  In  Lnrope 
where  huge  araiaaicnta  arc  tho  rule     Their 


chief    use*.   It   ha*   b  lined,   bare 

been  for  scouting  ami  dropping  explosive* 
or    combustible*.      The    mo«t    nicer *>ful    .i 

Grlmcnu  nt  bomb-di"|.|iln«  mnib 
1  were  tliowj  of  CMBoid  |l.  Ilarmou.  at 
Mtaeola.  U  I  .  .V  I.  Gun*  to  bilng  down 
aeroplanes  have  been  glvi-n  some  attention, 
and  tb.-  Krapp  woi-ka,  at  Ksxen,  Uermany. 
I':'..  a   gun   capable  of  shooting 

from  20.000  to  35.000  feel  Into  ihe  air. 
wbercaa  olr  craft  are  scarcely  discernible 
'"■:■  ""J  10.000  fwt.  (Sec  European  War. 
Aortal  Wart  art. i 

At  the  clow  of  1610  France  hm!  thirty 
aeroplanes  building  anil  In  comtnli'.l.'ii  for 
military  *«-rrlce.  The  flrst  nsc  of  the  aero- 
plane under  condition*  of  actual  warfare 
occurred  at  Clodad.  Junrrs,  Mexico,  In  I  b 
It'll  when  Charles  K.  Hamilton 
rrwiKil  the  Mexican  border  from  ths  lull 
ed  Slate*,  made  a  circuit  .  i-liory 

supposed  to  be  occupied  by  the  Insurgent 
army    and   dUoovereo    Baal    On    iii-.uig.nr* 

tired  lo  distant  mountain  fasti, 
Aa  a  naval   auxiliary  tho  aeropl.i.,,    prom 
hwa   to  be   of  great    value   In    rising   to   a 
height    of    a    mile    or    more    to    Inspect    thsj 

io*c  of  ocean  visible  from 
an  elevation.  The  use  of  the  aeroplnn..  u. 
war  mat  revolutionise  military  tactics  by 
discovering  the  exnet  location,  armament 
n tut  numbers  of  the  enemy,  and  might  proves 
destructive  by  dropping  explosives  upon 
battleahlps   la    (he   euemy's    llnca. 

liming  1011  and  1012  a  number  of  flights 
were  undc.  lit v  nf 

carrying  mall  by  aeroplane.  In  connec- 
iinn  wiih  the  aviation  meet  at  the  Kaaeau 
lloulcvard     Aerodrome     on     I-ong     Island. 

N.   Y„   In   S.. ubei     lull,  an   aerial   post 

was  maintained  and  letters  carried  to 
In.  and  delivered  to  the  po«tm*«ter. 
On  one  oceanlnn  l'ostmatleMieneral  lllt.li 
e<irk  was  •  nastengcr  on  a  biplane  and  per- 
sonally carried  a  mall  sack. 

All    world   record*  for  cross-country   fly- 

r«re   brok«n  during   Ib*   New   Vuk   to 

Los  Angeles  flight  nf  Cnlbralth  l:  llodgera. 

who   li-fi   Mo-  |.  ii.-n. I    r.:.v.   N,   Y.,  on  Bub- 

■lay.    Sept.     IT.     1011.    and    completed    hi. 

flight  to  il.  *►(  on   Sunday.    Nov. 

S.     at     Pasadena.     I'sl.        Kodgers     flew     a 

i me.  and  during  hi*  long  trip  the 

Ine   was   repeatedly    repaired,   ao  great 

was  the  strain   of    ■  in-   long   looroas   In   the 

tlr.      Rodger*  Ib  eHtlmab-d   to  here  covered 

4,2.11    miles,    nithi'iigh    Ho-    a<-lual    route   a* 

mnppcd  out  was  but  4.017  mile*. 

.lan.  is.  1011.  R  Ely  flew  from  aviation 

llel ii    San    KmnelKeo   to  deck  of   tJ.   8. 

Ctulner  frnalo,     anchored     In     8nn 

i«co  llay.  In  flight  nf  sixteen  mln 
duration.       Ely,    Hying    *    CurlU*    biplane. 
landed  on  a  specially  built  platform  at  the 
..f   the   vessel.      letter  sfully 

aro»e  from  the  deck  and  relumed  to  the 
aviation  field.  This  mil  tbe  flr*t  aeroplane 
to   land   upon  tbe  deck  of  a  Teasel. 

Stephen  MeOordon  established  a  new  rrna* 
country     passenger-carrying     (light     r, 
Apr.   I,  101(1,   when  be  flew   from   Newport 
New*  to  Washington  and  return,  about  MO 
miles.  In  4V6  hour*. 

(6f«  klao  Army,  Signal  Corpi ;  Navy,  Ffji- 
ing   Corps,   nod   for   proetleiil    tines    In   war, 

....    Botopau  sTifi  AtrM  Worfan.) 

Aeroplane.— An    airship   which    Is   be»v1er 
t'  un  air.  a*  dlitlngulshed  from  llghterthnn- 
nlr  innchloe*!,  such  as  balloons  01 
(0,  i  i      .See  Aeronautics;  European  War. 
Atrial  ii «., fan  | 

Aff*lrs,  ForeJUrn.  (Soe  Foreign  Affnir*, 
Foreign  i'.,li.v  of  United  8tate», 
and  also  tbe  aeveral  powers.) 


Expense    incurred    in,    for    which    no 

■  -•on   was  made  by  law,    108. 
Report  on,  transmitted,  6200. 
Afghanistan    <<-»tl*>l    Kfcornasna    by    itan 
uatlrt.)     Ii    u    Independent     Asiatic    StatO 
on    the    ootawtii     frostier    of    Inula,       lla 
■tea     U     esUrnalrd      si      - 
•tun  sallM  and  It*  population  at  ... 
two.     It  1«   bounded  on  the  weat  by  IVr- 
•U.  on   aha  aooUi  by   Urttlab   I 
oa   to*  uoriU  by    Hum's   Id    A>lu.  »uj  on 
ik*    nut    by    tbo    puajaub    ami    uortiiwc-t 
frontier  Provtuc.  of   Hritlab  India. 

«oot»p*|i  — Th*   population    Is    mlxed. 
Tbr  Afghan*   (or  ImnaUi    bar*  D*(ti 
doculnant  stacc  KIT.  e-pciially   In   >. 
bar.      Next    eanii  iitary 

an4  rouiiuvrrlsli  nod  lb*  Tajik' 
oils,  who  are  cultivator*  or  retail  trod- 
tb*  lu*>Afrt,un  frontier  are 
I'nibua  lrll»»».  who  nre  much  1d11u< 
r  tbe  mullah*.  All  are  Suanl  II* 
I  .urn  at-1  Kliil- 
who  twfoiig  to  i ho  tthlltr  MCt 
TM  oatloaal  foafoe  U  Pu 
Mrp*    bate    been    taken    lo    develop   i 


hitherto  conlrollnl  by  the  Mullahs. 
/•*»H<ul       r*afvrea.-- Mountains,       eblef 
Hi    which  ar*  tbe  Hindu    K 
hi    at    the     •    ii- -v,    ■ 

IIOS  belnr  generally  over  4.00(1  feet    Tin  re 
t<#  greut  river  bailn*.  tbo  Onss.  tbe 
rltW"*.    and    II 
dry,   with  eitieaw  temperatures  lo  winter 

lll.T. 

'.  rjlinnlitan    and 
tsepeodcnclea         IU> 
i'  La  op    of    tbe    Kail 

Rahman    Ktmai 
lb*    Ac  l  Unb- 

man     Khun    ■  •r.itili»t>e<l    ■  aiml 

nt    nad   Introduced  a   r. 

works,  po-  iiuaiieo  and 

trade,  ete.  l'or  the  purposes  or  local  goi- 
rrttniruf.  the  country  l«  divided  Into  six 
peo«-i  Tarfc- 

i««n,     Psrrar    and    lladnl  b    Ka- 

•cl.im  noil  Waktuni.  which  nre  under 
nor*  4 buikim  ■ .  with  subordinate  no- 
We*  and  Jodse*.  police  ami  reveaii*  offl- 
eera.  The  Afghan  law*  nre  I'lncnlc  mcrrd 
1 1  law*,  and  tbote  or  itn»  Amir. 
«im  u  i|i»  Court  of  Appeal.  Tlie  lair  la 
balky  and  the  ertnV    il  law  arrere. 

rorrto*    «»-*al**««  wpb. 

the    Amir,    tbe    "bun  or    Afgbao- 

Kan    baa    no    foreign    relation*    with    any 

'-l*m   blalory  or    Afghan: 
rmm    IKS1.    wben    AluJorrnLna    ma    rrmt- 
aJsed   aa   rater.     Tbe    British    Ooverameat 
nigi.  -r»»  the  Mfrty   and   lnl»f 

rl'y    or    Afibaaaelao    acaluat     .  ny     i 
yoked  attack,  provided  thnt  the  Amir  ncied 
a*  a   frlvaxl   aad    ally.      By   tbo  Anglo  Rm- 
•un    coa>- 

drelared    Afghanistan  be   IluaaUn 

sphere-  of  Influence,   and  eneneed    to  con- 

I      Bllll      Af- 

.,      ■      i.  : 

'  ula     and     l{i.-«M     should    enjoy 

•  nnd  fn-Ju'fry  and  roaimeree — 

nre   Indiiatrloua    rultl- 

•.    and  tbe  country  n»»  become   fnlrlv 

acttled.   p»iie»ful  and  prmpsroui.     Tbi>r*   I* 

r.'r.tloa  and  all  pmrlintile  »oll  I* 

are   generally    two    crop* 

'     wheat     (rr*    staple    I 

hart*  rl**.  millet. 

nalae  and   it.ii.    whl;.  Tl.-h 

la     frtiM*.       Hbeep    and    tran*pnrt     nalmnl* 

•*4.      Tb»   u>antifaef.ir»%   inelnda  »l!k- 

trooteb  and  hair  clotb*.  and  carpata.    Salt, 


Africa 

allver.   copper,  conl,   Iron.  lend,   rehlea  and 
The  export*  to  India  *r* 
raw     wool, 

■  bile  the  liui-ori.  tuereitom  arc 
ly    cotiou   yum 

i     KiHid*.     t«M    aa<l     ■ 
cbna   i'iiK...in.  dullei   an    h"  'i  u.-n-  i-. 

a   lirgc  export  of  wool  to  Persia  and  llu»- 

liMlllU,        M 

bflwr  nge. 

id)  are  generally 
1   trnfflc.   b 
In*     lasnroved.       Good*    an-     .    ,,       .  ,1     by 

riulnml*.      'i  [M    to 

.    »re    tbe    Khallmr    I'nn*.    f r- >m    ) 
to   Peshawar    (101    mlle*i,    alone    win 
iiiiiinr  Hrrlca  has  been  eatabil  I 
Amir,    and     the     road 

i  ■    '.  i  he     Bind  I'libln 

rnllwoy    termlnntea    at    Cbaman.    nn    the 

•  r.    f.ti    niihi    from     K 
which    a    line    rood    ol  M    run*    to 

KahtiL 

Toiens.— Capital.  Kabul,  about  130.000). 
The  chirr  commercial  center  Is  Kanduhor 
130.000).      (See  also  A. la.  I 

Afognak   Island    (in    Gulf   of   Alaska, 
iratrd  from  Alankiin  Peninsula  by 
8hi  lands  In,  *.-t  a] 

as    public    reservation    by   proclama- 
n,  5705. 
Africa.— The  are*   of    Arrlcs   I*    1 1 1    mil- 
lion  iquati-  boot   three   time*  (hat 
of  Europe.     ll»  extreme  longitudes  an 
W.    at    Copt   Verde   and    51 '    ):.    nt    Cop*. 
iirul.       The    extreme     latitude*     are 
•  i    In   37"   N.   ami    0*M    A; 
la    85'    »..    *t    n    dbitnnr*    of    d 

nillCI.        It     I*     nun  nun,  ,1      I   .-     n     nil 

iii      IhP      Bnrr« 
tbronrh  w  I 

may  t>e  considered  a*  a  great  penlnaula  or 
llic  Eur.i  •  a 

The  nation*  of  Afrlen,  with   the  feflB  of 

Kvernmsnt  and    the   capital   of  each,    ft* 
»  : 

Arc*         Popula- 
---,.  Ma. .        i(oa 
Afcyxlnia  (F.mpir«>.  Adla  Ab- 

ab*  :ifl»l.(«0    7.000.000 

Eir«-pt(Con-ili.i.ui1:uM,l.Ciir..  So3,aD0  11,400.000 
liberU  (ItepubUel.  Monrovia.  4B.000  1  .'00.000 
Mmocm  (Em!  220,000     £,000.000 

Sudan  ICon-rlnminlum).  Khar- 
tum fl.VI/JOO    J.7IO.00O 

Fntorl*. 470.000    «fj00,000 

A"n    a'*    PinuMHoa— t*ln"d*    adjaennt 
e.mlnrnt  of   Afrlen.   tbelr  «lxe  and 
tbo  (overniaent  to  which  thi  y   I 

Ar»*         Ponula- 
Nsnie  and  CnTemment      So.  Mil** 
Aseewloo.  British 38  ISO 

Aaoraa,  Portu«u«« oao    ::' 

CaJiarv  laUncla.  Bpanwh i^OO 

Cape  '.                                      iisuom  1.80(1       1 

7S0       SOflOO 

Mularuni,  Frtneh 338,000  S." 

Ma<l*ira.  Portiutueae SIO       I9AM9 

Maun                                       TM       f. 

Ii 

Rodrlruei.  Britlah SO         3000 

Ba,  Halana,  British 80        S/SOO 

Rrvrhrllra.  British 150 

Hoeotra,  IlnUsh 1.400        12/XK) 

PAyUeal  Featurrt.  —  Afrlra  la  broadly 
a    tableland    with    few     mountain    rsng.-*. 

■  tbo     Alias,    tbouarb    lnolntcd    penk* 
rl«c   to  a  AM*. 

KIlliTino- 
Jnro   nnd    Rnwen 

IKimerun    l'enkl.      If  nn   lrrt-»"l.'r   Hue    I* 
rawn   from    a   point   on  tbo   West   Coast. 


Africa 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


a   little  eoutb  of  the  Equntor,  to  a  point 
near   the    middle   of   the   KM    Bet,    AfrU-a 
..■  divided   i  irly  equal  pacta 

which  differ  considerably  In  character. 
Tli.-  ..i    .  miiprlaea    two   re- 

lowland  aeparated 
ti  •  ii ■  I  ih-  plateau*  of  i 
and  Tuslll.  The  southeastern  part  con- 
►IM.  of  gn  11 1  UNM  "'  highland*  and  pla- 
teaus bralB  a  I'  Of  river  valleys.  Ths) 
river*  of  Africa  drain  Into  the  Atlantic, 
the  Mediterranean,  mid  tba  Indian  Ocean. 
BoQl  Hi"  Senegal  anil  Gambia  art  ua%-l- 
gnl.lc  for  sonic  distance  In  t lie  rainy  ar.n- 
•on.  The  most  Important  river  which 
Dow*  Into  Hi'  iJulf  ••(  liulm-ii  la  Hie  Nig.  '. 
'I  li.     I  In    the    plnlmil    »"iithw«-Kt 

of  I. nke  Tanganyika.  From  Stanley  Falls 
to  Stanley  Tool,  a  broad,  imilgnliln  river 
fluwii  for  1,000  mile*      A.  theac  are  them- 

...  \:  i  -  i':..i-  rlvera,  in  bboi na  a  mourn  of 

water  la  carried  down  to  tho  mouth.  Ow> 
lug  to  the  depth  nf  lit--  i in,  Urn  i.  ui- 
iii.  hi  deposited  doff  Ml  reach  'he  surface 
In  the  form  of  n  delta,  but  forma  autima* 
rlne  rldgca  r..iW10  feet  In  height  fm 
300  inlli'H  oo  MCO  -I'M'  of  I"*  ■"•''nil  rim n- 
n.i.  Th"  Oman  Hirer  rises  In  the  Drnk- 
enabcrg  Mountnlna  not  far  frum  tho  Eaat 
Coast  and  recolvoa  the  Vaal  ami  i.ili.r 
fin  i"  i  he  Nile  i-laci  in  ihr  aonth 
of  Victoria  Nyau/n.  the  largest  lake  In  Af- 
rica, of  about   ti i   .i    "f    Scotland,   and 

break"    through    the   plateau    to    i    ■ 
hi     I  he    Murchlson     Falls     Into    the     All.,  n 
Nyanxu,  mom  1,000  fe.  '  below  toe  level  of 
the  larger    lake.      Owing   to    the   Oat   char- 

aeter  of  tin inlTJ,    =nd  the  large  amount 

of  water  whl.-h  bun  no 

txienslr*   awanip    vegetation,    the    "•odd, 

baa  been  formed  In  thla  part  of  in  conrae. 

At     Khiirluiu     It     r Ives     the     Kim-    Nile, 

which,  with  the  oilier  Abyssinian  riier*. 
la  largely  the  source  of  the  Nile  floods, 
due    [..    the    lllonaiiiili    r.illiM   .if    !h"    Aliysaln- 

imi  Platean,  and  farther  north  the  At- 
bnr*.  which  brings  down  the  alluvium 
which  baa  helped  to  fertlllie  Egypt.  From 
tiii>.  point   it   reeelvea  no  permauenl    trlbo- 

nnil     iiiivi.  .v    all 

of  nhlcb   the  first    In  nt   Asanan. 

I'lie  extensive  delta  fmineil  north  of  Cairo. 

where  ihe  Nil,-  leare*  Hi.  Ions  narrow  v«l- 

Ihe  ninat  fertile  area  In  N.irlh  Af- 
rica. Iter  ween  the  Mle  and  Tunis  tnc 
Sahara      reachea     the     Mediterranean      and 

art  i".  ptmaami  ■treama.    The  Sn- 

Is  parity  occupied  l.v  plateaus  and 
tu—intnln*  and  partly  by  steppe*  and  de»- 
en  ,  'ihleh  contain  oases.  Africa  Is  cut  by 
the    ['.junior   nearly    halfway    between    n» 

me     points       ■"     thru     rither     m.-rc-     limn 

quarter*  of  the  oonttnrot  lies  with- 
in    the     Tropica    and     receives     the     sun"* 

ray*  vertlcanj  nt  least  once  ■  rent,  Ex- 
cept ..ii  rhe  more  lofty  umuntalna.  Atrl.a 
has  no  arena  with  cold  winters,  where  tbe 
ti  mporature  l«  32*  F.  or  less  for  one 
or    rool    lanmi  i       ■•  111.  b    ire   le«a 

.11      f    In  any   iriiuif  h.      I!    I  i.   ■  li,r..f..i". 
I    generally    of    tropical    ruber    thnn 

temnerati idltloaa,  In  which  then-  Is  no 

ri-MttriK  -imsui  for  vi-v>  lailoii,  except  In 
eonaaqnence  of  want  of  rain, 

Ethtioaraiihii- — Four   main   groups  of  na- 
tive rai  i  i  Ingnlshed   In   Africa, 
tbe  Bcmtl  Ic  nod   Unmltlc, 
Cancasic  type  In  the  north.  Ihe  Negro,  and 
(he   HOttentOl    mnl   Hushinen    In    the   mml  h. 

PaHtirnl      /Mi-islon*. — Africa      Is      appor- 
tioned among  the  power*  of  Kuropc  as  fob 

Great  Britain— Rnstiti-lnnd,   I'.-chiinnalandl 
Protectorate.    Clpa    inlony.   Central    Africa. 

'.i'iI.  :i  Pr.'lietotate,  ITgnndn 
ale.    Zanrlhar    Protectorate.    Mauritius.    Na- 
tal,    Niger     Coaat     Protectorate.     Territory 
of  the  Royal  Niger  Co.,  South  Africa,  Weet 


Africa,  Zululand  and  Islands,  and  the  Boer 
colonics 

France — Algeria,  Senegal,  French  Sou- 
dan and  the  Niger  Uauoon  sun  Guinea 
Coast,  Congo  Region,  Somali  Coaat.  Mada- 
gascar and  Islands. 

Germany— Togoland,  Cameroon*,  South 
Weal   Africa.   East  Africa. 

— Kritrea,   Somaliinud.   Tripoli. 

Portugal— Angola,  th*  Congo,  (Jul  oca. 
Eaat  Africa  and  It-land*. 

bpain— Kio  de  Oro,  Adrar,  Fernando  Pa 
and  Island*. 

Turkey-Egypt. 

i  he  Congo  Stat*. 

Area       Papula- 

Bummary  Sq.  MUcs         lion 

mlcnt |.,i.iih»i      _-t  ■  I  K)l  i.lMMt 

)l-lif>«n 

1!..810     tO.OOO.000 

French «,3Oa0O0    30/100.000 

Goiman II.W.WH 

ItaUoa  K)l,i  -■ 

Portugua*  SUOflOO     o.onofl00 

Spanisli 86.000         340,000 

(See   Vulon  of    South  Africa.) 

British  BApT  AFRSi  i  eonprfoaf  the 

main  portion  --f  Ihe  highlands  of  eaatern 
equatorial    Africa.       The     sin-face     In     eaat 

idunlly    to    lowlands    ■■! 
w-Ki     ami    unriliwesl     I"    valley    "f    I 
Mle,       The    prluclpul     river     Is     the     Mle; 
Tana  ami  Jiilm    chief   ils.n.   em- rlnc    ln-.ll- 
.-.in.      Huh   many    Internsllng    lake*>; 
northern   bail  ..r   vieioria   Nyan- 
u.       l'olltlcnlly    the    district     la    divided 
iiuuinG    Hi.      pruteci'iriites    nf    Eaat    Africa, 
.•.I  loir. 
A'ast     Afiira     Protectorate     Includes     the 
coaat    from    Jnba    Rher    to    Ocrman    East 
Afrb-n      ami      Inland      lo       I   gauda      linrdefl 
Higher     pl.iteaim.     clothed     with     luxuriant 

(I"-,  -inliy    ml  ipieil   in   stock    rnla- 
M.iuiiinHn,  id  chief  fiiy,  baa 

n  iiiw  barbor;  population,  SO.tlllO.  I.nniu 
and  Klsniayn,  chief  porta  In  the  north; 
Viiugn    and   Takaungo,    sontb. 

r -wHifa   Protect'  nhere 

of  British  Inllneiice  IWKi;  Iii.Iii.Ih  I'g.mda 
proper.  UBon  to  the  east,  and  L'nyoro  and 
olhor  countries  weal. 

■'(.—  Zomlbar.  an  Im 
porlant   Mohammedan 

■  •'    M  I'".       spendcoce    con- 

Onned  1801:  placed  nadei  Brin-h  nrof-c- 
tlon  18UO.  Znntlbar,  free  port ;  chief  tn.de 
centera  In  this  region:  Mohamnu  di-ui 
prevails;   (hrUllnii    infralont  eelnbllahcd. 

OKttUAS  P0BSKB810S8— German  JTaat 

.tfrirn. — Uermnn    possessions     In     East     Af 

rlca  were  a ilred   l^-<."i  t ..  I  son,     Sphere  of 

iiilirmvs  a  coast  line  of  about 
O'JO  miles,  stretches  aouth  from  Brlllsh 
East   Africa   to   I'-i     ; 

wsatnuril     to     I.nk-'-     Nyaaa     and     Tnngan- 

Cblcf     prodneta:     Millet,     bananas, 

sisal,    coconnnts.    cloven.    eaatOT    oil.    sugar 

I  able*.       Natives    have    large 

banana   nlantatlona,  nixo  cultivate   Indian 

corn  and  pnbw.  On  coaat  lands  are  Cer- 
ruon   plantations  of   cacao,  ma,   va- 

nilla. toblCCO,  and  India  rnlil-er  :  In  more 
elevated  district*  coffee  I*  grown.  Among 
native*  tho  goal  Is  the  noal  .-mnnmn  do 
ini'stlc  animal;  cattle  and  sheep  also 
raised.     Exporta.  Ivory,  sisal,  India   rubber, 

eoffeo.      Chief    aeaport- :     Dar-ea-Salaan, 

Bftgamoro.  Kllwa.  Protestant  mission  oo- 
cletles,   7  ;  ltouan  Catholic,  3. 

Knmrrult  eltcntla  between  British  Ni- 
geria and  French  Equatorial  Africa.  Be- 
came irutectorate.  lS.ss:  In  1IUI. 
France  ceded  a\*t  100,000  square  mile*  to 
Germany,  giving  colony  outlets  t"  fongo 
Baalo.       Value    of    Imports,     iti.Odi.OOO: 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Africa 


chid?  cottooa.  Hit.  rice,  spirit*,  wood. 
aasj    ttteo.  «.    »s1.740.ixhi 

smarted.    *|.S«.«,  I1.00U; 

■Sim    aerr  1)00      Itory.    fcfJO, I; 

cacao.  »eM),«XH>.  Dnnla  Is  tbe  chief  town, 
■DMlatne,  22,000;  bnoa,  scat  .if  corcn- 

■MM. 

Jli'J  —This  grew  oul  >'f  ll»' 

Coatso    Interoattoaal    Association,    fi.uodnl 
IMS  by   lxviml-1  II.  King  of  11.1i.-1.mik.  and 
organised    by    Stanley,    nrst    Ocvernoi 
•  r»l.      ll*m 

tnllty  dretaraii.  .-d   ua- 

il«  aoverelgnty  of  tar  King,  wbo.  lSbo. 
basques!  bed     bis    smr-relga     rights     lo     Bel- 

STbe 
oo«o  River  and  lt»  many  tributaries  are 
th*  gjej|  natural  fral urn  of  the  eouutry. 
fWt!  -ory.  palm  nuts, 

and  pains  oil :  offer  noil  tobacco  thrive. 
Boat*,  rai'ltal  and  port  on  Congo  River. 
Banana,  ump.. 

—  Discovered   by    Portuguese   IB 

from    mouth   of 

Coatco  «o   Cunrnr   River,  over    1.000  miles: 

aarroanded   la-laud   by   Belgian  < 

•th   Booth   Africa,   nod  <;»noaa   Southwest 

.1.       OH     palm     ii.  i     f>>«Dd    below     10* 

swath :  eotTee  grows  wild  In  nearly  all  billy 

ii  Arabrls;  coltoo 

la  grown  In  ai«  '  .saamedes.   sugar 

la  lowlands;  other  productions  are  ri 

wax.    t»e"  a,  flab. 

sad  Ivory.     Trad*  la  largely  wllh   rortugal. 

In    100b     1.741     vessels    of  i..ui 

-its.       Mnlacbltc,     oop- 

Ki-um.    and    Iron    found    In 
rgr  gold     nlao     exists.       8. 

•  sr.Oa.  capital  and  seaport.  Pott 
ader.   arat  of   dah  salting  Industry. 
rtt  i:\r  II        EQUATORIAL       AFRICA.— 
I    Hal.iin   na   en- 
•abllabed  by  lb-  FrctKa  In  1843:  authority 
M   Lopes  and  Ojrowe  Hirer 
In     1M';:     Interior     between     ti|o»f     and 
Congo    r»piui.-d     hj    do    flrana     1- 

larjrr  n  ii.  I, 

•  latest  recognized  by  Berlin  Conference 
Region  cast  of  Kaiuerun  and  north 
ta  Lake  Tchad  rom-erled  in  .'  r.  u.-li 
fllnee  then  growth  by  eiplnraiton  and  mil- 
itary occupation.  In  1000  three  autono- 
anons  -   i        Oabun,      Middle 

Congo,    ami  I'll"  coat), 

iry  la  well  watered  led  covered  with  n 
•eaali*  forests.  Cotton,  tobacco,  clnna- 
■son.   pepper,    noma,    resins,   nt.l 

irodaccd.      Libreville,    capital    of    Ua- 
boo  and  seaport. 

IVO     PROTECTORATE^     IR'it- 

;he    reatan    on    anuth    and 

aial   sbecca  of  Lake   Vyatn.     Imports,  cot- 

provisions,    hardware,   etc.:    ex- 

porta.    eno"es>     cotlon.    tohaceo.       Blnn 

chief  town;  fcoaha.   »e*l  of  ndmi: 

■  K  — 

rfsssaTy  lying  between  t>e  Molopo  and 

Zaa»-  the 

i. an    Itcnabllc  and    MatabcSe'md 

'■>   f.-rman    Southwest    Africa       Rnll- 

w«r  •xteada  from  Bulnwayo  to  the  ''ape. 

MIIODEKIA.— The     territorr     within     the 

K-r»  of  Infl  he  ncirth  of 

kaanalaad  and  the  Colon  of  South 
Afrlr».  IHrlded  Into  Xortbero  and  Sonth- 
era    HhooV»1a   \<j   the  Znmli.  la  of 

hardwoad    timber    alinnnd.       India     rubber. 
I  Mir*,     and     cotton     Indleenoua.       Cniintrv 
Heb  In  nalnerala:   jnM,   ellrer.   eom.n 
aeaMt.  ml,  anil  an'ImnnT  exl«t.      Hallabury. 
rvpttal    of  Sontbern    Rhodraln. 

ittmrnwf:    /-is;-     » pri ca .— Kir«t 

Fe**n«nr«*>  aaftlementa  made  <in  w«t  eon«t 

■nlatlT  formed  IMP*.     1'nat.eaalona  ill- 

rldad  Into  0r»  dla'rtera     Moiomlil.v-.   Lon- 

Marqaaa,  Inbamhane.  Qulllmane.  and 


tV,7 


REUNION,  «r  BOURBON.— lalaad  about 
110  inliea  aootbircM  of  Maatllloa.  French 
ponesaloa  alocc  IV  07. 

ST.    UELKSA.    In    South    Atlantic    about 
1.200    :ulli-»     from     Treat    conat     of     Africa. 
iJlxi-ui-ered    hr    fortuxueae    l.M 
lo     Kaat     India  i      to     lt>3t. 

Now    a    Brltlth    colour.       Nnpolcon    I    lm- 

prtaoaed  -arc  Wis  to  1881.  Araa,  ■*: 
oquare  miles.  Population.  3.280.  Cli- 
mate mild  and  aKrvcablc.  Capital.  James- 
town. 

UAUAOASVAR.—Axx  laluud  known  lo 
tbe  ancients  and  aaiiy  Arabs;  drat  de- 
scribed by  Marco  Polo ;  rediscovered  by 
PortanaM  la   ISM:  Franca  laid  otala  U 

the    Inlnnd   In    1042.      t'hrlailnuiiy    w 
iroduccd      In       i  war      between 

French  and  nstlvea  In 

i-  nh.-il  in  IV,  i, ob  protei-tnrati  The  l< 
land    and   Its  d. ;  were  declared  • 

French  colony   In    i- 

Jf.ii  -Ialand    In    Indian    Ocean, 

600  miles  e*»t  of  Madagascar.     I>l»co 
by  Portugo.  :   no  British 

E'salou,  ISU  <  hlef  export  raw  sugar. 
ea  language  French ;  offlilal  lingllih. 
Louis,  capital. 
rRBXCH  rn  \»«/0>V».  —  Jlfjerta.— 
Original  Inliablianta  were  Nuruldiann  or 
ra  conquered  by  Komnux  ami  »*»0' 
dais.  Turkish  poaaanleB  1010  to  1710. 
l'lriitlcal  po»er  alxteeiilh  to  nineteenth  cen- 
tilii.i  .  defeated  by  (be  United  Siaira  In 
1815.  Algiers  taken  by  France  181J;  Con- 
stantlue.  18117.  The  Kabyles  were  sub. 
dued  and  iM-al-KsMW  wni  captured  In 
1 U  . 

runii.— Invaded  by  Frcnrh  1270 ;  by 
Spanish,    II  ime    a    Turkish    n»v- 

inca   UTS ;   ruled   by   beys  and  long  noted 
aa  a  piratical  state.     It   was  u 
Frnncc  IM1 

««nfooi  colony  ronsl.ts  of  foar  munlcl 
pnl  communes  of  St.  Loula,  the  capital  of 
the  ealODVl  Dakar,  n  fortified  naval  els- 
mid  seat  of  Oorernmem  Oeneml  of 
ii  Wen  Africa  |  Ruiixrpie  ;  and  Ooroc. 
nren  43»  square  miles;  terrltorv  ■■!  dlrecl 
naiulul.iraili.n.   nren    74.000   square   miles 

■-•(»co   woa  di-lached   from    Sene- 
gal   In    1800    nnd    flrat    known   as    Klvlcrea 
nil    »nd   Colony.     The   coast    territory    et- 
nd     between     Sierra     Leone    nnd 
i-u..-.-  >:•  ilnen. 

«»','<".5i  Coii'l  —  Annexed  by  France  1S02- 
m.  I  he  COlonj  extends  Inland  between 
Uberla  and  British  Gold  Const,  embrac- 
ing K.-^ng  and  other  slates  on  north. 

flare.  ^rbea    Inland    between     To- 

galand   nnd   British   Logos:  and   northward 
•    French    Military    Territories. 

1/anretuiii'o,  formed  Into  a  protectorate 
!n     I'ih-.i.    ronslats   of  five   d  |  r»r«a 

in,   (i.irgnl.    Hiildlmakii   and   Tagnnt. 

Upper  .'..i.... i:  mi. I  Virrer,  extends  i... 
tsvecn  Irory  Const  on  the  south  and  Al- 
K^rlnii   st.bere  on   the   north. 

MOROCCO,  the  Mauritania  of  th*  an- 
elrnts:  conquered  br  the  Arnbs  aboul 
Prenent  dyn»«ly.  Scherlffs.  pretendeii  I,- 
nts  of  Mohaiiinieil  e. Inbll.be,]  |D|a>, 
Most  nourishing  period  if  country  lu7»- 
lftos.  Slavery  of  Christiana  nlioll«hed 
1*14:  plrncy  prohibited  IS  17.  The  tonta- 
rm  fffoatlaf  toirard  Wnhnrn  unsettb-il  TlM 
cniintrv    eomprlan   n    -'Tell"    „r    fertlll 

ipenlng    upon    the    Atlantic,    an    ei». 
rnled    region    beyond    traversed    bv    ranges 

of  Atlas  slountalni  (Ayashlo  m  .-.mi   - 

and  the  eastern  >.r  desert  region  of  Sa- 
tin rn.  (oast  district  Iniereseeted  bv  nn. 
mcrona  abnrt  rivers.  Tin-  .-llmnte  Is  warm 
nnsl  geiiernllv  healthful.  The  nnr'hwest 
hin  suffldent  ralo  from  October  to  March  : 
Orourbts  not  u"comraon  In  southwest  H..II 
?n  '•'•""«.  jcarlnn  snd  monntnln  valleva  fer- 
llrt:  J-Ielda  ahuudantl.r    uinbr   rudest  cultl- 


Africa 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


I 


ration,     Produru :    Wh*at.   barley.    Indian 

corn,  hemp,   benna,  Ua   (topical   and  *ul>- 

il    fruits;    date*    a    regular    crop    In 

YVeultb   of  Arabs   conxliia  of  oil- 

lle.  horaeo,  sheep,  and  oatrlcbea.  Manu- 
factures coruprtio  carpel".  WW  Uatbcr, 
•voolans,  allk*.  Jewelry,  anddlery,  esrth»n- 
ware.  •(<■  Mineral  deposits—  undeveloped 
Ini'linle      In. ii,  in     ■•• 

antimony,  lead,  etc.:  One  nm  round. 

tli.'    northern    capital    nod    leu 
commercial    city:    Morocco    lontborQ    .-aiil- 
lal     and    baa    manufacture*    of     mora 
leather.     Tanglor.  aenport  and  chief  •  • 
of    trade.       Rdurntion    la    limited    to    i    i    h- 
log*    from  nlsm    pre- 

m  religion.     The  Sultan       i  be  bead 
..:      Ibt      religion.        Tbo     army     comprLe* 

--'mil ii    mi.),  r    Kuropcun    duel- 

timl    on   additional   forco  of  8,000  rul- 
Itla    and    10.000   lufantry. 
SPAMBll       '  ..110X8. — Canary    It- 

Became  a   --'pnnlsb  possession.   I*PS. 
Spain.      Bn 
mountainous  dlver»lllcd  by  plain*  and  val. 
]  f     producta.     augur,     cochineal, 

hi.  ;    other    product*,    tobacco,    alio, 
barley,     and     tropical      fi 
capital.     Santa    Crtii     de     Tenerlffe :     rhl*?f 
arl     Palmna.      Religion,   ltomnn   Catholic. 
Jclo  dc  Oro  and  Adtar— area,  "3.000  square 
population,  12,000 — under  nowroor. 

Islnnd*    with     Kubgnvcf nor 

in     RIO   da   Oro.      !•'.  innnilo    To   nnd    Ann.n- 

■ .   iiiuiinliiliioua  Maud*  In  Gulf  of 

1 0  '/TUB         POBBEBB10SB.—Car<« 

Vtrilt  li/andi  discovered  and  colonized  by 
igusa  HtlO.  Ilaa  flourishing  cln. 
.    plantation*.     Other  product*   In- 

i.i,  tobacco,  sugar,  brandy,  pulm 
..il.  rrnltl  Cattle,  sunt",  pigs,  numerous. 
Manufacture* :  Salt  Bonp.  Ilucna,  pottery, 
uml  Ii  ither,  Iron  nnd  amber  In  aoutberu 
Uland«.     Capitol.    Pr.im 

Porfupwe       Oulnte  — On       Sencgnmbla 

ctMBt.   surrounded   on    land   aide  by   Frencb 

Imluclei    Illssago*    Archipelago 

: ..:  i  .  i   I-  inn.l.    Chief  prodncti     India 

rubber,    wax.   oil,    seeds.   Ivory,   and   hldc«. 
Capital.    Bolnma. 

Thomat     and     Prlacp     lilandt.— St. 
i  In. mil-    iSao  Thorn*)   dlacoTercd  by    I 
rueae.    14701    with    Prince    Inland    lllba   do 
ripe),    Ita    dependent,    forms    proilnce 
of    Portugal.      Volcanic   and    mountainous 
7,028  fecti  with  lux- 
uriant    T«1P  Plllimlc      llllbellKbfUl  i 
rnln   tbnn  on  malnl/m/i.      chief  prod- 
coffee,    cacao,    cinchona:    sugar    end 
ranllln   also  pm  I'll  il.   '"|.|  i.le  .t- 
So..  Thou.c.      Chief  ton n  nnd  port   <l*rlnc« 
Island)  Sao  Antonio. 

Mailrlro    /abimt*. — Island*  known    to   an- 
and  vlaltcd  by  Arabs  In  Ibc  twelfte 
century;     redlaenvurvd    and    colonized     by 
Portugue*e,       1*20.         Very       monntali 
.  pica    ItuWo,    8  000    fi  ••'  I        Notable   bi 

I    fur   ICurnpenn    Invalid*,      Mean    tem. 

S:  hlghe»t.  S3  dcg.  :  lowest. 
I  deg.     Sugar  run..,  tobacco,  md  •II  tmp- 
.1    Hnropeaa   frnlts  irrown;  wlnea  fa. 
BOtW,      i ■  , ii-  ■  -t> :i  1    capital.  20,8-1-1. 

BRITISH  POBBBBBlOS'R.—nnia  Cnn»f  — 
Danish  settlements  transferred  to  Fng- 
land,    I8S0  lultnn.    1872;   colonial 

prernmrnl     sstnbltshcd.     187* :     A«hnn»*e 

Flscrd  mi. lei-  itrltlKh 
nasi  regions  level:  Interior  hlllT.  S«II 
fertile.  Products?  Palm  oil  and  kernel".  In 
,ii.  rubber  Sola  nuts,  ana  Bulbar.  OoM 
.iwirlt.iii.il  Akrn.  capital  nnd 
eb'ef  elir.  Cape  Const  Pestle.  Ralla-a™. 
Iffi)  him...  THecr»nh.  l.Sil:t  mil"  R 
tl.,n   m-iiilv  In   linnda  of  religion"  limit,.. 

IMinoo,  — Territory  discovered  b]  Porttl 
fiieec.    1**7:    fort    eatabllabed    by   English. 


IdSO;  became  British  possession,  1783; 
annei- -  Leone.   18-11:   independ- 

ent  colony,   ls.SH.     I'roducta  and   ex: 
Ground   nut",   bide   beeawax.   rice,  cotton, 
corn,   and  India  rubber.     Itatburit,  capital 
»ud    chief    city. 

Sierra    /.cone— Nortbwvat       of       M 
Unauccenatul  attempt  made  to  colonlxc  lli> 
♦■roteil   alavca,    178i  ;   territory   aanexed   by 

■■in i.  Kvl  :  became  Crown 
180..  Const  an  nndulitlng  plain:  I  . 
elevated  plateau*.  Koreala  extenxlre.  Boll 
fertile,  rice  yielding  abundantly  In  Inte- 
rior: oMton  plentiful:  indigo  practically 
wild.  BajtorU  Imliide  pnlm  oil  and  palm 
kernel",  gfngjr,  ground  and  kola  nut».  trop- 
leal  fruit*.  India    nil. In 

an II  In  produced;  workers  In  gold 

and  "llrer  are  numnroua  and  .kilful.  Free- 
town, capital :  mow  important  ataport 
(fortiflad)   ox   We»t  Africa. 

\i  ■..ii«.  ii.nnii.  .1  on  rhe  eau  by  Ka- 
merun.  we*t  by  Pahomey.  and  dlvhled  Into 
two  dlvl'iorik.  Northern  and  Soutl.iru  Nl. 
gerla.  About  Dlna-taotlu  of  the  area  waa 
formerly  within  the  terrltorlea  of  the  floy- 
nl  Nlgar  Company.  In  I8SI-87  whole  of 
Nigeria  was  declared  to  be  under   ItrltUb 

Srotectlon ;   In   1000  It  waa  transferred  to 
Irect   ImptrlaJ  nduilnlttratlon. 
jh'Orfaem    •...•..--    Product*  of  the   Inw- 
conntry.   pnlm   oil :   Inland   region,   rubber, 
ground    nut",    *ncnbutlcr,    If 
atock.   oatrlcn    feathers.    Cotton  growing   la 
1  on  :  tobacco  nlao  grown.     Mineral*  : 
re    I»    In     rich    depo.lt*.     silver    al»o 
found.       l'rotcdant     missionary     soclcttea 
liio.    Induatrlal   schools. 

Setll!  a.   colony   and    prop 

ate  of  Southern  Nigeria  and  Lagos.  The 
chief  producta  nre  paltn-nll,  cm  i 
coffee.  Ivory,  bide*,  carthnuts  nnd  fi 
Ulnerali:  Slansanaae  ore,  tin  or.',  lignite. 
end  monastic.  Lagos  Is  tbe  cnpltnl  and 
Important  port.  Kallway*.  In  all  Nigeria 
ovor  700  miles,  connecting  Logos.  Jebba, 
:n.  uml  Knno;  telegraph  mileage, 
0,000 

Britlth     BomnUlanJ. — lb-came     a    proteo 
IRS*.     Region  ■ 
lo   Xlyado,    with    nn    area    of  08.000   souare 
mlli-s.      Import* :    chiefly    rice,    textile*,    nnd 
date*:  exports:  aklaa    bid**,   o.trlrh   feath- 
ers, cattle,  sbeep.  and  gum.     Berber*,  chief 
(Sec  also  Union  of  South  Afn. 
UOKRIA.— Country  settled  1833  by 
negroet.     »eni     out     under     Amerleau     '""I 
•  nl- ill. .ii     Society:     declared     Independent. 
18*7.  Ij    low 

and  sandy:  Interior  bin*  and  mountain* 
are  co>  t  ■  < I  "lili  boootlful  f../.-  Is,  dlrtral- 
fled    hr    well  wnt.  i.  .1.     ferllli 

■    rp  .  n-    .ir.-    St      Johni    ond 

ritmata  nnbaaltbfnl,  seasons  wet  and  drv 

horte^l     no  i| 

slmoat  constant  land  and  ara  brrecrs.     I'of. 

fee — renosrned  for  u«  excellence-  nod  gin- 

ger  are  chief  products.  M 
■  rrowroot.  HugHr  rSM,  Ctr*a>1a,  nnd  vege- 
tables  readily  produced.  Fruit*  nre  »bnn 
dant  nnd  finely  flavored.  Exports — Lead- 
ing artl.-lo-  coffee,  pnlm  ml  nml  pnlm 
g  rubber,  cocoa,  sUfAT,  arrowroot, 
Ivory,  bides,  and  plnsaaro.  Import"— fev 
tlle«  .rovlslona.  hardware,  tobac- 

co, furnltore,  cte.      Monr  ivln.  i-npltal. 

min/.ix     «7O0TJrTT»sr     .iran- 

Heclnn  annexed  be  Oermany  In  1R<I*.  Poa- 
n«  xtend  along  the  const  !M0  miles. 
FOYPT— One  of  ,nrlle«t  sent"  of  rl.  II- 
Isntlon  renowned  nllke  for  Its  great  an- 
llmiirr  nnd  former  «nlendor.  Mode"i  hi*. 
tnrv  begins  With  th*  i-.n.|ii.-l  In-  Mi 
medsna,    ft»8    A  D.  r    taken    tor     Mamelukes. 

became  Turkish   province.    1B17 
Vft.l.-.l    l.v    Xn.n.l.  .,■■      1  ??"•<%  :    rfv'oreil    in   Tor 
key,    1801.      The    New  era   began  with   M*> 


•start  iter    Of     present     .1/no«tjr : 

raLft,  -m-i    Ciaal     was 

ifiuiil    la     lot.. i.       A     iijii..-    molt    ouiier 

A>aM   !"»■*«,   )■ 

-ppolnted.  Mah- 
als* i  a  In  Sudan  rei  cun- 
4«strr                       :  li.-   great   natural  (*atutca 

">•    lUVor  irrt.       Th* 

_as    Ha    ac  1    .\)i>u: 

-    aaaual    Inundation    and    d»;n»ll    °* 

luaa   I  miser  of   I 

and  dry  ;  fruiter  north  but  Me, 

i 
ttsJm  delta.     Van  res- 

;ootf  wnters  of  Nile  nl  Aaauno : 
Irtfccat'd  aira  ctcittantlr  lucr.-ni.lix 
raalal  lin.-»il"n  «<-ur.<  imi  or  three 
mass  annually;  la  winter,  cerenis;  bod*. 
•atr.  miw,  »ucir.  ami  ilea;  autumn,  rice, 
saalt*.    ail 

■■•>  oVo»-.  .tie  Copts, 

lag*,    dwell 
ohiitly    la    ; 

leesa,  970;  commas  museum  of 
t>o*>|iif-s.  Alexandria,  founded 
>tau.«-.->  Ul  oiit.r  nml  caJef  »»a- 

tBuei  Canal. 
-lonxing    to    state.     1B10.    1.443 
1   X.IM) 
naUaa.       ***ra    Cabal.    ST    ml-m    lunar.     COS' 

,...:i»y    tributary   lo  Turk,  » 
I    bvmlbally    In    I.  Khedive   nml 

uppvrted  since   )«Hi  by    urltub 
ad  c  I  -cr ». 

■•spttan     Sou-ten     extends     from 
Ecyptlan   Iron-  'gl*n 

and    from    Red    S-a    to    .Murines    of 
Wafts'  ii,    Otador- 

««»    ( ran  mi.    formerly    Dervlah    eai 
WadT    Haifa.      Convection    of    1809    pro- 
»**>•    for    i>.rrrnor-«>cneniI    appointed    by 
Bs?ypt  wlifc  contest  of  Ornat  Hi 

I.    concurred.       *uei..i«ively       by 
Ar»t-s    aud    Turka,    f.  .rosed  una*  of    Hurbnry 

■  H  :  re coo- 
il    en- 
r.   and   Tot  war. 

•tly  desert:   mountain. ma 

Coast  Use  soo  tulles: 

B,      to- 

Maa>.  ostrich 

•a.  hfitca, 

i  avnn  rid  - 1     empire, 

•-...•.led   oa    th.-   north  by    Eritrea,   oa    tba 

•set   by    IHnnkll   country   asd    £ 

•m    Ike    »  -jib    ai-d    » 

Africa    and  on  the  swrthweet  by  I  he 

:be  direct  desoearlnrit  of  tbe  ancient 

reet- 
laar  aail.m    '  i  ehiin-n    which    nwea 

-i>dance  Co  the  Coptic  l'alrtarcb  of  Alex- 

frpo  — 

I  tilled    l*90.     A«aab 

It.  il 
Raa    Kn»ar   to  Sir»li   of    Hob-el- 

lasd  niiout 

_a.      Petri  fHhi'rl'i  at  Ms«"»un  and 

Areh't.  .rry  Is  banda  of 

...  fortified  •  .*- 

•rcla> 

Asmara,  aeat  of  government. 

■..     of    rtb- 

•.del    In    1S9S    and    " 
I  Italian 

ti    of   co»«t    ex- 

Bmiat  froeu  Una  Alula  to  month  of  Jobs 

rttuxca    rOfisrHSIOS-R.  —  Otof*    and 
>■■«.  I      by 

rn*~  t*««.    s  vd-n. 

aart«aoa>d     by     Eritrea,    Abyaalnla.     and 


African 

British  gomajlland,  extendi  Inland  about 
forty   mlk 

I ' lea.     Chief  litlea.  ubock  and  Tajurah 

Alrica: 

Ageota    sent   to,    to    r«<«ire    alsvet 

taken  froB  683, 

Citizens  of"   i  itM   mu\ 

:■•  riflitH  of  iuliaiiitaiiUo 
Native*  of,  in  slavery.     (S*o  African 

Wave  Trade.) 
Naval    force    of    United    States    ata- 
tlonod   on    coast    of,    referred    to, 
2173,  307 1, 
Repressing   liquor    trade    in,   sugges- 
tion* made  br  Bel;:  i.li.V 
8lavcrjr  on  coaat  of,  4l«0. 
Veaaela  of   United   States  velxed  oa 
coast  of,  1857,  3017. 
Africa,  Tlie,  attempted    seizure  of  Mr. 

Fancfact  by  eommamler  of.  I 
African  Blava  Trad*.— Prior  to  the  dlacor- 

ny    of    Am  ...  .,    IUH    ollnr    >4TagH 

race>.  latod  or  pnt  to  deaiU   ua 

captives  taken  In  war.    Tha  dVportnn 
to*  captives   to  the  mln™  and  plantation* 
of    (be   New    World   Increnrcd    the   laluo   of 
the  Afiloan  and  made  alarrry   railoi-  than 
deall-  inet'a  fate.  ■iltloo 

uf   ca|iti»i.^  also   led 

wbkh  war  for  tbt  pro»|H-cllve  gain  In  bo- 
man  chattel*.  The  aborigines  of  Aim-rlca 
ha  vine  proved  tuo  weak  for  im-  viork  ra- 
aulred    of     theos.     n.  wln> 

K»aae»*ed  a  la  tee  part  of  the  Afi'lcnn  coa<t. 
i-gan   the  ,  ii'"i  tail.in  i.f  m  which 

tbey  were  Imllai     I 

i-ld  World.  BlI  .!■  Im  Ilsoklna  was  the  Drat 
RDgllabman  to  rneoce  lu  alar*  iistfTI-' 

linporlallnri    nl    ilk™   nlavea    was    an- 
Ihorlied     In     151T.       lixtreme     rrw   liy     arid 
iBhuman       treatment      chnrai-terlxed 
traussporcatloii.      Thej    wan  llalil 

ami     Sanln     |inm  i      the 

mlrie".  In  1019  a  Dutch  v.---  I  bruiteht  a 
eoreo  of  alavea  into  th«  Jamas  Ulver. 
Twenty  neciue*  antra  >-.•!.!  i.>  virh-mia 
Hi.,  treaty  nf  I'lrcchl. 
Orvnt    Brltoln    o  eonttacl    tor 

lupplylne    tlavea    to    il  I     In 

I'hls  •ilmulalc.:  trade  gen- 

erally. Krvcnl  of  tha  Colon  lea  attempted 
to    prohibit    the    Importation    of  alavea     but 

I    Itrlintn   t. 
Vlrrlnla  pas*ed  several  acts  forbidding   tbe 
traffic,    hut    He  y    were    vetoed   by    the    Bt-lt- 

lit,    :r      ■■•■<■       nl    n     III 

by  tynorylTiinia  In  1713;  1711  and  1717, 
and  by  Massachusetts  In   177i. 

Slavery   was  problMted   by    Hlmdc   Island 
acid    Conneeili-ut    In     1774     and    '       all     th' 
:  «    tinder    (be    '  (Ion    cove- 

I    Oct.    24.    1774.    nnd     forbidden    by 
nearly  all  i  luring  the  Revolution. 

The  slave-trade   q  riant 

one    In    'he    formation    of    n  utl   n. 

The  Houihern  Stales,  except  Virginia  and 
ilartland.     Insisted      (hat      no 

I  'io  traffic. 

A    eomrimtnlxe  was  llnnli.  lllow- 

IOC  Cooiresa  lo  prohibit  It  after  1S0B.  Tho 
aet  of  Mar.-h  22.  1794,  problbliid  the  carry- 
loar  e-f  slav«  from  one  foreign 
another  by  American  cltlrens:  that  of  May 
10  '"'O,  allowed  rolled  Stales  war  ahlpa 
to  selte  "Win  encased  In  such  tmfflc; 
thnt  .   1R03,   pr>  is    lo- 

af slaves  Into  States  which  hod 
forbidden  slavery.  In  1S09  tbe  Impona 
lion  of  slaves  Into  the  raited  States  was 


African 


lessages  ana 


'residents 


forbidden,     The  acta  of  April  -«.   ISIS.  and 

March  J,  jhiu,  nuihorlird  the   President    to 

M'nd    cruisers    to    the    coin    of    Africa     to 

:ho    slave    trade.      A*    no    restrictions 

srerv  •  vir  placed  spun  Ntave  tiad- 

ini:  before  Its  abolition  la  1800,  Itai     urroptl- 

tlout  trade  la  Impuitcd  slaves  was  Dot  ea- 

t Ircly  given   up  uotil  that  time. 

African  Slave  Trade.      (8ee  also  Corn- 

jiroiniHf  of  I860;  Kansas-Nebraska 

Act;     Missouri     Compromise;     No- 

groes;  Slavery.) 

Abuses  of  United  States  dig  referred 

to.   2134. 
Act   for  suppression  of,  referred   to, 

6621. 
Agents    sent    to    Africa    to    receive 

slave*,   603. 
American  citizens  engaged  in,  22 IS. 
Information     regarding,     requested, 

2907. 
Cargo  of  African  negroes— 

Captured  on  coast  of  Cuba,  and  re- 
turn of  to  Africa,  discussed,  3058, 
1184,  SIM 
Landed  on   coast  of   Georgia,   re- 
ferred to,  3005,  3069,  3086. 
Stranded  on  coast  of  Florida,  and 
removal   of,  discussed,  907. 
Ceased  in  United  States,  3779. 
Correspondence  regarding — 

Referred  to,  2268,  2287,  2426,  2428, 

2538,  2765. 
Surrender    of     slaves     to     Unit«<! 
States  cdii'  ul  f  l.-rred  to,  1944. 
Dlaenased  by  President  — 
Adams,  J.  Q..  875,  967. 
Buchanan,  3086,  3124,  3126,  3180. 
Lincoln,  3254. 
Madison,  470,  562. 
Monroe,  583,  631,  783,  812,  819. 
Taylor,  2553. 
Tyler,    2215. 
Van  Buron,  1836. 
Excluded  from  use  of  United  States 

Hag,  875. 
Foreign  slave  traders  discussed,  3446. 
International  congress  at  Brussels  for 

abolition   of,   r.lTl,    5".  13.   6363. 
Interpretation  given  act  prohibiting, 

632. 
Laws  for  suppression  of— 

Amendments  recommended,  2553. 

Should  be  more  severe,  1903,  1931. 

Liberation  of  slaves  by  authorities  of 

Nassau,  Now  Providence,  2064. 
Proposition  to  Oreat  Britain  to  abol- 
ish mixed  courts  created  for  sup- 
pression of.  3989, 
Treaty  regarding,  4055. 
Punishment   for  engaging  in,  should 

be  same  as  for  piracy,  779,  812. 
Referred  to.  1755,  20C1,  2173,  2202, 
:?)(>,  2208,  2587,  2630,  3015,  3071, 
3121,  3185,  3413. 
Removal  of  negroes — 

Captured  by   American   vessels,   to 
Llboria,  recommended,  3058,  3124. 


Captured  on  coast  of  Cuba,  3038, 

3124,  SIM 
Stranded  on  coast  of  Florida  rec- 
ommended, 967. 
Seizure   of  slaves  on    board   the   F.n- 

OOMssM  and   Kntrrpritr,  1499. 
Suppression  of  and  suggestions  that 
Great  Britain  be  askod  to  discon- 
tinue the  naval  force  maintained 
for  its  suppression,  3779. 
Desired  by  Government,  631.  1836, 
1030,   SOBS,  £215,  3086,  3254. 
But  interpolations  into  maritime 
code  not  permitted,  1930. 
Referred  to,  849,  850,  881,  678,  827. 
IBS,  2553,  3180. 
Squadron  kept  on  coast  of  Africa 

for,  2173. 
Treaty  between  fivo  powers  of  Eu- 
rope for,  2011. 
Inquiry     of     Senate     respecting, 

and  reply  of  President,  2068. 
Protest  of  American  minister  to 
Franco   regarding,   2011,  2048, 
2297. 
Treaty  with  Great  Britain  regard- 
ing, referred   to,   Hlti,  818,   819, 
886,  201B,  ;:imh,  2071,  8088,  1878, 
3281,  3328.  3366,  3380,  4017. 
Vessels  transporting  slaves   should 
bo  seized,  632,  7X3. 
African  Squadron,  instruction  to  com- 
manding officers  of,  referred  to,  2173, 

Ageuta,  Indian.     (See  Indian  Agents.) 

Agitator.— A  person  who.  cither  by  speech 
or  nation,  endeavors  to  change  viUtlug  con- 
ditions, I'h-  term  may  be  employed  la  a 
complimentary  sense  as  srnonomous  with 
inner"  (q.  v.),  hut  Is  often  r-.  -  i r  i .  t -.1  t.. 
*  person  who  endeavors  to  disturb  condition! 
from  ulterior  or  sntl-constructive  motives. 

Agricultural  Census  recommended,  5982. 

Agricultural  Colleges  and  Experiment 
Stations.  (See  Agriculture,  Depart- 
ment of.) 

Agricultural  Experiment  Stations  dis- 
cussed, 5384,  5888,  5980,  6347. 

Agricultural  Implements.— from  the 
earliest  times  and  In  all  countries  until  the 
beginning  of  ins  Nineteenth  rvotury  agri- 
culture wan  distinctly  manual  labor, 
■  and  oxen  were  used  for  plowing  and 
harrowing,  but  tbe  labor  of  planting,  cul- 
tivating and  bariotlng  was  all  performed 
hy  hand,  drain  sat  sown  broadcast  by 
hand,  cot  with  a  sickle,  gathered  with  a 
fork  and  thrashed  out  mi  the  barn  floor 
with  a  •-lull  Con  was  cultivated  with  a 
boe  and  Its  hoiking  was  made  a  social 
event  of  rural  communities.  By  therte 
primitive    methods    tbe    farmer    was    unable 

to  ptnrti much    of  a  tnirtriii*  to  exchange 

for   the   fabrics  of  the  cities  or  for  export. 
The   only    part    of    America   where    farming 

E roved  s  commercial  snecess  wa«  In  the 
outb,  where  alar*  labor  was  employed  In 
the  cultivation  of  cotton  and  tobacco.  The 
Invention  of  tbe  cotton  gin.  though  not 
strictly   a    farm   Implement,    made   s   com* 


■w-retal  crop  of  a  plant  theretofore  of  only 
ordinary  domestic  value. 

From  the  first  tuin.ug  of  ihe  toll  to  tbe 
gathering  of  tbe  crops  American  inv.ntlie 
genius  baa  lightened  the  labor  ami  m- 
craaaad  the  proOla  of  agriculture  so  that 
lb*  farmer*  today  enjoy  a  gn-ater  amount 
of  comfort  and  wraith  than  aur  other  da.s 
.-«n«. 

w  to  18iO  tin-  manufacture  of  agri- 
cultural iBijiln.  <<  hardly  be  coD- 
•Idered  aa  more  than  a  hind  trade,  and 
la  oo  »easc  a*  a  factory  industry,  aa  the 
t>rm  la  at  present  understood.  Idea-  had 
hewn  evolved,  and,  no  a  xmall  Rale,  cie- 
ruted.  which  contained  roucb  that  II 
prosed  procesie.  aad  facilities  of  ih»  lat- 
ter part  of  lb«  nl  irjf  braugkl  I"  complete 
fruition  Implements  were  made  In  small 
•bop*  with  an  nw.uge  capital  of  13,074 
per  •-aiabllabavat.  The  evolution  of  tbe 
luan-ili.-iurr  froaa  the  amall  shops  of  too 
blacksmith  aad  wheelwright  to  Uu)  Im- 
mense eat  m  day 
eabodara  all  ibr  phases  of  the  <l 
ment  of  tbr  modem  fa.te.iy  system.  In 
a  lar.  <  men.  by  tbr  aid 
of  anarblnrrT.  ito  Ike  work  thai,  without 
machinery    wowld    require   3,140    I 

TV  ■<   reaper  waa  flr»t   put  on 

tbr  market  at  a  aurcnxful  machine  for  the 
fcarr.  ta   of 

«WI  nnii  BotU  lumped  to  f3Z.ITA.l01, 
•bout  Ave  tlmra  tie  avenge  of  tbjr-  pre- 
ceding forty  ycara,  and  Saereaard  rapidly 
to  IgOOl  The  wheat  crop,  which  bad  not 
kept  pace  with  Hi.-  growth  of  population 
from    1830   to    1819.    gniii.il    more    Hiaa   70 

Kerot    la   the   decade    between    18411   and 
•.  aad  from  a  total   crop  of  84423,373 
bushels    la  a    hil- 

.usheN  to  1915.  Cyru«  II.  MrCormirk 
inherited  tbe  Idea  of  making  a  (tain 
reaper   from   bin    father,   who   hid    |>n 

In  IS  Hi. 
TU  csaeajrlal  eleaienta  wblch  made  the 
■  per  finally  successful  were  Hi..  r,-l,  the 
rider,  tbe  rcri|>roe»iitig  knlf».  unit  the 
m  loiter  a  self  raking  attachment 
the  place  of  the  man  who  had  raked 
train  by  baed  from  tbe  platform. 
The  Mar-ib  harvesting  machine  bud 
:ti  wblcb  carried  the  grain  from 
tfce  platform  over  tbe  mn«t.r  wbi-cl  to  two 
mea  wbo  stood  on  a  footboard  and  bound 
tbr  sheave,  on  table*  attached  tn  the 
machine.  By  1875  twine  blnilltijc  attach 
m»nt»  bad  been  patented. 

Tbe  aatoiMtle  acir  binder,  Invented  by 
Joba  r.  Appleby.  se»m»  to  have  been  tbe 
culminating;  Improvement  made  In  gtaln 
hou-vestlDg  machines,  ami  la  used  In  ono 
a  or  another  a*  aa  attachment  i  i 
•eater  to  bind  bv  far  the  Inrr'st  pnrt 
the  grata  harvested  In  thl«  and  other 
_  set  Me*.  Now  a  million  hluders  are  In 
u»»  on  Americas  farm*  and  a  lance  export 
buslnrsa  hat  grown  op.  Through  tbe  me 
of  A&e-rlean  tiervmliig  machlnra  Arg»n- 
Una.  Australia  and  Itimla  lm-.  bfCOflM 
large  exporter*  of  wheat,  and  alagle  car- 
roe*  iblpped  to  Kntooe  contain  more  of 
fbeae  machine*  than  the  entire  output  of 
any  Poronean  manufacturer  In  thl«  line. 
la  Kanaa*.  N<Vra«Aa  and  other  Weatern 
State-,  header,  art  ored.  wblcb  col  "f  Ihe 
»*alk  'T"t  below  the  hrad.  elevate  tbe 
wheat  Into  a  w»c»n  readv  to  be  hauled  to 
««Jier  and  leave  the  atraw  atandlnir. 
Id  California,  clrecon  and  Waiblne'nn  tbe 
combined  harveater  carrlea  a  thrashing  at- 
taebtneof.  which  H  operated  bv  the  trae- 
ttoa  wheel,  to  that  a  wide  switb  It  cut  and 
tfcra«h«d  and  delivered  la  bam  aa  the 
maehlse  la  drawn  arrowa  tb*  Aeld  by  bortea 
or  a  traction  csrtne 

Tfce   aaowlnc    oaacblar.    the    corn    planter 


and  the  two-borte  cultivator,  dlxtlnrllvely 
American  Inventlona.  have  served  tbe  Mime 
ttuip.j:-  in  proniotUuj  tbe  production  of 
nuri  hay  aa  the  reaper  In  the  cereal 
flrida,  1 'aimers  trie  unable  to  product 
Utc  atock.  poultry  and  dairy  producta  on 
a  commercial  «ralc  until  they  bad  labor 
anvltiK  macblnery  for  the  cheap  ptoduciinn 
of  hoy  and  com. 

•  Ic|.x    In    the    development 
»f   the   harvettlnc  machine  are  rccoi.; 
tbe   l'atent  Ufnce  a«   folloi 

Ili'iper* — llarri'Mier,      Itandrnker.       II 
arlf-raker,    ISOC:  dropper.   1SC1  :  adluatablo 
awlicb    reel    rakea.    18U5,    1875,    1»VU    and 
I8S4 

llarve«ler   Illndera — Cord   knott.r. 
wire    twlat.-r.     IS50;     straw    braid     twlater, 
lt>i7;  cleaner  an.',    binder,    18<i2 ;    aelf-trlp- 

fisr.7:    wire    twlater. 
Si (.*  :   antomntio   trip.    1H70:   atraw  loonvr, 
1»70:     vlbrntluc     binder.     1875;     low-down 
binder.     1ST*,     coin nretuor    automatic    trip, 
';    low-down  oblique  delivery,    I8S4. 
Ilcnn  and  riover  HarT*at«rI — Clover  har- 
vester,    1840 ;    clover    atrlpploa:   drum    bar* 
venter,      1854 ;      clover     bend      cutter     and 
breaker,      1S30;      bean     atnlk      culler     and 
bnndb-r.     is.'.o.    elofaf    'i.lrnl    drum    bar- 
i,      im.i  ;     bean      midcrsronnd     cutler, 
1800;    clover    head    itrlpper.    1877;    tiean 
■talk  puller.   1-     I 

Cora      Barretter*. — 4'utter.      1844:      ear 

•tripper,     1850;    ear     stripper,     busker    and 

•heller.     1850;     rnti.-r    and    ahoi-ker.     1853. 

l--.t,     1850;    IiU-Ii    tod     low    cutler.    1H50; 

nnd     abocker.     1S40:     picker    and 

bnaker.    1807;    picker,    bntker   and   -hoeker. 

1     enit.r    busker  and  abocker.   187.',. 

Cotton       Hnrvesteia  —  Toothed       picking; 

disk*    and     cylinder*.     1800;     hnnd     picker. 

1855;    liniKh    mrlpper.    1850:   exbnuat    flei- 

Ible   i  ■      fnn    blower,    1808 ;   aaw 

and  Milliner  hrnah  1MT0  electric  belt, 
1K70:  picker  Mem.  1S72:  toothed  cylinder, 
1«74,  1883:  revolving  picker  »(cm».  1S78, 
1001. 

UP    and     Flax    llarvestere — Revolving 
pulling  drum  and  hand.   18.1*  :  roller.  1853: 
ractprocattaf,     i.iiiiing    jaw. 
poller,     1800  ;     alda    delivery, 
stalk  cutter.   187:. 

Combined  Hennera  and 
Rcnper  and  thrnh.i.  IBM:  Ihraakar,  «ep- 
arator  and  atcjaar,  lH4il;  head  cutter  and 
deliverer.  1849:  harveater  and 
thrn«her.  1*77:  steam  harvester.  1879; 
hiail.-r.    thrasher    and    separator.     1888. 

llcrse  Rak.s  Flopoi.-i  1833;  spiing 
tooth.  1880:  dunit.lng  -nlky.  1848:  draft 
1850:  self  dnmnlnr.  1852:  aprlng 
tooth  aclf  dumping.  ls.'.H  :  draft  dim 
18C6,  1858.  1800,  1878,  1884;  drag  dump 
Inar,   I860.   1870. 

Ilorae  Hay  Fork«. — Rnlral  fork,  1807 ; 
hnrponn.  1807,  J8»4.  1881  ;  tilting.  1*70; 
grapple,   1880;  handfork.   188a. 

Ray  Rackrra  and  leader" — 1848,  1850. 
1888,  l.xoii.  im;i.  1804.  1808,  I80T\  1888, 
1870.  1870,   ISf 

Hay  Tedder.  -1855.  1801,  1803.  1805. 
1807.    1870.    18S.T 

K*X%  to  horveKtlng  machines  the  thrash- 
IntT  mochlne  l«  the  moat  Important  featnre 
of  the  e.|ultnni.|it  of  modern  agriculture 
The  "ground  hog"  thrasher  came  Into  uoe 
early  In  the  nineteenth  century.  Thrash- 
ing mills,  with  fanning  and  screening  de- 
virei,  were  »et  in  In  England  In  1800.  but 
these  were  aratlnned  at  aom*  central  point, 
and  the  grain  had  to  be  hauled  to  them. 
The  tlrtt  nnrtnhle  thrashing  machine  with 
cleaning  devices  waa  made  hr  Hiram  A. 
and  John  A.  Pitta,  of  Wlnthroo.  Me..  In 
and  fieorge  Wc<t>nghnuae  began 
making  'hrsiblng  machines  In  Fonda.  N  Y. 
about    1840       Ha   later    removed    to    8cha- 


1888:     sralk 
1870,     1871  : 

Thrashe 


Agricultural         Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presideixls 


nectady.  N.  V.,  and  patented  n  number  of 

ii         |>ai .    inn      Bud 

U  tlie  "wind  stacker,"  by  wbleb  tbe  *unw 
Is  bloarD  by  a  ravolrlnc  fan  through  a 
►  teel  pipe  to  the  atrnw  ntnck,  thus 
»»viug  tbe  labor  of  several  men.  Auto- 
matic   bond    cutting    find     feed  lug    a- 

•  ml  automatic  khIh   v.   ,. 
also    conic    Into    general    u-c.    and 
rnrlucs   to  replace  hour*  In  tho  Held  have 
il    ti.-w     liupetlll    .'rum     tb(    DM    Df     Hi" 

Internal      combustion     engine     and     wider 
knowledge   ot   the   auto  trm  k. 

gialn   drill    U   a   recent    Implement 

•  in     Hi.,    in. in         I  :    ■    In  .1     -..il     in 

for  n    i feed    .  Mil  nu  lamad    bo 

i .  JniO|i  A  \     V  . 

In   1BSI,  mill   iii.ir  general   u  i    i-»tne  with 

tin.    H 
Tbe    tint    puc-nt    on    a    practical    corn 

planter   *bn   i» 

of  II::-  I  li>-  (.;..|>rge 

D.   llnworlh.  of  tbe  same  State. 

1 Itlvatoi       Ida    In    a    great 

variety  of  lal  fanne 

of  all  I*  an  arched  ilch  «.(r*ddli»  the 

Il  drawn  by   i»  two 

gang*,  or  frame.",   one   on  nl    Ihe 

'Ircctlon  of 

iln    "iiefntor.  who  may  1 1. 1.-  or  srslk.     Corn 

binder*  and  picker*  .ire  aim.  mai 

a*   well    aa    portable    an  ; 

Power  corn  shollcr*  hare  been 
in  .1  ■.■  » l :  i  -  -  -  -  1800.  and  ire  liiillnpi.usa.ble 
wher-ver    e..rn    I-    er  hlpmrnt     10 

market.     The    flr«t    -in--.---.riil     mnrhlne    of 
thl»  type  oa»  Invented  by  Augustus  Adama. 
ndwlch,   III. 
1 1..-    plow    In    primitive    form    antedate* 

id,    wliii.     ii    appear*    to    be    a 

rtmple   Implement,    the   ii 'oved   American 

ill.."-   ..(  todaj    i-    Mi.-  produi  (   i.r  alow 
lotion,  eai   ml   -uidy  and  oiueh  mechanical 
■kill      i;m. .1 1-    .ii    in,- .I .... .  in.  nf    have    1,,.,'u 
Inrgrlv    dll  ird    eataulWhlnit    upon 

a   mathi'iniiflcnl   basla    tbe    proper   linen   of 

:ird  which  ralaea  and   turn*   the 
fur  mi w    allce       President   Thomas    Jed 
published  lil«  view*  on  thin  subject  In  1708. 
jclbro   Wood    ot  Bclplo,   (S,   v.   took  on  I  » 

(inti-nr    In    1818    for    n    plow   with    o    mold 
linrntc  piece*,  no  they  could 
l„     I-,  riln  ,,l    by 

Anionic    the   nnuie*   that  will  ever   be    na> 

lib.  the  plow  In  America  are  John 

pioneer   Inventor  ami   manufacturer. 

,. in    .,i    Mollne.    in,    rvup- 

Klled  the  West  for  many  year*,  and  Jnmca 
llvyr.  whose  uerfeetlon  or  tbl  chilled  iteel 
plowshare  wit*  an  Important  »tep  lu  ad- 
vanced  mnnufa.-i 

The  history  of  «tenm  plowing  datei  from 

Hi.-    Invention"    of    Fowler    and    Smith    In 

1834.    Tho   plows   are  In   gnngs  of  twelve 

ii    and   are    drawn    by    traction 

englu^«  of  from   40  to   so   horn  p 

Machinery    for    •helling,    sorting,    alftlng 

..r   grading,  •<  ordlng   to  alto   the  »i 
vegetable  and   root   crop*   forma  an  extcn- 
»lve  industry  In  Itself. 

Agricultural    Implementa    In    general    are 
■1    Into   four   croup. — thnae   of   eitltt- 
vatloo,    awdltMt    and    nUntlng.    barrcMltig. 
and  eeed  separating.     These  groups  In  turn 
aro  sul  ,i«  claase*.  as  In- 

dicated In   I  •  table.     At  the 

census  of  1849.  1.388  c-tat.lltbmcnts  were 
■  d  as  enraged  in  the  tuanufaeturrj  of 
agricultural  imtilement*.  the  number  of 
I,  -.nt  the  vnlue 
of  their  products  amounted  to  (0.842.01 1. 
In  ISiIO  tb»  number  of  factorlo  had  in- 
erea- . .  wen    mmnnra- 

tlvrlv  «rosll  establishment",  their  aegri 
capital  amounting  to  onlr  (11,834  000,  and 
their   oiiiimt    Mag   valued   at    little   more 


than   (33,000.000.     In    1800   through   corn- 
'!>»    and    capital    the    number    of 
i-hm.-ulH  had  fallen  to  040,   the  capi- 
tal bad   Increased   to  I 

value  of   the   output   to  (140.32" 

(If   Ho-   77^  ,-s:  in   the 

in.lui.in  iii  1014,  Mi  were  locati  i  fa  iiiiosda, 

i   Ol  lo,   81    In   VTkscoi 

10  in   Puna  nila, 

4'j  in  ii  in  Iowa   ■ 

gun,  33  In  Minnesota,  27  In  Missouri.  25  In 

ii   in   North  Carolina  ami 

Virginia.   IS  In  '.  .  rmont.  IS 

In  Kansas.  11  In  Malm     10  na<  h  In  Alabama 

b  In  Kentucky,  Mniua- 

ii.  .iii.l  Washington.  O  each 

nil  Ml  lalsod]  ■  (aa.  4 

in    i  'oloriido,    :;     .i.  Ii    In    .'..-l.iiii-.i..    I  .. 

Hampshire,   Oregon.   8o«th 
ml    South     Dakota,    2     **y 
Oklahoma,  and  Weal  Virginia,  and  1 
each    in    l.niii.innn    and    Montana. 

The  statistics  for  1814  are  aummarlaed  la 

:    .llnr,  loir    tabM  : 

Numl«tf  establishments 

Tolal  VlIlM  cf  tiTMlUCtl 


Implcrnrnlt  of  tllltrrslioB 

narjler*  sod  seeders  .   .     

Hamsun*  uuplcnitnl* 

Sard  sapamUin 

All  nlhrr  prndnrt*.  iorluiling  [art*  foe  al 

elaiMSOt  asri'ulturaliiotilmwnn 

Amount  netlvad  for  rtpait  work 

iKTtinnrn  or  Cinnr»Tio». 
Cultnatott— 

Bert 2.1S4 

r.n  .ii  (bona 

and  hi 
Wheeled.        ,.   I 

.  S<r*wts.      17^37 

' 

eUaai         .       IM.090 

H»rro»Te— 

Dtsk 211.133 

8princ-tcoth...  IUsr47       Oiha 

Spiie-Uxrll.,.  5V.M4I 

PmrroM  m  ^imrr* 
getdai  (hrotd-  CVrtloo  planters,. 

oaiiaiui  »npjn  lv.uto plantar*... 

or  enilaaUl  and  Drills  ... 

eeMw  at-  Seed  Sower*. 

tactunenli        .      61,654  hand,  fiald. . . . . 

Corn  plaolers—  Othrr  nlaauss  or 

Band  IIB.SSO  weders 

Horn  1IJ.0W 

lUavasnwo  Iimjoiam. 


u'..-  I,-' 

40,5 
U.v 

60.SIIJ27 

l^otCfio 


:„- 


I  .,,  ,  Baaa 

I.lllOT... 
Plow*— 

D«k    118M 

Uuig 7S.SJ9 

tUlevcl 

Easias  IS* 

Sully  1.111*1.)..    lORJla 

Iktog,     ....    (IS.MC 

Pul»s»lser» 11T8I 


101    ... 

17J7» 

mjm 

ts,m 

4.124 


O.r.in  rrarllr. .  ...     38*1 
liatvcstcfs— 

Bean. 3.60S 

Corn 

Oraia  21i,3»6 

UarTnicn  and 
thinho* 

eooiblaoi 

Other 

Haycerrlen  .... 
Hay  for  tj,  none.. 


Clover  huBm.... 
Corn  butkres.. . . . 
Corn  huakan  aU 

ehr«ldm 

Corn  HlitUws— 

Hand 


2*4 

2.73J. 

h  m 

7iJ02 
B  tan  Serial  pkw. 


■i  rj  lea  la  ■  ii.nv) 

H»,rakr»,  h«s. .  1BXK1 
H*/  lUtlrrs.   ... 

Hay  (adders.  dTOri 

Moarn       274  S2I 

Other  ba;uiii  tools  42.M4 
I'.iUI...!ij,..n 

hom tsjm 

Respws O0.983 

OUia J8.T74 


I.HW 
iil 

4J38 


Powrr  IfcOW 

FunuvimUa....  27.504 
Thriabo*— 

Hatsspower.. . .  302 

Knims 1(,SM 

Other  7.174 


T4.40J 

Agricultaral  Prodnctg.— The  agricultural 
icte  of  tho  t'nlted  Bute*  are  ao  die.  iai 
fled  that  It  would  be  usolass  to  attempt  to 
doKrrlhf  all  in  a  single  article  or  even  In 
an  ordlnaiy  lied  rolnme.  I  In  Department 
of  Agricultur..  pnbllshes  annunl  reporta  cov- 
rrlni;  Hie  Held  In  general  and  frequent  spe- 
ri»i  reports  and  bo'" 
product*. 


bulletins    on    egri 


Encyclopedic  Indtx 


Agricultural 


To*  areoojpanjlBx   tabic  giro  the  qnan- 
ttr  tad  roiur  «.*  iiui  prodtx-ta  oa 

i   iu  (be  ■*(•' 
Nallta  «M  Cop*.— TV   I  1010 

P"  ik*  production  of  pnultrr  In  lb*  I'oli- 
•4  Mate*,  la  ISO*.  «•  4AH.40S.3St.  The 
tauawratl.i-  •,  rulnr-a  foala. 

tanrja,  freae.  dncka.  plgeom  and  pear 
Tar  tail  value  of  fuwle  ral«d  darlnx  ISO* 
»ri«l  at  tli-  oaiiua  o/  l»IO  to  b* 
tStUOO.2'2.  or  an  lorreaec  of  4*.»  par 
•ett  or«r  tlic  total  raise  reported  U  D 
pan  »» 

AccardtBr  to  tbe  <Vcn«  of  1010,  llllnola 
aw  tkr  kradlac  atatp  Iu  the  BunN-r  of  fowle 
■  number  briir 
■i     JJtsaourl  ranked  acroed  ID  toll  r«- 

i—  ,iii i  — ii  ncaorn  or  van  mrnm  anna 


Qaj 


at- 

uXajtanaa* 
HakataakaM 

Cava 

Ckeac 

Hrfi«tanB>* 
M^.hjatarVi 

&!*::::;: 

Caaa- 
rata?"-' 

»walji*4wta'.- 


kit.. 


,M» 


Sr 


j«3 


Qjiill 
gang 

•rata* 

:_;.:.... 
Qalaaa 


& 


Qanda) 


IOIoOjOM 

CSS 

ll.TM  II 

ggg 

IH| M 

_«S4.J04,»K 


Vakia 


UMHi   WBfcBW,  00 


IB.TM.at 
aMeXWI 

UAM.U0C 


4I«vMMC 

r.-.;i.i--:.-M- 

7.4SJJW 

•sjio.ru 

40.118.711 
J.MAtOMM 

:ii.«3.«05 

t4.lva.0M 

7,in.i»t 
iMnni 

-to'..  --I  •'- 

Hjava 

uojuk 

T.'K. 

24X000 

lioaojon 

1I43X4T0 

i«jbj» 
MH/Bi/B 

;  .i.i.  ■:...  • 


OJM! 

SaaMl! 

1 1  a 
zi.m.ta 

I0.KS.4I6 
MS4.4H 

«J.S«t.<t0 
I7D.6I04J9 


1,143,701 

t"..."'.  '-I 
7O.40O 
Ml 

Btjasjooo 

100,67M» 
le)  IOA40.W0 
S4.J7J.323 
IN  BMH 

W.V7I.4N1 

ts43?46t 

lo)77»,0«4/r» 

4r.'.*w 
IMU  -i 
7^44.745 

314*0423 

4447474 

0.;oui'i: 
I«407Jt7 

01 5e.sn.000 
■U7LO0 

Wii.wi.oto 
■AM  m 

10.799.165 
«•)  IOHntK',000 

4.93S.IM 
15.117,613 

1.- 

0.643411 

1,7117,117 

J.IKJ.IW 

<o)IOI.tllfl» 

aiu.wa.oji 
(ml  aaJtUOO 


•raaaaaraaortaj  lar  V»  Centoe  of  IMO     t  >"x>ir*« 
I  nawraa  aft-  Kw  Not  incluJ- 

aaa.    (ei  Ft=  prior  Dec.  1.  1-14      111  In 
'    leradana    <«'  Arcri«-  price  i.i  0,r  rur    (ftln- 
taat.    10  16J4.JM  J46  ma  th*  umalc  value  of 
lata*  ea3  a—  b>  Ike  C«au.  of  1910.  (h)  M»lo 
'     ioa.fi/ni  aadpavi' 
laataaa.TaiaaaalI4.7M.    UKMii 
>  larai  prior  A«   IS.  llttt    t«>  Bawd <m  too 
ataa  of,  raSaed.  J*  rwaata  Juno  30.  1015. 
taalx.    lal  Tarn.  prwaJ'jta  16.  1014. 


apect.  reporting  the  number  of  fowl*  ralwad 

Iowa   ranked 
■Ad    1. 1 ...ii.ii    Hi-   prodocilon  of  2U.B90.147 
fowls  lu   1V00. 


twutarxL  caaau  caora  ot  arirai  m  1115 

(Tnaa  fcoat  «fo-  km,  «f  a«»  Ettinttt  ■(  th  C*»L  d  ArbilU 

.-.(;!.. 

Cu- 

Com i  »i 

Hacal* 

ll,,...,.: 

lluaticb 

Biuli.la 

Mum. 

t,    ■.)..». 

l.,,I.IM 

II  7.000 

>.      ...    II     ,,,;       ,„. 

V40.000 

'•"    

S.IS..0* 

9.181.00C 

SO.00O 

M-x-.    ,o>-U.. 

I.K.n.  M--..1 

MM 

rtUM.... 

JSJflW 

Ke«  rork 

54.08a.000 

11,740,000 

Sea  Jeney. . . . 

1  ;|/i.i.i>i 

10,247,000 

IWajrhama. 

ao>4jDo 

gffl.::::: 

mm 

1  HO,O00 

l^uUOO 

I'J/.'ii.  iiij 

6 1.000,0' Ml 

WoH  Viriinu 

sjio,ooo 

3.'»>H-.0 

North  • 

aJtJO.000 

jbtiaaCWulloa. 

0.71S.0011 

.w.;.').i«x> 

2.617,000 

Maim 

FlurWft 

11,644,0011 

■ 

aXOQS.000 

154.330.000 

isftaaa. 

t$.SM.i>30 

Ilkaaai 

372.t02.00D 

iuooiooo 

14.774.000 

im.ivi.'>yi 

40.SSMOO 

4,i";0'>O 

Iowa 

in,  is/w) 

53/aOjOOD 

73,000400 

':  -  •   ■  i  :■  ■ 

in,4ti.,.,iKio 

Ukanrl 

-'  1 ,'  '.'XJ  OOL 

:-.i  m.H,(Kio 

North  Dakota.. 

7  VII  II'IH 

143,713,000 

Nconaika 

tCIHOOO 

rtvsnifn 

i 

00.00OAO0 

JI2.OI.S0O0 

',.MI.I.',,ll,«l 

Kaoaaa 

I6.V 

Kentwkr 

S.0W.O0O 

Tmoeaea. 

i^tojm 

04.670.000 

B  163,000 

AkOauoa. 

1 8,000 

Uaakaippi..... 

4t.-«>J 

2,730,000 
39.i»o,™o 

50,$7i.000 

tyotdMi 

Okbnoma.... 

I5.44MW 

•«3J»0 

33,770,000 

Jtrtatuu 

.,,•.".«.! 

61.153,000 

3,100000 

l.l.'-.".») 

11,709,00 

13,1(0403 

New  Mraan... 

J,1S0J»« 

141O40O 

HOMO 

11,000 

3.330400 
1405.000 

Nevada. 

UfMJXC 

MlODO 

10414400 

Wiekioitoa... 

Hl'.i"'.' 

LISMOO 

1 

Qnaaa 

CalJaruu. 

rlOiOM 

ioaj.000 

3.410,001) 

7,040,000 

Total  buahaa. 

3«6.I50J»0 

4O44774OO 

Total  arraa. .... 
Total  (ana  •  >i . 

fi.r.'Mi'Ki 

10'J,27JJXO 

6V.4 17,000 

Oct  I 

I-.-.'"   ■•-■'.  Mill 

I.V1  .l.ic.oa-, 

BlllaT.ni 

Tuld  per  Kie. . 

37  1 

37.7 

16  0 

1  inn    nrioa  pal 

haab.O"   1 

IMS 

1TM 

»W>9 

•ft*a*a**7eaaMl*    «J  fanaat  Oaa  aialiUai  as  Cat,  1.  WIS. 


DOMr-.nc  ANiiiALa,  1913 


Number 
Milrli  row*  aud  olhor 
•auk  I  527.000 

Hceaee 10407.000 

Muloa t.380.000 

ShMp  and  Uml-    .  . .    51,183,000 

ni.i7K.ou0 

a::  <i-<meatioaolnula. 101.140.000 


Mm 


M7S,333.OO0 
645,345fl00 

aoa.iiw.ooo 

15.501.783,000 


njr  the  C.nni  of  1510  there  were  on  forma  and 
rancee  in    United  »(al«  01.803.S0.; 

■iued  at  31.400,521.007;  lioraee 

:  I  R33,li:i.    1 

l.-,'«.7«),    valuf.1      ■  :  aaaaa 

irroa.  1OS.O08.  valued  at  111,200,111:  abeep 

unit..    52,447.861.    i-alued    at    l:-.',MI.'«. 

i8. 145,670.  valiiad  at  3300.33j.308:  (oata, 

a,0l5.1il,  valued  atlO.170,423. 


Agricultural  Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


ma  >inru,  ntLo  or  ctuu  mora  nt  utm  nm    (Reported  by  the  Department  of  Agriculture) 


y«»™ 


Indian  Cora 


M» 


14.... 
1914.... 


Diutiela 
1, 002,007.033 

2.078. :  I 
2.I04.102.SK' 

i. .■,_•;. ',1'i.v.u 

a,iM.J78,»3a 

2.4B7.4S0.034 

2,927,410.001 
3^92,320.000 

2,aof.6M.i>i«> 
MM  i  IB,  no 

MSBdBO,000 

2.431.4*1,000 

S,lJ4.74lU>"» 
2.4«3,00<i.<«>0 

2.073.804  .ono 


«bul 


Uuslicla 
630.110.108 

i  iu.ooo 

SW.32fl.505 
748.iOO.218 
670,01...  ,008 
11,83a 
452,300,417 

' 
634,087,000 

Mil., .. 

f'«.37B.25B 

C35.121.000 

B2I  SI3N.0OO 

! 

743.233.000 

901^)17.000 


o»u 


busbele 

098,737^,00 
730.004,000 

730.808.724 
12.712 
7M.OU4.1U0 
804., 

943.210.197 
004.004,422 
7o4.443.000 
.--ir.i.-.i,  ix.fi 
1,007.142.080 
1. 180.311, IHKI 

l.ii-  137,000 
1, 1  ?2. 130.000 
1.141.000,000 
1.417  l 

i.JSl.'.i-iL'.iinii 


Bsriaa 

lluabrtla 

00,084,127 

44.702, i  hh> 

48.92i.S33 
100,93 
U4.S44.023 

i:m,74«.was 

130.651,020 
178,9 1(1,484 
153.507.000 
10C.750.000 
173,341  212 

100.240.000 
223.S24.000 
17->,  1 80,000 

;':;'.•  i. m.,«»i 
isn.'i27. 


I!>C 


Hualirla 

24.047.000 
23*81.741 

2.v9»:.v27 
•1ll,J44,8:t0 
33  -5.10.502 

le^SMia 

27.741.515 
28,4*4,052 

31.S00J000 
M.881^00 

29.S30.447 
34*07.1)00 

.!-.  r.i.i.i.K) 
41  181.000 
42,770,1X10 

r7.383.QO0 


Bu<k«bc»t 


Huahcla 
14,997,401 

11.722.000 
11,004,471 
»MtM6 
14,124.039 
I4.sa,770 
14,243,044 
l.',0UK.330 

14,041.937 
14.290,000 
14.«r : 

17 ,508,000 
17,A4!l,OO0 

13,833,000 
11. -.41,000 
15.  Vio.OOO 
11.840.000 


The  Censua  of   1010  gives   Ilic   following 

fnrni     ttntlatlcs     for     t  !••-■      I'iiIi-I      Suites  : 

total      number.     0.301.502;      total 

acres    In     farms,     87*  r,.is,;i25  .     Improved 

nri.,%  lii   fiinim,   478  451  T.'.O  ;   nil ■(   Innd 

la  farms.  328.475.074.ICH:  value  Of  build- 
ings oa  forms  »(1..12,',4*.1.62S  I  vnluc  of 
itiiNli'UD'iil*  iu,il  inn,  I,  lurrv  ,m  fnrni*  $1,- 
IH.7S3  value  |iir  acre  of  land  and 
buildings.    830.60:    value    per    acre   ,,f    In  ml 

•ion».  »:i2  in.     Value  ,.r  wniii,  produced 

on    farnia   In    1111.*.   eatlinntcii    by   .Secretary 
of  Agriculture,  *10.S01.08rt,000. 

.''■'I  "   Product!     Tha   Thirteenth   CcBMt 
presented   tbe  following  condensed  nnnlysla 
of  Iho  dairy  Industry   of  t!i,     I  uiti-d   Stales 
for  Ihe  ceuaua  year  IBOfi 
Total  number  of  cowa  kept  for 

mlllt 81.7B6.T70 

Milk  produced  no  farina,  gala.  S.Si  :  > 
Total  pounds  of  buiter  made  l,i'll).4l 
Total  pound!  of  cheese  modi-.  320. 5,12  1  SI 
Condensed  milk  produced.  Ilia.  404.700.:.  1 1 
The  quantity  of  milk  report")  wan  pro- 
duced on  farma  reporting  lfl.IM10.2V8  dairy 
cowa  and  dura  nut  Include  ■■•tluiaifi  for  4.- 
050,1.14  rowi  reposled  aa  dairy  cows  liy 
farmers  but  for  nbleh  no  atarement  waa 
git ro  of  quantity  of  milk  produced.  In 
many  cases  tba  raaaon  for  not  giving  tbe 
quantity  of  milk  produced  xvna  that  Cb* 
farmcra  were  unable  to  make  even  a  rough 

estimate       <: rally     speaking,     bowel    r, 

these  cowa  were  on  farma  In  tbe  "•••tern 
and  southern  part*  of  the  United  States 
whera  tba  production  la  likely  to  be  leu 
than  lb*  average  f,>r  otbM  porta  of  tba 
country.  Also,  many  cowa  reported  »"  dairy 
cowa  are  as  a  matter  of  fact  milked  . •  r 1 1 v 
a  very  amall  part  of  tbo  year.  No  citlmaM 
la  Included  for  the  "cowa  kept  for  tultk" 
no!  on  farma 
Axriccltuial  Products: 
Boot  Sugar — 

Culture  of,  6865. 
Coffee- 
Production  of,  6731. 
Commerce  with  foreign  countries  in, 

4973. 
Corn — 

Commerco   in.  restrained   by  Groat 

Britain.    138. 
Introduction  of  product*  of,  into 
Eiiropo   discussed,   5764. 
Cotton- 
Captured  and  forfeited  referred  to, 
KM. 


Commerce  in,  reforred  to,  4973. 
Culture  of,  in — 

African  possessions  of  Portugal, 
8884. 

Braail,  471L 
Discriminating     duties     on,     from 

British  North  American  colonies 

discussed,  996. 
Duty  on,  Lord  Aberdeen  "a  letter  re- 

i; : t  r , ] :  r i  [_' .    1134. 

Perions   eugaged    in   bringing   out, 
order  regarding,  8439, 
Exportation  of,  discussed,  5887,  5979, 

0171. 
Hay,  exportation  of,  prohibited,  3476. 

Order  rescinding,  3532. 
Referred  to,  4800. 
Rice— 

Duties   on,  discussed   and   referred 
to,   1243,   1931,  2112,   fi] 
•.■•in. 
Production  of,  in  U.  8.,  6727,  6906. 
Tobacco- 
Duties  on,  in  foreign   ports,  1648, 
173S,  1909,  2167,  2192,  2909,  3120. 
Exportation     of,    to     countries    at 
peace  with  United  States,  orders 
regarding,   3379,    3434. 
From  Netherlands  and  Dutch  col- 
onies,   tax    on,   discussed,    4979, 
4986,   5088. 
Growth,  production,  and  trade  of, 

referred  to,  2133. 
Internal   tax   on,   removal   of,   rec- 
ommended, 5474. 
Trade  with  foreign  countries  to  bo 
promoted.    1888,    1713,    1822, 
2167. 
Referred  to,  1806. 
Value  of  annual  production  of,  dis- 
cussed, 5642,  5744.  5764,   5978. 
Agricultural  Land  Grants.    (Soo  Agri- 
cultural Colleges.) 
Agriculture: 
Advancement   of,   recommended,   88, 
60.   61,   77,   78,   194,   197,   318,  361, 
3776,  4457,  4530,  4947,  5112. 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Agriculture 


;troM  ttate  of.   PTS,    1T47. 
Brierenee-  to,  93,  173,  210,  3333. 
Acricoltsrt,   Bureau   of: 

Appropriations      for,      recommended, 

Diactuaed,    3334.    3-132,    3364,     4066, 
4106,   4364,  4645,    I  5383. 

Employe*"    in — 

To    participate     in    decoration    of 
grave*    of   soldiers,   4733,    4818, 
4*99,  5078,  5350. 
To    participate     in     dedication    of 

Washington    Monument,    4879. 
To  witness   inauj{urutiou   of   Presi- 
dent Cleveland,  4881. 
Enlargement   of   facilities  of,   recom- 

mended,  4530. 
Establishment    of,    3334. 

Recommended,    2536,     Mtt.     2663. 
2714.  3253. 

rred  to,  4060,   CUT. 
Experiment      stnt:.  i  nda- 

384,  5489,  6980. 
.'.384. 
tritiution.     (Soo  Seed  Dlstri- 
botioa.) 
A«rSroltore.  CommiMjonar  of: 
Reply  of.  to  8en»t*  resolution  regard- 
ing    disease*      prevailing      aj 
•  •ice,   4435. 
Report*  of,  referred  to,  4158,  4364, 
J,  4462,   : 
Agriculture,  Department  of.— This   De- 
paiu  Ksenitlvr  Branch  of  t ii •• 

Owsnatent  had  Its  origin  In  the  recom- 
avaatttoo  of  Washington.  As  early  ns 
t*t  7.  1T!>0.  In  bis  eighth  anneal  address 
I****  lMl  ilut    '•n-lib    reference 

tutor  to  Individual  or  nntlrni.il  wi-lfnrc 
nrvutuie  Is  of  primary  Ii.  and 

»'  Isr  ssiue   time   orged    the   Importance 
nl     i(    lioanls    .    .     . 
-I    wltb    collcs-tlng   ami    diffusing    tn- 
nraatlon.   and    ennMol    by    premiums   and 
will  (v'cnUrj   al<l>  to  encourage  and  as- 
•  .very    and    Improve, 
■ret."       Ttie     •eminent*     expressed      by 
"'"•Waa-i.il    were    r. -l:.-r Med    anil    enlarged 
ryco  I.  .ucccssor* 

1 1 1 3 ) . 
fross  the  very  beginning  of  Hie  tlovern- 

Kr.-«eul»tlres   boil    sent 
!    seed*    ii  nil    cutting*    of    agrlcu 
eodaet*   tn   be  trlr-l    In 

a*st  la    1A3S   Congress   rnmle  an   itpprnprl*- 

tlaa  of  Sl.000   f..t    ii:  at   ro»- 

nnd    fur    tile    pi, 

.ml  statistic*.      Thfs   work 

•   .    ■   ,.     I      ■.  nl    filTli-.-.    which 

WWs:  (trpartmcnl   of  state  ontll 

tbe  Department  of  tip*  Interior 

i    part   of  It.      fo   to    1840  Ibi 
r  .1  work    win  carried  on  by   itie  Com- 
alas*,.  Rllsworth, 

n  .peels  1 
flettl.  under  tbe  direction  of  ttie  Cnrnuil*- 
loser,    was  rmtdojed    for  the    work. 

Ma<  .    an    act     was    »pproved 

which   etenled   tbe  brpartment   of  Aerlenl- 

i  itlae  of  which   were  to  "illiriiac 

tbe    moit   general   and 
'.••    of    the   word,    and    to 
.lit*   3 moor 


the    people    new   and    valuable    seeds    and 
plant*."      It    wss    provided    that    tbe   bead 
of  tbl*  bureau   should   be  a   Commissioner 
rrlciiltiire.   to   bold   office   by  a   tenure 
uniilnr   io  tbut   of  other  civil   officer*  ap- 
•  I    by    I  he    I'reMdent. 
ii>.-   i.ui.hi    wns  made  a   fnll  executive 
deparn  enl     by     an    net    of    Congress    ap- 
proved    Feb.    0,     1889.    and    pi: 
a  Sr.-rvi.iry,    who   wns   made  a   member  of 
Ho-    President's    Cabinet.      To    promote   tbe 
nsrlculiurnl  Interests  of  the  country  In  the 
iugh   manner  an  act  of  Cmigrea* 
nppri.ri.ii    March   3.   l-rdt".  provided   for   the 
establishment    of    agricultural     experiment 
stations     i.s.-e     Agricultural      College*     and 
tatlon*),   in  connection  wltb 
tbe     ngrlenltnrnl     colleges    In     the    several 
states  nnd  territories,  and  placed  the  Com- 
■  .hit    of    Agriculture    over    theHe    stn- 
tlons    In   on   advisory   nnd   administrative 
capacity. 

i        nit  the  Department  of  Agricul- 
ture   In   It*  relation   with  these  experiment 
ms,  tbe  Office  of  Experiment  Station* 
was    established   In  the  same   year. 

Agricultural    colleges   .--inhii.tird   In 
the   nrrernl    state*    nnd   territories   In   ac- 
cordance   with    the   land   grant  act   of   I  an- 
IMaa    of   July    2.    1868,    >,nvp    „o   organic 
relation   to   tbe   Department   of  Agriculture 
ler   than    that    the   agricultural    experi- 
ment stations  ;in-  generally  department*  of 
iltural  colleges,  nnd  that  the  preal- 
of  BBI  Ii  ■•.  the*e  colleges  Is  obll. 
mnkc  an  annual  report  to  tin-  Secretary  of 
Aeri  culture. 

Ttie  Weather  Bureau  (ij.  v.).  an  Impor- 
tnnt  branch  of  tbe  Department,  «.-i»  an- 
ihotlied    by   Congress    Feb,    4,    1  871).    under 

Ho-  direction  ..f  Ho-  v.'nr  Department,  but 

i   act  of  Oct.    1.    lMifl.    H    wns   trans- 
ferred to  the  Department  of  Agriculture. 
Some   other  Important   bureau*   are : 

Of  .inimal  Induitru  (established 
14),  which,  beside*  Its  Investigation*  to 
Improve  the  condition  of  tho  animal  In- 
dustries of  the  country,  bns  wide  powers 
of  Inspect  Inn  and  supervision  a*  to  the 
of  lire  stock.  tSee  Animal  Indus- 
try,  llurcau  of.) 

tturinu  ■■'.  I  .irestr;/  (1881),  which  has 
ehnrjre  of  the  administration  of  tb*  no- 
tional forest  reserve*,  (flee  Forest  Service.) 
in  of  y,'ii(nmo.'or/v  (18031,  which  ob- 
tains and  disseminates  Information  regnrd- 
liu;  Injurlou*  Insect*  and  their  relation  to 
plant    and   animal    life. 

Bureau  af  Cliemiitry  ilSflSl,  whose  work 
Includes  tho  Investigation  of  food  product* 
Imported  lnrn  the  Cnlted  State*,  analysis 
of  adulterated  producta.  and  experiments 
to  determine  the  effect  of  adulterant*  upon 
tho  human   system. 

Bureau  of  HtaUntle*.  orranlrcd  a*  tbe  Dl- 

ilea   In   1803   and   made   ■ 

ii    In    1908,      Tbi*   bureau    is  the   old- 

•■•I   illitlnctlrely   stall. n.-ni    agency    o(    ibe 

i:ov.rnment.   Its   work    being   the   fathering 

of  material  of  (ntereal  to  the  asricultnnat, 

fma   all  parts  of  the  world. 

Aprleullural  Callrget .— Ijirge  tract*  of 
land  In  the  northwest  territory  were  grant- 

»d    tn   tbe  states   formed    therefrom     i 

•  legislatures  or  by  tbe  Federal 
Oovernment  for  educational  purpose*.  As 
e«rly  »s  1T8S  Congress,  foreshadowing  the 
permanent   policy  of   the   nation    In   encour- 

•  ring    education,    enacted    that    one    thirty- 

•  li'h  of  al!  the  put. tte  Innd*  should  be  set 
apart  fe.r  and  dedicated  to  the  cause  of 
eduentlon.  and  by  the  act  of  July  33,  1W. 
this  reservation  was  made  perpetual.  The 
further  to  encourage  and  dignify  th»  *cl- 
enca  of  husbandry.  Concres*.  bv  tlo  Hot- 
rill  Act  of  July  2.  1802.  provided  "tlmt 
there    be  granted  to  the   "everal  states  .  .  , 


Ency<lopfdU  Iwdtx 


Agriculture 


U  tooust  of  public  land,  to  be  appor- 
laserd  i.,  r*<B  tiite  a  mutilij  equal  to 
JU.auQ  Km  tot  neb  Seoator  and  K»pre- 
a-*ij  .  to  which  the  atatea 

lb*   apportion 
■MM  ander  ibr  ■ 

r    naii.ral    lands,    to    found    colleges 

,  iicaltar*    atxJ    th»    mrcbanlcu I    ana. 

TM»  act  wae  amended  !•;  an  art  of  Hatch 

■    •-.     a  bleb    provided    thai    all    ox.ucy 

:    by    lb*    .talcs    from,    tU«    •->  :■ 

Ual  apoortloocd    by    tb*    geoernl   Govern- 

ami  ana*    be   Invested    lc  »<    lb* 

■■!    State*    or    Id     tb*    several    slate*. 

Cr  la  aome  safe  nsannrr  lo  1—  prescribed 
f  IW  legislature  Of  tbe  i-t*rnl  slate* 
Ut  neb  a  dubm  a»  to  yield  ami  !*«•  ibau 
It*  (~r  c*ot.,  ibe  prlacfpal  fo  remain  f  « 
ntr  in  WW  if  and    ua.i  i 

Ry  to  act  approved  I  <:ii).  Con- 

ffaaa  amrlded  aa  aanul  appropt In  I  loo  of 
11 VW  for  law  year  radlng  June  30.  1800. 
and  i»  aaaual  larrc***  of  tola  !»*» 
tea  j»ir.  l.t  aa  additional  raaa  of  J 
em  tk»  prreedta«  year,  la*  aooual  amount 
la  at  MM  tbereafler  lo  each  state  or  i.  r 
ItUrt  lo  li»  »^5.O0O.  Thla  appr-.pr. 
asset,  krrrm,  a*  applied  only  lo  In 
aOaMlas  Is  agrlcaltarc.  lb*  nieebnalcal 
tat  CiKll-b  bDrga<r,  mod  tbe  various 
•suras*  •*  raaibeautkfll,  physical,  aatural 
•a*  araamuU-  acWtir*  with  special  rrfcrenco 
to  rklr  eapllratloo  lo  Ibe  Industrie*  of  lift. 
-t»  last  ruction  In  agrlmllur*  it 
0—  In  Ibr  colleges  and  universities  re- 
f  Ik*  twaeota  of  tb*  ;•  ..-res* 

SiO,     and 
lt»s  which   are  .|i*ra- 

"••  la  all    111*   atatea    aad   terrilorlce    ex- 
rrat  *u»ta.      Ttte   total    aucalier    of 
bWtllllaaM   la   aU  HI-' 

•  ■•  a*J*<alD  course*  of  Inn  ruction  In  agrl- 
rsJtare.  lo  twroty  three  atalea  tb*  BfTlcul- 
taral  reiircaa  are  department*  of  the  flat* 
aahantttrt  • -o   atatea  aad    u-rrl- 

Isrhs  separate  lnatltallnna  lisvlng  eouraea 
a  irrlni  tnrr  ate  maintained  for  the  colored 
■  agricultural  college*  for 
»W  peraoaa  aad  aeveral  of  Iboae  for  n»- 
•rw*  «4Vr  four  year  coarace  la  agriculture 
•a*  In  related  •••Icoec*  leading  to  bachelors" 
asjivsa,  aad  many  provide  for  graduate 
"•It.  Aboal  aizty  of  tbeee  Institutions 
ala*  provide  special  abort,  or  corrraoood- 
our***  lo  lb*  dllfereat  branches  of 
ixilriilluc-.     tnrlodtng     nf.-.nocnj.     bo, 

al     baabandry.     poultry     ralalnc 
rbrrat  malloc.   dalrylac.  riigar  aiaklcg,   tu- 
larin aarcbanlea.  and 

n»c*ra  o*  Ibe  agrlcul- 

.    i.eoa   eacace  oulle  larfly    In   roo- 

*VI  lag     fanu-r.'     lattltulea     aid     varlooa 

(»fa»a  of  rollr(e  eiinialoa. 

Tfc»     aerlrnltoral     fTprrlmrnt      atalloaa. 

•lib  aery  few  *J  »re  denarii. 

irol     eolteeea.       Tb«     total 
auaaher  of  pt-raona  eaxaged  la  the  wnrt  of 
nad   rearareb    In    tlie    laad- grant 
^^■r*     ami     tbe     rzperlnaent     aiatl.-.nt     In 
I.    Ibe    nomber    of    atudeata 
i.tl-  lor  conraea  lo  Ibe  r  .i. 

ure  and   m«-hotile   arta.    ♦: 
•  nailier  of  atcden""  l'i  Ibe   «'hole 
MS   (Brtt  laclndlag  at  nil 
r*   coarse*    ami 
.  m>v»r   nt   .linl.  i  t«    i  ' 
•■    foar-year    eoltec*   conraea    In    agrl- 
rallf  '"til    !>■='" 

ata.  I  SOt. 

were    enrolled    In    agrl.nl- 

taral    rnatr»-  •        v.rii    a    f»rr    eioeptl"n«. 

*aeb    of   tae«*    eollegea    ofTera   fr*»    (altloo 

la   ..in.',   it   it 

•imI  f.iaf  •'tw.lnrablpa 
■ii.  •  ng  aad    en.  r 
4*a|a     aad    lo    -  -itka  are    fnnn>t 

fo*   aeane    to    earn   part    of    tbelr    eipeniea 


by    tbelr    own    labor.      Tbe   expenaea    are 
from    1126    to    |  be    avbool    year 

Laxatimi   '■!  agri.'iiiiural  collvcr*   (In 
log  only   loatltutlooa  catabllakcd  undct   ibe 
laa-1-gruut  ad  .,f  Jul..   2.    181 
Atabaum— AlubauiN     I'uljirebolc     Ibflltote. 
Anl.i 

■  uliural  Heboul  of  Ibe  Tin 
i    IikIii.iii.iI    laatltule,  Tuakegee    In 

Sill' 

Agricultural  and   Mecbaaleal  College   fur 

V  -in.il 

Aficooa— I'nivrralty   of  Arlaona.   Tucaeo. 
Arkniiua — I'ullrav     of     Agrl.  I     lb* 

I'nivrralty  of   Arkama*.    I'ayeit" 
llraDrb   Normal   follege.    Iloe   Bluff. 

rnli— 4"olleire    of    Agrl  f    tbe 

I'ul.erall  Hrrkeley. 

Colorado    The  State  Agrl    illaral  Codege  of 

.rado.    fori    ('olllaa. 
Cuaarctlcut— t'oooi-cllvut    Agrtinillural   Cnl- 

.  \i--.    M.rra. 
Iirlnwiire — Helnarare   College.    Newark. 
State      College      for      i 
Derar, 
Florida— follege  of  Agriculture  of  tbe  DbJ- 
Ity  of  Florida.  Oalneavllle. 
Florl.l..  Agrleullaral  and  Mecbaalral  CoJ- 
lege  for  Neaiuea.  Tallabaaarc. 

-orgln  Stale  lolk-gr  of  Agrlcua. 
lure.    Albena. 
Oeorcia    Rtate   In.lurftrlal   College,  Savan- 
n.ih 
Dana.ll- College  of   Hawaii.  Bo»" 
Id j liu  -rollege   uf    Agrlruliara   of   Ih*    Ual- 

reralti    •  r    Matin,    Mmtow. 
Illlnola-  -College  of  Agriculture  of  lb*  Uni- 
versity of  IlllnoU.  I  i 
ledlann— Aebnol  mire  of    I'uniiie 

r«liy.     Iji     Kn.iette, 
Iowa  — Iowa    Smte    rollege    "f    Agrlcullltre 

'I.i-linnli-  Aril     Anioa. 
Kanasa— Kfliiaaa     8tn(e     Agricultural     Col- 

lets,    .Mrnliutlan. 
Kenln.:.'      The    i  nllege    nf    Agrl'-uliurc    of 
the   State  ii 

The     Kentucky     Noriunl     and     lmltiairlal 
Inatluile   lot    Colored    Pcr»ou».    Krank- 

rprt 

Loolslnoa— Louisiana  State  Cnlxr'lty    and 
iltnral    ami 
Bai 

ratty  ni.d  Agricultural  and 
JIcchnnic.il    College    of    I!.. 
I-oulalaua.     Scotland      li   Igtla,      llaton 
Rouge. 
Main.  of  Agriculture  of  th. 

verslty  of  Mnlm-,  Orono. 
Maryland— Maryland    Agrlcullurnl     College, 
College  Park. 
Prlncoaa  Anne  Academy.  Kaatern  Hr  i   ■  i 
nf    Ibe   Marylnnd    Agrlcullitral    I 
I  ■ .  i  I J  ■ .  - : .     .lull.' 
Muui  hii...  1 1  fc  -Maaaarfcnaett*   Agricultural 
illeae.   Amh. 
Mnafarhusetia    Institute    of    Technology. 

Beaton. 

Michigan— Michigan    Agricultural    College. 

Kait  Loafing. 
Minnesota — College    of    Agriculture    r,f    th.. 

1'nlverslly     -f     Minnesota.     Unlvernlly 

farm,  sr    Paul. 

Mlaoiaalnpl  -     MtaaUallipl        Agrl'llltllrTlI       *0d 

Mechanical    College.    Agricultural    Col- 

Al.-orn   Agrlculinral  and  Mechanical  Col- 
lege. Alcorn. 
Mlaaourl-  <■  II. ;.-.   of  Agriculture  of  the  I'nl- 
lly    .if   MlHUinrl,    r.il.inihla. 
School   of   Mines    nnd    V  nf   Ibe 

t'nl.ersliv   of   Mlaaniirl.    Ilnlln, 

I-ir ii  Inrtltnle.  Jeirerson  City. 

Montana— Montana   Stale  College  nf   Agrl- 
i  nil  nre  and    Mechanic   Arts.    Boteman, 
Nrbrnaka— College    "f     Agriculture    of     rh. 
Unlreralty  of  Nebroaka.  Lincoln. 


Agriculture  Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Nciuda— College  of  Agriculture  of  the  fill. 

rmlt]l   "i  Kti -Kiii.   llcno. 
New    Hampshire — New    Hampshire    College 

;rlcultur«  i  the  BfcfeMla  An*. 

Durham. 

Nfw  Jersey— Rulgeni  Scientific  School  (the 
New  Jeraey  Stale  College  fur  tin-  Bene- 
lit  of  Agriculture  and  the,  HKMOlC 
Art*),  New  Bruu-.o|ck 
New  Mealco—  New  Mexico  College  of  Ag- 
riculture and  Mechanic  Aria,  Stuto  Col- 
New    York— New     York    Stale    College     of 

Agriculture.     Ill' 
North    Carolina— The    rfortt    Carolina    CW- 
leg*  of  AgrU-tiltutv  and  Mechanic  Am. 
Wet    Bali  i. -h. 
The  Agricultural  and  Mecliniilcnl  College 
rm   i he   Colored   Kacc.  i>< 
North   Dakota— North  Dakota  Agricultural 

College,    Agricultural    Colli 
Ohio     •  "llegi    Of   Actl.  ultur.-    .f  Ohio   Stale 

University,   Coluniliu*. 
Oklahonin— UklKliouin   Agricultural  ami    Me 

chaatcal  College,  BTIIIw* 
Agricultural     and     Normal      Culveralty. 

Lang-ton. 
Oregnu— Oregon  State  Agricultural   College, 

Coming. 

I'liunln— The  Pennsylvania  Slate  Col- 
lege.   BtStC    l"llcge 

Porto    Rico— College  of   Agriculture   of    the 
University  of  Porto    filco.    Mnyngncx. 

Rhode  I  aland — Rhode   Island  State  Col 
KlugilOD, 

South  Carolina— The  Clemaon  Agrlculttiral 
College  of  South  Carolina.  Clcmson  Col- 
lege. 
The  Colored  Normal.  Industrial,  Agrl- 
luliurul.  and  Meehnnlcal  College  of 
sniitti  Carolina,  Orangeburg, 

South  S..111I1   liakoi  I  "liege 

nf     Agriculture     and      Mechanic     Art», 

Brookings 

Tennea»ec— College  of    Agriculture,    tliilver- 
alty  of  Tennc  llle. 

Texan— Agricultural     nnd     Mi-i'lmnlcal    Col- 
lege of   Texas.    College    Station. 
Prairie    View    State    Normal    and    Indus- 
trial   College,     Pinitle    V 1 1  • «  . 

1  lah      •Mo-     Agricultural     College    of    Utah, 
LoguD. 

i.r  in. .tit — College  of  Agriculture  of  tb'  I  M 
Ter»lii    of   V. 'mil nit.   Burlington. 

Virginia — The      Virginia      Agricultural      and 
Mechanical  College  and  p..l,\  ■■  •  ■■nit.-   In 
■tltote,    Rlackshiirg. 
The   Hampton    Normal    and    Agricultural 
Inatltute.   Itnriit'i ■> •. 

Washington  — State   College  of  Washington, 
Pull  man 

Weat    Virginia— College    of    Agilculture    of 
\v,    t      Virginia      iniv.-lty.      Mutgiiu- 
t..n  11. 
The   Weil    Virginia   Col. .red  Inatltute,   In- 
atltute. 

College   of    Agriculture   of    the 
1'nlvrr-ltt    of  Wlscooslu.  Madlonn. 

Wyoming    .  .  liege,   of    igl  IcultoB  .    cm  i  at 
slty  of  Wyoming,   EaiMaM 

Location  of   Experiment    Slnuoi 
ma    (Collegel,  Auburn. 
Alabama    ICnuchriike),   I'tilontown. 
Alabama    (Tuskegeel.    Tuskcgce  Institute. 
Alaska,      Sitka      (Rampart.      Kndlnk,      and 

Fairbanks  1. 
Arliona.  Tncaon. 
Arknnaaa,   Fayettevlllc. 
California.    Rorkeler. 
Colorado,   Fort  Colllna 
Connecticut  (State!.  New  Itaren. 

nectlcnt   IStorra).   Storm. 
Delaware.    Newark. 
n.irldn.  Gainesville. 
Georgia,   Riperlment. 
*4unin. 
Hawaii    I  Federal).  Honolulu. 


IIuir.ill    (Sugar   Planter!'),   Honolulu. 

ldubo,  Moscow. 

lllluol*.    Til' 

Indiana.    I. a  Fayette. 

Iowa.   Amen. 

Kan»ii».    Sliiiiln.ii.'iii. 

Kentucky,  i.Mngton. 

(Sugar).    New  Orleana. 
Louisiana   (State),    Baton  lion.-,-. 

Louisiana  (North),  Calhoun, 

Louisiana   iltlcc).  Crowley. 

.Maine,   orono. 

Maryland.    College    Park. 

Mai.sachu.citi,.    Amherst 

Michigan.   I'.ant   Lansing. 

Minnesota,  University  Kami,   .st     Caul. 

Mississippi,    Agrleulliirnl   Coll 

Missouri    (College).    Columbia, 

Missouri    (Fruit),    tfoanull    OfOVO. 

Montana.    Roxeuiau. 

Nebraaka,    Mm-oln. 

Nevada,    Reno. 

New   Hampshire,    limi 

New  J-  lie).   New   Brunswick. 

New    Jersey    ( College i.   New   Brunswick. 

New  Mexico.    Hi  . 

New    York    (8(ntr),    flenera, 

New  Yo.-k  (Cornell),  U 

North  Carolina   (College).   West   Raleigh. 

1,  Raielgh. 
North  Dakota,  Agricultural  College. 
Ohio,   Woootcr. 
Oklahoma.  Stillwater. 
Oregon.  Corrallla, 

h  anln,  state  College. 
Pi  in.'  \  Iran  1 1    (Ioatltuta    of    Animal    Nntrt- 

Hon).    Slate  t  ollege. 
POrtO    BtlCC    •.  Federal).    M.irngnea. 
Porto  ltlco    iSugarl.   Rio  Flcdra*. 
Rhode    Island.    Kingston. 
South    Cnrollna,    Clemaon    College. 
Mouth    Dakota,    Brooking*. 
Teoneiaee.    Knoxvllle. 
Texa*.  College  Stsium 
I'tnh.    Logan 
Vermont,  Burlington. 
Virginia    (College),    Black-burg, 
Virginia    I  Truck  1.    Norfolk 
\\  a-hlngton.   Pullman. 
Weat    Virginia.    Morgantowu. 
Wisconsin,    Mndls.ui 
Wyoming,    Laramie. 

Eroerlmtnl     Btationt.— A     law     approved 
Uarcfi    -',     IMT,    provided    for   the    eatab. 
Ilnhuieni— under    the    direction    of    the    ag- 
rlcnlturnl    colleges,    or    agrl.-ullnr; 
menta     of     collage*.  il      In     each 

atate  or  territory  In  accordance  with  the 
law  of  July  2.  1802.  mentioned  above— 
of  department*  to  be  known  a*  Afi 
tural  Experiment  Stations.  It  waa  pro- 
'  11. 'I  that  the  duties  of  the«e  stations 
should  consist  In  conducting  original  n 
search  aa  to  the  physiology  of  plantl  and 
animal*;  the  diseases  to  which  they  *r* 
subject  and  their  remedies,  the  chemical 
composition  of  useful  plant* ;  the  compara- 
tive ndvunlagei  of  rotative  cropping*  a* 
pursued    under    varying     aerie*    of    ■ 

inalyal*  of  aolla  and    water;    the   .loin 

1. 11I    '• pofltlOM   of   natural    and    artlflclnl 

fertlllaera:  the  scientific  and  economic 
question*  Involved  In  th.  production  of  but- 
ter   ati.l    eh.. ;    nnd    such    other    nutter* 

hearing   directly   upon   the  agrlcnltin  i 
•luatrles  of  the  Unlt.-d   Si  n.«  :,*  mlgbl   be 

deemed  advi i--  by  the  dtroctora  oi  the 

ral  atationa,  For  enrrring  on  thl* 
work  the  net  provided  fllt.OOA  „  yrMr  t,, 
each  etate  and  territory  out  of  funds  pro- 
ceeding from    the  sale  of  public  land*. 

Agricultural  experiment  stations  are  now 
maintained  In  whole  or  In  part  bv  la*  fed 
eral  government,  anil  exist  In  every  Mate  ami 
territory.  The  total  amount  expended  la 
one  recent  year  waa  13,0.13,440,  of  which 
nearly    half    was    received     from    the    Na- 


Encyclopedic 


Alabama 


•seal  gorerament.  Agricultural  expert- 
arss  natlooe    represent  ooe   of  toe  moat 

ustotuat     lnatltutiotia     la     it*     tnited 

iistrs,  doUg  Burb  to  promote  latenalve 
Urniag  tmC  to  show  hnwn  how  to  re- 
•tct  costs  sud  derive  tb*  f  rratr»t  beaeal 
tree  tbrlt  crop*. 

TV  following  prcuH  have  a*Jd  the  of- 
k»  of  ComalBtoncr  .r  Agriculture  In  tbe 
•MttMatd:  but  Ni-wtoe.  I'enasrlvanU : 
llaracs  Caaron,  llllaola:  Frederick  Watt*, 
rvso-  hone- 

lieorge  1».  t»rtnx ,  MiimcIiumiu  ; 
ad  Tarawa  i.  Caiman.   Ml- 

Fettoatng  la  a  Hat  of  the  sccretartee 
«f  agrouilure  and  the  President*  uader 
•  win  I  bey  served : 


asa 


Sww  -I  aaaaSaaBM 


N'ovmaa  1.  Colaaao.  Maaoun 
;    Ituak.  «  aeoasaa 
Morton.  Kaoratka, 
lavs 


bMiiaaaJinaii.i, 
Oewaaal   *  Marts*  Mor. 
IliWaa.  liaawa  Wttaoa.  i 


David  r.  Howaoa.  Maaouri. 


1 


isst 

l.v,  3 

Boj 

100* 


IV  asirc  d>ull*d  Information  aa  to  tha 
aespv  at  I  be  seliiltk-v  .,[  Hi.-  Ih-imrimrai 
»l  agitrar!  lb*  ladcx  reference* 

re  'br  President*-    Mcasace*  a»d    Kaeycto- 
peak  inletr*    auder    the    following    liuil- 
laga. 
Aeraiata    and    Dla-     Uortlcvjltaral  Board. 

hiiwwat*.    Dirt-      Insecticide  and  Fun>- 

aaasf  gtrtde  Board. 

Adail    Industry,       tasmectioa.  Oa*re  of. 

■*"»  Markets    and     Rural 

naaitcai        Harirj.  Organlaatioa.     Of- 

**m  of.  hee  of. 

CaaaMry.      Bureau  National  Forest*. 

_*  _  Plant    Industry,    Ilu 
OWmimatra.  Ro-  reac 

_/•»  Public    Koada    a  ad 
niaauliu.    Bureau  Rural       Engineer- 

«t  I'HBce  of. 

ftntMta.  OaVe  of.  Pu'JIcatlon*.      Dirt- 
ttttraaent       S  t  a  •  •ton  of. 

Referee   Board   of 
"*»    atiaaaWfbt.         Coaanltiaat    Sclen- 

laaj  and    Deng    In-       Ron*.  Bureau  of. 
_e*etlon.  Board  of-      Btal»»        Relation 

"fart  twrrter.  Weather  Bureau. 

Arnniltera,  Department  of: 
Creation    of,  dUea****),   M86, 
Davruaacd.    M  f63.    5886, 

6169.  6346,  6390.  6455.  6655. 
Educational  work  of,  6905,  6906. 
Effort!  of,  ia  behalf  of  farmer*.  7909. 
Expenditure*  of.  .1*96.  5981. 
Experiment  Statiotu  of,  6733,  6005. 
Fore**!  Service  recommended.  6910. 
Laail  referred  for  na*  of.  6709. 
Law  offle*-r    for.   recommended.  5437. 

of.  5998. 
8aurar  h~t   culture.   4534.  5554.  6230. 

8347.  0356,  6415,  6455,  6865. 
Sugar  eane  experiment*,  6849. 
Transfer  of  Weather  8orrice  to,  5487. 
t'aefaUraa  vindicated,  7091. 
Works  of.  6655,  6727,  6906,  60S7. 
Alabama.— Or*  of  ibe  aonihern   (roup  of 
atatea:    alrknamed.    the    "I-and    of    Flow- 
TV»    o*n>e    la    Indian    and    mean* 
"Bar'  and   baa  been   adopted  *« 


the  motto  of  tbe  State.  Alabama  la  bound- 
ed on  the  nortb  br  Tenseaeee.  on  tbe  eaat 
br  Georgia,  and  on  tbe  weat  br  Mississippi. 
A  naiall  portion  of  the  aoatbero  bonmlary 
extend*  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  Un 
malader  being  separated  from  tbe  a-j|f  br 
the  wettern  proji-nlou  of  Florida.  II  Ilea 
beiwren  Ixl.  So*  13'  and  S3*  north  and 
between  long.  M*  53'  and  88*  «5'  waat. 
It  la  about!  aSO  mflaa  In  length  from  o.rrth 
to  aootb  and  Its  area  text  width  la  200 
mile*.  It  contain!  SI.HUB  a^nare  ml  lea  of 
area,  or  atimu  .13.000.000  aerea.  Tb< 
waa  admitted  l:>< 

acceded  Jan.  11.  1HI.  and  waa  readnltted 

br  aet   of  Coagraaa  Jim..    .".,    lHoS    Ipagea 

. -i.      lae  popuUilon  lo    1010  waa 

H.Otw,  of  whle*    45   per  ceot.  are   ne 


Tbe  staple  production  of  Alabama  I*  rot- 
toa.  though  corn,  onta,  wheat,  and  all 
kloda  of  rantablea  *:•■  i<n>doml  in  aban- 
dance,  besldo«  batter,  dice  as,  and  lumber. 
Alabama  la  partlculorlr  rich  In  mlni-ral  de- 
posit*. A  eela  of  i.it<uulnou<  coal  runs 
eastward  frosn  TnaraluOM  Into  <ie*>rgla. 
Tbe  atntunry  granlle  of  Alabama  la  among 
the  oral  la  tbe  United  States.  Tbe  chief 
Indnatrles  of  tbe  State  are  farming  and 
Ike  manufacture  of  Iron  and  miioo  fabric*, 
too  l»  grown  on  about  3.434.000  *cr.-». 
and  th-  jlelil  In  1»15  waa  l.OM.tiOO  I. 
Other    nrlil     crone    were:    corn.     3,'*' 

.    S4.000.000   buahela.    valued   at    842.- 

l.'MMI 

.  is,   fj.ssd.noo:    ii«r.    1*0,000    icrea, 

166,000  tons,  82,150.000.  There  are  more 
than  171.<MM»  bnrwa  In  lb--  *u 
Bbont  ».'.'. :.^.%.'mmv:  x.yi.inh)  molra,  xlT.000 
rattle,  worth  811.300.000:  178.000  alie.p. 
im».  and  I.1TD.O0O  pig..  87.050,OOOl 
Tbe  wool  clip  of  IWB  weighed  .iboul   .'iS-.'.SMl 

Knd*  and  sold  for  »iy:..ocn      Aboul 
.O00  gallons  of  milk  are  renrly  prodm-rd. 
from  which  are  made  twentr  million  poundi 
of  butter  and  40  000   pooBJal   Of   Chet 

Tbe  Iron  ores  of  Alabama,  tboogh  naferi- 
or  to  those  of  l^ke  Uopcrlor,  hare  a  com- 
pcnuitlcg  advtntagi-  In  l.ilng  near  beds  of 
good  coking  coal  and  ,.f  llmi-xlonr  Kiinnhl- 
tor  fluxing,  so  that  Birmingham,  the  Pitt*' 
burgh    of    the    Couth,    con    manufacture    pig 

cbeapei    than  any  other  place  in   tii- 

world.  Before  18*12.  when  th^  boom  h*gan. 
the  coal  prodortloD  of  Alabama  had  not 
aaaewnted  to  aa  much  aa  half  a  million  tou> 
la  any  one  year:  In  191.1  It  wa*  i  I  '-.;-  :.^- 
tons.  The  raltae  of  the  coal  product  of 
Alabama  It  apmoxlmat,  li  two  iIiIhN  (hot 
of  the  total  mlsrral  outpul.  amounting  In 
1P1*  to  833.08.1.724. 

The  number  of  manufacturing  establish 
meola  lu  Alabama  having  no  iinounl  output 
T*lue«l  at  85""  or  morr  nt  the  Iw-glnnlng  of 
1915  woa  3_24<l,  Tbe  nniimnt  "f  capital  la- 
veataxl    was  8218.0«2.0on   giving  occupatsaa 

!.'  HI6  perao:  iterlal   mlm-d  at 

-32.0*0.     and      turning     '"it      llnlahiv) 

gooda    worth    8175JW7.I Sularle*    and 

wage-a  paid  amounted  to  880.0110.000. 
Alabama  (see  also  Confederate  State*: 
Tnacalooaa,  Ala.): 
A«t   prescriblnit   nnmber   of  district 
attorney*  and  marshals  in,  vetoed, 
5785. 
Direct    tax    doe    from,    request    of 
United  States  for  payment  of,  3579. 
Fifteenth     amendment     ratified     by, 

m  ia 

Fourteenth    amendment    ratified    by, 

>r:. 

Proclaimed,   3837. 
Indian  depredation*  in.  1645. 


Alabama 


Messages  an 


tlu  Presidents 


Indian*  attempt  to  establish  govern 

n«Dt   in,    [09 
Lauds  granted  to.  in  aid  of  railroad* 

referred  to,  3580. 
Memorial    from    colored    cltixani   of 
Montgomery   asking   rights   of  cit- 
itenship  referred  to,  4-.  ■-. 
Property  owners   in,   »buuM    bj 

pensn'ted  for  loucs  sustained,  1471. 

Provisional  governor   I  itotod 

and  restoration  of,  into  Union,  35111- 

Railroad*   in,  memorial   from   !<••. 

tur«  of,  asking  extension  ot  time  to 

inplcte,  357l». 

Alabama  Claims.— During  the  Civil  War  In 

the    I  oiled    Stales    llie    Queen    of    England 

Issued  a   proclamation   ot   neutrality,   May 

13,  1801,  granting  belligerent  rlghis  to  bold 

combatant*  and  forbidding  her  subjects  to 

lake    part    with    tithU  Ureal    Britain's 

Ian*  prohibit.  I    li iiiilpmaat   ol  any  land 

oi   naval   forces    within    her   dominion 
•CI   »e*ln*t  any  friendly  power       .Notwith- 
standing     lbl»     prohibition.     Hie     Alabama, 
tali,    and    other 
were  built  In  Ct\nt  Ilrltaln  for  tbe 
■  lor-ate  Suuea,   and,   regardless   at   till 
remonstrances    of    tbe    American    ministry. 
on   Hiliii-i]  porta 
tlll«l  oul   a»  commerce  destroyer*,      lu    les* 
than   two   mouth*   lb.  had   taken 

twenty-seven    prlxc*.      After    a    long    cruise 
among  Island*  ol  Indlea 

and  along  the  coast  of  Brazil  tbe  Ala-tamo 
io  anchor  at  Cherbourg,  France.  Off 
III  »  harbor  xlii'  *.-i»  Kinik  bj  Die  \~  8.  8- 
Kear*arge.  after  having  dcatroyed  .'id  ves- 
Ki-in  and  about  *i!,.'iOD,000  worth  of  prop 
Afler    tbe    war    tli"     lulled     State* 

Blessed  a  claim  for  damages  agnln.tt   ilr.-ar 
la         After   murh    discussion    It   mi 
agreed   to  submit    the   Baiter  to  a    court  of 
arbitration    composed    of    Charles    Francis 
I*,   appointed   by  lent  of  the 

foiled  Slates;  sir  Alexander  Cockbun 
the    tjueen     of     ICnglnn.l  :     fount      1'  d 
Sclopls.  by  the  King  of  Italy :     M.  Jacques 
Sim   ut|itll,   by   tin'   President  of  Swltxcrland. 
and   Viscount  d'ltaliiba.  by  the   Kmperor  or 
Braz.IL     The  commissioner*  met  at  Geneva. 

,1871.  Count  Selopla 
presiding  i  ■"■  I  Blted  Butte*  wag  award- 
ed S13.500.00O  in  gold  In  aatlsfactlon  for 
all  claim*.  All  claims  to  Indirect  dam 
mgn  were  rejected,  aud  Urcst  Britain  mi 
held  culpable  for  not  doing  more  to  pre- 
'lic  tailing  aud  aucccii  of  the  cruiser*. 
The  award  wa*  paid.  tSco  0«n»Ta  Tri- 
bunal and  illustration  opposite  4056.) 
Alabama  Claims: 

Arbitration  of,  proposed  by  United 
8tntee,  and  reply  of  Gmt  Britain 
discussed,  3565. 
Commission  to  take  proof  on,  recom- 
mended, 4056. 
Correspondence    regarding    mode    of 

settling,  4075. 
Court  ot  Commissioner*  of — 

Discussed,  4244,  4290,  4356,  4372. 
Time    of    duration    of,    extended, 
427S,  42!Mi. 
Discussed,    3565,    3655,    3777,     3987, 

4056.   4321. 
Transfer     ol  -iy     to     United 

State*  referred  to,  4312. 


Tribunal  at    Oenova   for   settlement 
of,  award  of,  413$. 
Commissioners    to    report   on    dis- 
trOmtla    Of.   appointment   of, 
recommended.  4139,  4190. 
Payment  of,  I 

i   United  States  and  counter 

com  referred  to,  4115,  411S,  4119. 

I'm  of    opinion     regarding 

powers  of,  4120,4122. 
Discussed,  4097,  4138. 
Legislation     in     connection     with, 

urged,  4164. 
Kef  erred  to,  4161. 
Alabama  Indians.    (See  Indian  Tribe*.) 
Alabama,  The,  destruction  of,  by  too 
■-mrgc  referred  to,  3457.   (See  alao 
Alabama  Claims.) 
Alamo.— Originally  built  a*  a  church,  situ- 
..I'll    nu   the  San   Antonio    Rlicr     nv-u    :-■  m 
Auiiiiilo.    Texa*,   a    a  rtad    luio   a 

In     r. -Unary.     J888,     It     was    OOOU 
pled    by    Colonel    W.    B.    Trails    with    140 
men  who  were  In  arm*  against   th 
meot   of   VI-  li.-...      i  in-   parly    was   besieged 
by  aome  2.000  Mexicans  under   Santa    Ana 
from  February  23  until  March  0.  when  lb* 
place    was   aurr.-nilered  to  Saula  Ana   under 
the  promise  of  his  protection.     At  the  com- 
in  mil    of   that    general,    however,    th*   »lx 
MS,     Including     David    Crockett     and 
Colonel    Bowie,    famous    frontiersmen,   were 
mia— trad,    and    the   bodlea   of  their   cosa- 
rade*  were  mutilated.     Thereafter  Texan* 
were  roused  to  fury  by  the  cry.  "ltemei 
th*  Alamo!"      In  allusion    to  ID* 

made  by  Hi-  Ureeks  i-r  antiquity  at 
Thermopylae,  this  struggle  was  sometimes 
relet  red    10  as    th«   Tll-I  iiiopyla:  of    T>  III. 

AlasVv  —  lllrtory.  —  Alaska  derives  Its 
HUM  from  an  Kngllsh  corruption  of  the 
native  word  "Al-ay-ei-*a,"  probably  mean- 
ing "The  treat  land"  or  "Mainland  " 

The  region  now  kuown  as  Alaska  was 
flrat  explored  by  th*  Kuaalan  officers  Bering 
mil  Chlrifcen  In  IT41.  Russian  iradera  and 
trapper*  soon  entered  the  country  and 
through  their  activity  other  nations  became 
Intertaicd  In  HiIh  region.  Spanish  n 
tlons  la  1774  and  li"»  visited  tbe  south 
eastern  shore  and  In  1778  the  Kngllsh  Ex 
plornr.   rapt.    James    Cook,    made   «xtei 

,i  Hi,  coast  fo*  the  lirtti«ii  Gov- 
ernmcut.  The  first  settlement  was  ton 
tho  Russians  at  Threa  Saints  on  Kodlak 
I  liiml  In  I7S4.  nuil  In  1804  the  RussUO- 
Aiucrtrao  Co.  founded  Sitka,  making  It  the 
seat  of  government  In  the  following  year. 

In   li  rod*  and  regulation  ol 

Russian  posiKxslotiK  la  America  were  given 
over  to  the  Russian-American  Co.  for  a 
term  of  20  years,  which  was  afterward* 
twice  renewed  for  similar  period*. 

In  1821  Russia  atlempted  by  ukase  to 
exclude  foreign  navigators  from  Bering  Sea 
and  the  I'acllic  coast  of  har  possessions, 
which  caused  a  controversy  with  the  lulled 
States  and  Groat  Britain.  The  question 
mi  set  tied  by  :.  treaty  with  th*  United 
Stale*  in  1824  and  ons  with  Crest  Britain 
In  1820,  by  which  the  boundarlc*  of  the 
Russian  possession*  in  America  were  per- 
manently UN 

In  March.  1807,  Alaska  wna  purchawd 
by   the    li  'or   the.  aum  of  $7.- 

■JIMI.IMMI  in  gold,  and  III  October  of  the 
same  year  the  forma'  transfer  was  madn 
at  Sitka.  17    t«    !->77   Alaska   w*» 

governed  by  the  War  it,  although 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Alaska 


i  nutota*  tn»  from  the   beginning  oot- 
id  ay    the     I/ea.uiy     IMpartawnt.    anil 
I  Ik*  Ult*x  Ibe  control  mtrd  from  18T7 
1  lie  IIIHK  ot  the  art  of  18B4.     Thl* 
UnW   over  AUuka  the  lawn  •.(  thi- 
ol Oregon   ao   far  ••  tbey   were  ap~ 
created  a   Judicial  dlatrlct   and  a 

?ut  In  fore*  Ih*  mining  lawa 
Half*,  and  gave  tke  country 

BKtratlvr  lyatean. 

Tat  laSux  of  aattlera  after  tbe  4laeoi*ry 
•f  (ttd  In  tbe  Klondike  Id  18V3  rendered 
ant  *4eo.wate  lawa  oeeeaaary.  Id  18S9 
ud  1900  Coagreaa  mad*  protlalona  for  a 
mat  of  rltll  aod  criminal  taw,  and  In  1W0.1 
(a**ed  a  boaaeatead  act  la  the  nwantlmc 
»  •enon*  boundary  diipute  bad  artaro  be- 
tatee  ib»    United    Stale*  and  Canada    re- 


catdttg  tbe  Interpretation  of  tbe  treaty  of 
Id.  Tola  waa  tattled  In  1003  by  an  agree- 
a*oi  whereby  tbe  aeaeoaat  of  Caaada  *i- 
Uaoed  on  Carlber  north  tban  64*  40-. 

»>  lie  act  of  May  T.  lBOfl.  Alaaka  waa 
£ita  p*»er  lo  Hart  a  Drlrcale  lo  I'onirtM. 
TW  ad  of  lonil  24.  11*1 1.  provided  for 
at  creation  of  a  Territorial  legislature. 

Qfmphf. — Al*«ka  In  lla  greatest  ex- 
text  it  excluded  batwero  ih*  meridian  •■' 
Ur«**l  longltede  and  !*:;•  ea«t  luorltnit  ■ 
•ad  bttween  tbe  parallel*  of  SI*  and 
V  asrtb  latitude.  It  U  bounded  on  the 
•*»•»  »»  tbe  Arctic  Ocean,  on  the  w-«t  by 
U»  arrtk  Ocean.  Bering  Strait,  and  Bering 
»»*.  «■  the  aoutb  and  aoutbwr-t  by  Da 
!  Ala.ka  and  the  factor  OrWB,  and 
•a  tbr  eart  by  tbe  Yukon  Territory  and 
Mlka  Columbia.  The  eaitrrn  boundary 
"'"a  Oat  Arctic  Ocean  to  tbe  B> 
•*  Monat  8t.  »:il»»  U  tbe  one  buadred  and 
•Hty-SrM  meridian:  thence  aoutheattward 
•a  NrtUad  Canal  It  It  Irregular  and  can- 
•*<  bi  dearrlbcd  In  general  term*. 

Altai*  I*  In  approximately  tbe  »w  tail 
•Mr  as  the  Sr-andinax  Ian  IVnlnanla  ;  Point 
Barrow.  It*  nortxtrrnino-t  i.  .int.  l<  In  . 
tke  «ax  latitude  aa  North  Cape;  inxon 
EiStaee.  ■  bleb  mark*  lu  southern  bound- 
'■•  early  oo  tbe  tttw  parallel  a* 
"■r-tkageo:  Bt.  Klla*  la  In  tbe  latitude  of 
•ktaaxnla  and  St.  Petersburg;  aod  Sitka 
»  Jt  lb*  latitude  eh.     The 

fafc  cf  the  «eatrra  terminal  of  th. 
"aa  Stand*  l»  almoat  Identical  with  that 
•■<  tat  New  Mebrlde*  lalaad*  and  I*  tbe 
•at  u  that  of  New  Zealand,  on.-  - 
"i*c»  of  vri'/i,  tbe  tnort  weaterly  point 
<  »V  aaloUnd.  I*  nearly  a*  far  wet  n 
Jb»  bMBaan  Islands.  Thin  a  person  travel- 
's" rn»  New  Tork  to  Attu  Island,  the  wcat- 
'"■•■l  of  an  rhaln.  •■!!         ■  ii'  tig 

•  rriaelwo  will  hare  accom,- 
«•  Ulf  the  Journey  from  cast  to  a 
Tbt    area    of    Alaska    Ii    a 
■jaw  ntflc*.   ooe-flflb   th»t   of    the    I  I 

"■*».   Tb*  popular  conception  "'  ,l'"  ■•»■• 
*«*•**»  la  baaed  on  map*  of  North  ftmer- 
•J.  which  alway*  ill. tort  It.      Th«   map  of 
'••a.    supertax  post  wl    on    a    mnp    of    the 
i-lew    of   tbe    same    rcalc.    demon - 
•«*»ksi  that  the  distance  from  the  eastern- 
's* U  th#  «ral>rain.  n  Al*«ka  I* 
71  ta  tbe  distance  fmm  tbe  Atlantl     10 
_r*dnr  In  the  latltade  of  Lo*  Aneele., 
■a  tkai    Ik    eortharnmoMt    and    •mitli -rn 
"•  arlala  are  oearly  *•  far  apart 
■J't'eaa  and    the    Canadian   bound*,  rle*  of 

V  ruin  maa*  of  Alaakn  1*  nenrly  reef. 

•Jraar  and    la    carted    out    from    IM    eon 

'  -nil*  Hay  on  tbe  north  ami 

wjhajof  Alatka  no  the  aouth.      An  ex 

.1    lb*    *oiltheart    la    fornlahed   by 

k«»e»||ea     panb*-   i 

!•>  the  ovithweal  ti   the  Alnakn 
■wanli  ml 

^ifaaaraphy. — The  main   topographic  fea- 
•»*"  K  Abuka  arc  aUallar  to  tboae  of  tbe 


wi-.ti-m   I'nlt.-d    statex      The  highland*  of 
i.  like  Ibone  of  tbe  Cnlted  «tate«  and 
Canada,  are  In  avncral  parallel  to  th. 
Hue,  and  tbe  four  topographic  I1 

»    are    fairly    well    d 

Ibrougbout    weatrrn    Canada    and 
into     Alaaka.      Along    Ibe    Pacific   eoaat    of 
Alaaka    and    Rrliuh    Columbia    la   a    rooun- 
tainou»  belt  60  to  i'00  mile*  In  width,  which 
I*    Ibe   weaternmoit  of    tUo    foar   province*, 
and  may  be  daalgnat.il   n 
tain    *y*lem."      II    properly    include-,    the 
-nlnou*     Alexander     Archipelago     and 
Aleutian    Ixland*.   a.   well   aa  a    number   nf 
other    lalnnd  groupa.      While    thl*   refli 
In    the   main   raged  and   mountalnou*.   It* 
rangv*  ate  ill.im.r   nml   oftan   aMWrktM   ly 
broatl   valley*  or    lodcntntlnna  .-■f   Ihr 
line,   forming  In  cevctal  caie*  large  baalaa. 
Ilk»   that  of   the  Copper    ltl>    r 
a   aectlon  of  the    loner   tlopc   whl.h   drain" 
Into  the  Yukon  and   Kii-utukwlro.  I'-  vater* 
reach    the   I'acirn    throaaxl   aiteam*   flowing 
IrkM-rerae  to  the  axla  ..f  ..  in*. 

Kaat  and  north  of  the    Pacific   M  -uritalna 

I.    the  Central    1'lniiou    region,  correapond- 

In    i>    in. .ud    wnj    with    the   Central 

Plateau  of  the  we«teru  Cnlted  State*  anil 
lunula.  Thl*  belt  l»  dmlm-d  largely  by 
nkwlm  Klvetk  Into  Ber- 
ing Sen.  and  Include*  n  nm  .-.-laud 
arena  of  considerable  extent.  Ka*t  and 
nr.rtli  of  the  plateau  priiilne*.  *  broad  Cor- 
dillera form*  the  north 

Rocky  Mountain  ayatem.  The  drain*!.'"  ■■' 
the  miulhern  alone*  of  the  mountain*  I* 
chiefly  tributary  to  tl"-  YtlfcOB,  while  lb* 
rn  alopo  drain*  Into  the  Ar.  II.- 
in-,  hi 

The  Great  l'lnlna  ea»t  and  north  of  'he 
Rockle*  form  an  area  of  Ion    relief  which 

Ilea  bctae,.n  the  u<ilern  exteOBtoO  of  the 
Itocky  Mountain*  and  the  Arctic  Ocean  and 
la  dealraal.il   the      Anil,     -fop*    region." 

CUmatr—  Tluuigh  Alaaka  I*  often  locewly 

referred  to  aa  an  Arctic  province,  yet  nearly 

luarlera   of    It*   area    Ilea   within    the 

North    Temperate   Bone      Geographic    poat- 

tlon    and  extent   relative  to  oceanic  bodlei. 

togottwr   with   r — 1 1 •  - f .   hnvi    brongbl   about 

fh.vl.iil    condition* 
rn«t«  In  climate  Iwtween  different   part-  of 
the  Territory.     Thi"    general  climatic  prov- 

:  -       Ii   "f  »  III -li   in    turn   lu.-ludl  •   ii   i i 

ber    of    lubordlunte     province*,    are    rccog- 

The    climate    „r    the    eonatal    province   I* 
compnrnble   with   thnt   of  Scotland   nnd   the 
li.iiivUu    Penlnanla,  In    rurope    but  I* 
anmewbat   warmer      Tbat  of  the  lnlnn.l   i. 

Son  I*  not  unlike  the  climate  of  Alberta, 
ukatchewan,  and  Manitoba.  In  Canada. 
The  northerly  province  bordering  (•"•  Polar 
Hea  1*  tbo  only  one  In  which  Arctic  condi- 
tion*   prevail. 

The  precipitation  of  *outhe**tern  Alaska 
varlcat  from  about  117  In.-h.  .  at  Ketchlkau 
in  k*M  than  10  Inchea  nt  Skagway.  While 
there  la  hot  little  *now  near  »ea  level,  tin  r.- 
I*  a  Tory  heavy  fall  In  the  mountain..  At 
Whlto  Pa--  r  Ktinwfaii  ; 

but   la  probably  le»*  than  4  feet 
on    the   Chllknt    trommlt.     Tin-    hlgheal    r. 

■I     ner   I-  -n|i.  rature  In  aoutheaatern 

Alaaka  Is  W*  tT. ;  the  lowctt  winter  ti-m- 
peratnre   —  4'    I*. 

In     the    coBvtal     region,     siieii-hlng     from 

Katalla    to    Seward     the    average    tempera- 

tnr..  for  the  three  aummer  month*  I*  about 

:   of  the    three   winter   mouth*,   from 

o    80*    F.      The     lowe-t     I 

recorded   in   thl*   region   It         14'    K  :   the 

lilcheat   82*    K.      The    total  ,ll»illt 

5-8  feet  nt  Sewn nl  13  feel  li  Valdei  about 
.  ft  on  Trail  Creek  along  the  Ala-ka 
Northern  Itallroad.  about  .1f>  feet  at  Child* 
Glacier  on   the  Copper   Klvrr  Railroad,  and 


Alaska 


Messages  and  Papers  of  I  lie  /'residents 


•  bout   18  feet  at  Thompano   Faaa,   CtOMti 

r.y  ihc  Military  Koad  frum  Vahl 

BOOM  o!  the  ooM  Important  climatic  fcit- 
ture*  of  the  coa»t  of  Alaska  to  ablpplng;  are 
the  severe  wind*  fiblch  Mow  In  and  uut 
of  th*  valley*  that  travemc  the  i-..*-l 
range*  and  their  connecting  north.  '1  be  ic 
hlow  toward  the  land  In  aummer  and)  to- 
ward tin-  sea  In  winter  'I'h.'  -evei-eat  are 
the  outward  wind*,  which  are  inn«t  common 
Uurlug  January.  February,  and  March,  when 
i.'lui'ltlaa  nf  tli»  and  TO  unb*  an  hour  are 
raid  to  be  not  Infroijucnt. 

I  in-  Aleutian  Island.*  and  the  Alaska  Pen- 
Insula  have  a  cllmato  charn.i.  rlied  by  com- 
paratively moderate  temperature  and  lens 
inimiiliiT  than  that  of  the  Pacific  coast  tp 
the  east.  Cook  Inlet  baa  quit--  a  din 
.limit-  from  i hn i  of  tin-  outer  coa«t  line. 
I  he  highest  recorded  aummer  temperature 
I*   87"    K. :   the    lowest   wlntiT  temperature, 

in    I      Tin-  climate  ..r  th*  lower  .-■■. 
ami  ..r   I  It.-  Matnnuxka   Volley*  differ*  ngnin 
both   from   that  of  Cook   Inlet  and  of   the 

■  ■tii.  r  roaat  Hue.  Here  iba  lumtnere  art 
kiniwii  in  he  warmer  than  on  Cook  I ni-t 
and  the  winter*  are  probably  milder.  The 
low*  i  temporatur.  recorded  at  thin  local- 
ity during  i lie  1:111111  period  w««  — 12*  F. : 
■he  hlgheat  M*  F.  The  lower  Copper  Hirer 
Vailoy   haa   iinirh   the  name  climate  a*    that 

lit  tin  coll. I  At  Kolinbott,  the  111  It! fid  ter- 
minal 01  the  Copper  Hirer  A  Northwewtera 
Kallroad,  the  snowfall  I*  ahiuit  I  fbet,  and 
tin'  i-t  t. -.mi  ■  "t  tomperolurc*  recorded  are 
--.II-  and  "0-  F  Thl«  station  l*  2,000 
feet  oborc  tea  level  and  clo*e  to  a  Elacler. 
At  Copper  Center  th«  total  precipitation  1* 

about   I"   I"' i."     .iinl   n wfall  about  :i 

f.  rt.  Kilreme*  of  temperature*  of  — flO' 
and  85*  havo  been  recorded.  The  total 
annual     j .  r ..- 1 1 . 1 1  n  1 1  ■  >i  i     In     tbt     upper     Ynk.ui 

carle*  I- ■•-»  1  ly  from  10  io  10  Im 
The  rui'«n  temperature  fur  the  three  aummer 
month*  at  Falrbank*  la  about  All*  P. :  the 
mean  temperature  for  the  three  winter 
ini.iitliN  about  —12*  P.  The  pre.  Ipltatbrn 
on  (be  lower  Yuk..n  and  Kutkukwltu  la 
about   IT  to  20  tnche*.     Along  the  abort* 

■  >r  It-'tltiK  Sea  the  mean  «umtner  tempera- 
inre  varle*  from  40'  to  SO'.  The  cli- 
mate of  the  northern  half  of  net  In*;  Sea 
la  romparable  with  tbat  of  the  Provlnoe  of 
Archangel,  In  northern  Ru»«la.  a  region 
which  rapport*  some  agricultural  poplula- 
(Ion.  Tho  arctic  province,  which  Include* 
lb.,  im.. ml  of  the  Pnlar  Sco.  a*  well  s* 
the  drainage  baxin«  of  the  tributary  rlrer*. 
I*  almllar  to  that  of  the  Ucrlng  Sea.  but 
colder, 

One  effect  of  climate  1*  the  frozen  condi- 
tion of  the  Ktouiid  which  prevail*  In  much 
of  the  Inland  region  At  Fairlmnk*  Iba  al- 
luvium I*  In  many  place*  froten  to  bed- 
rock, ground  frost  having  been  met  with  to 
a  depth  of  over  Sin  it  lx  to  he  noted 

that  unli«»  the  cover  of  moss  and  vegeta- 
tion la  atrlpped.  only  about  IS  to  24  Inche* 
nf  the  surface  thaw*  timing  the  aummer. 
On  removal  of  the  vegetative  covering  the 
ground  thaw*.  *o  that  the  froxen  eubsall  1* 

no  detriment  to  agriculture.     Tb*  gintiud 

wever,  not  everywhere  froxen  In  Hie 
Inland  region.  The  bed*  of  the  larger  wnter- 
i  are  u*ually  unfroeen.  and  till*  aUo 
hold*  trne  of  the  gravel  hetiehe*  along  th* 
vailoy  walla  and  other  deposit*  of  alluvium 
which  are  drained.  No  permanent  ground 
fro«t  occur*  along  the  I*arl(1e  littoral,  and 
the  aame  probably  hold*  true  of  mom  .if  the 
na  and  ttaianoaka  Kami.  There  I* 
cooBlderaiile  permonenrly  ftor.cn  ground  In 
i  he  copper  River  Vnllcv.  exnerlallv  along 
the  foothill*  and  *lope*  ot  th.-  Alaska 
Hinge.  The  experience  of  thoae  long  rc*l- 
ib'tit    In    Alnvkn  the    cilia*, 

be  Tery  healthful.     No  eitreme«  of  cold  or 


heat  occur  along  tbe  Pacific  *caboard.  Tb* 
executive  rnln*  rbataclcrlstlc  of  many  part* 
of  tills  dlattlct  are.  to  be  «ure.  disagreeable. 
but  experience  demonetrate*  the  f»rt  tbat 
th-y  have  no  adverse  effect  on  health. 

tif    i in-    Yukon    It  may   bo    nalil    thai 
aummer*   are    cool    and    that    bright   clear 
'••.    «:ii.  i     pi    nilM    iim  I    or      be    i  Im..       vii-- 
arldlty   of   the   climate  make*  th*  extreme 
ti  iii|n  mturr*  of  wlot.-i  All 

who  have  lived  In  thlx  inland  region  are 
agreed  that  the  winter  cllnuuc  It.  far  mora 
healthful  than  In  many  pan.  of  th*  state* 
where  the  temperature  i.  higher,  but  where 
there  I*  an  exeeaa  of  bumldltv.  !U*ldcatx 
of  the  Interior  bare  no  f.nr  of  the  extreme 
I'.  ii  pri  rail!  luring  the  winter 
month*.  The  truttt  'ooracr  between  Fair- 
bauki  ami  Valdcx  I*  made  by  men.  women. 
a  inl  children  and  offer*  no  aerlou*  hardship* 
except  when  atorm*  art  encountered  I  Q 
tin  ..Hi.  r  luiail,  the  more  humid  cllmi, 
Seward     IVnlnsule    I*    much    more     Irving. 

Here   the  winter  norm*  at vera  una  taw 

absence  of  timber  give*  no  abetter.  Tbe 
oimm.r  climate  at  ?tomc  I*  delightful. 

I'aiwlutto*. — According  to  tbo  cenau*  of 
llild    the    total    population    of    Alaska    *n 

0  of  which   t ii  30.000  were  white* 

I''"-  e '■»   «'«•  taken  In  winter,   when 

permanent    residents    •  aumeratM. 

and    tb.    e    Ogam   (hoitld   therefore  be  aug- 

no  n|.  il     l.v     Bjany      il "ml  ..     i .  - 1 .  t  -  -      "    :  ,g 

the    annual    aummer    mlgiatom    t>.     Alaaka 

of  mitieix.  cannery   anployea,  tad   oti 

but  of  ...or. i  n., i  imiuding  touiltt*.  Skag- 
wav  bad  a  population  of  872  I 
la  alto  eailmateil  thai  Hurt  art  'j.ihjo  or 
S.000  more  In  (he  Kb. mill"-  and  other  Cana- 
dian ininiiig  district*  ot  tbo  Ynkon.  Th* 
town  of  IlaTne*.  on  I.ynn  Canal,  had  a  pop- 
ulation of  44S  iinioi.  and  the  total  of  the 
ttiliutary  dtatrlct  ra  about  l.ooo.  Th* 
coaatal  town*  of  Prince  i1.  mmm  Boand  and 
ot  region*  had  pnpulallona  In  11*10 
at  follow*:  Katalla.  18H:  <"ord" 
Seward.    .134.      The    lncor|>oriiUtl    town    of 

1  had  810,   t..  which   ihould  be  added 
aome    COO    or    i00    more,    representing    th* 

Jopulatlon  of  a  lettlem.  m  ;.   ad- 

ii..  nt,  ii'.t    Inelii.leil    uliiiin   the  city  limit*, 
.'here  are  no  fart*  avolloble  regarding  the 
population  of  In*   Coppei    itlier  Volley,   a* 
.  mill   wax   taken   before   (he   Inflitv      r 

lie.  due    to   the   completion    of  the   rail- 

road       The   population    of    the    Keiial    Peti- 

itiuiiio.   Including   Reward,   i»   about 

ami   (lure  are   between   i.e. .1   TOO  In  tbe 

Cook    Inlet    region.    Including    the    Si: . Una 

Valley,     in   i»lo  tn»n    wan   nearlj    1T.000 

ni-  iii  tbe  Alaaka  pait  ,-r  the  Yukon 

and  In  the  Kti«kokwlm  ltailna.  Of  the** 
nearly  B.000  vtcre  In  Falrlianka  ami  the  ad- 
la.  ,  nt  i . tr ... 1 1  Th*  population  of  Fair- 
banki  wn«  :: '.  n  ( lMOi  :  Ohena  is.  Tan- 
ana,  at  the  mouth  of  the  river  of  tho  »an»« 

iii. 308  ;   Rampart.  R:I      II. .1  -pringx,   101 

tjot/i'nmeitt.   -The     executive     poereff     la 

texteil  In  tbe  to .  ei  u..r,  ttlio  l»  appointed 
in  the  rrexblent  f..r  «  term  of  four  year* 
by  and  with  the  advice  and  conaent  ot  tho 
Seiiaie.      Th*    governor    may    veto    any    bill 

!a«tcd  by  tb.-  Territorial  legislature  with- 
B  three  day*  after  It  I*  presented  to  him. 
Tii.-  ii'g|*iaiiir*  may  overrule  tbe  ftto  by  a 

two-thlrdl  ■■> i  ill  Ho   tiiembvra  to  which 

each  hou*r  I*  entitled 

The  1,'clalattve  power  1*  ve«|ed  In  a  Ter- 
ritorial leg-uiatnre  ronalittng  of  a  Sena'e 
and  a  House  of  Renresentailve*.  The  Renal 
eonal-tt  of  «  members.  2  from  each  of  ih.- 
four  ludlelnl  division*  Into  which  Alaska  I* 
now  divided.  The  Hou«e  of  Kepreacntnt'T-si 
l*  nf  111  inemher*.  4  from  each  of  the 
four  ludlelal  division*.  The  term  of  each 
member  of  the  Senate  is  four  veers,  one 
member   from   each    Judicial   division   being 


two  year* 

IV    tegltiator*    convene*    biennially    at 
Jimii.  ito  capital,  oa  tt.  -ay  la 

VUrcti    la  odd  year*,  and  the  length  . 

.Inli nl  to  00  day*,  but  to-  cor- 


_ .  I*  ««power*d  to  call  a  rpeclal  s-mIco. 
•hirh  afcall  act  cootloiK  loagrr  than  15 
say*.  KMMloea  for  member*  ol  the  leglsla- 
tsre  ar»  held  every  two  year,  ou  the  erst 
Tataday  after  Ibe  flr»t  Monday  In  NoTara- 
brr  of  eaea  erea  year. 

Taa   Wkttl  po»«  of   tbe  Territory  la 
testes*,   to   tbe  I  ol  ted  State*  D:- 
tar  Alaska,    which   ha.    the  mdc  jurladlc- 
Uca  a>   the   district   ooarta  of  tbe   m.trJ 
teat*"*  and  hae  general  •urUdlctloo  It 
erbmlnal.  emit/,  and  admiralty  cause*  This 
court  u   divided    lato    four  divisions.    pr«- 
•slesl  over  by  fosjr  ladgc*  appointed   I 
rrcsadeat.  by  aad  with  the  adi'.re  and  ton. 
•tat  of  lb*  Senate,  for  a  lertn  of  four  year*. 

Tbe  Territory  electa  a   Delcxi' 
tee**,  who  aay  parawinai 
aba  baa  no  Tola.     Beginning  In   1014  tbli 
D*  It  gate    I*    *:«ted    on    the    tame    tUt.     a. 
*»a»tera  of  the  legislature. 

r»»iro  LtnJ:— Local  land  offlrea  are  lo- 
at     Noaae.     lalrbank*.     aid     Juneau. 
s-ie-re   settle*    for    puM.'-    lands    should    b» 
j  or  general    for  the  Terrl- 
tcd  at  Juneau. 
By  the  art  of  Acguit   J*.   1013.  tbc  gen- 
"«i  of  tb«  raited  State*  a<.t   . 
^applicable  were  extended   to   Ala.kn 
•sets-stead     law.     however,     had     been 
rfatnly  extended  with  certain  liberal  taudl- 

by    tbe   rectangular   tystcm   are 
ided    from  -.rate  baaea 

tl  meridian*.  d'.Mlngoi 

•  Rlrrr.  the  Falrasuka,  and  the  Scea- 

llafl, 
A  ouallBed  peraoai  taay  make  a  horoeatead 
eatry    In    Alaska    for    not    more    than 
arre*  of  ■  .r»-i»d  or  aa.urvcyrd  land 

aaay.  however,  lie  allowed  for 
laad  etoadlug  more  tbin  )<;»  i  1-  along 
il»  abiwe  of  any  aatatfabae  wai.r.  and  alonf 

Iff    of    at     leas' 

raaarred  between  all  claim"       If  *nv  of  the 

Had   settled  aooo  la  nararreyed.   th  i 

elalai  avust  be  loraled  In  a  re.-'n 

rt«4    more   thae    1    mile   la  length   br    north 

aad  south  line*,  run  according  to  tbe  true 

nvrVl 

•  ■»a*l  Fartitt. — Tb*  coast  forest*,  which 
rnaat-rt—  th»  moat  heavily  timbered  areas 
in  Alaska,  are  nearly  all  Included  In  tbo 
Tasagaaa  and  Cbugacb  National 
Tftrat-  ar»  nc-1,  r  the  J'-.r'.-d  .  lion  of  the 
'  Kerne*  of  the  United  State*  De- 
partaarat  of   Agriculture. 

Tbe    be«t    estimate*   available    place    the 

•  laud  of  mercbantat'i  :>    the 

and  on  the  chaj.-a.-li  at  s.iK'O.- 

nrd    feet.  ,n*l«ts 

Ufa*  ir%    aod    Sitka    *prn"\    at. 

though    Iherr-    la    considerable    wt.r.  rn    red 

raslBf  aad  aom*  yellow   rypren,  ••   i.  • 

Cat   Tannaa.     The    tlaaber   Is    roltabli 

ecaMtracllon     material,    flnltb.    and    a    mj 

tint     It     auliali''     for    pnner     |-nlp. 

for     the     manufncMire    of 

palp  are  eery  faroraMe.     Loccloc  .1  -a 

are  •baft,   since  (he  .  if  the  tlaa- 

ber  la  tllMtrd  srlthln  a  stir.rt  dl'tnnca  nf 
Dm  atsar*  llac.  Tran«nortail..o  •  Ibe  n..lnt 
nf  maanti'mre  is  comnar:  - 
llaalled  <ii.i  rjc"«"er  for  purposes  of  tnami. 
t  I*  arallable  and  may  lie  >i..|  with- 
■ait  enarrr  for  the  t»n  jfa.ior--  of  nstlnnnl 

of  manufac- 
rera,  all  of  which  mast  be  iltuat'd  on  tide 


water,  deep-aea  traaipoTtatioa  la  available 
to  Cha  graal  world  markets 

The  beat  data  available  Isdlrate  that  at 
ktaat  T0O.OtXl.""Xi  board  fectjwr  annum  can 
be  cut  Indefinitely  from  th*  Tonga**  Xation- 
reat  and  at  lia>t  SO.000.OiiO  from  lb* 
Ohugach.  This  w-ll  leave  a  very  larje  ran 
plua  for  export  after  supplying  local  n-ed*. 

Mature  tlislxr  on  either  forest  may  be 
iiaaal  on  r.  ;mt.  A  sutOclent 

•  rounot  of  timber  will  be  la  any 
sal*  to  Justify  fully  tb. 

'Ct>"t  and  maoufanare.  Keaaonable 
cutting  periods  srlll  be  allowed,  baafd  upon 
aaarket  deinnuds  and  the  rapacity  of  tbc 
I'aynont  Is  re-ju'red  OB  the  basl* 
of  actual  or  icale  meajurrnirnl  In  compara- 
I  small  amounts  ioimedlaicly  Is  ad- 
mice  of  rutting,  thua  doing  awny  very 
larcely  with  carrying  charges.  S« 
which  the  value  of  the  timber  eir-f<l 
cu»t  V  adTertlaed  ac  Last  30  day*.  Set- 
tlera.    farmer*.  a,   and 

other*  may   take 

of  charge  and  with- 
out permit  In  amount*  not  exceeding  2U.00O 
board  fert.  or  ;.'.  eprdl  ol  wood  In  any 
one   year. 

/■oil.il    Kerrlce. — The    domestic    rale*    of 

■•■    *nd    o  matter 

moiled  at  any  point  In  Alaska  to  any  other 

Eiu    that     I  or    In    the    I'nltvd 

■  nt'-s  or  lit   postt-sklpna,    wllh   the    follows 
log  exception*: 

no-  graduated  lone  rate*  on  fourth-da** 
or  domestic  parcel-pott   matter   do  m-t    ap- 
ply,    tbe    IHltlaee    ral^     on  t»r    be- 
Iwern  any  point  In  Alaska  and  tbe   I'nlted 
noj     i«..     point*     In 
n   being   12    r.-nt*    for    i-s.-h    poun-l    or 
'     on     pnrcel*     exceeding    4 
ounce*  In  weight,    i-gardlet*  of  dlttancv. 
Tha  rate  of  poarngo   mi   gold   eoln,   gold 
on,   and   BOM    dual    ..rr.-red    for    malllnc 
-tl  any  two  point*   In   Alaska  or   br- 
i  any  point   In  Ala-kx  and  any 

•r     llH    lOTKSi-SKluil  . 

be   '2   cents   an    ounce   or   fraction   th< 
reanrd'vs*     of    dlstsnee.       Burh     gold 

■tt.  or  gold  'i  i"    lnclo*ed 

In  sealed  package*  not  exceeding  II  pound* 
In  weight  and  neat   by   registered  mall. 

■'.uref*. — Tt  «lth    '<  Mask* 

It  at  pr»»;nt  Its  most  Important  resontca, 
but  the  T.rrltury  also  Include*  exlen*lve 
tract*  of  farming  and  grating  land*  and 
mnny  water  power*.  Kxeellcnt  timber  oc- 
cur* la  row  \l*.ka.  while  Is*  In- 
innd  ;  valuable  for  local  u»e. 
arc  aim  valuable  (liberie*  along  the 
rarifle  aeaboard. 

The  developed  mineral  resource*  of  Alaa- 
ka     Incladt     go'd     lodes    and  eon- 

:n.   and   silver  deposits,   together  with 
petroleum,  marble,  and  gypsum.     There  are 
.  \(i  iiKlve  field*  of  bituminous  ami   llt,-- 
nltle    conl    mid    inme   Iron    ore*,    which    nre 
Braetlealli    undevaioned.      In    addition    to 

.us-     qnlek- 

•  llvrr.   and    other  ores,   and   prnt.  graphite. 

'...  and  mica  bat     \*  m  f.und. 

I  lode  mining  hns  been   carried  on  In 
sou  tin  la*M  since    18R2.  and   1*  a 

larcc    and     «' 'ii  iiev-iop,  ci    kaduatry,     The 

ml   lode  production  I*  about 

i   $4,000,000  should  be 

d   to   1019       lopper  mining  began   In 

l and    ha*    made    rapid    ttrlde*    during 

:i«t    few  years.     The  total  copper  pro- 
duction    U     .T I---II  t    -HIIXMllKMi    pounds.    V«lll-d 

at  ■13.145.O0O.     Of  this,  "q, 940,000  pound*, 
valued   »t   nlmut    *4.«v.lo.0OO,   represent*  tbe 
I  of  1012- 
I'l*r.T    ITillilliK.    begun    lit    JuneAtl    In   IMQl 
w*a  extended  to  i    Uasln  la   1»-Sfl. 

No     very    important    dl*roT«ri*a    Of    plactjr 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


gold  wore,  however,  mode  In  Alaska  until 
after  Um  Kloodlka  rush  of  IHBS  ThU 
brought   S    lar*e    mi  ml  ll<    into    the 

Territory  and  led  to  the  finding  of  golil  at 
Nome  la  1698,  at  Fairbanks  In  1901,  and 
la    tin'     In  in     ISM 

Meanwhile  the  other  smaller  distiki. 
developed,     notably     th..  ,•     ,,(     (he     Yukon. 
thi   Copper,  and   the   su-ltim   Koalsi      Tbs 
lotal    gold    output  of   all    the   plocer   mine* 

iia»    a    -I.:  ie    of    |i  i: n  000,    a  all 

plari-r-mln 111..1I     ..r     1013    In*    no 

mated  voluo  of  |r.\(Hii>,i»iO.  Sliver  una  been 
■rail.  Incidental  to  sold  and  copper 
mining,  to  t Ii .-  t.o»l  value  ..f  about  Jl.Bi)*,- 
000.  The  vain*  of  the  output  of  tlo.  mar- 
lil".   gyiituui,    pctrulcura.    lead,    rte.,    to    the 

■  ■I    1012     I-   ■ |1 

Tb«     exploitation     <.f     mini     deposits     on 

inlet    in    180*1   I'T    the   Hussions   was 

the    flrnt   attempt    .it    any    form   of   mining 

within   ih.-  Territory  ml  of  coal 

rrltory   up  to   the  cloto  of   1SMJ 

la     Insignificant,     being     les*     than    SO.000 

liiirlnii  I     upward    01     1- 

.- non    tooa    of    coal   have    hero    Imp 

Into   the  Territory. 

To  nun  up,  Alaska  has  produced  to 
dale  mineral  wealth  hnvlug  an  nggre- 
rata  Talne  of  *2aB.n(Hi.000,  of  which 
■-.  I...  .  n  Hi,'.',  lo  tin 
year  MIS.  This  output  It  remarkable, 
considering    that    laigc    mining    operatloni 

•  re   practically  confined   lo   II i-ial   re- 

eaally     accessible     to     ocean      ii  an  • 
portatlon,     and      thol      th*      vast      nn 
wealth    of    tb»    Inl  |.i    I'"'    richest 

of    Hie   Bold   placer*,   It  alii 

Gold  placers,  copper,  and  gold  1.  d e 
mines  hare  hern  ope  Had  lo  centra] 
Alnska.  and  oUtci    u     >>■  i    In- 

tall;  to  gold  mining.     There  ha*   alto 
been    a    amnll    oulpiii    of    nvnl      nul 
lean.      Of   the   kinds   of    mineral    depoalt* 
which    ar*   practically    iih.i  tlwri 

•  re    ritrn.li ni  lead    ore*. 

tin    nod    antimony    depo  I"    ad- 

dition    to  .lopoalM 

I,. IV,'       Ii.', n       (i, lili.l.      bill 

rolue   remain*   to   '■     P  OTen 

Aurlfrroua  gravel*  arc  rare  wldelr  dl*> 
irlinitnl  in  oentral  Alaska,  ami  their  ,  t- 
ploltatlon  bn»  yielded  g,.Id  t„  the  value 
of  nearly  fon.otiii.iMKi  Moat  ,.f  thl*  bas 
been   taken    from    depn  very 

rich,    for    the    high    cunt    of   operating   here 
i..l    ih.-   exploitation   ..t   the   no. re   eg- 

dcpoalti  .'.f  i r  gold   ' 

The    i  "f   mining  In   tin-   Ini.-ilor 

has   In   a    Inrgr   measure   detctio']    the    pi,,-- 

fi.uu       searching      f,,r      nurlf.  r,m< 

(odea,  ao  only  the   richest  and  most   I 

ably    situated    of    auch    de| ir.    could     he 

SrofltBbly    exploited     undei      |  II- 

lOM  Gold  lodes  have,  howev.-r.  I..ell 
found  In  many  pari*  of  the  province  ami 
have      been  full*      mined      In       the 

Kenal    lvnlnaiila.   In    Will."  Illtrict 

of  the  Snsltna  Baaln,  and  In  the  Fair- 
hank*   district 

The  copper  dcpoalta  of  centrol  Alaska 
are  among  lta  moat  Importnul  raoil 
The  only  developed  copper  district  la  that 
of  the  Chlilnn  Valley,  from  which  one 
I'ineatt  In  1911. 
Ilie  coal  fields  of  central  Alaska  are 
extensive  and  include  *nme  of  the  be«t 
n.al  of  the  Territory.  High-grade  steam- 
Ing  and  coking  bltutiiln.>u*  OOtll  a*  wll 
aa  miii'  anthracite  are  found  In  the  Iter. 
Ing  Itlver  and  Maranuska  coal  fi.-ld».  Mmli 
M  ttilai  coal  Is  crnahed  and  will  fuml-di 
a  large  percentage  of  alack,  and  In  many 
Iniiaiiee*  the  coal  bed*  have  been  ao  dc- 
form-d  a*  to  prevent  their  profitable  min- 
ing. Wblle  the  percentage  of  the  coal 
bed*    that    can    be    piotHsbly    mined    can 


.••rtnlnod   hi    actual   exploitation. 
nMind   thol    U.cbc  two  field* 
contain    much    workab!  :    a   higher 

(rode    than    aa.i  tli.tt    part 

North     Arnerleau    Contloout     tribu- 
tary   to    the    l"ncil|e    Occnn. 

<  om.,1- r- .  — Up    to    the    clooe    of    Ifl'J 
Alaska    produced    uiltiiiai*.    luhcry    piod- 
and     fura     to     the     value    of     about 
140(1000,000.     Ala.ka'*    commerce    In 

aid  shipments  ol  food  product*. 
no  i -'ImnilUe,  machinery,  lumber,  cool.  etc.. 
and    r-  nun    ►hipn 

tier,  salmon,   ballbnt,  tic      The  nversi 
aual   lolue  of  tula  growing   commerce  dur- 
ing   the    Bra    yean    ending    with    Via    la 
nearly    f3O.O0O.U0O. 
Th.-    areraxe    raloe   ..f    t b.  .diss- 

'I    Annually    li.iro    the    t'nlu-d    State. 

lo    Alaska,    duttng    tha     Ifjar*    ending 

with     !  The    hlghe-i 

during  Hi--  i"  i".i  for  any  one  year 
H  «ai  tli.Tua.3ao,  the  loweJl 
'It*.  Au  arera. 
23  per  ..iii  ..f  ibe  above  inuunl  va  i 
made  up  of  the  shipments  made  to  St. 
Michael  nud  Yukon  llilHlli  III.-  i :  .elude* 
some  shipment*  to  the  Canadian  Vui- 

It    Is    estimated    that    during    Mil*    five 

NaW    period    nn    average    of    some     1'.',"  n> 

rchandfce  were  shipped  into  tb*- 

Vukon    region.      This    Includi       th<     'r»m. 

Idltarod-Innoko   reftoa,    Into  the 

liiiii.iin  region,  and  Int..  Ibe  t'.iiiadinn 
Yukon.  The  greot.-it  aierago  for  any  on* 
year    waa    OO.uOO    (1WW),    and    the     i.i 

HOI         I  \     baa     been 
that   of   tblt   freight  an    ncerace  of   24.O0O 
tona    Is     shipped    into    the    laliiiauks-ltam- 

(art  region,    ib-    high, 
or    VMM    and    the    lowest    lO.ooo    ton.    for 
1011.      The    Information    nt    hand    uadlraies 
that   about  8.5U0  tons   bare   heeti   an: 
shipped    Into    th*     Innoko-ldltai 
dining   the  yean.   l»l(l  ami    Hill.      A    kiiioII 
am. unit     of     freight     I*     also    carried     Into 
Fairbanks  over    the    military    road   during 
the  winter  month*,   aud  some  also  roaches 
i.nkokwlm    Valley  by  d  meats 

to    the    mouth    of    that    stream. 

The  In  and  Olll  bouml  passenger  traffic 
M  <io. I  from  Alo-ko.  not  Including  tour- 
ist!   or    cannery    empl. 

places,  amounted  to  SO.Oli".  In  lliln 
and  s.'l.'J'.i.'l  In  Hill.  A  part  of  thli 
resents  the  travel  Into  the  Klondike  aud 
e tie i  'li:-tilei.  of  the  fin 
HO  •  Ol  (hi*  travel  was  to  and  from 
coastal  points.  The  average  annual  pas- 
seiifer  navel  to  the  Kalrbanks  regii 
steamboat  route  for  V.Ooii  Ii  rati  ma  ted 
to  be  Bbonl  .'.'Hill,  ond  1,000  to  the  Iilito- 
rod  Inuoko  region.  About  H00.  In  addl- 
ii.oi.  travel  In  and  out  of  Knlrhsnk*  b7  • 
•toge  during  the  winter  months,  and  prob- 
ably 1,000  go  In  and  out  OS  HOI  In  ad- 
dition to  these  there  are  also  severs'.  Iiun 
dred  who  travel  in  and  out  of  the  Idwa 
md-Innoko  n-glon  by  the  Ku»kokwlm 
lil.'-r  or  by  the  winter  trail  to  Seward 
The  nv.tni.-i'  ..vlue  of  the  ..iiti.umiil  ship- 
ment* from  Als«ka  for  the  ih 
Ing  In  1911,  aud  Including  mineral  prod 
acta,    rtali,    furx.    .".-  ,    i.    .<  The 

highest  toIuc  for  nny  one  year  ws*  $.t5,- 
nin.TOl    (1011).   and   th*   lowest   IM.lSl, 

4IM      I191IH  The      only      ouIIh.uii.I      shlp- 

ments  from  the  Yukon  and  Kuskoksrtoj 
Raslna  ar.-  gold  and  slitter.  The  same  1s 
true  of  th»  Sii*ltn»  lts>.1n  and  a  large 
port  of  the  Copper  lllver  Ha  sin  where 
there    1*.    bo  in*    which     which    boa 

i"',.n    ahlpplnt  for    two    years. 

WMio  much  of  the  vnlne  of  the  ontbouod 
.hlonii'iiis  1»  repreieiited  be  gold,  silver, 
and  copper,  the  treat er  part  of  the  actual 
tonnage  Is  made  up  of  the  fishery  products 


Eneycbfedit  index 


Alaska 


which   are    not  dependent  oo   Inland   traua 

Thu  WBtrw   l«   carried  oo  by   tmlt 
WU.A  at;    betweco    Ala>ks    aad   areat   COMI 
In    laporMDc*    la    Indicated   by 
clearance*    *t>d    uuiac 
lo    1910  ■    total    of    I. 
with   a.    total    tonnage  of    3X1.710. 
and     41*.     aggregating 

Alaika   port*:    l»ll    tki 
were   ill    i,.i-..    with  an    aggrr- 

_  rrtlb  an  act-regal*  !.■»•. 
»i  Tradr  la  foreign  bottoau  »a»  sa 
103  inali,  with  aa 
aggregate  of  :nol  tooa.  entered,  and 
soo  Tiaanla.  with  a*  aggregate  •'  1-. 
bam,  gbw.no)  |„  :•..!!  .;i.;  ,  ...  is.  i.i-i, 
aa  aggregate  of  18T.M»  Ion*,  .niirrd,  and 
Ul  tMKl>,  •lib  ao  aggregate  nf  ISW.- 
ared.  Tbe*a-  agurca  for  foreign 
Mil.:  •      of      til— 

Canadian   eteanie:  ikon. 

In*   trnnV   nn    Hi.'    Yukon    aad    lit    Irlbu- 
carlra    U  carried    i«    bi    .>    titer   •learner* 
rarrtag    la    lapacirj    fic-m    r.    to   Ut 
Haw.   and   arilh    aa    aggi.vai*    til    tonnage 

•  atuer* 
as  the  Kaakwkwbxt.  ■ 1th  a  net  tonnage  of 
About  «J0  irwli  clearing  from 
IliSrt  t~**i  are  regularly  engaged  la 
Akaakn  trafflc.  Tbli  doe*  Dot  lD'1-nlo  Hi" 
•baling  atrip*,  cannery  tender*,  or  amall 
nu»tlar    BM 

rraweaorfalaea.— AUata     la    a    Territory 
of  Beat   •!!».    «.'  'ib    tbat   of   the 

Mai  ana  of  the   tniir.3   State*.      At 
■■I tii  of  It*  area  lie*  aorta  of  tbc  Kodl- 
arbtea   b  .ib   of    the 

.oiiwin    of    ib. 
tflafy   U   Arctic,  aad   It  nlone  preach  I- 
M-ak    and    frown    a«p*- "    porutaiiy    iuo 
mik    A.a.ka 
Alaaaa    thcr*    l»    aa    area   greater    than 
of  all    (be   8lale«  caal   of   the   UUili- 
and    north    of    toe    Ohio    River    and 
i.  ••  rapa- 
;not     aa     tunny     wcll- 
•altlad    and    rl.I. 

I-arlde   moantnln    *y«-cm    front*   the 
eaaat,  extendi  or  '■'    ''"'uuMn    In 

a  ana*  are  aad   railing  oat    la    the    Alalia 
rvnlii 

-..r»;   r*Bge«   wl  Mn*ka 

flag*      •oiillirrn      Al».k*.  of 

rrlnc*    William    Sound,    and  aa    a 

-    i-i.a  .ting  lb*  comparatlv.iy    -mall 

•  alter*  from    tbi    Iwo  gr««t   Inland 

■    ib*   Yukon  and   Hi"    Ku-k"kwlm. 

•barns   lb*c  l,>    ■   n><°' 

...|y     low    dlrldr       H-.ih     u great 

.lno«    char- 
»j-t,.i  ■'•  bottocD  land*  and 

-Hag   upland*. 
TW    Yukon   Ulrrr  ealrr*  the  Bering  Sen 
at    *    latlttadV   wblcb    prohibit*    I 

r.*r.i    aa    a    connection    n-lth    ocenn- 

*..!»-    eotnra«re*    exrepilng    during    three 

•  r    BMOIha.      The    «nm»    may    In-    >a  d 

ot     Ibr     Kiwkokwlra.     though     ocean     com- 

may  reach   Ita  mouth    for  an   nddl- 

aaanu   gaonth.     Botb   of   tbe««    rleer*  bare 

II    rnlrari-e-.    ibal    of    the    Yukon    h»- 

ablftiog    ebanoel    of    little    d>rth 

flat*,  and  Hi*  eotranee  to  ih ■■ 

lalm.     while     d^rp     TOOUgl     for     tlie 

ia    atenoer*.    la   ejlremelr 
and    not    writ    knows.      Oore    Inaldo. 
neb    pre«eola   a    lone    .IreteVi    of 
i      the     nrdlnnrr     rir.r 
Yukon  |a  narlrai.li.  un  to  White 
•  na'a.  ano.it  '2 -.km  inl>a,  and  lt« 
ef-,!-  •:,  ih»  Tanana.  la  navlanhl.. 

rhwna.  near  Pairbanka. 

Mia     been     aarlgateal      much 

*llb    dlffleulty       The    Kna- 

-i    I*    na»lgab>    to    tb«    Voile*,    about 


dfcW  abore  the  Takotoa.  or  about  OOO 
mile*    from    tbr    mouth.       Hoth    uf 

us     limy    tiaylgai 

and    togelbc  'bout  \0W  Bites  of 

Davlgabla  water*  m  tbi-  iwu  •}- 
open  aeaaon   1*  about    tlirw  to  three  and  a 
half  month*. 

I'll."'     a  aanac     yalt,-j»     with 

navigal/le     water*.       Of    thear     Ib 

S.Mltna      are      I  irapoMaat. 

'Ibrae     t»o     rllei  Impuiiati     a. 

nff.  ring  toe  beat  po- 
lo* the  coaatal  range  than  foi 
EuriMiavN  of  narlKatliui  rhi  I  .ppcr  Kltor 
r.ak-  ,,•  riiuga.-h  Kali*  .  I.ul  Willi 
a  alope;  »o  alevp  aa  to  uak.-  natt. 
ealL  arid  ha/iinloui,  ihwugb  not  TmpoMlble. 
A  nnmber  of  good  harbor*  along  (be 
l-a.-lOe    aeacoard    of   Ala>ka    Art 

I  w!ih  nenr-r.j  inland  iwlnl*  br  rail- 
roada  and  tmlla,  or  by  wngon  roaua  and 
trail*  onlr.  All  then*  liarbora  »•  far  w.  .t 
.■     Cook     Itii.-i    arc    open    I  I    (he 

year,   and  are    from   I.ihni   to    l.iuti  Matute 
from  fuget  Sound  porn.     At  t.ie«»nt 

a    »uti  ,i i    kU 

Irlpa  •  i  lined  nllh  lb-  roor.. 

laaraortant  of  the  .ud   In  addition 

•iime   freighter*    carry    cv«l    and 
pllea  north  and  bring  bark   eargoea  of  tl-li 
ig     the    summer.    <if    about 
thrr*   and   a    half    mnnth*.    ocean    *(eam<^* 
mnk-     the     trip     between     l'Ug»l     Soun.l    and 

Kt.    Michael  and    $  u   al^o  an 

oeenalonal  *teamcr  to  the  month  of  tbc 
I  In  Bering  Sea 
trcllrendt. — The  following  tabic  give*  In 
ronrlac  form  t !■  •  -  data  ..  d  mllesgr,  teml 
nala.  and  gauge  of  cxlitlog  railroad*  In 
finatei 

Ml- 
Boulheaatern  Ala**: 

Ul.ii.    r»  *od   Yukoo  route.  Skajway   lo 

White  Paw  i  narrow  raurr).    Termuial  at 

WW  HniM.Yukuii  Trmtory—  total  mileage. 

10.  mi  JO  « 

Yakuui  -»itliem  llailway.  Yatuut  to  Sink 

I  t  liima  ran.  •  ».0 

Topper    Kiv<-.    OopBat  Ri«ee    A    N'ortliwwUen 
Itailway,  rordora  to  Kannlrott  liUn-larrl  gauge) 

fTUe  aamo  eoronaay  hat  b.iilt  a  few  n>  •■ 
tra.l  at  Km  "  Mi*ka Paeifir  Railray 

A  Tmtiiuat  Co.  hue  *l»i  dooo  i  .in"  nork.  At 
\a.M>i  a  fr«  mil~  of  Irack  oi  the  Alaaka  Hum* 
Kailway  wen  laid  In  IJW,  and  poma  «wk  wm 
prevUmiV  door  on  the  rowef  ttiver  A  North- 
waleni  llailwaj  and  uo  the  Vtldr*  A  Yukon 
flailaay  I 

Kenai  rVnianb:  Alaela  Northeni  llailwiy.  caward 
■  -'it  near  hc«d  of  Tuinagvo  Arm  iilaodard 

JI.6 

main:    Taimna    Villey    R*il**y.    Ftirlianltl 

aid  ftiHi*  ta  Chataoika  (narrow  gauge) 1*0 

Seward  Praltmla  Railway,  Noma  to  Rheltoa 

(narrow  gauge)  UO 

ParMreak  Brand).  Seward  I'eniniuh  Railway 
(narrow  gauge)  .  6.S 

men  Rivar  Railway.  Council 
-  Craek  nundard  aaue.)  »  S 

v.  .1.1  caw  Railway.  CoudhI  «9  Ophir  Creak 
(narrow  gauge)  SO 

4000 

The  art  approred  Anrnat  24.  1012,  pro- 
rlded  for  the  appointment  by  tin 
of  a  tall  road  eommlaalcn  conalatlng  of  an 
otrlrer  *>(  the  Rbjrtoaar  COrlM  Of  the  Arrny. 
a  arcolnglat  In  charge  of  Alaakan  aiirven. 
an  officer  of  the  Kii"hi.rr  Corp*  of  In*. 
Nav».    mil    a.l  r    who    ha«    had 

practical    experience    In     railroad    con  I 
Hon. 

Thla  body  am  nnthnrtiod,  nnc.  VnaVtnstca 
to  conduct  an  examination,  tato  io«  \.t*n»- 


AlMka 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


portatlon  question  in  Hi.-  Territory  of 
Alaska,    lu    examine    latli  .  ir.iui 

111*  vaboard  to  the  coul  fields  ami  to  lho 
Interior  and  navigable  wiinwiji ;  |o  tk> 
cure  surveys  an.l  other  information  «  mi 
Jrl.IJ.-rl  to  railroad-.  Including:  COll  Dl  COB- 
hi  ruction  and  operation  ;  to  ootaln  Inforuna 
tloo  In  reaped  to  inn  coal  fields  and  their 
proximity  to  i&i!romt  p. on-*:  and  to  make 
report  to  C«  ■;••  -tii.-r  "lili  iln-lr  con- 

clusions and  recommendations  In  i-    1-.--1    :  < 

th.-   Im  .t    and    UI..-.1    available    1 -    f..r  rall- 

ronds  In  Alaska  which  will  1 
country  and  the  resources  thereof  to*  the 
use  of  tbo  poopla  of  Ho-  United  State..  A 
public  act  li»..-.l  upon  th..  11,-pori  or  th" 
Alaaka  Kail-say  i.'iuninlaslon,  approved 
.Match  12.  IBM,  authoi1r.es  tin-  Prcsfil.  ni  of 
the  I'nltrd  Hint.-*  to  I. ..ni.-.  con- 1 1  on.  and 
operate  railroads  lu  th.-  rerrltory  ..(  Alaaka. 
The  coat  of  the  work  Jiitli..u/cd  by  tliU 
a.-t   u  not  to  axci-ed  185, 000,000. 

H'liyon  rwirlt  and  trail*  arc  being  con- 
•Iruetcd  by  tho  Board  of  u.-n.l  .  ..mml*- 
■toners  for  Alaaka.  which  U  nudci 
-—■■!•■  rvixion  of  the  Secretary  of  War.  The 
mileage  of  rood  and  trail  eutn.11  u. Tod  and 
maintained    Is    n«    follow  Wagon 

winter    "led    rood,    HIT  :    trail. 

l'robahly    the    roost    Important    ton.! 
I  .1  bj   Ho-  Board  of  Road  romnil 
•  rs  Ib  the  one  (hat  eonncrla  Fairbanks  with 
Vnldea   on    the   coaat  and    with    fhltlna    on 
tbo  Copper  Hirer  Railroad,  and   form 

Km-iit  winter  route  between  Fairbanks  ami 
outside  world  'in  thla  route  through- 
out the  winter  month*  a  regular  stage  com- 
pany operates  a  ling  carrying  freight,  pas- 
sengers,  and  mall.  In  the  early  winter 
and  In  the  spring  wheel  stages  are  and. 
ton  through  must  ..f  the  wlutcr  season 
home  sleds  carry  the  (raffle.  An  the  ser- 
Tlco  la  expensive  tbo  freight  and  passvn 
(er  rate*  are  high 

The  Kuxkokwlin  Valley  iiio!  (he  Idltarnd 
tcetlon.  Immediately  adjacent  thereto  me 
much  more  poorly  provided  with  transpor- 
tation than  the  \11kon  and  Tnunria  Valleys. 
A  winter  sled  rood  hn«  been  hum  from  the 
end  of  the  Alaska  Northern  Unllrond  at 
Kern  1  reek,  on  Turnagaln  Arm,  tip  tho 
KuMtna  Valley,  and  across  Hie  divide  loto 
the  Idltarod  region. 

At  the  present  time  the  interior  of  Alas- 
ka  l»  most  conveniently  accessible  during 
th*  three  or  four  summer  months.  Juu ■  to 
S.-pti  ruber.  Inclusive.  Fairbanks,  the  cen- 
ter of  ttie  Y.ikon-Tnuann  Itnuln,  rnsv  lie 
renclied  by  two  rotltci  The  Si 
a  1.000-mllc  steamer  trip,  (hrough  the  In- 
Isnil  passage,  to  Bkagway.  then  1111  rnllei 
of  rail  over  the  White  Pas-  t.  trait*  Dora*, 
the  head  of  Yukon  navlgndon.  A  tron»fer 
Is  here  made  to  a  Canadian  rlv.-r  steamer 
which  reaches  Dawson,  ar.o  miles  aowo- 
•tream.  From  Dnwson  an  American  st-amcr 
Is  nasd  t..  I- 'sli-baiiks,  a  further  di-tar..--- 
•  f    IjOOO   miles.      At    the   0"  ottrnej 

consumes  two  areeka  going  In.  but  ordinarily 
connections  cannot  be  made  promptly  and 
more  time  Is  required.  The  outward  trip 
by  thla  routa  would  require  much  knjretr, 
This  tool.  I.  used  i-hledy  for  high-class 
freight  and  pssacng." 

Most   of  the  freight,   b-  t..-v.r,    for   Fair- 
banks  li   shliiped    to   St.    Michael    by  ocean 
vessel*.    Here    It    Is    transshipped    to    river 
steamer*  which  er>  exposed  to  thi 
before    entering    (be    mnutb    of    the 
These    steamers    carry    the    freight    up    the 
Yukon  and  Tanana  Rivers.     The  mileage  of 
thla    route    Is    about    2.700    mile-    "I 
travel  and  about  1.100  miles  of  river  travel. 
sod   usually    iccuple*    ii". or   x   no. nth      '1  1 1 1  - 
route  la  open  for  a  shorter  summer  Reason 
than   the  other.     All  ratea  arc   high,   which 
la   a.-rounted   for  by   the  short   season.   BS> 


pensive  fuej,   and   coat  of   transshipping  on 

I". ih  i..->      Id  n. biiilon  to  having  to  bear 

no-  logb  rates,  all  goods  have  their  sale 
price  Increased  by  tho  necessity  of  financing 
lb.-  nine  months'  Mora**. 

1  in-  Kuskokwlm  Is  not  ao 
well  served.  Small  steamers  reach  Bethel, 
ond  a  tea   rlToi  steam  >uta   freight 

1.1    rlv.-r    points   DMlM    the   camps,    v. 
tbey  arc  hauled,  usually  during  the  winter 
eeaaon. 

Telegraph    and    Crj6l*   Hi  graph 

and  cable  lines  and  a  wl reins  syttem  are 
constructed  and  operated  by  the  War  De- 
partment fbi  military  cable  Una  be»  it> 
Kouthern  terminus  st  Scuttle,  Wash.,  where 
connection  la  made  with  the  commercial 
raph  eompnn 
I  r/Hrulturn.  —  The  conditions 

-oil  In  AlDika  have  prevented 
speedy  settlement  of  the  Territory  by  farm 
rhe  only  markets  available  are  local 
ones  and  transportation  baa  ao  far  been 
too  expensive  to  seek  ouUlde  or  distant 
n.srk.  i».  Farm  labor  la  scarce  and  in 
many  places  very  high.  The  coat  of  clear- 
lug  land  of  trees  and  the  removal  of  moss 

► almoi  t   in  .'bililtlY.'. 

HCofCon     one!     irsindrci 
.  for  the  education  of  natives  and  the 
i-elu.l  the  supervision 

..r  1  be  C'»minlrwitiu..i  .1!  I'.diieatlon.  In  the 
schools  Instm. 'li. .11  In  carpeutry,  cooking, 
and  sewing  la  emphasized. 

The  Importation  <.f  reindeer  from  Siberia 
Into  Alaska  begun  "1   '•'''     la  1  rtter  10  tar- 
nish  man-rial  for  food  and  clothing  for  the 
no  in  the  vicinity  of  Hi  ring  Htiall 

There  had  long  been  a  disagreement  with 

Great    Britain    over    th*    location    of    the 

bound  ■       1  '  ouadn  and   Alaska. 

to  a  difference  In  the  Interpretation 

of         tr«ats     mad  I    between    Russia    and 

Britain  In   I8J."..  ilellnlng  thla  In 

and    on    the    discovery    of    gold    In 

Alaaka,    In    INOS-fM,    this    matter  reached   a 

serious    stage.      The    main    point    of   dllTrr 

ence  was  whether  the  boundary  line  should 

li.     thirty    marine    leagues    (mentioned    In 

Ho-    K11-.I0  litest    Brilaln    treaty     -  1 

cost    from    the    wasiern    bimndnry    of    the 

Islands  off   the   Alaska    const,   or  that   dls- 

•  >-t  ..t  the  mainland  coaat.     In  1899 

a  provlslooary  boundary  traa  agreed  upon, 

nud  on  Jan,  24.   IU03    a   trenty  was  «l 

lnie.i-ri     i;reiit     Britain    ond     the     United 

Rtate*    providing    for    11    •rlbunal    of    three 

It   and    ih:.-.    A rlcan   commissioners 

to  settle  rhe  dispute.  The  rrenty  was  rnrl- 
tled  by  the  Dotted  BUM*  Senate  on  Feb. 
11,  1003.  and  on  March  S  ratifications  were 
exchanged  between  the  two  govarnmanta. 
Thc  commission  sot  In  l.onrton  nnd  on  Oct. 
1".  1908.  made  a  decision  mainly  In  favor 

f   tfai     -rates,   groining  Canada   ae 

-  ir  Ihe  south,  in 
end  of  the  boundary  nnd  giving  ber  Wales 
and  Tense  Islands.  In  Portland  Canal.  In 
-.:".  1  n  -or-. .v  ,.f  (In  biiiinilary  thus 
determined  was  begun  by  engineers  of  the 
United   Sm.-.   mid  Canada. 

The  general  question  of  the  public  lands 
was  opened  up  Sy  President  Tnft  In  throw- 
ing open  to  private  entry  lu  July.  1011.  a 
trnct  eonlnlnlng  IJ.gnti  seres  of  land  "n 
Controller  Bnv.  nenr  (he  Bering  coal  fields 
Mr  Ta.fl  on  July  2d.  1811.  aent  a  apodal 
message  to  Congress  for  the  purposa  of  re- 
assuring the  American  people  that  the  al- 
leged danger  of  monopoly  was  not  n  real 
dung.-  'fi|.     In  (his  message  f«.  t>.) 

he  set  forth  ot  considerable  length  hi*  rea- 
sons for  throwing  open  this  tract  of  land 
for  nrlrali   Mttrj 

The  Sixty-second  Congreaa  on  Aug.  24. 
1912,  passed  a  law  creating  n  territorial 
g..i  '-•nruenl   for  Alaska  and  establishing  Jo- 


Eruyrfopidic  Index 


Alaska 


u    •»    tbe    capital.      1=  orjft    lo   dcTttop 
mlDral     [  and     prevent     • 

rd    monopoly  of   tbe   coul    acids   a 
cousalaalon   mil  appointed  10  COO- 
examination   Into   tee   tr-anaporu- 
a   In   lb*  o!   Alaska, 

tbe  report  of  tbU  commit  U-e  was 
_  legislation  provtdlBC  (or  purchase  or 
i  ol  rallioada  and  the  kaalna  or 
tbe  coal  laoda.  The  an  uf  Much  Us,  1UJ4. 
aetborlud  to*  President  to  pnrcBUiu-  "r 
coaiiroct  1.000  mitts  of  railroad  at  a  coat 
•ot  to  exceed  $34,000,000  to  connect  ono 
ur  more  uf  IB*  open  Pacific  bartrora  on 
*Mta«n>  ■■■«•!  of  Alataa  with  tiir  navigable 
rlrers  of  the  Interior,  nod  with  one  oi  morr 
of  tb#  known  coal  Held*.  TbU  railroad  mar 
to  leased  or  operated  by  tbc  government. 
gress  may  see  01.  To*  act  of  Oct. 
S  provided  tor  the  lease  of  cnal  lands  at 
no  cents  a  too  for  tb*  coal  mlncd. 

Imperii  from  Alatka  tn  Fiscal  V'car  JPId. 
— Alaska's  aalra  to  the  '-ilea  In  tbc 

naral  Tear  1910  asjgregnted  neiirly  s.Vl.000.- 
oou.  ■  iim  double  ib»  annual  average  since 
1V12  and  only  exceeded  hy  lb 
inea  when  awaaured  by  their  sates  to  I 
uv   h  lor   to  tbc  great   war.      In 

addition   to  this.    Ala»ka   abi|>|H-il    lo    ua   In 
I9I.V1U  cold  valoed  at  sin.S'Xi.tMMi  and 

»t*r  «ilur  of  1760.000.  both  from  It* 
i'«a  niln*". 

Tbe    predominant    fcatore    of    the    year's 
trade,  according  to  an  aouljsl*  i 
lljrrau  of  Foreign  ami 
DepartD.Mii    of  Conimrrre,   au   tbe   : 

■ei  anions  Alaalta'a  export 

ten,    these*.?  >n    and 

an  tbe  leading  In  c"i>- 

■  i  regulua  from  Alaska 
iritated    117    mlllKii    pouDda.    valued    at 
.    million    dollars.      Thla    li    four   tlmea 
tbe  «»#rat  thru  years 

loed   Imports   of   Ibal 
•Uaa  from  Chile.  Cuba.  Canada,  am)  Jl< 

i  line  foralCD  nourees  uf  tbla  form  of 

:      nhtpped    lo    tbe    Culled 

'he  laat  fiscal  rear  amounted   to 

;i«  inUOon  ponnda.  salued  at   18-*   million 

delta  ra.    an    Increas*   of  2<    million    pounda 

ever  IV1S  and  ot 

The  following-  table  auounarliea  by  lead- 
lac  article*  tbc  shipments  of  Alnakan  prod- 
•cta  Into  the  United  sum  during  tbc  laat 
three  Ileal  yr« I 


sgs 
5& 


Total  dontetlie 


W.QWJM0  vimxssi  gi.«mooo 


Alaska-Yukon  Pacific  Exposition  corn- 

r052,  "103. 
Attempted  occupation  of  portion  of, 
by  Great  Britain  and  Canada,  6097. 


Attempts  of  Great  Britain  and  Can- 
ada   to    establish    post    routes    in, 
6007. 
Boundary    lino    with    British    posses- 
sions— 
Commission    to    determine,    recom- 
mended, 4141,  4918. 
Discussed.  U  U.  4917.  4080,  5368, 
5400.    5958,    6063,    6370,    6430. 
679-,  MM 
Keport     regarding,    referred    to, 
498S. 
Cession  of,  I*  BtatM— 

Discnaaed,   3778,  38S6. 
Referred   to.   1 

Treaty  regarding!,  referred  to,  3719, 
3722. 
Appropriation    for  payment    un- 
der, recommended.  3719,  3778. 
i  UaaiMB  in.  cruel  ir.  afincnt .of,  5083. 
Coal  field*  of,  7001,  7654,  7720. 

«  district  established  »t  Sit- 
ka, 3865. 

•  n     government     suggested 
for,  7430,  7535,  7788. 
■        .ilium  of,  6725,  6792,  6799,  6918, 

6919,  70J 
Controller    Bay,    opening    to   settle- 
ment of  land  on,  discussed,  7979. 

to  CoD|  l  1150,7399. 

Kduculiou   in,  appropriation  for,  rec- 
tanmanded,  1607,  548  I,  B 

of  Hudson*  Bay  Com- 
pany upon  timdi  of,  :i$98. 
Oovernment  for — 

Act   providing   for.   4879. 

By  commission,  7436,  7580,  7722. 

Discussed  by  President  Benj.  Har- 

•r.,   5760. 
Municipal  govornirtc 
ed  by  President  Beuj.  Harrison, 
5483,  5641. 
Recomm^nd-'d  hv  President- 
Art!. ur,  MSI.  4781,  4771. 
Hares,  4522.  4573. 
Tnit,  7436,  7535. 
Oovernment    railroad   suggested    for, 

8101. 
Importation    of   breech-loading   rifles 
and   fixed   litiiiiiuiMi.iiii    into,   for- 
bidden.   I 
Instructions     regarding,     modified, 
4711. 
Lands   in — 

I"ro.'!nnintioii    modifying   order   re- 
serving.  612. 
Set  apart  as  public  reservation  by 
proclamation.  6795. 
Legislation,  recommended,  3722,  6269, 

6400,  7436,  7535,  7722. 
Light-houiv  on  coast  of,  point  to  be 

selected   for,  3902. 
Military  arrests  in,  4312,  4313,  4314. 
Military  Department  of.  3S30,  6269. 
Mineral  wealth  in,  discussed,  6063. 
Necessity  for  development  of,  7616. 


Alaska 


Messages  and  Pafers  of  the  Presidents 


Picture  of,  4769,  7458. 

Port  of  entry   In,   I'Ntabliubmeiit   of, 

recommended,  54S4. 
Privilege!   of   hunting,   trading,   and 

flahing  in,  referred 
Property  rights  of  Mttree,  i5920,  6921. 
Public  Land*  of,  6697,  6799,  7419. 
liitilwara    in,    should    be    built    and 

operated  by  government,  0911. 
Referred  to,  3818,  3S29,  6269,  6352, 

6453. 
Report  of  governor  of,  4975. 
Report  of  Lieut.  Kminnna,  6941. 
KoHourcoH     of,    Diunt     bo     used,     not 

wasted  or  monopoli 

w  it h i ii    limit?  of.      (Sen 

Bering  Sea.) 

Seal  islands  in,  aalo  of,  rteosmadad, 
3990. 

Survey  of  eoatt  of,  urged,  8019. 

Territorial  Governmi  n un  tid- 
ed for,  7911. 

Alaska  Salmon  Commission,  mantl 
6934. 

Alaska- Yukon-Pacific  Exposition.  —  For 
the  purpOM  of  exploiting  the  reaooreaa  and 
;»■  -i ••in lal r 1 1.-«  of  (be  .Ma»ka  and  Vukuu   tcr- 

■  ami   I"  di 
the    v..      pro     pert*    Of    i lie     I  nit.  I     sun. -m 

mada,  as  well  m  to  fouler  Ibe  trade 
of  the  countries  bordering  on  tbe  Parlllc. 
an     lriteiii.iili.nal    exposition     wn<     Imld     at 

tab.,  from  June  |,  to  Oct.  15. 
i  100  ii  v.  n  exhibition  palaces  were  built 
on  ihc  ('ampin  uf   the   I'm-.  IV«     . 

Ington    (a   tract   of   224   acre*).     The 

6 "tinea    prellmlnnrjr    to   opening    were    SIO.- 
ihi.iioo.      The    fundi    were    raised    i>v   ap- 
latlona  tiv  the  federal  government  Ihc 
State  of  Wiisiilmrmu  nnd  the  City  of  Scuttle. 

Albania. — An  cxtcnalve  tract  of  tbe  we»i- 
eru  littoral  of  tlie  Balkan  Penmanla,  from 
the  aoutbern  frontier  of  Montenegro  to  tbe 

in   frontier  of  Urocce,     within  theac 

are    Included    an    area    of    clone    on 

22,000   .iiuare   mile*,    with  a   population    of 

to  three  and  a  bnlf  million  pciaons. 
of  tliln  area  abuut   1  -_'. ■  »><>  ..pi iiill.-Htni.ve 

been      ll  tn  la,     '.I 'C,     mill     Mi  .11- 

(enegro,  leaving  the  area  of  the  autoao 
mou«  portion  at  about  ]i  >.«•"<>  <i|uarv  mil*-*, 
with    a    population    .if    "J.ihki.ooo,    or    whom 

•bom  i  :'i» i    n.'  Albanians  and  tbi 

matnder    principally    Serbs,    Buigum    n  mi 
kg. 

HMory.— Albania  (tin  governed  by  native 
rnleni  tint  ll  Hie  ■  I....-  ,  I  I  lie  llilrleenth  •  n 
i  ni  when  the  Kingdom  of  Albania  wa« 
il  by  tbe  Sicilian  llouac  ■  ,(  Anjon 
I  In-  kingdom  waa  perpetually  at  war  with 
Servla.  and  for  miuir  yearn  with  Venice, 
until  the  advance  of  tbe  Mohammedan 
.1  1  he  Indi  peud'  in-.  ..f  t  he 
kingdom  In  the  Stteentb  and  sixteenth  eon- 
lurlea.  From  1  r.T I  to  1913  Albania  wa« 
under  Turkish  role,  forming  the  vilayet,  of 
fjtcutsrl  un, i  Jannlns  and  the  western  por- 
tions of  the  vllaycfa  of  Koasovo  and  M.-n- 
»»llr.  The  Balkan  Want  of  1012-13  w*re 
nominally  caused  bj  the  de*lr«  ..f  the  Allied 

Stole.     I  I'.nlifiirl  ii    and 

flrreoc)  to  free  the  Albanian"  from  Turkish 

lie.    and   one   of    the   pretext*   of   the 

tlr«i    war    waa    tin      nabllltl    of    Turkey    to 

.mi   th-   Albanian  rising*. 

Uy  the  Treaty  of  London  (May  30,  19131. 
the  Ambassador*  of  the  assembled  I'owera 
agreed    i| lie    principle  of  an  autonomous 


Albania,  and  the  throne  waa  accented  by 
i.i    re    Willi  id    o(    V 

lima   of    s«tvI»    to    ad- 
dllb.ual   Albanian    l.ull.rv    I  -  - .  I    tod    lUllOQ 

lighting  bei  •.  and 

to  a  threat  of  Interference  ou  tin-  part  of 
other  Tower*.  Servla  finally  ulthdren  fr«o 
•be    disputed     territory     In  191X. 

owing  iii  prea'ure  from  Austria-Hungary. 
hut  the  new  country  la  atlll  a  prey  to  In- 
ternal  dltsenslons. 

j'l.iiMporfaflon. — Albania  la  traversed 
from  Seutatl  I  In  Hi.  north  i  lo  Valona  <la 
the  southwest)  by  a  railway  from  Most- 
■enegro.  and  line*  from  Servla  cross  the 
eastern  frontier  at  t'Uriul.  Dlbra.  ana 
St  ruga.      The    principal    porta    an-    Duratxo 

The  di  llmlnatlon  of  tbe  southern  bound- 
ary   iwh-r*    Ali.-inin    1*  eontermlnona    with 

the  extended  Klngd f  fit I    I 

;..  i  N  biii  mated  to  an   lnt<  n 

mission. 

The  capital  I*  Scutari,  population  30,000. 
Albany,   The,    cruise    of,   referred    to, 

nn, 

Albany  Convention.— one  of   the  impoT- 
tnm    predecessors  of  the  Contlnnol   I    I  ■ 
areas   and   among   the   Ural    <i-  '■■ 

taken  toward   nntlonil  union       Vpon  a   call 
Issued  by  the  Lord*  of  Trad*   eafnaol 
it.     from     the     Colonies     ..f     New     Ilnmp- 
«hlre.    Massachusetts,    lthodc     I-  I 

neetlcut.  New  York,  l'eun»rl>  anla.  and 
Mm ■-.  Imiil.  in.-i  at  Albany,  N.  Y.,  i-u  June 
19,  1754.  to  arrange  a  treaty  with  the 
Six  Nations  of  Indian*.  Benjamin  Frank- 
. lMn.nl   iiinl  the  Ii  adopted  a 

pl  I.,    fot     olonl  ii   anion,     it   pi 

a  preildrnt  general  of  all  the  Colonic*,  with 
power,    and    ii    grand    council 

e i I    of  from   two   i"  -even   ileii-gatea 

from  each  Colony.   cho*cn  by  lavmM)    for 
a    term    of   three   yearn  each.      Thin    I 
council     wan    to    be    authorlxed    to 
force*    for    tbe    common    defense    of    the 
CoIoabM  and  to  levy  tnxea  for  their  main- 
tenance  and    hove    control    of    nil    i 
affaln.       The    plau    wa*    rejected     b- 

uiMe   It  fare  too  nnu-b 
the  Colonic*. 

Albany  Regency. — a  eomblnatloa  ol 
Uctanj  of  the  Democratic  puny,     p 
Hem  tiraoDg  tbete  were  Martin  Yon  Buren. 
wini.im  L    Harcy,  John  A.   Uli.  and  S-H.it, 
Wright.      Tbl»    combination    wai     it    waa 
charged,   orgnnlxed   t . ■  manage  and   control 
that  party  In  New  York  State  from 
1S20  to  185S.     Tl  laatlon  waa  ipille 

thorongh  and  complete,  and  lt«  Huceesi  w»* 
mainly  dne  to  thla  fart.  A  majority  of 
tboae  In  the  eoiiil.liintlou  n-.lded  lu  Albany 
oi  operated  from  thai  eJty.  Tbe  name 
aroac  from  this  circumstance. 

Albemarle,  The.— a  Confederate  lion-olad 

mm  built  on  the  Roanoke  Itlvrr.  below 
Weldon.  N.  C    In  IMS.     She  wna  destroyed 

aritn  n  torpedo  nv    LJenl     w.   it.  fmtiing 

on  the  night  of  tier.   •_>-,    i-  Be- 

fore  her  deitriietlou  aha  did    mueb    iln 

I        of     the     I    II 

title  mi  ralaed.  towed  to  Norfolk,  and  aold. 

Albemarle.  The: 
Doatructlon  of,  M87, 
Referred  to,  6306. 
Engagement    of.    vsith     llM     ffoaMCH 
referred  to,  3411. 
Albion.   The,    seizure    of.    rtfi  n»4    to. 

9636, 
Aldrlcb-Vreeland    Currency    Law.  —  A 

ineaaurc  paiaed  by  Cougreu  May  30,   1908, 


to  reader  lb*  currency  of  tbr  I'sltcd  State* 
■or*  rUallc  by  placing  It  within  Hi*  power 

national  banks  in  Irntisfuiiu  all 
*Me    avail,  i.    lulu     luo.icy     In     re- 

Tho 


Encyclopedic  Index 


fun/oat  of  lb*  U«   wu»  t. 
<e4    wa*   lb*  direct  reault   of  Ibe   Du«n<UI 
-     law     provldsd 

ii.i   gOTcruuieoial  s'lpervlaUMa  errr   tin-  di 

•  «.   shall  rjiKp  lo  be  printed  and 

■  »  baad  al  all  times  a  apt  rial  luur  of 

n  .-j  amounting  to  50  per  ceot.  of  tbo 

cotaMaved  capital   stock  of  all  to*  national 

uinks.      To   secure  a  purOou  of  tbla  •mar' 

i  taank   must    lie   a 

aaraiuer  vt  a    currency   astoclatluD   formed 

by    at    leaat    leu    banks   having  a   coir 

•  apllal  of  not  I'  .000.000.     Stale, 
county  or  tti«ntcip*l  bond*,  commercial   pa 

[r  other   raluablc  and   reaillljr  col 
-sets   oioj    be    used  aa  accurlty,    pro 
cum   tbr  approval  of   the 
.tl-.n    and    tbe    government.       If    tbe 
.  nine    ilia    eorraoi 

I  to  tbr  bank.     It  wna 
by  tbr  <;ias*-Owea  currency  law 

Aleutian.  'rUndt — a  chain  of  tfxral   UW 

Island*    extending    from    lb*    western    «x- 

y    of    Alaska    near    (be   continent    of 

The    area     la    about     6.000     square 

...i-c  I  be     lubahllant*.     a     half  elvliii.-d 

>>ug    race,    about    ".two    In    nutn- 

I  -rlously   regarded  aa  *f  Aslatte 

at  Atuerletin  origin.      Tbetr  trade  U  chlcriy 

to  fish  and  far*.    Tbe  Island*  belong  to  tbe 

)   reaaon  of  the  acquisition 

utka.      Tbey    were  discovered    by   the 

■aaatana   about    tbe   aalddl*  of    the   elghi- 

I  rrolory. 

Alan,  Tfca,  convention,  between   Xlcav 
ajrua  and  CoeU  Hi'  a  signed  on,  6326. 
,8*e>  also  '  W.) 

"er  Archipelago  Forest  Raaerve, 
proclaimed.  6897. 
AlaxaradrU.  Vs.: 

Art  iaecrporatinn;  church   lb,  eetoed, 

<:i 

Blockade    of    port    of,    removed    by 
.'.371. 

Br:1  <2. 

PlTrpcTty    in.    destroyed    by    Britiah 

force*.  SM, 
A.  la-rand  ria  County.  D.  0.: 
Courthouse  is,  unsafe  and  new  obo 

recommended.    1*121. 

Jail    erected     la 

Metro-cession  of,  to  Virginia  by  proc- 
lamation. 2320. 
Alfalfa.— a   left  rodder  plant,  na- 

kc     rallcr'    of    Central    Aala        li 
I  ultlvated    In    Rurope     foi 
J.OOO  yeara.  and  wan  Introduced  Inin 

1b*    Spanish    cooomeal        in     i»:i    II    waa 
morti    from  cr. 

II     apread     rapidly     oaer     the     r«r-.fic     slid 
•Italia    «l»"  II    I-    now 

Bvte*.    extensively    rro wo    than    anjr    oiber 
forage   crop.      Tbe    word   alfalfa 

.snl.b  Ian. 
me*n    "lb*    t>*«t    feed "      ll    la   alao    known 

n      unrtrht 
branebltig  -  three  feet  high. 

•  lib  Irlpte  liarl.  Mil  Irrrgula 

I  lie     (l.»rr.,     WBltb 
On  looae.  pernocahle  Mill 
'-nlly    dear-end    «o    ten    or 


•  ffet.     It  grow*  heal  oo  rich,  aaudy, 

i    |..iiii»  i.f  a  calcareoua  nature, 

anil  does  not  succeed  on  damp  *o)l  or  tenn 

Two  j-ear*   are   required    tuor- 

"UKhiv    to  ri*abll>b  a  field,   but   wbun  one* 

inhcd  tbe  plant  endurea  many  > 
The  crop  la  rut  wben  ibv  planla  ar> 
iiiit  Into  bloom,  and  ik>ih  fmui  two  to  m 
Ilium,  aecordlac  to  UM  lenarUi  of  Hie  aea- 
aou.  Tbe  ordinary  annual  yield  varies 
from  tbree  to  eleut  lon«  of  dry  hay  per 
aere.  cured   hay   la  rrllabed   by 

nil  rum  animals,  and  U  useil  bulb  (Or 
fiileiuuK   ami    n. ilk    i  i 

ilallea  of  product  Ion  garnered  by  tbe 

Census    Bureau    show    that     In     ItlOD      t 

«i.-    LTOS^O^  acre*  devoted  to  alfalfn   In 
8ta(e«,   from  ■  h.'.imk 

of  hay  waa  cut  and  KSB.Mlii  bushels 
of  need  catbered. 

Algoclraa  Oonreation.— ai  a  conference 
•if  tbe  Power*  at  Algeelraa,  Spain,  Jan.  1« 
to    April  7.   1000.    France  and    Bpaln   wer* 

•atoned  to  maintain  n 
roecan  coaal.     Tbe   town   Ilea   on   tbe  weat 
aide  of   the    Bay  of  (Ilbraltar,   aeveu    mllea 
Kumpa   Point.     The  oonrtotloa    was 
>   In  reaponee  to  many  coinpl.unts  by 
paCBfl  and  Americans  that  treaty  rlchts 
were  not   respected  by  Ihe   Moors,  and  that 
life  and  property  of  foreigner*  wer*  unsafe 
lu  Morocco.     It  was  participated  la  by  Unit- 
ed  Stale*.  Cernany,  Anxiriu-lIuiiiMry,    Rel- 
Sam,    Spain     r'rsnce.    Orenl    llrltalu,    Italy. 
a     Nethcrlonds,      Portugal.      Kosala     and 
Sweden.     The  treaty  wan  published  Jan.  22. 
(See  Treatlea.l      Before  tbe  end   of 
the  year  French  troopa  were  landed  at  L'lda 
and   Caaaliliin.i..      Jn.i.    11,    l'.iOH,    th.    rellg- 
...I-.   aiiilioritien    of    Morocco   deponed    Abdel 
Axli  and  proclaimed  bis  brother  Mulnl  Il.nld 
Sultan.     Ills  embaaay  to  rlerlln  wna  r. 
recocnltlon  without  consent  of  tbe  I'owers. 

.  .-     i-   MoroceOj 

Algaclraa  ConvanUon, ratification  urged, 

7062. 
Algeria. — A  French  poaaeaalon  on  the 
north  coast  of  Africa,  about  3-13.800  miles 
In  area  and  containing  a  population  of 
about  5.600.000.  TMl  Include*  Ibe  aci|iil- 
llUon  Hin.e  1001  Of  aom*  240.000  aquar* 
miles  of  territory  on  tba  south.  The  chief 
native  p*opl«  ire  Berber*  and  Arab*.  It* 
caplt nl  IM  principal  rliy  la  Algiers.  It 
comprise*  the  an- lent  country  "f  Nnmldla 
aad  a   portion  of  Mauritania.      For  many 

ceotnrlaa   u    burl i    i    band   of   eoraalra, 

who  hanatad   Ibv   o ll  of  the  Mi-dltcrra- 

nenn  Sea  and  the  Atlantic  Ocean  as  far 
».  ihe  Norlh  Baa,  prerlna  upon  I  la. 
mere*  of  all  nation*  which  refused  to  pny 
them  tribute.  To  pny  this  tribute  »*• 
dec-med  wiser  by  many  European  power* 
in. in   i,.  wage  war  agnlnst  them       Follow- 

Ine  'he  eXHlnple*  of  other  lliltlnm.  the 
rrnited     State*    signed    a    treaty     In     1T»8. 

agre-ing  to  pny  tbe  l'-v  11.000, fOT  lh« 

American   captives   and   promis- 
ing nn  nnnnsl   tribute   pages  115.   171- 

Algeria    made    war    against     Ibe     I  i 

i  In   I  SI'..     Commodore  Decatur,  with 
silled  ngnlnst  the  I >•  ■ ..   nud  iioi 
with  such  i    b*   was  enabled    10 

Indemnity  from  the  I>ey  In 

iiy   renouncing  all  claim  to  trlb- 
rite,   presents,   or   ransoms,    and   a    pi 
not  to  reduce  prisoner*  of   wnr 

..47).     France  ha*  alnco  r*.Iucod 
rln     i"    Hie    dominion    nr     In 

organizing  it  aa  ■  colonial  poaentjoa 

ii     1884,   of  which  It  la  now  the  most   Im- 

fiortant.  Tin-  cnief  laaouri f  the  coun- 
ry  I*  agTlciiiinr,-  8lne*  18TI5  there  h«v* 
I.,  .-ii  \  number  of  extended  revolt*;  and  In 
recent  year*  tbe  country  ba*  suffered  from 


Algeria 


Mfssagcs  and  Pafvrs  of  the  Presidents 


serious  anti-Jewish  ugltullous  (See  olao 
AfrlcaJ 

Algeria: 

Consuls  of  United  State*  in,  160,  380, 
506. 
Banished,  503. 
Change  in  pay  of,  131S. 
Power*  of,  shoui.i  bt  Increased 

Salary  of.  nliouU  lie   iii'T.':i»od,  888, 
Unjustifiable    proceeding!    toward, 
by   Dcy   of,   411. 
Declaration    of    war  against,  recom- 
mended, 580, 
Hostile  attitude    of    toward   United 

States  -12,  589.  ■"•■ 
Imprisonment    of    American    citizens 
10,  90,  115,  140,  160,  102,  107, 
199,  589. 
RorVrrod  *o,   144,   143,   202. 
Treaty  of  peace  with,  564  679. 
Treaty    with,    transmitted    and    dis- 
cussed,   11.1,    174,   178,    IS  I,    107, 
679. 
Annulled  by  Algeria,  with  alterna- 
tive of  war  or  renewal  of  former 
treaty,  S60. 
Tribute  to  be  paid  by  United  States 
to,  115,  174. 
Pavment  of,  325. 
Vessels  sold  to.  B8t*. 
War  with  United  State*.    (See  Alger- 
ia* War.) 

Algerine  War. — The  countries  on  the  Med- 
iterranean coast  of  Africa,  from  Eft-rot  to 
the  Atlantic,  namely.  Morocco.  Algeria, 
Tunis  and  Tripoli  (whlrh  art  Uuown  col- 
lectively »»  lh"  Bartuiry  Powers  I    lnnl   Iv.-.-n 

In  the    hnblt   of   preying   on    II oiiaierce 

of  nations  that  refuted  to  pny  a  tribute  to 
them.  Shortly  after  the  Revolution  t  he 
opcrotloos  of  these  pirates  were  directed 
■gainst  our  eommoree.  to  protect  whleh 
i  r - :.  i !.--»  purchasing  Immunity  by  the  pny- 
meat    of    yearly    tribute    were    nerotlnted 

wini  Hi.  Barbary  Hintm— in  t'sn-iTSi 
«iiii    Morocco,    i"    IT88    with    Algiers,    in 

1700  with  Tripoli,  and  In   1709  wllh  Tunis. 
It    1812  AlKlers  ileelari'd  war  against  the 
l  mi   .1   States.      As   soon    as   Hi. 
commencing     against     Englnud     bad     been 
liroueht    to  on  .in],  our  government  I 
Us    attention    to    Alglnr-.      The    Al. 
war  wns  short  mid  decisive.      In  the  spring 

•>f  ibis  Ton i.iin.'  Decatur  wos  aeat  with 

ir  len  vi-s.nls  !.i  chnstlat  tbl  pirates. 
In  June  be  captured  the  largest  of  their 
frigate*,  and  soon  after  took  another  vesael. 
Iletated  »  treaty  to  the  Dey  of 
Algiers,  which  was  signed  June  30.  1815. 
m  diminishing  all  claims  to  trlbuta  In  tha 
foi  ute 

Algerine  War  (see  also  Algeria) : 

Declaration  of  war  by  Congress  rec- 
ommended. 539. 

I'ev    of   Algiers   begins   war   against 
United  States,  428. 

Information  of  amicable  settlement, 
428. 

Termination  of,  647. 

Threatened  by  Algiers,   560. 

Treaty  of  peace  com  In  led, 
Algonquin  Indians.   (See  Indian  Tribes.) 


Allen  and  Sedition  Laws.— Two  impor- 
tint  acts  of  Congress  passed  by  the  Federal- 
Ims  In  1798.     Their  Importance  consists  not 

ik-Ii  In  their  esecatlsl  character  a: 
fi>i    tii  it   they  largely  caused  the  downfill 
..f  Hi.'  Federalist  putty  as  In  their  position 
In  American  history  us  a  landmark  beyond 
which  It  Is  uonfe  for  the  law-making  pow- 
er to  go.      During    the   French    Rerolotlofl 
American  reeling  wns  high  and  mint.  Many 
public    speakers    and    writers    openly   advo- 
ented  Intervention  by  the   i  nlted  suites  la 
of,    the   dm    side   or    tha    other,    de- 
nounced   the   neutral    atlltude   of    the    Oov- 
u.liv    iind    ungrsti  ftil,    nml 
l  Invectives  upon  the   Admlnlstt 
The  fact  that  many  of  the   newspapers  In- 

li  the  Government  was  mi  bitterly  as- 
sailed were  In  the  hands  of  foreigners. 
had  tnnch  to  do  with  the  passage  of  the 
alien  net.     This  law  I   the  Presn- 

dent  to  order  out  of  thin  country  all  inch 
aliens  as  ha   might  Judge   to   be  dangerous 

to    the  pence   ami    safety   of   the    i 

finite  or  engaged  In  plotting  agnlnst  them 
The  sedition  net  provided  heavy  Ones  and 
at  fur  any  person  who  should 
oppose  the  Vnlted  Ststes  Gov- 
ernment or  laws,  or  who  should  print  or 
publish  any  false    scni  i    malldons 

writings  ngaln«t  Hi..   (J  i.  <'.. ngress 

or  the  President  Intended  to  bring  dlsre- 
ot  li  in  i  ii  apon  'In  in  nr  tn  »ilr  up 
sedition.  These  laws  were  regarded  by  the 
Republican  party  of  that  day  as  uneon- 
stitm li  Itnoi 'l  by  lbs  Keo- 

Ini-lij  unit  Virginia  resolution*  as  subversive 
of  the  Ilbertv  of  speech  and  the  press. 
They  expired  In  IROo  and  ISOl  respective- 
ly.  (See  glsjo  Kentucky  and  Virginia  ltcso- 
lutlona.) 

Alton    Contract    Law,    amendment    of, 

rieommeniied,  634S,  6455. 
Allen  Laborers  discussed,  6065. 
Allen*.     (See  Naturalization.;! 
Aliens  In  United  States  (see  also   Nat 
unitized   Citizens): 
Al.hieiion  of  foreigners  claiming  pro 
taction  of  United  State*  *houii  1 1 
made  a  crime.  2550. 
Allegiance    of,    to    Government    dis- 

i-ii    ,,.l  inn]  order*  regarding,  8318 
Claims  of.  eonrt  to  try,  recommended, 

4191,  4248. 4897.  4360. 
Liability  of,  toperform  military  duty — 
Discussed.   3381. 
_  Proclaimed,  3369. 

Number   of,   employed    in    Executive 
Departments,   report   on,   transmit 
t.wl.6102. 
Offenses    against     treaty    rights    of, 
should    be    oognitablo    in    Federal 
courts,  5618. 
Allatoona  <Ga.),  Battle  of.— in  the  nope 

of   drawing    Gen.    Sherman's    army   OUl    al 

[it,    the    Confederates.    80,000   all 

Gen.    Hood,    threatened    his    mllMad 

C'tiiintinlcntlons    with    Nashville.       Oct.    5. 

1864,  n  division  of  Hood's  Infnntry  appeared 

I  •.■  is,    where   were   stored 

nlioni     1,300.000    rations.       The    post    wns 

held    by   Col.    Tourtelotte.    who    was    I 

forced  by  •  --.   (tuts  Increasing  the 

Colon  i  'Mi  men.     The  nttielt  wns 

made  on  the  6'h.    Tli  I   r 

8,80  A.  >t.  mull  night,  whrti  the  Confed- 
erates withdrew,  leaving  231  dead  nnd  411 
prisoners.      Corse   lost   70T   man   and   waa 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Amelia  Island 


woaodsd.     Hoed  created  tb*  Coots 

10,  end  tkmua'i  army  r  .i!...w<d  bim 

to  iiojlr»'i:k  by   way   of  Home,   toil   tben 
returned  to  Atlanta. 

AileclUlOt.—  Acccrdlns   to    Blackstonc.    nl- 
trclaaee   U   "le**    tbe   tie    which    binds    ttio 

rii  for  that 
pivtccil-a  which  the  awerclini  nffunlt  tbe 
•ubjaet."     Natural  or  Implied  •! 
tfc.t    obllk-ailoa  vblrU   one  owes  to   tbc  B»- 
of  wblcb  bo  Is  a  nstorolborn  clllxrn 
so  lone  »»  be  remains  such,  and 
oat  arU*  frnna  any  express  promise. 
■  al)e*-t*ncc  la  tbat  obflgmtloB  i 
i   from  an  expressed  oatb  or   promise. 
Local  allrxlauce  la  tbat  ouedUtice  »<! 
po.-»ry  aid  Out  by  an  alien  to  tbe  State  or 
cotnxaenltr  In  which  be  reside*.     Local  al- 
oe)   I*    temporary    and    expire*    with 

ce.   Oath  of,   army  ©Secr- 
eted  to   subscribe  anew,   3219. 
Ailcatown.  Pa.,  act  I  'n  of  pub- 

n»  at.  vetoed,  6243. 
AUiaaca,   Tbe.  firine  upon,  br  Spanish 
■rt mil  disavowed  by  Spain,  diieuaaed, 

eoe& 

(See  Entente  Allies  and  Euro- 
War.) 

Of  Land*.      (Sen   Lands.  In- 
dian.) 
Al*nir*nt*>    Oqaando,   Tbe,    mentioned, 

eir. 

Alaop  Can.— Tbe   Alaop   ease,   which   waa 

Klac  George  V  of  England,  a* 

•rutrator.  ssas  a  dispute  with  lU  Republic 

'  forty  year**  standing.      It  jr»w 

'    a  debt    Incurred   by  a    Brntlllon    to 

in*    dra    df   Aiwip    a   Co.,    of    Valparaiso, 

•ered  Chi  lea  o  concern  with  An. 

-m.      la    settlement    of    tbe    debt    tbo 

Brailtlan    aaad*  otcr    to   tbo   Cbllran    fltm 

certain  claims  from  Bolivia   lylnar  la  terrl. 

•  bleb    was    afterward,    at    a    malt 

be    war  of  .      la 

Secretary   Knox   demanded    tbo   refer. 

-  claim  to  Tbc  Hot-lie.  but  Cblle 

ebyeeted  to  this  uatew  b«r  government  waa 

•1  to  tii*  the  arcumrnt  tbat  Alsop  * 


id  been  expressly  excluded  from  the 
n*bt*  of  American  natfncila  by  tbe  Cbllcan- 
American     CUlma    Tribunal     la     1800.     tbc 


Aawrteaa  Gorerameot  bavins  Insisted  on 
tbla  exclusion.  Then  Secretary  Knox  Is 
tand  is  ultimatum  demanding  reference 
of  the  ct*e  to  The  Ilac'ie  or  Daymen!  of  a 
aalUbM  dollars  to  tin-  I  nl'cd  States.  I'l  n  1 1 
ty  *a  alternative  win.  offered  of  reference 
of  lb*  claim  to  Klax  lidward  as  arbitrator. 

hlie  w»*  tadcenl  to  accept  this.  Dec. 
1.  ltJOB.  KID*  Kdword  died,  and  Ma  ton 
and  aocci— nr  oa  July  10.  1010.  rendered 
Ma  award  In  tbe  ai-"[>  claim. 
liai.tam  to  the  Alwp  Arm  In  full  settle 
■sent,  and  Cblle  paid  cbl«  amount  tlirons-b 
tla*  Cnlted  Btate*  Government  Not.  18. 
l»IO,  Th*  ortrlnsl  amount  of  tbe  clnlm 
was    tf*i.i»*)    with    Interest      The    swnrd 

-crlred  with  satisfaction  In  tbc  l"nlted 

Alta  Vtla  Zalaod  (Santo  Domingo), 
claim  of  citizens  of  United  Statea  to 
guano  on,  MST. 

AltarnaJiA  River,  canal  from  Tennessee 
Biver  rred  to,   1027. 

aVltrolas.—  Dl»intcriftedn«a»,  especially  ts 

applied  to  pabltr  weal :  conduct  having  tbe 
rood  rather   tban  self-interest  for 


Amazon  Elver.    (See  also  Brazil  /'Ayr! 
cil  Feature*.} 
Exploration*  of,  by  officer*  of  Navy, 
2712,  2724,  2762,  4449. 
Appropriation    for,    recommended, 
4201. 
Free    navigation    of,   denired,  S744. 
Attempt*   to   secure,    unsuccessful, 

Opened  to  commerce.  3776. 
Ambassador.— Till*  term  was  lone  errone. 
ously   uaed   in   reference  to  our   caroy*   to 
.  u  conntrle*.     1  siat^a  did 

not     .v  Inmatle    reprnenutlrea    of 

TiI„-1xt    r.iuk    tbon   envoy    or    minister    until 
the  year  1B03.  when  l.y  net   of   ' 
•  hut  year  (be  blither    : 
Thiimaa  I''.  Bayard  was  raised  to  tbe  rank 
i-  lador  to  <;r.-.it    li:  las  the 

first  to  hold  thni  rank.  Ambaaeadori  are 
iiuw  .ln.y  aOCredlted  to  Argeutlno.  Great 
liritnin.  Truoce.  Italy.  Ccrtunny.  Rusjla. 
Mexico,  Japon.  Turkey  Kr.iall.  and  Aus- 
lrla-11  nnd  receive  sal' 

arlrs  of  <17.S00  per  nnaum.  In  nnelent 
times  ambassador*  were  appointed  on  aue- 
clnl  occasions.  Meiliieml  repiilillcs.  like 
Venice,  both  received  and  sent  ambassador* 
Ambassadors  (•  .  rs): 

Elevation   of   mlsaloOJ  of — 

Great    Britaio,    France,   Italy,   and 
Germany  to  grade  of,   and  like 
action  of  United  State*,  5874. 
Russia  to  grade  of,  nnd  like  action 
of  United  States,  6335. 
Announced,  SK74. 
Official   residence*  for,  recommendod, 
6072,  6155. 
Ambuscade.— 1 — Ambush.    2.— A  cuarded 
and  concealed  place   where   troop*  wait   fur 
the     |iurp..<M    of    mnkloif   a   surprise   ultack. 
3.— Tho  troops  In  such  a  place. 
Ambush. — A    Millns   place.      (See    Ambus- 
cade.) 

Amelia    Island.— A    small    Island    off   the 

norUiraat  coast  "f  Plorlda,  between  tbe  St. 

Mary'*  and   Ssxniu   rlvei         Daring  Spain's 

I'm   nf    i  l.irlila    It    became 

01    pirates,    imuirglers,    fu- 

r  .inlaws.    These  not 

preyed  apon  the  commerce  of  friendly 

nailoni.    but   extended   their  operatlou*    In- 

Isml.  rObDtnk  •"  '-'  American  set- 

tlern    In    (ieorg-la    and    PIoiMa.       General 

Miii.fbeu-j    with    a    small    force.    In    Mnrch, 

1812.  took  of  the  country   undei 

a   itilKliiterjirolatlon  of  tils  nrder«  to  protect 

American    j.r.iperty    In    Kast    I'lorlda.    nnd 

President    Monroe   promptly   disavowed    tbe 

act     as    unfriendly    to    Spuln.    with     which 

country    Decollation*    wer»  at    the   time   ua- 

der    way    fo  It    was    Inter    o.i-n- 

Eled  by  a  band  of  adventurers  orennlied 
r  General  McOrejror  In  Philadelphia. 
Tbo*,.  aM  up  In  Independent  rorernmrai 
nn .t    cl  ..Hon     by    tbe     I'ntted 

Ftates    and    other    powers.      They    entered 

■  ateerlaa  ami   rone 

(line,    nnd    were    finally   sunpresaed    br   the 
nl'isl  Stntfi  force.      The  Inland  cam.-  Into 
nf   the    fnl'.'d    Slste*    with    the 
ec««lon  of   Florida,      Tbf    Msnd  and   Its  Iti- 

hal.ltnnts    were  I    soot «  seYlons   nnnoy. 

nneo  to  Monroe  nnd  formed  the  subject  of 
several  entninunlcatlons  to  Concresa. 

Amelia  lalnnd.— A  coast  island.  N.  E. 
of  Florida,  between  St.  Mary 'a  and 
Nassau   river*. 


Amelia  Island      Messages  and  Papers  "f  th  dents 


<>iial  governments  not  responsible 

for  unlawful  conduct  of  persona  in, 

601. 
Governor  Mitchell  ordered  to  rextoro, 

to  th?  Spanish,  493. 
Possession  of — 

Inquired  into,  620. 

Twin  bj  Utthews,  492. 

In  lawful  expedition!  to,  discussed, 
582,  590,  592,  601,  609,  620. 
Amendment*.— One  of  (be  cblef  defect  s  of 
the  original  Articles  of  Confederation  wan 
he  niu-nd-d  by  the 
uunnlmous  consent  of  the  thlrti 
Three  needful  ■•linnuci  having  foiled  of 
ratification,  a  com  palled  In 

idments.  The  result  of  the 
•■■'iiiiiTiitlona  of  tbli  convention  l>  the  prcs- 
rnl      I  provide*      for 

■  mi  admenta  tn  ihe  following  woran; 
Congo  tern  -thirds    of    both 

Houses  shall  deem   It  shall  pro- 

i...  .■  mi.  iictiin  ii  .  i.i  i iii ■.  Constitution,  or, 
mi  th"  ippllentlon  of  the  legislatures  of 
two-thirds  of  the  several  States,   shall    call 

psnllon  for  proposing  ai 
which  In  either  ease,  shall  he  v.iii.i  •..  tu 
Intenta  ami  purposes,  as  port  of  this  Con- 
stitution when  rntitii'ii  i.y  Hie  legislature* 
Of  throe-fourth*  nf  Hi'1  MTfTal  Slntrs  or  by 
atloni  in  three-fourth  thereof,  n  (he 
one  or  the  othst  mod*  of  r»tlflcntlou  mir 
lie    pi  the    Congri  i  •  .    pruvldsrd. 

etc,      (Art   V 

Man/    amendments    to    the    Constitution 

-.-.I.     '■"'     only    seventeen 

Issen    ratlflod.       Tncy    rclote    to     (1) 

freedom  of  speech,  tho  press,  and  religion  : 

(2)    right    t..    establish   8tme    nillltla:    (3> 


in,:  of  ir....|iK  in  private  bouses ;  M) 
security  sgnlnst  unreasonable  search  and 
s.-lxiirv ;    (61    capital    trim*;    (6)    crti 


pr iiii.ni:  <7i  trlnl  by  Jury  under  com- 
mon law:  ihi  forbidding  oxee»*lve  bull  or 
tines  and  cruel  and  unusual  punishment ; 
i'.  relation  of  cuntitutlnnal  to  natural 
tlL'hts:  (10)  power*  reserved  to  the  State*; 
ill.     .lilts    ..f    in. ii  r.-»  i.l.-tit  -    mi.mIii.1     State* 

In  Federal  coo rta;  (12)  (lection  of  l'r-*i 
deut  and  Vice-President:  (131  slavery:  (14 
mid   181    abridgment   of  the   franchise,  etc., 

■.Urn;     illll     l.ii. •-    ,.ii    In.  ..iii.-M  -.     (17) 
t'l.Tiion  of  senator  by  direct  Tote. 

The   Grit   tea  of  the*.-   amendments   were 

•mi. mill.. i  i..  in..  Mi-vnr.ii  Mm..  legislature* 

by  a  resolution  of  Congress  wlilch  pn'nl  on 
26,  17h:>.  nt  th-  Qrst  session  of  Iho 
blest  Coniress.  and  tier-  rutlllid  by  a  *uf- 
r  i. -in  anmnei  ..f  sum-  on  or  i. ,.',,,-.  Dec. 
18,  1701.     The  eleventh  amendment  wnsi  dc 

iiiiiri!  adopted  Ian.  s.   lTim;  the  tweirih 

1«04:    Hi-    thirteenth    Dee.    IK. 

18*8:  tho  fourteenth  July  as.  IMS;  tbo  nf- 

h   March  SO,   Ift70;  th-  sixteenth,  Feb. 

29,  in-  iwa. 

Tho  sixteenth   omendment   Ii  as   follow* : 
The  Congress  shall  h*vc  power  to  I:iy  mid 
collect    tax**    mi    income*,    from    wl.i 
source     Jenreo,      without     npiinrtionmcnt 

■mong  th*  n-v-ntl  States,  and  without  re- 
gard to  any  censu*  or  enumeration. 

seventeenth    amendment    I*    as    fol- 
low ■  I 

1,  The  Senate  of  the  foiled  States  Klinll 

i..    ecaul .1    ..i    ("■■.    Bttutton    tram    .  n.'ii 

Stat-,  elected  by  the  pi-opl-  thereof,  for 
six  years;  and  each  Senator  snail  hnve  ono 
vote.  Th-  eh.tors  In  each  State  shall  hare 
the  qualification*  requisite  for  elector*  of 
the  most  numerous  branch  of  the  state  I.-g- 
Is  la  tares. 

2.  When    vacancies   happen   In   the   I 
sentatlon    of    niiv    Stale    in    the   Senate,    the 


ItJ  of  such  State  sbsll  bass 

Pro- 

nny    State 

may  emposri  itlTe  thereof  to  make 

temporary  appointment  until   th*  peo pis  fill 

-•  by  election  u»  the  legislature 

3.  Tbli  amendment  ihnll  not  be  io  eon 
•trued   n»   to  effect  the  el. 
any  Senator  chosen  before  It  becomf« 
a*  part  of  the  Constitution. 

Amendment.  Constitutional: 

Proposed    by    Johnson,   3840,   3889, 
By  Tut t,  7390,  7391. 

America.. — The   entire    Western    Continent 

or  grnod   division  of   the    world,    Including 

North,  Central,  ond  South  America  and  the 

ut   Islands.     It    wns  named   In  honor 

if      Amerigo      Vespill-rl,      .in      earl) 

litis    nf    the    conotry    received 

publicity.      It    w«s   visited    by    Norse 

navigators   n*   early   as   about    1000    A     H 

I n. I   there  arc  myths  of  Chinese  and    !rl«h 

dlscoverl-s.   but   It   was  not   until  after  Its 

1402  thai  It  bt- 

pnerally  known  t..  Kuropeana      in  a 

treatise  on   Ihc   new   try   pntiiished  In 

1BOT.  called  <   inuoL-riphlai  Introduction  by 

iller,   n   teacher  of  geography  In 

..r    si      in-    in  ,    the 

name    of    American    was    proposed*     (See 

North    America   and   Booth   America.) 

America,  Four  Hundredth  Anniversary 

of  Discovery  of: 

i  vi  ..i      is.v   M.i.iri.l,  Spain; 

World's  Columbian  Exposition.) 
Observance  of,  enjoined  by  proclama- 
tion. 5724. 
American  Committee)  on  War  Finance. 

(Soc  Pence  Societies.) 
American  Continental*.— Uniformed  pa- 
triotic corpa  compoaed  of  descendant!  of 
officer!  and  aotdlcr*  of  the  War  of  the 
i. H. in  'th-  Muff  hendqnarl  i-  and 
offlees  nf  the  Adjutant  are  Prexel  Iiulld<ii(, 
Wall  and   Broud  Streets.   New   i"ork. 

Americoa  Cross  of  Honor.— This  Uf**av> 
Ine  order  was  orsjonlzed  A.  D.  1898,  and  la 
composed  of  persona  upon  whom  the  f  nlted 
Slut—   i ;..-..  nun.  hi   ha*  conferrvd   th* 
•avinc  medal  of  honor      stay  l 

I!in -..ii". rut. -.1    the  order,   ami   the    fob 
dwlDE    ntfli-ers    were    ele.i  ii    H. 

Ilerml  \'l-e 

I.  nt  :  Harry  A.  fleoree.  Secretary,  and 
Richard    Sb  renaurer.     All    persons 

who  h  lal  nf 

honor   under   an]    ael    of   couerei*  oi- 

plhle   to  ineuiherKhlti   In    th-  ot.ler 
berihlp    fees    or  nnnunl    dm*   nr.      --II. -'.it 
from  nny   member  of  this  order,  only  rob 
nntary   contrlbntlona   belnc   receevtd   to  as- 
sist In  ravine  the  current  expvose< 

The  cross  of  the  order  will  be  conferred 
annually   upon  ill-  person  alio  has  rendered 

ervlci    in   saving  iir 
who.  also,  ha*  received  (he  medal  of  honor 

nf  iii-  I  nlted  State*  Government. 
American   Federation  of  Labor.     (Seo 
Trndc  Unions.) 

American   Flan   Association.— Organised 

-■■'•*.      It*     II '    Hue      ritg. 

One    ('..inn  ill.'       Its   object 

Is  to  secure  National  and   :  ilation 

Cor  'he  protection  of  th*  fin-,  from  di 
lag  and   deseerotlnif   uses,    and   to  secure   a 
general    objervnnce  of   Jan*    14    n«    "Klas; 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Aiueric.iu 


««mmh.i.]ij  l  nana* 

adopted  Ibo  lolled  State*  tit..  Tbe  in» 
onU  !■  eunipoaed  of  luilivUual  member* 
•■4    ■!«..    tlM    member*    of   the    Kloc    Cora- 

Seletlea  for  the  parsoae 
IC     aeatluo  > 

li  of  our  coontry  «»d  P"- 
11  from  dntecraiiou. 

American     Legion.  —  an     organisation 

foteMd     lo  II    the    Max*    of 

a*    of    the    luit.j    state*    qualified 

tlcba*     by     prrrloaa    mllltii  .nlcal 

ripclicBtt     woo>    eapreaa     I 

i-owd   la  ewe  Ibe  goternnient 

•  I  nay  Use  need  ibelr  sen 

ilp    <o&>l*t*   of    nx.'ii    of   ssperlteu 
ihc  mur,   na*y  or  oi*;lo  in   Uio 

•  Til      OillltU      Of     ally 

-tally  trilard  In  toy  of 
\b*  owmeroua  vocations  drawn  U|hio  t  i 
Ion.  of  modern  »,vrlarr. 
saKBt  »»  atiaiWn.  invito  I  ion.  operation  of 
4 ml  trad<-«  lo  whleb 
.»d  allllrd  manual  Utx>r  i- 
(•Uiyd.  elao  those  trained  lo  rargery.  medl- 
«txl  nanlng  The  torn  of  application 
•oty  atirb  Tocaflona.  Toe 
r  year,  and  member* 
•wH'UO  to  wear  a  button  .-on-uutii: 
■  lar  In  a  white  Held  siirroaoilctl 
kf  a  red  I  I 
AaMflcaa  Merchant  Marino,    tier- 1    for, 

767  i. 
American   National   Rod   Otom.      (See 

Bed  CruM,  Amcricun  National.) 
American  Parly  »alnj  of 

ia»   (unreami.    naovenwnti   agnltut   alien* 

Hair  brro  common,     la  Xew  York  City,  a 

.f    foreign    popwtallon.    ibl*    . 

,a   Udc  to  lie*,  twin  axUaled.  and 

.  nd  of  aucresa    I  I    had 

acalu  "bta 

tb*    iv'fcig    l*arty    «••   breaking  aaubder.   a 

ii  Ujood  organUalloa,  <*Id  to  bate 

wa  r*  of  7«._  or  'Trio  Or- 

biar  Spangled     Baauer.  ■     wa* 

fnratnt.        Itow    of   lu    members    tint    had 

I'd    lo    to*   higher    d.gr.e. 

Hi.'    aim*    and 

r  ib»  on-anliatlco.  and  taui 

..r   of      I    di  -•':    I  US  r«- 

In*   tin-  ..*•'   ili'-ui   ill-   nilc  of 

:i  meetlac>  of  the  par 

it     «. 

•  imjrtt  of  slavery,  and  attempted   to  draw 

•»r*    tbat   were   tlrsd  of  agitaiiou    on 
-infilling  Itaelf  to  tlgo 

3  and  aliens.      Its  i-rln- 

\carrleaiit  m>i»t  rule  America." 
Tbe  brat  Balfeni  party 

•-ft    In    r»briiary,    IS.'A      It    farored    more 
imngynt   nataralliaUon    la«  •  j   ..ppoaed  for- 
etgs  ls*mlg>*Hoe  salTrage  and  offlre-aoldlnj 
br  fa**lfn*«.ro  rltlaea*:  opposed  tbe  with- 
drawal of  tbe  Bible  fro--  »><   public  .rhoola. 
laore.  of   New    York.   wa«  Domi- 
nant a>    atd    Au.'-i.ir    Jackson 
-o    for   V|.-e-l're*ident       "i'liea*   Doml- 
-   rsdorxd   by   a    Wbli 
llaa    hi    kWtember.       Fillmore    carried    but 
hi*  total  popu- 
t    wa*   about   dSO.CKKl. 
!W»0    Presidential    (andldaie*    were 
amlA   aomlnatri?  nc'itlor   came. 
'  %<oa    Porlv  I       After 
•nilnaore'a  defeat,  the  parry  lo  1- 
tke    Siaie    elertlosa    Ir  i    and 
■  It  *i«  atlll 
-ubera   la    Coagreaa.      <««• 

•  all   lfl..i»ii'    /""- 

-e<t<a>d  oarlr  of  Una  a»nie  >■■  rnurol 
ed  a*  oopoallloa   to  aecrcl  ■Odette*,   uallke 


lao  Brit,    wliiili   bad   1 1 > — •  I r  l>"n   *ikU  a  »o- 
el»t>  "•  wa*  adopted  by  the  mem- 

ber*  of    the    Nai  iloo   Amim-Iuiuhi 

when  Hint 

form    demanded    prohilililon    •■!    the    talc   of 
I'lbntb.  the  wlib- 

dlfiwnl    ..( 

and  li  iroblMllon  of  cbelr  oath*,  «r- 

bll  ration  of   Ini- 

1100    of     the     Ullile     It 
rewirli'llon   of    land    inonoj.jlle*.    reaui 

lu    l he    Ind  »ni 

til    anil 

llll- 

eola,     waa    nominated    for     ii-M-nt     ami 

rkpatrlck  for  Vlee-Pr*aldent     It 

i     were  again   mn-.l-      In   ISSI  tha 
■'     l*onteTOjr,    Wlllolr.a    In    favor 
of    Bt    John,    tbe    Prohibition  eandldM 
hi*  a»uraoi-i<  ib»t  he  "atood  on  eTery  plank 
of  Ibe  An"  rl'  no   r'lalform." 

ran  pnriv  wn«  oreonlced  by 

ii     li-l'l     In     I'hlluuVlplila,    Sept. 

:  lalforni     di  i 

m    of   Iminlg    -  nitn- 

ralliail'in   ..f    f  ■■..  i  rlmental    t"    Ibc 

!    the     rnltc.l     Slati-i 

amendment    of    the    naturalization    lanx    ><> 

a*     tu     m«:.  n     year*-     residence     a 

!■■    .'ituroahlp .    ezelodea    from 

nablp     ill     anarehlM*.     tuclalltt*.     and 

other  dangerout  ebaraeur*  ;  condemn-  alien 

proprietorship  In   land:  granta  of   lan.1    to 

rorpoi.-  ;".tert»   Amerlran  prim  lpl.-a 

.-1om    of    re  .i    hip 

and    belief    and    the    i  ration 

of  Chureh  ami  Stale  ami  <|.    Int.  ■    In    fator 

of  ih*  mnroieMSt  d(  tb«  Honroe  Dot  I 
American  Patriotism.   Chair  of.      (Sc* 
i:  of  American  Pn 

American  Pence  8ocirtjr.    Katloail  Head- 

ijoart'-  do    Xnli'llng.    Washington, 

D.  C.     Onraolxed  la  Sew   York  Cliy,   May 
8.     1S2S,    and    for  bed     by     Hie    merging   of 
many  state  and  local  aoel. 
of     wbleh.    the    New    Yuri:,    dated    baek    lo 
1815.       Iiorated    lu     Rotlon     from     t- 
11111.      Moved  headquarter*  to   \\  n»hi 

May  1.  1011.      (See  Peace  Societies) 

American  Protective  Association.— wiii'* 

disclaiming  to  be  a  political  party,  tbla 
aaaodatlon,  popularly  known  an  the  A.  P. 
A.,  turn  luri'ieu.eil  re»nlia  la  many  loeallilet. 

Iia    pin..  i|  ,    In   ■    i-iuiform 

mliipieil  -ii    l>e>  Moloea.  Iowa,  In   18Ut,  ore 

(I  l     proteellou     of    ou  • -rUn     free 

<  -  >    no  public    fond* 

..i".     to    be    '.'ed   for   nectarliio    pur 

po«e< :    IS)  preferring   and   inulntnlnlng  the 

r n iii<  ot    ..f    Hi-    l    ■ 

.ii  reetrictloo  of  immlgrntlon.  and 
(5)  extension  of  time  required  for  nnioral- 
Itallon.     The  aaaoelatlon   wna  organlaed  In 

ISSI.    nod    >""U     J.iiil    it'll  atleti'ti-d    eooliell* 

la    nearly  every   State  of  the  Union. 
American  Republic*,  Bureau  of  the  In- 
ternational Union  of.    (See  also  Pan 
American  Union.  International  Amer- 
ican Conference.) 
American  Republic*.  Bureau  of: 
Building*  of,  6B24. 

'  "tiu«  of.  transmitted.  5U78,  5785. 
;3S,    6349,    6381,   MM, 
Feport    of.    transmitted,    5647,    5769, 

5007.   0001,   6090.  6183.   «34'> 
Collection   by  goverotnenta  of  debts 
iat  their  eltiaena,  from  otoor  ooun- 
trie*,  by  force  of  arm*,  referred  to 
The  Hague  Tribunal  by,  7061. 


American 


Ussages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Conference  at  Rio  Janeiro,  visited  by 
8ocroury  of  Btato  Boot,  7058. 

American  Bights  Committee.  (Sco  Pro- 
paredness  Societies.) 

American  Seamen.  (See  Seamen,  Amer- 
ican.) 

American  Society  of  Mechanical  En- 
gineers, memorial  -.of,  relating  to 
Ericsson    transmitted.   5565. 

American  System. — in  his  minimi  message, 

December.    18*8.    l'reslilent    Polk   dlSCI 
what  lla  author*  ntid  advocates  called   ilie 
"American    sjftctu"    (3004).       He    Insisted 
tbat   this  so-called  system   was   foondod    do 
-    ili  j.ii  r  I  il  r.-    fi.uii    the    .  :irll.--l    l . . .  1 1 .  -  >-    of    l  lie 

Government:  ihii  11  ,|.  -ponded  on  an  en- 
largement   of    tbe    powers    of    tb«    I 

uiucnt    by    const  met  Ii  <    not 

warranted  by  a  Just  Interpretation  of  the 
Constitution.  One  brnncb  of  the  new  »y*. 
tem.  It  waa  claimed,  was  tin  foment 

of  *  large  national  bank.  The  next  branch 
was  a  high  protective  tariff,  levied  DOl  '•- 
raise  the  revenue  needed,  lint   fur  prcdeet  Inn 

merely;    the    next    wu    n    comprehensive 

scheme  of  Internal  Improvements,  and  Anal- 
ly a  plan  fur  Ilie  dl-irlluitliiu  of  the  pro- 
ceeds of  the  sales  of  Hie  public  lands  among 
tbe  Slates  Hut  the  term  "American  sys- 
tem."  ns  most  generally  understood.  Is  n*ed 
to  denote  the  poller  of  protection  to  home 
Industries  by  means  of  high  duties  on  lm- 

Sorts.  The  term  was  probably  flrst  n«ed 
y  Henry  Clay  In  tb«  debates  which  pre- 
ceded the  enactment  nf  the  tariff  law  of 
1S24.  when  he  called  bis  plan  of  protective 
duties      ii  ml       Internal       Itnprciveiiiriils       tb* 

"American  system." 

Amertcaa    Union    Against    MUlUrlam. 

(Soe  Peace  Societies.) 
American  Wood  Preserving  Co.,  purchase 
of  machinery  from,  referred  to,  4676. 
Americanism,   President   Roosevelt  de- 
fines, 6915. 
Americans  in  Europe: 
Board  of  relief  established  for,  7063, 
Belief,  protection  and  transportation 
home  of,  7961. 
Amlstad   Case.— The   ease   of   tbe   United 
State*  ajnliiHt   the  Spanish  vessel,  .tmdr.id 
A   cargo   of  kidnapped   Africans   woo  bad 
been  landed  near  Havana.  Cuba,  hy  n  Porta 
guese  slaver    waa  shortly  afterwards  placed 
almnrd  the  Spanish  vesmd  .tml.itoii  for  ship- 
ment  to   Puerto   Principe      On   the  vo 
the   negroes   took  possession   of  tbe   vessel 
and  ordered  lbs  etwm  to  return  to  Afrles 
but  tbe  sailors  brought  her  Into   American 
waters,  where,  off  the  coast  of  Long  Island; 
she  was  captured   b>   a   Pnlted  states  war 
vessel  and  carried  lui"  Hi  s    I    -niton.  Conn.. 
Aug.  20,   1SS0.     On  a  libel  for  salvage   the 

Supreme  Court  "f  die  United  States  bald  on 

appeal  that  the  negroes,  bnvlug  been  kid- 
napped  from  a  foreign  country,  were  free 
lm  ii.  and  not  bound  by  treaties  wltb  Spain- 
Am  Is  tad,  Tbe: 

Appropriations  for  claimants  in  caso 
of,  recommended,  2401,  2742,  2977, 
3042.  3092. 
Claims  arising  ont  of,  2634,  2720. 
Negroes  taken  on  board,  referred  to, 

1856. 
Reference  to,  2128,  3172. 
B»l«a*i>    of,    demanded    by    Spanish 
minister.   1805 


Amity.— From  the  literal  meaning,  •■friend- 
ship,'•  the  word  la  employed  In  latcruatlnnsl 
relations  to  Indicate  friendly  understanding 
snd  co-operation:  applied  especially  li 
section  "i i.i  treaties,  «»  a  treaty  of  umlti. 
or  a  treaty  of  amity  snd  commerce. 

Ammunition.  (See  Anns  and  Ammuni- 
tion.) 
Amnesty.— An  set  of  pardon  for  pal 
Offense*.  The  effect  of  It  Is  ihat  tbe  crimes 
and  offenses  against  the  State  specified  In 
tbe  net  are  so  obliterated  that  they  csn 
never  again  be  charged  against  the  guilty 
parties.  When  nmnesty  Is  proclaimed  with 
out  restriction  as  to  persons  or  localities  It 
l»  culled  ii1i»m!ii!c.  Numerous  Instances  "' 
qualified  amnesty  are  found  In  ancient  and 
iiinili II  When   TUrasybuIus    over- 

threw the  oligarch]  nt  Alliens  he  procl 
on  amnexy.  excepting  thirty  tyrants  and  * 
few  of  tin  ir  followers,  Prctldout  Lincoln's 
first  aiunoty  proclamation  ->' pied  nil  offi- 
cers or  agents  of  the  Confederate  govern- 
ment, all  uriny  officers  above  tbe  rnnk  of 
el,    nil    naval    officer*    above    the    rank 

..r  llenteasnt,  all  persons  who  left  the  serv- 
ice of  the  United  States  to  participate  In 
the  Insurrection  snd  all  those  who  had  re- 
signed  from  nie  military  or  unvnl  servlr 
afterwards  participated  la  rebellion  :  nlso  all 
tini-.e  win.  had  Heated  colored  persons  or 
tho.e  In  char,:. •  of  ihem  otherwise  than  as 
prisoners  of  war  (3414).  Dee  -  .  1808. 
i  nt  Johnson  proclaimed  absolute  am 
ncsty   (»WW). 

Amnesty  (see  also  Pardons): 
Proclamationof  Pre«identLincoln,3ll4. 
Discussed,   3390,   3455. 
Persons  entitled  to  benefits  of,  do- 
nned, 3119. 
Referred  to,  3508. 
Proclamation  of  President  Roosevelt, 

6718. 
Proclamations  of  President  Jobnson, 
3508,   3743,  3853,  8906. 
Authority  for,  discussed,  8895. 
Circular  regarding,  3539. 
Persons  worth  moro  thnn  $20,000  to 
whom  special  pardons  Issued,  re- 
ferred to,  3583. 
Referred  to,  3659,  3669,  8788,  3779. 
Recommendations  of  Presidont  Grant 
regarding,   4107,    4209. 

Amphion,  H.  R.  M.  8.,  protects  Amer- 
ican interests,  6809. 

Amphitritc.  Tbe,  mentioned,  0318, 

Amsterdam,  Netherlands: 

Accounts  of  bankers  of  United  States 

in,   rendered,    113. 
Loan  contracted  with,  120. 

Anarchy,    legislation    for    suppressing, 
recommended,  6643,  6644. 

Anatolia  Collcgo  (Marsovan,  Turkoy), 

Sartial  destruction  of  by  mob,  and  in- 
enmity  paid  for,  discussed,  5878. 
Ancona,  note  on  sinking  of,  8117. 
Andorra, — A  neutral,  autonomous  and  semi 
Independent  state  on  the  frontier  of  France 
and  Spain  In  the  Ksstern  Pyrenees  Area 
173  English  square  mile*.  Population  6.000. 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Annapolis 


(Hvrmmtnt  end  PtovU — The  Siite  Is  ill- 
vSSXd  Into  the  «ix  couimoB'i  ur  patlsbe*  of 
IKoni  Vlclll*.  Caolllo.  Kocatnp.  M*— ana. 
OiTloo  and  Ban  Julian  d*  Lorln.  wbn-li  are 
•ab-dltlded  into  fifty-two  pveMot:  mid  l> 
under  thr  Joint  •uurraloijr  of  Franca  and 
tk«  Spanish  Ulsbop  ol 

ran*  at*  a'.l  Uusnan  Catholics.  Tb*  peo- 
ple at*  virile  and  IndepeuoVnt,  encased 
as*  Inly  la  paxvral  pursuits  and  arrU-uTiate. 
Fiance  nan  arrccd  to  extend  a  i 
at*  railway  ifrom  Toulouse  to  An.  from 
Ax  southwards  to  Andorra  Vlcllla.  and 
Spain  to  continue  tbe  liorcelon*  lllpoll  lino 
to  Andorra  Vlcllla.  wblrh  won  I 
come  a  station  on  a  Toutoute. Barcelona 
line  acroaa  tbe  ryfcncea.  Tb»  rvniral  rot- 
nr.uj.-at  It  administered  by  a  Maml  Coun- 
cil of  twenty-fossr  members  (four  from 
mro  communei.  tbo  executive  power  re- 
|c*-£yad!c  of  the 
Council,  Tbe  Kreneb  rtepublfc  (throne* 
la*  fftffl  ■  stern    Pyrenees)    an.! 

K  Bishop  at   I'rgcl    recelT*   a    tribute  of 
fr.    and     160    it.    respectively. 

*r  two  d*1ccatc*  iMl  tbe  pr/fet 
of  tbe  Pattern   I'tnnec*  to  p*y  i*-.e  t 
and  ressew  the  bond  of  fbtellty.     Tbr  capital 
It  Andom)  VlcUla.  population  000. 

Anglo- American.— An  American  of  Enrllsh 
biita  or  t*e«<«it  Loosely,  any  tacli  peraon 
»"-•  amatatatnt  a  divided  alleclafK*  between 
.1  State*,  arltb  prof- 
for  ibe  former. 
Animal  Industry.  BnrMn  of.— This  bu- 
na* of  tt>«  Department  of  AjtricolttrsJ  <Q. 
T.|  atakaa  <  disease*  of  animals.  In 

(  chemical,  bactsrlokstlcal.  and  zoolog- 
ical lavratlgilloM.  1U  activities  Include 
■klryltvc  and  aelau!  breeding  and  feeding. 

sdxulatstratlse  work  of  the  bureau 
frastita  of  tbe  Inspection  of  Import  and 
export  animals  and  of  vessels  for  their  trans- 
awtatMsj ;  auperTltlon  of  tb*  interstate 
aWTCtnenta  of  cattle  anil  Imnertloo  of  Ur* 
stock  and  their  products  after  slaughter  for 
food  CO— amptljc :  eradleatloa  of  nnlmnl 
dUeaaast:  supervUlon  of  wronu  for  us* 
with  animals:  and  management 
avratal    firai  at   Beltselllc   and  Uetbcada. 

ricntrns;  dlnsats  amoe.c  domestic  animals 
Is  tb*  Important  task  of  tMs  bureau,  and 
an  tat    Idea  of   tbe   macaltude  of   tbo  work 
at»7  be  rained  frosa  the  statement  consere- 
atlrelr  made  by   the  officials,  estimated  on 
the    basis    of    data    for    thirty    years,    that 
isual    direct   loss**   from    oalmal    dis- 
ease* are  approximately  %:'V:  »KK}.000.    Soma 
of    the    mo-t    Tlrolent    disease*    are    bog 
ekolsra,  Texas  ferer  and  cattle  ticks,  tubcr- 
calovla.   eeotaeiou*   abortion,    blackleg,    in 
dunut,    foot    and    moath    disease,    (lander*. 
of  sheep  and  cattle.  para*lt<>.  nn.t 
_J  sUtcasrs.    Tbo  efforts  of  the  bateau 
materially  lr«s***d  all  of  tlseae- 

->  Of  meats  by  the  areata  of  tb« 
tu  of  Animal   IndaHnr  In  one  recent 
•  il  a  totnl  of  Slid  establishments. 
■  ■•'    in    ■.'«;    eitie*   and    towns    In    the 
i  Mstrt.     The  nnnil>-r  of  animal 
aanctsd  at  tb*  tlase  of  slaughter  was  approx- 
•  100.    divided    as     follows: 
00     coat*. 
>*«*».   iS.WW.tXKi :  swine.  M,24T,- 
Th*>  earcaaswa  condemned  on  this  In- 
'•in  and  desirojed  to  prevent  their  use 
-•man  food  numbered  SOO.rtiNi 
Tale    bureau    co-operate*    with    the   stnte 
■■  rroatlob  of  boys'  pie  clubs, 
soVr  it*   patronage   these   club*   now 
•  »nd  hav- 
i  ooo.     The  dalrr  dlvltton  of 
U*  bareaa   has    for   lis  objei  t   t!>*  Improve- 
■Mat    nf   dairy    hards.      In    this   connection 
csif  t.tlvr    bull    associations    are    formed. 


and  farmers  are  asalsted  In  the  orennltntlon 
of  co-operative  creameries  and  furoUtied 
adrke  reonrdlnr  building*,  equipment,  oper- 
ation nml  management.  When  n  sufficient 
numbar  of  pairona  la  reported,  wltb  cnoucb 
to  moke  the  etlnbllshnient  of  a 
creamery    practicable,    the  <    fur 

nlsbc*  blue  iirlut  p.aus  for  a  bulldlnit  aud 
marbluery  with  estimates  of  cost.  1'ractlcal 
assistance  Is  clTca  also  bo  creamery  man- 
apsfflcnt. 

Animal  Indiutry,  Btumo  of: 
Approprintion   for,  BSSf,  6979. 
Inspector  and  assistant  inspector  in, 
recommendation  that  diplomas  and 
examinationa  bo  required  of  appli- 
cant*   f< 
B>port  of,  67 

(See  also  Agriculture,  Department  of.) 
Animals    and   Animal   Product*.     (8co 
also  Agricultural  Products.) 
Commission    appointed   to   report  on 
unheaUhfulne**    of,    discussed    and 
recommendations  regarding,  4793. 
Contagions   disease*   among   animal* 
.li-.-uM ...I.    I-TS.   4580,    4771,   0118, 
53S3,   5764,  58S7. 
Exportation  of,  <liscn«scd,  4878,  5554, 

5763,  58S7,  5978. 
Importation  of,  into  United  State*— 
Discussed,  5887. 
Laws  prohibiting,  in   certain  casos 

recommended,  5197. 
Proclamation  removing  prohibition 
on,  0025. 
Preserves  for  native  animals,  recom- 
mended, 6911. 
Restriction*  upon  Importation  of,  in- 
to foreign  countries — 
Austria,    -1916. 
Belgium,  5956,  6325. 
France,   4693,   4758,   4789,   4916, 

5194,  5545, 
Germany,  H738,  4789,  4916,  5957, 

6061,  6330. 
Great   Britain,    4519,  5764,   6178. 
Correspondence  regarding,  referred 

to,  4979. 
Decrees  of — 
France  regarding,  5517. 
Oermauy.    France,  Belgium,   and 
Denmark  regnrding,  6100. 
Discussed,  4947,  6554,  5641. 
Bemored,  0616,  6641,  5763. 
Annals  of  CongTem— A  record  of  tbe  de- 
bate*  and  .-•    of    Congress    from 
tbe  commencement   of  tbe  First  Conire**, 
Ma  reb  4.  1789.  to  tbe  close  of  the  flrat  ***- 
.Lin   of  tu.-   i:i-.-bt«riitb  Con«r**».   May  27, 
18'24.     Tbe  Annul*  nlwi  contain  many  valu- 
able State  papers,  public  document*,   law*, 
eorrenpomlenec.      (See    Coner**- 
be:  I'unKretaiunal  Becord  ;  Regis- 
ter of  Debate*.  > 
Annapolis,   Md.: 

Ai-t   for   erection    of   public    building 
nt,    reasons    for    applying    pockot 
veto  to,  r.nTi. 
Naval     Academy    at.       (See    Naval 
Academy.) 


Annexation 


Messages  and  Papers  of  lite  Presidents 


Annexation     Utn    tt".    adoption   of  to* 

Federal  Constitution    I  Idual   •!»!« 

ceded  10  I  he  Culled  States  nil  territory 
west  of  the  Unci  they  established  as  their 
sestcrtl  liouuilnriri.  In  lb*  orlglnnl  eli. li- 
ters 11  .xi  mil  il  i  to  ilir 
OCWD,    1)111     j. .illy    .ml)     to    Hi.     MU- 

ni>>i|>[i  .1    and    I 

ware  .  -sessions,     lu  1800  Loulsf 

.iii.i   Ml    t.  i  r...  .  .1    .!   l.y  Slisln   to  l-'i.iii.  e    tUld 
wsa   nc'iulred    by    the    lulled    Stall 
the    latter  April  30.    1808.    by  payment    of 
110,000,000,      The    urrltui  .1    all 

of  iii.  le  of  l I  ■  ««i 

of  Hie  Mississippi  Kl«er.  together  with  New 
Otleani  and  the  adjacent  OlalrlCt  eaat  j 
Arknn«ii«.  Iowa,     a     portion     of 

Idaho  and  Minnesota,  all  of  the  UnUol as. 
moil  of  Kanaaa,  all  of  Nebraska  and  Indlnn 

Teirlli  rv.  pint  ,1  Colorado,  iiin.t  nf  Wyo- 
ming, and  the  whole  of  Montana,  and  con- 
tained       I.I   ,  :.!..    -.  [■.■!..       ^L'. 

I  : i  ■  wh«  .   ded  lo  the  United  States 

I17  Spain  for  $5. .il."'      Tcs.ni.  which  hud 

fur  Him-  yeiiiH  .jlsieil  a*  an  Independent 
St--  III'    Pulled    Mmtea 

ae  a  Btati     i ' ■  ■  As  a   reauli    "f 

the  Mexican  War  mid  iln-  payment  of  *1S.- 
2&0.000  [u  Ml  ileu  in. I  Jin,'""!.""" 
territory  Including  wool  are  now  California 
n ii*l  I'tnh  mid  portlona  of  Xew  Mexico.  Ne- 
»uiId.  Arizona,  Wyoming  and  Colorail 
added,  in.'  later  the  southern  pari  nf  Art- 
toua  and  New  Mexleo  were  by  the  lin.liileu 
Treaty  purchased  from  Ifasleo.  Alaska  wn* 
oeniilred  In  180"  By  purchase,  the  price 
being  K.-OO.OOO,  and  Ilnwull  In  1808  by 
Ity  the  Treaty  of  Pari,,  between 
H".  lulled  Slate*  and  Xpnln  hi  the  cl"  ■•■ 
nil  .1)  An.  .        .    I  ....    in.   18B8. 

Hi"    Philippine     Itlnndi      OnUB,    "!    the    La 
.■.rim..    I.liiml-,     I'iiitiii    Klen,    ami    il. 
•  f    lines  were  ceded  to  Ibe    United    Htntca. 
Tlltlllla,     T«n,     Oiicaliiga    ami     Ofu,    of    Ilia 

in   i,- 

treaty  with  Orent  Rrltaln  and  Germany. 
Wake  mi'l  other  atnall  island*  In  tbe  Paclnc 

i      i  he  I'annroa  canni 
(•■■  Panama  Canal)  was  acquired  In  10O3. 

Annual  Addresses  of  President— 

A.liinis.   .I.ilni.    Li",    2C1,   279,   SOS. 

Washington,  57,  73,  95,  117,  130,  154, 
I..     1!'!. 

Wilson,  8286. 
Annual  Messagea  of  President — 

\  linn-     John    (aildrcMiea),   240,    261, 

Adams,   J.   Q.,   865.   916,   944.   973. 
Arthur,  MM,  4713,  47.17,  4" 
Bnebtnu,  U8T,  3028,  3083. 3157. 
Cleveland,    4909,    5082.    5165,    5358, 

Fillmor.  .  19,  2609. 

Grant.   8981,   4050,  4096,   4138,   4189, 

4238,  4286,  4353. 
Harrison,     Benj.,    5467,    5542,    0615, 

.',741. 
Hayes.  4410.  4444,  450(1,  4553. 
Jackson.      1005.      1063.      1107,     1154, 

1238,    1316,    1366,    1455. 
Jefferson,  314,  330,  345,  357,  370,  393, 

413,   439. 
Johnson,  3551,  3043.  37 
Lincoln.   324.'.   8327,    8880,   3444. 
McKinley,  6251.  6307.  8886,   8419. 


Madison,  458,  467,  476,  499,  519, 

.-17, 
M.i.r.i,  580,  60S,  623,  642,  667,  754, 
776,  817. 
Ma.   2740,   2806,   2960,   2930. 
Polk,  2283, 
Hooaevolt,  ii. ■■■■  0973, 

.198. 
Taft,  7 109,  7492,  7644,  7766. 
Taylor,   8647. 

r,  1927.  2047.  2110.  2187. 
Van   Bur.  1700.   1746,   1819. 

Washington    (addresses),   57,   73,   95, 

117,  130.  154.   174, 

Wilson  (addresses),  7906,  8015,  8102. 

Antarctic     Region*.— Lands     discovered 

'  An  tare  tie  regions  *n>  almost  ev.ry- 

Inaccessible.        Recent      exploration* 

have  determined  the  character  of  the  polar 

region   «i   an    elevated    land  mam    of    contl- 

in  mil   proportions,  conuln.  I  coal 

nod    other    mineral    wcaiih        Antarctic    re. 

glons  as  compared  wlih  Arcllc  aie   remark 

nbii.  for  low  temperature.     While  iceberg* 

•    Ocean  aie  carried  south  aa  far 

as  Ihc  40tb   pntdllid,   bergs  and   il 

Antarctic  are   I  mod     even   In    summer.    10 
degree*   nearer  the  equator,      lo   the 
warmest  part   of   midsummer    Ibe   temper*. 
ture  is   practically  si  point       The 

entire   region  la  within   the  snow  Hue. 

■:    lat 
71*    1"     8..    ViVil.VII    i  ls-:ii     l,i.    -4 
Itcis    (I841-421    lat,    .  ited   a 

laud   •  alu  range,  7.0O" 

feet    high  ;     Hn.;.d    coast    from     J2d    on 

s.    ami    W. ;    named    U    Victoria 
I.ond:   on   It   observed    on    active   ec 
M;     Rrcbu      1 1  S.300   foot)       A   Belgian   ex- 
pedition,   Iii  iuiiml.ni    ,  I 
reached     lat.     71"     :»I'     .V,        i 

i  IK!>"  II I     lat.    78'    84-  ; 

int   83'   IT*:  Shocklpton   t  ictoo.   lot, 
i.ii  located  S.  M.-i 
at   72"   28'    8.    loft*    lti     i:.      AiiiumUeo  dis- 
covered  the  south   pole   In   1912 
Anthracite  Coal  Striae  Commiiaion,  re- 
ferred to,  6737. 
Antl-FeUerallsta. — *  lartj  which 

d  the  adoptluo  and  ratifleattoa  <'f  ibe 
Constitution.  Its  fnadamental  principle  ,i< 
.ii. m  to  the  strengthening  nf  lbs  Na- 
tional iJ.ieernraent  at  ibi  ■  r  the 
Htotca.  Ueoigo  Clinton,  Georg  Mi-.iu.  au.l 
Patrick    Henry    were    li«    lenders       Tbeli 

Hi  waa  shown  In  tho  Klr»t  and  f. 

wes.      They    oppox-d     llauilliiin    and 
his  followers  and  ehaiii|.liui~d    a    itri  I 
atractlon    nf    ihe    <vni»iiiu(ion    as    against 

■  Miii   federalism      They  later  became 
merged  into  iln-  Republican  ■  ler  the 

leadership   of    Jefferson       There    have    been 
many  political  parties,   icrn.  As 

their  nniii"<   Imply,   tbev  have  opposed 

i.     measure,    organisation,    or    person. 

Ii  acting  at  political  parties,  the?  are 
not   nies   in   ihe  atrlct   sense  <■  f 
r..r  Ihey  have  no  nfflrm 
claims  nre  negative      Orfanlaed   with   spe- 
1  ■""  pemr  with 

ihe   I. mi..       Prominent   among  quail    |ianl"« 
the    Antl-Lecompton      Antl-Ma 
sonic.    Anti-Monopoly.    Antl-Nebraaka,    and 
Anti-Ren  ten. 

Antl-Maaonlc    Party.— in    1S20    wniintD 

Morgan    IDd    Imvld    C.    Miller,    of    lla'avla 

N.  v..  announced  iimt  riiry  were  iboi 
publlsb  an  evpos*  of  Preo-maaonrjl      Itefore 

il"    i k  won  produced  •  ;i»  arreted 

for  debt  and  coollm-d  In   the  Jail  at  Canon- 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Anti-Trust 


daafua,  wtieno  be  dlaappearrd  on  (be  nlfbt 

Han-:  It  w».  charg.  i 

shown  to  b*  liar.   ttiat   h-  had  h«i  fixally 

with  by  asemtx-rs  of  the  )li"AK  order. 

:  mniiii  to  iliacoitr  hl«  wbrrratKiuts 

'    opposition    la    the    order. 
>     Weed   began   the    paH"1' 

sgsirer  at  Rochester. 

<    tuOTcDltna   was   txid    by    tbo 

;ene»*»  r.iunty  at  Le  Roy. 

.   mud  •   rolltltal   party   urxanlt-d       It 

•  as  clalnsed  lk«l  many  of  the  State  oftVUIa 

»»rt    Ma~.ua   a...  I    their    fraternal 

oMlcationa  a*  r  -  than  rlirir  dfll 

The  Antl  Mao-Mil.-   feellni:  .few   rap- 

Tti«  pari/  cast   3\(»  I  New 

:.  1W0.  tbourb  nsaoy  of  the  Intl'r  wan 

■rdfesa  of  Masonry. 

la  IST.O.   a    national    essofen- 

ili.o  an   at    Philadelphia.    Francis  Orann--. 

»   Tort  presidio  k-       In   1831  ttioy  uom- 

it  .-ar- 
rl*a  oaly  the  State  or   Wnnon-        '•■ 
throtnrb  •  Deaaoeratle  spilt,  fbry  elected  Jo- 
s-pb  Kltn>r  ro»»raor  of  I'.nnir'eanls       Af- 
ter   lbl«    dale    the    Antl-Mawnlr    party    de- 
dlont  aa  rapidly  as  It  bad  ariiro. 
AnU-MooarcMc&L — Opposed  to  n  eaonar- 
rbUI  form  of  eoremmeot 
Ad  tt  Monopoly  Party.  -Tb*  AntlMonop 

rar.liat1.iD  of  tlic   ".'nlted   8ta'< 
at   Cnleaio.    Mar    II.    1SSI.    and  nominated 
Benjamin   F.   Butler,    of   Massachusetts,   for 
the  Prssjldeoey.     It  adopted  a  pi 

■  oomlcal  srorernmeut.  and  the  to- 
rn and  enforcer  ist.le  !«■•. 
•  rstatc  Commerce  Ijiw  (one 
aaa  alar*  been  eoarledi.  -  labor 
Blia-aas.  pr-.rldlne  IndnstrUI  Arbitration,  a 
ra,  a  graduated  Income 
las.  p«yrn- nt  of  ih.-  national  dent  at  It  aaa- 
tares    and                                                         Utile 
-d  ih»  tarl*  and  the  groat 
of  laad  to  corporation*.     Their  nominee  was 
alast  awlert.  I                   :-eeq>ark  later  party. 
ticket-  being  knarna  aa   the   I'm- 
•la's  party                        I   130.000  TOtoa. 
AaU-NflDr»alBa.-Oppo»ed    to    the    Kanaaa- 

-        I     V.l. 

Anti-Saloon    LoaCTje. — Fonaded    In 

and  la  Installed  In  practically  entry  State 

•f  tha  Haloo.    The  League  UuonsbM 

a  employs  MM)  persona.  wti-  glee  tbelf 
i*  la  law  wort  of  utlon. 

and  It  baa  ore*  10O  offices  frorr. 

rear    loo.'" 

K«jf  antl  saloon  literature.  Tbe  annual 
rotne  la  about  (100.000. 
Antl-TnMt  Law.— In  1887  Congress  rn- 
ai-ted  tbe  Interstate  Commerce  Law.  bar- 
lac  for  Ita  purpose  tb*  regulation  and  con- 
trol of  the  btjali  •  «  04  C  .mtnon  earrtera  rn. 
Reed  la  commerce  J.e<ween  the  Slate*, 
of  this  law  wna  to  pre- 
sent fsiorltlrm  asd  unfair  .il~-rl«alnatIon  Is 
fr»!e!.t  ratpaL  whkb  bad.  It  wa«  cialim-d. 
]  larr*)y  to  ta»  opbutMinr  of 
.  I     asnnopnl:  i     and 

ar.irtrd  to  tbe  dlaidrint '  .-• 

Tbla  waa  amended  and 
paired  la  IH0C  »t  th»  Sherman  Anti-Trait 
liw.  It  urorldea  tkat  nil  cootrnc!.,  torn- 
Mnattnca    In    form    of  ririte. 

.-ptraela)  In  realralnt  of  loier«t.ile  or 
nmrriH'  are  tlleinl.  and  tbat 
I  participating  I  -mrnt. 

*  or  at*  irillty  of  a 

•astr  and  subject    to  a  peoaltr   for 

itaan  e.f  the  act.     Tbe  alatnte  also  pro. 

tbat    all    «;ood<    In    Iraoaportatloo    In 

loo    of    tbn    act    aaay    be    seised    and 


forfeited   by  tbe  Corarninent.    and  that    In- 

'  'iiiisja    may    be    broocbt    by 

Om    Aliorni  r-tienvrul     under    tbe    act.       Al 

:b    nuppleznentnl   ncta    wtra  paaaed   la 

1IMJ3,    on      lie  Hon    of    tbi 

■  1. 1 1.  lbs  Sherman  law  «i.<  I 

lii'tteci in     the    puipua*!    for    which    It 

was  Intended,   I.  ...    reatrululng   the  srowtb 
of  monopollea  >.r  truata,  »u  called,  and 
it     .,;..  r.ned     ugnliial  .iinlile    and 

.    ,   of    i  rail. 

nib  t'"od  and  bad. 
irlclam  of   the   luw    v, 
when    Hi.-    Bupreme    Coorl    decided    Hint    a 
I  re  da  union  boycott  was  a  cooaplracy  In  ra- 
air.-ilnt  of  trade. 

Tbe  law  <-fe.tilnR  tbt  Department  of 
foruoierce  and  Labor  prorldcd  for  a  Hu 
MM  of  Corporatloni.  whose  duty  It  Iboold 
t>e  to  collect  data  renatdlua:  truaia,  wlil.-h 
»ni- lit    he    UNtd    In   shaplnf    further    leglsla- 

Tbe  dcclslona  of  tbe  Supreme  Court  and 
of  the  i  ..ii. . i   States  Clrcall  Coorl  ludlcat* 

flint     II..      .-,...  rnluelit    hna    III.      |i. 

rent  rnmhluntloiis  amonc  rallroada  or  maau- 
raciurlne  corporatlona  enganad  In  Inter- 
atute  bualnaaa.  erro  when  aucb  comblna- 
il. .ii  only  teuda  toward  mooopoly.  (»*• 
Becnrltlaa  Case.i 

ille  the  luw  aei-ma  effective  afalsat 
rnllrooila.  It  was  set  at  defiance  by  tbe 
Addyaton  Pipe  and   Sleel   Cuinpany     which 

aa     ih..    •:. ,  im    lirouKhl 

asatnat  It  by  the  Attoroey-Oenernl,  sold 
out  tbo  all  defendant  coiupanlca  to  a  New 
Jereey  i-orjiiiratlun  and  i-outlnm-d  llm  si- 
lec'il  unlawful  practices.  (Sec  Addyalon 
Caaw.) 

Commlaalouer  Garfield,  of  the   Bureau  of 
ratlona.    recommended,   and    l'i. 
Kooaerelt    bna     unrad     upou     t'ungreaa     the 
aaraanllv    of    n    federal     locorponnlon    law. 
IHIM3.  7071.)     To  compel  a  nrporatloi 
loie  biialneaa  In  any   Stale  to  secure  a  fed- 
eral   franchise  to    transact    huslnraa    In    nu 
State  l>  of  diiiililful  conatlliillonnllfy 
It.    K     smith   of    tb. 
reau    ..f   ('..nmratk.ua   In    1008    aald : 
porai'  comblnattoti  aeemi  to  be  not  only  an 
economic  necessity  but   also    lamely   an  ac- 
complished   fact.     It    la   not   fbe  eilateucs 
-.f    lOdaaTtrtal   nosrn-,  Sul    rather  Ita  misuse. 
thai  la  tbe  real  problem."     Senator   Bcvcr- 
Idce  told  the  most  utKeuf  leelslatloc 
ed  by  Iuck.  was  a  law  rrsxallalnc 

corporatlona  for  honeal  pur- 
poses, rrealdent  Rooaerelt  deviated  It  10 
he    "profoundly    Immoi  in    the 

statute  I -  ..  law.   DomtniUy  In  the  Inter- 

eat   of  public  morality,  that  really   puts  a 

Sre»mi  public    Immorality    i.y    un- 

klni  lo  forbid  ho  from  dolnc 

what     in n-  r     t..-    d..n.  ler    umdern     busl- 

aeaa  conditions."      (7075.) 

The  entire  status  of  antl  tnut  lejla lotion 
Id    the    I'n  una    altered    i. 

it      "C. 

•atabllahlnz  the   Federal   Trade   Com- 

mU.lou  ;    nu. I    by    th.  I. III. 

A   on    ■  rn  I.   known    ■ 

Clnjton  Antl-Truvi  Low.  Tbe  articles  m 
tbn  Inde*  und»r  the  head  of  Federal    I 

•  Ijiw 
■list  he  read  carefully  for  an  adoiunte  un- 
derataadlnc  of  the  ami  Iroal  rlfuatlon  In 
the   oxintry    nt  ent    time. 

Follow  In*    la     a     complete    Hat     of    suits 

i ted  by  lbs 

1     Btatca     onder     tbl     eli-rmnn     Antl 

Traal  Us-.     A  c-.mt>let-  index  to  ttie  rarl- 

nua  case*  will  be  found  nt  the  end  of   the 

article 

PitKimrEXT  lUaatao*'*  AnvfUtiTraaTioii. 
— Resen  Ca«.-». 

fWllllnin  II  H.  Miller.  Attorney  Oneral. 
March  5.  1H>'>.  to  March  «.  IWS.\ 


Anti-Trust 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


1.  United  State*  v.  JeMle-o  Uovntotn 
Coat  Company.  Suit  against  the  members 
of  the  'Nashville  Coal  Bicba,ftg»,  '  com- 
posed of  iiirlDiis  rniii-iuliiliif  companies  op- 
. ruling  mines  lo  Kentucky  and  Tennessee. 
niul  nf  iM'moOt  and  flriiiM  dealing  In  coal  la 
Nashville,  formed  for  Ike  purpose  of  filing 
and  regulating  the  oiiipul  of  coal. 
A  preliminary  Injunction  wns  denied  on 
Oct.  13,  1MIO.  Upon  full  bearing  the  court, 
on  June  4.   IROi,   h»-l<l  Ion   to 

be  In  violation  nf  lb*  outl-truxt  law  and 
enjoined  the  further  carrying  out  of  the 
agreement. 

/  |  id  Stale*  ■  .  OreenAul  >t  nl.  A 
proceeding  by  Indictment  nraiuat  tbc  offi- 
cers of  III."  Distilling  am)  Cattle  1-Vcillng 
Co,  I  Whisky  i'rii-i  i  for  an  all. 
tlon  of  the  antitrust  law.  Indictment 
quashed,  ax  allegations  were  beld  not  to 
constitute   «n   often  i     under    the   stiiline. 

2a.  In  re  Cornlnn.  Application  for  8 
warrant  of  rr-movnl  from  Ohio  to  Mnssnchu- 
setts  to  on»wcr  to  (he  Indictment  found  In 
the  O'eenhut  case.  Application  denied  and 
prisoner   db-churged. 

M  in  T  ■/•■•rrit  Application  for  n 
writ  of  habeas  corpus  to  secure  a  dlaeli  nt- 
fruui  nri»-.-,r  niul  detention  upon  n  warrant 
for  remoial    from    New   York   to  Masaachti- 

actta  to  nnxwer  to  tbe  Indictment   f I   in 

the  Orecnhut    co«c.      lvtltloner   discharged. 

la  n   i.'.ik,     Petition  for  writ  of 
nabene  corpiiN   to   »•-.  ••  from  tbe 

cuatody  of   the   innr.liul.    by    WOOD)   lie    wns 
held  awaiting  an  order  for  tbe  remo-. 
Greene  to   Mb  asm  10  the 

Indictment  In  tbe  Grecubiil  caw.  Prisoner 
discharged. 

8.  Cnllrcl  Staler  e.  .Vcl.on.  Indictment 
of  n  number  of  lumber  il  ulera  for  con- 
spiring together  to  raise  the  price  M  lum- 
ber In  Violation  of  the  anti-trust  law.  DM 
murrrr  to  Indictment  sustained,  the 
holding  that  an  agreement  between  n  num- 
ber of  dealer*   lo   rnlae    prlcea,    unless  they 

controlled     nenrly     the     •nilr mmodlty. 

could  not  operate  as  n  rcetralut  of  I  rude  un- 
der the  act. 

4.  United  Slat')  v.  Tram  Ifi-nmi-i 
frriaht  Auoeiatton  Bill  Med  Jan.  8. 
1802,  to  enjoin  the  operations  Of  a  com- 
Mini  I  Ion  of  rnllrnaila  engaged  In  Interstate 
formed  foi  the  purpose  of  tuuln- 
mining  "sual  nmt  reaaonaole  rates."  etc. 
BUI  dismissed  by  Circuit  Court  ;  decree  of 
dismissal  nitlnnnl  by  Circuit  lonrt  of  Lp. 
peals,  and  reversed  by  Ibn  United  Btutca 
Supreme  Court  on  March  22.  1897.  Inn  il 
decree  entered  on  June  T,  1  sfl7. 

0.     Pnlled  Stnl< .    i.    Rrorl  *tmm/i    A  mill 

K  mated  Council  or  Vric  Oeleam  ct  al.  Suit 
reatraln  defendaota,  a  combination  of 
workmen,  from  Interfering  with  inter. m t- 
and  foreign  commerce,  In  violation  of  I  lie 
antl'truat  law.    The  Injunction  win  grunted 

ami   the  law  held  to  apply   i mliliniiloiia 

of  latiorera  aa  well  as  capitalists.  Thla  de- 
cree waa  affirmed  by  lb*  Circuit  Court  of 
Appeala. 

ft.      United    State*     v.     Patterson    et    al. 
Caah  r*gl*tor  cnae.     Indictment  of  mem 
of  a   combination   formed   f-  t   the   p 
of  controlling  the  price  of  etas   n  gi«-t»r*. 

A  demurrer  waa  auatnlncd  aa  to  certnln 
counta  of  the  Indictment  and  overruled  aa 
to  otbera  and  lenve  granted  fo  Pli  special 
demurrer*  to  the  counts  whieti  ever*  •"- 
rained,  The  special  d#murr»ra  were  beard 
on  June  1.  1803.  and  the  demurrer. 
ruled,  the  court  adhering  to  lt«  former  nl- 
Ing.  Letter  of  Attorney-iten'.fal  dited  Oct. 
16.   1803,    ahowa  cnae  waa  allowed  to  laps* 

because    of    r ■neillntlon    of   complnlnlrig 

witness    with   defi-ndnuta. 

7.  United  htotei  v.  E.  0.  Knlaht  Com- 
sooy  IBugar  Trust I-     Bill  In  eoulty  lo  en 


Join  tbe  operations  of  the  Bnxar  Trott. 
charged  with  s  ilolatlon  of  the  aati-truat 
law.  The  bill  was  dismissed  Jan.  30i  1894. 
•  I  waa  taken  to  the  Circuit  Court  of 
Appeala  and  tbe  decree  stormed.  1'rom 
lecleton  an  appeal  ■  »•  taken  to  tne 
Supreme  Court  of  the  rnii.-d  .-tat'-«.  where. 
tli-  decree  of  dltmlaial  vu  sfflirued- 

I'ni  -.i>i  -.r  i  iikumh  HaooaO  AD- 
MtKi-iTNATiorr.— i;ight    cases. 

(Itlchard  Olney.  Atinrni) M'Jenernl  March 
e\,   i>'ic    i  .  June  v.   I 

Attorney-General.  Juio  I  I  March  5, 

18»7  1 

1  falfed  «fof«  r.  Buocne  V.  Deb'  rt  <rt 
Petition  tiled  on  July  3.  1804.  In  the  United 
Htatei  Circuit  Court  for  the  I'Mri  I  "f  In- 
dlan.a,  aeeklng  to  r««lrnln  lute  ference  by 
Aiiii'ilcnu  Kollway  Union  and  forty-ntnc  In- 
dividual defendants  with  mslls  and  Inter- 
■tat*  commerce  carried  by  «ii  raiirondu  op- 
erating In  Indiana  An  injunction  waa  Is- 
sued on  July  3,  1804.  which  was  com 

lO    futee    until    SipNn t     10,     IS'.m.     when 

the  cnae  waa  dismissed  at  the  Inatance  of 
the  Government. 

la.  Vntied  Slate-i  f,  Agler.  Information 
charging  contempt  of  court  in  dl'obcylnf 
In  Injunction  retraining  Agler  and  others 
from  interfering  with  lnt.i»inte  rommerce 
and  obstructing  the  molls.  Information 
Qunahed.      It    waa  charged   that    Agler   waa 

"    in-  inber  .f  the  .'. rlran  Railway  Union. 

Hi-    members    of    which    order    wer»   on    a 

strike  and  bnd  been  enjoined  under  tbe  ontl- 

truvt    law  from  Interfering   with   the  enrry- 

unilla    nuil    from    ObetruCttBC    lu- 

io   commerce.      Informntlon   quashed 
This  la  one  of  the   "Dabs"  coats. 

2  rn..v.i  State*  >•  KlUolt  Suit  to  re- 
atrnln  Klllott.  Debs,  and  other  members 
of  tbe  American  Ilullwny  Union,  from  car- 

their  unlawful  conspiracy  to  In- 

•Miii  Inieratate  commerce  and  to 
obatni't  i in-  carrying  of  the  malls,  la  rlo- 
latlon  of  the  nnil-lruat  law.  Pr-llmlnary 
InJUDCtlOU  grnntcd,  A  demurrer  to  this  Mil 
wna  overruled.  Final  decree  entered  Aptll 
6,  18-utl,  against  200  defendant*,  and  tem- 
porary   Injunction    made    permanent. 

5.  Unll.rl  Statu  i  pea*  el  ol.  Petltlun 
n  Juiv  ^.  1804,  in  the  circuit  Court 
for  the  Northern  District  of  Illinois,  alleg- 
ing conspiracy  to  obstruct  tbe  nialla  and 
•  with  Interaiate  commerce.  A 
temporary  Injunction  was  Issued  on  July 
2.    1804,    for    violation    of   which   contempt 

Frocc'dlnga  were  Instituted.     Orlglnnl  p»II- 
lon  dismissed  on  July  28.   1809.   at  tbe  In- 
-if    the   Government. 
3a.      United   fifafea   v.   Debt  et   ol       Pro- 
ceedings In   contempt    to   punish    Deba  and 
f.ir  disobeying  an  Injunction  reatrntn- 
:..  in   r-.iui   Interfering   nun   interstate 
commerce  and  with  obstructing  the   malls, 
by  means  of  a  conspiracy.  In  violation  of 
the  nntl-iruat  law.    Defendants  found  guilty 
and  punished. 

Sb.  In  rt  Dco»,  pefffioner.  Proceed- 
ings Instituted  July  2.  1BD4.  Application 
for  n  writ  of  hnbrna  corpus  to  aocure  a  dla- 

eliiirge  from  Imprlaoomeni  fordlsoberli 

Injunction  of  the  Circuit  Court  for  the 
Ninth. in  District  of  Illinois,  restraining 
Dflis  and  others  from  ron.plrlng  to  Inter- 
fere with  Ititemtnte  commerce.  In  viol 
of  the  anti-trust  law.  Petition  for  tbo  writ 
il.  nl. -il 

4.     Pslfed    State*    p.    CauMy.       Cssaldy 
and     others     were     Indicted     under     sei 
r.liu.    fnlted   States    Kevlaed    Statutes,   for 

"in---   i uimit  offenaea  against    t n»- 

Unlteil    States,     which    acta    .  - -n- 1     -  -l    In    n 
1  dug  nnd   conspiring  to  reatraln  trade 
ntid  comma  :■  the  States,  In  viola- 

tion of  the  nntl-trust   law.  and  grew  out  of 
the  Pullman  strike  In  California.     The  trial 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Anti-Tnist 


tailed  Cve  nioctb*  and  recalled  In  ■  AIb- 
agreement   of   the  Jury.     A    nolle  orvteiui 

entered    Jul 

o.  ef**ra  r.  L'aiferf  Srufrt.  Indictment 
of  tbr  DtBbtn  of  on  aaaociatlcn  of  deal- 
er* to  Coal  at  Rail  Lake  '  -ring 
Into  a  complracy  to  rrgultlc  tbc  price  of 
«oaL  Indictment  reiurnrd  Nov.  4. 
Moor*  wa*  tried  ami  roni 
trtrt  Court  of  I'inti  upon  tbla  Indie. mint. 
Tbe  Circuit  Court   of  Appeals  rcvoracd  Ilia 

HHiniaan  of  <■  -.•■<■  llo  ..  [or  Uh  m^™  iii«i 

■  poa   Ibe  admlaUon  ol  i  Stole  It 

«ii  no  longer  a  -T.-rrlii.rjr"  within  tL* 
meaning  of  the  anll-trn*t  acl.  and  tbe  com- 
blsattoa  waa  aot  In  restraint  of  Interstate 
commerce.  u4  the  eoart  therefore  bad  so 
jdrttaU 

&.      I'ai'erf    .Talcs    B.  Joint   Traffic   Alto- 

hi       Hi  I 
•  i  enjoin  tbc  alleged  Tlolar i 
Ik*  aBtl-truat  law  by  a  combination  of  rail- 
raada.      The    C'  •'    iu- 

MIL  asd  tbr  Court   nf  Appeal*  elllnn. 

1.      Tbne  Judg- 
•rota  were  reversed  by  lb*  Unit  oil   Stan* 
"upeeine  Court.      On   March   3. 
ma*  waa   i 

•ncot   or  article* 

A-hlyilom  Pipe  oh.; 
It   In 


Sail 


to    Msrcb    79.  lander   C. 


gt'rl     Compamy. 

ISOO.     Bill  Id  kj.jIii  tlu   opfTt- 

H«   of  ib»  Caai-lroa    pipe.    Truat.    which 

attempted  to  control 

Mp«.      Th*  Mil   wn*     ; 

■ 

reverted    Ibr   deere*    of   the    Circuit     I 

iM  remanded   the  om,   with   i. 

to  eBter  a  decree  for  tfce  OovcmBBtal 

appeal  irt  tbe  nf 

U  niTlrmi'd. 
0-  i 
taailiub-d  Oec.  .11.  ISM.  Bill  to  reatralo 
tbr  operations  of  th«  Kattwu  I  Ity  |.|t« 
Stock  Kxebaoge."  organised  to  control  Ihc 
•bJpm»nt»  Focfc.      Tbc    lol  n 

araa   granted,    but   on    appeal    lbs   Supreme 
Court    reversed   tbe  i!«rw   of    ibe    I  Ircull 
•  oil  »-r  iii.:.-.l  the  case,  with  Instruc- 
tion* to  itlamlf  i  i  U  ' 

Ftcsintrr  JfcKnruct'a  Admisibtilitiox 
— Tbr»»  e»i»« 

rnb        McKenna.       Attorney-fiend  nl, 
March  t.  Ial>7.  t«  June  25.  1806:  Jo 

ISM, 
.    Knox, 
Attorney-General.  April  S,  1001,  lo  Jun*  30. 
ISM.] 

IndrrioM   ».    failed   Molt:      Bill    In 
tejulty  to  Katrala  the  operation*  af 
Traders'    Live   srock   Kicbaage."   of  Kansas 
Oty,  an  aaaoclatlon  formed  for  tli*  purpose 
of    buying    cattlo    on    tr.     marki 
•tilt    waa   Instituted    June    T,     1897.    I 
Clrcolt  Coort  of  tbe  United  State*  for  tba 
Western    Dlatrlel      f    MaBaouri. 
temporary  Intuortlon  waa  Rraotcd  and  the 
|M  M  Ike  i  n    of  Ap. 

.  _oa   '•.,,!«  of 
tba  Cnllrd  Statca  for  Inalnictlona  npi  n  ■■■  r 
tain  Buaallona,  ua.lnr 
t»on    «    of   tbr   act    of    Mar.-li    ?..    IR01     I2fl 

S281.      T 
tba  d»cr»p     '  •  'irt  and  reman.]- 

«d   Ibe  caac.  with  dlroettoi,  ia  tba 

MIL    boldlnc   tb.it    lb-  art 
were   no:   a  rlolnlloa  of  tbe  nntl  trunt   law. 

»<-<orioi»  Salt  brougbt  per  in. 
'-.r  ls)Btioti..ii  tr,  r».irii'n  Hi.- 
if  •  comblnatloB  of  coal  doalon  i 

Coal  Dealer*'  Amortntlnn  of  rail. 
fwntla."  A  taropornrj  in !■  action  waa  crani- 
ad    frora   wblcb   bo  appeal   waa  taken  and 


rla   furiba  Elitbtb   CI 
waa   certified    to   the   Supremo    Court   of 


Anal  decrea  ordered  Mny  2,  1800,  granting 
relief  prayed  for. 

3.  (Tairrd  Mate  v.  ChcAaprake  and  Ohio 
Futl  Company  ri  oi.  Bill  niod  May  a  1800, 
to  annul  a  contract  and  dlaaolro  a  com- 
lr  I  mi  Hon  of  producer*  and  ahlppcra  of  coal 
In  Ohio  and  Waal  Virginia,  engaged  In  min- 
ing coal  and  making  coke  Intended  for 
uii.iit  agreement  to 
trll  the  bum  it  not  lex*  Hum  a  memoran- 
dum price,  lo  be  fixed  by  IB  UMUtlTt 
committee  appointed  by  the  produrvr*.  !>•• 
frndanta  enjoined,  contract  declared  Told 
and  lili-k-al.  ami  tin.  <umblnatloo  dlaaolred. 
Atari...  ■  nit  Court  of  Appeal*.      So 

al  taken. 

PRB.tumsT  Hoo*rvBt.T'«  AcittKtarniTioN. 
. — forty  f.>ur  vaaea. 

I  I'll  :  Knox,    Ai  ncral. 

April   5.    1901,   to  June   3n 
II.    Moody.  Attorney-Ooneral,   July   1,  1004. 

to  Dec.    16.    I0OO;   Cbarlea  i.   ltouat>ait. 

Attorney-tJencral.  Ucc.  17,  1000,  to  Harcfa 
4.   UiOO.J 

I.     Vniled  Stale*   v.  Northern  SecurlUc 
Oreol  A'orlacra  B'ji  Co..  Northern  Pa- 
cific H'u  Co.  el  at      Tbl»  ami   wax  brought 
oil   March   10.  1002,  In  tbe  flrcult   Coon     .f 
the  United  »taie«  for  the  DMtrlct  of  Mlnnc- 
aota.   to    enjoin    the    dif.ndnnt,    the    North 
.  ■  r..  .  fr.mi  piircinialng,  «ri|ulr- 
log.    receiving,    holding,    voting,    or   In    any 
manner  acting  a<  the  owner  of  any  of  tba 
Btutri  I  of  the  r-.ipltnl  atoek  of  the  two  de- 
ni    rnlluay  companlea.  and  to  reatraln 
the  defendant  railway  companlea  from  per- 
mitting the  aacnrlllaa  cuuipnuy  t>>  ioto  any 
..I   Hi.,     i...  I:  .  |    k.tI.J  rnllwnya.  or   from   ex- 
r    any    control    whatsoever    over    th* 
ite    acta   of    either    of    aald    railway 
companion.    It     doing    charged    that    the    BC- 
eurltlea  company  wax  formed  for  the   pur- 

Eioao    of    li'-oiilrliiK    u    iiiiijniliy    of    tin.      -niil. 
■I  stock  of  tbc  two  rnllway   companlea  In 
order  thnt  It  might  In  that  way  eltcct  prac- 
llcally     :i     ooii»nllilatlon     of    Iho     two    eom- 
by   i-ontroliing  rate*  and   realrlctlng 
and  deatroylng  competition.  In  violation  of 
[itl-Traal   Law.     The  Circuit 

rl    on   April    :i     100)      Btereo   a  decree 

In  favor  of  the  Government  ui  prayed  for  In 
tbe  petition,  and  tbla  decree  waa.  on  March 
14.  linn,  ntrirtiied  by  the  Supreme  Court  of 
the  United  Stm 

1.  UnWad  Stdjag  v.  S.H/»  rf  Co.  «f  at. 
Soil  brimriii  ,ii  May  10.  1002.  In  the  Cir- 
cuit Court  of  tbe  United  Stalea  for  the 
Northern  I>Utrlci  ..f  lir.n.iU  to  realrnln  the 
drfendaota  (commonly  known  aa  the  Beef 
Truatl.  who  are  engaged  In  the  buying  of 
live  atock  and  Ibe  aellluir  of  dreanod  inoiita. 
frmn  .  imi'Iii.-  i. ni  in  onl.iivful  conaplrocr 
aotared  Into  between  themaelvea  nna  with 
llio  varlnua  railway  companlea,  to  auppraaa 
competition  and  to  obtain  a  monopoly  In  the 
ptirctiuc  of  lire  atock  nod  In  the  lolling 
of  dreaaed  menla.  A  preliminary  ri  ■ 
tug  onlor  waa  grantee]  on  May  20.  1002. 
Tbe    defendant*     having    demurred    to    tbe 

i.iii,  niiik-.    on    April 

1$.     1003,     overruled     the     demurrer*     and 

?l  a   |.i.  Ilinlunry  Injunction.      The  dc 
III*  hnvlnit  failed  to  anawor,  the  ir!. 

nn  May  20,  1H"3.  entered  an  order  making 
tbe  decree  flunl  and  perpetually  enjoining 
Ibe  further  operation*  of  the  trim.  TM 
defendants,  on  Ane.  14.  1903.  appealed 
from  the  final  dacre*  of  the  Circuit  Court 
lo  the  Supreme  court  .,t  ibe  United  state*. 

where  deeroe  wna  afflnned  Jon.  90.  1900. 

S.     Palled    .if.if/»     K     Trie    Fe.b-r.i!    Boll 

in«  .i  ol.      Hull    broughl   In    tin-  Clr- 

cuit    I'.iuri    of    lb*    united    State*   for    th* 

ii  rn  Klutrlet  of  California,  on  Oct.   If}. 

1002.    to   real  rain    tba   detendMU    i>a«\so 


Anti-Trust  Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


as  tl»-  Salt  Trust)  from  unlawfully  combin- 
ing 11  ml  conspiring  I  competl- 
(Ion  In  tbc  Uuuufncl ' 

in-',   ml   at  tba    ttocki    M nalna, 

In     rloUUon    of    the    Sherman     Anil-Trust 
Law.      A   temporary    f  -straining  order    waa 
isaued  OD  Hint  Unto,  and   the  enuae  coi 
mi    for   Inni. 111:  a  Nov.    10,    1802. 

(bo    Injunction    pandewM   Km,   thus, 
n  cfToct,  ranking  the  restraining  order  per- 
No    appeal   wn»   taken   from   tbli 
order. 

4.  United  fifafet.  «'.  77ir  Federal  Sail 
Compaiiu.  mi  Fab,  -'\  I'.io:;.  the  grand 
Jury  for  the  '  nlted  state*  Dletmi  •  •■mi 
for  the  Northern   District   of  California,   re- 

■  i  an  Indlcimi.-nt  n k.i 1 11  -•  t  tin'  Suit  Trust 

Br  baring  -.  i . . i . .  ■ .  ■  i  tbc  antl-lruat  law.     Ob 
liy   1  I  fad   guilty,  ami 

th#  court  sentenced  It  to  pny  a  floe  of 
»),iXh>     y.IiMi    »tl    paid. 

5.  United  Stale   v.  JoektonitU'     H  imi. 
*0U  Orocvrs'  Association.      A    proceeding  in 
equity,  Instituted  on  Hcpt,  1L'.   19011.  in   the 
United  i    rcull  Court  foi 

era  Dlalrlcl  of  Florida  for  the  purpose  of 
dissolving  I  loo  of  wholesale  gro- 

cers operating  In  violation  of  the  null  trust 
lav.  Not.    I,    l'.lOT.  dismissed. 

0.  United  Stat"  i.  '.'•  nnal  I'opcr  Co. 
if  ol.  Dec.  27,  1001.  a  bill  la  equity  «•■ 
riled    lii    Hi.'    Cll  '    of    the    United 

Stairs  for  the  District  of  Mlnni la    i 

tba    General    Uttper    Co.    «Dd    twenty-threw 
kiii. .us  engaged  In  the  uiuuufiie- 

Kre  and  sale  of   papi  r    alleging  Ibal   they 
d  rntered  Into  coinlilnotlon  and   conaplr- 

II ■>■  To  restrain  trail*  ami  con roc    in   the 

manufacture  of  newe  print,  runnlln, 
and  other  papers  by  making  i 
I'apcr  Co.  their  common  snles  agenl  '  »n 
May  II.  1900,  tba  i'i'iui  unliTi'il  IndumPOl  in 
of  tba  GoTexnmrnt.  diasoiiing  ih» 
. '"inliln  iil"ii  nud  affording  ull  relief  prayed 
for  In  Un'  I. Ill 

7.     United  Htatrt  r.  Armour  &  Co.  ■ 
After  the  nflUnniu-'o  !>y  the  Buprcme  I 

of  the  deer f  tba  Clrcull  Cnnrl  In  1  i  I  •  I 

t    Swlfl  .\  Coinp  in)    [above  n  fi 
to)  complaints  from  rartoua  quartera  iter* 

ruddo  to  the  department   that    lit ml. Inn 

Hon  *tin  continued  Tba  department  tnera- 
iipon  began  an  rxhauallrc  Inquiry  before 
to*  croud  Jure  for  Ihe  northern  district 
nf  Illinois,  which  reunited  In  Hi"  i-'nni  Of 
sn  indictment  i. n  .luiv  i.  I'.ni:.,  againai  Ar- 
mour &  Co..  J.  Oitdcn  Armour.  president  : 
I'nirli'lc  A.  Vnh-nuii.  ,  Irc.i  urer  Arlhur 
Sccklcr.  gcrn-iil  manager;  iimniii*  j,  Con- 
ors.  superintendent,  and  tunul  1  Ho 
jObcrt.  assistant  treasurer,  of  Armour  it 
a.;    the    Arimi'ir    1'nckltie.    '  inrlc* 

W.  Armour,  president:  Swift  A  Co..  nnd 
Loot*  B".  Swift,  president:  La  wr.-nt'O  A. 
Carton,  ITCMnror:  i>.  Bdwln  llarlwsll,  sec- 
ret n-v  nnd  Albert  II.  Vecdcr  nnd  Robert 
r.  M. -Manna  and  Arthur  F.  Kvnns.  agenta 
of  Swlfl  A  <'...;   Hi..  Pnlrbank  Canning  Co., 

and   Kdwsrd   Morris,    vl [in  ddenl  ;    Ira    N. 

Morris,  seereinry  of  III*  Pnlrhiink  Cnnnlnic 
Co.:  tin  Cudaby  Packloa  Co.,  and  Kdwnrd. 
A.  Cudniiy,  rlca-prcaldral  and  (antral  man- 
ager of  tho  Cudahy  racking  Co. 

Agnlnst  this  Indictment  many  preliminary 

ions   were  urged.      All   were  disposed 

nf  in  taror  «>f  i)i"  Ooean nt,  neapi  cer- 
tain special  plena  "f  Immunity  In  bar,  hns»-i» 
upon  Informoilon  concerning  the  mntters  for 
whi.ii  iii"  defendants  ware  Indicted,  which 
tbey  had  given  to  the  ni  nf  Com 

0  ami  Labor.  Tbc  court  sustained  the 
pleas  so  fnr  aa  lh«  ludlvliluil  dr-fendanta 
were    concerned    nnd    OTerri  niih 

respect  to  the  corporations.  Dismissed  Feb. 
ft.  1911 

8  r*<fril  fitutrt  i:  MarAndrriet  A 
rorhtt  Company  el  ol      In  June.  100ft.  Iho 


grand  Jury  returned  an  Indictment  agnlnst 
the  MncAndrewa  A  Forbi-s  Go,  th«  1  I. 
Young  in.,  h  corporation  ..f  Maine,  and  Karl 
JungbluUi  and  llowii.-.i  I  fottnft  their 
rrspectlre  presidents,  for  Illegally  combiulng 
and  conspiring  to  rvgulitte  (he  Interstate 
trade  and  Kale  In  llcorbr  paate,  an  article 
used  la  the  uanufn.  'un-  •■{  plug 
In*:  lobai  ra.      l"t.  nilnnts 

d  plena  of  not  guilty,  with  leave  to 
withdraw  or  demur  on  or  before  July  », 
IflOH       Jul]    fl,    I  xf  all 

of  fhe  defendants.     I'  demurrers 

oi-erruled.     Dec.   19,   llluft,  irl.il  i-i.iiuiiei 
Jan.    10.    100?     M 

mud  guilty  on  Ural  and  tb 
of  Indictment.  Ihe  J.  S.  Young  Ox  guilty 
on  fltst  ami  third  r.iniiis ;  rerdlcl  of  ac- 
quittal as  to  Individual  defendants.  Mae- 
Andrews  A  Forbes  Co.  fined  (10,000.  J. 
8.   Young  CO.   IHi"'t  «».iiiiu, 

8a.  fhe  Tobacco  Trull  OOIM.  {Hal* 
V.    Iltnkel;    Ur.lhitcr    v.    ffentef.) 

grew    .nit    of    an    Investigation    by    a 
il  K'snil  jury  In  the  Southern  I11 
of     New     York    or    the    Aiinilmn     Tubarrei 
Co.  and  tbn  MacAudn-ws  A  a*orbi  Dl 

llsved  10  I'.  '.  I. dating  the  anil  trust  lavrs. 
the  mailer  having  been  brought  to  the  at- 
tention of  the  grand  Jury  by  the  adttOOH  of 
the  Pepnrtiiieni  of  Justice,  special  counsel 
having  been  appointed  for  the  purpose  of 
Investigation  and  prosecution.  Subp 
ffavoal  Icovai  were  aerved  upon  the'  officers 
Ol  Hn  ompanlea  directing  tbcm  to  pro- 
doee  tmpers  ami  otbei  documentary  tori- 
I  u.  belonging  to  (he  corporations.  Tbev 
refused  to  obey  tbc  subpoena  to  answer 
questions   propounded    to    them.      Tin- 

riiit  Court  adjudged  (hem  la  contempt  smi 

' mltted   them   nnlll   they  should   produce 

(be  bonks  and  answer  fhe  qoestlona.  Tbey 
applied  i"  another  Judge  ot  the  same  conn 
for  u-rlM  of  bnbens  corpus,  which,  upon 
heiirlug,  were  dls.h  irgeu.  Upon  appeal  the 
RuprrToe  Conrl  aflmad  the  orders  denying 
the  writs. 

9.  Cnlfrd  SfdrM  e.  IrVfronoHfo*  Veal 
Compasy    ?.'    ni         urn    filed    In    equity    In 

in  the  United  States  Circuit 
i  ..iiii   for  Hawaii.   In  i  ht  opi-ratlon 

of  alleged  unlawful  combination!  in  ia> 
•  i r. iint  of  tbe-trude  In  beef  nnd  beef  prod- 
acta.  Demurrer  i"  bin  rermled  Oct.  2. 
i I      r.n.iiin-.  1017. 

10.  United  .Sfuf.s  e.  .Yum'  Retail  Qto- 
cert'  .!■>...  ni tn. ii  Koi  ♦,  1!>"'<.  Hie  de- 
portment directed  the  United  States  atlor- 
ii a]    fan    Un-   S nd    Division  of  Alnaka    lo 

die  n  bin  in  aqolty  against  tba  Nome  Ketnii 

ttlon,    alleging   a    eon 
Hon   to   Ox    prices   and  to  suppress    eonipe 
mi- in.        Hull       wns      promptly      Inatliuied. 

wherni|i"ii  Hie  il.-f.-iiil  inn  agreed  to  th« 
entry    of   a    decree    granting    nil    the 

I  for  In  lb"  petition.  A  decree  dl» 
solving;  ihe  cnniMiiiuion  wa*  entered  accord- 
ingly. 

11.  I  .nii.f  eTfOfaa  V.  T'-rminal  Railni.it 
.("Oftoltoii  of  St.  I.oult  et  at  PetltJOfl 
tiled     III    i    Ir.ult    COOrl     Of     United    Stales    .'or 

(he  Knstern   l>t«lrlcl   "f  Missouri  on    I 

i in-.,  to  enjoin  tbc  defendant  rnllroada  fronl 

.oinliiiiliig    an     unlawful    combination 

Inm  between  tln-m  lo  operate  RadK 
Brldgo  and  Merchnnts  ltrldge  n- 

age of    Interstata  commerce.      Upon  dls> 

:n.  ni   of   Circuit  Judges   cute   was  ear- 

tied    to   Hi.-   BupraBM  Conrl    and    •■vna  re- 

iniiude.l  by  that  court  for  further  pro- 
ercdlntM  The  petliloii  was  then  dlsmlswd 
by  tin-  •  "1  r.  nit  Court,  nnd  an  appeal  was 
taken  to  the  Supreme  Court,  where,  on 
April  •_".■.  1012,  th*  decree  at  lbs  Ctrcoii 
Court  was  rcranad  nn.l  Ihe  <-n«e  remand- 
ed with  directions  to  enter  a  decree  In  en 
funnily   wltb   (be  opinion   of   the   Supreme 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Anti-Trust 


A  controreray  having  artacn  as  to 

ther   tin  --    or    tbe    three 

jn.lgca    had    tarUdlcikoa   ■    writ   of 

Kbiiiitiiii     waa    Med    age  IBM    tbe   dlatrlct 
i  .tamed     hr     It 

perme  Cowrt,  Tbe  form  of  Anal  decree  to 
l»  entered  l»  now  under  confident  loa  by 
tba  circuit  ladx*».  ll>»  rctpeetlv*  firilr* 
bilu  rnhmlli"!  their  tlewt  OD  !>*•■• 

.  entered  a  Baal 
ibe    govero- 
o.*t.    believing     tli»t     |b*    dtcfcf    did    not 
oat  tk*>  aaaadat*  and  opinion  of  th- 
ine appeal 
»j.    jrtur.1    In    "  M.     TW  decreo 

I  judge*  wu  amrujrel. 
rafra    r.   J.lf<i»  **   Jtoftlatoa 
in  failed  Slate* 
•if    Hawaii. 

;i,U»tion    to    control 
ik'     trad*     In     lumber    In     tbat     Ter 
Anawera   "led    Jan     .•.    IfliW.      Dcdalo*.    ad- 
•   bimI  petition  ordered 
dlarnlated    March   Ml.    Kill 

11  Hr*    r.    or(j    ri. 

rf    a."        Illll    (I'd     March    ;.     1'JiBi.    In    too 

! 
,fa    I'  :ig»ln*t   tbe  Ollf 

■  ...  and  a  nambev  of  other  eorpo- 
:.vldi»al*.   In    which    II 
alleged  tbat  Ihey    »crc  caalntnlnlng  > 
Maaitoo  la  reetrelat  «f  ira-l*  la  tbe  annltec 
i|«  of  elevator* 

June  1.  1P09,  a  decree  wne  entered  by  , 

ant  dUaolvlng  tbe  comblnatloa  and  granl- 
IM  t> 

II  P       '•        trmdea 

/  >i-«'f      Cor-pO' 

i    Id    lb*    Dlnlrtct   Court   of  Oklahoma 

■ 

g    competition    and    main 

Miy 

enne  granted  to  Cram 

•  guilty  and 

Dare    tmpovd     aggregating    tJ.'MM).     which 

paid. 

r.   .VoflOMl   A- 
lit.    «f    al.        Bill    la 
:■■■::.     |g    it,      1 
for     Hie 
^^^Ka     »■■  'I'll     A««oclnl!nil 

•f  Reiall   :■  *  J  combination 

■  ii  me  earn 
of  drug*  and  proprietary  medicine*.  Mar 
»    1>  , .  J  by  ngr,.  , 

gl'tog  lb*  tJorerntnfOt  all  lb*  rvllrf  prayed 
for  la  lb*  p»U': 

18       r-'alfr«7    Matt*    r.     Vtr/inU  Carolina 

•■«!««»  ef  al.       afar    2.V 

O*  rVderal  inoil  Jury  for  it-  Middle  1>1»- 

.".  nareaer.    upoo    Information    far. 

tlabrl    by    tbe    lieparttser.' 

ranted     «o     tadletincut     agalnnt     thirty-one 

corporation*  aod  iwcnty-Oi*  Individuals  en- 

fa(*d     la     Ibe     fe-r'l  IIt-t     Im-ln***     In     the 

State*  of    (forth   Carolina.  South  Can 

Ueorgla,      Florida,      Alabacaa,      Ml.alnlppl. 

Ariaaeae.     and    TeUBcaae*,    chargluc    them 

wlib  engaging  la  a  conspiracy  In  violation 

•  leral    anti-truat    art     and     with 

caaanlrlag    to    cossmll    an    offense    nenlmt 

la*  L'oll«<d   aiatea.  tIb..   tbe  nfnrrMld   ca- 

mtt»  ■  <**n  544D  of  tbe 

kritaeVj    Minutes.     Tb*  fertllli*r  maanfae- 

C*r*ra  eoeribkned   to   fix   tbe   pr.,--   of 

Iter*    la     tbe    territory     in.-uil,,r-,l     | 

ajaartloB  tb«  trad*  among    ibeuiacliea  ae- 

rvrdtea;  to  aa  acreed  p*rroiii»i{p.     July   11. 

IMC    all    tbe  defeadunla  appealed    to    lb, 

tMra*  Coart  from 

njrt   of  tb*  En»l- 

*ra  l>t*triet   of  VlrclnU  dmylnr  tbe   rl.hr 

af  aalxaa    corpm  and   reminding   tbem   to 

tbe  raatoily    of    tbe    marabal    for    rrmoTal 

ta  tbe    Middle     rriatrlet    of    TeiHwaa**    for 

rn»L     Tb*  eaae  before  tb*  Supreme  Court 

•a.  argued  on  Dee.  a.  ISO*,  aad  on  March 


«.   1907.  tbe  jajflV  ''oort 

rereraed    n--  led    i"    Unit 

court  fur  r 
•  lib    i 

di  motlona,   plena   la 
abatement,    and    di-iuuriers    filed.      July    5, 
»ud  deiuurr«r» 
plen   In  u'-»ieiiieut  allowed,  and   Id* 
dlctmcnt  Qua«b,-<1. 

JT.  I«tra  v.  .trarriroa  7e«  Coat- 

Cay  *l  ol.      July    Ii    I'.icm;.    Indlotment   re- 
ined   In    tbe   Supreme    CouTt  of   tbo    Dla- 
Wei    of   ("  liarglug    :iu    unlawful 

i    price*    and 
(timpelltlon   In  tbe  anlc  of  Ice.     No  further 
actios  taiga, 

l.:Kite4   Stales    v.    ChaniUr  let,  and 
Kept.     10,     I  BOO, 

ii  I    i„    ,  be    in-, 
f.r   lb*   (errllory   "f   i>l;lnbotna    Bgaln> 

let    lee  and   Cold  i'laut  and 

ot  b.-ra.    rburKliig 

tlon  terrltoor  In  (be  matter  of  II 
Ice.      May    5,    1007.    demurrer    filed    by   de. 
femlant    Ororea    and    overruled.       May    20, 
bj    rimiiilb-r    I,-,,    in,, I 
Cold    St,"  I 

■ 

ef   of      Kept,    21.   II in.li.  '  ,,,.ni    returned 

*Cnlual  Alfred  M.  Uloyd  and  atbera  In  lb* 
M-uii-t    Court    - 

li'ima.    charging   i   comblnntlon    to  malulalu 

price*  uu,l   reatrlet   oouipctltlon  In  the  aale 

,,,l  •■  ..I. 

7*.     t.'rillrd    «fof^»    c.    /•ropft'e    /or   ««4 

*"*r<f    Coii(io«r.  a   corporation,   and    If.    B. 

urnad 
Ib  the  iNatrlct  Court  for  tbe  Territory  uf 
Arliona,  charging  n  cotnbluitloD  to  control 
and  reatrlct  competition  In  tbe  aale 
of  Ice.  Jan.  \  1007,  trial  commenced.  Vrr- 
not  guilty  a»  to  l'eople'a  Ice  IM 
in,  I  Co.  and  company  held  to  next  grand 
Jury.     Trial  ■  '   W 

Oct     1C.     1VKI7.    plea    III    bur    Died. 
Oct.  IT,  1007,  plea  In  bar  auatalned. 

21.  i.nnin.f     lumhrr 

Coaipoau-  tt  al.      <i.  ' 

r.-tumej  in  ibe  DUtrlet  Court  f  .t  the 
Territory  -.f  Arlaoaa,  eburglng  a  combina- 
tion   to    control    prl. id 

ii  Ian  In  tb*  aale  of  lumber.  Jon.  2,  100T, 
trl.il  Verdict    of    not    guilty 

aa  to  Demund  Lumber  Co.  Jan.  1,  1907. 
raaea  against  Chamberlnlti   Lumber  Co.  ami 

Valley     Lumber    t'...      oftBtll 1    0»«    » -  » ■  ■  ■ 

May     «.     I'.niT,     DOllOO    mad*    to    court    to 
-   acquittal       Mi, Hun     , 

nt.     Mar  0.  1007.  mo- 
tion auatalned  and   verdict  of  acquittal   re- 
Dad, 
S3,      t'arieif  Staf"  v.    PhaniT   Wholciala 
Vcat  aad  iVodooe  Coaipaay,  a  corporation. 

Itn-l't.  and  S.  J.  Tribottt.      <>i 
IPO0     Indlrlmenl    re-turned    In    tbe   Dlatrlct 
[■errltory  of  Arlaona,  charg- 
ing »  combination  to  control  prlcea  and  re- 
atrlct   competition    In    tbe    aale    of    iiieata. 

Jan.   7.    190  " "'  '-11       v"":  ' 

not  gnllty  a*  to  I'Ihi-iiIx  Wbnleatile  Meat  * 
Produce    Co.      Jan. 

iralt^t  Hurley  .lw  uilaaed.  *  'T.llct  of  gollly 
>•  to  defendant  ».  J.  Trlbolct.  Jan.  12 
1!HI7.  Trlbolet  arnteneed  to  pay  flue  of 
tl.OOO.  Jan.  0.  ^007.  caas  agalnat  Pbotnli 
Wbob  ■   *'o.    dlBrolaaed. 

Appeal  to  tbe  Supreme  Court  of  tbe  Terri- 
tory of  Arlxoua.  Supreme  Court  afflrtued 
declaloo  of  lower  court,      line  paid. 

23.  fjalfrd  Sfafc*  r.  Standard  Oil  Com- 
mw  *f  ,V.  J  ef  al.  Nov.  Id.  1900.  Mil  la 
e-jultr  Bled  In  United  Statca  Circuit   Court 

tern  DlKirlrt  .,f  Mlaaourl 
tbe  Bundnrd  Oil  Co.   nnd  other*.  In  which 
It    I*  alleged    tbat    they   are   maintaining   a 


Anti-Trust 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


combination  Id  restraint  of  trade  In  th? 
manufacture  and  sale  of  petroleum,  COBB 
argued  lu  Clrrult  Court  April  1900]  de- 
clslon   by  uminlmoua  court   in    fuvui   uf  Iho 

QoTtramcnt    Nor.   M,    1009.     appealed    to 

Supreme  Court;  argued  M.«reti.  llllU,  te. 
argued  January.  I  It  1 1 .  Ud  Judgment  of- 
Crmed  May   15,   lull. 

24.      r  mi.  .   T.   B.    II ooo  et  at. 

lice      X.     ".IllMI.     Imtlclmoul     returned     In     II.  ,■ 

District  Court  for  tin-  r.-rni.irjr  of  Okla- 
homa, charging  a  combluntlon  BDd  con- 
Slrscy  In  restraint  of  trail*  and  commerce 
the  talc  of  lumber.  Han  b 
pica  of  not  guilty.  Change  of  judge  grunt- 
ed ou  application  of  defendnuia.  Dlav 
mlsscd. 

-:.  United  Matt*  r.  Atlantic  tnrentment 
Company  it  "I  II'.  II.  1007.  Indictment 
returned  lu  the  United  BUM  Hytrin  Court 
fur  the  Southern  District  of  '.'•■'  rgla  nglilllHt 
the  Atlnutlc  investment  Co.  and  others 
charging  a  combination  lu  restraint  at 
trad*  mill  commerce  In  the  lllllllrr  .if  Hi... 
ninniifiii-iiiri-  iiml  nl<  of  turpentine  r-'cb, 
18.  1B07.  four  corporation!  aud  two  Indi- 
vid uala,  defendants  to  thin  Inilli  i 
entered  plea*  of  guilty.  Bad    tba   COM    lire 

Sewed  a  flue  of  i.'i.OOu  upon  each  of  the  six 
t-t,  ndauls,  making  a  total  of  |30,0 
28.  United  Blalet  w.  Ameriran  Srating 
Company  <-f  ul.  March  1J.  I»0T,  Indlef- 
DBCDl  reliiriird  to  the  District  COUrl  •■<  'lie 
Northern  District  of  Illinois  charging  a 
violation  of  tlie  sii. -i  iniin  Anli-Traat  l.aw 
by  ^imaging  In  a  cninlilti.itl,,ii  in  i 
trade  In  the  manufacture  nnd  anlc  of  school 
and  church  furniture.  April  1.  1007.  da- 
feiidaut  COrporatiODJ  elitercd  plena  of  guilty, 
with  one  exception.  May  20.  1907.  tinea 
Imposed  aggregating  1-13.000.  Defendant 
K.  II.  Stafford  Manufacturing;  Co.  Bli 
murrer  April  8.  1007.  M.iy  31.  1907,  de- 
murrer overruled  and  plea  .if  guilty  mi- 

teted.     ntMuiHKed  Jan.  47, 

27.  United   Staff    V,    American    Stating 

(-••inpuni/  •!  ill.  March  12.  IIKI7.  lull  In 
cjulty  11  led  In  the  United  Stnt.s  Circuit 
Court  for  the  Northern  Dlatrlel  of  mi- 
nola  nguiii"!  me  American  Beating  Co  and 
Hi  which  It  Is  alleged  tbnt  they  are 
maintaining  a  combination  In  restrain!  of 
trad'  lu  the  manufacture  and  sale  of 
mi. i  Chorea  furniture.  Aug.  15.  1007.  de- 
cree entered  granted  perpetual  lnluuctlon 
against  all   defendants,  except   P..   II. 

r  Manufacturing  Co.,  B,  II  Staflora  D, 
Stafford,  nnd  E.  U.  Bentlcy.  Ai  to 
three  defendant*  tils  case  was  dismissed 
Jan.  27.   It  18. 

28.  f.'ntteil  Mate*  v.  Santa  lllla  Ulnlng 
Company  and  Santa  Kilo  Store  Company. 
April  4.  1007.  Indictment  returned  In  the 
district  of  New  Mexl.,.  charging  -  viola- 
tion   of    section     3    of     the    Sherman      \nll- 

Trust  Law  for  engaging  In  a  combination 
In    restraint  of  trade.      Iieuiurrer  tiled   and 

li  il       I'n r  S  I  .iXlii  Imposed  mi  ein-b 

defendunl :  total,  ts.'mv.  Appeal  taken  to 
the  Supremo  Court  of  the  Territory  of 
New  Mexico,  where  Judgment  of  the  lower 
court  wne  reversed,  aud  the  case  was  sub- 
sequently dlsmli. ..  I 

29.  t'nifcrf  Stain   r.  The  Beading  Com- 

(lanu  et  al.  r-iltlun  filed  June  12,  l'.KiT. 
n  the  Circuit  Court  for  tin-  llnntern  1M«- 
trlct  of  rcnnaylvnnln,  to  dissolve  a  com- 
bination ntnotiv.-  the  BOthraclts  eoal-carrrlnaj 

roads    nnd    other..       n ml.er    8.    linn,    n 

decision  was  handed  down  by  the  Circuit 
Court  adjudging  that  defendant*  wsrsj 
Joined  In  n  combination  In  restraint  of  trade 
through  the  Instrumentality  of  the  Temple 
Iron  Co.,  but  dismissing  the  charge  of  the 

K till. Ill  S*    to   the   So-called  lir,   per   reill.    COO- 
lets    whereby    It     was    alleged    the    lm|.-. 
pendent  output  was  controlled,  and  also  the 


chnrje*  as  to  certain  so-called   minor  eoeo- 

ions.       Cross    appeals    wire    tal- 
the  Supremo  Court,  where  I  .f  the 

lower  court.   In   so  far  as  It   adjudged    the 
'xlants  parties   to  a  co  in    r. 

attaint  of  trail.  be  In-irumetitallt 

of  lb*  Temple  Irou  Co.,  was  amnio. i 
was    reversed    us    to   the   so-called   «i 

contracts  with  In-: cane 

and     wiik    further    modified    by    dh 
tulwlug  the  petition  la  other  respect*  with- 
out prejiil 

30.  tofcj    i'.    Adflonnf   Vmb 

rrame   Company  «f   al,      July    1,    1907,    In- 
dictment r*l  mini  In  the  District  Conn   foi 
ihe  HflBtern  District  of  P 
log  a  conspiracy  to  restrain  Interstate  trade 
and     commerce    In     the    manufoctu:, 

iiirelln    material    In    violation    of 
the  8h*nnnn  A-..  Law    nnd 

6440,    K.    &      Pleas    of   guilty   enier-d    j.ii.1 
"gtfrcgatlns  13.000   Imposed  aud   col- 
lected. 

Untied   Statu   v.   American    Tobacco 
Company   ct    ul       I'.m    in    eqult]    Hied    July 
10.    i'.m..   by   the  United  Slates  again 
American  Tobacco  Co.  ami  which 

It    was  alb  Bed  tt  m  iiutnlnlng 

a   eouibiiuiiii.u    in    reatrainl    of   trade   and 

Commerce    In    the    nun  ml    Mlc    Of 

tobacco,  1906,    decision    rendered 

in  fnrof  en  thi  ■; rnment  tzcapt  u  to 

Individual    defendants    aud    certain    i 
snd      Other      corporation*  t'rm«      n, 

takeii  to  the  Supreme  Ct.urt.  where 
'.van  argued  M.ii'l.  linn  ami  rear* 
gned  Jnnuary.  1011.  Mar  2U.  lull,  a  de- 
cision was  rendered  lustalnlng  the  Govern- 
ment OS  every  point,  nnd  the  ease  w:m  re- 
in m,l-d  (o  tho  Circuit  Courl  nnd  the  tin- 
lanful  i,, ml. lu. ill, ,u  was  dl'.'olved  In  ac- 
cordaiicc  with  the  decision  of  tb 
Court 

M.  United  Stalrt  a,  /;.  //.  Stafford 
Manufarturlnti    Vompanv    ct    el.       July    10, 

i Indictment    returned    In   the    in 

Court     for     I  ho    Si.rlli  if    Illl< 

nola    chargltiK    u  .erinan 

Aini-rrii-t  Law  by  ennKlng  In  a  coinbl- 
tuition  lu  testtalnt  of  trade  lu  the  mono. 
fncture  and  sale  of  kcIkkiI  and  church 
fnmltore.      I'lmHsed  Jan.  2T,  1013. 

33.  Unil.,1  etatn  v.  B.  I.  du  Pont  d* 
Kemow   ,(    CO.   rt   uf.      July   .10,    l'.Mi, 

In  equity  Died  In   the 

District  of  Delaware  against  i:.  I.  du  Pont 
de  Nemours  A  Co,  and  others.  In  which  it 
Is  alleged  that  they  ate  maintaining  a  com- 
bination In  restraint  of  tl  ■  •  t •  in  the  manu- 
facture and  sole  of  gunpowder  and 
high   explosives.      Jno  ill,   •    deci- 

sion   was    rendered    holding    ciuhlnatlon   II- 
legul   and   urderlna   iti   dusolntlon.     Flnsl 
•  dlsmlclng  the   combination   was  ap- 
proved by  tie     c  mrl    June    i:;, 

34.  rutted  Slate*  o.  One  Hundred  and 
Seccntufivi  Cigarette:  Oct  2ft 
1007,  liifonnntlna  filed  In  the  District  Court 
for  the  Eastern  Dlstri.-i  of  Virginia  cov. 
crlng  -.-n  of  cigarettes 
under  Section  (I  of  the  Sherman  Antl  , 
Act.      Cigarettes   subsequently    roleasci 

der  bond.  Decree  of  dismissal  entered 
Jan   tl.  lOU. 

SB.  t7ntt*d  statrr  i-  It  l).  Corbel!  Sta- 
tion., ■/  Company  -t  ul.  Nov  l,  (901  in- 
dlctxni  i  in  the  District  Court  for 

tna  Dlstrlci  of  a rt jr. .tm  charging  a  combi- 
nation lu  reitralut  of  trade.  Nov.  I,  1907, 
demurrer  filed.  Not.  14,  I00T.  dniurreni 
austnlued    a  ml    ilerendnnts   referred   to   in-it 

<rnnd  Jury.    •>«.  28.  1008,  reindicted.  Nov. 
.   1009.    vei  iillty. 

■  '■'>  Culled  Btatee  v.  Union  Pacific  Coal 
Company  <■'  ;:ui7.   Indictment 

.1  lu  the  District  Court   for  the  Dls- 


retiiru. 

trlct    of   Utah,    charging 


a   conspiracy    to 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Anti-Trust 


violate   *nd  •    elolatloo   of   tbe   Sb*niina 

Act.  Jan.  6.  1906.  deinnrrer  uJed.  Hatch 
X  1908,  demurrer  aunalaed  •«  to  Brat 
coiiti     aod    oicrruled.    »•    lo    accond    count. 

It.    1908.    verdict    gulilT         March   20. 
190».    One-  tie*    413.O0O    Imposed. 

Korean 

Circuit  Court  of  AppeaW,  aid  tbe  ault  mi 
aPanittatd  M»r. 

1  a».    U  Simmon' 
el  at.      J  a 
Id  ib*  l>litrtct  Cosrt  for  the  Southern  l>la- 

it    Alabama    charging    a    oiuitilcntlon 
lo  r»-  :rade  aa>d  co«nn-.<  r  ■    la   In* 

batter    of    It*    maaafactarc    anil    anle    of 

ngxregntlrii  J.1' 

r«a<l  Company  .  •      .  n   bill 

la  equity   i 

Ike  rolte-l  i       li 

•1  conspiracy  la 

'ii   the  part 

of  Ike  woilltd  Hnrrliima  line*.     June  23, 

1911.   <|>eUU'.«    I       •  to    (be  ef- 

'.at  the  road*  Involved  were  not  earn- 

d  tbe  •■oiui.iiiniiiin  was 

Dot    a    i  (Motion,  if   law.    Hook,    J,,   dlsaeat- 

lac.       Ao    appeal    au    taken     to    Supreme 

which   tiusiil.il   down  •  dectit.m    rf> 

teratng    Hi' 

Bantered    at   St.  Paul, 
tua..  on  June  30.  1013. 

39  CnUi  J.    Ray    ft    til. 
14,    I'.-.'S,                           rcturni'il   In   Hie 

Ore*  i  >        i     item   Diatrl 

Lmbbu     agalnai     scventy-nro     Isbafm, 
efcargiox  a  eooblnatloo  ao.1  caoaplr 
restraint    of   foreign    trade   asd    coimorrrc, 
la  rteutloa  of  the  ghtrui-iu  Aet.     See  son- 
coder   following  esse. 

40  J.  Hot  't  <I 
Feb.  l  the 
CIreuli    Court    fi 

Lo-.l»Una     ag»i-  borers, 

"ig  a  combination  nnd   conspiracy    Id 
realm  »t»tc  trad*  ii'i 

la  notation  of  tbe  ghvrrm.in  Act. 

• 

dai-  <  to 

tbrre  defendants  and  fine*  amount  iDg  to 

udg. 

meot  of  the  :  wm  arjltn 

It      faired   Bi  .1    ■ 
tt  «l.      I 
la  th- 
balers   D1 

caaMnstlon  la  restraint  of  trad 
aern  la    the   naittcr   of   th-    manuf 
•ad  tale  of  plumbers*  sapplars.     Jane  SO, 
1910.  dlaxolsacd. 

42      I  mi'.i    Btatn     r.    American    .Vd     I 
April    11.    IPIIS.   In- 
dictment returned  lo  tbe  I  nlii-d  Kmii'i  Clr- 

tjr  Ik  I 
Georgia,  charging  a  coi  rglut 

te-  and  wmwrrt  In  the  mutter  of  the 
re  asd  aale  of  i 

Its  lodivld- 
aal  defendant  •      Fine*  aggregating  «1T 
feMoard   and    two    nVfendanta   »- 

i»ooih«  la 
Oaart    of    Appe.ila  and  Judgment   aalranrd. 
rarl      rrjutad      by      Surrciu*     Court. 

1913.  on  (roejod  of  error  In  J  ml 

t»   lorr.       A    ti  -uiity   waa 

Banded  down  Id  Jane.   1914. 

43.     Vnttei    gtitra    c.     Sen-    lor*.    Jveio 
Mm*U,    cut     ItartforJ     Relltaad     Company 
IMS,  o  bill   la  ■  •:  ilty  *i» 
lo    lb*    Circuit    Court    of  tin'    inlted 
'    Maaeachototta, 
jib;    the    New    llirm    Cc     with    coro- 
•M  attempting  to  combine  and  ot- 
to   eocobta*'    tiaeVr  one   cofamoo 
he    varloii*    railroad    noil    tleetrlc 


rallwar  cratena  In  New  F.n*!.ind  In  Tlola- 
...   .SJr."16  &ncrm«>  Act,     Olamlaasd  Jane 

■14      {  iMied  Kfafra    r.    JoHm  H.   ParltA  .1 
el       Juno   US,    Hhjs.   lodletmriil   rrlut 
Ho-  (  Ir.-ult   c.iirt  of  ttir   1  uiloil   Stall 
lb*  Southern  Dlatrlci  iork.  cbara- 

ln«  a  combluutlon   In  re-trnlut   «f  trade    In 
tbe  mailer  of  the  ninimf.i. 

..     June    ID.    IPOS,   defendaon    plead 

(iiillir  and  aenteneed  to  pajr  nnea  jj;^ 
ax  *  ...  h  w,.Tc  i.iliii 

uiiExr      Tarr'a      Aiiui\i«Ta*Tlon.— 
Elehtj-ulnc  «»..«. 

1 1  :•.-.».   \V     Ml.-kertbam.  Altorn 
Mtirch   I.   10OD.    lo   Id  urh    I     101 

1.     failed  «fur/»  iv  Am.  R, 


SM*o    (.'unipUNu     ■  '     g|  I, ,li        ,.  nl      mi. I.  I 

mas  law  Julr  1.   1009.     .v   pii, i   of  ii,.' 
•  of  limitation*  u»«  luterponed  b]  the 


Jefcndnnl   Kl>»»il.  which   waa  taken  la   the 

''ourl.    where    It    nun    .1.    |i|.  ,|    In 

of  the  Oorernmeal      Man 

trial    of  the   cat*   resulted    In    dlaner. 
of  I 

2.      t'nifVd   eiaUt   r.    4f6io    /lor   6    fautF 
Company  n   nl.      IV. 
returned  lo  Southern  IHatrl.  t  of 
rttarxlii*  combination   lu  toirnlnl  .A 
In  paper  board.      K.'h.    7.    i;i|i>.    nil     I 
aiita    plead     Ktillljr     uml     (Ii 
157.000   were  aiaeaicd  anil 

Vnllta   State*    v.    Jonn    .X.    Ktecra   ef 

oi.      iniii.  tm.  nt   rami 

trie!  of  K.iilii.fci-  fab.  17.  1010.  .huriilnjc 
eenaplracr  to  rcatraln  trade.  Thla  l>  the 
ao-cnlled  "Nlibt  Rider"  i-a»c-  where  tbe  re. 
atrnltit  eunalaird  In  preventing  tbe  ahlp- 
meot  of  tobacco  In  lnter»t»ii 
by  men  in  of  lloleu.-e  and  Inilinldatlon. 
A  ftci  .r  demurrera  aui! 

:  ..'ii-  In  abatement  u  nini  win  had. 
and  on  April  in.  loiti.  a  rerdtct  «f  guiitr 
waa  i  to  eight  of  twelve  defend- 

ant! nnd  Onea  aggregating  |3,A0O  Imposed. 
Appealed   to  Circuit    Court    of   Apprala     ar- 

t I     >....-,. 1 1 . .  r .     mil.    and    the    judgment 

.!  Mny  11.   1012.     TI' 
were  remmuted  by  the  Prvaldeiit  to  payment 
Ot  coata  of  milt. 

4.      ratted    Wrote.     ,..     Xmpertol     W*adO« 

«.4»»  Cvinpeinar  rt  at.     Indictment  foil 

weal.  i-.-nnls  April  7.   1010.  elmrg- 

tlcn  and  eunaiilraer  to  enhaoce 

if   window  glaaa.      [(cmurrera  to 

tta*  lodl.-liiieiit  were  oTerruled.   and  on  Not. 

'"    I |.l'' '     "t  ii.. I it<  Ddara  war*  ■  B- 

lered  ond  One*  ■nr-gnting  |i<i.ihm>  aad 
co«;a   were  imimaed  and  colVeri. 

8.     failed     Sfafea     r.     .Vafioanl     Pecking 

Company    el    ml         Indictment    returned    la 

in  in-irl'tof  Illlnola.  Mar.  h  .■,  1910, 

Charging  combination   to   rextmln  trade   In 

lueata.      Ih-mnrrer  to   Indictment  ana- 

Illlln-d    June    -Jli, 

0.  failed  Slatra  r.  national  Packing 
Company  rl  al.  Northern  llllnoln.  Rill  la 
-  charging  combination  In  reatrului  of 
trnde  In  frvab  menta  nnd  praying  for  dis- 
solution in.,)  March  SI,  'in").  Llamlaeed. 
iiltutc  tbe  proaecullou  of 
later  criminal  cnae. 

7  (  mi'.'  A'tutea  f  Armour  Pactlna 
Comr.'/iil/  ef  ot.  Indlctmciil  rfluined  at 
Savannah.  (Jr..  In  April,  1010,  charging 
control  prlcea  nnd  reatrlct 
comprtliii'i,  Demurrer  ainUlned  m  to  »«»- 
ond  count  on  May  21,  1»14.  .Voile  pro«r«a{ 
■■nt-red  March  9.  1915. 

8.  r.'nlfed  fitatta  v.  UUaamH  Pertfie 
Railroad  C'ompaay  and  Itremyfoair  olher 
retlroooa.  Fetltlon  to  rcitraln  vtelatlon  of 
Bbarmon  law  flle'l  May  SI,    101  I 

reatralnl-  m  that  day 

cd  Joining  adeancea  Id  freight  rntee  In  west- 
ern trunk-line  territory,  which  would  ho»a 
tieeome  elfeetlre  June   t.   1910.     Thereupon 


- 


Anti-Trust  Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


llronds.    after  coosultattnn    rrllti    the 
hi,      withdrew      tln-lr     ptupooed     ad- 
in  frclgUl  ud  «"«-r  thi<  pus- 
•uk'  of  Ilia  acl  of  June  IN    ".  I'l".   tug  Bl*t- 
i    tu    the    Interstate    Com- 
in.f .(•    Com Ion       Then    ifloi    the    Inter- 

Qmlanoa   enjolnsd   tfai 

rate     advance*     wlili-li     lb*     ti-miiotury     re> 

siraloli  i i  i'.i   Hi"  depannnunl. 

on   (lay   81,    1810,  bail 

i iv  lata  tfftct  ui"i  ii"'  ptUtiaa  «n»  dis- 

U.      I  nil  tit  state*  <:    Southern    Wholi 
Orvcert'  Association,     lllll  i  barg- 
ing combination   iu    rcguiuts   pi ■!   ae 

•  -.  — .11 1 in.',   Bled  II   Birmingham,   Alu.. 

Jim.-    It,    1010 
between    the    <•>. 

.  lid     .     I  •  -.1  r.-.l.    .  i ti in 

to.  ami  passed   bj    m irt  Oct.   17.   101 1, 

perpetually  rcsiiiiliiliii:  Un-  association,  IU 
officers  and  m-  mi..- . .-.  fi.n.i  doltur,  any  and 
•II  ol    Im   ■<  ■  ■  ■  ■  ■  1 1 1 1 ■  i -- ■  i r i . ■ . i  ,,r      B "f  the 

ti n    -.  i  ■  - :  .-i  t  -  ■  i    in.-    agreement    with    the 
.mil     contempt     in  were 

In  mi  a  petition  r..r  mi.  ■«  show  canst* 
why   an  attachment    for  criminal    conteiuiit 

<>f  conn  f'.i  alleged  violation.  ..r  •  i ■-■  ■  ■  -< ■  u< 

Oct.  IT,  1911,  -li.iulil  not  l"«lle  wim 
Died  In  the  District  Court  at  lllruilneliam, 
Ala..   Poll.    10,    1U13.     The   association   and 

lliri'i-    of     11  U.I.-     f. .Illi-I    t'Mll!.V     of 

contempt  ami  nuva  aggregating  tb.dvo  were 
Imposed. 

Id  (.'Rlfrd  State*  r.  Qrtot  Lake*  Tow- 
ing Company  et  at.  Petition  Died  In  N..»ili 
era  I>i..irii'i  <if  oiii..  ,ni  Juna  i:>.  khii. 
sgjlust  an  aliened  comtilnallou  uf  towing 
facilities  on  the  Great  Lakes,  A  decision 
In  favor  i.f  Hi.-  Hiivrrnuivut  waa  banded 
down  I  ■  b  ii.  11*13.  Th*  plan  of  dlH.iilu- 
tlon    la    now    under    i  on    by    the 

Marl      A   il.  i  r a.  ei  nlnu   tbe  .i.    olutlon 

win  ••atered  on  I",  i.  I  101  but  ID*  gov- 
ernment believed  il. hi  the  decrci  would  not 
afford  adequate  relief,  nu.i  ippealcd   to  the. 

ii  i      '.I    12,   1011    the  Milt 

oil,  ill.iul,...il  li.v  tin-  |i.ill|..ii  of  the  gov- 
ernment 

11.     United   State*    v.    rhleago    Bun 
Bat     Board.       BUI     nsklug     for     dissolution 
tiled  at  Chlcngo.  June  13,  1  !•  1 1 ».     i  .1.  amir,  r 
to  tin'  in'tlUun  waa  sustalucd   with  lcn»e  to 

■mend,  ami  in  amended  pttltloa  waa  oied. 

Set  for  bcnrlug  an  DMItir  I  reporl  OH  Jnn. 
s.  mil.  rii,.  ,!,-.■  u.i-  - 1  -  ■  - 1  <  i  -  <  1  fnmral.lv 
tn  the  government  and  a  decree  to  that 
■it.  .  i  wa  ■     Hi.  red  do  i  let  12.  ion. 

B  DlrMfla  ..I. .•■•■-,  V.  frank  Itaynr, 
JameM  J.  rnffen  et  at.  Indictments  ft- 
!  Now  York  City,  against  aliened 
Cotton  pOOl  eonaplralom,  Aim.  4.  1010.  De- 
is were  sustained  as  to  eerinln  i-imnis 
of  Indictment  and  nverrulcd  aa  to  others, 
and  Hi.-  (iiivi-rn i  appealed  to  the  Su- 
preme Court,  where  ense  was  argued  No- 
vember   1011,  and  reargued  at  the  October 

term,    1912.      Decision    by   Supr.- Court 

Jan.  tt,  1013.  sustaining  Indictment*.  Pui- 
trn  entered  plea  of  guilty  Pen.  11.  1913.  and 
was  mUd  J-t.Oflrt.  Indictment  dl-un-  .  .1 
a»  to  other  defendants,  nnd  anotli. 
dlctment  was  returned  July  1.  1013.  See 
ease  6.  under  tbe  first  administration  of 
President  Wilson. 

13.  f'nltrd  Ktate*  0.  Standard  Sanitary 
Mfanufaeturimi  Company  't  nt  Petition 
filed  at  llnltlmore  July  22,  1010,  charging  a 
combination,  under  cover  of  a  patent  Reeoe. 

lac    arrangei I.    in    restrain   competition 

and  enhance  prices  of  enamel  ware.  Pour 
volumes  of  testimony  w^re  taken  and  case 
set  for  argument  at  Itlcbmond  on  June  IS, 
111,  nnd  I",  lllll.  In  a  decision  romler-d 
Oct.  13.  1011.  the  court  sustained  »ll  the 
Government's  contenilnns,  nnd  a  decree  wna 
entered   Nor.   25.  1011,  from  which  an  ap- 


peal waa  taken  to  tbe  Supreme  Court.     l> •• 
nil. .ii  of  lower  court  ni!n mill  Nov.  H.   1013. 

Judgment  pi  lied  dl  isolu 

is.  r  in'tcd  Mute*  e.  Loult  r.  Built  et 
ol.      Indlciment  mtiiri  v   the  gran.. 

at    Chlcag-  .  i".    against 

ten    prominent    Individuals'  engaged    In    tbe 
meat-packing    luduatry.      Defcnaanu    have 
tiled  numerous  pleas  lo 
all  of  which  n.  i   In  favor  i 

i. in. -in.      in  r,  nil  .i    i  .    i  i: 

Jadfi  Kohisant  for  »m  ..f  certiorari 

..i i. ml. hi    that    anti-trust    law 

was    unconstitutional         Petition 
Ihifendanta  appealed  to  Supreme  Court  and 

in. .ii. hi    Die.    i 
stay   of    trial    pend 

l:   i  ■  i  ilal  lastluit  over  three  months 
Hi,.    |u  .  .-i.ll.-l    of   ai-.jnl 

10.     (  ii.ii.I    ftiafca    p.    John    Nearinn    J 
gany    and    Contolidaltd    !:■ 
tng  I-      Indicted  Jointly  by   PederaJ   grand 
Jury  nt   Boston  in  October,   101U      >■ 

n  r  to  iii'll.iiiii-iii   raotalned  Ji :::'..   mil. 

10,   in.  and    17  A.      Sec  nt  the  end  od  70 
10.      '  n  ten)     .-  r  I.  •     .  .     ; 'Inand     null 

1.  r     III.-      n:u 
mill/,  nnd  ti' 
W.  Henri,  of  ltoston,  doing  IiiiHlneas  lis  the 

■  oi un/. 

ly    Indicted    at    Boston   In    October, 
for  violation  of  the  Sherman  law.     ]• 
rer  to  Indlciment  luatarDOd  June  23,   1011. 
10  A.     See  at  tbe  end  of  TO, 
17.      r'Hlted  Utatet   v.    Horatio   W.    Hrolfi 
and  Cvrut  X.  //oinjood,    Indictment  ralni  0.  d 
In   October,   at   ltoston.   charging   violation 
of  the  Sherman  law. 
incut    KiisiabMd  Join-   .-:;.    i:u  i 

17  A.      S.e  at    tlo-  .  ml   oi    ,  . 

-In   Hi.-   :  ladjlci m.  a  : 

wUlrii    wen    found    almi  tbe 

Oovernmeut  charges  that  i 
ants  hiive  attempted  lo  dlvldl  i-rrltory 
i.,i«ccn  thcmn-ivcs  tbroughotit  New 
Knglund.  so  as  to  avoid  rompi-ilHon  slid 
drlie  out  compel Itora  111  the  hide  and 
rendering  business.) 

18  United  Mijfri  ..  ^fiinilnrd  .Suiurnrj, 
ilanula' tuilnu  '"onipumi  ct  at.  In  addlilnn 
to  the  above  suit  In  equity  (No.  13.  auprat, 
Indictments  were  returned  by  grand  Jury  at 
Detroit  on  Dee.  6,  1010,  against  the  an 
corporations   and   Individuals   charging   the 

acta.  Various  demurrers  ami  dll 
plena  have  been  tiled,  argued,  nml  overnilea 
After  I  irlal  listing  six  weeks  tbe  Jury 
reported  a  disagreement  on  March  14.  1012. 
Retrial  In  February  1013,  resulted  lo  a 
rerdlcl  uf  guilty  and  tinea  aggregating 
$51,000   were   Imposed. 

10.      1'nit-il    ../if.,     v.     Amr-iran    Xuoar 
Refining  Company  et  dl.      A   suit   In 
waa  filed  at  New  York  on  NOT.   -s.   ftjO, 
against    this    corporation.    In    OlScera    and 
agents,   and  Its  uwned   and  controlled 
poratloiiH,  aiin.-klng  It  aa  a  comi>ln.iii-<n  in 
restraint  of  trade  and  praying  for  Its  dls- 
aalutlon.      The.   •■"•■•■    was  ready   for  trial  In 
■  oi       1915,    mil     tbe    presiding    Judee    sug- 
gested postponement   to  await    the   decision 
•it    the    napremt    Court    In    the    Mar- 
aud   Steel   caeca.     The  case  was  still   pend- 
ing In  1017. 

^0.  Faired  Statet  v.  General  Electric 
Company  et  ol  Bill  In  equltv  filed  at  Cleve- 
land, Ohio,  on   march  3.   1011.  charging  a 

Iiliiuilon  In   Incandescent  electric  lamps. 

Thla  suit  la  the  outcome  of  an  extensive 
luatlon  Into  the  electrical  Indu'trv. 
I.lke  the  enameled-ware  combination.  It  1s 
founded  on  a  cross-licensing  arrangement 
under   pntento.      A  formal   decree  ba> 

iu:r I    up. .11   Netween  counsel  for  the  Oov« 

lent  o ml  tbe  defendant  companies,  nnd 
wna  submitted  to  and  passed  by  the  Cir- 
cuit Court  Oct.   12,   1011. 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Anti-Trust 


fulled   Hlal't   ».   rarrfarton  «l   «L 
IniUctmetil    returned  Id  tbe    Nurtbern    Dls- 
.:  i  Sept.    I*.    I«l"i. 

.      ...llloa     10     restrain     trad*    In     pat-lag 
and  paving  Mock*.      Deraorrcr  over- 
6,   1911.     Nolle  prcaeqol  « 
jao*   5.    101*. 

('aired     Stalf    v.     Hamburg  Ameri 
lamutkr.     PacMlaMri 
*-4     fll\"t.         i  Irons  Atlantic      steamship 

Ci  'ooiMnailon  of  alcamahtp  line 
lle.fi  at«rage  tr»«Bc  on  the  Atlantic  Ocean. 
1    i.=    4.   1011.  at   New   York  Lily. 
complete  and  caa*  eat  (or  argu- 
IT.   1*14.     0a  Oet    I-'.    IBM,  a 
anfavnrahle  to  the  ■  win 

_    dan.    and    an   appeal    to    tti.- 

<:  ■»«  takea.     On  Jan.  10,  lOlC, 
;  .  rsed  tbc  decision  ot 

IB*    lower    court        However,     lb 
fowrt  refused  to  decide  the  oiir.li«n. 

n    la*  ground  that  111*  European   War 
had  rendered  then  Boat. 

i  «.t<4  tiitlr,  v.  inillam  C.  Otrr, 
prfUrnl  J  lata  llos  and  Paper  Company, 
D1  returned  April  28,  1011. 
IB  lb*  Soutbrra  District  of  New  Vort,  nl- 
Uwjaai  a  combination  and  con«|ilr»i-y  In  ro- 
of Interstate  commerce  In  piper 
board.       Dt  .-rented    May   0.    1018. 

I'll.".,    tf-    defendants    wit! 
their  plea*  of  aot  guilty  and  offered  plea* 
i,.    r-oalewolere,    walcb    th*   court    ae- 
l  and  lined  them  $16,000 
.1       r-iUtS  Matt i  t>.  /.'or fern  Blatrt  Re 
1 
I  ■(  New   ^  .    10.    1011. 

charging  ta#  Eastern  Slate*  Lumber  Deal- 
ers' Association.  Ila  offlrera  and  member*. 
»i'b  a  coasplra..  In  restraint  of  trade 
fbroogb  the  lnalrnroealallty  of  black  lists 
aa4  trade  Batreements  Derision  by  lower 
ewart  In  far.  r  of  UoTcroinent  Jnn.  «,  1013. 
ac4  desert*  entered  March  1.  from  which 
appeal  waa  taken  to  Supreme  Court.  Ar- 
rant at  October  term.  Decided  June  22. 
IBM.   soatalMng   tbc  decree  of   th*   district 

™5l  Trrfted  fffafaa  c.  /«<wo  n'nlflnp.  John 
K    muring,   f'n«rlr«    H.    H.  .it*  J. 

II***,  oad  IFI/Kom  I.  GrcuUlVlri  Indict- 
ned  by  the  grand  Jary  at  Bo*> 
In*.  Him.,  no  May  2B,  1011.  charging  a 
aaMblnatloa  to  restrain  trail-  In  milk 
laraawhoot  Use  New  England  Blatea  Pend 
.  r  was  sustained  con- 
crslaur  conspiracy  and  monopoly  In  r«- 
•rralat  of  irnd*.  but  overruled  con. 
ramMaatlnns  la  restralat  ol 

1  a  plea  .if  nol 
■«    May    4.    101 1.      Certain    of 
aata  eulrred  pica*  of   nolv  eontrmlt*'.  and 
Ike    ease    la    being    peoseeuttd    against    tin' 
aUsrra. 

railed  Store*  r.  Itaar  Whiting.  John 
t  irwiin.;,  rnarlea  II.  Hood.  Bdteard  J. 
Hot*,  aad  William  .1.  lir«»l.ilrm,  and  Wit- 
ham  A.  Hunter,  8ecrrt.,,v  of  ProtUOtrt" 
Way  2A.  1011,  Indictment  return.il  by 
tie  grsad  Jatry  at  Boston,  Mass.,  charging 
.'piracy  to  restrain  Iradi-  In  Hit 
tkraofVmt  the  New  Knglnod  Slate*.  I'end- 
But.  IBM.  A  oVmarrcr  waa  niataln.  < 
rrralac  conspiracy  accl  niunoiniir  In  i. 
ttrakat  of  trade,  bat  OTerruled  concornlnn 
rvaiMnallona  In  rotralBt  of  trade,  to  which 
rt>at\-  i    not   miFlty 

lefrocf- 
-  ntcred  Pleaa  of  nn\/j  ovn/cn.fccc,  and 
•e    U    Vina-    proareulad    ngalc.i     tba 
Mm. 

rmite*  Mat"  r.  7,ue>r>cr  Crrr/lnrf/j' 
Barest    of   f«/u-  I    al.      Indictment 

Htaraed    Jane    2X     1011.    In    the    Northern 
Dlatrlrt    of   llllno^p.   chnnrl  >••  t»c- 

r«    n«- 

•Mlatloaa,     coverlag     twuty-tlirce    States 


rrom    ivnti»yl«»iil»    to    th*    radoc    cooat. 

hi  a  conspiracy  by  means  of  a  ecntial 

•  lllui    bureau    lo  control    tbo    tu. 

iitac     of     lumber     bj      forcing     the      pro 

through   the   retailer  lo  (be  consumer,   oud 

real  ruining  tbe  trade  of  the  inauufuctnrcr, 

ilcr,   and  consumer,  and  ellmluutliiK 

for  lb*  trade  of  lbs  eonau r 

Ucmurrer  Blvd.  Nolle  proar-jul  entered 
June  6.  1918. 

28  (o  SO.     Paltrd  Motet  v.  PhlUp  I  • 
Smith  rf  at,      Indlctaii  tied  at  N'i« 

York  City.  June  39,  1911,  agalnal  varlons 
Indltlduula  i-barglng  violations  of  Sections 
1    and  '.'  of  the  .  ':   tbc 

runduet  and  operation  of  the  llnilergi.iiin.'. 
ile  Aasoclatloo.  Telephone  Cable 
Aaaoclallon.  flue  Magni't  Wire  Aaa.iilath.il, 
Wire  Hope  Manufacturers,  Ilorsenboe  M  D 
ufacturym'  Aasoclatloo,  Ua.l  encnscl  lint. 
i  and  tbc  llubbor-cav. 
errd    Wire  Association. 

Defeinlutitn  appemeil  mil  pleaded,  and 
toe*  aggregating  ♦li.'B.'OO  bnve  been  Itu- 
■  I  I  il- 

SI.      f;n'fc<f  Blafca  p.  Periodical  JNloMsa 
tug    Vamyanu        ltlll    I"    MQlt)     IM    II 
York  In   June.    1011,  inliprn 

of  the  00  called  Magnilne  Trust.     The  trlnl 
retailed    In   an   equally    divided    court,   and 
t    .f  dismissal  was  entered  May  29. 
1918. 

88.      f.."n«cd    Sliifra   t'.    Jay  B.    Pear.  ■ 
ar         Indictment     relumed     tgnln 
manufacturers    aud    jobbers    nl     i  I 

July    10.     1011,   for  combination    aud 

IS     lb*     uirinilfin-llir.       Mill     ..lie    ...f 

wall  paper.  Deriiurn-r  ov«rnil*d  May  IS. 
1012.  V.nllet  of  not  guilty  Mny  21.  1011 
30.  t'nlled  F/fafaJ  v.  Lake  Short  at 
Wniyun  Southern  It.  R  ,  Ciirsapral"*  if 
Ohio  It  It.  ffooWao  V.lh'rV  R 
,f  Ohio  Ctntrol  Itv .  A'onaic/ia  .1  XI. 
Rv„  Icrn      It      It.     and 

nlhers.       ltlll    In    equity    filed   »i 
Ohio,     Ang    4.    1011,    t"      nr. In     i.-otnbll 
and   con«plrsey   In  restraint   of  trade.      De 

eltlon  "f   lower  '■"""    In   fnvoi    ■<   •  n 

neDl  lh-c.  28,  1012.  I'rn|.ii«eil  plan  of 
.ii     .iiitloa    btlng  considered    b 

N      r       III.     I'M    ..     n     nupplemetl1.ll    i! 

ng    (ho    relief    to    be    granted    was    en- 

i  ir     I  I,    I'll  I,  n  final  decree 

waa    entered,    awarding    In    lb*    Bavin    tin- 

f..r    by    the    government. 

10,  -     ,..i    /      fforf. 

I  „i      i',iiii..i,  ni.-.i  ,n   Detroit  Mleb. 

Aug.  .11.    1011,  alleging  COB  <l   UD- 

lawfnl    restrnlnt    of    trade  on    the   part   of 

ni.  ml  llelllll     l.'imtiii 

l»en|em'    Asaodatlon,  The  8 i    I'nlili.hlng 

...   Lumbermen's  Heci 
r.:m  ..f  Infirm  itlon,     la»u<«  Joined  aaV 
tliimny  eompli 

41.  mired     itrulcs     v.     Standar*    V.  sod 
Cumpanu  .(   nl       Petition    Bled    In   toi 
cult  Court  at  N»w  York  City  In  Meptcmber, 
r.n  i  ht  m   mi"!  ■•  of  iho  ao-i 

illai    •'■' !   'i  n  ■■     praj  log    f;  i    Injune- 

lion  agnlriHl  'In-  further  ro  ■  .-fTeci 

of   trad*    ni.Tc.in.nl-    nnil bluatlon    and 

eonsplrncy    In     monopolise     ti.nl  .       09     M 

of  answer,  decree  was  entered  m 
deftndanla  March    11.    1012. 

42.  I'nfwd  eiraf^e  t'.  Ilunlrr  Ulllllno 
Ompnnu,    BldetteeJI     lflthnu    un.l    f'li 

..mt;.  an.1  Prank  Fattt  Indletmenl  <■■ 
r.,rn...l  by  grnnil  Jury  to  DIM  Met  Court  for 
the  v,..i,.|ii  I>l«trlit  of  Oklahoma. 
t'i  1011  on  one  com.  charging  vt" 
of'Becil.in  l  of  the  Bliennan  Act.  Demurrer 
overmle,l  Pee.  lfi.  1012.  «ml  vcr.ll.  i  *f 
rullty  renderad.  Fines  aggregatlug  $2,000 
were  Imposed. 

4S.     Vrtto*   Mat*  ■    -     .p.     '''      ihm.Io^. 
Onrfioar.   E.   P.    Hove,   F.*     P.    BUM, 


Anti-Trust 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Qee.  W.  Broicn.  and  Jan.  J.  Morrow.  Two 
liiilii'tim-tit*  returned  by  ili«  grand  lory  »t 
Koeton.  Maea.,  BmiI,  19.  1911.  charging 
combination,  conspiracy,  and  monopoly  In 
trade  Id  oboe  machinery.  One  imiii-tmont 
•  tinilucd  and  one  partially  overruled  Ap- 
peal  biken  hi  government,  'I 
wh»  dlnmltsed. 

44.     I'nii.  r.    The   r\itorndo  and 

IVvniiitni/  Lumber  Dealers'  .tfiot-iuftan  and 

the     Lumt.' ilurrau     of 

Inforui-iifit  Bill  M  equlij  Bled  al  Denver, 
Colo.,  Sept.  26.  1811.  for  Injunction  nealiant 
defendant*  for  conspiracy  in  reniniln  trade 
In  lumbu  arid  Hn  product*.  Tcilltuony 
complete,  further  notion  deferred  awalt- 
lag  decision  of  rcameru  Slates  Lumbar 
Den  lent'   case. 

I.  |  a<fad  .•-'(of!  v.  Willard  O.  Ilolllt 
rl  ol  ivtltlon  nied  In  October,  mil,  at 
St.  rnul.  Ulna.,  In  ilu-  1'nlted  States  Or* 
cull  Court,  against  Hi.-  Lumbermen's  sec- 
retaries' Bureau  of  Information, 
hermon  Publishing  (  ompony.  and  certain 
Individual*.,    slbtgtng   .-.iniplrnc**   and   com- 

liliuilli.il     In    III"     him: 

complete.  Further  action  deferred  await- 
ing dvrlalnn  of  i  :.i  i.m  States  Lumbar 
Heiili  i  no.  The  cam-  win  dually  arcocd 
In  Dec..  1914. 

40.      f.'nffr-.l  «lofr»  v    I '.n  ,i  vfnfrj  Sleet 
Co<i>oiutu,n   and   ether*      Petition   for  'In. 

{uiu'timi    nml    ill* <.ulm luii    til.  .1    .it    Treuton, 
I.   J..    Oct.    IT     1911.      ThJl  .iir*., 

issue  nd  leatlmooy  on  behalf  of 

urn  in   ha*    been    laki  n.     The  eni  i 

am i  iiiirini.*  Oci    i .'i  I     mi  Juno  a, 

ii   dad  ilon   ad  i      ■    lo  i  i>e   ■   >>  •■!  m u   <.»  ■  i 

banded    lown     ind  on  Repl     10    I91JI    a  tie- 
•  i  •    entered    dim  el  Un  m. 

An  ap|n  m|   ban   been   taken   tu   tl 
.unii 

47.  United   Statet    v.   Jar   Cotton   tt   al. 
Defendant  Sot,  15,  I01 1,  1ml 

■  ■  Routhcrn   District   ,,r  Mi.-i-  >lppi   r..r 
irliu:   in    '.••train    Inti  rc  late   comi 
dnrlui  ■    strike   on   the   1 1 II  i ■  -  *1  x 

ral  Itnllrond.  The  •trlU<-  hnvInK  been 
i.iiuluiited,  no  furllier  anion  bun  been 
token. 

48.  United     Statet     v.     Xatlonal     Oadk 

Itrqtmrr  Co.   tt   <il       Petition   tiled   I m- 

\.  mil.  in  Ctrcoll  Court.  Bontborn  Dl 

or  Ohlu.  aliening  ennnpltn.  i  .;„.,,• 

manufacture,  sale,  and  ■btpment  of 
cash  register*  nud  other  regteterlog  devlei  <. 
inue  joined  and  taking  of  win 

shortly  I mnienci  d.     i  ■•  prose- 

cution  of   rrlmliiol    ense.      The    verdict 
again.'  ii    ilof.iiiliiiiti        i 

aggregating    *l :ir and     lull      ieni 

in-  mi. inn 

Sent  were  Imi ii  bs    tin   •  oni  I      i  in-  lie- 
iiiIiuin  appealed,  and   ibe  appeal   was  ar» 
i'iiiiI    l-'f.  re    Hi.,    circuit    Con  I   lobc-r, 

ini  i.    Tin.  civil  case  awaits  the  .H- iiii.u 

nf    the    nnr*rnl    In    the    criminal    caac        In 

March,    101 "..   the  court  of  nppenl     i 

the  judgment  nf  tin-  lower  court. 

ernment   made   application   to   thi 

r.uin    fur,  n    wilt  of  certiorari,   which    worn 

ii.  Bled   'in  June   14.    1815. 

In   the  civil   ense.   n   decree  was  entered 
on   F»li.    1,    rue,    finding   thnt    I 
anti    hnil    violated     the    prcrltdnaa    of    the 
antrtruit  net.     The  decree  forbh 
of  any  i.f  t  ii.*  mean*  to  that  md  wtilcJi  it 
enumerate! — the    defendant*    consenting    t .. 
the  entry  of  the  decree.     The  criminal  it... 
..iillnf     -n. 're     driippeil,     after    a     derl   Ion 
unfavor.ible    to    the   government 
handed  down   by   the  Court  ■•(  Appeals. 

49.  Pnllrd    .'•'  If*. 

chincry  Co.    rf  ol       retlilnn    ii nits    Bled 

I 12.  1811.  In  Circuit  Court,  matricl   of 

ii  iniH.'ii.,     alleging    iiMnntluriK    and 

coDxiilriu'lei   lu  re»tralut  of  luterMatv  aod 


foreign  trrule  In  shoe  macblnery.  and  prey- 
int.-  fur  perpetual  redralnlng  order,  dluo- 
nf  luiiinuny,  and  reetoratlon  of  nor- 
mal conilltionk.  Ii-Jtlmony  now  being  taken 
lu  open  court  Tba  trial  tai  mini 
ill  Juue.  1811.  on  the  retiill  of  which  will 
depend  tin-  criminal  actloo  to  be  token.     In 

1813,  n  decision  adverse  to 
government  wan  banded  down,  and  an 
pml  wa«   taken   in   the  Supremo  Court. 

."*   «i   _ 

Two  Indictment*  returned  Dec.  16,  1911 
in  the  Southern  Dlatrlci    .if  icalaa. 

member*  "I  l.oni  i  Atwociaili.ui  r-t 

••iiiiiiiinlng.  con-ipltlug.  and  agreeing  to  In- 
terfere    with    lairratate   opi  I    t r. -• 

i  ng  Company  which  had  de- 

clined to  recognlie  one  of  the  coosnlratora 
known  n>  the  "walking  delegate."  See  note 
lu    fiillnrrlua;   ennr. 

61.      Untttd    8tat«l    c     .4.    ttalne*   tl    ol 
Two  Indictments  returned  I  ul.  In 

Hie  Southern  Dlatricl  ■■(  rrorlda  for  com- 
bining, cootplrlug.  and  agreeing  upon  rnhre. 

■*itb  refer- 
ence i"  the  employment  el  irorkroen  to  load 
ecasela  with  lumber  fur  lut-r»tat.    khlnment. 
Si  rr. — Two    above    en*.:, 
for    trill        i  ii-fendnnla   entered    pleat    M 

Eiillty    and    were  n-ntenced   each    to   four 
oura'  conflnemi 
BS     I  ii""'     ••-"■■'I'-  •  c'ooal 

I'lumblna   Supply  Ataodatlon   rl    ni 
tlon   Oled   Dec.    Ifl.    1911.   Il 

Southern  iiiMirii-t  of  Coifti  rolo,  alleging  un- 
lawful reatralsl  of  trade  and  eomnien  I  n 
plumbing  aupplle*  on  the  IMelfle  conat.     De- 

:  lolnlni fi  ndnnlM  rrom  further  com- 

milting  the  art*  complolncd  of  wai  entered 
Jan.  OT  1912. 

63.     United     fifofci     t».    The     Kefton* 

|    Cmc    COmjiu.i.i/    cf    ei.       I'elllli'li    Oli-d 

20,  1911,  In  the  Circuit  I  ourt.  Ktutcrn 
inaylvanlo,  alloglng  unlawful 

In  Blied   watch  coxa  and 
id  praying  for  a  permanent  de- 
urderlng   the  com- 

pany nml  enjoining  defendants  rrom  further 
unlawful   acta   complained 
of      i  i    taking  of  t.  itlmonj 

fund    iti.     ca  ie    u    now    ready    for 
i  in    ca-.-  waa  argued  lu  Juno 
In   Janu  try,    191  •■     ra      mnded 

doa  ii.  id    parti;     unfa- 

the  -  'Vi  rnmrnt,  and  u  deci 

tin  ■•  I ntered    lo 

pro 

the    di'felidnnlH  lied    to    tl" 
prune   COOrt 

C*.  I  'lifted  fil'il'  ■  Vurol 
Start  al  I'elltlon  nirj  Jan- 
8,  1812,  hi  in.  s.iuihern 
rieoi  llviflng  unl  .  ■  ful  com- 
bination and  con  .if  In- 
i  r-i.'it..  and  foreign  commei  .-  In  i  .M'"ntln* 

■      rruleil      .1     , 
I  '.it ::.  I  '.'fi'inliiul      miHpi  int.  it      I 

Miir.-ii.  int.:.  .m  nil-Hint  of  liiiiin'lal  dlf- 
Ocultlni,  and  alnco  tlien  no  further  action 
ini .   been  lakt  n 

55.      '  ni'-ii     Rloti        i 

lf.lilll/il.  /(/.  ,'lin      I 

I   I , 
trie!   ul 

nud    i  irM'-'ti    liidlvldu  il    il.-fi  nil.i  . 
Ing    unlawful blnntlcoi    and    .  "iiitdracy 

fur  thi 

brake  btlatoeM,    nml  fUliu;  nml    in    int.ilnlng 

l«r    hrnken.      pica      ., 
ni.'iit   overruled    aihii    ■».    l:n.-      ii.i,, 
overrulod   March 

iillty    M'nl    nolo 
.-regatiug  *<*|^00  were  Impoo 

i(r#   f.    T»r    Vorfn    t> 
inaj  if  Trading  Cm.  cf  ul.      JudlcUue 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Anti-Trust 


mw*s   Pen.    12.    1012.   la   tb*   Firm    DItI- 

■too.    Dlatrlct    of   Alaaka.    Ctiurr: 

inn    wlili     conaplncg    to    monopolise    and 

■MDODOllXlBC    lb*  MSI  i     M»ug«.iy. 

••«    ewe*     r.    Pact«o    4    Arctic 
»y   4    \«.  in.Hi... 
r«tan>e«i   !■  ■ 
*on.    Dltirk't    of  Alaaka.   cherglng    de 
ion  *llb  engaging  I" 

and   naonopvlliing  tbc  irnu»por- 
bualneaa   Wivmi  the  brad  of  Lynn 
M    and    1b»    b»ad«»t»r»   of    the    T 
U*rr>    Dewmrrer  mummed  no  Mny  3, 

Wliarm  4   Trading  Co    r'  uncut 

retnroed    Pen.   II.  1912.   In  tlir- 
alon.    Dlatrlct    of    alaarg,   i-Iutii'.ng   defend- 
I     111     with    I  irncy 

eomblontloo  la  restraint  of  irndr  and 
e   by    way   of   combining   to*    ft     r 
al    Kkazwny    under   od*    manage- 
.   and  (2)  with  raonpollilng  II 
bnalocaa  at  Sk.ir.wnr.     Demurrer  over- 
OB  Miy  3.  1111V.     Flmt  dial  r. 

itoent   of  Jory  on  Jan.  27.  1013. 
.-jry.   1014.   tli< 

•  .1    plea,    r.f  ,1     nn 

I 

■«   to   Indlilrt-jxl  defend*  > 
VniUd    Stolei     i      /'m-lftc    4    ftreflfl 
■ 
rrtnr-  ' .'.  in   the  nr»t 

•    of  AlmkJ,   rbarcloi 
with  'C'sBlnt  In    i  lo 

J*  aa4  saonnpcllxing  tbc  atttimtlilp 
atloa    bet*  1    and 

Colombia    pocla  In    (br    south   and 
ay    Id    tb*    norili.       Demurrer    au»- 
pl  at  to  corpora?... n  defendant* 
;-»0  appvui  to  tbc  Supreme 
•Irmcot    waa   rrTcravd    and 
i—a  n  ii  Tl 

la   "V  lie   defendant  corpotui 

ml.rrd    p»e»»  of  galltr   and   p-ji,|    Am 
frrcatlec  as. -,im.       |n.!l.-tineO|  dfcmlwed  ua 
to  liullrld'ial  drfeadnnta. 

00.      failed  ftfatea   <•    Jonn  IT.   Patterion 
fl  al.      lodh-tcrent    returned   Feb.    22, 
In   tbe.   Hontbcrn    Dlalrtci    of   Ohio,    a: 
J»bn   H-    Pntierx*.   prcldi-at.  and  twenty- 
"lclal*  and  employee*  of  lb.-  S'o- 
"     fax*     IS-  r.     alleging 

_  Iraey  In  retrain!  of  im-rilate  trado 
coeimercc  In  cnab   regl»t«r»,    rrtnltlu* 
as  ■Blawful    moa.,p.,l>       f   lb. 
Drnmrrer  .  M2.     Trial 

rtaultfd  In  a  tcr.Hct  of  guilty  aa  to  twenty- 
aloe  af  tbc  thirty  ."■  and  Bnee 
aggregating  |1.1.%.tXMi  acnienrea 
raaclag  from  nine  n>-.ntt«  to  "lie  year  were 
>l"'t  Tbe  d.  IPDMM,  and  t •>«■ 
Oaaift  O*  Appeal*  annulling  f 
tare*  eoaat*  of  : 
ta*T   tb*    U>lra    »cry   narrowly,    tbc   pro>«cu- 

lmerfCYIB-.4Waffe 

Meaauftto    Co»i-  ii    in 

racUy   fll#i* 

il.inta 
•Ub  comMnlnc  and  ••"u-'pHlun    rnr,.t!;, 

iirfol    con 
*•«!•     and   alliiwtnic    rclintn,    for   Etaa    pin- 
Jaw  of  apcwrlnr   a   tnminr-.ly    of   « I . .-   I     .  ■ 
il    Imiinoa  porta 
te  tbc  Atlntitic 

lalaada.  .1 

TiklBi-  'i»lf  of  Oi 

■twt  Dcarlnc   completion. 

•  axtitM)    oafarcraK'c    In    Ibe 

•  uded  down,  and  an  appeal  waa  Uk.'n 

H  !t»    Sr.:ir.MIIV    C  -Jtt. 

«3  i.'fat    r     Vttlrr, 

Irtrtitrv.    Vcu'     Tor*     Cft.ir«*l    Comnnav 

ladlctavtit  rctor&«l  April  2    1912. 

la  Uc  Eaatcra  Dlatrlct  of  Sew  York  charg- 


ing  defendanta   wltb   rratrmlnlnK  Intarauto 

|rodt>  and   ...nun.  in    la    -li.ir.  .i:il.      I  i.-i-inrmr 

auotalncd   Oct.   17,    1813. 

113.      UnlttJ  fitulci    0.   InKfnuHcin.il   llar- 

vettrr  t.oinnunv  'I  at      Iviltlou  Bled   April 
'12.  Id  i  lie 

Uluncaoia,     allcglnir     the     acouliltlon     and 
..    monopoly    In   harvvatlDK 

and  aerk'nllurnl  ma.  bluer?  nnd  liupli  n 

and     in  In.-        Tratltuony    tnkrn.    expcdltlnjc 

.■ ill.'. I.     mi. I     raw    argued 

•  Ir.  nh   Judft  I  al  luring  No 

una      mi   AtiguHi   ii'.   lot  i    iii.. 
led    in   fnviir   ..f   t iir-   governmeni 
nnd      i  i-.n    wna    ordered.      Tbi 

ilia      |,|„ii,ii    to    il..     Bupremo    i 
Tin-  appeal  mi.   argued   In   April,    1915.  and 
on    .lime    2.     IVM,    III"    Supreme    Cou. 
■  I.  red    Hi.'  ■  'I    I-     Ibe    doi  !■•  t    r..i 

rcargument  at   Ibe   inn   brrro,    IV10,    wbra 
a  deeUion  favorable  to  i  wo> 

.1    down         'in     appeal    wn»    taken    to 
the     -  irt 

ill.      r  -j i  F.     dlumtniiin    Com 

fanu  of   MmrWca.       I'lllllnn    fl|.-d    May    IS. 
B13,  In    tbe    Ulatrlit    Court.    Weatcrn    l>ln 
til.-i    of  lVnnayl.  nt   "  furl  her 

Of  and    reatr.ilnt    qpon    ')..    lot»r- 
atatc   nnd    foreign    ti 
alurnlnam   and   aluminum   ware*       • 
decree     granting     relief     aubatantlally     o» 

Srnycd    fir    waa    nnter.-d    at    rittilmrgh   on 
one  7.   1012. 
«S.     fnlled    St.i'e.    r.    fiemian    RUh  k'n 
et  al.      Fetlilon   filed   May  18.    1912,    In    the 
IiUtrhi   Court,    Boutbarn    Dlatrlct   ot   .New 
v. .il:.  ii"  pro 

clucilon  of  conV*.  capeclnlly  In  tb*  Srnte  of 
Mo  Paulo.  Braxll.  and  to  withdraw  a  birga 
i.   market  by  pur 
chaae.      Motion   for  preliminary   Injn. 

I.      (Jpfifl  the  Bdilce  of  tbc  Stnt-    D« 
partinent    that     i 

made  by  tbe  Brnxlllnn  OoTCTDinenl  that 
the  entire  iinuiiiliy  of  coffee  whli-b  wax 
being  withheld  from  marki  I  had  b**0  aold 
to  a  large  number  of  deaiera  tbroi 
ih..  fnli.it  Stiitm.  on  order  of  dlauiliaal 
wan  entered  May  20.  1013. 

...       Inilrd      suit',       v.       Ctlncc      Mac 

.  I   ..I        v.  i it, ..ii    filed    June   S. 

1012.  in   rbo   Dlatrlct   Court.    Southern    Dla 

Irl,  i  of  N'.tt  York,  charging  defendnnla.  aa 

romtnoa   .nrrlcra  of  freight   nnd   pnwnger* 

between    porta    of    the    I'nltcd    Statea    and 

porta    In    the  R..|,,,l,lli-  of    nrnxll.    with    nc 

,|,,'.ring  and   mnlntnlnlng  a    ►nhnianllnl  mo. 

■    by  menni  of  contract*,  rebate*,  nnd 

unlawful   ii'-n.    nnd    praying   for   nn 

annulment    of    wild    rnntracit     ngrcernenta. 

etc.       I««nc    joined    nnd    tcallmony    In   chief 

on    behalf  of   CloTemnient    ha*   been    Intro- 

ItH  5,   .,    di  ■  I. Ion   unfaror- 

ni.h-  t.-.  the  government  wan  banded  down 

ami    an   appeal    >m    taken    to    the    Supreme 

l-onrt 

87.      Pnifrvl   Stair*   e,    Ccafinl-XTe«»   Puh- 
r.illlnn   (ll.-d   Augt|*r   », 

1912.  in  the  nwtriet  Court.  Nortntrn  Dla. 

trl  t    ,.f   llllnola,   charging  defendant*    with 

envnging  in  unfair  oompelttlon  agalnai  i-aeb 
other  nnd  ngnlnKl  other*  engnged  la  com- 
pvtlng  Induatrlea,  with  the  Intent  to  r,- 
«ir,in  and  nionnpollxe  Intel  i  i,-  ir.,.1.-  and 
id  :  ndi  pi  nn  ,i 
'  crinllng    relief    a*    prayed 

for   entered  nl   Plili    go  nn   Aug.  3.    1P12 

08.      t""«fe.f     Sfofc*     v.     AHOPtofgd     fl<IJ- 

poiferi     and     /i(»frir.ut'<r»    of     f«e     Vnilft 

ami    Cunu.fu    ■  lltlon    filed 

Aug.  :i    IMS,  in  ih..  Dlatrlct  Court,  North 

'  datrlct  of  llllnola.  charging  defend. 
nut-,  with  eng:>clng  In  a  combination  and 
In  plane  unlawful  re»irnlui«  upon 
lnic-r«fnte  nnd  fnrelen  trade  nnd  eomtn.-r.  . 
lo  iioattn.  Hearing  on  demurrer  anl  tot 
Jan.    "JO.    1911.      The   demurrer   nu   oitrt- 


Anti-Trust 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


I     the    cose    tried.    ■   decision    f  n  • 
to  tho  government  handed  Sown  In  March. 
1018,     anil    a     decree    graining     |bc 
prayed    for    entered    In    July.    1010. 

CO.      r.'iHf«il     Mil. .      i       «»!»» 
/■olcnl*     L'ompony    el     at         I'ctlilai: 
Au».  15.  101..  In  the  District  loiin, 
*rn    District    i.f    Pennsylvania,     to    remove 
the   re»tralut*   which   defendants   hare   In- 
po»cd    upon    Interstate    and    foreign     trade 
and  commerce  In  machines,  appliance*,  and 
apparatus,    r   latlni    la    toe    motlou-plcturo 
art.    ami     upon    person*    engaged     I 

trade  and   coma* Phi     taking   of   lee> 

i  .n  ,  in.  r  mi  iich  iir  nf  i,..-..  mm.  in 
bus  beeu  eotnpli  i    i      ' >  ] . .  -  irgucd 

In   Nov..    1!>I  I.   iin.l   ii  iTOrabh)    CO 

the  lOTernuicnl   wan  handed  doarn   on 

■H.V  A  decr-cu  grunting  tin-  relief 
prayed  for   wna  entered   in   January,   in  HI, 

■ 
tn  the  Bapn  ii"    I  ■  ii rt. 

70.  trailed    matte    c.    Colrin    .V.    Paifne 
ri    a  I.       imi.i'iiiii  ni    i.  ini'iH'ii    Auguat    SO, 

in  District  of  Tenia, 
charging  defendants  with  eognglug  In  n 
piracy  lu  restraint  of  Interstate  and 
foreign  trade  mid  Commerce  In  til*  and 
oil  products.  Nolle  prosequi  eni  ed  I 
26,  [013. 

(IB,    10,    and    17   A.)       Fnl'fl    Kfnlej    r. 

'  ..n.i.nil.il..'    1V1    ;  llldli'lnn 

i t.    31.    I'.n-'.   In    tli-    li  •    of 

Massachusetts,  charging  monopoly  of  Inter- 
state im.de  aud  commerce  In  render!,  . 

Icrlllls.         Hit        1         I  !•  I  II.      pleil      'it      nolo     enu- 
re   by    defemliini    and    fine    of    $0,000 
IBM   •    I. 

ti  Statu   i    CenmoUdattd  Rendering 

Company  ■!  «i      Indictment  relumed  Octo- 
ber 31,   1012,  m   iba   District  ol 
•.eft*.  charging  monopolj   "f  Intel    la  •    trad 
and  rniniini   .   in   rendering  mol   rlali      D« 
I.  1018,  plea  nf  i.  uderi'  by  corpora- 

tion aud  fine  of  xm.oimi  Imposed.  Indict- 
ment imlle  prussod  aa  to  Inillvlduiil  il-- 
f.  adapts, 

KoTaV  -Theae  actions'  wen-  Instituted 
■a  a  reault  of  dcuinrr.  r*  bavins  been  sus- 
lulneil  In  outf  "..'.,  111.  uinl  Ii.  and  are 
therefore  not  counted  n*  nddltlnnnl  ca»«-*. 

71.  united  statu  r.  Tht  Warier  Hot**- 

ehorrtf    .Vufinmil  iMOOfoflOfl     of 

ImrrleU      and      Older/  Petition      tiled 

12.   1012.  In  tho  Eastern  Dlatrld   ,,f   Ml.l.l- 

f:nn.  charging  defendant*  with  enr 
n  I  I -iiiuliluatlnn  and  conspiracy  In  restraint 
nf  trade  and  commerce  In  drilled  horse- 
Hioea,  adjuatabla  calk*,  and  rubber  hoof 
pads,  some  of  the,  defendant*  did  not  eon- 
i  t,  and  ascrcen  were  entered  asalnut 
Hi.  ni.  rteinurrerx  of  Hie  01 
ruled,    whereuiion    (I  itcd    to    the 

entry  of  a  decree  against   tln-m.   wlileh  was 

ni.-d  in  Ian.,  1016,  ordering 

nnllon.  and  granting  the  relief 
sought  by  the  gorcrnment  n«  to  the  aaeeral 
defendant! 

72.  tnlted    State!    v.    r/i/Iii.MjiMn    Jon- 
H»5   Con  ''■  Hon«  "'    I  •  •  nrlatmn    i  I   nl       Pi  ll 

linn    fled     I i:i.    1012.    In    the    Ensii-m 

Dlatrlet  of  Peaaarrranla,  rhnrulug  defend- 
■  mi  wllh  unlawfully  Interfering  with  Itl- 
teratate  commerce  In  candles  and  ennfee. 
Ilona.  Couaem  decroo  entered  Feb.  17, 
161S. 

73.  fatfrd    Btatri     v.     Kl"in     Board    of 
T'lhV  tt  at.    Petlilnn  filed  December  14,  1012. 

In  i ii-  Korlhern  ituiriet  of  lllloola,  charg- 
ing   defendnnfa    with    comhltilntr    anil    ci  'ti 

apltllll.-    III    til-    Intere-l    nf    1    iillnili,  r   "f   lirrr 

.ilxlng  eonrerna  to  rv»tr'i!n  iDleritnte 
commerce  In  butter  and  butter  fat,  and 
arbitrarily  flxlnc  the  price  thereof  to  obtain 

throughout  the  Pulled  Ktntc*.  l««ne  joined 
and  taking  of  testimony  In  open  courta  will 
be  commenced  on  Jan.  8,  1014.     On  April 


IT,   1014,   a   decree   waa  entered  enjoining 
the  defcndnuti  from  continuing  certain  prnc- 
tl»ea     by    which    price*    of    Imll-r    >.yer    a 
were   arbitrarily   fixed. 
74       Cnttcd  Utotee  v.   CAarlea  «,   Mt'lrn. 
J    fhambrrlin.  vwi  Altred  IV.   bmilfi- 
Imlieiiiii  ni     rcttirncd    lh-cemb.  I 
101       m  the  Southern  I>l*trlct  of  Nei. 

i    i   i ibluntl  ntplracy   to 

reaiiain  mtei  Inle  commcro*  by  prertot- 
Ing    I  In  ;lon    of    auli 

tbc  Central  Vt ml    Hallway  Company  (It- 

nlf  a  kul»ldl:iry  of  the  Grand  Trunk  Rail- 
way Companrj  from  Palmer,  Ma**.,  to 
I'rorldeuci-,  It.  I.  j  from  \s  bite  litTer  Jonc. 
Ilea,  Vi.,  to  I'.o.ic.ti  ;  ii  ml  from  Boston  to 
Black(toae>  connecting  there  with  the  Tal- 
lin r  rrovldcnco  line.  Cuae  at  l»«u»  await- 
lug  trial. 

76.  railed    Sfafei    v.    Kcllouo    Tno>tr.t 
Corn    Flate  Coiapuay  «l  ol       Petition    tiled 
Dee.   20,    1012,  in   the    eastern    PUttb 
Mu-hiKun,  alleging  that  tbc  bastnaaa  pulley 
of   the   defendant    company    in   fixing   and 

ring  resale  price*  on  Kellogg'*  Toast- 
rtakea  I*  unlawful  and   tend*  te 

'in    and     monopolize     Internists    com- 
,  induct.      A    motion    to   dl>- 
mlwi   the  petition  on  grouii' 

■    of    the    case    wan    argued    In 
ion.     lu  a  decision  imniled  down  on  April 
ii    1010.  the  contention  of  tin-  gortrn 
wn*   maintained   and  on   H-  \ 
decree  waa  entered  In  accordance  with  the 

70.  United  State  v.  Page  tt  al.  in- 
-turned  Feb.  6,  1013.  al  Port- 
l.iml,  [)l*lrlcl  nf  Oregon,  charging  fifteen 
Individuals,  through  the  medium  of  (be 
Produce  Merchants"  Exchange,  of  Portland, 
with  unlawfully  controlling  the  purchase, 
distribution,   and  sale  of  approximately  DO 

pet  cent,  el  in*  prodaee.  fruit,  and  vege- 
sblpped  Into  the  Btate  nf  uregon 
The  defendants  entered  pleas  of  guilty  on 
Peb.  21.  101S,  stnl  lines  nk-.-tegatlug  IK.4&0 
were    InpoKi  'I    and    eollei  : 

77.  tfnlted     Statu     r.      At.Htlcr-4ri.»M 
/.«»(   Company    el  ul       I'-iltlna  filed 

I '-.'i.  7  lOl*.  In  Ibe  District  Court.  Batters, 
District  Of  Mlehlgnn,  aliening  the  unlawful 
conirol  by  defendant  of  the  Inlrrslnte  tr*d» 
and  commerce  In  shoe  and  boot  last*,  both 
patented  nnd  unpatented.  Con-" 
w*»eniered  at   Detroit. Midi.  onFfO  7.  lpiri. 

78.  United  Ktatrt  e.  failed  fiaoe  *fa- 
e/i/mrv  f'niripr/ny  of  Veir  Jrrtey  el  al 
Petition  filed  Feb.  8,  1013.  In  the  District 
Ceufl    nt    rrenton,    N.   J.,    seeking    to    bar* 

annulled  an  alleged  unlawful  ,. 

rolvlnc  -Inseam   trimming  machines."     The 
disposition  of  the  cane  Is  awaiting  the  d)e- 
.f  the  eivli  case  In  40  lij.  r.). 
TO.     See  No.  0 

80.  rnit-,i  Bt0t44  i>,  Board  of  Trade  at 
the  City  of  rin.-iiijo  rf  nf  Petition  Hied 
Feb.  If.  1013,  In  the  District  Court  «t 
Chicago.  III.,  attacking  nil-  33  -.f  the  rbl 
cago  Bi     rd  of  Trade,  by  virtue  of  which  It 

i-  alleged  the  price  of  nil  corn.  out*,  wheat. 

uinl  rye  arrlrlnc  In  Chicago  at  times  -hen 
tin-  hoard  or  trade  is  not  in  se.slon  is  arbl- 
trnrlly  determined.  Motion  to  a'rlke  oul 
Certain  portion*  of  defendant*'  answer  ha* 
been  nrgned,  nnd  the  roHng  of  the  court 
I*  awaited.  The  ruling  of  the  court  wn* 
rarorable.  and  a  decision  faTorai.i"  la  th* 
goyerninent  was  handed  down  on  '■  pi  B, 
An  approprlnte  decree  wni  rnlered  in 
December  of  th*  name  year.  An  appen: 
been  taken  to   the  Supreme  I'mut 

81.  ITalfed  »fofe*  ■  Thi  Clerelan4 
Pfoiie    Couipimy   rt   ni.      Petition    tiled    l>ii. 

1013,    In   the    District    Court    at    C 
hint.    Northern    District    of  Ohio,    charging 
defendnnt't  with  establishing  and  maintain- 
ing a  practical  monopoly  of  the  (ton*  bual- 


•:-ot   contest   the  catc  wna  <IU- 
tu*  entry  of  •  draw  oc. 
i»K  the  nrllof  prayed  for  liy 
l-«  I'lvirumrGL 
83.      t  «ir«.J      Sfofre     r.      TA*     DehJicare, 
.1      irn    rVnil/ouif   Compimy 
7»»     Ptdanarr,    Lo»-i«iira«»a    4    Wttl- 


i   ibw  Ui 


r.iin.io  Bled  February 
i  n  Court  01  Trcnion, 
•..  J.   .i.-rtfoa-  d>fea*laaia  win 

.1  la  which  If  bad  in  ii  vk>. 

iatiua    uf    lb*    eoanaaodlllra    clauae    of    1b* 
hfamtale-. ■■•  i(,    and    mil)    enler- 

aa*  lata  an   nulawful  contract   abcrrt.y   iiio 
r.tl  a   nioaniml.}    of  ilia 
••  -.il   product.!  alone  tlia 
I   lu*  It  nil  road  Company,    n 
•f  II.  taking  of  trail- 

ttouy     baa  I    aD<T  01 

uinx  pre.iarrd,     F.«i-«iltlnr  certificate  filed 
..-  .rt   for  beorlnc  on  Juo.  ft,  1314. 
PH.    a    drd-aon    advet 
II    w»»   handed  down   nnd   an 
appeal     «a*    tai.'n     to     111'     !*i|ii 

The    -  iiaoexly   r- ■> 

the    rtVvl.inn    of    tb«    lower    court:    nnd    in 

purv-.  mlutr 

:'..    f'.rlWdlnx  tbr  Mlln.nd   fr-  , 
ia«r   tnuwporUnc    Id    internal- 

i  i    and   pur- 

ported to  bate  Urn  nolil   i 
pany    and  and    furliliMliiii    '"Hi 

the   rallruad   aad   ibe   cx»i 

r    earn  In;  out  or  enforcing    the  con- 
■     i*»   Ihem. 

Tie     IdXMalrv 
Ktyidlrr    (v.»|<uki>    rf    «r         I'-illlun     Bird 

;n   the    District  Court    at 

of      Ohio, 
la(  defendant*  wliii  fmapirliiK 
i  nnd  iiiooupollc-  it---   ii  nnd 

i 
Tba  c  'i  led  f-»t  I'" 

avt  well  focedral  an.i 
■laird    without    prejudice    on    January    7. 

•      v.      Inttrnol 
SrnfArrfio*.    of 

trlrl    l-ourt 

•rrwll 

law    with    ili«    i  iioatneaa   of    iii» 

inpanr.  A  lem 
rtnrary  liilnni-llc-a  vu  granted  nnd  wiib 
a»a."  '  I 

II  Ke- 

e.      f-4a.r1.1ay      «i      nl  Petition      ftl.il 

'       I  HI        In    rh-     Platrlrt    Court    HI 
-binriax  di  ■  -  lit. 

anenttpottxlog    Inii  trad*    and 

nairca   la   corn   peodorta.  and  praying   for 
Ike    dlaaC"  ■-•■mMnallon.       A 

oWtaVaa    favorable   lo   tbr  ut    m  • 

l«aa]rd  aUan  on  June  id.   191H.  and  a  tlu.il 
•Vffwe  r"  Car,    13.    Iflfl. 

an      Called     /Jr.it.-.  i  ...       ln.rric.ia 

•  llllon  ftl.il  v 

iniA    la  the  IKairtrt  Coon  ni  T  mi  ton, 
J      charging  defendant*  with   mou 

•ir»«d   Industry.       Ana-n.i-   of   di- 
31.     I 

a    nWree    «-■■  entered  dlaaolvlng   the 

irvid 
ao.1    J.    nail    I".    Our.,    l.iiu..   ami 

arporaUoo*.    and    ra- 
ng la  certain  unfair 
•  araloat   Independent  taanoferturer*  of 

<•        The       /lurrounna 

tdraaa    VarAinr    r'..~<t>gay  rf   «'        P.  - 

"arrtl  .1,  101 
Drtralt.     Mlrh..    al|rElnir     llial     • 
■  rrr  -nnr.-J  In  a  i-on«|drMey  to  DiooopnllK 
lararatata   imlr  and    rommrrcr   In   a.ldlnr 
naacblaaa.     A   <  r*r   wi>  eiitrml 

al  Drtroll  on  Mnrcli  3.   l  > 


I    PTorarrr, 

.i    ui        r 


Anti-Tnist 

■  i.jfra     a.     dmcrinan     > 
Praotaoti    fvmpaa*   ti    ml.       lvtitlun    flli-d 
Ma rili  in    the    Dlatrlci    COBR    at 

chnrxluK   '  Willi 

.I    tor    nnd 
nlbg  tl.o  trade  of  cuoipriliut*  |j 
■   coal   i.ir   and   i"   tfcv    nam] 
lure  .  .  oonl- 

tar  pitch,   and   nlbcr 

.  .ii.~  i.i     .1.     rr.-     ...i-     ■  in.  n  .1    ..i.     Mm.  .  h     i, 

i.'ii 
8ii.     i  ..ii-  i  siafaa   r.   /.  .-■.".' 

../•      f-'f       /...Ul'<     I  I     ..I  I  Villi. .11 

ii   i lir    m-iri.-i   rouri 

allrKlUR    ii  •!     Hi.- 

I  Mn 

rrnu  to  aupprmt  and  elliulniile  cotnprllili-n 

In    Tarluua    rai.-»    fur    tin     nai.«i aid 

h..fr    .-...l    fr. .in    the    Sinn   ..t    llli Ii     ".- 

cll.r  of  8t  I<oula.   Mn. 

Ktcd   by    the   earrtvra   Wor»    ..i.i..  I.I    i.j    thr 
i    Jan. 

:.".'.     191  ..    ami    ■»      dl 

i  si  iii    io.  nun, 

r   qui  atlon   Of   tin-  Ht- 
lalrncr  of  a   romlilnnti'.ii. 
00      i  -ui-  .1     aial<  .     ii.     alien     !'•■  ' 

iv    i-i    .1/       I'.lltlon    ni.  .1    A  pi  li    n'. 
1009,    In    (he    I'lrrull    < 
trlct    of   .Vi-w    York, 

ifnrtiin-ra     t..r     i-nt.-rlnn    Inlo    a 
:il    .-!    r  i  ii  l 

til  Hi     r«-tip««:t     to     the    maniif:u'tiir.-, 
•■ni*.    -iiipnn  ni    and    dUtrlhotlon    •>( 

mnnlla   and  oil r 

Ion   ..r    in.  ii    ni 

.  tliir.-lu.  win  ent.-i  .-.I  ■>. 

PMCNIIiGN'T     Wll-X'lN'.S     AtlUIMKTIUTIilN 

( .ini.i  -  .•  IfcBd  rnoldi    M  **fV, 

Mareli   I,  1BI3     Aon,   I 

i|  v.  Ant.   10,    10]  |      ,| 

1.      VMU  I    ■  lirparlurr 

VuHHf  nip    tt    of.        Pi 

May    27.    lOlil.    lu    Ibi-    tUatrloi 
at     Rorhratrr.     Wrati.rn      IHmrlrl     of    Near 
i- 1-  entrrr-d  Into 
n       ii  idracy   and  combination   nnd  davlaml 

■     lid  M--        IKI Ill      I 

•  iruliilui;  ninl  iii.ni..|i"ll7lni  Ihr  niniiiifncturc 

ami   aal*   of  blc/cta   and    motorcyelo   pnrta 

and]  eimatrr  brakea.      An  aarei'd  . I. -. ■  ■-.- .■  wn« 

rati   ni    Rorhraler   on    May    'J7.    1W13. 

•i      fntinl    xiofri    r.    n'Affn    el    al.       In- 

di.-tniiiit  raturnod  -i. v.  1018,  [n  ih< 

r...    tin     Southern    Dlatrlel    ..r 

Vlrclnln,    osnlnat    nln     .-.  n     m     

of     Ihe     mil.-.l     Mill.-    Work.-rn    ..f     .V11..1I111, 

ail.-ilui;  a  eonaplrary    in  Interfere  with   in- 

trralni.     to TCe   In    conl    mined    In    Waal 

Vlrrlnln.      Th»    mar    art '/■ 

01  I,    11    li.ivlui:    bern 
tiy    a    dl-trkt    nttorney    ailtliout   nutl 
anil  bi-lnc  Willi,  ml   f  mi  mint  Inn. 

,t.     r  nir<.i    Matt*    v     Battman    Kodak 
Oompanp    .r    ui        Petition    ni.-d    June   0. 
1018,     In    the     Dlatrlrt    Conn     nl     Rurfalo. 
in    Platrtci    ..f    N.-.v    York,    allrirtnit 
tin. I    .:  in...-  ncqntml   n    mononnly 

nf    tan    i.n-lnea«   of  manufacturing,    ni-lllnc. 
ninl      (ll>iiltiii!lns      photographic      lappllM. 

,  i|i   to  the  lorernmenl  »«> 

handed  dotro   on   Aug.   24,   IB1B,   and   ■    .1. 
.■ranting    tl..      «-.- 1  i .  r    ~..ic-lii      ad       ail 

.n  .inn..  1014.     An  tppMl  "•"»  taken 

to   the   Kupn,me  Court. 

4.     Cnllrif    Klattt    v.    The    Quaker    O.ifi 

.  .-    nl         I'.i  Ii  l,in     til.  il    .Inn.-     1 1, 

1913.  In  the  DUtrlet  Court  III. 

lAtlon   to   re*traln   and    roo- 

;..•  Inii-rxii.i.-   im. I.-   i.n.l    i-iiinmerce   In 

oatmeal    produrta    and    tijr-prodnen.      llr    a 

two  t..  MM  v..!.-  of   in.-    I'irre  elreult  Judgra 

alttlng    for    the    ca»e    under    the    expediting. 


Anti-Trust 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  i' residents 


act  ■  decision   ui  i    to  the  govern- 

ment was  rendered,  and  no  appeal  baa  bsvu 
g  to  the  Supreme  Court. 
6.     United  m»m   i.  law"   '*  ol.      In- 
dictment   returned    June    .'.'»,    1013,    In    the 
liUirlct    Court    for    tl  "     District 

of  Oklahoma   against  The   Oklahoma 
ernge  Company  mid  two  other  corporations 

>u<>   the  officers   thereof,   alleging  a   cod. 
•piracy   l"   reatrnln   and   monop  •  ■         Intor- 
•laic    trade    mm 
vegetables.    Demurrer  mini aliu-d  Oct.  1. 10  13. 

6.  at**  m.  Thompion  <l  ol  [a 
dlcttmni  returned  Jul)   I,  una.  In  t)i 

trict    Conn    for    tin-   Southern    nlMtrlci    of 
New   York  alleging  inai  the  defendant 
spired    to    run    a    corset    m    OOttQIl    Ml    the 
New   York   Cotton   Eicbnnge.      Latfttadaata 
entered   |ilra»  of  nolo  contendere  In    I' 
her.  aggregating    11S.UO0 

WITV   aMPMKd. 

7.  I  nihil  CJIofta  r  ImrnViin  Telephone 
d  Telegraph  Company  el  ml.  IVllth.n  filed 
July  St,  1013.  In  the  District  Court  at 
Portlnml.  ■'!..,  aceklug  10  destroy  a  mo- 
nopoly of  the  telephone  bi  Ineaa  on  the  I'a- 
cine  Conn.  I  Joined  and  taking  of 
testimony  cm  i..imir  ol  Government  i« 
ncarlng  completion.  The  defendants  agreed 
t..  meal  the  detnanda  ol  the  government  ana 

•  ■  - 1 . ■  1 1 . 1 1 .  --  ■    Ion    wiih    en- 
tered "ii   Mil  ii   to,   lt»H. 
liy   iiw  tarnu  of  Uii 

■  'in    •: m   nf   It-   holdings   Hi   the   Western 

to  n>   to   maiku 
tna  control  or   the  lattei    ■  tu 1 1-    lad 

■  lit        Tlie    dVfen..  •    ii"t     to    inaki' 
any  further  direct  or  Indirect  ai.in|..ltlon  of 

none   companies.      And    the 

defendant    agrees    t nn.  >  i     II 

nil.',    wllh    tli.'  'f    in 

•  i  -  - 1  ■  ■  uMeut  comniinlce. 

8.  I  uii', I  Stole*  r.  /.'(iK/int;  Company 
<t  n!.  <  .\ni  bracltc  coal  comblnntlon.l  I'c- 
i u i. .11    in  eqult)    in.  .1    s.  ;.i     -■     I01S.  I"    Hi" 

i rt  nt  Philadelphia,  l*«  .  against 
u  •  •  .uihliintlon  consisting  of  Hemline  Com- 
pany and  arnlini.ii  corporations,  -hart- lug 
It  with  restraining  and  ■sODOpollalaj  tr.-iil» 
In  anthracite  roal.  The  ea»e  wa»  argued 
In  .Inn ...  it'll  '.ii  -1  rr.1-.  :;  : 
il-l.'ii    pnrtli    fa  psrtlj    unfavor- 

able  to  the  government   win    hnnded    down, 
nod   an   appeal    to    the    Supreme   Court   wan 

taken. 

0.  J/aMed  Stale,  v.  Tlir  lYoffOROl  IVaoIe- 
•ate  ,/•  ii  >■/<■•.•  ti.o.  laffon  ef  at  IVtltlon 
Bled  Not.  18,  1013.  In  Hi"  Dlatl  mrt  at 

New  York  City  charging  drfendanla  with 
ronaplrluir  to  •  llintnaio  all  competition—  ox- 
cept  as  between  wholesale™  or  jobbers — for 
tli"  tiade  of  all  classes  of  retail  i),. alert  Is 
lewelrv  and  lewelrr  products,  A  ill 
favorable  to  the  government  wan  granted 
Jan.  SO.   1914. 

10,  Vnitei     Stale'     r.      American     Can 
Company    ef    ol.       ivtltloti    0b<l    Nut.    SO, 
1013,    In    the    Dlatrlei    Coorl    11    Baltl 
Md..  allegtnc    monopodia  tlon    of    the    bull- 
neaa  of  making  Hi  1916, 

III."    .11  .trl-  i 

ii   Ho.  Am  Company  wna  a 

combination  In  restraint  nf  trade,  but  since 

ti ii-    relief   granted    i.»    the  coaH 

the  retention  of   the  bill    il    .' ,  k  '.-ping   «)■.■ 
ilnatlofl    un.ler    the    supervision    <  f    tN» 
I  sin  taken  !•■  till    supreme 
Court. 

11.  fn«erf  Afofev  r.  John  P.  White 
el  nt  Indictment  returned  Dee.  1,  1913, 
In  the  DUtrlct  Curt.  PnablOi  Colo.,  rharir- 
Ing  officials  ami  members  of  the  I'nlled 
Mine  Workers  of  America  with  mononolli- 
Ing  all  illBgera  of  roal  and  mine  laborer* 
and  with  rritralnlnit  Interstate  commerce 
tn  coal.  The  rase  »n»  nolle  promed  on 
J  ma.  S.    1910. 


12.  UMted  Btatet  v.  riant  J.  Baytt 
indb-tm.  in  returned  Utt  '. 
In  Mo-  luirlct  Court.  1'ueblo.  Culo  ,  cbirg- 
lua  a  combination  uud  cou>plt.ic/  by  mine 
workers  to  Interfere  with  Ihc  uiiuiua  of  coal 
in  i  "lorado  aud  in  truiiiportadun  to  aud 
sale  In  otber  Mate*.  Tbv  ca*e  wa»  ruWIr 
yi:r%t4  on  Jan.  s.   101*1, 

IS.  I 'mil  a  .stoic,  c.  /jioulikwit  PaeiAe 
Company,     Venhul     I'ac/lc     Uull**y     Com- 

{any    el    ol.      lvtltlou    lu   equity    Oit-d 
1,  LB14,  In  the  Dlatrlct  Court  nt  Suit  Lake 
in-.    I  lah,  i"  com  :  n  I'eclflc  lo 

julsh  lla  conttol  ot  Iho  >  •  ■  ti 1 1  n I  1-aclOc 
Tli"   cam    v.  .i    In   Die,.    I 

11  lnlt«l  blatf  i.  Lehiak  Valley 
ny  et  ul  Ivtltlon  flir4 
March  1H.  l  •],,  lo  toe  Ulatrlct  Court  at 
New  York  City,  N.  Y..  charalne  the  de- 
findanta  with  hailua  inoiiopoilted  the  pro- 
ductlou.  trail  of  anlnra- 

1    from trlbutury    to    Lehigh 

Vail....    i,..i.i..ii   compauj    in    rlolatloa  a| 

the  Ami  I'rual  Act,  and  charging  the  eald 
ll, Hi... ol  Compauy  with  truuipurilng  In  In- 

,ii::o"i"..  eoul  in    which  Ii    bus  an 

I  in  ,-r.  - 1 ,     in     i  oiljtlon    of  oodlty 

Clauive  ..f  tbo  Ai-i  i  ,  Uegulutf  t'oiumarea. 
A  decision  adrer«c  to  t"  government  wee 
handed  down  In  Dee..  1914,  mid  an  appeal 
to   tin-   su'i.ni"  Court  wai   takes. 

IS.     I  .H  ■  ,  .•  ul.     In- 

dl.  t iii.-ii t    returned    Jim..    *.    1014,    at    Den 
mtbern    District    ot  Iowa,  charg- 
ing  defendants    with    hailug    entered 
a     combination     In     re.'.ralut     of    trade     Is 
pliimiiiiig  suppllea. 

In  PaV,  1918.  a  Tcrdlct  of  guilty  was 
n  mdod  don  a.  TI  ■■  ill  feuilnnl  made  ■  I  BO- 
i l'n  for  a  new  trial  Tha  lii'lgc  Imposed 
fines    nggregntlng    *4.immi    ag.sin«t    *    •■!    the 

<s.  ■  .ii.i. i, t  -    i ml  granted  .-i  a>rii  ..f  arroT  o* 

to    them:    and    pending   a    decision    l>, 

ordered  tin  can  to  ttand 
In    the    motion    for   a    new   trial    an    i 
remaining     :i     ilofendanta.       In    an    opinion 

;!i,.  Circuit  Court  "f 

Aim..  iu  for  the  Eighth  District  euatalned 
the  conviction. 

16  Called  Statei  v.  The  American 
Wringer  Coin  nun  o  <l  ill.  Indictment  !*• 
turned  May  •.".'.  1HH.  In  the  HI 
for  the  Western  District  of  lVnuiylvanla, 
charging  defendants  wllh  unlawfully  engag- 
nation  In  restralnl  >.f  Inler- 
atnlc  trade  and  commerce  In  ci.iihes  wring- 
ers, im  S".,.  i::  1914.  fbe  •Vfendanu  an, 
nleaa    ol    aolo    coai/-ivlrre   and    wrr* 

17.  tailed  Sfofee  c.  Booth  Pltheriet 
Company  et  al.      Indictment    returned   July 

"    1014,   In   in"  DUtrlct   Court   at  Seattle. 

,   chnrrlng  defendanta  with   entering 

Into  a   combination   and   conspiracy   la   re- 

of   ini.r.iatu    trade  and    commerce 

in    fresh   II sh, 

18.  rnlt'.f  .-t".'.  i  V.  The  tttui  Tor*.  .Ve* 

ill /  r.'Anipanpi  ef  ol 

Petition  tiled  July  25.  1014    In  the  DUtrlct 
I     for    the    Bonthern    IMatrlrt    "f    New 
York,  allerlng   monnpollzatlon   of  ir-.in»por- 
foiini"     in  New  L'nglaad  and  pray- 
ing   for    a    involution    thereof.      Reenu t 

the  ahaky  tlnan.-lal  rollilltlon  of  the  rail- 
mad  ii.l    of    tic   i 

0    lh"   Invcitment   markets   ami    i 
i«    conditions    of    New    England.    Hit- 
ration  wna  avoided  and   the   folb-wlnr  plan 
nf    voluntary    dissolution    wna    Incorporated 
In  a  inal  deeri  17.   1014. 

1 — 'i  ■  a  tin.  New   na- 

ironani    ami   t'.e   \"«-   York   t%niral 
,,i  for  t'.e  lolol  ooerntlon  of  the  Boa- 
ton  and  AIMny  Rail  road  was  canceled.     2— 
The   New    Haven    Company  gave  up  control 
Boston     «nd    Maine    Uallrnad.      »— - 
New    lloven    Company  dUpoced   of   Its 
Interests   In    trolley   lines   of  New    England. 


-Tbe  New  Bav*o  Coaapany  dtapmd  of  it» 

•t»    la    •teamahip   lines   between    New 
a«l    POStf.  ami   >•■    Vork.  l-htln.lelpl  la, 
and  otuer  Atlantic  >cx-porta.     S— 
.  jeratioa    of    the    reUatlon    of    control 

R.     Haven   Coapaaj   over    il 
hum   oo  U.*k  Island  Sound  w«»  tab- 
Bktr.'.  nalnatluo   to   tbe   Interstate 

iv.mtr  niU»lou     according     to     tlic 

acorlsloa*   of    tbe    I'aaama    i>cal   A.  i 

The     criminal    aapecta    of    tbe    case    Brora 
Dei!     ucclcetei]     «i-3 
turned   ajcalBsl  21   oUcer*  and   • 
i  .vi-u  rotnpany.      >Se. 
IV       L'nttttl     niiiut     r.     Wcrtcm     t'ontd 

•Mae    Vrtkamtj,     el    el.        lllltlcUD*Ol     I.  nine  it 

Aug.    7,     i:«li      in  '<irt    ul 

Chicago.      Northern      lilairtcl      of      I  I 
durum    defeudaata    with    having    • 
lato    a    cooibln..  mu- 

aafaillli    Interstate   trade  la  cantaloupe*. 
20.  A  ti 

Bent     wn- 

uaabla  on 

i.   again*!    31   comatlMloo   lucre; 

»»     tr  .  ngaginf     In 

fix  arliltrarl'.v  unit  wttln-jt 
ta^Bha    tbe    price*    at    wh'.-'i 
**<•»  U   saMttbt  a;..l    mid  In    th.. 
fadombla.      A    di-murn-r    win    overruled    oo 
Mai     I,  :  ■•  crmt.T    ••[     tl..        ■!". 

.tie  defen.'    •  nolo 

irrt.   a-ij 
roan. 

Aa    tadtctm-tit   w»<   returned   Oet    ...    101*. 
la    the  din  for    the    wentrru   'th 

ttiet    «f     {Vaosylvaala.     elm 
vMual*.   each   a  irabi-r   and 

tall  dialler  to  plumbing  autuillr-.    aitii 

■noeiaaly    of    the    tajsines*    of    sclllr.. 

vbit  tl   «1.      An 
■^Hbeot   wo*  rrturaed  no  net.   31.   101 4. 

Slot    tbr    dlitrl. 
tall.  I   Individual*,  each  a  mn»- 

r  ptnaher  and  a   retail  dealer  hi  plumb- 
-     with  entering  Into  a  coml.ln* 
■o  reetrala  trade  In  plutahl-  . 
narrrr    and    motion  *rr* 

Aral**    In    Janu*rv.     101 5.       In 

iry  returned  a  rerdlct  of  nilttT 
aa-ataat  13  af  th.-  defendant*,  who  paid  toe 
one.    aggregating    ST.  i    were    lui- 

D04*v!  MITt. 

23  r.    Roetrfeflre   rl   of. 

•  B*»  'lit  >»•   ftrn-nM  no 

tbe  dtitrtrt  ennrt  fur 
•  w  Vork  • 
lac  21  rVf»nrl»nt»,  each  at  acme  time  a 
director  or  as  oaVer  of  the  Ww  Tork.  New 
Hirrn  and  Hartford  Railroad,  with  .nnaplr 
tar  to  maawpotlae  tin-  transportation  fnriit- 
ttar  of  New  England  After  nomerou 
I   I       !i  la   abatement    tm-i 

ease  went   to  a   trial,  and 
oo    Jia    P.    1916.   tbe   lory   retort 
4trt  a<  not  guilty  •«• 
ut<  tad  it  •  la|  the  -*■  01 

f'l.lni.iln 
toast  fnit  waa  retained  on  .Inn. 
■rt  for  tbe  sooth- 
era    alatrict    of    Htm    York,    rfcaraln*     tlf 
aVfradaata   with   rojalilalng  and  concplrlnc 
ajopoHxe     tnteratal«     trade    and    com- 
_  la  the  derrtrt.  llaMrrace  and  wrcrk- 
lac   baalaim  In   New  Tork   aartor  and  It* 
rtrnaw    aed    ilonic    tbe    AtUnttc    eoaM   of 
•5     State*.      A  drtniirrer  waa  mi- 
tttnaa  *n  April 

2*.  natterf  «»fin  r  C*rl  r  Kl»n  rt  oJ. 
(Araoatoeft  Potato  itblppera  Aaaoelatlon.l 
An  uaaVtxaeot  waa  returned  oa  March  4. 
IMS.  ta  tbt  dUtrtet  eotlrt  for  tbe  dtatrUt 


defl 

I 

r.-r 


'■tacbuaetta.  charvloic  tbo  dcfcndaoU 
wltb  enterlni;  Into  a  combination  anil  m 
»plrary    In 

A  demurrer  woa  overruled  and  a  rerdlct  of 
tulltv    nu-   returned  on  Oct-   10,    1010. 

Jrferi;   ef 
Blgbt  iii.ih'itiicnta  were  returned  In  tbe 
dlxtrii-i     rouri      it: 

nf    lllinnlH   Hi   Jnn.  and  Apr.    1910,    nualnat 

I'll! 
ulwir  uiii"ii-.  cliarirliiii  Hk-jji  wlttl 
and  cuuxplrlPK  t"  prevent  in  Cbleagij 
1 1  anlpDed  from  otuai 
»lat«>.     I iiinTir.   r-  wore  overruled 

.  ■  al 
On    Apr.    .'7,    1913     two    Indlctmenl 
returned  In  tl"    dl-trlri  cimrl   fur  r ■  ■  •  -  imith 
nrn  .larirlng    a     eon 

none    labor     unlonn    and     nnaln 
In  ii  i  i  ■  1 1  ii  i  - 1  ii  r- .  .*•     in     Clili 

lnnt»l  h  "i    elei  irlcal   appli- 

ance . '  ii  «    fixture*    manufactured 

Demurreri    wire    argued    aud 
uled. 
25.     t  Hlffd  m  <   Oo 

\    pi-rlilon    wa»    filed    June 
I91S,   in  tin-  dfatrlcf  court   I  ■ 
at    Indiana,   cbantlni  idanta 

■  lib  combining  to  rotr.iln  and  attemptluie 
in     monopolln  trade     ami     com- 

.  and  i.utnts   t  ■• 
A    linndllne  nf  Rl  |  otuet 

iiuiiHbli      mnl   ii:il«-       A     decrve     Rrant- 
'  li.-f    »-»ui;ht    by    tbe    government 
wii-  »-.  it  b     the    de- 

cree,   the   d-'feniliint"  not   rootcatUlg, 

20.      f  ii  r . • ;   gtate    i:    Unltnl   .sin..-  ifaa- 

■II    «o> 

■nt.    is.    1016,    in    tin-   dlmrlct    eoorl 

fur    I  Mi-...url.    chorK- 

Inc    tliut    the  no  called  trine  clau«e*  In   the 
p  defend  mta  In 
tin.    eondncl   of   tbalr   bualneal  violated  «cc- 
IIOD    :.  i  lartoii    Art.      A 

r   ....-   rranttd  kl   n.     Uom 
the   petition    »a  ad    <u   Bppll. 

for     ii    I't-  I  sjunctlOD    wax    n 

i    Nor.    12,    101S.      a 
motion   to  dl.imlm  tin    p, -ntinu,  on  ground* 
Its   of    the   ease, 
wuk  overt  II 

30.  IMfOd  "Mtea  .  H  ■■'''• ",  Buchanan 
ef  ail.  Ao  indictment  wai  returned  on  Dec. 
'J-.  I'M.".  In  the  district  court  for  the  south- 
\in  Tork,  charging  the  de- 
fendanta  with  conspiring  to  rcatraln.  pre- 
vent and  hinder  foreign  commerce  in  mill 
tary    •nppllea    and    atorea.      A    motion    b* 

Swa«    overruled    on    Jim.-    30,    ml.".. 
rt.iln    nf    th.-    il.-f.  ndnnta    realdlng   In    the 
■  v.iumbla    Instituted   proceedings 
i-lr  removal  to  New  York* 
::i.     [..if..;  BtatfM   -.   rram  Bopp  rt  of. 
On    Fch.    11.    r.ilrt.   an    Indictment  was   re- 
1    aicalnat    the   defendant*    in    the   dU 
trlrt  court  for  the  northern  dlstrl.  t  of  Cal 
IfornU.   charging   them    with    eooaptrtaj   t" 
rratraln  and  d-atrov    Interstate  and  foreign 
eomm.-r.-.-    of    Oil     l'nlt-.l    Htate*    in    muni- 
tion* of  win     etc       I'.-ni'urer*  and  motion* 
I..    i|'i-i-li   wan   .1.  iil.-.l  ..n    March  80.  1018- 
l'|.ill..,   St..  i  ...cell  ef  at.     An 

was  returned  on  October  2T. 
IHlii.  In  the  district  court  for  the  district 
of  Oregon,  charging  officer*  nnd  agent*  of 
nine  cement  ma-.  apanloa  wltb 

engaging  In  a   c  lid   and 

with  monopollxlng  interatnte  trnde  and  com- 
merce in  cement  on  the  Pacini-  eoaat. 
The  Indictment  charge*  the  defendant*  with 
apportioning  territory  and  maintaining  uni- 
form price*. 


Anti-Trust  Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


INDEX  TO   ANTITRUST  CASES 

Prtttient   JJarrtton't  julminirliaUnn 

Xam*  Sumbcr  of  eatt 

lir«l»tcr   Cnac    II 

Corning.    In   m    8 A 

butliuoi  nn, i  Cattle  Feeding  Co 

llreeuc,    in    re 2C 

lllll    et   al         

i,i:i,-,„.   Mountain   «  -  -. •  i   Oo  I 

KnlKht     Company,     IS.    C  1 

ill.-  i  "«i  l'.iclmdjee  

2 

i  ion   ,t   ill 8 

Shu    r    Tru»l     T 

Terrell,    in   '■      ■-•li 

■nrl     Freight     A«*oclatl,,ii 

WhUky     Tim    i  1 

Workln.-in,  ii  -.       \iii.i  Ik'inmi t.-.l     COUOCll 

Km     i  .i  I.  nns         5 

Pntidcnl    Cltcrlonil'*    MmttUltrMllin 

AM  fnlff  of  rate 

tone  I'lpe  and  Steel  Company " 

Al.-I.-i  1  A 

-   i     id*  4 

:  r ..ii    I ■  Iii«-  Trual    7 

Deb*  -t  ul    I.  .-{.  .'<  A.  311 

Itlllott      ,     ■ 3 

llopkina  et  »1  ..  8 

Jolnl     I  r  . II,.-     V lull, mi     II 

Knn»ll«     CUV     I, In-    BtOCk     llx.-lmni.-,     K 

Moore 3 

PrttldcHl  UeKlHkV*  Jdmiaieliollon. 
.Vnmc  .Vumnrr  of  catc 

And*!  ion    1 

Cbcvapeake    and    old..    Fuel    CO 

i',ml  ll  ,',"      2 

Trader*'    Live  Ht",'k   Uv-Iimiu-.  ....1 

tmUtM  Ituotiult't  AJmlnlftiaUon. 

Xamo  Xumbrr  of  caie 

Aiiin  mid  RobJnaoa  et  nl 13 

American    lee  Co.  et   nl I . 

American    Navnl    Store*    Co,   et  al « 

'1 2ft    27 

American  Tobacco  Co,  ••!  nl 83 

Ammleu.    K.   A..    LumlM-r   Co,    al    »l 14 

Armour  A   Co,  et  al 7 

Atlantie   Inveetmrnl  ■  .,    ,-t  ol to 

Beef   I  nii.tl    2.  7,  9.  22 

Si, nun.  i-  in  and  cola  Stow**  rinut  . 
sureties   Co»e    .1-1 

Coal    Caaaa.    20,     ffl 

'    ii    D.   Statl i.v  Co.  ,i  nl-  •  ■ 

I  lemund  Lumber  Co.  et  nl 21 

I>ruggl»t*    Cnara    .18 

till     foil  |    ite     Nenumra    Co 

Had*  Bridge  Caw   11 

lor  Trum 13 

ft  al 3,4 

FertHlaer    Co«e     m 

tore  ca»e» 20.  37,  :i'-' 

(leneral    Paper   Co.   et  al 0 

C.loyd.    Alfred    M..   et   al...  1» 

Great  Northern  icniiroad  l 

Halt  v.  Henkel    8  A 

Hiii  rlmnii  Ilallrond  Unca 3S 

HogB,   T.   B„  el  al 24 

ust IT.  1*.  20 

Jacksonville      Wbolet.aU     Grocer*'      Aato- 

elation    5 

Ice  Pnato  Caie  ...  .8 

Lumt*  :   i  .,  12.  14.  10.  21.   34 

MacAndrew*  ond   Forbca  Co,  et  al 8 

M,  Mt.ter   v.    Henkel    SA 

era  2,  7,  0.  22 

vints'    Bridge    Case    II 

Metropolitan    Meat   Co.   et  al 0 

N«tlonnl  A-.,„  hill, ,ii   of  Retail  Drugglsta.13 
.Notional    Umbrella   Frame  Co 30 


New  Tork.  New  ITaren  4  Hartford  It.  R 

*t   nl      

Betall    lirocera   AaaoelaUom    10 

Northern    I'arllK-    II      I; 1 

Northern   Sccnrltlee  C i 

"ii     I-: levator  Co.  et  al 

Papon    Cm:.,-,     8.    41 

.1,,.  n    II..   et  al...  h 

People'i   lee  a   Fuel  Co 

PI it ix  Wholmuil*  Meat  anil  Pr 

Pin T.    Supplies    Caeae 

I    ,«  ,l,-i       I    «■  r  

Rn  Iroad   i'„,--    38,   i:. 

Kay.    I       i      el    nl SO      I 

Reading  Company  et  al 30 

i;,  in:  fiii..  

SMlt     Trn.l       3 

Santa    Rita    Mlulne    Co.   and    Santa    Klta 

st, ii-      Co .'s 

Simmon*.    Chaa,    I„.    et    nl 

Stafford,   K    II..  Manufacturing  Co.  at  al_33 

Standard  oil  Company 32 

Stationery    ■  aae        is 

Sllnfvatcr,    Joaepb,    et    "l 41 

Swift     mill     Co.     .-t     al J 

Terminal     Railroad     Association     of 

Louie    11 

o   Trtwl    s 

mine   Case*    

I'mbrrlla  Caaa 

i  nloo   p ,.  IBi    R    i:    Oo    et  al 

Virginia  Carolina    Chemical  Co.  et  al 10 

PrcMtnt   Taffs  Adminiitrotton. 

Some  .Yambcr  of  CO«« 

Adding-     Mm  blue     I'M..-. ^T 

All, in   lloj   Mini   Paper  •  o 

am,  ii   Brother!  Co.  ,-t  nil    oo 

Alumlnui nipiiii    ,,(   America    ... 

Aiin-rleiiu-Atlatle   Strain-  lilp  Ci 

American  Coal    Prodneta    Co SS 

Ami,  il,  mii    Viral     S|,,r.  ,     I'u .'.» 

American   Sugar    Refining    Co  .1.    10 

ran    iiii.  i.i     I'-, SO 

\  mi. ,ii r    Packing    Co 7 

Associated     IHIIpostor*    and     Distributor* 

,,f  the  i\  8.  iiiei  Canada   «w 

Hlackw.il  Milling  and  Klevetor  '"• « 

Burroughs    Adding    Machine    CO R 

.'.ii,    ReaUter   <*a>e '.0 

tVntral-Weat    PiihilKblnK    Co <',T 

Charcoal   Cute    412 

ipeakc   and  Ohio   It.  Ii-  .t   al H 

ird   of    i  rndf       

.    Iiuiti-r    nnd    Egg   Board 11 

mnd  Stone  Co 

Coal  Ctae* M.  83.  M 

Tar  Own   B| 

Cu*»ter-Brake  Caae  

Coffee    Caac     

Colorado  and    Wyomlnf   Lumber   Dealer*' 

A»»oclatlon      14 

f'onfectlon*  Cn«c 72 

Connolldiited  Rnnderlnc  Co.  .13.  15-17 

r.-.idui-tx  KvrtnlnK  Co S3 

Cotton.    Joe.    et   al 47 

ii    Pool    Cute 12 

ware   and    Lackawanna    Railroad   and 
Delaware  and  Lackawanna  Con  I  Co... S3 
Bnnern  State*  Retail  Lumber  Dealer*'  Aa- 

•oclatlnn     24 

Elcetrlcnl     Worker*'     Union     84 

rislu   Board  of  Trade    73 

i  namel  Ware  Ci-,  13,  18 

F.  and  M.  AuocJatlon    90 

Pint    Magnet    Wire    Aanoclatlon    28-341 

Ko|i.   Frank   

freight    Rate  Caac*    8,   37.  «1 

geer.   Wm.   C.  et   al 2S 
eneral    Klectrlc  Co 20 

Croat  Lake*  Towing  Company 10 

,-t     nl 50.    51 

lininluirg  Amerll  ,.-k»tfnbrt     Ac- 

tl-n     C.eneiisrbaft     22 

Hapgood,   Cyru*   8 17 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Anti-Trust 


Bi;nt,  Frank;  Patten,  James  A.;  et  al.12 

Hartwlck.     Edward    E.,    et    al 40 

Heath,    Horatio    W 16.    17 

Hide  and   Rendering  Cases 15,  16,  17 

Hocking    Valley    Railroad   et    al 89 

Hollls,     Wlllard     G 45 

Horseshoe    Manufacturers  Association. 28  3tt 

Hunter    Milling  Co 42 

Imperial    Window    Glaaa  Co 4 

International     Brotherhood    of    Electrical 

Workers     84 

International    Harvester   Co 63 

Kanawha  Jt  Michigan  Railroad 39 

Kellogg  Toasted   Corn  Flake  Co 75 

Keystone   Watch   Case  Co 58 

Kindling   Wood    Trust    41 

Krentler-Arnold    Hinge    Last   Co 77 

Lake    Shore   k   Michigan    Southern    R.    R. 

et    al 39 

Lead     Encased     Rubber     Cable     Associa- 
tion      28-36 

Lumber  Cases    40,  44,   45 

Lumber    Secretaries'    Bureau    of  Informa- 
tion     27,   44.  45 

Lumberman  Publishing  Co 27 

Magazine    Trust     37 

Master    Horse-sboers   National    Protective 

Association   of  America   72 

HcCaskey   Register  Co 83 

Meat  Packers  Cases 5,  6,  7,  14 

Mellen,    Cbarlea    8.,   et  al 74 

Milk  Cases 25,  26 

Miller.    Julius    P 62 

Missouri  Pacific  and  other  railroads....  8 

Motion  Picture  Patenta  Co 69 

National    Cash    Register   Co 48 

National    Packing   Co 5.    6 

New   Departure   Manufacturing  Co .V. 

New   York   Charcoal  Co 62 

Nl*ht    Rider    Case     3 

North     Pacific     Wharves     and     Trading 

Co.     56,    58 

Oil   Case   70 

Pacific  and  Arctic  R.  R.  and  Navigation 

Co 57.    59 

Pacific   Coast   Plnmblng   Supply    Associa- 
tion      52 

Page    et    al 76 

Paper    Manufacturers    Case    90 

Parrtngton    et    al 21 

ratten.  James  A.,  et  al 12 

Patterson.  John   H.,  et  al 60 

Payne.     Calvin    N 70 

Paving  Brick  A   Stone   Case 21 

Periodical   Publishing  Co 37 

Philadelphia  Jobbing  Confectioners    ...  .72 

Pierce.  J.  B..  et  al 38 

Plumbing     Supplies     Case 52 

Posters   Case    68 

Prince  Line,   Lim.   66 

Railroad  Cases   8.  39.  57.  66.  74.  80 

Reardon.   John  and  8ons  Co 15.  16 

Rubber   Covered   Wire   Association. ..  .28-30 
St.    Louis  Terminal   R.   R.  Association ...  89 

Shoe  Machinery  Cases 43.  49,  78 

Slelcken,  Herman,  et  al 65 

Smith.    Philip    H.   W 28-36 

Southern      Wholesale     Grocers'      Associa- 
tion    9.  79 

Standard  Sanitary  Manufacturing  Co.  13,  18 

Standard    Wood    Co.    et    al 41 

Steel    Trust    46 

Steers,   John    S. .  et  al 3 

Stone     Case     81 

Sugar  Trust    i.l.  19 

Sulzberger ,    Ferdinand    16 

Swift.   Loula  E.,  et  al 14 

Telephone  Cable  Association   28-36 

Terminal  B.  B.  Association  of  St.  Louis. 89 

Thread  Out*  86 

Toledo  &  Ohio  Central  R.  B 39 

Trans-Atlantic    Steamship   Pool   Case 22 

Turpentine  and   Resin   Case 54 

TTnoerground   Power  Cable  Association. 28-36 

Doited  Shoe  Machinery  Co 49.  78 

United  States  Steel  Corporation 46 


Wall  Paper   Case    88 

Watch   Case  Case    53 

Whiting  et  al    25.  26 

Window   Glass  Case    4 

Wlnslow  et  al    43 

Wire   Rope  Manufacturers    28-36 

Zancsvllle  and  Western  Railroad 39 

PrttMent    Wilson's    Administration. 
Name  number  of  case 

American    Can    Co 10 

American  Telephone  and  Telegraph  Co..    7 

American    Wringer   Co 16 

Anthracite  Coal  Cases 8,  14 

Aroostook    Potato   Shippers  Association.  .2r> 

Artery,    Michael,    et   al 26 

Booth     Fisheries     Co 17 

Bopp,    Franz,    et   al 31 

Bowser.    8.    F..    et  al 28 

Boyle,   Michael,  et  al 27 

Buchanan  et  al 30 

Camera     Trust      3 

Canteloupe    Case    19 

Cement   Case    32 

Central   Pacific   Railroad    13 

Chapman.   Isaac   E..  et  al 24 

Clothes    Wringer   Case 16 

Collins  et  al 20 

Cotton   Corner  Case    6 

Country     Produce    Cose 20 

Cowell    et    al 32 

Eastman    Kodak    Co 3 

Fish  Case  17 

Hayes.   Frank  J.,  et  al ....12 

Hlppen  et  al 5 

Irving  et  al 22 

Jewelry  Trust    9 

King.  Carl  C.  et  al     25 

Knauer  et  nl 15 

Ix-hlgb    Valley    Railroad   et  al 14 

MeCoach  et  al 21 

National    Wholesale   Jewelers    Association  9 
New  Departure  Manufacturing  Co.  et  al. .    1 

Oklahoma     Brokerage     Co R 

Plumbing  Supplies  Cases 15.  21.  22 

Potatoes    Case    25 

Quaker     Oats     Co 4 

Reading  Co.  et  al 8 

Rlntelen.    Buchanan   et  al 30 

Rockefeller  et  al 18.  23 

Shoe  Machinery  Case 29 

Southern   Pacific  Co.   et  al 18 

Telephone   Trust    7 

Thompson    et    al 6 

Tin    Can    Trust 10 

United    Mine    Workers   Cases 2,    11,    12 

1'nlted    Shoe    Manufacturing    Co 20 

Western    Canteloupe    Exchange 19 

White,  John  P..  et  al 2.  11 

Anti-Trust  Law  (see  also  8hennan 
Act,  and  Assistant  to  the  Attorney- 
General.) 

Amendment  of,  would  control  trusts 
and   monopolies,   7916. 

Amendments  suggested,  7131,  7343. 

Appropriations  for  enforcement  of, 
needed,  6712. 

Common  stock  ownershp,  7650. 

Confiscation  not  the  purpose  of  the 
statute,  7649. 

Definition  of,  to  clarify,  8151. 

Effectiveness  of  the  decree,  7649. 

Enforcement  of,  6712,  6790,  6975, 
7073. 

Explicit  legislation  under,  7910. 

Federal  corporation  commission  pro- 
posed, 7654. 

Federal  incorporation  recommended, 
7652. 


Anti-Trust  Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Force  and  effectiveness  of  statute  a 

mattor  of  growth,  70-16. 
Fntilo    provisions    of.    pointod    out, 

7131. 
Government    administrative    expert* 

needed    to    aid    courts    in     trust 

dissolutions,  ~<J-,t. 
Importance   of   tho    Anti-Trust   Act, 

7055. 
i iiiorporatlon  voluntary,  7688. 
Interlocking    directorates,    discussed, 

7!>1.'.. 

Lack  of  deflnitoness  in  tho  statute, 
7051. 

Labor   organizations    should    bo    ex- 
empt from,  7104. 
islation  needed  to  rlnrify,  7910. 

Legislation  urged,  7193. 

■  litlcations  of,  needed,  7078. 

ISovmmbI  *"'  '',,l"'ri1  "f,  7650. 

New  remedies  suggested,  7n.il. 

No  change  necessary  in  rule  of  de- 
cision, merely  in  tho  form  of  ex- 
pression, 7645. 

Opinion  by  Judgo  Hough  cited,  7131. 

Regulation  of  trusts  bj  Bi  I  uot 
hamper  business  intere>t»,  7 ■ '  1  -I . 

Remedy    In    equity    by    dissolution, 

7>. 17. 

Should  be  made  clearer  and  fair.-r, 
7'UH. 

Situation  after  readjustment,  7647. 

Bin  ej  new  . - . , 1 1 1 1 1.- 1 1 1 1 . •  -< ,  7<;  16. 

Strengthening  of,  7101. 

Supremo  Court  decisions  on,  citod  by 
Taft,  7044. 

Supplemental  legislation  needed,  not 
repeal  or  amendment,  7652. 

Taft  message  on,  7644. 

Trust  heads'  attitude  toward,  7126. 

I  m.-rtainty  of,  hampers  business. 
7816. 

Voluntary    rcorganirntion    of    other 
trusts  at  hand,  7050. 
Anti-Trust  Legislation.  (See  also  Roose- 
velt, Taft  and   Wilson,  aud  Assist- 
ant to  Die   ATKoney-Gcnoral.) 

Advice  and  guidance  of  trade  com- 
mission desired,  7916. 

Co-operative  groups  of  individuals, 
7917. 

Effect      of     uncertainty      regarding, 

me. 

Ilolding  companies  should  bo  prohib- 
ited, 7917. 

Individual  punishment  for  business 
irregularities,  7017. 

Individual  suits  should  be  based  on 
government  findings,  7918. 

'•..iivlduals  put  out  of  business, 
7918. 

Industrial  management  usurped  by 
investment  bankers,  7915. 

Interlocking  directorates  of  corpora- 
tions, 7915. 


Monopoly    Indefensible   and    intoler- 
able, 7915. 
Not  to  unsettle  business,  7914. 
1'rinciples  of,  discussed,  8040. 
Production  and  transportation  busi- 
nesses, separation  of,  7916. 
Railroads,  financing  DMM  Interstate 

Commerce   Commission,  7915. 
Railroads,    harm    done    to,   by    finan- 
ciers, 7915. 
Statute    of    Limitations    should    run 
from     conclusion     of     government 
suits,  7916. 
Trade   Commissions  needed  as  guids 

to  justice,  7910. 
Trade   Commission   to  direct   correc- 
tive processes,  7917. 
Trust*    and    monopolies,    control    of, 
7018. 
Antietam   (Md.).  Battle  of— after  tbe 
severe     engagement    at     South     Mountain, 
Leo's  army  concentrated  to  tlio  u..i  .  r  t 

Mnsll   stream   flowing  Into 
til*   I" use    Itlrer.  eight  miles  above  liar- 

E.i  1  Perry-  Ucre.  near  the  town  of  Sharps- 
urg.  between  tbe  Potomac  and  tbe  creek, 
Lee  awaited  the  return  of  Jm-kson,  wbo 
hud   In  •  •  (o    capture    Harpers    I 

According  to  l'ederal  accounts,  Lee  bad  not 

iu tUuu  23,000  men  uiiill  Jackson's  two 

illusions  en nil     Later  In-  mis  Joined  by 

D.  U.  lull's,  McLaw's  and  Anderson's  divi- 
sions.     This  raised   lb*  strength  of   Lee's 
eomniaml  to  hit  -t.i.iMKi  i-iuiiliat.-ititH.    Sept. 
IC.    1802.    McClellao't   urtuy    aboni    v 
strong,  was  re-en  forced  to  87,144,  of  wblcb 

force  bore  the  brunt  of  tbe  battle.     On  tbe 

.if     the     10th     Booker's     di .1 

i    (lie   cn-vk    inn!    b»ssn   su   stuck, 

which  darkness  ended.     Fighting   wss   re- 

sntued    nt    daylight    on    the    17th    ami 

t in. nil  all  day,   with   varying-  success  snd 

t.fiiiii-  slaughter.      Darkni  j   it   mi 

end  to  the  carnage.    McClcllan  did  not  renew 

the    attack   On    the    lsih.    but    ordet*    were 

Issued    lo    resume    ilirlulnir    on    the    19th, 

During  the  nlgbt  of  the  lStti,  however,  th* 

ilerates    withdrew    to   tho   west   of  tbe 

Pol s I    proceeded    toward    Martins- 

pari  A  few  days  later  MeCIellan  occupied 
Martlnsburg.  The  totnl  loss  of  tbe  Union 
army   wu»  1,010   killed)  :   of   tbe 

<  onfederatoe,  2.1,800.    Other  estimates  of  H, 

Confedi  r  in    loss  sre  0.m>"  m  12, he 

ofnelul  Confederate  nccounts  claim  that  this 
nit  s  drawn  battle,  snd  that  the  total  ef- 
r  i  tlve  fore*  of  Lee  was  a  little  mors 
H)   This  was  called  by  the  Coated* 
tiu   battle  of  Sliarpsburg.     (See  Illustration 
te  UT7.I 

Antiquities,  American,  Preservation  of. 

—  Ciiil-r  Hie  in-t  e|  CWiiKt-  1  June 

8,  ](>(">.  Interdepartmental  regulations  gov- 
erning the  excavation,  approprlstlon,  etc..  of 
prelil.  objects    of    "iniquity 

hove  been  promulgated  l.y  the  Secrctsrles 
of  the  Interior.  Agriculture  nud  >'■  UT  ftp 
plli  ntlona  In  make  rxeai 

on  the  public  lands.  Indian  reservations,  or 
the  national  monuments  named  below  should 
be  addressed  to  the  Secretary  of  tbe  Inte- 
rior. The  following  have  been  reserved 
from  entry  and  set  aside  ns  national  monu- 
ments :  Devils  Tower,  Wyoming :  Monte- 
zuma Castle.  Arl7.mii  ;  Petrified  Korest.  Arl- 
r i  ■  ii  Uorro,  N»w  Mexico:  Chaeo  Can- 
yon, New  Mexico:  Mulr  Woods.  Csllfornls ; 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Apportionment 


Ritual    Bridges.    Vrnb:    Lew!*  and    Clark 
Cinra.     Montana:     Tuasacimrl.     Arl: 
Navajo.  Aitf.-im  :  Uukantuwcap.  t'tnh  :  Sho- 
ming:    Uran    Qulvlrn, 
New 

i  lib  :  I'lnn  i 
•ola  :  Colorado,  Colorado.  I  i 
ii.ii"Q«l  tnuautacBIa  '■ 
bavc  alao  beea  art  n-i- 

placed!    under   far   Jnrladk-tlou  of    tbe    Sec- 
retary i-f  .:  10  wlium 
regard  thereto  ebould  be  addreaaed. 
Antipodes?.—  People*  living  on  the  extreme 
■eaaUta  aide*  of  the  earth  :  an-ciUI-d  from 
tka  Creak    n-ord*    whlrh    m.'«o   "wlih 
•ppaadte."     AUo,    lb*  opposite  portion!  of 
Caw  car  I  h. 


(See  Indian  Tribe*) 
(See     Indian 


Apichw  TtHilaffll 
ApalachleoJa 

Apollo,  The,  seizure  <■'•   bT   American 

Government   referred   to,  469. 
Appeals,  Court*  of.   (8e*  Court*  of  Ap- 

Appeais  to  a  People  Over  the  Head  of. 

Its  Government.  -  Kreo  Id  tUawa  of  peace, 
taare  la  prrcrdenl  In  Americas  blatorr  for 
"bine  the  prOfde  of  i  foreign  *»r*rnm«ot 
ailrr  wberv  tt.r  United  State*  ha*  not 
d  with  lt<  negotiation*  with  time 
.neat  Itaelf.  Ihirluj:  Ibo  CItII  War. 
Lincoln,  al 

:  a  a.  a  a,  .  «       a    -  a  ».  ■  _.       &.  a         t  L^aa^alaaaataw        ah^aa 


both    the 
Easll.b 


>ple__to  .the 


Kii.'IuikI 

i 


mid 


Xana.  **nt  Henry  Ward  Beecber  to  plead 
law  <Mae  of  taw  North  to  popular  meeting* 
■  Eaocaad.  with  great  *ucce»»  In  |8T0j 
daring  taw  war  between  Germany  and 
•"ranee.  General  Bnrntlde  made  no  offer  to 
carry  •  wggeatton  from  Iii-umr.-V  to  the 
French  Government,  although  Ibe  offer  waa 
-pled  by  tb«  Frencb. 

Appotntlnc  Power  of  President.     (See 
Uve   Nominations.) 

Appotntmeut   to   Offlce.     (Roc    Exoeo- 

Nominal 
Appointment*,  Division  of  Postmasters, 
PosVOfflce  Department.— Tbla  divi-ion 
under  tte  taperrliion  of  the  Flrat 
Aaalstaat  Poatmaiter  General  fa.  t.).  By 
*e*Vr  tm.  effective  April  1, 

1*17.    all     ncatmaiterahlo-.    In    the    DePirt- 
■Mnt    of    the    l'o« t 'Office    are    placed    under 

i8e»    Civil    Service; 
hnk*    Ckimaalasann ;     I'oet-OOre     Depart- 
Meat.  I 

Appoeaattox  fVa.).  Battle  of. -After  the 
bait*  of  Kami  Hie.  April  ?,  18*5,  Lee 
moird  off  toward  the  went,  closely  followed 
Vy  Meade  oa  the  north  lido  of  tbo  Appo- 
■  m  learning  of  tbe  arrival 
•a*  awpply  train*  for  Lec'a  Army  at  Appoanat- 
toi  Station,  puv'  I    r   r  ' 

with  all    the  cavalry.      L»*'a  ImpWr.- 

now  nppnr>-ui.  Grant  aent  biro  o 
t»Me  ln>l:l»g  aairreofler.     I.ee  replied,  o«k- 
iiia.  and  flrnat  laahted  upon  Ibe 
'be  Confederate 
rtbrro   Virginia.     Oa  tbe  eight 
a*  April  8  Cuacer.   who   waa  lu   Sheridan'* 
Menace-,      ranched      Appomattox       Station. 
ware*  the  Coafederate  "■Ihiht  had  Juat  ar- 
Ha   attacked    tbe    force*   and   eap- 
mred  2S  gnna  and  4  supply  train*,  a  hos- 
<  park  of  wagon*.    Daring 
Ue  algbt   Sheridan  came  op.  and  by  day- 
light waa  Joined   by  (Jen.   Ord'i  command 
and  the  Fifth  Corp*.     Law  waa  bow  only 


■  Ilea    from    Lynchburg,    hi*    objective 

Joint.     At  tlin.   unilei  ,ppo»- 

ae  force*.  h.<  m  Goidou  to  maka 

a   re-coanolsNuce  uud    otcnek.      Him 

'•    withdrew  '. aldi    I   r. 

the  line*  of  ord'«  and  Orlffio  i  comma 
lino  of  I  in  Hi     Gordon  sent  forwurd  n  while 
OnaT.  d     I     •     then  dispatched  a    001 

Gen.  Grnnl  requesting  lew,   uhlcb 

li.'lnir  iilliiw.d  closed  with  the  algulug  of 
Iva  "I  ►nrreuder  of  Lee'*  anuv  and 
rollowera,  about  21  nun  :i„  „  -i  ■  > . . 
OOceri  ind  men  «.ru  rmruled  Iprll  12,  *nd 
alloweil  tu  relnr.i  1 1;  bomea,  Al)  gp. ■  j t > . 
lie  property  wn<  turned  over,  luit  IDS  "*- 
Cera  were  allowed  to  keep  ihelr  aide  nrm* 
unit  bulb  offleera  uud  uieu  to  rei.ni.  ilnlr 
prl«ntu  buraea  uud  bugaajte. 

Apportlonmont.— The  watribntloa  of  ten 

rearntatlon  In  the  Federal  Mouse  of  Repre- 
»niU:ivi-  .-in. I   lu   tb-  general  aaaemhi: 
the     varlius     Slalea.       lu     I  irntal 

Congrea*    ea.-h     stale    had     but    on-     IttM 

LoDg  ...  Mi.,  nil,  ,n  arei  thl  moiter  of  repre- 

•eutatlou    finally    led    to    the    oatabllahmeot 
of     two     Elouaea    of    Congreaa— the    Senate, 
tea  ahould  I  I  lepra- 

■entatlou  : 

anil  (hi  ii  which  each  State  ibould 

hn»e     repn  .i  ni;iil,.n     In     proDortlofl     b 
!.,|>ulailon.      Trmldent    Waablngton    retoed 
a  bill  on  ihlx  aiihji'i    (116).     A  cen*a*  waa 
laken  and  1  R.-|,<  wnHiillim.il  foi 

.".d.ikiii    luhabltantH      Thla    nil*   gor- 
.   ipponlooinenta  for  70  year*,   though 
the    i»tfo    >n    (bangi-d    from    time   tu    nun 
».    in.-  population   (in  i 

In  order  to  keep  ibe  number  of  member* 
■  i  .   I.  fixed  quantlt]     tb*  Thirty- 

llVllll       ii.. 

•entntlve  pupiilailon  by  233  aftir  each  cen 

»u»,    and    b]     Hi.'    quotient    that    obtained 

Ibe      repi  popnlmlou      nf 

State       rill"    gar*    lb*    number   of 

'.-niatlvt*    to    whl.-h    each    Slate    waa 
hen    ih,     total    iniiiiii.i    fell 
■horl  illative*  were  allowed 

the     Slate*     having     the     larg.-n     fr*i 
•  fir-r  ,i  Aerardlns  to  the  apportion 

in.  hi   art  .if  Jan    in,    1001,  it  wo*  provided 
that  after  March  3.  1»03.  the  llouac 

.inpoaed  of  3   (1         mbi  i  i,   to  !..■  ehoaan 
In     ill-iii.  i  I    of     rontlguou*     mid 

pnc-l    lerrllor)    nml 
o«    prartli-able   an   equal   number  of  luhnhl- 
,  .i.  b    dlatrlf!    .1.  .Hi! 

lative      n   wn«  also  prorloed   thai   In  r»a«. 

>.f  mi  Inor.-n**'  allowed  any  State.  »ueb  addl- 

llooal  •■  •hall  be  alaetad  liy  th"  state  at 

larae  tin i ll  tbe  8late  ahall  i«'  redlatrieted: 
and  Hint  whenever  a  new  State  la  admitted 
in  He  It.  preventative  0r  Rapre- 
Mi-d  10  It  ahall  he  In  addi- 
tion to  the  number  386.  According  to  tbe 
renin*  of  1000  the  ratio  of  apportionment 
«ra«  104.182,  aud  a-  HiIm  gar*  on  I; 
Repreientatlrea.  Nebra«ka  and  Virginia 
wen-  en.-li  allowed  one  additional,  making 
a   i ola I  >.f  .186  Representative*.      (Sen  alao 

llr  an  act  of  Onngrei*  approTed  Aug,  8. 
101 1,  the  ratio  of  representation  under  IN 
thlrre*n(b  e«n<u»  wo*  flxed  at  on*  for  each 
212.«07  of  population.  Inervaalne  tbe  i.uui 
ber  of  n-pn-wn tail ve»  to  486\  The  orenra- 
panilng  taMe  ahnwa  the  ratio  of  represen- 
tation In  each  Congret*  under  lb*  Con*tl- 
tntlou . 

Apportionment: 

According;  to  census  of  1890   neces- 
sary, 5553. 
Approred      and      reasons     therefor, 
£012.     Vetoed,   116. 


Apportionment     Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 

APPOBTIONMENT    OF    CONOBESSIONAL    REPRESENTATION 


Rati 

m  under  Con 

'.Itt'itum  and 

at  each  Census,  J  790  ia 

1910, 

by  Slattt 

Consti- 

1790 

1800 

1810 

1S20 

1830 

1840 

1S50 

I860 

1870 

1880 

1S9C 

1900 

1910 

. 

•o 

^ 

£9 

8 

St*  to 

| 

§ 

B 

g 

§ 

8 

% 

30 

g 

C*4 

— 1 

© 

5 

to 
1 

g 

*5 

C*3 

*o 

o 

t- 

© 

s 

CO 

«e 

*» 

rt 

eo 

m 

'  ^ 

••> 

**" 

' 

*"* 

n 

Reprtsentation 

Alabama 

1 

3 

s 

7 

7 

8 

8 

8 

■ 

9 

10 

Aniona 

1 

Arkansas 

. 

1 

1 

2 

3 

4 

S 

8 

7 

7 

California     . . . 

2 

2 

a 

4 

e 

7 

8 

11 

1 

l 

2 

3 

4 

Connecticut.  , 

6 

7 

j 

7 

6 

6 

4 

4 

4 

4. 

4 

4 

6 

6 

Delaware  .... 

1 

1 

i 

2 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

Florida 

1 

1 

1 

2 

2 

2 

1 

4 

Georgia 

a 

2 

4 

e 

7 

0 

K 

8 

7 

9 

10 

11 

1) 

12 

Idaho 

1 

1 

1 

2 

i 

1 

a 

7 

0 

14 

19 

20 

22 

25 

27 

Indiana 

i 

.1 

7 

10 

11 

11 

13 

13 

13 

IS 

13 

Iowa 

2 

2 

6 

9 

11 

11 

11 

11 

Kansas 

1 

j 

7 

X 

8 

8 

Kentucky 

9 

0 

10 

12 

a 

10 

10 

9 

10 

11 

11 

11 

11 

Louisiana, ,       - 

l 

:i 

3 

4 

4 

8 

6 

8 

0 

7 

8 

Maine . 

•7 

7 

a 

7 

6 

8 

B 

4 

4 

4 

4 

e 

8 

8 

6 

« 

8 

0 

6 

8 

6 

8 

'• 

8 

8 

Mossachusetti 

s 

14 

17 

13 

13 

12 

10 

11 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

IS 

Michigan.. 

1 

3 

4 

e 

9 

11 

12 

12 

13 

'J 

a 

a 

8 

: 

9 

10 

Mississippi.-    . 

1 

1 

2 

4 

5 

5 

6 

7 

7 

8 

8 

1 

2 

a 

7 

9 

13 

14 

18 

16 

16 

Montana 

I 

1 

1 

2 

Nebraska 

1 

1 

S 

8 

« 

8 

Nevada. 

I 

1 

1 

1 

1 

I 

.V  Hampshire. 

a 

4 

ft 

(I 

6 

8 

4 

3 

I 

3 

2 

2 

2 

2 

New  Jersey . . . 

4 

6 

6 

fl 

e 

6 

I 

8 

S 

7 

7 

8 

10 

12 

1 

New  York  ... 

6 

10 

17 

27 

34 

10 

34 

33 

31 

33 

34 

34 

37 

43 

North  Carolina 

5 

10 

12 

13 

13 

13 

9 

8 

7 

8 

9 

9 

10 

10 

North  Dakota. 

1 

1 

2 

3 

Ohio.. 

1 

'1 

14 

10 

21 

21 

19 

20 

21 

21 

21 

22 

8 

1 

1 

1 

1 

2 

2 

3 

Pennsylvania  . 

8 

is 

IS 

23 

58 

28 

24 

25 

24 

27 

28 

30 

32 

38 

Rhode  Island 

1 

2 

o 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

3 

South  Carolina 

fl 

>.. 

8 

9 

9 

9 

7 

6 

4 

8 

7 

7 

7 

7 

South  Dakota. 

2 

2 

2 

S 

Tennessee 

i 

a 

e 

9 

13 

11 

10 

8 

10 

10 

10 

10 

10 

2 

2 

4 

e 

11 

13 

18 

18 

1 

1 

2 

Vermont 

2 

4 

6 

5 

« 

4 

3 

3 

3 

2 

2 

2 

2 

Virginia 

10 

19 

22 

23 

22 

21 

15 

13 

11 

9 

10 

10 

10 

10 

"Washington..  . 

1 

2 

J 

S 

TV  est  Virginia 

.1 

4 

4 

6 

6 

"Wisconsin 

2 

3 

6 

8 

9 

10 

II 

11 

1 

1 

1 

1 

Total.    . . 

05 

106 

112 

188 

213 

242 

232 

2'17 

243      293 

332 

357 

386 

43j 

*  Included  in  the  20  members  originally  assigned  to  Massachusetts,  but  credited  to  Maine  after  ha 
admission  as  a  State  March  15,  1820. 

Note — The  following  representation  included  in  the  table  was  added  after  the  several  census  appor- 
tionments indicated:  First — Tennessee,  1.  Second — Ohio,  1.  Third — Alabama,  1:  Illinois,  Is  Indiana, 
1:  Louisiana.  1;  Maine.  7;  Mississippi,  I.  Fifth — Arkansas,  1:  Michigan,  1.  Sixth — California,  2; 
Florida,  1:  Iowa,  2:  Texas,  2;  Wisconsin.  2.  Seventh — Massachusetts,  Is  Minnesota,  2;  Oregon.  I. 
Eighth — Illinois.  I:  Inwa.  1:  Kentucky,  1;  Minnesota.  1;  Nebraska.  1:  Nevada,  I;  Ohio,  I;  Pennsylvania. 
1;  Rhode  Island,  1;  Vermont.  1.  Ninth— Colorado,  I.  Tenth— Idaho.  1;  Montana.  1;  North  Dakota,  Is 
South  Dakota,  2:  Washington,  Is  Wyoming,  1.  Eleventh — Utah.  1.  Thirteenth — Alabama,  Is  Art- 
■ona.  1:  California,  3:  Colorado,  1:  Florida,  2:  Georgia,  1:  Idaho.  1;  Illinois,  2;  Louisiana,  1:  Massachu- 
setts. 2;  Michigan,  1;  Minnesota,  1:  Montana,  1;  New  Jersey,  2;  New  Mexico,  1;  New  York,  6;  North 
Dakota,  1;  Ohio,  1;  Oklahoma,  8;  Oregon.  1;  Pennsylvania,  4;  Rhode  Island,  1;  South  Dakota,  1,'TaxasV 
2;  Utah,   1;  Washington,  2;  West  Vlrgioia,  1. 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Arbitration 


Appropriations.— Artie]*  1,  section  7, 
clause  1,  of  the  Constitution  provides  tbat 
"AU  bills  for  raising  revenue  shall  orig- 
inate In  tne  Bouse  of  Representatives" ; 
a  similar  privilege  has  been  claimed  by 
the  House  In  the  case  of  appropriations  of 
public  money,  but  In  this  case  the  claim 
has  not  been  Insisted  on.  Previous  to  1865 
the  appropriation  bills  were.  In  the  House, 
considered  by  the  Committee  of  Ways  ana 
Means,  bat  Id  that  year  the  Committee  on 
Appropriations  was  formed.  By  a  rule  of 
the  House  and  Senate,  appropriation  bills 
must  Include  only  items  authorized  by  ex- 
isting laws,  and  they  cannot  contain  provis- 
ions changing  existing  laws.  But  this  rule 
Is  frequently  disregarded.  These  bills  must 
be  reported  to  the  Committee  of  the  Whole, 
and  may  be  reported  at  any  time,  taking 
precedence  of  any  other  measures.  This 
rule  puts  vast  power  into  the  bands 
of  the  chairman  of  the  committee,  and  of 
late  years  this  power  has  been  used  to 
choke  discussion  on  the  subject  of  the 
tariff,  by  withholding  the  report  of  the  ap- 
propriation bills  until  the  end  of  the  ses- 
sion and  then  Introducing  tbem  at  a  time 
when,  the  most  urgent  duties  of  Congress 
having  been  performed,  tbat  topic  Is  most 
likely  to  come  up  for  discussion.  In  the 
House  the  yeas  and  nays  on  the  passage 
of  these  bills  must  be  recorded.  But  bills 
are  frequently  passed  under  a  suspension 
of  this  rule.  In  the  Senate  this  Is  not  neces- 
sary. The  Appropriation  Committee  In  that 
body  was  organized  In  1867.  the  Finance 
Committee  having  previously  had  that  mat- 
ter In  charge.  The  appropriation  bills  are 
made  np  from  estimates  furnished  by  the 
beads  of  the  executive  departments ;  these 
are  usually  much  reduced  In  the  House,  and 
these  estimates  are  again  usually  raised 
by  the  Senate  (which  body  has  less  politi- 
cal capital  to  make  out  of  a  claim  of 
economy.)  :  a  compromise  between  the  two 
usually  results  In  appropriations  consid- 
erably lower  than  the  amount  asked  for  by 
the  department  officers.  Tbls  necessitates 
the  passage,  at  the  beginning  of  every  ses- 
sion, of  a  bill  to  supply  the  deficiency  of 
the  previous  appropriations :  tbls  bill  Is 
known  as  the  Deficiency  BUI. 

Besides  the  appropriations  there  are 
"permanent  annual  appropriations,"  or 
money  expended  by  the  treasury  by  virtue 
of  laws  whose  operation  Involves  the  ex- 
penditure without  a  specific  appropriation 
renewed  each  year,  as  Interest  on  the  pub- 
lic  debt.       (See    Riders.) 

Arbitration  (International)  and  Dis- 
artnaisant. — The  movement  In  behalf  of 
universal  peace  between  the  nations  baa 
made  great  progress  In  recent  years  In  the 
Interest  It  baa  created  snd  In  the  number 
and  character  of  Its  advocates. 

An  International  Peace  Congress  meets 
annually.  Its  eighteenth  annual  meeting, 
held  at  Stockholm  In  August,  1910.  was  at- 
tended by  about  700  representatives  of 
various  countries.  A  "Palace  of  Peace" 
has  been  erected  at  The  Hague  through  the 
munificence  of  Andrew  Carnegie,  and  con- 
tribution* to  the  adornment  of  tbls  splen- 
did building  have  come  from  all  the  prlnct- 
Eil  countries.  More  recently  Mr.  Carnegie 
as  donated  a  fund  of  $10,000,000.  the 
revenue  of  which  la  to  be  used  In  the  In- 
terests of  peace. 

A  Permanent  International  Court  of  Ar- 
bitration waa  established  at  The  Hague 
by  a  treaty  of  Joly,  1889.  wblch  was  signed 
and  later  ratified  by  twenty-four  powers. 
Representation  In  the  court  by  non-signa- 
tory powers  wai  provided  for  by  protocol 
of  June,  1907.  The  permanent  court  con- 
data  of  men  of  recognized  authority  on  In- 


ternational law.  The  members  on  the  part 
of  the  United  States  are  Senator  Kllbu 
Root,  John  Bassett  Moore,  Judge  George 
Gray  and  Hon.  Oscar  s.  Straus.  (See 
Hague  Peace  Conference.)  A  number  of 
cases  have  been  tried  by  this  court — one  of 
the  most  important  being  the  Atlantic  Fish- 
eries Dispute,  which  threatened  the  friend- 
ly relations  of  Great  Britain  and  Canada 
with  the  United  States,  and  In  which  a  sat- 
isfactory settlement  was  reached.  (See 
Great  Britain.  Treaties  with.  Here,  under 
the  heading  Arbitration,  will  be  found  the 
essential  principles  of  all  International  ar- 
bitration   treaties.) 

The  movement  for  disarmament,  or  the 
limitation  of  armaments,  has  made  little 
material  progress.  It  was  opposed  by  Ger- 
many at  The  Hague  Conference  In  1907. 
Great  Britain  Is  willing  to  Join  the  other 
powers  In  a  plan  to  reduce  armaments, 
provided  they  shall  all  agree  to  It,  not 
otherwise.  The  Balkan  Crisis  In  1908,  and 
the  Italian-Turkish  war  have  discouraged. 
If  not,  for  the  time  being,  destroyed,  all 
hopes  of  any  agreement  between  the  powers 
to  disarm,  or  reduce  armaments,  In  the 
near  future.  The  principle  that  to  be  pre- 
pared  for  war  Is  the  Biirest  way  to  preserve 

feace  Is  likely  to  be  adhered  to.  The  road 
a  universal  peace  Is  evidently  not  yet  In 
sight.  What  progress  the  movement  for  dis- 
armament had  made  In  the  United  States 
was  completely  nullified  by  the  European 
war  of  1914,  and  millions  were  spent  to  In- 
crease both  army  and  navy.  (See  also  Hague 
Peuce  Conference  :  Peace.  International.) 

Between  August  7.  1913.  and  September 
15.  19H.  the  United  States,  through  Sec- 
retary of  State  Bryan,  signed  pence  treaties 
with  the  following  26  nations:  Argentina, 
Bolivia.  Brazil.  Chile.  China,  Costa  Rica. 
Denmark,  Dominican  Republic.  England. 
France.  Guatemala.  Honduras.  Italy, 
Netherlands.  Nicaragua,  Norway.  Panama. 
Paraguay.  Persia.  Peru.  Portugal.  Salvador. 
Spain,   Swlterland.    Uruguay.    Venezuela. 

The  following  text  of  the  treaty  with 
The  Netherlands  will  serve  to  show  the 
nature    of   all    the    "Bryan"    treaties : 

The  President  of  the  United  States  of 
America  and  her  Majesty  the  Queen  of  The 
Netherlands,  being  desirous  to  strengthen 
the  bonds  of  amity  that  bind  them  together 
and  also  to  advance  the  cause  of  general 
peace,  have  resolved  to  enter  Into  a  treaty 
for  that  purpose,  and  to  that  end  have  ap- 
pointed as   their  plenipotentiaries : 

The  President  of  the  United  States,  the 
Honorable  Willlnm  Jennings  Bryan,  Secre- 
tary of  State ;  and 

Her  Majesty  the  Queen  of  The  Nether- 
lands. Chevalier  W.  L.  F.  C.  Van  Rappnrd. 
Envoy  Extraordinary  and  Minister  Pleni- 
potentiary of  The  Netherlands  to  the 
United  Stutes  : 

Who.  after  having  communicated  to  each 
other  their  respective  full  powers,  found  to 
be  In  proper  form,  have  agreed  upon  and 
concluded  the  following  articles : 

ARTICLE  I 

The  High  Contracting  Parties  agree  that 
all  disputes  between  them,  of  every  na- 
ture whatsoever,  to  the  settlement  of  which 
previous  arbitration  treaties  or  agreements 
do  not  apply  In  their  terms  or  are  not 
applied  In  fact,  shall,  when  diplomatic 
methods  of  adjustment  have  failed,  be  re- 
ferred for  Investigation  and  report  to  a 
permanent  International  Commission,  to 
bo  constituted  In  the  manner  prescribed  In 
the  next  succeeding  article  :  and  they  agree 
not  to  declare  war  or  begin  hostilities  dur- 
ing such  Investigation  and  before  the  re- 
port Is  submitted. 


Arbitration 


Messages 


^opers  of  the  Presidents 


ARTICLE  II 

The    International    Commission    ■hall    \- 
red  of  five  member*,   to  be  appointed 
n»    follow*:    One    member    ihall    be    - 
from    each    country,    by    the    ' 

Ol       000    i ■  i ■  ■  u 1 1 •.- r    .hnll     Ih-    choseli     by 

a hi   ir- -•  u'.i'  third  cow 

the  flftii  member  shall  be    I d  by  common 

agreement    b  iwecn    tho    iv...    Government*, 

I     Hint    lie    -linll    >■  ■  ■ '    be    • 

Itber  •  ountrjr.     The  exf*  D 
Hir   i  .  -im|i   i-   paid   by   iii.'    two 

(Soverumenu  In  .■.- 

Int.-rti  ill I     '  'i    shall     lie 

appointed    within    six    Ih"  n  r  1-t   the    i  » 

change  of  the  ratifications  «f   tin-    lrca.tr; 
ii. i    i  ae  mi  li      ihall   bi    Dili  ng   to 

the  mnnner  of  thi   original  appointment. 

AltTiri.i-:  in 

In     case     the     llluh    Contractln 
■  hail    have    luii.-.i    i..    ii.i.iui    ■    dispute    by 
diploma  be    metti  ihall    il    mo*. 

It    r..    the    International    Coniuil 
f..r   liivralliniiluu   and   report.      The    Interna. 
ii. .in I    Commission    may.    howevei      iponta- 
•  il. i      u»    •ervlcv»    to    that    effect, 
.mil   in   Km  ii  ,n ...  it  ...Hi  i  :..i 

eminent!  nn.i  renueit  their  co-operation   u 
iii. .ii. 

The    in-ii    ContractilUt    Parties  agree    to 
furnish    the    Permanent    International    Com- 
ii  with  all  Hi"  means  and  fnelliu 

The  report  of  tbo  International  COmml* 

hull    bt   compli  h  d    e/Itbln    year 

the    date    on    wlil.ii    It    shall    dccUn 
i  ■    ligation   to  hi  unless  the 

itik'ii  Contracting  Parties  •.imii  iiniit  or  as- 
trad   the   nun'   by   mutual   agreetni  ol 

report   shall   lie  prepared   In   trlplli do 

copy  xlm II  i»'  in in.  .i  t h  Government, 

'"•I    il"-    third    ri't.ilned    by   the   I' ml    •  1  ■  -n 

for  It*   (II.-. 

Tin-  MU'h  iViiitrnetlng  I'nrtle*  reserve  the 
ilfchl     In    BCt    Independently    .in    tbi    -nl.j.rl- 

ol    the   dispute   ■Iter   the  report    o( 
the    Commission    aball    hove    been    011111011 

ARTICLE  IV 

The    present    treaty  shall    lie    rntllled    by 

Ih.'      I'r.iil.l.lil      i.f      Hi..      I   nil.  .1      Slilli-j      nf 
in.   by   nnd  u-lth   the  advice  and   .-"ii- 

"tii    ..r    Hi.-    s.'ii.iti-   thereof:   umi    by    her 

ty  the  Q n  ol  The  Netherlands :  mid 

the  ratification*  •hnll  be  exchanged  a*  soon 
a*  possible.     It  shall  U  mmedlatvly 

aft«r  the  exchange  of  rntilleniliuiH.  and 
•hnll  continue   In  force   for  a  period  of  five. 

;    nnd   it   khoii    thereafter   remain    in 

force  until  twelve  month"  nfter  one  of  the 
High  Contracting  Parties  have  glTcn  notion 
to  the  other  of  an  Intention  to  terminate 
It. 

In  wltnoas  whereof,  the  respective  plen- 
ipotentiaries h»ro  signed  the  present  treaty 
and   have  affiled  thereunto  their  seal*. 

Done  In  Washington  on  the  eighteenth 
day  of  December,  In  the  year  of  our  Lord 
nineteen  hundred  and  thirteen. 

A«  will  lie  seen,  when  any  dlapute  arises 
hetwecn  the  rolled  Statea  and  one  of  the 
signatory  nation*  which  cannot  he  MttUd 
by  diplomacy.  It  coca  before  n  permanent 
International  commission.  This  comniinKlon 
Investigate*  and  rcporto.  baring  a  rear  In 
which  to  accomplish  It*  work.  During  thl* 
year,  the  nation*  are  not  allowed  to  doclaro 
war.  When  the  report  la  made,  the  no- 
Mom  may  disregard  it.  If  tbey  so  desire: 
but  the  delay  and  the  Investigation,  with 
their  ennaeouent  sobering  of  International 
and  national  thought,  should  make  a,  r>- 
aort  to   anna   extremely  unlikely. 


By    Dec.    13.    1811$.   tbo    following   coun- 

II  ..         ha, I     lie.  n     ndil.'d     '■-'     In. 

which  have  signed  the  peace  treaties;  Ecus- 

eo,   Bw.  .len  and   Kuosla. 

Ar.nialh,.;     I"     :  h.-tn.-i  n     1821 

and    iuiki,   2R1    treaties  of  arbitration  bad 

I" an       !;.■  leal      ...     nation*    nf    the    globe.       A .-- 
such    trestle"    there 
were   104   In  .(Tret  Iii   lDtrii.      In    IPO*. 

h.-l nsking 

.iri.itratloo    compulsory,     an.1    ever     10t>    by 

the     Hill.      .>I     the     I ...  r . .  | . .    in 

Acce-r ••     In     M  i     IMMl     t-     l""l. 

nil    Of 
tin  in  narhy  glees  2S»7 

Instance  period    In   wblcb    the 

principle   of   uri.iirniion   was  applied.     The 

an     Is 
ilea    history    Is    that    concerned 

with     the     If.il.iiiini    i-luiins    (il.    v.). 

Amon*  the  treaties   providing  fc,r  nnllm- 

it'. I    ninl     iini)inilll|ed     nrhlt! 

helween      .Vrgelil  lie,       IflOJ;     Uen- 

mark  and   N  therlond.   1900;   Denmark  and 
Italy,    I  1 1  :.   and   Portugal,  1991 

l:i    a      Iti.ielnra.      i  Inn  leimi  In.     Nlcara- 

-ailvador.  iut)7  ;  Italy  and  Netherlanda, 
IMO. 

Arbitration.  International: 
Arbitration  Cowl  »t   Hagne,  United 

States  and  Mexico  lirat  to  use,  6718. 
Arl.itration        treaties,        ratification 

■OJced,  7!)inl. 
al  iKimeiit-,    limitation    of,    diseuaaed 

by    President    Tnft,    7404 
A i iiniin.ni %    limitation   of,  necessary 

:.. 
Attitude    of   Great    Britain    nnd    the 

United  8t&tr»  discussed,  G874,  6134, 

0178,  6241,  6267,  6i;i2. 

Cnnvenliiin    with    rapnbllM    Of    Smith 
and    Central    America    for    a> 
tL»  of  pecuniury  clninis,  7982. 

I  <     u ■iiiiiin.'iit.  naval,  inipoulbklitr  of, 
7113. 

Uiseuaaed  by  President'^ 
— velt,    6P23,  6993. 

Interparliamentary    union    for,    6796. 
nil  nt  ions      of      naval     arinatte 
hopelessness  of,  7113. 

Failure  of  trcnty  of,  referred  to,  .1623. 

Movement  for,  among  Powers,  7 

Of  Pecuniary  Claims,  convention 
South    and    Central    American    He- 
publics  for,  7982. 

Panama    nnd    Costa   Bica,   Colombia 
and  Haiti,  7657. 

Points  of,  screed  upon  at  Hague  con- 
ference,  7118. 

Ratification   of  treaties  naked,    7D06. 

Relation   of  United  States   to  move- 
ment for,  82S5. 

Beporta    adopted     by     International 
American    Conference   regarding, 
transmitted,  5518. 
Referred  to,  5623, 

Treaty   for,   with   Great  Britain    and 
France,  transmitted,  7617. 

Treaty  of,  with  German}',  lack  ol . 
plored,  8289. 

Treaty  with  Great  Britain  regan 
discussed,  6178,  6242,  6380. 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Arbitration 


I'uitoi!   States  n.  Mexico,  report   of 
Hague   Tribunal   on,  DM. 

crucian       claim*      iubmif.'.l       to 
Useve   Tribunal.   6717,    6731,   89M. 
World  Court  Ions  the  hope  mi  I 
of    Aaneri 
Arbitration     (Labor).— Siii-iuiiitntr     dla- 

l-ai^l  id  employ- 

m  and  employee-*  io  a  Joint  romatliicr. 
minimi  1  of  representative*  or  botb  purilea, 
■-*•    »M    fottn.l  iS    the 

t— >*r  or  CMtty   ■  lrlk.«    ami    lockout*.    *o 

'ran  ago.      An  ^ uoni- 

.trator*    la    u.uailj    •■•I.  -ted    or 
ear*  n  lo  tbo  i  he**  la 

'  >g  aa  odd  awmber  of  ih. 
—aatno.     The   acthod  of  procedure  i>    u   n 
■  t*ffii««l  by  trad*  at 
wrmmaUat: 

:.  and  rod'  o  acuity  brought 

*h_«t   07  tbe  tnurfeirnc*  of  State  or    ■■>» 
■.tonal  labwr  but.au.  in  the  later***  of  toe 
BabUc.  wbo  efbro  Buffer  tbrnugh  the  Inter- 
optao*    of    aerrlce*    on     which    itey 
rata*  10  depetid  f.  imodl. 

de*  amnari   1  nlih.     T 

•  nor    law    of    lm«,    known    o«    ibe 
rrdaaaa law.  peortoca  dlatlon  and 

arMtrailoa.    by    tb«    labor    boreae    . 

r.   iu 

»"»  carTlt-ra  no.  i 

to  compel 

ntloa.    bm    tlila    haa    brrn 

in    many  casta ;   bill    when 

1   lo  by   both   |iariln»   t.,  a   dlaputr   llu> 

•  1  in  Cmiiu  fa> 
lo»»«iis.iili>b»  of  labor  dlnpi 

'jjt    oeganlard    labor,    nod 
■taaage.      rnglar.  :  Now 

"1  boa-  Itratloa   for  trade  dla- 

far  aa  U  known,  the  (Iml  ■trikc  to  nc- 
■—  took  place  lo  New 
T'«rit  amine   Ilia   lowraeytnrn    '"»•■ 

■Din  irtwwikiTa  of  Philadelphia 
atrwrk  in   ITD*.  In 

■  ra    onMn. 
l**K.      from   l*L'iO  lo  red  a  nam- 

.    .rrlke*  f..i 
t»ai  lime  *irlke»  ha.) 
axaBrne. 

Too    Aral    Inatanec  Of  arbitration    In    the 
. -carted   «i 
i»«-eti.  ...  ihth  of 

1  tbr  »r»t  tr.idr  ngrce- 
•- •u'l.'O — In    tl»    Iron    Induatrj       hik! 
Isrj;       In  1870, 
.   In  ibe  ctitt..  ..f   lb. 
rnoo' 
IrUJ   arbitration   wa.  ealaf  1 

The  board   cnaMtatcd   of    five    repre- 
fjeaa   . 

uakm  powrrfal  la   iraat   in.ln.in.   ana 
fipmmir.'  rarer*      it 

r»v»v-  1   eoncemv 

r*«    wage*:    lot    lb-    agreement    waa   ahro- 
whlrb  Hate  lite  mnn- 
afaciarara  were  able  to  maintain  Ibe 


f  Ihe  great 
mad  atria**  awoke  the  country  for  Ihi 
tlaae   to    lb"    attloaa   pninUta    prevented    by 
Ike    anlafonl'in    l»tn.  and.    labor 

fact   tint    lb.'  >trrnctli   of  labor 
■  Uona    could    no    longer    be    ■!. 


'  aa  been  estimated  that  In  tbr  Dnlted 
■tarn    fr.  r."-..    th.-i 

•beat  JT.ouo  atrlke*.  In  tbe  latter  year, 
team  abnwed  that  tbe  record  of  tt*  United 
State*  la  that  reaped  wm  at  follow*: 


rnlted  Stale*,  one  alrtkc  to  every  l.TOCl 
•rcrfci 

■iti.y    .  inoi  itrika    to    every 

France   I  lfKKI  I  to  ever; 

•roraui 

■  Ireai  Itrltain  |I!>|| ..  one  to  1 
worki 

IdlQI      -  ,r    In. 

I''"1-    ''"' I    tbt    L'f.i!   mill I    ■ 

i  ■     on    apnl    1. 

lined 
it   pr.ni.  1. .]  f..r  lo.  al  arbitration  ouij 

Inw 
•').      Ily   Ittlft  f 

.n  bad  pa«».ii  Inw.  prorldlii 
aonie    form    of    loduatrlal    arblti 

a  autea  which  ha  1  Inw*. 

elBbt 

able  10  much  of  a  pot.  null. He  *t- 

1  Itor. 
1    are    atv    two    dnet   formv   of   nrbllra- 
llon    In    the    United    siaie*.      <" 

■ 
altva>-«  on  nder  Ita  aervlcp*.     The 

Other  provide*  for   vol 

|«•l^l»    whi  .1    f..r    It    nrlf» 

1    imon.-nt    board* 
nine    utale*     hoe  ,1    nine 

<    hnve   lMi|h    foma. 

Owlni:  i'  Itlon  of  onrnnlie.l  ]« 

i"  t     to  la    which 

n   rupporied  iij    rapli 
roluntai  ■ 

1  ■ 'ioi.nl- to   iceepi   1  n.    iwsrdl  tod 

irbltrntlni   a*en. 
I 

I8M,  v.".v  Zealand  hat  bad  

pulaory    ar  tllhouab    ibe    t 

are   not  leenlljr  blntln 

About   TOK    .  '  .1    by 

Half     ..(     nil    atrlkea     Mem     i 

nnd 

-vheo    orvunu.'ii    | itona    limn 

il  union  .  ■  || n       Ti.in. 

irlkea  are  for  higher  1 

l'1  f.  r  ..f      Hi.-     uuloll       no I 

11%    acaii  o   wnirea. 

Thi  lalea  har- 

ln-.-   permanent   bonrd*  of  arbitration   Intel 

fully   in   ..'.     of  [hit  ntiinlH  r      in 
atate,  from   ivmi  lo  1011.  there 
■trlkes.    In    :'.:.  :    of    which    the    Ilurrau    of 
Ion   and    Arhltrntlou    Interrenetl— aue- 
illy  In  about  30%  al  thl*  in 
rMM-nllnir  about   10".i  of   the  win 
Of  ntrlke*. 

108.  the  hlluinlnoti*  roal  work- 
er* hare  bad  an  ajr»ement  with  tbe  on 
ernlon.  and  alnce  1002  tin-  anfnraelU 
worker*. 

In    .1  .red    the  BTeat    Intrr- 

nnilooal    Uarment   Worker*   Strike   In    [few 
York  Pity,  which  am   llnnlly  teriiilniited  by 

Hi loptlon   ..r    I.    protocol   nrorldlnic    for 

Ion  from  both  »ide».    Tht  union  waa 
...I.    mi. I    preference   win    t..   I.e   pnbl 

ii.  nenbtia,  hot  there  wn«  to  i»-  no  1 

■bop.      Tbor*    h    .in    arbitration    board    of 

:i    board    of    aanlltry    control    com- 

'•I  aeven.  and  a  grievance  cinmlu.  .■ 

of    four.      There    l«    a    flflyf.oir    hour   week 

nnd    a    nine. hour  day.   with   double   pay    far 

ml    n    definite    minimum    wane 

arale. 

Very  tlmllnr  I*  the  agreement  between 
flnrt.  Srh.ilTiicr  and  Marx.  .1  Chicago,  noil 
their  tmploreet,  except  for  the  fact  that  by 
the  term*  of  a  new  ngreement  adopted  In 
IttlcX  Ihe  worker*  obtained  eren  more  Mb 
eral  Icrma  than  tho«e  mentioned  above. 
There    la    a    preferential    union   agreement 


nation  Messages  and  Pap,  .  nts 


■  Imllnr    to   llinl    mentioned  above.   11   trail* 

I 
Kin     »nd    nil    ait-itrjltuii    luard    ».    ■ 
,  kind   of  court   of    ii-i  There.    U  a 

week  and  a  aalalnum  w«« 

f  wiiiaro, 

■  ».*k.  ui>  ■  artek. 

Taw    1P16    acrevnitot     granted    ■     10*    la- 

crea»e    Id     wait*    om     tli»    aurvcru, 

IPll     Is  feature/    la 

of    the   workeit 

nt    '..    .u    ill.IrllnlliJ 
•a  to  provide  a  20<.'«    Increase  for  tboae  re- 
r  wage*,  and  a  8%  Eacrcaav 
lag   tt«   hlfbcr   wnzea. 

t.).     uaxed     la 
l»l*.   crcntrd    n  SUtra   I'.-.irJ  of 

Mcdl..  'li-aia- 

tlnn    and    C in 

■ 
i..:.t  to         i 

den    of    it»    aerfl  J     f r ■•!!• 

Uii    facl    t  i.i.  i    lu 

■    ralea   between    rallrvm. 
era     " 

eeaafully  In  the  11  atlier  case*. 
how.".  :ay    the   pa  of   a 

voluntary  eanllu) 
lac     bitterly     all     attunpta     at 
•rblcrii!   ii     i .  r . . i .  i     [hi 

eedur.  .f  their  rlklit  to 

itrlke   n-il 
In    September,  ilroad 

Srother'.i.-iil-     thrrat.ned     to  D     0f> 

n   to  obtain  an  UI   day.  mei' 

failed :    and    a    -;. 

a«  of    i  t.nw 

Railroad 
lu    -I'Ui    of    the    fact    that    I    -     ttn.-rlcao 
"f    Ijitior   »aa   ■  • 

Cler- 
many, 

April  0,   '. ''    •  ' 

Tear   approxlmat- 

1  II    fur    tin-    mi  >  .^ilne 

tear.       In     addition     to    II VOTtl 

■ 

nf  for 

uolttcc    for    tin'    Nimo 

I  rlodpla  of   Infior  arbitration 

i-    tc   Icatri  i- trial 

OCOrdlnj    to    the 

ii.I    CO 

v  arrnnre- 

in.  iii      in  .cnlxed    ai 

ln(    neither   to   capital   nor   to   labor, 

imt    to    both    and    time    tin-    relaUoaa    be- 

Cweeo  and    employee  i    m 

agreement 

aeconMu  i 

See    ntio    Lat- )  of|    IjU-nr   Bta- 

Com- 

Arbitratton  (Labor): 

Arbitration  r  ,)  of  deputes 

betwwa  employees  and  employer* 

urged,  7089. 
Failure  of,  in  roil 

smi. 
Machinery  for   en  t>g*- 

M)   of  eootrovv 

plover"  ami  employee*  reeommend- 

«d,  703fi. 


M  for,  during  war  with  Germany, 

Arlii.i    D;..  ..,  ,     .■    i,. 

the   dHrectU.ii    "f    atate    au 
ti 

ui-ailuo.    aiMiiu     im..;     in    m    official    acate 
report        In  .am-   rcntleman  en 

d*aror<d  :e      '•ccaccunlal 

plaan  be    odor    of    pi-lwa    to    CO* 

Bat  the  Idea  of 
at  tile*  apart  a  flay  for  the  work  had 
oilflnttcd  with  ex-Oovernor  J.  Sterilai 
j«ka.  who,  about  1S72,  In 
dared  toe  Governor  of  that  atate  to  U»u» 
a   proclaniu  ntlog;  a   day    ;.-. 

plant.*  state.     la 

"Oavor  ..ibday.  April  22, 

•raa   mud.,  a    legal   bolklay    by   ihe  Legtala 

: 

Si    moM 
reea. 

example,   of  Nettraaka    arai  aoon  fal 
lowcl  nd    with   ctnnd   t. 

■    I-    aald.    In    |>lRDilni' 
a    tul  I  lion   niul    ..■ 
Ban  I!  lay  laar  w«»  pasicd  le 

■ 

Near    J»r 
aey.    IVnneylnnla.    Florida     Alabama 

California.     K  and 

la.      in    WTtral    other    itawi    lea   oh 
aervaae*    baa    been    arv-und    by     . 
mendadnn  of  rhe  Crance.  the  C. 
of    the    Rri.iii.'n      or    I..-     stale    acrlcultural 

ie  first  Ohk>  Arbor  D.i 
Children  of  ClDrltinktl  Jolo#.l  la  au  ai 
live    .  .:tn    of    plaatlnc 

il.-ii- Inar  them  to  an- 

te    la    DO!     uniform,    but    la 
qaunlly  late  In  A|  ly  In  May,  vary- 

Archive*,    public    bailding   for,  recom- 

.     . 
Arctic  Circle.    Knot  ••  ar<-- 

art  csttmni 

In     area.      Tin-     mo 

.     Ill  ill. ...Ml.    ,, 

PRll        Lai,  : 

Hall.     Nai  ly.     Naiiten.     and 

Ic  It  mr.uil.-d  aa  a  Danlao  poaaea- 

alon.     'I  tin  .  .    i.  ■.       f  I  .'.  nlilpelaco 

Hi   Aroerlca  bel.  n   lintaln 

waa     flatted     by     Dut.-b     narl 

.■      I-.    ■       ill       I  -.•!•.  I>       IimK.III,-  -      til      H 

■  ■dlao  exploiera  of   tl»e 

la    and   Kohruer 

alao   bi  Land 

■  aa    <i.  lie    Auvtrlm  It 

lied       rbi  of   theae 

frigid  Inndi  are  tenlaklna.  blubber,  rod 

mt»  and  Ivory. 
Arctic  Explorations.— Ar.f.n  esploral 

to  the  north  of  the  American  cna I Ineat  be- 
gin   wiih    i  Davla    (IMS- 
..I    rmhu    (MM)    who  dltcovared   th.- 
atralta    and    bay    which    bear    their    nnmo 
In    1012    Itenry                       itered    Mnd<0Bt 
Bay  ami  wlnti-rrd  tbere.  but  wai  abandonad 
men  the  next  aprlii*-  and  perlabed. 
In   '                 lohn  Franklin  aallid  on  aa- 
•■xpi'ditiun    from   which   b 

turned.      In    th«    eour-. 

1  in-  hl«    iiartT  ..r  lmrn   their  fat 

I     .  ulllleat 

reft]       thorou  thly      pxplorad      and 
Dapped.      From    the    an 
r««ch«d  Parry  Sound.  dUcovered  by  Parry: 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Argentina 


bit  crew.  Joining  by  fledge  the  eastern 
squadron  under  Sir  Edward  Belcher,  waa 
the  only  party  10  accomplish  the  Northwest 
Passage  ;  Collinaon,  sailing  at  the  same  time, 
rousted  the  northern  shore  of  the  conti- 
nent, reuehlng,  without  knowing  It,  the 
b'-ni1  of  Franklin's  death  on  King  William 
Land.  From  Ihe  east  between  1849  and 
1*50.  eight  expeditions,  lifted  out  by  tin- 
British  Government,  by  private  parties,  and 
by  Lady  Franklin,  searched  In  vain  for 
1  ranklin   and  his  men. 

The  work  of  American  explorers  begins 
with  the  Grlnnell  expedition  under  De 
Haven  and  Kane.  In  1850.  Information 
obtained  by  Dr.    Rae,  In  a  land  Journey  In 

1854.  had  already  made  evident  the  loss 
of  Franklin  and  bis  men :  but  Lady  Frank- 
lin determined  to  make  one  last  effort,  sent 
oat.  In  1859,  the  Little  tux,  under  the  com- 
mand of  McCllntock,  who  obtained  a  record 
(the  only  one  found)  stating  the  abandon- 
ment of  tbe  ships  and  Franklin's  death. 
But  little  hax  been  done  in  this  Held  since 

1855.  although  in  1898  99,  Sverdrup  (Nor- 
wegian) visited  Jones  Sound,  traced  tbe 
west  coast  of  Grlnnell  Land,  and  discov- 
ered several  Islands.  Two  American  ex- 
peditions, (hose  of  Kane  In  1853.  and  Hayes 
In  18«0,  undertaken  with  the  object  of  ex- 
ploring Smith  Sound,  discovered  Kane  Sea 
aod  Kennedy  Channel,  and  reached  80°  35' 
and  81*  35f  respectively.  In  1870,  C.  F. 
HalL  an  American,  who  had  already  spent 
several  years  among  the  Hudson  Bay 
Eskimos,  searching  for  traces  of  the  Frank- 
lin expedition,  reached  82°  11'  In  the  sea 
north  of  Kennedy  Channel :  a  record  which 
was  surpassed  nvc  yearn  later  by  the  Brit- 
ish expendition   under  Nares,  with  83°  20'. 

In  1881  an  American  expedition  under 
Dear.  A.  W.  Greely  was  sent  to  establish 
one  of  the  International  CIrcumpolar  Sta- 
tion! at  Lady  Franklin  Bay.  It  secured 
valuable  scientific  data,  made  extensive  ex- 
plorations, and  a  party  under  Lieutenant 
Lockwood  reached  the  farthest  north  up  to 
that  time  attained.  83°  24'.  In  tbe  fall  of 
1SS3  the  party  was  forced  to  retreat  to 
Cape  Sabine,  where  they  were  rescued  the 
next  spring,  after  much  suffering  and  the 
loss   of   several  Uvea. 

In  the  Interior  of  Greenland.  Important 
explorations  have  been  made  hv  Norden- 
skjold  in  1870  and  1883:  Nans.n  In  1888; 
and  especially  bv  the  American  exnedltlons 
command. -d  by  Lieut.  Peary  In  18SU.  1891- 
92.  and  1893-95.  In  these  expeditions,  and 
In  a  longer  and  still  more  successful  visit 
In  1898-1902  Peary  determined  the  north- 
ern limits  of  Greenland,  besides  exploring 
Grlnnell    Land    and    reaching   84°    17". 

July  17.  1905.  I.lent.  Peary  sailed  In  the 
new  ship  Rooierelt  on  another  expedition. 
intending  to  push  hla  ship  as  far  north  as 
possible  through  Smith  Sound  and  make  a 
da«h   for  the   Pole  by  sledges. 

This  trip  proving  fruitless,  a  second  voy- 
age wae  made  by  tbe  Rootevelt,  leaving 
New  York,  July  6,  1908.  and  arriving  at 
Etah.  Greenland,  Aug.  18.  Proceeding 
thence  overland.  Lieut.  Peary  arrived  at 
90°  N.  Lat.  (tbe  north  pole*  April  G.  1909. 

The  history  of  hoaxes  and  tinman  gulli- 
bility contains  no  more  amusing  episode 
than  the  claims  of  Dr.  Frederick  A.  Cook. 
of  Brooklyn.  N.  Y.,  that  be  reached  the 
north  pole,  April  21st.  1908,  one  year  be- 
fore Peary.  The  denunciations  of  Peary, 
who  waa  being  cheated  of  his  just  reward. 
merely  heightened  popular  Interest.  Very 
few  were  sufficiently  conversant  with  con- 
ditions In  fhe  arctic  zone  to  pass  Intelli- 
gent Judgment,  but  sympathy  went  mil  to 
the  haggard  doctor,  when  he  related  Ids 
odyasey  of  days  and  nights  of  suffering 
and  danger. 


Spitsbergen  and  the  seas  north  of  Asia 
have  been  the  Held  of  many  expeditions. 
The  exploration  of  Spitsbergen,  discovered 
by  Barents  (1596i.  was  carried  on  by  Nor- 
densklbld  In  18U3-<i4,  and  1872  ;  tbe  Islands 
served  as  a  starting  point  for  Andre's  Ill- 
fated  balloon  (ISilii,  and  were  visited  by 
Wellman  (American).  1894.  Franz  Josef 
Lan—  discovered  by  the  Austrian  expedi- 
tion under  Weyprecbt  and  Payer  In  1873, 
was  chosen  as  a  base  for  the  Harmsworth- 
Jacksun  expedition  In  1893.  and  the  two 
expeditions  sent  out  by  William  Zlegler  of 
Brooklyn,  under  Baldwin  (1901),  and 
Flula  (19031.  neither  of  which  succeeded 
In  reaching  Its  objective  point,  tbe  north 
pole,  lite  Duke  of  Abruzzl's  expedition  from 
the  same  quarter  In  1902  was  more  suc- 
cessful, reaching  86°  34'.  the  farthest  north 
ever  attained.  A  French  expedition  led 
by  tbe  Duke  of  Orleans  was.  at  the  begin- 
ning of  1900,  somewhere  north  of  Franz 
Josef  Land.  In  1893,  Frltblof  Nansen,  a 
Norwegian,  entering  the  ice  north  of  Asia, 
allowed  himself  to  be  carried  by  tbe  cur- 
rents until,  leaving  his  ship,  be  reached 
by  a  aleilge  Journey  Sli'  14'. 

The  Northeast  Passage,  long  an  object 
of  English  and  Kusslan  exploration,  was  ac- 
complished by  Nordenskjold  In  1878-79.  The 
westernmost  of  the  Asiatic  Islands  were  dis- 
covered by  the  American  expedition  under 
G.  W.  DeLong  In  the  Jeanne!  tr,  which,  set- 
ting out  from  San  Francisco  In  1879.  was 
crushed  In  the  Ice.  DeLong  and  the  larger 
part  of  the  crew  perishing  during  the  re- 
treat. Late  In  1905  the  Amundsen  expedi- 
tion returned  with  valuable  discoveries  con- 
cerning the  position  of  the  North  Magnetic 
Pole. 

Argentina. — A  republic  occupying  the 
greater  portion  of  the  southern  part  of  tbe 
South  American  Continent,  and  extending 
from  Bolivia  to  Cape  Horn,  a  total  distance 
of  nearly  2.300  miles  :  its  greatest  breadth 
is  about  930  miles.  It  Is  bounded  on  the 
north  by  Bolivia,  on  the  northeast  by  Para- 
guay. Brazil,  and  Uruguay,  on  tbe  south- 
east and  south  by  the  Atlantic,  and  on  the 
west  by  Chile,  from  which  Republic  It  Is 
separated    by    the   Cordillera   de   los   Andes. 

Pliyiral  Feature*. — On  the  west  the 
mountainous  Cordilleras,  with  their  pla- 
teaus, extend  from  the  northern  to  the 
Southern  boundaries:  on  the  east  are  the 
great  plains  (known  as  EI  Gran  Charoi 
and  the  tr<ele>s  pampas,  which  together 
constitute  Ln  Plata,  extending  from  the  Bo- 
livian boundary  In  the  north  to  the  Rio  Ne- 
gro :  and  south  of  the  Rio  Negro  are  the 
vast  plains  of  Patagonia.  Argentina  thus 
contains  a  succession  of  level  plains,  broken 
only  In  Cordoba  by  the  San  Luis  and  Cor- 
doba ranges,  and  In  tbe  northwestern 
states  by  the  eastern  spurs  of  the  Andes. 
The  Parana  River,  formed  by  the  Junction 
of  the  Upper  Parana  with  the  Uruguay 
River,  flows  through  the  northeastern  states 
into  the  Atlantic,  and  Is  navigable  through- 
out its  course:  the  Pilcomayo.  Bermejo,  and 
Sa'ado  del  Norte  are  also  navigable  for 
some  distance  from  their  confluence  with 
tbe  Parana.  In  Buenos  Aires  the  Salado 
del  Slid  flows  southeast  for  some  300  miles 
Into  Sumborombon  Boy  ( Atlantic).  In  rhe 
south  the  Colorado  and  Rio  Negro  rise  In 
the  extreme  west  and  flow  across  the  pam- 
pas Into  the  Atlantic,  many  similar  streams 
In  Patagonia  traversing  the  country  from 
tbe    Andes   to    the   Atlantic. 

Ili-toiii. — The  Argentine  wns  discovered 
In  15111  by  Juan  Diaz  de-  Soils  and  the 
capital.  Buenos  Aires,  wan  founded  In 
1SMI;  It  remained  a  Spanish  colony  until 
1817.  when  It  gained  its  Independence  un- 
der the  leadership  of  Jose  de  San  Martin. 
The  official    designation    of    the   country    is 


Argentina 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Argentine  Nation.  Pntagoaln  nod  Tlerra 
:|.  ;    i  a    A uii  aiina 

and  Chile   In    U8I 

1'i.un  [880  in  1802  the  country  was  iiadar 

the  dlctatoiahlp  of  Kusat.      Braill   

gcntlna    were   nill.il    lu   a   ■  I'm  a 

guay    from    l.H ■■:<'       In    UMI2    ii  tils. 

Of   conildt-inblr    bitterness  arose    with 
Chile.    respecting    tb«    uuunmeots    and 
nf    llnlr    n   ipCCtTve    Davl    '         ll    iv!a    i'i.  nltl 

in  January,   100 
which  It   was  agreed   Him    both  navies   "■■.-' 
!n  :>..  im.iiuiini.il  at   Identical  ■tranctbi  and 
Him  . ,  1 1. in.  n  bring  bum  rot   bi  •  i ti 

Kiiii'i  lu  Mn  inn     i  .  .i«.  were  to 

sold. 

AUgA    ASD    POPfl.ATInN 

Area        ■Papal* 

iirw  8q   Mile  lion,  lllll 

Buraos  Aires  I17.7J8    1.070.000 

Catainarca.  ...         47.531         108, 7SS 

<■,.,,!. ,t.>  ..'  ..ii        480.185 

um  ...                              ■■:■    -i)  332,144 

vs.nt  i 

Juju.  .  .  18.977  02.477 
Memiota                                          to. I V.i, 

Bi*  aa.60t  oa.floo 

la.  .  08,181  152.087 

SanJun... 33.715  I 

flan  Lin-  38,  i3S  112  HM 

-S.nl.  I  <-.->■-. 

SantlawidelKttero..  OT.704 

Turuman S.020  300. 183 

Total  IWiuoss 018,898    5,110,300 

TtaniTOSics 

53.741  20.370 

CI.  ill.  hi.                                   .        03.427  20.500 

I  urinosa                                                  II    102  I".  m\ 

-•.  MX} 

Murioni                                                    11.282  40.321 

Souqura             ,-...,                   42.345  20,740 

.-..,.  .nil 

,., 

Santa  Criii.                                   10P.M2  5.10s 

Tierra  drl  1  i.rr...      .  i. -Si 

Indian  Niun-l..  40.518 

Total  Territories.  .      512.871       207.430 

Capital:— Hucnos  Alms.  72     1,358,079 

Gland  Total  .  .  1.131.811    0.730.781 

•Thr  ii..|nihi(i..ii  fisurra,  arc  the  eatitnatca  nl  the 
National  Statistical  Society  n  -  r*n  h  having  b-eeo 
takrn  for  20  years.  The  languaac  «-i  lbs  people 
ii  Spanish  anil  Uieir  religion  Koman  Catholic,  the 
Ionian  element  (1. 750.0001  brine  cornpoanl  nf 
•J0.00O  Italian..  450,000  Spanish,  and  100,000 
h.  wilh   30.000    Kniliah,    25,000   Auatrlans, 

22.000  Germans,  17.000  suu».  ami  250,000  of 

various  nationalities. 

...ii/.,  nf     Tba  constitution  In  that  of 

1.. I.  ml  Republic  modelled  upon  that  <if 
ii..  1  tilled  sinira  of  Ainrrlra,  and  cmbod- 
1.1I  in  the  rundaro<-ntal  law  01  Mar  25. 
1853  1  with  amendment  of  Nov.  11.  1859). 
1  be  iv.  -hi.  m  and  vi, .  -iv 

r    "It    yrora    hy    an    electoral    colli  ge. 

President-   (Oct,  12,  1910-1020).  MM H 

lrlgo.. 

There  las  responsible  Ministry,  appointed 
by  lb,  t,  consisting  of  eight  Secre- 

larlca   of    State. 

Puiigrcai    -II.    anunally    i-  1     lo 

September  30  and  consists  of  n  Senate  of 
thirty  members  niro  from  each  of  the  four- 
teen Provinces,  and  two  from  the  enpltnli, 

,  I,  .  i,  ,1  il..  nn  el.i  t...  .  f,,r  nine 
yeant.  one-third  being  renewnhl r)    three 

rears:   and   of   a   chamber  of   Deputies   nf 
20  membera,  elected  bj   ll  •■  pi  iplc  fur  four 

Teiir-  llllil       olie   lull  r       lellin  ill. le       every       t  WO 

year*. 

The  Judicial  System  conalafa.  like  Hint 
of  the  United  States,  of  a  Kcdcr.il  Supreme 


Court  and  Hie  Court*  of  Appeal,  wllh  Pro 
rlnclal  Couru  In  each  State  fur  nun-national 
in    single   -tale    causes. 

I'rotlnrttun    ond    /ndujlru. — Of    the    total 
arm    about    one-third    la    suitable    for  agrl- 

d   cattle   rawing,    and    I 
are    tn-M    b]     H  at    r..r 

•ale   or    loaac   to    colonWU.      In    1011    cloce 
on  00,000,000  acre*  were  under  cultivation. 
« beat,   ronlxe,  oat*.   llnHccd,   rotlon.   sugar. 
nnd    tobacco   beta*  Brown,  win:. 

.  .1      ■:       '    ■    I  lied    '-!.- 

500, on       i  hi    ii«.'  atock  Is 

lu led  ::n. I  HIM.  .  .mi,., 

"<hjo   sheep,    4,000.000   gonts,    on. I    I. 

: ,i pig"  '    the   loti 

■  I  at  $1.060.1111.1  n 
l»  a  large  export  Irnde  In  froxen  and  • 
seven    factories    being    In    ope. 
..  .in   nnd    ItrltWh   rapltal. 
w'.OOO    Industrial    citnbllabmcnls.    em 
ag  close  on  330.000  persons,    the   out- 
put   Including  cottons  and   woolens,   but   at 
tir,-«,-nl    falling    to   supply    tin     demand 
lome    consumption.       The    mineral     o 
Include!  gold,   silver  and  copper,  and  roaL 
pell.. I. .urn,    manganese,    wolfram,    and    •«  t 
.4rmv.—  Herrlec  In  the  Army  Is  unleerial 
and  compulsory  on  all  eliit.-na  beiwe. 

of  ^ii  in,. I  40;  fur  10  yearn  In  tba 
Active  Army:  then  10  yearn  In  the  National 
!:  6  years  In  the.  Territorial  Guard. 
ICatnbllshrucDt  Ih  2.000  offleers 
and  19.000  olhera.  TI 
of  il.-  A. 'ilve  Army  is  120.000  I 
of  too  World.) 

V.i-W — Two       nremlnought       liatlh 

,.1       Mil. I        /' 

knot!,    12    12  Inch  guns).    12    torpe'l"- 
t,..ni  destroyer!,  and   12  torpedo-boats  were 
IWD  en. I.  :   a  recent  naval  i 

ih..  remalalng  ihlpi  being  nve  imall 
ib-thlpa.  seven  cruisers,  and  seventeen  nnlts 
..r   torpedo   i-raft -.   the   navy  Is   a 
nimiit  5.000  men      The  navnl  port  l«  lialila 
Blancn.     (Hoe  Navies  of  the  world.) 

KiNirrtffon  — 1'ilmnry  Mucntlon  1»  secular, 
free  nnd  nominally  compulsory  from  lin- 
ages of  six  to  fourteen  hut  Schools  arc 
maintained  by  provincial  taxation,  and  con- 
trolled by  provincial  boards.  Secondary 
I  ilinntlim  ii  i-iiiiirollcd  by  the  Federal 
eminent.  There  arc  also  naval,  military, 
mining,  nnd  agricultural  schools, 
are   National    i  i  il    Corttoba   and 

Ruenoa     Aires,    anil     fr.nln.lnl     fnlrcralltra 

at    Iji   Tlata.   Santa   K*.   and   1'aranfl. 

Kailwavt — On   Dee.  31.    1012.  there 
38.029  kilometres!   „r   rallwa<    i  :i  mn 

•  open  nnd  working).  Of  the  total 
length  open,  3,071  kilometres  12.220  mllesi 
wore    the    property    ol 

inalnder  being  owned  by  Cnmpnnlei  wltb 
a  t..i«l  enplinl  of  over  £170,000.000.  of 
which  over  £150.000.000  was  supplied  tj 
British  Investors.  The  capital  baa  an  rfll- 
clpnt  arrvlcn  of  tltctrlo  trama 

Pott    OffleeM    anil    Trtcgraplii—  In     1012 
Hi-  r.-  wire  2,005  poat  offices.      In  1U11  there 
2.028    t.-l.-crnph   offices  and    13    i  Ldlo 
iph    stations:     the    former    poasji^^H 
19.1  ..  :  klloi  .i   Dm  .  wlHi  -:      .     . 

niotrva  of  telegraph  wire. 

e'Mppfar;.— Tho  mercantile  marine  In  1013 
228    steam     [171,681    tonsl    and 
00  sailing  vessels  (32  1  h.-  tia 

her  ..I  ng  vetnela  entered  In  cargo 

to  bnllnat  at  Argentine  porta  In  1912 
««  4.85S  steam  vessels  <ll,220,CiO  toos), 
mi. I    280   sailing   vessels. 

The  prlneltinl  ports  are  Buenos  Aires.  Bo- 
rarlo.   Iji    l'lstn.  and   Hahln   Blanca. 

v„irii«.-  capital,  Buenos  Aires. 
population    H910),    i  :;....  i.u.i     other   lowoi 
are   Ball)*    ll  mien.    Itnrrncns  al    Sud.    Chlv- 
IIi.it    Coticordln.  Cordoba.  Corrlentes.  C.-jnl- 
guaychu.    La    Plotn,    Mi-ndoxa,    Parana.    BJO 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Argentina 


•  uarin.  Iloaarlo.  Salts.  San  Juan.  Sao  Lull. 
Sen  Nicolas.  Santa  ft.  TucunuiB.  _ 

Metric  8t»I  Ijbta,  Moiutu, 

and  inrtvocj    i»    comp'il- 

Hi.'  Peso  fit  100 
(Yotavos.  equal  (o  I'l-OtM  Anaerlcan  money. 
bat   tb»  circulating    un-d,ura   la   paper.      Br 

•  CoeiTcr.t<.u   Ijiw  of  ISOT  a  gold  »t.i- 

baa  been  adopted  and  Ibc  paper  peso  la  con- 
ilble  at  -4»   r 

rgeatlna  depemla  entirely  upon  the  out- 
m.-hlnery    utnl    related 
r„il»cU  and  before  the  European  wnr   the 
["oiled  Xtate*  raa  a  PC  i  Uermeny 

.gland  !•  •applying  thin  Uric  market. 
...    ix   now    i>.  tore    Ami 
maaufactur  i"  .niincntly  an 

unportaat  |-ir<  u(  ilil«  trade.  German  liuusr* 
.applied  leading  ti'hulcal  and  Iniluttrlnl 
x'haola  with  machinery  nod  uinehlne  tools 
fre»  of  chare*  to  that  the  future  engineer* 
ead  ab*p  oOklale  vould  naturally  favor  UN 
Orioast  m  - 1 

I'r»rloc»  to  the  war  Germany   furnished 

4tXS  per  ceat  of  the  talaccllancou*  machln- 

••<!    by   Argcmui.i.    England    21.8 

per    rent,  and   the    United    Stale*    IJI.O   per 

ilea  wa«  flrat  In  aup- 

plylax  "par*  parte  fur  machinery  with  211.1 

lirrmatur    <u    »wiuul    with 

1    ilurd  with  21.7  per 
It  la  a  .  nri.  bi  !■■•  I  that  MJ.O  par  cant 
.  rr  »'"«  Imported 
froaa  Auelralln.  the  I  i  standing 

tecowd   in  the  il-t   with   ::  I   and 

i-iuila  tfcird  nlr  niii'd 

Metr  ■•  i    'Mil  ..f  the  ll 

nd    MX*    per    i. in. 
Tbe  doiiltiaDt    |ki  England    Iti    the 

•apply  of  railway   plant    nml    rolling 

■  apparent,  a*  that  country  furnished 
"3.9   per   rent    of    the    I n 

■  I  Ike  passenger  eouchea.  and  47 

nr».      Iff    Hi.-    -l.-.-l  mil 
.-•a.   England   beld  21.8   pel    rani     Oar 
-at.  nod  the   United 

inaoua 
railway  material,  England  atipplle-1  over  Tu 
per  c-  ..Ttiiana  led  In  nilaccllnncoue 

i.  railway  material,  sad  aupplleil    >  i  I 
Hf  ra»t  of  ike  dynanioa  and  electric  motore, 
it  •  b*  latl 
;*r   r»nt.      Prance   furnished    i«i  t*    |nt 
cent   of  tlie  autMnolilln.  the  United  States 
1».3  per  rent,  and  Oermauy   10,1 
The  following  are  tbi 

for  tbU  «:  -  The  very  few 

Aaserlrao   ho-u».  I    la   .1..  luielncss 

la    Argentina    f. 

treat    meaiure.    nf    tbelr    failure    to    adapt 

re  of  the 
The  Aaeerlcan  manufai  hirer  was 
teat  to  scud  out  traveling  oelcMucn  with 
little  or  oo  fcnowl"lire  «if  the  country's  lan- 
guage or   neetome — selling,   or  endeavoring 
■ell,    tulnly    from   catalogues   nnd    price 

lie   di- 
■era)  payaaent  for  hl»  goods  mail  ngnlnat 
,  plug  itetament>  in  Saw  fork.    The  fael 
tt«i    Rarop< 

i.'lllilea  haa  beew  an  Important  fn.  r..r. 
Kurope.   alao,    baa   mad*   large   love«tmenta 
rgeotuu  and  praotlmlly  all 
<    laaportar.'  -     the   nil: 

power  plaata.  etc.,  are  In  the  huQdf  of  Ku- 
paeeaba.  The  fart  that  Argentina  tin*  a 
large  and  free  market  In  Ruropt  for  Ha 
produ  ■  Itbout  Ha  Influence.     And, 

HoaH).  It  mewl  be  confeaaed  thai 

paw  bare  had  the  laeentlv*  of  really  n 1 

>•■  market,  white  many  AmerlcanK  have 
W»n  only  mildly  : 

Anemone  Bapubltc: 
aafrleultural  (ixhibition  in,  7414. 


guag 

NMn 


Bsttleahips  for,  rongtructoil  by  Amer- 
icana, 7j501,  7 

Boundary  qaaatiCD  with — 

BSuil  nibmitted  lo  Pre«ld«nt  ot 
United  8tatcs,  5867. 
Aw*r,l  nf.  dilCBSUd,  0058. 
Chile  referred  U>,  iSS9,  G323. 
Parngnny   aubmittcd    to    Prcaident 
Of  I'tnte.l  States,  4449. 
Cables   of   American   eotnpnny,   quee- 
tiona    r  rate    charges    im- 

poaed  upon  by,  6323. 

ma    of.    against     United    Stat**. 
•1910. 
ins     of    United     States     against, 
8,    ISfcM.    I  sou. 
Adju*tod,   63^4. 
Coined   silver,    and    product!   of,    re- 
ferred to,  5908. 
Consul  at   BttMOfl  Aire*,  recommenda- 
tion PegTillntt  aalary  of.  4819. 
Cordiality  of  relations"  with,  7408. 
Diplomatic      relatione1     with     Buenos 

Aires  discussed,  -116. 
Imprisonment    of   American    citizens 

in,  632. 
Independence  of  Buenoa  Aire*  assert- 
ed,  612,    627. 
Internal  disorders  in,  -1563. 
Joint  reaolntion  relating  to  congratu- 
lations from,  vetoed.  -I'-iM 
Mil -i-l   r  1. 1    rjnitad  Statea  in  Buenos 
Aires,  return  of,  1171. 
BlSteT  to  be  sent  to  United  Statea, 

1370. 
Beeoive,],   1706.  4718. 
Outrages   upon    American    vessels    in 
Falkland    Islands    discussed,    1116, 
1246. 
Revolution     in      Buenos     Aires     dis- 
cussed. : 
Tariff  laws  of,  modifications'   in,   dis- 

•  i,  60S& 
Treat v  with,   S708,   881  I,  41 

Return  of,  requested,  4888. 
War  between  Buenos  Aires  and  Bra- 
zil- 
Peace    concluded,   977. 
Question::  I'nite.l    Slates 

ud   Braeil  arising  out   of,  929, 
951. 
ATgcntln*,    Treaties  ▼lth. — In    1803    a 

treaty    wns    concluded    with    the    Argentine 

icrntlon   grunting   the    (Jolted    States 

tree    nnrlgiillon    of    the    rlvcra    I'urnnA    and 

I'ruguuy.  followed    by    nimilni 

uf    frlendablp,    commerce    nnd    nnvlgsllon, 

mid  provided  fur  the  exeban  -mntlc 

oneulnr  agents.     An  eztradiili>u     on- 

Tcntlon   wna   algiieil    In    IS'.iil    pmrldlng   for 

the  extrndlilnn  nf  prl«oners  aeeiised  ef   Hi" 

:    Homicide,    or   nttempied 

i hie  :  itson    biirglinr:  nousebrenl 

in  violence,  actual,  attempted  "r 

ened  :  Inrceny  of  vul- 

ue  of  »2oo :   rorgary,   ..r   (be   ottai  i  ire   i  f 

tin-  thing  f.u---.'.l  :  I'liunterfeltlng  :  emhanle- 

ment  of  public  or  private  money  la  execia 


Argentina 


tages  and  I'apcrs  of  tfu  PresU 


i: 


r-f   ISOO:    frnuil.  com- 

I J    ■    bullae,    tinnier,    an- 

"fflwr 

I    company.  »k'  '  '    N  pliDlnli- 

able  by   the   Uw*   of   bolli    count  :..•-      per 

tape:  abduction  :  klduapplus  or  i 

nic  ;  any   act  COH 

laleat,    the  object   of  o  endanzer 

lhe  *afety  of  any  person  irn«ello£  or  lip  las 

i   railway :   crime*  committed  at  »ea. 

and   t  radius  la   al»«e*   wb'ii   the  often**    la 

iilinlnnl   under  elic   Uwi  of  both  couotrlc*. 

Arid  Linda.     {Sec-  Lands,  Public;  also 
Irrigation.) 
Boclanintion  of,  6301,  7004. 
Arixona.— <i»*  of  tbe  «outhw*«tern  state* 
of   Hi'     '  liai    Ueui."      It 

la  aeiarut.-'  in  on    ii.- 

if  >  'auroral 

*d  od  lb*  n.    oa 

the  eaat  by   New  Mexico,  and  on  tap  aoutb 
tiy    t!i  It     II**    be- 

tween   the  parallel*   ,.l      SO'   and  S7*   imrtb 

lat.  ana   t: nil 

45'  u«t  ton*..  Iii.'IiiiIIiis  »ii  are*  of  1 13,954 
*i|uare  mile*.  1 1.  .'  arc 

tiucrl,    Cooabnllo  *I«rl- 

lac  gold,  allter,  ntd  Copper.      In 

»ra    portion    of   tli*    State    tbcre    arc    large 

I  and  lb*    lumber    tt  I 

■do*.       1'  li     much 

broken  by  tbe  eroaloo  of  the  atreama.  which 
•  hi    deep   tort**  la  Hip   rock*,    tbe  Oram! 
-nine  polal*   be- 
tas  raorc    than   a   tulle   di 

i'ii.-   greater    portion    at    I  hi     8tntc   wo» 

acquired    by    treaty    with    Mexico    In    1S48, 

iilti"  by  the  (ind.ilm  Pun-haae  of 

Statlatlca  of  aericultnre  collected  for  the 

i«m    i  laui   plac*    '  b*    at ■ 

farms   In    tbe    State   in    ».'.";*.    - 

id   Im- 

pro» Tbe 

numltered    8H4  V,- 
boraca.    00,578.    II .'-'"' 

1JV0.723,     »■!.-*<>(>  -l ::        Tli*    ..■■:••■,■■. 

me    of    tbe    prli.i-lp.il    field 
for    :  .i|  I 
405.000    bn*liel*.    $4>" 
ncrea.  rlOO.ouo  biitlu-W.  ITOo.000:  uma.ll.O00 

acre*.  '-'■'... iiii-ii.i  ,  $i.m,imii 

000   s.  ■  '  ■  tin  The 

i  ,.  ili.n   .if  cop- 

r  ■::>'.   im  - 

51    pounds,    valued    tit    *37.?S1.8lVi    n    «le- 
from    tbe   figure*   of    lflOO,    and    tin- 
report »  tor   101 1  r  <!*- 
.-llui-  in   tbo   production.     The  Ur*e«t   pro- 
ii  1011  ■  >»  Ith 
'ill  mil    ill*- 

irl.-i      :  1.000     (iniinda.       Tbe 

fnlle.l  ii   lh»  Jerome   dlalrl    i 

•bowed     n    deerenie    from  

Ii.nin.l  •    im« 

lor*,   landa  nre  tnaorable  tvt  Hi-    <■  irlBS    of 
rattle  and  ahiYp.    The  federal  11 
art   prorliled    f..r   lb*  Irrlniirliiii    i 
of    tnnd    In    i  be    rtfll      Rivet 
Arlioii'i  in   the  -lid  at  In*  year 
.  ...i  ..f  til  .'.00,000.     The  population  In  l&UO 
a-aa  204.S54. 
Atiiona  Tartitory: 

Act  to  authorize  lear-inv  of  land*  for 
educational    pnrposu  lto«d, 

6102. 
Admission  to  Statehood — 
Joint  act  for,   vetoed,  7636. 


Proponed,  70S 
KexotnroenOcd,  7258. 
Appropriation        for,      recommended, 

atn. 

Barrack*,  elc.  within   limit*  of   Mil- 
itary  Depart::> 
of,  n 

Hill  to  authorize  ibMiance  of  boi 
aid  of  railroad 

in   outrage*   in,   dl*i'u**ed,   41*33, 
4943. 

Land*    in— 

Clan  Bpenian  and  Mexican 

Sranti,     dinusacd,    5434,     5510, 
Ml. 
RceonU   oi  -imsat 

Set  apart  aa  pi  i|  Ion  bjr 

I  i.  .  i.. i  ...  i  . 

Lov.  i.-aai 

for  aupi' 

latnation  again*!, 
Population  of,  3045,  :w»9. 

r,    rccom- 

Arkansas. 

It   I-    bounded   by    .Mlaaoarl   oa 
■ 

Irrom  both  of  wblcn  It  la  «t-»rnii  I  by   tbe 
ll*al».<l|i|>i   liber),  on   tli-  Math  by   I 
•  in   the  weat  by  Texna  »n4   I 
TerrltorT.     It  extenda  from  lat.  83*  t" 
:to'  n 

wett.    It  contain*  53.33o  «)uare  rtil!<*.  and  la 

Br 

a»ioe     of     tin' 

■no  ii  need  Ar'kftnaatr.     Tbe  Slate 

ii   foreafa  nf  oak,  plae.  walaut, 

pmd'i.  <     il,  Iron,  an 

:     ir.e^      lae 

: 

I  ... 

•« 

.  i  iliin.    ..r 
'.  by  the  Krini'h  In   Ii'--'..  and  f, 

Iitirl    ol 
ulxeil   a*  «  Terrltorv 
1819, 

June    '.'J.    18«8.      I'opuU. 

at  :'..lM,- 

I 
aad 

'.i.  i  ii. hi  |,(    nt>d 

i 

■ 
and   milk, 

Tim  niiinT.rr  of  mavntacturtng  aslai' 

n  annual  < 



1*1.1  ■*«  'J. in1  I      'I  in 

i.t 
n 

worth  *H.5,fi«l.i>i'ii.     Solarlca  and  wasta  paid 
auiouut.d  tu   i24.oifi.0O0. 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Armageddon 


Arkansas  la  first  among  the  states  In  the 
production  of  two  minerals — bauxite  and 
novacullte.  the  former  being  the  ore  of 
aluminum  and  the  latter  the  source  of  the 
larger  part  of  the  oilstones  produced  In  the 
United  States.  The  principal  mineral  prod- 
uct of  Arkansas,  however,  Is  coal,  (be  an- 
nual value  of  which  constituted  over  fifty 
per  cent  of  the  state's  total.  The  total 
value  of  all  the  mineral  products  of 
Arkansas  in  1013  was  $6,780,760,  accord- 
ing to  the  United  States  Geological  Survey, 
compared  with  $6,258,726  In  1912.  The 
coal  production  waa  2,234.107  short  tons, 
rained  at  $3,923,701,  in  1913,  against  2.100,- 
819  tons,  valued  at  $3,582,789,  In  1912. 
The  coala  of  Arkansas  are  generally  of  high 
grade,  particularly  In  the  eastern  part  of  the 
coal  field,  where  they  approach  anthracite 
In  character.  The  semlanthraclte  of  Arkan- 
sas Is  an  excellent  domestic  fuel  and  reaches 
markets  as  far  north  as  Kansas  City. 

Banxlte,  from  which  aluminum  Is  derived, 
is  second  among  the  mineral  products  of 
the  state.  It  is  mined  near  Benton,  in 
Saline  County,   and  in   Pulaski   County. 

In  1913  the  stone  quarries  of  Arkansas 
fnrnlshed  products  valued  at  $525,050,  ex- 
clusive of  novaculite  and  of  limestone 
burned  for  lime.  In  1912  the  quarry  prod- 
acts  were  valued  at  $513,844.  The  clay- 
working  industries,  while  not  highly  de- 
veloped; take  third  place  and  in  1913  pro- 
duced an  output  valine!  at  $529,624.  an  In- 
crease of  $67,019  over  1912.  The  sand  and 
gravel  pits  yielded  $320,639  in  1913  and 
$393,639    In    1912.      The  only  metalliferous 

[products  of  Arkansas  besides  bauxite  are 
pad,  zinc,  and  raanganlferous  ores.  Other 
commercial  mineral  products  are  fuller's 
earth,  gems  and  precious  stones,  lime,  min- 
eral waters,  natural  gas,  phosphate  rock, 
and  slate. 

Arkansas  (see  also  Confederate  States) : 
Act  for  admission  of,  into  Union  ve- 
toed, 3846. 
Acts  of  governor  should  be  legalized, 

801. 
Admission   of,   into   Union,   constitu- 
tion adopted,  1444. 
Boundary  of,  795. 
Constitution  of,  referred  to,  3830. 
Defalcation  of  officers  in,  941. 
Election  disturbances  in,  and  claims 
of   persons   to   governorship   dis- 
enssed,  4218,  4219.  4252,  4273. 
Proclamation  regarding,  4226. 
Lands  granted  to,  in  aid  of  railroads 

referred  to.  3580. 
Marshal  of  United  States  in,  advance 
of  public  moneys  to,  referred  to, 
2835. 
Military  governor  of,  office  of,  abol- 
ished, 3377, 
Public  lands  in,  proclamation  regard- 
ing unlawful  possession  of,  1106. 
Restoration  of,  into  Union,  discussed, 

3423,  3452. 
Road  in,  from  Little  Bock  to  Canton- 
ment   Gibson,   932. 
Secretary    of,    appointment    of,    re- 
voked, 3377. 
Arkansas    Northwestern    Railway    Co., 
act  authorizing  construction   of  rail- 
road   by,   through    Indian    Territory, 
'etoed,  6012. 


Arkansas  Post  (Ark.),  Battle  of.— Jan. 

10,  1863,  an  expedition  under  command  of 
Gen.  McClernaud  and  convoyed  by  Admiral 
l'orter's  fleet  of  gunboats,  moved  against 
Fort  HlnUuian,  at  Arkansas  Post,  on  the 
Arkansas  Hirer.  Jau.  11  a  combined  at- 
tack wus  begun,  which  was  maintained  un- 
til 4  o'clock  in  the  afternoon,  when  the 
post,  with  5,000  prisoners,  was  surrendered 
to  the  Union  forces.  The  Federal  loss  In 
the  action  was  977  killed,  wounded,  and 
missing. 

Arlington  Cemetery: 

Appropriation  for  memorial  amphi- 
theatre recommended,  7048. 

Memorial  amphitheatre  at,  recom- 
mended, 7686. 

President  Wilson's  address  at,  7948. 

Arlington  Confederate  Monument  Asso- 
ciation. —  During  the  administration  of 
President  McKlnley  the  Confederate  dead 
burled  in  the  City  of  Washington.  D.  C. 
and  vicinity  were  removed  to  the  National 
Cemetery  at  Arlington,  Va.,  the  old  home  of 
Robert  E.  Lee.  where  they  were  relnterred 
in  a  plot  of  ground  set  apart  by  the  Presi- 
dent for  that  purpose,  and  designated 
"The  Confederate   Section." 

The  Arlington  Confederate  Monument 
Association  was  formed  for  the  purpose  of 
erecting  In  this  section  a  suitable  monument 
to  the  dead  there  burled,  and  to  stand,  in 
a  larger  sense,  as  a  memorial  to  all  those 
who  lost  their  lives  in  defense  of  the  Con- 
federacy, as  well  as  to  the  cause  they 
represented. 

The  Association  was  formed  aa  a  com- 
mittee of  the  United  Daughters  of  the  Con- 
federacy, the  President-General  of  which  Is 
the    President    of    the    association.  The 

monument  was  completed  and  unveiled  by 
President  Wilson,  June  4,  1914.  (Page 
7948.) 

Armada,.— A  group  of  war  vessels  maneuv- 
ering, or  in  action. 

Armageddon. — In  the  peroration  of  his 
speech  on  the  eve  of  the  National  Repub- 
lican Convention  at  Chicago,  June  17,  1912. 
Mr.  Roosevelt,  after  denouncing  what  he 
termed  fraudulent  practices  of  corrupt  poli- 
ticians, called  upon  bis  hearers  to  take  the 
side  of  the  people  against  the  dishonest 
party  managers,  saying  at  the  close:  "We 
stand  at  Armageddon  and  we  battle  for  the 
Lord."  The  expression  is  not  a  quotation, 
but  is  based  on  several  passages  In  the 
book  of  Revelations,  Chapter  XVI,  notably 
In  the  16tb  and  following  verses.  The 
word  Armageddon  Is  used  in  an  apocalyptic 
sense  as  a  synonym  for  the  battlefield — 
whether  above  the  earth  or  In  the  under- 
world— on  whkb  the  final  victory  over  evil 
waa  to  be  won  by  the  forces  of  righteous- 
ness. It  was  here  that  the  kings  of  the 
lower  world  were  to  be  gathered  by  the 
Dragon,  the  Beast,  and  the  False  Prophet 
to  make  war  on  the  Lord.  Revelations  xvll, 
14,  reads  :  "These  shall  make  war  with  the 
Lamb  and  the  Lamb  shall  overcome  them  ; 
for  he  Is  I.ord  of  Ix>rds  and  King  of  Kings 
and  they  that  are  with  him  are  called  and 
chosen  and  faithful."  Specifically  Armaged- 
don Is  a  corruption  of  the  Hebrew  words 
Har  Mageddon,  signifying  the  mountains  of 
Meglddo.  The  reference  in  the  passage  in 
Revelations  Is  probably  to  Meglddo.  but 
some  authorities  refer  It  to  the  plain  of 
Ksdraelon.  or  Jezreel,  In  Galilee  and  Sa- 
maria, famous  as  a  battlefield  from  the 
time  Gideon  overcame  the  Mldlanltes  to 
Napoleon's  victory  over  the  Turks. 


Armament 


fcssages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Armament.— 1- — Soldiers   or  sailor*   oa   a 

war  footing.  - — Fijulpmcut  and  munition* 
for  war  purposes. 

Armed  Neutrality.— In  itbo  the  powe-ra 
of  northern  I 'u  rope — ICussla.  Sweden,  and 
1 1.  umai  i.    formi  d    "    confi  igalast 

i .in  i:>ii.i,  rb«a  ni  war  wiiii  the  Fulled 
si....  and  pi.  .claimed  the.  doctrine  that 
neutral  ahlM  bad  lb*  riKhi  to  vi»it  en* 
ports  i.f  belligerents,  iha(  free  »lilp*  mak* 
roods,  auil  that  blockade*  to  be   rccog. 

.    niu-.t    I"'    cITerliial.      Tl .. murles 

assumed  a   threatening  poalllon  and  ■ 
iii. ...  ■                 opsl  ai  ,i-     Ian.     I'.,    i 
ratified  In    I                    Ram    of    Ihi 
were  to  he  respected  by  belligerents.     ■ 
Hi  Haiti    rejected    Hie    principle,    and    Nelson 
anil    1'nili.  I  I I.    II . -.- 1    at 

C,,]., .|:l.:i,-.  ,|         \|.lll     S.      USUI  'I  : 

the  dlcaolutlon  of  tbo  armed  neutrality. 

For  months  before  Ihc  United  States  fin- 
ally entered  the  European  War  on  April  U. 
1017,     there    wn»    much    dlaruMloo    In    el:.' 

United    States  concerning    the  advisability 

of  adopting  a  poller  of  armed  neutrality 
toward*  Ccrmany  anil  Austria.  As  Hi.  t>  ha 
waa  uaed  In  tho«e  daj«.  It  win  understood 
en  a  situation  where  American  mer- 
ill.'" lit  ships  would  be  aupplled  with  gun* 
nnd  gunners,  In  or.:  •  to  prated  ( hoinaelwW 
In   iiivi.  they  were  attacked  bv  a  aubmarlne 

pi    ihe    Centra]    Poww        whan    i:.imony 

announced  that,  beginning  with  February   t. 
1017.    she    would    "Ink    on    nlirht    nil 
found    within    the    blockade   sone   ahe 

D  around  the  Ilrltlsh   Isles.  France  and 

Italy,  iln-  [.Tin  "armed  neutrality  waa 
iip'iuiened  lo  mean  thai  armed  merchantmen 

might  fire  at  sight  upon  a  aubmarlne.  with 
out  wnltlng  to  bo  attacked,  n»  Hie  hostile 
Intention*  of  Ihe  hmI.ih.i  rln-  wight  lie  pos- 
tulated. Despite  ..pposltlon  from  a  email 
croup  of  Senators,  who  prev.-ni  i 
..r  Hi.-  Mil  .■  u r lii.ii-.'  1  ti _-  I -r.  "iii.  in  u  n 
adopt  armed  neutrality.  In  the  rioting  days 
of  the  Sixty  fourth  Congress  (Feb.  -,7-Mnr. 
5     I'll  T  i.  ihe   policy    «'"•   I1"!  lulo  '•"' 

the  United  States  OoTcrnmonl      it  aid  not 

to  lie  practicable,  however,  as  Presi- 
dent Wilson  himself  admitted  In  hla  mc«»isgo 
to  Congress  on  April  l.  101T.  In  which  he 
a«ked  for  ii  deelarailnn  of  Ibe  existence  of 
a  state  of  war  with  the  Imperial  German 

I...I.   IT.IU.   Ml. 

Armed  Neutrality: 

Confederacy  of,  discussed,  2308. 
In  Middle  States,  discussed,  3225. 
Armenians. — Inhabitants  of  Armenia. 
I'elong  to  the  Aryan  family  of  nations. 
Armenia  Is  the  classical  namo  of  lb«  He- 
brew Araial.  Assyrian  Hrarlu.  the  country 
ml:,  trots  (he  shores  of  1-a.ke 
Von.  between  the  Upper  Euphrates  and  Me- 
dla.  forming  Ibe  juncture  between  the  high 
la u nu  of  Iran  and  the  table  land  of  Asia 
Minor.  It  la  tbo  original  seat  of  one  of 
ihe  old  clvilUed  peoples  In  the  world.  Ac- 
cording to  their  records  Uiey  were-  goe- 
crnod  In  ancient  limes  by  Independent  kings, 
but  afterwards  became  tributary  to  the 
A.-jrlan-  After  the  Assyrian  period  Ar- 
beoanM  a  dependency  of  Persia  and 
Media.  Subsequently  It  was  conquered  by 
Alexander  (he  Crest,  and  later  It  passed 
under  Ihn  nominal  supremacy  of  Parthla 
and  Home,  Then  It  was  ruled  by  Persian, 
Rysanllnr.  and  Arable  govern. irs  until  Ihe 
dynasty  of  the  Itanraildei.  which  camo  to 
all  .  ml  In  I  (MS.  The  line  vestige  of  Ar- 
menian I  nee  waa  destroyed  by  tlie 
Mamelukes  In  137ft.  Since  that  date  tb«y 
nave    been    without   an   Independent   state. 


£ 


(heir  country  being  divided  between  Persia. 
Turkey,  ami  ltim-ls.  They  "(ill  lia<«  su 
in. I.  |..  mi.  ni  .  mil  ■  h  with  the  seat  of  gov- 
.  1 1. in.  nt   at   Constantinople. 

In    1M>4    the  greatest    cruellies   wer*   rls- 
Ii. il    ii|miii    Armrnlanx   In   Turkey,    In    part 
because     Ihcy     were     Christians.       It      we« 
claimed  that  some  of  those,  upon  whom  ont 
■ ...  ,:.  n  i.  d  wen   persona  ■  Ii  I 

deelar.il  their  Iniemlon  lo  become  citizens 
..(    ibe    United   Slates.      Our   consuls   were 

In lo   mak*   Investigation   of   them 

slriM'ltl.  -  and  ernellli"  and  In  tba  diplo- 
matic correspondence  which  followed  assur- 
ances were  given  by  Turkey  that  our 

:.     should     I"'     :-. -.Tiled    Olid     prOl    iCted     III 

all   their  rlgbu   (page.    .v.is:i.    '.>.    "' 

OUT). 

It    wan    lenrni-d.    however,    that   an    Ar> 
meolaa  lournal  pobllabed  In  r 1 1 1-  eoontrj  in 

Ihe    Vrm.ii  iily  eonn»  - 

readers  to  engage  lu  rebellion  oKalnxt  Turk- 

Ish     nulhiuliy     In     the     Asiatic     pro' 

i  ml.- j   eomplalued   that  Armenians  sought 

American  rllltenabln  «lih   Ihe  In  tent  I 

elnlmlng  the  protection  "f  Ihe  Fnifd 

when  convicted  of  sedldous  practices  lu  Ibe 

Inn. I    .if    Hi,  |r    I.I  il  li 

The  Ottoman   gtirrrnmenl   ani »d   lis 

Intention   to  expel   from    II*   dominions   Ai 
lana    who   hate    obtained   nntutallradon 
In    the    Fulled    States    later    Ibnu    181 
Armenians: 

Cruelties    nnd    atrocities    committ.-l 
upon,  in  Turkey,  dixeusaed,  5989, 
6D80.  01-17. 
Investigation  of,  by  AmerleAO  con- 

Ktll        •'    ■ 

Referred   to,  6000. 
Obtaining     cltlnnahip     in     Tinted 

Btatea  and  n  turning  to  Turkey  ex- 

|..'ll,',l.  ili.seusscl,  5872,  8435. 
Tronl  iii-tit  Of  natural:. .  .1    iIiiatk    of 

1'nitcil  States  of  Armenian   origin 

l.y  Turk.-;  .  li  Hi  i. 
Armies,  Cost  of.— The  Fnite.i  BUM  Aim 

:i|.p:-..|.rliil  Iiiiim       fur       101(1-1017       nine. ml       to 

'  "»3.  nol  Including  lb" 

by    tin-   MTersl   States   on    their    Katloaal 

Ouard  or  the  sums  paid  for  pensions  to  n- 
volunteers.  Tin-  Jtarj  approprlallons  for 
101  •  l«  amount  to  tmii.iJttlJSOo,  an  In- 
crease of  S4U.8o3.801  over  the  prevloua 
year,  but   n  lni.r  Sppn  bt    IPIfi  for 

enlarging  (he  Nary  swelled  (Mi  Increase  to 
fl3U.S4S.2ST.    The  cost  of  the  British  A]  tn] 

■■■' Una  in  Mtlmates  foi   1018-1  i    o ml 

•  il  to  t'J2 4,300,000.  Tbe  eatlroalea  for  the 
Nnvy  for  1013  14  nre  placed  si  *22l. 140.000. 
The  estimaieii  military  (ipendllnn  of  (he 
German  Umpire  In  Ihe  budget  for  1U12  Ft 
nmounteil  to  flS3.000.000,  neludlng  • 
illturea  on  Culoulal  troops,  The  Oerman 
Naval    estimates    for    1013-14    amount.-,!    to 

J  11 1.800.000.  Tbo  military  I.  iiiitie. 

or  101S  ahnwed  au  estimated  expenditure 
of  lfl0l.431.SSO  for  the  military  establish- 
ment. Italy  during  1913-H  expected  to 
spend  about  f."  1.000,000  on  her  Nnvv.  and 
about  fSa.D2&000  00  her  Army.     The  mtll- 

Ssry  huilx't  of  Russia,  ordinary  nnd  extTBOt 
Insrv,  for  lBl.t-14  called  for  |S17.800 
and  tbe  Navy  expenditure*  tn  1013-1  I  • 
have  amounted  to  about  fl22.BOO.0OO,    The 
Army  estimate  of  Aiisiro-Httngary  for  1913 
was   ft2,.1OO,00O,    and    for    the    NBT»    f42.- 
00(1,000.    The  military  expenditure  of  Japan 
'    'This  does  nol    inchiih.   cost  ol  (nrtifirstiona. 
Miliisn-  Aoademy,  etc.  but  onlv  lot  the 
T  This  Includes  conMrucllon  of  shins,  Naval  Acad* 
euiv.  Nsvy  Yards,  ete      J  F.seluding  eost  of  Co- 
lonial troops  nol  serving  in  Franco. 


Par  l»ia-M  were-  about  ftfi.00O.O00.  All 
nlliuln  for  foreign  Annlca  Had  Navle* 
tii'  U-.n  largaly  ci«ved*d.  ©wlag  to  the 
c»a-r»l  war  Id   l.-=r- 

Armor  and  Armor  Plate: 
IH-  59,  5S8S,  K>72. 

Manufacture'  of.  in  l.'mtcd  Stlttw  roc- 
otnaiendrd,  5100. 

18,  5635. 
AmoclM.     ( Sw*  Arms  ami  Ammui. I 

Arwap 
Artaiaa  of  the  World.— The  following  ta- 
iiii-    aba**  footing  of   tin-    land 

..f    it.-   c»i i in  ii»»l    atan-t   of    Europe, 

»f  Jnpan  :  alau  u{  Ibv  arrnndnry    M. 

£»irap».  A«u  «».d  AniTli.i.  complied  from 

i.f.-i  *Mil!.itil.-  ilai.t  li.-futv  lb*  central 
»«r  of  lUlt : 


■ — 


t.taoooo 

MMUOOO 

3JO0XOO 

M0.0DO 

BMCO 

I. .....,, 

BSS 

•MHO 

&oo,ooo 

6O.OOO1 

4'l.l»... 

«0klK». 
H,000l 

7*.  000 


Total 
Ftrt-urtli 


•J00.000 
tjOOOjOOO 

r.  ,500.000 

-HUH.. I 


82.000 
HL0OO 

70.000 


•  Empt  aa  lo  aama  of  iW  prlnn'pal  and  ■  lea  of 

eaifc*  Slatja,  it  u  iiou>*l«l  »  I  •  1 1 
■  «tf«  of  the  tvaarvaa  or  auu-ary  luitxa  could 
k.  arftaaa  *ad  Bade  cfleeuv*  wiiaea  •  canetder- 
.  J  tan*      lo  eoaa  male*,  all  rwn  of 
.    v  a»  •onlb-d  aa  talioual  aaaartta  and 
w*  pints  trained      a  Including  Colonial   Uoopa. 
Maelodaaa  rvcular  foeeee  at  bona,  la  the  Ccdooiea. 
eaal  70.000  MB  in  India  and  mfturiing  Ibo  native 
laAaaanny  rfibm  17S0U0    rlorludaaarmy  i»- 
attn  ao-l  territorial  (;*. 
tragr  at  atiaart  36.000      .Evrluairaeftroot- 
eaaaa.   /Traiu-J  National  militia    /i.,.™/ 
araj  undbr  proaeni  guwrnmeat  loeonriilct*    7he*e 
.'  I  ?.CCO  tnra  cudv r  ajma  in  ibe  recent 
■  Proviortal  troona  available  in  raja  of 
NaUoaal  iwl.  or  mllliaa  partly    trained 
PUminal  aunarta.    Papulation  oearlv  all  negroee. 
lOniiath  pnrvfaue  lo  pnarut  trmlutioo  Tba  Pn> 
< all  nil  Oovovnoaant  citima  to  hav»  an  army  of  10.- 
000.  and  propoaa  lo  (octtoae  ll  lo  100,000- 
Arm»  and  Annnunitlon. — The  ti*#  of  Are- 
arae    followed    eloae    upon    Ike    Invention 
utani   1330)    of  guapowdar.     The  na«  of 
papa  a  ill  I    lo   military  operation*    In    I'ng- 
fcad  ala fa  from   13*4.     Gibbon  write*  of  a 


cannon  sued  a|    Ihi    -lege  of  Adrlanoplc  by 
ioM     II    I"     1543.       During    lbnt    rear 
Ibe  Brat   Kngllr.h    ■iinii.'ii   mi   inxi    ai    I  .  ;. 
Bold,  i  in'    arqucbuac   and    mutket 

'  ■  -cadre    Improvement* 
■m    Hie  large  guoa.     Tbo  Nwl*a  are   I 
have  bad  10,000  aruu 
*li«-  battle  ol  inrdt. 

under  Kmperor  Cbarlea  V.  wltb  a  force  i  I 

-. •■     iii.'tiualnni  ami   Sim   mn  •  k.- 1 .  .■  ■■    il.-- 

featlni  i    of    France,    Ibe  efT 

aea  of    ilie    flrenrmi    turnlne    Um    lltft    "'. 
bmili'.    Tin.  Olnlloek  eame  Inin  u»i   In 
•m  La  Into  Kncland  andei    v,  uimm 

111,  und  Hi*  elTectlTelr  uaed  n«  Into  us 
is  10  in   tba  Britbtb  irm;.    The  I.aodcravr 

•  ■•  armed  bla  followpra  arlll 
1031.      The    I't-rcuaaon     breeeb-loadlnz    rifle 
waa    In    use    throughout    Ibj  «nilt»-    K-volu- 
llonnry   War,    ihougb   lli»   lllniloek   wua  Ibo 

priui'ipal  aTcapon  uaed 

The  rrat  proctl.  n I    bl Ii  loading  Orearm 

made  iu  iho  I'm  itant- 

..i   h)    iiuii   in    i-i  i       aboni    iooimi  mm 
ninde    for    iin-    Government.    1 1 j . -    In 
•upertntendlng     Ihflr     manufacture     at     tht 
llar|K.->    Vntf    Ata.'nnl    until    hi«    death    In 

ipitt.      in    IBM    Coaaren    made    nn    np- 

mtlon     for    brecchdoadlng    rltl.-a,     and 

-  In  lhl«  arm  wei Ddm  I 

HI  Hi"  lir.-aklny  mil  "f  Ibe  ilvll  \N  ii  r.  dur- 
ing tin-  profreaa  of  which  me  Oorernment 
nianufactuied   and    puichowd   at   home   and 

abruai  hi  tmall    arma   -. 

n.i'11  'li  and  .'10  different  pail*ro«.  Among 
theao  were  breith -loading  rIOea  and  car- 
bln.-a  and  a  magailne  guu  -Hie  Hen/e. 

In   i  und  18T2  boarda  of  offlrent 

were  appolnt<d  to  report  upon  a  dealrable 
♦mall  arm.  and  their  Inreatlgalluna  I.  d  to 
i lie  adoption  in  isT:i  of  the  Springfield  rifle, 

a  III- I  In    U"e    f,.r    twenty    Venn.. 

The  decade  between    1680  and   1HU0  wit- 

I  ii  further  -I-  •>  iiitun.-iil   In  •mull 
la     Ibe    ■iitiatllutlon    of    magstlnea    fur    Hi- 
•Ingle  breech  loading  npparaiua.  a  dc 

tba  ball   and  tba  -idnptiun 
of  RBokelcn   r»-wder. 

The  forma  of  gunpowder  u«ed  In  military 

o|K-ratIona  In  Amerlen  oh  well  an  In  forelfo 

trlea    until    within    the    lax    few    yeani 

were  eascntlally   the  aame  at   tho-w  u«ed   a 

e.-ntury  or   more  ago.      Krer  alnec    Hi--    In 

Ion     of    gun     riitlnn     - 

l.Vi:.     -i'|,-nl  111.      :i  I  f.  11II..11     li:.  i     heell     -llr^'.-l  ril 

to    Hi.-  iimniife.-iui.-   ..'   unokeleai   powiler. 

n   tba  tltat  to 

otind  I  -.1.  i.  -:iii  iraoktleta  powder 
for  line  In  atnnll  arma.  The  material  naed 
la  a  form  of  melinite  and  belong*  to  the 
ul  iro.-.-iliil.-.-.  «.r  nllro-cuo-cottoa  prrpara- 
tlont.  The  powder  lo  not  absolutely 
amokeloaa,  but  the  flltn  of  amoke  nrlalng 
from  In.llililiiul  rill,  tiling  la  not  Tltlble 
fmm  Don  than  -"-'Ki  rniilx 

AfBoag  Hi.-  iut-»t  njii..»ivi  ■  produced  in 

the    United    St»tea  are  cannonlte.   fulgurite. 
prosmultr.     Amerlcanlte.     and    Hebm 
Th-    Army   baa    aevelu  It    the   <tor 

ace  of  powder.  Hi"  prlni  H»nl  one  of  • 
l»  near  Dover.  N.  J.  i'owder  for  both 
I.ranili-i.  Of  ' I >-•  aerrleo  la  aupplled  by  pri- 
vate flrm».  rmJeetllM  for  ttie  natal  guna 
aro  made  at  the  Naval  <;un  foundry  at 
1 1     i  Th*    annor-plereine 

aliella  are  carefullv  mn.liln. -I  and  i  tnp  •'.! 
and    much    more    exp.  moke    than 

In    i-'i-'    the 
Statr*    adopted    the    ICrng  .1  rut-off 

:    magnilne  rifle.     Tlie  rllle  adopted  In 

no",   and  -till   In    I«    tb.-   rolled    Blotea 

(SprltiL-'leldl    niHgaalm-   title:    lt»  enllbre  la 

iiillllmetr«»   or   .110  In..   It«  rcloelly  2.- 

<■ ml,  in  penetrotlon  power  at 

b.lng  !•*  7  ill  white  pine,  and  It  ear- 

r!e»    Ave    round*    of    tl Dillon  Theae 

rlflea  are  made  chiefly  at  the  SprlngPeld 
and  Itork    Uland  Araeoal*. 


Anna 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


7%e  approtaJ  uhle  of  miliary  nfl»  in  oat  by  the  puocipal  eouatrtei  (/  Ibc  *wM  it  eompiWl  from  *>#  Lie*  iraJUhte 
m.     1  ImmM  fcfr  trttjUcolQ-  mule,  tiowercr.  -;  u  if  not  up|r«M'hl>.  to  PI1BI  a— Mia  MMi^iM  «p  1» data, 


r  until.. 


I  mud  SUM 

Ar*nuliu» 
Aiul/Uk-Hung 




KadMd..  { 

frinw 


teu 

ES  * 

Fwu. 


Ml,,. 

ErnSu 

TWUy 

t'iueu»/.  .. 


Nftau  or  M.»i#l 
nf  ilon 


Mmnliclirr 
Mum.     .. 


Muk. 

M»niilirh«r*bVi 

i*anricino-CW«u» 

\i,    ■■ 

\l.,.,  -. 

Minnliohw  .... 
Tbre»  lb.  rifle.  . 
Maunr 
U ■ 

Mm.     , 

Schnuill-Rubin.    . 
Mumt 

Hub. 


iw: 
180 
ISM 

IWI 

l  or, 

\m 
\m 

IBM 

itm 
i  an 
ill 

IM 

LSM 

IHJ-l 

I  VIM 

IW» 


901 
»l« 


OrafUig  or  JieLet 

Of 


'.«t 

StMi... 
Ciipro  XicUl 

.Si.  id  I  V»l«d  Suxl. 

•  •I 

,-d 

•-UI 

CNipro  .'• 

SukjJ  l... 

N*W  l.'u»UJ  MU«J. 

i 

NicUUrnuu  Skiver 
Cupro  Kit 

NlekalCVi 
NiebinJ  C«w,    . 


Mm 

II 

*>  — 

Y«ei. 

as 

*.&» 

CI 

MO 

J63 

t,in 

B9 

(i 

iii 

115 

4U 

JIM 

MO 

S4* 

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no 

*.!» 

Mfl 

:,im 

SM 

J.*» 

SM 

1W 

S?4 

SW 

117 

3<U 

1.,  0(30 

I  :  a  I 

,..,1 


MM 

i.oeo 
.  mo 

7.  ICO 

ijro 

v    ■„ 

;.w< 
i.mo 


FyitMiUikj* 

Ml-.'--- 
NitiwtUiAow 
NltrmSulaw 
Vr  aUji 
NlUccetluj— 
•fce» 
.tat 

UlkN 
KilmotUiloae 

Nilrw.11,,1- 

llulM 
Silf-.tl.itat 

ii. i.  £ 

XilMwl.il... 

NitMelWoW 

Nil/or. 

NllmUulur 

K.rUiul.e  ilea 

NiUoMUula* 


itrooaDulaM 
N'ilrMallula* 
S.trweUJojf 

Ur>4ltd  pawear 
.-mat  rl—rlUw 


In  1008,  the  entire  or  my  eDd  tbc  national 
guard,  with  the  *xeeptl..n  of  the  Btal 

im  add  Nevada,  had  been  auppllcd  wlib 

ill.      I    ml.    I     .         '.,'t     lUQSktUi 

inn::  Dl    ISOn  ammu- 

nition.     Till*   ride   tin k    pre/red    to    be    mora 

:nl.  a,-  nun.',  and  rapid  than 
of    the    Krag  Juikwi.'  ii     im*    which    II    re- 

ii> d      To.    1 1 ;  ■  ■  - 1 ' i ■  '  i ' ■  i '   of  tba  aim 

lion  of  the   rood.l  of    IIKHI.  wltti   1<» 

Srd  bullei   ..r  flat  trajectory,  repr- 
ic    latMl   advance    In    figbtlug    material    of 

ii i  i  i -., -ii  •rona 

At   ilui   preaent  time  no  gri-iu 
nl«H    In    Hi,'  pffi  ml'  of 

with   »hli-li   iin-  ernili 
po*.r»   aro    aupplled    with    record    to    t li ■  - 1  r 
rang™    and    «biiutliiir    gualltlii.      It    t«    well 
known    tlmi    tba   tlfMttotnaaa  of  any   arm 

da  im-aily 
,.r    ii-.    ii.,  ii    who   u»e   It,   and    tbat,   otber 
thlnir*   h"lne  iHjual,    lb  ilior- 

oachly   lnntnicio.1   Ui,i 

Sf  rli*  rid*  art  tbc  most  eOrteal    In   < 
■'bile    ii"    "uiuiils   Infllcii'd    by  the   ni" 

tmoll   calibre   blgh    »o] )    rlflm    in 

fain)    and   yield    more    rmillly    ii>   iivati 
fhan  tboaa  tnaile  by  tbc  ruo*  nf  larjr--  <nii 
mine      alow-liin  iilns       bbicli       powder 
formerly    In    u«e.     yet    It    I  tli»t 

i.i.  n    iili    t.y    Hi,-  irualli-r  ballet,  ■ 
killed    or    mortally    wounded-    are    a*    com 

tlctely  put  out  of  ICtlOa  a  If  struck  by  tba 
imr, 

The   aiilninntlc    rWo    la.   beyond    qu, 
the    mllllury    weapon    of    tha    mar    fl 
Nearly    all    of    the    principal    conntrlea    of 
ICurope   'in'.,    been  pxpcrltncntlnc  with   rlfl.- 
of   tti 1 1    type,  hi   well   n-  the   United  Btataa. 

Oeimany  ndopted  an  anlomnili    nl  in 
rollllary    n.  •    In     l9ftR       The    Milim    Suit  — 
ha<  rer-nllr  adopl-d     ■  >-  In  pla,» 

of  tbo  aerelce  revolver,   ttie  Poll    nnioinatle 

,,|.  ,1    nud    rigid    rxperlt 
«nd    teafa   hv    n    '  mini    "I   unuv  iiffl, 

la  regarded  aa  a  remarkably  effective  waap- 


■ 

n.ln.1  La    tugarli' 

in  outomali  ,  i  a   U-octk 

of     8. it     Inches:     leii^in     ..f     iMirrv! 
in.  lie.  .    wi  khl  •  .ilbiA  Mi 

dgei  iu  luBgailii. 
Arms  and  AmmuuitScm: 

io,  37D5, 
i '.in eij  of.  to — 

State   araenaU  rfferre<1   to.  i 
Exportation    of,    Older    ]-r..hiliiioK, 
3328.  6469. 
Extended,   '.■ 
Modii. 

Bi ,  omi  endi  i    373. 
Baa. 
Gunpowder,  manui   ■  reetion  of, 

1608,  i .  ' 
Loans  •■: 

M  -mall   arms   t, 

me.  ii. 

of— 

.  SOI,  471. 
Should  l.e  encourntfe.1,  80S,  297,  *4S. 
BtaUmi  ut  of,  0f»7. 
Pnt-.  at  1 

proeurcment  and  prop.-rtlca  <.. 
Dl  of,  7ti7.  77i),7»0. 
Ml, 
Ter.  ■  t  of  Polutnliia 

to  receivi 

the    i|uota    of   a   State    with    least 
ti'i'regctitatloB    in    CoDgrcaa,    6188, 

no. 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Army 


Army. — The  earliest  American  military 
establishment  consisted  of  two  parts,  the 
continental  army,  organized  by  the  Conti- 
nental Congrrss  June  15,  1775.  and  the  mi- 
litia {q.  v.)  organized  by  the  States,  aver- 
aging between  the  years  1775  and  1781 
about  60,000  men,  though  often  not  more 
than  half  that  number  were  in  active  ser- 
Tice.  The  War  Department  (o.  v.)  was  es- 
tablished by  act  or  Congress  Aug.  7.  1789. 
Nov.  5.  1783.  the  army  was  disbanded  and 
1.000  men  retained  until  the  peace  establish- 
ment could  be  organized.  Though  tempo- 
rarily increased  by  Indian  wars  and 
troubles  with  France,  the  federal  forces 
numbered  only  from  3.000  to  5.000  men  at 
the  outbreak  of  the  War  of  1812.  During 
that  war  the  number  of  regular  troops  was 
more  than  85.000,  and  470.000  mllltla  were 
enlisted.  Up  to  the  time  of  the  Mexican 
War  the  army  averaged  9.000  men.  During 
that  war  the  regular  troops  enrolled  num- 
bered 30,000  and  the  volunteers  74,000. 
With  the  return  of  peace  the  regular  forces 
were  reduced  to  10,000.  and  later  Increased 
to  12.000. 

During  the  first  year  of  the  Civil  War  the 
regular  army  was  Increased  to  35.000  by 
the  addition  of  eleven  regiments,  viz. :  One 
of  cavalry.  1.189  officers  and  men  ;  one  of 
artillery,  twelve  batteries,  six  pieces  each, 
1.909  men:  nine  of  Infantry,  consisting  of 
three  battalions  of  eight  companies  each, 
22.008  officers  and  men  :  but  the  number  of 
mllltla  and  volunteers  was  very  much 
larger.  President  Lincoln's  first  call.  Issued 
April  15.  1861.  was  for  75,000  men  for 
three  months'  service  (3214).  Later  enlist- 
ments were  mostly  for  three  years.  At  tbs 
beginning  of  1862  the  number  of  volunteers 
In  the  army  was  550.000.  and  during  the 
next  three  years  It  was  900.000.  At  the 
close  of  the  war  the  Federal  army  num- 
bered 1.000.000  The  total  number  of  en- 
listments  was   2.213.363    (41561. 

In  1867  the  "peace  establishment"  of  the 
United  States  army  was  fixed  at  54.641 
men.  It  was  then  reduced  by  successive 
enactments  to  25.000  enlisted  men  In  1875. 
At  the  beginning  of  1898  the  peace  estab- 
lishment of  the  army  consisted  of  ten  regi- 
ments cavalry,  8.410 :  five  regiments  artil- 
lery. 2.900 :  twenty-five  regiments  Infantry, 
1.1.525;  one  engineer  battalion,  216:  total, 
25.051.  This  did  not  Include  brigade  and 
staff  officers.  At  the  outbreak  of  tbe  Span- 
ish-American War  two  additional  regiments 
of  artillery  were  added  to  the  regular 
forrps  and  the  line  of  the  army  wan  re- 
organized on  the  basis  of  two  battalions  of 
four  companies  each  to  the  regiment,  and 
two  skeleton  companies.  In  case  of  a 
declaration  of  war  these  skeleton  companies 
were  to  be  manned,  and.  with  two  other 
companies  for  which  authority  to  raise  was 
granted,  were  to  form  the  third  battalion 
in  each  infantry  regiment. 

Voder  the  provisions  of  a  law  approved 
March  2.  1899,  the  regular  army  establish- 
ment was  fixed  at  about  27.700  officers  and 
men.  To  meet  the  exigencies  of  the  ser- 
vice In  the  newly  acquired  possessions,  the 
Presldi-nt  was  authorized  to  maintain  the 
regular  army  at  a  strength  of  6.1.000  en- 
listed men  and  to  raise  a  force  of  35.000 
volunteers,  to  be  recruited  from  the  country 
at  large  or  from  the  localities  where  their 
services  are  needed,  "without  restriction  as 
to  citizenship  or  educational  qualifications." 

An  act  of  February.  1901.  abolished  the 
"rtnteen"  from  the  army,  that  Is.  prohibit- 
ed the  sale  of  beer  or  any  Intoxicating 
liquors  at  the  army  posts.  The  organiza- 
tion of  the  army  was  further  modified  by 
•n  act  of  Congress  approved  Feb.  14.  1003. 
*olrh  created  the  General  Staff  Corps. 
Tola  consists   of   the   Chief  of   Staff,   who 


AUTHORIZED  8TBBX0TH  OF  THB  ABMY  IN  1916. 

Source — Report  of  Chief  of  Staff  to  Sec- 
r',arV,of  War. — Toe  strength  of  tbe  eo- 
tlre  Military  Establishment  authorized  by 
the  President,  under  the  statutory  limita- 
tion of  100,000  enlisted  men,  on  June  30, 
1915,  by  branches  of  service,  is  shown  In 
tbe  following  table : 


BRANCHES  Or  SERVICE. 

Offi- 
cers. 

En- 
listed 
men. 

Total. 

General  officers 

Adjutant  General's  Dep't. 

Judge  Advocate  General's  Dep't.. . 

25 

23 

17 

13 

183 

•601 

248 

85 

100 

3 

7 

87 

80° 

262 

748 

1,608 

31 

'8.403 
•4.012 
1.S42 
744 
1,471 



'  14.148 

8341 

19.019 

35.339 

599 

832 

6.125 

350 

7» 

110 

7 

75 

25 

a 

17 
13 

•6388 

"4.611 

2,190 

830 

1378 

3 

7 

67 

14.957 

6.803 

19,767 

36,945 

630 

633 

8,125 

380 

729 

110 

7 

75 

Professor*,  U.3.Military  Academy. 

Chaplains 

Cavalry 

Field  Artillery 

Coast  Artillery  Corps 

Infantry 

Porto  Rico  Regiment  of  Infantry. . 

U.  8.  Military  Academy 

Recruitins  parties,  eu 

U.S.  Disciplinary  Barracks  guard*. . 

Service-school  detachments 

With  disciplinary  organisations.. . . 

Total  Regular  Army 

4,834 
182 

97.248 
6,733 

102,082 
6,915 

Actual  Aggregate 

8,016 
4.7B8 

102,981 

101.195 

107.997 
105,993 

■  Include*  the  enlisted  strength  (6.000  men)  of  the 
Quartermaster  Corps,  which  men,  under  the  prortslons 
of  the  act  of  Congress  approved  Aug.  24.  1912  (87 
Stat.  L..  5C-3i.  are  "not  ti  be  counted  m  a  part  of 
the  enlisted  force  prodded  by  law." 

>  Includes  9  7  officers  of  the  Medical  Reserre  Corps 
assigned  to  actlTe  duty  under  the  provisions  of  the  act 
of  Cougreae  approred  Apr.  23.  1908  (35  Stat.  L., 
66) . 

■  Authorised  strength  of  the  Hospital  Corpa.  which, 
under  the  act  of  Congmts  approfed  Mar.  I,  1887 
(24  Stat.  L.,  435),  la  not  to  be  counted  as  a  part 
of  the  enlisted  strength  of  the  Army. 

Tabic  tthowlnR  the  actual  strength  of  the 
Army  prior  to  the  passage  of  the  army  law 
of   1016. 


organizations. 

Srainora 
Ju.ii  30, 1915. 

Officers. 

Enlisted 
men. 

General  officers 

Adjutant  Generals  Department 
Inspector  General's  Department. . 
Judge  Advocate  General's  Depart- 
ment  

Quartermaster  Corps ' 

Medical  Corns1 

Medical  Reserve  Corps 

25 
23 
17 

12 

185 

422 

97 

34 

207 

85 

63 

3 

84 

7 

4.792 
3,993 

Ordnance  Department 

Signal  Corns 

Bureau  nf  Insular  Affairs 

Chaplains 

1.948 

740 

1.371 

Total 

1,244 

12,844 

Army 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the 


Hnuwoni 

Jok»:o.  IV1S. 

OKUAMLiriON*. 

BoBMd 

Offiosrs. 

i.wn 

47 
44 

oso 

0S& 

4f 

SO 

LOW 

H77 

16 

46 

l.l'I'J 
043 

40 

MB 

48 
46 
47 

M 
MM 

oe& 

44 

1,1X11 

TwsK Ih  Cavalry 

Thirv-MM  s»»lry     

4« 

47 

li.1l. 

Fourteantli  Cavalry 

43 

910 

Fiftaccih  Cavalry  

47 

HI 

Additional  Offi«». 

IMarhol  niticars1 

12 
47 

I'liawKUol 

31 

T7» 

11.0411 

nnAFWMArtWwr 

Satuu)  Field  AMillsry 

41 
37 

OB 
885 

40 

955 

OOI 

40 

1AX31 

a 

Egg) 

i 

a 

Ml 

'..■'.1 

7M" 

19,181 

4* 
47 
47 

1,414 
1,803 

ns7 

47 

VflO 

48 

1.730 

47 

48 

880 

47 

l.rCtt 

Uiahtb  Infantry 

Kuiih  lufulry 

48 

u 

Wl 
1.744 

M 
8.10 

Elsrsnu  Infantry 

46 

4A 

Twelfth  Infantry 

■1^ 

1,831 

TWtMnth  lofaouy 

4; 

l.l(X) 

47 

I  B9 

Fiftssnth  Infantry ...... 

4(1 

« 

46 

Mj 

■-., 
032 

SevtoteeoUi  Infantry 

kuthteouUi  I«fi»i.try . 

46 

820 

Nioatcnith  Infantry 

45 

804 

TwoBlisUi  Infantry 

44 

80* 

T«nity. Oral  Infantry   

Twruly-«etond  InfanUT 

47 

48 

8S0 

Twanty-thinl  Infantry 

44 

1  B  IB 

Twenty.loiirth  Infantry 

40 

Yin 

Taenly-Ollh  Infsntry 

H 

Ml 

T*-culy-sLUi  Infanlry    . 

43 

01H 

T-STnty-savrnth  Infantry.   . 

46 

fl.17 

Tweoty-mnih  Inluntry 

40 

1,177 

40 

040 

Tlnrlirlli  lufiuilry. 

31 

|  ■ 

Port*  Him  ll-»imrol  uf  Infantry 

12 
04 
07 

718,133 

623 
31 

f  aauals  and  noruiti  at  depots  and 

d.mo 

7  MM 

Total,  IWular  Army. 

1,818 

85.765 

III 

5.430 

I.TM 

101. IDS 

takes  tbc  place  of  tbc  Commanding  General 

•if     111.-     An  •  (*ll«d 

h.v  ih.  I   from  in.-  regular  army  not 

below    tbc   grade   of  brigadlcr-gcncrnl.   and 
forty-two  oOcvn  of  minor  grade  similarly 
.1    i...    Hi.-    i-i.  Mil.  iii        n    I      ill.-   doty 
of  the  Ijenrral  smrr  Corpt  to  prepare  plana 
f.ir    tbc    national    defense   aud    for    the    mo- 
i. ii...  hi. hi  ..r   lb.,  inllltarj    forcei    la   time  "f 
10  MM    Hi.-  Secretary  uf  War  la  In- 
creasing the  ellk-lcury  of  tbe  military  cstab- 
llyhni.-ui  .   and  In   ca»e   of  war   to  act   aa  a 
Board    of    RiratPKj-      Tbe    t'hlif   of.    staff 
bai  •  uii.-rviKlon  of  all  troops  of  tbe  line,  the 
Mllliiuv    Secretary"*    t>mce.    tbc    Inspector- 
i  i in.    JihIii.  tern  t.ii  ■     Quar- 

l.-l-lliii-.l.  l  '■  .--.-.    V..  ill.  .il     l':i..      MDil 

tnilium  i-    Dcpnrtuirut*.    tbc   Corps   of   Kn- 

nU ■  mid  Signal  Corpa. 

The  army  reorganisation  law  of  1016.  *p- 
i]  .lulu-  ;i.  provide*   thai   tbc  Army  of 

tbe  I  mi.  .1  ill  <i»i  ..I   ih.-   I 

lor  Army,  tbe  Volunteer  Army,  the  (Hi, 
-    Corpa,  the  Ellllsir-.l   k« -• 

in.    "s ii t ...mi i  Quart)  whit*  la  Uw  aerrlce  of 

th.-    United    State*,    and    »neh    other    land 
force*  as  »n.   i  in  u  or  might   ih.-r.-n. 
authorised   hy    hnv. 

(TOatpOtfliOa    '>!    Ilir    Itrt/uUir    Army. — Til" 

.r  Army  of  the  i  iiit.-.i  sun...  Includ- 
ing .-lUtlni;  organisations,  wn*  made  t. 
»i-r   of  i'.-i   t-.-K iiii.-n i .  ol    Infanti 
in.  ot ■  of  CavaJry.  :'i  regiment*  ol  ri.-i.i  b 

till.  iv.  a  Cooat  Artillery  Corpa.  the  brig*  " 
division,   army    corpa,    and    army    hen-hiu 
ten,   with  their  detachment*  and   In* 
Qeneral  Htaif  Corpa,  an  Adjutant  Oei 
Department,  an  lns|icetor  tl.-n.-nii'M  M 
mini,     .link:.-     A.lv...  nto    i  ;.  nerol's    llcpar 
in. -iii.  Q  later  Corpa.  M. --ll.nl  Depart 

in. -ol,  Corps  nf  Kuglnccra,  fferdnitni-u  Ih 
meat,   Klk-nnl    Corps,   the  ofbeeni  of   the  liu 

nun  of  IntnUtr  Antra,  to*  UUKU  I'.urtan. 
the  detached  offleera,  detached  DOD-coaunla 

atoned  ulfteer*.  t'lutplaloa,  the  Regular  Army 

i; i  ••-,  a*  w.ii  aa  tin-  oin.-.-i  •  nn-i  .  i 

in.  ii  mi   Hi..  re|lr»-.l  ltd      ii iiiitlonal  offl- 
eera :  nlao  the  pi-ofeaaora.  Corr*  of  Cndcta. 
general   Armi    aervlce  dela  buianl     and   da 
iiirhmiiii-  ..r  Cavalry,   in-id  Arttiler' 
glnevrw.  nnd  bund  of  the  I'nlteil  Stnti-a  Mill- 
ini\    Ai  aileinj  .    Ihi'    iioul    inuiniiiinilt 
xtnff     oOlei                                  parties,     recruit 
depot  ileturhinenls,  and  unasalgned  recruits  ; 
.-     school     detachments       dlsi  Ipllnnrj 
guard*;   disciplinary  <irgnui>atlnns:    Indian 
Scouta  :  and  such  other  officers  and  en. 
in.-ii  ns  ma)   I..-  provided  for. 

i  in-  low  0XM  *  ■iiliiimuni  of  100.000  filht 
Ing  regulnrH.  below  which  It  will  be  the 

..I  Ho-  War    Dapartaunl    bo   i thai    the 

Army  ne/rer  (alia.     Thi»  mny  he  in.  i 


ol  Corps.  3JS7  of  Hi. 
ana  1  Corpa,  and  ft,i."ii>  utinxalitn.ol  rx\\U<—\ 
m. -ii.  ii  total  of  ■.■nil, lim  men  In  peace.  The 
force  may  he  Increased  by  executive  ordei 
without  rnm-r.-.-lnnul  BCtJoD  to  about  2flS.- 
000  men  ond  U'.OOO  offlcer*. 

Tin    Null. .nil   IJiuird,  when   rnK.-.1  to  full 
wnr  MP'nicth.  numlicrs  almo<t  SDO.OOn 
The    ilr«t    drnft    army    autborlaed    by    the 
Hlxt.'-rlfth  <  --  .■•-..-■-.  ■■<   iii    May.   1H17,    provides 
for  347.107  olBcers  and  men  In  addition  to 

the  abort, 

ftroff  J»«»  nf  aa.— Reetlon  B  of  tbe  Mil 
for  tho  locreaae  of  the  arm)  pasaed  by 
I'onicrosa  nnd  npprored  1  ■  v  the  rr.--lil.-nt  09 
Mm-    1M.    1017.    made    provl   Ion    for   a   draft 

army  nf  DOO.O ten    which,  srlth  thi 

lion   ..r   offlcers  and  other   mininrv   nnlts. 

fin  tin  total  -  :  the  fon  a  thai  proi  i.t.-d 

I  IBT.     AI  a   the  sues 

..I  ji  and  80,  IneluatTe,  arere  subject  to  the 

draft,  which,  according  to  figures  given  out 


Encydopi'dic  Indue 


Army 


K3S 


&y  l»r  Oi»n«  Bureau.  would  thua  aclcct 
!i*   military    khI'i-    about    1    ll 

age  limit..  The  draft 
«■■  arranged  according  to  tbe  wi»i«  of  tbe 
Ki'iil  iUIm.  and  from  compulsory  unl- 
i.r.ll  rv£Utrutl..|i  Ink  r,  BDoa  |l  m-  ...  .  Ii- 
Mil  »l»o  provided  for  the  selection  of  a 
second  similar  fore*  In  cane  of  neceulty. 
>lt*_) 
Those     eiesnnt'.l     fn-ra     llir    drift 

and   oBtiaN   of    tbe    several    atales 
•ad   of   tli--  i      thoa*    Ib 

Industry  whom  the  I'r  in  It 

llltnry     « 
■taUter*  and  theological  atodenta.  those  lie- 
nuclei  to  a  well-esu 

whose    I. art.    ff.rMd    partiripatlog    In    war. 
»nd    tbcaw    found    upon    rumination    to    be 
•orally  or  pbyalcally  unlit  for  servlr. 
•'O    In    tnad<-    for    tbe   *o-e.i 
ttosni  objectors"'    to,   r).    but  all   ensen 
bo>»    claim  dan 

provided  for  under  the  lam-  w.-r.    i 
before  local  civil  board*,  wltb  tb*  right 
-t  appeal   to  tbc  higher  court*.     Refusal  to 
<1   •    mWnniiiiMr    hy 
'■Ttalooa  of  tbp  art.   and  made  thoae 
PiunaJ    guilty   of   sarb    toUdemcanor   snbjcet 
to  act   snore   tban   a   year's   Imprisonment, 
swrtbermore.  such  person*  became  auti  mat- 

leadstcred  apon  rrlcaac  from  Iroi" 
wear,    aa    though    they   bad   been    registered 
•t  the  drat  con.  -trailou. 

To*    remaining    arctlona       r    tbc    -"I     In- 
creased    tbc     regular     nrrov     to     full     war 
rafted   lato  tbc  national  aorvlce 
i  i!  ilnfi 
Of   volunteer   lnr»nlrT.    If 
r.  t  deemed  audi  action  ndrluhlc; 
d  awn  from 
ttS   Bi'.ntMT    for    thoa*   receiving   lc»-    I 

121    monthly    at    ti me    of    the    passage 

i  *fi  monthly  for  those  receiving 
at  that   time  b>  ii  and 

proatblted  tbe  sole  of  liquor  at  or  nenr  army 
training  ean»p*.  wltb  other  provl-nm  f-.r 
safeguarding  lb«  morabi  of  army  nnd  ramp 

life. 

C*a****af**a  0/  JTrfnaaVe.   /Hrislona. 
— Tb»  tnuMIe  troopa  of  tbe   K-g.ilnr   Army 
•  organised,  n*  far  aa 
seaetlrable. 

-   autborlicd.   In    time   of   n 
nratsned    bo-iilltlen.    or    when    In    bla 

opinion    the   Interests    .if   tl rvlce 

It.   to  orcnntio  Ike  brigade*  nud 

■i*  Into   aocli  army   con" 

•a  may  be  necessary.     The  typical   Infantry 

fcrigaile  la  nude  to  consist  of  n 

ter*  and   Ihrse    r.-glaseots  of   iBfantr]       tbe 

I       airy   brigade  of  n    ii.-n.|.|iinrtera 

.  ■  elaaeela  of  Cavalry  '.  the  typical 

»V*d    Artillery    brigade    o4    a    ' uai 

•  aJ  thrr»  i  The 

■ 

Jvalry.  odc   I'i-M 
ry  brl'ail. 

L-oat  battnlloB.  one  aero  Bqii 
amaltten  train,  one  supply  train,  OM 
r  trail  iry  train.    The 

i'ihIi)  dlrlalon  la  mad*  to  conalat 
iradsjttarters,    ibne  Caralrr  brlgadea, 
"••  reclatoit  .if  ri.-hl  Artillery  (borw 
aattajto  - 1      ooi    field 

•Irnal  ballalloB  "' r.  .nj-ri.li,  one  aero  aquad- 
.ln.  one  aiipplr  train. 
•••  etii  la,  abd  one  aanltary  train. 

TV»  typbal  arm-  malat 

*  »  bcad.juarterv  two  or  more  Infnnli 
rlatnna,  oo-  gailea  or  a 

I    Artillery    brl- 
i.  one  tetecrapb  battnlliin.  ami  »DI 
I  batlalloc.  nnd  «ncb  ammonltlon.  idp- 
■  r,    and   aanltary    tralna    aa    the 
llteBt  may  deeaa  Beceaanry.      Karli 
tialn.  ammuaitlon  train,  aanltary  train. 


and  engineer  train  ahall  rooalat  of  aurh  offl- 
ivra  and  cnlUted  men  nnd  ahall  be  orxanUad 
««   Hie  I'reelilent  may  prcacrl 
rera    neccaaary     tbarawlCb     |o     be      litalled 
mi  lei   ib-  provlnlon.  of  acctlona  20  and  27, 
.  2,  11.01. 
real    OjJIcer*    of    thr    I.lnr. — Ol«oer« 
curiinilMluii.-d    lo  anil   holding  In   the   Army 
ilo-  "ilk-ii  of  a  general  olilccr  aaall 
tin    known    aa  general    -  -111  •  - 
otne-ra  cuminlk-iiini'i!  to  anil  boldlmj  In  the 
linn  that  of  a  n 
.Mill   Ho-  rank  of  a  general 
I.  Khn  1 1  be  known  aa  general 
.  of  the  aloff.     The  number  of  general 
o«cera  of  the  line  nuw  aiithorlwd    by   |nif 
i   four  major  gcnarala 
and  nineteen   t>rli:.i ■ ! l.-i-   ayjBBfaJi 

That  bereafi- .-   in   tin I  |ie«ce  major  gen- 

cml»   of    Hi.-   line    tuall    be   appointed    (ran 
oMccra  of  the  grade  of  brlgndler  general  of 
tb«-  line,  nnd  brigadier  g.-n.-rala  of  the  line 
pointed  from  onV-.-r«  of  thl   grail* 
"oel  of  the  line  of  Hie  Kegular  i 
Oencral  ataff  Corp*. — The  Oenerat    Staff 
Corpa  ahall  conal.i  o(  I    CUM  "f  Staff,  de- 
d  In  time  of  peace  from  major  generala 
«.f    the   line:    i    AaaUtanta   to    the   Chief  of 
Stuff,    Mb,,    -n.ili    he    general    ufll   era   -.f   the 
i|    whom,  not  abore  tbe  grade  of 
brlxadler  general,  ahall  be  the  preal.l.nt  of 
Uta    Army    W«r    Collate;    10   coloneln;    10 
mint  cnlunela  ;  IS  major*:  and  1. 
i,,    i.,-    iletalled    from    correapondlbg 
In  the  Army.     All  »mceni  detail-  -I  In 
iff   Corp*    ahall    be    detailed 
therein    for    period    "f    four    jenri 
■oonar  r^ii.  |e  aervtai  in  lb*  Qen 

oOlcer*  ma}   l»-  i«»i  ilj 

•  •Klcned    to   duly    Willi    mi.,     brancfe    Dl    IM 
Army. 

Adfiitunt    niniiiili    firprrrfmrnf    l» 
tn  iiiii..i.t  of  tbe  Adjutant  General  aril 
rank    of    brigadier    general       V     niljul 
gerjeral    nlih   ili,<   rani.    ..i   colonel:   1^1  .i.lju 
laata-g.-u-i.il    with    i  lie-    nink    of    ll-m 

I;  and  30  a.ljutnnl*  *■  n-rnl   with  tbe 
rank  of  BUjor, 

V'Ar    ln'ptctor    (IcnriaV*    llrparlmrtil. — 

Inipector   Qeneral    with    the   rank   of 

II— r  general:  4  lnapeclor*  general  with 
the?    rank    of   colonel      R    In  i  ■■  > ■■:  -.    n.  r.ii 
with  the  rank  of  lieutenant  colonel:  anal  18 
ior»  general   with   the  rank  of  major. 
,/urfoe  Adroeuf-  llfimrtmrnl. — 

'•ii--  ..riiti-     <:-inr,il     with      tbe 

raak  of  brigadier  general  ;  -t  Judge  adiocate* 
with  t  e  rank  of  colonel ;  7  Judge  nd>-- 

ink  -  !  lieutenant  .■"h.nel :  and  20 
Jmt.te  advocate*  wltb  tbe  rank  of  major. 

QuarlertntuUr  Corp*.— tine  quartermas- 
ter Oeaeral  with  tli.  rank  ■•(  major  g.-ii.-r.ii  . 
^  aaalatanta  with  the  rank  of  brigniJlcr  gen- 
eral; 21  colonel*:  2*  lieutenant  colonel*: 
M  tn.ii-r-:  lso  captain*:  and  tbe  pa] 
clerk*    now    In  b*o    »hall 

i-r  bare  tb*  rank.  pay.  nnil  1 
mi.  .->  of  a  second  lleutenanl  nnd  tbe  i'r.-«i- 
•leat  In  nutborUed  i"  ippolnl  nsd  CDmintl 
Hon  iIi-jii.  bj  and  wltb  tin-  adrift  tod  eon- 
MBri  of  the  Senate,  aecond  Hentenaau  in 
tin-    Qunrtennaater    Corfu      United 

Tin-   t..|/il   enllate.l   vtrenglh   Of    UM 
Quartf-rmajtcr    Corp*    and    the    uumher    In 

each  grade  ahall   be  limited   ami   llx.-d   D 

lima  t"  tluio  by  the  President  In  accordance 
with  the  ne.-.lK  nf  th*  Anni    Ud 

►i»t     of    .|nart.  n  nreant*     -  nloi 

grade:  araartermuter  *ergpant*:  ■ergeanta, 
ml  eoi  porala  .  roota  ;  pri 
to  ten.  Ilrat  cla>n:  nnd  nrlvatet.  'I'hc  mini 
bar  i"  tb*  viirlnii*  grade*  «hall  nol  - 
the  following  t>*ri-entng»*  of  tbe  total  an 
ttiorlied  enllated  Rtrength  of  the  gmrter- 
r  Corpa.  namely  :  Qnartermaater  aer- 
geanta,  aenlor  grade.  Vj  of  I  p*r  cent :  ouar- 


Army 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


tcrmnatT  »rcMnt«,  <l  per  rent:  Mrrmoli, 
flrat  cl  jt :  avrflruti 

i 

Corps  ahull  Ur  - i 

saiaota,  (color  fi  II   l»-   in 

Id  Hi 

Knl-ir   :n h'-i •  -|a*>L     All   work 

tram   on.J  rtpaU   that 
*•    he  r    I  lie 

.    ii. .iv    pro- 

!>>■    Ill«*    "  'lie    I17 

1  .'■    at    Mill 

l/r.'  Imr»f.— flua    Suraaon 

with  the  rank  of  ninj-.r  gen-  ii* 

■ 

1        '   • 

■•■•!•«.«  I 

t.»    r|,|,     .v    , 

Klnw.    thr  I ■!■  era  of  which 

: .  1 1   ■- 

1  «  b«- 

11 .1     r  fc'i-m 

f.     , 
in.*  «-\i  ■■••i.  7  '..I  •  i|  en- 

IlK'.'.l 

h  ' 

»n»e  ihjl! 

■ 
II  lake 
■ 

h     1  n. 1.  : 
-  r,   ih--  agei  'LUrr 

.I.-  riii. I. •  «.f 

1      the   Medli  1 1  •  'orp«  11D1I  u|ion  p»|. 
ini:  Hi.-  ■MiialnalloD*  !• 

•  an- 
1 

■  ■  .il    Department    nl    II 

ma     Of 

I  In       lull 

Tin  nl  n»pnrl- 

■1   ..f  [he 

Dol  '"■  Uiilii.l'.i  111  '  itrvofftb.  ff 

|..irl    .■.'    1 
IWleil 
pltal   •• 
author*     1!  il   Ilopnrt- 

.  irrc»-nni«. 

I I  pel  cent  :  corporal*.  "•  and 
cooks.  6  t-  nii.-r  of  hor*c- 
•-boer*.    andriler*.    farrier*,    and    nnrti«nir» 

not    ateee'l    I    .   I  

company    or    Ilk*    orc*nl> 
•  h.    niirnher  of  private 

r   nrl- 
vnl»«-     PrlTnt#«.  rlrn   ■In..,  ..f  il 

MrlM*   for   ratine"   for  n«l 
A«  dlapenMry  aa- 

l.lll        |i»     Mil 

a*  aiiry  ...nth 

president    l«   nnthorweii    to   appoint 

i1»mii.«I    *tir**or.«.    who    are    chlMo-a    of    iln' 

1  "■.•in     Hi.'    ■(*■   r,f    VI    atvl 

-■.  It  the  rate  of  1  for  "-ai-h  l.ono  en. 

ilatsd  n    il     hi    'in-  my.     IVsinl 

surgeons    shall    bare    toe    rank.    pay.    and 


allowance*   of    flrat   llnttconats    tattl    they 

I   iaur* 

■ 
ninj    hot' 

pay,  him I  ,.  1 

tli, in    '.'J    v,.«r«     - 

P»y.    11 

1 1  •  nroooa  with  ruck,  pay, 
mcea  of  Diiijur  ahall  not  at  any 
:    1  .*>. 

-retnry  of  War 
to  gr.u.     i" 

■ 
ami   mio  on  aoy  aollltary  1 

fupy  f.17  tin 
ne»   erected    hy    th»    I 

null     r.M.-nl.illi'i>    nx    Hi*    Secret! 

11    population    !■ 
rase  1. 1 

..... 

Dcera,  wlin  "" 


... 

.  -     , 

1  ml    I  Iln    111  lilted    u.rs 

reglm-nt'.  ncl  2  ntoUBtfJ 


Mi'iitroanl*  : 
nlot  ci 

nippli 
A'.irjts;  1   aerfejint 


■r    I'l'iiii- 111 1 


■"..  *••    "  ■•  <• 
Jor*  ;     1 

' 

I    1    '.    '      ■       [at  I        I'' 
of   1    1  .li.fi.  1  ;    1    Ii.  hi.  11. mi    .  .l.-ni'l  : 

2  moan  r  .'n.-it.. 

1    i>-k  ;   1   was> 
'■  flrjil 
and  combat  train,  ami  2  1 

Each    bo1  of    Entl- 

italo,  1 

t«ttnllon 

;  oti 

I     COD' 

-i    >     •" 

■ "  1  ;  3  aer- 
ff»»aota.  Or'  * 

Ply     1  Mnlile     aerre.n 

oka  ;    19   prlotra, 

1   "    ■  t.-|"I  of  T  hand 
.   1   11 
IJ.'IIUI  .     V     l.iirnl     -..  .  :     tor. 

rhlr.l  ■-!«■ 

tTTO     •     II 

. 

'  of  1  ma:  ;  mat 

Daata:  1  : 

i  bnttalli  .  nit 

crada  :   1  corporal  -   I 
wagoner  for  each  aur 
itul  eombal  I 
Each    n 
►  hull  cnnalal   of   I    raptaln:   "   Ural    1: 
not» ;  1  aecond  II 

»not«.    flnt    clan:    1  D*OB(i 

1  aiipply  targMDt  :  1   HjI.Ii>  >»••;. jnt ;  4  »er- 
ceanta:  8  "i'iti:   j  aaa- 

illor  :  2  rv,nu«;  :  tmrlera  :   12  prteaiM    first 

ik  for 
i«o.     Tin*  •*nll«t^.|   force  «>f   ih*   1 
<■<  F.n 

Una  dI 
'. — Tine  f" 

»  r  11 1        1 1^ 

.plain* :  42  1 

"Innn..-  >   1 

.1      --it.'h      .. 

grades  now  anthorlicd  by  Inw  aa  tat  Prtart- 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Army 


dent  may  direct.  The  Secretary  of  War  la 
authorized  to  detail  not  to  exceed  30  lieu- 
tenant* from  the  Army  at  large  for  duty  aa 
student  officers  lu  the  establishments  of  the 
Ordnance  Department  for  a  period  of  2 
years;  ond  the  completion  of  the  prescribed 
course  of  Instruction  shall  constitute  the 
examination  for  detail  In  the  Ordnance  Ue- 
partmexxt* 

Signal  Corps. — One  Chief  Signal  Officer, 
with  the  rank  of  brigadier  general ;  3  colo- 
nels ;  8  lieutenant  colonels  ;  10  majors ;  30 
captains ;  75  flrst  lieutenants  ;  and  the  avia- 
tion section,  which  shall  consist  of  1  colo- 
nel :  1  Uentenant  colonel ;  8  majors ;  24  cap- 
tains ;  and  114  first  lieutenants,  wLo  shall 
be  selected  from  among  officers  of  the  Army 
at  large  of  corresponding  grades  or  from 
among  officers  of  the  grade  below,  exclusive 
of  those  serving  by  detail  In  staff  corps  or 
departments,  who  are  qualified  as  military 
aviators,  and  shall  be  detailed  to  serve  as 
aviation  officers  for  periods  of  4  years  unless 
sooner  relieved  ;  and  the  provisions  of  sec- 
tion 27  of  the  Act  of  Congress  approved 
Feb.  2,  1901,  are  hereby  extended  to  apply 
to  said  aviation  officers  and  to  vacancies 
created  In  any  arm,  corps,  or  department  of 
the  Army  by  the  detail  of  said  officers  there- 
from. 

Aviation  officers  may,  when  qualified 
therefor,  be  rated  as  Junior  military  avia- 
tors or  us  military  aviators.  Each  aviation 
officer  shall,  while  on  duty  that  requites  him 
to  participate  regularly  and  frequently  in 
aerial  Bights,  receive  nn  Increase  of  25  to 
73  per  cent  In  the  pay  of  his  grade  and 
length  of  service  under  his  commission.  Mar- 
ried officers  of  the  line  of  the  Army  shall 
be  eligible  equally  with  unmarried  officers, 
and  subject  to  the  same  conditions,  for  de- 
tail to  aviation  duty :  and  the  Secretary 
of  War  shall  have  authority  to  cuuse  as 
many  enlisted  men  of  the  aviation  section 
to  be  instructed  In  the  art  of  Hying  us  he 
may  deein  necessary  ;  the  age  of  officers  shall 
not  be  a  bar  to  their  first  detail  In  the  avia- 
tion section  of  the  Signal  Corps,  and  neither 
their  age  nor  their  rank  shall  be  a  bar  to 
their  subsequent  details  In  suld  section. 
When  It  shall  be  Impracticable  to  obtain 
from  the  Army  officers  suitable  for  the  avia- 
tion section  of  the  Signal  Corps  In  the  num- 
ber allowed  by  luw  the  difference  between 
that  number  and  the  number  of  suitable 
officers  actually  available  for  duty  In  sold 
section  may  be  made  up  by  appointments  la 
the  grade  of  aviator.  Signal  Corps,  and  that 
grade  Is  hereby  created.  The  personnel  for 
■aid  grade  shall  he  obtained  from  especially 
qualified  civilians  who  shall  lie  appointed 
and  commissioned  in  said  grade.     The  base 

riy  of  an  aviator,  Signal  Corps,  shall  be 
150  per  month,  ond  he  shall  have  the  allow- 
ances of  a  master  signal  electrician  and  the 
same  percentage  of  increase  In  pay  for 
length  of  service  as  Is  allowed  to  a  master 
signal   electrician. 

The  total  enlisted  strength  of  the  Signal 
Corps  shall  be  limited  and  fixed  from  time 
to  time  by  the  President  In  accordance  with 
the  needs  of  the  Army,  and  shall  consist  of: 
Master  signal  electricians,  2  per  cent  of  the 
total  authorized  enlisted  strength  of  the 
Signal  Corps:  sergeants,  first  class.  7  per 
cent ;  sergeants,  10  per  cent :  corporals.  20 
per  cent.  The  number  of  privates,  flrst 
class,  shall  not  exceed  25  per  cent  of  the 
namber  of  privates.  Authority  Is  hereby 
given  the  President  to  organize.  In  hi*  dis- 
cretion, such  part  of  the  commissioned  and 
enlisted  personnel  of  the  Signal  Corps  Into 
•ach  number  of  companies,  battalions,  and 
aero  sqnndrons  ns  the  necessities  of  the  serv- 
ice may  demand. 

Chaplain). — The   President   Is   authorised 


to  appoint  chaplains  In  the  Army  at  the  rate 
of  not  to  exceed,  Including  chaplulns  now 
lu  service,  one  tor  euch  regiment  of  Cavalry, 
lufuutry,  Field  Artillery,  and  Engineers, 
and  one  for  euch  1,200  officers  and  men  of 
the  Coast  Artillery  Corps. 

Vetcrinariant. — The  President  Is  author- 
ized to  uppoint  veterinarians  and  assistant 
veterinarians  In  the  Army,  not  to  exceed. 
Including  veterinarians  now  In  service,  2 
such  officers  for  each  regiment  of  Cavalry, 
1  for  every  3  batteries  of  Field  Artillery,  1 
for  each  mounted  battalion  of  Engineers,  17 
as  inspectors  of  horses  and  mules  and  as 
veterinarians  In  the  Quartermaster  Corps, 
and  7  as  inspectors  of  meats  for  the  Quar- 
termaster Corps ;  and  said  veterinarians  and 
assistant  veterinarians  shall  be  citizens  of 
the  United  States  and  shall  constitute  the 
Veterlnury  Corps  and  shall  be  a  part  of  the 
Medlcul  Department  of  the  Army.  The  Sec- 
retary of  War  shall  from  time  to  time  ap- 
point boards  of  examiners  to  conduct  the 
veterinary  examinations  hereinbefore  pre- 
scribed, euch  of  said  boards  to  consist  of 
3  medical  officers  and  2  veterinarians. 

Infantry  f'ntfs. — Each  regiment  of  In- 
fantry shall  consist  of  1  colonel,  1  lieuten- 
ant colonel,  3  majors,  15  captains.  1(1  flrst 
lieutenants,   15  second  lieutenants,   1    head- 

Suorters  company,  1  machine-gun  company, 
supply  company,  ond  12  Infantry  compa- 
nies organized  Into  3  battalions  of  4  com- 
panies euch. 

Euch  battalion  shall  consist  of  1  major, 
1  first  lieutenant,  mounted  (battalion  adju- 
tant), ami  4  companies.  Each  Infantry 
compuny  In  battalion  shall  consist  of  1  cap- 
tain, 1  flrst  lieutenant,  1  second  lieutenant, 
1  flrst  sergeant,  1  mess  sergeant,  1  supply 
sergeant,  U  sergeants,  11  corporals,  2  cor- 
porals. 2  cooks,  2  buglers,  1  mechanic,  19 
privates    (first  cluss).  and  56  privates. 

Each  Infuntry  headquarters  company 
shall  consist  of  1  captain,  mounted  (regi- 
mental udjutnnt)  :  1  regimental  sergeant 
major,  mounted  :  3  battalion  sergennts  ma- 
jor, mounted ;  1  first  sergeant  (drum  ma- 
jor) :  2  color  sergeants :  1  mess  sergeant ; 
1  supply  sergeant  ;  1  stable  sergeant ;  1  ser- 
geant :  2  cooks  :  1  horseshocr,  1  band  leader; 

1  assistant  baud  leader  ;  1  sergeant  bugler  ; 

2  band  sergeants;  4  band  corporals;  2  musi- 
cians, first  class  ;  4  musicians,  second  class: 
13  musicians,  third  class ;  4  privates,  first 
class,  mounted;   anil   12   privates,   mounted. 

Each  Infantry  mncblne-gun  company  shall 
consist  of  1  captain,  mounted  ;  1  flrst  lieu- 
tenant, mounted  :  2  second  lieutenants, 
mounted  ;  1  first  sergeant,  mounted  :  1  mess 
sergeant  ;  1  supply  sergeant,  mounted ;  1 
stable  sergeant,  mounted;  1  horseshoer ;  5 
sergeants:  0  corporals:  2  cooks;  2  buglers: 
1  mechanic  ;  8  privates,  flrst  class;  and  24 
privates. 

Each  Infantry  supply  company  shall  con- 
sist of  1  captain,  mounted  ;  1  second  lieu- 
tenant, mounted  :  3  regimental  supply  ser- 
geants, mounted:  1  first  sergeant,  mounted ; 
1  mess  sergeant  ;  1  stable  sergeant :  1  cor- 
poral, mounted:  1  cook:  1  snddler  ;  1  horse- 
shoer: and  1  wagoner  for  each  authorized 
wagon  of  the  field  and  combat  train.  The 
President  may  Increase  a  company  of  In- 
fantry by  2  sergeants,  0  corporals,  1  cook. 
1  mechanic,  il  privates  (first  class),  and  31 
privates;  an  Infantry  machine-gun  company 
by  2  sergeants.  2  corporals.  1  mechanic.  4 
privates,  first  class,  ami  12  privates. 

Carnlrir  T'nitn. — Each  regiment  of  Cav- 
alry shall  consist  of  1  colonel,  1  lieutenant 
colonel.  3  majors.  15  captains,  in  first  lieu- 
tenants, Ifi  second  lieutenants.  1  headquar- 
ters troop.  1  machine-gun  troop.  1  supply 
troop,  and  12  troops  organized  Into  3  squad- 
rons of  4  troops  each. 


Army 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Koch  ■quailron   (hull   cmuUt    "f    1    I 
.  Il*ut*ll*nl   (squadron  adjutant),  and 
4  Crooptti     Bttcb  troop  In  aquadroo  -"hull  eou- 
plain,  1  arac  Lieutenant.  1 

lieutenant,  1   Ural  aorgcnnl.  I  m, 

1    supply  sergeant.   1   stable  sergeant, 

grant*,  H  corporal*,  2  cook  m, 

1  -ml. Hit.  2  bugler*,  In  private*  (Unit     I 
unit  30  privates 

:.     >!•■;. .  I  >)  1 1 : 1  r  I .  r.     tr.mp*    •  hull    0OI11    -I     "f 

]  cupculn  (regimental  adjutant  i.  1   i>-cliu.-ij 
fill     aergcunt     major,     '-'.    aquadron     Beruyaa  |h 
nnijiir.    I    first    siTK''nni     [drum    major),    3 
color  sergeants,   1   men  sergeant,   l 
M  rgeant,    1    atnhlo    sergeant,    1     sergeant 

.    1    borscahocr.    1    saddler.    9    private* 

!H»t  clam),  and  9  private*.    I    band  I 
***l«tnut  bond  lender.   1    Hergennt    hugh-r. 
i  band  sergeants.  4  band  corporal*,  2  njuaj- 
cum*     (llr-i     dOM),     I     mu-lcian*     (second 
clan),  and  13  musicians   (third  cta»»). 

li  b  machine  pin  troop  shall  conalat  of 
1   euptalu,  1   firat  lieutenant,  2  Mcond  11*0- 

1*1 t*.  I  first  sergeant.  1   mess  serg.-nnt,   1 

supply  *crgcnnt.  1  »tnble  sergeant,  z  hurar- 
»inrri-»,  r.  sargeanta,  S  corporal*,  2  cook*.  1 
mechanic,  ]  saddler,  2  i>utrt<r-.  la  private* 
illrtt  class),  and  33  private*. 

Bai  h  supply  troop  shall  consist  of  1   cap- 
tain   I  regimen  lal    supply    offl.  1 1 1 
lieutenant*.   3  regimental  supply   sergeants, 
I    Ural    m'rgenn(,    1    iuea>    sergeant,    1 
aergcunt,  1  corporal.  1  cook.  I  horseehoer,   I 
'  ladlcr,  auil  1  wngouer  for  each  .inttiorlied 

wagon  ,.r  in,-  ii.- i .1  nn,!  ,■ i. .ii    train      The 

President  mar  Increase  each  troop  of  ruv- 
nlry  by  10  private*  (Or»t  cla**)  and  23  pri- 
villi'*,     tli,'     hi'iii)i|iur(<'i-H     triinp     liy     -     *.-r- 

grant*,  .">  corpornl*.  I  boracanocr,  •'■  pri 
vule*    (Drat   class),   nud    1H    private*:   eni-h 

IiIih  -cun    troop   by   3   sergeants,    2    i'»r- 

.   1    i -baulc,   1    private    itltst  cla**), 

ii  in  I  it  private!  racb  supply  troop  by  1 
corporal.  1  cook,  1  toddler,  and  1  borne' 
■hoer. 

Held    ArllUtrv    fail-. —Tin-    ILIil     Artll- 
including  mountain  artillery,  light  ar- 
tillery, home  artillery,  heavy  artilleri 
and  siege  type*),  shall  consist  of  ISO  gun 
or  howlticr  batterle*  organised  Into  21 

In    time  of  actual   or   threatened   hostlll- 

tie*  the  I'i.  .id. nt  i«  authorised  t.i  prgaola* 
-ii.ii   number  o(  unmunltlon   batterle*  and 

battalion*,    depot    batterle*   and    battalion*, 

mid    »ueh    nrlfllery    pnrk*    "Ith    audi    niim- 

nii  grade*  of  personnel  and  »uch  or- 

giinlyatlon*  a*  ho  may  deem  i '■  ju. 

Kneh  regiment  ..f  Klold  trllllerj  -ball 
i  nii-l-t  of  1  colonel,  1  lieutenant  colonel.  1 
captain.  1  hcadqiiiiiti-is  ci.mpony.  1  supply 
•  I'Miiuiny,  and  Mich  niinilier  ol  |UO  and 
in. wit iit    battalion*   a*    the    President    tuny 

illl.rt. 

IjhIi  gun  or  howliier  battery  ahall  con- 
«l*t     of     1     captain.     2    Hr»t     lieutenant*.     2 

- ■  ■  ■  ■  t > ■  i  i ii-m t. liniitM,  i  tit-t  Mneaat,  1  sup- 
pic  -ergennt.  1  stable  aorffoant,  1  mesa  ser- 
geant,  o    sergeant*.    1::    corporal*,    i    rhl*j( 

in.  h.'iule.  1  auddlor,  2  liiir-i'ttioer*.  1  ma?- 
i  Imtilr.  '.'  bugler*,  3  cook*.  22  prlvata*  (flrxt 
clnaa).  and  "I  private*.      When    ' nll-t.-d 

ii   i'f   the   Qaarttrtniiter  Corp*  nre  nt- 

Inched  for  such  poaltion*  Iheri'  nIuiII  lie 
added  to  each  battery  of  mountain  artil- 
lery I  pnrkmnHtrr  (aergenni.  flrat  elan*). 
1  ntnlttnnt  packmaater  luergeont),  and  1 
enrgudor  (corpornl). 

■  '.nil  headquarter*  company  of  a  regl- 
m m  ■■!  .■  battalion*  ahull  con*l*t  of  l  cap- 
lalO,  1  Hr.t  lieutenant.  1  regimental  aer- 
geant major,  2  battalion  net  Jnr.  1 
f!r«t  »orge»nt,  2  color  aergeant*,  1  me**  »cr- 

fi.'it.  1  »upply  icrgeant.  1   *1anhl  (erftant, 
aergeant*,    0    corporal*,     '  nr,     1 

r.  1   mechanic,  3  bugler*.   2   cook*,    S 


prlrate-t    lflr*t  claj«),   15   prlvatn,    1    band 

1    H-rgniut 
bugler.  '-'  band  K«rgi-ant«,  *  band  ■  - 1  > -• . i . . 
2  niii-i.  lain   Hint  elata),  i  nio*lel*ni 

mi  I  iu»lclon«   iiiiir.i  cla**). 

when  I  r.irlnient  con»l*t*  of  ibn 

0     III.'     bead- 
Mil  ill. ■!..  rompany   I    battalion  *cr**eant  mi 

recant,    8   corporal*.    1    bin  i 
private  nit»i  claaa),  and  .   prh 

i ■■  i         "i'ii     rompany  of  a   regiment   at 
iw.i   battalion*   ahall   con*l*l    nf   I    captain 

1  nr*t  lieutenant,  -•  r*  thai  plj  *er- 

ta,   1    llr-t  Herg-uut.  1  ine«»  n-rg- . 

■  "ill,     1     cook.     1      In.:  .i -Ii...t 

2  private*,  and  1  wagoner  r..r  each  *nthoi 
Ixed  wagon  or  the  llcld  train,     v. 

unlit    conalat*    of   3    I.mi..  aball 

ddeil  in  Ho-  aupply  company  1  aecoud 
lieutenant,  I  ri-glmental  tnppl]  •■•rgennt,  t 
private,  nud  1  wagoner  f..i-  each  leldltlonal 
u  11 1  in  .rued  wagon  of  tile  II. Id   '.: 

1       li    gnn    or    howltter    battalion     ahall 
con*lat  of  1  major.  I   captain,  nud  batterle. 

i.untaln  nrtllletv  bun 
and  lii:lit  nrtlllery  gun  or  ho»ltier  Ii 
Ion*  aervlng  with  tb«  Held  nrtlllen  1 
fan  try   ulvtoloni  xtiall  contain   3   bott 

'  to  id 
artillery  tun  or  howltaer  battalion*  «hnll 
.•niiiiiiii   2   batterle*:    the  rretldenl    may,  In 

bin    .II11  rctl.in,     Incre the     hi 

PMI1.1    of  n    regiment   of  2  battalion*   by 

2    nergeunt*.    5    corpornl*.    I     ln.r-o.li.  1         1 

t  private  iiii-i  cla**),  ao'i  0 
private*;  the  headquarter*  companj  of  * 
in  ..f  5  liottnll.iiiM  bj  I  Mergi-aot.  7 
corporal*,  1  bor*v*boer,  1  mechanic.  3  rook*. 
2  piivnte*  1  »i r it  claa*),  and  7  1  ■:■..•  1  ..  ih. 
dy  company  »f  ■  reglmenl  or  2  hat 
tallona  by    1   ,-orporul,  1      .ml,.   1 

•  in  1   1   amidicr :  the  tmppl]    companj    for  a 

•11I    oi    -:    battalion*   by    1    corporal,    1 
11    *..   1    hor»e*hi..r.   and   l    nadil 
or  howltaer  battery   by   .'{  aergeant*,    1 

furali.,  1  boraeahoer,  2  mechanic*,  1  i. 
J  privates  (Or»t  claw*),  iin.i  37  private*, 
tfoatt  Artilleri)  Corp»- — 1   Chief  of  Coast 
Artillery,    irltfe   the   rank   of  brigadier  g»a- 
erul ;   21   colonel*;   2  1    lleutennni   colo 
72  major*;  3«0  captain*;  900  first  lleuten 
nnt»:  300  aecoad  lieutenant* ;  SI  *ergr«uta 
major,    wnlor  grade:    04    lercennta    in 
Junior    grade;    11    ma*tvr    electrician*;    78 
engineer*;    HI)    electrician    sergeant*    (flmt 
cinxi  ;    273    naalatant     rnglneen 
trlelun   aergeuut*    (wcond    cluaai  :    106 

■".ii;  '.i;:  radio  scrxeanta;  "',2  maater  nn- 

net*:   2U.'l   Otat  aergeantx;   203  supplj 
l.iiiiI.;     2tvs     mew    aergennt*:     I'lm 
gcanta:    3.100    corporal*; 
mechanic* ;     320     Iniglerx ;     0,223     to 

■  la—)  :  15.875  private*:  and  1%  band*. 

'  ■  <-i|  at   liereliilicfm c  provided    f.ir   (tie 
Engineer  bnnd.    The  rated  men  of  tin   1 
Artillery    Corp*.    *hall    contlat    .if    m 

•  I.-,  trlclan* ;  obaeriera  tflr-'  cla  plot 
lei-.,;  chief  planters;  couwnln*  :  chief  l.i.i  I 
.1  observer*  (second  cla  1  run  com- 
m.inder*  and  gun  pointer*.     The  total 

I..  1  of  rated  men  shall  not  .v. t.i  i.t.m 
Conwalna  »hnll  racclv*  $!i  per  month  In 
addition   to   the  pay  of  their  grade. 

J'u//.i    A'iVo    AVpimrnf    of    InlanXry. 
1  ii,.'  aanu 
numb.  imlssloned   nffii  ei  ■    ax 

on  11.      11 K     nr*     lire.,  illi.'.l      In      In 

other  reglmanta  of  Infantry  or  th<-  Army 

The    .  nl.irn  I    of  nald    regiment    ahall    be 
tailed   by   the   Proahlent,    from    among   oiti- 
cer*  of  Infantry  of  the  Army  not  below  the 

f  lieutenant  colonel,  for  a  peril 
4  year*. 

All  men  hereafter  enlisting  In  said  real- 
ment  -.liiiii  t...  native*  of  Porto  Klco.  All 
.nllKtuienti  In   the  regiment  ahall   hereof ter 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Army 


be  lac  sua*  as  It  provided  herein  (01  Ibt 
RrcnUi  Arm).  and  Ike  regie-rat.  or  sny 
I  r-erevf.  may  be  ordered  for  forth*  out- 
»Me  Ike  Island  of  l'orlo  Klce.  'I'll-  par 
•Bd  "f    members   of    MM    rcjtf- 

na    p.-oviu. 
i««    fur   »tTlcers  oad   eulirted   men  of  like 
fT*4«.  IB  the  Regular  Army. 

i  to    Moo    Regiment    of 
Infeutry.  .    who    brhl 

reenmlBslous  Id  tbe  I'orto   i 
K'Om-tl    of    lufaiili  I»Utt. 

■Ball  DOW  ami  hen-after  lake  rank  la 
cnJrt  Id  ihe  same  relative  ont*r  r 
tbeas   la  ■  I'.Uo  Provisional   Kegf. 

akrat  of   Infantry    „0   J  no*   SO,    1000*  sub- 
ject to  any  loaa  la   rank  do*  to   fall 
MX  M«mtnniiiT..  for  promotion  or  to  seu- 
UnL 
•;ii*sf  Appelitlmenfj  ro  ffr  JVo- lilondl. 
. -after    all    appolntim-nla    of     ;•• 
•IWr   than  graduates  of  the   railed   States 
i   the  grade  of  afvuod 
:»di    la    the   Itrcular  Army    Shall    tx 
sewWtomtl    for   a    period   of   two   years,   at 
Ik*    close    of    whl'h    period    .u.-h    aptolat- 
ments  thall  be  suilc,  permanent   If  tl 
fatal***    .tin  1 1     bavr     drtuonetrnted. 
sack  regulations  *•  ' 

»tU».  tbelr  suitability  anil  moral,   profes 
•tonal.  •••!  physical  fitness  for  such  i 
B-ni   appolatment. 

tmr-  Jferfr  <m  Fire  Increment*. 

— Kicrpt  aa  ofbrrwi.. 
»be  lax  leases  In   th»  coma 

nisei  of  tbr  Regular  Army  shall 
I*    ms.lr    la   fltn  aoaii  -.'.«.  curb  of 

II  be.  In  e«.  i  h  ann, 

department,  aa  nearly  ui  | 

rakW.  ooe-nfth  of  tti—  total  I 

1ml   for  earn   ana,  corps,  ami   department. 

•keif  Officer.*. — Thai  od  July  I     I 

ie  af  th*  Army  shall  be  lncrea>"l   b] 

tra  saVera  of  (be  Cnislry,  IVId  Ar- 

y  Corps,  and  Infantry 

• 

to    colon." 
available  fur  ilctarbaseBt  from  tbrlr  ; 
•  uly    wltt 
:iy.  Ibt  usnnl  period  of  wall 

Said    citra    oflU'cii.,    to- 

B»lker  wltb   the  200  detached   officers  pro- 

for  t'T   the  Act  of  Congress  approied 

■li.ill      OD    aoil    after    J 

th*  Detached  Officers'  List, 
sod  all  pualUooa  vacate!  liy  officers  u> 

id  lb*  officer*  ««  assigned. 
■kail  ba  subject  to  tbc  provisions  of  sec- 
ttoo   27   of   the    Art   of  Congress  app 

1.   wltb    reference  to  details   to 
Ua>   atao*  Corp*. 

/.'«lutmr«l.     iii  I'.lr     .(>itiy — Oil 

SI.  1910,  all  enlistments  to 
K.  rnlar  Anur  shall  be  for  a  term  of 
T  yewrs.  the  fir»t  3  year*  lo  b»  la  the  »nit» 
mikl  with  the  orcaalaatlons  of  whlrb 
tbaa*  radiated  form  a  part  aad.  except  aa 
•tbarwtae  provided  herein,  tbe  laat  4  yeara 
l»  the  KeraUr  Army  Ueaerre  bereUiafter 
prorUIrd  for;  at  tho  iip.miint: 
roatlaaODa  wrvp-e  wltb  aueb  ortanUa-ion-. 
riiaaf  under  a  flmt  or  aoy  anbeaquent  en 
Uataarai.  aoy  aoldler  may  ba  r»-»nl'.«tml  for 

ti<al  of  7  rear*,  as  aboTe  pr 
for.  Is  wllch  arent  be  shall  reorlTo  but  flesl 
dtoebarn  from  hla  prior  ealutmrnt :  after 
lbs  e-rplratloa  of  1  year's  honorable  serr. 
sea  aay  rnllsiMl  bud  arrylac  wlthla  th»  con- 
ttaental  Uailtt  of  tbe  Inltrd  States  whoae 

■op.  hsllery.  or  drUrhmrnt 

ai»Wr  shall  report  blm  aa  p«.n<  i--n  t  and 
naVtlratlr  rralci)  m*T.  Id  ibe  dlacretloo 
•f    the    Secretary    of    War.    br     furl...; 

KegitUr   Army    Reaerrc  nailer  soch 
renlstloaa   aa    tba   ^e<•retarT   of   Wnr   may 

bat   do   Eiaa   tarmcbrii    t..    iti.. 


rrarrve  ahnll   be  eligible  to  ro-*all<t   In   tbe 

service  an  til  th.  :nj   of 

7    years;    In    all    tallatmeiita   accomplbibsd 

the    proilaloDi    of    Ihli    .v.  t    :i    )eur» 

I    as    an    •  ii 1 1 -i iii.-n t    period 

sjputlna    .-i.nl  Inuuus  errvl.e    pay:    any 

i]  ofileer  dlxbnrceil  with  an 

excellent    character    xliull    i  led.   at 

serr- 
.  :  .ii.:  ill. .1.     fr..tu 

h  ui..   rank  nml  tnda 

belli    I...     blm    .il     Hi"    t if    hla    din.  : 

re  enlists  within  20  days  after  the  iime 
of  such  lUachnree ;  no  person  under  tbe  uu- 
of    18  >-;it*  shall   be   cnll.tnl    ..r    mui 

of    Hi.-    United 
al   no.  i\  rttten  eonssol  ..it   nil 

Kiiardinim,    provided    th.it    such 

parents    or    Buariilun»   en- 

bo     U|     .ii-.ii. ill     on. |     control  ;     the 

authorised     in     hi>    illf:reilon 

1 II"  II  of  postmasters  of  the 

.I.   third,  no. I   fourth  classes  In  prmur- 

Injj  (I  iKh  fur  Ho-  Aiioy, 

o-i  I  ;..;■  •  i.  Ii  i".  run   ji.  , .  i .  t .  -.  1  f..i   .ul  -i  m.-T.  t 

[master  proi  ui  mit  his 

'    tlLlll    re.  .  ,in    of    »,"i. 

In  addltfen   r..   inllliury  tralnlnc.  soldiers 

ui    Ho-  .i   in.,   service  ahull    hi  .-■ 

'  "    II I'l'.'l  llllilty    to    ItUdj    nml    I" 

'   upon  ..in.  .ui. .mil    lines  of 

baraeti  i  u   to  Isi  reaaa  in.  ir  uillunry 

cfflclenry  toil  enable  tbem  to  r.  turn  to  civil 

r  Industrial.  « rr- 

rlal.  snd  sjeueral  business  occupations     I 

-  may  be  employed  u.  nil  ih- 
Aa-my  officers  In  rIiidk  such  lu.tru.  n.n, 
uii.l  Mit  of  huh  imtrucilon  may  eonsin'.  of 
vucan  r    |n    aerkulturs 

or   tbe   mtchanlc   arts. 

Fay  <>)(•■  irrf  Men.— Tlie  i. 

If  P"'  n  of  certain  grades  of 

'.rmy  created  In   this  Art   slmll   lie  ss 

'oll"*»-    i" i.»  :     Quartermaater    tcroant 

lor  elude),  gunrteniiastrr  Corp*;   lonn- 
•unt.  Medical    li..pnrtincnt : 
msiKter    rnglnerr    (senior    grndel.    Corp.    of 
■wftlneers  ;  and  Imn.l  leader.   Infantry     I'm 
airy.  Artillery,  nnd  r„rp.  or  I 
haepltsl  si -t  ileal  DrpaMurm 

master    inulu.ir     i junior    y  ,.»   of 

r*.  IM  :  siTK.ant  (first  clasai.  Sledl- 

ral  Deportment,  $ifi ;  sergeont  (first  elaisl, 
corps  of  BnjiDoen  -uppiv  »er- 

s*«ot.    Infantry.    Cavalry,    Field    Artillery. 
in. i    corps  of  KoKlneera:   battalion    luppfi 

'     M '     l.i..- ■■■ rs;    and    aa.ist- 

i  nglncer.  Coast  Artillery  Corpa.  J-45" 
asslatuiit  i. nn. I  leader.  Infantry,  Cavalry 
Artillery,  ami  Corps  of  lOnglneers;  snd  ser-' 


serzeant,  and  stable  sergeant,  Corn  of  En. 
Eloeers;  sergeant  Medical  Department.  *3tl ; 
■aped]  ssriMSt,  IttfAtttr]  i-n-nlrv.  and  At 
till.ry;  mesa  sergeant.  Infantry.  Cavalry. 
and  Artillery:  cook.  Medical  Department: 
horseaboer.  Infantry  Cavalry.  Artillery, 
corps  of  Engineers.  Signal  Corps,  and  Medl- 
ral    Department; :   subls  sergeant.    In! 

nvolry  :  radio  •ersaant.  Cooat  Artillery 
Curps;  and  musicians  < second  class).  In- 
fantry. Cavalry.  Artillery,  and  Corps  of 
Engineers,  $80:  musician  (tliir.l  clam,  in- 
fantry.  Cavilry.  Artillery,  nnd  Corps  of  Rn- 
Klneera:  corporal.  Medical  Depanment,  121  • 
aaildler.  Infantry.  Cavalry.  Kleld  Artillery, 
Corps  of  Engineers,  and  Medical  Depart- 
Sril-  ."'.m'.'"'"''-  'o'" n try.  Caralrr.  lad 
field  Artillery  snd  Meil  .1  1  ,  rtment  : 
farrier.  M.-. ll.nl  ■■,  i.nnmeut .  and  wngi 
Infaiilr.v  field  Artillery,  snd  Corps  ..f  i:,i 
Hi  i.ilvate  (first  class),  Infan- 
try, Cavalry.  Artillery,  and  Medical  Depart- 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


I.         N.  Hi    nii  ii    •     ntalaw.i 

puy  or   n  ' 
ane»«  MW  Hulk 

-I   ara  of  the  Army.     (For  Uta-r 
i    pay.    an  1*1  f. 

bore  i 

riMl      MirnV.iJr      .,' 

I    imm    lu    the    K-inlir    Army    abn.ll 
f    til*   final 

nation  of  hi*  "year  i-  ■  -.t  ex- 

iirtor   to   ripliottnn   of    iw r 

fllll      Whrli     ,iii     •    Ill      I      in.. II      U     f'it;  . 

ilar    Arm) 
■ball  b*  cloaod  ami  lit  ahnll  bo  paid  In  full 
to  tin 

I 
■  llacharfed  i     by     m»in     of 

l!«Ottl      it      il 

■    'if   on    rulliited    ■  .n    oceurrlnc 
bin    II  I  IM'lllbcM     ... 

!il-.    fur   anpport.   a» 
may,   In  the  dUrrftli'ii   M   UJM   •"-• 
War.   i 

.«  nr  be  'i 
Ur  Army    R  •"•log 

in...'. 
roan  la  dlacharfrd  by  purchaae  . 

hall   b>!   furlouxbed   to   the 
i 
AVpulor     Army     ftcarrre. — The     lUTfnlar 
Army   R 

:  In* 1 1 

to  or  4-allat^il  In  the  Keunlur  Army  K< 

■iii.I.t  Hi.,  pr.ii  I.  I..TI-  .i 

the  Kejniar  Army  w 

Krt-il  nt  ' 
ij  fur  the  diiriea  of  a  h.Mit  hi 
«5  y»nr»   ol 

■ 
....  ii. I-  Regular   Arm j    ic  -•  i 

reaer. 

•r  to  orjji  •  .'itbir 

Army    Reserve,    or    uny    pnrt    thereof.    Into 

•  i.  '       imei        ..f  any  arm 
ii..  in   :n  ioi  ii  mm  ii"-  na  hi 

<i  rlbe.  nnd  t.i  ai 

..I    Hi.    Offlcera'  Reserve  <'..r(.*,  unit  he  may 
■iiirn n.i'r.    il..  i|    any 

purl    ili   rent   for  ii-.'.il   1 r  Inlnu    '•  r  a 

aervUta  to  recall  ■•.  an. I  pay 

irlnit  snrh  periods  of  train- 
Ins  .  nnil  In 

•  villa  r 
iner  u<  be 

II     ur  nny 
i      in     art  In?    n»rvlce     for 
i     na     he    may     determine     the     <  i 

nil      »nll»l:ni'nln     In      'ho 
l»r    Army.     Including     thoae    In     the 
Regular      Army      Reserve,      which      nr 

ik  of  war 
!>iie  In  fore  for  one  year,  in 
initiated  by  order  "f  the  Secretary 
ar,   i"ii    nothing    herel  •  ■    con- 

■  i    to   shorten    the    time    otf 

•  ■ 

Uriitltl.-nilcm.     and     lu.  it !..«>.     nnd     i ■  1 1 
rumlltlnn    i 

it   ibe 
uli-  nf  IZi  ii  j"iir  arblti 

■  tor    IrwIH   /I'.'.'rn  m    Time  •><   "Tor. — 

the  President, 
the  tin-nib.  r»  of  the  ICi-cii  i. 
■nail.  »o  long;  oa  they  may  remain  to  active 


aorvko,   NCajTa   the  t-ty  anil   allowance*  -. 
>  I  neo  of  the  Regular  Araay  of 

I  .e    nil. til     r  ■ 

a  aunt  equal  ■...  f 

in  y   thall    hove   beioo. 
Hi..  II 

•.vwiatafeaor  fi.»m 

tied   to   report    fur    duly 

.... 
i 

09  artlvo  duty  la  the  service  of  the  United 

of  Othtr  Dipm  •  • 
meat. — Tin-  President   iubj 

State",    without 

reaervim,    for    keeping   In    '  Inf- 

lux,   ii  ..■     Rr.-lll     : 

ii...  Rtaltat. 

reaerve  organUatlona. 

.i   rime  o/  War. — Kor  the 

Ki  Ik* 
■ 

■.•■*  and  teal 

1  mental  limits  of 

thread 

:>i«!l.    by    proclamation,    have 

nf   lb* 

nl    therein   wl'.. 

■erfbivl.    any    perioo    who    ahull    bar- 
discharged  honorably    fr.nu  »«M  Army,  with 
cbaracti  r    ■  I,   ami 

who.    having   been    found    .  iiiall- 

H...I    f..r    tli. 

SO  years  of  aire,  ahull    rcenllet  In   the  line 

of  aail.l  Arm  iroaa- 

loal  Deportment  wltbla 

■I    In    aald 

tir.icluii 
B|    ■    ' '•      .liiib    ahall   be  «.mpnt.Ml    at 

nth  fur  the  flral 
year  ol 

■bora  hla  la»t  dla.barte  fi  ■ 
Army  anil  th-1  date  of  bl 
thorclE  (int. 

il. m  .  b    «.f  »•;   I" ■:  (  the 

ill   yur  i.f  -• 
*t    i»r    month    for   the   third   year  of 

Si.-iimi  ;   aod   iii    tin-   i.iti    of  12 
:  hat 
mi  ti.innty  in  exo^ia  of  |30t>  ahall  Ik*  pa 
any    :•  '     tbla   «M> 

tlon. 

■  us   Vi«   .  i>OM   f,,il  Km. 

No     »llh»l..|l     II...  .i.-ttt« 

aervlce  of  the  United   State*  lo   th* 

ami     Marlni  i  'anaellvev, 

whether    a    non  mtlM- 

el«n.  •  i.l-red. 

■  ncan 

In  nor  pumnlt.  Imalnen.  or  performanr>e  In 

life,   fur   miii  r.«,  or  othl 

the  "nine  •  rr  with  th*  etia- 

ri.|  regular  encairem^nt 

arts, 

I     u-lth     th 

tin.ifi      v^r    tn,     purpoat  ';    la 

the   loatructlon   ■  tonnel   .ind  care 

linnal 
.••••I  to 

detnll     fi..in     the     InfnntrT.    favnlry.    Kleld 

Artllh 

lery   i  anil    Slirnal 

Corp*  of  the  Regular  Army  not  to  exceed 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Army 


1,000  sergeants  for  doty  with  corresponding 
organizations  of  the  National  Guard  and 
not  to  exceed  100  sergeants  for  duty  with 
the  disciplinary  orgaDlzutious  ut  the  L'nlted 
States  Disciplinary  Hurrucka,  who  shall  be 
additional  to  the  sergeants  authorized  by 
this  Act  for  the  corps,  couipunies,  troops, 
batteries,  and  detachments  from  which  they 
may  be  detailed. 

Officer/'  Reserve  Corps. — For  the  purpose 
of  securing  a  reserve  of  officers  available 
for  service  as  temporary  officers  In  the  Regu- 
lar Army,  as  officers  of  the  Quartermaster 
Corps  and  other  staff  corps  and  depart- 
ments, as  officers  for  recruit  rendezvous  and 
depots,  and  as  officers  of  volunteers,  there 
shall  be  organized,  an  Officers'  Reserve 
Corps  of  the  Regular  Army.  Said  corps 
shall  consist  of  sections  corresponding  to 
the  various  arms,  staff  corps,  and  depart- 
ments of  the  Regular  Army.  A  member  of 
the  Officers'  Reserve  Corps  shall  not  be 
subject  to  call  for  service  In  time  of 
peace,  and  whenever  called  upon  for  service 
shall  not,  without  bis  consent,  be  so  called 
In  a  lower  grade  than  that  held  by  him  In 
said   reserve   corps. 

The  President  alone  shall  be  authorized 
to  appoint  ond  commission  as  reserve  offi- 
cers in  the  Officers'  Reserve  Corps,  in  all 
grades  up  to  and  Including  that  of  major, 
such  citizens  as,  upon  examination  shull  be 
found  physically,  mentally,  and  morally 
qualified  to  hold  such  commissions ;  the 
proportion  of  officers  in  any  section  of  the 
Officers'  Reserve  Corps  shall  not  exceed  the 
proportion  for  the  same  grade  in  the  corre- 
sponding arm,  corps,  or  department  of  the 
Regular  Army,  except  that  the  number  com- 
missioned in  the  lowest  authorized  grade 
in  any  section  of  the  Officers'  Reserve  Corps 
■ball  not  be  limited. 

No    person    shall    be    appointed    or    reap- 

K Inteu  a  second  lleutenunt  In  the  Officers' 
serve  Corps  after  he  shall  have  reached 
the  age  of  32  years,  a  first  lieutenant  after 
he  shall  have  reached  the  age  of  36  years,  a 
captain  after  he  shall  have  reached  the  age 
of  40  years,  or  a  major  after  he  shall  have 
reached  the  age  of  43.  When  an  officer  of 
the  Reserve  Corps  shall  reach  the  age  limit 
fixed  for  appointment  or  reapiwlntment  in 
the  grade  In  which  commissioned  be  shall 
be  honorably  discharged  from  the  service 
of  the  L'nlted  States,  and  be  entitled  to  re- 
tain bis  official  title  and.  on  occasions  of 
ceremony,  to  wear  the  uniform  of  the  hlgh- 
e«t  grade  he  shall  have  held  In  the  Officers' 
Reserve  Corps ;  nothing  In  the  provisions 
as  to  the  ages  of  officers  shall  apply  to  the 
appointment  or  reappointment  of  officers 
of  the  Quartermaster,  Engineer,  Ordnance, 
Signal,  Judge  Advocate,  and  Medical  sec- 
tions of  said  Reserve  Corps.  One  year  after 
the  passage  of  this  Act  the  Medical  Reserve 
Corps,  as  now  constituted  by  law,  shall 
cease  to  exist.  Members  thereof  may  be 
commissioned  in  the  Officers'  Reserve  Corps, 
or  may  be  honorably  discharged  from  the 
service. 

OffXcerf  Reserve  Corps  <n  War. — In  time 
of  sctnal  or  threatened  hostilities  the  Presi- 
dent may  order  officers  of  the  Officers'  Re- 
serve Corps,  to  temporary  duty  with  the 
Regular  Army  In  grades  thereof  which  can 
not,  for  the  time  being,  be  filled  by  promo- 
tion, or  as  officers  In  volunteer  or  other 
organizations  that  may  Ih»  authorized  by 
law,  or  as  officers  at  recruit  rendezvous  nud 
depots,  or  on  such  other  duty  as  the  Presi- 
dent may  prescribe.  While  such  reserve 
officers  are  on  such  service  they  shall, 
by  virtue  of  their  commissions  an  reserve 
officers,  exercise  command  appropriate  to 
their  grade  and  rank  In  the  organizations 
to  which  they  may  be  assigned,  and  shall 


be  entitled  to  the  pay  and  allowances  of 
the  corresponding  grades  In  the  Regular 
Army,  with  Increase  of  pay  for  length  of 
active  service,  as  ullowed  by  law  for  offi- 
cers of  the  Regular  Army,  from  the  date 
upon  which  they  shall  be  required  by  the 
terms  of  their  orders  to  obey  the  same ;  offi- 
cers so  ordered  to  active  service  shall  take 
temporary  rank  among  themselves,  and  in 
their  grades  In  the  organizations  to  which 
assigned,  according  to  the  dates  of  orders 
placing  them  on  active  service ;  and  they 
may  be  promoted,  In  accordance  with  such 
rank,  to  vacancies  In  volunteer  organiza- 
tions or  to  temporary  vacancies  in  the  Regu- 
lar Army  thereafter  occurring  in  the  organi- 
zations In  which  they  shall  be  serving  ;  offi- 
cers of  the  Officers'  Reserve  Corps  shall 
not  be  entitled  to  retirement  or  retired  pay, 
and  shall  be  entitled  to  pension  only  for  dis- 
ability Incurred  In  the  line  of  duty  and  while 
in  active  service. 

Instruction  of  Officers  of  the  Officers'  Re- 
serve Corps. — To  the  extent  provided  for 
from  time  to  time  by  appropriations  for 
this  specific  purpose,  the  Secretary  of  War 
Is  authorized  to  order  reserve  officers  to 
duty  with  troops  or  at  field  exercises,  or 
for  Instruction,  for  periods  not  to  exceed 
15  days  In  any  one  calendar  year,  and 
while  so  serving  such  officers  shall  receive 
the  pay  and  allowances  of  their  respective 
grades  in  the  Regular  Army ;  with  the  con- 
sent of  the  reserve  officers  concerned,  and 
within  the  limit  of  funds  available  for  the 
purpose,  such  periods  of  duty  may  be  ex- 
tended for  reserve  officers  ns  the  Secretary 
of  War  may  direct :  In  time  of  actual  or 
threatened  hostilities,  after  all  available 
officers  of  any  section  of  the  Officers'  Re- 
serve Corps  sholl  have  been  ordered  Into 
active  service,  officers  of  Volunteers  may 
be  appointed  In  such  arm,  corps,  or  depart- 
ment as  may  be  authorized  by  law. 

Reserve  Officers'  Training  Corps. — The 
President  Is  hereby  authorized  to  establish 
and  maintain  In  civil  educational  Institu- 
tions a  Reserve  Officers'  Training  Corps, 
which  shall  consist  of  a  senior  division 
orgunlzed  at  universities  and  colleges  re- 
quiring four  years  of  collegiate  study  for 
a  degree.  Including  State  universities  and 
those  State  institutions  that  are  required 
to  provide  lnsl  ruction  In  military  tactics 
under  the  provisions  of  the  Act  of  Con- 
gress of  July  2,  18«2.  donating  lands  for 
the  establishment  of  colleges  where  the  lead- 
ing object  shall  be  practical  instruction 
in  agriculture  and  the  mechanic  arts.  In- 
cluding military  tactics,  and  a  Junior  di- 
vision organized  at  all  other  public  or  pri- 
vate educational  Institutions,  except  that 
units  of  the  senior  division  may  be  organ- 
ized at  those  essentially  military  schools 
which  do  not  confer  an  academic  degree 
but  which,  as  a  result  of  the  annual  Inspec- 
tion of  such  Institutions  by  the  War  De- 
partment, ore  specially  designated  by  the 
Secretary  of  War  as  qualified  for  units 
of  the  senior  division,  and  each  division 
shall  consist  of  units  of  the  several  arms 
or  corps  In  such  number  and  of  such  strength 
as  the  President  may  prescribe. 

The  President  may,  upon  the  application 
of  any  State  Institution  described  In  this 
Act.  establish  and  maintain  at  such  Insti- 
tution one  or  more  units  of  the  Reserve  Offi- 
cers' Training  Corps :  Provided.  That  no 
such  unit  shall  he  established  or  maintained 
at  any  such  institution  until  an  officer 
of  the  Army  shall  have  been  detailed  as 
professor  of  military  science  and  tactics, 
Dor  until  such  Institution  shall  maintain 
under  military  Instruction  at  least  100 
physically    fit    male    students. 

The  President  may,  upon  the  application 


Army 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


of   any    estnbllihrd    educntlouul    Inallti 

iicd    States   other    thon    n 
institution    described   above   the   authorities 
ot  which  agree  to  establish  and  maintain  a 
two  years'  elective  or  compulsory  course  of 
mtlttui  lie    u>    ii     minimum     tor     Ita 

idiialcolly  (It  male  students,  which  rnurae 
ti  hen  entered  upon  by  any  student  aball, 
oa  regards  (Oeb  atadi  prerequisite 

EM  graduation,  establish  and  maintain  at 
■uch  institution  out  ot  don  unite  of  the 

Itcvcrve  Officers'  Training  Corpa. 

The  S«crc(ary  of  Wnr  In  nulhorlr.nl  to 
ard  ouree*  of  theoretical 
ami  prnctlcnl  military  (ruining  for  unlia 
ol  th*  Ri  ■••r»e  Officer*  Training  Corpa,  imd 
mi  mill  .if  ( In-  -in. ii  dlYlaton  alinll  be  or- 
ganised or  maintained  ne 
Institution  the  authorities  of  which  Tall 
or  necii' i  to  adop  .1  curriculum  the 

prescribed  couraea  of  military  training  fur 
[b«  sudor  division  or  to  devote  ot  leaat  an 
n  v. -rnipj  of  thrre  hoar*  per  week  per  aen- 
dcmlc  y*ar  to  euch  military  training;  anil 
no  unit  of  the  Junior  division  ahall  bo   or- 

nlsed  or  maintained  nt  any  educational 
ItUtlOD  the  autborltlet  of  which  fall  or 
neglect  to  adopt  Into  (heir  curriculum  the 
prescribed  couraea  of  military  trulnlng  for 
DM  Junior  division,  or  to  devote  at  least 
an  average  of  three  hour*  [hi  week  per 
academic  year  to  auch  military  (rah. 

Kllglhlllty  to  membership  III  til"  Reserve 
Officers"    Trnlnln  b.ill    I"     lluitleil 

in  -in. 1.  hi .1  of  institution*  in  which  units  of 

ii.  h    corps    may    1 stuhllahod    who     are 

citizen*    of     the     United     Slnii",     who     are 

in. 1   i-h*   than   14  yenra  of  age,  and  trkoae 

condition     imllenteH    Hint    they     ore 

[1  ully  (It  to  perform  mlllinry  rimy,    or 

n  11 1  in'  an  upon  arrival  at  mlllurj  in. 

The  President  la  hereby  author.  M  to  di 
tall  auch  number*  of  officer*  of  the  Army. 
either  acIlT*  or  retired,  not  above  the  grade 
ot  colonel.  «a  may  bo  neceaaary.  for  duty 
n«  professors  and  a**Utnnt  professor*  of 
:iy  aclencc  and  tactic*  at  Institutions 

where  one  or  r*.  DUltl  Ot  th*  R rw  QnV 

citb'  Training  Corp*  nre  run lrit.-i  Ined  ■  bill 
the  total  number  of  active  officer*  M  d*> 
tnlled  nt  educational  Instlliillnua  aball  not 
exceed  300. 

The  President  U  authorised  to  detail  for 
duly  at  lii»ll(utlon«  where  one  or  more 
units    of    the     Reservi  1  mining 

Corpa    in'*   itiuliiiiiiii'-il    auch   number  •■(    m 
listed    nun,    I'll  tn  r    active    or    retired   or    of 

the  Regular  Army  Reserve.  «  he  inny  .1 1 

1. ui    1  In-   number   "f   active   non- 
commissioned  officer*  no  d"tiill"d   shall    not 

exceed  soo. 

The    Secretary   of   War   Is   nnthorlxcd    to 
Issue  to  Inatltuttoni  a)   which  on* 
units  .  .  re  oiBcer*'  Training  Corp* 

are  1n11lniii111.il  nub  public  animals,  arms. 
uniforms,  equipment.  11  ml  meuua  of  truna- 
|...ilntlon  as  he  limy  -Ii  .'in  ii".  .'-i.'ir.v.  im.l 
to  fornce  at  the  »»pcnae  of  the  United 
Stole*  public  animals  «n  Issued.  He  shall 
require    from    eoch    Institution     to    which 

CropertJ  of  'li"  Doited  states  la  Isaued  a 
rod  In  the  mine  of  the  property  Issued  for 
tin-  "nre  and  safekeeping  thereof,  ami  for 
Ita  return  when   rMhui  I 

The  Secretary  of  War  la  authorised  to 
iiinin:  .  ror  the  further  practical  in- 

atruction  "I  Hi"  iio'inlii'v  of  Ihc  Reserve 
OuVrrs'  Training  Corps,  no  auch  camps  to 
Im'  maintained  fur  11  period  loner  thnn  six 
weeks  In  any  one  year,  except  In  time  of 
actual  or  threatened  hostilities:  to  trrms- 
pOTt  iioinl'ir-  nf  nick  rorpf  to  and  from 
each  camps  at  the  expense  "f  lha  United 
States  so  far  as  appropriations  will  per- 
mit: to  subsist  lli.'in  nl  Hi"  BXpellM  of  the 
United  Mates  while   traveling    I"   and   from 


auch  uialnlng    therein 

U     an    iipprvprliitlon*  .    1.. 

Aim),  neb  "Hot  military 
forces  a*   1  "nl   time  to  time  an 

thorite*,  and  su.  .  iiru 

ho    may    doom    necessary    for    the    military 

ig  of  (he  members  of  auch  corps  while 
In  attendance  at  such  CauBD*:  to  preacrkV 
regulations  for  the  government  of  Bock 
corps;  and  to  authorise.  In  hL. 
the  formation  of  company  mill-  tbercvf  Into 
bultu.;  :;iui-mul  unit*. 

The  President   alone,    under   in.  h    regula- 
tion* as  he  111:1  v   prescribe,  Ii  outli 
appolol    in   Hi"  Officer*'    Ui.ni.rvi'  Corps  any 

at*   of   Hi"  miiI. ir  dlvlalon   ol    the    Ri 
•i"     1 'i'i.. 'i-.'    Training    Corps    who 
bar*    Huttafactorll;.     completed    the    1 
training  provided   for   I 

ii"    Junior  division    who   shiill    Iup- 
satisfactorily  completed  the  couraea  of  Dill 
tiny   training  prescribed   for   th*  aenlor  di- 
vision irther  train 
below,  and  aball   linv  ■,   sach 
liriicth-.il  Instruction  subsequent   to  gradi-a- 
ii.m:i-  thi  Secretary  of  War  sbnll  • 
who  ahull    1                                           axe  of  21 
year*  uud   who  shall   agree,   under  oath   In 
writing,  to  nerve  the                       ate*  in    the 
capacity  of  a   reserve  officer  of  the  Army 
during  11    period   of  at  least   10  years 
the  date  of  bis  appointment  as  such  •• 
officer.  1. ui  th*  total  number  of  reserve  ..m 
cere 
any  Qualified  gradual                   Ing  a   post- 

En  any  Institution  shall  not 
eligible    for    || 
officer  while   undergoing    ■■  1  ■•  11    [». stern dua(r 
...in.,". 

When  any  member  ,,f  n„.  senior  dlrlsloo 
'ill"  r»'  Trnlnlng  Corp*  has 
I'oiupleieii  two  academic  years  of  ... 
In  that  division,  and  bus  been  selected  for 
further  training  by  th*  president  of  the 
Institution  ..f  military 

<•  i"n.  "  uud  tactic*,  and  lmu  agreed  In  wr.1 
lug     lo    "oiitlune    In    the    Reaervi      ' 
Training    Corps    for    the    remainder    of    lil.t 
Htntlon.  devoting  live  1 

Eat  week  to  the  military  trnlnlng  prescribed 
y   the  Secretary  of   War.   ami    has    agreed 
In  writing  to  pursue  tin-   courses   in 
training  prescrll..  - -ecretarr  (.| 

I  I   mni    I..-   fin  in.  ii". 1.  nl    Hi.-  .  -,|., : •   11  . 

l  lilted   State*,   with   commute 1 1., 
slsteace  at  *uch  rate   not  •  •. ing  ttii 

of    tin-    gun  -,.,     1 1,,. 

Army,  as  may  be  fix.  |  Bry  0f 

War.   during    the    remainder   of   his    •• 
In  the  l;  ■  rneer*'  Training  1 

Any  ph.vlcnlljr  lit  male  cltlx*n  of  the 
I  nlte.l  Stot-«,  bel ...-.  u  the  ogi  •  of  II  and 
"J7  rear.,  who  shall  hate  grudiiated  . 
i"  Hi"  date  ..1  this  Ait  from  mil  educational 
Institution  at  which  an  offlrer  of  the  Arms 
way  detailed  as  professor  of  military  s. 

I  who.  while  a  student  at 
•uch  ln«Htiiil..n.  completed  course*  of  mili- 
tary   trnlnlng    under    the    direction    of    BTJch 

profeaaor  of  military  n  utnee  and  tactics  *ub- 
atanllnlly  nqulvalfnl  to  tboae  prescrlbml 
pursuant  (n  this  Act  foi   tin  :.i.,n 

shall,    after    aallsfaeforlly    1 

additional  practical  mllliary  training  n«  ibe 

tary  of  War  aball  1.1.  icrlbe,  1.. 
fur    appointment     to    the    Officer*'    Re 
Corn  and  *•  .1  temporary  additional  » n.i 

lieutenant 

The  Prealdnnt  alone  la  hereby  authorized 
to  appoint  and  commls.lnu  as  n  temporary 

" 'id    lieutenant  of   Ihc   Regular   Ami    ii 

tunc  of  PMC*  l..r  purposi's  of  Instruction, 
fur  n  period  not  exceeding  six  month*,  with 
the  nllo*nn"oa  now  provided  bi  law  for 
Hint  grade,  but  with  pay  nt  the  rat*  ef 
1100    per   month,    nny    reserve    officer    an- 


ted  pursu-tnt  to  thli  Act  asd  to  attach 
to  a  tialt  of  the  Regular  Army  for 
and   training  •lorlov  !   cor- 

ny tU  appointment  ai  such 
•mM  Umuum,  and  bihiq  the  expiration 
of**Kb*»m  -   with  Ihi    Uegu  -r  Ami]  »uch 
oSm  thai!  revert  to  hli  stains  aa  a  reserve 
oBVxr. 

resers*   officer    or    temporary    second 
u    1 1. 1.    A«'t 
to  retirement  o. 

.""i   im-hkIoo  only 
ty    liKwrred    Id    line  of   duty   la 
v'   evrrlca   or   while   serving   with   the 
-in/, 
mat  Oaeral  of  th*  Army  alioll. 
—Irr  the  direction  " 

i*rj  of  War.  obtala.  compile,  and 
cootlaually  u|>  to  date  all  obtainable 
■attMl  aa  ti>  th"  name*,  age*,  nddr»s». 
carpal'  M   for   apt 

• .»  of  the  Army, 
la  tlrnc  of  wjr  or  olhi  y,  >-f  men 

who.  by  ri'tur. 
•v    training    In   civilian    cdu- 

led  aa  qualified  and  available  for  ap- 
peioiaseat  aa  nwh  cemralwIoartU  om.tr*. 

.  i«o  r'nmpr. — The  Secretary  of  War 
Is    »»rrlij     noth"; 

fw   Use    military    lt..trudlou    aad    training 

•f   asv  I  i.    aa    may    He    selected    for 

each   t»*triKtlon   and  training,   upon    tlieli 

as*aUratV»n  ami  »n.l.-r  »uch  lerma  of  enlist- 

*»»ut  atvl  regul"  .  dud 

War:  to  u»e.  for  the 

sazrpoa*.  of  maintaining  said  ramp*  am!  lm- 

r-iilag    aallltary    instrnrtlnn    and    training 

theme    inch   arm*.    ..  onter- 

■   i1 

importation  »•  ttia  United 

ai  be  may  d«m  u.-.cjsaiy  .  to  fiir 

at   the  eipeaae  of  the   l/nltr.l   Ktntea. 

mi*,  subsistence,  transportation  by  the 

mil    and    direct    route    within    such 

a  a  to  territory  aa  the  Secretary  of 

_    may    preacrlb",    an-)    taoll.nl    supplies 

isc-os    rccelvlor  on    at    aalil 

ixmi-a  dorlcg  tbe  pe rlod  of  their  attendance 

thereat,    to   aatnorts- 

I  appropriation*,  a*  h-  may 
deem  no-rsaary  for  water,  fuel,    light,  tern- 

Clary    airortnrea,    m.t     in  nrlera 

■   officers   nor   barrack*   for   nu-n     > 
lac  anil  damages  re*ultlu>.-  ->er- 

.ii-l  oilier  i  lib  Dial   In   the 

e-»latce*Bce  of  aaldeaaapa.  an-1  the  the 

'fliio  In  oiMiet  mm  there- 
to |  n 
•Cram  ton  at  aahl  camps,  fur  cuah  an-l  nt  coat 
sew  pla*  10  per  ronlun  qua  i    am) 
acdaanee    property,    the    ouioiiat     of 

my  one  persou  t-  be  limited 
<•  tvat  wl  iii  Ired  for  bli  proper 
tsjalpauent.  The  r  Wnr  l»  author- 
ised farther  to  preacrlw-  in.  11 

I   and  prartl--al   In  pur- 

•**■>!    by    pe-rsntis  attending    tbe   cnmpf    an- 
tbtrlfJ  by  thU 

itonng    which   toxh    camp«    shrill    he    nialn- 
■  :be  nilea   and    regulations 
.  ernaie&t    tkerenf .    ami    to    am. 
men  of  the 
.ci   iiuch   Dumber*   an 
MB*  (aattca  aa  be  may    li 

lie  purpose 

-ml  rMarrs  of  eol 

Itarj  arrrlet  with  the  Kneloeer. 

atcoal.  anil   1^    :  I    the 

Or4nance   ami  Mniu-r  ,i-  .-r   the 

■ecnUr    Army,  an    Knll«tei|   Kenerre  Corps, 

■  if    enlllte.l     i 

li    tfni.r.    «-r    naileti    n«-    may    tie    di-s1(T- 
aat~l  ay   the   l"i  I  tne   to  tinie. 

I*  aerswy  aatlk»rl*i-<l.  "uch   antbortintlou    tn 
be  f«ecllee  en  an.l  afli-r  Jul)    1 


i.  .li 

I 


Tlnrr-  may  be  enlliteil  In  the  grade  or 
firoilca  apecllled.  for  a  period  of  four  year*. 
he  prtwTtlieil  by 
ItlacDi  of  the  I'nlteil  State*. 
or  persona  who  have  doclared  lli-lr 
tliMix  it.  become  citizen*  of  the  i 
State*,  «ubject  to  men  phyalcul.  educational. 
od-1   practlcul   riaiiiliiulluu   :i  •    urn;    In 

i-d  lu  i.iiil  nil.-.       l.-i-  ini-n  enllatlDB  In 
•old   erode  or  erode*  .vrtlll.iit«*  of  . 
iiii-nt   In    the    F.n  Bhnll 

be    liwued   by  The  Adjutant   QtoenT  of  the 
Army,  but  so  audi  man  Kimil  b*  enllati 
•ntil  enrpa  nnleaa  he  aholl   be  fODOd    phytri 
.    mentally,    and    morall]    qaaliflad    ti> 

hold    iUCb    ■  ■  rnll.-iiti-    nod     untcal    he    nhnll 
h-    bttween    the    nge*  of   18   and    *5  years. 
The  certificate*  no  «livn  ulinll  confer  upon 
when  i''i: 
F  purpose*  of  Instruction  nml  traluluir. 
mi. I  du.-inc  lh«  period  uf  tactl  a.  live  serv- 
li»,  InetructlOD.  or  trnlnln*,  all  tin    as 
It/,    rlcht*.    ami    prlvlh-icrM    «.f    like    g 
M  Hi.-  Refalay  Army;  (be  Becrotary  ox  War 

la    hereby    authorize,    to   l**m-    to    i abert 

of  th.-  Bnll  .tiiI  tu  per- 

in    who    i.iivi-    participated    In    at 

oue  cDcotni ut   f.u    th*   rallltaurj    loatrDC- 

rJon   .if  cltlwn*    eoadorted   ooder  the  sua. 
t.li-.-«   of    the    Wor    Dcportmeot.    dlatli. 
row-ttrs   or   knot*   deafened   for    wear   with 
i  I.  Iltaa  clothlntc. 

The  uniform  to  be  worn  by  enllxfi-d  men 
of  the  Ellllnt.-i)  I:  irp»,  except  corps 

lOadsnln.    shall    be    the    same    a*    pietr        il 
for  enllkl.-.l  men  of  the  Ri-itulnr  Arm]    Ki 
in  lieu  -if  iiuv  money  allow- 
ance for  clothlne   Uicrc   ahull   be   l-mied   to 
each   ■  mi  of   the-    I  T.n-  !,.,|    ]., 

peace  such  articles  •:(  ■  loth 
Ine    nnd   equipment   a.-    th*    I'rcaldcot    may 

L'pon  a  call  by  tin-  l-r.  -Id.-nt  for  a  volun- 
teer force  th>-  memben  of  ti>.-  Enlisted  He- 

Corp*  m.ry  l»-  luunt.-r.-il  Into  the  ».-rT- 
Ice  of  the  United  Stat.-K  n>  Tolunteers  for 
duty  with  the  Army     i 

Hutu  In  tbe  sold  corps,  nnd  shall  be  en- 
titled  In  ttM  l.iiy  nnd  allowance*  of  the 
■  ..:  ri  |i..:.dlng  grade*  In  tbe  It-culnr  Army, 
with  Increase  of  pay  for  li-ngUi  of  serrlce, 
aa  now  provided  t>J  law  for  the  Regular 
Anas. 

3/ Hilar [i    Equipment    «n<*    tntlructori    nt 
Othrr    Xrluiali    nnd     Coiiepe*.  —  Smli     . 
tentage.  and  equipment  n»  i  try  of 

War  altnll  deem  .... -«<nry  for  proper  mili- 
tary training  ihnll  he  mppll.-d  \i\  Ho-  <;.,, 
crnment  to  *chool*  end  ..dl.c.  <.  having  a 
course  of  military  training  preacrlln-.i  i  . 
rretary  of  War  nnd  having  not  I— i 
than  100  pbyalcnlly  lit  nml.-  Rtmlent*  above 

-.-  Of   14  j.-:ir«.   iiu-h-r  nu.-h    i  all 
r-irnintlon*  aa  be  may   prescribe;   and   the 
tan  of  War  anthorlied  to  detail  inch 
< ••riirni- -i-.n.-.l   and   nnni-omiiilHNl<>ne.l  uoV.-r* 
of  tbe  Army  to  mild  MbOOlt  and  mllege*. 

Composition  of  Ihr  Uillllo. — The  mllltlu 
Of  th*  United  Mate*  etiall  con*l*t  of  nil 
.  hi.  bodied  male  .  ltlt.-n»  of  tin  Catted 
State*  mi  1  nil  other  nhle-bodled  male*  who 

have  or  Hhnll   hi leclnred    rli.-lr  lnt.nii..n 

ome    citizen*    of    the-    United    81 
bull   be   more   than    IS   year*   of   ih 
nml.    not   more   than  -I.'.   years  of   ....      and 

•old    mlllll*    .ball    b-    dlTirJcd     int.-     th 

elssnea,  the  National  <3u*rd.  the  Naval 
Miuti.i.   nnd   tin-   Uooraanlsad    Mint  in 

IpOSlNOM  of  Hi,    V.itmnnl  Oimrif. — Tbe 
Matlonnl   nunrd   shall   con»i«t   of   ii..    rem 
lorly    enlisted   mllllla    between    tin-    nge*  of 
:;•!    ■*."•    years    orgnnlxi-il.    armed,    and 
equipped,    and    ..'  med    nfneer*  be- 

tween the  i. -■- -.-.  i.i  Jt  nnd  04  years. 

mpfl.XM     'i.,i.i     U.hfi.l    Hutu.  --Tbe    Vl.-e 

Prealdent  of  the  UnlU-d  State* ;  the  offlrera, 


Army 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


.nil-...,  of   the  CownmtBt 

■■    t'niied    Stiit! »    .iti.t    of    I 
-  ■ml  Trm  ti   Hi>-  lulll 

fntesi; 

.  "it    by 

'll»  I'll!!.. I  lOO    "I    111'- 

'.    kllil    nary    j*r> 
ih.'  I  i  mil  lucre  11  luully 

eeaployed   Id  lhi>  aea 

rchent  within  the  I  ntted  States,  .hull 

mill  11a  ilutj    without   fgird 

10  age,  and  oil    pi  u  I n'j"1  »f  nr- 

llgloua   belief  •hdll   claim   exempilim    from 

nulltai  .      lbs        D        ntloun    bold- 

■  in  h   belief   l.v   mi. -h  hall   I." 

■ilmliiof    m    the 

fr.nn    i  Ice   In   a   combatant 

in i    BO    person   ao  exempted    ahull    b* 
|il    fri.in  inn  i    in  any  enpi 

(hnt  th'  rri'Klil.'nt  tha\l  declare  to  ha 
i.iiiniitaDt. 

tntjnjflon  o/  Vdfloiuil  Gu.irrf  I'mllt. — 

il 
the  organisation  of  II  il  Guard   l< 

the    iam«    n»    Hi  alar    Army, 

-Ml. J. ■■    '    In    I  il h    ;. li~r.il    .  X- 

uiay  tic  fliilh.irti'.Ml  by  the  Sccre- 

.U.iu, .'.  .■  1,1.  i      ..r     uih-r     TfOOp*     by     the 

i    t  r...-i>-    In 

llin.'  of  y-  '.I  hut 

lllllllllll-     In      '  lll.llll- 

teonn  iry. 

art    -The 

"f     the     Null.. mil 

within 

i  ir  fr..m   ii     . 

ill.  Ii  

.-ii.  b    H   Datoi      hi. I    ::■  or    ■.  ntal  Ivi     In    i  on 
grrae  from  nob   Slot',  nml  n  numhrr  to  bo 

i.iitl.'il      111       III'      I'1 

nil.)    the    Mstrlct    ..f    Columbia.    aDd 
Khali   hi-    Inore*..  .r    tn 

ih'  proportion  of         lea*  (ban   "0  per  cent 
uiilll    o    total    pcuf    atrength    of    not    leaal 

than  SnO  enlWIeil  "   for  • 

'  ongreta  iii.ll  have  bet-u 
.1      lii      full      wmr 
tli.   the  National  MIMtla  Include 
-i  in 

.ton.  '     Viill.m.Tl    '.'il.l'rf     In     Hrl- 

■    may 

e«len    Hi.     Nations     '".ii.nl    of    the    several 

and   Tcrrltorlci    and    th"    District    ol 

i  "I Ida     l"    llll  l U  nml    "lli.-l 

•  i  titer 
.r    the    Itegulnr 

itiMiuii.i   -M'li  unit*:   arbors 

ni'   orgnofxed    within    n    St.it.. 
ir   'in-  District  "(  Colntnb 
.  ommandln*  officer*  thereof  ahall  not  be  dis- 
placed   under    the    provlalons    of    tbla    sec- 
Unit 

rhirft  of  sug  of  you—  ■    ■■<  oi- 

Thi    President  may  detail  one  offi- 
cer of  the   H-gulnr    Army   oa  chief   of  Huff 
l.i r  Army  or  the 
' 
of   auff   of   any   division   of   the   National 
Guard  In   the  aervlce  of   thi  hi-.. 

idlulnnlt  Qrarnil  of  Stntct,  K!r. — Ailju 
tunla  Benetal  of  tin    Btato  s,  and 

i   nf  Columbia  nml  the  nfflcera  vf 
utlonal   Guard    ahall   make   reportn  to 
hi    mn>    lir. 
Appropriation.     I  aporftonmen t.    and    Dfs- 
ftiimrment  of  Fundi  .""  thr  Yafis 
— Money  ahull  be     ppi  ly  f'.r 

Itlonol  Guard.  I- 
Inif  the  expense  of  providing  anni.  ordnnn<e 
etnrcA.  qatl  i  terina  -'.  r  Rtoraa.  ""'-  camp 
k-e.  nod  nil  nther  military  enpiillea  for 
l»«oc  t«  th'  National  Guard,  apportioned 
if-'  Hi"  several  6  tat'       ind    I     ■!  Iloi  It) 


d  men 

"i«  National  Guard  In 

«ueh  States  and  Tcrrltorlea  at  the  date  of 

/.'lid.li.i.  til.    ir.  ,..'|  Ov.ird. — T»e 

I"-:  li.ll     III     •  nil  -Hu-  Ul     la    II. - 

rear* 

of  which  at 
ind    i  tie    llu.v   years  In   11"    .N«- 

(Mienf     fontrurt,     -Knllatrt 
in.-ii    In   -in-   .NuiWmal  Guard  of   th»    • 

lei  tit.. i  lea.  an  i    Co- 

•.   coo- 
i.      "urnln   an    oblhcatlon    i- 
feu.l  the  Conatltutlon  ..f   th 

l    lit  nt    of 

ill.-    Inlt'-.l    Stntea    ahnll    be    r^rornlted    hm 

mhet      ■■!  '    :nil»r  toe 

i   tin  nf  thl»  Ai  r  i  \plred  por- 

»»nt  enllatment   con: 
«  Ii-  ii  any  men  •  niUtineiit  rontrart  dne»  not 
Ion.    tl"    enlUtrd    man 
united  aa  u  nien 
Nnti. .lull  Guard   until  bave  ^itrned 

an  enllatment   .-.uir.-.l  nn.l  taken  ati.i 
ed  to  the  folloa  Inc  oa iti 

..d  alreadT  l.i 

enllatment 

Dilated  tbla  ^~— 

oldler   la   the 

i'nlirt  Slatea  and  "f 

ate  "f  ,  fot   I tii    i"  rlo 

yeara  In  aervlce  and  three  year*  in    Hi 

■  ondltlona    pre»rrU.ed   by 
law.    .  i, j    proper 

near  that 
1  will  hear  ttu»  faith  uud  alleclan 

\lli"ri..,    .-iti.l    t,i    the 

of  .  and  that   I  will  aerv.-  I 

■•ally   and   finihrull)    acalnal  an 

mlea  whomaoever.  and  thai   I   "ill  obey  the 

order*  of  the  Prealdent  of  the  tilted  Stafa 

and  "f  th«  (Draroor  "f  the  itnti  "f . 

api«loted  over  me  accord- 
ing  to    law   and    the   rulea   and    article*  of 

Hereafter    all    men    collatlnc   for    aereleo 
in   the  National  Gnard  ahnll  »U'n  an  .• 
ni'nt  ontrart  and  tak. 

.mlh  i  In  the  preceding  acctl*n  Of 

tbla  A.  i. 

[Uf  I  nlKfrd    Vr«    from    Ih 

'  ...i  M»te>1  man  dla- hargrt 

from   eerel'.-   In   the   National   Guard   ahull 

.   .i  dlacbanro  in  wrll 
nnd  with  »ucl»  claaaltlcatlou  aa  la  pre.. 
Regular  Armj. 

•  nth  for  .Virllonot  Ornirt  Oftrirt. 

inilaal .1     odlcera    of     the     National 

'.:..-il    .-f    ill"     u  i  .  n  llorurt, 

and   ■  of  Colombia   now  aerTtnx 

under    conunlatlona    regularly    loned    ahall 

ui   In  ..in.-..  ii>.  officer)  of  the  National 

Quart!     >.iti t   the   l»«oan"  of   new 

mlaalona:  Prorhfed.  That  said  officers  hare 
nr  nhall    lake   and    aubacrlbe    to    tbe 
ii.iinulng  oath  of  office  : 

I.  .1"  aolemnly  swear  fhat  I  will 

support  nnd  def  i>tltntlon  of  tb* 

I    States  and    the   com  '    th- 

State  of ,  agalnut  all  enemies,  foreign 

and    ih  thai    I    will    hear   true    faith 

oca  to  the  a»me :  that  I  wir 
the  orders  of  tfie    Prealdenl   •>'    the  t'nlted 
Stut^K  and  of  lh«  eovertior  of  the  State  of 

:  that  I  make  thla  obligation  freely. 

without  any  mental  relocation  or  purpose 

-Ion.  and  ihnt    I   "ill  well  and   falth- 

rg"    the   duties   "f    Hi"   -.trice   of 

In  Hn-  National  Guard  of  the  I'nlled 

Stntea    nnd    of    the    Slate    of    

iv  hi.  Ii  I  am  about  to  enter,  so  help  me  God." 

.trmoinmt.    Hqnipmrol.    and    Vnilurm    »f 

the  Trollonof  (iuord— The   National   Guard 


CSS* 


of    lb-    foiled   States  «hall  be   aulfora**], 

srtn*d.    is!  equipped   l1lk   the  «am*   lyi»  of 

ulforms,  arms,  sod  equipment*  ■ 

Tba   r&irr»larj  .«  ontbori/ 

procure,    by   porch***   «>r   n>  ur  fn.'iure.   and 
te   IMU  reqal- 

■ItVuc.  flutes  ami 

■^■^■Wsrl" 
tfce     Naliiul     i. 

Columbia,    torn  of    rolled    State* 

■ervlca  amir,  "lib  all  »r.-*.. 
artillery.  •**:«:  lei.  tac.Lsrr.  colli  artillery. 
Kraal,  and  Moitarr  mat*ti»l.  a  c  coat  rem  eat  a, 
1*14  anlJorn.*  ckittlsi.  equipage,  publica- 
tion* Itary  nurva  of  all  siu'J*. 
ua*  public  aeUaaU,  a*  are  necessary 
l*>  arm.  ■nitons,  and  equip  them  fn. 

'ii't'fii"  to  Con/newt  l«  TAaf  0/  Rtfutor 

Arm;-  .|     :  I  »!l|..t.        111 

'•■in   which   ia   now   or  may 

,,1  .-nC 

..•*.  nail   tn* 

I  u. 

..'■.■■■-. 

iltl  shall  .< 
aed      laUructli'n       Ir. 

prartlr*.  l". i  i«n  than  forty  <lclil  time*  each 
■jail,  lo  addition  ,  arllcl- 

n  eexampawnjt.,  aaaa*ut*r«.  or 
lag  outdoor  tare 
ai    I*.  »>•  lo  training  each  y.«r. 

■arl*>lloc    targve    pri 

/nxf'i'.i   o/   Jkr    .Vafio.a/   Guar*.—  The 

to   w   atad>  at   Ira  it 

■  ■  <raL  Bad  If  neceianry  by  other 
ay,    ifetni. 

in*  whether 
line  of  lb*  pr- 
lit 
rtber  ill  tiu.tr>!  I*  01 

red    Dora    puvw    I  lu- 
ll nii.l  other  ouallSratloBt  i  i 
wlteir  ii.iinll'.li     i.-.  I     II  ■ 

.  r.    .f  !,• 

«lw>0.      ui  ibd      bring 

trait- •  I    fur   aril. 

th*  ft»»il  »r  co««t  defense,  noil   whether  tbr 
!•  arr  being  kepi  Ui  accordance  wlih 
lb*  t*^oir>oi*ei«  of  law. 

-»(»    .l»i»    Uanr; 

r»ui.' 

T   any    i.irt 

laaai  iSaarO  in  cacaBDpssiat*.  uia- 
■a.  ot   otli.  out- 

■  •t-itt- 

II*      ur 
ltl    r-Bj'.Ui-  Hoe     • 

• 
■ 

.   T-    liiu I     I'll 

-ndlng   grndc*  of   the 
■rcvlar  Knar. 

new    Umblft    (o   /.own 
Niilounl 
Oaaxt  wbeti 

tbey  • 

la,  !•  be  aril.  ■    law* 

■•4     resrnli.ii  ;     tbr     K- 

Army.  *..  far  at  filch   lnir»  and  i 
are  «p:.i! -  this    lo  »ftlr*r»   1 1 
wboa*  perssaoeh- 

.    Hi.. 
retired  Hal.  It  (tot  coatpinplalnl  hy  eiutlag 

'.rranlaatlonii     In 
.  courlnu 
In    the    Nttvoual    Guard    •hall    be   of    three 


n 


kinds,  namely.  general   courts  martial,  spe- 
cial   courts  martial,    and    mimiu 

h     i     ii.'    ■  nnitltuteil     Ilk*, 
ami   have  cognUance  of  the  *ni." 
ami  poaacM  lit*  powei 
maota.    at   »lmlUr   rararta    prorldccl    lor   by 
tbe     lawn    and     reiralntlona    eovi-iuiai;     iln- 
Armj  ..f  tbi-  Dolt. 

.'    Whtn   Oratltd  «««.. 

.  — When  0>Dft*M  ahall  bu 

tborln-il   the   uar  of  the  o:.  rurcea 

for  aoy  purpoae    re 

mi.'  of  troopa  In  «»o<-»>  of  thnw 

of   the    Recular  may 

draft  lliary  wrvlce  of  the  United 

v   to  serve   thereto    for    lh»    partod    Of 

to*  war  unl*«  louwr  ilUrharsrd,  an)  or  all 

Natloonl  liuard  and  of  the 

Reaervr.  with  lh*  aame  pay 

UD.I    ,1 

of  lb.  .-inv  .•[  Him  aamc  grail* 

th*  «imi'  prior  •• 

ftffffii*  /'(  Pttuwiit — Wheo  any  officer  or 
■■Dilated  iiinii  .'f  III*  .'• 

of  war  i"  'i      b]   r-n«"ii  ..f  wonnda  or 

i.'il     nlillr    In     111-' 

active  arrvkii  nl  Ilia  tun..:  KiatM  la  tlm» 

hi-  beneflli 

of  tli.  lawa  existing  at  tin-  ciin-    -f 

bit  service,  nu.l 

I  iiiifil  Siatr-,  In  ,ir  or  In  i 

log  to  hi*  plare  of  rsaldenoe  nfloi 
t  inch  ati 

.  f  wounds  or  dlinlilll 
tic*    received    lo    auch    acll 

.  peneloo  la»«. 

hall,  within  a  limit  of  How 

at,  have  (till 

.  ly  with  or  enforce  any  re- 

..r  any  reuulntlno  pro- 

mulgni'-.l    I  aid    thereof 

War. 

urd  of  such   BUM  »lmll   Ur 

■  i    in    pari,   ii-    the    I'real- 

lvlng  from   the 

.im  any  pecuniar]    or  othi  I 

It.  or  prltllag rlted  or  pro>l.i..i 

.  i  •*. 
Afr  'In/'..-  -Tin 

<■  111  t  Ira 

»  a  land  furc*  and  in  illliin. 

:  h.    ..\i.  ui 

e    Diimbci    thereol    In    tba   Quota    BUI 

H'uuld    Othl  :-'l|llir»ll- 

Jmo.'iUiltlOn     at     !■-■     I,..    ...im.nl     Jfuna- 

torlur  •.    tTlc. — Th.     .•*..!  r.  tnrr    of 

I  authorized  to  appoint  a  board  of  lie- 
'•■■  i'|i  lli.ru  and 

Illcen  <■:  ctai 

tc  and  report   b  reaul 

ability,  and  prarilcablllty  of  tba 

".■in-,  n 

and  e.|nl|.in.iii.  showing  In  aald  report    tbe 
romp  itlons. 

iniiriu  inr.  itni  ill 

plants  and    those  mannfncturrd    lo    prli.it* 

.    Hi"  .in ur    i.f   ini. in  ry  to 

i. .ill.:  neat    plant*    fur 

nannfacturt   of    irma,    iininliion*.   and 

■  Tint   t  he  i  ;■ 

mrnt  plant*  and  *r«*nnl.  art  DOW  rlolng  In 

the  ■  afactnrtai  arms,  munitions. 

.  1  I  tit  liui  ii.'-i I 

,,n  ..r  ,i-  hn 
maniifnclun-d  a  lnr«e  pnrt  of  It*  own  arnia. 
for  l lie  lam  four 
y<«im. 

•f(»lll(.)f>  r Mint?  MlJlll*         Of 

.   ,  ii  nnalal   of   ll 

I  III*  A  mix  .hull 
b»  convened  by  the  Secretary  .if  War  within 
alaiy  daj»  alter  too  approval  nf  this  Act, 


Army 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the 


f„r  th-  iiiirpiiHK  of  Investigating  and  rr- 
portlng  ilium  pimt  »»-irJ«  nc  muo  of  the  so- 
called  euugresalonal  medal  of  bono!  liy  or 
lii  War  Depai  unent  .  tin-  mih  » 
.  i.\',   i>,  ,,..  trtstn  whal  modal*  of  honor,  if 

an),  have  been  awarded  or  Ixxueil  fur  any 
CanM  Other  iluiu  distinguished  conduct  l»y 
an  oOlcer  or  enlisi.  n  m-m  Inaction  Involving 
„  nnil  conflict  »uh  mi  enemy  to  nub  officer 
or  mllatea  man  or  oj  uoopi  with  which  M 
mil  serving  at  the  time  •>(  »tieh  o.tlnrt  Ami 
,,,  I,,, .  in.  ii  ..ilil  board  ulinll  iiini 

-hi. I   report    that   «alil  meilul  was  lasued   ("i 
aur  cause  ■■< tii-r  than  iii.n  hereinbefore 
iin!  in. •  i, ,,ui''   >f  lii'-  recipient  "f  iii»'  medal 

I.  .1     -lll.ll    III-     .11  |l   l.i   II    (i.-IIIUI  ll.-II  I  i  ■. 

tbo  otll-  In  I  me.  la  I  of  honor  lint.  It  ahull  In 
a  misdemeanor  for  him  to  WW  oi    publicly 

display  (aid  i lul.  and,  If  be  whuii  still  Im 

in  [oi  krtny.  he  •.hull  I"-  required  to  return 
>«ld  medal  t"  toe  war  Departmonl  for  can- 
lou.  Maid  board  ahall  have  full  nml 
■  , i m.  i,,  and  no  of  nil  record!  per- 
taining to  iin'  award  or  lam*  i>r  medal*  of 
honor  by  or  through  Ibc  War  Department. 
'iin'  actual  and  neceaaary  expensca  of  xnlii 

i 1. 1  and  II     maiuber*  shall  be  i>ald  out  of 

any  appropriation*  available  i"i ittngtnt 

npraat*  of  tbc  Army  of  the  War  Depart- 
ni.'iit. 

/'rotecflon    0/    Hi'    I  nl/orm, —  II    shall   be 

unlawful  for  any   penon    noi    an   nil ■  ur 

rallstoil    in- in    of    tin'    ruiti-d    States    Army. 

Nary,  or   Marin*  Corp*,   i"   Waal    the  duly 

pr> •■..  :li"-il     uniform    of    the    Cm 

Ann),   Navy,  in-   Murine  Corpa.  or  any  Ala- 

tlnctlvs  pnrl  of  »ueb  uniform,  or  n  in 

any  pnrt  of  which  I*  similar  to  ■  rtlatlni  live 

tun  I   "I   the  duly   pre  ■■  i  Un-il   iiiilforiii  •  •!    Hi" 
i  State*  Army,  Navy,  or  Marine  Corpa. 
-i.iik    Iin)     Scout*    and    honorably    <lb> 

Any  person  who  offends  against  tb»  pro- 
of ttiii-   lection  aboil,  on  i  om  Ii  tl"U, 
be  i labed  bj  n  fine  nol  exceeding  gxuo,  or 

by    iini'i  iM'titueut  not  exceeding  all   tnunilix. 

in-    by     liiilll    .mil    Hue   uli.l    Imprisonment. 

A    aoldlor    after    (our    yearn"     continuous 

either   oudar  a   Oral   or  any  suba.-. 

■  1 1  ■  -  - 1 1 1    cnltatinenl,    ma)    be    r*-*oll*lod    f«ir 

wti'O    years   and    receive    a    Una  I    discharge 

1 1  -in  hi  ■  pi  loi  All  i  up  in.  "i  aftei  tbrrc 
yean."  ruuiinii.nix  service  may,  uimn  his 
written  request,  be  furloughca  and  leans- 
r.ii'ii   i"   tbo   B ree.     ICnllstmenl   perloda 

fur  sei  •  i  .■  I'll',  iiu ■  counted  as  four  years. 
First   enlistments   ai nflnad   to   men    be- 

. iv.. ii    Hi,.    Hi.-.    o(    18  ami   SB    year».      All 

...l.ll.'l  i     r.  e.-lve.    in    n. I. MM. .11    In    tie  If     puy. 

rations,   clothlnf.   bedding,  and  medical  at- 

i, 'in l:iu.  i'  wlill.     with    the  colors. 

I'u Mewing  !•  a  oomplet*  1 1 -> e  of  tin-  com- 
mander* of  the  army  •liu-e  1)70.  together 
With  their  rcapocUT*  ranks  and  the  period 
of  command; 

Gran,  George  Washington,  June  17,  1773. 
tu    1 23,    l  .' 

MaJ.-Gen.  11. my  Knox.  Doc.  S3,  1781 
tO,    1784. 

fapt.  John  I >ough (y  (arllllery).  June  20, 
1784,   to  Aug.  12.  1784. 

I, I, 'in  -■'..  1       Joalab      lluroiar      (lufnnlry). 
l  .'.    1784,    t"    Mnr.li    I.     1791. 

MaJ.-Ocn.  Arthur  Ml  <lnir.  Moi.h  4, 
17IH.    t..   March    B,    1702. 

MaJ.-Grn  Anthony  Wayne.  April  12. 
1701V  t"  Dec    I  '■    i .'"'' 

Itrlg.-Gcn      .In s     Wilkinson,      l—         I  \ 

i  July   13,    1798. 

I  ,.  ui  '••  ii  Oi  orge  Washington,  July  IS, 
!  .        U.    1700. 

MnJ  tl.-ii  Alexander  Hamilton,  Dec.  14, 
1790.  to  .luu.-    10,    1800 

Brig.-'len  Jninw  WilkiO'-'iiii.  Jnn..  LB, 
1800.    [0  ,lun     27.    1S12, 

MaJ.-Gen.  Henry  Dcnrboru,  Jan.  27.  1812. 
to  June  15,  1816. 


MaJ.-Gen.   Jacob   Rrown,  Jon*   in,   ISIS, 

24,    182S, 
MaJ.«..ii.    Al.innder    Macomb,    May    29, 

MnJ.  i..  ii.  -iV, ni,,.!,!  S.,,tt.  Juiy  5.  1841.  to 

No*,   i.  I80L 

Mai.  <len.  tienrgo  BrlabM  UcCUUaa   Not. 

1,     1MI.I 

Majii.n     II, in    Wiiger   llsllerk.  July  23. 
.  tu  Miiuli  B,   1HII4. 

I'lysxes    .-..,,i|  -   ii    Grant.    March    ». 
1804.  i"  Mail  i,  I,  1808 

i    William  Terumaeh  Rbermao,   Mar.-b 
:i    i  .   •-,,..  in  -  -    i     ,  ■ 
(Jen.  Philip  Henry  Shctldon,  Nov.  1.  1883. 
to  Aug.  C,  1888. 

Lieut- John      McAllister     Scbofleld. 

Aug.    14.    V  II     ISHJ. 

Lieut-Gen,  Nelson  Applston  Miles,  Oct.  5, 
:  -■'  -      o    '•  ig,   R,    IPOS 

I.I.iii    Gen     Samuel  U.  M.   Young,  Au. 
lDOli,  to  Jan.  D.    I',' I. 

Lieu  „-i  it   Chaffee.  Jan.  8.  11*04. 

to  i  .  i.    i    1000 

Lleut-Cen.  John  C.   Bates,    In.     1.    1000, 

to  Bent   i  ■    ii"". 

'  Ciu.    Arthur    M.-Artlmr.    Sept.    If.. 
1000.  to  June  2.  1009.  when  he  m>  i 
under    the   opvrallon    ..r    ibc    law,   and   the 
rank  i  Inct 

Ol  uernl  Tnsker  II.  Rllxx  l»  Chief  of  Staff. 
(Hot   War,    l)e|iarlnieni  of.) 

Ri  mil,, ./„u„(  of    timu  for  H**v  orwissi 

fici  niiuiii  -   The    nimoiinccrocnt   of    the    War 

i  'epai ' ,i    , ei  nlng     the  ■""  nl 

..I  American  force*  sent  to  Europe  t,>  fight 
iigninxt  German]    was  „•    follow*; 

'"I'll"     i    ' r    nrllllery    strength    to    In- 

nil    increased.     A  dlvUInn  will 
fter   Include   only   four   Infs 
iintit.    lu    two   brigades   lii   plnce  of  tbc  old 
till  I  Ion    ',!    three    brigades,    eaeh    ■  uu 

Ing    three    regl nts    of    Infant, 

will   still    b, 

lery  In  .mil  .Ilil»l„n  Thus,  In  the  new 
organisation,  there  will  lie  three  i.-^lmsntt 
of  field  artillery    In  every    fnur  r. 

It     ' f     the    ratio    uf     tlir 

nine       in    uddlt ■    trench    mortal    bat- 

1*1  '       lv     BtllH  Il.'.l     I.,     enell     illvlnlim 

in  , -iin- ■  itun  arm  U  also  materially 
enlarged.     A  machine  gun  battalion  •-, 

•• ponies   hai    been    m  I  II   "f  «ch 

illvlslon.   In   nddltl.'u    i  maehlno 

gun  companies  Included  In  each  regiment. 
ri"  I  merlcnn  division  will  he  mndc  by 
-:.  i  i"  con  "i  m  ;■:.!.  1 1.  .ill'  to  the 
unlt«  utlllsi  .1  bi  tin  I  ui.  mi-  Allies,  nun  ng 
whom  a  division  number*  approximately 
10.000  min.  'in.  reason  tot  tn*  ii,aug»  U 
timt  tbc  iiiii-i'ui   aj   heretofore  made  up  of 

n t   28  000  men  i>-  too  unwieldy  foi 

Is  ..f   trench  warfare      with  to  large 
a  unit,   sure  and  swift  communication  srltb 
all    pan*    l»    dlfrleiilt.      The    proht.  m 
met    was  bnslcnlly   one    of    moblllt]     for    tin- 
iieeullar    neicl.    01    Oghtlug    on    the    ».. 
front 

"Ihe   smaller  slued   units    call    for    mnlu 
lennnei   ol  all  unllx  at  full  llghtlug  strength, 

i',,r  tbti  puri,.'-.':  r ne  battalion*  win  b* 

led.      Tin nlli  :     (112    mew 

each  and  are  listed  m  the  general  order  as 
"separata    training    ixittnUont.'      The    num. 
i"  r  ..r   tin-,,  hnttallons   baa  nol   been   m„,u 
public      Detail*  of   regimen,    i   ,- 
are   al*A  withheld    f..r   military    reasons. 
•Tl,,.   tn»    ..riler  provide*  for  ormy  corns 

inn!     mini...     null*     whleb     have     |il  i,  li'  n  lis 
existed  only  on  paper  alnce  the  Civil   War 
Corps    wire    organised    during    the    Sp 
war,  i  :  .nluully  operated  a- 

to   iiny  grent  extent. 

h  nrmy  corps  will  consist  of  three 
Infantry  divisions,  corps  headquarters,  and 
certain    army    corps    troop*    not    specified. 


Bart)  artsy  will  normally  consist  of  three 
or  Korr  array  corps,  amy  heado/aarteri. 
sad    crulo   army   troop*  But  spcelii  .1 

he,  new  order  each  lofantTy  dM 
■Ids  will  be  cofnpawd  o»  follow*.  Un- 
ix  »•    lti.j|._»: 

■  '■i'inrt.-i>    isnni*   an  at 

"t)B*  asarhUic  gun  battalion  of  tool  cora- 

IMDU*     I  II..  I 

"Two  Infantry  brigade*  of  two  regiment- 
s»1  one  e  tutulluo    (foul      om 

aaolm     ...  ii     t« 

three   infantry    brigades  of   tbrc*   rtgUnani 

I  artillery  brlgaii-  regl 

•eats  and  mi  trench  faortar  bnr- 
except   trend*   e»»rUr   tw  ■  i 

H»M    signal    battalloa    (win.  i. 
-CM**  train  headquarter*  and  tun 

IBM). 

•nt»   ammunition    trnln    <*aa*e). 

"Ob*  supply  train    <*>».. 

"OB*    engtoc-er    tritln    iwmc.    except    tli.it 

Catuon     lad  at     ii.'     ii..! 

rluaVd  In  »-«•  fUm. 
•Oa*   aaBll.ii.     train   of    i 

roaanW   and    four  amlolnme    i-ompa- 
Blea    (car 

ore*  filiation   prat-Idea   for   no 
raralr 
pfr— -lit     'iiottltnln]    rill*    for    01 

11    Uao  call* 
inaoroo,  wtlie  the  new  plan 
fir  Boar,   the  aircraft  uulu  helug  otb- 
rralv    pro*  lilt'. 

Th*   order  »fecI1e*  alit'-n    divisions   of 

v>»  Bation*i  in.  -mixed  and  nan*- 

n  ii<  .    and 
namU-rs  i  cb  of 

t     unit.     In     each    i!ItI.i..ii,       It 
r-ro»i  n     to*  sixteen   dlvbilon*   i  I 

.sard    bow    organised     (ball     I-' 

I'MllllaJ    to    conform    to    the    new    plan 

practicable  after  their  arrival  In 

ilar  army,   tbr  National   Cuard. 
lb*  Batlonal  araay  Bill  nil  .  m 

it  aaaxlnuaa  streagtb.  an  Infanii 
nut    ■■  -  prti      met    officer-   and 
Ikoa-a: 

anil 
I  headquarters       and        ticadniisrtrrs 

eoeapan, 
3  battalion*    of    four     rlO«.     companies 

(Ml 

1  •oppli   compel,  v       

I   machine     din     ouipaty its 

1  medical  detaebmeat    M 

ajns 
Each  rtflc  company  baa  a  iireacth  of  230 
m»n    and    4    ofll. 

company  headquarters  ij  officer*  an. I  :- 
oirni  and  foar  platoon*.  Each  platoon 
cooprtscs: 

and  Men 
I  BBaiawiirri \t     2 

1  BBCtloa  bombera  and  rifle  grenadiers . ',  22 

2  MVttoas    riflemen.     12     each 21 

1  section  auto   rltaaea    (4   guns) 11 

50 

The  ouchrnc  sun  compiny  baa  6  officer* 

n-lsta  of  tbe  headqiuir 

■  1   oncers    and    II    men).    2    plntoona 

wltb    1    oaVer  and   46    m-m.    and   a 

train    IIS    tneni       Ita  armament   U    12    ma 

ehtne  guns  of  heavy  type  nad  4  spare  gnna. 

Taa  transportation  equipment  of  tin 

St    U:     »   combat   wagon*.    1U   rolling 


kitchens,  «  baggage  and  ration  wairoaa,  IS 

ration    earta,     IB     witter     ciirta.    S    medical 

cartx,    2*    mi  inn.     jun    cart*    .•,!•    ildinu 

.    H    riding   niuli  ifi    iuu1i<r.  2 

■  »itii  aiii...  i.u«.   i   avMor  car. 
tl    i.i. 

'II..-    nnmbar    "f    m  -n    and   ollli.-if    In    tile 
.    follow* : 

baadquarter*   JtM 

l   in. i  :hm,.  ,-im  batiallon  of  «  compa- 

iii'-     768 

-   i'ii 

of   2    Infantri    rcjzlmenu   and    i 
Hinililni   .  if  a  i  om- 

I     .  .  I'.  I2n 

l   field    Aril  l.i  >poacd 

::    ii.  Id     krtlllcr)     reKlmenta 

and  i    trend rtai   buttery    ...   B.OBtJ 

l  fi.-M    »iiru.i  i    battalion Ml 

l   r.'tliin  hi    ..r   Kncliu'er. I.wttl 

i  ii  .in  i.i  idiju  irtei  .  and  military  po- 

887 

1   amrniinlt'.iin    trnln 9H'i 

1    aupply    t ruin     172 

ir.ilii     84 

1  wniii  posed  "I  4  field 
ii.'-pltnl  companies  and  I  ambu- 
lance companlea    940 

27.152 
For  mors  detailed  Information  as  to  tbo 
•COpe  and  activities  "f  ID*  Army  as  «sll  as 
..in  tonaiilt  Hi..  Index  i-.-f-rencc*  to 
Hi  -  Tresldenu'  Messaees  and  the  Kncyclo- 
(■•■■II .-  articles  under  the  following  beading* : 
Anns   and    Amniniilii 

nnl».  Aiilllery. 

fongbt    '  ilea    troops. 

wiiu-ii    nr.-    arranged   nlplinlieti. 
riwll  War.  Military  F-dueatlon. 

ForiKli-nllona.  I."  oltitlonary   \Nnr. 

1 1 . ■  I ■  ■-> 1 1  War*.  Spaolsb  Ani.-rl.iin 

W  ii.  '■'-  - 

Military  A.ndi-my.  wai   in-iinitment. 

Milllnr.      li.p.iil nl-.      \\:>:«,    IoitIkii 

Array  fnec  nlso  4nna  ud  Ammunition; 

■I    Depart- 
in."' 
Annuities   for    families  of   deceased 

noliliers  recommended,  4425. 
•  rivalry  tactics  for,  prepared,  927. 
'  -  Mitlcato   of  matil   (.-ranted   enlisted 

iin'ii,  n.l.lilioual  pay  to,  4735. 
•ThnnRcs  in.  6669,  0670,  i 
Chaplains  for  hosp1' 
Clothing  accounts  of  enlisted  men  in, 
raferre.l  to,   lililn. 

Mnnni.-i.-inr.'.l  m  Pnited  States,  re- 
ferred to,  635,  685. 
Command  and  rank  in.     (So*  Officer* 

of,  nosf.) 
Commanders   of.      (8ee    Encyclopedic 

Index  nrticlo,  Army.) 
Commanding     officers     and     men 

praiaed  bv  Roosevelt,  6693. 
Conduct    of.    in   Mexican   War,    dis- 
cussed, 24S1. 
Courts-martial  In.    (Soe  Courta-Mar- 

tlal;  Courts,  MUitary.) 
Drsertcrs  from— 

Efficiency  of,  667,  6671,  6805. 

Pardons  granted.     (8co  Pardons.) 

Shot,  referred  to,  2287. 
Desertions  in — 

Discussed,   4033. 


Army 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Legislation  regarding  military  Stat- 
ute of  limitations  as  applied  to, 
recommended,  4524. 
Portion  of  pay   withheld  bo  as  to 

prevent,  871. 
Reduction  in,  5550,  5631. 
Discussed  by  President — 
Adams,  J.  Q.,  871,  925,  953. 
Arthur,  4636,  4724,  4832. 
Cleveland,   4932,    5099,   5373,   5877, 

5966,  6158. 
Grant,  4062,  4147,  4202,  4243,  4304, 

4360. 
Harrison,  Benj.,  5550,  5631,  5754. 
Hayes,  4424,  4451,  4524,  4569. 
Jackson,  1166,  1251,  1332,  1387. 
Jefferson,  317,  333,  373,  394. 
Johnson,  3561,  3649,  3773,  3881. 
Lincoln,  3249. 

McKinley,  6320,  6341,  6385,  6449. 
Madison,   461,   471,   479,   490,   513, 

533,  538,  549. 
Monroe,  619,  680,  757,  780,  823. 
Pierce,  2748.  2819,  2941. 
Polk,  2260.  2276.  2481. 
Roosevelt.   6669,   6693,   6721,   6999, 

7068,  7110,  7234. 
Taft,  7371,  7428,  7513,  7515. 
Tyler,  1942,  2121. 
Van  Buren,  1607,  1754. 
Washington,   52,   57,    75,   114,    118, 

176. 
Wilson,  8106. 
Education  in,  4570,  5879,  6669. 
Elections,    interference    in,    by,    in- 
quired into.   1315. 
Prohibited,   3866. 
Enlisted  men  in,  limits  of  punishment 

for,  5602,  6034. 
Eulogy   on   the   army   of  the   United 
States  by  President  Roosevelt,  won 
by  their  gallantry  and  efficiency  in 
the    Cuban    and    Philippine    cam- 
paigns, 6693,  6921. 
Executions  in,  contrary  to  law,  re- 
ferred to,  635. 
Expenditures  of.   (See  Finances;  War 

Department.) 
Field  Manceuvers  of,  6670,  6927.  6999. 
General  8taff  of,  6670,  6805,  7069. 
Imprisonment    of    American    citizens 

by  officers  in,  referred  to,  4009. 
Increase  in,  1714,  2553. 

Recommended,  429,  534,  538,  1473, 
1606,  2276,  2354,  2559,  2623,  2666, 
2714,  2748,  2819,  2830,  2941, 
2987,  2989,  3249,  4330,  4424,  4637. 
5476,  6341,  6721,  8106. 
Increased  pay  for  officers  and  men  of, 

urged,  7492. 
Indian  campaigns.   (See  Indian  Wars.) 
Indians   enlisted  in,   discussed,   5631. 
Insane    asylum    for.      (See    Govern- 
ment Hospital  for  Insane.) 


Inspector-General  of.  (See  Inspector- 
General  of  Army.) 

Intoxicating  liquors,  order  prohibit- 
ing sale  of,  in,  4592. 

Lands  granted  persons  who  have 
served  in.     (See  Lands,  Bounty.) 

Large  standing,  unnecessary  in  time 
of  peace,  317,  1389,  1607,  1901, 
2263,   2733. 

Legislation  for,   referred   to,   3585. 

Measures  for  efficiency  of,  recom- 
mended, 4148,   4248,   4304. 

Medical  Corps — 

Improvement  of,  urged,  7111. 
Recommended,  4148. 

Medical  Department  of,  reorganiza- 
tion of,  referred  to,  3282. 

Mileage  system,  repeal  of  law  abol- 
ishing, recommended,  4304. 

Military  establishment  act  vetoed, 
203. 

Military  peace  establishment  dis- 
cussed, 680,  2453,  3561,  3881. 

Military  statute  of  limitations 
against  deserters,  4524. 

Modern  rifles  for,  recommended,  5631. 

Nominations — 

Correspondence      regarding,      2269, 

2367,  2368,  2436. 

Reasons  therefor,  1773,  2296,  2367. 

2368.  2370. 
Withdrawn,  695. 

Northwestern,  referred  to,  602. 
Number   of   men   and   officers   in,  re- 
ferred  to,  3578. 
Office  of  Inspector-General  in.      (See 

Inspector-General  of  Army.) 
Officers    and    soldiers"   of   temporary, 

discharged,  296. 
Officers   of— 

Absence   of,   orders  and   proclama- 
tion regarding,  3320,  3364. 
Accounts  of,  referred  to,  806. 
Additional  grades  of,  2632. 
Annuities  for  families  of  deceased, 

recommended,  4304,  4362,  4451. 
Appointments  and  promotions,  bre- 
vet rank  discussed,  1002,  2559. 
Appointments    and   promotions    of, 
1773,    2269,    2296,    2367,   2368, 
2437. 
Recommendations  regarding, 
5099,  5374. 
Assignments   of,   to   duty  referred 

to,  3268. 
Brevet    rank    conferred    upon,    for 

service  in  Indian  wars,  2008. 
Brevetted,  811. 
Commissions   of   brevet    and   staff, 

referred  to,  2559. 
Details  of,  to  colleges  and  univer- 
sities,   from    retired    list    recom- 
mended, 4570. 
Increase     in     number     of,     recom- 
mended. 114,  490,  504. 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Aroostook 


Law     authorizing     retirement     of, 

when  incompetent,  2624. 
Letter  of  John   Bandolph,  jr.,   de- 
manding   that    certain,   be    pun- 
ished for  insulting,  291. 
Pay  of — 

Equalization   of,  with   naval   of- 
ficers discussed,  1254. 
Inequality  in,  between  naval  of- 
cers  and,  discussed,   1023. 
Question      of      restraining,      from 
usurping    powers    of   civil   func- 
tionaries, referred  to,  2632. 
Relative  rank  of — 

Referred  to,  1773,  2633. 
With  officers  of  Navy  referred 
to,  2624,  2633,  2669,  2714,  3240. 
Retired    list  of — 

Details  for  colleges  and  univer- 
sities from,  recommended,  4570. 
Recommended,  2624,   2714,   2871, 

4724. 
Repeal   of  act   limiting  numbers 
on,   recommended,   4425. 
Organization    of,   report   relating   to, 

transmitted,   995. 
Pardons  granted  deserters.     (See  Par- 
dons.) 
Partial   reorganization  of,  2872. 
Pay  of — 

In  depreciated  paper,  1315. 
Increase   in,   discussed,  2819,   7492. 
Revision  of,  recommended,  1475. 
Payment  of,  resolution  providing  for, 

approved,  3350. 
Promotion  in,  6670,  6999,  7000. 
Provision  for  support  of.     (See  War 

Department.) 
Provision  for  aged  horses,  6722. 
Punishment    for     enlisted     men     in, 

limits  of,  5602,  6034. 
Quartermaster-General    of.     fireproof 
building   for   records    in    office    of, 
recommended,  4524. 
Quartermaster 's  Department,  appoint- 
ments in,  referred   to,   1773. 
Rank  and  command  in.     (See  officers 

of,   ante.) 
Reading     matter     for,     recommenda- 
tions, regarding,  4425.  4451. 
Reduction    in,    referred    to    and    dis- 
cussed. 549,  698,  705,  3561.  3881. 
Re-Enlistment  after  10  years,  repeal  of 
law  forbidding,  recommended,  5878. 
Referred  to,  631,  3578,  3585. 
Regulations — 

Compiled  by  General  Scott,  795. 
Crrders  promulgating,  5602,  6034. 
Referred   to.  4425. 
Reorganization  of,  6671. 

Commission  to  report  upon — 
Appointed,   4352. 
Referred   to,   4376. 
Time  to  report,  extension  of,  rec- 
ommended.  4361. 
Beeommended,  2872. 


Report  regarding,  transmitted  and 
investigation  into  referred  to 
with  a  view  to  proper  action  in 
the  matter,  291. 

Repeal  or  amendment  of  act  forbid- 
ding use  of,  as  posse  comitalus  rec- 
ommended, 4452. 

Rifle  for  use  of,  6159. 

Adoption  of,  recommended,  5631. 
Selected,  5878. 

Rules  and  regulations  compiled  by 
General  Scott,  595. 

School  buildings  for  posts  of,  recom- 
mended, 4451. 

Size  of,  6669,  6671,  6721,  6927,  6994. 

Smokeless  powder  recommended,  5631. 

Staff  corps  of,  recommendations  re- 
garding, 1606,  1754,  3994,  4102, 
4202,   4248. 

Subsistence  Department,  appropria- 
tion for,  recommended,  4304. 

Subsistence  of,  referred  to,  594,  706. 

Sunday,  observance  of,  by,  enjoined 
by   President   Lincoln,  3326. 

Surgeon-General  of.  (See  Surgeon- 
General  of  Army.) 

Transportation  of,  from  Council 
Bluffs  to  Oregon  River,  795. 

Volunteers    for,    acceptance    of,    en- 
couraged, 416,  429. 
Army  and  Navy  Forces,  mobilized  on 

borders  of  Mexico  to  protect  interests 

of   citizens  of   United  States  during 

uprising,  7659. 
Army  League.     (See  Preparedness  So- 
cieties.) 
Army  List  and  Register.— An  official 

Eamphlct,  published  monthly  by  the  War 
lepartment,  containing:  the  names  of  all 
active  and  retired  officers  of  the  United 
States  Army,  with  their  addresses :  the 
names  and  locations  of  all  organizations 
connected  with  the  Army.  Including  both 
voluntary  bodies  and  official  army  posts  and 
camps:  and  the  ranks  of  all  men  nu  the 
active  list,  with  an  account  of  nil  changes 
In  the  army  organization  since  the  previous 
monthly  Issue. 

Army  Medical  Department. 

Enlargement  of,  6935,  6936,  7000. 
Rank  of  officers  in,  7000. 
Army  Medical  Museum,  building   for, 

recommended,  4572,  4780,  4833. 
Army   of  the  Republic,    Grand.      (See 

Grand  Army  of  the  Republic.) 
Army  Ordnance  Department. — Enlarge- 
ment of,  6936. 
Aroostook  War.— Between  1837  and  1839 
the  settled  boundary  between  Maine  and 
New  Brunswick  onm<>  near  leading  to  ac- 
tive hostilities  on  the  Aroostook  River.  The 
governor  of  M.-iinn  sent  troops  to  drive  off 
the  Intruders  and  erect  fortifications,  and 
Congress  authorized  the  President  io  resist 
the  encroachments  of  the  British.  Presi- 
dent Van  Buren  sent  Gen.  Scott  to  the 
scene,  who  arranged  a  truce,  nnd  It  was 
ncrced  that  the  country  should  lie  occupied 
jointly,  as  before,  pending  adjustment  of 
the  boundary,  which  was  definitely   settled 


Aroostook 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Aug.  9,  1842,  by  the  Aabburtou  treaty 
(pagea    1*33.    1738.    17+71. 

Aroostook,  Tne,  claim  of  owner*  of,  for 
compensation  in  searching  for  1>" 
and  property  lost  >n  itmoi  I  ">«i<Ia, 

4119. 

ArMIUlt.— Armories  and  arwiito  were  not 
citnbllshcd    In    tbo    trailed   Stales  until    the 
hczlunlng  o(   the    Revolutionary    War.       In 
1770  powder  was  manufactured  In   Virginia 
and  brass  <.iiduuq  were  cast  in  Philadelphia. 
An  arecnal  waa  establish!. 1  at  Carlisle.   I'n.. 
tbe  tame  year.      Washington  In    17  77  chose 
Sprlngtlcld.    M«>.    nt    a    nullah!''    location 
tor  an  arsenal,  and  stnall  arni»  won  manu- 
factured   wen    in     1 7^7       Thl»   Mta 
mi-nt.    now   tbe    chief   smell   arm*    manufac- 
tory, baa  a  capacity  of  1.000  rifles  per  day 
The  arsenal  at  llarpcis  Kerry.  W.  va..  »ai 
begun    In    17U5.    anil    from    Umi    da 
number  waa  gradually  Increased  until 
when  there  were  28  arsenals  ecatt.  -i.  -.1  ..».-r 
die  country  iidpal  onea  nt  prcax-nt 

In  uae  are  at  AuguMn  Of  :  ll.nlcla.  Cal. ; 
Krankfoid.  I'a .  ;  Spilngflcld.  M«««.;  Gov- 
ernor! Inland.  N.  Y. :  Rock  Inland,  III. : 
San    Antonio.   Tex.;    I'mter,    N     J        Water- 

town.  Mnea..   ami    W pellet,    N,    8      Ord- 

nance,  arms,  aminiinlil.in.  and  necouter 
ments  are  manufactured  II  many  of  llieso 
places,  tbo  Idea  being  to  devote  men  to  a 
apeclal  Hue  of  fabrication.  Thu»  th 
labllahmcnt  at  Wat-i  >ll.-t  la  devoted  lo  the 
manufacture  of  heavy  ordn 
and  aasetnbllng  of  grin*  are  carried  on  at 
Itork    l«lniiil    nml    li.nl.  In.    in    uell    .is    the 

making  of   Iratln-r   | 1-       Naval  runs  and 

projectiles   are  made  at    Washington.  O.   C. 

Art  em  lis: 
Atij-uBfa,  Oft.,  referred  to,  893. 
Erection  of,  anil  armories  on  Weat-rn 
WBttn  rtfnrad  to,  "05,  7S1,  808, 
2079. 
Establishment    of,    recommended     to 
utilize  the  Iron  min>n  nn.l  work* 
nt  Berkeley  iiu.l   in   thfl  Stale  of 
Virginia,  99. 
In  the  South.  333. 
Frutikford,   Pa.,  arsenal   at,   referred 

to,  4001. 
Location  for  magazine*,   referred    to, 

.,sii. 
Replenishment  of.  recommended.  2.15. 
Rock    Island    Arsenal,    appropriation 

for,  recommended.   4680,    li.'iv 
8alo  of,  not  ■  1  - .  -  -  f   I.      i  .'iin  ..ruin, -ill   rec- 
ommended, 8094,  II 19,  484& 
Schuylkill  Arsenni  itlon  for, 

recommended.  •178"). 
Si  tog  for— 

Appropriation    for.   772. 
Referred  to,  178,  2H9fl,  4148. 
Art.     (See  Science  and  Art.i 
Art  Exhibition.     (See  Int. mill  lOMl  Ex- 

Inl.ition  of  Fine  A I 
Arthur,  Chester  A— Sept  20, 1881-Marcb 
3,  1885. 

Twenty  fourth  Admlnl-' ivi.m  (COnttl I  '- 

Republican. 
Secttaru  of  gintr— 

James  0    Itlnlne  i.-oniluucdl. 

P     i.   rr.llnghuisea. 


tfexvrfarv  el  Ihc  Treasury — 

William    Wlndoat    (continued). 

ran.:      .1     I     . 

nam 
Hugh  HcCullocb. 

0/    II. I' 

Robert  T.  l.m--..:..   < .  ..iitlaued). 
gttrclnrv  of  (fte  ,Soi|i— 

wn.nm  II.  II u ui   iconllnued!. 

William  B.  CbaBi 
Becrcta'v  »/  t/ir  Inferior — 

Samuel   .i    Kirkwood, 

Henry  M.  Teller. 
I'oitmrnltr  tltntral — 

Jam.',  (continued!. 

i  mi. .(by  O.  Howe. 

Walter  i].   (lresbam. 

Frank  Batten, 

4ff0> '.'  HI  "ll — 

M.icVcagh    I  com  lowed). 
Benjamin  II.  Urcit  m   . 
Arthur  wae  the  fourth   vice-president   te 
■accord    to   the   office  of    President    through 
llM)  death  01    tin    m.  '  mi.,  m  ;  and  the  second 
uci   •.:   tbroucb  death  by  assassination. 
He  took  the  oath  of  office  In  Nev. 
Sept.  20,   ISSl.      Arthur   cmi  limed   oioat  af 
•  iarfirld'a    appointees    a*    beads    of    depart- 
ment v 

fnrly  AfflUatlun — President  Arthur  early 

'I  -i mux  null-slavery  sentiments  froea 

Mi  ruler,   n  bo  took  pari  In  the  omuuav 

Hon.  at   t'tlea   In    t-     .       ,'    •  ..    sutl-»lav»r» 

aoclety.      Mr,    Arthur   In    hi*    law    practice 

Urc   part    aa    counsel    In   scrcral 

case*  In  which  the  rlchta  of  colored  : 

were  concern. . I.      lie    lieeam-   n    Henry   Clay 

Whig    and    raat    his   first    vole    for   Central 

geotl    in    ISM',      lie  was  present  at  tbe  R«- 

"u    convention    at    Saratoga    and.    In 

1S5I1.    took   an    active   part    In   tbo    Frstnont 

iv4 


Sobl 

.niiiimlitn,     From   18«2  to   lsT^.  whtli 
ungvA  In  hl»  law  practice,  (iencral  Arthnr 

touk    an   *  i-l  I  v.-   pact    In    noUtlC*, 

Pubfa  Debt  The  public  debt  of  tbe 
I  nlii-d  Slates  durliiB  the  mlmluls'.railon  of 

President  Arthur  • 1  as  fntliiws       Julv  J. 

HWI,    tl,Slft.«r>i),19«,'£t;    ''v-.    ?1  •■Tr. 

1.VS3.      »1.K1B.TSI.SM.13;       IK84, 

si  i  s.r,«.t«ir».39. 

In  his  I'lral  Annual  ^tetKBge   (pajje  4G35> 
the   President    Mil,]        "In  view,  bouevcr.  of 
the  heavy  load  of  taxation  mhlch  out   i 
baeo  already   borne,    we   may   Wei 
whether   It   Is   not   the   part   of  wisdom   to 
reduce  the  revenues,  even  If  we  delay  a  little 

tbe   payment   of   the   debt."      In    aid  B nd 

Annual  Men-w  Ipaif"  47111  lie 
I     renew    the   expression    of 
that    iii.-li    rapid  cxtlnsulsbment  of   tbe   na- 
tional  Indebt-Mlneaa  as  la  now  taking    i 

Is   by   nn   means   a   cai I   i-onrratnln 

It  In  a  eanw  rather  for  lerloits  niipreln-nalon 
If  It  continues  It  must  speedily  be  followed 
by  one  of  tbo  » i 

the  repori  "f  Hie  Secrotary.  ruber  the 
surplus  muni  lie  lilie  In  the  Ti.--.-irv  at 
tbo  fjorc  niiient  will  be  fotcid  to  buy  at 
i  i ales  Its  bonds  not  then  redeemable, 
and  which  under  such  clrcatnauaoea  can  nut 
fall  to  command  an  ennrim 
the  swollen  terenuea  will  be  devoted  i 

Sravacant  exiieii<llture.  which,  as  experleaee 
as  taught,  la  ev.r  the  bane  of  an  over- 
flowing treasury"  In  hla  Third  Annual 
Meisace  (page  470S1  he  aald :  "There  are 
ii  reasons,  however,  why  rbe  national 
Indebtedness  should  not  i"-  thus  rapidly  «t 
llnculnbed  Chief  among  them  It  tbe  fa.  i 
that  only  by  excessive  taxation  la  such 
rapidity  attainable" 

Tariff.— lo  hla  First  Annual  Message 
fpnee  eflHil)  the  President  aaya:  "Tb» 
tailff  laws  >l-ii    ii  m:    hut,    thai    a 

due  regard  may  be  paid  lo  the  conflicting 
Interests  of  our  cltliena.  Important  cbangre 
should  be  made  with  caution.     If  ■  careful 


can  a*t  be  made  at  this  mitos,  a 
.i»  »».  lately  approved  by 
la*    r-eaaie    and    t»    now    rewuo 
the  Secretary  of  the  Trras-ary.  wuulil 
leaa  lighten  the  labors  of  Congress  srl. 
Ills  aubtrct  »i-ai t  be  brought  to  Ita  consid- 
eration'       Id    bla    Sceosd    Annual    Message 
(pace  47221    he  tan  .vent  tarilt 

sj^teni  U  la  many  respects  uojuat.    It  makes 

Its  hcorOta.  Tbl«  (art  ni  practically  MC- 
©cnlied  br  a  atajorlty  or  each  Uuuae  of 
i«i|nM  (a  th#  passage,  of  the  act  creating 
the  TarlaT  Commission.  ...  If  a  eeo- 
«ral  rrvlstm  or  tb«  larlaT  shall  be  round  t» 
be  Impracticable  at  tbla  session.    1  express 

-.*  that  at  Unst  some  o(  lb»  more  coav 
apamoaw  inequalities  of  the  present  law 
amy  be  corrected  before  your  final  ndjonrn- 
Btent-  One  of  them  ....  the  oret-s- 
stty  of  amending  toe  law  by  v.  ti : ■ 
Datrh  ttaodard  of  color  la  adopted  at  the 
•aat  at  the  aaccharlne  alrcngtb  of  wears  Is 
loo  obvious  to   require  eomaarat."    la  bis 

a  Ancusl  Mfwip  (pace  4R39I  be 
says:  The  healthful  enlargement  of  our 
trade  with  Harope.  Asia,  and  Afr'.ta  should 

S.  hi  by  rtdu  ni  on  such 

their  ware*  as  neither  we   n<.r  Ihe 
laiilna  States  are  Ottrd  to  prodoce.  and 
fnsss  caanUnc  ourselrea  to  obtain  In  return 
a  better  etarlei   I  ,•!..  <  of  feed,  of 

raw  mate:  maoufa<tui 

srMct  It  see**  to  mc  tbat  many 

•C  la*  ■  ■barrelling  elements  la  the  great 
national    conflict    uetwi<a    protection    and 
ade   atsy  Dint  be    turned  to  good  ae- 
■nt .  lbs'  ;r  may  be  reduced  ao 

ao  sangsr  to  overtax  the  people  :  thai  ; 
dalles  Buy  Ik    rets 
harden  s.,me      that   our   shipping    '"• 
.    near  be  Ju 
__iey  axed  oa  firm  bases,  and.  above  all. 
saeh  a  aally  of  li  libllshed  among 

sirs  of  the  Americas  rystcm  a«  will 
treat    and   ever- Increasing   advantage 
I*  theta  si 

fheaseatrsf  Time— President  Arthur  .-nll.-d 
aa  selrraatlonal  conference  to  establish  a 
sal versa I  meridian  from  which  to  reckon 
these    flare,  world.      Twenty-five 

nallaaa  participated  In  (be  conference,  wblrh 

,rid  at    Washington    In  October. 
aad  Ike  saerldlan  of  Orreowlcb  was  n erred 
aa«a  <i-i 

Tale   •  TlssoB   of   the    i 

ttabr*  law  foor  tlate  neiloa*. 

I  frrrtrr—  la  bin  first  Anneal  Mei- 
aaga    <p*g-     I  ■■   President   fully  dii- 

cwaas-  lie    repeats    bis 

ts  s-t  forth  la  his  letter  of  nee- 
■I   II  o   of  Ihe 

describee  tha  aalleut  fee  tor 

ud   selects  from  It  wch  elements 
as  I*  aeeass  applicable  to  American  condl 
ntete.      Among    these    are:      A    pun  tleally 
i»»ur.  of  or  Inn  ii?  agi 

•ad  a  retiring  ol  oin- 

.isoloatlon  before  appointment  for 
sad     promotion     no  v.     are 

toaea  or 

AqajBBi  Message  (page  4733).  la  ur.-l" 
Oas  bi  -aid :      "'In    tin-   Judc 

■Wt  of  not  a    rew   who  1iae»    Kiven   slody 

i.  to  tlili  matter.  Ihe  i 
snpnt  II  ni  which  tl: 

lb*  has  e-  ling    the    minor 

attWaf  IB    Ihe    pabllc    aerel 
»a»t^  :  of  remoTals  ard   at>P'>mt- 

avat*  a.-e  here  al«m  glton      A  code  of  raid 
iSag  Ihe  coedarl   of  rltll   terries  em- 
— ■  »»•  prooultf 

.Mr    Bll|h.>rllT    of     III- 

This  wide  wn»  further 
■Maleavalnl  and  am.  ■ 

latat    ITU  i     snider     ttie     «me    antborlly. 
laaai   ni>.    and    the    repo.-t     of    Ibc    Civil 

4 


Jtervlce   Commission    n  ,  i     i  .     ,  pag« 

1773)  in  lbs  i-i.    Idi  ni  «  Third    li 
aajre.       In    apeaklzil    of    the    .-tli-cla    or    the 
ri.  il    s.rvir..    reform,    the    President    aa>-» 

(pagcsbU»i  In  bin  !•" th  Annual   Mi 

d    ihe    ei- 
of    u«    frleoda   in   securlnc 
potent  and  fnltlif ul  public  aervants  and  In 

Setlug    the    appointing    officers    ol 
(rtvnioi.ul    rn>m    the   pre- 
Importmn  g    the    loi«.r   or   eiain 

Inlns    the   claims   and    pretensions   or    rival 
candidates  ror  public  emplojrmrnt  " 

8lor     Hauli      TriaU.— Harly     In     Arthur's 
admlm  .•  tti-citlon  wo»  directed 

to  the  Indictment  In  Washington  or  John  W 

•  in.    M.     Pi-rk      JTihn    ;: 
.si,.|.Ii..ii    1 1  as  J. 

ltradr.  William  II.  Turner  and  J.  L.  Sander- 
son   for  con«pln«.:.i    to  rtofnad    tl>.-  govern 
!  i  inili   for  tuall  ».'i .  Star 

ttoutea.) 

Internal     Improremenlt. — President      Ar- 
thur's atlitudr  ti.uaid  tlila  graai 

nU  l-'lrsl  Annual  Jli'imp  ipage 
44MO)  where  be  lid  :  "I  advl»c  approprla- 
tlcna  for  such  Internal  Improvements  as  the 
wladom    of 

linportau.i  li"     necessity    of    lav 

proving   the    narlEatlrui    of    the    Mis- 

juslines  a  special  allusion  to  the  aub- 

I     suggest     the     adopt  Ion     of     some 

measure    fur    toe     rtnotml    Of    oh-tru 

which   now   Impede   the   navigation    of    tbnt 

great    channel   or   commerce.^     <Ja    Aug.    1, 

1S82.   the    President    althheld  his  signature 

v    rlver-and-harbor   bill   Jii>i.r..|.i lniinjc 

Ihe    sum    ot    H8.743.S75,       In    doing   so    be 

raid    I  page  4707 1  :     "Vly  principal  oDlectloo 

to  the  hlii  In  nun  li  contains  uiitiropilailona 

fur  porpoaca  boI  (or  the  commas  defense  or 

i  welfare,  nud  which  do  not  promote 

inning    |h*    Sin'c      'ih..-    r,r.i 

in-,    the   coBtrary,   an-  entirely    fur 

the    benefit    of    the    particular    localities    In 

i  It  Is  proposed  to  make  the  lm| 
ni-nts.       I     ragard     «0eh     appropriation     of 
Ihe   public  '■■'!    '  bi 

given  by  the  Con<tltutlon  to  •■■.ngre«»  and 
ihe  Pretldent."  On  Aug.  2.  1882.  this  bill 
was  passed  by  Congress  over  th  Pri  rldent'i 
in  this  connection  It  l«  worthy  of 
note  that  In  three  of  his  annual  message! 
(pages  4725.  4771.  and  4H:»i  tin 

■i   ..f   a    Con 
llonal  m   which  would  permll 

President   to  laaent    tn    pans  of  a   hill   and 
without  belug  Obliged 
i. ill  on  Breniiut  of  one  or 
two  objectionable  p-iiutg. 
Arthur,  Chest* r  A.: 

A  n  in  in  I  incRMigeH  of,  4624.  4713,  4757, 

is:..'. 
Biographical    sketch    of,    4618. 
Miami-Allison   Act  diticuMv.t   by,  ami 

I inoniiation*    r*jfar(lin}f,    46.13, 

1720,  4830. 

diactiMcd  by,  4647,  , 
I,  4773,  4-S39,  4863. 
>ol lector  of  port  of  Now  Turk,  su»- 

|,.  ■  ■■'(.  -1463. 

Constitutional    ameinjuniit    reRarclin» 

roval  of  separate   items   of    bill 

tun  I    veto    of   others    recommended 

by,  4725,  4774,  4840. 

Death  of.  announced  and  honora  to  be 

paid  memory  of,  5081.  5082. 
Death  of  President  Garfield— 

Announced   to,  and  reply  of,  4604. 
DIscusMd  by,  4820,  4024. 


Z*cy<lopcdu  Index 


Asia 


Finance*    diacusaed    by,    4952.    4719, 

4763,    4S!». 
Icaurural   addr*.a»  of,  4< 
Internal   improvements  diseaseed  by, 

4  <H«. 
Oata  of  office  adroinUtcrod   to,  4815. 

I  117. 
Power*  of  Federal  anil  State  Oowra- 

bmbU    dUcuaaed    by,    4707,    4771, 

iMa 

Proclamations   of— 
Ii»v    of     mourning    in    memory    of 
:i<-ld.  4621. 
.ting    dutie*    on    l 
from  Cub*  aad  Pn.  sua- 

•  d.  4810. 
Oniiea  on  foreign  vessels  suspend 

•>»ry    aession    of    Senate, 
4a*  I,  4*  i  •>. 
Hundredth     anaiversarr     of      -it  r 
v    Waahington    of 
mission    at    Cornmander-ln  Chief, 
4810. 
Quarantine  re(folatioaa,  4812. 
Thanki  giving,    4«S3.     V, 

,    Traaty    with  Great  Britaia,  termi- 
nation of,  4807. 
Unauthorized  of    land* 

i  T.rr.-cry,  4811. 
.  ful     combination     io      Utah, 

i  'a      Indoatrial     ud      ' 
anial    Kxpoaitioa.    ' 
ttttaaf  the  I'niot    I 
Tu.S  .t.Kotaod  by.  4636,  47*1.   ■ 
TaaakagtviBK  proclamation'.  o(. 
10,  4746,  4M& 
■a—age*  of — 
'"iinrwi  immigration,  4690. 
Pliarncera  by  sea,  4705. 
WW  of  Fits-John  Porter.  4808. 
tnera  aad  ITarhora.  4707. 
Warmseed.   4« 
AittdM  of  Confederation.  5. 

Spin  of,  13. 
•Wdaj  Of  War.— »u»»*  end  regulation* 
*"*•  saaaaace  of  tbe  Army  and  Nary,  la 
•*■■»  to  the  act  nUea.  general  order* 
5*e*el*l  nature  are  Issued  by  the  War 
"Wrswaj  as  oceaston  requires. 
ARflkry.-Tbe  btatory  of  artillery  bcclna 
•*•*"»  afire  the  tnrealloa  of  gaapoader. 
■•»»**td  by  Mm  Moor*  of  Algrclras.  In 
i  i  dward  111  bad  four 
"•■••M  Creey  la  IMA,     Iturlng  the  >li 

■  «rat«ry    fcraan    gun*    anil    >«•• 

5»"«llUa    were    e.loftiJ     t  hr-.iiuttcii  i     Kn 

"f»    lOHtTua  Adolpbua,  «»>*•'■   ICTeat- 

if     lo'rt«Iu.-<l    the    Initial  Ion    ay* 

•*  «at  mteced  tae  uae  of  artlileri    r..   * 

J**1  b)  Konip".      Nain/lrv*  u«--d  much  of 

■bMltary    a»ore«    to    hl«    skill     In     ihr 

•Wnhttaa  of  artillery.     In   hi.   warn  are 

■  u»  ant  IcasaHtaat  .•ff..r„  of  the  coo- 

aajaooa    of     »>•  la     those    dsy* 

"■**  <mi/  \w     .  ,    lh»   ma"ln<  of 

*•*    XsdoImb  HI  made  a  special  stady 


■  f  ill.-    |    '.    .1   ..f  UtUltfl     aod  Ihe  irenll.-- 
hnrun     and    mainly    written     hr     him     I*    a 
-i.imlnril  work  m  i       Dnrll 
run  War  <;.*.  WlllUm  V.  Karri   dl>! 

to  Improve  Hi.    .»ik»iiIi  >  I. mi 

..r  ili..   Union  Armi      Tbe  amires 

-■*■<  about    15.0<" 
aod    -IS.OOO    men.     Aceonlliijc    lu 
reorganization  an  of  I'et.    .     lutii.  ih 

I    organisation    of    tbi-    o 1 1 1 !  1  ■  - r y    nrm 

wan   discontinued   and    the  atni    euro.  .,! 

aad  designated  a*  the  artiiic 
COBttat"    of 

and    li'i;  tatter  tea  of  coast  artin 
(irtl.-era  of  the  srilllery  t-oraa  are  n  fill 

n     the     ntaff     of     Ibi 
tf.-n.-nil     officer     commanding     the 

coloncla;  rhtrty-nlne  major*;   IDS  captu 

I  IT.       •.•. 

ants:  twent;  major  wllh  rank 

■i  arntal    mrrwiotain* >■■ 
Infantry:       and       iweniy-aercn       aergeanta 
major    wllh    rank,    pay    and    allowance    of 
battalion  arrEcanta-major  of  lnfaatrj       Tbi 
accrpx*ie    of   euh-f.  .1     ui.u     inu-i     imi 
eeed  b.-if.  tor  the  Held  artlllci  ■   and   ' 
foe  the   coaat    artllkrr.       IS*.-    aUo    Army: 
Araeoal*:  Arm*  and  AmmtmltU) 

ArtUlory  School  of  Practice  aj  ]  . 

Monroe,  Va.,  940. 
Artists.  Foreign,    tariff    . I 

BgaiaiL  I7M,  «84,  aW4,  5091,  5501. 
Arnndel  Manuscript*,  ropy  of,  placed  in 

l.il-rnrv  <•?  i  VmgreM,  1445. 
Arro,   Tho,  ledmre  of,  by   Haitinn  au 

thorities,   2680. 

Aahburton   Treaty. — *    irouiy   roneluAtd 
I  lanington,    inf.    B, 

I : i- i ■ . 1 1 n   aod    tbi  -i'ntc«.      It 

wa»    nccotlnted    by     I  ml 

It     aetll.  IR  Ml.- 

Sntad 
■ 
about   aeToo-tw,  iftlin  «.f  th.-  tetrltory  • 
hml   li 

i-r  (tie  treaty  for  tbe 
Btipi".  and    tbi 

mutual   eitrmlli  I 

(8ee 
(irent    llr.i  lea  with.) 

Aahbnrton  Treaty: 

Reference  to,  81M  :60,  3071. 

AabevUle,    N.   C.   lot    I  n   of 

lie  Luilding  in,  veto,  I.  0060, 
Asia.— The  artn  of  Aala  U  17-4  i 
wjuare    tnllef,    end    It   extend*   oTcr   neaily 

if   the   land  anrfaie  of  tin- 
Tbr  dl>lan 
the   wilt    .-.^.t   .  f    ,\.  i    m„j 

.at    Cn|«i    |I.M      W.)     la    • 

iic    latltuil.-*.    Can.,    fh.-ii 

80"  N  i  and  Cane  Bum  i»o 
north  :nlle»  span 

Asia  la  bounded  br  the  oi<an  on  all  aldm 
except  the  weat.    Th.    Utlimun  or  So.  .-. 

.aiiali    cont 

i]     ..o     Hie  nlr     tiv     the     I        ' 

Monntalna  .ir,.i  ihe  t'ral  ftlivr.  In  Ihe 
•iiulliwMt  Ihe  Taller  of  ttie    Haoych,  whli-h 

'        fn.m  Ihe  f-    .  : 

■  •I  Hie  linn.  I»  now  tnken  at  th.  Hue  between 
the  two  continents,  oliliuiifli   tin-  <-., ,,, 
WOa  f. 

The  lulnn. 
.  the  nontheaat,  betwi .  i 
«.f  Aala  and   Auatral  i  Ivhleil   Into 

■ 
Timor     I..1IH.    the    K--I     l.  land  i     ihe 


tessagcs  and  Papers  of  llu  Presidents 


Moluccas.    Asia  la  assumed  to  be  the  hlrlh- 

■f  uimikiuil.    Ii  uu*  certalnl] 
acene   of   many    hlgl.li    ,|......|..p,..i    cl 

III*    cv>uqucal<  In    I: 

atM      hi,,     neat     religions     r,r      n... 
world. 

I  hi   Nations  of  Aala.  with  the   form  of 
K'>v.<rnmcDt  anil  capital  ol  ,  ...-h,  folio* 


Alrl.eny.tan  (Monarchy).  Kabul. 
Bhutan  (Monarchy).  I'unakh* 


China  IVkioc 

Maps!  '••!..'.  .i.llv,.  Khatmiudu 
Oman  (Muiurcihyj,  Miiwai. 

■    i.Miiliarctiv).  Teheran, 
liuaua  in  A  U 

i.  Baiwkak. 

Turkey  in  A.i»  ■  Monarchy). 

The  Rati  India  Inland*.  the  govern 
to  which  they  belong  in,,  arra  In  ■ 
mlloa  and  p.  arc  : 


Bone-, 


■ 


,111)0 


Popula- 


000    1.300.000 
C»leb~.  KMbtrlanda  72.000       000,000 

Java.  Netherlands.  «S.100  28.00Oj000 

lanan-Rumlaa   JN'cthcih.  KIIOJOIIIJ 

Leaser  Sundaa  ',  Porlujeil,  .^not, 

Molucca*.  Nelhrrlan.t.  43.000       400.000 

Extam  |UniUxi  suim...  .  ns.000  B.aoo.ooo 
Ire.  Netherlan.U  IflMOQ    S.MO,000 

PAmiMl  Ftolurt*.—t\u  northern  coast  la 
wlihlu    111..    Alclle    i  u.l... 
The    subacli  ;      fri.i.'ii,   only    a 

frw    Inches     of     tin-     upper    sulfate    thaw- 

,.ni»hc»  arc 

ilx    in..    Hi..     Ni  w 

Slh,  ilnn    Ialanda   and    Wrangcl    Island,      la 

llio  notthrait,  A»la  reaches  to  within  thlrty- 

-ii    ml  •     northwest    pmlnaula    of 

North  America,   I  i.  It  U  eepnraicd 

b]    i  In-  (.hallow  Bering  Strait,  arblcb  divides 

III..    Arctic    from    tho    I'n.in.-    Ocean.       The 

u  rou  .  i>..iilnMilna 

and  Inland*,  both  nf  which  are  u   ii 

talnona.    The  peninsula  of  Kamchatka,  tlsk- 

l aland,  and   the   KurlU*  mark  off   the 

.sen     nf    OkBOUk.     an. I     I"     tin'    south     the 

Island*    of     Japan     ami     tin:     tn  nlnMila     of 

form    the   boiimlnrlea  of   (he    SCO    of 

Japan.      Tim    Iargi-at   laland   off    tbl»   coast 

la  Hi,-  ii BtalSOUa  Ixlaiid  .if  I'ortnuad-     The. 

,,ni  Hi..  Pa- 
clllc  by  tbe  Philippines  and  Uoroeo.  IndO- 
I'hlua  forma  a  bilge  peninsula  »trcteblng 
far  to  the  aoutb  wltb  ooa  lung  arm,  tho 
Malay  1'colnsiiln.  which  nearly  i 
Eouator,  and  two  leaser  projection*,  the 
growing-  di'ltaa  of  lb,.-  Mekong  and  Ira. 
waddy,  Sumatra  la  separated  by  the  Ma- 
lacca Strslt.  the  eaateru  ii*c»  between  the 
Indian  Ocean  nod  tin  .  to  which 

Singapore  owea  Ita  Importance.  Tbe  Dec- 
can  and  Arabia  project  as  la  ice  peninsula* 
Into  the  Indian  iii-..iui  The  Island  at  Cey- 
lon la  the  only  large  Island  and  l«  nearly 
Joined  to  tbe  mainland  by  Adam'*  Bridge. 

it  of  Ormui  and  tho  Strait  of 
Bab-el. Mitndcb  lead  to  tbe  Persian  Gulf 
and  Red  Sea  respectively.  To  the  north 
of  the  Bed  Sea  the  Gulfs  Of  Baa  and  Aluba 
form  opening*  to  the  north.  Tho  fa 
la  acparated  from  tbe  Mediterranean  by  the 
letbmua  of  Buei,  through  which  la  cut  tho 
Knei  Canal,  while  tbn  latter  lend*  to  the 
rift  valley  of  the  Head  See.  The  Sea  .if 
Mnrmora  between  the  Black  Boa  and  the 
-Ki!»nn  la  bounded  by  narrow  channels,  the 
mihI  tho  Boaphorus.  Comtnn. 
tlnople  bn«  a  unique  position  al  lbs  west 
..f    Hi.-    strait    on    the    ICuropean    aide. 

AM*     niav     l„     divided    Into    three    main 
natural    dlvlxl.n 

Tbe     Northern     Lowland*,    an    extensive 


plnln    rlslnr   gradually    to    the    south   and 
cut. 

nut. ana  and  folded  llsngcs. — More  than 
■."In   Ilea  a  . 
■    Inllr   plateau*  extend  ■ 
:     to    Kaitern    Aala    at    varying    elevn- 

tableland*. — The  Dccean,  Ceylon   and 
Arabia  f..rm  tablelands  of  old  rork  »i 
Hie  folded 

tie   nf    ih..    :. -i   ..f    Aim      Tba    Dccvan   of 
i'  nlnaulai   Imlln  la  n  fragment  of  oEd  band 
ru  by   rp.. 
an-aa  ma.  ,\.|» 

In  whl.  h   there   i.   marked  difference  In  cll- 
Tha    AroUe   Area,   wher*  th«  tem- 
|iei-aturc   In   no   month   rxreda  60'    F.     The 
Mberlan  Arva,    ..  i.  ^reat   winter 

cold    but    where     the    hardier    cereals    cu 
-rimer.      The   Central    Ar.a 
of    Inland    dim. 
n  Area.  coiuprMiu:  I 
rulllvatrd    and    iiiipulnt-d    regions    e,f    a.i« 
This   Includ       '  I      .,    Indo-tnilna.   and    In 
Tbe   r.pinrorlal  Arm.   which  baa  two. 
rainy  *.-aaon*  and  a   lilti. 
Thl*  loclades  the  laland  a-m 
Sumatra,    Java,    etc.,    (o    the    aoutbraat    of 
Asia 

tlOfll       iXfatiOH*.— Th"  of 

China,   ih,  ,.  Af- 

rhaniktau.  I'erala,  Nepal,  Bhutan,  and  Oman 
■  d :  Arabian  tribe*  ore  Independ- 
ent, and     Ii. 

l'i  en.  ii     r-,ei  tn  iii,    Turklab  n     and 

Pot  i  xeaalona. 

Asia: 

Commereo  with,  ertenaion  of,  r»eon- 

nie.iileil.  S6S4,  : 
Coolie   trade  with,   referred   to.  SMI. 
Immigrant*  from,  slionlit  b«<  prov 
against  lan-len*.  assault,  7372. 

Asphalt— A  genernl  term  applied  to  ner- 
rrul  varieties  of  hydrocarbons  of  a  bltunil- 
Dona  nature,  varyius  In  hanlnnu  from  aetnl- 
ilul.l  i  .  ..nll.l.  it  la  u>cd  for  paring  pur- 
pose* Id  the  United  States.  Moat  of  to* 
asphalt  uaed  In  the  Hnlted  States  Is 
brought  from  tbn  laland  nf  Trinidad,  off  the 
coast  of  Veneau- ia  Other  Impott*  ere 
f:  in  Bermudez.  Veneruela.  It  I*  alto 
found  In  Southern  California.  The  supply 
lalncd  from  Pilch  Lake,  a 
n  tn  the  crater  of  nn 
volcano.  13S  feet  above  bm  Ii 
crater  cover*  an  ni.-a  nf  about  114  acre* 
and   la    13.".  p    at    the  center.      Tb« 

l,v    I*   Rradunlly    renewed   by    tba 
atnnt  exudation   of  a.,:  ..rn   »ubwr- 

ranean  aoureea  to  the  extent  of  about  one- 
friiuili  of  that  removed.  Surrounding  tba 
crater  li  a  depoi.lt  of  land  pitch,  tba  over- 
flow of  re»t  times.  Tbe  Bermudci  scpply 
come*  from  a  moras*  on  the  main  land 
consisting  of  numeroua  email  lake*.  The 
California  deposit  exist*  In  the  fortn  of 
large  hanks  of  blfumlnoue  aaodatone  (aaod 
'ted  with  aapbaltl.  Theae  decoalta 
are  control]. . I  l.y  the  American  Aaphalt 
•  hlch  bold*  a  coneeaalon  from 
the  British  government  to  work  Pltcb  Lake 
on  frinldad. 

Althnnirh  then>  was  a  decrense  In  tba 
production  of  natural  aaphalt  In  tho  fnlt- 
cl  state*  In  1013.  Including  all  the  vari- 
eties of  natural  aaphalt  and  saphnltlc  sand- 
atone  and  limestone,  there  wna  a  far  e/i 
corresponding  Increnae  In  the  output  of 
ninniifiietureil   or  oil   naphnp  ng    to 

the   United    Slate.    Qeo  Oil 

aaphalt  ohtnlnerl  ns  n  r»aliloe  from  tin 
tlllnrlnn    of    Mexican.    Olllf,    mid    Clllfoml* 
naphaltlc  oils,  and  even   from  those  of  tbe 
MliMle  Wen,   Is  becoming  more   and  mora 


Assistant 


•ir  .  ;,crc    l«    cwrrespondlnsly    lese 

elopaxnt  of  new  sourcea 

I     lit    • 
natural     asphalt     In 
lloed 
a    dc-ctt-«- 
tnaja.  rained  al  SSI 

oil,  the  on  -tur«d  or 

i. :iL.it   In  1U13  wni  4. :■-.. ::>"■■  Hi.-.-. :   ions, 
valo.-,S  1157.  aiMin-.- 

to-  I    ed   at    ».<  i 

I  Into  the 
inmnUoa  in  1013 

The 
Wand    of    Trinidad    '  ho   (renter 

part  of  i  'O*. 

Asphaltum.  ihspoaition  of  lands  in  Utah 

AipUnrall,  United  States  of  Colombia: 
Claims  I  ruclion  of, 

bapritoumcnt    of    American    citizen* 

raent  of  passenger 
oaea  on  ships  plying  between  New 
York  a. 
Vranrb   front,   duties   on,   suspended, 
-t-Tl. 
lanntnillin   of  American  President*. 

di*e«fak»(l,  <•<". 
cola;  Garfield;  alcKini. 
Aany     OficM    "re    establishment*     maln- 
tanvnl    fey    Ike   gorsrnnwnt    In    which    sold 
.■in     may    be    deposited    by 
<z*j     r*celvln»     Ita     vain*,     leaa 
inaili '     to  return      Tl 

uy:  iuv- 

Lotala.  M«- iDsxadwood.  8. 

and  more  tlinn 
'Ike    (Old    a-  I  iBBd    by    the 

ice  la  handled  tl. 
Aaaembly. — "**»  lover  bonae  of  tbe  State 
lUtar*.   lo   avsny   State*  eorreapondlnr 
w  of  Bcpmratatlvca  in  tbe  Na- 
usea] Ceafrea*. 
jartrl — •  AttoiBeyi-Oeijerai.— There  ar# 

racbt  la  number,  eoeb  recelvluc  a  salary  of 
I&.000    je»  assist    la    preparing 

saaalnai.   and   la  nreulox  eaaea  befor      ■ 
■"naiiasi     f  >lt*   In    tbe 

fwirt    of    tTslr  v    represent    the 

Q***fnea«at    in    tbe    clKs&ratlua.    etc .    of 
Attorney-General   and   Jus 

A —1  stent    Po««ma*t«T«-OaaonU.  —  There 
ir  rf  tbeae.  dedrnnled  aa  Brit,  second. 
laird,  and  fourth  assistant  poatmait.  r 

•sal  SfcHr   aalsrles   lire   tn.600  •  year 
-   aCnlol«tratloa  of  tbe  i><— t  •!  >'. 


*eil«- 


1 


*er*l— Ha* 

tntaaeots.  solarlm  am!  illow- 

ami  nf  Hi"   i '■■• ' 
i.r    of    mall 

neons  Transport 
IVImm 
.Iway  mull  serve- 

nadt  li  n  matters.      I  Sec  Division 

-Qaaeona  Trim 

r-Oneral—  Has 
rfeerar  of  •tamp 

(Mtrrfd   ninll    lo     v  \.  postal  sa' 

i     anal  other  finanelal  responsibilities 

fourth     assistant     Postaaaater-tieneral — 


llaa  chare*  of  the  rural  mall  serrlee  <q.  v.) 
uini  Kuppllea. 

(See  rout-Office  Department:  I 
ral;   1'osUI    Service.) 

Assistant  Secretaries  of  tho  Treasury. 
— There  arc  three  uulatant  secretaries  la  the 

icpartmcnt    who  in   th Ik-ally 

lit,  nml  who  arc  dlstliii:- di  ti.-.l  In 

ih..   administration   of   tin.   Depot 

lurlea  a.  it  is*  arc  appointed 

•     it,  .il, at.    by  and   with   II 

:■■    and  their  yearly  tialarlea  are 
Sft.OOO  each  ,;  secretary 

falln  tin.  nipi-rilxlon  of  tbo  departmi-ir 

service    (ij.    v.),    tbe  public 
health  non-Ice  (see  Health  Rcrrlce),  and  th- 
work   of   th*   supervising  architect    (o.    ».). 
Iher  iKDlstant  seerotary  falln  the 
inn  of  the  work  nr  I  he 
of    tbe    United    Stat-s    (q.    v  i. 
trollir  of   the    i/urrency   (q.   v.i,   the    .: 
tee    of    tbo    Treaiury    (o.    ».),    the    i 
Monies    |m    Beeenue,    I'iiMIi).    tbe    • 
trolli-r  of  tbo  Trvamiry  |q,  r.l.  the  Director 
.in    of    CnirrnTlne   and    I'rlotlnc 
•  ini  and   PrlntlnK.    Ituri  in   of) 
in-  Mini    iq,   v.l.  tbe  Com- 
mlaslonei    ,.;   |nl  ana   (q.  r.)     |    t 

i    ».».  nnil  li..-  uudltora  «q. 
Another     apdatnnt    aecreUry    of     tbe 
treasury    <'iperTi>e«    the    ailmlnlatntlon    of 
I'.ircnu  of  War  Itlxk 
Insrirance   (q.  v  |.  nml  llaatloni  of 

nts    (q.  t.>.      tRoe  Trcsxury  Do- 

putmaoE) 

Assistant  8«cretary  of  th*  Interior. — 
Thta  officer  wo*  i   hi  net  of  Con- 

(Teas  approred  March  M.  180Z.  and  1»  ap- 
polated  by  l.n!.   by  nod  wlr 

consent  of  tbe  Senile,  nlth  a  yesrly  aalary 
of    S4.&00.      lie    lm»    DO    "tated   ■! 
■  the  Secretary  of  the  Inti  i 
artnilnl'lrntlon     of     tin-     Di 
Interior  IVpartment :   Secretary  of  the   In 
barMr.) 

AsslsUnt  Socret*ry  of  State,  State  De- 
partment.- Tbia  officer  mired  from  the 
wbo  woe  the  only  other  officer 
antborlied  to  servo  uml.  r  | 
State,  when  that  office  area  created  In 
17e9.  It  was  not  unt.  i 
of  nsslstnnt   necrvtnry    of   »tnte    was 

:  l>>  law.  Tin-  ataUtnnt  secretary  of 
state  Is  appointed  by  tho  l>resld<  in.  i.v  and 
with    the    consent    of    the    Renntc,    and    bin 

i  wlnry  Ik  *:..ii(HI,  He  has  both  ron- 
eral  ami     I  m    over   the  acllvl- 

tles     of    tbo    entire    department,    ami     pul 
Into    actlT.-    operation    the    policy    el 
R*e  State  Ueportmcnt  . 
of  State. I 

A  wilt  unt  Secretary  of  the  Navy.  —  An 
•selatam  teeretar*  of  the  Kaey  was  ap- 
pointed by  act  of  Cong-rets  In  1883.  but  the 
act  »••  repealed  the  foUowtnl  rear,  Tin- 
present  offlc*  of  aulatant  aecretary  In  tbe 
N'uvt  Department  was  cre«  iiy  11. 

Incumbent   la  appouitcd   I 
ITealdent.   hy  and   with   the  consent    of    the 
Senate,  and  nix  yearly  xalary  Is  $.*i,ihm).     He 
an-   nx  .--nerni   a-  .ilium    in  th,-   Secretary 
Of    Nary    In   the  administration  of    tl ■•■    In 

Sunt    In    addition     hfl»    parttculai 
nrl-.ll.  r |. .ti  n»er  natal  yards  and  docks  Iq. 
I... i    .ii.t    Ho.    Marine    i"Tps    (q.    ».), 
(Sea  Navy  Department:  Nary.) 

A— Intent  Secretary  of  War.— -The   offlr* 

of    n«»l»mnt   lei  Ullll    of  war   was  crented 

on  March  8,   1*00.     The  o- 

of    war  la    appointed    by    tba    pi 

and   wltb   the    consent   of   the    Senate,    and 

receives    a   yearly    salary   of   Sfi.OOO.      Ills 


Assistant 


Mt  stages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


nrr  Hi-  *•  ihii  Secretary  of 

Hnr   In    il. 

<inl    he    fj 

■ton  .mi,   o\   i    •  be  •    in.  i  ten  wbicb  •  " 

.  r   ..(T.rl     III.'    pulley    nf   (III'   ') 

ment.  and  whleb  "111  not  srree  to  eatatillah 
a  precedent  tor  it.  (Sen  Wit  Lv-pnr  uncut.) 
Awlitint  to  the  Attorney-General.— Tho 

■  us  (.>r  too  li.  |n.riiii.  ni  ..r  .lunllce 

«if  $11,000  lis  yearly  uiinry  for  an  na«l»iiirit 
In    Hip    Atto  raL,      TuU  officii 

r  Match  3,  ]  I   U  In 

.    or   in.-   work  "f  Hi.-   li.  |.  in  mi.  ni   uf 

■iii'ili verlnx    tin-    application    nf     the 

Anil  trust   and  Interstate    Ojmmcrec    lnw». 

1 1.  |i..rl  in.-ri  i  A  1 1  •  1 1 1 . •..  .1:. -li- 

Anil  truat    Law:    Antl-truil    l^'Klnln- 

merce:  Interstate  loin 

mores   Art ;    inti-rt-iaic   i*uuimor<c   I'omuila- 

Aaeutnption  of  But*  Debts.— Early  in 
ihc   second   acaalon   of   the   Flr»t  Codcmi 

Aii'imiili  r  1  lnuiili..ii.  Secretary  or 

■ . .riiiii.-n J.iJ   tint   la  order  to  rewtore 
vrrnmi'Dl 
'    nnil   pur   Hi-   foreign  debt    ..f  tii.-  «'-.ii 

federation    (813.1 00)     II  debt 

|»I2.'  u 

....  unpaid  debi  "i  the  States 

.  busett*.   1  "on in-  1  York.   New    Jer- 

sey,  and  Suiuii   Carolina   favored   the  plan. 
be  laiirr  clause, 
■van    auntalucd    In     her    opposition     by 
ind.    1 ....  1 1.- 1 . 1     inn]    N,  w    Hampsnuv. 
III.      iiiiin.  11.  .     i.r     North     lamllna     thmun 

again. 1    the    1 nure    d  (eated    n    for    the 

1 bal  11  v.u-.  i\iv.iii  later,  and  passed 

All*    t.    lTliii.    II    ».i-    ■  In  mi.  .1.    bj    .1 
Mnmlon  of   It.   friends   wliii    those   .if    Iho 
measure    lnntlnt    Hi.-    I  i-iii-ral    capital    on 
tli*    Potomac.     The   emounl    mil 
be    assumed    by     ihi-    1 ;  1 . v . - r 1 1 1 : 1  ■  ■  1 1 1     in     in. 
iti  «»<  jai.rjixi.' 

i.-tiinllv  assumed  wiis 
1.1250,000   Ipn>   than    rtiai  num. 

Astronomical  Observatory.     (See  Mete- 
orological Observatory;  Naval   Ob- 
servatory. I 
EMablirln.  .   recommended.  879. 

Report   df  Simon   Howoomb   on   im- 
provements for,  4790. 
Asylum.— In    Ua   pnetlco-pollttcsl   use.    the 
l.rm    iliiirni  irrlxliii-   Amerliu    114  a  place?  of 

refuge  tu  arnica  down-trodden   1 pie   from 

-.  .linn 
erf  Land." 

Asylum.     Military.      (See     Soldier*' 

Homes.) 
Asylum,  Right  of,  discus 
Atchison  and  Pikes  Peak  Railroad  Co. 

referred  to,  3<538. 
Atlanta,  The.    (Sec  Wn  huu1.cn.  The.) 
Atlanta,  Oa.: 

inn-  ofi  and  orden  regarding 
tiration  of.  34 

Collection  of  reoudni  of  officers'  an.l 
old        around,  referred  to,  8W1. 

Cotton  Erpoaltion  at,  4831. 
AtlanU  (Oa.). Battle  of.— "n  the  al|)bl  of 
July  21.  ISM.  Oca    11..1..1  trencferred  his 
forces  before  Allnntn  to  a  point  near  D*k». 
tnr.  «r»'.'i'  flire  '■■■ 

man   came  ks   on 

Tree  iWl  ni. nn.li. noil.   |.i. ....  ..1...1   in 

Inrent  the   city.      At    11    a.   m.    ul 

Hood  aurprlii'd  tlie  lefi  wing  of  Sbermnn's 


army.  ■  uder  Mi  I  a  sodden  mote 

rocui    from   Decatur.      Tbt    whole    line    was 

-:-d.      Oen.  Mi'1'tii.rM.u    was 
In    I  be   action,   and    I  be   command   of   tbe 
Armj  of  tne  n« 

Logan.      After    four   hour*    of    Hcbllsc    llir 

iterates  retired  lulu  Ibelr  luuln  tio.-k» 

Atlanta.     leaving     their     dead    art 

Hvuudod  on  the  field.    The  total  i  ..nfederate 

I, inn    was    ciiliuut.-.l    ni    aliout    »,ia.io.      Tbe 

Federal  loss  waa  5,723  killed,  wuuailed  and 

nan    now     drew     bis    line* 

Closely  around   Atlnnln  and  prepared  foe  a 

to  cut  off  I 
auppllea  from  Macuii.     Aua>  25  be  inif  up 
dea  of  a  direct  «le«-e.     Sept.  1.  bow 

Hardee 
bavluirlH'cnrrpulsedat  Joneaboro,  Hood  hU» 
Dp    US   mugaslnea   and   eraOaeteil    lb*  city. 

Atlanta,  U.  8.  8,  mentioned,  fJSDd,  09C9. 
Atlantic  Islands.— The  Atlantic  Oveati  aai 
a  lanf.-  numtur  of  bordering;  Ulands—  lae 
li  lalni  and  West  Indlea  are  moat  lot 
portanl  |  Mlanda  In  the  deep  oceau  llk- 
tii.-  Kermudlan  gtuup  are  few. 
/celoiid.     Hoi  il.  ..men  aboo: 

I  uiiixl  with  Norway  l^<f2.  I'.i.i,..l  to  Den- 
mark    I3W1.      Area.    S0,7»il     -luare     • 

II  eontalna    mam      hoi     -prlng*    an.-.' 
canoee,  the  largrat  of  whlcb  la  Mt.   Mekla 
It    la    aublect    to    *arlh..|uak.». 

Hermvda  la  a  xroan  of  *i0  coral  Ulandi 
580    mllea    east    of    Xorlli    -  They 

lis    J'-.-i  in  1. 1.-  ■ .    . 
11(12      They  form  a  Brltl.h  coloi 

ttahamai  srr  noli  d  loi   nf 

dl«orery  by  I'olumbiia,  M»2  San  Saleadoi 
<  w«illi>K  l.i  Settled  by  llrltlali.  1029; 
ceded  |o  Knglnnd.  1783  .  llrltlali  i'iowii  Col- 
i.ii.  The  group  comprlaea  20  Inbsbiied 
and  many  uiiiiiioiiiii,ii  lilanoa 

Atlantic  Ocean: 
Cannl   from  — 

Orcnt  Lakes  to,  eommiaalon  to  con. 

aider  con*lrui'tii-ii   of,  6179. 
OoU  of  Mexico  to.  discussed.  {rOS. 
Junction     between     Pacific    and.    re- 
ferred ti  I67C 
Desired.  8813.  2988. 
Atlantic  Telegiaph: 

EMietl I,    IttS. 

Illustration    of    layluc    of,    opposite 
1808. 

ferred  to,  3329,  3382,  3445. 
AtllXCO  (Mexico).  Battle  of.  Immediate- 
ly afnr  i  iii  I..:  He  of  Humontla  Oen.  Lane 
l  forwnrd  to  relieve  tbe  (arrtnon  at 
Pncbln.  Dot  18,  1847:  ae  learned  that  Bea. 
wllh  a  body  ■'<  Rucrltlne,  wns  at  All!-. 
town   about    10   l.-nxuea   from    Peroie.      The 

.-il. -my   was   encounter n   the   afternoon 

"t  Ho-   mill  i'i"  '.r  tbe  city,  driven  inio 

ami    ilirniicli  tbe  city,   and  dlaperaed. 

M "lb-an  lo»a  run  vet ..  .  ltaa  than 

519  having  been  killed  sad  wounded,  wbiie 

llie    Aliiril.  iiiiK    Ii.hI    ,.ii!y    two    DB1 

AtTOClUes,   Belgian,   Bryce  Report   on. 

(See  Bryce  Report  on  Belgian  Atrwe- 

•  ii.e.) 
Attainder.— The  ertlnctlon  of  civil  rlxhta 
and    prlvllcgvs    In    an    Individual,    and    the 

forfaKnre  of  bis  property   to   the  xorera- 

ment.  In  Kngland,  under  tbe  common  law. 
It  followed  as  a  matter  of  course  on  a 
comlcllon  and  norii.nr..  to  death  for  trea- 
son, and  to  some  eiteot  on  w-ntence  for 
..iii.r  crimes.  A  Hill  of  Attainder  la  a 
legUlatlve     conrlcllun     of     crime,      wltb     a> 


aroleane  of  d'aih  The  *ren««it  cay  or 
n*T  o*t  be  a1<*n  ■  i rial,  Koreijo  «or- 
erameat*  ba«»  employed  tbla  OK-itjd  of 
rttaambaa'  •■:  il   r»  without  (li- 

lac ihcm  lb*  opportunity  of  ■   rr(is:n 

irlaL       Th*     crime     axaloat     which 

of    Attainder    are    aitully  directed    U 

r.        attalsdVf    followlnc 
of  dra'b    for   treason    formerly    ■ 
frliur*    of    tb»    coadcninid    pervma   (■late 
to    ib»  goT«-tnr»mt,    mil    by   corruption  of 

tlo«l.    a«    It    11    r»lli<l.    ;.r.*.otrd    bla    lli'lni 

froai      knb»ililsr         '.rKHIatlTe     eonrlrikin" 

i    loim>   punlBlim-Bi*   l«aa   ttina  death 

.111.1       I'.LO 

f      the 

v«ra>  Atialnder."    o«cd     lo     tbo 

That 
ItnniMI  prohibit*  th-  p*»»*£.    r.f  Hi 

\ttali.  lAr- 

i  'tloa    9.    rln'i-'    3».    nod    further 

prtil  I  il   courlctloaa  of 

traaani 

•  ■on  (ball  wnrk 
corrupt  ban  of  b(««l  or  forfeiture  except  dur- 
la«  Ike  life  of   rhp  peraoa  attalnr.1.''      The 

■  ilnr  within  flit-  iirnhlhlilnst  .if  the 
rnaaflinirnB.  to  art  of  Conemt  nltnnd  at 
lb  lie  who  bail  >sratid  on  ihn  '  '■■nf .-i>.  rat.. 
•Me  ha  ill'  <ItII   War.  reanlrlni 

i-  aa   oatb   nrg-aiuinc   n-.>    neb   di« 
ley  abontd  be  allowed 
t.»    pr«.  11.       In     i 
fSaw  Trra- 

Attonwy-OcaanL— Tbe  olllce  of  air.., 
r*n*imi     *bi    created    by    an    art    of    8   pi 

la  appointed   liy    th*    I 
•rat  alia   law  ranarm*tlo£  nate. 

II*    la   a    in.  mi. t    i.f  ..ml    .. 

»rr    of    tVJ.WH)    per    yi.»r.       All 
nn-.rr*cT»   ntid    mar- 
.  I.l.iin 
a,    tain    work    brio*  n 

Hi-  l«  *»*l«tr4  by  a  aollclti  r 
.     tight   aialauoi    att. 

it.      I'... i    iiill.i-    and 
■-     I*r*rinitot.       (See 
Jaaafoa,    l-partmeat   of.) 

Attorney  0*o*ral    (are    also    -in  hoary 

8r»1cm  Department   of): 

Compensation    to,    roforrod    to,    607, 

Putin  of,   2265. 

to    and    con-lu.' I    .ill 

ea-  <ni  r  t     in 

which    the  tale,    annul. I 

rand  or  iBtereatnd.  807. 

Member  of  board  to  examine  quota,*  * 

of    .state*    under    call    for    troops, 

Mo>!ifimiiori«  is  office  of,  recommend- 
>.  S266. 

treaty  of   Ohont,    lhSB. 

Kejrarilirx  if      person* 

rharced  with  crime*  referred  to, 

ins. 

Opt  n  ion  ■    of.    compiled,    1856,    2832, 

26*3. 
atacoaunrDiUtion    that    he   be    placed 
head*  of  other  Ex- 

e.  .artmi.iit.  *<0, 

"5,  a«s. 

Attorney   tn  Chart*  of  Titles.  JaMlc* 
Department. — Tala  obot  i  .ilona 

pwra*n   aad   condemn*!.. 


land   by    the    Pnl 

IHpai  •■  ..-  [..rxKi 

Attorney*,   Dlitrict: 
Compensation  of,  i  jrirSQ, 

27n.  4770,  4836,   II 
Nr.'1'i.Mty   .if   :i    in,; i'.. mi    f.-e    bill   for 
guidance  of,  referred  to, 
Auditors,  Treasury  Deportment.  —There 
»r..  vix  inalltan  bg  th*  Departnwat  •  ■■ 

Treamiry — one   •uperilnlnc  areount*  In    to* 
ircoimta   In   tlm 
War  iK-inrliiii-nt    ■  ■  j .    ^.l     ooa    1 
tn  the  Intrrlor  I .  ■ 

.  pnrtmont    lij 
ono   tin  -.-  in  tin    i      i    un i  •  : ..  ■ 
v.l.    -i  .un!   Other 

di-imn       .  rllton    drlw- 

ui  th* 

vartom 

TreaMirv      Ivr.wtment,      and      lllu>i: 

kviF.) 
Augusta  (0*->,  Siege  of.— in  th"  latuan 
nf     IT80,    CornwalH*    ntatloned 

Bfown.    with  a    I 

«nrrl-..i;  In  wm  principally 

..f  their    Indian  nnxlllnrli*.      In    Ibi     njrlni[ 

of  lb.'   foil  .....    (irvene 

I,  I-,.      |'| 

.    pnrilaana    Inld 

ImiliiK  ilay  '.'".     Jnna 

n.       I  Till.      I 

hilli-d  nnd  w.. 
The     luiii-ii     loat     nfty-two     killed 

ik  on  the  Hrlilab  able 

am.  .in: 

Auatln-Topolovampo    Railroad,    ■ 

a    n-ith    Mexico    M< 
par.  io,   147". 

Aiustralasla. — '>no   of    tlm    two    ill. 

it   Ik   tubdh  ■  Dgra. 

Aurirnlla    prop.r     i .j      |    i     and 
Ulainareli   Arehlpiibufo,   N»  .  Sol- 

.'       II.  I.rl.l 

nliy      |.lnii.1«.  Auatrnll*     and 

Oceanl 

AuBtralla.^Tiii.  larrltory  "f  Hw  ii.mmon- 
wraiiii  ..r  AtutraHa  Inelud  tneol 

nd  of   Taniiiiiiilii   and 
part  of  H..  ipual. 

Aii»trall»   i  mainland  i  lip 
xll  land  hiii 

It    Ih  Kiirr ded    by    ti;-     followlns    » 

.      Hie    Timor    nnd    Arafura    Sea*    anil 
Torre*  Strall  ..... 

Rtrall      (wlilrh     aeparntta     Taanianla 

from    ih..    .  nil    Southern    iieean, 

and  Weat,   Indian  Ocean,    The  eoaaMIn*  01 

roxlmaiclj  and 

.i    th.     I'ontlni-iit 

l«   h*1  loi lo 

and    l  '  ;•   HI'  Ka«  loncltodi 

l.     U'    I'"' 

nnd    rmm    \.. rll.   to   Sonlli    I.H"  :    • 

/**»!  N'earlj    ill  r.nnd  the 

co*»t  and  In  i-antcrn  and  H>utliraalern  Aua 

iralla,  aln-irhliiK  r:i r  Inland  from  the  .-iia»ial 

ranjre.    In  a   rich  «r>i..  .  nilnilrnblv 

adapi  ■  .mine  uf  aheep.     Tn.    

Ire    mountain  ;    a    It*    rt«* 

near    lb*    aoulbe*  i    poll  Include*    a 

■    il 
t    place*,   none  of    Hum   being    "f 
any   great  beiKht.     Th*  prtndpBl   rli.r«  are 

th.   Barraj  i  arle*.  ih*  Hor- 

nlire,      l^arhlaa,      *n.1      |i»rl!i, 

•  M'li    fall 

tbi        a   hi    1 1n-   M.uth   ooaat;    ou    ih« 


Australia 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


cast  eoa*t.  tho    tlnwkcibury     Ham    r.   I  lar- 
anoa,    Kirliuiuud.    Brisbane.    Mury.    Uoi 

:.     mill     Hu  the 

Swan       Mm  .ill. on.      i; mi.-,     Athhurion, 

Mi.'.    Dc  Urey.  and    I  «    the 

i. ..Mil,  ■!,.■  Dp] idafe,  ''i.i.  Victoria,  ami 
Italy;  and  the  Roper,  r li --  Hinders,  and 
Mltcbrll.  win.  b  iIiIi.hkIi  mil.  the  « . ill f  nf 
umrla,  Lekt-i  arc  numerous,  but 
Dearly  all  nra  unit ;  Hip  scarcity  of  i  h<- 
tea,  however, 
tnlilgnt.  l    i ■-. 

.ml*  <omprl»«  g"lil 
copper.   Iron,   and  «inl    In    Hir*-    qitaiiilt lea. 
antimony.    1 1 ■ .  i . - ■  1  r  v .    i  It. 

I  i ..ii      c iii'iio-    til.. .in    M  ir.'h    21 

(Autumn).     June     21 

[UK j,    and    Doc.    22    i Summer).      Tba 

dry,  bui.  except  in    Ine 

tropical   coast-land   of   Hi"   north     the 

in.  i,i    i      evei  .  a  lien  naftclal    to 

..  in   (In-  range  of  temperature  hi-Uig 

r    II, mi    lli.nl    of   Other    i  ..ui.l  r  I .   -    limi- 

larly    Mtuai.  'I 

tjarrrnmrnt       i  III    In  that  of 

»    I' . •l.-ral    Comtnonwealib    within    ill. 
;il|.ll...    III.'  .x.-.-utti  •■   : 

ed  la  Hi"  Sovereign  (through  the  UoTernor- 
Ucacrul),   nsslslcd  by  a    tVd-tai   r.i.-.utlve 

i-  and  »«eh 
ttoaorary  Minister*  who  may  bo  appointed 
Hi.r.i  i.  The  Cooatltutloo  rests  on  [be 
fundamental  law  of  Mur.-n  IB, 
by  the  Imperial  rnrllaiiioni  an  July  0. 
1W00 :  and  the  Conimonwi slth  ws»  Inaugu- 
ratod  on  Jan.    I.  1001.     Undsr  the  Coastt- 

t  ill  Inn     Hi"     I'iiI.tjiI     lli.i  .  riiiii'-nl     ;." 

I    and    on  i «    a»    «ur- 

rendered     by      Hi"     fedcratlug     Sim.-.      Hi" 
c.  iir.ii.iiu   of   loKlalatlvii  power  being  la   the 

ill*  of  Hi"  various  S'nti 

*tatoil,    tbo   i-iiiiin.  i. it  In.-iii'l"    n'i 

uid     uavbrai|"D, 

limine.-,  di'fi  h»e.  pout  offices  and  trlogr.t|diN, 

mill   con.  Illation    and 

ration     In     i-iimsw..     Industrial    «lls- 

fivlih  authority  to  nw.ii mo  the  con- 
i.i  ..r  railway,  nnd  tlgbtbouu*  marriage 
and  dlToroo,  emigration  ntnl  linmU-in  i  n 
currency    ai  ig,    ami    weight*    and 

measures. 

adca  ajid  raruLATlos 

Ana  ia 

But™  and  Capital*        Bagllah  Dae.  30, 

1012 
Now    South    Wolaa 

3(10.100  1.777.MI 

-..--1  1.3S0..-.''.l 

R.,lll'l  .!.■ 

«:m,n»o 

:ri.buue)  OT 

lobar!)...  26.216                  197.305 
Wr.i'11,    A'j'traUa 

(Pert  I.,  975.920                       120 

\,. II  I,. Til       r.  II 

521,020  :i.i7.-. 
I          squill                 360,000 
in- 
born.)                  912  1.040 

Totml 3.061,04  1  4,u&3.350 

Tho     IVil.'T.it     PtTflfmtWt     consists    of    a 

Senate    and    a    floi f    Beproaentatlata. 

The  Sonme  eontalai  thirty -all  members,  ilx 

ft..m   ,aoh    of    ii 

fur    «1x    joan   by    universal    suffrage.      The 

Home  of  ltepn-«*ntatlv«-s.  similarly  • 

for  a   maxima f  iimn. 

m.  ii. I.,  r.     proportionate    to    Hi"    papal 
wirli    a     tnlultnum    of    fire     llepreaontai  i  rei 
fur  each   Stale.      Tho   I  loose  of   Beprrurnta. 
111).'  1810,   l«   mail"  Up  0*  Iw.  iiTy-lcven 

fur  Now  Booth  Wales,  tareuty-o' 

torta,     tea     from     Queensland,     seven     from 
South   AuMralla.  and  Ave   each   from  Tas- 


mania and  W'.jt.'tn  Australia,  and  consists 
of  thirty-eight  Liberal*  aDd  thirty  »«ven 
members  of   the   Labor    I'arly. 

There  l»  a  Federal  High  Court  with  a 
Chief   Jtn  lice  and   *ii 

lnal  and  appellate  jurisdiction,  subordinate 
to    Hi"    onni    Appeal    Court    o(    tba 
pin)    Hi"  judicial   >  uiamlttea  of  rha  Privy 
laciL 

.i   nml    Vaas;, — In    1913   lh«r»   «rat  a 

total    n"'i Ptbip   ..f   Mo-    Ih-fenss    forry   of 

-I    oflleers    and 
men    were   aervina    lu   the    Nary   and    t.HSS 

the   Army. 
i  iti.  r    figure    In. 
and  '.lots. 

\n  was  entered   lata   <1002> 

I.t  the  Commonirealili  and  Iraperlal  C 
mealJ   undi-r  which    a   natal   force    was   to 
Ik-  nialaialiiril   (for  i.n  year*    I00r:-13i   In 
AiiKiiaiu>:aa   aral 

of  Admiralty,  In  return  for  annual  con- 
tiibml..u«    from    Australia  and 

the    agreement.      Tlil<    ui;i 

alio    for    the    rnnlnicnnnce   ..r    :--..|-.v   ai   a 

nrst-rlaas  aaral   station,  and   foi 

a  of  aa\al  radii-   in   ilo-  Hoyal  Xary 
by    tbe    Australian    and    New   Zealno.! 
ernmrnts.     Thin   agreement    Is   mors- .1 
"feniic  scheme,  undii 

.rains 
certain   ship*   of   war.    wbirh   fora  »n 
tiullan  squadron  of  the  Koyal   Nary,  under 
i  hi    •  -..iiioiaud  of  a  Coi 

in .i    pears,  and  an  Intecral  part  of  His 

ICastern  Fleet  of  Ihe  Rojal  Nary  In  Urns 
of  war.    Ship*  ol  \tiatrallan  Navy 

are  known  as  f/.lf-.t  S.   tills  Majesty's  Aus- 
■ 
Ixhl. -Tho  Commonwealth  has   cow   un- 
il.-rmkiu     re»pon> ili! Illy     fur     th-     N  .. 
Tei-rii  -iid  Hi"  l'ort   atafttt*  i 

nulsita    ltallwa;     Debt,     wboie    eoiablDed 
amounts    ar*    £5,071.847.      The   other    Siai- 
rrmnlu    ai    the    .-liarge   of    the    S'Sie 
(;oeernments       The     total     of     the     Piiblk 
of    the    several    States    on    Jui. 
was  £277.121.005    IN.8.W 

ualla 
.  •  ,.  enslaiul  I  I 
mania  111.302.411,   oud    Western   M>i 
--3.52SI. 
Production  and  Indiutrv.  i»ted 

Talne  of  the  product'  of  Hi..  Common . 
In     mil    wn 
I-mtoral.    EBO,T20v0O0:    Palrying 

Porests  and  Fisheries,  £5.728,000; 
Mining,  £23,4SO.OOO;  Mniuifartiirlug.  £f>0,> 
T.'-T  mill.    I    i.nnl    of  100. 

3  In-  land  are«  or  the  Cnoimonwi  »l'h  Is  es- 

tlnial-.l     nt     1.0"  Of     n-hl-  h 

i  042,1)0(1  were  under  r-ultliatlon  In  1011 
12. 

In  1013  the  Cnmmoiiwi-alth  prodoeed 
734  000,000  lbs.  of  wool  Inn  In  th"  greawMi 
ncalu  "00  It...    lu    1911  :    U 

nun  ii-     of  butler,  as  "•  n. s 

in    1011:    l''..l4T.i"«>   i  '■■  ••■■■  agalatt 

in  1011,  and  54.370,000  Ilia 
ou  and  hams,  agalnn  53.2*5.000  lb*. 
In  1011. 

ilue  of  gold  prod u red  was 
£0,SS0.00O:     sllv.  r     ni 

0:    tin.    £1.344.000 ;    coal. 

1I.41H, ili"  ralua  of  all  mlnerala  pro- 
duced  lu    1913    bclo  000. 

•i fin  iio-i  .-  —  lii  191S  -her-   arcH  In  Ihe 

Oemmi 

■    ■ 

nmounii.l  to  i  tiUnl 

and    tnaelilnory    C84.4S0.XDS ;    of    mi' 

. :  7,749;  vain,  added  bj  manufar. 
ture  ii,    and   total   value  of   flaal 

output  £148,715.109. 

A'/ilfirapi. — Tho    total    length    of    Gorero- 


Th-    Croat    earnlnca    of    all    Oovrrnment 
la   mil  12   «eie  tli.luO.0H5.    ■arklag 
-  <;i.«mh.  and  n«t  cam 

rait  of  2*.   ti4.  per 
train    rallr.   ac.il  i  -g   a    reiurn    on 

tbr   total    co»t    i  x>)    of    4.13   per 

crat,   aa  a  tain  it  4.45  per  cent.   In    tui"  n 
.  !■■    Au-iic«lliu  mercantile  ma- 
ria*   cos*.- 

i-bji     abO     1.31G     ulllnc     wate 
taanai,   cxbef  niioii  aot  Kifpropclled,    27« 
teaari  .  •  total  of  2.7  tU  vea- 

■>!■  liaaeci    ami 

r,in    of    veaacla    engaged    la    overtea 
(ractr    at    tb*   varloua   Auitrallta   porta   Id 

j    fullowa 


Ohnad 


the   iv*   j 

(loamac*   la  parcaibeara) : 

Taar 

loos 2.022 

1010 

ItU 2.030  (5.1WJS7; 

Tb*  welcMa.   mrarorea  and  coinage   are 
Maatlral    with    Ibote    uaed    la    th*     I 
BlaffioBL 

lai,    raaWrra,  In    the   F.-d 
•  r»l    Irtttrtri.    Mtcbawd    I 

.   I.  to  b*  laid  cot    • 
capital   at    IB*   t'oniaaouwitl  h.      Meanwhile 
Ik*  atal  of  coverouuot   U  Htlboti 

There  were  Blxlera  clttea  with 

a  population  txc*<dinc  20.O0U  at  tbc  ccnaua 

of    ii 

iSSf.inQ:     M-lbonrne 

•-'It    . 

Perth    IW.A   i,   H-J,- 


8rtt*aa«     i 

ilaa...  Sa.t 

■ 


i'.' 


i.  IlalUrat 
:  2.00O;  Ho- 
Broken   till 

<.»S0;    Chart nra 

I;    I-a'jiR'.itoii     iTsa.), 
ihiO;    Horkhamp- 


33:    FrftDMiile    (W.A.I,   80.- 
•  lao  Orent- 
riey.— The  continent  of  Aiutralla  wat 
iih    naimjr.       It    wat 
"itcb  la   IfMMi.      New   : 
Walra    »»•  viilicd   nod   named    by    Caplalo 
Caoit   Ii  A    Brltlib  ti.-nal  colony  wa* 

^^■fljfb'd  at  K.'itor  In   17«*,  and  at  Brit- 
Bane. 

»  made  la   Weatern  Australia   In   18SB. 

rla    hi    1S7.4.  and  at  Adelaide  la  1W0. 

_B^^B»r/  of  cold  Bear  Batlmrat.   New 

th   U'alct.    la  1*51.  care  atronff  linrxf:* 

usmlcratlon.      7  nwenlta    of 

ua    «aa  errata   In    1900  t.y   the  fed- 

o(    (Saw  Sou  i  li   Walra. 

YVIor  i  Auntra'la.  W»at- 

rra  AuatraMa.  and  Tamtanla.    Toe  Gov*r- 

-ral  la  ann.. Intra   by  th*   frown. 

U    tfef    old-at     lUt*. 
tydney.  IB*  cardial  ani 

•    po*>alallon     of    021.000.       Fore»la    cover 

aoa-araartar    of    tbc    turfara,    and     the    nil. 

•I    area    waa    renort'd    In    1011    at   3.- 

ii   acre*.     Braid**    wb*at.    corn,    aad 

tobacco  *0,0O0  terra  wcrr  ood>r  cllroi  fruit. 

-c*a,    U»    TtcM    Wise    rrnor<rd 

.Ma    caa«a.      In    loio    a.vr.i 

i^.n^d      from     trblcb     "tr* 
alS.33S.000  poauda  of  wool. 


■jfla   ■»•   orlclatllr   B    part  of   Nur 
■  tut  wan  uiadr  a  >.. 
in    1801,  I    arrra 

valued    at    a»T  •150,000.    and    cxpoitt 
nO.    ,.f    wlilcb     lll.7SU.000    «ns 
Mvlbuiii-iio,    ih-  ban   *   |. 

Hon   ol 

QarCIKliiml    HOI    tIm  ;lalll    Cook 

la     1.  nl>     wc-f 

1S23.      Th«    alaplc   production   of   tbc   Mute 
Ii   jroo  luctloa  la  1010  bclns 

,tr    It    lb«    principal 
manufacturt-d  an 

7.   AttafrnJM   «oa  proclaimed  a   Brlt- 
Uh  province  In  183il.  and  II      no 

eeallti 
i  -a  of  South  Aiiaiinlla  «ji 
380,070  tQuat'*  mIU-»,  to  wlileli  tile  north- 
ern territory  added 
Th*  climate  resemble*  that  of  eoutliern 
K.-ance  or  Italy.  Tin-  wine  prod 
wa»  more  tlmn  three  million  galloon-  Suear 
cane  ami   fi  ilto  crown,     Aci 

It  the  capital  and  commercial  center,  btvlnx 
a  pppu'atlon  of   >'  1911. 

H'c*'"it  Aurfi  largacl  Au«trt 

llan     state.       It    ha»    an     area     of    97o.0'J0 

Huorc  ml|e».     'I  I 
twenty    million  iln- 

rludlnc    tUCtlytpna)     In    *>.prrlally    viv- 
for  ihTpijiiildlnc  and   brldgewoik.  owlne  to 
lu  durability. 

Anatralian  Ballot.     (Sco  Ballot.) 

Australian  Svutcin  of  Military  Training. 

— Amlr.ill.-i    to,   i   i    B*l   aid  mil  venial  arrv- 

lco  dnca  1003.    At  tb«  ac«  of  13,  the  Aut- 

■i  ;•■>    enlern  ii  v,  inn' 
aa  a  Junior  caitet.     lntll  tbc  age  of  i 
«;.-!nl.     00     li"iirn    n     y.iir     In     CTmntatlft, 

nc    up"    cxnrclnes,    and    eauy    military 

maneurcr>  ilrn    a    uniform    from 

v.rmncnt.  but  no  musket.     From  tb* 

age    of    M-18,    he    la    enrolled   at   *    I'Olor 

cadet,  when   he  recrlvct  a  codec  rifle,   Inter 

cbanveil   to  the  r*culatlon   army  rifle  when 

•oiwt   Butnclciit    I  ■    handle   It. 

Ho  now  obtalnn  careful  .irill   in  roarchlne. 

'    ry  tactlca.  with 

il    attention    to   mnrl;  Dui 

Itur    thcie    four   yratM,    lie    mimt    rccr  I 
leaat  24  drill,  of  J    bony  each.   12  drill«  of 
2   houm  each,  and  4  drllla  of  4  faotin  Men 

At      tlie      am      Of       IN.      B«       loillH      the      i 

army,    and    remain*    In    It    until    bt    t>    2*J. 
nltbiMieb    he    la    llible    to    nervier    in  ID 
reaicbea  t»e  age  ^.f  «0.     DurltiK  bin  M  yenra 
In   th*  rvgnlar  army,  be  deroten  to  trnlnlnz 
10  d.1-  "irn  each  yearly.      It  la  »»|I- 

mated  that   tbla   aystcm   lion  pr. 
trnlla  with  a  i-ltl».»n  army  of  I2i)00».  with 
ISO.'""  -  can  bn  lent  to 

ii    Limit    only    by   a    referrmluui    vote 
of    the    eltlwna   i  ilr»t 

re-feren«1um     till  .  u      i,,     tltow     ■  •  i  ••  rlptlon 
for  ti  ,-many  during  tho  European 

wnr  wna  voted  down  on  i '  II»10 

BwIm    Hyntiin    of    Military    Training: 
Compulsory  MlllUry  Sen  i 

Austria  fAvifrO-ffinvaHail    ilonarrb « )■ 
— Th*  larc.  0  R«  I  11   as  the 

Caailueut  "f  Boropa,    ittnatcd  between  I'." 
Int  I  lode  and  9'  30' l"-,-   8A>  R.  Inricl. 
trdr.    with   a    total  arei  of  67fl.077  I 

1 2110  ■    i.l      i|iinr,.    mile<i.    and    a 
total  population  1 1010)  of 

an  noa 

Area.  Fngli.U      F-rtimate.1 

Bat i.  ,  |q   IfDai  l'or,ni.-,-i„n 

Arntrtan  Empire I15JT74  2S.S67.808 

Klncdom  of  Husxary. . .  I»,W5  20JM0.678 

lartttorita 

Boania  and  llenrcovlna  »,7«0  l^SIJM 

Total 201,030        t)M0*7t 


vi-;trii 


tessages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


ueifrnmrnt.—  The  Amtro  Hqngnrlan  Mon- 
archy cnnslsla  of  two  ■  la  tea,  ibe  Kioplra 
of  Austria  and  the  Kingdom  of  Hungary, 
and   of    the    Provinces    Bosnia   and    licrce- 

fOTloa.  Each  •■  r  Hi.  BtalM  has  Ita  awn 
onsiltutb-.ii  and  Parliament,  and  for  moat 
branches  of  State  affair*  Its  own  Mlnlwtry 
ami    Admlnl    Iratlon       but    the]    arc    closely 

il  lb.'  ituler 
and  by  o  peruum-tii  •  ..n-iltwtlount  I'nlnn. 
which,   up.iu   Hi.'  common  prln<  i|.i-     ■'   po« 


session   and   defense,    «n    ilri    pi...  mimed 
i\    ill'    1'raa-innl.'  ol  1T2S,  anil  baa 

since  been   regulated  b  Coin- 


promise"      I  AusglclchKlcgTonsi      nf     181(7. 

.ling    I.,  i in  mi    for- 

eign   affair*   and    the    greater    part    of    war 
affairs  tArmy  and  Nn*yi.  together  wl 
finances  coucerulng  rhem.  and  tbc  admlnls- 
ii a 1 1. hi    of    Die   Territories,   are   dealt    with 

luiiiMii   in.  11 1 -  tries      i  be  control  of   the 

nl.f'l-  nn.l  Un- 
voting of  tbc  common  hudgi  I  I. 
by  two  delegations,  each  consisting  of  OO 
of  i.  hum  20  arc  chosen  from  tbo 
rid  and  of  Hungary, 
and  «0  from  the  Lower  llcni«e  of  Austria, 
nnil  u(  lluiiKari  giitiona  aw  elect- 

ed for  one  y.ar.  meet   alternately  at   Vienna 
and    Buila    Fcsth.    and    appoint    Ihelr    own 
i.  in      and  i.-nt.       In     every 

roon  affair*  belongs  lo  Ihc  two  Pn 

and  en.ii    Smie   provide*  separately    fur    It* 

.  ..m rii.Tii i,.n  to  di"  com rpenswa.     The 

proportion  to  be  coBtiibuted  boy  .  n<  n  stnte 
T»    fixed    by    mutual    agreement,    renewable 
every    ten  years. 
Hftmy.  —  ln    connection    with    tbo    Aus- 

l  Into 
a  commercial  and  customs  union  In  I80T,  by 
whl.ii  tiie  t«.i  state*  form  on*  comm 
ami  riiatontt  territory  ;  and  posses*  tho  *amo 

in   of   coinage    weight!  "ml   mea 
and    n    joint    bank    of   ls*ue.      In    the    tame 
way  in.  lb*  quota   agreement,    thU  union  la 

tellell  lllill     ,'\,'|l      lell     '   ■ 

Following  the  assassination   nf  Archduke 
.ii.l   and    In-    wlfi    at    ReraJsYO  by  a 

tti nl-lll.    -nwl    to   liiiT-   i n    In.  i  ■ 

Tlan  »ocletle*.  nnd  with  Si-rrlnn  officio  I  eon- 
nlvanee,  Austria  nn  July  VS.  11)11.  declared 
war  against  Servlu.  and  an  army  was  lm. 
ni.illni.lv    ".'in        ■  Belgrade       Ttia 

Servian    government    Il.il    to    Nlsh   ami    [ire- 
pared  f..r  reKlataiii-e.    i  See  European  War.) 
/felon (ay  Sovereign. — Karl   Krnns  Joseph 
(Charles    I).    Bmperor    .if    Austria,    Apos- 

Klng  of  llungarv   I  King  ol 

finlmatla,    i  tfavonla,    Kallcla,     Lo- 

dnmerta    and    lllyrln.    King    nf    Jenn-alcm. 

in. .-. -iteii   hi-,   grand  aired 

Prnna  Josef    who  died  Nov.  HI,  10ir..  after 

.1  of  sixty-right  years. 

Armu      He    Common  Army  of  the  Austro- 

Hungarlan    Mnnatehy    la    recruited    by    mil- 

mpulaori  service  f'.r  nil  mule  rob- 

Jecta  between  the  ages  nf  111  nnd  *2  In 
ustrln,  Hungary,  and  Boanla-Hersegovlna. 
Tli-  avallnl.le  military  force  ul-..  Inellldea 
the  Austrian  Ijindnehr  and  I  indatllrm  and 
the  Hungarian  ll..n v.-.t  ."  •  i  l.nndwur)  and 
Ncpfolki  li  •   i  l.aiidaturm). 

The    Peace    Establishment    of    II 
Army   l»   17.M0  officers,  4,700  um.lalx.  aod 

V. III!  other- 

Thc   Aii*trlan   Landwehr   consists   of   8,- 
680   officer*    ami 

Tho     Hungarian     Landwehr     connlata     of 
3,000  OITleer*   ami   20,000  ..(h.r- 

The   War  ...  lit   ..f   the   Mobilised 

Field  Mi',  nun     nil     rnnk-      with 

about    I  in" frnm   the  other  formation*, 

I rmlc*  of  the  World.) 
/—The    Navy    la    admlnUtcrcd    by    a 
depnrtmrnt     of     the     War      MInlatry,     and 
manned  by  1,300  officers  and  111,300  men  lo 


1012.    (For  the  latsaf  r.porta  at  to  preaeat 

••tab  ee  Navka  of  the  World  i 

lltuie    on 
Common    Affair*    (Del  Ira    Affair*. 

Flnate  :   r.i.anl  ..!  i 

\    derived 
ihc  net  proceed*  of  the  t'uatoms,  akd 
from  the  matileiilar  eutitrlbi 
...  i.    |,        .■  n     ,     :u.. I     i ;  ,n      i  .      ..:.    ;    p. ., 
cent  |.     The  iu-,i,,tii-  receipts  for   IPHl  wers 
1.000     crowns  iloa* 

from      Austria  mm»,      while 

llutijrsr.i  -    than    nmoun  .  ,i   t  ■    i  p.  i  ■■ 

us.      13    crown*    equal     to    II     I 
State*  money.) 

The  ,    ,>.,  King- 

i! of    Hum:-.!'  i..   *   ..-iialn  sum 

■illy  for  the  service  of  the  lh-bl  of 
Auatrla  controlled  before  the  year  1847. 
(Sec  Hungary,  Fltionee. ) 

Al  M  III. \.— The    Atwtrlu    Umpire    com- 
prlaea  the  following  provlm  I.,      :    Aua- 

trla,    Fpper    Atlanta.     Ituli-iula. 
t'arlDthla.  t'aralola,  iMlmatu,  i;allcln 


and  ..  Mornvln,  Knliburc.  8i- 

l-«la.    Kiyrlo,    Trleate    and    Dial 
Vorarlberg. 


Fh,  .-e*.— Nearly    trirec-foortUa 

of  Anntriii    I-.   high   ground   above   the  600 
fu.it    level,  with   three    nialD    mountain   sya- 
iii'   nr.ii    Ibibemla- 
Morovlan     inotin  I 'intra 

traverse  the  country,  while 

irely  within  IU  bonndarle* ;  the  Car- 
pathian! form  a  frontier  with  Hungary: 
the     Hub, mis  Moravian  '-close 

link    up    il"    Auatrlan 
in. nun  .    x*  Of 

I  Kurupe.     The  remaining  fourth  part 
la  occupied  by   fertile  plains,   «,f    which    th- 
in   tjalli  in.      i  he    capital    la    ea 
i ti.-     Danube  drnln.-d  Tim 

Danube.  Joined   by    the    Inn.    ent. 

Ilavarla  at  the  gorge  of  I'noau.  The 
iter  rises  In  .-a ■  tern  Calbin.  and  ea- 
ters Russia  at  Ohotln.  Tb-  VUitila  rises) 
In  Sileala.  and  forma  I  he  boundary  of 
Kiiaxlan  I'nlanil  Th>  inler  baa  Its  i 
In  Moravia.  The  Elbe,  after  n  win. ling 
course  of  183  mile*  In  Bohemia,  enters 
Saxon..  The  Adln  (or  Btch  rl*e*  in  ths 
niiuiiitnlna  of  Tyrol,  and  Hows  Into  the  Adri- 
atic. 

man  »l  inieiit  l*  that  of 

a    euiu.iliiitli.nal     moo.  i  reign 

hearing  the  title  of  Kmoeror,  and  th»  *aic 
■in  the  order  of  primo- 
geniture! In  the  male  line  ,.f  tbc  lloaae 
of  llabalmrx  I.uihrliifen.  aod  after  the  fall- 
ur»  of  He  mule,  in  ipe  female  line  of  that 
house.      tSee  Austria-Hungary.) 

Hi"  Relcharnth  (Council  "f  the  V.rnplrel 
eoual  house*,     the    ll.rrenhaua 

i  1 1. .use  of  Lords)  and  tbe  Abgvordneteiihaus 
(House  of  Dspuuas). 

The  Herrenhnus  consists  of  the  I"  An-h- 
dukes  of  the  Imperial  family  :  uf  S'.'  of  tbo 
landed   nobility,    in    v.  i.  ,•   dig- 

nity li  ■:  of  5  prlnre  arebblabops, 

7  prime  bbfbopa,  and  5  archbishops ;  aod} 
nf  108  members  nominalist  by  the  Krnperor 
f..r  life.  f,.r  public  sen-Ire — a  total  of  3T2 
mstnbera  m 

Tho  Abgeordneteiilinm  It  ef.mpnsed  of  310 
deputh  i,  alerted  i".  universal  manhoosl  suf- 
frage Itweuty-four  year*)  and  by  secret  bal- 
lot. 

The  courts  of  first  Instance  are  the  or|t) 
Btrtrktorrlrhte  ilMttrlct  Courts ■  and  th» 
73  Superior  Dlsttlrt  Courts  i»tth  Jury 
|  nlUched.  Sup.  rvl-lmi  r.f,  and  ap- 
r-  '  !■■  ft. un.  I  In  r  ruin  li  n:  .  ...  In  ,  ,1  In 
nine    Provincial    Appeal    Courts    at    Vienna, 

.re.     Innsbruck.     Zara,     |*    i 

BrUno,  Cracow,  ami  I.einii. ■:  .reme 

Court  and  Court  ..f  Cassation   m   \i.una  la 

ii prune  Court   of    the    Empire.     Caava 

of  conflict  between  different  authorities  ar* 


Austria 


***M  by   rtir  Tribunal  of  Ike  Empire  at 

TlOM. 

th»  klnxdoeni  and  count  rle*  represent- 
ed to  the  All. Irian  ll»l<b*raih  pou»M  aelf- 
■ortravot  fur  matters  awl  ctpr»«aiy  re- 
**racd  by  tbr  central  EOTrrnun.ui  of  th» 
Kaplre.  In  addition,  there  art  communal 
ccrcDiriu     »  ,'lvc     ron-mlttr**,     th« 

COBBttl   of  I  lie   tows  of  TrVale   having   lh« 
f  inriKDi  of  a   provincial  i  diet* 

1    fur    alx    yeari, 

•bd  «-*.i-t   of  a  tingle  chamber,  wltb  an 
•*wll>v  connrlL 

revrnu*  of  Austria  for  th» 

Br    i:u:i   >i<   s.ht.iT.voou  rrowna.  and 
expenditure  wa»  3.137.190.000  crowna. 
to  the  Getwral  Debt  of  A-s-trln    eemtract- 
*d  before   Um   war    lt"".<.   the   kit  .  i  .hi    .if 
tlaagn  over   tr'.ono.ooo  m- 

nwll  rowna    In     19131.     for 

aaorriaailoo    and    Interent.     Tl 
ua   Dec.  31.   1013,   %a«  ;•  I 
and  the  ipecial  debt  w*»  I 

allow  —  Primary     education     In     free 
aluorr  between  tb.-  «:.•»  of  <5  and 
'  00  per  cent,  of  tlw  attend 
Tlic  i.-bnola  ere  rnnlmalnad  bv 
local  taiatlon  altauat  exclojtv.  Ij 
ary    rdaratlon    I-  d  to    lb*  ccatral 

pwrnaom  i  boom. 

Ct ■inula  and  Ileal-.  ■    ■•  '  ■<■  tot 

relil**  and  icrtialt-al  hU:h  «ch. 
reweawfiow  1—S  lmtm*tiy  — Agri. n.tur..   la 
|W  Baoat  Important  Sudaniy  ol  Ik*  Inhab- 
:  iBArc  «ban  ou-bilf  of  if. 
—  ooewpied  therein,     'if  ihf  total  area 
•vwl   94    •  It    prndorilve.    3d   P'r 

raring    aral  >    land    and    1 1 
■aMarva   asd   tn-aduwa,   and    32   per   cent. 
— Btta.    The  arable  land  produci*  wheat, 
.     uatt.     milre.     potato-",     angar 
...  taralp   and   talacellaneoua   cro 
a  neat  and  malic  b»ve  alao  tn  be  Imported 
.  »rv       Tb*    garden*     produce     a 
and  tb*  elaeyar.i 
i  he  mcadnwa  and  paatnrea 
home*,  cattle,    ibup, 
r   I*   conducted  on    «cientln 

i  ■rtodK  denudation*  arc  met 

•J't'WO' 

eU*t  (A,  form  a  valaaul*  aoureo 

alia. 
1/....  .:n,f  UinrraU  — lo  addition  lo  gold, 
(of  i»r.  laad  and  tin  ore*  In  pro- 
.'.   and 
^^■■nm     While  the  Mlt  rein.'.  ..f  Ibe  t'lr- 
»«t   In    the  wart 
mlbe*  or  Wlellrtka    In  Cnil.-lo.  and  of  Hall- 
I    i   Auatrla.  aie  the  moat 
faaaooa. 

Aaairia    li    Doted    (I  Urinal    wa- 

t   the  alkaline  aprlnga  of  t'arla- 
■cjenbad.     l*l<a«hllbel. 
moat  fre- 
quented »»■  'In  world. 

"0    are   dependent    on 

rarlooe  In.  ■  ibllahment*.  and   Ana- 

.  •  abundantly  equipped  for   Induatrlal 

r  ob  account  of  Ita   rlrhne«a    in   raw 

•*nll*  It*  rlaera  ofTer  tmfb  power 

avl  in  lu  addition  to  lb    Iron  and 

lllea    ami    iri/i 

^^^BylT    ' 
aad  woodwork,  brewing  and  dlatllllnit.  chem 
titiB  and  Matlooery.   and   ti*aeco 
traara  -anee. 

Tb»    ara    flahwrlri    of    the    Adrlntle    ee.t.t 
"•»    alleal    rmplur    ab<     I     20,000 
Ujrauaa      Tb»    river   aad    lake   I 
ataa  Import  ant.  captdally  In   BotemU. 

rr»a»pocra»»*a    and    C*mmv»lmllnn—  In 

--3,000   kllomi-lrea    III  - 1    ..f 

^^■kr  wwra  oi- u   ami  ■.  ..M.-li 

•  <l  or  work  il   I 

aad  1X00  owned  and  worked  by  eompaalea. 

Id  1910  lb«  IcKctb  of  naTl«abl«  rltrcrt  and 


eanala  «ier*dod  «.fXKi  ■ 

tail;.,  000  inllua  b.-lns  navlcabi- 

on  the  Danube  and  Kibe. 

GM  post  offlcoa  In   Anattla 

S1011  in    of- 

e«w    with  and 

ea  of  wire,    Teli 
la   full  operation  and  are.  eatenalvelj    u     6 

and    10.114   aalllni;   rrmela  of     I 

7*o arm. — Capital.  Vienna,  on    lb 
l'u|ii:l 

i  .  :      I  *  i 
l/<aibcrc.  ituG.11.1:    <!iar.     i  meow. 

i     . 
128  ;  l  llaen,  80.313. 

Hi  n   sr.-nr   lOWkUd    en.-lreled 

by   tb.-   i  arpatbl  id  oc- 

u   of  i  in-  Danubo  froin  the 

SiiKi-  of    foaaony    t..    Uu   •  li.m   Ratal"  of 
raova.     Tbe  aBatera   portion     •    known   aa 
Traii«)lTan; 

Elan  name  belnc 
Icbenbil  men.  from  rbe  wren  i-j 
Slum  Intadera  of  tin    rlxblb  o-ntiir] 

I  lie  i'ni'|inl 
ami    the   Troniylvanlon   All  i    and 

form  an  annex  of  the  ilun- 
(torlaii    criiau,    extend    eaattaanl 
Adrll  of  the  Save  with 

i 

Krncra   ofld  tjiktt.— The   Danube    IDunal 
i  Kunuary  from  a  fortM   In  Ibe 

i  ilnM«  eantu  .  .1     i   hiiiiIi- 

r.  arda    t.     n  uu     Ibe    Drmre : 

il  It  la  met  at  Zlmony 

by  Ihe  Sari-  and  Bow.  Ill  Wlda  «tr.atn 

n    llunrarr   and    "'erTla    to   lb 
(.in  ci  the  ftnllaehla    (llumanlani    tmuod- 
ary.      'riie   Hauui 

lta  emir—  In  llunzary  »nd  In  the  ireit 
hlitbway  ami  ibe  outlet  Into  the  Riaek  Sea. 
Ir«  trl  ■  i  n:nl  Drare.  are  alan 

mrljahie   to  the   Alpi   I 

ai.it.    Tha  Tiaca,  aihb  b  dlvldea  llunmry  al- 
WMtern    and    eastern 
portion,    flow*    In    a   winding   hut 
eourec   aoutbwird.      Of   the  northern    trlbu- 
tarl.-a    the  li    the    [..  itha   In   the 

.  rnmeitf  — Tin.     OOnlHtntlon     li 
on   the   rrngmatlc  Stinellon  oj    IT.1::  iind  on 
andamental  law  of   18«7.  and   la  that 
of  •  i  Bj    hereditary  In 

tin*;  Ixirralne  dyn-aaty.  rind  after  the  —  1 1 im- 
tloo  of  the  male.  In  the  female  line  of  that 

The  Ituncarlnn   Parliament  eunalata  of  a 
nen  and  a   limine  of  I: 
'ill.-    li. hi       of    MajEOatat 
alat-d     I  in    -  on    of    IPU-lSi    of    If. 

Arehdiik.  *.     r.O     I ■■. ■.  I.  -i».i|.-al     DlKnltarh<a. 

in.    .•.    nihriat    oienibfi 
Delecatra   from    I'rontla  Slnrnnla.    the   Oo»- 
ernor  of  Plume.  '°'.>0  hereditary  nnblea  and 
80  llfo  memtu'ra  appolntad  li>   the  ■.■■ 

a   total  of  Silt 

'III.-     Il.ii-.-    ,,r     lieprraenrai 
4"-"t    membera.  of  whom  413  are  eleet>d  by 
an  aleetori  In   Hunaary   and  40  by 

tb*    Diet    nf    I'r.iatli  Slaamiln       Parliament 
nnnii.iliv.  ami   baa  a  maximum  dura- 
tion of  Ave  yrara 

li ■! rt"  of  tlrat    Inatance  arc   ih.-   It 

County  I'ourla  and  ISA  Dla  con. 

■      ■■ i    in     ih,.    ij    i, 

...  i  nl 
Unngary  at  lludapeat  and  on.-  of  Croatia- 
Blawonla  at  Kdgrab. 

fro'l".  '.on  owd   !'■''■ 

nf  I  [ungn  p  and  lta  matrnlil.. m 
Tldo  ei  -il     nf 

lb*    entlr#    |Hi|uilailon.    only    15    per 
being    etiKagvd     In    Ibe    virion*    Industrie*. 


Austria 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


The  agricultural  holding,  »n>  mated  to 
number  about   .s, 000.000.   o 

000  were  in*  than  f  acrr..  and  >  I  Ooo.ooo 
under  100  acre*  each.  All  the  great  plnln» 
prod-  i  Ileal   qa  i  II 

The   in. -a;.  i:lon«   which  cnrelop 

Hungary,   the  wo;  lie  Danube, 

Mil. I      the     tMlslriS    Of     till-      |l|;i   . 

d     witii    foiy»t«    which    contain 

l><   .ii.  pine,  .iiid  other  valuable  irwi.  wblib 

lo  llutncirv  to  export   i Imber  and   I 

fl'liK   lotal  ai»n  0  -la  In 

ail  w»»  K,!>s-"-.iu-'  -int. .     1 1  i>,.-t«r«*» 

ret.) 
Lignite.    Iron   anil    coal   are  woo.    In    nd- 
dltlou   to  gold  ami   hIIvit, 
■una    l><  in, 
•melting    mdtiatrlr*.      Snlt    H    ai;o    largely 

1  ..,  .  .  , 

Wearing,  metal,  atone,  glnsi,  wood,  brew 
Ine.    and    ii  mploji    miwt 

.<(   i  h  d   popiitai  Ion,   but   manu  fnr- 

il  tv»i  h 
egrlcnll 

Inland  l'l«hcrle«  are  of  great  In 
The    rlrer    Tl*«.«  1»    nattd    to    be 

"ono  part  ash  to  two  parti  «ral 

Si  v  ami  free,  nml  la  m  i 
nxntlon.       There     are     numerous     Infant 
witb     mtialug    itnff*    for    3    (o    J 
rear*,    Willi    Lower    >  Ii  iin -ii in ry    Srhoola    6 
to    13    yearn     land     Itepetltlon    courses    12 
to  18),     The  an 

per  cant 
Fitian-T.— The     sVuatro-nangartan     Mou- 

ar.-ln    has  n   Hi  (it.  lull    In   II 
pendltuTC   o(   tin-   Kingdom   of   lluiigai' 
mm  of  OO.trjl.MM   crown*  la  art  oildc   on- 
ni     ;i    1'iinlrlbulUm    to    ■  ti - ■    sol  rice  of 
Hi,.  General  Debt  •,  rwntracti  ii  be- 
fore 1807.     'I'll''  "i Wil  il"ln  of  llnngiirr  for 

1011    waa   aiati-d   nt  «^IM,558,000    crowns. 

Transportation  and  Commtinlra'i  is  "I  0 
ti.ml  length  of  Hue*  open  and  emrklni:  In 
1011  »n«  i::.u:;;:  mil,.,  of  wlil-li  10,0*2 
Wirt    owned    and    worked.  il 

,:.■        i  It  I  I        lie      .if 

river*  and  canala  ar*  available  for  trnns- 
port.  Tli.T,.  u,  ii.  i,,:;:;i  pi»t  .iiii.rH  and 
4.769  telegrnpb  omcc*.  The  sea-going  mer- 
cantile marine  amoiinta  only  to  tome   ]  10,- 

|    ton*.      The    chief    port    It    Flume,    on 

the    Adriatic    cnaat    of   Croatia. 

icn*. — CaMta.1.    Ii"  lb"   Han- 

nbc.      I'npulatlon  10,971        i  • 

towna  have  over  *0.000.  15  exceed  30,000, 
and   21   exceed   20.000  Inbabltania. 

Trade  irlfh  Hit  fulled  State*.—  The  value 
Of  tnerrhaudli*  Imported  Into  Austria  Hun- 
gary fr..m  tin.  I  nlied  Mtate*  for  tb*  rear 
1018    wa*  <■    and    good*    to     the 

ealoo  of  |10.1()'.',*1*  were  acnt  thither,  a 
balance  of  14. 128,282  lo  faror  of  the  United 
State*. 

flOS.V/x  X.VO  HERZEOOV1S1  coraOTliie 
•  It  dl«tr|et».  covering  an  area  of  10.760 
•oiiaro  roller  with  a  population,  Ivv  tin- 
renins  of  1010.  of  1.808,04*.  bealdca  the 
military  garrison  of  33.7SA.  Tho  tahabltanti 
are  8lav*  and  the  language  la  Servian. 

Ooi-emmeaf.— Tha  administration  of  Boe. 
ola-Herregorlna  wo.*  handed  orer  to  the 
.Mi-tro  Hungarian  Monatcby  by  the  Treaty 
of  Berlin  (1B7R>.  and  In  lf'OS  rhi 
King  extended  hla  aorcrelgnty  orer  tbo  prov- 
ince* by  autograph   letter. 

Tbe  filet  of  02  member*  (73  elected  and 

SO    nominated*     deal*    with    bnma    n"alr», 

,  Bnan.-e.  and  nubile  worka.      The   lo. 

eal    revenue    waa    estimated    at    70.110  47.1 

Si  nil.  the  expenditure  at  7D,5S3,- 
13  crown*. 
Cardial.    Scrajevo    'Homo-Scroll,    on    the 
Hn.nu    Hirer.       Po-mlatlou     f  10101     f.l  S72. 
Other  town*  are  ^rn»tar  lrj,385,  Banlalnka. 
1«.7D3,  and  Tuila  11.333. 


Austria  (ace  also  Austria  Ilnngary): 
.rui^    d'affalroa    of,    to    u  at  tad 
itutlrawal  of,  referred  to, 

1     EBB    ratal  relations  witb,  1114,2004. 

Confederate    envova    *«ut    to    Great 

liritn  •    rafamd    to. 

I  SJIdeJL) 

OoBtnl   of   United   Stutca   to    Vienna, 

Consular  convention  witli,  4023. 

•.live   criminnln,  convention   with, 
for  sun.  ni.  r  ni,  BM1 
Importation  of  Ajmrieaii  prodai  I 

lation  aguinnt,  diicuased,  Mlft 
Imprisonment   of   Amarican   eitiaeaa 

by,  S689.  i'74'J. 
Minister  of  XJnitcd  State*  to  bo  sent 
to,  I 
■inns  opened  with.  1708. 
Statement  of,  regarding  peace   offer, 
HIS!.. 
Reply  of  Kntente  Allie*  to,  8183. 
Treat;    with,    transmitted   and    dte- 
175.     1008,    1026,    1097, 
1105,  Iiaf,  2*3*,  BMl. 
Correspondence  regarding,  Kfvrrvd 
to, 

Refo.r,  ,1  t0,    I  "70,  1114. 

Troops  of,  departing  to  tlexioo, 

f erred  to,  858 
Voascla   of,  iliserimlnatlng  duties  on, 

suspended    by   proclamation,    1003, 

■ 

War    with     Hungary,     sympathy     of 

lent  with  latter, 

K   L'.179. 

Winaa  from,  duties  on.     (Sec  Wines.) 

Auatrta-Hnngory     (aoo    also     Austria; 

Hungary): 
Claim*  of,  regarding  subjects  killed 

inconflict  in  Pennayl  vnnis.03S4,0363. 
ConMilnr  convention  with,  4098. 
i:tnpro»»-qucen    of,   nasaMinntion    ot, 

6324. 
Expuliion  of  American  eltixena,  6425. 
Minister  of,   to    United    States,   re- 
ceived, 4718. 
Minister  of  United  8tates  to,  appoint- 
ment of   A.   M.  Kelley  as,  and  re> 

fusal  to  receive,  diacusacd,  4910. 
Naturalisation    treaty     with,     4089, 

4098,  4142. 
Neutrality  of  United  States  is  war 
with— 

Bolgium,  7977. 

Franco,  7973. 

Great  Britain,  7975. 

Italy,  b< 

Japan,  7977. 

Russia,  7974. 

Sen- la,  7969. 
Tariff  law*  of,  avidtaea  of  modifica- 
tion of,  proclaimed,  5718. 

Discussed.  5717. 
Trademarks,  treaty,  regarding,  4114. 


Trwtita   with.— Tb, 
commerce  ■nil  aavlralloo  of  1«."J 

in.     1«SL       It 
laatiBf  for  16*  apace  of  ten  years, 
■lib  rrttewal  Jruia  year  lo  year  ther 

ly    of    ,v-iiuu*rce   mill 
aangatlua    belweva    tbe  (»o  roaujlrii 

■   !  -.'0,  property,  (ml  the 
■•».   cbar*-r».  and 
.   ao.1    rc-exporta- 
iIod  of  prodacts  la  vcanela  of  I  be  one  parly 
m  the   other    under    reciprocally    .■.ultablo 
naatwlae  trade,  whleu  la  ex- 
cepted   from    lb«  operation   of   tola   treaty. 
•ablL.buieot   of  cotuolar  raprearatm- 

»re  aad  a*eola  I*  a«r<»d  ojmb  oudrr  coti- 
loaa    of    Ibe    axwl    favored    nation;    bat 
Meb   coaautar  agciite  who  rnxagc  In  trido 
«  u    account    •Hill    Orlt*    froea 

lege    but  ate    cltliea*    la 

atnlamr  traaaactluau. 

«trtrv4uio«.— An     extradition     contention 

»j»  mdi 

rxtredliloD  nf  crlnilnala  and  fiigltivea  from 
.•  iiviw'i!  i  anrdcr.  ua- 

aanlt     will. 

robbery,     forgery,      mnklcg     or     circclntlng 
rfrlt     money,     or     ealaraiefxariit      ■•'- 
xffeaxr  I*   lo    tie    ro- 
larOol  In  Ibe  light  of  the  law*  of  tbr  i 

i     which,  an  ■lylnta  la  eoughr.  anil  not 
••I  tvw  where  Ibe  offence  waa  committed. 
.-oiiil-n»  of  the  treaty  am  un| 

Itlcal  off  end- 
are  of  clllieai  of  ibe  country.  All  ex- 
peuae  la  to  b»  bora*  by  ibe  country  etklnf 

rua   ■ unit*  n  new 

eno»  in  the  country  of  a.rlcm.   aiicb  of- 
nmat   be  dlapoaed  of  before  extradl- 
Wee  la  pert  .    treaty  extcnde  frnea 

rear  to  year,  aubjeet  lo  all  monlba'  notice 
«f  tttratloa  lo    - 

the  cltlxeo- 
arallxatlon  eonvrn- 
■ 
Aa.trll  Hungary  act 
Axeertcan  cUltcna  tboae  of  Ita 
.  hate  realdcd  In  the  lulled 
■aba  tor  a  period  of  •»*  year*.  Rod  who 
Jr«r  toeottie  Ha  c.tlton*  by  r.  gulir  and 
■Btl  Ultra  II  tat  Ion  proceatra:  and  reel.iro- 
•Uy  tse  t'nlted  Statea  recornlxea  one  of 
J»  awn  people  woo  baa  almllarly 
JenM  to  lb*  natornllKitlnn  Intra  of  Aut- 
•  ntatary:  bail  Ibe  decearntlnn  of  In- 
atOai  la  mil  In  either  <u(iniry  retarded  aa 
•tfiranutl-n.  '. .,,.:  ■  i-.-  itloa  in  om  totro- 
•Meae  aoi  grant  lo  Ibe  peraon   Inu i. 

B  tberonerqurncct  of  a  i 
f*t  to  lemlgratloii,  aehject.  of  coorte.  lo 
•-lolly    doea    Ibli    npplt    to 
g"a  wfca  bate  wx:gbt   to  etcape   nillltnry 
toatrU'Iluiignry.       A    n.itui 

f- .reign   rltltcn- 

iiu  a  axed  period  of 

■*ars«.     Tola  treaty  vi  I   to  en- 

■Bet  let  a  period  nf   tea   year.,   and    lb 

nw  frei.  rear,    atibject    to    all 

•"J""'  notice  of  termln 

gMl  ■■»*«■— Tbe  r  ii  of  trade- 

■ther    than    Ihe    owner    la   pra- 

I    legal    redreaa    la    accorded   to 

'•ware  on   Ibe  asm*  taroa  and 

^•M  lo  ctrlietia  of  both   evomtrle*   tin- 

»  «*e  prvrialnna  of  a  tradrmrrk   enrea- 

■"  itorlalnn-d  June  1  he  life  of 

«?*»emarl[    ahnll     bo    thit    :.r.,M,!rd    by 

J*  Ibe  country  In   whlrh  11    originated. 

*!  *>e»    It    becotnea    p-;i  , -y    at 

'    then    public    property    In    Iba 

^^^^^■iMnrr    eontrartlnjc    p>»*<r. 

rk     proteetlon.     ilupll- 

ibe  Pntent 

»ber 

and 

yeart- 


a*  wama   to    i-rtnn 
.JaaaealaaaMoai^ To    nrulnle 
amp  Of  Itnaalrraala  a  aataralhu 
Uaa  ana    proclalor.l    Aoe.     |, 


«*  aaailro    trade-tun  rk 
at   Waablactoa  and   In    the  Cbamber 
!»«am»    aad    Trad*    at     Vienna 
"■a.    Thlt  treaty.  orU'nally  of  ten  j 


Automobile 


dnratlon,  now  ll»e«  from  year  to  year,  tab- 

(10   one    years    notice    of    i.-riulnalton. 
t    waa  luterprvu-d   !• 
rlKbta. 

^<-6iir..rin«. — Ulfferencca   of    a    local    ua- 
".-  aa  to  tii  •  itloa  Of   u.itlea 

ImpoulM.-  of  hei  v   diplomacy  are 

'  ibe   rcmaoeni    L'oori  of 
ArMiiinlon   ut   Tbo   llnxuo   accordlua;   to  a 
convention  algncd  Jan. 
Austro-Ainencaa.  —An   American   of  Aua- 

i'lrth  or  di-  I 
Automobile   Trade. — Karl]'   cx.ierliai-ntcra 
lor  rebli  Ii 

■•bleb  uaod  beary  and 

tban    cool.     I.ih-tit     toblcie    tnoiora 

road*  poaallilc    by    the  aucmtirul   pro- 

ii   and   the 

notlve 

power   In    tin.*   ».•«>.  or  ipiaollnc  enxlura   la 

furplabed     by    a     aucceasion     .. j     ,  .;.i(.ilona 

wJil.h     lake    place    within     ilm    .,i,„i,.r    ti, 

►elf.   Iboroby  J.|u«  away  with  tbo  ■■unbtr- 

boddc  bolUr  and    furnace. 

la  I  Mil  two   Uerm.ma.  fiottllcb  Dalatler 
and  farl  llcot.  wurkinx  tndepondonlli 
applied  the  caa  rojlnc  Kticcv>afully  to  road 
tvbUclr*.      linimior.     wbn     waa     manager    of 
' '  I  to    lina    Kngln  „i    Ucnli, 

Itunla.  fltd-d  hi.  ..mall  air  cooled  oaolor 
lo    a    lo,.,  ,ne    It    aat i 

; ont  and   .  ■  rear 

?  ,lcl!.'..j!rlnf    <■«■'»••"     '■'     Ba     of    a    bait 

In      18*9     fie     eomtru i     a      iwncyllndei 

,-,  which  attraciod  tbo  attcnilon  of 
ttaaaira.  Panbaid  ami  i.  i  larla, 
*bo  I  tight,  and  Im- 
mediately   began    tbo    , ruction    ,,f    tbo 

•aaa>atlally  mcdirn  motor  cur.  tbo  Iliat  of 
arblcb  wna  brou^-i 

Carl    Bern    iimt   Bon 
looial   cylindi-i-.  water-Jacketed  engine  to  a 

■  In  ,  I    ,.,,  rln  •■        It    waa     pi 
the    rear  axle   Bad  :  ank- 

•haft,  thaagltlii: 

poalll,  •  ftmut     IiiMir.d     »ta- 

blllty     In     Ibe     ati 

crank. haft    waa   cohl  ,.  ,,i    et»r- 

Ins  to  a  abtut  horizontal  ahnft.  whlib  waa 
in  turn  eonpled  to  a  countn  >lialt  by  a 
belt.     The  enda   of    tbl  haft    were 

connected  to  the  road  wb.-eU  by  ibalna. 

early    aitemptt    by    American    Inveo- 
1  'I    horacleaa  carrlaty^ 
fined   to  atiam  ,  i.ullt 

loo  motor  of  unkuoi 
•lam.      IMirlng   tbo  elghtln  a    Mi 

lit     out     u     i  ,  :    .]     with     a 

alenin     motor.     fr.llo»  ,     trlcyrlea 

-ly  cv.ulpp.-d.  alilch  were  the  prede- 
ceawra  of  the  llgtit  atran 

Imonta    In 

>n«  la  al.o  rlalnnd    l,v  It     K.  I  Id 
Mlohlj-an.    who    In    1*36    be»an    tbc 
.tin, Hon    of    a     )iam«l<"<«     carriage.       Tbl  a 
tehlcle,   completed    In    IS«7.    waa   drat   ailed 

I    ateam   endue  giun-d    lo   Ihe   rear 

waa  ,,f  Ibe  norcuplne'  type 

anil     KnxriHiii.     waa     the     fii-  I 

mnchlno     waa     remodeled,     u.lng     a      flanh 

.    that    la,     tin      ileam    -not    generated 

only 

ltd*    DOfBD     bull, line     :  imiort 

for    ooru-li'M    rarrlagr.,    wb 

Ion  in  1895,  bare  proved  practical 
ami   .nccratfol. 

Chorlea  and  J.  F.  Duryea  eomtdcttd  tMl 
flrat  aniomobllr  In  18H2      Tlolr  aerond  ear, 

ted  In  1803.  embodied  all  the  *a- 
aontlol  utomoblle. 

Tbe»    Duryi  ■  agon    Comrony    wna 

onrainlred.  nnd  the  thirteen  nuloinobllea. 
Onlabed   In    I  w.r..    ihe 

flrat  Dianiirartured  for  nlc  In  tbe  foiled 
Statex.     Tbc  price  of  tbeae  Teblclca.  fl.SOO, 


Automobile  Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


was    considered    loo    high    for    »n    untried 

mil    rtrrlagy,    and 
prevented    Hi"    Im 
gnrollnc    automobile    in    America.      A    tare* 

majority  of  plant  ■  r» ling   for   Ih*   iudna- 

Iry  ti>  Hi.      .  ii  mi «  o(   11)0(1,  ii.nnii.  ii. •..■ 

In    Imi'.i.   tin-  dat     ...  mtUI 

beginning     of    the     automobile    buitocaa    ID 

.•..ii...  let. 

dufomoMlr  Engine- — There  ore  three  lypca 

of     II 0 

hn.|       UH       I  l:. .III..'  I  I 

.]   the  loon,  ami   the  electric   i 

ati.l    thiol. h  populated  aoe- 
tlona,    brcauae    ..r    iii.  nr    having; 

a    charging    station    lin  '••    In*    bnt- 

-,-d      although    i 

itlotitf 
,-rved    tO    DBCfttftM    Tin-    liuin'.rl    Of    BlOC 
trlca.      Tin-    KOtollni'  other 

band.     And         a  obtainable 

everywhere,    and    has    lesa    weight    Id    pro- 
p.  ,.'...n  tn  horsepower  than  the  other  form*. 
/"«.'  ■  :■  in pt-c    bar*   beat    made 

and  ore  *tlll  tolng  tnndc  to  uw  Other  formt 

of   fuel    in   ih.    automobiles    bul    up    to   lb* 

ill    time    without    in. irked   aucceas.      In 

ilir.      ether,      kerosene,    nleohol,     ami 

naphthalene    bat  objec- 

tlona    to   ketwene    are    the    diHtcully   of    in- 

dtirlnc    raporltatlon    and    the    clogging    nf 

>.v  the  rvUiM     Toe  chief 

objection    to  alcohol   la  Ha  cottllncsa. 

;.-ii.i.h..—  Tin.    principle   of   the 

gasoline  .->■;- It..-  uaed  In  nutumobllec  l«  that 
.tin. i    combuatlon.  iv    ut 

gsaolluc  Ih  .prni-d  lulu  an  air-current  In 
iirbureter.    the    rc«ultnnt    combination 

of  air  and    gnaollhe   betel    then   eompi 

In   the  amber      At  one  end  of  toe 

located   the   spark   plus,   which 

i    the    mlituro    by     an    .-l.-.-t rl<-    apnrk 

and  cau«ca  It  to  cxplod.-      Tbe  '-xnnnalon  of 

11 xpid.w.ii     <lri\..    hi. i     tin     platon,    and 

power   1»    goncn  I 

■  ■ilirnrrr — Tile     h»r«c|>nw  ■  r     nf     the     en- 
gine   l.i   fonnd   hy    multiplying   the   rtlnm.-t.-r 
cylinder*   b  multiplying  thin 

Sroduct    hy    the    number   ..r   cvlh 

UtCll<ttli>    '      nf       ihl       fnU'-lh-  -TltO 

I'Yi'ii-     in     the     gnaollm     engine     muat     ba 
atartcd    hy   moving    the   puton.      lmil   the 

Sunt    ai-vi-ral    year*,    thin    »  |  Halted 

i>     turning   a   crunk    h*    hand,    but    now   au 

afectxu 

Martina    appnrtitut    la     In     general     use. 
Thin  la  operated  by  •  Rtoragi  which 

la  re-charged    by    the  engine   after  the  lat- 


ter  g»lH    |Dl  and   la    anally    mi 

nlso  to  provide  tfee  current  for  Ignl 
ti.  ii.  lighting    etc. 

■ 
the   mixture   of   air   and   ga»ollne    through 
:     Mir    ap-ali 
.lly    closes    tbla  TmlT*.  and    thou  coca 
Ignition    i 
through  the  medium  of  the  apart  pint  the 

of    which    tends   down    tin 
Ita     •..'•nrid     duwn     -Iriiki-        J  i:  - 1     before     Ih* 

completion    of     Ibta    stroke,    the    exbansl 

i  in-    Inirnt    ensrs. 
any    »f    wbl  reatato    i« 

•  I    upstroke,  of   tbc  piston, 
which   cnroplotee   the  cycle. 

-,-parate  openings  for 
n     nf    gaaoline 
me   b)   r..r.-.  .i    in    by    the   ruction 
the  engine,  the  amount  heln 

force  "f  gravity  nr  pr ire.   mother  valve 

r.gtiliitlug    Ita    quantity.      The 

let    mi  v    the  t«t»t  mm 

The   .n.ni.i,,    i,',!  eyeteai   la  now  In   gem- 
cm!    inc.    whereby    tbv   main    ga>nllr>*   tana. 
moved    fir    r r. .in    tin-    engine,    tbe 

no    N'lng    pumped    from    It    lato    a 
.1    tank    near    <  from 

which    It    la   forced    Inf.   the  carliur.  i 

■•nn      may     occur     through 
tin-   inn  k. •  und  break   ur   the  Jump  »pjrk  »)•» 
fi-m.  although  the   latter  la  i  onl- 

vertal.       A     high     teoalon     current,     nrlalng 
frtna    ainracr    ballerina    and    ■    aparl 
rauaea    an  iart    to    lump    l»-twe»n 

two  electrode*  In  the  apark  plug,  which  are 

about    '..    in- ii    i rt      Tbr   curreat    may 

come  nlao  from  n  inngm-m. 

The    niu/fl'r    la  II    drum   of  alieet   ati-el  OHril 

t.,  .I.  nil,  ii    the   inn  i-   arblch   would  otbrrwlae 

i  ,t    gaan    are   emitted. 

The    .'xlinn   i  -'■■   paaanl   through    IL 

and    nt.     reduced    gradiufly    lo   atrao-i 

Keaanre     bj     being    poaaed    through     cham- 
alxe 
A    poollao    •■"  i..ratlre.    aa    tbe 

rapid     explo»lona     would     otberwlte     make 

i  lie   wafer-ei 
t-m    N   the  more  common.      In    tl 

the  .•■•  ll'i.iri  -  ere  i atructed  "i   two  walla. 

and  are  cooled  hv  hnvlnr  wnter  flow  In  the 

■a.    The  water  lt-.-lf.  cai'iraliv. 

Ik  tbareby  hratanl,   aod  I-   In  ■    .1  by 

the    radiator     be] I  DdW    tb*    nlr 

cooling  :..-•!  in.  :i  fun  bnrtra  nlr  over  the 
eyllnd.r.  u  id- ii  N  covered  wllh  -hurl  n«l« 
tn  rnellltflte  the  eoniliietlnn  of  heat  Into 
ti '- 


DetTHDRer  on  m  MtnTacmai  or  Atmntoaaaa.  »«»  Anovoaae  Boom  »*>  ?»rm 


■Si bflej 


i.tifMirL,,!.,!,. 

IraJicind 

parti 


Ihtel 


Numlarr  of  e*tiLii»hmrntj  '     . 
r«nmni  «nt»gTrtl  in  mjuuif»rtur« 

>Y;.fkr i*-t- >r-8  r,n*J  llrm  mrml»r» 

fWUrtal  tmphyfm 

Wi«e  tftram  |fcT«r»4«  numb«)  . 

Primary  hor-epoTvcr 

Capiuf 

"IT*  . 

Valur  of  perrfucto 

Value  adiied  br  maou/actura  (»alue  of  pnxlueU  !<•  eon  of  truteriabj 


■JO 

DMI 

M 

12.830 

79.307 

im.iwj 

M.W1.000 
17, ,000 

.,.,..,.:-,  Km 

3I0.6J2.000 


700 
1.160 
iT.Tll 

r>i.v,i.iv«i 

lojsoo.noo 
Man,ooa 

l>l.u)l.ll-.i 
st.eti  on 


i  m 

:i.'.nv: 
7*0 

lUM 

UT.0tt 

irs.nM 
wn:. 
i.T».«M.eeo 

•0,000 

I01.'." 

SMJOa.OKI 

'■  ^.■.■M  .(Mil 


'  In  addition,  in  101*.  33  aatabllthmeata  primarily  encwnl  in  otW  hnm  et  min.il«rpir»,  nojilwvl  aatuauiblka  lo  lha 
rxl'io  of  to, 636. 030.  and  434  ai tab! i*b meat*  nf  Ihi*  ehvaeter  maoiifacturtd  an  ira  mil  part*  In  the  valna  of 

tin  MVU70;  ia  1000.  aiiniW  utabluluarala  productd  •utomobUa  .  ilucd  it  1330,080  irnj  aulomobilo  bodisi  add  t*iu) 
viluedatM.4lW«6.  ^ 


Encyclopedic  Index 


TV  r*M*>*iora  may  fu«*iIon  by  i 
«M-M>  or   tb*  air  tab*  pracsa*.      In    th» 
ferBsr,   Ike    water     1*    cooled    by     paaalox 
omO  iMn  metal  pipe*.  over  which  a  coa- 
atait  rtrrenl  of  air  paaac*.      Is  tb«  la 
Oc  Mm    ar*     Inserted     Into     tie     "Jiir. 
WW»  (»»  autoaoobllc  la  In  rapid  motion.  • 
..-.   naturally   ibrouxb   th*   radl*- 
iw     Wbeo  Iht  aatomoMIc  la  driven  slowly. 
Ir  I.  nWnlii.il  by   the  rcro- 
lata*  ••!  a  fan.    wbkb   la  il 
twJaf-Oaft. 

Uartcarion  t*  aecratary  In  iarl- 

•a*  part*   of    th*   roclnn    w»ll- 

■■•   a  fool  of  nil  at  tin 
•a*  af  lb*    i-r.ink    i«..-.    lato    wlil  b    th* 
malpla  arOa.lie*  at  earn  r 
•  i/iar— t»»    oil    ta-tnjr.    ilrlTi'ii    tn    all    part« 
«yal*aa  of  fabfi- 

■•  the  '.il  aim  tii   10  cau 

ataaavc  rabrteai.  Inatl.Wi  of  the 

in       -ii 

re*,  .onaectkm     between      tM 

laaft  anil  s  latin    I-  effected 

•j  aaaaaa  of  *  frtetlnn  lotcb 

a  *jo*Dt<d   cloa*    to    th<    fly  ••hi-'.      A    va- 

may  be  oMalaed.  and 

-.mmbudon    Include*  also  si-artn 

u*     cannot 

UrtaiMi        Dll  .-*ar- 

«  i-  lo  carry  power   frbm    the 

.-•ilrra    uf   |b»  axle  at 

nihil**  follow  the  pneuma- 
•    tlr*.    al- 
ia, ar*  equipped  with  •"' 

th*    arenr 
tb*  air  twlng  contained  in  an   In- 
i-  i  ma.    held    to    i in' 

»v.u    i.r     twit*,     majr    be    »n«lly    reaooved 
«M  trvlUd   with   tbe   tlr.-  alrefldy  in 
ay*,  lata*. 

-•*    train    ar.    uatinlly    apcratcd   by 
M;  emergency    brak*a    by    band. 

1»  ai|  b*  operated,  according  to  Hi'' 
■alMi  nenr**    at    i  I"""   l-n  cent* 

fa)  Ms  aallr.  In  *ltlc«.  whet*  charging 
baaattlr  available,  electric  truck*  ar-  •  om 
•al  lata  g*o*T*l  o 

Tat  tataat  atep»  Id  aot'imoMIc  building 
*m  baraj  lav  araaored  sun-carrying  ma- 
•la*  aad  the  farm  tra 

TV*  rapid  growth  of  IB*  bwatneaa  la 
•aara  by  tbe  fart  thai  the  ouaabi-r  of  *«• 
Mfagarnta  maklr.g  n 

*•!  lb-   ra  «oii' 

t»  fn.t»   •  < 
(aaOaanl    demand    for    auintror.il-.    and 
ry     and     abroad     tin* 
a  reaiartal.r.    In*r*a«*  in  aal-  •.  ttia 
Jr»  far  tb*  year  ending  with  Jon..  .10. 
.  a*  compiled  by  Alfred  K**vc«,  g. 
aaaai  ham- 

*•  w  Co*»- 

■aa,  a>  b*«*  born  70(1.53"  rar^.  ralurd 
•Waaal*  >  M'h  it  aa  ad- 
maw  of  It  p>-  of 
■an  no  aaara  ii-m  10  dm  i  r.i   la   rataa 

•w  rv  prrrlcna  twlre  av>ntbi. 

aaki  »f   jam-nwr   can   of  all    I.- 
*«ar  10.  wbl.  I  -.-ar  In 

•»  Maatry.    wi  i  I,   for  wlilch   thg 

■aafarlorara   ramlTnl   »4.Vi.fH1.131.   ablla 

JQ'aHlmatrd  al  ■  lined  at  t''2,6i'l.- 

Tb«  rienrrf  for  iwi-tv*  a>onibi  i-udlDg 

a»H  l»l«.  -J  car*.  rau».nuHr 

■f*  i^mavrrlal  ral-wd    al    allgjbtly    mora 

Ap  i ifeooaooo. 

B  will  b*  ontrd  that  wbll*  llir  numb. t 
•'  ran  in-r.  »~.1  ;in  per  cent,  the  valor  In- 
I»r  cvat.  Inilii^tlnit  Ika 
***|»l  »aln»  lb*  mn*»r«  bnre  been  fliin' 
*rlaa»ri  aa  nati'ifiriurloc  eo»ta  were 
aaani  av>wn  am 
■  •VaaaU  c*>o>tnie||ao. 


i:xporl>  of  automobile*  and  motor  trncka 
reached    a    total    In    the    > 
Joue.    1915.    far    In   exceat.   of  any  or. 
twelre  montb*.     They  totalled  W10.1;.. 
maeai  op  of  mot.-r  tnicka  tr.  tM  tnil 

-<  ralnrd  at  $S1.- 
113.033.  Thl*  value  repreaentr.l 
hlrlea  made  up  of  1.1.DD6  motor  trncka  anil 
23,880  paaaenGrr  .-ar.  i..  tbl«  ran  I* 
ail.l.-il  partK  ti.  tb.'  ralue  nf  t7,SiS,18J.  fir- 
ing a  lolat  of  {Us.luT 

1915 
Motor  T*blcl.'. 

.71  IN 

Paaawocer  car* 

aold     ..  :.",»  H, 

Molor      trucU 

aold     

Talue 
aataa     .  .|1,0HS.028.273     lOBl.::- 

It-tall         Trtlu* 
Of    P«MH  n 

r»ir.    ..il.l    .  .  i    r.ii 

Retail        raltie 

'■(■■■  -J0.2?a       I35.1i 

Ar.-rair..    retail 

prir*  paaaen- 

oan  .    . 

Arrrace    r 

piice  Irifki  1.X00  MOO 

No.  cylinder*  In  Ctrm 

'  

f 

*  or  « .   1« 

*  or  h       .     r> 

6  or  8 a 

«   or    12 1 

I.  ••  3 

lal    i5o 

In    19lrt.   then-  ».t  .1    car*  and 

truck*  lu   lb-     li.lt.-.l    •  m.iii. 

2,S(»0.0(Ki     were  tbelr 

o»ea.    Thla  number  r*pmt*nt*  appr.iti 
80*   Of   tM    t'.tnl   nunii- r  In    th*   world 

Autonomooi  Qovernmant  for  Cuba  dis- 
cusaed,  61.12.  6261,  6284,  6308,  6600. 
(Seo  alao  Ciit,n.'i 

Autonomy. — Th..   rlttit   to    mimnitoClw 

n^rit  In  »ni  form:  not  subject  to  any 
Mwa  nth^r  than  •elf-mado  Inifi 
AuxUlary    Nary    in    Spnnish  American 

War,  fi:u:. 
ATerysboro   (N.  C>,  Battlo  of—  Jlareh 

18.    INS!    Oco     si...  urn,    In   the  adriDi 
tbe    Union   Armj     enrountcrod  tho  Confedci 
at-«    under   On.    Ilardee    near   ATery*boro, 
In  t he  narrow.  awnTOBpj   n.-.k  botween 
Fear  and  South  rl»*n 

hold  Sherman  Id  cheek  until  Johnaton  could 
rnnientrato  hi*  army  at  aome  point  In  hi. 
rear.  Incvnaant  ralna  h.nl  made  the  crmind 
ao  aofl  thir  mi  deep  In 

tbe  mod.  A  cerere  fliihi  tnok  place  amid 
ahower*  of  rnlu   nml   sn»t«  ■■(   wind.      The 

Kimia  line  advanced  int..  In   th*  aften 

and    the   Confe.l 

field.  IcavlnR  Km  dead  upon  the  field.     Tb* 
ral   loaa   wua  aeventy-aeven  killed   and 
477  wi.iiikI.-.I 

Aves  Islandj. — A  group  of  nma.ll  itilnnija 
In   the    ('iirilihean   Sea,    belonging   to 

Venezuela. 

Arlatlon.    (Sop  Aeronautics,  also  Army, 
'ling  Corpt,  and 
for   application    to    military    usoa   aoo 
Huropcan  War,  Zeppelin*.) 


Bad*. 


Mcssages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Back-Stair  Policy. — A  term  uh4  Id  deri- 
sion against  aerernl   of  tho  Presldonta   for 
itlng  that  their  poller 
«»»    dlctat"  ret   friends,    who   were 

ngura  lively  admitted  by  way  of  tlio  back 
(tain. 

Bacon's  BebeUion.— An  Insurrection  la 
1076  of  the  people  of  Virginia,  led  Uy 
Nathaniel  Bacon.      In   HITS  lb*  Crown  as- 

:   tho  entire  Provluc*  of   Virginia  for 
"DO    years    to    tarda    Arllm-tnii    ami 

;  .  r.   with  power  to  collect   for  their 
own  use  nil  unit  rents,  escheat*,  ami  dul 
to  name  sheriff*  nml  other  ■•Hi.  .  r»:  to  make 
new  counties,  and  In  general  to  ■• 
authority  of  tbsntut*  rulers,     sir   William 

ley,  the  English  governor  of  Ihe  Colony. 
w.i*  wry    unpopular   hi   n.oounl    "f  lilt  op- 

Boi  to  free  education  and  a  free  pn 
o  seemed  to  think   that  the  function  of 
a  governor  wai  to  get  na  much  na  poululo 
Hi*  colnulsta  for  himself  and  Ms  mns- 
tora    at   tbo    letiat    poatllilo   cost.       lie   also 

!rovod  lnefflclenl    In   lirotectlug  the  settlers 
gainst  tli*  ravage*  of  the  Indiana,    He  laid 
a  the  people  and  restrleiid 
the  franchise.      An    Indian    uprising  During 
wl   In  the   *tale,  a   fore*  of  600  men 
rilliered  to  march  nenlnst  them,      Ilcrkeb-y 
band.      Tus   coloolaU 
Hocon,  wDo  wna  I  |>« »i'Ul n r  lawri-r,  na 
:.  and  despite  Hi-  >•  f  laal  of  tho 
governor  to  eomml**lon  Dim.  ba  led  du  nj<  d 
against  and  defeated  the  Indiana.    Berkeley 
: pr  icl  con   »   rebel,   not- 
withstanding which  the  people  elms*  blm  a 
memiicr  of  the  new  assembly.    Oo  bla  way 
lo  Jomcatown  lie  was  arrested  and  tried  hy 
th*  governor  and   hi*  council,  but   wa*  re- 
i   on  purolo  and  left   Hie  capital.      Be 

rn.  .1  i-  nil  noo  men  and  again  if 
'  d  a  commission,  which  was  grouted. 
While   Bacon   woa  successfully 

.  mipalgn  agalnal  the  Indian*. 
Berkeley  ngnln  proclaimed  Dim  a  rebel  and 
a  traitor.  Bacon  then  burned  Jnineatown, 
the  governor  taking  refuge  on  an  English 
Teasel  In  the  lnrbc.r.  The  rebellion  wna 
.1  on  in  a  desultory  way  until  the 
death  of  Bacon  In  1077.  when  it  collapsed 
rot  iv. mi  .if  .»  leader.  Tbo  English  executed 
twenty-three  <.f  the  pnitlolpnnt*  In  tula 
rebellion.  It  la  notable  a*  the  Brat  formi- 
dable real'taneo  to  colonlnl  authority  In 
Brltlah  America.  The  algnldcnnce  of  Ita  oc- 
currence Juat  100  ycara  i>.  i 
»sa  often  been  remnrked.  One  of  Bncon'a 
iiit  to  de-ith  for  hl>  part  In  In* 
.  lillnm  Urummond.  who  lmd 
■-  i  .1  for  a  few  ycara  na  tbo  Orat  governor 
..f  North  Carolina. 

Baden. — A  German  grand  duchy,  of  south- 
ern tiermn&y  and  n  alat*  of  the  German 
Empire.  The  reigning  duke  la  Frederick 
II.  it  In  bound.  .1  b.  li.  an  and  Bavaria. 
on  tho  north,  Bnvarla  on  the  northeast. 
Wllrttemberg  on  the  cn«t.  Kwli/.-rland  laep- 
;  mainly  by  i.nu-  Contianoi  and  the 
i  on  ID*  Mouth,  and  Aliscc  and  t  lie 
Rhino  lMlitlnute  (separated  by  the  IIDloel 
00   tb»  went.      Ita  capital   I"  (.'srlsrubc.      It 

Godaces  grain,  wine,  tobacco,  hemp,  pota- 
ce,  bops  and  chicory,  manufacture*  »llk 
good*,  chemicals,  rlock*,  machinery,  wood- 
enware,    brushes,    paper,  etc. 

Oot-rrsmrsf.— The  government  I*  a  constl- 
itillnnnl  hereditary  monarchy  under  a  grand 
.i  Landing  with  nn  Upper  llouae 
aud  a  CDnmber  of  alxly-lhree  K.-prescnta- 
Uvea.  It  *ends  rhree  representatives  to 
the  Herman  Bunde«rath  nnd  fourteen  to 
the   It.  i     isiag.      it  entered  tbc  i: 

..Ion   In    1MB.    i Ived   a  Conatltotlotl 

In    IMS    nnd  lieeam*  a  member  of  the  (Jcr 
man    Umpire    in    1871.      It    ha*   an   area    of 


B.S23   *q.   m!!-»   and   a  population    (1010) 

of  2.141.832.     (8e«  alao  Germa 

Baden,   fugitive   criminals",  convention 

with,  /or  surrender  of,  2888. 
Baden,  Treaties  with.— Tn*  extradition 
treaty  of  1857  and  the  naturalisation  con- 
vention of  18GB  were  not  affected  by  the 
Ion  of  the  German  Empire  In  1871. 
The   extradition   treaty   of    1Sj7    wna    pro- 
d  on  May  IP  of  that  year.    The  ex- 
tradltsble  crimes  are;  Murder,  assanlt  with 
Intent  to   kill,   piracy,   arson,   robbery,   for- 
miking     or     circulating     counterfeit 

Kr.ney.    nod    embrtxlcrncnt    Of    public    tona- 
».     Evidence  of  gnlit  sufficient  to  convict 
within    the   country    of   atylum    mint   be 

d.     The  expense  must   be  born, 
the  country  asking  aurrender.     The  treaty 
doea  not  apply  to   political  offender*,    nor 
la   either    niiiinn    bound    to    deliver    up    lis 
own  citizen*.    Commission  of  a  new  crime 
within    the   country   of   asylum    riuare   th* 
In     tried    and,    If  guilty,    to  b* 
pnnlshed     there     before    surrender, 
trenty  remained  In  forco  until  Jan.  1.    I 
nnd    thereafter  from  year  to  year,  *nl 
to  on*  year's  notice  of   Intention   to   ter- 
minate. 

The   treaty  of  1808  I*   a   nnturallxatloo 
trenty    designed    to    regulate    no- 
tion of  tintnrallted  ellliana  by  t 

v,  and  was  proclaimed  Jan,  10,  1870. 
eonntry  agrcea  to  recognlre   as 
xena  thoae  or  it*  former  aubj  have 

conformed    to    th*    natural); 
lavs  of  the  other  country.     No   lmin»nltT 
from  punishment  for  crime*  committed  be- 
fore emigration,    aovlng    the    llinl 

.1  hy  the  law*  of  the  original 
try.     Especially  dor*  this  refer  to  the  lia- 
bility   of    a    lornur    citizen    of    Bad. 
non-fulfillment   of   military   duly.      But   he 
shall  not  be  eabjert  to  punishment  for  thla 
offence  union*  he  »hnll  haw  etulcrnlrd  while 
drafted  "r  la  actual  military  serflos,     Pro- 
vision  Is  mode   whereby   a   former  citizen 
may.    If   be  desire.  ea*lly    reaume    hi*  eltl- 
setislilp.     This  trenty  m*  mad*  to  rn 
years    and    therenftrr    from    year    to    ■ 
subject  to  twelve  month*'  notice  of  inten- 
tion to   termlnnte.      A    prntucol  win  signed 
In  Munich  on  -^lny  2ft,  18«i*.  In  forth 
plnnntlnn  of  tho  ocveral  causes.     <8c. 
man  Empire.) 

Badger  SUt*.— A  nickname  for  VTV 

ii..     (Sep  also  States.) 
Bahama  Banks,  negotiations  with  Groat 

Britain   |  .a  of  kojs  on, 

to  United  SUtcn,  013. 

Bahama  Islands,  formerly  Luciyos.— A 

chain  of  Islands  stretching  from  n.-or  the 
north  coast  of  Haiti  to  the  east  coast  of 
Florida.  They  are  separated  from  l-'lorlda 
hy  lb*  Gulf  Stream  and  from  ruua  by 
the  Old  llnbnma  channel.  There  are  some 
3.000  of  lbe»c  Ulotid".  but  onl> 
of  any  *ltc.     The  prlnclnal  one*,  beginning 

at  the  northwest,  an-  Great  Bniiamn. 

Alineos,  I  I,  uiliera.  New  Providence.  Andros. 
Cuanahanl  or  Cat  Island  or  San  Salvador, 
Wailing  Island.  Rxuma,  l^ing  Island. 
Crooked  IsiniidR.  Marlguana,  Inngns,  Utile 
Inngun.  Cnlcos.  and  Turks  Island.  Th* 
climate  of  these  Island*  Is  very  mild  and 
salobrlons,  even  In  winter.  The  soH  la 
th  u  hut  producca  cotton,  malxe.  pineapples, 
oranges,  etc 

Hittory.— The  Bahamas  wor*  Columhu*'* 
earlb-.i    alseovery,    but    rticr*  Is  some  . 

5s   in   whli'li   of  the   islands  be  called  San 
•  Ivndor.      The    islands    were    occupied    by 
the   English  In  1(120  and  Anally   aecured  to 


them  by  the  treaty  of  1*83.  Area,  about 
b.*CO  so,.  Dlln  .  population    ll>C0i,  61 

U4K.»n  apltol  If  Nassau.  New 

ProTldeace.  A  ■  ;  «.  isoi,  an  riecutie*  f»un- 
dU  and  a  I  council  of  olu*  mem- 

bera  each  and  a  representative  e«>ctn 

,  olo»  raeaabcra  coosUtuie  the  gorern- 
savor. 

Luring   the   Clrll    War  la    rnit"d    States 
Mockatfe  runners  nude    their  beado/i 
lo  tat  Bahama  a.  especially  In  New   Cmtl- 
eVec*.     Tli»  Is. sods  bar*  some   reputation 

•  «    a   Winter    rr- 

November  to  Slay.  rarlea  fma  60*  lo  70*, 
aad  during  the  remains!,  r  of  ibe  year  from 

Bahimi  Islands, postal  convention  with, 

Bsll—  A  legal  term  representing  money .  or 
other  ralaaMe  security.  rlJkcd  to  guarantee 
the  appearance  of  a  pcraon   released   from 
ustody  of  the  law 

f'""r   TlmllUM Tbo    baking    lad 

arcceding  to  the  Uit  fader*  -lands 

thirteenth    la   tbe   II- 1  .an   Indua- 

trtea  la  point  of  rain*  of  products.  Itrrud 
la  rvrulaily  sblpp-d  by  a  laigu  number  of 
bakeries  tbroogbout  tbe  count ly  a  distance 
of  a  bundrrd  and  fifty  agile*,  aad  In  ■  raw 
lastanrcs    It    U  thousand 

7bi«  list  !•  ex^ptk- 

pnalttr  conditions  sake  It  possible.    Lcngib 

penda  entirely  on  tbo  lm-al 

bread    market    and    on    the    express    i 

The  margin  of  profit  oo  bread  generally  li 

assail     Shipments  of  bread  will  not  ntand 

ornllaat  espresa  ratf,  and  dim  sent 

loag   distances   alwaya   go»a    to   a    markrl 

iperlor  article  to 

*k*<J  locally   la  equal  to  n  sonu-whit 

Inrrc-  Tbe  capitalisation   of    lb* 

haltnat  liuU«lty  la  gh  a»t  federal 

"">)    at  ft;  larg. 

hread  lu  the   Colled  Slatra 

aerate  a  mm(«r  ■■■! 

^B  1h  Ward  Baking  Company  and  ibe 

OaajataJ  lUklog  Company  •  :  k  and 

•Orr  cltt.  -  id  Company  of 

Miany 
Balllasor.-.  Md..  the  Scbulie  Making  ' 
,y     of     Chicago,     tbe     Aascrlcan     Ilakery 

apany  of  Consumers' 

Bread  Company  of  Kansas  City  are  among 
mi   la  lb*  country. 
Tbe  taking  lndu-tiy  '•  growing  by  lean* 
and    bosjnds  aad   very   llio-lv   by    tbla  time 
rtftr^T    twelfth   or   even    blgber   In    thi 
of  American  Industrie*.     At  the  time  of  the 

irtb  In  rnlue 
of  tne  prodact   In  a    i  latrlea  with 

atvoawl  prolucra  valu-d  at  over  a  bundled 
atllllOO.     The   per   cent  of   Increase   f. 

wa>   126.8   per 

to  rata*  of  pcoi'  "   the 

i  awrtod  only  by  aocb  product*  a*  worn- 

i  ibllea,     electrical    ma- 

-.  wire,  bcv|  augnr.  raanu- 

artsrc*]    tee.    pbotographlc    appaiatua,    ele. 

Tn»     history     of    bhcult     baking    In     tbe 

I  State*   la   a    record   of    ll 

■moi    of  a  uaall  and   obscure   business  to 

iduatry   of   national    lomortanee.     Tbe 

It.   ii.'-ii.vi   through   French  f •  ■  ■!■> 

tann.    nvnns    twice    baked,    and    bad 

:«    military 

*f    Ihe    Jloman*    was    Iwlnr    prepared 

n.     In    Fnropc    all    tmall    rakes 

•a"  Soar,  with  sweetening  aud  flavor- 

added,    are    ealli  In     the 

FtatA*  tbe  word  "cracker"  wa»  uaed 

__«»•   the  early   predaefloni  of  crttp 

«n*w«a>taiied     donga,     and     Uti-r     eiti>n6Vd 

to  tatetade  lbo<*  with  totb  «»M-ti-u.iur  and 

■aror.     Whro      th»»e      Aanerlcao      crackrra 

•  ««    ant    to    Europe   they   wore    Included 


under  th"  ganeral  name  nf  tlicult*.  and  tbe 
term  la  coming  Into  a  wl 

led   ui   ibo 

1  Slate*  nan    tliut   of  'i'beoi 

aon.  of   V  ■■  i-arly 

n»    1708   modn  a   laige   ronn.i   .    lap   uiu-m 

loaf,    or     cracker,     which,     unlike    ordinary 

I    would    keep   for    a 
th  Ik  rca.on  It  "»4  favored  Among  Ibe  sup- 
of  tailing  Teuelt. 
Joaliuu     i  ,,Ton    In     Milton. 

Ma-«.  In   1801,  and  began  the  maniif>< 
of  bla  water  crackers  which  lat»r  arhlevrd 
a    national    repuiiitinn.   and  K«n 

c'J    at    .Mi-iiotumr    (now    Arllng- 
loni,   Slavs.,  In   1R0S.      Iu   llott.-: 

till       carl  led    "l\    the    Ijii    i:..  -i.-.  ,  .1  -.-    p» 

muuy  year*.  Other  Doted  N*w  England 
firms  were  Tbuiaton.  Hall  k  Co.  of  t'am- 
bi  Idf.  Sprln  C.  li. 

,  and  Ihirks  & 
Sarage.  of  Ilnrtfmd.  The  etirlleit  New 
Vork  cracker  baker  <«»•  I'-plualui  Tread- 
woll,  wbo  b-'gau   bualn 

I'.iliiekerhoffs    atoned    In     1H50.      The    Ijir- 
rnbee  Company,   of  Alban. 
1800;    mode  in  sarin i 
"t   [at  other   bakers   rngMed   in   intentiate 

trade  In  the  em  luafry. 

and  who  contributed  to  1t»  national  lu 
lane*  were  J.  It.  Vanden.rr,  „f  New 

skill- 
man,  of  llaltlno-re:  llaslc  k  llorrlv  of  lie- 
troll  .  .aret    Bakery,    of    N,.w    i"ii  • 

li«n«:  Th- 

.Marvin,   of  1'ltraburg:  and   Hosier  &  Weyl. 
■  ■<  :-■!.  Louis.    These  and  many  others  joined 
la    tb«  rnro   for  recognition    ihitiuglioui    Ho- 
country,  sending  Ihelr  retirewnts 
Mnlne  to  siregnn,  and  from  the  lakes  t»  lag 
ng   to    South    America, 
:nl la. 
Cniil   gbonl    IRK)  machinery   in   the  bla- 
moat  unknown,     A  ma- 
chine  was    then    invented    uMeh    rolled    the 
dough    Into    a    thin  >     oasslng 

nlnns    ou    an    endlex*    belt    or    apron,     "as 
cut    Into    tbe    required    shape    by    a    s'nmp 
nnd    falling    automatically,      iu    thin 
wnr  about    n    dun-n    cruel,  at    at 

a   llni.  Mi-  10  Imke  dee 

or  six  bnrrela  of  Hour  n  rlny  in  Important 
Innvase  over  the  preceding  average  rata 
nf  one  bai 

Iu    1S40    ibo   discovery  of   gold    In    Coll- 

and    Ibe    con«eiiuent    den 1     for 

■rs    as    a    aultnlde    ortlcle    of    , r 

food  proved  a  marked  sllruulu*  to  the  bis- 
cull      trade.     I'l  enlarged 

alenm   posrer    was    Introduced    ' rk    the 

(nom.     Tbe   els II    w:ir    gar*   n    second 
groat    Impetus    to    tbe    Industry    nnd    the 

me   rl-it  .lie  oven*   bring   lined    li 
their    BBTjacIt*    t"    BMt     the    Inerenaed    de- 
foi     iii  0    or.-  ill    for    army    nnd    nnvy 
rations,  ,t    mecbanleol  reel  oven.  con»l»tlng 
of  a  series  of  long   Iron   pans    r.  In 

a    framework,  nlmlliir  In   action   to  a  Ferrta 
no-  whole  enclosed    In  a  largo  brick 

oren  chamber,  was  Invented    I  iM*  again 

:  Ionised    Ihe  1>Imou1|    linking   bu  i 
\vnh    nil*  device   the   capacity   of  a   slngdt 
i    from    Ibo  average   rale  of   ».lx 
barrels  bo  lw*nty-fli     or  rela  of 

fl-sur  per  d-ii .     Tbe  lis*  of  thei  ■  reel  e 

itll   now  all   the   large 
pl.mts  hnvi-  a  dally  e.spni    r.    of 
lo  llflv  in  iiar  per  oren. 

The  biscuit    linking  tio-lru-s.  Una  not  es- 
caped   the    national  -oil    con- 
centration.    Four    holding    i-i.iiipanlea   now 
d   nesrlr   all   Ihe  larger  plants  b 

ntrr.     The  first  of  these,  tbo  N'eiv  York 

lilseuit     Company,     Inelude*     tl 

■    lu     New     Kngland    nnd     New 

'i.     in     New    York 
City,  baking  a  thousand  barrels  of  flour  a 


Baking 


(essagcs 


*ep«rs  of  Ihe  Presidents 


day.  Tbo  American  Biscuit  Company  ran* 
OBt  large  factory  In  New  York,  ami  tbt 
United  States  Biscuit  Company  controls  tbs 

frlnelpul    factories    lu    Ohio,    Indiana    and 
ith.uul  .urns  bakeries 
In    Dearer,   t'olo. ;   Cedar   Unpkla   ami   Oea 
■ -.    Iowa;    Rock    Inland.    III.,   an.l 

Si n ilatlca   of   tin-   linking   business   n>    a 
a>hol«,     uaclodloi    bread      eraekem,     plea. 

i  ■ 

rii  l  anon  25,863  t-itut.llshmi'iila  In  the 
United     ScmIvh.  waite- 

Dg  goods  to  1 1 1 ■  •  ralua 
of  siui.mi3.ooo  for  tbs  rear.  The  coat 
<>f    ma 

imounl   clla- 
trlnuted   In   wugea  n>  lira.034.0O0.     Hi 
these 

llk-iii.'.  slum    .ulistuntinl  luercuaca  over  tbo 
01    1809. 

Balance  of  Power.— 'The  term  used  to  do- 

:-dtion  nf  lb*  rartoae  trout 

nations  of  Mm  world  Iota  eUlaac  ■  in  tbat 

one   griuiii    will   equalise    the   other   | 

1 'i   i'i'  ■■ '  nun* ng  nation  fr  an  pi  •"•  ■ 

log  upon  a  weaker,  Practically  all  Dcnca 
ternia  after  modern  warn  bavi  .Inmn 

up  aa    (n    j.i-..'  1. 1.     .    r    -I    be lai I    i 

Tlina,   before   the  ontbi  Kurope  in 

war,  Russia  wua  allied  with  S.rrla  to  pro. 
tool   ii"    lattei  i  .nintrr  ag-alnst  tli 

i  Hi  mill  *ni 
with   Irrance.  aloof  wliii   n  runn- 

ing UM  Triple-  BntCBtC  (Q.  >■  I.  ugnlnat 
nermany  unci  ber  associate-  bo  to*  Triple 
Aiii-ui. ■■•  ii|    »•  i.     it  wiih  thonirht  that  tii« 

organisation     Of     the    great     i otrl. 

Europe  Into  theae  two  alliances  v. i ■  l  Bro- 
th* balance  of  power  between  them. 

Balance  of  Trade.— The  differ. 

n.     i„  twi  ru    tbo   eiporla   and   Importa   of    a 
country  l»  called  Ita  balance  of  tiade. 
Balkan  States. — A  general   term  referring 
to  those  >n r  pai  n  the 

llnlkuii  peninsula  III  the  southeastern  port 
.it   Kurope,   Including   the  countr]    sontb   .if 

i in-  h  m  iimi  n. mill. e  rlrera,     H 

Paliunttn.    parts    of    Croatia    nnd     Kn 

land.   Albania.   Bosnia. 

negro.    Scrvtj.    Bulgaria.    Kuropoan    Tui 

•  .  and  pnrt  of  Rumnnln.      In  the  pnllt- 
leal    aenae    It    uaunlly    applies    '"    Ruls 
Benin.    Montenegro.     Ruuiaolu,    Turkey     In 
Burope    and    Oi 

Hulk-in      Quulion — Situated      na      It      la. 

riartllng   the   i  .   ami   '  !■■• 

[rail  Of  I.ardnnclles.  and  composed  of  na- 
il, ins  holding  rnrlanl  political  ami  religious 

Vitus.    Illls    group    i.f 

aa  a  coustant  menace  to  rb.-  peace  ..f  Kn- 
rope.  Political  tronlilea  In  the  peninsula 
an     generally    rrfrrred    to    a*    the    I. 

<Jiii-.ii. .ii 

Hi.    i '.m-.-i.  -.  of  Berlin,  which  nttcmntod 
to  aller   Hie  man  of   Kurope  after  t lie   R«s- 
alan  victory  nf  1»"S.  In  falling  to  recn 
Hi..    Just   clolins    of   tho   different   nstl..nnl1- 

ib'»  in  riie   Balfcana,  i.  responsible.  f.<r  nil 

of    subsequent    rwtlc«<ne- 
rebelllon,    and    the   ulilmaie   general    Knro 

Ci.au  war,  begun  in  1014,  In  which  Ruaala. 
ranee  England.  Italy  and  Rorvla  were 
allied  ngulnst  Austrln  Hungary.  Germany, 
i  in  '. .  i   and  Iini. 

TM..  ,-ial  pons  era  of  Kurope  In  1903 
ordered  these  three  reforms  in  'I  ai 
(li  The  Turkish  Inspector  General  nin-t 
hare  two  >-t » 1 1  ag»ni»  ai'p.ilnii-d  by  the 
rowers:  <2l  there  shnU  be  Ini.riiutl.itial 
gendarme*  In  Tinker.   .  :i  i   the  three 

shall    be  III    rc- 

ftrb'ied   in    power 

The  Prime  Minister  of   Bulgaria   was  su- 


ited March  11.  1907.     Then  la*  peas- 
nut     Rumanians    demanded     much     in 
land  reforms.      1 

let    of 

lu    IU   deaths   .um! 

mi.,     nii. 

•proud     an. I     pronounced     as     to     frlgbien 

-.    ami    ntiract    the    attention    of    all 

I  iin.pe.      Thla    .-■■  nl    affairs  routln- 

.       Ill    ll     I. He     lu 

if   thai    rent   llulgarls  declared  ber- 
iree    from    thi      I  nil    olbrra. 

and    i'i -'I'll    i 

Novl  n.i.'i.-  rnllv 

'  by  Turkey.      The  Turkish 

"hlc-ti 
lin.t   I- 

lloand  re- 

in.,  mil-.. I    Independence    ■  •  i  ■  -1    union    f--r 

Bulgaria   BUd  e;  Am.. 

il    to    the 

Hun     I  i     II.. .nla     in. I 

f i. .ina   i,..i..  ben  of  right   in  annex.     Tbo 
i    bud    autborlit-d    tbrir   or- 
i 
iiniietiii  i  ■  -  -  ■    ...  M.  ii   Turkey   waa   wholly   ne> 

■  l  ■■'■   hold    her    i rtorni 

in. me  Kurope  seeim-d  lu  «•-,.  in  ii 

ilr..    .if    Auslrln'e   desire    for  the 
erty  ..f   in*   i-r. . 

plan    f,,r   [hi 

fllllll.  .        'I  he     "I  . 

ernmenr    appealed   lo   the   powers       SerTka 
ami       I  .      were      rend) 

.  m     ,,f    g 

ignlse  Aas< 
trln's  Infrlngomeul  of  ihe  Treaty  of  Ber- 
liu-  oclalraed   Itaelf  a    de- 

i.   nnd   Great   Brli  :<iaaaa 

ami    ll 

under    eonaldomil.... 
with  the  Turkish  gorerinneni      t.nte  i 

N,     ';.-".it     Lii-,-1,11      : 

lied  Bnlgnil.   I go 

Turkey  ultb   a   - 

lio.ier  f..r  a.-eeillng  ...   Ilnlgarlao  In- 

The    enlmlmin 

.llitl.  ulil.  in    a 

proto.-ol  slg  -    - 

TurkUh   ii- 

per  cent,   Turkish   moi 
clgnrelto    piip.-r     anil 

were  f     I'i,  Mil* 

ami    lleri.-eiivina    srere    to   enjof    p. 
and     religious     '  .      rr- 

i    on    lm I-  i.ir.l i -.-  from 

Austria,     lu   May    1910    In.    •  wu  aasern- 

parllamenl   ami  an  oalh   ..f  nlloglnnce  was 
tnken  to    Ilia   King  ..r  ihe    i 

As  .-nrly  as  Psbniari     mi       me  goyern. 
■  I    Rulgarla,   Serbia, 

■    '    i'"1   ■    lo  o  ■   'in.  land- 

Ing  and   formed  ■  for  Ihe  t.iirpose 

of     securing     the     |   .  .  m ,r     their 

patriots    and    en  from    Tn 

domtoatlon,  ami  the  bi 

state    l  key    la 

:. ■-... H    iii    Mbnnla  had  aim., 
m.itters  to  a  cr  i 

i  in    Minister  ..I 

nwer«    thai 

.la  the  Balkan   ftatea  frors 
upsetting  the  ulnlua   quo  In   Kuioprai 
key.  on. I  en 

nindei..  tlor M.i, i. 

Austria's  pun u    to  praeenl   war.    By 

iii..   i:  ii-in    ;  Hi-  ■■   the  proposal   seem.xl   fa- 

I  . 
upon  It  ss  n  Ihrenl   of   Kumpeau    lol 
lion   for  tbo  ulterior  purpose  of  taking  the 
Macedonian   prorlD.es   from   the 
the  Sultan. 


Encyclopedic  Index 


BaaOCaU) 


i  Hub""**    liar.-    During  lb*  peace 

n   luiy  jin)  Tart 

i-  Balcarlan  frooilcr.  ot"1  t 
Itwlcarlao*    ■■>•>    bi-caa    a    BBobllltati 

rnaooVd    it-ii    Hi.'    [iti>inlwM 
wad'  -  Treaty  of  Berlin  be 

I.    deelarlag    that    Ibe   power*    of 
Karope  bed  trmjioriaed  too  lone,      linleana 
.ailed  'Inula. 

VloalrOrgi"  »r.<l    II .......    .11    tori*    n.»ln-l 

Turkey,  at...  imi.ooO  nayo- 

aet*  awirroandi- 1  •  tj 

Tbe  -ncauwhtle   had    ' 

•  twlraroriiix  to  concert  nna.urea  to  prevent 
■  ar.       Keprr-»fMalli.-a     of    Aimtrla- 
Huusirj     a:id     RuMila    at     S.,.t».     Ite.grnde. 
nd  Aihena  annituucnl  to  tin-  Bal- 
kan   aJlle*    Iba    alllluiS-    of    tin-    I'-.u.r*   aa 

r   Ruaala   ami   Auatrla 
dVcta  'lalkan   Stale"  : 

bi     Power*  .  t .  rgrtlcally  ro- 
of t  be  p. 

•  nf  oa   Article    XXIII 
utr  of  Berlin,   tber   will   lake  Id 
t.and.  tr>  I."  f  the  Balkan  |. 

..Ill  firm 
a(uo4    tbal    itrw    ..forma    nliall    ooi    affect 
. n.init  ..;   i...    s.i  Ufrt- 

hi;:. II       I    in;    .-■ 

Tar    l"»»rti    tutrri     to    lliem 

•  ollrctlvc  ulterior  aludy  of 
ram 

lea*    war   break* 

'Wan    mat**    tad 

10    Kaplir,    liny   will  permit    at    the 

i*»l  **"  toe   roaiiu-i   no  modification  of  tbe 

:rop*an  Turkey. 

Taw    I'.i  .     •     •  i-    I.,   tin' 

--•ntatlooa    almllar    to 

lb*  i 

ataai 


J  prrvloaaly  I  Oct.  0.  I»l'.'l 
war  oo  Turkey  and  tbe  utber  Bai- 
ts    mill-     iK'tnaada     which     Turk«y 

M.  atlalatcT    of    I    r 

of  tb*  CoddcII 
lying: 
irrlial  nf  tbe  Turk*  in   Kn 

haae 
Beit*   ceaaed  lo  **■!*«  r.     The  relatione  be- 
.    tbea*   bnv«   ncicr    bean    olbar    lain 
roatqueror 

led  aa  a  nntlua:  nbe 

ireh    oor    ki  '. 

•*:  ilirf    Balkan   nation*,   baa 

tbe   pulling    lata    •■' 

li    would    aaaure   the 

M  Uvea  of  tbe  Cbrlatltn  popula- 

lut  oil  baa 

teen  la  rain.      We  ore  convinced    '  li . t  war 

b  aow  the  oaljr  ancans  of  attaining  •otOD- 

•wj   i  rvla,  wbrro  a  majority   nf 

k»  Dotmi'H.  li  are  Kerb*.      I  enuafdi-r    I ti  ■  t 

S  people  merit  our  .(Tort  all    tin- 
»y     were    altogether    abandoned 
.rtn»  undertaken 
'/  llw  great   Puwef*.     DM  Srrvla  mn.i    m- 
«**>   tbr     I  I     Koaaovu     uirii     tbe 

auallat  of   Novt-Raaar,    11.  por- 

0*  of  ibe    Til:  ulan.    wiiii    tb- 

*aaat  of  iba  Adriatic,  where  there  are  an 
■rat  Kim  ,im>  (be  aoribwejicrn 

of    MonaMir.   luclud- 
a*  Ulr  rvbrlda. 
'Knid'«  Oil  utoootny  muni  he 

n  la  MeceitonU.  Altonla,  Tbeaaaly  and 
**v     Al    tbe  bead  of    II 
awuacra  icer.  PbrlatlaD  soT»ra- 

.:    an     Aaieniblr. 
.  •eetativca    wh<^ae  nuthoilir    will 
dnaro  broDoeUoaattly  from  (be  earloua 

fKbUBg   besaa   oa   Oct.    10.    1012,    and 


w««  prosecuted  with  the  tit  moat  vigor  by 
Bulgaria,  u>tlsted  by  HctTla,  MrmieiK-gro 
himI     lini'ii.,  Afl»r    liivmllng     Ailrl 

uliitiiclng    alDToat    lo    (he    Black    Sei, 
peace    wan    concluded  at    i.  . ,    &i\ 

IbVia      >"1    all    Tbrare    to    tin-    l-:ooa  MlUlt 

l fell  to  (ho  abarc  of  Bulgaria,  u. 

u»   ijuria  of  Macedonia  to  tbe  weal  of  llul- 

Id  D  rompalgo  of  eight  wi*«i  Ihr-  IHIkan 

allien    hud    -v.  i  in    ibe   'I'uika    from    AU>anla. 

..   Macedonia  and   the  greater  pan   el 

Taraee.     Tbe  Turk*   were   !  ..u   of 

only     Ore     Important     poallloiiH,        li>      the 

term-  ity  of  peace  alencd  In  Ixin 

don.     rurkey  rellnqulahed  bir  Kuroiwan  tcr- 

writ  of  i  lldla   line,   all  of 

wbuii.    ascapt    Albaali  led    to    pM 

rata  'Ann  «Un   reded    to    Hie  »lll.-. 

and   Hie  iII-.|Mi.itlnn   ..f    (bo    Aigcan   lulandi-. 

nanclnl   »-ttlcmenta  and   exact   drllinl- 

(atlon  of  boiindarlea  waa  lefl  (•■  Hie  Powara 

T»o    I. hi  ralca    now    broke    out 

llalknn    alllee.      They    both    re- 

lated    to    frontlei     delimitation*.       National 

Qg     ran     »u     high     that     a     aedlement 

Unary   dlniouintle   rbannnla 

'nil.it.  and  each  waa  anally  determined  by 

military    action.      'liny    (rati     ml    '.'f    tba 

ui   nf   new 
»ary   by    Ibe  elimination   of   (he     link    fr..r» 
■  iid   (he  greater  part  of  Thrace. 
Bulgaria,    a    party    to    both    dlaputca,    waa 
U'd    in   ea.li    ■vtitrovprMjr. 
Ilavliiir    bi  war   agalnlt    tbeb 

cotnnioo  enemy  lo  an  M-.ue  auccr<tful  be- 
yond their  moat  «ani:iilne  ho|>e».  the  Balkan 
allien  f.  II  ..'it  over  a  dlrUlou  '.r  Ibe 
'liielr  original  plant  cont"in|.l"i.  a  n  lolnl 
campaign  for  the  liberation  of  Macedonia, 
and   at    tin-    oui-.i    in.  n    expeclatlona   did 

•  f     Tiirkej 

from     (hit    ono    nrorlnco.      The    unexpected 

•.f  !i,i    Itulgarlana  In  Tbiacc.  how- 

.■I  tbe  proapeel  of  eomjueat  and 

nl'ered    the    concert    of    the    bIIIik.       Wfblli 

tbe   Bulgarlana  roneentraled    moat   of    tbali 

troopa    Sofore    Adrlanopte    and    Tebataldja, 

■  rran     nor:  ilmiia 

and  occupied   territory   far  beyond   lb. 

II.  laid  down  In  the  treaty  of  alliance.     Is 

Bouthern    Maeedotila    the    il.-iekx    were    d«- 

■!•■<!  at  all  coita  M  held  ni.'ir  eonquaat 

i.f  Salonika.  Tbua  tbe  Servian*  and  Oreeka 
i  ui  ted  In  a  common  Intereat  agalnci 
(hi'lr  dominant  iiartn-r.  In  a  bloody  alrug- 
gle  In  Macedonia  In  Jnlr.  U18,  tbg  Bul- 
garian! were  beabiB  at  all  polnm  and  driven 
within  Ibelr  own  fronllcm.  Here  they  were 
aiiarkerl  mi  (Ii»  luirib  by  Kuroanla  In 
Hi  Hied   to  for 

Hon.  which  ended  with  the  treaty  of 
luraat,   Anaaat  tl.   lOl.t.  by  which  Bul- 
garia   waa    »i lipped   of   her    newly    acquired 
wotern     poiaeMlnna    ami    Mdad    a    part    of 
bat   former    t.  rritory    to    Rnmanla       During 
thl«    aei-ond    war.    In    which    llulKXria    waa 
wnral'il  by  her  former  allloa.  Turkey  reooeil 
and  (he  adjacent  territory. 
Bulgaria    waa    unable    to   endure   a    third 
wur.  mi. i  ..n  s.-pt.  i».  1013.  algncd  a  treiity 
nt  CoDJiantlsopK  by  which  the  Turko-Bul- 
uua     traced    op     the     Marltxa 
Ttlier  from  Ita  moatb  10  a  point  neor  Man. 
dr».  tod  Hi'  n,.',  pnaalng  weat  of  Denmtlka. 
lift     both     that     town     and     Adrlanople     to 
Turkey:  Cloae  to   Muatapha  Pa  aba   the   line 
in  tn  .u.t'Aard.  and.  poaalng  north  of  Klrk- 
klllaae  and  aouib  of  Malko  Tlrnovn,   terml- 
',    on    tbe    lllnck    Sea    at    8vetl    Stefan. 
Iba    territory    lu    Kuropo   allotted    to 
Turkey  by  tin-    Ir.iitv  of  I»ndoo  iaa«  urae- 
■    doubled   In  extent  by   tbe  Treaty  Of 
Conatanti  boplO. 

Such    muttera    aa    were    left    to    Interna- 

arbliratlon  or   (o  aeiilement   by  the 

Powera  were  never  aailafactorily  adju-ted. 


Balkan 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Berils  nursed  •  grievance  ngalnat  Austrla- 
llubgsry  on  account  of  being  dipm-id  of 
a  seaport  on  tbe  Adriatic.  Ecrrla  look 
possession  of  Albania,  bill  will  ord*:- 
by  Austrln-Uungai  >  ii,  ■•  growing  hatred 
between  the  two  count  lien  culminated  In, 
th*  asssm. nation  at  Sarajevo.  June  28, 
lui-4,  of  Crown  Prince  l-'ranela  Ferdinand 
of  Auatrla  and  In.  wife.  Amtrla  charged 
that  r  waa  part  of  a  wide.; 

Gluteal  plot  known  and  perhaps  Instigated 
th«-  moot,  and  demanded 

a  vole*  in  the  investigation  and  punlshmeut 
of  the  crime.  Austria**,  determination  waa 
opposed  Of  Ruaala.  and  when  the  latter  b«- 
gsn  mobilizing  her  forces  In  Auicual,  l'.i||, 
after   Austrian    armira   had   lordrd    In    Bel. 

Eradc.  tier-many  took  up  the  cauae  of  Aua- 
na.  and  Fiance  came  to  tho  mil  of  Russia. 
Tbe  Immediate  enusc  of  the  F.uropcan 
war  of  I'.'Mlo  moy  bo  t  n 
lltlcal  sltuatlou  In  Ihn  Balkan*,  and  the 
general  war  r.allj-  crew  out  of  tbe  Pultun 
wart  of  1011  and  101U.  Tbe  result  of 
Uiaae  arani  was  to  bring  Ruula  and  Ana- 
trla-llangary    Int.     ill  Ion.       Iloth 

had  In  .  ii      ill. 111^  fur  years  for  mastery  of 
■ .  nliimiln        Tli-     growth    of    Austria- 
Hungary  east  and  south  to  the  JTCgeau   Sis, 
taking    In    Bosnia     Ilci  .mil   Soma, 

mi   "i"  tin  of  Austria.  llungatla  ho.i 
permanently   attn.-h-d.     Kotuia  and   II 
govina  wore  recent  ai-qiilsiiluna.     Kcrvla  waa 
trill    ueeemary  anil    i;.  rable  to   th« 

culmination    of  tbe   Austrian   ambitions. 

Ituscla.    meanwhile,    was  equally   desirous 
of  obtaining   a  port  open   to   fh«j 

errancan  without  passing  through  the 
I>*rdsncll<--i  by  i  D  enl  of  Turkey.  Russia, 
therefore,  encouraged  tbe  Pan-Slav  Idea  In 
ID*  Balkans  to  block  Austria's  nmhlllnn-i 
alhern  iteoslon  The  collapse  of  th- 
Turkish  empire  In  Ruropo,  ns  a  result  of 
the  Balkan  league,  rcalil  in  Inn  of 

Russian  diplomacy,  scored  a  point  In  favor 
of  Kuoin.  Tho  second  Balkan  wnr.  In 
which   ibe  alil-K  fongbl   among   ifcrmai 

.i  counter  diplomatic 
piny  nf  Aii«tna.  for  a  time  It  ruptured 
Slavic  solidarity. 

During     ih..     gen-rsl     Furonrnn     war    of 
I'M  I  10.  the  n-t 'f'l-  of  the   ball 
•  ii    closely    wat.'hi-il    by    tbe    belligerent*.. 
AfuT   early   attacks   on    Belgrade   by   Aus- 
trlons.  Id  lf>14,  rm  military  were) 

carried  on  lo  Servla  for  nearly  a  year.     Rn 
manls.     RultmHa     and     Hi""     malntal-icl 
ncitirnlltv    until    In     OctOb  f,     IBIS. 
I  Teuton    ormy  hegon   t" 
-,.ii  hern    ! Ion .i -« .    w.ili    DU  evident    luten- 

i  via       K  ii  ■ 
dlnaud  of  Bulgaria  moblllted  his  armle*  OB 
the    fr..iiilr   and    ibo-lan-d   his  action    to   be 

iTvailnn    nf   tn-tii mil t v-      Russia 

Immediately  demanded  the  demobilisation  nf 
the  force*  and  the  dlvrulstal  of  Ibe  (icrman 
officers  who  It  wa*  said  were  In  command. 
French  and  VnelNh  IrnonaV  which  Imd  been 
oneratrni  In  Ilia  Dardanelles,  were  landed 
at  Salonika   In   tl  i  part  of  Oreeec 

il    In    Bulgaria       The   Orcrlnn   govcrn- 
led    against    tola    violation    of 
nentraf  terr . ' 

Bv    the    middle    of    Decenibrr,    1!»1B,    tha 

Aiivtrn  i;.   in  in    and   llulenrlan   armies  had 

■I  nil  of  S.-ivln.  Montenegro  and  part 

of  AlDtnll  la  mnlnlalnlng  her  n.-u 

trail! v.    iiiMiiiitt.il    Ho-    belligerents    la 

i  srrltory  In  noranan f  lln-ir  mllltnrr 

operations.       Bnurnantn    Joined    tbe    cnlentc 
August   27.   1VI10. 

Bellinger.  B.  A..  Oontrorarsy  Concern- 
ing.    'See  Plnchot-Balllnirer  Contro- 

rr.) 

Ballot—  t.llerally  a  little  hall.  Th«  term 
la  applied  to  all  msthoda  of  secret  voting. 


bsraus*  formerly  all  sucb  votes  were  takeo 
by  black  and  while  balls  placid  In  the  same 
bos.  or  balls  of  only  one  color  wan  depos- 
ited In  ill  ft. -i  cut  boxes  so  airaured  that 
Don*  but  Ibe  voter  could  ate  which  box 
received  his  ball.  Tbe  Orecks  nstd  marked 
ahells    resfraaoN),    wli  tana    ostra- 

cises. The  itomana  u»ed  tickets  for  secret 
voting  aa  early  as  law  II.  C.  The  Orst  ant 
of  tbe  ballot  In  tho  Utiited  States  waa  in 
tho  selection  of  a  pastor  by  the  rtalcm 
i  linn  h,  July  20.  102P.  During  tbe  urn* 
year  It  was  used  In  ecclesiastical  and  mu- 
nicipal elections  In  tin  :,.]«.  bat  In 
l:ugl*t)d  tin-  custom  waa  not  established  un- 
til 18*2.  though  secret  voting  was  actually 
employed  In  the  parliament  of  Scotland  In 
eases  of  ostracism  two  centuries  earlier. 
In   n: :'.  I  II  began  to  be  uaed  In  elections  for 

Kvcrnor  of  Massachusetts.  The  constlru- 
ma  of  Pennsylvania,  New  Jersey,  and 
North  Carolina,  whlrii  were  adopted  In 
]..•;.  :.  int..  vnilng  by  ballot  obligatory- 
Home  of  the  aoutbern  Jtalea  were  slow  to 
adopt  the  ballot  system  of  i-loo 

method   having  prevailed    In   Kentucky 
mid  state  elections  up  to  a  late  date. 
In  Alabama.  Florida,  Indiana,  Kansa.v 

l.ini.hinn,  .Nivalis.  Nnrtb  fsrollna. 
rlvanla.  Tennessee.  Texas,  and  poaal- 
bly  other  states,  tb«  constitutions  t. 
tho  legislature*  (o  vote  tira  rorc.  In  Ufa 
Congress  jiassed  a  law  requiring  all  Con. 
gresamen    to   be   elected    by    ballot. 

.tu.rtoli.in  ttallol.— Ullls  embodying  th* 
Australian  ballot  system  wore  Intro- 1 
In  the  legislatures  of  Michigan  and  ,s-w 
York  In  18S7,  but  failed  of  passnge  ihkii 
lxsii,  when  tbe  system  was  adopted  In  a 
slightly  mndiriid  form.  In  1888,  tbe  sys- 
tem was  adopted  at  Louisville.  Kv..  and  In 
Massachusetts.  Tbla  method  requires  the 
namea  of  all  the  candidate)  for  all  the 
offices  to  be  placed  on  one  ticket.  The 
voter  retires  to  a  private  booth  and  Indi- 
cates his  choice  by  making  a  murk  oppo- 
site a  party  emblem  or  a  candidate's  name. 
This  system  of  voting  waa  first  proposed  by 
Francla  8.  Dutton,  a  memi- 
latur*  of  South  Australia.  In  1801.  Ita 
use  In  tbe  rolled  States  waa  first  advo- 
cared  In  1SS2  by  Henry  C.eorg*  In  a 
pamphlet  entitled  "Icngllsh  Elections."  The 
Australian  ballot  has  been  adopted  In  some 
form  In  all  the  states  oxecot  North  Caro- 
lina. South  Carolina,  Georgia  and  Nevada. 
in  inlopted  It,  but  Inter  returned  to 
the  old  system.  A  modification  of  the  bal- 
lot, used  In  some  Ioe*MM.«  i«  th..  ».wniled 
machine  In  which  tbe  voter  Indicate* 
his  choice  by  pressing  knobs  which  record 
his  vote  upon  slips  of  paper  aad  record 
also  th*  number  of  TOlea  cast  for  each 
candidate. 

Mmir  Balloti—  The  abort  ballot  It  an 
attempt  to  simplify  elecilooa  by  placing 
a  few  officers  In  nomination  at  one  time 
and  providing  (hat  only  Important  officers 
be  elective.  Two  short  ballot  amendments 
were  submitted  at  the  special  election  held 
In  California.  Oct.  10,  1011,  and  both 
adopti  il. 

Balls  Bluff  <Va).  Battle  of.— In  October. 
1801.  <ien.  McClellnn  directed  Brig.  Q*n. 
Charles  P.  Stone  to  moke  o  demonstration 
toword  I.eesbunr,  Va.  Stone  ordered  Col. 
In -..us,  of  the  Fifteenth  Mnsaachiisecta,  to 
croas  tho  Potomac  near  Ralls  Bluff  and  at- 
tack and  destroy  any  Confederal*  estops 
found,  or  to  report  and  wait  fur  reenl 
ments.  Devrns.  with  about  JOO  of  his  own 
regiment  and  100  of  the  Twentieth  Massa- 
chusetts, advanced  to  Leesburg,  tin: 
countering  opposition,  fell  hark  to  ibe  place 
of  crossing,  and  was  ji-j.-i  iiy  th* 

Confedoralea  Oct.  21     Col.  Biker,  who  was 


. 


Encyclopedic  Index 


ited   States  Senator,  arriving  with   ■ 
California  regiment,  anil  the  Tjuiuiui- 

I    New     York,    as*"1 

The  Colon  force*  do*  numii.  r.il  i.jiihi 
&  o'clock  r.  x.  CoL  Baker  waa  killed,  and 
lb*  Federals,  afirr  a  valo  attempt  to  cot 
ibelr  way  through  to  Kdwaril*  Ferry,  w*r» 
given  order*  to  relrcst  to  toe  river  bask 
and  to  »»»•  th*ma*lTM  aa  best  tbey  could. 
Mas?  of  the  retreating  army  w*r»  drowned 
•  bile  swimming  tfce  rlier  ier  "? 

loaf  wn»  804.  The  Confederates 
saet  JO*.  Qea.  8too*j  waa  arrest  *<1  aod  kept 
la    ronnaemeut    frota    Feb.   9    to    Aug.    16. 

Baltic    Be*.— A    European    inland    ««> 
washing  the  shores  of  Sweden.  Ger- 
many,  and   Russia.      It   terminate* 
!>e   Gulf*  of  Bothnia,  Finland, 
and   feign, 
Fmat  tranait  into  and  from,  discussed, 

8S67,  2P<4. 
Bound  due  on  commerce,  to,  impost- 

Baltimore,   The: 

•itioned,  8297. 
Sailor*   of,    aaaaultod   at   Valparaiao, 
and  action  of   Government   dis- 
coaaed.  5620,  5650,  5663. 
Indemnity  for,  paid  by  Chile,  5747, 

Baltimore.  Md.: 
British  retreat  from,  referred  to,  033. 
rU  of  t'nitcd  States  in.  provision 
for  accommodation  of,  referred  to, 

rsM. 

Daties   at  port  of,   referred  to,  80. 
Insurrection   la,   on   day   of   election, 

measure*  to  prevent,  ?  D 
Mc  m   merchant*   in,   trans- 

ted.  384. 
Military  police  to  be  established  in, 

3313. 
National   conrenti'  1   at.   for   preven- 
tion of  crnelties  to  animals,  4458. 
National  Prison  Congress  at,  referred 

to.  i 
Police  commissioners  of,  arrested,  re- 
ferred to.  3234. 
Poet-office   building   for,   referred  to, 
2896. 
Bandit.— A   lawless  person,   or  oso  ot  aa 
•rgaalsed  croup  of  sort  persons. 

I — To  expel  from  a  country  by  Got- 
at  aethorlty. 

;  BUL    (Same  as  Bank  Note,  q.  v.) 
Bask  Bills  lens  than  820  should  be  sup- 
pressed, 1385. 

Bank.  International  American: 

Charter  for,   recommended  by  Presi- 
deat  Benj.  Harrison,  5560. 

[Establishment   of,    recommended    by 
International    American    Confer 
enee.  5505. 
Discussed.    5560. 
Bank.  Manufactory.— A  honking  scheme 
wnlea  orurlaated  In  Ma»a<-h'3»*ita  In  17*0. 
Tk*  Idea  was  to  secure  the  Isaacs  by  tnort- 


gax*  on  tb*  real  estate  of  each  subscriber 

amount  of  bl>  subscription,      though 

(1   ty   s   strong   parly.   It   paam-il    (a* 

Eleai  •  of  Rent     ntalln  •.     i  he  bank  failed 

a  fter  Inning  note*  to  the  extent  of  gau.UUU. 
Bank  Note.— A  promUe   tn  pay  made  by 
illy    authorised   bank    ami 

Bank  Notes.    (Boo  Banks  and  Banking 

and  Finances  discussed.) 
Bank  of  Missouri,  measures  taken  by 

Government    to   enforce   payment   of 

sums  due  from  directors  of,  941. 
Bank  of  Pennsylvania: 

Payment  of  bonds  of,  held  by  United 
Slates,  referred  to,  1726. 

Suspension  of,  referred  to,  1768. 

Bank  of  the  United  States.— Feb.  25. 
17111.  Confrcts  lowed  a  charier  authorising 
the  Bank  of  the  United  States  to  do  busi- 
ness for  twenty  years.  Ita  capital  Mock 
was    110.000.000.    of    which    Coligic»*    nub- 

eld  tS.000.0tHi,  pal  iv  In  coin  and  part- 
In  government  securities.  It  was  mndo 
tin-  fiscal  acme  of  th»  government  and  the 
depotllory  for  the  public  money*.  It  »*» 
alio  amhorltcd  to  Ikuc  It*  note*,  payable 
In  specie,  and  wn«  made  In  every  way  possl- 

l'n  a»ury, 
and  a  strong  power   la   it'"   noooclal  affair* 
of  the  country.    Its  cnnltnl  wna  divided  Into 
"   share*   of  t*00   each,   payable 

fourths  in  six 
per  cent  stock  of  the  United  Stntef.  It 
was  allowed  to  hold  propcriv  of  o  I  klndi 
up  to  rlir  value  uf  tir..ooo,000.  Inclusive 
of  It*  canitsi  stock,  and  furtb  r  to  cKi»ti:isn 
braneh  hank*  In  the  rarloti*  cities.  In  ac- 
cordanr,.  wltti  t til •  lot  provision  a  branch 
w«i  s  tied   In    S     . 

called    an    offlee    of    discount    snd    deno-lt. 
:  -   It*  entire  career   the  Bank   of   tho 
I  8'Stn«  averaged  annual  dividend*  of 
I      per     cent.        (Sec     lllustrntlou     opposite 
MM.) 

Bank  of  United  8Utea: 

Act    to    extend    charter  of,    vetoed, 
1139. 
Referred  to,  1225. 
Act  to  incorporate,  vetoed,  540. 
Agent  should   lie  appointed  to  take 

charge  of  books  of,  1382. 
Attempts  to    impair  credit  of  Gov- 
ernment, 1232.  1250. 
Bills  of  exchange  discounted  at,  for 
benefit  of  Senators  inquired  into, 
1346. 
No  report  on  subject  of,  1847. 
Bills  of,  should  not  be  received  for 

taxes,  13S2. 
Charter  obtained  by  officers  of,  from 
Pennsylvania  for  new  bank,  1471. 
Charter  of,  not  to  bo  renewed,  1226, 
1250. 
Expiration     of,     discussed,     1025, 
1897. 
Chartered   riphts   of,   should    be   ter- 
minated. 1250. 
Claims    of,   and  course  pursued  by, 

issa 

Constitutionality     of     law     cresting, 
questioned,  1025,   1092,    1225. 


Bank 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Danger*    from,    apprehended,     1091, 

1224,  1249. 
Deposit*  in,  removal  of.  IMA. 

President  Jackson's  paper  to  Cab' 

inrt  on,  1224. 
Refuse*   to  transmit,   to   Senate, 
1856, 

Ke<«mmond«d.  1103,  1236. 

Referred  to.  13H6. 

Viesra  of  President  Tyler  on.  1897. 
Directors  of,  nomination  of.  and  rea- 

■oua   therefor,   1260. 
Discussed  bjr  President — 

Jackson,   1121,    1989,    1170. 

Polk.   2504. 

Tyler,    1897. 
Distresses  caused  by,  needlessly  pro- 
Saotd,  1328. 

Reference  to.  > 
Flagrant   misconduct   of,   commentod 

on,  1229,  IMS,  1330. 
Government  must  be  separated  from, 

1329. 
Judicial    power,    attempts    to    usurp 

functions  of,  1259. 
Money  in,  not  accounted  for,  1250. 
Kotos   of,    cannot    bo   reissued   after 

expiration  of  charter,  1471. 
Organization  of,  referred  to,  564. 
Panic,  attempts  to  brine  about.  1250. 
Papers   and  funds  in  possession  of, 

refusal  to  deliver,  1258. 
Pension  money  retained  by,  1328. 
Political  power  of,  fund  employed  by. 

to  sustain,  1249. 
President  of.  funds  at  disposal  of  for 

electioneering  purposes,  124ft 
Recharter  of,  ■  leading  gnastloa   In 

cleetion  of  President.   1225.  1249. 
Sound  currency,  failure  of,  to  estab- 
lish, 101 
Stock  in— 

Government   should  bo   notified  re- 
garding,  i 
Should  bo  sold,  1330. 
SnbMrtptiauM  to.  96. 
Substitute   for.  must  be   adopted    by 

Congress,  1228. 
Successor   of,   cannot   Issue   notes   of. 

1471.   1600. 
With   limited  power*,  recommended, 
1092. 
Bank  of  United  Stat«B  vs.  Halatoad.— 
An  Important  Supreme.  Coarl  ease  "" 

from  the  circuit  • rt  .if  Kentucky  In  IB3B 

ling  real  estate,  was  offered 
for  sale  for  debt  The  hiiju-.t  Mil  being 
less  than  three-fourths  of  lis  apprala.il 
value,  ill,*  property  was  not  sold.  The  Su- 
premo Court  held  thai  It  had  lurlsdletlon  la 
a  ease  to  wbl'-Ji  the  Itank  of  the  I  n  i  .1 
Stares  wna  a  part  v.  and  Hint  a  law  which 
forbade  the  •"!..  of  land  under  execution  for 
less  than  three-fourths  of  Its  appraised 
value  did  not  apply  to  writs  of  ail 
t-.ii.-il  by  Federal  it 

Bank  of  United  States  vs.  Planter*' 
Bank  of  Georgia.— A  suit  brought  by  the 
Bask  of  the  l.nlis-d  Bute*  tor  payment  of  a 


r 


promissory   note   which   bad   b—n    In 
to  it  bj  Bank  of  tieorgia. 

State  of   Georgia   had    stock   la   Oil*  bai 
hi  against  the  i'lsatci 
Hank  and  also  against   -hi-   State       Tl 

Ereme  Court  In  IS-l  derided  that  If  a 
-•came  a  party  lo  a  banking  or  a  commer- 
cial  enterprise   the    Slat*  could   be  sued    lo 
the  course  of  business    mi  t  ti .-  principle  that 
when    a   gov.  partner    Is 

any  trading  company  it  divests  itself,  so 
fsr  as  concern*  (he  transactions  of  that 
company,  of  Its  sovereign  enanseter  sad 
tnk.x  that  of  a  private  cltlien.  The  Stste. 
said  (bi    •-■-hi  r   through   i  ..l.-f  Jostlca   Mar 

I*   ri.. t    a   partj    -mat    U,   an    i 
party     lo  the  cause.      It  wns  also  held  that 
i    court  had    jurisdiction    In    such 

matters. 

Banking,  extension  of,  to  foreign  coun- 
tries Teton 
Banking  System.  (See  Bank*  and  Hank- 

Bankrupt.— A  per. mi  arho,  beta*  Insolvent, 
la  by  lecal  process  relieved  from  par 
Indi -iitvdneM.  (Sec  li- > 
Bankruptcy.— The  Constitution  give* 
Kress  the  power  to  r-atabllib  onlfortn  hank 
rupicy  lout  throughout  the  lialted  .-States 
Itaukriiptey  Is  a  state  of  Inability  ■■■  iuj 
all  debts,  It  Is  also  tbc  proves*  by  wlilio 
an    Indhliliiul    may    secure    a    discharge      f 

if  bis  prop- 
erly   ii  mt  with  tb 
1800,  a  bankruptcy  set  «ui  passed  b.> 

(ail  pel       I     ■ 

n  May.   1837,  a  o'Uin  la  occurred 

In    the    Dnlii-il 

the  amount  of  1 100.000,000.     On 
the  heavy   loeaes  during  the  rtosn- 

clnl   psnlc   which  uotber  act   was 

pa»>ed  Aug   in.  is  i  j    no,!  repealed  hj 
Another   financial   panic  occurred    In 
and    most    of    the    banks    i 
payment*.     A   third    Ithi    r  _  -  -  -.-. .  1 1  •    set  waa 
March     -.     18>^.    and     r 

The  present  law  was  passed 
July  1.  1808.  and  amended  June  U,  1010. 
During    the   year*   of    nnr   history    wh 

mal  bankrupt  law  .iMcd  all  matters 
relating  to  insolvencies  have  been  under  the 
eootrol   of  State   lawn. 

Dmikraetey      taw.— Rxtract*     from      the 

•I    States    Dnnkruplcy    Act    of    Jnlr    1. 

1808.  as  amended  by  Act  of  Jane  26,  1010: 

Who   may   become    bankrui 
person  eirept  a   municipal   railroad,   Insur- 
anee    or    banking    corporation    shall    I 
titled   to   Hi'-  benefits  of  this  act  as  a  vol- 
nninry    bankrupt.       The    bankruptcy    of    a 
corporation  aha II  nor  offlccnt,  rtl 

rectors,  or  stockholders,  as  such,  from  any 
llnlilllty  iiiiib  r  th,.  laws  ..f  a  mate  Of  i.r 
rltory  or  or  the   Unll  (bl    Any 

ualural  person,  eicepl  a  wage  earner  or  a 
pet  ui  engaged  chiefly  In  fanning  or  the 
Milage  of  the  soil,  any  unlnroipurafcd  com- 
pany and  nny  moneyed  business,  or  com- 
mercial corporation,  except  a  munlcit>al 
railroad.  Insurance  or  banking  corporation, 
owing  debts  to  tbc  amount  of  one  thousand 
dollars  or  orer.  may  be  adjudged  an  lnvol. 
notary  bankrupt  upon  default  or  an  > 

tlil   trml   .lint   shall   be   subjeel   r..   Hi  • 

■■I.. i     unil  i  ut i lied  to  Hi.-  benefits  of  nils  ati 

DfJtlel  "f   ItnnkriintK.  —  ial      In 
shall    111    attend    the    first    meeting   of    bis 
..  dltors,    If   directed    by    the    court    91    s 

fudge  thereof  I-.  .Ii-.  •(>    and 
l«  anpllratlon  for  a  dlscbs 
comply  with  all  lawful  orders  of 
(3)    examine   ths    eon  all    proofs 

<.r  i-lalma  tiled  against  his  estate:  <4>  ex* 
cuto  and   deliver  such   papers  as   shall   be 


iof-edic  Index 


Banks 


«**t4  by    ifc*  eoairi  to  bU 

Wn  transfer*  of  til  bU  property  la  for- 
•Ifi  crantrlrs :  (ill  lmaaed  lately  luforxi  bli 
imlH  of  an;  ait.wi>t  by  bla  creditor* 
or  Mber  aieraocia  to  evade  the  provision*  of 
Oli  act.  coming  to  bin  knowledge  .  |7|  Is 
cue  of  any  |»T*on  havlcs  10  hi.  aunwledge 
aron<4  a  fal»r  claim  against  )>>»  one. 
■rtwi  ilint  fart  immediate:?  to  bl»  tros- 
i  .-tearc,  male  satb  to,  and  file 
la  court  wlilnn  tea  Say. 
Maw  la  granted,  after  tbo  adjudication  If  an 
Uvotoataty  lankrupt.  and  with  lb»  petl 
•  a  voluntary  tsnkriipt,  a  schedule  of 
property,  showing  ib«  amount  and  kind 
profverty.  the  Ioeatl..a  thereof.  Its 
cj  value  la  detail,  aad  a  Hat  of  bla 
Itora.  (bowing  their  residence*.  If 
known  <lf  unknown  tbat  fart  to  bo 
tutcdi.  tti.-  amuunt  du«  caven  of  them,  tin- 
MMMmtSoD  it.. ■t.i.f.  tu  aecartty  beld  by 
lVm.  If  any.  ami  a  claim  for  itKb  cirtnp- 
lloaa  aa  be  may  b*  eoilthd  to.  all  la  i. 
rat*,  om  copy  of  each  f..r  th-  dark,  ooi  for 
tba  referee,  and  one  for  the  trwttec:  and 
1*1  »t»a  present  at  tb*  flrat  meeting  of 
»la  creditor*,  and  at  auth  other  time*  aa 
tka  court  shall  ardor.  auMnll  tn  an  eiatnliia- 
Oca>  «aefrolo|  Ibe  ceodoetlnf  of  till  bual- 
—m,  lae  cauw  of  bla  bankruptcy,  bla  deal- 
tap   •  .editor*   and  other  |>cr*ona. 

iW  onv.ua  t.  kind,  aad  whcreabnuls  of  ln« 
ftapmy.  and.  In  addition,  all  matter* 
•nara    easy    affect    tba    administration    and 

.  tea  I  Intone 
>.y    bins   •rail    or  ntfered   Id  evidence 
etaJast  bits  In  any  criminal  proceedings. 

Prsvlded.   however,    Hint    he   shall  Bl  ' 
aanlrad   to  attand  a  meeting  of  bla   credl- 
Ma  or    at    or    for    aa    examination    at    a 
■Jam  more  than  oxe  hundred  and  fifty  mllea 
avtl  from   bla  boas*  or  principal  place 
'!  baalaraa    of    to    examine    claim*    <  - 
•kaa  iwraeated  to  bla.  unleu  en 
U*  reart,    or    a    Mint*    thereof,    for   cause 
dart,  and  Ua*  bankrupt  aball  be  paid  bl* 
•IP******    from    th»   .  i    cx- 

■aa)i|  or  required  to  attend  at  any  pla.-» 
»**r  than  tb*  elty.  town,  or  village  of  bla 
Salatace. 

•abkraptey.  Law*  of: 

Mo  rc-Rir.linc    involuntary 

knki 

of.  recommended,  1907.  2972, 
>.  4S10,  6478,  6561. 

i  ted.  1907. 
Powar  to  make,  vested   in   Congress, 
M,  2972. 

'orta  system  of.  act  to  establish, 
referred  to,  0*3. 

Buiks  sod  Bsnklnf ' 
lUnkiag  anil  currency  reform  urged, 

T808. 
Banking   svetein — 
Control  of,  mill  be  patilir,  ? 
Shoo*  r  itniMils  and  cut  mas- 

ter* of  Call  7881. 

Llneolt  .1,34*9. 

Msdiaon.   5110. 

I  757. 

'commended,   1380. 
■at — 
Burtinn  ■ 
GriBt,   4241. 


Vun  liur.m.  1541.  1707,  1757. 

I.:'  Bfft  permit  concentration 

of   fund*  for  speculative   purposes, 

Special   commiaaion    to  makn  mina> 
tion  1,3654. 

Bptv  ran  if),        (8oa> 

Spec i r   r. 
Banks.— A  bank   la  an    Inatltutlon    for  ra- 
ralvlac  tat  loney.      The  taiiklox 

laalliulei  of  the  I'nltcd  State*  may  be 
claancd  aa  National  and  Slate  banks,  private 
banka  or  banket*,  aailnfi  tmuu ..  and  loan 
anal  iruat  ■oiiipiin  In    IT81    f.o-  i  uajryaa 

Dl  tba  <  on  federation  charier,  d  tbc  ltank  of 
North  America  with  a  capital  of  I  luu.OOO. 
wiili  a  view  to  proildltig  ihruujtb  Ita  notaa 
a  rlrculatlng  uiedluni  f.ir  Hie  couutry 
l»out>t»  aa  to  tbc  power  of  Concreaa  oauacd 
the  hank  to  be  i.  ...v   r.un.jlaanla 

la  178^.    By  17S  1  baan 

r*tahll>brd,  one  In  New  Vork.  the  other  In 
lloaton  lo  Hint  Tear  Concreaa  aatabllihcd 
lb«  Bank  of  the  luli.-d  Kutea.  Tba  char- 
ter authoring  ii  ,,f  'ji>  jr«ra  *ud 
a  .-aiilial  of  *l(»,l)i  llfth  to  be  aup- 
plled  by  the  I.'nlted  States.  In  lbll  <  on- 
gieaa  rvfu:  •  tba  charter,  Dm  lux 
tin.  ir..  lua  1 1 in. .  of  the  War  of  imi 
State  banka  eilated.  and  ibeae  larcely  In 
creaact]  In  n>:mber.  In  1810  the  atcond 
.)    Mn'.-.    Ilatik    »i    i 

"JO   Jtnr.   with    •  ".   ■•f 

which    tjr    IVdcral    tjoiernment    aub- . 
ouo-dftb.      Tba    hank    waa    tu   har*    cuatody 
of    the    public    fund*,   and    4  of    In 
rector*  were  to  bo  appointed  by  the   I 
State*,      t'ongreaa  paaacd   an    act   renewing 
tb*  charier  In  la32.  but  l"r<  tldenl  Jackaoo 
]  It  i1131»i.     After  a  l'realdentla: 

:  !i  lil»  ngbt  wlrti  the  Link  waa 
made  an  laaue  I'r.  <Meut  Ja.-kaon  on 
the  public  funda  to  be  remored  from  the 
Bank  of  the  I.'nlted  Statea  and  plan-d  In 
i.ank-  (12241.  In  I8IIH  ii,-  l.ank'a 
charter  expired  lu  1K4I  I'r  l.l.  ut  Tyler 
I  two  bill*  to  revive  It  ll'Jlti.  If2l), 
la    18l'i    U  idem    Treaaury    ayat-'m 

waa  eatabllahed  imoiUIIub  thot  all  i 
funda  of  the  fnlted  State*  alinuld  be  rn- 
l  and  paid  out  without  the  Interven- 
tion uf  the  bank.  Between  1S30  and  180.'! 
onlv  Slat-  tiatikK  BStat*d  Feb.  -\  1803. 
tbo  National  bank  ael  waa  panned  Till*  act 
tiroTlns  dif--.ii>.  II  waa  »uper»edcd  hy  the 
art  of  June  :l,  1804,  which  forma  the  baala 
ft  tbc  present  ayalem. 
Pa"*" — See  Encyclopedic  Index  articles 

a-nd  pAg*  reference*  uniler  lieadino;a: 

Bank,  Maaulaclory.  Clearloc  lloiiar. 

Bank  Notea.  Cnrraoey  Law. 

Bank  of  Mlaaoun  Daprnlu,     Public.  R»- 

Bank  of  PeonayWania.     _.m01v»1,0', 

Bank  of  Dnlted  Slate*  ytacal   Bank  of  Lnllad 

B.nTO-Ce-1  N.^nalBankEaami- 

S"!""  E"-   ■  »_   .  Nallonal  Bank* 

Bank..  Poatal  Sav  a*        Po^i  Bavina*  Bank* 
Bank*.  Pavinea  Saint)  Fund, 

llat.k..  SUta.  .-"ih  .  „ 

o»    va     Bank     of  I  nitad  Buiaa  Notaa 

Commonwealth      of  United  Stales  Bank  of 

Kentucky  Pennsylvania. 

Banks,     National  —  Dissatisfaction     and 

loaaw*  In  connection  with  the  State  banking 

aval-Hi    Id    vogue   la   the   first   half   of   tb« 


Banks 


lessagts  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


nineteenth  century  ltd  to  to*  ptmit  of 
lin  tir  ili«-  l-ederal  Government  tor  tin' 
protection  of  holders  of  the  .it- meting 
medium.  Tbo  fli.t  Nstiunal  tank  ace  of 
tbe  new  and  comprehensive  series  wss  aug- 
gestcd  to  Congress  tijr  Secretory  Chase;  In 
10111  «nd  passed  In  1SG3.  It  wot  n mended 
by  »  law  (issued  June  3.  1RHI.  These  acts 
form  Ibc  bnsla  of  tbe  present  Inn.  II  U 
patterned  after  the  New  xorfc  State  bank- 
ing law,  Oblcb  in  1848  r.'iiult.'d  clrculet- 
tn]  nut.'it  of  all  bonk,  of  tbat  alate  to  be 
■ecu  red  by  a  deposit  of  (lock*  and  bonds, 
one  half   In   Issues  of   Ibat   atate.      TIM    « ■  1  ■  - 

lug  notM  ware  redeemable  at  ȣ- 
within  the  alate.     Tb.«  latter  feature  of  tbe 
New   York    law  w«e  adnptrd   from   the   Suf- 
folk aratem  In  rogue  lu  N--w    l'-iglnnd. 

Under  ii,,  S'atlonnl  hanking  Inw,  a> 
annulled  \>f  the  net  uf  Mnrcb  14.  1900, 
any  (Ire  persons  wltb  a  combined  capital  of 
f  25.000  may  open  a  hank  and  ten-Ire  cir- 
culating note,  to  the  ninount  of  Oil  pat 
of  their  capital  Invested  In  United 
States   bonds,   but   nut    to   exceed    the    par 

value  of  Hi  i  more  UftU 

8,000  and   km    t  inhabitants    tho 

capital  required  Is  SSO.OOO,  while  a  i-npltnl 
of  SIO0.0O0  It  r.-.pjl . .  .I  la  ri  lM  bavins;  a 
population   of   ovar  6,000,   nml  double   iiii" 

.t    where   the   population    excecda   00.- 
000.     Tbe    ratio    «.f    .1  medium    to 

cnt'ltnl  remains  the  same  In  nil  pliiees.  Tbe 
Inw  ajic  established  tbe  National  Ilnnk 
Bureau    In    tbo    Tren.tiry    Department    and 

,l  tin-  i>nie..  uf  Cotnptrolli  i  of  th-  i  'ur- 

reacir.     This  act  ai i 

to  tbo  currency  of  tbe  country. 

annual  report  *f  lb*  '  omptroller  of 

tbe  Currcnrv  for  the  year  1913  showed  ",- 
48S    National   banks,   wllb  a  capital  of  SI,- 

SI.TU2,   a   total   in 
L'.  reporting  net  cnrnliic-i  of  8 1  '■•  ■  '-""   :, 
paying    I"  000,0.11.    a    rutlo 

of  dividends  to  capita!  of  11.40  per  cent 
The   clrcu'ntlon   outstanding   Sept.    1. 

,iMi,.niii      Individual   deposits.  J5.- 

761.8 10;    prltirlnnl   resources,    loana   nml 

discounts.  SO.  1 50.800.000 :  United  States 
bonda  on  deposit  to  secure  circulation, 
.'  ;■■:,  Mm  "lin  I  nit,  d  state*  bond  I  ■  n 
band  and  wllb  ii  ■-  r  to  secure  nub- 

s,     $103,200,000;    snecle,    «7^8.- 

800.000:    legal    tcuder    note*.    *l"0.! IO0 

aggrt-gnle  r-   ■  -     '  00, Scot 

1 1  i,   tbe   number  of  banks   was  7. SSI. 

and  I  tie  authorised  cardial  was  S.t.07." 

IT."..  The     outstanding     rl r.  iilm ton     »n> 

io77.540.281,    of    which    *1  •.•».•-' 11  ,7»0    was 

,|  lij-  titlir-r  tlinu   United  Stales  bonds. 

i sec  ni»o  CnrrtAcf  I 
Banks,  National: 

ulution  of.  (Sec  Nutional  Banks.) 
Discussed  bv  Vi.  ajdast — 
Arthur,  .780,  ,768, 
Cleveland,    4928,   087*1,    6965,   -'1:188, 

C079,  6138. 
Orant,  4190. 
Johnson,  35G3.  377  I 
Lincoln,  3331.  8850,  33S4,  3449. 

Mi)  i,8ssa 

Roosovolt,  00'  I. 

Van   l:„r   n,   1541,   K07,  J7:,7,  1S2S. 

WUatm,  7 
Org!  Of,  discussed,  4720,  4926, 

85,  0160. 
Reports  0*.  examiners  of,  46.".". 
Should  Hnn  attention  of  Congress, 

661, 


Tax  on  capital  and  deposits  of,  repeal 

of,  recommendod.  463+J,  4766. 
Treasury  balance  deposited  in,  7880. 

Banks,  Pot— When  Preaddtnt  Jackson  or- 
dered tbe  public  fnnds  withdrawn  from  tbe 
d  States  Hank  In  1833,  It  hocatsw 
necessary  for  the  Administration  to  Hod 
some  other  place  of  0  lie  redernl 

moneys.  Certain  State  banks  were  cboeen. 
aud  tbe  allege  Hon  was  made  tbat  tbe  selec- 
tion was  determined  not  40  much  on  tbe 
f  round  of  Otneas  as  on  that  of  party  Odd- 
ly.  a  principle  also  naen  in  vogue  in  the 

granting   of   bank    charters    before   tbo    syt- 
ol   free   banklog  came   Into   naa      Tbe 
banks  Delected   by   Jackxon   a.  public  depos- 
itors were  In  derision  MUM  "pet  banks." 

Banks,  Postal  Savings.     (80©  also 
tal  Savings  Banks.) 
Recommended  by  President — 
Arthur,  •:> 
faint,  4152,  4204. 
Hayes,  4074. 
Roosevelt,  7102,  IS 
Baft,  7373. 

Banks,  Savlnss.— The  nm  savings  bank 
In  tbe  I'nlted  Mates  was  tbe  Boston  Provi- 
dent Savings  Ins1li11tb.11.  Incorporated  Uec 
U  1816  The  Philadelphia  Saving.  Kund 
ISocletv   begun  bi  nuine  year,  but 

was  not  Incorporated  until  1810.  In  IftIS 
banks  for  savings  were  Incorporated  In 
Baltimore,   lid.,  ....    Mass.,  and    In 

In  New  York.  Hartford.  Conn.,  sod 
Newport  nml  Providence.  It.  I.  There  were 
In    1005  some    1  ;g    banks    in   the 

1  Stales  In  win 
bad  deposited  13.261,263.119.  These  tig- 
urea  aro  lb.  highest  reoched  In  tho  history 
r.f  till,  country  both  with  regard  I 
number  nml  the  amount  of  depositors  and 
tbe  amount  of  deposits,  statistics  of  the 
savings   bonks   of   the   world,   obtain. 

the    licpartmcnt   c-f    mn-n-e    nml     Labor, 

show    Hi:. 1    tin-    1  tes.    nltb    about 

■I   net    Cent  of  tbe  totnl   populat-- 

a,  litis  more  than  28  per  cent  of,  the  sav- 
ings   banks    deposits.       These    Institutions 
nte   f-ir   the   eat  onraafitneat  of  tn<    p    - 
of  saving  money  among  people   of   slender 
nml    for    I  he    secure    Investment    of 

-.  the  profits  thereof  being  paid  as 
Interest  to  the  depositors. 

In   1U1S   there  were  1,978  savings  banks 
In    the     Cnllid    States,    having    10,7d 
depositors  and  deposits  of  14.7 L"7.  Ii 
an   average  of   (430.07    to   c-ich   dep- 
New    York    bus    tbe    Inrgcst   number   of   de- 
positors and   the   larr  .alia. 
3.1H.2I0  persons  having  $1.7th 

la  taelr  ertdlt.  nu  average  of  I&4&.90  to 

■  o-ii    person.      The  1.710   depositors  la   tbe 

savings   bonka  of   Montana   bare  an   aver- 

->f    1781,30    to    tbelr    credit,    nearly 

the  average  for  the  entire  country. 

Banks,  State— A  State  bank  Is  an  In»t1- 
lutlon  ihnrtcrcd  by  a  State  legislature  for 

■ ,-     purposes.       It     performs     sin 
tunc  Ions  of  National  banks.    After  the  «i- 
m  of  tbe  charter  of  the  Itnnk  of  the 
tilted    Slates  In    1836.    and  tbe    refusal  of 


.  rr-.iiurler  It,  State  banks  sprang 
nji  in   lurge  uumbcra  throughout   the   : 
I-.nch   atnte    passed    Its    own    law    for    their 

J, 1..; nni.iii  or  control.  In  many  states 
hese  laws  were  not  carefully  drawn  and 
the  holders  of  their  circulating  notes  not 
snlneleiiiiy  protected  against  loss  from  sus- 

? en.tons  nnd  fnllnres.     Reiween   1836  and 
BU3   there   wee*   no   United   States   ban 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Barrataria 


•ttOM)   bank*.   ard   oalr  8tsie   teaks 
-a.       tiring    ■Unwed    In    !•<--•    notes    to 


u   currency,   laey   svalled  tkrsa- 
.c    prtt  lUge,    snd    In    many    Is- 
KUi'  rlvtlege    wot    raven    abused. 

i  I  •  •ongress  pa»»-.!  March  7. 
"Ulating    notes  of   bank*  otbrr 
wers    Used     JO    per 
The  tills    li*    ira«    to    speedily 

note*. 
ir*  to   ill   •■■nil-   n.ooo  State  basks 

State: 

b   regulated   by 
Mvr, 

silent — 
Buchanan,  2068. 

Jii 

Tyli-r.  199ft. 
Vin  I 
Mea»tirc*    iboul  1   be  a< 

a   of,  1809. 
■ 
Pa  I  :oncemii  g 

Uana> 

'-•  '.  : 

in  should  be   | 

. 

ianner.— a  it"  a.  a*  tae  flag  or 

lailoti  of  s  conotrr.  or  of  an  srmy.  or  of 

Bmocs:  Indians.   |  B 
Sjrrtart  Chtuch 

n»r  Harbor.  Me.,  acta  for  er-'tioii  of 

lings    at,    vet. 

faebadot  Islam-  indies  i,  postal 

'•nt.atinr.  with,  5877. 
ssTbara  Frietehie.    (Sor.  illBflratioo  op- 

pstil*  3H6  aii  : 
larksrtsa. — A  ssvagc;  orUlsallr  used  to 
*wv,  *  person  of    f-r.lira   language  or 


•Wary    8Utes. — Tho    region    on 

J*T»  caasl    of    Africa     iMinlerlng;    oo    the 
Mnmaaeaa  Sen.     It  U  capable  of  high 

i   early  times  tbc   soil 
Sail  i  !lu/hury  was  known 

•  u-anit    times  a*    1  Mia. 

-pru.    sod    Cynoale*.      li 

rlea  of  Bares,   Tripoli. 


fssajlsja  tV»  countries  of   Bares,    'I 
■jsss.  Tunis,  Algeria  awl  Morocco.     B«- 
•nliMMU,    seven   di-  i    IsV 

i  ittiarr  Mates-  I! 

.'crk«,    Ki. 
nq  |.  at.oi  i 
is*  sod  a  float  I'  - 

tntaercsj   I*    Arsble,    e«.oept 
the    TurkUli 
inesjt  dnc.lr.itr. 
I>srt  of  tb*  rJvhteenth 

rSSBV' 

lea,      Tribal*    *n»   »l«" 
■vie*  stos)  i   Stale*  a*  Ik*  price 


of  safety  In  111*  Mrdlterrarveno,  and  for 
a  time  wna  paid,  but  In  the  csrly  part  of 
the    nineteenth    century,    sft*r 

peace  from  the  pi 
u   of    America    wn«    l< 
many,    France,    and   other   Buropeau    pow- 
»r».    and   the  pirates  were  oomi 

i. See  alio  Africa.   A  tec  run 
TrltKilltan  War.   and   (he  se rural   Stales  of 
and    Ulu 

Barbarr    8tatee    (see   also    the    several 
loal    Algoriuo   War;    Trijiolitan 
WsM 

agate  of  United  States  in,  referred 
to,    1*9. 

intercourse    with, 
464. 
Friendly      dUpoM  toward 

raited  8tates,   393,   4C0,   4«9,   649, 
C77. 
Friendly  Intercourse   i 

Reference  to.  321.  321. 

It.latlons    with    wl 
reasonable  demand-  i.  led 

to  a  i).    laration  of  war  again 

Barbecue. — A    pleoJe,    usually   of   p- 
character,  where  snlmals  are  ron>ted  whole 

Barcelona,  Spain,  International  exnosl- 

of  Labor  at,  diseu- 
Baring  Brothers  ot  Co,  fund*  of  United 

BUI  Mil  with, 

Barnburner   and  Hunker. —  in    i*t 
•    In   New   York  Slat 

two  pronounced   faction  worn 

llii.  adininlatrnil' 

CoeMryallrea,  snd   the  snre-liesd*  of 
laj*.  ktlEmotlicd  aa  Itadlcul*.  becaatc. 
•  lu.itijr  other  thing*,  thej   were  i. 

Tree  soil" 
lla*eni»  ;  nhcrcs*.   the  odmlnHtrntlon  party 
wa»    strongly    pro^lsvcry.      In    the    Demo. 
rratK-    I  I  .  urcatlon   hsld   at    8> 

•  iillcal 
nianlpiilniloc.  secured  lb*  organisation  ot 
that    body,  and  decided  nearly  all   tl 

1  wnt*  In  tbulr  own  favor,  and  mad.< 

■' 
it    tbemselvrs ;    In    other  word",   "car- 
tied    off    Ike    hunk."    and    fairly    won    tha 
naase  of  -|lunk*m.''     Tb«  i  lion  rs- 

aml    aa  a  >iinw- 
.  Ibc  Whig*  carried  the  Htste  l>y  over 
30.0O0   majority   In    the   go 

On*  <•(  Ho  atora  likened  I  be 

boroed    hla    barn    to    rid    lilmnelf    of    rat*, 
and  tlienc-forward  tb*  name  of  Barnlio- 
mat    fa*lenfd  on  I    the    IWO 

naatv*.   Barnbunier  snd   i'  ban 

died   back  and  foith  until  after  tbc  former 
:    ■  iih  Ho-   Uhert)    p 
it     Mr.    \. 

iiclatsi    for    the     l*resi'i 

llu-ik:  ti  ■ -.  lihnlv  a  ei-irniption  of 
honk,  or  kome.  and  was  t»*ed  to  signify  that 

i  their 
goal,  or  I" 

Barracks.— '■"''  H    or    lent*    for 

;--rvj. 

Barrataria,  Island  of.   m  rmatdd 

Ian-less  inhabitant  i  aided  in 

drfenso  of  New  Orlcaat,  513. 


Bntaan 


(essages  and  Papers  of  ike  Presidents 


Bataan,  Province  of.  Ph.  I.,  mentioned, 

6701. 

Baton  Rouge  (La.).  Battle  of—  Barry  to 

May,    188^    nftoi    111*  tall   of   Kew  Orleans. 

■  I   Karrajrut  po«»«l  up  lb< 

tiuililiin: »   in    Baton    K< 'URe.    Iho 
LAiilklnnn,  Wllllnuu 

!ili    a 
oiiinll  i«   at- 

■ 
n>i|    i.\    iii.-    inn 

III.        IHLd      IttA        Kplod, 

bolloi  i '  «e- 

1 1. .11      I  In-  •  onfederate*  wit 

I  i 

"  DO  WB*  klll.-il 

Battalion.— Aii  orennlred  part  of  on  army; 

as  a   '  ir  tiro  of   ' P 

■■i  n  r  -■ hi 

Battery.      A    number  of  rnnnon    with   waic- 

•i. i    aChat    ii|ni|'iM--iir.    Includln  • 
iirllllft.i  men  .  BlaO   the   iirm.nn.  in   "      »   war- 

i  i'.-iiiI 
Inu  a  fort. 

B»ttle«lilp. — An  armored  ahlp  equipped  for 
uar. 
Battleships,  construction  of  four  urjted, 

B»ttl«  State.— Alternative     nlcVnnm.-      f,  K 

.   i  i 
Batturn     Caacs.— R»forc    tbe  lOB     of 

-  ,  ihr  i  nll«d  .-:i  ites.  a  man 
named  Uravler  i.mi  puxebaaed  ■  piainm  i,.n 
on   the   M !»■  i-  ilppl   Rlvi  r  n 

iMri  df  it  afterward!  i u tbe  vlllo 

8t    Matv     An  allurlal  deiui'll  oi  rlvei  beach 
.i    ii  fr.mi  til  IU«  illliiiK  and  *«■ 

ai  a  landing  plan   tor  tbu 

l  nder  Hi"  law  it  »»  ■  -    I 
Oravler     ■    tnte,     '•  bl  Ii     •■•  «■      pui  elm  ■  ■'     I'j 

Kdward    I  Ii  Irii-    i-ii      "I     s-  •  •    I" 

aan    unprot  la      ll  bl      ■»      n  ■ 

Bupli  on    Hie    .- ml    ■'!   nn    old 

ench   law  elvinc  nil" 

in       |'n  -i-l'  hi   Jeffei  '1  l.lv- 

in     .f    I  In-    llnliiiri      »"d    tin-  Inner    Im- 
began   -nil    n 
ii,,.    i  in  .  ,!  Tin-    Supri-mi: 

I  ,in   ih.>  -nit  ii 

III,       |-|,  ,M.  nf        lllll      ill  ,  IlllMl      I ilOIV       Hi" 

luiiiin-  ti>  l.lvln 

Bavaria.— A    Uafd I    -"'libera    «Jer- 

many,  and  one  of  tbe  Utnli-a  i>f  ibe  Oraint 

l.ni|,l,"       it    -  ■    ■    "f    I""    iMii'iiniil    nn-l 

I    part*,    tin-   I""  ll    nud 

■  he     nni-illi-r     »»»t.rti.       TIi*-    country 

iiin-en  n  iii-i.i.  rye,  mm,  and  other  eercala, 

potntoc*,     Imp-      at.      ivine.     rte. 

ii,,,  hi, ,-i  Important  mnnafnctnm  an 

tile*    lii-r.    iniii-l i-      In 

l-.llllll. 

fJorerwneaf. — lt«    gorernmenl     I-    " 
Ktitiiti-iiiiii    hereditary    monarchy-"    5110    " 
klne.    mi   npper   hone*,   and   n   chamber    of 
1  .ii    deputies.      Tbe   reK-iilui.-    king   I*    I.,  mi- 
ni       ■  •     inn, I,      ■     i"     :        -I'l      Hi      Nurlli 
,  ration  In  1870 
1  ,,,  hi   I  mi. 11.    In    1*71.      A  • 
an  mllei     population  in  UMtO  mi-  r.  5 

The  nrtii'     •  •  Ol   ii" I  |M    01    'he 

Imi"  . 

,,i    adml  nl        •  ■!    Indi  pi  tidenlly,    and    on 

a    peace    footing    ha«    ahni 00    men 

Almiit   Tii?    per   ■'' ■"'    "'    " 

,,,,..:.  ,,„,.    ■_•»     per    cent 

■  .i.i  ■ 

Bavaria  <■><■<■  nN<i  Munich): 
r,„i...  „ti.  ii  with,  8218,  WW. 


Fugitive  criminal*,  eonvontlon  wit 

for  rarrenilcr  of,  I 
tin n  •.    with.  3834. 

Naturalization  treaty  nith,  .1858. 
Bavaria,   Treaties   with.— These   tndud 

t    ikm.  i  "1  Ihe 

li.ll     .,r     11" 

1X71 

..-  :.tlun.     In 
,    Hi,-  tin  I  hi  of 

Ihe   Inn.:   lo 
fiir.-ltu.-r    i.i"" hi',.-    within    bla    klag- 

heir*. 

■     HiU    right  ,-1    lo 

18J0.      Thl  ■  ifrotl 

d'.mlnl.ir.     ,1  ,,il    4* 

.,,  ,•      I. IV      m      liivi  .     ,,n      .11. 
Il.-il  Uli.  , 

SI    ' 

allowed  two  or  i 

which   I"   ill«i r  li    nnil    ni.-iv  withdraw 

,!*     from  r  >•     wltbe, 

■' •    "f   1 1  ■  i. 

fer  by  will,  donation,  or  o 

f.-i  re.l   hi..".  ildnilM  .-.|n .- 

\v-,, 

Ii.,|r-  .-iIkI    the  properti    ,if  the  deroaard  la 
lo   reeelr.-   the  anni.-  care  n»   that    .if  ii 
•i    ,      r   cltlai-ii.     Dlapiitna  rejiritlnc  po 
i..    to    lie    -I  i'L-    in 

law*,     and     lijr     tbe    eonrt*     In     •>  Ii'.i-Ii     tli 
property  la  alttim,  ,1       I'm  eiimdl 

■      "I      IS       I       ■■•      'Ml    I'lll'.'l 

ilea     The  treats  of  iiws  ni  i  nnturall 
ti-.n  treaty.     (8*<    Q 

Bayard  vs.  8lngleton.— Thl*  la  one  of  i 

earllcat   ln»tnni>--,  nf  a   court   pa 
the  constitutionality  of  an  acl  ,,f  ih. 
lature.     Snli   »fl.  Iiii.iikIii   before   Ihe 
■  ■I  appi 

••rtnln    property   that   b*Ml   t 
i  iinii-Hi.t.-il  nn, |  aold   t"  tin-  defendant 
an  aet  •  f  the  l.-n  ■  la  I  nn    i 

iitli.n     t,  In,  h    inn  ,„    eonfifoa- 

ii,,n  ,  r  ih,.  property  of  nll--n*.     ' 

<ll-iulu<al   "1    it, 
■     ,.  Ith   Bn 
:    In    I  VS.;..    v                                  i 
In     til  ■  I"      di  ' 1    hi      maltha 

nffldnvit  tlint  tie  hotda  n 

ii       ,.l,.    ft, m    M    ..,, in,  f    f..r 

n   mo- 

lion  "      .Indue    S  ..  i  v   the 

declaring   tin-    act    .,f    the    Inrlalature 

Mi-ill I  and  void"    .Imt.ni.  nt  wan. 

i.    ' i    for    Hi"    'i  i.    ih.- 

I    l'in.l.    »n.| 
If  ther  nnrrhase  It   th,-   land  I.   f, 

IrB- 

Bayonet.— a   oVtaohsiile  ahnrp  Inst-. 
I  ibbtnc,   fen  the  mtuar 

KOfl 

Bayonne  Decree.— April   17.    Ivtis.    \-; 

i i.."i.",i     thai     all    American     -.- 

u'lileh    ab.-.iild    <  nt .-t     the    |i,,n«    ,,f    I 
Italy,     nnd     the     Hnn*e    Town*    ahotili 
■i  -■    '.f    I  lie     T 

■    can    now    navigate    tbe 

lolatlnc  tin-  i  iv,   ..I  aald  Btatea."     la 
hi-  nil.  in]r  at   i:m.-I:ii.i1    Xiiji 

i|    t>.  di-iti '.'.    h  .....   i,  i  -  tt    all 

noutral  powers.  Including  lb*  United  state*. 

Bayou  State.- a  ntekntme  for  xn»«ia»ippi 

-.  Stnte*.l 
Beacon       A  warning  llaeht  or  other  conaple- 


of  a 


'.     Index 


Beet  Sugar 


Bw,  TIM,    ami    to    relief   of    whaling 

■e*i,eSO. 
I«lli|  War. -Ac  iMamctloa  aga! 

in»  U.I1..-1II    OotcrUEn  lit     In.    JIUMh 
•«jj™d  lo  hate  bevn 

; 
'f*1«  la  I'alHon  loan 

iq    boraca    nod 
■I 


raw  i  ,   !..«  .,ti  lr   Hie 


.r  • 


n*»i*  ■  Bai- 

Jiily.   lb*-   'l 

iUbr»>    ■:   I  DM 

a  Urf.il  In   iiw   A i 

Mink.    A  Ik 1 1 n II. ,-.i   ■  Hoar   Flu* 

MliiUa  ». 

■bu  Kate  —A  nleknamo  for  Arkaaaa*  (a, 

•Mafort,  N.  C,  blockade  of.  removed 
lutttion,  3290. 

BMTtrOan  (Canada).  Battle  or.    -AfUt 

i  In 
l  be 

►o  w»t    II'  'I    r 

BrttM  aVntrtintil.   on  .1  ■•  I ■  ti 

*  Bftj    lii- 

Mnm  »i  ml    ?•"' 

*•**•,    i»i..c-1id     of     III 
n*«ttbe    Mi  I- 

T*nj*f  ana  o*m  ft  pounder  i-*»iu>b,  ami  a 

i 
Jemr  State. — Alternntlf    nb-knnme    for 

»«ll>ej  Inland  (8m  Libei                litea- 

»t  I 

a»tf  Products.  (8m  Animal*  anil  Ani- 

■»'  !  <ioR  ami 

•aw  iiora— Malt,  Vlnona  »n>l 

fcet  tngar.— Aliiimich  the  manafictnre 
•f  annr  from  mm-  not'-dut"-  It*  peodtar- 
]U  In,, .    t.  rUra.    Ibe 

fourteen 

ll<M<      •nfir      m» 

*■»«  fe. 

i  'V    am     rrnierr.     I'llnjr     the     Klrter 
•      .  il    i 

*  nar»    .  float    loan   the 

i   li'  in. in 

■  •   a»    a 

•ad    tb*  leave*   >•   ii u    M"o»«v>»y 

•  M     not     h*     gri 

"•Iliatmli   no   lb*  name  nOL   bM   a  roll- 

aakakaabt  br  obacn-.t  " 

.  »wa>»    tallowi     tfcl«    ndelee    rellgSooalr. 

i  *lfjr 

1  latrrV-.      r  i  in,  i  - 

*  tat.  of    bath    kfii    ami 

•     mtpret     ibr     pee—i»re     of 
■•■  l»  Ibr  !■»«<    wu*   ill*  fur  mi 

IH».   lint 
'J    lr,    1.1    I  I    «llll-- 

•i,t.  iii   it«t.   in.. 

abbJBjMbrd      llfTRuk      ebeniNt.       All 
OMM0    »f     OVfcMie*    Of     I 

b  b*nkari 

r     I       Mfe     i-lnlin     Hi.it     do 

"••War".     iMI"     III.      aoraHUa     »'"-t     tlinl 

m»  ».  i.-laal   wlir  titrr- 

»arrr-»r«    poMI    a  nit     aiieeeaenr.     rrini 
Q«  ArbarJ.   tWoted   !.!•   ►rtmiin.-   nmr 


In  a|ifl>li-£  Mar*Er.if'o  ill?  IndUl 

Irlal  pqrpoac*. 

mi  •     ..I     :  i    mi. 

■  It    [lenf    I'.. 

*      ||ll 

8oT«rel*n     Iii 

i    :;:   In 
I    in    It    an.  '  In    :i 

cram 

'»itli 

•pert    were    .-..in, 

■Bed   blm    rn 
i  ,,,|    ni 

-ii.  Ixiwcr  S1K-  In     ilir  iii  •' 
factor]    !u 

inai'li'  of  but   n   rew   i 

•  .1  ami  tli,.    ,  i  not,  «« 

wlili   th«  enne.  ut   .'! 

-.    .ii, I  it  . 
cent*  |i«t  pound  i 

Acnnrd'a  the   alien 

r    Napoleou    ll'mnpaiti-,    and    ho    aent 
Keen-  li 

In. iii        I 
fai'iortm      were  Part* 

Tbone    were-    un*urcT»*fnl,    hoi    Ibn    Pi 
Uiado    tlw    dlacuin.,      Hi- ii     "li!    Ii     ... 
Hard    lo    r.  ,iiIm,i  of    Hlln«-». 

rrlalill'b  modern  aeleiillnc  nurl.  nlture.  and. 

•  if  mvalt. 

0    Hi"   armllh  "i  inn! 

Ila  ahl  ',   n  baa 

nnj   othi-r  dUeo'  At 

tlmt    tliiin    thii    •  r    ibr 

pot  wi-rr  but   twrlr..  LniNhfl*  prr  IGK, 

aad    »t»r»«tlon    Ihti-at.  i    il  dly    In- 

l  .n        In    nit. '11111 

,'      l'|..|M     Ifll 

f      ||P     ,  I.- I.I     ..f 

CT»ai»«.d    nffarlr    twofold      U'bm 
!>»<Tim*  coir.  .ii.  ,'il   i.f  tiiU   f.i.  i    I,.,   ardcrvd 
darla*   IBM   and   1812   tln.u.auda  of  arm 

i. .  linlml 

•'•I I"    mid     f*i  '  Hi       A«    a 

the  Indiimrr    inn   Urinly  calabll  .li,  ,1 
,uc»  and  tbi«  ylald  of  corr.i' 
cr-ii:-- 

man    nnd    F/<nrh    «i-lHntl«t»    lh«-n    t>n- 

Gn    di  of    tin. 

rt     plnnt.     nod     xoo*t     arODdarfn]     r 
Lare   bnii    obtatned.      Iij     car>>ful    acl 

of     I     ■  Be     tlllnit.' 

In    the  beet   baa  bwn    Inrrraard   from  7   nor 

C»Bt     II  ' ....  I      Of 

wi-IkIw  finm  t»o  '.     r : 1 1 . .    noonda.  nnd  from 

•  Hi    t.i  om-.firtb    of  li 
W    pit 

more    pnri-    aiiirnr    than    tbi-    total    weigh! 
i.f    iii.    ..  beet    nnd    tli"   >•• 

i    fr  .ui    a    alnulc    urn-    It    mora    Ihnn 
ii.,    -,  .ii  i  ,i    from   ii   good 
»lxrd  tarn 

In    I  ■    Hi"    •rltli-lKiu.H    tlini    I I 

nxar  nu-rrti-nlnt:     power     than 

cane  auxar  tbp  aanrrtlou  In  inndi-  tlin 
a   chcnilat,    *!•  rroimdi'd    nltli    nil    Ida 

.  ,|  ilpmeot,    can    not    dbv 

llnunl-i,     i. ii.      fi ill.      ..thnr      AKbiHiicb 

ol    plant*, 
■  I  tbc 

■     In    <  .iiii|i..   |i  lull 

In    a»v,.|,Tilnij    ii.i'a.p,    In    ,11,'i.tl.'    effect,    in 

,    iftli-iri.     In     nil      ,i.i       .  ipecta. 

i  ■'   maple  and  i...ii..,t 

ninl   |i  of   ri'llnltiR, 

l,.i      fl.lli.T 

iir-     ■-•.:.-  it.     iii    ii...    Impurltlea,     and    tb» 

•  ■! Id     he     Idi  •>!  leal 

nnd    ane.ir 

Pun-   augar,    whi r    d  rlrcd    from   beat 

or  enne.  U  ni  lib.ntl.nl  na  l»  pun.  noid. 
whether  mined  In  ib>  Itoiliv  Uountnlna  or 
In  «li"  T i ui 

The   enrll.-t    attempt    to   produce   augar 


Beet  Sugar         Messages  and  Papers  of  (he  Presidents 


frum  beota  In  the  United  Stntea  was  made 

flun   and 
ison,   but   tbelr   effort*   wire 

•  .-     ful.      lilgbl       -    .  i  .      Inter      I  ■  iv Id      Lee 
<  tilld  <  n    i-J  a  small  farinry  at  Nortbaiup- 

aueceeded   Id   producing   a 
for     which     ti« 
tva*  awarded  ■  direr  iiu-dul   by  tin-  Mliu 
chusoit.    charitable 

i-k  i, 

■  am   111  both   Held  nod 

■  mptoii    plant   operated   l.ut   one  arnwn. 

In    i    •  '    UIhIidd   Tyler,   of   tli ■-    M"i i 

Church,  purchased  lu   Frnin 

■I   ■   facl  iry,   ihlppi  d  it  to  r*on  l.cnv- 
Hi,    Kina.,  by  water  and  by  ox 
hauled    It    from 
Tbla  effort  also  was  a  falln 

o|    i  iir    MM    r-  •■'.     year*,    ntt   I 

Bfrc    II 10  :.i:     :li     I  lu- 

ll In,   1608-71  :  N  -  ■ ' 

In  failure,  absorb  md  »  unar- 

•II. I   nilni 
vim    niii  iiijiii  J    to   establish    tbe    In- 
dustry In   .Mn.iicn. 

lean  to  wis.  |  from 

b.  n.  v 

■  mail    iilnnt    a-  Col.. 
Although   a   Failure   i.  niii.ii 
..I  •» 1. 1 .ii  tunc  ii"  plaal  *«»  Idle,   it  iiimiijr 

'•a.     Sriml    times   It    1ms 
reballt  and  rc-equlppnd  Willi   machin- 
ery and   while  running  locluy.  It  in-i.r  «IH 
pay  Interval  oo  more  than  a  Caere  fraction 
..f    Hie   amount  actually  Invested   In  it. 

In     1883    our     federal     treasury     needed 
money  and  as  our  national  legislators  bnd 

.  fiOUt    thr    pu»ihllliU'S 

of   producing   our   augur   supply    ai    home, 
rcsa  enacted   n   tariff  Mil   whh-h   car- 
ried a  duly  of  81  ccnla  a  pound  on  i 
■nest  and   "I   centa  oi  Dal   no  m* 

knew   what   soil   or  climate   wer»  required 
iroduclng    hi  :    bow 

lo  grow   them  nor  bow  to  operate  n   n*> 
Hint-    ..f    .ll-.miil     fnllnrt?s 

llldl  -     ■■'       ii 

lie  capitalists  cautious-      While  I  he  duty 
nu    more    than    generous,    tbe    »c- 
Ms.-mlnatloo    of    nYl.i       i    l 
factory  teehnlvnl  ton-, 
nf  and  capital  bold  aloof.      Wh.-n    In   1S-90, 

•  uir    federal    t.--a»ury    a-u    otnrfluslng    and 
«ugnr    was    pit  el    n 

-.    of  [so  cents  per  pi. unci 

failed  to 
attract  capital,  as  did  tin-  XMI.on  40  per 
MM  nd  valorem  bill  of  1MM. 

When     tbe     Dlnrley     bill     of    1807     w«s 

Sussed      ami      Pmldeut      MeKinley      mniJe 
,iiiii-    WllaOD    Si-i-n  i .-iiy    of    Agriculture,    a 
new     order     nf     affairs     was     cstnbll 
While    tin-  I    mi    augnr     Imports 

.-ii-  inii  :.•.'  |n-r  i-i-iii    -f  whal  II  bad  been 

nnili-r  the  Mil  of  18S3  and  but  si*  ta* 

tbe     Department     of 

work     lo 

faToroble  natural   cnmlln- 
to  learn  DOd  i 

methods  ami  In  .  iplnli    !!n-  Indtial  -  y 

it   waa  •)>  thai  a  «n 

dustry.   destined   In  supply  n   lagg*  portlain 

of    Hi-     -'4 ,-.-iir   wbloh 

we   ntiiiuiii'  .    -h-iiiiil    n-it    I--    eon- 

ii-i.-d    to  a  few    Slates,   where  loi 

propltiona 
ooalT  Interfere  -.- 

fond  prodocl      i  in   lb*  contrary.  It  wn 
aldered  desirable   lhai 
be    scattered    n«    mw 

though   on*    Sinii-   -  r    mi-    group   nf    Slnt'-« 
!  produce  for  n  fi  nil  Id 

..ili- i      .-i.it.  To    tlili    ■■nd.     Hi-    <l 

issued    a    wall    lii'ip.    "ii 
traced    tbe    theoretical    beet    augnr    area    of 


I'm   United   Btataa  ami  from   time   to  tiro* 
at  It  ui.  ilvtaoust rated  that  fuiornM*  cos>- 

I  -itory,  Urn- 
wna   ii. 
the     department     oono  ,-m»;-     th 

21  I  000, ..   r  nail  cllma 

..rii'   iK*r   e»-nt    of 

tin. •>...■   wers  planted  to  inci  i 
would  fnrnl«h  nil  the  sugar  we  cos*..  : 
rrltory  e^ 
from  ocean   to  ocean  and  froaa   Hi..-   Cana- 
dian t-i-iindary  I  • 

nil,     Ohio.     ImlUr.u. 

Uezlcan    boi 

■ii  '   rnrlely  of  soil*,  clay  loama 
•nndr     loama     belnjt    preferred. 
W  Hi  r    nnd   the    I!u       n    ,.f 
..lloway  and  tbe  Run 
•■■>  work  :  :. 
il    on    the    rood 
Uona   throi.  ronmrj 

mentH    n-i'i. 

Aa  a    reauli    ..r    tha    Informutlon    n 
Inviting  condlUona  act  forth  In   II 
ous    bulledna   and   reports 

in    1 1    year*.    »■- 1  inn  -    h,ei» 

eooxeil    Int..    th..    in, in 

to  7r! 

Ims  grown   - 
one.flftb  <if  1 1.,    u. 
tbe  United  Slates,  enough  i 
people  living  vest  »t 
Aa   a   resuH   .,f    Hi. 
an-as  nf   desert   land    b 
where  sugar  beeta  caa  be  raised  more  -- 
blj    I  p, 

'i xpnu  ilon    -r  tbls  Indnstrj    laraj  I 

-    of    the    great    Irrlgatlnc 
worka    which     ll  has    eon- 

I  mi-  led  nt  an  ci 
Win  n 

|.-n    after   slrnlt  . 

1nr.-   renin rked    -..-  hlin 

day  you  base  aolred  the  sogar  problem  of 

the     '   nlii'l      Slnles.       \nt  that 

I.  '  i        I-  im    ;i:i    . 

il  euteeprli  i 

■■■•  huge  dama  will  l-»  licet  »ugar 
factoilev"' 

Wilson   i:new   that   the   nee**, 
anry  long  haul  freight   rha  ;■   the 

.  f  tin.   fin 

when  aalpi 
Hut  with  alfnlf  i  with 

■  i,i,  I,    to    • 

eropa— augar  and   live  stnok— on   whl. ■:, 

.i-gea  nre  si. 

.ilno   of    ii  Sugar 

h.  ir  gmilcat  perfection   >. 

under     Irrigation      and    .-nr    farmers,    - 

rtnlty  In  the  Irrigated  west,  have  foam 

-..    he    one    nf    Ittl  ||  ibla    If 

also    tin-    ni.i-i    dim.  ult    uM.ti    tbe*    ran 
i.i    rotating   them    with   sugar 

I      t th -I'., I 

yield*  of   all    i 

.  fore, 

Tbl«    Indintry    now   distribute*    $1: - 
000     annually     l 
Is  borers  In  the  -ngnr  fnctorles  » 
In    coal    mines    and    otln-r   Amerlcnn    lls^^H 
hli  h  mi  in  h   ii   with  mnfiltc*,  . 
-  y    would    be    aeet    to    :- 
rlea    In    payment    for    lm|).>Tl.-d    sugar, 
hut  f.,r  thi  Industry. 

establish 
hn«    distributed    J  Km  mm    - 
tollers,    anil    when    fully   developed    It 
distribute    ■ 

■  .i  n   :n. i  .-  •  i  . 

log    Hi.     I",   yenrs   In   which   tbe   do- 
mestic heel  augnr  Industry  hna  grown  froaa 


_ 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Belgium 


40.000  to  700.000  tons,  the  average  whole 

uW  ptVt  ol  »-(ar  :.  I4.07 

i'«0    to    $3.17    per    1W.    tbe    prcaeat 

■  ti«>««"i   pi  itat  despite  tin- 

■   tb»  same  period  the  prlca 

has    I 

}     drirluped.    tbl«    Industry    will 

•  agar  ill     other 

llifvgb,    l:nn      I    .     Ilir   yield    per    tier*. 
Taw  -  P»r  acre 

i    been 
-   rent   daring   in*   past    thirty   years. 

;  i 

tvattstaUaga  arc  a    ault   la   altrr 

lu<UMI 
rar    beet    • 
farwir-i  >ir  Id 

•  till  nnili  uail    I 

whir*   Cffoaiir  aanolly  produces.   Ji.'iK.- 

'  "a    greater    resells    lima 

tn—    •  "[>   M- 

cwrsaf  aV'  -  two 

^^^■av-i  la  i   !i>" 

f  Briber    expansion    ef    (he    I  nil  n 

Inplh-ailut:       i'ienuor*a       eir> 
ttir'iglioi   lb?    i 

crop*,  at    present    farm   price*, 
would    be   »<-Mb   »^<Vmi,im«XO0O  Ulali-ad  of 

la    1'ilj    tt'-.t    war  '    sere*    of 

•♦    taaa  i 

| 
Mlara  suit  niichluory   were 
'I.    ead    : 
a»—    - 

tarns-  "eat  were  lode- 

fwtxlc-  Im>  beet*.    The** 

we»r    r-ii'l  ••»    for   taelr    product. 

-  pa!<l   la    . 

ilorado. 

rasas,  3  In  Ohio 

'  in    -.     I  ml  l- 
aaa.   Iowa,  ansl   Minnesota. 
Belintse  EtYa    Indians.      (See    Minne- 

tary«  Indiana.) 
BwtftMl    8.  A..  &  Co\,  claim  of,  against 

riliutioD  of  award  in  case  of,  re- 
frrred  to,  4988. 
Beleaguer.— To  blockade  nr  to  •urroond  br 

Wilflar    AtrodtiM,   Bryc*  Baport  on. 
(8*--  Uclgiaa  Atroe- 

aWgltn  Belief. — When  the  Orxoto  anal** 

nqgh  Belgium  lad  northern  France 
nrsit.    Ifrls.    ta*y  created   a   Bltaatlon 
f<*  tk*  non-combatant  popnlatloa  of  thoae 
alaeiet*    volet    soon   became  d**g*rat«   In 
In*  Ullgsat.     Belgium  was  a  country  with 
«  dimity   of   population    twenty    times    as 
STsat  ■•  that  of  the  foiled  BCataa.  with  a 
'•••.    •-rrelr  Industrial,  and  producing 
nHf  laaf  than  40  per  e»nt  of  tba  food  It 
"■nam a,      Tka    atat-oodstd    nan    of    the 
wawr  bad  flocked  to  tJM  armies  ooposlng 
en,  and  Beltlnm  was  help- 
•••a    Oenntor  would  not  dlt»rt  food  from 
*»  InaaMtant*  to  fr-d  the  lobibltatit* 
i  wblrb  It  b«d  laraded:  sod   It 
•••nit  as  tbonrh  T.Ono.wo  persons  would 
itttmated  pop*i- 
ilehrl-im  to  I!»14.  only 
•Otina  wctc  refugees   n  vert  out  of  tbo 


occur '  rj  :    tad    In    nililltinn    there 

i     t  Id  1      ■   portion 

of  not  ac*  occur  fter- 

mans,  whose  plight  was  sli  that  of 

the    »• 

than  i ii. Mm  persona  In  n  district  of  19,- 

di5  in 

it  wax  America  wh.>  csme  to  tba  rescue. 

Iloher,   It)]  ;  lultlock.  th. 

from    the    i  :rlum, 

i    in'fiire    Ambassador 
I  in    I.'  inl-iii,  snd  as  •   result    the  Com- 

■  ii    for    tin  Iglam    »ii> 

led.     Ambassador  i    the 

Iiend    n(    II  . 

<o.  t.  In  liloirr.i!-  i.  mi  Ann; 

who    h-lll    : 
nerrlrn  In  behall 

i. tii  Euro. 
le:  snd  under  bin  dlr.    Hon   Hi  I 
Bluei  nnd  nortv 

From  Hi-  of  Un-  War  to  April. 

lf'17.     .  bra     ih.      iti-.ronce    of    tlm     r 
il     tlin    wltbdraaiil     Dl 
-Minn.  liniiii.'riii 

In      Hi-     nelk'liborhood     of 
'I.     Even  toe  offlcfil  lonns  made 
by  the  ■pTernmcnts  of  Rneland  snd  : 
t..    the   Bolelan    (•oTi'maienl    were   .kIiiiIoU- 
by    the    Omml-iloD.      For    Bel 
"■•0.000    ws«    loaned    by     tli»     IIiil-IIhIi 
.•intent,    f  10.000.000   came    In    pi 
it    .n    (run  i-h  Kmplre.  $11. 

I   contrlhatrd    In    mon.  .    and    In 
Btataa,    and 
jil.noi. 

its  France.  French  bnnks  ami  ln«titu 
1PO.000.000. 
ritatcs   r.OT.Tiun.-nt   In    May.    1017,    In 

■ 
in. -in  f  that   country.     This 

was   payable   In    monthly    Instsln 

»«•.  «rl(h  the  un  •  that 

the     loan     would     bo     renewed    In     case    of 

•ItT. 

■;   wnn  the  chief  purehattog  and 
for    the  Oommlsslou 
ly  ns  to  pork  and    wheat  shlpn 
Allbotiirh   prilmlili    IkNofniirtlm    of    II 
nnbllnntH  <'f  the 

to   pay   to  some   extant    for  the  naslitnnre 
ther   reeelrod.   yet   nil    th.-ir   food,    clothlnr, 

i    infl    I'rnncc   through    the  cli 
of  the  Contiulxlon.     By  Norembcr  1.   1910. 
n    u-'iterdam    foi 

•     ■  . 

were  nlout  50  trained   American  nd- 
•  rstors   Tolunteerlng  tbelr  scrrleaa  In 
Itrlglutu    and    France    for    the    Commliulon. 
they    were    awlttrd    by    tiioii-nnds    of 
llclglsni.     The  Commission  appealed  to  the 
wbolo  world  for  support,  and  waa  snlated 
by  more  than  4.000  committees  all  ov. 
glolie  engaged  In  the  solicitation  of 
and     the     moblUgatlon     of     food     sin 
The   relief  wort   IU»lf   Wat  in    by 

«ommltt»ea  in  each  of  the  ■». 

which  were  In  the  destitute  district,    with 
Ithdrawal  of  th*  officials  of  tba  Oom- 
1017.  the  »dmlni»triv; 
the  relief  went  Into  t'ie  hnnds  of  tbe  I 
and  Pnanlsh.     (Sec  Belgium  :  France:  Euro- 
penn  War.l 

Balglaja. — Itclglnm  nag  a  frontier  of  RSI 
talks,  and  la  bounded  on  the  north  and 
northeast  by  tho  Netherlands  (288  miles). 
on  tbe  tooth  by  Frsoe*  (381  -miles),  on 
the  east  by  Rhenish  Prussia  <l!0  m1l»») 
ami  tba  Grand  Duchy  of  Luxemburg  <WI 
i,  with  a  low  unbroken  seaboard 
(North  Seal  of  -»;  mlle«.  The  'poldera" 
nenr  the  coaat.  which  are  protected  he 
dlke<  arslnat  floods,  cover  an  area  of  19* 
tonare  mllea- 

cVafMrw.— The    Mouse     iMtsal 
and   its   trlbntary    the  Bame.e   dlxldc    th* 


Belgium 


Icssagcs  and  I'apcrs  of  tin-  Presidents 


i  dlatlnot    rrclon*.   that    of 
in-  north  nc.i   • 
fertile    plain      »  li  !••    1 1"'    f  • 
t.l.  -land   of   'In'   Aid-iinea  Id   Ihe  n.iilli   and 

Ima    foi    tin 
i  he   blehrd    inn    '  IhirinjiK-   Mloln  .f    ri 
ft    belKl.'      >l    -'..'■■ '  i    •  !.-■ 

i.f     III.       niiilill; 

iMnnm      and      III     Irlbulftrj      Itii 

i  How  from  Krwin 
mi. I      ut      ouvlcnblo      atrca  ui       I    ron 
ih.-lr    courac    -ii     I  I lii-    In 

bUo  ■  tributary  from  tfeie  frontier  al 
•  ini.iirK.     Jim     1*     partly     u..  i  -" 

iiiaiiiH   la    tin     Hi  In-ill'- 

wnllTWIll  •     tlfiVC     nil    ■  MX- 

nf    ironaport.       The    principal    harbor 

.  ..in n  ml  .  Dtn  i»"ii    In  Am  "    i  p.   n  --' 

f.,r-|ll.-il  oil 

mi  iln    «  .-■  i. -in     ■ 

Itlnnk.-nli.ii."    anil    Ze*0!T)0Ci 

AIIKA     1MI     !•■  t 

aMaln       Population 
-  luui        Cmi—  ol 

Pruvineai 

Antwerp  "-I 

hi  i.  i.i  i.-.'.-.v 

I    I    .- 

1.117 
. 

311.218 

Hftiiini  .  1. 1 u 

Total...  ....11,370      7A3BJ94 

II |     fas      '. -nirMf  —  Belgian 

••.iilliiii    "f    the    iln.  -I.  in    llelgue.    .i-il    km  inn 

ii-     I  liiudi  r«     no 

r.uiiiM  l-  -■  "  -l   '"    'I"'   Klngili 

the    Ni-ibcrlnnda    In    IMS.,   nn    ftrniii.-.' nl 

ol r 

On  On     'i 

5mm    i  IihIi'IH'IhIi  n 

1.    IH31.    Pi 
ImtR   wan  i-hniM'n    II.'i'-.IImit    Kins.      H 

■  I..      M  .'llirnd.       KIllK     "■' 

ixnnjr,     Prlu f    :- 

Oolhn, 

of  Prim  ••■  Plilllpltc.  I'lmiii   u(   l-'l.in.l.  ■-..  anc 

IiIh    iiiii'I-  .    Kmc    I.coyi.ilil    II.,    I 

A.fl«l  |     !     .  - 1  ■  r .  .1     v. 

ii     In     Am.-nil.     l'Jl  I.     ii.iii 

■  ,  for  ii. 
glan   territory,      Belglau    pi  being 

:, i.ini      dcrlftrcd     war    ami     llio 
King  nf   Unglnml  win  app<  nl-  rl    lo    I 
port   tin-  ncutra 

I n    War   "f    1014    IT  mill    11    K'lili    'Mli'l  i 

ih.    Semite,  .  1  •  •  ■  t  .  .1  f...   elghi   '  rai  ■    con- 
■lata  of   1 

i   by    -i"     -'■"■    »•!  'i 

i nd  niii •  ii.  ii ii-i'  'I  ho 

Chamber    "f    Hi  in  '  -.-ui  ii  In  "I 

IStl   tniiiiri.fi    (.nn-    foi  100    Of    "i" 

iltnntal,    elected    In-    Hi.,    people       The 
nl    I  iw  of    IMM   Intl  •  araal 

mnle   niflr.iEc   nt    to*    in   of    twenl 
with    |ilnr.il    voting    op    to    t li r.-. 
propcriv      nml      educational      qunlllli 
Pnlliiro  to  vote  U  pimii-ii.'ii.ii-  in   low.     The 

I.*wl*l  '•"' ,"-r- 

n-  I-   n    linlti'..  of  tin-  pence   In   i  urn 

of   ii iniiiii    f227),   t<i.'ii'>-»'i*    Plutrlct 

Court*,   a    Criminal    Aaalic   Court    in   each 
1',...  |n.  •    mil    Hirer    I'mtrl  ■    ol 

I  i„  ..•    la    a 

ivwrl    i.f    '  '•'•■  -linn    nt    Urn 

In    .  -,■ .  -  li    of   ilin    nl..  "a    l" 

.(    ii„.     •  .-.  .  •    i    iniiniii  -        Ihcre   U    nn 

elected     f d        Tin-  -     ii.'luclnl     nnd 

Communal    Council*    are    elected    for    #lghl 


yearn    i hall  :  .ur  yrarai 

■ad  m.  .  i  annually. 

The    Army    i»    recruited    hr    yearly    «la> 

.mil     vol  mill.  rearli 

lu.'lml" nnlliij;     in     li; 

men    01  f    ll    for    military    ► 

arbo  at.-  n  P 

.    in  I.:.    ;     . 

,:    ii    <;-n.! 
7  1   off] 
liarv    I...- .  -ii...  - 

iiallty 

..f  Delirium   I  iiatrla,   Boa> 

all.    1'rn^-li.   and    iln-    I  i:  l»i- 1    Kl  .--.I  nil  hy 



la     unl 
.. .  and 
u   la  ' 
iiiiiiiiiln.il    iii  witB 

^rniil-  In  n.'.l 
■  ■  undi'i  . . .  :.  i  ..i|.  i , 
Iholle  prvdi 

|. rivals, 

ire  ■ 

apcclAl  llma- 

arlM  nml  Ut-s*  nnd  t  ICnav 

.mil     Ani«  reowaa: 

Boyal 

There  are  I  'and 

I.I.  Ki  .11. •-      at       111 

I    :  ouvatn. 

-  -Of   Hi.-   7  .'77 
-  ntloa. 

I.l!80,ll 

..r     nn. Mill.. it. -.1.       ii  iii    are 

,,i 
rlarlpnl   crop*   an   a  heat,  <i»fa,   l.ar- 


i i 


|     -       poll '..  "I,    flu 

li.ipx.  nn. I     lltl.iir  f||     ,-r,  nl     i|il  .I'    ■  .    ■  ■■< 

ala  are  produced,   -..  bi-m.   m  ,   .i   .         . 

■re    I.Ki-rly    Imported.      Al i 

:  J   in.-iiid-  il   L'  :  J  '  ■    i 

The 
lotal  i  ic   I  ..r-  -i    prodncl  9  c 

■ 

lnjc  I 

"iiput 
Ik   ii    .'i  ii  i  nclli  b  lona.     Irn« 

la      iillfllllli'd      .n      Inr  -..        |ll.i  ■ 

I  ud  1 1  »t  r )  .■      r  ■  1 1  •  i 

Erent  linportnnce.  Toe  i.rlni-'lpnl  Iron  t< 

•ii-    nl 

|irlni:<     nf     spn      nre     atlll      fr.. 

i-    i-iiu  iced    la   the 

mi.  I.illi-    llldll    1 1 
inn     la     ea  i;    i  nnf  I     IlirlBC 

Some    - "in    I.,  i  ...ii  i    are    em- 

•  I 

l-i.llli-l  In--      lll.ll.li 

i  0  ihl  .illl-l  II       -in: 

[.Inning   nl    Vervl»r«  and   linen   wear- 
Inj.-.    pnrtii-nliirl.v     In     I 

lionnaelalre.     nod     II- 
'.iii •  ii-if  •■■-■  ii  r»-«      center     at      Ghent. 

In  ■    .ii    Iti 
Ii-Xlllca  ill    | 

7'rorMporfOfion     Bad    rnniaiuiilmKna  — In 
••    i.     i.:;i.i.    kll  I    rail 

•  i   '.-.    the  sun.-,   of  which    I 
There    ware    «]•■ 
hlloro.  privately   owned   and  worked 

111...    am!    1  038    kill. in. -in-    ii 
while    tbei  i.T'ii 

onda.      The  ii    ral|: 

war*  arort  in  12   were 

n;     rXBaVIIB 

naaienrrra 
■  irrl.il  numbered 

llnea  onn.nnt   to  l.-x.   i  ni|i  of 

total   mllrare. 

i  hi    '•  it  ute*  a 

f..i.il    i.nu-iii    ..f    2.170    I  il.  in-n,  -    ii--,d    are 

rery   great!*   uaed.     Tha  Meuae  and   8am- 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Belgium 


•rarerae     tac     coal  "'• 

Srhrt ■!•  waterway    •  -!    Hi.-    •. 

i       ■.mi    1 1 . .  -  • 
1  ttrc*  U  slaw  n  Marvoal  loatallatton. 
•»  — Capital,      Ilr»i*-l-i 

.  34TV.      "ii, .  i     tii>r    .lilr.    arn 

•tw*»»,  UbjiM):  U«««.  1 . 

olaa,  Jsl.Wiu:   .Namur, 

lo    I  untry  wi»  tn«.  ' 

G»re  ■•■  I'arla. 

i.    I     lij     Ihn 

Gertaaa  atnikr*.  I**  country  ««-   iBi:l 
aa4  ib-  lobabliaau  reduced  tu  «mv 

rh  r»*  fair  r»r  vala* 

I    Kiatra    f..i  •   »■•» 

1   r*l.- 

i.t     i  til  i  li.-t-  — a     ladaiire    of 

IB     fa»OT    •  llrll     M»t"«- 

ry    of   the 
C«a»  right     tiank     uf     111* 

»*a. 
i  atllrs  of  ■*»(>•■-'    bortli  ..! 
mi-uit.   ibr  left   bank   fron  xhlf 

mttf  »*a  i  :     an. I     lli»ao ■•■ 

Mb  i  .1    ar*u    amomiti    lo 

*Kj«ap  Hiuarr  iuiln.  wllb  a  aalli      popo 
«a%a  Milnaird  ai  dot  dmn  i:  an   i:.."<"'.- 
tW  total   European   po|i-ilutlon    (Jau- 

■•re 
illom.    SOS 
ip   ilrrninn 
"•:  a»ljl»ii.  vailed 

"*"*U«   ■li-ku*««."   for   arbWI 

n  .u   rflM.^rr.-u.   baa  of   lat. 
larreaalnr    ravar*"    upon    lb-    Dallif 
•  nil     Ibr. 

<pw-lal|r  abior  II 
i  ml    lis    |u.ii.l.»i    irlbu.- 

.    *U|i- 

tta>  at  aaaawcllac  wlifc-  n«r  ;. 

•  mi  lo  liar* 
•DM  m  l..i»t   r.  ti  ■    .  iijr,   uml 

•    *!•!   I 

•rWraarar  — Br    Uw    . 
U»    I-.!  Rtal*      nf     llii' 

ffcaalaj 

*  '    «M    annexed     llY     lH-lBlnri.     II  ml     1-     ail- 

— lalm  '    f.mr. 

*•  av>  v.-  i.ii    in.     MIi.Mit 

■*  la*  Coloaira  preaidca- 

7>»*  oa.f    Fi'mi-.  aro    mnay 

""lb-  ir»:l*.   np*ci  ill*    rl.ru  ; 

l>  tarrta    ruenoula  Land    aim 

rijaat. 

I  a1».krr»rl»._pBlm.<>ll. 
la<  a  frw  minor  artlrlea.     The 


S3 


n     R««     vi  I  hi. 
naa.  ib.i  "e  br*a  iiI.ihi.mI   with 

w*tm 

»••»   Veo     f..lin.l         ll.tiin:- 

*7»*»  fraar*  .  expr- 

It*  fna*.-.     Import*     u 

a.l2.'..S(l|    fraoia 
TU  r1r»r   la   oarliaMr    ffm    irolOii   klm- 
qr*    m%* '  I 
«J  Btaaaa   to    Matadl    <M    mlle.1.     wli.-r- 
A*  (kcaprBD 

•aana-ibiir  cargo:  1ml   between   lhal    pin   •• 
•»*  Unfildrlile.    oo 
«■  nnl.N    an.l     fulN 
"•Med  b*  a  rallr. 

p**_rma  Bnnia   - 

I     Tar  flr»«t   I^akoa  Rail  war 

£"■  **■ 

*U»a*lr-»,    add    aaother 

r«   Kttrnlo      3S.">    klbMDrll  IniKlh 

■ 

.    i 

ih    nf    teUgrapli 
aa»  It,  M    klloustraa). 


i  In       capital      la      Boma 
,   olbar   towun   brlOK   M"la<ll    H,«Wi 

.     and 

Leapatdrlila. 

.hi-  btfrwNM      Tin  r.-    1«   a    f»«T- 

llonni    T.I1I1   •, 

ml.   11ml    h    Groaral    lili.-.-i.iiai* 

nf    Ave    depart rm  dmlDla. 

iratl.  ,   Into 

two  il  1  Si*  a\%.j  I'onp. :  Afrloa. ) 

Boljiuni   («ro   alno  BruMatt  and  Euro- 
). ran   War  of  1P14-16): 
Chirg*    d'nffnirof    to.     1130. 

BtatM  against,  1456. 
nl  rclationa  t- 

Con.<nlnr  .-..ii Uoi  With,  XSoo,  3893, 

I9>  4561. 

6   States,  ex*- 
qoatara  to,  revoked,  8420. 

I     a  '•  i-ntion  with,  for  r .-gnlal inj;  right 

of  inhrnf iii>;  mid  arqulrinc  prep 
ertv,  2037,   4SL'2.  4841,  4S64. 
•  oi  th.  mi  dare  tndfl><63S8, 

i  ..ii-. .  nt  i.m    with,    n-gnrdinx   8.1 

-'     privilege    extondnd,    538S. 

Dlffereare    <•<    Pnaet    and,  with    Ve- 

Pnsltire  orlm  BrentidD  with, 

li,  1124,  iSUf, 

■ 
i  nil-  of  Ami-riraii   prodasta 

■it    upon, 
:«3. 

II-.-.    rrlrirr.l  l,,.l.|nn. 

KinB   ot,   arbiter    la    mbm   of   tho 

■  ilana     and     /.i:.->r     Thorn  pmm, 

LotM  Wted    br    United    fitatw 

with  Antwerp,  l'.'H. 
Monetary  •    n   .ntion  of  Latin  Unioa, 

adlifkion  to,  dei-Iared  by.  4MT. 
Xaturallr.ation    tr.-aty   with.  3892. 
Neutrality  of  United  Statw  in  war 
with — 
trfal  HunKary,  7977. 
fiemiany,  7974. 
PoMal   convention   with.    3775,    3883, 

4203. 
Reply  to  Germnny'a  peare  OTtrtSfM. 

RIM 
Trade  mnrku,  treaty  with,  rejranlini.', 

47tt'.,  4«JS,  M 
Tn-atiea    with.    tranaTiiitti-d    and    dia- 
etutaed  by  Pmddairt — 
Arthur,  UK,  4715. 

||)3. 
I'illmore.  2097,  8704 
Grant.  4124.  42H5, 4247, 4275,  4296. 

ion,  1196. 
JohnRon,  3893. 
l.ini-niii,   ::i'.-i,  :ii"; 3. 

179. 
Van  Bon  n.  IBM,  l«39. 
Approbation  of  Helgian  Chambers 
not  received,  1932. 


Belgium 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


■■■  in  exchange  of  ratillrntiona, 
1244,  2001. 
Disavowal    of,    by    Mgtnnij    dis- 
cussed, 1317. 
Termination   of,   referred   to, 
Belgium,  Treaties  with.— The  blatarj   ,,f 

■       --.a  leu 
with  the  kingdom    •(  Belgium  dHulnys  very 

amicable   Hatlmani    •  ■   both     kli         The 
nf   184;..  ou   commerce   »u<l   naviga- 
tion wan  teimlti  Belgian  eovern- 

and  navigation  ■■  lid  I  I  ll  In  lh« 
»iinie    yeur    win    also 

Sower    In     1S75.       Thl  ti                      import 

wm  in  pan   raperMdi 

UM  trenty  of  1- 

By  a  treaty  of  May  12,  1S03.  between 
llilulnm  nuil  ihe  was  ugrcvd 

In   consideration    ol    I  be   pa)  mi  I 
the    »ura    of    1T,1«1.U40    florlna     ml     tr.'.'.s 
cent ■   of   tin-    Si  liy    the    govern 

muni   of   i  in'   Nctberlnnda,   I  lie  I  '    Uio 

Belgians  renounced  forever  the  duties  lev- 
ied upon  Hie  navigation  of  tin-  Scheldt 
and  Ita  mouths.     By  1 1 .-my  wllh  the  United 

ii  ira>  air I  thai  this  renunciation 

-  il    to    nil    tings   uml    the    duty    ahould 
never  i    In  any   furm:  also 

that  Tin-  pll  m.    re- 

duced iO  per  cent  for  sailing  vessels.  30 
per  cent  for  towed  vessel*,  sod  30  per 
cent  for  ateam  vessels,  ajiuiild   i- 

,     nd. 

I  Ii-  treaty  of  1*08  on  naturalisation  vena 
procliilnii-il  July  30.  18U0.     II  sxrved  to    Uu 

illim    by  each ii  > 

in    the    respective    cooalrli 
d  by    legal  naturalisation   !■■ 
una    of    tho    other.       I'm  vision    was    uinde 
foi-  i  in-  punishment,  auojecl   to  the  al 
of    llmliniloua.    of    thoae    a  -ulwlc- 

■  r     committed     prior     to 

ahould    Ihey    return.       I'n  ■•l-.nt     fi 

tnry  service  In  Belgium  la  n  ■.-  .  i- .  I  -  ■  ■  I  in 
leenlly  noturallxetj  cftlfens  of  the  rolled 
ill  provlalou  la  made  for  restora- 
tion i.i  lil»..-u«lilii,  If  di<  ii.  .1  i  ii-- 
remains  In  force  from  year  to  yenr. 
subject  to  six  inontha'  notice. 

The   001  .ii- -ii    Ireaty    nf   IRftS 

waa  terminated  on  notice  bj  Belgium  on 
.l.in.    :     1880.     The  irnde-mark   convention 

88        IDlrOd,     Willi     III.-     I  tents     nf 

.1    which  U    was  n  part,   on  July    l. 
The  -  M  wo*  ter- 

led    by   substitution  of  clsuaea  In   the 
treaty  of  II 

Tin-  trenij  of  commerce  anil  aarlcattoB 
of   Jiii  ,.••,    provides    for    full    and 

entire    freedom    of    commtrt         ml    Davln- 

ii-.n.     No   higher  .-r  other  casta   shall    bs 

Imp d   iipim   iiiiini.it :i ii i •    ..r  -in-  oni-  aiaie 

ug  In  the  other;  nor  other  oi  hlgbcr 
.  fees,  or  Imposta  of  uu.  kind  upon 
-iunlr.v  In  th«  pOltS  Ol  ili'- 
ni  In r.  Coasting  irmle  privileges  shnll  be  In 
both  eases  those  of  the  roost  favored  na- 
tion. In  tiiiiix.-ihiiuiii'iit  of  roods  fr.uii  - 
.-i.uiiiri.-H  iin-  duties   uml  formalities  siinli 

be  not  otherwise  than  In  the  case  of  direct 

.itlou  ond 
tlonsl  (lag. 

A  i-.in-iiiiir  convention  wss  concluded  In 
1*80.  snd  an  extradition  convention,  made 
In  1882,  wna  Hiii-i-i-eded  by  one  of  mora 
breadth  In  limt  A  m  i-  mark  convention 
concluded   In    1884    wna  ext  nded   to 

Ighta    lu     1801,    and    ipeclfleallr    ex- 
i|   to  iii-  protection  of  trademarks  of 
both  countrli-i   In  China   In    I  BOB. 
Bellicose.—  Wnr 

Belligerent. — L — A  eonntrj  or  individual 
at  war.  2. — A  rltlien  of  n  country  In  a  state 
of  war.     (See  Belligerent  Rights.) 


BoUigerent    Bights.— Rights    granted    by 

i-nts      to      notions     at      war 

srlth  each    ithar,  ua  dlstlugulsbad  from  tbe 

•eta     of     a 
nt    rlxhts    were 
States  by  Great 
<    in    n    proclamation    by    the    > 
rooogulr.lug    tbe  •  ..'    war    h. 

tea    ami     the     Confederal" 

.nd    :ln-   rtabl  to    exercise 

powers    on    the   oivnu,    bill    not 

recognising    the    national    independence    of 

II  also  enjoined 

Itrlllah  aubj.-.i..     Sm  Ii  n rul'lon  of  right. 

wna   altio  mode  by    France  and   other 

rs   of    Kurope   and    by 
lii.mi. 

BeUlgercnt  Rights: 

boo  of,  to   Cuban   ii 
!  President — 

Cleveland,  606V3,  fii 
Orul  iiil8,42fl2. 

Mi  Kiul 

Accorded  Confederate  Stales  bjr  for- 
olgn  powora,  discussed,  3259. 
86 

Recognition  ■  [  foreign  pow- 

ora Invoked  by  Confederate  fc 
3221,  3246. 
Belmont  (Mo.),  Battle  of.-Nov.  l.  18«1. 

I .  who  hail  .iinmsoxt  of 

p.mts    la    eastern     Mlsuoutl     and     southern 
Illinois  under  FrCmont.  had  *  foi 
nun    i  ii).       A    Conl 

'   Hen.  Folk  b.  Id  - 

vcr.      Tl.i. 

|Hi»llii: 

and  was  eventually  in 
il.fi  iidi-il    I...    more   than    lift)   bcaiy 

tun..     On  i !,,.  Mlnourl  bunk  opfe.. 
'ii    lbs    I  ..iif-ii--i.it.  .    I.  ni    i    I  a  bib 
camp  nt  Belmonl  loir,  Grant 

•if. u-i-i  iii-ni  -i  were  to  Isc  seat 
p  in  November  to  Join 
Frlce.      lb-   tli.-i-  i  ■   .im),   aeed- 

Ing   s    fon-i-     i  con- 

-   3,000  men  down   tbe  rtvci  in 

Sornpanled   i-v   gunboats   to   attack 
mi.      The    bottle    wua 
ISOI.      Few    of  111.-    linn    li.-i.l    I. -in    nttiler  >r» 
'ii  fore.       Grant's    men    took    the    cnu|. 
were  compelled   to   ni.oudon   It    and    retora 

- 1  !■.»»  was 

I. It'll   :   nil    0  ! 

I-  loss  was  043 
Berals  Heights   (N.  Y.),   Battle*   of- 

Alao    culled    battlcM   of  ftsrntor*    and    Sill' 
water.    In  the  nntumn  of  1777  tit-  i-^udllleci 
of   Baraoync'8   army    In    the   upper   Htidann 
lirgaa  to  grow  serious 
ru  mil  us  short  uml  ihe  IIL.-i; 
fectlng   i  I"  . 
wna  remol  Galea  bad  been  aeot  by 

Conrxcac  to  sue I   Sehuyl 

The  Amerlcnn  army   wsa  dully 

ID.    the   t  iii-i    at    HemJa 

':-    and   tbe 

H'    i  on    Itlvri i cement   took  ol-ee 

.  ii     nl. ,,i. i 
Ainnrli-niiH.     Of  the  0  were 

kiil-d.    wounded    or    enptursd :    the    Aso*e1< 
cans  Inst  Sill.     This  flsbt. 
Ihe    haul,     of    Freeman's    Turin,    wna    on* 
tli-    lli'lil- 'i   held    Their  ground 
The     Americans     ahowed.     bnwerer. 
Banroyns    -  their 

•I'll-    two    nrmlex    rem  lined    almost 
wllhln  cannon  shot  of  encli  other  for  aotn* 
weeks.     Oct.  7,    Burgoyn*,  despairing 
of  re-i-nr  ir.'i  in-ni»,  made  a  second  attack. 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Jering  Sea 


M  forced  to  r»tlrr  to  Ike  heights  near 
Mntvp.      'I'll*   onarraral   •treugih  of  lb* 
Aaacrlcan*  waa  t»w  gre*>' 
U*    Britlab-        Burgoyoo    w»»    rom>> 
aaarroaaded  liy  GateV»  army,  win 
to  engage  Mm.   but   !  uill  famine 

farced  hi*  capitulation  uct.  17.    I" 
aamba-r  of  troop*  surrendered  was  0.1  • 
whoa  2.412  were  Kl- •!•••«!'»  Hessians.    The 
tattle  of  San  too  >*  often   treated  t.y  hit- 
!«UM  aa  the  declilrc  conflict  of  tbe  Rot- 
..X      Arnold,    who   sataequcnlly    t 

r.  <>■  the  hero  of  these  engagements. 

B«a  rrankim.   Th«.     (8ee  BotUrficld, 
Carlo*.  A 

Coast***  at  Milan,  4024. 
tadwlimnn — A  catch-phrase 
•wed  by  I'reaidcnt  McKlnlcv  In  outlining  the 
proposed  traimiil  of  tb«  Filipino*.  Tb* 
t***a  »••  uard  lu  dertaloa  by  Democratic 
raapalgncn  to  1V0O. 

Batman  Law.     (See  White  Slavery.) 
Baantnxtoa    (Vt.).   Battle   of. — An   im- 
portant conflict  of  la*  Revolutionary  War. 
An*  'yn»  a*al    UraWoL 

Binm    with   about  S0O   Britlab    and  *omc 

-a    from    Fort    I'd  ward    to 
rattle  aed  *»Ppl 
mad  to  Bennington  they  were  oppn*-.l    bj 

Iihn  Stark.  Aug.   16.   wltb  a   force  of 
i  turn,  mostly  ml  lit  la  from  New 

Maa»P*lilrr  and    I  I  Tin  «ni;n, 

began  ai>jjt  3  0  At 

M«el    the    ludlima  deierted,    and    the 

■f    l  wna    noon 

.  who 

had  bat*  sent  to  rr  enforce  Bauin,  ni«  al>i 

r.tiil-h  loaa  kj- 
kUVd.    and  the  American   la  rarioualy  eatl- 

mated  at  from  550    o Kour  t.ioces  of 

aud    many 
BBOlda  were  also  captured.     Amerlcr 

-.  -to  killed  and  aa  many  wounded. 
Bcnalnifton.    Trie,     refuge     on.    sought 
br  Salvador,  used, 

BastOOTtll*     (W.    C).    BattlO    Of  .-After 

nfag*B**at    at    Aveij.Loro    Sherman'* 

anoi-   contlnsed   Ita   march    toward    Ciold*- 

bore.      When  near  Beotuurllle.    Ifarcb    18, 

1S6V     Sloewm'a    »<!>.i:  ili,' 

Johnston  bad  bnnly 

■'d   Stenjrt'a  mid   •  hentham'a  corps. 

llnmpton'a    eatnlry, 

|    liar    14,000 

Tke     attack      of     tk*     C>nf*dcrntcs      was 

e3rrrte4  evalnly  *guiu>t   the  eorp*  of  JetT. 

•il*        A    «t roc e    tin-    0(    baltli 
frantrd  J**n*|e-..    with     Mill    Creek    nnd    a 
Ikagll    bridge    la    hla    rear.       March    20    a 
trarrat    attack     wa»     Basil'  i  man's 

skirmish  line.      During   the   nlgl  ' 
reitested.  aa  It  wna  not  Lla  purpoac  to  brine 
••a  *lth  kl*  small  fore*  a  general  battle 
t»»  Unt  at 
act  a  ■stlnet  victory  tor  cltber  aide. 

Barotau,  the  allowance  made  for,  328. 
Batten,   Norway,    International    exhlbl 

Una  to  be  held  in,  3470. 
•arts*  Sea  (between  Alaska  aud   Asi- 
'  Bsssta;  850.000  »q.  miles) ;  Amer- 

Iraa  vessels  aeired  by  Russian  emit- 
n,  dUeuwed,  6330. 
Beriac  8aa  Fuherlea.—  In  leSO  the  A   i*r- 

■a  Caienmant  act  np  the  claim  that 
'■'taff  8ra  arai  aaore  ckun,  and  claimed 
Janalltlon  ot»t  the  eaalrm  bnlf  of  It. 
»W».  1880,  tbe  Britlab  Columbian  aealer 

5 


Hlort  Diamond  »m  a*lr*a  f«ir  tn-apatsleii;. 
Knaala  prctcDdcd  to  arant  euch  rlibts  n-ben 
Aluaka  la  IMiT.  llu.uab  In  182'^  Lb* 
I  Statea  had  disputed  Kunla'a  claim 
to  aorerclpntj'  orrr  the  ecu  beyond  the 
iinuni     I  Until    nf    tiirlt.irlal    Jurla- 

dlctloo.      In   conacqucuce  of  tbla  new   doc- 
Canadian  and   .\imrU-nn  r»»».'la 
were  aelicd   by  ■  Btatet   oaral 

ael   for  taking  aenl  about  the    Prlbyloff  Inl- 
and* ami  lu  Hi"  open  -'  '  lu  vlalatlon  of  the 
low*  of  tbe  lulled  Stntex.  wlil'-h 
a    uouupuly    04    ktal    klllloK    to   the  Aluaka 

(aftanrardi   to   the 
North  American  Tbe 

I5tltli.il    cot  unagee    for 

illun   reaseli   n'lwd. 
Uccretarr  uiniiie  and   Mr  Jnltan  Pt 
"Ota,    th"    Britlab    ambaaaador,    I 

affair,  but  could 
arrlrc  at  no  conclti«lon.  After  a  nodtu 
flt«nd<  bad  b»*n  acti-ed  uin-n  in  ISO]  the 
matter  wo-  ft    to  a  board  of  arbi- 

tration to  coualat  of  two  mcnihi'tn  appoint- 

tbt    i  :!  ■  two   by   ureal 

Itrllnln.    nt  |i    t.y   tbe    I'rcaldent  of 

Kltiu  of  Itnly,  mid  tli*  King  of 

Norwnr    nud    Swollen.      Tbe    membcra    ap- 

.1  were,    re.iierilvnly.  Jtiatlce  Jnlm   M. 

Harlnn,   of   the    Supreme    Court,    and    Scnn- 

1'.     Morgnn :    Lord    Hnnnen    nnd 

sir  Jobs  R    [).  Tbompaon ;   Baron  de  Cour- 

ttarqula   i;miiio    Vlaeontl-Venoeta, 

nnd   f!r*«*r*   W.   Oram.      Th*   Trlliunal   be- 

fan  lla  bck.Ioiix  nt    Purla.   March   2  ,,    lROS. 

kngnai   ir>  rniinwinit  rendered  lu  fle- 

>n  denylnc  the  right  of  American  lurla- 

dlCthm     i.illllile     III.-     n-'i:ll     llir mile     limit. 

in  ..r.ier.  bowerer,  t"  i.rmlnatlrin 

of  the  M-nla,  the  rommlaalon  atlpuluted  t tint 

-i  il  Bahlne  COnM  lie  rngngwd  lu  by  lleeuard 

miaclH    only,    •••  labll  heil    a    •  lo  ■  rt 

f,.r  aula   In  thoae  wntera  from  May    1    to 

■    t  nml  for  lie  aenllna*  within 

miles   nf    Hie    I'tlbyloff    lal.imla.    aenl- 

lug    with    flrtatrma    or    In    at  earn     vraaela. 

reatrlctlooj    were    made   binding   for 

fire    reora    but    proved    wholly    Ineffective. 

another  maetlnc  of  BaRllab    A rlcan  nml 

linn  eoinnilaalonera  wa4  helil  on  Nov. 
18,  1HI»7,  wblcb  unnnlmnoxle  apbeld  the 
nttlttide  of  th*  United  Suite*.  In  addition 
I  State*  agreed  I.,  prohibit  all 
•eallnc  even  on  the  Prli>r|iifT  Itland*  fur 
on*  year.     To  thla  Canada  did  not  ■ 

Finally  another  ml -i.-.l  loiuuilatlon  met 
at  Quebec  Auguat.  1808,  traiiKf.ir.il  Ha 
aeaalon  to  Waahlngton.  1>.  C  In  Noi  • 
..f  tlie  mm*  year,  and  adjourned  In  I 
nry.  I8SM.  I'  baa  ner»r  r»n«n.|nlil»d  and 
uotter  bna  remained  in  «MI»  ouo. 
<  See  aim.  I'arlB  Tribunal  of  Arbitration.) 

Bering  Sea  riahertas  (see  also  Fisher- 

Claim*  againnt  Ifusnia,  6373. 
Meaaurea   to  prevent  the  extermina- 
tion of  seals  discussed,  63116, 8155. 
Proclamations      recardinp;,      8449. 
5476,     6533,     5578.     5581,     5697, 
6826,  6926,  0018,  6123. 
ilnduA  r! finff — 

To  embrace  Great  Britain  and  Ja- 

5>rm   referred  to,  6067. 
With  Ritaaia  restricting  sealing  in, 
5061,  6067. 
Questions  with  Great  Britain  regard- 
ing, 5.515,  5616,  6062,  6266. 
Adjustment  of,  referred  to,  5747. 
Agreement  for  morfua   t'trentfi  pro- 
claimed, 5581. 


Sea  Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Hi. 

Arbitration  of — 

dim-l  by  Doited 
Treaty    regarding,    303 

OoA 

i  .  i 

i.v  Proaidi  nl  01  r«tand, 
Ttil  oi    Arbitration— 

A-  '  i"     :u'.  ;ill    of, 

Award  i  i    i  nd  recomtnan- 

.lav 
Ci  Itetel  at,  pr.j.iroil 

by  John  W.  Poster,  67 
Coat-cation  for  settlement  of  claim* 

r       I        1 7 

.  .cement  of  reculnl'ton*   iB   M 



for*  >i  b 
of  a 

Mel    fur  seals  of  Alasltn,   BIN. 
Hope  .ted  States 

1909. 

RofomiiMadatioii    that    Pri  ridi  nt    bo 
or  to  prol  ing  of 

Berlin  Decree.—  An  •  •  from  Be 

IId  K<  •'■■"<   I.     It    de- 

clared   a    lik.rk.ml*-  of    tin-    llrtl.-i.     I 
and    i  rdorvd    all    I  mtllalimcn    la 
■  ,i     i.j     1'riMn-h  i 

■    nl   wnr.      All   I  r -. i . : •  •  In   t 

iI.M.mi.    I   .'■>   : 

III     i ...      i.i.  ;ll  ■■■■     lauirangv     wet*     to     Bi 
lowed    i"    1 Mini'   .1.     I   r.  it.  h    pn*t-Ofl)C*1l. 

%rrt»    to    bo   adnilti.-il    Into 
.  i.  i. .I.    port,    and    I'J    *    Inter  Ini 

i    in 
■  Dlonles,     i.v     whom  ■ 
Hsbl Iiur*    svsn    on 

ncutrnl  decree      r.-- 

fin    f.iiiir.    roualdoratlon    tin*  que*- 

HOD         v.  'I.   .  I  ■  'I  '  III,'         I   I 

1    ndlrie  mlrli'   nol  Ibi  i  H    bl« 

.  .  i  i...  object    i.f 

nf  Kn.-lnn.l,  a*  well  ni  lo  retail 

rlllab    f..r    nn   onter  In   council   Iwued 

i    ■■:  'ii.- 
Mr   i;.-rni  in.      Iliillm  d,    II  ri,  ami 
ii  ill«1anee 
..hi     )tO0    miles.      N. 

lb*   Berlin    IV.  r.-.-.      (Hoe 
l"mlinrj:u ;    Milan    Decree;   Order*  In   I 

Berlin    and    Milan    Decrees    ditwusaod 

and    referred   to   by    P«     Id    "t — 

.r.-i  .  US,  i. ..I,  489,  434,  441, 

4-Ui. 
Madi»on,  407,  476,  BOS,  SIS,  652. 
Proclamations  regarding,  I.v  Presi- 
dent     ofadlaon,  407,  400. 


Berlin  ('  Penman  Erapir. 

KOBgO  n. 
Bermuda  (Orvoj  Brit- 

■liua; 
area  :  alavea  M-i/.  <|  oo 

Berne,  Switzerland: 

International  il    Cunvention 

at,  discussed,   i 
I"'-  gre*aa     at, 

disonaaed,  4: 
Bornstorff,  Ambassador  too.     (So- 
ma,  Breaking 
Bet-.y  Boos  House.     (Si-. 
Bhutan. — A    iiallre    atate    In     th*    Mxiih- 

.i   Himalaya*,  between  !M' 
lutliinl-   ami   oV-M*    B.   locrltud...   and   at 
I  en    the  north  and  rn»t   by  Tlla-i. 
and  on  the  »outh  and  «-»Ht  by  I'.riiMi  : 

mated  at   VO.UOO  Kat- 

Itb    a   cupula  t  km    »ar>- 

-laicd  nt  in"  ..in  i-una, 

tun  Inly  Jtndilhii-tx.  and  .-.mM-tlDx  of  nu  Idle 

i>-  i last  ami  KirueuMiix  cultivator*. 

..».— From  in  iDtil 

.mil.  i  in.-  dual  it'.i- 

'   nn.l  a  ti-mporal 

lual    Bur.-rnmeot 

i    .nil   the  Ttituna  ivlop  <(ax 

•■hi.  f  councillor    ami     -. ..  ual     ralcrl     w-at 

13,  curiae  to 
n    Itiitl -h 
n   w.-iv  an  i  ii.  an 

allowance   belm    paid   annually    t.y   tit  -    in 

dlnn   i.  :!.nt»n 

.    iculded  In  I  rrlntloa* 

■    aim  under  too* 
fere  In  It*  internal  afl 
Biennial  Reijister.  distribatlOB  of: 
Act  providing  fur,  rciiom  for  nt 

■  •to  to,  ii 
Rcferr.il  to,    I 
Big  Bear  Stato.-  AK.-rnntlr-  nlrknaocfor 

-i-o.    (8es  Voluntcor  BtetaJ 
Big  Bethel  (Vs.),  Battle  of. -One  of  lb* 
nlnary    akin  Wnr. 

In  JOB*.    ISf.l,   Mnj.-Geii.  B.   F.  Butler,  of 

cinwud   af 

■  I...  .1  toro  •  in  ■  .i  iters  Vii 

catabllabed    bi-aiK|iuirti.ra  a 

roe  ami    waa   k in   eommnnd    ..r   ' 

in.n     .inn.   ii,  Utitler  aent   llrlc.-Oi   i.  i:    W 

I'.,  i  ...   m  iiii  n   del  ncbmenl    .<f  S  .•>" 

•  if      S'l'W      ^.tlk.      Mil--. I.' Ini-... II  ■•.      atld 
Vi  i  Itmlil    inf.. in  r-,    .in.i 

i..    tli-l.tilu'--   the    t'Miifi'ilerntea    fit     Hi<    ami 
Utile    II.  til.' I    in;  '      II      M.  ..- 

• iiiiii.l.        Mn. 

mnde  frvnnent  raid*  u|  I    iteral  line* 

Tbe  ..'  i   ni  a   aur- 

r.r.-r.    iw 

•       ..I        .1-  ■!..■        H| 

I  !..    I    :  i.  i  ■  (ix  the 

Mil.  TIh-i.i 

Ponfi'd  tt-n-i   .-n.'    killed    *nd    fiair 

wounded.      Big  Bethel   w»«    the   nr*t    real 

I  ,ii  i  la  dI      :  ■ 

Big  Block   (Miss.).  BatUa  of.-May  17. 

18-3.1.  tbe  day  aflir  Ibi 
inn.,    (Irani'*    army    pushed    on    lowarS 
ni.      M.'i'leroand  a  carps,  In  advance, 
noon  .  ..BKlr 

iii'  nn,  I..  ,i  on   both    -Li'--  ..f  '1...  Ills   lilacs 

Itlvrl  -,    (loated  oo 

tho  hlirli  l.luir.  were  .nrrliil  after  a  sharp 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Black 


engagement,  the  Federal  assault  being  led 
by  Lawler's  brigade.  The  Confederates  re- 
treated. Seventeen  pieces  of  artillery  and 
about  1,200  prisoners  were  here  token.  A 
portion  of  Pemberton'a  outposts  crossed  the 
river  on  temporary  bridges,  which  they  de- 
stroyed behind  them,  and  Joined  the  main 
body  of  the  army  In  the  retreat  Into  the 
fortlBcatlona  at  Vlcksburg.  The  Federal 
losa  was  270. 

Big  WicMtaw  Elver,  exploration  of,  re- 
ferred to,  2897. 
Bigamy. — The  state  of  having  two  or  more 
husbands  or  wives  at  the  same  time.  (See 
Mormon  Church  ;  Polygamy.) 
Bill  Of  Bights.— The  earliest  colonial  or 
State  declaration  of  American  rights  after 
the  "Body  of  Laws"  of  Massachusetts,  in 
1640,  was  that  which  accompanied  the  Vir- 
ginia constitution  of  1776.  It  was  based 
upon  the  English  BUI  of  Rights  of  168". 
The  latter  was  an  Instrument  signed  by 
William  and  Mary  when  accepting  the 
crown  of  England  from  the  Convention  of 
Parliament.  It  asserted  the  right  of  sub- 
jects to  petition,  the  right  of  Parliament 
to  freedom  of  debate,  the  right  of  electors 
to  choose  representatives  freely,  and  other 
privileges.  This  BUI  of  Rights,  which  con- 
tained the  fundamental  principles  of  po- 
litical liberty,  was  not  extended  to  the 
colonies.  Other  State  constitutions  In  de- 
fining the  rights  of  the  citizen  as  against 
the  scope  of  the  State  largely  followed 
the  phraseology  of  this  famous  Instrument. 
The  National  Constitution  was  harshly 
criticised  on  account  of  the  omission  of 
some  such  guaranty  of  personal  rights, 
and  might  have  failed  of  ratification  had 
not  the  Federalists  promised  to  incor- 
porate such  a  set  of  statements.  The  first 
ten  amendments  stand  as  the  partial  ful- 
fil laient  of  their  promises.  (See  also 
Amendments.) 

Bills  and  Acts: 

Aets  to  be  published  in  certain  news- 
papers, 4116. 
Approved  but  not  signed,  whether  in 

force,  discussed,  856. 
Consideration  by  President,  time  al- 
lowed for,  discussed,  2993,  3060. 
Constitutional   amendment  regarding 
approval  of  separate  items  of  bill 
and  veto  of  others  recommended, 
4196,  4725,  4774,  4840. 
Duly   certified    and    approved    which 

had  not  passed,  discussed,  1353.' 
Effect  on,  of  adjournment  of  Congress 
before  expiration  of   ten   days   af- 
ter presentation  to   President  dis- 
cussed, 3797. 
List  of  acts  transmitted,  3963. 
Bimetallic  Conference.     (See  Interna- 
tional Monetary  Conference.) 
Bimetallism.— The  use  of  two  metals  as 
m""J  at  relative  values  set  by  legislative 
nuctment;   the   doctrine   that   two   metals 
J«  and  ought,   at  Ihe  same   time  and  In 
toe  unit  country,  to  lie  adopted  as  Htund- 
JJ3**«  value  and  bear  to  each  other  a  fixed 
n'n  eiubllshed   by   the   Government.      As 
!"J  In  this  country,    the  term  usually  re- 

iSt *  ,De  Ulie  "'  *"°'<1  an('  "I'ver  at  a 
f/M  relative  value  established  bv  law. 
Monometallism  Is  the  doctrine  thiit  only 
°w  nttal  ought  to  be  so  used.  (See  Sil- 
ver.) 


Biographical  Sketches  of  President- 
Adams,  John,  217. 

Adams,  J.  Q.,  857. 

Arthur,  4618. 

Buchanan,  2960. 

Cleveland,  4882. 

Fillmore,  2599. 

Garfield,  4593. 

Grant,  3957. 

Harrison,  Benj.,  5438. 

Harrison,  W.  H.,  1858. 

Hayes,  4391. 

Jackson,  998. 

Jefferson,  307. 

Johnson,  3499. 

Lincoln,  3204. 

McKinley,  5234. 

Madison,  450. 

Monroe,  572. 

Pierce,  2728. 

Polk,  2221. 

Roosevelt,   6637. 

Taft,  7367. 

Taylor,  2541. 

Tyler,  1888. 

Van  Bu.en,  1528. 

Washington,  33. 

Wilson,  7867. 
Biological  Survey,  Bureau  of,  Agricul- 
ture Department. —A  bureau  of  the  De- 
partment of  Agriculture  which  studies  the 
geographic  distribution  of  animals  and 
plants,  makes  maps  of  life  zones,  and  studies 
the  food  and  habits  of  birds  and  mammals. 
It  enforces  the  laws  regulating  the  Impor- 
tation of  foreign  birds  and  animals.  It 
looks  after  the  protection  of  game  by  con- 
trol of  Interstate  trade;  also  the  protection 
of  migratory  and.  insectivorous  game  birds. 

An  Important  fact  established  by  this 
bureau  Is  that  the  dreaded  bubonic  plague 
Is  a  disease  of  rats  and  that  It  Is  trans- 
mitted to  human  beings  chiefly  through  the 
agency  of  fleas  which  Infest  rats  and  then 
convey  the  poisonous  germ  to  human  beings. 

A  careful  study  of  birds  In  relation  to 
fruit  raising  engaged  the  attention  of  this 
bureau  for  severoi  years.  The  result  was 
a  report  Informing  oniiardlsts  how  to  dis- 
criminate between  friends  and  foes — that 
they   might   encourage   the   one   class   and 

[revent  or  lessen  losses  from  the  other. 
Ilrd  reservations  (sanctuaries  where  flocks 
may  breed  safely  or  take  refuge  during  the 
migration)  have  oIho  been  set  aside  upon 
recommendation  of  this  bureau. 

Biological  Survey,   work   of,  reviewed 
and     commended,     7486.      (See    also 
Agriculture,  Department  of.) 
Biplane.     (See  Aeronautics.) 
Birds: 

(Migratory),  regulations  for   protec- 
tion, 7895,  7986. 
(Native),  reservation  established  for, 
7959. 
Bivouac.— An  out-door  encampment  of  sol- 
diers held  in  prime  readiness  for  action. 
BUby  Letter.     (See  illustration  ojiposito 

3341  anil  description  on  back.) 
Black  Cockades.— A   badge   first  worn  by 
the   American   soldiers    during    the    Revolu- 
tion and  later,  during  the  hostility  toward 


Black 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


K  ranee     (about    lift")     occasioned    by    the 

x.  v.  z.  duputciii-*.  udopioii  by  t  ii»-  Pea- 
iiniuit  at  n  pjnloile  emblem  and  oa  a 
rejoinder    I  Uude    worn 

liy  Hi'.'  Republican*  ai  a  mark  of  an. 
lowufd  France  Ita  significance  In  aome 
-i . - 1 : i ■  ■•■  lay  in  Hi"  f.icl  :  sol  n  had  tx  •  D  I 
part  of  the  Contlncnul  uniform. 
Black  Code.— A  systematized  act  of  roles 
for  the  guidance  of  the  colored  people  be- 
fore slavery  woa  aboil 

Black  Friday. — There  have  been  several 
lihu-k  Friday*.  The  term  la  often  o«cd  to 
designate    n    dark    BOI 

UUM  It  una  special  reference  to  Frid.-iy, 
Dm.  '5.  I7i:>,  the  day  on  which  new- 
to  London  thai  iho  young  Pretender 
Charles  Kdward.  bud  reached  Derh)  and 
alao  to  Friday,  May  11.  lhOO.  which  «■»« 
Hi..  btMBl  nf  thl  eotni  ilc  iii  Lon- 

don through  Hi"  failure  "f  Oversold, 
tJti.-riiey  &  Co.  Sept.  2*.  18tM).  la  hull  i" 
times    referred    I"   n.    Illnrk    Friday    In    the 

lea      Ou    thin    day    g 
Of    N"W    York   banker*   advanced    the    prtct 
of  gold   to  101'f.   causing  a   pnnli-.      It   sold 
at     MSJ     the    previous    eieulng.       Another 

neb  .i.i,  ■,-...-  i- . i.i  iv.  >■•  i.i.  io,  i 

Joy  Cooke  A  Co..  leading    kmci lumk- 

■•r»,  foiled.  A  gl  .1  cro  U  enaued  III  Wull 
Btrecl  ■  it   of    Bnni 

In  America,  and  the  historic  panic  ■  •'  '.s;:i 
began,      ri.-.lii   generally  was  Impaired  nnd 

nm ini    lumiiiiiiuiix    wan     (oread 

Into  bankruptcy. 

BUr.k  Hand.— An  Italian  tccrct  society. 
resorting  to  violence  to  obtain  It' 
demands  for  blackmail.  Prominent  It 
Auierleana  have  organlied  oa  a  counteract- 
ing force  the  White  Hand,  which  ba«  aided 
ill..  S.i  r.t  Service  bH  ■OpprtM  the  activities 
Of  the  lilnck  I  lurid.  \v  1 1 1 .  - 1 .  derlvra  It*  niirne 
from  the  (net  that  the  miiiinuuli-allona  of 
the  society  are  often  algnod  »v 1 1 Ii  a  black 
hand,  at  Its  olllclal  emblem. 
Black  Hawk  War.— By  o  treaty  algncd  at 
t'ralrle  dii  CblcD,  wu„  July  15,  i-:;",  Um 
Sue  and  Fox  Indiana  OOdad  nil  their  Inn.H 
In  Illlnola  and  Wisconsin  to  the  United 
State*.  Black  Hank,  a  noted  chief  of  iln. 
Irll....  refused  10  abide  by  the  Irvnij  nil. I 
rnoda  war  upon  the  whl  ■  »t  tlie 

mivey  ..f  ill.-  In  ml  ..  i    i;.n-k    l»luml,   III.,  nl- 
I  hough    moid    of   the    Sno*  and    Foxes   were 
Of    Hi.     UbMlMrppI.      In    1H31    he  at- 
:  "inn"  IIIIiioIh  villages,  toil  WOO  driven 

on"  hy  the  mlllil  i  i.  r  (Jen    Gaines  In  June 

of  that  year.     The  next  aprlng  he  returned 

with  i  atrong  force  nnd  began  to  mo. 

the    whiles.      Oeii.    Beoit    wot   sen!    Sgslust 

blm   wllh  a    for .f   lulled   Rtnte*  troops. 

Rlnck  Unwk  wna  defeated  nt  the  Wisconsin 
River  Jnly  21.  1832.  by  a  detachment  of 
IrOOM  under  il-ii.  lluilee,  mill  IgBlB  "■'  H  nl 
Ave  Hirer.  Aug.  2  of  the  aame  year,  Iiy 
Gen.  Atkinson.  After  these  successive  de- 
feata  Black  Unwk  wna  compelled  to  our- 
render. 

Black  Hawk  War,  discusaod,  1166,  1251. 
Black  Hills: 

Emigration  to,  4276,  4306,  4355. 

Gold  discovered  in,  referred  to,  4306, 
4355. 
Black  Horse  Cavalry.— A  political  term 
applied  to  those  legislators  {more  or  lew 
DtHMrOOJ  In  every  Itfjalattvt  body)  r  1 1  .-it 
in  i    legtthM    for    tbt    purpose    of   exncllng 

money  ft friends  of  my  meeBore  under 

consideration  and  threaten  its  defeat  in 
caae  of   non-couipllaucc.      Their  number    la 


(reonently  great  toongh  i»  be  of  conslder- 
ahle  luilueii'.". 

Black  Laws.— Law*  passed  In  many  of  tbe 
uorihern    elates    before    the    abolition    of 
slavery   requiring   certain  acta   to   be   per- 
formed by   free  negroes,  us  a  condition   to 
iiiii    residing   In   thus*   states,   or  pr. 
lug   disabilities    under    which    they    labored. 
Knch    were    luwa     requiring    th.  i 
certificates    i.f    their    freedom ;    forbidding 
them   to  testify  In   case*   In    which   a   white 
man  was  lotcn 
the    minus    and    from    the 
and  requiring  tbetu  to  give  oouds  for  tbclr 
good   behavior. 

Black-Idst.— A   list  of  persona  considered 
i  attacking  Mbit 

private  persona;  il  i  bj  orsulaed capital te 

Iirvvent  certain  clax  .  •  of  labor  from  nMaln- 
l.y  organlied  In 
[irevent  certain  claasn*  of  capital  from  i 
n,r   |>n  I  r.n 

Black-Mall.— The    act    of    attempting    to 
extort   money  or   Other  valuable  objects    by 
threats  of  exposure. 
Black  Mesa  Forest  Reserve  proclaimed, 

6700, 
Black  Bock  (N.  Y.),  Battle*  of. -Lieut.- 
«'ol.  lilabop.  with  about  400  men  from  tbe 
British  camp  at   I.un.lyx  Lane,  crossed   tbe 
Niagara   River  July   11.   1813.  and  attacked 
the   blockhouse  at   Black   Rock,    where   tba 
Americana  had  a  considerable  quantity   of 
naval  Store*  and  ammunition.     The  i 
boast  «ii.  In  charge  of  Cieo.  ret.  r   ): 
t.r.     with    le»N    than    a    doieu    artllletUta. 
About  800  inliltla  and  a  am.ill  band  of   in 
dlans  were  acnttercd  abom   la  Ibe  Deli 

II."  null::  ' ,  approach 

ind    Potter  narrowly  escaped   rupture.      On 
his  way  to  llufTalo,  moetlng  i 
of  100  regulars.  ,   i   mnl   nt  I 

Hi.    Inradera.     After   n    sh 
llrltlsli  were  driven  with  lo»s  to  Hi.  Ir 
Lieut.'Col.   Bishop   wax   mortally   worn 
In    August.    1MI,    Black     Rock    was    ngaln 
attacked    i.y    the    Kriiiih    ana    • 
defended  by  the  Americans.     After  the 
tie  of  Lundya  Lane  tin  my  re- 

tired to  Hot  i  I ..  n    in    r 

no. ml.      having      received      re  .  nforccmenta, 
went  In  pursuit.     As  a  prellmlnn 
ward  attacking   1  ihe  Rrltlxli 

oral    resolved    [o    Ink"    possembva    of    Black 
Rock.      About   1,200   men   under    ; 
Tucker  crossed  the  rlTer  on  Auj.  3. 
nnd   were    mot    and   driven    back    by    300 
Americana  under  Lieutenant*  Ryan,  K 
and  Armstrong.     The  liniuii   lost  n  cousld- 
erside     uiimbrr;     the     American    losa     was 
slight. 

Black  Bock,  N.  Y.,  works  at,  referred 

to,  1563. 
Black  Soa: 
Navigation  of,  unlocked,  1008. 
Vesaels    of   United    States    excluded 

from,  discussed,  1065. 
Free  pajsajre  for,  secured  by  treaty 
with  Turkey,  1067,  1157. 

Black  Warrior,  The,— The  American  mer- 
chant resael  wblcb  was  seised  nt  riarana 
by  Cnban  customs  officials  Feb.  2D.   1SS4, 

and  with  Its  cargo  was  declared  i 
I'-'TilT,  2778),  Tli"  proceedings  nroused  s 
bitter  feeling  tigniuxi  Son  In,  nud  a  special 
messenger  wa*  dispatched  Instructing  the 
in  minister  at  Madrid  Io  demand, 
a*    Immedlato    redress,    Indcmnlflcatlon    to 


1 


Blockade 


MTBCM  la    the   turn  of  1300.000.      Tin 
-pola    to  accede    Ira    to    ibe 
Oalead  manifesto.     Spain  nfi..-' 
evOBpeoeatlon    (or   tbe  leisure    (Wtw 
the  Incident  waa  need  as  a  pretext  for  lator 
■YUbesMexlaus    »xp«dlll«ai    lula    Cuba. 

BUck  Warrior.  The,  aeizure  of.bv  Span 
isli  author  ias*d,  2767,  £778. 

Disavowal  of,  by  Spain,  and  payment 
of    indemnity,  2S09. 
[••ratioo  for,  teto' 
BUck  Waur  SUte.— A  nickname  for  Ne- 
braska (q.  t.i.     (See  alao  Statei.) 
BUckfe*t  Iodiaos.  (S«*  Indian  Tribe*.) 
BUckMOCk'S  (8.  0.).  Battle  Od 
rcatfacr.  118ft  Ceo.  Sumter  started  to*  Kort 
Ninety  Six  to  attempt  Ita  capture.      He  mi 
porvard  by  CoL  Tartetoa.    A  sllrtnba  took 
palace  ■<l'«    plan: 

oa  tbe  Tyger  River. 

Tarletoe  Ccd.  li-avtnr  nearly  300  dead  aad 
woaaded  upon  the  Held.  Tli*  American  loss 
•  as  only  three  killed  aad  n«e  wosjudedL 

BUdaniburg-  (Md.),  Battle  of.— Aa  early 

a*  January.    1M«.  lati 

nsalBitoo    that    4,0f  iroooa 

aad  landed  at   Bennada.   destined   for  toe 
Lolled  State*.     Tke  British  Admiral    I 
bars    arrlr*d    at    I.ycnfcsTrii     Hit.     Vn„    In 
Mates   Kitfc  I  •  I    l.rls. 

la   August    tie   waa  joined    bj 
al  Cochrane,  who  took  command,  and 
lata*    joined    lo     the    Chesapeake    by 
teterase  of  Wellington's  :. 

The  civil  government  at  v. 
a   apathetic    In   the   face  of   1m- 
danger.    Washington,  with  Ita  pub- 
dlngs  and  records,   waa  ■ 
(acted.       At     the     sanrgeslloa     of 
aster     the     President     called     n     f'ntdeet 
enimeil    IB    Jnly    anil    proposed    raising    »" 
amy  for  the  defence  of  the  Federal  capital 
This    comprehended    a    requisition    on    the 
State*  for  tnllStla  aggregating  03.000  men. 
The  naval  defense*  wrre  InfrsMed  lo 
asodor*    Barney,    with    a    atnall    floe: 
ran  boats   carrying  400  men.      By    Aug.    I 
ler,  woo  waa  assigned  to  the  de- 
of  ibe  capital,  had  1.000  regular*  and 
almost  4.000  oil  ooamand  for 

IB*  defense  of  Washington  and  ll.iltlroore. 
Tb»  remainder  of  the  army  waa  on  paper. 


British,  n»o\ .  .  ituxent  by  land 

and  >  ro.     Itarney  de- 

stroyed hla  Botllla  at  Plr  Polot  and  croaaed 


toward  tbe  Eastern  Branch  of  the  Potomac. 

tannine  a  Junction  wlib  Winders  ndvaac-e. 

Basra  bad  proceeded  to  BUdenebcrg.  about 

are  mites    from    Washington,    on    the    poet 

toad  w  Baltimore.     Here  nt  noon.  Aug.  2t. 

be  two  armies  faced  each  other,  th» 

BriUak,    nndrr    Geo.    Koaa.    nearly    :..<"«> 

ftrsafc  i.OOO  of  them  aeasoncd  by  eerrle. 

It  continental  Rnrojie.   sblle  lb*  defender* 

of  in*  cap!  d  malolr  «f  moii-.-l 

haast,  ootried  militia,  many  of  them  only 

■are  days   from   their  homea.      The   haul* 

■assd  rroo  aboct  rutlf-pnet  twelve  mi  t  mr 

•dart  and  revolted   la  tbe  utter   root    i  f 

tje  *aerlcst«.      Tho    British   lost    upward 

■>  HO  awn  In  lb*  engagement.     The  Amei 

*™«Bnad  on  id   51    « 

Inraders  mar  b 
gjfjjtal.  seized  It.  and  homed  tb. 

Bod-AJliaon  Act: 
PitfKiaed  by  Preaident — 
Arthur,  4033.  4720,  4S30. 
Clerelaod.  4B2T,  5097,  6373. 
Barriaon,  Bc=j..  5475. 


Hayca,  4511,  45«8. 
Vetoed  by  Picaidont  Hay«»,  4408. 

Bland  Dollar.— A  name  aometlmea  ap- 
DtM  to  tbe  silver  dollar  of  el..-  1  altod 
States,  tbe  colu.-  a  began  In  1878. 

DurliiK    that   *cnr   Congrest  pasted   I!.' 

Ilnj    for    snch    coinage.      A    bin 
IntTOducod     In     Hie    House    of    Repr< 
lives    by    Richard    P.    Bland,    of    Missouri. 
July  25.    1876.   providing  for  the   free  and 
'  '    '• 1  coinage  of  silver,  which  bad 

uled     alnci-  .     bin 

passed  the  Boom   iirorldlnst   for  free 

bat    kii»    modlQod    In    the    Senate    iiy 
tbe  Allison  am*ndm«nt     Ax  tbe  bill  became 
n     law     li 
coinage     tbe     Mrcreiarj      of     tbe     Tr- 

1  purchase  each  month  not  leaa  than 
hh>  nor  more  than  14.O01 
of   silver    bullion   to    b«   coined   loto   illver 
dollara     of    41iJ     arrnliia    .  ildent 

r.  rorned  the  bill  with  hla  vet. 
.1'  Hime  da> 
House  and  Senate  pami-d    the  bill  over  bla 
T«to.      The    etTecta    of    the    low    were    dla- 

I   by  the  thief  Executive*   from   time 

me.      (See    Bland-Alllaon    Act  1      Tnl* 
led    In    l«»0    by    the   ai 
Congreaa  known  as  the  Sherman  art  (q.  r.i. 

Btlzxant  8Ut«.-Altcrn«tlve  nickname  tor 
South  Dakota.  (Sec  Coyote  Stat.-.i 
Blockada.— A  wrlldeilned  principle  of  In- 
ternational law  whli-b  aseurvs  to  any  na- 
il"' rl^bt  In  time  of  war  to  render 
iitrse  with  the  enemy'a  porta  unlaw. 
ful,  hazanluiiH.  or  Impoaalblc  on  the  pnrt 
of     neutrala.      It     was     Istrodii     .1     l.\     the 

ill  hii     ].'iS4.     The    principle    n 
nlted    I  on  powers  la   tbnt   a  block- 

ade to  be  binding  muat  be  effective.  It  la 
Carried  lato  elTect  by  a  force  of  war  ablps. 
which  patrol  tbe  ax-n  ootalda  tha  •  nemy'a 
harbor  and  arrvat  any  \<-wl«  of  any  power 
attempting  to  enter  Should  any  arreated 
nn  goods  or  persona  contraband 
of  war.  It  la  condemned  by  a  prlic  1..1111 
and  sold,  the  proceeds  being  divided  among: 
IM  blockade  equadron.  This  right  i»  In 
controvertible,  hxvlns  lt«  origin  la  t  ti.-  Kound- 
eat     |.  .1*     maritime    Jurisprudence, 

sanctioned  »v  the-  practice  of  tbe  bitat  na- 
tions of  enllgbti-n  ic  waa 
Ureat  Hiite.ln  In  1803:  the 
Italtlc  hv  Denmark  In  ia4a-40  and  In  I 
ih-  <:ulf  of  Kin.  Allies  in 
At  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  War  In  I 
Ira  the  Confederate  govornmcnl  r. 
eeery  Kngllsh  Teasel  that  entered  ll« 
to  bring  arme  and  ammunition  aa  part  of 
Ita  cargo.  Plymouth.  Nowhern.  Wllmliigton 
and  other  North  Carolina  porta  were  much 
used  by  these  vessels,  aa  also  tbe  port  of 
Charleston,  8.  C  Called  Btate*  rtuleera 
ided  these  jMirte,  and  under  the  »h- 
tnbliKhed  rulea  of  International  law  aelxed. 
searched  and  conflacated  foreign  vi 
alfeinpllng  to  run  the  blockade,  aa  well  n« 
eremy'a  ahlpa  In  transit.  At  the  commence- 
ment of  [he  Spanish-American  War  In  180H 
the  I'nife,!  States  maintained  block- 
■t"  of  Cuban  ports  for  several  weeks  under 
the  direction  of  Acting  Rear-Admlrnl  Snmp. 
•on.  which  finally  resulted  In  the  but  lie  of 
July  8,  when  tbe  American  aquadron  under 
Immediate  command  of  Commodore 
t  entirely  dcKtroyed  lh»  Spanish  fleet 
under  Admiral  Cervers.  in  the  Itusto  Jap- 
anese War  face  Japan),  tbe  Japanese  main 
tnlned  a  attlct  blockade  of  Port  Arthur 
from  Feb.  JO.  1904,  wh»n  the  first  attack 
waa  made,  ontll  the  fall  of  tbe  city.  Jan. 
■-'.  1905. 


Blockades  usages  and  Papers  of  the 


Blockades: 

i  ...  ■  i  msJ 

i.  . 

188. 
Kataliliahed  bj 
Portugal,  claimi  of  United  I 
gro  • 

i.'il    st«t  •■» 

growing  out  nf.   Ill  J. 

Id  Ol  \i  I  binding,  fTec- 

Uvn,  8046. 

dfllUiM  '■'    ■!••' -i  |Tii- 

claimed  w 
Of    Cuban    porta,    prtx  "472, 

I  of,  ret.  ri.'il  to.  08  I 
Of  Mexican   p  I  enact  »f,  «n 

Unit.>. i  Statoa,  1705,  .733. 
Of  South  proclaimed,  3215, 

Claim*   of    foreijpi   powers   ejrielBg 

iiul  • 

Honreaideut  foreigners  enjmi 

1*1  !,•-,  i.i.i 
Referred 
Untune. 

■  certain  porta,  or  ralu 

tlii-  s<unii  in   ti...  Interaata  of 

trade  and  tonmn'rw.  Imtli  I. 

an.  178,  307, 

3431,  ■■■■■ 

Of  S|inint.h   Main,  referred   to,  778. 
'  it  Tripoli,  irai  ttioni  bi  I  trees  0 
Mat.  i  nK  out  of, 

Blockhouse.-*  in  wMi ii  Million 

belli  ; 
which  they  attach   tin-  •n.'iity  throuk-li  »u It- 
able  opening*  la  the  wnll*. 

Bloody  Shirt.— a  tii in 

acta  of  Impasaloni  •  »ni) 

rrlteri   who    nftor    the    el  i'Itii 

Wnr  endeavored  .uori**  and 

to  aii'                   itndi    •'<   their  :. 

polltknl    effect,     i;.'.  I vinir    wnr  nnlmualtlee 
■  ni. i  to  be  warlne;  tin'  bloody  »tiirt. 

Bluo  Boole.  . -.) 

Blue  Or  MS  8t*tO.— Alternative      nickname 

tor  Kentucky.     CSei  Cbra  i 

Bluo  Hen  8tate, — Alturnatrrr  nlnknf rati  Boc 

:i|nmoad  State.) 

Blua  Laws. — a  name  applied  to  the  early 

Of  m>rnc    of  the     Amerle,  m 
•riii.  Sea    Haven, 

In     Sjirll.  nm.    • 

if  i ;  ,,|     g  ., ..     delll  .  I 

Mow«,"  all., uii)   be  lilndlni  on  nil   off--1 
nnd  n   role  to   all   lb 

ill.  tl. ill   "III!   Til.-  .  rill    Into  par- 

llcalan  hereaftei  '"     New    ll  in 

.  ...i.-  a  u   de'  elopi  .1  I  !lne».      It  I* 

r.     If     tan f    tie 

rule*     nf     conduct     Often      <|liet-d      ll»      Hill" 

l.,!'i  r  were  ever  i 

arc  en  f.>iinw«r  "No  one   inall  ran  .m  the 

Snbbuth  day.  <ir  walk  in  bin  irnnlen  or  »!•*- 
wh«r.    except  reverent I j   !o  en. I  Irom  • 

■Ni.  woman  ehall  kin  tier  *hlld  on 
Babbath    or    fa.ting    day.-     "Mi 
■halt  rend  common  prarer.  keep  LbrUtmas 


Of  ki  I  and  plea.   dance, 

play    card*,    or  i 

pi    I  he  drui  illid  Jewa 

harp.''      Aa  klaaaa. 

■ 

on    tbe  l.nrd'a    Day. 

i'nf    York   atao    f"rt»ade 
the   |i  .1-   .lay    by    trave 

.-.jlvnnlfi   I.- 
Thoae    of    Heath    i 
t'.M  '^itli 

profa- 
ne  :n  u  .-r  tin  ..   i  i«  >.  »iin  tor- 

vlrv  In  •:  ne  !■  ,-!>::, ii. -ii. 

Bluo  Licks  (Ky->.  BatUo  of.    Anc    io, 

were 

; 

'-two,    IlK-lllitlllK 

ii  ...ii  ..r  i . ■<■  i.-:   i 

Blue  Light*.-  I'urlnc  the  anromer  and  an 

■f  ISIS,  while  tb#  Rrltlah  coma. 
Sir  Thomna  llni.l.     frltb  bll   Beet,  bail   tbe 
of     N.'-n      I... ml-. i  .     ;■  I 

lie.-j.tnr  rollle 

atteuip  a***i 

.    and     the 
or   claimed   that    lilt    failure    o»»    due 
to    the    !\iet    tli.it     Line    %iirn.il    : 

flaaliod     from     I  !i.         I.       .      i 

lie-    frlendi   of    tbe    I'-iltlib    and  the   oppo- 
nents  nf    the    war  became   known    aa    I 
I.lartit   l 

Blue   8ky   Laws.— A    popular   dealgnatlnn 

applied  to  the  aereral  atate  law*  . 

the  aale  of  tccurltli*  of  liulii.trinl  or   10II- 

..mpnnlea  to  the  nuMI. 
nf  tin 

Ml-    II-  I.  .1      III 

Th.iKe    of    It tiler    Ktnte*    lire 

Hie   Knn>a*  In nr  ami  follow    ii*  .: 

line.      The    ■  ii.i..    ile- 

fur    I  lie     r  rvXU- 

liillun   ami    aupervlilon    of    fnrelgn    noil 

-    nnd    iv|-r-  r,-2ii- 

■•1110* 
l..-ii.li    nr  ni  i  "<u<d 

!•  -  :    '  ■  .f   aceurltlea  Uen< 

nueh   eoneena;    in    in   in-     m    frai 

II Illli -..-  enrlli.  <  ; 

lllneul 

let   ii.-   provlalon*  of   the   law.     Tbe 

■ 

nil  I'.ljllll 

(wllll     i  in-  of    hnnk« 

nnd    building    and    hmn    na«oela- 
II. mi  i     wbl.h    offer*    or    negotiate*    for    tbe 
ilc  of  oi    -  Ixci  iptloni 

bonda,   nr   "tier   K#.-ur1tle« 

ie\.e|,t       ;:..V, .rillliellt. 

bonds,   national    imnk    atock.    bolldlns 
look,    or   »h.-in-a    In 

8tMte,       Hr.ik.ri    nn. I     Inve- 1  in.nl     enn.|i 

uni«t   ohtnln    llccu***  or   pennlta  from   tea* 

Rank    i  oner   and    file    <1)    an 

I      i  i    ili.lr  tlnnnrlol  condition 

C.'i    ii    .-..|.'     .if    nil    .  .  .toeli*    and 

..r  other  .,  in.  I.    the 

llMnle     e,,|. 

nil    llteratare  nr  advertlaln*   mal 

ponrltle*;    iti    a 
of  any  chattel   nr  conatllutliui   ami   hi 

.  Ii     Ibl  .•■    do    Iiii-Iiii  •-         '.M 

re|ire-.  -Ml  :.l  mil     0<      Vl-      •■■  Ml. I  IT  Inll     OT     IM     COT- 

poratl  ii 

anle  I*  made  a  felony,  punlatinble  hy  *I0.- 
OOft  flue  and  len  it-.ir*  In  iirl»nn.  lo  aomo 
atatea   limken  are  required  to  furnlab  ev|. 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Bokhara 


dence  of  their  good  character  and  financial 
standing,  and  permission  to  do  business 
may  be  revoked  If  the  official  In  charge  of 
enforcing  the  law  decides  that  unsound  se- 
curities are  being  offered  for  sale. 

Besides  Kansas  the  following  states  have 
enacted  Blue  Sky  Laws:  Arizona,  Arkan- 
sas. California.  Florida.  Idaho.  Iowa, 
Maine.  Michigan.  Missouri,  Montana.  Ne- 
braska, North  Carolina,  North  Dakota,  Ohio, 
Oregon,  South  Dakota,  Vermont  and  West 
Virginia.  A  similar  law  was  defeated  In 
Ibe  New  York  legislature  In  1912-13.  and 
Minnesota  has  a  statute  applicable  only 
to  the  securities  of  Insurance  companies. 

Bluefields.  (See  Mosquito  Indian  Strip.) 
Board. — In  governmental  parlance,  a  small 
body  of  Individuals  working  together  for  a 
definite  purpose,  like  the  Board  of  Strategy 
in  war  matters. 
Board  of  Food  and  Drag  Inspection. 

(See     Food     and     Drug     Inspection, 

Board  of.) 
Board  of  Health.    (See  National  Board 

of  Health.) 
Board  of  Ordnance  and  Fortification. 

(See     Ordnance     and     Fortification, 

Board  of.) 
Board  of  Trade  and  Plantations.— in 
1660  Charles  II.  established  two  separate 
councils,  one  for  trade  and  the  other  for 
foreign  plantations.  For  a  time  these  were 
united  (from  1672  to  16751.  The  charter 
or  Rhode  Island  and  Providence  l'lantstlons 
was  secured  from  Charles  II.,  July  8,  1663, 
by  John  Clarke,  who  acted  as  agent  for  the 
Colony.  This  charter  continued  In  force 
180  years.  In  1605  the  Hoard  of  Trade 
and  Plantations  was  established  and  given 
rharge  of  the  English  Colonies  In  America. 
In  1768  a  Secretary  of  State  for  America 
waa  established,  and  the  duties  of  the  board 
were   transferred   to  him. 

Boatswain. — A  minor  ship  officer  having 
rharge  of  ship  equipment. 
Boca  del  Toro,  United  States  of  Colom- 
bia, vessels  from,  tonnage  duty  on, 
suspended,  4805. 
w*^h^, — A*  term  of  uncertain  origin,  applied 
contemptuously  In  the  European  War  to  the 
German  soldiers. 

Body  of  liberties.— A  bill  of  rights  con- 
sisting of  a  code  of  100  fundamental  laws 
setting  forth  the  sacredness  of  life,  liberty, 

troperty  and  reputation.  The  Ilndy  of 
abertles  was  compiled  by  Nathaniel  Ward, 
{•star  of  the  church  at  Ipswich.  Mass.. 
rom  drafts  submitted.  A  ropy  of  these 
Ian  waa  sent  to  every  town  within  the 
Jurisdiction  of  Massachusetts  to  be  first 
considered  by  the  magistrates  and  elders, 
and  then  to  be  published  by  the  constables. 
"Uut  If  any  man  saw  anything  to  be 
•ltw«d  be  might  communicate  his  thoughts 
W  same  of  the  deputies"  In  December. 
I'M.  the  General  Court  of  Massachusetts 
adopted  this  fundamental  code  as  the  basis 
of  rommon  law.  there  having  been  up  to 
tut  time  no  written  law  In  the  Colony. 

Boar  War. — The  conflict  between  Great 
Britain  arid  the  South  African  republics 
Of  Transvaal  and  the  Orange  Free  Slate. 
Fallowing  the  organisation  of  the  Trans- 
T"l  Republic  the  British  claimed  suzer- 
atoly  oTer  the  country,  and  sent  a  gover- 
nor led  s  military  force  to  support  their 
cfilmi  |n  1870.    The  Boers,  who  were  de- 


scendants of  Dutch  colonists,  offered  mili- 
tary resistance  and  defeated  the  British 
troops  In  several  engagements,  notably  at 
Lalng's  Neck,  Jan.  28,  1881,  and  at  Majuba 
Hill.  Feb.  27,  1881.  In  March,  the  Inde- 
pendence of  the  Republic  was  acknowl- 
edged by  a  British  treaty,  and  the  Boers 
acknowledged  the  suzerainty  of  the  Queen 
of  England. 

During  the  following  years  British 
settlers,  or  ultlanders,  protested  to,  tbelr 
home  government  that  they  were  harshly 
treated  by  the  locnl  authorities.  British 
military  forces  were  Increased  and  the  in- 
censed Boers  demanded  the  Instant  with- 
drawal of  all  troops.  '  The  Orange  Free 
State  supported  the  Transvaal  In  opposing 
British   authority. 

In  October,  1800,  10,000  British  forces 
were  concentrated  nt  Ladysmlth,  In  Natal, 
at  the  Junction  of  two  railroads,  one  run- 
ning Into  the  Transvuul,  the  other  Into  the 
Orunge  Free  State.  Here  they  were  be- 
sieged by  the  Boers  until  they  were  re- 
lieved by  the  British  General  Buller.  Feb. 
28.  1000.  Other  British  forces  were  be- 
sieged in  Klniberley.  In  Cape  Colony,  from 
Oct.  20.  1800  to  Feb.  15,  1000,  and  In 
Mnfeklng,  Bechuanaland,  from  October, 
1800,  to  May  16,  num.  Attempts  to  re- 
lieve these  positions  occasioned  the  prin- 
cipal buttles  of  the  war.  In  1800  General 
Sir  Redvers  Buller  had  54.000  troops  In 
the  country.  He  made  three  futile  at- 
tempts to  relieve  Ladysmlth.  and  was 
severely  defeated  while  attempting  to  force 
the  Tugela  river  near  Colcnso,  Dec.  15, 
1800.  In  January,  1000.  Lord  Roberts  was 
ordered  to  South  Africa  with  the  whole 
Seventh  Army  Division,  of  100,000  men, 
with  Lord  Kitchener  as  chief  of  staff. 
Cuder  his  direction  <Scn.  French,  with  5.<M)0 
British,  relieved  Klmherley.  The  Boet 
general  Cronje.  with  5.000  men.  surren- 
dered at  Paurdeebcrg.  In  the  bed  of  the 
Mo,], I,  i-  River.  Feb.  27,  1000.  Bloemfonteln 
surrendered  to  I-ord  Roberts  March  15, 
Presidents  Steyn  and  Kruger  escaping  to 
the  north.  General  DeWet  continued  to 
harass  the  British,  and  cut  off  the  water 
supply  of  Bloemfonteln.  The  Boer  gen- 
eral, Joubert.  died  March  27th  and  was 
succeeded  by  Louis  Roths.  June  5th.  Rob- 
erts occupied  Pretoria.  By  establishing 
a  system  of  block  signal  houses  throughout 
the  country  and  driving  the  Inhabitants 
Into  concentration  camps  the  British  finally 
succeeded  hi  forcing  the  Boers  to  sur- 
render.     Peace    was   signed    May   .11.    1002. 

American  Interest  In  the  Boer  War  Is 
shown  by  the  fact  that  the  Senate  vote  on 
Mr.  Petllgrew's  resolution  of  sympathy 
with  the  Boers  was  20  In  favor  of  to  20 
against.  The  South  African  republics 
officially  appealed  to  the  I'nlted  States  to 
Intervene,  with  a  view  to  tbe  cessation  of 
hostilities  early  In  1000.  President  Mc 
Klnley,  however,   refused    to   Interfere. 

The  Boer  force  during  the  war  was 
about  75.000.  Tbe  total  British  force  sent 
to  South  Africa  from  Aug.  I,  1R0O.  to  May 
31.  1002.  was  3011.1100,  The  cost  of  tbe 
war  to  England  was  more  than  a  billion 
dollars  and  20.000  men.  (See  Illustration 
opposite  0503.) 

Boer    War,    attitude    of    the    United 

States  in,  G.171,  0410,  G429. 
Boise  City,  Idaho,  mentioned,  CSlfl. 
Bokhara. — A  Russian  dependency  In  cen- 
tral Asia.  It  Hi's  between  latitude  41"  30' 
and  30"  40'  north  and  between  longitude 
61*  40'  and  73'  •■list,  and  is  bounded  on  I  he 
north  by  the  Russian  provinces  of  Syr- 
Darla  and  Samarkand,  on  the  east  by  the 
province   of   Fcrghuna,    on    the    south    by 


Boahomme         Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


JtfeAortf,  or   Good-Man   Richard.     8l>o   wai 

•     ■■     I    "     I'..     .!•      •:     •'•'     I "'I     All..- 1  • 

r,  and  carried   American  odors, 

Mho  was  m  b  Tea- 

•Ha,  tnpti  '1  i"  ent«   Hi'-    ■ 

.if    l.sltll,    Scotland.    '•'!(    ati  a  led. 

mliorough 

ta  muttered   •   Hri ;b  n   •■»■  i ■  ti.-mi    >!■  .•! 

i.v.il    l.y    tin'    Hna/iti    mid    rounttu    t>J 

Th.'     larger     war    ship,     the- 

>,  though  much   superior  In  every  n?- 

BOnAommi 

\r  ntlai'1  lulllci  loi  >k 

bt.  In  the  presence  of  thou* 

I     tho 

Hrrapttf   bowsprit   to   the   /.'<•- it  orM  tnrutca- 

■lock    nlih    musketry. 

uf  Iho 

iii.i-l     •tuhhornli  bal  Ilea    I"     Hi" 

wnrfnrr. 

•  il   .if 
hum! 

■  if    n.  d    her   command 

surrender      Join  hla  crew  to 

ii  ■  .1  rionliumme 

III-  nurd       ink    In    a    I 

R>r   picture   of   tin-   ■••nlllct,   »c*  opposite 

880. 

Boodle. — W  lined  br  crnft  or 

rry:  mpcclnlly  duo-  wlt'j  f  public 

officials. 

Boom. — A  term  uard  In  politic*  to  signify 

n   systematic   cat  ir  oBlcc;   alao   a 

synonym  fur  ••pro»pii> 

Boomer  State. — -\  nl-Uunme  fur  Oklahoma 
<<1.  v.).     (flat  al»o  Main.) 
Boomerang.—  A     South     Af.-h-.m     missile 
■  linil'il.  returns  bo  the  hand  ot 
tin-  thrower;  banco  n  campaign  hnni  v 
bu  1 1 

the    int. ■mi.  ii    i  i.  run,    '  lit    B  .  D      t.i 

poi ..■  ii  itoi   and  i  i   to  him. 

BotMivllls  (Mo.),  Battle  of.    When  l'rcnl- 

il.nl     l.ttieoln'H    i -ill    for    Iruopa,    April    lf», 

he  refund  to  f 
forming    the    quota    uf    ttic    state 

r la        :.i  ilr,  Jr.,   a  id,  '  rjnn- 

if   Na- 
-ii.  tlve  rcglincnl 

«  in  ii  suotbei    Ml 

.•  Ii  rl   been  1..H.I1    Will 

F,  ii   i  .  I  Menu- 

h -tale 

mllltli iiup     i  si    Louis      Ma  ■    10  0   " 

and  ..ii  n»  »ut- 

•i.   TOO 

I"  number,     June  l  "•  I uplcd  .!••  I 

. 
i  m    I'm     it   be  iii  ; 

Ihe    *f:it-_-    I  rOOpe    ■  ■:!'■'  I'll     i 

Bootleggers,  misdnpds  of,  7014. 
Booty. — Good*  ■  "in  the  enemy. 

Border. — A   boundnrj  ,i>ctnlly   the 

borbood  of  i'i"  bouudarj   Baa  between 

lean  Border — formerly 
i hi    Indian  Border. 
Border  8Ut«S.— A  do.Icn.itloti  for  tbo  acT- 

artl  linn,  (tatet  of  Delaware,  Maryland. 
Virginia.  Kentucky  nnd  Missouri,  lying  oast 
I.,  in.    rree  Including. 

ArkaDim.    North    Carolina    and     renni 

i pie  of  these  states  were  anxious, 

iiirinir  and  before   tin  Cl»tl  War,   for 
jiu     nn  d  Instmcnl       if     I  ■•■     I  lnt»ry 

i   ii.      They   originated  tbo    IVace  Con- 


Borneo.— A  large  Island  In  Malaysia.  If 
la    situated     In  lago. 

•il  on  tbo  coat  by  tbe  Sc.i 
tacaaaar  si 

ihe    :  ml    ou    the    weal    and 

i  •   hy  the  China  Sea. 

HUlory.— It     *».     :.  1     by     the 

rortugiic*  In    1118.      Borneo   baa  an   area 

of  about  Sl.i.ooo  fcjaart  mile*  and  •  popu- 

■'nyafc-ai  ,  Two  chains  of  moun- 

talub  :  ■  liland  In  a  nearly  parallel 

dlrertli  >rthc*»t  t.. 

.  lux- 

!•.    iiinl    ,ln, |. '..  a    arc 

i-xport'd.      The    mineral    wealth    la    rreat. 

!..!.],  antimony,  aalt.  patrolouna.  tin.  c 
■.ml  nm,   bu'  era   iux,  ae  yet. 
largely   worked. 

Borneo,  treaty  with,  9888. 
Borough.— A  political  division  Incorporated 
for  municipal  purpurea,   now  prevailing  rn 
some  IS  Connecticut.      : 

nnd   I'cimiylvonla.      tSee 
Pocket 

Bosphorus,  Tho,  restriction*  on  paaaage 
of  Strnits  of  the  Dnrdannlle*  «nd,  by 
alilpa  of  other  nation*,  «078. 

Boas. — In  polltlca  a  leader  who  dominate 
ii  poUBeal  part j  In  Ma  di.trlct,  ward,  state 
or  otbi  I  dlTlKlon. 

Borton: 

lixecution  of  laws  for  return  of  lugi- 
■   alarca   forciblv  resisted    in, 

Proclamation   regarding,  254S. 
Reference  to,  26?3. 

in.    rr-forred   to    by    Presi'leut 
Grant,  43 
liMlu.trial    expedition    at,    discussed, 

4773, 
Navy  yard  at,  referred  to,  4G76. 
Titlo  of  United  States  to  land  oe- 
cnpled  as,  rcfrrrr-d  to,  4698. 
Unlawful    ussemblages  in,   KB  I    l>roo- 
Iniuatinn  against  and  authorization 

ploy     force     in     euppreasiBfV 

8887,  B845. 
Boston  Case.— Tie  base  ei  »lare 

I  from  bla  owner  In  Georgia  and 
i.Mik  paaaagi  iioond 

for    Hie    roaal    nf    Maine,      'I 

In    charged    the   capi 
wltb  aleallng  tbo  slave  and  demanded   that 
r   ,.f  Main.  ..  fugitive 

waa     refUxe'i  hi 

Georgia  then  called  upon    < 
a  low  fooipcllliu.'   tin  if  Slalne   to 

hi  was 
taken  by  CongreiM, 

Boston.  ETacuatlon  of.— During  tbe  win- 
ter of  l"7il  Wuxblngton,  huving  reedrtd 
aotno  ordnance  captured  at  Tlcomlemga  aod 
Blj  of  ammunition  laki  n  i.y  prlvotrers 
at  aea,  deterrolned  to  attnek  Boston,  then 
i..  •  aplcd  bj  the  iii  Itli  b.  In  pe 
this  plan  be  occupied   Koaka  Hill 

H   Ihe  extremity  of  Dorchester  N 

.    >'  hi.  h    uumuded 

night   ..f    March   *.    IV 

•I    with   brcnatwork*,  nnd  tho  Itrttlih 
wero  forced  to  rlak  a  general  aetl.ui  , 
lodge   them  or  abandon    ih»  town.     They 


Bourbons 


•  hose  the  latter  alternative,  and  nn  March 
17  Uii 

.  .ll«JS  army  aiul  navy  without  tiring1  a 
(am. 

Boston  Fire  r«f erred  to,  4  US. 

Boston  MiMSfTf — The  Brlllab  navigation 

•  ci»  were  a  *ouiec  of  great  nonoj-»ncc  and 
bns  to  loo  American  colonist*,  au<l  IMf 
r jr-cutloa  was  restated  at  all  point*.  Great 
Britain  attempted  to  coerce  the  people  Into 

•  roraplUaep  with  the  law*  by  sendli 

with    three    rag  llootno    In 

I  I.  :  presence  of  tbe  troop*   fi 
•rrraiat"  Daring 

1?W  nod  II  if  1770  nnmeroua 

ion    and    IirKUh   soldiers  ebsrmd    with 
IB*  enforcement  of  the  law*.     In  February, 
17JU.  *  preaa  gang  froto  tbo  RrltMl  I 
K—e    boarded   a   ship   belonging    to  a   Mr. 
Hooper,   of  Marblchciid.   frbercapan   a   riot 

oed.    Ob  lb*  Blrht  -f  Mar. r-h  .'>  f..:i..« inir 


■  Urge  m*il  rriprnM  to  tb*  ringing  of 
::*  and  caror  Into  collision  nllb 
lb*  soldiers.     The  latter  fired,  killing  three 
persons  and  wouadlog  arieral  utt-.r. 
sotdlers   w»r*  tried  and  acquitted,  btl 
Beats  of  tbe  Hoston  massacre  spread  rapidly 
did   much   to   Mrcoxthea   the  spirit  of 
. 
Boston  Port  Act— An  tet  of  l-srlWoseat 
Introduced  by  Lord  North  and  passed  March 
:«.   la   rrtallalloo  for  tbe  distraction 
of    cargoes    of    Ira    In    B.wton    Hsrtx.r.      It 
provided   for  tbe  dlacontlnnooce  -t  landing 

laebargleg.    loading    or    - 
laeKlundUe  to  or  from  tbe  city  of  Boat  on 
IbMtoa  lln  merce  was  trans- 

ferred lo  Salem  and  MnrWchcod.  »ed  Geo. 
Cage   aritt.d    la  I  ins    I.    17 it.   to 

c    tb*  lam-      Tbe  were 

■saaaVase.      Mneb   aympathv   m-n*  e«pr»«wd 
rowgbout  th»  Colonies,     la  om-iy 
place*  people  refna*d  I"  bur   British  good*. 

-o      1771.    tbe    American 
was  formed,  pledging:  Ibe  tnetnbi 
coBSaaaptlnn  and  nutilDtercurse  wllh  (irrat 
in,     Irelaod     aad     the     British     West 
Indira      Tbe  Association  Included  .'.2  aii-m- 
I  Insula!  t'ongreaa 

Boston  T«a  Party.— in    17«7   Great    Brit- 
•la  imposed  a  doty  on  i.i  ■ 

■  •olcmlrs.     The    Kast     India    Company 
prevailed    '  Mil  litrj     la     1778     to 

snared  the  set  nn  '  ipany 

Irea.  paytng  Hi*  duty,  tb.  -■   ih* 

tiiBinirn  to  pa*   It.     Tbe  colonists  were 
ladlgnant  at   this  traaafer 
the  eoopany    lo    themselves,    and    adopted 
tartaas  rs.tbo.la    to  evade   payavnt 

I     arrived  In   Boston   b 
•mrrylor    ill    ..-heats   of    tea,    and    early   In 
twtailer  two  others  arrli-.t      "o  lbs 
lag  .  •  16th  an  enthuslssti 

tag  «*»  held   al    r'acull    Hall,  and   at   Its 

i    •    .         -.-I      ad     K) 
liiin.  t..j»   po*»*si!«n  of  Ho-  three  ships 
•at  Oeew    overboard    the    cargoes   of    tea. 
•Brcatlnc  In  all  to  343  eh.  ntecn 

etaas  were  also  dcuroyrd  In  Sew  York 
kubw  abaat  tbm  Bsma  Ume  Hieae  event* 
••••It**  In  Ibe  p««»>i*v  "f  th-  Kowon  Fort 
*"  I*.  r.)    nnJ    were   an    Important    part 

.In    of    causes    of    Ibe     An 
ssilllOtfl. 

•onto.  The.  mentioned.  6»7,  ittfl7. 
*wt*a.  V.  8.  8.,  mention)  i;7fl7, 

«?«*,  0771,  6835,  «5B3fl. 
setsdarlca.     T  udnrle*     of 

itrd  Stat'-  limit"*  and 

a*  aiajert  of  mur b  dispute.     The  grant*  of 


mertea   were  made  by   Kara- 

., 

or    tin-    g... 

W'joui  .     Ii.ui.-.n    I'.. .       ...  i  ,,i 

I'eniii 

tbe  f.  of   the 

.  ilnablo  wt.i 

i    arere    agreed    upun    In    1 . 
treaty    of    Vermalllen.     Congrew.    I 
up  III.- 

staleti  am:  .1.     uf 

procedure.    I  n vlllc    K  I 

..f    Orsal     l 

a*  well  as  nil  other  tnntter*  betweeu  . 
have 

Mir     I'uiirl.       In 
bOUBdsi'V    Of    Hi-  .tc«.    >'M    .1. 

nm   el  ..m   the   soi  i*   Hi. 

i 

.  M  in.,  si    i.-...  i 

"g  the   wr-. 
westerotnost  bead  of  M 

!       III.' 

line,  ana 

i    i... I  In   1     . 
tevecn    ih.-    I  '■    p..* 

il. .iy 

i      W. 

on  the  ej»t  l.y  the  Bock*  Mountains,  "n  the 

a'iMtb  by  latflu.lii    12       .imI  an  the  we*t  by 

claim.  Spain.     Greal     llrltnln 

I     States.      By    treaty    with 

.    Jan     1 1  [tad    Bute* 

line 

-  I'M'Ida  In   1819 

Spain 

aln  b 

coronation  was  agreed   upon   by   the   tresly 

Of  O.  DMtls- 

1V4II 

to    accept     lut  It -..<!.•     49*    na    tbe 

isseaatoni   iin'1    in-    i'imi-.i 

-n    from    tn*    Kneky    Mountains  to    lh» 
cbannel  between    Van. 
malnloiid.      (For    boundary     dispute*     after 

1844.  " irtlele*  mi   Aluka,  Gadsden  I'ur- 

'hsie  and  Mexican  War.) 

Botanic  *}».rdsn*.— Wot  of  Um  ( 

In  Washington   Is  a  brood   stretch  ..'  [and 

known  iik  Hie  Mull,  -  ■   I  he  l*r»lo- 

mnc  Klvcr.     The  part   rjiC   II-    Mull   h*-ji 
ailed  i!n.  i 
,i,i   [n 

Willi     :  llBO      I     I"  -in  Hi- 

fill    fountain,  deigned    hr   Itnrlholdl 
t Is.-r   W*sl   along   lb*    Mall  at      ill-  ground* 

..r  ib*  Natl  i  ,, 

. .  r   Agrl 

-.  uuilcr  wh -Inn  great 

propagating  garden*.     The  Mall  further  .-x* 
tends  ■  ton    kionunu  al 

Bounty. — A  reniml  . .(T.-r.-.l  hy  n  government 

to  li*  clti-.  ■  ilhtmenl   In 

or  Navy :  also  for  li  diiKlrlal  or  olher  h< 

'  n«  for  I. nil. lln.-  iilng  ships. 

I  Sec  Sugar  Bounty.  I 

Bounty-Jumper,— A   soldier   who   deserts 

■tin  iiiii.ting  for  bounty. 

Bounty  Lands.     (8m  I^tnrls,  Bounty.) 

BOttfbOBS.— The    house   of    Bow 

family  of  kings  that  ruled  France  for  over 

two  hundred  r^.irs,   from   1580  to  lli- 

.-■r   Hie   iT.nrii    rerolutloo,    ITO1.     "no  of 

ebaraclcrtstlr*  was  nn  nhslhiate  re 
fnsal  to  keep  pare  wlrli  CTSOtl  Ksperlence 
Inuglil  them  nothing.  This  trult  In  their 
char.-..  their  nam*  to  b*  *p- 

piled    lln   American   political    paflUO 


Bourbons 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


any  atatrsrnan  or  politician  that  rllnga  to 
dead  Issue*  and  refuses  to  accommodate 
himself  to  changes. 

Boxer  Rebellion.     (Soo  Boxers.) 
Boxara.— The  nnuic  populnily  given  to  the 
Chinos*  antl-fomlgn  secret  society,   Ib-bwti- 
Ch'uan.  "Volunteer  United  Klete."  who  were 
largely   responsible   for   the  disturbances  In 
that  country  In  I  POO.      BxdUd  by  tha  prog- 
rt*i  of  Kuropean  civilization  and  <  in- . 
itr   in  China  they  caused  antl-forelgn  rloU 
In    vsriout    pans  of    the  empire    and    mas- 
aaeinl    many    mlaelounrlea.    untl > 
and    Kuropean   merchants,     Oo   Jona   20tfa, 
they  murdered  the  German  minister.  Ilaron 

nd  being  Joined  by  the  Irm 
Iroopf  bsalaged  the  foreigners  and  foreign 
ministers  In  the  lintiah  legation  In  lvkmg 
until  Aug.  13,  srhen  tha  slags  una  raised  by 
s  relief  sxpsdltJoo  from  th-  klllsd  i: 
Japanese.  Ktiaaiiin,  British.  American  and 
franco  "'I  Hag  '-"'•  1901,  <'lilna  agread 
to  pay  to  the  Injured  powers.  Austria  Run- 
nry,  Belgium  innn-.  German*  Great 
Britain,  Italy,  Japan.  The  Netherlands,  ICuav 
ala  and  the  United  Htatea.  an  Indemnity 
amounting  to  «,'mi.(khi.iioii  tnnia  i  j:i:;:;  mui. 
ono  i  fur  Injuries  Inflicted  by  Hie  lloxera, 
This  Indemnity  Is  tn  constitute  a  gold  dabt 
repayable  In  thirty. nine  annul  InMall- 
menta,  due  on  Jan.  1  of  each  -,,  u  on  '  0 
1041  interest  at  4  per  cent,  to  be  poyoble 
half  yearly.  The  securities  for  the  ■  I ■  hi  at  •■ 
the  Imperial  Maritime  I'ustoma.  otherwise 
unappropriated.    IDCTM  per    nent  , 

mi    colors**,    toe    Navy    Caatona,    and   the 
Salt   Tex   otherwise   unappropriated. 
See  Illustration  opposite  MM. 

Boy  SCOUtt  Of  America.  The  Boy  Scout 
movement  can  be  traced  back  to  widely 
separated  aourres  where  constructive  Ideas 
came  to  hoy  workers  and  wore  tested  with 
varying  degreea  of  aueceaa.  In  America 
•here  were  a  number  of  originator*  of 
methods,  plans  tnd  principles  that  have 
proved    efTc.  lire        In    tlreat    Britain.    I 

Mr  Itohert   S    S    Undon-1'owell  became 
active    In    organisation    work    based    largely 

oil     tbs    Idea*    ntiii    thode    of    Amei 

worker"  lie  did  this  so  BUCCCaefuIIJ  that 
the  enrollment  of  Ilrltlah  Boy  Scout*  soon 
grew  Into  the  hundred  thousands,  with  Hie 
emphasis,  not  00  the  mllllary  note,  b 
peace  virtues  and  learning  practical  trades. 
Then  the  movement  spread  CO  Orrnanjr. 
France.  Itnly.  Australia  and  Sew  Zealand, 
msda  and  the  lulled  States:  to  South 
American  republics:  in  short,  almost  the 
world  over,  since  It  la  already  established 
In    tn.  countries.      KwiMimv    ii 

baa  shown  adaptation  to  new  fields  and 
nntlonolltlce. 

In  Cermany  the  boys  hav*  engaged  In 
the  work  with  such  eufhuslnsni  snd  In  such 
nnmbers  that  the  I'msslsn  and  Havarlan 
authorities  are  giving  the  movement  finan- 
cial aid.  But  11  haa  been  left  to  the  United 
Slatea  to  ahow  what  the  svsfem  of  scouting 
ran  accomplish,  when  It  returns  tn  the  lands 
In  which  the  larger  number  of  Its  working 
Ideaa  and  prlnelplea  originated.  While  the 
number  of  the  Boy  Scouts  enrolled  through- 
oiii  the  world  Is  eaiiraated  as  not  leaa  than 
two  million,  one-sixth  of  the  whole  number 
are  In  the  United  Blaise,  The  emphasis 
nn,l  wleniri  of  the  movement  belong  here  also 
to  the  highest  plana — that  of  sfflelenl  citi- 
zenship, aervlee  anil  ehararier-huildlng. 

•'The  Boy  demit  a  of  America."  the  name 
under  which  the  movement  In  the  I'nltetl 
State,  wna  Incorporated.  February  8.  1010, 
haa    ne    Ita    Honorary    I'realdent.    the    Hon. 

''' I  row    Wilson,    1'rcxldunl    of    the    United 

■tates    and    [Ion     Will, am   ll     Taft    and   Col. 

Theodoro  Kooacvelt   ss  Its  Honorary   Vie*. 


President*  Associated  with,  these  In  ap- 
:  a n,i  promotion  of  the  movement  are 
mi  I'liiinii  from  all  walks  of  public 
life,  who  sre  members  of  the  National  • 
ell  and  of  Hi.'  local  councils  lu  the  cities 
and  towns  of  the  whole  country,  and  a  boat 
of  otbera  who  earnestly  co-operate  In  the 
work. 

A  gi  i  "'og  the  various 

us  aud  civic  organization*  of  the  com- 
munity that  sre  engaged  in  boys'  work, 
are  brought    log, 

the    prom a    of   Jicout   work.      This   local 

council  receives  a  charter  from  th-  sst< 


organliatiou   giving  ll  minority  to 

all  quesllona  relating  to  scouting 


Mill   til 


in  i hat   district  aod  to  pass  upon  all 

.  nun       lu  many  eases   this 
!    engages    a    buys'    work    director,    to 
in-   known    sa   tin  ''ommlsslon. 

take  charge  of  the  work  In  that 
He  1 1  i  be  local 

Ihe  direction  and  promotion  of  the  work, 
i  the  leader  of  the  Scout  Master*,  and 

aa  sii'ii  gives  such  InstroctJotai  and  help 
an  mai  M  ueivasary.  arranges  Inter-troop 
meets,  gamea.  enrnps.  and  In  general,  makea 
uniform  th*  plan  of  work  conducted  la 
that  community  The  Scnim  are  organised 
In  patrols  aud  troops.  Might  boys  eons:! 
nit''  o  patrol,  one  of  whoml*  cbonrn  aa  the 
il  trader.  Three  patrols  make  up  a 
troop.  The  Seoul  Master  la  the  adult  lender 
of  Ihe  troop.  Already  there  are  abo> 
local  council*  In  a*  many  cltle» 

i  idled  States  and  under  the  direction 
of  each  there  are  from  five  to  one  hundred 
and  fifty  Scout  Masters  In  charge  of  troop*. 

The  Scout  programme  I*  proving  prarti- 
•  able  n«  a  civic  enterprise.  There  sre  many 
cities  so  thoroughly  organized  that  every 
phase  of  hoy  life  In  the  community  Is  being 

i  I*  hi  il  by  !j ll   sctll  i'"  ■      Th,'  BWri  DM  jsl 

I*  adapting  Itself  not  only  to  the  wealthy 
classca  but  to  the  boya  of  the  slums,  to 
the  newsboy,  mid  to  foreign  hoys  alike 

Scouting  means  outdoor  life  and  no 
health,  atrcngth.  happiness  snd  practical 
education.       By  combining  wholesome,    at- 

outd ■    activities    with    i  he    In- 

Buenos  of  the  Scout  ostb  snd  law.  the  move- 
ment develops  character  and  worth-while 
ability. 

Scoutcraft  Includes  Instruction  In  Bret 
aid.  life  saving,  tracking  signalling  -yellng. 
nature  study,  seamanship,  enmpcraft.  wood- 
craft,    chivalry    and  all  the  handlcrafta 

The  national  organization  la  largely  main- 
tained by  public  subscription* 
and  Contributing  Memberships  are  Issued  to 
men  and  women  throughout  tha  country 
who  are  financially  assisting  In  th*  dr ■■. 
xoeot  and  promotinn  of  tlila  organisation 
among  boya.  National  Headouarteis  \  . 
20O  Klflh  Avenue,  New  Tork  <  itv  nfflcera 
of  the  National  Council:  Hnnnrarv  I'rcji- 
deot,  Woodrow  Wllaon :  Honorary  Vice- 
President*.  Wllllsm  II,  Taft.  Col,  Theodora 
llonaevelt  I  I'realdent.  P.  H.  Livingston. 
Washington,  D.  C. :  Ylce-Prealdeats  B.  L. 
liulaney.  Bristol,  Tenn  ;  Milton  A.  Mcltae, 
t.  Mich.:  Pnvld  Starr  Jordan  Stan- 
ford University.  Cal. :  P,  L.  8eely,  Ashevtlle. 
N,  C  :  A.  Stamford  White.  Chicago.  III.: 
Chief  Scout,  Krnest  Thompson  Seton,  Green- 
wleh.  Ct  ;  National  Scout  Commissioner. 
Pnnlel  Carter  Beard.  Fluahlng.  N  T. :  Treaa- 
urer.  George  D.  Pratt,  Brooklyn,  N.  T. 
Boycott.— In  November.  1880.  during  the 
Land  la-ague,  agitation  In  Ireland.  Cspt. 
James  Boycott,  agent  of  Lough  Mask  farm, 
an  estate  of  Lord  Krne.  having  evicted  many 
of  th*  tenanta  of  ihe  eataie  for  refualng 
to  pay  rent,  was  besieged  on  his  premise* 
The  neighboring  tradesmen  refused  to  snvt- 
ply  him  with  their  goods  at  any  price.  Hi* 
s-rrants    left   and   no  otbera  could  b*   la- 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Bran 


to  take  their  place*.     T-«  t»Ui.r  hla 

una   r-s--»*>«ij    (o  br.ug   Is 
■I  laburvTa  ai.it  to  protect  them  whl.e 
g*     the    preaeate    of    armed    cob- 
'  alary.     Ttil»  n>etli...J  of 
liar  ansong   lh«    la  ml    lunier*.  »nil  was 

[..i  late  eperatloa  ifali  M  uojikemar*. 

well  as  landlorda. 

Tal*  policy  of  non-Intercourse  and  effort* 
•  II;    isolate  business  opponents 

— I  IMroaturvd  Into  the  United  state*  by 

.  Knight*  of  Labor  mil  Trait*  I  iiioua 
•bout  ISSrJ.  la  1NNI  two  women  bakers 
*f  New  Vortt  were  boycotted  by  tb«  labor 
salon*  and  their  frleads.  I'rraona  without 
Crarraocaa  against  lb*  women  wort  Induced 
to  withdraw  Ibeir  patronage.  -I"be  bualneaa 
•a*  th*  women  waa  eerlouly  Injured,  until 
tasty  were  relieved  by  receiving  large  order* 
for    bread     for    ebar.i  «.      During 

IB*  aamc  year  one  oaan  waa  tonvlcted  of 
attempting  to  extort  avoney  under  a  threat 
«j(  Boycotting.     Oim  mas  araa  bojmtr.  . 
(IT l»C  tMtlmoay  against  conspirator*. 

IVosotung  baa  been  deflaea  by  an  Amcrl- 
eaa  judge  aa  a  "runvvlaatloa  of  many  to 
eaaac  a  toaa  to  one  person  by  coercing 
outer*  acainat  their  will  to  withdraw  from 
kiss  their  la-ncil.  Ml  business  Intercourse, 
thratatb  Ureata  that  unlet*  those  other*  do 
av.    tb*  many   will  cause  I  oj  to 

thano."     A  boycott,  eteo  when  not   accom- 
panied by  vtolcBce  or  latlmldatlon.  baa  been 
proBouuced     nnliwful     by     many     eo 
*W»     accompanied     by     violence    It     Is    a 
rrtmlaal  olfcoe*  at  .-"mason  law. 

I*r**id*nt  Taft.  » ben  Judge  of  an  Ohio 
cavort,  decided  that  while  the  employee*  of 
aa/  person  or  cueapaay  bad  a  right  to 
rvfuee  to  work  at  any  time,  tbey  bad  no 
right  to  preTent  the  work  bain 
others,  the  attempt  at  the  Utter 
being  cbaractcrljed  a*  a  secondary  boycott. 
•Jons  of  tbr  lolled  Stafa  Court*  In 
bo?  cot  ting  case*  have  lem  contraillctory. 
Id  tb*  case  o.  tbe  Isanbury  (Coan.l  hatters, 
the  eaaployer*  were  adjudged  Injured  to  tbe 
ei  teat  of  tSO.fXK).  and  authorised  to  bring 
suit  agalnat  tbe  boycott  leg  organisation 
th»    tassn  ntan*.    the 

3*  Court  bcld  tbnt  the  boycotted  com. 
pan/  did  not  bare  a  property  right  In  tb* 
trade  of  any  pa-  -on:  bene*,  any 

oast  psrann  may  rlghtfally  withdraw  ha 
patronage.  Tbe  Jodge  disagrees  with  the 
dwtrlne  that  an  act  perfectly  lawful  when 
dots*  by  ana  parson  become*  criminal  when 
doe*  by  two  or  more  acting  In  concert. 
a»d  nil**  that  If  the  bo) .otter*  violated 
no  law  In  withdrawing  their  patrunav. 
roold  aot  be  enjoined  from  continuing  tbe 
it  la  force,  so  long  aa  the  means 
•tarplnyed    to    make    It    effective    were    Dot 

intana 

Federation  of  Labor  rt  a  I.  ,"  I  Ijtw- 

r  indictment*  against  mem- 

>i urged  with  boycotting 
t*'»  Waa  prosecuted  la  the  United  -Stat** 
•tprea*  Court  and  tb*  remits  will  b* 
5M  ander  AntlTruat  Law* ;  Buck*  Store 

IB*  Mat**  bavlng  lawa  prohibiting  hoy- 

■*lag  in    tertna    ar*    Alabama.    Colorado. 

■.dlana     aad    Tens.      The     states 

■flaws  prohibltlBg  blacklisting  In  term* 

w»  a  la**  si  a.  Araassaa.  i  otorad. 

"t.  riceida.    Illinois.    Indian*.    Iowa.    Kan- 

*Kl*n*»ota.  HlaataaiCDl   lappllea  to  tele- 

r*|a  ap.'ra!f.ra  asty).    III irl,    alontaBaV, 

Bn(ta,  Nortb  Carolina.  North  Dakota. 
PfflUl  Oregon.  Teiaa,  Utah.  Virginia. 
■»****pon  acd  Wlaconiln.  A  number  of 
■Jiai  bare  enacted  lawa  concerning  ln- 
I*?»»ll«n.   cona-plrscy  agalnat  worklngvnen 

*  Interference  with  employment,  vli  : 
lgajjal.  Cona*ct!«t.  Delaware,  Florida, 
•"►ft*.  Idaho   <appll*a  to  tola*  employ*** 


only),  Illinois.  Kanana.  Kentucky,  Louisiana, 
Maine.  MaaaachuMTtlH  uetota. 

BlUaimliipl.  Miajaoiirl,  .N.w  llainpshlre,  .New 
■  .  New  lork.  .North  Dakota,  Oklahoma, 
Oregon.    1'ennaylvatUa,     Porto    It...       KI1...1.. 
Ialaud.    South     H  xa*.     Utali. 

moiit.   rTul  la  aud  Wis- 

.  ..iihin.      In   tbe   following  alataa    It    la   un- 
lawful   for    an    employer    to    eiact    auy 
•urraomeut,  cltuer   written  or  verb*!,   from 
an  employee  not  to  Join  or  become  a  mem- 
ber of  a  labor  organltatlun,  as  a  roni] 
of  emplojui.ut  :   «  iiiifornla,  Colorado.   Cos 
tMCtlcut.    Idaho,     Indiana.    Kanaas,     Maaaa- 
chusett*.  Mlnncaota,  Mlanlaaipoi   (nnpilv*  to 
Cilcgraph    operators    . ,  1 1 1  >■  1 ,    Sevnua.    New 
r.   Ohio,    Oklahoma.    Oregon,    I'ennayl- 
vanla.  Porto  lllco.  Houlb  CaroTlua  and  Wla- 
coniln.    (8a*  Loowe  v»-  Lawlor  et  ah) 
Boycott    (teconJary )    denounced   aa    at 
variance     with     American     inat 
7378. 
Bralca*  and  Coupler*.,  legislation  for  in- 
crvnaod  aafetr  in  uao  of,  recommend- 
ed, Moil.  L8,  5766. 
Brandy   SUtlon.    or   Fleetwood    (Va.), 
Battle  of.— After  the  haulc  of  Cbancellor*. 
1  lllc   Hooker'*  army  remained   ln»cti 
tb*   north   aide   of    '  >  mnock   for 
■Ik.111  a  month.    June  l>.  1H«5.  two  dlvlalon* 
of  cavalry,   supported  by   two  brlga.l.  .  ■■: 
Infantry,  were  wnt   across  the  rher  to  r- 

•Iter   tbe   Confedcrotc    poiltlon. 
I'leaHoiiton  was  In  charge  of  th 
ami  the  cavalry  waa  commanded   hj    Q*n 
•ral*  Buford  and  Ciragg.      1  .irlven 

back  after  the  Iom*  of  BOO  men  In  one  of 
moat    important   cavalry   fights   of  tbo 
War.      Th*   only    practical    result    of 
ion  waa  tbe  discovery  that  Lee's 
infantry  waa  moving  north  by  way  of  t'ui 
Her*,  also,  on  Aug.   1,  Oen.  H11  r..nl 
with  hi*  dlilaliin  of  cavalry  mel   tbe 

federate  General  Stuart  ami  ipelled  hlio 

to  retrent  until  re  enforced,  when  Buford  In 
turn  retreated.  Between  Oct.  10  and  10 
deaultorj  lighting  with  both  ravatrr  and 
Infantry  occi  rrvd  In  the  vicinity  of  Brandy 

■awn. 

Brandywine  (Pa.),  Battle  of.— In  Mu  in 

tcr  port  of  May,  1777.  Washington  left 
Xlorrlatown,  N.  J.,  where  ho  had  been  la 
winter  quarter*.  »nd  took  tip  a  strong  |...-l- 
.ehlnd  tbe  Itnrlt.in.  Howe  left  hla 
quortera  at  Now  Biuuawlek  nml  embarked 
hla  troop*  for  Philadelphia,  Intuitu,-  at. nut 
1 8,000  men  nt  Blk  l>rr>.  rtftr  miles  from 
the  cltr.  Aug.  Sit.  Washington,  having 
Ijcen  Joined  by  Lafayette.  DiKalh,  aim 
l:iakl.  drew  near  to  defend  th*  city.  The 
■  rengtta  of  tb*  American  nrmy 
win  14.000  men,  though  only  11,000  were 
consider,  d  <-rffi-t!vo.  Howe's  advance  waa 
Mel  11  waa  not  unlit  Sepi  11  that  he 
•  ni  " in. 1. -i -eil  the  Amerlcuns  nt  t.'haddi  Kord. 
on  Ilrnndywlne  Creek,  about  thirty  mllea 
southwest  of  Philadelphia.  In  the  liattl* 
which  occurred  that  day  'he  Itrlllah  1 

a  clear  victory   through   a    ■ jssful    flank 

movement,  executed  l>y  Cornwalllf.  Th* 
Ann:.  ilu, ill       1.000      killed, 

Nil  Mid  tlllsillli;,  nhlln  that  of  the 
Ilrltlsh  waa  eomenbnt  more. 
Braxil— The  moat  *xt«n*lT0  Stat*  of 
South  America.  It  waa  discovered  In  lriOO 
by  Pedro  Alvarex  Cabral,  Portuguese  oavl- 
•rator.  It  la  bounded  on  the  north  by  the 
Atlantic  Ocean,  (lulana,  and  Veneiuela :  on 
tlte  west  hr  1  oador,  Peru.  Bolivia.  l"ara- 
BTuay.  and  Argentina :  on  th*  south  by  t;rn- 
nay:  and  on  rhe  east  hr  the  Atlantic 
cean  :  and  extend*  between  lot,  4'  23'  «. 


.--;;. 


Bmfl 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


and    X3'    4V    8.    and    long,    84"    40'    and 

... 
a  <on-.i   Una  OB   Hi.    Alii  ittt  ol    3  i  Ml 
Hlttorf.—lt    «m   cl 

both    hjr    right    of   ilia- 
eoverj  and   lb*   dictum   .,:  It 

.    Hi,.  residence  ,,i   hi,,  eiiiad  I 
il   family   i)i, 

Il'l     lllih.peu.lcliro     WU     I 

In   1822      An  empire  «rni  formed  ami   ; 

I,      HOD      Of      111-        I'm  tllgueae      Klin: 

ibe  flr.f  ompi  -  ■  ■  ii  i  ,  in  il  in 
1831  Id  favor  of  his  ma  Pedro  li.     in   '••■ 

.    PHI 

and  a    republic  o  iitidi*r   l'r. 

lie     »i       ■  ,i l.il     two     yrnra 

l    h..    by    Ii"    Moraam 
I'roa  bi  now  pn ■•bb-nf. 
■i  Ii,  ,,f    IS*0   traua- 

fi.riu,  .:  Hun 

ibral     I  nl. ,n.       I 
Iibto  ihnlr  own  lawn  and  mould,  i 

i.ii        i.l<  ih         i    ,1  in    (heir  own 

i    (bill 

...•iir.li  cuKionin.    National  defenci 

Her.  flnance.  currenvy.  and  nation 

Btali     jn.iloo    arn    rem-ivcd    to    the    ivntml 

•owrriii...  .,'        i    ,<i    Stale    ha«    an    alerted 

il   nt  nr  Governor  nnil  n  til. 

lalaturc.  ralac*  Iti  ncecauirv  revenue.  Hunt* 

loaoa,  anil  The 

i  i    ii,.    rarl.<uH  Stat.*  of  I  lie 

i  n|.  ii   urn. muted   In  tbe  nititrejrat'-  lo  $220.- 

i0  at  the  end  nr  1910;   their   In 

Debt"  to  ..\-  r  tt'.S.OOO  hi  If  Klog  b 

lug  Debti    (o  f.v.  r  I  I". K)0,     The  lerrl- 

torr  of   Iffl    (Aiiulm    was   pur.'      .  ,i    fi 
1 1 ii.iKMXOOO  f roui  Bol  i 

...  ih.i  i  :  in  noting  n  ill«|iut..  u-lrti 
Hint  republic  through  the  Incuralon  in 
north  llollvla   ..'    large   number*  .if 

Hrailllnu   mill. ii.      Acre  hl>«   pel 
I,.,  ri-,    i-..  .1  .in,.  .a 

I  In-    liniii 
i  and  I'nrl 
of  Mattn  (irom  iwbh'h  togeiliei 
moru    tian   on.- half  of   ltrntlll    ore   mainly 
arid*.    Iota  lying,     toraatxtad    plolua.      The 

by 
I...  in,. nun, in  rangca  lnten<pcrard  with 
fertile  v  till  i  i.    The  prim  Ipol  ran 

Kerra    il"    Miiro,    Hi.'    !•■.  rr.i    .1.       - 

jltaflalomti.  ii.ihiu  feet),  nn.l   Ihe  Berta  do 

Il  U  ..     I  lln. ...ininl      d 't  I.    In    the 

..mill,  .i-i    of   Ml  .    Hi"    S.-rta  do 

Paranao,    the   Kern   dot    lymorw   gad    tin. 
8errn    "In    ■  A  ".ripe. 

Brnall  In  unequnlU'il  foi   (be  ml  ex- 

■  r  iti  rlren  largest 

rlv..|.  In  the  world,  tin-'  trihutarlca  will.  I 

I  ml     flow*     from 

i:       i  Aitantle.  with 

n    total    I.  D  nr     i  (tOO    ml  leu,      Ita 

r hero  tiiinit  Irnnco,  Wo 

Si.grii  ipum      i  ml  Hi  n   trll  n 

are  lln-  Jurnn,   '■' 

Willie    tin-    >l. urn    in.  .  I      II    "  Ilhltl    1  mi  . 

of   Ita   outflow    lolo    the   Atlantic. 

January  «,  1914.  n   llmtlllnn  cot I 

Ii.  ml.  ..  'it.  eg-l'reat- 

of    '  nlteil    Slab  ••  and    r"ol     Ron 

■  nrti-d  to  (inlnre  the  imitMo  Klv-r. 
•rhlfh   (tinted  Ont    to   b«  a   trlhutarv  of  tin- 

In-     i •  r     |ini  '     of     which     waa 

knon  i.  i  Inn  n.'i   1"  cat    iimtpb- 

er«,  0"  Ihe  <"n«i  iirklng  lVliniar-y 

2T.  ai  12  miles  from  Ban  l.ufa 

uli  ,l    il..     Il 
or  Rlv*r  of   Doubt.   .-  Iwatera  bad 

Jltlon  iiirrrylng  for  a 
i."  the  river 
4119  in  I      -    In  t 

and  I    »» 

1914  In  lat.  V  -■:<'  1 1,  re 
ti,.-  i.-.ii  etid'd  ami  the  Ail|.iiima  dis- 
charged into  the    Madeira  at  0"   SO*   S.   lat. 


•     W,    I. in.-      In    I. 

tlnenlklieil     ,■, : ..    n     (he     Imleflnite    Ca» 

tunha.   Including  ha   o  >PP*r 

»»»    uaui.-d     the     HI .... and 

lij    pul    niMin   (he   map:   It    bod   sever 
appeared  previously  on  any   map. 

ill"  Tocantlns  and  Araguaya  flow  north- 
ward* from  the  plat. .ii  ,,.'  Mat  to  (.ritaae 
nud  the  mountains  ,i[  Ooyau  to  the  Gulf  of 
l"art.  Tbe  I'aronabrba  flows  from  the  en 
circling  mountains  of  I'lnuhy  Into  the  Attaa- 
tle.     I  i  In  the  south  of 

Gcroea  and  travcrae*  liahla  on  Ita 
way  to  the  KuMetn  eoaal.  !••  i ■■  ■  -n  A.agoaa 
and  Bulhla  on  it.  •»)  Ihrough  l'nrair>j»y  to 
Ita  ,-,.. 

.if   Hint  n j me  aud  divide* 

ulllon  8tate  from  tbe  ramgiinr.    Tbe 

raragmay  and  IMrnnn.  from 

lier.iiu.  i.i  and 

llanlle  at   the  rtitiiary  of  l.a 

riata. 

angA  *xd  PorrurtoM 

Area  in       Eatleaatad 
Statai  and  Capitala  iluh       PnpuUtioa 

FMaral  DiatrM  900UOOO 

73.730  7OJ000 

Alagoea  (Mi.-- -.                           10.230  SO0.00Q 

Amaaoua  (Maoie.)   ..  Tr,  

Rahui.rUoXalva.1...                       I     WO  2.W0.0W 

800400 
17.000 

Oeyaa  Kiuyiil ?•■■. 

Maranhao  (8ao  1  -ii«  ■  I 

:.::-.:.:  ';,.,.';,:.,    }sm 

aon««) Slt.iKXi       4.000jOpO 

!.....  I-.,-. 

I'umliylii.  (1-ir.l.ybal VI       n 

07.500  490.000 

I'eni.n. 

I.i  ... 
1.000000 
,1)      20.000  38CU0OO 

■  ir.uoV-  do  Sul   H'utVi 

Aleenn HXUMO         I.MKljOOO 

BonU  Cathara 

i    I  43j0O0 

:w  Paulo)....        90,.'/O        4,< 

Sergipo  (Acaaajo) MOO 

Total 0.an*.W7l>      31.n>A00O 

"f  the  total   number  ahmit  1.000,000  ai» 
"wild"    Indiana 

aT'AMOpropAp.     Tin  re  are  Ore  dlatlai-i 
in  the  populollni 
tier*,  the  aboriginal    ii  AW- 

can  uegro  alaeen    n.li    '  i<  nf  tbeae 

i  xinta  of  all 
nationalities,     principally      Italian.. 

P.,  mi  Bpanlnb.    The  d. 
-.-in.  Itrai 
.1  Indian*  are  Dow  mainly  tillwi 
In    the  .mi    r  lniriK    of    tin-    Int 

The    llavet    wer  1     and 

their    Imp.irtailoti    having 

gratlon  In  town  .  Bern  «tute*.  par- 

I]  Bio  Grande  do  Bol  The  official 
lauunogv  »f  Kraxll  II  Porlugv 

«oi'.iiim'nt  —  Ilrnill    wa«     ■  nlonlred     by 
part   ,.f  il, 
i.iiinrv.  nnil  ii,   i!  ,,.  an  independent 

empire  under  Don.   I 
Kins  Joto   \'l    ..r   Portugal.     On 

d  of  tbe  line,  waa 
flethroneil    and    a   republic 
The  constitution  on    lln     Fundamental 

f     I'.'h.     V4.     IR91,     will  Led    a 

I   retmlille  under  Hie  name  of  Katodoa 
Unldoa  .'.I 
The     ir. -nl, ni    nnd     Vice  I'reildent    ara 
I  for  four  yearn  by  the  direct   rati 
all    male    Brail  liana   orer    t-  ream 

wl an  read  anil  write,  ami    ar 

for  lb-  lug  tcrma.      They  ore  aidrd. 


liticyclofedic  Index 


Brazil 


«•   cxeewtlvea.    by   a    Council    of   Ministers. 

•  unl  Congress  consist*  of  ■  8en- 
»•'   sod   <.  fcaui'-r  of   I*!*: i 
aanuaily.  on  V!»y  it.  . 

•  U  computed  .  i  e  numbers 
elected  for  Dior.  six  and  three  years  In  ac- 
cordance with  thrtr  place  la  Hio  ballot, 
those  for  losarf  Ij  nig  renewed  la 
do*  rostra*.    T*. 

aUU  member*    »l  eeted    for    three 

yrara.  The  elector*  for  both  houses  arc 
all  male  lirsjlllans  otit  twctily-oiiM  years 
who  ran  read  and   a 

There  !•  a  iScpretne  Fed*  ral  Tribunal  and 
•   IV- >  Pllal. 

aad    fixlf- 

.'  federal  tiutrlrt  Jos- 
la    administered    hy    ■  '•    for 

Male  raise*,  from  the  lowest  to  the  IiIl,1i 
eat  cots.ru. 

Arm*.— By  a  law  of  Jan.  1.  190S.  mili- 
tary service  I*  obligatory  on  all  sale  lira- 
illlaai  fruoi  rwm  rears. 

The     i  i.    •_•  too 

Savy     In    manned    by    st-out 
1  -J  seamen,  clc      (8oe 

litmani    edaratloa    la    secular    ami    fret. 

It   Is  main- 
tain**)   and    controlled    I17    Ibc    government 

•  tartooa 

la  progrmlug  and  reading  and  •  Milar  are 
tbs>    e.Mallrl.ail.  !i.     tot     the     tra 
male*   at    t-.ntr-c.ne 

drro  attended  the  primary  schools  In   1911. 

/•ret*,  ii.-.h  and  lnduitry.— Agriculture  Is 

esteosiraxed   by  all   the   State   fit<rum»ou, 

;    csluce 
helnc    TBrted    aad    abundant.       In     thi 
ireane  so-aiti  towards  Hie  Interior  F.uropean 
and    grain    are    reared,    while   other 
are    found    extremely     fnvoraM.      fur 
the    raising  of  coffee,  sag:,  i-ocoa. 

India  'ropieal  (it.  i 

away     of    which    are     Indigenous , 
beans,  caasav*  root,  aad  ants  are  very  gen- 
erally    cultivated.      TM.-e  fourths     of     tbo 

J  s  supply  o 
t-lct  1-  Janeiro. 

-.  Kao  Paulo,  soil  lisplrlto  Sin> 
in   a  smaller  decree  In   the  n->rtb. 
Is     Inrgrlr     mililrated     for    export,     an. I     I  i 
being  ti"»«l  foe  hoes*  saannfactiire*. 

la    grown    |a    large    anil 
oaanllllea  la   lb*  northern   pruvine, 
■■niharr)    Hw  of    (he    »ug*r- 

arsdsuloa;  sottr.      Indla-rut.l-r    n«n    from 
the  store  herfhi  m  pi  ly   the 

sallsy  '.f  the  Amnion,  and  Is  iMpped  from 
!•*>»  aad  Manaos.  Tobn.-eo.  in.i  cocoa  arc 
111]  I  .  I'-shla.  Th* 
|l«  In 
lsla.  rattle  and  slock  raining  being  an  Im- 
,.".«t  Indaatry. 

"  lbs  greatest  variety  of  if-  Jul  anil 

wsoda     iil:in-.  I     f  ir  ibloet 

wrt.  er    shlphnlMIn  ■  Ihem    are 

**Wsay.   logwood,    rosewood, 
t*W«a.    i 

Sre     eoe  >lde  table. 

■  nil  nxil.     la  the  Pros 
sre   mat    li 
fals.  Whlrh    iri  '.■•    worked 

ar     I"  ii.  veil   to 
'  tandrrda   of    m'l 
■*»  «f  It  containing  9»  per  cent.  0 
Jjaig  aoas  metallic  minerals  are  tin.  world- 
J**"  llraiillaa  diamond,     nntl     m 
rjaasa,  taaasca.   beryls,    garoels.   etc        rha 
**t  glsnn.nds  (cartioaoloa)  are.  eery  high- 
»pHa«d 

S»-.f4.l."-»-lo    IMS    there   were    1.541 
Ubavots  employing    i 
ng  an  lavrsted  capital 


or  on  Th*    establish: 

n  oa 

nk«  are   nroslarol.    i.iii    the  output    Is 

mills, 
for  Imported  Ar  an. I  lu 

i  riea 
The  Import*  consist  of  every     i 
or  manufactured  article.  In  sr.lt.-  of  n  high 

prOtvCtbe    tariff.       There    Is    s    l|..Oi)    cl •  i 

be  annual   ■ 
number,  bring  nearly  1 .' 

1'acb     Stole    has    It*    railway     tyaiem,     imt 
•nt ral  gOTcrnment   Is  dercloplng  later- 

ml  ..pi'tiliiK  up  new  rontes. 

Ion.  the  Kedrral  Gor- 
• .  ui  IK'S  of  the    whole. 

-    isnd    12 

ill,,  itons  i 
of  lino  ami   VI  ::L'7   miles  ..f   wli 

Tin  :    llraxll 

tonsp  ntul  vessel*   I  IS 

ul    of    S83    vessels     (orer    100     Imn 

.1.753  tons,     t'onsilng  and  river 

trnffl.  .1    la  ICrnxlllnii    v.«».'ls.      In 

.1      at 
lliajllif.ii    porl 

12.'J47.i'i ".     'lip-  .rs  are   Klo 

de  Jan    I  ihla,   lVrnai... 

Pard.     UitlOUO,    Mo    tiraiul.i    sii'l    .' 
roretia. —  I 

merlra 

anil   ti  harbors   In 

the  world.      PopulatltH  -ilmat'Ml  at 

ooo.     i ithei   towni  ..mi  in. 
tlon  are: 
Sao  Paulo.. .        Xnl.fVsl     Rnnio  40,000 

Baku WO.000  -in.rioo 

Paua  lB*l*m>...a0O.OOO     f'„.  ,i.\     .       .      .ui.000 

Perssunhii..  I.. 

Porto  Alegrr  .       'Xi.nxi  ax.OOO 

Maui.:. 
Ceart 

.   i.»i      Araraju 

1X000     Nasal  IT4M 

.If oiks'. — The   rn 1 1.  li- 
mine,   nut    almost    rnili.lv    par 

II. .mill!.,  i. .in-      .■!' 
i  I    I    .    Si.  '    ■ 

governnn'iit  paper  Is 
■  mllreli 

i.i  lu  1IH2  was  sin'. 

* .,r.-;.i-.i.:  ihiii       'I  i     was 

'.::■•. an 

.  •   i.     Int.ri  it,   .  t.-.  amounted  to  121V 

.„ 

...liar     Imp..:  Ir-  ill 

Hi,.    I  nil   .1    Rtatni     for   tbe   year  llil.l    was 

and    EOOdi    to    tin-  ralttc    Of 

ilther.  n  balanca 
of  y.  r,5lT..lftS  in  favor  ol  Bi 

BritxU: 

l^nln    by    aaval    forces    of,    ro- 

Bon'  noation    wilh    ArgtBtiBsl 

I,',  i  itteft   to    I'.'. ■•■nlnnt 

,,,    I  ,,,  .    -1068. 

■  in.  iwae. 

Oiti.  r  iiivml  from.  880. 

C"Tr-  i.i    ivitli,    riferroil    to. 

L'i::n. 

i  luims  of  Hniterl  Slatc-s  ajrainat,  92!», 

'";:-.   1009,   11 M,   1*45.  1594, 

1933,  2051,  3050,  3S!H>,    • 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Convention     for    satisfaction     of, 
negotiated,  2838,  2562,  2568,9618. 

Payment  of.   :  .  ^116,  2618. 

Commercial  relations  with,  304!*,  4078, 

4029,  5570.  G663. 
Commission  of  United  States  sent  to, 

BBS, 

n t ion  With,   referred  to,  2681. 
Cotton   iuli\irr   in,  4078. 
Distu  la,  1158,  2051. 

Duties  on   American   goods  reduced, 

'."VS. 

Imprisonment   of   American    citizens 

in,  W0,  2779. 
Mail       steamship       Hers  ire       between 

■  anil,  3565,  3586. 
MIbIiUx   of,   to    Doited    State*   re 

ceived,  2889,  4718. 

i  Vnited  States  In.  official 
functions  of,  terminated,  951. 
Phosphates    discovered    in    coast    of, 

4795. 
Political    disturbances    in,    discussed, 

5617. 
Relations  with,  2399,  6364. 
Revolution  in — 

Action  of    UttOriOU   commander  In 
■minting   revolted    BruUiaa   ad 
miral  disavowed,  5867. 
Policy  of  United  States  regarding, 

M72,   5867,  5956. 
Questions  with  Portugal  respecting 
escape  of  insurgent   Admiral  Da 
Oama,  6958. 
Republican  form  of  government  es- 
tablished and  recognition  of,  by 
Unite,!  State*,  5543. 
Slavery  in.  4100. 

Abolished,  5369. 
Tariff  Inw*  of.  evidence  of  modifica- 
tion!  "*,    proclaimed,  5576, 
Notice   of    intention    of   Brazil    to 

terminate,  discussed,  5956. 
Referred   to,  5615,  5747. 
Trade-marks,  treaty  with,  regarding, 

4400. 
Treaty  with,   996. 
Obligations  of.  to  cease,  182*. 
Reference  to,  1009. 
Vessels  of — 

Discriminating  dotles  on,  suspend- 
ed by  proclamation,  2372. 
United  States  seized  or  interfered 
with  br,  962,  2779.      (Sco  also 
Caroline,  The.) 
War  with— 

Buenos  Ayros — 

Peace  concluded,  977. 
Questions  bet  led  States 

and  Brazil  growing  out  of,  928, 
9.11. 
Paraguay.  4078. 

Good  offices  of  Unite.!  States  ten- 
dcre,i,  BT78,  -'1883. 
Brasll  Steamship  Co.  referred  to.  5634. 


Brazil,  Treaties  vita. — Diplomatic  nego- 
tiations with  llrnxll  are  embodied  la  five 
treaties:  Treaty  of  1828  on  siulty.  com- 
merce and  nu  ligation;  Treaties  of  1849 
on  claim*  In  general  and  a  protocol  sub 
H  to  arbitration  the  claim  of  Decree 
C.  Benner  el  ah,  nlgm-d  lo  1008.  Treaty 
••t    's7s   -nde-marks    i »»e  Trade-mark*. 

ttles    onl  ;    and    extradition    eoov. 
n  ml    protocol    of    1803     <***    Extradition, 

ille*    Of). 

The  treaty  of  18.S  accords  reciprocal 
freedom  of  cominen-e  and  navigation  upon 
e.inal  term*  Mini  eondltlaus  to  Hum*  by 
srblch  they  «re  enjoined  by  any  and  every 
other  nation  ;  Uie  citizens  of  the  respective 
countries  ore  privileged  to  conduct  com- 
mercial ami  professional  transecttooi  hi 
ihe  coontry  of  the  other  nuiion  upoa  the 
snme  lerm*  nnd  noder  lllte  conditions  aa 
as    liinl    subjects.      t'uaatwhie    tr     : 

ded    from    thin    Bare 
Krwdu in  of.  nn.l  equality  In.  earryinE  traile 
of  export   or    reel  port    or    I  £OOdS 

Is  permitted   without   psyini-ol  of  hi 
Other  duties,    Iropoxls,    taxes,    or   fees,   tbao 
those    in    which    citizen*   ami    subjects    are 

liable.     If  subjected   i ibergo  or  detexc 

tloa  for  military  purposes,  proper  todem- 
iviiic-nllon  Is  to  be  paid  In  sll  eases.  Ref- 
uge, siylum.  and  protection  Is  accorded 
to    rei  ill    ports,    river*,    or  domin- 

ion* »f  (he  other  country.  All  reasonable 
{■Klstnncc  u  to  be  rendered  to  vessels 
ustslnlng  ships-reek  or  d-iinnie  Is  lb* 
water*  of  the  oth  ctlon 

from  pirates,   with   restitution  of  prop 
•  Iblc.      Freedom    i,f   »n|e,    dlscv.- 

.mil    succession,    in    the   ease  of    pcraosul 

goods  Is  grunted   to   Incllvl.lu  il   citizens  nod 

subject*  within  the  other  country.      1 

n >f  iin  hi  of  the  property  «f 

HI  and  subjects  of  esch  other  Is  to  be 
i be  -pedal  enre  of  emii  contracting  paiiy, 

Kmlre    fi bun    "f    iMiiisi-ii  in  .■    l>    ;i 

i.i  Individuals,   together  with  protection 
the   dead. 

I  In  event  of  war  of  one  of  the  panic, 
with  a  third  It  Is  agreed  that  full  reeog- 
rililini  nf  in.,  principle  thai  the  flag;  cov- 
ers properly   tie  accorded  when  the  prof 

iiefonus  to  a  nation  which  recognise* 
this    principle,    but    to   none    other, 
where    the    nr-utml    ting    shall    cover    the 

rrupi-rly   of  un   enemy   of  one  of   the   par 
les.    such    property    shall    be    confiscate 

'ratios 

of  war:  sn  excuse  of  Ignorance  of  decla- 
ration  of   war   sbnll   not  tie   valid   after  a 

terlod  of  four  months  shall  how    elapited. 
iii.iiy   ..f nercc   snd   nsvlgstlOD   »h»ll 

not    extend    to    arms    and    Instruments    or 
materlnls  designed  for  making  wsr  by 
or  land,  and  vessels  carrying  such  eonti 
liniid   k I-   -IimII    lie  detained    for  Hie 

Bastion    of    such    contraband.      /" 

times   the   examination  of  vesaeta  shall    be 

.Im-iecl  hi   all   means  calculated  to 

iiilsn  vexntUin   .ir  nlntw,      V 
parties  nhnl]  be  at  war  with  a  third  State, 
no  citizen  or  subject  of  the  other  contriet- 
iug    parly    nlmll  t|  tars    of   msrqne 

prlMl    bo    get    ngaln«t    the   other   coa- 

trnctlng    port/    under    pain    of   punishment 

f.f    piracy.      In   tl sent   of  wsr  between 

the  United  Bute*  nnd  Uraxll.  a  pevlod  of 
sli  months  sbnll  be  granted  to  residents 
to  close  up  their  affairs  snd  trans 
their  effects!  la  lb*  ease  of  n-sidout 
t  tie  Interior  of  the  country  this  ps 
sli. ill  be  Increased  to  one  year  from 
1 1 in--  .if  declaration  of  arar.     s.-questrstio.. 

mi. I  conuKCHtlnn  of  iitil.il.-  nod  prl 
by  renion  nf  unr  l<  f-.rMild.-n      The  r 
Immunities,  and  exemptions  to  consular  out- 
. -it-   shall    b*    those   -.f   ibe   most    favored 
nation.      These    official*   shall    be   exempt 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Briscoe 


all  public  e*-r»ico.  taxes.  Imposts,  and 

s,   except  such  »•  lb*y   aiull  par  on 

'  of  commerce  or  prot«rty,  ami  iwx 

tbe  Mine  a*  tbu«e  imkI  by  rlllm-u* 

c»o&>  •   miuLir  p*per».  rcc- 

,ud   archive*.   >hull   al    nil  llsaes  and 

all    ilrcoeastsbcee   be   Inviolably   re- 

.  and  may  not  be  wised  or  Inter! 

ly    auy     magUtrate-      Consols     iball 

iBtbortiy    la    im-i    and    detain 

a  period  out  to  exceed  two  moalb*  all 

r    anj    private   vessels 

country. 

TbJ*  treaty  wii  drawn  to  endure  for  a 
'    twelve    j»-.ir«.     with     a    renewal 

iMirimnn    to    terminate.      Infringement 

ita  eoetdli  ■<>■.>  by  individual*  rendvr*  tbe 

vtdual  and  on«  tbe  Slate  Sable  for  »ocb 

t    *L<1    the    «:al»   pledge*    Itaelf 

offender.     Tbe  State  (ball 

u.-M  any   raprUal  for  Infrloge- 

of  tbe  conditions  nor  declare  wai 

•  talrinrnt   of   tbe   I  ■■  In  r|.  i.    wltb  com- 

.11  have  been   forwarded  to 

tbe  ofrsrflog  Male  and  a   mronatil*   time 

allowed  for  repxratloo. 

tlraill  aUo  became  a   party  to   tbe  eon- 

between  Ibe   fnlr.-d  Stall-*  and   Hi- 

repafcllcs     of     Booth     and     Central 

for    ibe    arbtt ration    of   pecuniary 

etc  , 

■  (■let  aaa  Ugocd  In  Buenos    Aires  In  1910 
•ad  tnrlalaed    la    Wishing!'  n.    Jul 

lr«    South    and    Central    America. 
iBBMka  wlib  I 


(Mexico).  Battle  of.— la 

■••M.  IV  Arm)  •  organised 

«'  Iwl  Leavenworth,  on  tbe  Mlax.url.  It 
•ssbxea  of  1.058  men  and  sixteen  piece*  of 
■••nttr*.  under  comasanJ  of  CoL  PML 
**m.  af  iba  Flr»i  United  State*  Dra- 
!*•**.  He  w*«  ordered  lo  pro" 
natal  aad  take  poaacnton  or  Santa  V* 
•»#,  ye-.  , mire    Territory     I  I    I ■•• 

***"•  ih*  )orl*dlctloa  of  tbe  raited 
-!l,.,f**re  ""re  later  amended  to  ln<:od« 
WHsia.  In  afty  day*  tbe  army  marched 
Pajb*  abd  no  Au«.  IS.  1840,  tbe  Amor- 
■*•  *»I  wa*  goatlng  o**r  tbe  citadel  at 
*fb)  H.  Not  a  blow  had 
»T  cMabilahlsg  a  civil  iMicrnment  at 
jUbj  Fa,  Kearny  stsri-il  for  California 
»**.  3.  wlib  »••*•  I'nli.d  Rut™  dragoons 
*•  t  ••Mil  corn*  of  topographical  enrl- 
t  inala  npply  train  and  '.'do 
Ha*  were  left  al  Alhoguemue.  Col. 
tilth  hi*  »W0  regiment  and 
n*  battery  of  artillery,  w  i 
iroeeed  southward  and  join  Wool 
I      The  »  i  ■  ■ 

I 
—  tbe  advance  of  5O0  men  baited  at 
Brarrta,   an   arm   of   the    itio   r;r*nde. 


jb*»  !!*»••.  G   n.  Ponce  de 

»*■  altb   1.220    Mexican*!,    of    wboi 
*•»  »*sj  saounted  and  eqnlnped.     Tbe  s»- 
*    utterly    roetrd.    wltb    heavy 
-w  bvbadlac  <•'"     >'  -o.  while 

"  •satrlcau    loaa    waa   only 

'•   **-! 

•"it*  Hver,  explorations  of,  referred 

■n»aj  Santiago.  Tex,  commerce  of  die- 

•  ef.  referred  to.  2*10. 
■"abl    (8r*  Baking  Business.) 
****■'  Titm     Tti r    line    '■'.    men    who    •>■ 
•   '  Inlrht.  to  receive 
her  slma-glvlne  In- 
•»*•.    (See  eteap-Oooaea-l 
■•bi  Biota.  —Poring  •  period  or  eencral 
•burial   depmaloa   la   1837    ibe    poor   of 


New  York  held  frequent  rlotoua  meetings, 
which)  culminated  Id  violent  aaaaulia  upon 
Hour  waieboUH,'*.  Kiupluyuiuut  waa  meager, 
.-.ut*    arm    Sxorbltant,    and    Dour    waa   111 

Kir  barrel.  In  mauy  Inaiancea  atorca  ware 
token  open  and  pillaged  by  U>(  owns. 
Tbt  riotvr*  were  auppreiawd  by  tbe  mil  it  in. 
BrcitUttiffa,  importation  of,  into  foreign 

countries,  and  rates  of  duty  on, 
Breaking  Diplomatic  NegotiAtlone.  (See 
Diplomatic     Negotiations,     Breaking 

Breakwaters,  expenditures  on,  1128. 
Bremen:     Submarine.       (Seo    Deutech- 

land.) 
Bremen: 

Ministers  of,  received,  949. 

Postal  arrangement*  with,  2412. 
Treaty  with,   988,  991,  2686. 

Voaacls  of— 
Application  for  rights,  621. 
Discriminating  duties  on,  suspend- 
ed, «0«. 
Brwrtt,— Tbe  promotion,  without  advance 
In  psy.  of  a  military  officer. 
Brevet  Commissions.     (See  Army.) 
Breweries.    (See  Liquors — Malt,  Vinous 

nnd  DUtillcd.) 
Bnocry. — The  giving  or  receiving  of  money 
or  otter  valuable  consideration  in  return  for 
onetblcal  conduct 
Bribery: 

Proposal  to  class  campaign  contribu- 
te ms  by  corporations  as,  6990. 
Proposed  extraditionnl  offense,  6791. 
Severer  laws  advocated,  6517. 
Bridges: 
Construction  of,  over  navigable  wa- 
ters, 4303. 
Pictures  of,  2185. 
K.-f erred  to,  1171,  1257. 
Brldgowator,    The.   corropondonco    re- 
garding case  of,  transmitted,  5396. 
Brier  Creek  (Oa.),  Battl*)  of.— Msrch  3, 
17T9,   Oen.    Lincoln  sanl  a  dvtacbmenl  of 
hi*  army,    conslatlng  of  1.500  North  Caro- 
lina  mlllils  nnd  somo  Qaorglii  Con  tin 
unci  be,    <n  tbe  Junction  of   Brlei 

k   with   tbe  Savannah   Klver.     In   ibis 
position  they  were  attacked   by   Lieut.  Col. 
•  i-t    with    somo    22000    men    ami    eonv 
plnieir  rouieri.    Oeu.  Klbert.  Col.  IfefntosD, 
I  other  officers,  and  nearly  200  men 


captured.      Nearly    an    equal    nu >i 

i'il   In  bsw   ln-.-n   kill. . I   In 
or  met    death    In    their    flight    throngs 
awsnaps.      Tbe  rcmnltider.    with   tbe  excep- 
■  f  100  or  BOO.  retired  tu  tbelr  I. 
Iirlil«li    lo»»    wo*    ouly    slxtei-u    killed 
•  nd    wounded. 

Brigade.— A  body  of  soldiers  made  np  of  a 
number  of  ■mailer  units.  In  cavalry  there 
sra  nsnnlly  from  eight  to  ten  aqundron*  to 
a  brigade:  In  Infantry  a  brigade  conritt*  of 

four  to  •!«  hatulluuH  or  regiments. 
Brigadier. — The  commander  of  a  brigade; 
a  brigadier-general. 

Briirand.     (See  Bandit.) 
Briscoe  vs.  Bank  of  Commonwealth  of 
Kentucky.— A   suit   brought   by   tbe   Rank 
.if   Mi.-  Commonwealth  of  Kentucky  again*! 
Briscoe  et  al.   as  holders  of  a  promissory 


Briscoe 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


0>.tc  f-.r   which    tin'   BOtM   Of   tin-  Sink    had 

Elrto  a»  a  Iuab  to  the  dinw.-r,.  ...r  the 

r  hut    Hull 

it"-  honk  »*»  oollil 

In    till'    illf 

mltir  mi.-li  circuit  .  onrt  >  ml    the 

f".       Hi''     h'lil.       -II      II"       Bl :•'!     Hull      till 

lucoi  i iik    ibi     Rnnl      •:     I  hi    Ootnmon- 

lllontll     nil. I 

Unit  tin-  ?i" 

•  Ittllll    ll nil  iti  -   ..I     I  I"'     Null. .mil     I 

tillli.ti         Till 

the  cn«e  In  favor  ol  t 
i  mi  it  tililn  of  credit. 

Brlstow    Station    (Va.).    Battle    of.— 

ona)   of 

..    li.nl    inn!    ..'lit    1..   flu 

fun-.'    ,' 

..f  Hi.-   1:1  M   Jackson 

111  nil-  :t  forced   march  from  tin*  8b<  oiinilonh 

p    nuil 

Si  -   liy   III-  Im  i,    Auk. 

Itrln- 
d   ti>  M  I  tinK- 

mi<.      1 [oi  l.i       .in  I   I In-   in  >. t    .1  1J 

i ■  T ■  ■  •<■   the  i'.. lit.  .1  ■'■  r   Bwcll   h!    Ilrlx- 

nation  :i'"i  ■  i  t-'"ii  Hi"  i it  Id 

■  ride  nun*«ri'il  .i  I"  «t  3UU  men. 

British  America: 

Commcrcinl  relktlooi  vith,  1180,1131. 

I  in;  .    ■    to, 

ureal  of,  referred  I  >,2 

In   iirr.'.'i;.iii    in    Rt  lll.'tiii'ttt 

Military  expedition   apain»t,  procla- 
mation r<".anlinjr,  3631. 
Dbeweod,  3tW5. 

i:-  ,  i|, rm  iii-    r.'lul  rr.  .1 
to,    II 

Trcm-                 linf,  rot     favorably 

Idi  ft  'I     I  '••  United    States, 

son. 

British  Colonies: 

Commercial  n  Intion*  with,  6.12,  5688, 

;,:•-.  g 
Tariff  lawn  of,  evidence  of  modifica- 
tions of,  proelsJoi  I. 
Discussed,  W47. 
Brltiah  Columbia: 

.   Bl    I",   r.'l.  rr.-.l    t... 

i:..iin.l-irv    ling    v.-.tli    Alaxkn. 
Kb.) 
British  Debts.    ($cr  Debts,  British.) 
British  Empire. — The  Jiti  irs  oc- 

cuplirn  nliiiui   OUT SJMTter  "f  tOS  known  ItST- 
fao»  of   the  Rlnlic.    and    lt«   population    ••*• 

'ii mi.  t   Of 

of  the  human  men.     The  toinl  area  In  ill*- 
trlluito't   /il"  r   tin'    Sol 

and  Southern  Hemisphere*,  bat   more  than 
two-third*  lie  lit  tlie  I 
on.' third      :n      the      WVnteru      i 
Tin-    Rentes!    ar.'a    of    the    empire    Ilea    Id 
America,    bul    iho   larewt    fubjecl    popula- 
tion Uvea  in  Asia. 

Kthnoumithv-  —  I'v    fur    1 1  ■  ■  •    i:ivul--r     por- 
tion of  lbs  Kmplrc  H"i  within  i 
nle  tone*,  the   troptt  South 

itd    India,   Went  and  Central   Africa,   parts 
..r     ill"     West      Ini  i     noil 

Honduras,    Northern   Anatrallft,  Bort and 

the  varlntia  settlement*   In    the    Malay    Pen- 

itn'iln.    The  Yntlinnlcd   white  [lopulnt  Id 


1*11    «K"   mrtTLATIOS 

Area  in    I'-pulali— 

1    -       i  I'.nckaa  in 

t  »iutAl«  8q.  MUe.  lvl| 

i  •tidi.iii.        121.00(1    4.1^00,000 

'-iti"i  iuo        Mini 

I    I   Ulandq  'IT.'  ml 

M  iii                    Valletta),             iini        3IUM0 
raltai  j  | 

Total.  Kurope 12U12    4437&300 

.4  MO— 

ljxxmoo  3i.-..oooj»p 

UifiOO      4,ii 
lit*  txtllrlunQU  I.Si*a- 

i/'xi       vououo 

F  .1.   ..■•  tl     ■:..'.■■ 
,,.„. 

I     ii,l.|     ,y  M  , 

i  .TOO 

'■  ■■■  '"•"  iSandalai.  SOMW 

avooi 

trara»4k  (Kurhinc)  i    ,    .  .  - 

Cypnu  .  ISOO         S7IXSM 

Total,  Ass 2,iiujo0  xxmamho 

Afrira — 

47t>.oco    s.iroxne 

>land  (Maarru)         .  10,100         3" 

"0        i: 

Hwullat"      ' 

■it.  (8»%bur)r)..,  I. "--.I...* 

Cumin;.  ]lf.J«» 

t.iil.l  .  .  i:'"i.ii      i 

!<l-rr«  I  .III       .  X4INIO         Ml 

N-i.ill,.    i  «    U, 

iii  acoa)  ,        77.300     7, 

!-itrinl,lnr„l  (ltr.rl.,-,,,1  CS.0CO 

mis 

(Vaio.ii.  1H1.000 

1'ju.nda  (Kampala)..   .      .        22.VO 
Xanilhar  iZatiilliii).. 

Nyaml.i  •  l 

2*1-234)  I; 

Mauritius  (Pari  I  ;iro.OO» 

■...   . 

Bl    ll' 1.  ".  (Ja tows)...  47  S.toa 

Total.  Africa.  «te 3.01S.2IS    4" 

Aaurvn— 

In  (Ottawa). 

.ilUr.il  aim  l^bra- 
Hoi  i   •    .  I*3xm        :«ttno» 

■J  ■  Illattiilioii! 
HritublIomlurm.(l 

;;•    i-i       I  ■    .... 

: 

sruoo       jifljoas 

I'ldVlanil       blan.l> 

l  ..-lit  li.il 

Booth  C<  JAM 

Imarlca 4.011,720      SJ6SM0 

AtiMhntmtl* 
Aiutiall*  lYuaCanlierraV     3,tKi).nc 
Nci«  Zmlatid  (Wrih,  IJNjBBBsl 

■TsBBsl 
I'anua  [Port  Morral.y)  . 
Padne  Manda JtfBBJSJJ 

Total.  Oceania  .    3.214.1 

Navy.  Army,  and  Swnra 

"'  Kto.no) 

Grand  Total...  :'IMU» 

the    Bmplro    In    1011    was   ilitr    mllllt.nx. 
mainly     Anglo  Saxon    but     p 

Dutch,    "I'll    Bl l-li.       riu-    rSDii 

mllllona   Include  315  tullllooa  of  the  uatlre 


Encyclopedic  Index 


British 


of    India   and   Oylon.    forty   million 
ark    inn.  ia  Arab*,  *ix  mlllloa 

■it.-l    I     million 

.paladon  over  210  million* 

I     .Mil 
in     Sikh*.     J»ln.  I 

TMjatM)  Jrwa.  am  ilnder 

at*    aad    Idnl    wnrablppara. 

- 

taaatrv    rrat*.    but    Intro    are    rnree    main 
.In*     Ita     ailmluLtt 
.-.nvrnuarnt.      »••  I 
•v      Th*-  Drat  of  theur  pn 
applied    for  many  year*. 
«Virlu(KO  lo  tfce  owe  of  Canada, 

Uh    Afrl-u       Tat    aeeoo-d 
rSe     U     equally      developed,      alinoat 
»*it  being  financially  aelf-aujipoTtlng. 
tatrd   prla-  l|  modern   «"•'■ 

be  *aid  (o  be  the  outcome  of  III* 
h    baa    gradually 
rtcacnianl   ■■   th.   i'm-Iu-i    of   Um 
|i •   nrljjto  may   r»   u 

jilon    (la    1887)  of  tbr   Pre- 
rarUraa    - 
Blaaaa.    rrprwentl ug 
ta.  nMnikn>   ..f    the   J   Kli 
nrtarfcv     Hinliar  gj  ■    ■  ok  place  In 

■  .lal"     I'uofewu-e     wa* 
(aanpal  (•   In.  \t     tti- 

y  pra- 

«*M.  but   alih    lb-  add!- 

uaau  lanotii; 

iino  of    Ibr   Prealileney 
jMa»  rflaa  U  idled  Km. 

.*abr  nt      Maji.ly 

i— *».    r 

lUacdoa  of  Ureal  Brit 
*»■«  lielaad.  and  u7ik»-  lirlil.b   : 

■   *Jf»n  i  '•.      1  >•■'.■;  It      (if      Hi.- 

rtii»,  rinanor  of  India. 

t^Uator The       I'arllam  nl      of       Ihe 

■Join    It   iho  vvpremr   lt-gMai.v.- 

"~  *f  law   Km  ain-ni 

■  if  the  Kinir-K-  i| 

Ha   legl«:*llv.    authority   to  other 

If,   while  re- 

•    1't.ll!     an  I     Imperial 

.iu/b  ibe  c-diiiTii  of  lb*  Colonial 

/•»a(»ijl — The     Su  i.-lnl     Au- 

'*•  Kcaplrr  U  tk*  .Indicia 

fore   which 


any  K 

from  Coe>    • 


WOaa  ta"ii» 

•»•'••».:■  itv    nod  from  the 

fjntj  of  lull*  am:  Britain  Domln- 

frfmrar— The  general  defence  of  Ike  Rffl- 

•»  ■  eiaarriaken  by  the  Imperial   '. 

»l  aided  In  an  Inrrenalng  dVgr-v  Uy   lb- 

-  '    lodla  am. 

Jf    iMminloea      (aee      Canada.      Autiral'i. 

aad    Koorh    Afrl 

-    "aeoiod    I 
K*fular  and   Aoilllary   troofai  of 
Urn). 

•■taaa  it    prlne'ipt.  ..    Inelod- 

•-.  the 
■"■Mat.  'i  without  - 

•  .1   a    limited    miuiarehv.    the 

.anarch    befn*.    ta    effeet. 

rr  «apporled  by  a  ma- 

itanaa.     The  rata- 

awtat    |. 

•rr  iba   KlaaT  :   the    l#cNlnnire    lllnuae   of 


a"'!    II"  moMJ  :    the    El- 

lin.   Jn.I1    slur.. 

bo   King   i 

advice  of  the  fcecrei.  r..r  India, 

who    la  aaaiaird  by  mein- 

brra    aro    ■  i>     1 1 ■ . ■    Sren-i.iry    of 

(See    lnd.au    l.mjilre  ) 
Impriinl  ;i..i.,.ni'.n.       ail    I Irirlab  domln- 
lona   arc  milijeel    (cicepi   na   regnMa    taxa- 

..  ..r  Hi.,  nrltlal 
llacni,   lust   n"  ..  rTe.-iM 

a    dotnlnlon    in    i  imnlnlun    la   me- 

clallr    m.  ml.  |.      If    ihe  legialaiuro   of  a 

lileb  la  rvpiigniint 

lug    n 

lori.  It  In  i>  to  n  hi-  U 

nnnt    otxaololelj  .Can- 

ada. Dominion!   may 

be    illTldeil  .  «l  elauea.  a.vordlug  to 

tno  way  In  u  hl<-h  ih.'j   :.r..  govf*rned : 

.■     in.  vim;     reaponalblc     rorern 

.   am   aduil 
Klu.    ar>.    i 

.-•1.  but  to   tin-  .  :  uliiir. 

■ 

I 
the    i  n Ion    ..f    Soma    Africa. 

(bj   Where  11..  .1    by   leicla- 

l»ll>i.    uarmlil)     «h..ll-.     or    partly 
ami  oa  eircuilre  ■•oiidcII   nomlnaled  by  the 

•     tin 

■■   claaa    lun .  .|    Hi.. 

llnhanuiH.    hnrlifcil.H  -,    IIitmi  i  Ii   li  .1- 

ann.    Jomalci,    l>:.«»nl   Ialanda.   Uanrltlua, 

Ualta. 

itrt  In  goTernmenl  by  a 
jwrernor  adiug  with  an  exeeuilre  and  a  leg- 
ifUIIre  coonrll,  tbc  eouortbt  l-  itix  Bon 

nor  repretentln* 
n;    -liotntnlona     to     g>.  .    mi.-i     m 
..     I'tlklnod    1-1; 
I. la,    ' 

i\  li.-r.-lo    both    Ii 
•  Ire     poarer*    are     v»«I..J    In    the    101 

lilbrallar.  I.al.uan. 
and  St.  Il.iina.  where  power  la  alao  r«- 
aerreil  to  the  Crown  to  leclalati  by  f i 

il-       In    Smitli    Africa,     l:.-.liiuimil«nd. 
ilaml   ar.-  gov  .  n.  ,1    in 
•ajbclanilally  the  tame  way.  but  no  pow.-r  la 
raatrred  t..   the    ' 

i.. I    I't.ii.-i  t..rat.-.  -     i  t.tratea  are 

'lea    which,    aa    rrgardi    iln-lr    foreign 
n-latlonv.    arc    under    the    iiclii.liv 

of  th..  Klng-Kiuperor,       <■■•  ..f 

;      I  uililtc     In. lu.l.-     Ilrlll-li 
Sc.malllnnd,      Nj.nn!aiid.      I'gan.Si, 
Hwailland,  and  Nlgi-ria. 

of    Itillueniv.— A    apbare    of 
v  Ii    .1.  ■  •  i  Itu  ,i  aa  an  aren  i 
uiub-ruln    ml 
lo  nrqnlre  Inrlornce.  or  territory  by  treaty 
or  anmxatlon. 

Fititrtttlom. — Educational     ayatema     on     a 
more    or   Ie«    uniform    plan,    are    do 

Ih..     l..ii|ilr.     under    i 

of   Hi  goTernmenla.     rnlreralty 

■rn    ami     In!  .«l»b- 

..-«    are   conferred.      In.1  r 

iln    m||i   of  C*  !l    Khodea  «.tiolomhlp- 

f.  ■  ui.l.-d    at    MirLnn.    ...::•  .f    •nr.u-d    I   nl- 

r.     Theae  Ithodea  Scholarahlnv  ate  ten 

■Ma    for    ihre<-    year*.    ar«    of    the    annual 

<>f  *1.5t)0.   and  are  opaa   t 
of  »n ch    I'n 

nf    At  .trntla.    nf    New    Zealand.    Newfound- 
land.   Natal.    Cape  of   i; 1    Hop*    (4),   J»- 

mali-a  ami    Bermuda.      (Kadi    State  of  t ii — 
baa    a    almllar    nomlnailon. 
and    fifteen    aebolnrahlna    of    f  1 .2.10    are    In 
the  nomination  of  the  Herman  Kmper..- 


British 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


//{story. — Tbe     moat     recent    historical 
event    of    Internal    wan    the    dii-laiatioti    of 
war  against  ileiniany,  Aug    4.   1V14.  Il 
port  of  the  neutrality    of  Belgium,   through 

Hiiii-i iniri  Uermany  w»>  rending  troops 

for  an  Invasion  of   France. 

UMppmg.—  ln  1H1S  there  wart  11.444  rea- 

aria  torer  100  tonal    flying  the  lirlttih  flat. 

of  which  total  »/-'i0  wrrr  r.-gUtei.d  in   the 

d    Kingdom   and   2,106    In   other   parts 

.if    t In-    Km; 

Tirii .— capital,  I/indon  tEnglaadl. 
Population  (1W11 1.  4.022.001  iwltli  :  uburba, 
7.2Sa,90S). 

At  the  Census,  of  1011  there  were  04 
towns  In  tbe  British  Kuiplr*  exceeding  100.- 
000  Inhabitants.      (S..|.  tirca!    Britain.) 

Villi  i  D    IM       •  ■■    iimul. 

Iceland  and  Walaa.  The  lnbablianta  or  tbe 
Unltrd  Kingdom  aru  almost  entirely  dim- 
liana,  and  uiiilnly  Protestant*,  Ibe  ex.vp- 
tlona  being  Uvc  million  Koroun  Catbadlca, 
ar.o.000  Jew*,  and  a  small   uumbcr  of  non- 

Sirietlan     ImuiLi.  .ui  I'll..     langiing.      of 

e  people  i«  I  iiitimii,  with  a  large  propor- 
Hon    of    Wehdrspcnklng    people    Is     Wale*. 
The  cllmaio  ol  0    Isle*   la  Influ- 

enced by  tin-  prevailing  southwest  wlnda 
and   '"  "'.    Ibe   fJuH  Stream. 

"I in-  pr»i nlllng  wlnda  cause  a  plentiful  rain- 
fall in  tbe  western  region,  tbe  average   full 

being    hlgbe-d     III     1 1  .'III  lid  III.'   I.i'''     jlTrsJI 

In. iii  tli"  Gulf  •!  \l-ilro.  I«  a  bell  i.f  tern- 
perate  (rater,  wlilch  divides  ai  Hie  Mirth- 
n  eitrcmliy  of  Ireland  and  at  the 
Land  •  Rod  iCoruwnlh.  the  farmer  current 
skirting  the  north  of  Rcotland,  and  rei 
lug  with  the  southern  arm  In  the  Nori'u 
The  rllninti-  .if  I  lie  British  Isle*  l»  thus 
warmer  and  far  more  equable  than  that  nf 
other  lands  between  the  •ame  parallels,  and 
lta  harbors  are  free  from   he   all   the   year 

noM 

ana*  Aivn  roTOLATiorr 

Area  Ho,  Population 

Division,  and   faints!*            MUea  1011 

England  and  Wnlr.  lf,.ndon)      .18.SJ4  36.li 

Bcotland  lEdlol.utgh) 30.704  *.76t),904 

Ireland  (Dublin) M.531  4.300.210 

Uaadj    .                                      3M  »a.01» 

Total 120.063    46.370430 

Oarernmenf.— The  liriti-h  OasatlMtlH  is 
mainly    unwritten    and    customary,    hut     lt« 

Sievelopment  la  marked  by  certain  outMand 
ng    anil    fiindaiiienlal    laws.    >.f    wbleh    the 
KTncipal  are  Magna  Charta  11216),  lbs   ii„. 
aa    Corpus    Act    (laTrv),    tot     **l    i 
il.  in.  ut    (1701i,    the    A.t    of    T'nloii    with 

Scotland    I  I  .  'IV  ■ .   II"-   A,t  Of   I    i i   a    ih    Its 

land     (1800).    and     the     Parliament      ad 

.lull  I        The    fh-t    ..Hilled    annual    pnrlln 

nientB     and     il put  I     administration     of 

lust  Ice;    ihe   second  eatabUtbed   I  ha   llt»crty 
of   the  person:   the    third   provided    for    the 
i      i|    .innt    succession    to    the 
fourth    nud    nftb    ereaieil    tie'    I  nit  il    King- 
dom; and  the  Innt  enabled  tin-  Common!  to 

pass      Celllllll      A"l*      Ivllhollt      the      iilli'-r.'ll.e 

of    ihe    othet    .  hatnber      Thi     ranatll  uent 

farl«  of  il"-  Brlti  b  I'li'tiiulliin  DMJ  he 
hus  briefly  described. 
The  throne  It  hen-dllnrr  In  the  T'nglMi 
bnone  of  Kaxe-Coburg  Cothn  with  mW.-d  sue- 
cession,  rho  sons  of  the  Sovereign  and 
their  descendants  having  precedent-! 
daughters,  but  datlghtera  and  their  .le- 
•cendanta  preference  over  lateral  lines. 
The  Miiniir.-hr  N  ".n  •  motional  and  llm- 
I'.l       The    King   has   a    right    to   veto    bill" 

Cued  b»  both  Houses  of  Parliament,  trot 
nractlr*  his  veto  is  almost  obsolete. 
Parliament  of  the  I'nlled  Kingdom  eon- 
alsts  of  two  Houses.  The  EMM*,  of  Lords 
eonslsta  nf  Spiritual  and  Temporal  Peers. 
the  former  by  virtue  of  rhelr  offlee,  the 
latter  by  hereditary  right,  by  election  or  by 


appointment.  It  contain*  S  Prince*  of 
tin-     lll.iml.     2     Ai    hhl 

,Man|iieM«-a,  1-J  I'jirls.  4U  Vlacuuiils.  J* 
lUahopa.   an    Barana.    10   8cottl.li    It 

lie  iVeis  elerird  for  the  duratloo  it 

Parllameni.    and    i'»    Irl.^h     Kcpre*mtatl>e 

elected     for     life -total     0M3.       T&* 

House  of  Commons  conalsta  of  070  members. 

I  fur  a  maximum  of  Ave  year*  by  dl 
rati   of   re^  .   the 

ipmliru-atlon  being  ownership  or  occupation 
and  registration.     The  total  f  re«. 

latorod  voters  In  the  t  mted  Ulngcecm  Is 
Just    over    H.iiiki.iiiiii 

The  laws  la  Kngland  and  Wales  are  ad- 
ministered by  ludrrs  appointed  by  the 
Crown,  Who  hold  ofBce  fur  IK.-,  nnd  eanoot 
'  save  on  petition  presented  by 
both  Hiiii-*h  of  Parliament  The  High 
Court  comprises  the  King's  Bench,  I'han- 
nnd  Probst  i  .  i  ,  and  Admiralty 
Olvlslons.  Two  t  »iirl*  of  Appeal  hear  ap- 
peals from  theae  divisions,  tbo  altlaaau 
t'l.uit  uf  Appeal  from  all  lh<  rourtl  la 
the    Pnlted    KIiikiIkiii    lielnjf    tbe    lloase    of 

l.eril.. 

Scots  civil  law,  wlilch  la  entirely  dif- 
ferent from  that  nf  Pugiand,  Is  administered 
i.v  lie  Court  "f  Session,  wblch  Is  a  court 
of  law  and  equity.  The  High  Court  of 
Justiciary  Is  tbe  supreme  criminal  court 
In  S.v.tlnnd.  It  consist*  of  all  th*  Judstes, 
ami  as  a  rule  It  Is  conflaed  to  tbe  trial 
of  serious  cases.  The  Sheriff  of  each  . 
la  the  proper  criminal  Judge  In  all  .-i 
occurring   wltlnu    the    county    • 

only    .in    arbitrary    punish Dl       (Ho 

British  Army,  see  Armlea  of  the  World  :  and 
for  the  Navy,  see  Navies  of  Ih. 

J.Mucuieua.— Klcinentary  duration  la 
compulsory  for  all  children  between  Ore 
and  fourteen  yearn  of  age,  and  la  provided 
free  at  Public-  I'llem.  Iilsrv  Sc  "• 
talm-d  by  laical  Authorltloi  and  aldid  by 
SUte    Oral 

:.-  at.    IS   rnlTemliles  to   tli-    1 
Kingdom,    of    which    10  are   In    Kngland.    4 
il.  Scotland.  1  In  Walea,  and  3  la   It 
Theae.    with    date*  of   foun-: 
f..i.l     (124*).    Cambridat     OSi7i.     Durham 
11831).  l»ndon  1 1830 1,  Manchester  .  I: 

Blrmlnghaui       (  1! l.n 

I..-., i,  i  19041,  Mi.  m.  Id   i  iMoT  and  In 
il'.m'.ii.    in    Kngland;    fnlver«<ty    of    Wales 

',    In     Wah..     Bl      Andrews     (lsll), 
C.lasjtoar      (14.Cn,     A 
i  dlnburgh 

iin    1 1691),   National    mum..  .- 

1 1000 1,    In    In-loud. 

I'rodiieflnn  and  IndU'trf.— In  1901  the  to- 
tal    number     of  i     tbr 
.  was  15.SS8..%OI 

the  largett    percentage,    or   I'J.rVI.    were  em- 

Eloyed    In    agrleu  >     v. 

■£   In   run',    ini  In    mines   nnd    omr- 

rlM.  7.S0  In  metals  and  machinery.  0,77  la 

building  and  .  iiii.imi.  M-ui  d.02  In  textile 
fabric-    and 

If.iiiu'.i   tin,-..     The    1'iilti-d   Kingdom  Ira 

: .. 

in  and  40»- 

OOO.Ofui  to   i  u m  lbs.  of  wool  tin  addl 

tun  tr.  ir.o.ono.oon  1 1 . 

the  former  prlni'lpnlly  frc.m  the  1'ulted 
Sist.-t.  tbe  latter  principally  from  Austral- 
asln. 

rno<anit   oaif    TToree.— The    southern    and 
Ion  nf  the   '  flreat   Brit- 

ain It  iltnated  In  western  Kuropr.  aetweea 
Intltude  ,'i0'  and  :.'.-  4il'  north  and  longi- 
tude !•  iff  and  .V  42'  tre«t.  It  la  hounded 
i\   Scotland  on  the  north,  on  all  other  aide* 

I"    " .1     "ii   Hi"  en»i   I.v    the   Nortti   h>» 

ihe  «-.nrh  hy  the  Bst- 
ii-h  '  i. nnn.  i.  and  "n  the  west  by  St. 
<ieorge"s  r'honnel  and  the  Irish  Sea  In 
length  measured  on  a   meridian   from   Bex- 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Brother 


arte*  to  St.  Alan's  Head.  Is  S«  aslaaa. 
Its  brsadlc.  beta era  Bt_  David's  Head  lo 
8o«tb  Wain  and  il"-  N»»  la  liuo.  Is  !mi 
■lies.  Wain  was  called  by  the  sarly  Ro 
mans  Brits  no  lea  Scnsude  It  »•«  brought 
uadar  tb*  dominion  of  tbe  r.nglHh  by  I 
Heary  II.  and  hdwnid  I.  Tbs  tndesttasteac* 
•f   Hike  ill"l   <  I.lcaeliya.   who 

waa    aaurdired     '  nana 

Eleanor  txr  birth  to  a  soo  lo  Caeraarron 
mard  t»  Ma  father,  called 
Prtii':  i  baa  tills  has  a»»i  alnce 

b«-m    glvea    to    the    heir    apparent    lo    toe 
throne  of  Great  Itrli  aaa  Incor- 

porated with   i.iiglaod  by  an  act  of  l'arlia- 
sacot  la  U 

/reread.—  an  Island  wnt  of  Great  Brit. 
ale.    forming    "ltfc    li    th.-    Inltcd    Kingdom 

by    the  A'  OB    !<>■■    north.  west 

and  aoatfe  scd  oe  the  taat  b>  final  Britain. 

arpai  IrWb  Sea  arid  Kl.  fli-orca'a 

anil    North   Channels.      It  extends  from  la  I. 

.   sad  from  lour 

3*    23'    to   10*    .  I'Sdlng   ac- 

'.no,  la  agriculture,  and  tbe  ch     (  manii- 

•ooieas.    solrlts.    etc. 

nroent     U    administered     by     a     Ix.nl 

Lieutenant  appointed  by  tba  British  Crown. 

bet    wlih    a    privy    coancll    at    Dublin 

and  »  i^tary  tn  Parliament.       Irs- 

land  ta  r-pre»*ii''d   by   103  member*  la  Hat 

Hoax  of  Coe»mon>,  and    the  prerugc,    eon- 

aaMlttS   of    1TZ    ajemt-T*.    appoint*    turnty 

rich  I    tat"'  to    «lt     in     rhe 

Tb.    country    l«   divided 

lato  four  province*.   l'l»t»r,  Munster.   Letu- 

•i-r  and  Conaangtjt.  cal  Govern- 

-  '8  provision   an 
popaitarlr  :.<rlls  for  counties  and 

raral  districts.    These  roanella  are 
tor    ibr..    years   and    lake   Ibr  place  of  tbr 
old  grand    Juries  and  pTcaentrsrnt  as. 
Thr     pclDf  ' 

rich.  Loudoesdcrry  and  Waterford. 

Ta«"'  "   *"' 

eligible  for  i 1.  -'Ion  la  bonxsgh  and  r ity 

coonetls.      • 

Trade  xith  the  I  sited  .-rules  —  The  Talue 
of   rjaerehsndlse    Imported    Into    the 
Kingdom    from    th.-    i  nit  ■'■    ki«;.-i    f-r    the 
year   of   1*13   w  and  goods 

•     >-f    *■.•!»■•■..••'•••«  MO,    were    sent 
ikllfce.  110  In  favor 

'atea. 

British  Empire.     (Soo  Great  Britain  1 
British  Guiana: 

Boundarv  dispute  between  Great  Brit- 
ain  and  Vene-wla  reirarriinr. 

ea,    5£0<,    M71.    M16.    M73, 
5fi58.  6004,  COST.  8154. 
Arbitration  of.  HiH.uaaed.6S37.6580. 
Recora-arnded  by  President  C3av#- 

land.  6WM. 
Troatj-  for,  6154. 
Monrc»e  doetrine  reaaaerted  ami  at- 
titude of  L'eited  States  reaped- 
lar.discosaed  by  PreaiJeot  Cleva- 
laad.  6064.  6 
Tariff  late*  of.  evidence  of  morli8ca- 
tiona  of ,  twoelaimed,  56S8,  6381. 
DiBCtl-aMd,  574". 
British   Hudson*  Bay  Co.     (See   HuJ- 

»ons  Bay  Co.) 
British  North   America.     (8m  British 

America.) 
British  North  American  Fisheries.   (8ee 
KUherlea.) 


British  West  Indies: 

Employment  of  colored  laborers  from 

Lnited  Stales  in.  1678,  268X 
Tariff  laws  of,  evidence  of  modiflca- 
:i»  of,  proclaimed,  6688. 
Discussed,  5747. 
Vessels  from  Trinidad,  tonnage  doty 
oo,  suspended.  4889. 
Broad-S«al.— The  official  seal  of  a  state  or 
:,.-a'"n. 

Broad  Seal  War.— The  clerk  of  Middlesex 
:  .  SJ.  J.,  thxesr  a«|   Hie  .,>(-,  0f  South 
I  In  the  Congraalonal  election  of  IKiH 
on  account  of  dafects  la  Um  relurna.     The 
Demo  bat   tbe  Whit;  i 

■  I  .1  irecl  elei'ti-d   .'mil 
!•••  ■     iiinl-  :      Uka     broad     aeal     of    tile 
state.      Who  ■.'.    IBS", 

i be  House  I'uii.ini.ii  ii'.i  iieiuoeral  ma 
!  is  Whbxs  out  ild«  of  the 

■  no  Clerk  uf  lie-   House   refused 
lo  recogrdie  the  New  ilsps.     Ureal 

coafuslMii    followed.      Dec    5   John    ij 
Adams   traa  sleeted    .Spraker  pro   lempon. 
■  ',    after   much   nraoicltuir.   R.    Nl      i 
Ilrnlor.   of    Vlrrlala.    was   elecu-d    Speaker. 
Tbe     i  eonteataiita    were    nnully 

seated. 

BroaoJtlde.— I.  A  concerted  dlacbarre  of 
flre-aruw  or  eanoon.     '.'.  A  speech  or  a  com- 

m ii n |. -a Hon  arhlcli  1.  prmumed  to  have  «nat 

.-rr.-:- 1  en  oj 

Brooklyn    (N.   Y.),   Battle  of.-July   2. 

1770|  Oen.  Howa  arrlve.l  (l  ax  and 

took    p  of    siaieu    Island,    N     "i . 

H»  wiix  ...iiii  [oloed  hi  Hi  !iir,.i  1'iieton 
from  the  sontn  and  Adtnlrnl  Lord  Hone, 
bis  bn>tiiei.  f:.ini  Kngtoud,  t,  lib  n  rieei  and 
a    isnre    In  ii.  i    force        Bl     Aug.    1.   an. 

troops   had    lncre:i>..-d    Ihe    force 

undei  iinwe  to  n.-urij  ..H.iKiii.    lien.  Cbarlee 

I    ■  . idI   i   d    '■■'•■.     fori    the  rime  dny  that 

mi    arrlrrd     at     Smulj-    Hook.       Wash- 

Incton  placed  Boston  In   I    ItSIa  of  security 

nod    proceeded    to     Hie     lli.-lil.in.tx    .if    ihe 

iiinivoii,  :,n  Dalles    ibors   tfew   fork.    Tbe 

il  e<I  Atnerlenn  forces  numbered  about 

IT.'Miit.    under   the    Immediate  eomi 1   of 

William   Alexanderl 
iwho   had  Lee)     ud    l-mnnm. 

Aug  2L".  1T7*>,  Iii.immi  men  and  <0  ennnon 
were  landed  by  tbe  Btltlsh  on  Long  Islond 
Let  ween  ihe  present  Fort  RexoUTon  and 
•end  T-lllnui**-  American  troops  to 
tbe  Bomber  or  STooO  nader  suiiirnn  cuord- 
eil  a  rnnce  of  bills  extending  from  The 
Xarrowa  to  Jamaica  rlll»fe.  On  Ihe  titorn- 
|B0  uf  Anr.  "7  n  d»»|iernte  biillle  was 
silrlluij  waa  taken  prisoner  and 
m  was  forced  to  surrender.  The 
American  loas  wos  500  killed  and  sronnded 
and  1.100  made  prlsntisrs.  The  ItiliUli  loss 
was  34J7  killed,  wminded.  and  taken  pris- 
oners. Putnam's  division  of  the  army  was 
silently  withdrawn  by  Washington  under 
cover  of  a  foe  on  the  night  of  the  20th. 

Brooklyn,  The,  mentioned,  6317. 
Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  site  for  dry  dock  at, 
934. 

Brother  Jonathan. — A  general  name  ap- 
plied tn  the  people  of  tbe  United  States. 
Its  origin  la  said  to  be  as  follows:  General 
Washington  found  soon  after  having  taken 
land  of  the  Continental  army  that  It 
was  sadly  In  need  of  many  articles  Jona- 
than Trumbull,  the  elder,  at  that  time 
GoTnrnor  of  Connecticut,  was  a  friend  of 
Washing-ton  and  one  in  arfaoeS  Judgment 
Washington  bad  great  confidence  During 
a  consultation   on   the  state  of  tbo  army, 


Brown 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  /'residents 


U'aihlngton     auggealed     tlml     they     ■  •■omit 

Brother    J  imbull 

Thin     -  iinohull 

■  1  the   meant  o<    procuring   whnr    «n« 

deiirrd.     Tin-   itury  wim  mid   In    the  army. 

mill  ill.-   r.  ill  \    in  ii  demand  fur  any 

«»*     Invnrliilily     idvli  '"Brother 

limn."     Til.-  |.i  •  %■•■  rl>lnl 

iinil    b«    lived    '"    HM    BTI 

Brown's  Insurrection.— 1'mim:  the   w 

ii.  with  n   few  i 
■  :i   farm   lu    Maryland,  neai    it  nepers 

V   I         |  linn        V,  i     ii      ho 

rin»        !!.•    I  phin 

f  ill.-  ruii.de- 
.1    lUrnci      i    i  ii    In    which  over    I 
■Hani]  !■     lll»  oli- 

.  ire*,      sun- 
■lay    ■  ■  H 

■  ii     -."j     in.  ii,     -.-i*i-.|     iIm-    annOffJT. 

'I  he  cut.   irnlim  were 

i    I.    nuil    ill'  ■  ii.       It 

win  mi  iftet  inking  the  arm- 

nlin 

lo    rtee    and    (tehi     under 

plnn.  linir- 
. ■•.  .-r.  .H.l  '•■  1 1 1  .  in-  I  . .  ■  i  In-  1'.  n  ■  The 
mil  it  I  i  noticd  -  n.  i  -iirr..ini.l-.l  him. 

mi. I.  together  wlih  nome  murines  nml 

.-.I    ill i.i    nml    hl«   party    nft.-r  a 

l.-ll     bfl    -n  :i  ■■     I '■    I 

J. .tin   Brown 

ii. I  <<ii  I  lee.  J  ' 

.■,-i  ex- 

■  i'.  in.  in    in. ilili  ■!  i  hi-  imiv 

i    ■      en    t he    wort it    rim    ■  be    Etotnh. 
'■-■ii    Buchanan,    lo    bis   annual 

Sage.    December,     I"  iP,    '    ft !    '"I    'M*    lu- 
ll.hi       i    •     : 
encc*  in    1 1  (3484  .  i 

Mlu.lrMll.il-    •  ppo 

Brownstown  (Mich.),  Battloof.— i- 

Bovernoi    Ui  If       nf  Ohio 

Kruth   wlili   nun,  aatllf    i   prorleio 

ml   Hull,   who   i 
in.,    n  i  i  .mill       learning 

I....H-   ,.r   BrttUh   and   Indiana 
Mm:  Hi  wait  at  r.r  ..-.  ii.i.i  -..  M.   ii  :iu    mouth 
•  ■    Hilton    Rlvt-r.    i"    I rcepl    bl« 

fl  Major      Tin. null      B 

I wlili    HOT    men  Ohio 

regiment     to    net     na    na    »-   orl 

Kill. In    In    III.'    i|,  .iliii'l.  n    In    i 

i    hnd    ' 

i       wna       approaching 

-lull     ll      found     ItMI-lf 

l a    in,  ,  .,,1    u i in- -^ i    .  nrrotinded    i, 

.(,|.    v.iti,    i  hi    a 

ri  ..f  iin-  iv,ii  by  ii".  iniiiniiK. 
Brownsville.-  "u  the  Blfbl  of  '•■<-    :xi4, 
1000,  -i  i  lot 

ten  wn«  killed  and  mother 
wounded   end     he     ble(   of  polli  i 
Injun. I.      1 1  i      Hitler  feeling*  hoc! 

1 1 -  v  .'.-ii    i he    towua- 

uid  Che  soldiers  of  the  Twcntj  uftii 
Infantry    (colored),   ntm   Here  atntioni-il  'at 

llron  n.      .i.  ■  •    ill-    Hi »    .if 

Ian   ..i*  VVnr,  from  nine  to  lu 
in. -n  rruiii  n  bnttollnu  o(  ITO  formed  a    plnn 
of  it-vi  ople  of   the 

town  foi  - real   it  fancied  allghi      v 

-••cretly     left     Ihi 

Bred    through    •  leva    of     the 

with  Hii-  n-miit   noted  nboT«.     An  In- 

r.itlon  »»»  :n    ..".•■   ii.  i-iin   by  th«  In- 

apccinr-grneral,   who   reported  iimi    lie   waa 

rr.im    the 
troniia  thai  (hey  bod  nny  knowledgu  of  to* 

mi  receiving  thla  report  President  Boose- 

Ii'll         II      .  :  .  Ii- 1"     ill.  Ilili    ll    .?.      "W    'll.illl 

honor"  the  entire  battalion,  on  lb*  ground 


tbnl    there   had  teen    formed  a  •'consplracr 

•  Tcndera 
732».)      Hi-  assumed  thai  it  war.  Imp. 
m.-h   on    affray    %h..uld   hare   h*i 
wlthonl  ■■  l .  ii,-.-  ..f  ii   i, .ii 

linltnllon.      : 

■  il    by   hl« 
He    pawed    tvauli 
calling  f..r  nil  tka  facta  la  the  eaao.      Sen- 
ator  I.iiiU-ii  i  In-   rrcaldenl. 

»>b.  "...  1008,  a  •  ommltti t  the  rWoate. 

llfl.-r         Wll. 

"il ling  wnsitlle   wo 

"aotoe  of   the    •  I'u'ntj  fifth 

Infantry."      tPnge    7347.)       The    a.-ll 
tin-    I'lvKldiint    .,  Two 

■i.iii   o,-r»   Introduced   in   the    ■■' 

ihe  dlacharged  aoldlera  with 
hack  nny,  tad  I  h. 

I't. -nlil.nl        |i.  I  lull  I  inr 
»i|.h 

lilcnt    th»t    they    bad    mil     partlclpai- -. 
and  bad  mi  guilty  knowledge  of.  the  i 

lug  in  Browner!! 

".    ii. l,  mi     Rooeerelt    re«otnmcndnl    that 

Hind,    /inj-    anldliT-i    found     inniMvat    '■• 

ii  u<-  S»o»tnr  I^nlr* 

.i    Hi--    |»ri 
-.    i    liiHlate   the    « l .  na  an 

itltuttonul  "f  execuli', 

'y- 
Judge   II-  IY-I 

.■nit   i  miii  i   f..r  New   V  .  1»0(|. 

■ 
..r   Hi.-   ill-,  haifed 

action     won     legnl.     and     tbn 
authority  therefor  waa  found  In  tbi-  »i 
n(  war.     The  nrllun  waa  DTOllghl    under  aa 
■el    which    allnwa    (hi 
aued   In   i-rrtnln    caeca,  and  waa  t..  r 

..-lumenla  accruing  fr--iu  thr 
date   of    hla    illa,-han.-.'    In    Hi"    •■'»!    of   hli 
enllatment       The  coie  waa  «|i|ieal'd    I 
H  1 1 . i ,  im-  <"oart. 

Browngvlllc,  Tex.,  lilocka.le  of  port  of, 
removed  br  i  n.  MIT. 

Brunswick  Harbor.  Oa.,  improscmnet 
of,  r.-f.-rr.-l  to.  149Q. 

Brussels.  Belgium: 

Iiiti'iniil  iuiikI    GOOgTMR    at,    for  a 

tlon  uf  African  alavo  tra.lt-,  r»  1 7 1 , 
C543. 
International 

im. I    lu. lu 

-  inmi;-»ii»iier»     t> 
fi-rr.-il  In.  5400. 

International    Monetary    I'.iiif.  < 
nt.  hi  1802, 

Poal  ■'(,  iliaCO****!,  -" 

■    o       of.  tranamilti 
Universal     Km  .i      American 

exblbita  at,  diacuasi 
Bryce  Report  on  Belgian  Atrocttle*.— A 

i    l:n. -l|..;i  In-aded   hy 

-,T   llryci-    formerly  amlwia-:i 

.r.nt    llrltaln.    Ii 
gating  and  condrmlng  repoi 
iinin    iriHijia    In    r  -n     -f    ll.-lglua. 

nod   aftcrwnnla   di  i1: 

Hint     country     during     the     Ruropoaa     War 
hi    v.i.  Innl  oomm  '      ■  •    : 

ril.ii-   i  ipon  male  and  fematr 

cotnbatanCH. 

Buchanan,  Jamea.-- 1867-1861. 
Blglii.-.-iiiii  Admlnlatrartoi  <tlr. 

ii.  r lent     John  0.   Hrecklnrldce. 

I.i  iv  i>  I'oaa. 

J,  r.mlali  S.  Black. 


Encyclopedic  Index 


L  ik  liana  i 


try  of  tJh><  Tn 

Coht*. 

'  ir  y   «,/    U  ■ 

Joseph  Holt. 

Isaac  T..«r».y. 

. .'   Inlrritt 

Jacob  TV'iui 
Pott ■.'-'•  t<<   (j<«<n«J  - 

An  «& 

Horatio  King. 

jllfoi 

Kdwla   M 
Bacbanan  n<  elected  b«  ti  •  Democratic 

.I'lnunli.    J ii         -  •■      I 

•tdent  and  Jolia  C.    II 
iDriU  .'resident,     fierce,  Uoagfat, 

and    »"a«a    were    the    other    po*. 
candidates.     b«ti  ..a    ballou 

taken.  Baxaanan  always  Ii 

tWform. — The  platform   reiterated  many 
■f  ta*  ptatformi  of  ls*0  and 
ladudlag    aueh    topi  ~    at 

il  haisk  :  »■' 
has  the  aah-trca«ury  sy*f«o :  supporting  lb» 

lower:    and   objecting    to    fund 
(Irldloo*    upon    naiuialliaiiun.       To    IBM' 
■Ml'     xt'S  d 

:  contending  for  State 

■  sly  cm  the  aim  >o   nod 

:grvs*  la  Ifala  matter  ; 

tapfcaltc  annniiui-.Tii.-iii  to  State*  Iclghta. : 
a*jppe.rtlng  tbe  Monroe  Doctrine:  advocating 
the  riial.ll.hru.-iiU  by  govern  anal  > 
guod  comaaunlcatlca  Ui»i»-.  tin'  Aiiaatlc 
•ad  facia*  nam ;  aad  endorsing  the  ad- 
ministration    of    President    II.  1 1 

tnertcao    iKr^,. 

Moo.  betd  at   lTill*d»l- 

-".c!.   nominate    Millard 

•  nli'iii  and  Andrew  Jackson 

i  form 

itlrig    Ike  goiernmrnt   of   America   by 

Ara-etl.-onocra    eltUena :    refusal    to    accord 

oasce-li-  Idlng   right*  to  any    wtu>  i-, -Trailed 

in   potentate*  ;  ml-: 

cation    to    twenty  one    years:    oppovlug  auy 

Ii  aad  8«*l»* .  » 
agent   <.r  :iu  --v.  u  National 

ii     held  at    I" 

it  aad  Will 
lam  I.  Dayton  od  a  platform  upholding  tbe 

I ilbltlon    by 
«"ongTe>»  wlibln  il  .f  i"'iv"gamy 

-apathy    altli   Kun>»< 

derail  <it    ii      if  ••     "might 

make*     rljrii  waiullng    a 

transcontinental  railroad  :  acknowledging  the 

I'.atlesallty    of    tin-    Int.  rual    Improve- 

■SeBU 

f>.W  at  Baltlsi 

endoraed   tbe  aomlnn-  I  Ulasorc  and 

•on.  made  by  tbe  American  party  on  a 

riatfnrin  announcing  adbarenm    to   ii M 

time   Whig  dertrl  ofj  sectional 

aataconlMii  and  the  formntu.n  of  geoi 

Wal   parties:  asd  endorsing  tin-  aiTaalnlstra- 

•alar    vol..  I  Ihlrtv- 

one  State*  gave    Mu.rinnnn    l.tt.lK.lffli :    Pro- 
nioait.  1.3*1  241*  :  i.n.1  i  I     The 

mh.    IT*:    Premont.    ill      and    nn 

Partw  At  ii  hi*  early  enre.-r    in 

rbaaaa  ml.-il  wil  u-.a|. 

proving  of   tlv.   War  . 
It  a    patriot' •    duty    always    lo   defend    hi* 
eouatry.  and  ipokjt  of  lb*  war  at  "glorioua 


in   tn..  highest  degree  !<•  lb*  Amcrlraa  char- 

adBalBUtratl.in  "      Hurler    th-     era  of  food 
« li.-n     party    and    section*. 
.  .1  i  li.— -I j  .!....,  ii    ItucbniiBii      political 
vteWa     mill,  i  ...  in     a     change         111     l"! 
■faring    Adam*'    administration,    he    h-inm. 
one  of  Urn  Damn 
friend*    of    Hi-  i  Inn    who 

H -v.-     Sattooal     H    BUbllcatiH;    and    he 

•  t<  always  a  lea Iocs  sum  ueral 

Jark-.in 

■  :trnl  Cumplcslcm  of  Vonpn**.-la  la* 
Thirty  riftli  •  ..m- 

..  .i       ,   . 

;  'ana. 
and  live  Americans:  and  r] 
memlH-t*    uat   i_ 

' i. 

.-aii».     In     l  -;ith    CrHBIEieis     i 

l«il  ■    BBS 

III     I  '■  IU..-I 

six    B-i  iiliiii-iiiix.    and    two    Amerl 

1M1   Democrat!  ikant.  and  torea 

ty  .three   1ml 

Turtjf. — In  at*.' 
dent    Uurliaaan    In    bin    Inauxurnl    Addresa 
i!»eil)   said:     "ll   I*  beyond  all  qaca- 
n-i|.|-  ih.il  do  in. t.-  rvTeana 

ousbt    loli.  '     ii.iii    llu     ,■■;!>     limn 

■he  atunntii 

of  a  wise.  •  .mil  -tlii  l-nt  admlnls- 

■  ratk-n    .if     n--     t.  ■■• .  -t  tnn-iit V  us 

tuliia i l.iu   iisaln  i    .i    I'm -i  Ii  tile  ■    bram  b 
mr   lh«   -.■in  i. f    i.-i 

Kratenn*.     Indl'  I ■'■  .ould 

i    in    t!..-    real    ol    Ihi 
ntunlty    and    fBKila*l»t.ni    with    thai    »pitn 
Of    lalrn.'.ii    ami    eon  hi     to 

govern     In     the    ndjii«tiu-nt     of    n     r 
tnrlff."      In     h'.-  Mn-inil     M 

I  page  r'ur.L'i   ,ii  ■: 

he  said:     "In  regard  t-  th-  rnml-  ot 
Ing   ami    colloctlnil   iluii.-.    under    a    ati 

nee  tariff.   I  .!  and 

i  that  *onod  policy  re 

autre*  that  (his  should   tie  don- 
utle*  In  •»•••»  t.>  whl  in  i«    prop- 

•*ly    apnllil  Tf>-     |>re»-nt 

1*  a  atllrl 

dl*advantag-.       t  ndei     II.    wlnn    price*    are 

high  au.l  bn  ilntlea  rise 

In  amount  -.-.  bi     I 

tin  in-  contrary,  when  price*  fall  ami  ha  li 

struggling  Bg»ln«t  aU.  •  nr- 

dimlniih-.I   In  tin-  same  proporlloo.    urmlly 

Injary."      In  hl»   Pourlli   An 
Bag*.    Ipag, 
sald :       "An     Impression     strangely    -uoagti 

prvTolls  to  «.ir item    Hint    Mp, 

are    ii.  protective    rlutlev,        n 

•nn  ba  ilium    Great  Ifrltalo  Hiortea 

In    fr- 

from  Import*  It  nt  the  present  moment  -,l 
i.T..il    unil-r  «   «y*t*m  of  apaclflc  <l 
Foirion     Polifii  —  Domeatle     affairs     were 
I    durliiK     I"  'I'll  hi     Burba 
BdmlnlKtnHt.iti    'tun    the    foreign    polii 
been  ."    ■-  I.     I 

Inaugural    Ai  the    rn-*l- 

1  nliin  .mi   thai    ■ 

.     Iiv     Mi.      I     .11    ,1     Mm.  -     ii-.i  •     Ii— 11 

or   Ii)    11 

Impal f  il--  paople.  oerei  by  oanqiicat.    • 

war. 

Do    ii-lvantage    w*k    tahefl    M     l"'t     .-..ii'iu-i-d 
«tntc.    Inn    n    fnlr    prl.-e    us.    paid    <■•    h-r   for 

il ,l-,l    territory.     In  til*  Second  Annual 

he  ii .1111—-  Mi-  —n 

'.    IVrry  iivhit  with  Japan      In 

the   same    mesw  1  .-,  ■    th-   .llffer- 

enees  with  (Jr. at   Britain.  — millions  which 

"-    ..  1 1  Ii  in  lii-ui  11-nhanan 

of  th-  long  lUthdlnji  "riutit  *,f  -. 

tntrm<jl    /niproremrnls.  —  In    retolng    "An 

Oct  making  an   appropriation   for  deepening 

1  lair  flats.  In  the 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Buchanan 


stale  or  Mlcblran."  Ibe  President,  la  hi* 
•leSaajre  lpa*e  31*0)  clearly  eipresare 
bl*  views  upon  the  question :  "»  bit  a  vast 
•rid  would  til*  exercise  of  IhU  i 
for  Jot-blac  aad  eorrupiloa :  Member*  of 
C»HHH  from  an  boaeat  desire  (o  prostata 
tat  Interest  of  their  conatltaeau  would 
stracgle  f>'f  Itnprovi 'Oii'uu  » lihla  ihtlr  own 
'-».  and  lb*  body  lt»elf  mint  bk» 
•enty  be  o-.,n»erted  Into  an  arena  where  each 
endeavor  U>  obtain  froin  the  Treasury 
»k  mosey  a*  possible  for  bla  ova 
locality.  Tb«  trmptallnn  ' 
•Ui.r.le.  A  lyirem  of  -|oc-rollla£*  jl  know 
bo  a  .ml  %.<  cir.reasjve)  would  b*  Inaocur- 
at«d  nad«r  which  the  Tnawrr  wog'.d  b* 
exhaaatcd  and  the  l'ederal  Government 
would  b»  depiircd  ot  the  mesas  necraasry 
te  exeetile  tbea*  «r»*t  powers  clearly  coa- 
Ided  to  It  by  the  Cocutltutloa  for  Ibe  wr- 
as**  «f  pwitlan  the  lilnnli  and  vfndl- 
tills*  tb«  honor  of  tbe  country." 

"•'"i- lo  bU  Inaugural  Addr***  tpaxn 
S*3<  President  Uocbanaa  treats  the  whale 
••esUos  •{  slavery  aa  bola*  sett  ted  by  the 
rectus'  ibe  whole   Ter- 

rlWrtal  SjaeMlon."  be  aaya.  "being  Ihoe  ael- 
tied  seoa  lie  principle  of  popular  *ov»relcn- 
t»— a  pclnrinle  a*  ancient   ■<    free  s»»«m- 
avat  »••»•?— eriryiblnjc  of  a  practical  nature 
baa  Seea  declaVd."     This  I*  the  keynote  to 
oedml'a  acta  la  connection  wttb 
(Ml  •»>yei_     Ibe  ooaa  re.ir.5   noon  Con- 
pa.  aad  It  ««•  for  htm   lo  tarry  oat  the 
U.i  *kVb  Cesurxcss  bad  made  on  the  sub- 
btt.    There  was  no  option  In  hi*  ea*r. 
M  asat   tb.   CuettlluMoa  obliged   bUe    lo 
••.    The  Cettslstnre    of   bl*   administration 
-  the  hand*  of  the  pro-alavery  party. 
•id  rat  FiTwIdeiit'i    conduct    in    enforcing 
•alias  formulated  by  it-r.  m»te  It  appear 
•  tbxtt  be  mdorsed   rbelr  policy       .Veal- 
vat  HsiWaan  waa  appox-d  to  slave-; 

wlth  <*me«tloa*  for  eoneil- 

:    be  did   object   to  the 

of  unsympathetic  atoll  rloalsts 

affair*   of   other    State*.      He    say* 

IKJl  :      "But    thU    question    of   do- 

lUrery  b>  of  far  (rarer   Importance 

awr*    political    question,    because 

_  *xlt*tloa  coaileue  It  may  eventu- 

•aaiaser  ibe  personal  safety  of  a  large 

ewika  of  «-ar  conatryrors  wber     • 

gs»  exan.    Let  erery  t'nloa  kcrlac  men. 

•i    bl*   beat  Influence   to  sap. 

1*"*  ibU  aaitailon.  wblcb  *ine 

y*»U«o  if  Csasgreea  la  without  an; 

In    hi*  Third    Annual    He* 

the  President  makes  an 

•  I    to   bla    cownlrymcn    t.» 

Ibe  ancient    feeling*   of   mala*! 

"■aassaui  and  food  will  toward  each  other 

*a  Hrree  to  allay  the  ilemoa  apirtt  of  are- 

■"«<  talreij  aad   .irlfe    now  allre    la    Ibe 

"    Halle   he  warn*  the  peopie  of  rb« 

.i.troptlon    of  the  Valon.  wblcb 

•  lo  bellere  Impoaalbar.  yet   the 

_    ai   HariM-r*  Kerry  aeree  a*  lb* 

'  •  Itsaon  or  wbal  may  happen.     In 

Annaal    Meaaace    Ipuet 

annoqner*    that    ~The    lone- 

tntemDerale   lnterfereaer    of 

.  nrot>le   with    Ibe  ajoealtos   of 

uthern  sras.a  na*  ai  tenxih 

Pan  ad  |ta   ntluial    effect.      The   did 

■mv. .  Vnlon     are    now    arrayed 

i    other,    and    the    time   ha*   *r- 

•♦  BYark  dreaded  by  the  Father  of  hi* 

laav  -m»   (rocrai'hlral   parties 

'--»o  fortun)  t«y  woold 

■J*  t*r  ibe  Amrrtean  r-  •!«  ibe 

-tan  forever  aad  to  r<-«lore  peace 

nf  haravn  I    country  I 

«od  iber  alone,  ran  do  It.     All  ih»t  1* 

f—mn  lo  Kconiilirt  the  ob)eel.  aad  all 

ib-  »la»-   sui-«   bar*     rat  con- 

•ue  aad  aermltled  to 

■If  dnoaeallc  &>*^iuilnni  In   Ihelr 


L« 


•bl*  *»)r. 


ova  way>  Aa  aorereljcn  S!»l»«  they,  and 
they  alun",  are  reason*lbte  before  God  and 
the    o  iie    alatcry   Mlatloc   imuai 

them.      For    tbl*    lb*    people   of    Ibe    North 
.it  store  reaponafble  and  bar*  no  mora 
rurht  to  Interfere  than  with  almllar  Inslllu- 
iluoa   la    Ruaala   or   Ilraill."     Spcaklos   of 
.-.M.'ni"*    responsibility   and    duly    In 
Ibe  teremlae*.  be  *ay»:     "Afler  all.  b> 
mere  than  the  Chief  Kxecullrc  of  tbe  Gov- 
ernment.     HI*   proTinev  U  not  to  make  but 
lo  execute    lawn."      Kollowlnc   Soorh    Caro- 
llaa'a    ordinance    of    aereastcm    of    Dee.    20. 
18«0.  the  lYesldent  la  a  spertal  meaaafe  lo 
-•    trace   aiSOl    dweuaaed  tbe    rtshl 
of  any  State  to  aereda. 

Buclinan.  Jamas: 
Admiixion    of   aUtes   dlbeuaaed    and 

recommendations      of,      regarding, 

3033,  3080. 
Annaal  mcaaagoa  of,  206",  3028,  3033, 

313;. 
Biographical  sketch  of.  29*30. 
Constitutional   amendment   regarding 

ulaverv.  r.--.  <t- ir:i.- u- 1---1  hy,  31*59. 
Corrciipondencc  of,  while  minister  at 

:-«t*raburg,  referred  to,  3887. 
Correspondence  of,  with  Lewis  Caaa, 

raferTod  to.  3!XM. 
Cuba,    ii  of,   diaeaaawd   by, 

3040,  3060. 

Recommended  by,  3041   3092,  3173. 
Death  of,  announced  and  honors  to  bo 

paid  memory  of,  3862.  3863. 
Daties  on  vewr-U  of  Italy  suspended 
reclamation,  2824. 
tncea    discussed    by,   2D«7,   2088, 

3019,3052.  8078.  3MM,  3170. 
Foreign    policy    discussed    by,    2900, 

2998,  3037,  3041,  3060,  3089,  3092, 

3173.  3177. 
Inauguration,    aee    illustration    Oppo- 
site 2975. 
Instructions    to,    while    minister    to 

England,  regarding  free  ship*,  etc., 

ref.  i  110. 

Internal   improvements  discussed  by, 

ifonroe  doctrine  reasserted  by,  3043, 

3177. 
Official  conduct  of,  investigated,  3145, 
3150. 

•s  of,"  3073,  3130,  3138. 
Portrait  of,  2959. 

Powers  of  Federal  and.  state  govara- 
menta  discussed  by,  2062,  2981, 
3028,  3074,  30*4,  3130,  3139,  3145, 
815i  113,3180. 

Proclamatioas  of — 

Day  for  voting  on  adoption  ot  cods 

f  Columbia,  3021. 
Duties    on    vessels    of    Italy    sus- 
pended, 3022. 
Extraordinary  session  of  Senate,  to 
act   upon    Executive   eommanica- 
.  3026,  30H1.  3150,  3203. 
Military  expedition  to  Nicaragua, 

3027. 
BebeUion  in  Utah,  3024. 


Buchanan  Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


I'ni.-.t..    hi.    against    procc-iling*     of 
House     01      S  prOMBtsUtYea,    "3145, 

.l.,n. 

--ion  diacua* -.1  by.  3I5B,  3186. 

i»te,  2319. 

SI*  i.y.  2962.  2081,  3023, 

- 
8utc   of    Ihe    i  by, 

op., 

•  ulent    for 
oration  of  bills  d-.tKUMod  by,  295W, 

V.  i.i  messages  of — 

Decpoaing  channel   »  lair 

Flats,    r.'«»oni   for  applying 

jni.lt,  I    I  • 
Donating  lands  for  benefit  of  agri- 

.•. ■»,  31174. 
Relief  of — 

....  3138. 
Horkmlay  &   I  1201. 

Removal  of  obi  MUaaiS1 

Mppi    Btl  ir.  r.-ar.tins  for  appl 
poil. 

Securing    bomi  -  tends    to    settler*, 

3139. 
Transportation    of    mail    from    8t. 

Joseph.   Mo.,   I..    I'lu   it.  ill.-.   .  'ill  , 

reasons  f.>r  api  lying  poekot  veto, 

Buck.  Toe.  Niton  of.  nnd  claims  aris- 
ing ..-.it  of,  4111,  fllnS,  B847,  5673, 

Award  in  case  of,  3673. 
Bucket-Stop.-  •.  :  in  stocks. 

,l,     .    i.i.i.    i, i. III..     !!:■  'null', 

bucket  ibopa  prot  oafer 

ojf  ii  re 
uldlng  plar.-    where 

if  Hi,,  innr 
Buckeye  State. — Tbt   nickname   gli 

■  tracfc*r<    tree  w»*  indig- 

i.i   t In-  noil,   nn.l    wns  found    In 
Innct     throughout     the    state.       IBM 

Bucks  Stove  Obm.— in  August,  mo-,  tiic 

llueks    Store    nuil    Bai 

i i-  broagBl  rjrooeedlngi  In  tin 

of    ibe    1'i-m   t  of   Col 
the  oOcers  of   Hi>'     Inn',     in.    I'" 

lo   enjoin    tbetn   from   conducting   a 

iimi    ibe     .  neern  wa*  on   the  "unfair"     mul 
\V.    .]...,- r  pal    nnlso"    lists    published    ill     III" 
in        Tli. 
e«ked   for  was   I 

plea  tlinl  tli"  ii'MM-  "f  Hi" 

Injunction   were  iii-inn  vi-dat.-d  • 

1    Of    I  I    »er»  brought    III 

Ha  mm 

".itton   of   Ijii~ii  :   J.iii'i  »b  ■• 

i        i.i .hi      .m.l    Frank    Morrison,    acCTpiarj 
right,   "f   Hi"   Supremo   i',,uri    <-r 

ii,,.    I  1 1 -.  i :  I.  I    ,,f    .',.  urn!, lii     Ii,  f.,."    ulnilil    III" 

nw  •  decided  lb  «bnt 

Hi,,    def.  ml  i.  ::illts         Mr     Con 

«!•      ..-Ii'.    II,  ,  ,1      |0     "I HI  llil||-  I"    Hill'  III. 

•  n,|   M.  •■'<.    Mil II   and    Minn.-. ,ii    in  nine 

in,,,. in.  iml  sl»  month*,  re 

admitted   lo  hull  nn.l  the  caw  wa*  ap- 
pealed to  the  Court  of  Appeal*  of  tbe  Die- 


■  labia.     Thin  tribunal  lo  a  dcarl- 

•  i"ii  '.»,    affltun  " 

Irl.t 

in   appeal   wn*   then    taken 

Ualea, 
win.  ii   ..ii    Miv    i  Iowa  • 

i,l,  noting  tbe 

case,    n  1th   '  einjit 

w1tb- 

f  tu» 
r  Hi,-  iiisii  I. '   ..I  r„iiini>ii 

,n|, in  wa*  I  hut  ' 
against  the  labor  union  officer*  we*  for  eltll 

mil  Id   I-    [iimlabi-d  only    by 

inii'ii    'iini' in    r,.n    lb"  penalty   fur  criminal 
i  int.  iiiul   ibervfoi  not  a  l»jcel 

»n-lil  •  im '  M  i-an**" 

of  Organised   labor  <ould  be  enjoined  ui    at 
lacked  legally,  becnow  org."  ,i   I*  a 

nation,   and.  »•  aucb.  relb.ii 
of    Individuals.       II    »l~,    . 
Hi,-    fni-t    Hint    l.-cal    proaeculloe    co«ld    be 
.it   lb"  mil  i  -at  at 

i .,,   ,,'n,    i-    .i  .  iff.) 

Buckshot  War.— The  election  In  Philadel- 
phia 0  -.  era*  of  cnoatdcraMe  to- 
hinged    tb" 
trol    of  the   legislature   which  na  to  e|e,i 
a   rnlie.l   Stui.-»  Senator.     The   Deooi. 
ilnt<  .    f.T    tli.-    l"k-l- :*lure  -., 

tied.      The    Democratic 
return     Judge*     I  hereupon     rest 
Whig  '  ilmlng    fm  id.       Tbe    Whig 

to    both     tli-lr    <  ongn-iadoaal    and    Ughlt 

,ndldai»«.  and   II  ta  were  ae- 

Whig    secretary    of    stale. 

1 1,-,-,    t,   1838.  thi  lag  of 

in,,    leglala 

aeta  of  ii'iii,  -i  nit*  met  at  llnrrleborg.    The 
.    which    wns    Whir,    met    and    ad- 

■ 
in,  i  in  Hi"  home  1 1  *-•«.  iJl'.'.i.    The 
ic   mf^p^pj 

nod    tried    without    ■  -IT*-* -t     to    obtain    fed- 
eral  ni.l.      The    Den rntle   houae    win  ree- 

'.    reitinrk   mnde   d.irlM 

,;  !-|    ,.t    I  In-   .  I.  II,  Ii..  •  •   am 

would  feel  ii,  -  effect  of  "ball  and  buekahot 
night,"    guv*   the  eplKOdo    thn  nam* 

uf      111.-      IIii.-KmIhiI       V,  .,  i' 

Buckshot    War.    documents    regarding, 

ir.iii:iiuii,"i,  1724,  1729, 
Bncktails. — A  name   applied   to  tbe  Tam- 
many I    New    York   Oly    from  the 
fact   tb.it    '  the  urcacliatloa 
worn  buck'*  tall*  In  their  hat*  a*  a  badge 

■  i     .f    ii    f,  ilber,       II.'Iwi-.ti    mi2    and 
11*28     ill-  nere     anil  i'llnt,.inn 

',,rk  Uemocrata.     Tli.r  Wei.    II,, 
Tlcoroua   opponent*  of  rilnioa's    ranal   pat- 
Icy  fro  .  ,ii  in   IM7.  and  the  naibc 

win    Inter  appllrd   to  all   who  opposed   this 
policy   tlirougli"iit   the   Btatex 

Buena  VUta  (Mexico),  BattU  of.— Attar 
'  *   hi*   army  bad  be.  ,,   Gen. 
'I    ■  lor,   a  lib    leea    i 
n    moat  I)    raw  militia.  wa»  attack. 

■ 

',     Ki'h.     22,     I-  i;        Taylor     It  i rent-bra 

I    Ang«i»<iira, 

mini    trml- 

In  Sun   Lulu    potoal, 

. 
vt.i.   -.ii- i„. nil... i  I,,    ik« 

Amerlriiua  being  but  4  men  wounded,  while 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Bulgaria 


the  enemy  lost  more  than  300  killed  nnd 
wounded.  Fighting  was  renewed  at  dawn 
of  the  23d  and  continued  until  sunset.  The 
Mexicans  retired  during  the  night  lo  Agua 
Nueva.  The  American  Ions  In  killed. 
wounded  and  missing  amounted  to  745  :  that 
of  the  Mexicans  upward  of  2.000.  Jeffer- 
son Davis  In  this  battle  commanded  a 
Mississippi  regiment  as  Its  colonel,  and 
saved  the  army  by  receiving  the  charge 
of  the  Mexican  lancers.  Hla  troops  were 
formed  In  the  shape  of  a  V.  (See  Illus- 
tration opposite  2121.) 

Buena  Vista,  Mexico: 

Battle  of,  referred  to,  2385. 

Mutiny  in  camp  of,  referred  to,  2443. 
Buenos  Ayres  (see  also  Argentine  Re- 
public): 

Convention  with,  ratified,  7672. 

Diplomatic  relations  with,  discussed, 
2116. 

Imprisonment  of  American    citizens 
in,  632. 

Independence  of,  asserted,  612,  627. 

Minister  of  United  States  in,  returns, 
1171. 

Revolution  in,  2702. 

War  with  Brazil — 
Peace  concluded,  977. 
Questions  between  United  States  and 
Brazil  growing  out  of,  929,  901. 
Buffalo  (N.  T.),  Destruction  of.— During 
the  winter  of  1813  the  British  regained 
Forts  George  and  Niagara.  The  British 
and  Indians,  under  the  command  of  Lieut.- 
Gen.  Drummond.  MaJ.-Gen.  Klall,  nnd  Col. 
Murray,  overran  and  laid  waste  the  valley 
of  the  Niagara  and  pressed  hard  upon  Buf- 
falo. Gen.  Amos  Hall  succeeded  Gen.  Me- 
Clure  at  Buffalo  Dec.  20.  In  the  command 
of  2.000  badly  organized  American  troops. 
On  the  night  of  l>ec.  29  Itlnll  crossed  the 
river  at  Black  Bock  with  J.450  men.  largely 
regulars,  nnd  a  body  of  Indians.  At  night 
of  the  enemy  800  of  Hall's  troops  deserted. 
He.  however,  made  a  gallant  defense  with 
the  Chautauqua  troops  and  Canadian  refu- 
gees until  he  was  forced  to  retreat,  keep- 
ing the  enemv  In  check  nnd  covering  'be 
flight  of  the  Inhabitants.  The  British  nnd 
Indians  took  possession  of  Buffalo  nnd  pro- 
ceeded to  burn,  plunder,  nnd  massacre. 
Onlv  4  buildings  were  left  standing  In  the 
town  nnd  only  I  at  Black  Bock. 
Buffalo  In  1815.  (Sec  illustration  oppo- 
site 553. 
Buffalo,    Pan-American    Exposition    at, 

6382,  6436. 
Buffalo  Exposition.    (See  Pan-American 

Exposition.) 
Bugle. — An  Instrument  used  by  military 
forces  for  sounding  various  Order*. 
Building  and  Loan  Associations.— Cor- 
porations organized  primarily  to  enable 
persons  of  limited  menus  In  secure  homes. 
and.  secondarily,  to  enable  sueh  persons  In 

fmt  aside  a  certain  llxcd  sum  at  stated 
ntervals.  80  that  the  investment  may  In- 
safe  and  remunerative.  In  the  beginning 
the  home-bulldlng  or  home-lm.vlnc  fund 
came  entirely  from  the  periodic  payments 
of  the  members  (shareholders!.  At  present 
prepaid,  full-paid  and  permanent  shares  are 
sold  by  the  association,  payable  In  full  or 
In  large  part  on  subscription.  Speclnl  de- 
posits In  any  amount  are  received.  Shares 
partly  paid  are  brought  to  their  par  value 


by  adding  to  payments  made  dividends  ap- 
portioned thereto.  Special  deposits  are  gen- 
erally withdrawable  by  the  depositor  at. 
pleasure.  Installment  shares  and  prepaid 
shares  remain  in  until  they  reach  their  par 
value.  Kull-pald  shares  remain  in  a  cer- 
tain fixed  time.  Permanent  shares  remain 
In  until  the  dissolution  of  the  corporation. 
These  associations  came  Into  existence  In 
Kngland  nearly  100  years  ago,  but  were  not 
made  the  subjeet  of  legislative  enactment 
until  1836.  The  first  association  estab- 
lished In  the  I.'nlted  States  was  the  Oxford 
Provident  Building  Association,  of  Frank- 
ford.  Pn.,  organized  In  1831.  There  are 
according  to  the  official  report  made  to  the 
National  League  of  Building  Associations.  In 
1911.  In  the  United  States  5.809  associa- 
tions with  assets  of  Jil31.807.175.  The  es- 
timated membership  la  2.169.893. 
Building  and  Loan  Associations,  report 

on,  transmitted,  5909. 
Buildings,  Public: 

Acts    for    erection    of,    vetoed,    dis- 
cussed, 5553.  • 
Architects  for,  authority  for  employ- 
ing, referred  to,  2954. 
At   Washington   destroyed   Vy   Great 

Britain,  530. 
Commission    appointed   to   determine 
extent  of  security  of,  against   firo 
referred  to,  4432. 
Construction  of — 
Recommended,  4577. 
Referred  to,   399,  436,   1483,   1911, 
2281. 
Expenditures  for,  985. 

Discussed,  4197. 
Heating  and  ventilating  referred  to, 

3110,3112. 
Illustrations  of  the  principal  govern- 
mental,   ami     most     important    in 
Washington,  D.  ('.     (See  the  frontis- 
pieces of  various  Volumes.) 
Improvement  of,  recommended,  831. 
Bulgaria.  —  Bulgaria     Is    an    Independent 
kingdom    In    the    northeast    of    the    Balkan 
Peninsula,    bounded    on    the    north    by    Ru- 
mania,   on    the    south    by    Turkey    and    the 
Aegean  Sea,  on  Ihe  east  by   the  Black   Sea, 
and  on  the  wesl  by  Servla  and  Greece. 

1'hliniral  Feature*. — The  Balkan  range 
runs  parallel  with  the  Danube.  about  sixty 
miles  to  the  north.  Tbe  Khodopc  mountains 
extend  along  the  southern  boundary  of  F.nst- 
eru  Uitiuclin.  The  western  portion  of  Itnl 
giirin  Isoeenpleil  by  extensive  plateaus  which 
conned    the  Balkan  and   Kliodnpc  ranges. 

All  the  rivers  of  Northern  Bulgaria  rise 
In  the  Balkans  nnd  flow  northwards  Into  the 
l>anube.    the    fall    being    often    precipitous. 

ARKA    AND    POPULATION 

A  ren  Popula- 
Provincca                     in  Square     tion  in 

Miles  1010 

Burgas 4,570  3.5I.500 

Kiustendil Ijcii  231.833. 

Plevna 2,!l.",7  3Aii,XIM 

Philipjiopolis 3.007  447.300 

Kuatehlik 2.0  IS  400,300 

Shumla 2.310  282.001 

8"li" 3.734  4X1, MS 

Stara-XaRora 4.0'!.-,  442,000 

Tirnovo 2.!IM>  448,197 

Varna 3,-1x5  320,012 

Vidin     1.701  237,571 

Vratin 2.R0O  312.400 

Total "      371202    4,337,818 


Bulgaria 


tessagcs  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Bulgarian.   ■    language    of    tbe   Slavoalc 

.  ■ .  . 
lliiloiu. — The     Bulgarian     kingdom     was 
originally    fi.nciil.ii    in  nth   century 

liy  ah  inciirnlou  up  lluljcxnt  across  the  liau- 
ubc.   and    < hi- 1 r   rvitl'iDcnt   In    a  dliln 
tli.-    II- nun    iByiantloci    Empire       ,\i    tbe 
riot*  a!  tbe  fourteenth  it  kingdom 

frii   node*    Tin'   sway   of   the   Turku,    iron 
who-o  dominion   Bulgaria  wna  separated  by 
a    Rteti.no   and    Berlin 

p     after      an     an I     revolt     against 

iilxmlr.    innnv  heroic  engag.  • 
marking    the    con.  ugglc.     The 

Treaty  of  Berlin  (JalJ    IS,   i-:-,     i  ml 
I'riiiclptllU     of     Bulgaria     n<    a     trllniixr.i 
State    nf    ;  in    ism; 

war   broke    out    between    Bulgaria    ami    her 

political     uiiinii 
of  Eisteru    Burnetii    'i"l    lliilv-.i "l  1 

ii.  i.  :,,  1008,  Hi-  iiriiii-iiiiii.i.i  i.f  Called 
Bulgaria  wna  declared  an  Independent  king- 
dom,  and    < In  r   deolan d   him- 

K>!f   T-iir    (Klngi    "f    '!"■    I'  ' 

Independence  «i  !  bj  nil  Um 

U  il.ni..  t.i  'I'm  L  y 

lining  rapllnllxrri   and    tlie  annual  pavimiil* 

cllcd.     In   1912   ltuli:nrin    i  In  conjuac- 

tlun  with  Si-nin.   Montenegro,  and  Cli 

alntl    ill.-   in  touiau    Ki 

■  ir   wan    prosecuted    with    the    mmiot 

vlg.»r   and  the   town  of  Adrlinople  and  oil 

Thrace   ti>  lb*    Knoa-Mldla   line    fell   to  the 

rlian.  of  Bulgaria  at   in..  Treats  of  London 

u    mi:-.,  i.i.:.-iii. ■!•  with   parti  of 

Macedonia   to   the   treat   of  Bulgaria       But 

...nil    war    of    Bulgaria    agnln-;' 
former  n!:|.  :     who  wei      aided  by    lininanla. 

0.  1S13I.  by  which  llulgarlj   i.n«  it* 
iniii-li  1  ex(en«!oii. 

a  pari  of  bW  foi  lory   lo  Run 

Turkey    alio    took   advantage   of    i    ilgarli 
dlfflriililet   and    reoccuplcd   Adrlanopu 
the   adjaeenl    termor]  i    Balkan 

\."nr  ..r    101 
\  ('.institutional  mor.n 

In:,  illl.-i.  I      In      I'm-     male      l.ni-     Of     1      I 

elected   by   lb     population  and  con- 
firmed by  tbc  Subllm-   l"oi  ■   with    U 
unt    of    the     rower-  The    Constltuilim 

»-»k  mi.. pi, .1   April   20,   L8T9l 

rdlnaod    I       (Ferdinand   Mnxl- 

nillau  '  'li.ii-i..*  I  nf  Siix- 

' 

The  I  l    con- 

slits   of  21  i    for   30,000 

liiiinbltnni'i.  elected  by  direct  manhood  rat- 

frags  fur  n  maximum  iliiiniloii  Of  four  years. 

Certain  mailer*  are  ri  .i/ved  for-  tin-  '.mmf 

Bobranjc,  which  U  almllarlv  elected   lwb*a 

>.ii   il..iiinoilii   uiih   twlee  tin-  number 

of  repr ntatlvca.    There  ...-.-  .l.-iinriin.-ntal 

courts  and  court*  nf  appeal  iSofle,  Rual 
clink,,  and  I'lullpponoiui  The  supreme 
eniirt  of  anneal  la  the  Court  of  faeaatlon 
at    Sniii  ilinnirnednns   and 

Jewi  have  speclnl  spiritual  ,-nni-i-   for  fam- 
ily   law   and  the  law  of   Inhcrlm- 

Service  In  the  Army  la  universal  and 
compulsory   on   nil    maleH   between    rl: 

■  and  10,  The  Pence  Effective  la  ri  >  1 1 
ofOcera,  .'i-l  n:i7  other*.  War  KffectlTe.  Kleld 
Army.  27:,  iiiH);  Territorial  Army.  5f>  noo. 

Production  ana  Iwluttri/ — Ore!  70  per 
e<iit.  of  the  population  lire  by  agriculture, 
and  mure  than  ntn-  Ihln!  of  the  llllnl  : 
ili  r  eultlrntlnn.  one  ihlr.l  being  woods  and 
foreita  and  the  remainder  barren  mountain. 
Tim  principal  crop  la  wheat,  but  win. 

i,  »llk,  cotton,  ami  rice  are  also  lnrgelv 
.■ttcd,  while  attar  of  roses  I*  prodii.-ea 
In  large  quantities  from  the  rose  fields  of 
the  .h.llerecl  inlleya.  Bulgarian  homscrmns 
and  embroidery  are  unrivalled  In  their  vi 
cellence  but  auffer  from  the  competition  of 
heap  and  Inferior  Import!  from  Europe. 


R*Htc4u:— In  1012  tliere  were  S.O0O  kllo- 
.    of    railway    open,    nil    U-kiuclng   to 
Hi.,   -•'late,    with    ■   10    .  i1 

Traic  erMIA  •*,  The  ralue 

of  in.  '  d  Into  Bulgaria  ftoa 

the   t  in.. I   statei    for   tbc   year    1013   •■< 

Ji»::.V-«».  and  gooda  to  the  vain.-  of  $i«n.- 
&37   wi  r— a   bajiu.-e  ol 

eos  lo  fa.  tarn. 

Bulearia: 

Diplomatic    relations   witb.  ostabliah 

went  of,  recommo: 
Maoaaera  '•■   1  arks  in,  referred  to, 
,.   .. 

Bull  Moose.— An  emblem  of  too  Frocraaire 

Bull  Bun  (Va.),  Battle  of,  or  Fir*t  Bat- 
tle Of  Maaaasaa.— Kvr  the  donbte  purpuae 
nf  menacing  Washington  uml  |.i.i.nilng 
nn  advance  of  the  Federal  troops  lai  . 

the  Confe  I  ng  iiw  « 

,,;   lM.i   eiiiiectcd  a  nil 
the     viiiiiliy     of     MaUBSs-as    Jtinctlna.     V«. 

poelilon   was  33   nillei   souihw. 

Lngton.       rh*.    troops  -nt.i.-d 

aforecnaeal 

1   .1  irlng  i  he   lint  He,   n  ■ 

..ii'iiHirnl    of 
senior   officer     Gen     J.    K.    Juhnmon,   after 
Iil»  arrival   on   (he   field,   did   not   take  the 

command      Tl ggregate   fere*  of 

I  in. hi    aoldlera    In   a  nil  I    gti.u 

was   3t,10( ii.       Until      r. .nn,.   rrerr   i-oro- 

Sin.v-il,     ol    uml  tileera, 

.egao 
a  general   forward  movemi  ilia. 

Scott  ndrl'..  rorcejl 

In         better        |"  ■  ■ 

i.m      bla     wnrnlug     was  dlaregan1  .1 
Federal  army  wh-.  divided 

•  .on    nn  ii    ..  lino- 

yon   to  guard   the  approo-i 

lin-r    i  illvi.i..ii«.  aggrrgatltK 

r.'Hi    men.     .,  r  fyler. 

Hunter,    II  .  adraau-esi 

lo   Bull   Hun,   n    nn,-  -  itoaaac 

RlYer       i.. .. i    30   mile*    from    nnnhlanoa, 

on   the    w  ij    i  . 

er'a  ami  11  1  ibe 

run    July    -.'l    and    attacked    Hie    ■ 

nto   left,  slowly    forcing   It    buck.      Benure- 

tnrd's   armr.    win  n    the   nei  eua- 

.       .f     Mli..-ll     -.  I  000    nv;.  lie 

■I   Intervals  during  the  day 
l.v    8,000    men     under    Jo»n 
been   encamped   bo   the  BIu'ii.hi.i  .-ih    ( 
uml  ■■:  Inn    ,.i  lih  the  mniii   ami 

was   thouglil     n-oiild    b  Gea 

;lo»ed 

'.I     It  I        nlrb       IS.UKJO     Bel,         Be 

and     I    i.'.-loek    In    the  af>r 
■ 

;  ii.i.i  of  Johnston's  nn>». 
nnder  Oen.  KIrby  Smith,  nr rived  and  fell 
upon  the  Federal*    forcing  This 

attack  wiim  followed  i 

1...  uml   the    federal   i  nae  a 

rout.  Men  threw  nwiiy  their  nrtr-«  and 
equipment*    at  llllery   lion  ,  from 

i  hell   i  '■■"■  a   n  ad 
road:  soldiers,  civilians,  an 
era  Bed   panic  stricken   to* 
afnol     axlrl 

tre.i'iiu-  .trine  .mil  f..;:  bed  Weak, 

Ington  July  L':i      The  vnsna 
He      were:      Federal     i.  ■■>••»— killed.     4>-i 
wounded,      I  in  I        niNnlruir.      1.210:      torsi. 
2.70*         I'onri- h.rii..      lo-«.-v— killed, 

13;    meal.    ■ 
TIiIh    bnitl.  Ural    very    Important 

m.ni  of  rh*  war.     (Sec  also  arove- 
\Ihiipi»«»«   <Vn.j,  or 
Bull  Run,  Second  Battle  of.) 


Eneychfedtc  Index 


Bureau 


Bullion. — Cold,  silver,  or  ether  metal*  en 
bum,  c«   undefined  state.   >•  dUUaatslabed 
from  coin. 
BaQlOB  8Ut«.— A    nlckaame   lor   MUaourl 

■  |  atMi  Stale*.) 

Banco*}  be.— To  talk  hi.ticxnt*  l«  to  »p»ak 

ret  oa  person*   at    «    it  stance,   wltk- 

u»  audience   present.    The 

l*n*»  originated  war  Ihr  cles*  of  tile  dV- 

Wi»  ••  tk*    famous    "Xluomrt    (Jaestlosi, 

■ogreae.  It  wb> 
imln  I  •  l  \\  nlk-r.  n  MTl*  OM  BMHUlfBln- 
•  no  resided  at  W»yn*»vHt*.  In  Hay- 
«va*\  •  •r**'m  county  of  North  Carolina. 
ant  tk*  border  of  (a*  adjsivot  county 
-I   B*eeee»b*.    which    was    In    Mb    district. 

rii  j-ritiemsn  roae  to  apeak  wh;>- 

Ueao*  »■»  impstketly   r»llln*  ~Q»t*< 

sae  arrtret  nembvra  gathered  arouDd  Dim. 

kn*I  kin  (o  dealal.      lie  p"**v*T*d.  bow- 

inrlijt  thai   th*  people 

••xpeetrd  It.    and    that    he 

•tittt  to  make  *  apoeeh  for  Buncombe. 

Bake  HID.  or  Breads  Hill   (Maw). 
BUIkl  of.— After  tbe  battle*  of  l>xla«u» 
lal  C-Juvrd  the    British    force  nadcr 
Coer  roa  larreasrd  to  10.000  men  by  the 

-I  «f  <;«aer»»>  Ilowe.  Ollntoo,  and 
&T»  fran  KaujUnd.  Tbeee  offlrer*  occu- 
lt Ik*  town  or  Bottoa.  on  a  peninsula 
•thadsji  Into  lb*  baiter.  On  th*  SOT- 
**»Bu  hill*  were  eocamprd  *oin*  20.000 
eaSMptuvd  Amerleaa*.  «'n  the  night  of 
>ne  In,  ibeni    uml 

fanwstt  were  *»nt    '  Hunker  Hill, 

i    lying  nnnci   .-f   Boa- 
Ma.    TV. 

i.  ar  Boston,  and  threw 

7*f  fortiaea>l"ii'-      In 
Ira,   about  a.oon   (possibly  3.SO0V 
■faa   rroand    tb*    harbor    Id    boat*    and 
"•una  lb*  hill,   which,    a-at  defended   by 

of   row    r- 
*"»»  Ikre*  bloody  ehnrcaa  the  Am' 

•,-n     froro     tli.lr    poalllOD,     bjvlng 
:.«    and 
■  ■••■*•  ammunition  » 
it     TV-  ■  ■••    wi*    si 

'W  ef  lb*  Amerx-'n"  Blioot  -l.'O.  Including 

•    bat- 
"•skew  r  of  killed  and  wounded 

»kn  •  an  no  per  eent  of  the 


ii  anions  the 
Mwtle»t  battles  known  ''•<■<■ 

Waantafi^r  ibr—  day*'  flghtloc.  the  Tnlon 
Ml  per  cent  of 
'    •   ht  at  Boat  I  in  an 

■mitt 
Bating. — A  collective  mass  of  flaRo.  espe- 

ea  thipa. 
ssrcBArdaam.-A  terns  of  reproach  apply- 
■  tadlsevft  ottcraaen  *t  poMtleal  pro- 
•rtrn,  due  to  the  unfortunate  reference  by 
bimad  Bamuel  Dickinson  Run-hard  to  the 
NtHTatle  Party  *•  a  party  of  -Bum. 
••aiaUm  Md  Rebellion"  (o.  r.  I . 
BerMO. — From  th*  meaning  In  iieneral  use. 
MBily,  a  pltrc  whet*  huitneu  1*  trana- 
arM,— the  word  "liureaa"  hn*  come  lata 
a*t  u  deacrlptlTa  of  a  dopartmrnt  of  the 
t«r«rn**oi.  like  the  I:  ..hicatlon. 

Nnaa  of  encrarlax  mad  Prlntlr.r.  etc. 

of  Account*.  Stata  Dapartmaat. 

Barraa  of  Accouat*  w*«  flr*l  or«aa- 

t^•    r<^a.!'.,.rmrnt    of    th*   Deoirt- 

It  direct,  the  flnan- 

^'partment.  control*  all   It*  r»- 

:ilur»*.  and  «inerr1«^*  tt» 

mta,      |B«*    But*    Depart- 


Bureau  of  Animal  Industry.  (Sae  Ani- 
mal Induitrjr,  Bureau  of.) 

Bureau  of  Biological  Surrey.  (Sa«  Bio- 
lofr/ical  Survey,  Bureau  Off.) 

Buraau  of  Caemlslry.  (Sec  Chcmiitrr, 
Bureau  of.) 

Bureau    of    Construction    and    Bopalr. 

Nary  Departmaat.— ThUboren-1  plni  tba 
u  of  new  vcawl*  and  of  neeraaary 

chane**  oa   old   «-«•!«.   both    tbooe 

ami  t..    •!■  nti'i.-r  contract  In  private  yard*. 

r    Hi    >upervl*lon    c-jme    «' 
•tructloa  ol 

alrcnafL     It  maintain*  a  «utt  whlrh 
Irally    eiamlon    all    ablp*    of    i 

Navy     for    repair*    and    alteration*. 

RBrj  .  Nary  Ivpiirttuent.i 

Bureau  of  Corporation*.  Ii  rail- 

ing Corporationi   under   article   Com- 
m.  -in.  nt.) 

Bureau  of  Crop  Estlmitos.     (S.-o  Crop 

Eatlmataa,  Bureau  of.) 
Bureau  Of  Education.  — (See  Interior  De- 
partment aad  Education,  Bureau  of.)  Pro- 
ii  waa  made  tor  a  Comm!«»lon*r  of 
IMurntlon  by  cnnclnient  approved  March  2. 
1807.  lie  I*  appointed  by  th*  Prraldeat.  by 
and  with  tin-  cnaxeat  of  the  s.-uate.  and  hla 
yearly  oalary  In  tO.OOO.  lie  adolnliter* 
..Hecllon  of  fact*  and 
•tatl*tlc*    abowlnx    thn   caaM  •  ilu<»- 

tlon  In  tin-  varloae  Bl  (llTviiea  »tich 

nliin  iinini  i  n  •  .rina  tlon.  particularly  Infor- 
mation concerning  the  orgaiiltatlon  and  tin- 
maaaeement  nf  »eh.»<l>.  and  methods  of 
tearhlac  a?  *liall  promote  tho  cauaa  nf  ..In 

catlaa  throuthoi-t  the  i itry.    The  Iturvau 

of   Bdncatlon  al»o   laanea    imlletlnH   oa    the 

'  Ion    In    tho 
■  advance  of  technical 
and  Industrial  education,  aad  on  tin-  i 
m»ot  and  *nfot- 

lance  I««m.     Tl" 
n  h*«  cfiarxe  of  the  education.  »tirill"rt. 
and      medical     condition     ot     tho     Alaakan 
aatlvaa. 

In  addition,  thp  Bureau  nf  ^duration 
aervea  i«  a  kind  of  education  clearlnit-houao 
for  the  country,  It  ndvlne*  educational  au- 
tborltlc*  in  all  localltln.  and  maintains  a 
corp*  of  experta  who**  wrvlr.a  are  avatlaMe 
for  all  manner  of  edurnllnnal  in»Mi  il 
XBot  tli"  Doreaa  coo  further — It  encourage* 
to  tho  limit  of  IM  ablllt*  what  *eem  to  It  to 
be  riealrabla  tr*nd»  In  i-dui-ntlon,  na  tin-  pay- 
saent  nf  mm»  adei  to  teachera: 

and  the  eataMlabment  of  public  (cfaool  ava 
tern*  organltcd  Into  alx  year*  of  primary 
nnd  «!x  year*  of  Mcondary  education  fthe 
•o-called  "Slx-and-alx  plan'').  Instead  of  the 
■  isry  syitem  of  eight  years  of  primary 
and  four  yeara  of  secondary  education. 
•  ommlwdoner  of  Kdiicatlnn  alao  paya 
particular  attention  to  the  encouragement 
ucntton  after  the  atudent  ban  left 
•feeol.  ami  »upporta  this  endeavor  extfB- 
alvcly  bv  the  promotloa  of  the  e«tabll"hm»nt 
of  country  Hbrnrlc*.  He  lo«necta.  »urvev« 
nnd  (trade*  colleges,  nnlversltle*.  and  pro- 
fessional schools:  and  ln-l»«  in 
Ing  and  modcrnlxlng  school  plnnta  and 
provtaton  for  school  sanitation.  In  rec-nt 
yesrs  tlie  Bureau  bus  expundod  much  of  Its 
enerrv  In  the  srltnnliitlnti  and  nnrtnltatlon 
of  lndn«tr1al  education  and  education  for 
home-mnl.-'nc:  In  the  enconrsgement  of  gar- 
dening: and  In  the  general  Imnrovement  of 
argro  eiluratlnn.  It  Is  actively  helplne  to 
•stnbllsb  new  klnderrartens  and  to  make 
more  avallabl*  the  various  opportunities  for 


Bureau 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


■'ilif-ation   In  lt»  hem*.     It  nlio  la  eo-oper- 
•     .  •     rlim-nt*  ill   the  (ion-ru- 

n, .hi  -tin]  wltt  i iii  ■  anil 

welfare   oritanliatinnn   in    promoting 

..in-  at  ion  for  .-Itln-nsblp.  better  facilities  for 

anlslnc    lmuiieruiUi 

nmi  in  extendus;  nuthi  act 

Bureau  of  Entomology.     (Sec  Entomol- 

ot) 
Bureau  of  Fisheries,     i 
Bureau  of  Foreign  and  Domestic  Com- 
mere*,      Commerca     Department.— Tim 

Ins  the 
Ilea  ami  functions  of  the   Bureau  <if 

Stiitl-i 

i  ci r  Unnnfaotur tea  •nh-Seed- 

mrnti.     It  1»  ebiirg.il   with  'irseo. 

in-nl      'in. I     .1.  ".  i  lupiui  nl       if     I! ti I 

manufacture  t*  both  at  immt  and 

I  u.   *upervl>.«.   nnd  dlstrl- 

i-    (fin    Hi.-    10   c i.i.  ulol    at 

I     1M    t-ouiim  i  ■  nt*    of    the 

I'm. in-  well  n*  tiie  trade  reports  of 

I  nltcd  State*  consuls  i  q.  v  i.  It  pro- 
vide* .  Iciil  information  which 
«lll     enable     American     man  ami 

merchant     to  Ini     i  i    pltal  ■■•nd  with  the 

It  also   Inucs   nu- 
ll..-nil.-  kiati.ii.-i  ..(  txnorts,  ami  ranoi 

[■rodm-tloii  In  vHi-Miii  lii'ln-irl.  .. 
'I  ■•■■■    I. in  -   in       i    porta  ami  .  :  .  I    com- 

mercial condition*  nlm  to  be  conatructlve  *o 
veil  n*  Informing,  and  for  tMn  p  irpo      II 

liaa    dlvlil.-il    ilu     i-imutrj     hit mimerrlal 

tcli    -  I    ■-■.- ! - 1 . ■ : i    i>r-    lilra    an 
of    lli<-     Moreno.       is-ce    Commerce: 
Commerce  Di'pnrtnu-nt,) 

Bureau  of  Immigration.     (8eo  Commis- 
sioner of  Immigration.) 
Butmu  of  Insular  Affairs.    (&«  Ini 

Affairs,  Bureau  of.) 
Bureau  of  Investigations.   Department 
of  Justice. —  I'lil*  bureau  aids  tu  detecting 
Violation  of  Fcdernl  Inwa.  among  wblch  mar 
be  mi  o  i  -ini  White  gum  Act 

<o.   t.i,    tiii.   ajsti-trnai    tat  i.    tin. 

United    Bti •    Neutrality    lain    (see   Wen- 

tmlltyi,    the    Itnnlcruptey   acta    In.    ri. 
tbc  acta  prohibiting  pei  na  :c       rh*  Hurean, 
through    lt»    dtrlalon    .r    accountant"     an- 
force*    the    national    tanking    law*.   iDTeatl- 
rm.-s   tnnll  fr.iml 

henkrni  i. ■>■  enactments      Another  division  i« 

inliui   ion  nl 

d    State*   roiirt   olli.  i  i  ;■      I. ml:      into 

i la,    and    In- 

ilea    the   chnrncti-r*   of  applicant-    for 

appointments.    (8w  luatto  i  nt.) 

Bureau  of  Labor  Statistics.     (See  Com- 
missioner  of   Labor   Statist  icO 
Bureau    of   Lighthouses.      (Son    Light- 

li'.iues.) 
Bureau  of  Medicine  and  Surgery.  Navy 
Department.      >  be  & 

ii  ..r  i  in-  Surireon-reflera?  of  the  Navy. 
It    la   cbam-d    with    auperrlslon    orcr    the 
rmilth  nnil  unitary  condition*  of  tin- 
Natal  Siailoiix   In.  T.I.  -'""I   Naral    Kit 

■  ..  It  maintain*  naral  lioapltal*.  a 
tarsi  medical  achool.  and  ho«pltnl  and  men 
leal  corpa.      <8ee  Navy.  N:,.i    Deparl nl  i 

Bureau  of  Naturalisation.     (8og   Com- 

ralsaioncT  of  Naturalisation.) 
Bureau  Of  Navigation,   Commerce  De- 
partment.- A    Itiin.no   of    Nnvl-.-nil.m   wa* 
cuii*iltutc-d  In  the  Treasury  Departon t| 


1881.  traa*ferr«l  I     lb*  D  r-aMmcnt  of  Cets- 
mcrrv  and  l.al»r  wluo  thai  i|  was 

it,  and  w-a* 

tincot    of    Labor 
was  separate  ."hi-  Itun-ac 

iniu 

'-  commercial  soarua* 
nmi  nu-rehanl  inui.-u  of  thi-  I~Dlt..l  Stat., 
i.i.-r    « 

Coo 
mlaaloner  of  Navigation  decides  all  ojacaTJona 

Inc  to  earl 
Cation,  nnd  prep  r  .-  nnd  [m  ;i*hca  aoouallr 
»  lint  ,  ,-*ael»  in  tbn  cvinjaarr 

rial  marine,  with  full  data  I'.otii.     Hi 

H  nf  ifr  Uwm  of  «a«l- 
cntluu  and  rcrouimcnd*  sew  law*  wbei. 
II'  1*  appoint- 
Ilia  Prcaldai  I   with   th*>  eoe>. 

.»l^rr   I*    • 
nnt    Marine:    Commerce  Depart- 

Bureau   of  Navigation,  Navy  Depart 

rjient.  -uu    U    clamed    with     the 

tunnnlns  of  all  reaiela  In  the  Nary,  and  the 

which    b--  na"   of 

•ho  conduct*   the    Naval   'I-  Hon* 

Naral  Station*  i  ami  the  Naral  Oe*err- 

|i|.     v.l.       'I'hri.uu-li     tin.     11.' 

ii      in  iii.-  Nary,  and  it  «u 

i-       thr 

,i,iii    ,,r    tin.    s-v.-ii    Hi  if    th" 

■  i-hment  and  the  nilmlnlitrnt|..Q  of  the 
viii-l-  a  Diets  Into  whir 

ill » Idi'd    or  tin-  w«r- 

fure   In   the    Wni  -i.    T.I    and   el*e- 

iitni    .ii    ttu    nnTiii    serrtfe    trade 

..■ll.ml  ,    -   .   ■  S       . 

Narl^i.  ( 

Bureau  of  Ordnance,  Navy  Department. 

>     eh  a  rue  of  the  conntmctleo 

•  urn  of  nil  i  "WTjer. 

tarpedoe        mlin  oiber 

of      iriln ii  It 

sbo  mnnnri     the  L'olted  Sr»t.»  Naval  rsnn 
.»l    Torpedo    Station 
(8oe  Navy  Department :  Nary.) 

Bnrenn  of  Pensions.    (See  Pc=*:.ons  aatl 

Interior  Departm...  I 
Bureau  of  Plant  Industry.     fSeo  Plant 

industry,  Burcnu  of.i 
Burcftti  of  Soils.  (8ee  Soils,  Bnrean  of.) 
Bureau  of  Standards.  Commerce  De- 
partment.— Thi.-.  bureau  I*  charted  with 
munition  nf  nil  m-innor  .  f  *tnrilnrd« 
of  monturements.  of  nuullty.  nnd  of  mev ban- 
leal   performance  .in-l  practice,   to    th.it 

Uu 
WaKtiltuttori,  which  are  In  tin  -if  the 

I'll. •    Hiir.-.-iw  /,!--..-.    -mltli 

the  aolutton  of  probl.-.< 

•  -itln-r  for  lbs  Covi-rt  in-  nt.  a  »i;ite.  a 
rite,  it  no-  nn  In 

nlted  Btatea.  nlthonch  It  chanrea  a  fee 
for  biii-Ii  "I'liio-,  escept  that  readarad  t.-  lha 
Uorernment  or  to  nnv  Smt-,  It  •erem  a* 
a    t.-»tlne   bnrenn   for    nil    covornmentat   d>^ 

Snvnta    .-t     '.'  It.     »■ 

llvlded  Into  einmlnntlon*  of  *tnortiird>  fall- 
ing iimli-r  I'.-  foiinwlne  dlvhlo-n*  1. 
Welu- 1  I  and  tber- 
momotry:  3  l-:i.  •  -n ".<  it.  :  I  l.lu"  t  ar.il  eplt- 
■  ■  ii  Instrument  "-.  riiemHtrr  :  (l.  Riic 
inc.  reacareh  snd  teatlns:  7.  Mcuilunrr:  8. 
Ilaneous  materials.    The  Bureau  la  ad- 


EncyiUfcdic  Index 


mlnl«tcr-d  oy  a  Director,  whose  yearly  sal- 
try  It  K.WV. 

Bureau  of  Steam  Engineering.  Kitt 
Department. — This  Imr-a  i  p".ia»  *:i  rr*- 
chlnery  repair*  to  United  State*  *•*-'.-.  lii 
lino  ha*  chare*,  of  IB*  m*«_iv?j  ■■  -—  *' 
the  United  State*  Navy  Yard-.  '.:  -  .----l.:.- 
u  enirlnevrlnR  *tati«-n  at  \\a-L.r..:t.r_  it 
•to  innpeet*  the  radio  r;-I;t.-i:  &:  Sit 
1'nlted  State*  nevai  stati ■*•  BM  *•**  ••* 
•utlnn*.  examine  *n::ineer-.B2  civr.j.':-! 
tn  the  Navy  Yar<l«  and  •  n  t» — .-.  *a-.  !  '-* 

rharee  of  oilier  -nein-vric;  «'::-:• >— 

Navy;  Navy  Department:  Natl,  stit..;.*.; 

BstMn  of  the  Census.    (See  G*s.re».' 
Bantu  of  War  Bisk   Insurance. — Tie 
km  of  War  Itl-k  In«uran  ■•  wa-  -.r-std 

«•  September  2.  1!'14.  in  ArtVr  f  £»-:-! 
rommrrce  In  American  t***«!«  ar.4  :■  sriit 
*or  risk  lni-nrance.  hat  n -t  car  ;•.:=.  la-  :r- 
ano>.  nn  tlic  hull*  or  on  t'.e  eirj-—»  •  f 
inrrlnn  ve»*el*.  From  tr.»  'r-at:  r.  •■  f  :'  * 
''Ml  to  Novemr-r  17.  li'l'i.  :t  '  ••!  •■*--'. 
LN  pollcle*.  amounti-)?  t>  MCSW. ".«T. 
It  had  to  cover  lo**e-  ani'"''iar!r.j  !  ■  **.-*:. 
*MjW  from  which  there  wa«  oMali-!  -a:- 
"ir  of  |i!l.0."»r..S7.  1-avin.r  to  t?.-  B:r-..a 
surlne  thU  period  n  *-irp:at  -f  ir-=.:-:=« 
or«T  lnwe«  of  *2.::r,7.«.-.7.7::.  T'\-  I:  :r-a  :  :< 
under  the  aupervlslon  of  the  Tr.a«-:rv  !•*• 
nartnwit  ig.  t.i. 

Bb«b  of  Tarda  and  Docks.  Navy  Do- 

ptrtatnt— The  Bureau  of  Yard-  led  I">«» 
"tartana  the  rotted  State*  nary  yard*. 
JJO  Matlonn,  dry  docks,  and  ot:..  r  navi: 
fftf.l  and  nlso  ba*  control  ev-r  t*.e  oon- 
vtmpuon  of  naval  ho*pitr*.l*  and  n*.val  >■*.*- 
"*.  (See  NaTT  iN-partmeDt :  Nary:  Navy 
R»Hom;  Xayy  Yards.) 

I      tewaeracy.— A    government    conducted 
taraoan   tlie    Instrumentality    of   !»:reai« : 
■*•  »ed  to   characterise  l'..-  oflSee-liolJVr* 
•o  ronductlnc  the  government. 
tout  Com  Creek  (Ala.),  Battle  of  — 

*•  t  result  of  TecUBiaVlTa  efT-rl*  to  In- 
**»  til  the  Southern  Indian*  to  j--In  in  a 
JJf  of  extermination  agaln-i  th-  whit--*. 
■»  Creek*  were  divided  Into  !»•■  fai-tioa* 
r°*for  war.  the  other  for  |.ea<-.  la  1>1;S 
"<»r  UcQiu'on.  a  half-l-re^l  of  Tullatiun- 
■».  one  of  the  leader*  of  tlo-  w::r  Pirty. 
**l  f>;rnl*hi'd  hy  IlrltNh  air**nts  a'  !Vn,*a- 
J»a  with  lnrtr<-  ouantitle^  ■*  »npp!i- «.  ••o- 
wr  doerton  of  tne  Spanish  vviTh^r.  On 
nnlncof  ibla  Col.  Jame*  «'al!>r.  of  \V:i-!i- 
■ttna.  w-t  out  July  23.  MS,  to  ,||.....r.» 
J*  Intllaua  McQueen  had  eolle*'ted  :n.'!  in- 
yrrepted  thp  auppli>'fl.  i'»n  the  ii.-»rii)::ir  "f 
•olj  Ti  Caller's  command.  Inereaw-d  hy  re- 
*trorr«aienl}i  to  1!><I  men.  <ame  up-»n  Me- 
jfwa't  party  at  their  oainp  on  Burnt 
Corn  Creek.  The  Indiana  were  tuirpfi*'  d 
>"d  Bed  Into  the  wood*,  leavlm:  tli-ir  pa-  k 
Jonwi  to  the  white*.  They  *.*.n  ri-tnnied, 
"•erer.  and  nereely  attaeked  1"bi  ..f  Call- 
•r'l  Ben.  Overwhelinliiir  nuinl»-r*  ei.in- 
WM  Caller'*  men  to  retreat  after  a  hr.:ve 
|HI«tanee.  Two  of  t'alh-r'a  couimaud  were 
bur!  and  15  wounded. 

■OT  Conspiracy. — In  eon«equenee  of 
JWt  dnel  with  nnmtlton.  In  wliPh  the 
•Wet  met  bla  death.  Burr  was-  lii.lleied  Id 
**  York  and  New  Jersey  for  murder. 
!*>»  llluHtratlon  nppo*lte  4SB.I  II"  Went 
•at  tad  made  an  ext»'iis|ve  tc»'ir.  in  tle» 
JJJra*  of  w''loli  he  made  preparation* 
£f  a  fflsantlc  hut  niv*t'"rlou*  .elH-ine. 
>M  ml  object  of  this  la  unknown.  It  wa* 
*aer  to  aepnrote  tbe  Ml«»lsslppl  Valley 
"»■  the  rent  of  the  Union  and  erect  It 
■a*  t  new  nation,  or  to  conquer  Mexico. 


la  15-'«  fc«  ri:t*?rt  *  t~Vr  of  rf--f.-=« 
p*r».U  s:-  .:  t.z.  -:  '.  *-i—!-l  f->r  tie  --• 
f.  -  i  1-Xi*  -:•:-.•  j  •  r.  a  <-:=:::zs 
•  i;-i;-:-.i.  •:•-:-:•.  .••"•r«;  i>>...:-l  a 
l.-...as_t-:  iv,»W-.-:->«a;w  J-::.- 
:ij  "-  i;-..-.  -  !•:•:  -  ,.  srr -:-a!  :y 
liSTTH^t  -,::-:.  -r  •:--.  ■«.*«.  V5rj-.SU.. 
aij  ;li:-.:-:-1  ::.-  :•  :;.  .  t  :  [•■■'.  S:  :■*  tira^l 
Jury  f  r  :r-i.~.--  i-  :  r  a  wSMttt 
t»awi    ■.  z.    t-.y    •-    ,r»-   1-    .-*.  vl^j    wir    Wtt«9 

-.i..*  ..— .L:ry     s  a  fr.,i  :.y   i..-.  s ;  V.:   :: 

vo  t  ;— i  :i.-:  »:■--:  -  .M  :.*  V  *i.  va 
:,.  t.v,  ^.1  ;re.»  :.  •  -  .:.*!*-_.  »s..:c*t  :he 
uii'.y  -f  11*  -.•  ;t:r>.  H.  w?«  ;.•»  -..:-..-!  of 
:rii*..i  f  r  w..i:  f  .';r;-'.!  •  a.  •  -  •>  f-'i'-- 
=r-  --f  ;5*  .t:S  -  r-  .:••-•  '••  A::::-.  3. 
»-'■:::.  S.  ■-:»-.«*  1  -f  :!.*  •'  ■-.. -:!:•.:  1.. a:  he 
w.t  s:~-  s  v  !■--*  f-r  =.:»!■  =....i  r.  He 
w;«  '.-:-■:  •-.*?  •  •  ;r-*r.t  t:r..*f:f  f.r  trial 
la  f*\\':  *•'".  ■*-  ::  .""•  r  »?*  ■■■**«* J  no 
ftirh-r.  ««^-  ••;  r.-:«>  •!  :r-'  ia  :!.:*  *.*a+3l« 
wi«  H-.rr..-.a  B:-J;t-rt***t".  rti  m  si*.' 
arT*«t-.-S.  '■;•  w!.>  w-.«  .!!*.-t:irse.!  after 
B-.:-r'»  a.*5::ttj:.  At.  zz  •':.  witn***** 
fct:r.«t  Burr  w.  •»  «;-a  vV:1k!a*v£.  *cn>. 
=:*;•;•.-  ••?  t"  *  l'::'-l  ?:s:-«  aru.y.  and 
<■■  =,-!•■?.  T-:t-::;.  .f  :!.  aavy.  Wash- 
iSiCtua  Irr:r.s  vs.  ..a-:-  «.f  L.>  atumeyv. 

Burr  Conspiracy: 

M-_::,r..-i  !  y  Prr*"f:.rit.  3M. 
Pre  :an.a'  ■■•!   a.-ai:.«t.  3?i. 
Pr-.T-s*  •■!'.  4  •'. 

Bnsliwliacklng. — A  term  wbica  came  into 
-:s*  ij-.r:!.'  •*.••  rivil  War  a*  lnd!cs:ias 
!rre_— .!sr  wirf-r--.  ;-.;r:I  -.lariy  t^.at  of  rij!:t- 
'.Tis  Jr-  -  '  •  L!r..l  !:-:.-.-. — and  therefor-  from 
any  y.idir.?  ;.:a«. 

Business  P-e  also  Anti-trust  law.  Mo- 
nr-l  ••■':--.  t/on.ii.eree.  Trusts.  Ineor- 
;o-ri:iv!.*.  Iii'v.netion*.  Interstate 
«;V.:!.mrrce.  Mai-U'aetures'  : 

A'lvat.taees  of  Cbamhers  of  Com- 
iner-e.  »»::«. 

Antaoon:-m  of  government  c-DJed. 
7914. 

Caj-ital.   foreipn   en:i!f.vrr."!:t   of.  -i:s- 

■  uss.-.l.  741".. 

'"onditions   in    Pr.-cn:l"  r.    1SJ«\   74  4>». 
'.'otniitiobs  Of,  si.nui.i  !■••  !■<•*:  ^ossli^.e. 

f'o-oj  ••ration  ln'c-cssnry  in.  *>ci\. 
t'ost      :ii:«l      eeoi.(*!nv      tiot      prowrlv 

s?u.li..l.   7-«7". 
Cre-lit  extension  mvo**.-.ry,  R«*>, 
•*rO|i   of   1!«i".  eff.-.t    of.   r.!i,   7".  I!. 
I)i|-ar;ii.i  nt    of    A>;rii-u'.::;r.-'s    U:i'.:i- 

OI:«*e    Oli.    7.:7|. 

lli-i.or.—ty    in.   ili-nnulieoij,   714'\ 
Kxiort.    e.-iitrol    of,    liy    e*>Vi-:!.llli-lit. 

■  iurini;  K:iro!«-:in  War.  ^'.'••\. 
Foreiirn,     inii.ort.iiice     of     fo.st.-ring, 

7^74. 

fioveriiinciit  V  assistance  to.  *!.".l. 

Goveriiiiieiit  su|'<Tvision  over  l>ig 
l>usine*s.  liriieiits  of,  7079. 

Ilamperi'il  liv  uncertainty  of  anti- 
trust  law,  '791  ii. 

Importance  of  diplomatic  scrvieo  to, 
7421. 

Incorporation,   Koiloral — 

Arftumeiits.   against,   refuted,   7456. 


Business 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Constitutionality       of,      discussed, 

7457. 
Discussed   and   recommended, 

Interference  with,  8038. 

Investigation  of  industrial  companies 
l>\  Department  of  Justice,  recom- 
mended by  PrwUrat  Tuft,  7403. 

Legislation  on  abuses  of,  should  >»■ 
ended  and  existing  statutes  en- 
force. I,  I 

Men  should  be  relieved  of  uncer- 
tainties, 7910. 

Monopolies,  attempted,  more  failure* 
iii.in  mceum  i",  I 

Not  to  lie  kept  in  suspense,  7871. 

Price-fixing  during  European  War, 
8311. 

Profits  and  patriotism  should  not  lie 
mentioned  in  the  same  breath,  8312. 

Programme  of  regulation  of,  by  63d 
Congress  commended,  8015. 

Restraint    of  jgaJ    or    illegal 

according    to    extent    of    monopoly 
and   methods,   7450. 

Risk  of  trade  a  legitimate  charge 
upon    society,    7036. 

Safe    mnxim    for,   1083, 

Shippers '  right  to  choose  transfer 
routi  -  ■<>    gooda,  7-M8. 

Trads  agreements,  encouragement   of, 
7345. 
Butter,  act  defining  and  imposing  tax 

on,  and   regulating   ouanxkeinn  of 

oleomargarine,  discussed,  4992. 
Butter,  Cheese,  and  Condensed  Milk.— 

Or  the  8.479  establishments  la  the  it  In- 
dustry  in   the   Called    States  la   1909   50.4 
■  lit    reported  butter  x»  their  product  of 

chief  value.    42    per    cent      el »".    and    1.8 

■'•\  milk.     Of  the  value  of 

Sroducta  abown  for  th*  combined  Industry 
he  butter  factories  contributed  f  IfM.fliiu,. 
108.  or  71  per  rent  :  tbe  cheese  factorlea 
*44  2K3.177.  or  10,1  per  cent.:  and  the 
condensed  milk  factories  035,206,843,  or 
12.0  per  rent.  Tin-  combined  production  of 
butter  In  tbe  factories  and  on  farms  In 
Colled  Stales  amounied  t.>  l.fllD.4; 
pound*,  an  Increase  of  127,M62.081  pound*. 
or  8.6  per  cent.,  over  the  production  In  1889. 
Tho  quantity  of  cheese  produced  In  the 
United  state*  In  the  factories  of  IBs  Indus 
try  ami  mi  fnrm*  during  1900  amounted  to 
-32.181  pounds,  an  Increase  of  33,187.- 
B39  pounda.  or  7.4  per  cent.,  over  the  pro- 
dii.tl.iu  in  lftOO. 


In  the  quantity  of  butler  manefaetored 
In  tbe  factorlea  of  the  industry,  there  wis 
an  Increase  of  2Oi.uas.I07  pounds,  or    4h  t 

Kir   rant.,    during    the    decade    180*- 1*0* 
lucoosln  nuked  first  In  II 
butter   in    1000.    with    10J.> 

;ot*     was     second,     with     88.S I 
pounds;  and  low*  waa  third,  with  8L 
1*7  pounds      A II  bongo   tbe  manufacture  of 
butter  was  reported  from  43  state*  In  1909. 
lb*  combined   product    it   r.Ix  states — wia- 
d,   Minnesota,    Iowa,   XV*    York,   Cali- 
fornia   and    Mini  can      am    uu  ling    ti 
002.143    pounds,    represented    64    per    cent 

•i  I  led  figure*  for  the  combined  Indus 
try  In  tbe  leading  states  follow : 


Malta 


«i"".n*iO 

New  V 

If)»B 

Minnnsota.  - . 

Michigan 

Pcnnaylv:uiu». 

nia     . 

Ohio 

Vclmolil    

Nebraska... . 

Washttii 
K*n»i. 

n     . .  . . . 
Indians       . . 
Miasooi 
(tout*  Dakota 

Colorado. 

I'lal. . . 
Maim 

Cmied  State*. 


Number 

.(  i  :..,!,- 

Wsamaaai 


6,479 


Value  ol 

tntam 


ITT.fttT.Tl> 
ttMAMi 

sg»a 

I7.7V8J7S 
1I.2S7.4P* 
13.M4.C05 

U'?l-l-7. 

*  nfcin 

8.112J39 

7.171 .047 
|\j09OuSM 

4.030.403 

:.'i:.S.I.X 
MSB.*]*. 

».3».7« 
I.97I.03I 

i,aotjnti 


(374.tt7.71K 


100.0 


Condensed  milk  show*  an  Incrcaa*  la 
production  for  the  decade  1S09-1901)  aaouat- 
Ing    lo  is.   or   104.7   per 

cent.  The  bulk  -if  this  imidui-t  was  re- 
ported by  a  small  number  of  state*.  New 
York  produced  24.4  per  cent,  of  tbe  total 
quantity  in  r.u'iO.  Illlnola  23.1  per  cent., 
and    Wnahlnglon    10  S   per   cent.,    the    com- 

I. il    output   of    these    three    states    rcpre- 

..•  98. 4  per  cent.     (See  also  Dairying 
and  Cattle   Knifing.) 

Buttorfleld,    Carlos    It    Co,    claim    of 

against  Denmark  for  seinire  of  tke 

nm    franklin    and    Catterine    .4a- 

ryusfd,  4462.  5369. 

Agreement  to  submit  to  arbitration, 

sua 

Award  of  arbitrator.  5545. 
By  Chance,  claim  for,  adjusted,  3464. 
By-Law.—  A  rule  laid  down  for  tbe  regula- 
tion of  a  legislative  body. 


Encyclopedic  Index 


California 


abiL— Originally  sard  U  tie  rtia  *  HSms 
•  &*rl-s     l\     t-eeaan-     of    latrffa*    charred 
-.  fire  svo.  Hi*  mm* -»  of  il««  ■  ■■« 
tbr  w«<rd.—  nasselj.  CTJffsrd.  AlUo, 
Chaos.  Arlington,  aad  La **iid*li     U 
i  politics  lb*  wsed  baMMWWM 
racy  to  achlere  prlrate  rad*  at  tb* 
of  the  Goreraixuflt. 

neatly,  a  body  •»  »— ill 
composed  of  bnib  o*  depart- 
i  c  lo  a  prlrau  room  or  cabsaet. 
la  lb*  1'cited  States  ia«  term  la  applied 
lo  the  council  romiwod  of  Ik*  hand*  of 
some  of  to*  Kxeeotlr*  lM*jartm*nt»  of  th* 
Corereornt.  with  no-cm  the  llnMia!  eoa- 
f»r»  oa  matter*  of  admlnietratlrr  policy. 
Their  meeting  •  *  adn-r.  of  tb*  Praatdeet 
u  unknown  to  lav  or  tbr  Coattltatlea  aad 
tbelr  .occlusions  bat*  BO  blndlEC  force 
Tbc  Constitution  does  not  prorid*  Bar  a 
Cabinet,  but  It  authorise*  to*  Prcstdeat  to 
i  ra  th*  opinion  la  writing  of  to* 
principal  ottrer  lo  each  of  tbc  Kxeeotlre 
Departments  upon  u;  ■abyect  reistinr  to 
dots**    of  -pert]**    odsers.- 

Ington    required    anrb    opinions    fre- 
i    OBsrers    reeerre   a   yearly 
of  I12.000.      .See  Suit  nepartmeat. 
ry     Department.     War     Department. 
_.iDrpartti.'  T3c*  lvjurttn-nt, 

Ivparttoeot.  interior  Department, 
intralcnre  Department.  Commerce  Depart- 
■M.  Labor  Department.) 

(stag**  bar*  taken  place  la  tar  method 

taranC  aad   tb*  Cabin*   la  bow  r»c*rd*d 

"uWiImj  board  wlib  whlrh  tbr  Prea- 

•kM  bold*    regular    eoo»nriatlooa     Proa 

M*C  merely    tbr    hearta   of   tar    Exrcatrre 

l">*iun*wt*   rrrtain    of   lit    a»  cabers    bar* 

art*  b»  recognised  at  an  **a>n«tal  part 

0*  Owrernatrnt      is**  tiso  Presidential 

and  Administration.) 


OcVlal    conduct    of,    complimented. 
Ml 

ftaav-Pacifie  cable.,  M*3,  6719.   (8e« 

ha*  Ocean  Cables.) 

ftiio  IndUna.     (Sco  Indian  Tribes.) 

ftalU.il  prlratc  la  tar  arm*  preparing  to 

■r  a    coeunlMloa:   a    atndcnt  fa  a 

•specially  TTcat  Point,  pr*- 

f"Ht  for  Ibr  rank  of  officer :  alto  a  candl- 

•a  »ir  admiMlna  aa  cadet  oa  th*  nomine* 

ba  rf  i         ■  I    Slates 

laaiai.  or  ■  H  l;r  act 

stftama*  In  IWW    f      till"  •■mltluMpman" 

"aaval    cadet-"       1 8** 

irfarr  Aesnvmj  .) 

Cbtru,  Military.     (See  Military  Acad- 

Mr/.) 

EaaitBkcrit  of,  time  of.  should  be  ex- 

.1.  1907. 
iKrtate  in   eorpa  of,  recommended, 

•'•notion  of,  referred  to,  2*22. 
JWerrcd  t'..  ML 

ft**. -A  n.llltary  term  applied  to  tb* 
>*>  af  SCO.000  men  flral  to  bo  raised  and 
5*M  try  the  aelivtiTo  draft  under  tbe 
•Wlf.  T,)  law  of  <  word  eomea 

JJ»J  fraacc  wtere  It  hnd  been  api  I 
Hflirtoaa  croepa  of  toldlera  cnlleu  to  tbe 
•*•»  atiarr  the  different  elaaxea. 

CUaki*  Iadiana.  u  Tribe*.) 

ft**  and  Tonnntro  Railroad  Co,  act 

'•*  lutborir '  of   bridges 

:  tomrd,  5505. 

dlifona  ladlana.    (8««  Indian  Tribo*.) 

B 


Calarera*  B:s  Tra*  Grora,  pivservation 

•r,  ua. 

Oalalll  Cnak  (Ala.),  Battte  of.-la  Ida 
1 1|  I  ilUaa  acalaat  the  Creek  Indiana  On. 
nsrvt  wnk  atore  than  1.300  Gtoraia  rol- 
aatawra.  oa*  voaaaaa*  of  eatalry.  aad  400 
frwPdlj  ladtaaa.  arrteed  at  ealeuee  Crtek 
•a  Iht  airbt  of  Jan.  M.  1SU,  aad  eaiab- 
■afcrw  a  camp  oa  tbe  highland  borderinr 
oa  the  avaaap  or  that  aaoar  la  ktaeua 
CaaatT.  AU,  M  aUlM  w«t  of  Port 
Mitchell.  IWfore  dawn  of  the  follow  Inc 
ratralna  tbe  camp  mi  soddenlr  attacked 


_  The  aaaallaata  were  recelTtd 


wtth    ananh.L    followed    br    a    baronet 
eharce.  aad  ded  la  dlcmar.     T    . 
dead-     The   wbltra  loot    IT   killed   and 


Tbey  i 
illed  and  ISL' 
wottaded.  Of  tbe  frteadlr  lauiaoa  »  were 
killed  and  13  woasded.  Fiord  retired  to 
Forr  Mitchell,  where  Boat  of  kla  men  were 
dUeaarred  No  orher  expedition  aralaat  the 
Crewka  waa  organlaed  la  Georgia. 
California.— One  of  the  Pacific  Coin 
state*;  nickname.  -The  Garden  Stat*"; 
aaotto.  ••Eureka"  (I  bare  found).  Call, 
forala  la  named.  It  Is  said,  aft.r  a  fletlllona 
kdaad  In  the  Snanlah  ronaanee  "Ia*  8erna 
d*  Eaptandlan.*'  Other  autborltlea  dcrtre 
tb*    fume   from   the 


_.    Spanish  'words 
ente"  (hot)  aad  "foraalla"  i furnace i. 


,  Tb* 
State  extend*  from  1st.  Si*  Siy'to  «• 
north  aad  from  lotut.  11«'  to  124*  20* 
west,  au  area  of  1SS.207  aqnar*  mile*,  n  is 
boajfcded  on  tb*  aortb  by  Oregon,  on  tbc 
east  br  N>Tsda  sod  Arlsoaa,  and  oa  th« 
swath  b*  lower  California,  and  oa  the  west 
by  tbc  Pacific  Ocean.  Its  capital  is  Sac- 
ruDeato,  and  Saa  Kraaeteco  Is  the  chief 
elt*.  Ttae  8ute  U  fatoous  for  Its  beautiful 
•cenery.  Its  salubrlons  climate,  imi  lis 
wealth  of  preclosss  meuls  aad  choice  fruits. 
(Bm  Uluatratioa  opposite  2«88.) 
.  "ren  the  tiro*  of  Ita  dlacorery  to  18« 
It  was  practically  a  part  of  Mexico.  July 
S.  1»«*.  CoL  John  C.  Frfmont  assauied 
eommand  of  tb*  lasargenta  at  Sonoma  and 
on  July  7  tbe  Star  and  Stripes  were  bottled 
orer  Monterey  by  order  of  John  D.  Xkwt, 
comma nillnic    th*    V-   ».    Pacloe   soaadron. 

«»"   aiscotered  Jan.    IP.    ISIS. 
2.  of    the  same  rear,    California    aad    New 
Meilco    wen-    ceded    in    |bi  Slates 

by    the    treaty  of  Uoadaloupe    llldaleo.      It 
waa  admitted  to  the   I  i*A0. 

as  a  result  of  tbo  famous  Clay  coinproailae 
liaaballuaa  Dam  >i  i ■>■  •  ■  aorei  i  i  Sec  O  m 
aroi  .i-.-  of  ••••'       sutkrtl  .  of  axrlcotior* 

collected  for  tbe  last  Federal   i  . 
tbe  number  of  fsru.s  In  the  Slste  at  StClfT. 
wrap i  I.HI    acres,    rained,    with 

:  luproTementa.  at  f  I.CU.04.r>$4. 


S4t.O99.100:  uit.Tdi  rnuiea,  jmh<;.h4  : 
ltld.351  swine.  f.i,IO«..S83  :  iTIlT.sTT  sheep, 
$R.S4S,HIIT  ;  poultry.  J3.BI  I 
and  rnluc  of  tbe  Arid  crops  for  1011  was; 
corn,  61.000  acre*,  I.S3H.O00  bushels.  $1.. 
nifiOu:  0,000    acre*.    8.040.000 

la,  17.8O3.000:  oats.  210.000  acres, 
7.140.000  bushel*.  .*4,21S.000 :  rye,  8.000 
"W  bushel*,  *ll«.O00:  potatoes, 
"  acres,  p.720.000  bushels,  $S.7i 
bay.  700.000  acre*.  1.223,000  tons.  *13,. 
«62,OO0.  The  total  Talne  of  the  mineral 
products  lo  1V10  wna  180.098,317. 

Tb«  political  occurrences  In  the  slat* 
re  of  national  Importance 
owing  to  the  pa*** no  by  th*  legislature  of 
a  law  lliuliifiL'  ownership  of  Innil  by  alien*. 
directed  primarily  ajcaluat  tbo  Japanese. 
Tbe    subject    It    dUcntsod    In    dotall    In    lb« 

com  DowieBoe  betweou   Governor  Joasaoa 
and  Prealdent  Wilson.     (Papt  7S78.) 


California  usages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


i"  i'  <  ba  J  ipanase  began  10 

nnli. 

i  lerui  nl     li 

I 

.  klB  ,i     v.  UN    IIIHllC 

.     ,     ,  !  Ililr.  "  fn.iii   I  In    lull. Ill' 

■   .  ,i   t-  ml  ■■ 
I   In   in-,   in 
"f   I [8.   WOfl    i  |i     ■     7"  IIP.  >l 

fr  ■  1 1 .....  -   :.,    main  I  i  in    I  l»i-   I  ■'   our 

rwttjr  ..I. ii;-. in-.. 
•|  he  real*    too  |  ■■  iair. 

-x  '  bltlC  Hlijr"   Ulrr      i,i  I    III,. 

III     til.'  I  •  "  f  III'  •     l.f 

iuI»>iI..m   i..  in   minimum   whrv*   mi'! 

"i    i i.   and    i iiiui-.  i. in    n.   n--i  .i     (in- 

niro  In  frnailutt  lairt, 

iiiiiiiiirin  tnrlnc   »'»i|nMlih 

In   ratlforutn   I.  i  ..nl 

,,t  j-.iim  nr  ii,,.i..  ,u  in.,  beginning 

of  Hi  in  "   .       i'Ii.   hi .1  ..r  i  .ii.lini 

in.. -n.'.i   «.i»  *; ■;i..i"  i.imo  ni|.i.i.> 

in. -nl     i..     i.i;     is    p.  -  ...ii       mime    in  ii.  i-ini 
I    nl    s i IT.4T.*- nan,    Hii'i    turning    oul 
Batoned  cooaa  wurib  l7ia.Soi.oiin. 

nml    itici'ii  pnlil   i .iiiiii  .1    i..  fl  10.8' 

California: 
Adminlon  of,  into  Union  diieuesed, 

164, 
A iT:i . >  -    ..I      report    of,    traiiMiiiit,-i!, 

■''.'.  8884. 
Alien  Inmt  law  gleeUMd,  8988,  »255. 

m  in  taking, 

('.   •iiiiii       i.f       N.-w       '  I :iii.|.       tO 

l"nite<l  State*  of  Mexico- 
Area  mill   nine  of,  2  I  Hi.  8484. 

i  •  inn-.     and      r in 

regarding  8308.  88  2356, 

838*.   •:  S3   8437,  8444,  B 
Treaty  for,  trauamitted,  8437. 
•ion     of,     to     Great     Britain     by 

Mi  vi.'n,  in i  lat  ii  i  'ijj,  re- 

fern  I  to     "78. 

Circuit     court     tt     1/n '  I ■  .1     Still. 'H     III, 

rn-.l  In.  3 
Clnirnii  of  citizens  "f.  agal&al  I'nited 
Btt 

(•.iii'.litllli.ill  I  ■;.-,    2570. 

Coostltatlonel  convention  In,  referred 

'1,1    lul     in     M.int.T..;.  .    -urvy    llli.l 
lli*! ll   Of,   -li"  01  •''!.   550  I. 

1586, 

Difficult?    botWMS    '"Hill    of    F: 

£$35. 
■iflS. 

!'!"•  I  '""-    mi.    :i;il ,il    mlit.irv    Inn-."-. 

in  im  ukoiI  at,  roforrod  to,  I 
Expedition!    onulad    In,    for    in- 
vaaioa  of  \u  •  )<  a 
I'rui'liiiiiMtiiui  tgaJaiL  2804. 
Poraee  to  be  employed  u,  8404. 

to    land!    in,    de- 
feated  l.y   Attorney 'General,  3184. 

Geological  -in. I   BtaorsJoCJfftl  explura- 

I  .im  in,  rccnniiricnrlc.l.  '.' 
|  i'.l.l    in,    |,n.ilii,'liini    .if.  2060. 
Gold  mines  dieooTered 
Government  of,  discussed,  2556,  85il4. 


In. liana  In — 

I  'I:. :  in  .    of  J"'''*1""'   for    »llp|  Ii 

HIT. 
Colon 

ii"  I  iliti       of,    n  i.  tr,-.l    i,., 

JS'I.|. 

Number  i 

H  ' <l  of,  referred  •■ 

Irrigation  of  vail  "7. 

Laml  grant*  in,  uppoii  I   ••ona- 

mil 

recommended, 

<".im|ii    H-: 

ad 

Lend  la*  .     anion  of,  over,  r.- 

Lau.l    office    in,    .  2983. 

Lends  in,  sol  apart  a*  rmtili.-  ret 

tioii    by    ! 

581  i.  II.  67H1,   i 

Light  in. D-.  -  im  coon)    of, 

refeired  to,  8887, 
Line  of  common ication  w    fa 

section    ..f    l'n 

M.ul    facilities    abenld    be    off.. 

M.ul  r.Mii.'  i .  ippi  Hirer  to, 

recommend 
Min. tuI  lend 

■ii I  ,!X 

Mjnera'  sink.',  proelun  dnet 

I  inli-li,-,     mi.   B3l  T. 

Mini's  in,  referred  to  S 
Mine    branch    .if.    in    recoi 
1831. 

i  "ii-irn.i  urn  of,   ill  '717. 

Natl ll      Hill:: 

at  election  in,  referred 
Payment    of    aettlen    foe    improve 

on     If. .urn]     \ 

iii. ii  i-   recommended    \t 
Private   land  ■■'.    to, 

8187. 

PabliC    l.'lll.  Ik    In 

Modifications    in    laira    rr>j>..- 

recommended    : 
Befen  !88& 

Revenue    laws,    oxtonalon    o 
recommended,  8403. 

in.  right  to  introduce,  dli 
suceed,  "i!"' 
Burveyor-OcnoTol 'a  offleee  in,  recoat- 

2558. 
Territorial    xorornment,    for,    ze 

mended,  8308,  2430,  2488. 
(Tola*  i  nl  ■  ombina  I  proolanuv 

linn  againet, 

nmittce    in.   application 

■nor     io     maintaia     law 

againal  oaurped  aul  2H16. 

California  and   Oregon   Hailroad,   eom- 

lionere   api ited   to  report  urxia, 

referred  to,  4885. 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Canada 


Cambrian.  Tha,  ordered  from  ami  for 
eater  wal<ira  i 
Stairs. 

Camden   (8.  C).  Battle  Of.     (Soo  San- 
der* Creek  (S.  C. 

Camp  Alter,  Va_  m,  H774. 

Campaign, — an  orsanlted  effort  on  the  part 

of   •   iHiiinrAi   pa  .    porpoac  • 

UtOlBC   the  ».Vvll-  o    at   if    ■ 

•  ay  orcaniied  eflTort  to  arM  I  ,.nd». 

Campaign    Contributions,     v    Hi.- 

»— lu»  of  the  Wit]  ••■oond  COacn.-a  nn  art 

ovId*  for  II 
rotitr  '  purpose  of  Influenc- 

ing  election*   at    whkh    rc|i  ■»   la 

■  t»  ur»  elrrtr.1. 
candidate    for    rrpn-tcniatlw    from    r 

-•ii.   a<lnc    or    proml*- 
•■«   any   «nm»    In    ili»   asBfr'i"  ex«vr<1liic 
ii  In  any  campm. 

t  .r    Strnal 
n    alatciucoM    of 
leU'lUnre.    nillM    lie    m<il    In 

!••  an   lm  than  i<  n  nor  im 
•aya  before  the   time  fur  re-Mime  nnv    prl- 
■nry    election    or    onailnm  iilnn, 

•ad  aM  leaa  than  Ira  nor  eon'  than  i. 
Oij»  kefore  the  day  of  tbe  election  at  which 
l»»  prrMB  la  to  be   bull. v.!  for. 
OaBpalfn  Lie.     (8M  Hoax.) 
Cinjp-Ftrn. — lo  artnle..  a  tire  utc.allT  l.nllt 
«*»4»or».  In  a  eai  lor  cooklni: 

Im4  atd  aeepln*  the  aoldlrra  warm. 

OkBp-FoOowtT.    (Bee  Bat] 

Cttada. — The     iKirolnlnn     of     Canada     oc- 

»axta  tke  waola  of  0  n   pari  of 

Ca  Norib    American    I 

laotloa  *f  Alaaka  ami    pari     if   MM   roaat 
'taWarf.in.  fruni  *:>"  north  latitude  :■•  Mi  a 
*"flr  araa.    and    froej    the    Ilrlflc    t.. 
itatrk  Onaa. 

ana  axo  rorcuTiox 

I'i-  .1.... 

So.  'ill- 

■• 
' 

UI3.12 

'I     -»        493.338 
JJa» U*»rd  I -land  Mm 

■an 

Ji«  .     _       •'•  HM  UU 

"**atTwraim« 1..M1ZM  IS.4M 

■      -.     7JQo.<*lo 
I    population,    in    1911,    »•»«  3.- 
nd   the   urban   rm 

Ismljsraiii.  In  Hill  I  ■ 
•  ■   I  iiela  in   \vule« 

■  id.  and  p.Ti  I     from  I 

■   came   from    the 

_»"•«  Dtaira  ncil   I  rj  -  m   rrom  other  eotin- 

*M  1H2-UI  the  Immlxraniv  i i i 

bJ:'  '«    waa    orlRliinllr    dlarov- 

tor,  fitea 

.  I.   v  bi  ii   ii..-   ;•-.•!,.  b   • 

The    111     '  ::■„„■ in 

"!•*  Qlarfcee    •n.Tll.,,1.,.1     I       ,„..    Itrin.i, 

"•.«•*»*    Hetv-ral    Wolfe,    and    in 

ITT?!*-   5'  :   Ualn   M    lb.-   Treaty 

•'  i.n.  of   (tut   year.     Nora    gcotla  wn» 


by    the   Treaty   "f    I 

and  IMemi 
t.|o«ril     Mutnl    being      n 

In    m   I'mwn   co 

•  licen  a  pan  af  thi    ilmlavn  Uaj 

■ 

la     IStMI.       Bi     Hi"     Brltl.h      North     ,\ 

ailn    ' 

New   lSraii 

of  Tin'  i  >oiiiinu.ii  ,,r  i 

waa  made  In  th.  (he  adnil> 

any  ■ 

i:  mi 
'  '"■ 

lew    I'unadn    ma>    ii.  i 

II.  III! 

araunjE  use    The  .-.-.  ii 
three    area.  :     i  i 

cenerally    hilly,     and 
"in,     with     ni  .  .    .    ,,f 

I       1  h 

*. nth.  in    and    w>  ,,K    in 

lerel,   and 
'•of    K'-ni-inlly    .'. 
try.    wlili    oreaalonal 

n»|,ll- 

i.    hi.,    .i.i.  i..   ..r   i, 

an    ar  ,„,,„, 

nllng   to    i he   Brenl    rlrei       ,  -i.  m 
l.aui.  •    ■ 

au    averanc    eleiatl.ui    ,3f     i 
''"  I"  ea    pre  cmlneni  h   n  i 

of     walerway^ 
laiir.iiilnn    mom  jr,    n,|,    Bffn 

■      anil     II...     Mart 

ia    i.i   rred  ,i    ... 

l""-'"«  two  are n  llatlnrt    In   char 


---.--■  . ......  -.        ...  i  ii    . .,     IM,.        i    .. 

n    im..   for 

■reatern 
I'ralrle   -■•  n.  ■    i  .,    ,   .      ,, 
»  dutanr  .;.  .    and   contain     ih. 

i""  kj  [,  .mi    ii,..-. , 

lie     Hmr... 

•amxolH  air  Irani  i.ooo  to  m 

"imiry  iieinc  ..u  i  ilenaelf 

I.. I  * 

Wif  --fanada  h  a  »elf  jj.iv.rnlnir 

Mnn    ..lih!,, 

.-..ll-:ll|,|-|,.| 

Amerleu     Ael     of     ISH7      in 

iloo    ,,f    Canada    ij n,i,.    i,.  m  -    „„ 

i      i  -'.7    ■  Dominion    Day.)      Th. 

eellfl.  ,,.,|      |„      ., 

I     inn) 
ald-d    hj     a    Vrfrj    rounrll 
era!     and 

II     .     Itiijnl     II 

nnunhi    iad    Btrathoam, 

I  ■-■  r  Ii:.....                                                |      ■-,.,.;,,,.     :II|,|     „ 
"'    ''"'i i|i  |  .    of 

iilrin1.il  f,,r  lir..  b 
nil,   .11, .nil. I,: 

I'I...    II,, ii-      ,f   • 
rhnjer,  ,,.1r,    n,    ; 

1HII    II.    1  allll.i;.,  i 

Jll»ll.-.      ||    .i.linliill.  i,-, I      la     h,     Knglanil 

Of   JudpK.   polleo   iim.-l-ii.ii.  ■     |    ji, 

"'   1 1)'    peaee,  ■■<   ,.  hom   tin    Hi  it-n         i    ,  . 
• 

DIOOJ     the     fori  in.i.,1     in.  I,     il     lh,.     ||„r 
I-     III.      Mi|,r.ni,.    I'.,nrl     nf    1,1111111:1      .• 

•n.l    lmidluK    three   ,;,  ..>.„,»    m    ,i 

I'lle     .  III..      ,.lli,  I      | . 

''' '"I-  fmirl  of  i  In.  I     pre 

•rer    by    u    Reparole    Juda 
alitlDKB  may   be   held  nnjwhere  lu  Canada. 


Canada 


lessages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


■  ■  In  lh«  Militia  !•  unlrfrrMl 
and   compulsory   on    all    nulf   cttltena   Ben 

'.i>  Hi,.  Peace  i:rrcc(lvr  consists  of 
n  Permanent  Staff  of  3.520  offlccra  and  men. 
nuil  74.000  undergoing  MrviO  1  lU  W»r 
EfJcctlvi  -of  four  cIsmcs  :   the   un 

msirrl.  il   men    lv    to. 'Hi.  the  unmarried    DCS 
30  to  40:   tile  married  m.-n    Is  i»>    IB  I  nn.l, 

finally,    the    ii'imil -•    Dull    .In.-.. mm   of    18 

.■ ,    :.    llilal    c>(    -'   I   .3, 

•  ■<■■■-'«    la    under    the    control    of    rho 

fii.n  In.  -lit  1  u .  • » ■  •  >  r>  ii  ■  •  hi  ..    Hi"  coal    6*101   ml  i 
n,  aided  by  grama  from   the 
.I  rruvinclnl  Gov. -i  inn.  hi       Then*  or* 

:-.  lioola    (attsndanc*    at    tin-    former    betas, 

|. iii-. .rv  i.    wlih    over    1,137,000    popllai 

and    »lny    u  pa    and    unh.i    It] 

ITltll       10,000      .:.!,!.  >■•  -wrllly 

nniv.  ri  i.      had   ahout   10.000  sludents   In 
1013. 

rrtiilucllan  and   fn./nstrj/.— In   1811    I 
w.re  ...i        -     acres     under    corn    crops 

iwlient     in  oata 

Id  'i.  n  ■  Ii  i  ..lie  t 

crops    ilmv   mid   clover   7.003,342),   a    total 
..f!:..  -i.  a  under  eultlvatlon.     Th- 

l.lv..       S I.        (1012)        Included 

cnttli       '-' 

un. I  -  i'..'..:. |"s-         ',     ordln*  to  the  . 

n(  mil    there  srers  8,1  ind  elieeae 

irles  and  .-.  factories  tor  preserved  milk 

and  crenm.  the  tot.nl  rnlu..  of  all  dairy  prod- 

ucta  bolu*    |39      13.089    Hi    1011.     The    flab- 

an   un  Important  sonrea  of  wealth  and 

moo      .-..ii      ii.  i  rlntjv.    macken  I. 

and    lobsters,   tin*    total    raNie   "f    <li"   cntrh 

i„   i 'i  ii73,I  18      The  I'lmii  r. 

Intli    anil    -lilniilc.   produced    In    Canada    In 

mil  liml  n  total  value  ..r  $81,G0S.2S8      The 

hove      n       loUl      .•■lllillll.'il      lie*       of 

,(i(iiii)ii  acre*      The  industrial 

I  in, i  in     uf  nil  Vln.li  numbered  19,318 

In  1011,  «lili  a  total  rapllal  "f  11.247 

i,ii'..     He-    rain*    Of    the    products   being    ti.. 

|.;.-. '..::,, .;:-,'.i  ;     Ii  15.203      i..-rsons     were     cm- 

i       The  metals  produce!  in  1912  were 

I    as    follow.'— Uold,   1 12,559,443:    all- 

n:      copper,     (12,709.311; 

oirk..;  ion. 

rnMOporfaffon — The  total  length  of  rail- 
way"   In    operation   on   June   30.    1912.    win 

20..37  v  ill"  total  capital  InroWeu  being 

II  1188,037.028,    the    rnrnlng*    bo  In  J    *2I9,- 
ii.:;.:.    and    the    working   expenses   $150,- 

;...:.  in    in   1011-12;   r«  were  alao  1.308 

of   •  leetrlc   railway*.      The    n-a-aolng 
ami    lake    mercantile   marine   of    Canada   ..n 
i     .     ::  I     I'll"    ■  ..misted  of  1  T18  aallln 
ael«  »nd  J.007  steamers  i  total  net  tonnasc 
ml. 
Hankivn.—  There  were  27  Incorporate  banka 
Of  laiue  IB   101  '  wlih  llaMMilex  xl. 210.124.- 
864  and  average  eatcts  »1. 470.000,473.     The 
l.a'aiic  of  undrawn  deposit*  In  I'oat  i>m.e 
and    i;..v .-111111.1.1     taring)    hanks    on    March 
31,   1913.  amounted  to  $87,140,484,  tbi     6\ 
poattora   iiiiiiiherlnK    1S0.7I1U.       I'ha    depoajta 
In  special  •nvlnita  hank*  on  March  31.  1913. 
amounted   to  340,133,851. 

tfl  the  United  Slnfr*.— The  ralne 
of  mercliaii.il-. •  imp.. ri-  .1  into  Canada  from 
the  l"nlt<«l   (5Ute«   for  the   year    1013    waa 

!  1.440  I".;,  and  sonde  to  Hie  value  of 
I  180  wero  sent  thither — a  balance 
of  3304,573,277  In  favor  of  tbo  United 
Btarre. 

The  cyatcm  of  wclehts  and  measures  Is 
the  aame  la  u«rd  In  England,  but  the  unit 
of  ralne  It  th«  dollar  of  the  United  Slates. 

Canada  1ia«  lldv  cities  with  n  popula- 
tion In  excess  „r  10.000,  Montreal  approach- 
ing C00.OO0. 

Canada.  Dominion  of: 

Ai.iin.  ii.m  of  Allan  Macdonald  from, 
rofcrrcd  to,  3826. 


Armed  men  from,  seize  American  i 
sen,  192S. 

Attempted  occupation  of  portions  of 
Alaska  by  Groat  Britain  and,  re- 
ferred to,  6097. 

Attempts  of  Great  Britain  and,  to  es- 
tablish pott  routea  in  Alaska,  600". 

Boundary  line  with,  discussed,  5470, 
5616,  6064. 

Canul  t'.ll^  charged  bv,  negotiations 
regarding,     (S  .   i  Canal.) 

Chief  juitico  of,  nrliitratnr 

of     United    States    u  ra. 

6335.     (Sec  also  6983,  ft 

Chinese  entering  United  States 
through,  5476,  ST.: 

Civil    war   in,    neutrality    of    United 
State*  in.   discussed,    1702, 
Proclaimed,  1698,  1699. 

ni  relation  '-nil.  ::."R2. 2654, 
3989,  3999.  5748,  6332.    (Sco  al*o 
Wclland  Canal.) 
Conference  on  subject  of,  discussed, 

5675,5678,.'.: 
Commission,  h,  6370. 

1'.  ninna  in.     (See  Fenians.) 

Fisheries,  questions  regarding.  (See 
Fisheries.) 

Hostile   ii  La   of,  to- 

ward United  States,  1749. 

Illegal  expeditions  against,  proclama- 
tion against,  4039. 

Incursions  from,  discussed,  3447. 

Jurisdictions  of  Unitod  State*  and, 
in  Great  Lakes  discussed,  6064. 

Merchandise  transported  from  ono 
port  in  United  States,  over  Cana- 
dian territory,  to  another  port 
therein,  discussed,  5770. 

Natural  product-,  reciprocal  arrange- 
ments   regarding    importation    of, 

Outrages  committed  on  American 
frontier  by  inhabitant*  of,  dia- 
r,i  ...  i,  i -:•■.)■.  n;v.;,  1. ;;.;,,  kh. 

Parliament  of.  (Seo  Canadian  Parlia- 
ment.) 

Postal  arrangements  with,  referred 
to,  2175. 

Postal  convention  with,  4203,  5377. 

8t.  Lawrence,  navigation  of.  (Seo  8t. 
Lawrenco  Biror.) 

Trials  In,  of  citizens  of  United  States 
for  complicity  in  Fenian  invasion 
of,  3718. 

Vessels  of  United  States  seized  by 
revenue  cutter  of,  4070. 

Vessels  from  Ontario,  duties  on,  sus- 
pended by  proclamation,  4S71. 

Vessels  of,  permission  to  aid  disabled 
vessels  in  waters  of  United  States 
proclaimed,  5823. 

Vessels  of  United  States  in  Great 
Lnkes  granted  facilities  for  return- 
ing 6331. 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Canals 


Wc!lnn«t  Canal    toll*  di«eus«*d. 
Wetland  CanaL) 
Can. ad  a,  Reciprocity  with: 

•  'liar    for,    tranirailtc.J, 
I. 
Effect  ob  trad*  cmiSition*  forecasted. 

Effect  od  coat  of  livinit,  75S3. 
National  scu|- 

ProeiaBiatipi.  xtra    ses- 

sion of  Conirr?**   for   consideration 

Special  saesaace  of,  7587. 
of  Taft  o 


(8«a       thea*    esniW    fell    lato    neclcet    and    were 


by. 


b  of  Taft  on,  I 
Farmer*  n.it  Injured  l.v,  75S9. 
Manufacturers     lea-  I 

73S>1. 
Good  «ff««t  of,  oo  future  ralati 

'•2. 
Annexation    not    forcahadowed 
:. v.-:;. 
Anuria.  The,  claim-  arising  from  v. 
of,  on  roaat  of  Brazil  and  awnr  i 
eassrd,  4 
OutaUan    Parliament,     expression     of 
thanka    froca    legislative    council    of 
Canada  for  donation*  for  library  of, 
»77. 
Cuonuu  Volunteers,  bounty  lands  to, 
proclamation  regan! 

Caaaia.-  I  day*  of  railroad*  over- 

■at  transportation  «i<  a  atrloua  problem. 

trim  icr-nirj  to  freirnt  ttie  cheapest  ind 
■Ml  nillibte  medium.  The  natural  «i- 
Maw.  rsly  uaileat'd.  but 

MOaxceMltle*  of  IrnUKportatloB  between 
sassairlal  crutera  Increased  eaoala  were 
Merced  Id  many  part*  of  lb-  country. 
TtetMrM  work.  «f  tbe  kind  In  lb*  ■  sited 
taM  «ft  tbe  So*>th  Hsdtey  and 
IKiMli,  U  kin.-  imllt   bi    '-"!>'- 

MBsi  rhnrml  la  171)2.  Tbe  Middlesex 
'•ail.  roaneetlex  Boston  hubor  wltb  (lie 
ssXflasc   Mier.    was    compl--.  i    li 

'•anil,  the  largest  and  most  Im- 

ESt  Is  Ibla  Country,  wo*   projected    by 
Ml  r- 
I  la  1*23.      It  extend*  from  the    flud- 
Krlc  at   Htif- 

•t  »&;.. 
Jtsjoo.    ta  ioca  tbe   i 

fcsstef  N'«w   Voek  ruled  1101.000, 

BanH  the  canal  syicin  .  I   it,,      mic,  the 


Out Ustroreaaent  being  tbe 

i  r>  Canal  to  permit 
•Ojtmi  of  l.WiO  in*. 

: 


fa  Mill  1,  on  Luke  Erie,  south  through  tbe 
■OH  *f  Ohio,   to  tbe  Ohio  River  at  Porta- 
•  distance  of  317    mil-*.    »«'    for- 
by  Uor.  i 
orfc   rei 

The  work  in  completed  la 
east    of   f  *  •..'.V-'<ii.      Another 

mplsted  In 

.-    froa    Cincinnati    t"     Dsn- 

Bile*,  lined  the  Wrbnab 

farmlnc  soother  wntsr   route  be- 

and    lake,   of  JtIS   miles. 

uf     this    canal     wm     13.700.000. 

'!    City     to 

J.,  102  mile*  In  waft 

Newark     Bay     with    the    Iielnwure 

was  begun  In  IS23  and   finished  In 

reJopmeut  of  railroad* 


•    wholly  or  part  j  mien 

oter  by  tbe  rnllr 

The   IlilnnU  *nd    Mlehlcsa  Canal  extend* 
fmoj    Chicago    to    La  Ha  II-,    on    n 
Rlvi-r.    a    distance    of    103    rail**       It    cost 

.    .».".      \    Inter  extension  uf   till*   wa- 
terway I*  the  Hennepin  I  nnnl,  from 
aepla.    III..    Ofty    mil.-,    thnmgh    tbe    Rock 
and  twenty-seen  nill-»  through  Innd 

■  Ml«-.l>.lppl  River,  at  Rock  Inland. 
The  Chefciticake  and  Ohio  < •»ii.il.  the  out- 
eneae   of  a  ion   to   lm- 

Iirnte  omac  Iiiv-r,  waa 

•eguo  In  1828  b]  i  .if  piiMle  • 

.•f   Vlr.-I:.ln    nud  Completed   lii    1850.      It    cost 

li  extend*  from  Georgetown, 
C-,  to  C       welsad,  m.i.,  n  distant*  of 

184  mile*.     Hi   means  of  *  lock* 

vntlon   of  '  I*   attained.      The 

•  re    and    Hudson    Canal,    cit-ndlu*; 
from    Kondom.    N.    Y..    to    llnne«dnle,    1'*,. 
tulle*,    wn*  I    In    ivj...      The 

iuiii  fool  nuil    Navigation  i 
I0S    miles   lone,    from   Mill    Creek   lo    Phlla- 
i'a  .   was  bernn   in   1810  and  com. 
I  he  Lehigh  r.inl  and  Ne- 
gation Company  have  a  einal  from   I 
...  Coalport,    Pa,      An  important  »blp  eonnl 
l«  ihi-  Bault  Salute  Marie,  connecting  lJik»* 
ior   and    Hnron,    -lili-li    wa*   built    in 
i     >r  fHOS.1.533.      (Sea  lllu>- 
trntlrin  npj.. 

I  lm  Psnama  Canal  1*  described  In  a  sepa- 
rate article.  (See  alao  Hue*. Canal,  which 
u    in.,,'.,!    f.,r    comparison.) 

Pollnu'lnK  l»  i  Mat  of  canal*  In 

tbe     Cnlt'd     State*,     tocttber     with     tlwlr 
length  and  con  of  con«trocil"ii : 

Albsruarle  and  Chesapeake—  From  Norfolk, 
Vn..  to  Currituck  Bound,  n.  c..  44  milts; 

coat,     with    Improvement*,     $1.(14). .103. 
Ancusta-Prom    Sarannah    River,    fla.,    to 

Auauita,  On..  9  miles,  11, 300,600, 
Beaufort— Prom   BsaofOrt,  N.  C.  to  Netis* 

Itlvcr.    In    cour*«    of    construction. 

Black  surer— rrom  Koine,  s.  v.,  to  Lyons 

-..    ',      .  -.    miles,   $9,681 
Cspe    Cod    Cnnnl     fSen    Level    Ship   Canal), 
shout    13    miles   lonx,  to 

sstts    Bsy  and   Bussard's  liny.    H2,- 

,'«H(, 

Cayusra  and  Seneca— From  Mont-mma,  N. 
v..    in  \.   V., 

20    mile*    tV.2Tl.UM. 

□uMBplaln  From  IThltehnll,  N.  T,  to  Wa- 
it.   N.    V.     si    mile-.  Ji  1. n. imiii 

Chesapeake  and  Iicl  n.  ire  rrom  Chesa- 
peake city.  M.I.,   to  l'ehiware  City.  DaL, 

II  miles    ■ 

Chesapeake    and    Ohio — from    Curnherlond. 

M.I..    to    Waablnitoo.    D.    C.     184    tulles, 

$11,201X827. 

inys—  I'mm   MlMl*alppt  Itlver.  I*..  to 

Bayou    BInck.    1m..    22    mllea.    $00,000. 
Delaware  and    Rnrltan— From    New    1 

Wick,     N      -I        'o     llonlentown,     N.    J„    68 

mile..    $4,888.7*0. 
Delnnam    IHvUlon— From    F.nM'.n,    |>n  ,    tu 

Jlrl-  •  1  in,    $2.43;. 

Dc*  Molne*  ltnpld*,  at   I>e*  Molne*   Itnpld*. 

Ml.  llvsr,  Zi  miles.  $4.B82,0O». 

Erie— From  Albany,   N.   Y.,   to  Buffalo,   S. 

rnlnii ■:.:  I  -  in  Alllirntur  River  to  Lake 
Uattbnaskect,  N.  C  4J   mile*. 

Oslvcsloti  nod  Ilraios — From  Onlrerton, 
Tex.,  to  Ilruio*  Hirer,  Tex.,  38  mile*. 
$840  I 

Harlem  River  Ship  Cnnnl,  connecting:  the 
IIiiiIhou  Itlver  and  I.odit  Iilnnd  Sound,  by 
wny  of  Spuyten  Duyvil  Creek  and  Har- 
lem River,  wa*  OpSBM  for  trnlTlc  ,m  Juno 
IT,    ItM  Sboqt    $£700,000. 

Hocking — From  Carroll,  Ohio,  to  Nelson- 
Till*.  Ohio,  42  mile*.  $078,481. 


I'ltul--. 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Michigan—  »"r  ••  a      111.. 

In   I  .1  S  ill.-    Ill      In 

.',.1      \. muni    lun '  i 


■  ■        ■     

Itroniinond     •'mi. 

i     Alliouiarlo    ,s I,     82     uillvn,    fi,. 

I M)M, 

Laic     Wnshltik-toti— Tbroush     Lake    Union. 

[O    l*UK<-l 
Lehigh     •'•i«l     and     Ni 

i  -tun,  I'*..  11)8  mile*. 

,,i.,i. 

,1      r.ilN  of  Milo  Rtt- 

•  .      ■ 

.'■ I     ami     Rrlo      t'linu     ritioltiu.it  I, 

Iilo,  -'T4   iuIIcm,  »S.ut;_'.r.8l>. 

i  ' Icraei    •'in    i..   s -!■  1 1 1 ii • 

•In      .    Mlmnla  nml    I  ,:. 

|i|c  i   ii     Itlvtr 

i..   Tonn..    10    ml 

nml     Ii--  iiifon     from     Clubfoot 

.   ii. .  k,  N.  r     3  mil.-*. 
miuih    lili    r      i. a.      to 

.  .i River    tin..   :<i  mil.--.  *-m:  sin. 

i  run     '  i.  •  • : I.     0 in     Fort* 

ni 

i     .  raruiw, 

v.    1   .   88   mill        -         III..'.   !• 

i  nlilu,     Nnrlbnm- 

i„,ri  i     Huntingdon, 

:   mil—,  f.   - 

Sup.  rlnr     i 

pcrtor,    28 

■ 

port    Ariimr—  i"t Port   Arthur    T n  .    to 

anil  ■    I 

,    p*— Pnmi    YVnliln..   l-lii..   to   Melroee, 

Kin..    10   mil-".    t~ 

Snl>  .sir.  Miirl-  (Miln  I'nnnli—  ("niim-il* 
Lnfcci  Superior  n  d  Harou  ui  Bt  Hat]  I 
IMver,  ::  inii-i.  }•;. ":;::. :.:i:i. 

-  hit  — I' mm   Mill 
I  |     |'|        ill  i].M,l.      P*         ins 

mil,.,  112  ioi   io  i 
Sinrri-.m  liny  nod  Lake  Mlchliritn— Bi 

.1   liny  mi. I   I     ki    Mli  :.    :    n.    I  .    i  ■ 

l.irv'M    Fall-     I  etl    Lake    Superior 

Bio.    M  irtt     Mi.li.. 

......  rn.m   r 

|.l,i      |»n..     I.,    limn     ili-    '  Mil..     -I.i 

mil.  •     ^ 

VTnlhondlnir— Prom  Rocbeel        "'■    ■    '••  KO«- 

n     "',   mill        rOOl 

Wi-lliiml    iSlil\.   ii mi,  .ii 

Inrio  and    I. ni-.  ■-.    mile*.  #2.l«»>.- 

106. 
Canal*  (hoc  nlttn  lln<  several  cnnnltO: 

\  tii-".    i-iniiiii.  Li.    prat  •  leablllty    of 

true) t,  ri-l'.rr.-il  to,  i 

All.-uii:i!m    I.V.-  I    I"   Tim  ■      I-1-  tffj 

referred  to*  1087. 
Appropruttloni  for,  028. 

■  I If  Of    M.-xico, 

Conntitutinii.'il     UK  -11.11111  -ni     fOt     'in 

provement  of.  inggt 
Gr<'iil    I.:il.   -    in    Hud  0  fit* 

ewbted,  481 
Lands  granted  to  State*   in   aid    of, 

1020,    17 

i .in in,- u, I :■  t  ii'Tiff    regarding  aid    to, 
4 1451,  4.  i 
Survevti  for.  r. -f.-rr.'.l  to 

i  ni.i-.  of  canal  navi  mti llacuaaerJ, 

■ 
Canal  Zone.    n»   I'm I    Canal   act   of 

1012    ;,[.i-.  ill", I    fur   lli"    i: M, in.  hi    i.y    th» 


i  nil  .1   Stated  n  i   land   ami  la*  . 

ii     i",   ,■'  n i,--  ■'■■ 

,.i.  .  I,.    i..,ii.   ..r  ib^ 

,  . 

,.i-   i"  and   aeroott  tfce 

huh  of   I'niiiitii  i   Into   lb"  I'm 
Ul    111"   -ii  ■•!  lUl  i    of    ilii.-,-    in 
menu    I..-.-. ....  ni.i    murk,  .  v.-linllinc   Ibrn 

i  in-  in i    r  I  "li.ii  aiMI  Iketr 

-,i    bnrbon   located   "Mi. in  nnui  aoae, 

.  I.leil     III     III"     I  I.  nil      11  II||     ' 

ii.-   of    r.iii.ii.iii   .i.H.-.i 

inn    including   ni;  within   mI<I   de- 

►  .■illi"il     soli",    ami     In    ii- Mill. .|i    t'.ii-i.-l.,    lb 
lir.iii|.    of     I    liiii.K     In 

■  I    nuy    lam 

•  lid    Umll i.-  di  -.  ril.i  .1 

ctaan  nlcnt   or  from  ilim-  to  time 

n, .ii  ,-. 

.-.iiKirii.  Hon,    molnli-ni 

i      •■!     protection     ..f     III"     -llil     .      ' 

.if     nti}     iiuxlllm 

.i .  -,  or  - ,,-.,     nli  ui      PI* 

i-    niiili, .ii.-- 

imi, ii,.-  of  Panama,  to  acquire,  aaj  mMiiioaal 

Inn. I     or     Lin. I     iiii.i.r     ...  ,i.-r     mil     Already 

i .:.   or    v.  iii.  Ii    b  !•■      ••  i   the 

tiiit    in-   inn--    ii.-.  iii    avceaaary,   and 

•.link"  any  lann  or  land  tindee  »j>i,-r 

ii,, I     ,1,-,  i,,.-, |     ii,.. -...-in  i      f--r    ..I  hi 

In  ml 

ii  iii.  ii    mi- in  Ion  :    InMt 

under 

of  Hi.-  Canal  bmk 
A'lien  in  tin-  j  niv at  of  tii<-  Pr»  - 

Hi,-  ",,ii-.iiii"ii,,ii  ..r  ih. 

.1    i    ..vnrd  oonii    - 
,,.i"i-  in,-  further  f  Hi.-  Lib 

il    Coiuinl-ulon    in  ...    tae 

•  in  In  autborUiHl 
ii.  iii..  ..iiiiimi-  ii..-  i -Mi in 1 1 ii  <   iii.ii  I'niamla- 

Kith    Hi-    i- 
k-.iiiU:iii..ii.    -linli    Hi.- i   "    to    i-xWt ;    aivd 

(he      l'r.--..l.  nl      I-.     nilllli.il/.  . I      ttl"r.:i!i 
-      ".      k,,\"f),.       rllnl      ,.;,.: 

:  nml  govern   I  be  Qinal  xonc.  « 1,  ■ 

a  i;..-  iii..r  mi. 1  i.ii"li  i.tii.r  (u-ikoaa  aa 
ii.-     in  i>      deem     1  nmpeteul     foi 

,,    ..f     tin-    I'liliil    nn. I     fill  il    !■   i"  I  Ii" 

nor  i.f  1 1"-  '  'ni  11  Ih>  ar»- 

i...liii.il  by  Hi.-  I'l.-i.i.iu.  in  .ni.i  wlik 
in.,   mil  lor  ami   --"lit   i.f  1  In-  Sonnte.   cnaa- 

.ii.-, I   for  a   i.rtii  ,.f   f.-ur  y»iir«  at  $10,- 

nun    |„  ,         .    ,  1 

loii  .1  |„-:  in. hi,  ni  nillliiiT  ir.,v<-rnaMflt 
for  Hi-  i.ni".  1. ui  It  wan  later  deetded  taat 
a    civil    ciivernmont    would    I."     - 

11    .I   policy  ■■<  ili*  t'nlted  S' 

ft'llKOII     I'X      "1  -   -   ill  1  -  ■       ■ .1.1.1 

-  ibllabed    ■    i"- nenl    rttrll    «or- 

"iiiiii.iii    f  in   1014.  am!   In   ad'll- 

II, ,11,, I     ,nli  r      -  limn  Int.  -I    In 

L- 1  iiin.-iit.        (  r  ,  s.  s;.      s 

Bee  also  Panama  Cnonl.1 

Canal  Zone: 

Kxeeutivo  Order*— 


tabllsbing  pormanent  govern  m 
J9Z0, 
K'l.iii  mni  population  r>f,  7C«7, 
FHxing  Intoroai  rate*  In,  7908a 

i'',.ii,i,|,iin^  corrupting  ol 
in.  7918. 
Gambling  Invr  in,  amended,  7988. 

Got 11  nl  foi    ii  •  m I,  7<is". 

Military  goreramenl  fur,  7087. 
Providing    conditions    of 

nl   in. 

Neutrality  of,  proclaimed,  8008. 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Capital 


ler  r*l»!i  a  nail 

i    for   dishonest 
manifcjlB  in,  7963. 
rdrr  routing  to  Portal  Crimes  In, 
7964x 

Quarantine  regulations  for,  7966. 
BearomtSnjr  bearing  of  ana*  in,  7903. 
Begalatins.  hunting  in.  7909. 

uiring  aeenrtljr  for  tosla  in  • 
rases  in,  7964. 
Wil  ::i  I  dished 

in  for  nse  of  Navy,  7960. 
Cancer. — A  malignant  grouili  afapU 
rjMllx.Ul    or  glandular   tlsauc.   havlDC   sec- 
ondary growths  ■!>».     The  dleeaso 

j  rapidly  iu  ii 

IrWs.      11  In  ewutUlly  n  illws- 

linn  forty  yeani  of  ax».      Seolllly  and   lb« 
decadence  of  tl-«in  .  which  hare  pas-.- 
irir  usefulness  anil  are  ai» 


go  p*.y\><l-tl'-n\  r(«t  ar*  predisposing 
■hearts  r»  ami  tli»  . -anvt  .if  ine  disease  have 


u  eeewnitely  determlin 

iits!*  ii  »■••!!  n«  man  ore  B'lli 

I     flslll'S 

ii   geographical  i'.ik- 
*  the  disease  In  nth  ami  tar  hu- 
man   family    m    linr.rr..-,'  Taft 
Im    rveommended    to   I'nngresa   an    np- 
procirlaflita  /.f  aM.non  for  the  »iudy  of  the 
qitractoa. 

Banter  In  FUhes,  approprintion  recom- 
mended for  research  work  subject  of, 

Candidate.— a  ;  ii.imi- 

lr«d    -nil,    especially   a 
person  nemlnnl  .!  fur    .Hi.--    nf  "  M  ICBI  Of  I 
party  ore- 1 
Candla.     (Sec   i  r.  : 

Cannon. — A  large  m  iUj  on 

a  fr»Ew.  aao  mry.  or  on  a  mm 

carriage.     (See  also  Ai  iltlon : 

Arsenal-;  Artillery,  nml  Kni 
snlelc  oo  Anna  and  Ammnnltt"ti  > 
Alllim.    foiin<lrv    for    making;,    rwom- 

mended,  1607,  171a,  1797. 
Cannonade. — I'endsteot  llrlnr  of  cannon. 
Ciatefltl. — A  place  near  a  ramp  or  garrl»on 
■a»r*  prn»t»W>n«.  and  esfax  -i-»,  ere 

»elsn  a   enntalni 
Iijr  i  water  or 

Carton,  China.  hostilities   in,   referred 

Cuttafisent    Gibson.    Arlc,    road    from 

i,    r,  I.  I  red    |fl     ilSSL 

C»»t  Cod  Canal  (*M  Canals). 
Cite  rear  Rtrer.  N.  C,  art  i  n  tmprov- 
irorcd   and   reasons    therefor, 

trarnl  r  freight  and  paseago 

kjr  <.f.  referrt  ij  to,  Ii 

"Wl»nni|t  of  sea  roj  I,  dis- 

Cipt  tpaxul.     I  treaty 

C»P»    Vincent,     N.     Y..    prorlamatlon 
(■Mil-  otl   -r  purl 


Capital,    relation    of   labor    to.      (8e« 

Labor,  discussed.) 
Capital.-  '  In  which  bj  lo- 

i  rnv.irir. 

Capital  and  Labor.  term  used 

in  rei.     ■  jrora  and  emplin. 

eepccl.i  nlaed    bodlca  "f    lw 

with  lone.       (Bee    Railroads, 

BlCbt-IIonr 

Capital  of  United  States. -i  i   to  tn 

ipUoo    '•'■  ttotfoa    Ibi 

Con^i-  hi    Axed    plnee    fo 

ll  ii  mat  at    Yoi  i.     l.-m 

i 

ork.     'iii. 
t'i'iia"  I  Itutlon    n  i  i    in 

i 

I  IllludrlpliU    fi" IT'" 

Uuiin. 

IliliT     Hi  ■     li.r.i  hum.. 

lone  nml   alttar  debate   In    rblcb   tecllonal 

-v  rnn  blab,  an  ai  I   wan  pamea 
2fl.     1700,     MiK-ellne     ■  lie     i 

• 

. .in. -in    i.  mi 

in  -,i    In  i'.'    IS Hi 

■  •  f   I'uluuilila-) 

Capital  of  United  States,  si&t  of 
<riiiiniii  from   Phil 

on    diacnoasod,    881, 
298,  299,  300. 

Capita!  Punishment.— In  Dearly  ail 

■pectfled    ■ 

murder:       POliowtBg 
1.  "(  i  sccutlon  and  the  • 


:  i .,  u. ■...:...  m   itooa. 
Alabama   -Hanging; 

UiiKlnc 
Kleciro- 

Callfi.rni.i     HanslnK. 
llanKlne. 

..  -  I  Ii  Ml        HlllUJ- 

lne> 
i Hanalnc. 

if      l.'uluiU- 

1 1 

rii.llil:.        II  lllk'llllf. 
'k-- 
ilav.  I  :i|{. 

Ill  lllll        Hun 

iiola— i.:i 

in .ii. hi. i     iiiiinciiiir, 
loan     II  miring. 
SaUMi  Im- 

lirl.i.riiin 

Kentucky      Blectro* 

•  •iiilnii. 
l.-mi   i  ilnir. 

Main- 

.■in.. 

•    H  ■ 

Kloctroenllon. 

Ml.  hi  Im- 

prisonment. 

MiniH-iiiii         Life 

l:ii| 

NiMiMippi  —  Bans- 

ini- 

1 1  i  nirlntf 
nit. 

- 

.  nili. ii. 
N.  -.  .i.|  ,       Han  :  1 1 1  w  nr 

pjhoottni      *  i 

.f  murder- 
er. 


BTiTKNAXOMnn 

N.-w    naBiMblre 
i  langlno 

I  —  Elec- 
i  •■■••  ■ 

m.  ....      limit- 
ing. 

'  l<>n. 
Nnriii      CarolbM   — 

i  Heel  r lion. 

Sorts     Mukota— 

Urn 

•  lulu      I  lei  i  ■ 

iiui.iliomu  —  I) 

tag. 

IUl  l"M. 

..     ttloo  -D 

ll       I. In  ml       . 

Imprl    •- ii 

Sunt!)  nn    — 

l!l  ■ 

Bum  h   Dakota  — 
llnnglng. 

-  Hang- 
ing. 

Hanging. 

— II. nielli--        -.1 

.  itLng  .ii  .1 1 - -- :  -  • 

Ii  r.-r. 

II  ing. 
Virginia      -  Bleetro- 

i-.ii 
\N  n-iiiiini..ii  Life 

Imp! I>nli  tin-ill. 

Weal     Virginia    — 
Hanging, 

Illl- 
IH  K lent. 

in-:  Hung. 

tog. 


Capitol 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Capitol. -I'roLi  CopUoliiim.  the  name  of 
the  magolflccut  temple  of  Jupiter  Caplioll- 
nns  on  the  Cnpltollm-  Hill  In  nnclcnt  Home. 
The  ifons  CapltoUnitf  «a«  no  called  from 
the  dmllng  of  a  skull  during  the  cjcavntlon 
f.ir  tbo  tint  building.  Tbo  name  l»  ■» 
piled  to  the  mucnloccnt.  cdlflci-  In  which 
the  Congreas  of  the  United  States  hold*  1U 
sessions  and  to  the  stnteboiues  which  nrc 
I  :ii  tin-  capltala  of  the  various 
atntca. 

Tapltol  la  altuat'd  on  a  low  hill 
commanding  one  of  the  beat  views  of 
v.. i  nlngton,  and  -hnulunle*  the  city  with 
li"    in  dome.      It*  extreme    length 

la  701  feet,  and  It  varies  from  121  to  SIM 
(.ii    hi    wlill  li  :    i<    CODtUtl   Of  a    main    SdlBCS 

of  sandttonc.  palmed  white  nud  crowned 
with    on    iron    dome,    and    two    wine*    of 

marble.  The  general  style  la  eiaxalc 
and  lis  column!  and  detnll  ore  Corlnthlun. 
Aa  a  whubr  It  l»  one  of  the  moat  Impos- 
ing ami  lii.aiitlfiil  go  v.  •riniiMni.il  build- 
ings In  the  world.  The  orl&lnnl  dome 
win  a  low  structure  of  nnod  --■  ■  ■  ■  .- ■  •!  svllh 
copper,  but  this  was  npl  ecil  in  isr.C  by 
I  In-    present   Iron    done-.    .'^7   feet    IiIku.    de- 

by    Tbi ■    I      Walter     snd    snr- 

iii. .inn. .1  by  M  line  itm 

American  sculptor  Tuoiniis  Crawford.      The 

comer    ii I    the    building    wna    Inld    by 

r  i.'in  Washington  Sept  18.  1703.  wlih 
Mn>nnlc  ceremonies.  The  north  nine  win 
completed   Nov,    II     1800:   the    ih   wing 

In   1811-       The   hit,  line  .if    IkiIIi    were    burned 

by  the  iirhi*u  under  General  Rosa  Atuj.  34, 

1814.         [Sou      lllustra  5S7. 

ItUta  i  the  found  itlon  "i  the  main  build- 
ing wn*  lilil  March  K4,  lsi*.  ami  the  wbolo 
una    c  In    1827,    at    n    cost  up   to 

thai     lime     uf     m:irlv     12.800, 

ah  net  ,,f  Sept.  ::n.    i s.-,.>.  i ■ . l -- .1  for 

i,,ii"    t.i    the     north    mill     south,     and 
n'    I'llltinne    iiihi    the   corner   stone 
July  *,  lH.'l.  Daniel  Webstet  delivering  the 
nslona    were    tin 
•  7.  nnd  mlded  very  considerably  to  the 
.if  ilia  building,  with  their  port 
and  column!  o(  white  marble,  which 

tnln  the  Kcnato  Chnmbrr  and  Unit  of  R(p> 

rweoutltM. 

The  former  Senote  Chomlier  Is  now  occu- 

El.. I     l,y     (lie     Supreme     f.iurl       I  lie     former 
nil  of  Representatives  Is  now  a  Statuary 
Court   to   which  each  state  contributes  stat- 

n.  i  <>f  bar  moil  f.uiiiMi»  mnn.  Among  the 
special  obieec  of   Intereal    Inside  >ti'   the 

IntMls  of  the  Vlec-Prcrildculs  In  tbo  Senate 
Chamber;  a  number  of  hlMorlcal   pain 

of    Hie I"  Mil    In   slr.e,    In    various 

pan*   of   ihe   building;    the    Burble    it a 

of  the  Senate,  wtih  ii»  mirrors;  Ihe  collec- 
tion   of   Speakers'    portraits    lu    the    Ro|irc- 

,,*«    Lobby  of  the  Honse,  and    the 
massive  Rotunda,   with   n*  hl«iorieni  paint- 
ings nnd  frescoes.      Outalde,  on   the  east  Is 
tbe  plaxn.  neur  ihe  center  of  which  all 
clnaslc   ngure    of   Ueorge    Washington.      *>n 

8m  west  able  Story's  broniu  status  of  .1  •  .lin 
arsboll.  like  the  Washington,  a  Killing 
figure,  la  encountered  by  the  visitor  tint 
before  be  ascends  tho  stnlra  over  Ihe  ter- 
race, it  la  curious  to  note  thnt  ihe  umiu 
facade  face*  cast,  os  It  was  anticipated 
that    the   city    would    apri-ad    In    that 

tloni   tbo  reverse  ha*  proved  '■>  be  ih »e 

iinil  the  Capitol  turns  Ita  back  toward  the 
main  portion  of  the   city. 

Baa   Illustration!  opposite  B8T,   1603  and 
troBtiapteca,  Vul-  "• 
Capitol: 

Cnro  of,  should  be  committed  to  pub- 
He  agent,  500. 


Congress  recommences,  ita  duties  is, 

023. 
Destroyed  by  British  force.!,  931,  and 

illustration,  opposite  537. 
Extension  of — 
Appropriation  of  $100,000  to  be  ex- 
pended, £672. 
Architect  engaged  in,  referred  to, 

868ft 
Discussed,  2672. 

Jurisdiction  over,  transferred  from 
Interior  to  War  Department. 
2737. 
^lans  submitted  unsatisfactory,  and 
combination  ot  same  adopted, 
287S 

Refer. to.  MM,  2915,  2917 

Heating  and  ventilating  referred  to. 

3110,  3112. 
Improvement  of,   interest  should  be 

Ink  on  in,  588. 
In  1839,  1093. 
Incomplete  and  not  in  a  state  to  re- 

a  -Members  of  Congress,  588. 
Longitude  of,  6*0,  6*9,  789. 
Marble  column*  for,  referred  to.  SIM. 
Secretary  of  President  J-  Q-  Adams 

nsanulted  in,  906. 
Washington,  statuo  of,  to  b«  placed 
in,  881. 
Appropriation    for,    recommended, 

1170. 
Erection  of.  referred  to,  1910. 
Wingj     added    to,    nearly     complete. 

Work  of  art  for,  referred  to,  2910. 
Captive.— One  held  prisoner,  especially  la 
war. 

Captured  Property: 
Cotton    captured    and   forfeited,   re- 
ferred to.  3666. 
Should     not     bo    adjudged,     without 
regular  Investigation.  485. 
Car  Couplers.     (See  Drakes  and  Coup- 
lers.) 
Caracas    Commission    discussed,    4761, 

4826,  4920,  5090. 
Caracas,  Venezuela: 

Centennial    celebration    of    birth    of 

Bolivar  to  be   held   at,  47 
Statue    of    Washington    to    bo    com- 
menced  at,  and    industrial   exhibi- 
tion to  be  opened,  -1716,   47 

Carbine.— A  abort  rifle  for  the  use  of  ear- 

ulrvinen, 

Cardenas  Bay.   Cuba,   conflict   in,  dis- 
cussed, 6302,  0810k 
Tho  Wlnslow  rescued  by  the  lludum 
in.    thanks    of    Congress,    et 
officers  and   men  of  latter  recom- 
mended, 6302. 
Cardinal.— A    prince    of    the    Church    of 
Heme,  ranking  In  Catholic  countries  with 

princes    of    the    blood    royal,    a    member  of 

th,.   conclave  or   mered    college,    which   i> 

the   council   Of    Ihe    Tope.      Since   1173   the 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Caroline 


csrdlnil*  have  claimed  »ni!  exercised  the 
pil»  liege  of  electing  the  li>fit 
college  consists  of  scveuty  cardinals.  On 
Ma  neb  1&,  UTS,  Arvhlilsbof.  J«bn  Mc- 
Closkcv.  of  New  York,  wan  Bail*  tbe  Brat. 
lc«B  cardinal.  He  died  Oct.  10.  18S5, 
and  on  Jon*  7.  1888.  Archbishop  Juun-a 
Gibbon*,  of  Baltimore.  »ji  created 
nil.  Not.  27.  It'll.  Pope  Pita  X  bestowed 
tbe  red  bn-  I.  Far- 

ley, of  New  York  :  William  II.  O'CodmII 
of  Boetoe.  and  Woniede  Falconlo.  former- 
ly  of    Washington,    fur   the    Culled    BUtci. 

CarlU!e   Indian    8chool,    establishment 

of,  dUcuawd,  4529. 
Carmick  ft  Ramsey,  claims  of,  referred 

to,  3065. 
Carnegie  Foundation  for  the  Advance- 
meat  Of  Teaching.— An  Institution  found- 
ed by  Andrew  Carnegie  lo  1906.  and  In- 
corporated by  tk*  Congress  of  tbe  Called 
State*  lo  1004.  Tbe  Institution  It  en- 
dowed with  115.000.000.  and  Ita  primary 
Mrpoae  la  to  provide  retiring  »il..«in-f« 
for  teachers  and  ©racers  of  college*.  001- 
terslile*.  and  technical  schools  In  the  Unit- 
ed State*.  Canada  and  Newfoundland.  By 
the  seventh  annual  meeting  or  the  trus- 
teea  la  1912.  Sift  allowance*  were  being 
paid  to  teacher*,  and  •  to  widow* 

of  teachers,  at  an  anneal  cost  of  SD03M&. 
ih»  swrage   retiring  allow- 
ance I*  J1.C70.0C.  tbe  nverage  *g*  of  retire- 
sjent  being  about  »eTcnty  year*. 

Id  tha  payraeot  of  retiring  allowances  to 
professor*  and  pension*  to  widows  -f  pro- 
fans  Bra,  the  foundation  aim*  to  deal  with 
Institutions  rather  than  with  Individuals. 
It  ha*,  therefore.  foroscd  an  accented  list 
a  and  officers  of 
which  B*y  retire  un.lrr  nx-d  rule*.  There 
were  In  November.  1913.  seventy-three  In- 
..:•.    .11    -h.-      r  In    addi- 

tion 10  being  n  retiring  allowance  system 
that  benefit  of  higher  eduentlim.  tl.e 
hi  -  lii'i'oana  an  cdncatfonal 
agency  national  In  lt»  Influence.  Educa- 
tional problem*  are  discussed  In  the  M. 
•ual  report  "f  lha  president,  and  In 
bulletins  published  by  lbs  fu'inilatlon.    The 

(resident    of    tbe   found, it:  n    ■    lit.   Henry 
y,    Clyde    Furat  i    ad- 
dress,  570    Fifth    Avenue,    New   York    City. 

Carnegie  Hero  Fund.— In  April.  1904,  an- 

drew  Carnegie  created  a  fund  of  $5,000,- 
000  for  the  benefit  of  tbe  dependents  of 
those  losing  thrlr  Hera  In  heroic  effort  to 
■are  their  fellow  men.  or  for  the  heroes 
ttiessultes  If  Injured  only.  Pn-ilsliuj  was 
a  No  tr.a.lr  for  medal  •  to  be  given  In  corn- 
memoratl'  Ic    act*. 

The  endowment  known  ns  'Tin-  Hero 
Fond"  araa  placed  In  the  bands  of  a  cooa- 
mission  composed  nf  twenty-one  person*, 
reeldenta     of     Pittsburg.      F.i        of 

8u»r|e*  U  Taylor  I*    president,   and    F.    M. 
Datot.    secretary    and    manager    of    the 
fund- 
la    bl*    letter    to    tb*    Item    F.uel    Com- 
mission.   Mr.  Csrnef-  ihe  genernl 

scheme  of  the  fund  thus:   "To  pine 

following  pwoefal  eocatlona  who  hnvc  1 1 

Injured Ta  heroic  effort  to  save  human  life. 
la    bo:  iter    positions    pecuniarily 

than  before,  until  able  to  work  ngnln.  In 
ease  of  death,  the  widow  and  children  or 
other  dependents  are  to  be  provided  for 
•he  remarries,  and  tbe  children  until 
they  reach  a  aelf-enpportlnz  age.  For  ex- 
ce-ptlonai  children,  exceptional  grant*  may 
be  osade  lor  exceptlonsl  education.    Grant* 


of  sums   of  money   may  also  bo   made   to 
or  hcrolues  a*  (he  commission  thinks 
advisable — eu?li   case   to  bt-  judged   <-u   Ita 
suerlts." 

Tbe  fund  applies  only  to  aeu  performed 
within  .  d  State*  of  America,  tbe 

Dominion  of  Canada,  the  colony  of  New- 
foundland, and  the  water*  thereof,  and 
such  nets  must  have  hecu  performed  on  at 
after  April    1...    190*, 

The  commission  has  awarded  641  med- 
als—60S  bronze,  819  silver  and  III  gold. 
lo    addition    to    th*    i. 

been  awarded  for  1  Sent*,  and 

ducat lonal  and  other  special  purposes, 
and   for  the  dependent*  of  heroes  who  lost 
their    lives,     Including    payments    m: 
December  1913.    on    monthly    nllow- 

>«"■  Pensions  In  force  as  of  this  date 
amount    to    Itl.VldO    Sanaa!  C0n> 

on  has  also  awarded  JIOP.IO-  for  re- 
lief of  sufferer*  from  dlanater*— at  Brock- 
ton. Mn»*.,  tio.ooo;  from  lbs  California 
earthquake,    U4.4C2;   »l    M  nines, 

ingnb.   W,   Va.,  f3£.0(H>:  at  Dorr   Mine. 
Jacob*      Creek,      Pa.,      a 2.1.000 :      at 
Branch  Ml  in-    s-.11    bhaca     W      Pa..  $10,000; 
'urtaln   Mine,   McCortaln,  Okla..  115.- 

IKIll  ;    nl    Jed    Mile.     Jed,     W.     '.'.1.      110.000 

and  for  rellel  at  Ohio  and  Indiana  Hood 
sufferers,    flO.OOO. 

Carnegie  Peace  Foundation.    (S«o  Peace 

Societies.) 
Cntnifex  Ferry  (W.  Va.),  Battle  of  — 
After  IfeCleltuI  proaotlon,  July  ~. 
to    the   i->.iinii:tnd    D<    i  in-    Army  of  the    Po- 
totnac.    Rosccrans    succeeded    him    In    com- 
mand In  Watt   Virginia,     ion.   l'loj.1   (not 

a  position  on   il iniiiv  lliv.-r.  eight  mile* 

south    of    \  w.     Vn..    nt    Cornlfex 

Ferry,   with   2. 000   Con  fed  ndlng 

to  cut   off  Cox's    hrlgnde  from    I 
army.      Sept.    10    he    w»«   attacked    In    this 

Ksltloo  by  Boeecrana  with  10.000  men. 
irkne**  terntlnated  •  (barfj  engagement, 
and  tlo-  next  Daornlog  riOTd  was  In  the 
mountains,  thlrtr  mllee  anay.  The  Federal 
lot*  »».  190  killed  and  woundi-d.  Asaong 
the  former  was  Col.  l.owe.  of  the  Twelfth 
Ohio,  who  fell  at  the  head  „<  t,u  regi- 
me:,!. 

Caroline,  The.— A  steamer  In   the  service 

of  Canadian  rebda  which  wa*  seixed  on 
a(    rloan  sol]  trj  lite  Brltlan  and  buoad 

In  1830  37  a  revolullonnry  splrl: 
rcloped  In  Lower  Canada.  Dec.  12,  1837. 
the  lenders  of  the  Imnirrei-tlnn,  under  one 
Mackenzie,  selxcd  the  Canadian  Navy  Isl- 
and. In  the  Niagara  ftlt.r  and  act  up  a 
provisional  government.  Dec  .8  the  '•> 
ins,  eroKslng  the  Nlngnr.i.  after  n  fl^'lit 
In  which  severnl  rebels  were  killed,  l.urned 
the  vessel  (1018,  10291,  The  affair  caoted 
gre.1t  liidlgnntlmi.  President  Van  Uuren  Is- 
sued proclamations  demanding  observance 
of  tbe   neutrality  laws    ti  The 

New  York  militia  was  cSJled  out  and  placed 
uinl.-r  eointnsud  of  Oen.  Scott. 
Caroline.   The.  attacked  and   destroyed 
by-  British  forces,  1618. 

Claim  on  Brazil  concerning;,  4220. 

Correspondence  rejrardinrr,  1618,  Ifi'fi, 
I83i'  10,2073. 

Diacussed,  181 

Sstisfnction  demanded  of  Great  Brit- 
ain for  destroying,  1732. 
Caroline  Islands.— a  Pacific  archipelago 
extending  from  lat.  3*  to  11*  north  and 
from  long.  137*  to  103*  east.  The  prin- 
cipal Island*  are  Tap.  Ponapc.  (Strong.  Bab- 


Caroline 


lessagcs  at\ 


the  Presidents 


ellhouap.  and   Monk.     The  name  usually    ba- 
the  IMi  "    I  ilaiiil        1 1"    lull   i.ir*im» 

mi  -  '  ,     i  tnBllj  0     '"  ,(l» 

,i    Vap    Island   unill    lis>l,   when    I  bo 

■    was  nettled  lu   f»viir  of  Spain,      lty 

nl    I  .  I,     12.   1800.   those  Islands,  Willi 

>■-. |iii. hi   ..r  Guam,   in  of   tin- 

in-      will.  Il       litul      In  .11       rnl.nl      In      til" 

I  nil.. I    Sim.  •    hi    imik.    passed   on    f> 
la    Into    ilu-    bands   Of 
Dianr.     The  purchase  prior  imnl  l.v  Onimuy 

was    about    $*.<»* ')i •■■     consist    of 

abort  Bvo  huudr.d  coral  I  let*  which  am 
•  mall  mid  *pnrn.U  peopled  Thr  in. ml  Iru- 
in. i  i. mi  product  ninl  egport  I*  I'opin. 

Carollne  Islands: 

DltPOta  between  Germany  and  Spain 
ri'lnting    to    domination    of,    ill*' 
.   M70, 
Qnaatioas  •■•  n  ii  Spain  touch n 
of  American  cil  icon  i  in 

Carpenters'  HaU.-iinU.iinK  OwMd  by  tb« 

Knl i.l  or  union  of  carpenters  of  Philadel- 
phia, it  mi  -tiuiUiii-  to  iii.-  inlld  balls  of 
Loudon.     The   First    nii.l   Becond   Contlnon* 

i  .i    »  .iiiKreM^vM    ii- i.i    iii.  ii-  sessions  lo 
ball. 

Carpetbaggers.— A    ti  ptoicft    "i> 

piled  i..  ■.  ii  urn  northern  politician*  win,  lu 

in.-  .i.i % v  ..f  tba  i n  Q  ii  [ton  i>f  the  south- 

■  in    .i.i..    ihortly   after   lbs   close  ol  the 

Civil  War  took  up  temporary  rcsltlcuee  In 
tin*  south  and   nought  election   to  Con 

mi. I  lurl.iua  Itat*  ..III.-.--  Tat  nun''  nroso 
frniii  III,-  fin-t  I  hnl  ..i.h  .i  '.  w  ..I  III  in 
Inii'iiilcd  to  aettle  permanently,  and  thrre- 
fore  i.i 1 1 ii-.i.  u  was  .uiii  iiirii-  effects  in 
rnrprtbags,     B •  of  tbem   proTco   I 

good  anil  UMi-f ul  i-ltliens.  while  man! 

tmacrapuloua  adventurers  woo  eougai  offi- 
cial poalUona  for  the  purpose  of  enriching 

III,  IH-..-IVCS. 

Carriagos  and  Wagons.— Ages  of  prog- 
ran  have  Inti  ttem  .i  botwi , ,,  tbi 

.mi. .",., i. lie    inuring    ear    of    to-day    [iii. I    the 

.-linlli.l-    nl    : I.  til     Kings.        Ani.'rli-nn 

live  genius  bn«  added  materially  to 
thi»  progress,  t'nril  toe  advanl  .if  tbi 
automobile  t  in-  American  bngg)   represented 

the    hiKli.-ni     type    .if    private    ronvcyi e. 

bring  u  modification  of  the  Kngllsh  brong- 
tiii  in   nnd    the  Ccrinau   lim.l  -..-    Che 

Ri  volutl ftrj    little    "i  muftcturlng    -.-.  si 

done   in  Hiin  country      Wealthy   Amci 
iui|i,.rted  their  coaches,  cerrlngcs  nnd  ph  ie 
lona  from   England  and   Franc*      The  Dum- 
ber   of    repair    sbops,    bosrever,    inereaoed 

villi    tlii-    iiiiiniier   of    vebl. 

rin-  First    American  vehicle  to  be  maim- 

faetured  to  any  i-iteot  irui  the  two-wln-i'lm! 

chaise,     which     beca popnlai     in     rfeit 

Knglnnd.        New     York     and     lloston     were 

netted  by  n   stagecoach    route  In    1770. 

lu     IT70,     when     John      Hancock     married 

i liy     Qulncy,     bi      to-  S     her     hj 

coach  to    Philadelphia    for  a   honeymoon. 

r  i  ii,.  ,  ..iniu.  t . f  iii  i  -■•  iii  or- 

ganised Ho-  Government,  "the  Importation 
..r  coaches,  chairs,  .mil  carriages  of  nil 
-...iti  from  England  was  forbidden  '  In 
t7d4  Congress,  looking  upon  carriages  a* 
articles  of  Insnry,  Imposed  a   tat  ou  tbem. 

vTttl  iii,-  Improve ol  of  roads  tbi 

federal  and  slate  aid,  tbe  vehicle  business 
grew.  The  Conestugo  wagon,  with  broad 
wheels  and  canvas-covered  body, 
drawn  by  •••■- 1  n  i  ■  ■  -  .iii-  ..r  bones,  cam* 
Into  ircnernl  use  In  New  York.  New  Jersey 
nnd  Pennsylvania  i,.,  N,  v..  t.ecnioe 
famous,  for  if h  coaches!  Ralem  anil  Wor. 
tcr.  Mesa.,  were  also  early  noted  ua  nisuu- 


factorlng  mlgratl, 

n-CHtwaiil  after  Ibe  wai   of    1812, 

. 

inn, •!.    John  sin. 

in    A-lil  I,.-!,   inn,,,   in    I-.:..   ami  two  . 

son*,   bavin 

went    I..   South    Bcml 

Hailed  ■  hlch    boa 

a    i"    in-    tin 
i chicles    in    tin-    world.     The    puni    i 
more  than  •   hundred  acres  of  groiir„i 
|.l,,yn    :i.<Kt|J    workmen,     uses     annual! 
iiiniiiuii    frei    ..f    lumber   nuil    lb.,  i- 
.(*  Ir  -n  nii.l   -..-,■!       "i  ii.     ■ 

of  Hi.-  factory  ■  v i  ■  i • ....... -.i  -.. 

In    lvT^'  the   Carrla 
Association    was    founded     by     ii 

skilled    workmen    and    i"  i  I 

biiilncas.     Hutiln-i  tir 

In    family    and    pleasure    caul 
ranki    Ilr-I 

ber    of    pu'-  --.  ancee    ma. 

while  Inillnna  beads  the  Hat  of  Statos  tura- 

li.K    ..ii I     farm,    i rmueiii    nnil 

Mn.     Wl>. 
nii.l   N.-'.v    fork   tin n  ■■tit    about   tbr<*-u,uar 
tera  of  iii„  slelgbs  and  si 

In  the  census  re] f..i    1900  tbe 

in,--, i    was  in:i.ii.  thai  Iti  in..  rarllcMt  stages 

ol   tbe  carriage  nod  wngnn  Imb.- 

i  in-    entire    work    of 

il.in..    nl     iln-    vHlalilUbmetii 

as  la 
other  lines  <>f  manuf  ■  - 1 » i . 
few,   If  kiij.  manufacturers  prod- 
piutK.     The  makli  '-vagoai 

rials  as  a  sepnrstc  Industry  Is  grnwlag. 
inn,    for    Hi,-    fin  lories    la 
ei.il   by    Jliireb.    April   and    May.   bat    work 

in  fnii-ij  i iluunun  in,-  .,  ear  r  •■ 

•  ni   "i   ■  i"-  •  it oers  work  oo 

per  week. 
Carriage  nnd   wagon  mnklns  In  Us   varl- 

111111,    ".in  carried   on    la   aVdM   esi"1 

no  nii  In   the  United  States,  and   go..- 

lent     Iii      Hull)     to     SW  '.i     I     i 
whom   110,028   were   wage-esruerM,  ami    paid 

■    In    salaries    and    wags*.      Tbe 
total    cost    of    materials    »a«    » 
wblcb    was  -  quel    to    about    half 
.  i  ni  i     .r   i he  total    value  of  the  products 
ilK.u. :-'••.  .,  ,,.    -■  I    Ie    tin-    rsl  ie     i  Ii 
ib.     mntt-rlals    by    manufacture    wa«    $7?.- 
•iii.'j.mi      Many     itabll  ihirn  ted  at 

rloi     ',,    the    ill lii'.-iitb    i,    • 
facturlng  earrlagns  and   wagons    have 
turned   wholly  or  lu  pari    t..   iim 
inr,-  ,,f  automobllas. 

For  tbe  Industry  as  n  whole  In  191  I 
were    report.  tabllsbuients. 

iiiuiiiifio-iiireil   1.187,003   vehlelss,    vain 
»72,2H-t,SOS,       At     the     1900     census     there 
reported    5.613    esUbllshmvnls.     with 
nn   output  of    1.:,S1.'.71    vehicles,    valn«<l  at 
J'.il.u::;  ..inn.    'n,,.  n.uiii,.-r  ., 
thus   ilecrensed   during   tbe   five  year    i 
by   293,   or   fi.2    per   cent      the    nuanb. 
M'lili -i.  ■     I  .    807.0110,  ..i   •.'.■.!    per  cent;   and 
the  value,  by  S21.7oi,002, 

Carson  and  Colorado  Railroad,  right  of 
way  of,  throuirli   Walker  Kiver  1: 
ration,  Nov.,  r, ■.!'••  rr.-l  to,  iT::ii,  s776, 
4'.ir.:i,  .-i  i7s. 
Carsons  VaUoy,  Utah,  Territorial   gov- 
ernment over,  referred  to,  3011. 
Cartel.— An  sgrei-i,,,  i,t   between   belllg 
states    relating    to    the    methods    of    curry* 

nn    for    Ibe     •  i 
prisoners,     declaring     certain     ground     t*»u- 
trnl.     repressing    marauders,    carrylsuj 

Kiatal  cummnnlcatlon,  ,,r  n.,-  in.,-.     .\  mr- 
l-fhlp  (soiiictlioea  simply  called  a  cartel) 


hpedie  Index 


Cedax 


la     nmr     uai-d     In     rxckaaflBX    prtmerr*    o* 

■  •iaiiuiiiil<*i  i  eueaay. 

of  prisoner*  ara 

i  .••  i If  um>-  m  are  mm- 

uartaaM    l>f     thr    i. 

ii«    easy    treat    with    each    other 

AB     ••x'-bausc     of     prlaonera     la 

krarfleial  to  tmth   aide,  which    theret.y   re- 

.  %ru  men  sod  Is  weed  the  trou 

l.l*    ar-l    I  .  _o»nil3£   ami    ( 

In   an   excbaosc.   tt'   i   i 

lake ii    lnii>  »«n»ni.    anil. 
.    m  jwndble,   man   la  exekinxol   for 
u*aa  wf  cjuul  rank. 
Carthage   <Mo.),  Battle  col— After  fior- 

JarkMia  and   lila  followers  nail   beea 

d  Into  Jai 

i.   i>.  aterllne 

ii>.|  Willi  a 
I  VMt  men,   Hln>  : 

the  Stnt*  to  pro- 
i  •  nt»  arrl«lcs  rr.un  Arkansas 
IC«C    after  iienne- 

t broach    Carthage    lo 

.•l.lf.Mlt  lll« 

The 
«  r»|»rttil   • 

llll.   I  «"UBd(«l. 

OaTtOOO.- -A   caricature   in-o!   In   en. 

nil  or  a  polio-.  eapcrfMllr  pttblle 
in   pnlltkal  tnra-    - 
Cartoons.  Early.     <  'See  lllu»tr:itioin  op- 
IM,  15S1,  '         . 
SO. 
Carr's  Beballlon.— Thomse  Cary,  deputy 

deposed 
<ot1cllatloo  of  to*  (Jnakera 
r~r  alsfniochUliiic  inen  under  llif  i 

r.  I    yuars 

I  to  utarp   On-   i 
In  171 1  be  attempted  lo  capture  CnTrraer 
■ 

-  aatlatnnce 
•  i-l  «"«<1)   was  force- 1 

Cam  Orxcdc  Buln.  Arizona.  (8*e  Parks, 

Nation.: 
Casement,  Sir  Boger.     (8m  Roma  Rule 

IrelaniL) 
Ceartle    Island.    Boston    Harbor. 

.  airnt    of,    vol  ■ 

Caanalty.   -  In  i,ir.  r  -  !• 

f  wounds. 

Casns-BelU - -Llterall!  a  mow  of  war:  ■> 

•a   -• 

if   n-   •  r  f i . - r    nnllnn 

»„.-,  'J It  of 

.•UBrflt. 

Catawba.  The.  purchased  f->r  Peru,  da- 

OalChWOuL— A  word  or  phrase  of  i lar 

appeal     oftea   on  '1   by  a    p> 

rutin"; 

flit  1 1 n j    :  "ll     kept  as  out  of  War."  etc 
Catfcertc*.   Tbe,   seiter   i 

Catherine  Augusta,  Tbe,  --i 
marl. 

'■•-I.    <8e*l; 
i  ration  la  raw  of,  S3». 


Cattle: 

dltaMM      among,      dis- 

8784,  M87. 

i  "M  ;ii  i  hi-- i'r:"  •''•  of 

nf,  477L 
K»|  liition  of. 

Animals  anil  Animal  Pro 
Inspection   of.     (8<  ■  I  ndn- 

try,  Bureau  of.) 
Restriction*  on  importation  of.     (8eo 

Aiui.inl*  nixl 
slaughter  of,  from    i 
quired  by  urest  Britain,  8784,  «n  7h 
Cnttlo,    Exhibition.    International,    at 
Hajabnrw,  •■•  irmtuiy,  dUeaaaad,  4714, 
Cattle  Plague.  (See  Plenro  -Pneumonia.) 
Caucus,    a   neettng  el   iii-  adberai 

a     political    parly    to    num.-    c-.nnlldui 
■  if    purl y 
i   ti  tbe  earn  Ujr  nn  American 


tloB,   similar  uii'rlliii;»  lire  snmcil 

In    Isaalaiid.       Mr.    liladHtone 


bold 


:    the    i. .ill.. i     Mil    ,i 
Tbe  caucus  orl.-lii'i'.-.l    In    Hn 
pari    nf  Hi 

It      !•      IOPI I      tO     li  I 

from  ! 

» lib   Hie   ablpploK    liualno  Korib 

.1    meellni 
^•reir   and    rarried    the    uuna    wlih    It 
Institution    at 

111      ll      **•      g  i  ;   III  .11.        ■  ||K      <'..ii 

luinil    mcellnuH    ffhlch    iiotulnnled    oan- 
dldiitra    f.»r    Hi.-    Pi.  .I.l.-ui-y    .unl    Vlrc   ' 

.if      l||M      I     lllll'll      Mm.  I   l|,        III     |,,||l 

il   until   1824.      In   1S2H   uon 
llf.nn  wHre  mnili  lejlalatorc 

In    IK  -nt  aysiem  of  nominating 

Into  ii  !■        Mm 

..■it.'    xliiillnrlY  :     h]      legla. 

tallre  •omenrbat    pr. 

t.>    tbe   Ktneral    p  lam,    oomlnailna 

■  ■     eollonn  ii..ik  ili.'li  place.     Oaiicnaas  nf 

1 

tbe  ndherenl*  of  the  aeveral  political 

•iilin    upon  party 

Ei    In    chnoae    Hi-  of    Ibe 

nnle    and    Bos 
Caralry. — Soidi«ni    on    borat-batar. 
Army.  I 
Cavalry,  InerettM  in.  recommended,  228, 

i.  I96L 
Cavite,  Philippine  Islands,  l.nti. -n, 

■  '-'I     I''-"      '.:' Mil     -  • ,  1 1 :  i .  I  r . . :  i .    I 

I,  11 

Cayuga  Indians.    (Son  Indian  Tribes,) 

Cayuae  Indians,     (s,-,-  In diafl   Pl 
Cedar  Creek   (Va,).  Battle  Of.— Om      r 

hi.-  n  Ion .  in  Ibc  CItII  War. 

Aft.-r  iin-  raaagcmcDl  ni  Plabcra  mil  Hhcrl- 
irmr  on  tbo  north  al.i.    o( 
Cedar  Creek,  near  Hlraahunr.  nml  v 

ill  ii.  io  Hn-  r-  turn  of 
tin-  Blxth  Corpi  Hurloe  hla  nh-n-nre 
Kar It.    who    had    hern     rrenf.o. -.  il    !■■      I 

•ill.    returned    np   Mi- 
v.iii. ■-.  i  ...i.i r   Creek,    u 

inornlTie    of    Oct     10,    1864.     snrprlted    ibe 
-I    .-l    K'ma    :i"'l 
deral   army    under 
...iiimiiiii.i    ..r   i;.-n     vvrluht    retired    i 
n  lien    Kherldnn.     a  ha    t ■ . .  ■ 
i  latter   place   dnrlna   the   fore 

i ii,    i.  jniii.-il    tin    error    end   ordered    tbe 

battle   !'■ I       I   i  r I v ' «  men   n.-r..    In   poi 

•eaalou  of  Ibc  camp  nt  Cedar  Creek  a  ben 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


they  were  attacked  nbout  3  o'clock  In  the 
aficroooD  and  defeated,  with  henry  I  owe* 
(o  both  tides.  The  L'oofcderatce  WW  nil 
lb*  (udi  and  camp  equipage   which    they 

h.nl    |ii ■- vloual)     •".i.lin.il,    .ili. uf    24    |Bal    '•' 
nnd  some  dags.     Sheridan's    Ion 
In  the  two  engagements.  In   killed,   wound. 
.•(I  and  pi :  BiOSO;  Hi--  Confcdor- 

atc  |n-n  mi  J. 400.  This  was  lh"'  ll  I  effort 
of  t iif  Confederate  forces  to  occupy  the 
Shenandoah  Valley. 

Cedar  Key*,  Flu.,  intorfproncr-  with  col- 
lector  of    customs    in,   nmi    action  of 
Government  (IhCTISMO,  6607. 
Cedar  Mountain  (Va.),  Battle  of.— June 
£tl,    1802,    Gen.    Pope    u-ua  assigned    to    the 

cummiiiiii  of  iii Mi. i i  force*  •■  r  Bank*, 

in.  nmi  McDowell,  known  a«  ill" 
army  of  Virginia.  Knrh  of  the  sepnrnlc 
armies    had    been    defeated    or    forced    Into 

reln-at     by     Jm-i  .nil.        '1'lir-    I'l.iul...  .       . 

numbered  4H.OO0,  Including  6,000  rstnlry. 
I  i] "•  established  headquarter*  ni  Culpcpcr. 
tbOUl    00    uillea   sonlhweat  of    Washington. 

i m   Jackson  nmi  a    r.   inn  io 

.  illi',   -i    few   mi  lea  aodl  I     of 
■  ulpepcr.       Their    united    armies.     Dim 

lint,  according  in  Federal  accounts,  ?r>.ooo 
tiii-ii,    iniviiii.-i-ii   toward    Cnlpeper.   and    on 

iu  Ii  nttneked  Gen.  Hunk*,  wlih  ii  force 
of  8,000  men.  at  Cedar  Mountain,  a  lull 
two   mllea  weat   of   Mitchells  Station.    Oil- 

fi'per    County.    Vn.      Rank"    w»»    ■t.-f.-.t t.-.l. 
!,.-   Federal   Waiea  «r*re  814  killed,   1.443 

n minded,    and    020    missing.      Tin-    I 
erutes  lost  219   killed,  and   1,047  wouii'lcl. 

Cedar  Rapids.  Iowa,  act  for  erection  of 

PQblla  buildings  in,  returned,  5503. 
"Colerlty,    Certainty    and    Security." 

Slur  Routes.) 
Cemeteries,  National.— Tho  army   appro- 

prlallon  bill  for  1860  contained  a  clause 
setting  nsldo  $10,000  to  purchase  a  lot 
near  the  i  It]  "f  M-xIro  for  thn  luterim-nt 
Of  United  states  soldier*  who  frll  DM! 
that    place    during    the    Mexican    War. 

Mm,-   id,-   CM]   War  Congress  lias  eetah- 
elghty-fonr    cemeteries     within     the 
Colted    States.      They   aro    mostly    In    the 
ftoulb.  aa  must   of  Hi.  nil  In   that 

rr;lon.       In    all    there    arc    3T0.41&   era  res. 
each  marked  with  a  marble  head 
n.i  me  ami  tank  of  ea.h  OCCUratnl  l»  eliWIed 
on   the  in-nd-stone  when  knnv.ii 

The  following  lable  shows  the  number  of 

cenetcrle*  maintained  bf  the  Federal  doe- 

emmrnl  and  the  Interment"  of  snldlera  and 
sailors   therein    up  to   June  30.   1015: 


Nuts  or  Cuotot 


Asr»  IN 

Arau 

liTTceWSna 

Nmi  or  Cramr 

□ah  sag 
Del 

Tout 

Alexandria.  La 

Alexandria,  V*    

Aackrsnnvitle,  0* 

A  adtr»  Johnson  (Graeoville), 

8  24 
8.40 

tit 
is 

4.115 

n 
iM  n 

.0047 
S.S6 

750 
1 
20 
1 
S 

9  W 

s.ss 

13  M 

2.380 

let 

1,037 

MS 

Utt 

4.001 
34 
741 

M 

yu 

IM 

M 
a  Tin 

4,530 
3.504 
13,721 

10 

.'.•■ID 

Anti-lam.  Md 

'  .a,  Va 

BalbBtaJJ.  V» 

run 

25 

Ban*>Oiwsii.b.C.... 

1,640 

3,1414 

44 

Ma 

Bewflr  '».  J 

100 

1.50* 

Camp  NfWin,  Ky 

-  5H 

4.757 

i  iM 

■nocc*.  Teon 

l '.sal,  Va 

Cokl  Harbor.  V. ... 

i    Mi., 
frown  Mill,  I  ml     . 

*f.  V* 
Cuat«rB*liWiclJ.Mool.... 

.  iiiiu,  s.  v 

Danville.  Va 

nills.  Ark 

•   J. 

- 
l".it  D.nirl.,0.  Tim 

nM<Sbsaa,0Ua 

Fort  Hirraa,  Va.  . 

fart  Lrawnwonli,  Ksim 
urt  MtltHfsoh.  Kebf 

as.  ... 
Fort  nrnilli,  Ark 

'.iir,-,  Va     .. 

Gleadale.  Va  . 
Grafton.  W.  Va 
Hampton,  Va 
Jeftawa  Barr»ck\  M  . 
JefTi-e.n  I  ii  ,  Ma 
Ksnktik.  low* 
KdoxtiIIi     i   di 

Lebsnon.  Kv    

l^xmcton.  Kj  ... 

\rk 
lxiurl'-in  V'M't.  M.l 
Mwitiu.  O*    

MnnpliUL  Trill. 

Mssk  •' '.!-.  Mu 
Mill  Spring*,  Ky 
MiiIiiIi-,  All 
Mound  ■  . l - .  Ill 
in 
'. 

New  Albany.  In. I 

S>.l.,  n.     B.C 
Philadelphia,  h 

l\.pl»r  Grove.  Va... 
Pal  Hudson,  La. . . 

IJ.nnrj-,  III 

KWUBOnd,  Va  

Buck  I.laml   111 
...-.    -.    i- 
*n  Aalonlo.  Te. 
Burnnoawo,  CaL... 

fcanta  1-V.  N.Mrx. 

Ssran  Ha**,  V* 
Smph.  IVnn 

i'  Hume.  D.  C 

Bnrinnfidd,  Mo   

St.  Aiiguatina,  Fl». . 
Staunton.  V* 

Stone  Rl-rtf.  Tenn 

Virksbunt.  Mini  — 
Wlhnlc      -.  -.  C 
ttin/lieit*r,  V*      ... 
Woedlsao.  N.  V...  . 
Yorktowa.  Va 


ToUl 1.5*4.370 


Aar«   r« 
Aeaa* 


i  ■  n 

7.40 
I  ?5 

to 

I  37 
« 

is  II 

3.40 
603 

3  70 
15.34 

40* 

It 

107 
I0  3t 

it 

13 

14  87 
I  I- 
1.40 

10  01 
50 

* 

J  75 

IH 
2.(0 

i.n 
M 

41    01 

: 
ISO 

10  50 

II 

4  4(1 
7  00 

13  2* 
IAS 
» 

450 
7  83 

0  74 
1 

S 

3.SS 
37.50 
0.53 

1  u 

n  :■■■ 

In 
4 
.58 
I. IS 

20.10 

to 

i 

4.80 
I.St 
3 


laiSBJUMS 


rjassjoei 
Dead 


1.400 

i,  a 
MM 

37 
012 
274 
1*4 
0 
150 
♦10 

10 

511 

5« 
1.563 

3*1 

l» 
I.4H 
IS.TM 
1.43J 

,...., 

•SO 
•54 

44* 
43 

I, til 

10* 

MM 

-is 
3;0*4 
s,*03 

410 

M 

4.121 

2,7*4 

1.110 

ta 

57 
550 

B\M 
45 

|vk- 
311 
471 

4-8 
Iff 

2,405 

»1 

1.217 

1.553 

5.10 
2,547 
12.910 

l.l.'i-i 

1.110 


IS!   M     17*411 


Total 


U.470 

1.M3 
3,717 

Iffl 

s 

1.131 
l.llt 
1.431 
3.0U 

»:i 

1.447 

ill 

4014 

>v 

337 
UN 

15.111 

:.•.'•* 
I  W 

11.344 

11*71 

541 

m 

1  'I. 

1.11* 

1« 
I"  Ul 

I.SU 

Utf 

3.117 

ut> 

J.404 
0.21« 
IM 
312 
1.214 
IAU 
174 
I3.I4J 

ufi 

*.r* 
i*» 

..•■ 

2  : 

tS 

1.771 

;u 

1 7,0*1 

4J4) 

un 

2.IU 


01  Iliac  inlcrnuinLi  about  U,SI 7  are Ilirx  of  I'i  lifmlllMIS. 
being  mainly  in  the  National  Cemeteriei  at  Camp  Bitlat, 
Cj-prws  IblK  F.nn*  Iv.tcit.  Fort  bunith,  Uamptan.  Jaflaaaa 
Barrack*.  Sphn*ficld  aad  Woodlasra. 

The  national  cemetery  at  Gettysburg.  Pa., 
la  peculiarly  Interesting  from  Its  baring 
been  dedicated  by  President  Lincoln  In  IMS 
It  abound*  In  numerous  memorial*  of  tbe 
departed  anldlent,  inetudlng  a  national  moa< 
iimenl.  It  has  been  thn  seen*  of  a  re- 
union of  the  atirtlvora  of  the.  a-rrar  battle 
rough  I  there  July  i-;i.  iSrt.t  The  Uovrrav 
ment  assumed  charge  of  It  In  1873. 


Incyclopedic  Index 


Raf 


KatloaiL      (See   also   N«- 

Evtabl. -bnwnt     of,    and     number    of 
I  'tima  coldicr*  buried  in,  discussed, 
3649. 
Government     employee*    to    be    per- 
mitted to  participate  in  ivrcmonio* 
•I.    8ML    4)20.    4137,    4184,    4 
4282,  4552,  4402,  4443,  4508,  4552, 
4805,  tm,   j;.'-3,  4818,  4899,  5071, 
6550,  5463,  5540,  5609,  6832,  5W», 
6046. 
Censors.— Roman    magistrate*    to    aurvcy 
and  rate  the  property  and  correct  to*  man- 
aera  of  the  people  win-  unpointed  abont  443 
Toe    old    eooitltutlon    of     l'oan«yl- 
Taala,  framed  In  1770.  provided  for  a  coun- 
I   censor*,   to  br  elici-'ii  two  [ran  eacb 
tiiy    or    roomy    every    (even    ynr*.    wbo«e 
duir    It    shoold    be    to    Investigate    tbe    de- 
partments  of    tbe   goterxinicnt    and    In- 
whether  the  roatlltutloo  had  Ik.  . 
A  new  constitution  »•■  framed  In  1790  wiiti 
thl*  provision  omitted.      The  Vermont  eon- 
^^Bso.    taodrlrd    after    that    of     ]•.  • 
viola,    provided   for   ceoeom,    and    I  hi*   ro> 
eplrtmeat  wa*  not  at-ullabed  till 
fl— nnhlp.  —  IiifnUUon    of    and    control 
•rer  ciuiratlona  and  utterance*.     Foreign 
atOsa*.  eaa-eclnliy  dur.:  i|nin  tV.r. 

tnaasatly  have  resorted  to  thin  mean*  of 
rmtotlne  nobllclty  of  gGv*rnmcntnl  a.  lion 
iMrollllcal  pUn«.  but  in  the  United  State* 
atacr****  ha*  Ml  to  l>y 

U*  Oevsra,  ..  In  ar.  nilri»»rr  wny. 

Ui  ties    only    In    « ir   I 

BOaeat  to   the  ConatJtotlon  apeclncnllT 
(i  Ik*  abridgement  of  the  freedom  of 
•*»«!    U»   preaa.      (See    Eaplounae 

Canon,  Beoolutlons  of. — Two  resolution* 
at  ensure  oo  tbe  president  nave  been 
laaal  once  by  t  li .-  Senate  and  once  by 
0»  rinse,  oo  occasions  where  tbe  ma- 
>e»y  taaalng    the**  mis    not 

»»ao>at;y  large  either  to  paa*  measure* 
far  Ibe  prnMcnt*  veto  or  to  Impeach 
Ko.  March  28.  1834.  after  tbree  munih 
♦•aai  ever  an  attempt  to  Impeaeb  Andrew 
«*«,  Congr«-ss  resolved  thot  the  "prert- 
•at.  la  Ike  let*  •lecullv*  proceeding*  In 
*rt«tL:.  .Tonne,  b* 

<t*a  bhaatlf  authority  ind  power  not  con- 
id  law*,  bat  In 
•woili*    of    both  "      Jn'k-nn    r""'' 
M  »IUout  Bvmlf.      hi   is. .7  the 
■"»  Hjsangcd  from    the    record*.      Jan.  10, 
1UJ.  J.,im    >|.    imtK,   of    Virginia,    oil 
»  rwotttioa  for  the  Impeachment   nf   I'r.i 
•ajt  Tyler  foe  "gro»*  usurpation  of  power, 
land  corrupt  al  power  of 

rnt.      high      crimes      nnd       n 

red  ncnlnn  this 

d  do  him,  bul   li<-  had 

M    the    Miata    rated   again*! 

_  of  Jackson'*    protest,   and    In 

i  ran  .i    ib..   Huns*  wiii  him 

of    the     Benal 

eccaaloo.      The    revolution    was    re- 
by  a   rot*  of  83  to   127.    ISco  alao 

Croon,— The  Constitution  require*  thnt  a 

■state*  aball  be  taken 

The  Brat  cetMU*  wn»  taken  In 

anaVr  the  supervision   of    the    preil- 

:  «anwgo*Pt   eenwsea,   to  and    Includ- 

Oat   off  1840.    were    taken    under    th" 

■ton  of  the   Secretary  of  State.      In 

•upervlalon    of    the    census    w«i 

"  to  tbe  newly  orcuued  Depart- 


ment of  the  Interior,  and  continued 

the    control    of    that    department    unl 

I ..  ■  -.«,•  uf  in.    ■  .i  ..f  ni".:    creating  tbe  D« 

pariment  of  Commerce  and  Labor:  by    this 

act   the  Census  Bureau  wa*  ti-  n 

the   new  deparlni.nl.      Congress  by   net  ap 

proved    March    0,    IO02.    made    the    Census 

Bureau  a  permanent  bureau  of  the  Goran- 

• 

work  of   tbe   Ccnaua    Bureau    1*  di- 
vided Into  two  main  bran.:  the 
;il    Kintutlcal    In- 
ter   mo*tly   made    In    the   In- 
terval* helv..    n  the  d i  nl»l  cenm»e».     The 

Thlrtienth  Itrernnlal  tVuaua  wan  taken  a* 
of  date  April  15,  Ifllft  It  covered  the 
three  main  *ubjecta—  (1)  population,  (31 
artlculiijie.  and  i'M  inanufacturn,  mlnca 
and   quarries 

The     permanent     work     of      the     Ceaatia 
Burrau  1«  provided  for  hv   the  ael  0 
a;re«a  approved  Mnrcb  0,  1002.  and  an 
menu    thereto.      The**   acta   authorlx*    and 
dliv.t     tbe    IturfSU    to    make    Binll<ltr*l    lu- 

3 nlrle*  regarding  the   Insane,   feclilsr-ulnded, 
enf  and  dumb,   and   blind,   crime,    nauper- 
l>m,  and  benevolence:  death*  nod  bit 
the  arvaa  maintaining"  rvvlnratlon  *y*tem ; 
•oclnl    and    financial    atatlnl.-i    nf    • 
wealth,  debt  and  taxation  ;  rr-lla-loint  b 
elerirli-     light     and     power,    telephone*    and 
leleKraph".  and  »troet  railways :  trauanorla- 
tlon    by    water:  cotton    production  and  dl»- 
trlbullon  ■   and   production   of   foreet    prod- 
The  matltllcs  of  death*   (which    DOW 
cover    a    liule    ors-r   1i*lf    of    Hi*    conntry), 
o{  >  itlea,  and  of  production  ol   cotton   and 
nl      •■■  .-ii  i.d   nnnually  :   the 
■tatlltlca  mentioned  ore  taken  imially 
at  lnti-rvala  of  five  or  ten  yearn,  not.  how. 
:ii    the  same   time  a*   the   regular  de- 
D  use*.      The  net  of  lnOU  alxo  pro- 
vide* for  a  cetthUR  of  manufacture*  In  the 
fifth  yenr  Intervening  between  th 
ci-nsnaea.    and    r  ti  -  -    n.-.v     rhlrteeotb    I 
act     further  prmiile,   fur   n   ceniiux  of  agri- 
culture.   In    11115.  as   well   a.    In    1010. 

IB*  Director  of  the  Onsiu  U  appointed 
by  the  l*re*ldent  of  the  I'nl !■•.!  Rial-,  and 
receive*  a  aalary  of  S<;  000  per  annum.  The 
til  Director  l»  W'llllnm  J.  Ilarrl*  of 
tJeorgla,  The  permanent  ofllco  organltatlon 
Include*  a  chief  clerk,  four  chief  ntntlitl- 
claim — for  population,  for  manufneture*.  for 
finance  and  municipal  *tatl»tl.»,  for  vital 
statistics — a  geographer,  and  clclit  chief*  of 
dlvlxlon  'I  tic  entire  number  of  imjIlTJaM 
In  tbe  Bureau  at  Washington  !, 
B40:  in  addition  lber«  ir«  about  700  npeclnl 

employed  Intermittently  In 
em  utates  for  the  collection  of  cotton  »la- 
tlallos.  The  number  of  employee"  In  Wash- 
inglon  wa*  greatly  Increased  during  the 
decennial  census:  on  Novemher  1.  llilft,  It 
wa*    3.S0.',    In    addition    to    field  employee* 

•..puLll.uH     I 

Census: 

Appropriation    for   expense*   of,    rec- 
ommended, 4654,   4664,   4C90,  4605, 

Digcuraed    nnd    rticommendntiona    re- 
Rnrdinc   by  Pn.-Hi.lent — 
Alum*,  J.  Q.,  830,  983. 
Arthur,  4635. 
Clnvclnml,  .'.978. 
Killmore,   2622,  2605.   2708. 
Grant.  3906,  4006,  4156.  4208. 
IJarrUon,  Bi>nj„  5553,  5640. 
Jaekaon,  1093,  1367. 
JoffcTBon,  315. 
Johnson,  3872. 


Census 


jts  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


i    „.  ,.i„   3  !  iS   I 

McB 

Moi  B17, 

Plane,  -756. 

.it.  6676,  7104,  7176,  7228. 
Tnrlor,  2560. 
Tvlrr,  189-1,  1934.  : 

1778. 
Wellington.  98,   175, 
i  rarjr  five  yean  reoommenderl,  I 

In     is'.'i,    rem  ion     for.     II"  7, 

ifioa. 

Law*  rcgnrdinR  tinio  of   taking,  dis- 

■mi-si  , |.  ;>S6. 
Referred  to,  1775. 
Pcn-nm.  r-.  i  uges  of,  should 

I..'  taken  with,  , 1 
Po»tnp;o    on    papers    concerning,    dis- 
•QIMd,   I 

Btafi  ired  to,  6345,  038».  84    I    MTV. 
sn|H>rviiior«  ot.  removed,  referred  to, 

Census,       Agricultural,      recommended, 

5068, 
Census  Board  inferred  to,  2560. 
Census  Bureau  discussed,  4066,  5640. 
(Tent.   ffnppet  eolai  ttampod  wtta  rarlou 
dcHlgu*  were  Iraued  flrni   i.y  Dm  attic*  and 
tetel    hy  the  Federal  <loTernm«.-ut.     Vermont 
wn*   the  first   *mi'-    to   Issue   coppei 
having  granted  p.-rii)l«-|..ri  In  Jan 

,ir„  ta  tnalte  in' in- y  to 
■late    for    two    years      In    October,    1783, 
Connecticut  granted  the  right  to  coin  CIO,- 

imm>  u apcr  i-.-iii  r.  knows  m  the  >  onnectl- 

.in    oral   "i    1788      in    1786   Mtixim  I.- 
ewtubtl-lmd    a   mini    tad    eolBed    160.000    I" 
cent*    and    half    cent*.      In     Itw    «aine    rear 
New   .1 

i iers  i"  the  ( UK       In   1781 

the    Continental    Congn-**    directed    Bob)  rt 
Uorrli   to  look   Into   1 1 ■  ••  matter  of  t-- 

il    coinage      It*    i  ■  ■  -  -i  ■ 
hand    on    lbs    Spanlab    dollar,    one    hnn 
nun.  to  !"•  called  ■  .-.hi      in-  plan  ««»  re- 

}t'«i,    ami   in    I'M    Jefferson    proposed    to 
'ongi."->    Unit    tbo   *inaUc*l    coin      lioiild    bo 

ot  copper.  •■!  which  '.'oo  should  inn  fn 

In     ISTii,     "if     linndrii)     « ••< 
■  United      11m  i>''t  of  April  nili.ir- 

lx»-d    the   coinage   or   coppei nts   contain- 

in,-  264  ffralni  anil  lialf  cent*  In  proportion. 
ic  n.-tn  of  .Ian.   14.   lTn::.   on.i  -Inn     -■■, 
lTDiI,  tln-li  weight  wii-.  reduced    I 

'rii-  i r  ininii.-i  commenced  In  1703.  In 
18."."  the  olrkel  •••■lit  ivn-1  substituted  tad 
ili.<  linif  ei  hi  .11  conilnui  -l  and  In  1804  lbs 
i.i.Mr.'.-  r.  hi  tret  Introduced  weighing  fnrlr- 
elght  grain*  and  cnnalattng  of  olnel 
pel  --Hi  -.f  rapper  itnil  tin-  remainder  -.f  iin 
and  tin*     in   the  calendar  rear   i!ii<> 

were   coined    l.". "  •- l.   'is   cent    ill wnriti 

f  1,628.4112.18.       Thla     wn*     about     $2 1 

ni"r,'    1 1...  11    the    vni f    it'"-    eenl    i 

coined,   nini  about   f  1 00.000  lew  ihan 
vnlui   ii  'in.'ii     A  proposition  to  i 

n     iiiilfnrii     pi wan     Introduced    In     trie 

Bltty-*.-cond    CongretM    In    l'-'l-     hut    fnll.'d 
of   pa  ■ 

Cent.     (See  Copper  Coins.) 

Centennial  Anniversary  of  Founding  of 

Washington  as  Capitol  to  bo  held  in 

1900,  6347,  6404,  6456. 


Centennial  Anniversary  of  Framing  of 
Constitution.  |  rale, 

in  P  I  18 

Centennial    Anmvorstry    of    Indepen- 
dence,   proclamation    recom 
d*i  liver;     and     filing     oi     historical 
sketches  of  GO 

Centennial  Celebration  of  Inauguration 
of  President  Washington  to  b«  held 
in   \.-w   York. 
Pr.  ii  i  regarding,  5153. 

Centennial  Exposition  at  PnUadelphla. 
—An  inii-iu.iii'.uai  exhibition  "f  art*,  man 
uft    ii..       tod    producta    el  end 

h.  I.I    at     lit  In in     I'nrfc.     Hill 

|.li In.    from   Slay    19   to    Not.    10,    1870,       It 

kind  held  in  ihi<  country,  ami  was  mt'nded 

[ebrato    tb*   completion   of   a    century 

..f  iin.  •xUtuue*  nf  ttn  utes  as  an 

mil.  i'.  n. i,  ni     Dttton         Tii  re- 

i  "    i'leot    Grant's    warmed    rapport 

42 10,     12  in     of 

■  ei    Iphlt    raincribed   (I I  csp- 

li  a  I    Hi  uk.      Congre**  ippr. 

000  a*  a  loan,  lVnn«ylTanl*  iLOOtumu.  and 

■      Kick* 

lullll. . :.    person*    pnhl    »dml«-l..n,   and    many 
ii   coantrles    were   represented    by    ex 
hii.it*. 

Centennial    Exposition   nt    Philadelphia 
-.  4216,   i: 
reprint  inn        for,  nded, 

4271',    i::i  I. 

Comminniiui  referred  to  US. 

CorTi'si'Miiiii'ti..'     regarding,    re» 
to.  4311, 

Executive     order*     regarding,     4235, 

4280, 
Government     aid     to,     recommended, 

Proclamation  regarding;,  411 

Iiemoval    of    government    .  - 

capital     for    permanent    exhibit 
recommended,  4364. 

.its   of    foreign    nal 
Iributcil.  4365. 
Report  of  board  on  behalf 

rive  Departments,  printing  and  • 
tribution    of,    re  i 
4429. 
Report    of    commission    referred    to, 

4301,    I  II 
Results  of,  discussed,  4355,  4 
Centennial  State.— a    Dlekneau  for  Colo- 

in. I.,  i  .|    v  ..      I SCC  ni  10  Ktniei.l 

Central  America. — Tbt  *ii  Istb   ibu  states 

hare  an  area  which  a   little   rio-.-d»   SOO,. 

i»'"  i    .-     ml'.  Tli.-    gn  ItJ  Il     1  ■  r ■  - n . I    U 

tpproxlmttely  along  15"  N.  Int.   from   I 

. i .1  lot  i'i   i n.».  i,,   i be    ..ti  ' 
I*    about    10        The    r-|.uili.-.     .f    r. 
Aiini  lea  in--  :  i'i.-iii   l:.       tluntei 
dura*.  Nlcuragua,  l*snama.  Salvador, 

Pnnnmn     '".innl     Zone    helonclng    to     the 
I    .--laii  .    linn    iin   nr.-a   .if    474    :  ■ 

Will".. 

The  upland*  of  tBI  plat-an  nf  Mtslen  am 
Interrupted  bj    tbi    i.nland  of  the  l-thraut 
of  Tabaantepec,  but  list  again  on  the 
east.     The  general   formation  a*  far  south 


si  Co«U  Rlra.  where  the  Iilhmin  narrows 
■IMl  IB*  mountain*  t-rd  to  form  «  •  lual.- 
chela.  1*  that  of  a  plateau  sloping  Scully 
-.  ih-  Atlantic  nit!  limply  toward! 
th-  I*arl0c.  Oo  ibW  arv  many  mora  or  Ion 
parallel   range*. 

.Vteorapve  tin  n  wide  tout  plain  on   :'•■■ 
in*   Mosquito    Coast,    uplands   In    trie 
or,    sloping 
crntty     toward*    to--    Atlantic    n 
l<iwirtl>  tin-  late*,  and  volcanic  t>»n,  which 
ii   volcanic  jon*.     Somo 
or    Hi.  »-  ar-  a".  mm   am!  Ma.aia 

hare  been  I  To 

the  ea«t  of  ttil«  range  li  a  great  dept- 
o*-ciir.lrd      by      Lake*     Managua     and      Mr 
erag-.in      These  at-.-  iSralmvi  .  Juan 

BlTrr    wliirh    B'.iw- 

To  the  south  Ibc  nin  ..low* 

the  ci.nl-  r  ..f  ih.    .  -timaa  to  ranama.  where 

itiy    on 

raaarna  on 
fa  sored    the   <oo*t ruction   of    Ihc    canal    at 
Itar  c«rrriw<-»t   portion. 

Central  America  (see  alto  th«  several 

Affair*  of,  diacusacd,  0325. 

Q  war  in.  977. 
Commercial  relations'  with,  1115,  4327, 

to    South  and, 

for  improving  com' 
4M'i.  '!5,  4955, 

Con*e!>  of  Unit.  •  n.«N 

in  number  of,  recommended,  1760. 
Convention*     and     treat!**)     between 
.:  Britain  »-"i   [Jolted  SI 
regnrding     dominion     over,     di«- 

•d,    2861.   2SS4,    2901,    I 
»58. 
Complications  arising  under,  2973, 

:  .;:•... 
Construction  of,  diieoatcd,  2973. 
-apoudence       regard  m;;,       trana- 
£894. 
.'.at ions    with,    nftmi 

Dipleaaatic  repre*»M>taUoB  of  1'nitod 
Btal 

fug  i.cnlion   with, 

■ 

trol  America, 
of,    diicuKM-d,    6325, 
0341 

mbardnmt    of.     (Soo 
town,  Nicaragua.) 
MiaUtcr  of  United  State* — 

Attacked   ami   wounded   by  outlaws 

2814. 
Grade    of.    elevated   to   plenipoten- 
tiary rnnk.  4717. 
2744. 
Monarchical     government,     Mtablilh- 

Mil      ' 
Ne-  in, 

19. 

Outlaw*  in— 

Aiaoriean    minister     attacked    and 
woejadcdby,2S14. 


Marauding    bands    of,    deatt 

Sroperly    of    American    citizens, 
iscusscd,  2S15. 
Town     ocoupind     by,     bombarded, 

Complaint   of    foreign   power*   re- 
gar.inig,  . 
Policy  of   United  State*  toward,  <li« 

cuwod,  8750. 
Questions  between  Great  Britl  0  and 
United  State*  regarding,  2741. 
2901  .li39. 

B*f 

Ship  Canal  through,  dbenwed,  1118, 
1  anal;  Pan- 
ama I'nnal.) 
Tr« ■:.  Oreat  Britain  regarding. 

(8oo  Clayton  llulwer  Treaty.) 
Treaty    with    States    formerly 

;  •;,    referred    to,    1563.    2569, 
2570. 
Transmission  of,  to  House   Seflllned, 

Treaty    with,    trmaamittod    and    dia- 

1089. 
War  in,  fliltmi A,   v.<\  I. 
Central  America,  Greater  Kepnhlic  of. 

.    i.J.li   Inn.  nt      i.l.     dlacnjaed,     I 

Central  America.— Honduras  and  Nica- 
ragua Treaties  proposed  by  President 
Tuft,  7663. 

Central  American  Peace  Conference.  - 
<-n  iccoant  of  the  frequ  m   revolution  In 

in,    I'enlral  II    are"  n* 

Hi-  wan  l"iw  en   tbem.   President   Dlaa,  of 

Hi  >■■  '.  •'■  'i  Pr   Idi  bi  R r»U  appealed  lo 

the  :■  public*  t"  confer  with  each  ol 
•  be  question  of  :i  'Mira- 

tion and  amity.  In  response  lo  riitx  Invlti 
tlun  all  the  I  cntral  American  Statei  CoifB 
■ilea,  Cuit-maln.  Honduraa,  Nicaragua  ami 

Bal*ai]ot      ..Hi     <|.  i.-.-.ii.  .     t.>    :i     confer 

In  Washington,  looting  from.  fCov.   I  I  to  I". 
is.  1907, 

A*  a   resuli    ef    the   deliberation*   of  tlila 

•  . . .i. v.-i, i  i.ni s  i.  igi  d 
to  a*  follows  and  Blgnid  bj   the  d<  • 

..I   Treaty    of    IV«        and     Vmll 
dlttonal  I'onvenlloni   to  thi   0  nei  ■ 

llshlng   a    C-nlral   American    Court    of 
Joule*      Rttredttlon :    On    Future    Confet 

run-*        l  :n. in.  (.ii      .   :       '  III       ' '.'lliillUNl.rit  lull*  ; 

.itatilne      an      Internatlonnl      Central 
Ami  in ;    KaiabiUhiuc    a     Pod* 

(Oglcal    Inailtm- 

rheat  convenllom  provide  for  permanent 

legal  I iii  -lull  r  r.  .in  nil  ih-  others  :  forbid 

Inciting  rebellion   a«ln«i    o  ntry 

within  the  border*  of  another:   iroat  and 
trial  iiallty, 

Becuiod  of  Inciting  rebellion  ngninst  my  ol 
ih-   repnhllea;    reroaal   of  any   to  r»oognl».c 

r  iiilntlonm  i    gov.  rnraeutl    ■  Uch 
Into  power    In    another   until    acknowledged 
by  the  freely  elected   repre  ■  Of   the 

srferene*  In  Internal  war- 
fare. The  Central  An  if  Ju* 
ll-e  was  formed.  10  -onslsi  of  Be*  Inetleea 
one  from  each  republic,  t"  sit   ni   the 

in.....   in   i'. .i.i    lil-a.     Tills  court  bn* 
juil-ilii  tlun  over  Internatloaal  <]'■ 
Iween   the   repuiiii.  •   or  bel  i  n«  of 

iid  the  government  of  anotbor.    Other 


I 


Central 


iessages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


conventions  provide  for  unification  of  the 
monetaiy  system  of  the  republic!,  as  well 
»»  weights,  measure*,  transportation,  edu- 
cmlloD,  and  IM  A*JT«U>|>'»<'"(  "'  ""  emu- 
mcrcc.  Industries,  pence  cud  prosperity  of 
I  be  couuirles  of  tYuti.il  America. 

May  '.'it.  1008b  the  Central  American  Court 
of  Justice  was  opened  at  Cartago.  Co»ta 
Klc».  Hi  the  presence  <>f  repiex-niatlvra  of 
rolled  State*.  Mexico,  and  all  the  Central 
American  republic        fill  day  was  celebrat- 

oogbout  Central  America  as  a  nn- 
tlonal  holiday.  The  raited  States  tommls- 
aloner  announced  the  gift  of  $100,000  fn.in 
negle  to  build  a  temple  for  till 
•»  of  tbo  court.  Id  July.  Honduras  and 
Nicaragua  I  Rah  ador 

and  Guatemala.  President  Iiavlllo.  of  lion- 
dura*,  charged  that  a  recent  revnii  In  llnn- 
duris  wan  organized  and  supported  In  the 
neighboring  States  of  Guaicuinla  and  Sslva- 
I  ...  i'r....|,i, hi  /.elaya.  of  Kloarasoa,  made 
similar  charge«.  The  latter' a  elalma  worn 
la  lacking  foinida'l.ui      Th 

rlalint  were  examined  end  derided 
adversely  In  the  following  December.  Tills 
wns  taken  as  an  Indication  Of  the  ultimate 
utility  of  the  cowl  for  the  purpose*  for 
^iih'ti  It  had  been  created.  The  difference! 
here  peacefully  adjusted  «  .,-.-  „f  (he  claw 
that    former  Iv    led   to   hoatllltlei. 

Contral  American  Peace  Conference,  re- 
»ult  of  effort*  of  President*  of  United 
Stntcs  nnd  Mexico,  7180, 

Central  Powors.— The  term  npplled  during 
i  nroponn  Wnr  to  the  opponent*  of  tho 
Bnteal  (q.    v.).    namely, 

I  Hungary,      llulgnrla.      nnd     Turkey. 

The   i  mi    im 'led   the  previous  term,   the 

"Triple    Alliance"    (q.   v.  I.    when    that   ti-rm 

wn»  rendered  void  hjr  Italy*!  refusal  to  twist 

hit  and  AuKtrla  In  the  European  con- 
ill'  t.     The   term   "Quadruple  Alliance"   was 

occasionally   naed    i"   duacrlbe    :i> ntral 

I'.iwer...    i  Hei  Bora a  R  u  I 

Centralization. — a  tiTin  used  to  Indicate 
the  tendency  toward  greater  power  and  on- 
tln.rity  In  the  [Federal  QOTcTnmsnt.  n»  dis- 
tinguished from  tho  power  of  »tntc  govcrn- 
menta:  and   the  power  of  the  ntnte  go' 

u  dlettngnlahed  from  local  power.  Tho 
telegraph,  bdephnuc  and  railroad  I  *v*  made 
comniunlcntlon    to    readily    nvnllaM. 

li  ii    the  distance  bi it 
point*  In   the   l'nltcd   Rtnte«   and    Intel 
commerce  hn*  grown  to  he  the  rule,  Wbereaj 
i"ii.      Theae    In- 
fluences bave  greatly  assisted   the  i" 
trend  toward  greater  national  centralization. 
An  exnmpln  of  centralisation  Is  rising  rate* 

and    otherwise    t\ Ifylng    regulatlona    for 

railroads  on  the  part  of  the  Federal  Govern- 
ment.      I  See   Stntc    Flights.) 

Centre  of  Population.— Blabop  Berkeley. 

writing    early    In    the    •  Ighleeiitli    century. 
said  In  his  poem  "On  tbc  Prospect  of  Plant- 
ing Arte  and  Learning  In  AngrioV' 
"Westward  tho  course  of  emplro  takes    Us 
way  ; 
The  four  first  acts  already  past. 

A  mill  shall  rl Hie  ilrniiui  with  the  day; 

s  noblest  offspring  Is  the  last." 

The  eiiigriiph  to  Bancroft*!  "Blator*  of 

the   L'nltcd  States"  made  the  first   line   of 

the  above  read  as  follows: 

•Westward  tho  star  of  empire  takes  Its  way." 

The  centre  of  population,  the  "star  of 
rmplr.- "  ol  the  i  oiled  States  has  moved 
steadily  westward  from  a  point  rest  of 
i :.■!■  imorw  In  1TU0  to  the  city  of  Blooming- 
ton.  Ind..  In  H'10.  It  baa  never  departed 
far  from  the  30th  parallel  of  latitude,  and 


only  twice  crossed  It  to  the  south.     The  an- 
nexed tabic  shows  Ita  progress: 
,.  Mnvetasnl  la 

<?Ssr*         Approximate  Location      *9S!SSS' 

:><-  3 
1780— Twenli-three    miles    East    o( 

llsluinore,    Md .... 

1SO0— Eighi~m  utiles  West  of  BaJtt- 

,  Md  40.8 

IMO — Forty    mile*     Northwest     by 

West  ot  Washington,  DC         MO 
IMO— «iil«n  milce  North  of  Wood- 

stook,  v» ao.a 

1530— Nineteen    miles    Wrst-Pnulb- 

west of  Moorenelil.  \v    \.-         40.4 

IMO— Sixteen  mile*  South  of  Clarks- 
burg. W.  »*»• 55  o 

1M0— TwcnijMhree  mil. 

of  Parkersburg.  W.  Vs." ...         64. a 

I860—  Twentj    mil.-.  South    of    Chil- 

lloothe.  Ohio 80.0 

1870— Fortnight     miles     Es.- 

44  I 

IRSO—  I  >  South  ot 

Cincinnati,  Ohio  Ml 

1890— Twenty    miles    Last    ol    Co- 

liiinliui.  Ind..  .  43.8 

1900— Sii    mile.    Southeast   of   Co- 

luml.iK.    I  ml  It    0 

1010— In  the  city  or  Hiuoiuiugiua.  Ind.        10.0 
•  West  Virginia  formed  part  of  Virginia  until  IMO. 

Cerro  Gordo  (Mexico).  Battle  of.— This 

battle  was  fought  on  April  17  and  18. 
11*47.  Ten  days  after  tbc  surrender  of 
Vera  Crux  the  rangnardl  of  Scott's  array, 
under  Ilrlg.-iien.  Twiggs,  took  up  the  march 
I  i he  Mexican  capital.  Tbc  dksuarc 
to  be  covered  was  nearly  200  miles.  Three 
dare  later  tiny  arrlTed  at  th»  foo4  of  tie 
Orlaabi  Uouoialna,  !K)  miles  t«>  ihe 
ward.  Here  Santn  Anna,  the  Mexican 
President,  had  nku-iuhled  a  force  of    I 

On  ili-  heights  of  Cerro 
rjordo.  Tbc  American  force  did  not  ex- 
ceed 8,000  men.  By  cutting  a  new  road 
■  round  tin'  mountain  to  th«  flank  nf  the 
'"".I  and  '.iiiniltaneously  assanltlng  froat 
and  rear  the  Mexicans  were  forced  to  sur- 
i    iiier.      Snnta    Anna    oaenped    with    aoroe 

li. c,r  7,1111"  ..f  Ids  ariiir    down  th.- 

toward  Jalnpa.  The  loss  to  the  A  me  rl  cans 
was  03  killed  and   308  wonnded.     That   of 

iii.  .ii.inv  waa  estimated  to  be  nearly 

killed  nnd  wounded.  The  virion  cnptur<sj 
3.1100  prlmnera  (who  were  paroled K  be- 
tween  8.000  »nd  4.000  Mam)  of  arms.  43 
piece!  of  hervy  h  i"U.  and  a  large 

quantity  of  "xed  ammunition.  iSce  ll'.iis 
tratlon  oppoi  It*  1 108.] 

Cerro  Oordo   (Mexico),  Battle   of,  re- 
ferred to,  2386. 
Cerruti.  claim  of.  agninst  Colombia  dia- 

cusacd,  0328. 
Oervera,  Admiral,  Span^h  fleet   nnder 
command   of,   ■"  Santtajjo  Ilarlior, 
Cuba,  A3 16. 
DcatToyod     by     American     8qn»dron 

while   attempting  to   oaeapo, 
(See  alio  Spanish- American  War.) 
Ceaalon  of  Lands.   (See  Lands,  Indian.) 
Chair  of  American  Patriotism. — An  en- 
dowment established  by  a  gift  of  (23.000 
from  Mayor  Thompson,  of  1  1  May. 

l'.MT.  tn  assist  In  the  teaching  of  America* 
patriotism  In  the  Lincoln  Memorial  Cnlver- 
slty  (q.  v..i. 

Chalmette's  Plantation  (La.).  Battle  of. 
— One   of   tho   battles   near   New   Orleans. 


Incyclopedic  Index 


icdlor-.-viUe 


ifter  twtsdertstve  engagement  at  Vllller*  ■ 

fUntailnn,  Ucc.  S3,  I8ML  Sir  Edwin) 
akcubnm  toned  iii-  iiriilsh  arm;  whh 
alom-niHin.  which  swelled  the  Invad- 
rceg  to  S.OOO.  On  th*  morning  of  th- 
Stb.  ibe  British  advanced  to  Cbalmctte'i 
intatloa  exposed  to  tbe  deadly  fire  of  Hi I 
nWdH  Jackson  await,  d  the  movement 
lib  4.000  own  and  20  piece*  of  artillery. 
The  Brltlsa  were  led  Into  toe  nnpiMDt 
In  2  column  under  Ocnernl*  Kean  and 
GtM*.  After  fselng  the  heavy  ore  of  the 
American  sbarpebooter*  for  ■  abort  time. 
.  laa;d  I  "j  ken  ho  m  ordered  ■  retreat. 
Tee  British  lo«*  In  the  encasement  was 
■boat  l«i.  The  lo"«  of  the  Americans 
»ni  9  killed  and  8  wounded.  One  man  on 
Bed  Ibe  Louliiona  was  killed.  More 
__••  800  «bot«  were  hnrled  from  ber  gun* 
with  deadly  effect.  One  of  them  U  known 
to  hart  killed  and   wounded  15   men. 

dumber  of  Commerce  of  the  United 
State*. — A  national  organliatlon  forced  at 
a  commercial  conference  called  bjr  the 
President  of  tin  iste*  to  meet  In 

Washington.    April    22   and   28,    1012.      It. 
published    pnrposM    are    to    encourage    and 
promote  the  organisation  of  association-  of 
business   mea  la   all   part*  of  Ibe  country. 
When    debatable    policies    affecting     our 
National   commerce   are  advocated   by   tbe 
Federal  authorities,    there  ahould   be 
ognitesl  organization   capable  of  expressing 
the  biirtnct*  opinion  of   tbe  entire  country 
available    for   COafcrence.    alike    to    tbr    el- 
i  e    and     Uglslntlt*     branches    of    the 
lament.       It     la    the     purpose    of    tbe 

Male* 
icrlca  to  act   In  tbl*  capacity—  not  to 
lu    lie     uni 
aarlly    critical    of   legislation    proposed    by 
other*,  bat  rather  lo  assume  unit   tbe   Na- 
tional   Covniimii -Hi    - 1 ■  -ii.-    io    ml    lu    bar- 
nsoay  with  the  commercial  Interest*  of  tbe 
iry    and    will    accept    It*    co-opcrallon 

eao  end>o>or  to  make  all  business  Icgls- 
lloa  conslroctlve. 
Orposs/ollas  l/rmoeraalp.— Kvery  commcr- 

l'     HsHoeUl  I    in     h"t       T 

purpose*    il 

glble  for  membership  In  tbe  Cbnmlicr.    Such 

II   be  of  two  classes.     Pint 

—Local   or    State,    commercial    or    business, 

organliatlon*    whose  rpoae    la    tbe 

*lcv»>opniein    of     the    commercial    and    In- 

(■atrial  lal  I   tingle  stale,  city  or 

Second— I*cil.     «iate.    Interstate 

iloeal    organisations    whoao    member 

able  I*  eccno-.f  io  one  trade,  or  group  of 

trades. 

Reavcacwfolfoss. —  Keen  member  of  the 
•  .if  tbl  lull-  'I  State* 
erica  »ball  be  entitled  to  one  dele- 
gate and  one  rot*  for  the  first  twenty-Ore 
members,  and  one  delegate  and  on*  rote 
fee  each  additional  two  hundred  member* 
la  excess  of  twenty-five,  bni  no  member 
•hall  be  entitled  lo  more  than  ten  delegates 
sad  lea  rotes 

IsssMsW      Jf-rM4*r»Alf>.— Person*.      Arm* 

rsuratloua  who  arc  member*  In  good 

•Uamag  of  any   organisation    rulmli  t.it    to 

the  Oiio.be  r   an  lor   election   aa 

ladlrldntl   members.      Individual    members 

«w*    the    regular     publlcnl «    Df     th- 

Cuotor  and  lb  nil  themselves  of 

itlonnl  headquarter*: 

■ay  ■  ^uiar  aud  special  meetlnga 

I  '»»  Chamber  and.  subject    10    lb* 
•f  **»b  meeting*,  mny  have  the  privilege  of 
«•  S  r  are  not  entitled  to  Toto 

w*»1  if  Hted  delegates  of  or- 

*»«*amon   members      Individual    mciuber- 
■sj  k  United  to  S.OOO. 


Chambers   of  Foreign   Commerce,  eug- 

Seated,  7U74. 
Chambers,  Talbot,  court-martial  of,  ro- 
il to,  912. 
Chamlsal,  arbitration   with  Mexico  of 

boundary   question   not   aalixiBctory, 

7658. 
Champion  Hills  (Miss.).  Battle  of.— 
Sberuiun  waa  directed  io  mnalfl  M  Jack- 
son to  destroy  everything  thnt  could  be  of 
value  to  Iho  Confederate*.  Oram  himself 
d  toward  Ibe  west.  Pemberton,  tbe 
Confederate  general,  with  25,000  men,  bad 

left    Vlckaborg    hoping    to   cat   off 

from    bl*    supplies    and     form     n     Jul 

with     Jobu'.i'.n  -     forcei        Lcarnmf     the 

strength  and  position  of  the  enemy,  Grnnt 
and   M.-Ph-i  .uu   to   leavo 

■  it     I     li  itteo     f«.i  i  '  iv     16, 

I'embcrton'a  army  was  encountered 
nt  Champion  Hills,  n  precipitous,  narrow. 
wooded  ridge  twenty-five  mile*  west  of  Jack- 
son and  twenty  miles  ca«i  of  Vlck 
Tbe  Confederates  were  strongly  posted,  and 
It  wo*  necessary  for  tho  Federal  troops  to 
approach  the  poaltlun  arm-!,  open  fields  ex- 
posed   lo  the   or*  o(   10  bal  still- 

Icry.  Hovey's  dlrlslon  and  McPbcraou's 
corn*,  with  the  exception  ot  flum  •:.'•  dl- 
vIkIiiii.  which  did  SOI  arrive  till  I h»  battle 
vol  over,  began  the  attack  In  front  while 
Logan'*  division  wn»  working  to  the  left 
:i..i  i.  ii  Tin  battle  wii*  hotly  contested 
ninl  the  Confederates  wen  driven  back 
tber  had  sustained  heavy  Ihkh. 
Ornnfa  lossca  were  410  killed.  1.844 
wounded,  and  1R7  mhwlug— loiul.  2,111. 
Tbe  Confedi  rate  lowi-s  were  probably  near- 
ly the  same,  and  lu  addition  2,000  prison- 
ers. 

Champlsln.  Lake.  (See  Lako  Cham- 
plain.) 
Chaaccllorsvllle  (Va.),  Battle  of.— Jan, 
26,  1803,  MnJ .-t-i-n.  Jrstept  Hooker  auc- 
:  MaJ  Gen  BomsUle  In  command  of 
the    Army    of    the    Potomac.       Uy    April    1 

iii. ii  army  was  lo  ex  nam- 

berlng  si  tbe  lo'clnning  of  lbs  new  opera- 

tlona  I'M  Ml     in  fun  t  ry .      Ul.iMMi     nn1l- 

i  ■  12  000  or  13,01X1  cavalry,  and  mora 
limn  400  guns.  Clcu.  Lee  was  nt  Ftcd- 
erlcksburg.  v.i..  with  BT.000  Confedi 
April  .s  (some  autborltlea  say  the  2Vib) 
llooker  began  a  movement  with  Lee's  left 
as  his  objective  point.  To  cover  bis  real 
fie  dispatched  lien.  Stone- 
in  in     '.villi    m. ml     nf    ilii'     i-nv:ilry    ■■■■<     ■  <! 

to  ih-  rear  ••!  ibi  Confederate  nrmr,  at*- 
Honed  Gen.  .Sedgwick  with  30.000  men 
opposite    I-  ■  org.    and    moved    with 

alioul   70.IHKI  in.  ii  i.iv.-riril  Hi      i  ;; Slate* 

Ford,  on  the  Kappa  bannock.  Ur  April 
BO  Hooker  hod  crossed  the  Bappannnnock 
With    ih-    nniln    body    of  the  army   irn 

llll.llnbed      hU     li.-.l  •  I  -  j  1 1 : .  t-  J .  I  -      ill      I    hi  11-.  llor«- 

Tllle,   -i' v.n    miles  west  or  burg 

The  Confederate  account*  snv  be  then  bad 
with  him  01,000  men.     Lee  bad  46.000. 

■iiiing  began  May  2.  tn-  Fifth  corp* 
advancing  on  the  road  to  Fredericksburg 
and  engaging  a  Confederate  advance. 
The  result  wa*  the  recall  of  Hooker**  ad- 

"i and    a    better   portion   for  tbe   Con- 

federates.  May  2  Leo  dctnclicd  "Stone- 
wall"  Jackson,  with  about    SB, MB,   to 

attack  the  F.leventh  Corps,  nml-r  (l-ii.  t>. 
i).  Howard,  at  tbe  Federal  rlgut.  Tho  at- 
tack culminated  lu  the  evening  with  a 
mule  tn  the  Federal  linen,  "stoatwali" 
n.-lciun  Whu  Bottalty  sroitBded  durlni:  lu 
night  bv  the  nre  of  bla  own  men,  who 
In  the  dnrkneas  mistook  him  for  an  enemy. 


! 


Chantilly         Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Tin-  MSI   day.  Mar  9,  the  content  waa  rc- 
ncarly     11.0110    troops    under    Lee 

■  made  a  JuliL'lIua  Willi  II"'  ' 
under  Btuart.  Jncknou'a  liuuicdlitto-  i 
■or.      It    rcaultcd    Id    g»n.  i  •i-mt* 

auccea*,      Hedirwlek    la    ttie    mcanllm 

Karly 

out    of    the     I    i-dcrlckaburg    Helgbta.    and 

the   Confedcrale   rear   at    i 

•.ill. .        Lee,      having      defeated      lh" 

greater    wing    nr    Hi.'    I  .doral    army    and 

ii    It   away,   reriifur I   on    the 

4 Hi    .>(    Mny    tho   troopa   In    from    nf 
wick.       TM     llllt.T    Wiih     pu»li'-.l 

rccroMM    i  in-  rlTjr  »t   night    wiiii  n   io>* 

.if   B, u.      Hooker   *lso    rvernai.   i 

.101  Hit      III.'      lllltllt     "f     III-    Ull.  .', 

Hilt    tc     i  i  i.niiih    ili.'lr    lo»«    waa 

i."  I'.iT.    of    "I i    B.000    irere    prisoner*; 

IS   rani    and  SO, nuaketa  also  f.-n   Into 

ii..-   linnds  of  Ho    '  I.ec'*  lux 

«u  about  13.000,  In.  i  be 

battle  of   i  III"   *nn  |n 

important  victory  woo  ami  Hi"  - 
cat   Alnit:iT  >  uMnlni-'l   liy   tho   Confederates 

up  i"  I  ual   i i.      i  hoi   ii'-i"  defeated  tbc 

•:iili  lull-:  i   nlon    \rn..    '.vlili-h  attacked   tl 

Inn    i  tie  deuth  of    I.I.  mi    i"  n.    .I'l.'ii    km 

a    loaa   from   which   It   was  well  nigh   Itn- 

POHIM'      C   >'  ' -in'  i. 

OhanUlly   (Va.).   Battle   of.— Aug.   si, 

III"      d.lj        lifter       111"      hcc.M.I       I...I1I"       ..f 

Bull    linn,   or  Mnnniwift,    Lee   sent   J" 

northward     for     Hi "f     turning 

I  right  wlim  Coward  Washington. 
headquarters  were  at  t'entorvllla 
(in, i  ii  ■  i,  ,1  bi  --ii  reenforced  by  Btnnaar'1 
ami  Franklin's  corps.  Anticipating  Hi" 
movement  ..f  i in-  Confederal. 
IM-  f,,n-i  i  in  position  to  meet  and  fruMrnto 
Cbantlfly,  juat  north  of  Centervllle, 
<m  Hi.-  ryei  Ins  Of  Brpt  I.  tijr  the  tronp* 
under     Mellon   II      Hooker      and      Kearny. 

In    Hir    engage ut    lienerala    Kearnj 

Btavcn*   were  killed.      Pope   enae   force 
full   back   ii|"> ii   Hi.-    work*   m    V 

.    I  ."i«i  I'1." 
Chaplain.— A    preacher    employed    for    the 
remonlei  In  the  Rcnatc.  the  House 
nf    ReproaentJitlv. »,    and    I"    Hi"    Amu    uml 

Nary. 

Chapultepec   (Mexico),  Battlo  of.— Tb. 

reduction   of  Kl    Molina  .'."I    B«f   and  Cnaa 
da    Mala   by   tie".   Bcotfa   tray    lefl    tin 

tin    of  Mnlco  Mill   proti  f.'l" 

I..  citadel  .,f  Chiiptiltcncc       'I  1> i -»   waa 

niled  wltn  troops  nud  the  approach*!  wera 

f  warded   by    mil"-",      Bepl      13      I 
Imluary  lire   »n-   opened  on  ii"-  outworka, 
and    "o    'In.    12th   a    slrntcBlc    asitaiili 

i I-   no. I    ill"    wnlln  nral.'d   In   th"    fnco    Of 

a   ii-rrli.l"   nr".      tiip    American   forca  con- 

.     of    7.180    men.       Bi 28,000     of 

Innn  ~    man    were    distributed    be- 
tween Charnbuaoo  mid    t li .-  i  Ity   of   Mexico 
and    tlio   enunewnya   connecting    them.      Re. 
Chapultepec  and  the  City  ..r   M 
two    causeways    or   ci. 
road*  leading  to  the  gates  0*  Ii.'l.-n  and  Son 

.1    under    n ii- 

Bre   and    Ih"   divisions  of  Worth   and 

a  oilman    entered    the    ancient    acnt    of    tho 
ontcatitnn--.    During  the  0  • .-  I i 

13  t"  It  in.  ill. -in  to  Hi"  taking  of  Chapulte- 

JUl  il ciip.itlon  of  the  city  the 
in.  ii.nii  loaa  wn«  69,  'rii.  M.-iliiiii  army, 
strongly  fortified  la  the  rlrlnl  ..  ul  Itn  capi- 
tal numbering  at  nr-t  rome  iih.imhi,  Nmt 
10,749  Ronla  Anna,  then  l're«ldent  nnd 
inder  in  chief  «.f  Ihi  rfae  a 
fugitive.     The  trophic*  It":  Hinn 

SO  colore  and   atiindiirO*.   "."•   pleeea  of  ord- 
II  in".-     t.nil      "7      v\  .11  .mull 

arm*,  and  an  I n-i  ipiauilty  ..f  iiruinunl- 

tlon.     (Sec  llluntrntlon  opposite  2440.) 


Charleston.  8.  C„  foreign  vessel's  at,  re 

forrcd  to,  3192. 
Charleaton,  S.  C.  Exposition,  relations 

of   U.   8.   liovcrnmciu   to,   '■" 
Cbarlc.tton  (8.  C>.  Surrender  of. 
Sir  Iti'iuj  Clinton  had  karoed  of  r 

uah  be  aest  aa 
additional  I  '"io  men  to  the  Soma 

iiii.l. -i  i  ,    body 

-  AmrrU-nn  artuv  nan  In  winter  niiar- 
reenforcementa 
were  aent  from  there  to  Join  Gen.   Lincoln. 
"  ii"   had   'ommand  ol  cm   army. 

on   waa   leaa 

000  rec'ilur.  uud  mllltlu.     March  20 

h"   Hrltlah  aquadruu,  bavlc 

in     I'.iiie..    Inland,    near    Savannali.    croaied 

bar,  and  on  April  8  pained  Fori  Mo.  I 

trie,   with  a  loaa  of   J7  men.    and 

on,    n  filch    bad    I i.    ahan- 

<l"ii.il  h»  the  Americana.     April  'JO  Ad 

hn..tr    eltli    .Mm    marli  •!    the 

with  a  loaa  of   nearly   100  men.   who    were 
■  .I    by    Ho-   guard   boau   "ii    the   way 

larlealnn        XI  l  -.      I      "HO    innrlne  . 


t/..rt   Moullrl 


12,  1710,  <lcn.  I.lii'-.'ii  ■*»»  eompelled  t' 
anrrender.  'I  lo-  Brltlab  i-aaoaltlea  were  7" 
allied    and     189    '  The    Anierlena 

Idea  were  nearly  the  • 

Included     "ll    the    ninte    cltlicna    of 

llllldc     pi  I    '■   .'  r-..     D     • 

plei         if  ordniinci    were  .-  ipiureil. 

Charleetown,  Mass,  docks  cooBtnicted 

at,  988. 
Site  for,  934. 
Charter.— A    name   ■  applied    to 

granu  of   land   or  apeelal   prlrllegea   made 
by  goeernment*  or  IndlTldual  rulera  t. 
pan  lea  or  bodlea  of  men  for  a  term  of  y««ra 

uicrlean    law   a   charter   H   a   v 
gran)    from    th«  noverelgn  r>ower  rooferrlBg 
'  ii-  ii  t     or   pi  i'.  I:.  .-■'  upon   :.   muntrlpallty  or 
other    corporation        I  feuerally 

applied    to    the    ►tatut.       |.  I 
artlclet    of  » latlon  aanetuxiol 

nig  a   corporation,   aa  a   cltv,   <  ■ 

ipanj     bciiei  oleni    loelety.  or 

.-lull      liurlni;  ill"  eiirlj 

arog    aoTcr. 
clBnly    by    i-liflit    of  dlaroTerjr.    :• 

rantlnii  land  for  puipoaea  of  folookia- 
H"ii        'I'M"    principal 

thla    purpose    were    th<  /nlola 

Company,    IflfM    1600,  an-l   1'.I2.   I'lvmnvia, 

H  ■■"  metti    : 

Flantai  ioti*        I".  i  I  . 

Ithml..    Inland    and    Providence    1 

Th"  aame  «ort  of  ch«  «l«»o 

to    Hi"    Dutch    v,  :.,    iii.. 

Htatck-Oiicral  of  the  Cnli.-d  Netherlakd* 
In  1021  and  to  the  Swedlih  Company  by 
auataruc  Adolphus  In  in:' 4. 

Charter  Oak.—  '  ibrated  in  Aarrf 

leaa    legend.       According    to    tradition,    to 
1687  Kd round  Androa.  the  colonial  gorerBor 
of  Connecticut,  demanded  tho  return  of  tb* 
charter  of  ii"-  Colony      During   »   i"- 
held    to  deliberate   upon    the    action    to  b 
taki  a  th.   MkI  -My  extliup-i: 

\V|,.-li  .    ■»« 

tabuing.      It   was    ul>i    that    Copl     Wad* 

f    tb* 
charter  by   fcrctlnje  Ii  in   tl"-  lioilow  of  oa 
oak  treo  near  IUrif.i.1       I'h 
ii.  ill    in   great   veneration.      Aug.  SO, 
It  waa  prom  rated  by  a  gal*. 
Coasta  Indians,     (floo  Indian  Tribes.) 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Chemicals 


Chattanooga    (Teor..).   Battle  of. 

Chauvinism. — An  uar.^.-oiaj.  cuirgcrated 
ralbwlssaa  fur  war.     iScc  Mint   • 
Chauvinist. — On*  a  I  ,-.aitm 

Ctxaycnoe  Indians,    (8w  Imlian  TribM.) 
Chehali*  Reservation.  Wash.,  allotment 

"f  laMli  rally  to  Indiana  od, 

referred  to,   i 
Chemicals. — Tba  «-brmic*i  Indajatry  of  the 

1   Slates   t»  bill   little  mora   thin   100 
j»*rs    okl.    «»<!    iibtn    fourth    aunw£    ilm 

i 
before    the    HoroPitloo. 

:.■•     Was     II  lUlunl 

■   jiro- 

•|  in-  mil 
•  i.rfci..i..    palate  aod  ■    lit-tau   la 

mfaclnrc.     ns     such,     caa 

II    I  ho 

'•■■  ••lit  wns  Introduced,   about 

.    altbongb 

I.   wh   i     H    "    -   IninKlntTrt 

i      *    t      ■ 

rjr   nj*  flrinlv 

'iilln.l-l    ih    ■. 

iilriy   llrijis 


Kill) 
1*       II 


.1. 


IBfO  Igboni   'hi-  iiii  ,r iu 

TIlH     |l«| 

f   mi  :~%  lar'.iiilnl  acvlate  iidiI  nl I r .. » ■  ■  of 
la     .ii  mi,    urn- 
o.-»Ja.    ».|  .»tc    of    pi 

tmr>bi>r.    copiicr**. 

•alia, 

{■gristle    and     nllrk-    arid*,    oil    of    vitriol, 
-o    Mix-.    pntt-  salt- 

ilhlh-.     UrUf     illi.'l  Ii'. 

|in    ml.  ..r   ■ : 

I    for 

• 

c 

.    till  r" <\     'i' 

I.IUlii 

nnn.       \  — 
VII 
•   ala,       VII:  lu-m- 

iianiva    produced    by    lb)    Bid    of 

• 
if  ■«»  llasttca.  'Ml 

n    nsitad    (]•••*       XI— Plae    chemicals, 

k>«io>.  noted  .ii   Hi-  in-i 

■ 

n-'li  :. 

•enrasirla' 

'.u.tiaarata    la    I  but-    '  ".upa 

in.     'I  !   In- 

,.:■•    ninl    "■ 

■alary      ninl       •■ 

.  V*  -lit  ■ , 

LfBUka):    .--In-..    IL'I    I  IT'"  p..: 

lai    (i r. ■•! 

Hgsasag   aMlerfi>'<.     Jl.i  ii-nl 

1  :h.-     nl. I     ..f     -I-- 

I  .    ' 
-.'mi:.: 
&•  tVailoal..   »10J»5fl.60a  not 

"*»b»ri 
*•  ailu.  blac  vitriol,  copperas,  >■ 


'I  compounds,  b\ 

■ 

•mlpburlr     oltrl  nl    mixed    ocldi     •   nl- 

pliurlc    ninl    ulirlr    In    rarioua    proportion*) 
waa    i-arrli-il    "ii    In     I.:    arpnnitc    .  .m'.ii.li 

Hal  "T 
f l*.7L'H.l-,V  and  the  output  won  isliicd 
r»l  »■..  vsi  Q 

i  amenta    engaged 

"I    ill. (Illation,    lei    Including    i 
tint-  ami  roaln.      i  be  cblrl   .  .r  imi 

itc  "f  had. 

i     l    In    1910  as 

n::.nl7.i'.i-.-       i.e..   Hi. n   4. p.  .-"-.M   were 

i"-   bunntaa  and   their   aagca 
and  •■•  In rl.  a  umouutcil   in 

n. I     I  In 
..r   -I,-   priMlu'  I 

i,.|ln:i    iif     Kiilplinrli-    nrlil     la    n 
matter  i  f  I    Importance,  n-i  Ii    In 

-  ■  1 1  V      III-      ; 

•  iniiii.nl    iii.in-.iri    and    I-:    used    for 
-  ili-r    purport**,    but   nl«o    tin.   Iit.ly 

I "i lOal     Inip'.ilniil     innti'ilnl     In     tb« 

dyc-Ktllff     IliililMlr  .  |ly      In 

ii-    production   of   aUsarlna   colors  uud   of 

ii if'ti't'ir-r  of  sulphuric  arid 

In  ibn   I'nli.'il  :■  :i:>  f.i  bars  been 

John     Harrison,    of    Philadelphia,    who.    In 

h  nl  n  li-ii'l   '  li r  capable  .if  pro 

.    " arboye    "f    acid    per 

• 

d        J'.iwcta 

tc  Wclghtm  Ipunrlc  sold 

In    rini.ii.  I;.Im  i  in, I    in.-    i.i-nnlic 

I  In  Ii   tnld  lo  h«\ 

•  .ful    Hint    (In.    Hi. ii    i-iUilnit    N»w 
i-inv   m-nl    Into    llqul- 
tbe  fundi  i.  si  . .  .1  in.  i 
Into     n     baiikln  iow     v  i ■  i ■  ■  i >■ 

rin.  chen 
Miii  ■   mannfnctnred   in    rhlls- 

•Mpiii.i   in    iv:n   i,v   carter  a   Beattcrcood. 
in. "<t   ini'iii.  mini-  In 

Its    maimfni-iiiri.    I-    In    the    frirm    of   appa- 
■  i":  I"'  ''it    !■■   ilch    l<    din-    t..    iMv.nnl 

ii. in   ,ui. i  ii..  ir  uuttman.     It  I-  nsed  In 

the    manul 

nltrnti  .  dlnni   nil  rH 

.:  "mlxeil  noldn"'  and  uqiis  i<  jfja,  u-nu 

i,     nlti'iiKlyi-irliiH,     aa     no     oxydlzoia 

nl   .in.i   for  etching  on  nut 

siiipiiuii.-  .i.i.i  r:n.k>.  tir.i  in  importance 

amonu 

■I-  -ir  in    iitni.'l.ii  fertlllsera.     Paints  and 

ulii.-l    nf   tin-    Ii 

try  depend 

. i ml   the   irrowtb 
U    no    rapid    (tint    the    aklllod    arorai 

ira  aso  won  loss  to-day. 

ndlns  upon 

ill-    .in  mi.  ni    in.  in-.  ii.»    are   the    following: 

i.    i-ii   and  .III.   i  i  cloth, 

■   rtlllsers, 
p.  r,    in i.     explosives,    pyroxylin,    electrical. 

.1    ■  In. I-,    phnn.i.i  — nil-,    l.iliiilni-     i. II  ninl 

iiiiur,    artificial  idling 

ninl    i  he    r-iln.  M.ni    of    raetala. 
'i   rclutndlalng     of     niani  lis     la 

limnlii    I-,,  .i    I.-,-    ...I,    i lilt]     i peta 

rvlib  the  Ion-  wares  of  some  fm -i.- in 

.    i. 'ii     ..ii    ti ii-  i-    hand,    tbroufb 

l  adraulasea  nol   enjoyed  by  foreign 

■am mi r ii-i-r. -i-.  i-.iimi. iirni. i-  exportation  of 

doing  ■■ii  at 

i    ■    •        manufacture   of  cbcmlcnla   and 

allied  h"'1    -i      .  the  censua  .»r  miO  rsoottg 

2.140  estnlill-hni.  •.-■■  employing  S8.0&7  per 

Hi  in    members, 

tvng*  •  i  rled  nttendanl  -      The 

•  i.ii  hr  in-  he    of 

ih-  bualnem  muoiiiiled  tr.  »■!-::. 7."i  no 

,n-  of  the  product «  urns  »«'-\\OH4.R*o. 
Tin;  number  of  establUlnueni.    luniiufiic- 


Chemicals  Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


turlnjr  dye  stuffs  n ml  extracts  wn«  reported 

■  .  lo?,  anting  .1  capital  .if  »i"  g 

turning     out      lliil»lii.l     priidurls     lulu 

f  l  -..:•.-.  i. r.7-l.     of     which     10,270.024     iraa 

mid. '.I     in     ilir     in...-..-     of     uinnufai 
More    limn     (30.000,000     itm    lOTeitM     In 
making  explosives,  whlcb  was  cnrrlod  oo  In 
I'lKbiy-'li    tnctoi  fc  i  tlllaer   Indoi 

try  Ttim  onpiinllxod  ni  Sllil.o9T.4Sl,  ami 
the  output  of  tlic  550  factories  nif  worth 
flOH,m;u.'.'13. 

Of  the  111  o.tiiMli-hmcnts  manufacturing 
ifTn  mid  extract!  m  chief  j.r ...in.  i  -  in 
1914,  23  wcro  Ki.ni. .1  In  New  York,  18  In 
Now  Jersey,  17  In  Mn-wn.-liui4i.ttx.  IS  In 
Virginia,  y  In  Pennsylvania.  "5  in  Itbod* 
Islnliil.  il  in  T. mi. ■...■!■,  I  in  North  Carolina. 
4  in  \\...t  Vlrglnln,  2  In  Georgia,  '.:  In  Illi- 
nois. 2  In  Wisconsin,  and  1  eu.'li  In  Alubnmu, 
Ciillfurnlu.  I'oiui.M  tlriit,  luillniin  mid  Michi- 
gan. 

Chemistry,  Bnxtiau  of,  Agriculture  De- 
partment.— A  liiircuu  of  tbc  aVaWoulturc  !►«•- 
p.-irtmcut  devoted  to  tbc  Inspection  of  food* 
■nd  drugs  Imported  or  entering  Interstate 
commerce.  It  ma  Leu  •BtUlU  for  Mir  .1. 
partment,  nnd  tests  supplies  for  otlier  de- 
partments. It  a  ■  In  agricultural 
liacli  rlology  and  physiology.  ••►• 

Eiiiliy    wlt'i     food.    drum,    waters,    paper, 
ntber,    foodstuffs,    insecticides    nnd    fungi 
mil     met'ods     of     i Ij    I-.. 

bureau  especially  studios  t'ie  chemical 
proMcmi  of  airrlculturc  rolntlug  to  soils, 
fertilizer!  and  Irrigation  win 

T'-e  Korean  of  Chemistry,  among  Its  other 
activities,  has  studied  the  composition  of 
tin hi. an. 1.  or  nun.  i  lu I  ii  ihI  In  t  -  homo  anil 
many  processes  for  converting  tsc  raw  ma- 
terials of  agriculture  Into  finished  products. 
One  baa  but  to  remember  Its  extended  studl*  i 
of  •nirar,  of  brond  and  brcadstuffs.  of  com, 
morelnl  food  products,  etc..  to  roollr.e 
bow  closelj    i1.  ncern  the   homo. 

Th»   same    could   he   said    of   Us    studies  of 

nnd  their  prcsorrntlon,  nf  stornge  nnd 
Its  relation  to  quality  and  of  the  extended 
activities  »Hrt  have  resulted  lu  (he 
ii  ■  in. -in  .,f  food  standards  nnd  the  carrying 
out  of  tbo  provlstona  of  the  national  pure 
food  inw.  It  la  t'rough  Pis  bureau  that  the 
department  administer*  the  Food  and  Drug* 

sample*  are  collected,  analyses  art* 
conducted,  nnd  hearings  nre  held  tir  fit 
bureau.  A  compliance  with  department  de- 
cisions Is  lecured  In  many  cases  without 
resort  to  the  courts.  (Sec  Agriculture.  !>■- 
pnrtment   of.) 

Chemulpo,  Korea,  agreement  respecting 

forciRi tilini-iit   at,   5891. 

Cherokee  Case, — The  Indian  tribes  known 

M  the  ■  ■  ■  ■  r .  .  - 1.  -  ■ "  mill  tin-  ■riii'iok. •■••."  polS- 
scsscd  lnrgc  tenets  of  land  In  what  I  ••  now 
tbt  States  of  (Georgia  and  Nortb  Carotins, 
•nd    the    ti  e    ih..    west    of    Ibi  nv 

from  lime  lo  lime  trc«tl-«  had  been  mode 
wilh  these  Indians  by  whlcb  much  of  this 
land  hud  been  ceded  to  i  !>••  United  Slates. 
Among  these  were  the  '.'  rp«W«ll  treaty  of 
1788  nnd  the  Ilolston  treaty  "f  1701  .  Hi" 
first  of  those  Instruments  hod.  among  other 
things,  recognised  Ibo  Cherokee*  as  a  na- 
tion possessing  Its  own  Isws  and  all  tbe 
other  attrlhnlei  of  nationality:  tbe  second 
bud  gun niiii.    d  lo  them  all  lands  not  tin  rtv 

by  ceded       \\  li-n  fl 'gin  In   18112  ceded  her 

western  terrllory  to  the  United  States,  tbe 
In  iter  agreed  to  extinguish  Indian  titles  to 

lands    In    Ihe    stme    i >er    an    aoon    as    It 

could  peaceably  and  ren»nn»hly  be  done  ; 
but  the  i  aerokaei  could  not  bo  Induced  to 
surrender  their  lands.  Tho  state  therefore 
claimed  the  right  to  extend  Us  own  laws 
over  all  lu  territory,  and  passed  acta  de- 


prlung  the  Cherokee*  of  llifjr  courts  and 
hlnery  of  government  :  these  »r:> 
follnwed  by  ails  dividing  tbe  Cherokee  land 
Into  counties,  and  after  allotting  100  seres 
In    each    In  nil   •■!    n    '   In 

lag  for  tbe  distribution  of  the  remainder 
i>v  lot   niimng  tho  people  of  tho  state. 

withstanding  the  ttvaties.  President  Jack- 
son took  the  ground  that  as  the  slate  was 
sovereign  tbc  United  States  could  not  Inter- 
fi  iv      The   question    now   came   np    ' 

the     United     Mate.    Supreme     Court     In     tbe 
following  way.     A  Cherokee  named  Tassels 
was  sentenced  to  bo  banged,  under  the  laws 
of  Georgia,  for  killing  another  Indian 
Cherokee    lands.      The    I'nl  •    Su 

p'   in-   Court  granted   a   writ  of  error   re- 
quiring  the   state  to   show   cause   why   the 
■  I.:'    -iiniild  not  go  ti>  Hi"  Cherokee  courts. 
This  wrtr  was  disregarded,   and  the   Indian 
was  hung.     There  tbe  manor  was   dropped. 
Again,   two  mlaslonarlea  wi 
entiling     (in-     Cherokee     terrltorv     wl 
having  compiled  with  certain   re 
demanded   by  Georgia  enact-  letting 

these    lands.      Their    case    seat    carried    lo 
the    United    States    Supreme    Court    on     a 
writ   of   error,   and    tbo  judgment    .-: 
einiit    held    Ihe    provisions    of    our    Indian 
treaties    as    paramount    to    the    state    laws. 
Hut  tho  decision  was  never  onfot 
son  Is  reported   to  have    .n    I 
Mnrxbnll   (the  Chief  Justice i  has  made  bis 
decision;    now    let   him   enforce    It." 
Cherokee    ease    la    Important    n>    the    ftrvt 
Insianeo  of  successful   nullltlcatlna   of   '"nit 
ed    States    laws    by    a    otate.      The    Indiana 
woro   Anally   persuaded    to  movn   to   the    In- 
dian  Territory,  and   by  1838   the   last  had 
loft  tbe  state. 
Cherokee  Commission: 
Agreement  with— 

Cherokee  Indians,  5671. 

Chcvenno   and    Arapahoe    Indians, 

C565. 
Comanche,  Kiowa,  and  Apache  In- 
diana, 6768. 
Indiana  of  Pyramid  Lake  Reserva- 
tion. Nov.,  8649. 
Iowa  Indians,  6508,  6612. 

Proclaimed,  5591. 
Kickapoo  Indiana,  8638,  5649. 
Pawnee  Indians,  5768. 
Pottawatomie  and  Absentee  Sbaw- 
ncei  Indians,  8514. 
Proclaimed,  5591. 
8ae  and  Fox  Indians,  6503,  6510. 

Proclaimed,  5591. 
Shoshone    and    Arapahoe    Indians, 

5649. 
Tonka w*  Indians,  5638,  5649. 
Wichita,  Caddo,  etc.,  Indians,  me- 
morial regarding.  5671. 
Wichita  Indians,  5638,5648. 
Appointed  aud  discussed,  5481,  5500. 

6508,  5638. 
Lnnds  acquired  by,  opened  to  Ml 
ment.    (Seo  Lands,  Public,  opened.) 
Cherokee  Indiana.    (See  Indian  Tribes.) 
Cherokee  Outlet: 
Cession  of,  to  United  States,  agree- 
ments and  propositions  regarding, 
discussed,  5481,  5638,  5760. 
Claims    of    Indiana    regarding,    dis- 
cussed, 5667. 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Chicago 


Contractu  and  l««a«fl  for  grazing  on, 
proclaimed  null  and  void,  5532. 
Time     for    removal    of    itoclc    ex- 
tended  by  proclamation,  6534. 
Fraudulent  occupation   of,  discussed, 

[SM 
Opened   to  settlement  by  proclama- 
tion, 5838. 
Form  of  declaration  required,  5856. 
Cherokee  Strip.    (See  Cherokee  Outlet) 
Cherry  Valley  (N.  Y.),  Massacre.— Sot. 
II.  1778.  durlug  a  bllndleg  storm  of  »now 
'    rain,    about    800    Indiana    and    Tories 
_.,*lar4  to*  force  of  Colonial  troop*  tin- 
4er   Col.    lchalKi.1    AWcn   at    Cherry   Valley 
and  massacred  43  persons.  Including  women 
and  children,  took  some  49  prisoners,  burned 
all  the  bulldlexa.  and  drote  away  tbe  lire 
stock. 
Chesapeake,  The.— June  22.  1807.  a*  th* 

IT.  a.  s.  CMttapretr  was  leaving  Hampton 
Road*.  V*.,  a  lieutenant  of  tbe  British  sblp 
J>oa4sd  boarded  ber  awl  demanded  tbe  re- 
turn of  three  negro  deserter*  who  bad  es- 
caped from  the  British  miDolmr  Mflnm- 
*>iu  and  enlisted  on  the  l'A<Mpr«*e.  Tbe 
OoTprnmeot  bad  preTlonsly  refused  the  de- 
mand of  tbe  British  admiral  for  tbe  return 
of  th*  deserter*.  Commodore  Barron  go- 
enedlogly  refused  to  deliver  tbe  men.  Tbe 
etseer  of  tbe  leopard  then  returned  to  bla 
•hip.  wblcb  Immediately  opened  Are  on  the 
CVH*nfei  Th*  Utter  Teasel,  being  en- 
tirely uoprepnred  for  bottle,  waa  forced  to 
surrender  without  nrlng  a  gun  (414).  Put 
Meat  Jefferson  at  once  Issued  a  proclams- 
■loa  1410)  and  ilfnmnil.il  a  disavowal  of 
tbe  act.  a  restoration  <.f  ih«  captured 
mem.  and  the  recall  of  Admiral  Berkeley. 
Only  tardy  reparation  waa  made  for  tbe 
adalr  nd    It    aerred    to    embitter 

American  opinion  against  the  Hrltlab  and 
hastened  tbe  War  0X181*. 

Chesapeake.   The,   attacked   by   British 
■hip  UoparJ,  4 in,  414,  450,  454,  400. 

Captured  by  the  Shannon.  (See  illus- 
tration opposite  647. 

Claims  of  Peter  Shackerly  growing 
oat  of.  1887. 

Indemnity  for,  demanded,  433,  441. 
Paid,  481. 
Referred  to.  463. 
OimpMlM   and  Delaware   Canal   Co., 

•hares  in,  taken  by   Ualte4  States, 

no, 

Chesapeake  and  Ohio  Canal: 

Cession  of  Government  interests  in, 
to  Maryland  considered,  1778. 

Incorporation  of,  referred  to,  852. 

Legislative  acts  of  Virginia  respect- 
ing, transmitted.  1037. 

Propriety  of  constructing,  discussed, 

Subscriptions  for,  commissioners  ap- 
pointed to  receive,  873. 
Chesapeake  Bay,  canal  from  Delaware 
Rircr  to.    (8ee  Chesapeake  and  Dela- 
ware Ceaal  Co.) 
Chssnirnnos  Forest  Reserve,  proclaimed, 

::i4. 
(sWysuuo  and  Arapahoe   Beserv&tion, 
lad.  T.: 


Doed  for  release  of  lands  in,  by  Choc- 
taws    and    Chickasaws,    discussed, 
5637,  5664,  0781, 
Opened  to  settlement   by  proclama- 
tion, 5710. 
Appropriations    for,  recommended, 
BOSS, 
Unauthorized  occupancy  of,  proclama- 
tion against,  4802. 
Cheyenne  Indians.    (See  Indian  Tribes.) 
Chicago: 

Convention  nt,  on  subject  of  diseases 
of  cattle,  4771. 

in.  rota-rod  to,  4108,  4138. 
Government   buildings  in,  destroyed 
by  fire,  discussed  and  recommenda- 
tions regarding,  4108. 
International     military     encampment 
to  be  held  nt,  foreign  guests  not  to 
pay  duties  on  baggage,  G 
Memorial    of    convention    at.    in    re- 
spect to  enlarging  wntcr  communi- 
cation   between    Mississippi    Biver 
and  Atlantic  Ocean,  3388. 
Proclamation   granting  privileges   of 

other  ports  to,  2859. 
Unlawful  combinations  In,  proclama- 
tion against,  5031. 
World's  Columbian  Exposition  nt — 
Board  of  management  of  Govern- 
ment exhibits  designated,  5S33. 
Chinese     artisans,     admission     of, 
temporarily      to,      recommended, 
5622. 
Military  encampment     to  bo  held 

during,  discussed,  5458. 
Proclamation  regarding  opening  of, 

Proposition  to  observe  four-hun- 
dredth anniversary  of  discovery 
of  America,  discussed,  5487. 

Beforred  to,  2040. 

Beporte  of — 
Deposited  in  State  Department, 

Discussed  and   recommendations 
regarding,    5567,    5669,    5765, 
5769,  6184. 
Beiolution  of  International  Ameri- 
can Conference  regarding,  77. 
Chicago  Fire  referred  to,  4108,  4138. 
Chicago  Flre.-Oct.  8.  ».  and  10.  1871.  the 
City   of  Chicago.    III.,   was   visited    by   the 
JiMt  dlaaatroua  (Ire  of  modern  times.     Two 
thousand  one  hundred  acres  of  the  city,  th« 
greater    portion    of    which    was   covered    by 
costly   stores    and   other    bnalneea    houses, 
wore    burned    OTer.      The    loss    wns    nearlT 
*  Vim  000.000.       (Sea    Illustration    opposite 

4130.) 

Chicago  Indian  Massacre.— At  the  out- 
break  of  the  War  of  1812  Cnpt.  Nathan 
Hrald  commanded  fifty  men  at  Pnrt  Dear- 
born,   where    now    atnnds   the    city    nf   Chi' 

eago,  Ordered  by  <i'n,  Hull  to  abandon 
the  fort  and  Join  htm  at  Detroit,  rnpi. 
Henld's  pa  I  waylaid   lie   In.tlnni  on 

lag,  IS,  18.12.  among  the  sand  hills  along 
the  lake  ■bore.    Tbe  greater  part  of  them. 


Chicago 


and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


and   their   *ofllp«    void    to  Col.    l*roctor,   vbu 

llAll    < ■  Ti     red    11    |,|.  a.iiiln    for    Am.  i  :■ 

Chicngo,  Mllwaukoo  and  St.  Paul  Rail- 
way,   agreement    with    Indians    lor 

right  of  way  for,  4780,  478*, 

Laml*  granted   to,   for  right  of  vrajr 

"04-4. 
Proclaimed,  B 

Chicago  Biota,  proclamation  < 

.  -  .i. 
Chicago  Strike,    repori    •  ■!    coma 

on,  transmitted,  ."•:' 
Chicago,   Texas   and   Mexican    Central 

Railway,  application  of.  (or  right  of 

way  aero--  Indian  Territory, 
Ohichagof  Ialand.  I  I  •>,  6097. 

Chickahomlny    (Va.>.   Battle   of. 

<  old   ll.-irl.or,  Battle  of;  Gaines   ' 

Battle  ot'  i 
Chlckamauga  (Oa.),  Battlo  of.— Aft«r  the 
tin  r  i !.     oi       lone     Klver,    "i     Murfri 
Jim.    •.'.    1883,    i 

rlllc.  iiml   iln'ii   to    Pnl  iboms,    f«nn.    June 
1' I    Ito  .iiauccd   from   Miirfreesboro 

ami     k-raihi  I     liruvii     to    .-vai-Ufllc 

1 1 1 1 ■  i ■  i : .    i   i  I'l'iim  Itlsvr 

T..    Ull  HI  -I" 

icrnla  tieorcc  U.  Tbotu- 
««.    Ali  taudcr    Mi  I  >.     McCook,    Km]     i 
|„     L'rll  l.  utli-n. 
Itie   Cumberland    Mountains 
8    the    Confederates    retired    fr-Mii   Cbatta 


Chickasaw     Indians.      (See     I  ■  d  i  a  n 

Tribi 
Chief  Clerk,  Department  of  State.— Tbe 

icr  officer  aiithu*1- 

ot  WlKR  thai   ll-- 

of  adil  '.      I  lit  Hilary  at   tint  tlin» 

wax  Ssim  yearly,  which  hint  been  1m  . 
Ill   It   I 

!    elork    1- 

crctary  of  state. 

Wllimc   own  i|    fionj    tw 

"fllCf  of  I  i   clerk  lii  11 arly  >Ur*  ot 

'  "    I  ■  llurcan 

■  In    I87f», 

nllll.- 
ir.itl.ni   within    tti"  •  I  -  - 1  - 

•  f  ■■  ■  11  *.     prl  .lilni. 

unit  mall  room  uruoeat.1 

Chief    Magistrate.     (Seo   President    of 
United  .States.) 

Chief  of  Bureau  of  Insular  Affairs.   (See 

Insular  Affairs,  Bureau  of.) 
Chief  of  Engineers.     (8*S  War  Depart- 

■in  nt,,  heading  Engineer  Corns;   also 

Army.) 

Chief  of  Ordnance.     (Seo  War  Dcpart- 
t,  heading  Ordnance  Department; 

also  Army.) 
Chief  of  Staff.   (See  Item  under  G< 

Staff  in  article  War  Dcpartmcn' 
Chlef  8tgnal  Officer.    (See  Signal  Corps 

heading  under  War  Dej . 


Chief  Signal  Officer  of  Army,  printing 

iiivtin;    nrrlvnl    from    Vlrglnln    wnli  nf  rcnnrr  «f    i  1^1   .iK'.v 

i.,.nr,,r,-..,i,,„w   f,,r    iM  i: ,,v  <'i  / :  port  oi,  iMiommoaocii, -loot,, 


for   Bragg,    l!"i<ocrnua  con' 
!.  .1    li i k    army    n»ar    Lee   &    <:•■  ■ 
Mill  i     Irllmtary 

of  the  Tonucasce.     On  lta<  Sent. 

is  tti,-  two  armies  were  on  opposite  aidea 

t.f     I'lil.-l.aMM  ir.-.i     Creek. 
I .' 

D i   80  Uraas'*  anus   soi  ml 

.'iii.niKi.    Bragg  1 1"    ni  Hi--  ■ 

ii. .a  ..l  in.:  army  during  the  nlu'bt,  ana  on 

the  morning  oS  1 1  le 

uin ml   of   mi nfeil  ml      i     til    wing,    at- 

li  ial    li  li     umler    '1  h 
■i  til     battle   continued  nil   Ony    without 
nlte  rc*Mli*.      'in    tin*    inornlnu   <<(   th#   — '  •: li 
the     Confederal  -i      11m     attack. 

i ho    eenl or    -if    i  in' 
I ; - .-..-.- 1   iv.   Me- 
i  ....i.  -  mi.  n   from  Hi..  real  ..f  i  be 

i. rum    .if    tat    battl*    fell 

iiii..ii   Tlininiix,     'I  In    .  led    at 

toasrllle,  anil  mi  Hi.-  algal  o 
to  Chattanooga.     The  sVd.    -i 

In     the    battle    were    1.087    kl I. 

■ ". i.-. I.  and  8Mb  mlsHlnir:  total  16,886, 

■I'll"  Confedetate  lo»«  was  ia.000. 

Chlckamauga  and  Chattanooga  National 
Military  Park  discussed,  657ft 

Chlckamauga  Indiana.  (Sou  Indian 
Tribes.) 

Chickasaw  Case.— Throoch   Hi-  ritorts  of 

Northern     i pit    la     organising    vlitllance 

..r,  ,,'nl     ki.l'  if     free 

colored  persons  n  fuitl- 

llee  staves,   ■   writ   of  lull"-*-   corpse   was 
serves  »i the  mptnin  ni  iiw  iirijj  ohleta- 

sow  demanding  the  ililk.rv  nf   I 

.v. .mi  ii  whom  h  was  charged,  ii-  Intended  t" 

H h.    On  i-vliililtlns  ttielr  free  papers 

the  women  were  liberated. 


Child   Labor.—  with    the   Introd 
iiiiii'lilnny    which    r. i ,  slight    al- 

i.-ii:i..M    an,]    nil    highly    skilled    operatives 
cemi    the  employment  of  chlldrei     I 
tori**   The  Inveotlon  of  npinuina  mac: 

In   Krigland  and  tbe  cotton  jin  In   .\i 
■  ferrcS    the   ii-i.1   ..f   ...-.it: 

crowded    mllla    and    abopa    ami    furtortee, 
unelurers  ends 
ally    i  iank<   and 

IrnitthenlOH    Ihe  cmployu-. 

■■hlldren,  uulll  the  i ;>\vruni<nt  caaae  to  Ihe 
i.-.i-iii'. 

long  aco  aa  1784  the  maglatratnt  of 
I  mi  -:i'-li  11  ■-.   Knelnnd.   foond  It   n.'i"««iry  U 
paM   a   resolution    lhal    ipnrentl 
no  l.Mii-i  r  "work  In  the  night  oi  nxir»  iSm 

il...  Sn|i>i-|i:.-nt  Ifl^l^H 

lion  eiiliMliini.-il  In  Uio 
lory  aiipenUliiii  in  Knjla nil,  which  Selaa  froas 

II  lU.nt  of  CwBBBBkwi 

Mii.l.r    ten,    Mini    ILoac    inn: 
onlr  li.'  employed  hull 
forbidden  iiml   rlill.hi'ii  under  alxtrt-.-i 
orrtldemtr*    of    Attn 
employment,  and  weol.  :(c  abowlsc 

a   certain  amonut   of  school   attor.da. 

In    iMiniponn  coun tries   tii  i.iq  of 

.■lillil   labor  la  the  duty  .if  tbe  . 

out.  wlilla  In  America    I 

I  In   [urlndli  lion  of  the  sereral  »tm 

of  tli.'Hi'  slates  have  I  he  siiiiio  c.sle  of  laws 

..r  celled  similar  itstlstrea  on  Hi, 

Child  lal...r.  ami  Its  cllKtCDCC  ll.lk  I. 

i"  be   >  trona  erll  In  i ■    of  them 

Kor    thin    f.a.iii    l'i 
nl^  -uih  miiiinil   mi'x-ni;..  i. 

".     II'"  ml.. I    tin 

lei   i  bllil    laliur    law    fur   Ihe    IMitrict  of 

Columbia,  wbleh  si i.i  be  n  guide  lo  iboee 


F.ncyclopcdic  ft 


Child 


•tnlea  which  wl»nml  to  leaiautc  agah 

...,.:   xii.  h  ;i   I  iw  May 
lulM   Dot  b»ta<  a   ■  •■ 

!.--    rti-w    !(,«.    hail    i"    " 

•  :--nled  on  account  of  *£•■  or 

Migration. 

Mta(l«lli-«    mllivlod    I'V    Ihc    t-ll.Tl!    accrc- 
io»lhilic 

.-    yoart 
is.ln.irlo 

...r»  <«Udrea.  In  prop 
■  .ding  tehac 
day   than  .  I 

Child    Labor  I»aw.— The   mth    ivinrrrraa 

fuiaard.  ami  PraUnl   \VII*»n  alimcd,   B*ot 
i'.  a  law  .'  from 

labor  r«r  an  Ihi 

,.lili« 


i  In 
•  ha 

Ban. 


I 


D   Infr- 
ii  with- 

'       Ml     •  ! 

I.   or   any   «r- 
ni   mill, 

ia    tbt> 


•  »ar»   h 

i     Miuatrd    1 
«liKh  will 
■    -n.iTiil  nf  iiy-li   p 
a>»a   under  it*  •  hata  been 

igiai  ark,  or  i  blldrra 

fc»i«-r»o  Ik*  ar»-«  >■<   II   •••nr»  and  14 
k*ie    Iim:     ■  Ifil    lo    work 

i   boar*  Id  n»y  d 

ur  altar  ih.-  houi 

aa«r  ..in. 

ry  of 

faO. 

■  ■'.   a   WAir-l    In    miik.-    an.l    pulil  ah 

Mil  1    IT       III- 

■a*  galy   ,  ■ 

■    at    any    ii in.-    nilaca, 
•panlra,   aalll*.  fm 

-.  auanraitnrlii 

in  produi 

ty  of  rarh  dlnlrtrt  attor- 
•     Laboi   ahall 
la  art,  ur  I 

rry  in- 
■— laatao.  r 
, 
■Vf  n»raua  ahall  .  fn.-lnry 

nil   an-1 
"t     lh.« 

.-     i,..,.  in 
In    Ihln 

acvcral 
*k»«  i  lira. 

who  vlolnl- 

■    - 

0a«  W  punUhcd  by  ■  line  or  sot.  more  ihun 


H00,    nml    fur    (  .i.wqamt    to 

anch  conviction  '  .   mora  limn 

H.iinii.  dor  IfM  than  $100,  .-r  i 

in.  in    r..i    ■ 

by  both  au.'l.  Hue  and  linprli  mmcnt,  . 

'I'll, it   do  it.  il.-i   •IimU   li<-  [iroao. 
I  tot  iv 
-    uhlpmcnl.    u 

Eortn                                   hin  H  guaranty  Inui-d 
y     Hi'  wl Ihi-    i; U    fhip] 

i  red     for     • 

■  .-.|  or  produn  'i    i"  i . 

f.'.-l  thai  «uch  K bl  We]      p  ...I I  ..I  in. inn 

1      111    V.  Mill 

In  thlrt..   ii.i...  pi  lor  la  Ihetr  rem 

.iiiir-  ii  ii  n-t.-r  ii.  Li  iron 

yrara  were  -  n.  rallied  to  work, 

.■...i  i    h..p, 
lucturlng  •   I  nt,  In  which 

In   ililtiy  dayi  p 

gocda  therefrom  do     hlldr  n  mi. i.i   ii. 
of    fourteen    year*    were,    raiployi  I 

DOr  children    between    tho 

Mot  fom                    I  >.i  \f--u  yi  1 1>.  inn- 
.1  i.i  work  man  ii 

hum  la  ihi.  .i.iv  ..r  mora  ih, in  :.is  day*  in 

any  wwk  or  after  Ihc 

IHiatui-  i  Ii  Inn    •  i  ho     hour    of    idx 

■■hi.  If 
ih.-  guaranty   contain*  nuj    iii-.    ntnti 
of  a  i  n   be 

Die   to  proaecutlnu  and  bo  <li"  iin<-  or 
1  In  I- 1  i     nun. ml     pi  01  Idl  ■! 

.    i.hnll 
ic  and  inl.lr.-.  •  of  ihi-  :■ 
nml  no  producer,  mo  a 
■  lml !    P.-  i.i..:-.-iii.-i|    undur 
111H  act  f"i   ih.-  •lilpmcnt,  -■  r  atilp- 

■  ■     I  Tl  -  |  ...  I-  I  .,  I  |.  .  ||     ,     f      [|     J, |, "III.     "      .■ 

mln.-,  quarry,  mill,  i  annei 

it,    If 
■  in,  within   i 

'III  >•     p  ■      r.  Il    Of     HI     Ii     I" 

Hi.    r.  limn,    of    .1        I, II. I    ii.i.|..|-     t  li.-    Dee    o(    •  !-.- 

I ii   thai  .if  ii  child  u  to 

.i-   or    iiii.M 

cin r  .i  i 

..  Il    i  1.1  I.I      NIL I    Ii.i-     -ill..     III     t  ....I     fnllh 

.    upon    it  ii- 1    ki.pt   on    ill.-    n 

i  in  sin  h  foi  .ii,  ninli  r  .mil  rondl  I  ton*. 

ami  lii    ni.ii  per  kidii  -i -   m  i  r I 

■  it   the    child    to    In     ..I 
■nch  an  age  Hint  the  ahlpmcot,  delivery  r..r 
'■"I    ■  ••    li    n  ■ 

tbli  „,i. 

-in.-,    p.  r  ..ii  who  knowlncly  malm  n  f.il»» 

■tatemeal  or  pcacniii  falae  evldesce  to  ur 

in  an]  iuch  .  i  miii.  -in i  - 1  - 1 1 

..•linlil.'    to     ■ 

cutlon  and  lo  the  ii r  Ituprtennincnl 

• 
mi   employment   cartMeate  01   otner  Himiinr 

oj  lo  Hit-  in:.-  ..f  ih..  child,  i-  ; I  nil 

Bar    Ihc    Iiiwk   of  ■     inn I    li"l    Ii i 

■latent  with  the  provlalona  of  Ih 

li.-i-.i   iiii-  -.inn-  force  aod  .-ffevt  as  a  certifi- 
cate herein  ptoi  1. 1 . -. I 

Tin-    word    "i"-r»on*'   na   nai-d   In    thli*    n-f 

Individual 

'I'     001  pOr   ■  I     "I1      ".'■     I'"'     III.-HiImT-I    Of    All-, 

ncrahlp    or    other    unln poi        i       morla- 

ii. -ii.  '  IhJp  ur  .111 i v,  r   fur  ahlp- 

in. -nt    in    Interstate    ..r    fi.relgrn    oomm.-n .-" 
n«  u«ed  In  HiU  act  mennn  lo  tranaporl  ot  i" 
■  lup  ur  ibllvar  fur  ihlptnenl  fruin  ony  Stnte 
or  Territory  or  iin-  Dutrlct  .-f  Coluiul 
or  through  any  other  Btata  or  Tarrltoi 

the     I  n    '•  |.  I     of    "'..Ininl.ln    ..r    to     ■ 

.  ;  and   In  tli.-  raae  of  n  den  lei  mi  ana 
only   ti  deliver  for 

-ii,  or  dla- 

In     I  tun. 

i  iiv.'ii    B,    Uovejoy,   rhnlnnan    of    Ihc    Nn- 

tlonai  Child  Labor  Committee,  mM  o 

law ;      "The    luw   will    reach    1SO.O0O,   but 


Child 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


there  are  l.SSO.OOO  children  In  the  United  fifth   with   etntlatlc*   of   the  defective,    dc- 

M  who  mini,  i    poi   Ibly  he  touched  by  pendent  and  delinquent  clan**. 

n..y    federal    icghdntlon.      These   nre    werda  Chile.-Chlle    extende    down     the     weat«ro 

of  the  varloua  Mn.es  :  the  Infant   hawker*        .  „,  o.^_.i,  »~„,i~«  »M™.  .v,  oi»  s.~. 

of  new.  and  chewing  gum  on  our  city  .trceta :  f""'  °„f  *£}*  *T.iT/5!  ft,  ItXl 

the  truck  garden  conacrlnta  of  1'cnnaylra-  J°  c,Pe  Horn,  and  I*  bounded  on  the  north 

ii it,  New  Jernoy.  Ohio.  Colorado,  and  Mary-  by    Peru  and   on   1b-    MM    I"  •   BO MrM nn.1 

land;    .ho   sweating  cotton  plcltera  of  Mia-  Ai*ontlna.     It  Uca  between ,18*  rt-ll>     Jl 

claalppl.  Oklahoma,   and  Texaa:   the  00.000  South    latitude    and    60 •    SO '-76'j *V    Weal 

domeatle  aervnula  under  10  yrara  old  who  do  longitude,  wll h  n  coast  line  of  2.484  Ballet. 

the  menial  drudgery  in  n„r  American  hnmea  ;  "  ""e™[™f}b  °J  J ?*°$,  ">'  «"•  ?"d   "0, 

anil  the  pallid  caaliglrla  In  our  department  average    breadth    (north    of    41  )    of    loo 

atorc*,"  mllca. 

«.<*«• -t.             «•».          .  **.  I'hytical    Featurtt.—The    great    chain    of 

Child  Labor  and  Labor  of  Women:  tad**    rani   along   it*.  *n»tern   limit. 
Conprota  nakeil  to  InvcatiratO  condl-  »'Jh .a  general   elevation  of  4.000  to    lo- 
tion «*    -ii'-,  000  feet   above  the  IctcI  of  tho  tea:  but 
lion  or,  juoii.  ,  ,oun  (mmmi,,  nualu  the  height  of  18.- 

Chlldren'B   Bureau.— The   Children"*    Bu-  ooo   feet-.                             ,n***™*-   *»   «■ 

""  -I  .he  Department  of  Labor  wa,  ere...  «£«,  ^».r%°w.r^elrtiS&t,  1? 

cd  by  Congreia  In   1012  to  .nvo.llgntc  and  „„,.,,•„„  ,omhern  extremity.     There  are  no 

I   upon   all   mniinra  pertaining  to   tho  river*  of  greut  «lxc. 
welfare  of  children  »ud  clilld-llfo  among  nil 

classes  of  OUT  people,  and  especially    to   In  Aax*  A*D  rOrtlaTlo* 

rntlgato  tho  queatlona  of  Infant   mortality,  Aft*           Popu- 

Slio    birth   rate,    orphanage.  Juvenile   court*.  Province*                     English         Uuon 

m,   danger,.. i.   ... •. 'npiuloua,   nrcl.i  ftq  Mils*         1012 

and     dlscofed     children,     employm.'iit     and        j^mcagua 5.104        135.S5S 

legislation   aliening   children  In  the  aercral        Antofsevu*.  .,  4fl,S01        122 IM 

aiate*   and    tcrrllorlea.      The   function*    of  Arauro                                         J,l«8        62,732 

the   bureau    are    thus    largely    Invcxtlgn.lve.        AUrama 30,'»7         6sCs74 

It  ha*  no  power  to  administer  anything  or        th„.i :|„ 4,340        102,170 

to   regulate  anything,   and    t  li-  .  .us        Oaulin 6,377        166Je6 

tho  bureau   itlptilntea  that   "no   ..fllrlni.   ..t  r;i„i                                             t,.V>3        «M*4 

agent,    or    representative    of    *nld     burenu        Coleliagua JJMO        140476 

over   i hji.ctloii  of  the  h.-ad  of  the        Couwpridn 3,311       230.442 

family,  enter  any  tinu      need  exrm -iv.  i..     ,.  .••,„,„1„i„,                                   u.oso       isj.241 

a    family    realdc "      It    la    to    nerve   a«    a        Cuneo £011        icot.701 

e,  run.  to  which  pronto  can  turn  for  definite       Lluire* 3,067       nuu 

Information    regarding;   child    welfare  move-        Lliuiiiuihuo.  36.387        118.073 

mrnta.  ao  that  every  Individual  or  orgnnlr.a-  Maaallancw.                                     60,176 

tloti  working  for  children  can  learn  of  and       Maueoo 3.301       11 

profit   f'otu   the  experience  of  other*.  Maul*.                                          MOO       119.107 

Tbo  bureau   baa  been  In  active  operation  Nubl.                                           3.107       I7IUM6 

alnm   Align  it.    ".;s.    1913.      It   ha*   already  O'IKggin..                                   J.I68        04JM 

pnbll  bed,    m    rol.llili.ii    to    a   brief   circular       Santiago 4,800       S06.787 

containing  the   law  establishing   thn   burenu        Tncna. 0,248         44.201 

and  a  atatemrnt  of   Its  scope  and   plana,    a  Talea                                                 3.802        is    jv. 

nionogrnph  entitled  "Birth   Registration  on       Toiapari i-.:.'ii       nv.ru 

Aid   In   Protecting  the   Uvea  nod    Rights    of        Valdn-ia S.001        111.2W4 

Ity  for  Intending  the  Hog-        Valr,ami« 1,774       311.800 

Istratlon    Ami  '     h    pamphlet    "Ilaby-Snvlng  Ijinter  Island,  eta 7i  -ii 

famnalgn*.       What    Some    Ameiienn    t'lll 

art  DOlDI  to  I'tev'tit  Inf.int  Mitrin  Total 204,740    3.60UM 

a   monogrnph   called    "Prena:nl    fare"   do-  ttkMtom.— There  ore  f.-.„r  dli 

algncj  for     hrusc  of  the  expectant  mother  ment*    In    the    racial    dlelab                     sp»o- 

Tho  publication!!  thus  far  l«ued  have  nil  ,K||     „„;„,    „,„,     lhll                    Ian!*:     the 

In    Hi.,    field   "f    the   work    to    promote  |n,ilK-o.,n«    Auramnlan    Indiana,    I'uecUnt, 

child  health,     mlor  pampblctj  on  (be  rare  otlll  fnn„K„* :  mixed  8panl«h   Indiana; 

Ulreti  nrc  In  the  course  of  niepaiatlon  ropean  lmmlgrnnta.     The  latter  wore 

and  the  result*  of  an  Inveallgailon  Into  tbo  ,,.„,, ,,,    ,„    l01o   t,_    oo.noo    Spaniard*. 

aoclnl  cnuica  of  Infant  mortally ■  In  John*-       ,, ,:,,„.     n  Oermati«.   10.000  Bril- 

lows,    I'n.,    will   toon   be    published.      The  lntl     onil    jo.000    l ■  r.-n.  h.      Bpanlab    l«   the 

bureau  experts  to  follow  It  wllb  renorta  of  inngunge  of  the  country,  and  the  State  re- 

i!"'   reaul.a   of   r   sltnllnr   Investlgatlona       Ue,,in  ,.  Urtw„tl  ,■„., 

In    typical    cltle*  nod   rural   district*   to    bo  J7«jfnri».-  It    wot    Invaded    bv    the    St*d- 

conducted    In    the    future.  |,|,   under   Altnacro  In   1R3S,    and  wa*  fir*. 

i  h.    bureau  ha*  not  a*  yet.  published  any-  settled    by    Valdlrla   at    Santiago.    In    IB4I. 

thing  on  the  employment  of  children,  but  It  Independence     wa*     proclaimed     in 

ha-  In  the  rourte  of  preparation  a  thorougli  though    the   laat    atrougbold    of    the 

dlee*t  of  all  the  state  law*  on  child  labor.  innl*    wa*    not    taken    until    1820.      After 

It   propose*  lo  undertake  In  Hi"  near  ftltnre  gaining  lis  Independence  Chile  made  . 

an    InvrKtlgntlon    of   tbo    metho.i  'onqueata     In      Patagonia     nnd     tint 

bv  the  irveral  ItAtea  In   the  ndmtnlatratlon  country  was   (Inallr   divided    between  Cblle 

and  .                      I    of  these  law*.  nnd     Argentina,     with     the     Ande*     *s     the 

A   handbook  of  lretleral  statistic*  of  eh II-  bonndarr.      War*    wlrh    1'erti    and    Rnllvla 

dren  I*  also  being  prepared,     li  win  be  nub-  from     I«70-18M     extended     the    northern 

ll-h-'d    In    live    sertlont    or    pnru.    the    first  boundaries,        Chile     haa     enjoyed     greater 

dealing  with  tho  number  of  children  In  the  tranqrllltr.    I'°th    Internal    and    en, 

country  and    their  »ex.   race,   nn'lvltv.   pnr-  than   the   malorltv  of  South    American   l.e- 

entage  nnd  geogrnnhlc  dliirlliiitlon  :  the  sec-  public*,   hut    In    Ifltl'i    the    ooh-t    was    li 

ond   with    Ihi                li   of   the   child    ponula-  ropted    by    n    elnlen.    dispute    with    Argen- 

Hon     Including    the    mteallon*   of    the   birth  Una   over   the  »lxo   and   nrmnment  of  their 

re'e   and    Infant    ninrinlltv  •    i !•-•    third    with  respeetire   pnvlea,      The   dispute  wat  a*'**- 

llllt»r«ev  nnd  school  attendance:  tbe  fourth  faetnrllv   vettled   In   1008   by    treaty.      <8ee 

with  the  employment  of  children,  and  tbe  Argentina.) 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Chile 


<JOT»'ismcnr  — The    <~VnMltotloo    resta    04 

the  fuodanxntnl  law  of  Mar  24,  1*33.  snd 

-t    of   a   democratic   Kepublle.     The 

lWO-Ul.    1-    far   tbe  not   (table   In   80Mb 
Amrrk*.      The  President   la  elected   by   Hi- 
nt* year*,  tb*  elretluu   he- 
ld on  Jus*  28  mid  tb*  Itmtig 
00    fu-puaiorr   IS.   tb*   anniversary   of  tb* 
•  ndeoe*   < I81f|.      The 
>le     for    1, 
term   of   office,   and    receive*   • 

-•On  and  an  aUo  .'.'.'.'»»,. 

Pre  ■     rroa  Lnce 

•uuranl  o3»    1 

-  l~  a  Council  of  Stain  of  eleven 
members  (Bvc  appointed  hy  the  rrealdvnt 
and   alt  cbo*-n   by  Congress. 

.-.•rcsa    consists    of    n 
Scaur,  iiaanber  of   Ixputse*.      The 

tj  seven   BicmW. 

Cabin    of     III.-    ■  "horol. 
.if    the   |>eoplc   ( 

lypwtUa   nf    ins 

.'•a    per    20.000    lahabltaata    of 

uj.ni.  with  a  minimum  fraction 

r|  rote  for  tbrc* 

S  There  l«   •  nlrers.il   adolt   male  anf- 

re  •'  iw.  uty-oue  for  la-sac  who  can  road 
strife. 

a  High  Conrt  of  .Insilc*  nt 
Ranilago  iwith  a  Presides!  elected  »n- 
■  11  nil  r    Appeal  at    «'• 

et««.   Hanthieo.   Serena,    'I' 

:.ir*Iso.      There    n 

untry 
'mate  to  the  lll<h 
< .      •   .  ■     i>a  capital. 

-  mces    nr-  DT     Im.'ii- 

ieatea   tuadcr    whom 

tlepsMaietita  of  c-,ch    i  "•!  for  Hi* 

Mat-  iitorr.      The    oa  un  ..  - 1  ] .  i>  n  •  I  ■  -  • 

etrettd    triennial   connriK 
TbcpslSfe  are  a  nntlnml  f--  -d  by 

tie  'I 

ara>«  —  By    Uar    or    I0O0    all    able  bodied 
anw  rliUma   froaa  IHlb   1  • 

slllltla.      Tor   the 
'    ArmW*  of    the    World : 
tar  aa>y  see  Navies  of  tbe  World. 

frfcaara    education    1>    free,    but     I-    BOl 

ibjaViiiT.    and    rtadlug    and    willing    are 

tv  imI'.oi  '    male   suffrage. 

:■  Ml    prtt-irr    ..I 

•&dar>ce    of    1C9.T44. 

and  a   Romnn 

lagrt.      The    Xn. 

-ary  at  the  capital  contain*  155.- 

e»«.'«rjio«      amit      l*:lutlrV. — Agrlen: 
•*0  Dining   arc    the    ptlnelj.il    oreitp»ll..na 
•  people.       1  t  enjoy*  a 

■■toil*   ralofr.ll,    and    wheal     malic,  bar 
-.i".  bean*.  to* 

aara*.  ««.   1..  pepper,  ami    p 

••*•  ire  crown   -  'he   vine   and 

U  Ctaapean    rni  nrt»n.      In    the 

I     Hi.. 
■ansa  are  oiv.T'd    with 
■larra!    wealth    1-    c.  ■-.    tho 

1  aad  auiue   rich    fid   1  hern 

[natal     north     yields 
eapeclnlly    nlir.i  la.    Iodine 

^,1.1    and    allvrr,    n 

.;    boll]    being    In 

„  w*rk    Id    Tarnpaea,    Ounnnco.    and 

Shall  In  Alscarnv  and  rnrncot'a  In   An- 

per  and   silver; 

■rno  and  ' 
[***»  are    •ir.eltluc    work*    for    copp'r 
I  otter,  tanncrtc*.  corn  and   anw    1 
aaap.   biscuit,   rope,   cloth,   ebreae. 
1  oil     paper     factories, 
.tie*,  and  tbe  domestic 
•try     firnlsbes      cloth,      embroideries. 
1  <  ry. 


TrOHeporturion    nnd    Communlraffca.— In 

1011    there    wctc    3.604    Kngllsa    mile*    of 

lal.wny  open  and  working,  and  1,8! 8  under 

cunairiictlou.       In    April,     itllp.    the    trana- 

.n  Una  win  i-oiupivte,  thua  connecting 

Valparaiso    with    Bncnoa    Aires.       A    luugi- 

Iwaj  of  050  mllea  from  loulque 

D   'i  11    nwih,  1.1  connect  with  the  southern 

ncta,    U    now    under    conatructlou    by 

two  btiilxh  ayudu-ntr*.     A  line   from   ArPa 

lo   l.a    I..-    1  1.  . , v  1  a  1    was  opened  In   1912. 

1  d    :'.i|i>    tin •!■•    artM    1.000    poat    offlcea 

Tnere    were    alao    1.400    telegraph    1 

land    four   wlrelcm   nlatlons).    with   21.050. 

mllea  of  wire.      Telephones  are  highly  efll- 

clcnt  and  Rcnernl. 

I  "•  m«rlne  In   1011  consisted 

of  Q*  (11  1,887  tonal   and  41  sail- 

•  ■  sscls.    (30.331    tons),   a   total    01 
teasels    rx  ms    each    (lhl.- 

-I-    IOOII       'I'li.-r,.    nt-.-    t.n    lines  of  (train- 
er*  em   the  Chilian   ronta  to   Kurope.  the 

total   number  of   t..-.-i«  entered  1  iilil.ni 

In     UHO     bvlns     ll.ts'J     in,. 
t«.ti  *  1 . 

7'oiras.— Tin-  pilurlpal  port   l«  Valparaiso. 
01  bH  1    ports   .tr..    Arl-n     Iquliiue,    I 

Autofacaota  In  tne  north:  Onldern  nnd  Co- 
qui  mho    In  -.- :    and    Talcab 

ptlon  and   Valdltla  In  I li-  south       I'he 
capital    1*    Santiago,    In    the    centre    of    tli- 
ry    ..n    a    plntenn    amidst    maeo 

'  355,- 
oiin.  (itiier  town  are:  Valparaiso,  I'oncep 
clf.n.  Iquloti'-.  laloa.  (Tilllau.  Autofagosta. 
VI fin  del  Mar.  and 

•it..-  anil  of  ralue  l<  the  (old  p.-so,  equal 
to    SO.SOa    Halted    Sintea    money. 

Til'lr   with    tht   I  nr  I  lie  TSltle 

of    merchandise    Imported    Into    fhlle    from 
the    rnltod    Statea    for  tbe   year   1013    was 

Sltl.07rt.7rV3.  nnd  gnoda  to  lk<  vnlne  of  $0-  , 
:.:»,«J0    were    sent    thither— n    balance    of 
*  11. .'.78.(1,'. 7  In  favor  ca  fS 

Chile: 

American  tmllnr.  OB  *  lie  Raltlmnr'  a*. 

aatiltcil  nt  Valpnraiso.     (Sco  fln'fi- 

morr,  Thci.) 

American  seamen  impressed  liy,  2772. 

BOSI  1   «tion    with    Argentine 

'il .lie,  ,629,  6323,  6303. 
Church  of  the  Comjiafiia  at  Snntiago, 

destroy crl  by  fire.  : 
Claims  of,  npaini't  United  States  eon 
on   to    settle,    ih  eiisacd,   5S02, 
6956,  601 
Claims  r.f  United  Btat«  mrninst,  1591, 
2051,  219  i, 

(800  *l»o  Baltimore ,  The.) 
Agreement   regarding,   wf«rr«d   to, 

Award  of  arbiter.  King  of  Belgium, 

rtfomd  to,  3381. 

Commission     to     scttlo.    discussed, 

5867,  5956,  605S,  6887.  6366. 
Convention    providing    for   adjust- 
ment of,  br  arbiter,  3064. 
Payment  of,  HI  Hi,  8485,  4289. 
Protocol    relative    to,   trnnsmitted, 

4214. 
Provision  made  for,  2051. 
Consul  of,  to  United  States,  exequa- 
tur to,  rovokoil,  3625. 
Consulnr  convention  with,  2057. 
Controversy    with    Bolivia    referred 
to,  3410. 


Chile 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Copyright      privilege      extended      by 
pioettmanoOi  01*5. 

Foe.;  :  i mill i.   convention  with, 

for  surrender  of,  2912. 
Independence  of,  asserted,  613. 
Minister  of,    to   I'mi,.!    State,  rnoop- 

tion  of.  referred  to,  4522.  5416. 
Minister  of  United  states  in.  821. 

Anion  of,  i"  B&rbortnfl  .- runnels 

■  I awiq,  5867. 

Naval    fore*    of    United    States    on 

shores  of,  875. 
Procoods  of  cargo  by  tho  it aertlvn  in 
seized  in  Peru  bv  authorities  of, 
3015. 
Award  of  arbiter  referred  tn,  3381. 

<  -.i  11  v.-ri t  ion  rmudiagi  8084 

BalaUoHI   Of,   ifii  lVru   referred    to, 

4662,  4673. 
Specie  payments,  rc-umptiun  of,  by, 

discussed.  808ft 
Treatv    wit li.    transmitted    and 
cussed,  1158,  llti'.i.  1246,  1200,  127u, 
2912,  8967. 
Vessels  of,  discriminntiiiL'  duties   on, 
suspended  bv  proclamation,  2612. 
Referred  to.  2618. 
Vessels   of    United    Stntcs   seized    or 
(.•red     with     bv.     1882,     2051, 
2116.   2193,  3445,   488ft      (BM  also 
QooA  amiimi.  Til  0 
War  in.  ami  policy  of  I'niti"!  states 
respecting,  discussed.  5618. 
ire  ,,i  tu  Itala  by  tht  ; 
Stntes  for  violation  of  neutrality 
lawl   dim  (See  also 

ButHmon,  Tho.) 
War   with    Bolivia    and    Pern,    5422, 
|-,ii.:,  (688  4717. 
CHaima   of   Onited    stub  •    an-niir 
..ul     of,     discussed,    41113, 
.-..169,  ".VII. 
Conditions   of   peace   presented    by 

Chile,    "Ki2,  4717,  4760. 
Efforts   of   United  States   to  bring 
about    peace,    4522,    4563,   4582, 
MSB,  4717. 

Negotiations     for     restoration    of 

peace,  4676. 
Terminated.  4822. 
Treaty  of  peaco  discussed,  4760. 
Chile,  Treaties  with.— Muy    lit.   IMS,  a 

convention  of  peine,    ninliy,   commerce    nnil 
n.i .  ii'iill'.n    vt'iia  ci. ii. -In. led    with    L'hlle.    nnd 

Imad  by  Pre  Id  nl  Jai  I  aw  April  SB, 
IM4  It  lueluded  the  most  favoredns. 
iion  oUaae.  end  provided  tor  freedom  of 
commerce  and  nnTiirnilon.  reelprocsl  privi- 
leges   In     business    arrnlrs,     luilerniilly     for 

Teasels  of  eiiiier  country  detained  in   tho 

•  r.    n m vlinn    f..r    v I-    din- 

■bled  by  storm  or  pursued  i.y  enemies,  spe- 
cial   protection    mnl    religious    fi iloi 

Cltlscns;    denned    .-. ■nhnnd    it Is,     nnd 

prescribed    rnles   for   tmdlnir   piliii...  ■   of 

neutrals,   visitation   and   search   <'f   vnasels, 

Rschang*  of  eonsnli 

nrorlilcd   for.     An   additional   con   en 

WTM   coucluded   Sept.    1.    1833.  extend- 


ing   i  hi-    prielleajM    of    the    niuat     favored- 

lomtila, 

the  tide.. ul,, i,  .,j  iVuir.il  America,  and  tbe 

l . i . . s  1 1 . •  Bw  de   la    Plata,  ami    Iti- 

New     Granada.     Venesuela.     Keaador,     ntd 

from    II 

I     19,  TO*!? 

iSiO,    on    notice 

glYl  u    i. 

'    the   artd- 

trul..ii  of  the  cl.Mrir    i 

Ionian, 

...n   :.  ii. I    I.  irn   rnnBa- 

coieil  l..    ..I. i  r  .. r  me  ml  of  tbe 

I     was 

:iiel    rendered    IiIm   nw-jrd 

In  favor  o  .maava 

to  the  extent  ..f  I  ii  mn  .»la«. 

The,  :ii        i  ::'»J7.> 

A  i:  c»  screed 

to  In  1W2  tij-  which  all  I'nl 
(■■iin    havltiif  •elulins    aitiilnst    Chile    might 

nl    in.  n-    to    *    -i  ■ 
slon.     The  commission  provided  for  In  thU 
treaty    annul.-, I  :.'■     In    fnvoe    of 

n  cltlxeaa.    (we  /i 

An  wsa 

proclaimed 
I'liilma  protoe.,1  of  18II7  awarded   the  belrs 

i.f   I'nlrl.-lc  Slilel.l  lafM. 

In   lvi,   H   conn  ntlon   ■  ie  »gt< 
riving     the     general     elalma     eomtnltaloa. 

Till*   .-olliln  !•  doll     adjourned    .lime     IM, 

innrdlnir  t'JH.Oti'J  -.■-•libotit  Im. 

i     In  favor  of  the  t'nltnl    8tnt.-«,   and 

JS  (Old,    »lll.. en 
Aii  extradition  treaty  wa*  eoncladit 
in  looa. 

("lillc  Bl*n  licenme  n  i  be  rnnrea- 

ii. .i>  batwten  tha  United  States  and  • 

repulillrn  of   Smith   .-llld   IVlllrnl    Ai 
Ihe  arbltra'  mlary  claims  and  the 

ii.. ii    .if    In  ■     » t« 

.1    in    Itiir-nna    Aln»s   In    l!«1fl    and 
elnlnied  In  Wi.hlngton  Jul]  20       II  I       (Re» 
South  and  Central  America.  Treat  lea  a 

China.— f'hi mi    Proper    for    the    righi»ea 

Provinces)    occupies   Ihe   southeastaet 

ncr  of   the  continent   of  Asia,   and  covers 

about  one-third  ol  the  total  srei  of  I'hJaa. 

I  i   northern    boundary   Is   marl;. 

i  ;r..ii    Wall  ..f  iiiin.-i.   n   ramp  n 

orlgltinllv  reinforced  with   bricks   an  i 

onry.  aome    12   to   --■   .'--.-i 

miles    In    extent,     srlth     numcrotM     gates, 

man)   of  which  nre  now  ie  stian- 

doned        ThlK    barrlel 

third  II.    C.   as  a  defer 

Ihe    Moinrola    of    tho    north,    and     r. 

from     -iiiiin.-  Ii.il-kivan    on    the    i-ast    coast 

(Uulf  ••'  fliili  in    In   lon».    l* 

kcatnn    In    the    '•••      t    Ills       K.),       It    I 

ii    In    many    places   nnd    the   t'"hlne«e 

h:i  \ .-         I  hi  in-.  '  •  -•".        .id-.  .Ill"'  I 

northeastern  edge.  In  Ihe  provlnci 

1L      The    eastern    boundary    U    Ihe    Ciiloa 
8ea,  Mini  .hi  Ihe  auulli    Hie  l.ind   frontier  •! 
in. .ii-.    »iih    I'r.  n.  ii    liid.-iiiioa    and 
the  Shun    Stnt.«  of    II 

P  ':■•'::     \U\\- 

i  n    In.!  in,     i  ii.,  i    mill  .[»n. 

//(</...-..         i    lllneie    elvlll.' 

eat  In  tho  world,  nnd  Ha  B"1 

noon    th.it    ..f    the    family,    remulnml    uar 

•  d   in   li.   r....(   id. -ii   urn  i    the   revela- 
tion of  11)1 1  rn  t,  '•'■■   ■•  hi  h  the  mil. 
..r   ill.-    I  inp.  roi  "f   tbe  »« 

I  .  nil.  :  :.  ■! 

f..rin    .it    fi.v.crini.  in        I  ..r 

years  the   Bm| r   n  is   Ihe  supreme  b*ad 

of      111,'      State,       leL-l-ln!:i      ■       I    •       I'dlel  II 

l.'rx  mall.      In    i  Ie- 

.    the   Mini:   Dynasty   was  overcoaie 


Encyclopedic  Index 


China 


lb*- 


liv  tlw  M-tOrtlila  ff-ni  III'-  vxlh.  Kill  kit* 
t...«  l--.-ou»e  altuoHi  eatlrriy  »l™oro*d  by 
rred   nice.     Toe   eor.  , . 

aolomcy 
i*-Siu'*,   b-at   for  many  year*   ibe 
■-*    hud    b».-mu»   Ihr    power  iu    the 

ni  but 

■    proTincUl    am] 
rattan. 

Go-Teranirnf  -   '.!  Initi- 

aled i>r  promlfed  !n  th-    tail    lew    »i->r>  of 
Ik-    Imperial    rule,    and   an  ex*. 
>n    .1  -nled,    wbllc    a    legl-daturc 

m  promt-  l      A i   ih»  eta**  01   tie  year 
191 1    ibe   party  of   reform    fom-d   lb*    In 
■rrial    d/naaty    to    a    -voluntary"    »!■< 
tloa.  ana  a  He-public  «*•  proclaimed.   ■ 
wit    '  T  all   lli»    Pow- 

er,   on    Oct.    r. 

ShK.lil     born    lS.".r>.    elected    prov|.|..nally 
let.  «.  1II1S  '  for 

•  ■ar»i.  and  foraaally    Inaugurata-. 

V  national  onatm-Wy  wbk  i 
i    kioIhh,  and  a  Hon 
Uvprc-M-amtlve*    of    :•<"'•     meinbe-ri        i:*-.b 
proline*  waa  -re-pM-aenlcd  Is  tin 

In  Iv-oei  '  oonell  of  State 

|.i  -I..I      t  .1  of 

'  m.ni.  anil  Yuan   rvloctantly  accepted 
lb-  rMWD.      .March   25.    lulrt.   China    again 

•  a   rtfrabDr.  with   "iimn   Shih-kal  n« 

8.  and  wa«  buc- 
■ramSed  by  LI  Yuno-Miejr. 

/••K'iuif       Rr-lalient.-  Foreign        relation* 
wilt  .iiiinluDH    bail-    ■  ■ 

for  amaay  ceoturlea.     In  in*  thirteenth  ceo- 
lory      tbe      Vrell.iTi      no" 

*nt    Peking  i.    and    w-aa    employed    b< 

mperor   Kablal    Kban    a»    advl.er. 
•  itb  century  Jetmlt   mlaalon- 
bad    attali 
Tti*  Dut.h  and   1'iirlugww  trader*  hud  f"r 
r^-ninrlc.    -maintained    commercial    d*:illag* 
wllb   tb*   i  n too.   bat   toward   tbe 

.mi    of    Ibc  mry    Ibrj 

i-.r-.lv   replaced 

Company.      A    treaty    wa*    firncd    al 
king-  In  1«- 

Britain   aad   ot-  porta   to   foreign 

trad*  boii  realoence 

•  Ioq   of    ibc   war  betweea 
Banla    *r  :  .a    Treaty    and 

Additional     Agree-menl     -Haling     to 
cherla    wcr»    entercl  ■■  "*o    Japan 

and    Cblt>».      April    IS,    1011. 
with   crt-iln   International   groupi   of  rlonn- 

inploj  i»d    In 
-  for    the   null 
n cy  on  a  allver  Ian*  I*. 
Th*  continued   exelsflvnurwa  of  the  Chi- 
I    by   a    loot    dial"    of 

•  in    i»ip    war  of    fano.    »hm    ItrMMi 
ami     French    troop*    i  P   blag.        Ill 

-.■bt  a  alaaairona   war    with 

Jnp.in  : ;■-■    In    the    loa*   of    Forrooaa 

ami    ■  i    Of  Korea  a*  an   Iti- 

d*v*nd*nt  atnte.     An  abortive  atinupt  wa* 

baiIi',    lii    IS!>K    by    tin.-    KmpcroT   t..    Intro- 

: '-forme,   but   bla  reoc- 

nnrr    talnUlera   peraiiadad    the    Dowager 

tprraa   Ibla  annti    In  raaaannia  lb*  r.-lin 

1'nder  ber  role  b  plot   aii* 

r.ii.-lKii' ■" : 

and  in  '  Iho  (.ricatlon* 

I  ni;    and    tbe   forelpi    aeltl*ment«    In 

.    attncknl    nnd    li"i" 

bardfl     f"r    n  in]     w»*k«.      Th*    altiiatlon 

»■««    r*lleved    at  Pal    innment 

f  no  a!ll*d  nrmv  ilaapn 

-■-.rly    all    the    Treaty     Pow*n«.     and 

nd    rvkiiig-    «-r.-   captiired.      1TW 

led     III     S"l 

tialnry    »»lle    nail!    enrlr    In    IIMCJ        Mini 
whlk-.    a     r  acol    win    alirned    ba. 

lw»*n  tbe   Knvoy*  of   Ibe  Treaty  Powtra 


n 


and    'b*   Chlne»e    Plcnlpot/mtlurl'       rrim-i- 
mill  tin-  in-.-  l.i  linn  i  in 

!inlly  of  $'J  .'ii.iiiiii.imii 
■    I--    [.iilcl    «  li h in    1 1 1 1 r  t .  inn,-    ; i-.      Hub 

"I   Mgotlntlou*  rraolted   In 

i' ml  trratir* — lii-twi.n  Ibi  I  nil  d 
:  in  and  fnlna  I 
ed  Siatea  ami  <  blna  (Oct.  8,  10O3i  :  ond 
Japan  ond  i  blna  (0  t.  0,  1003).  I  ud*r  Ibw 
two  In.i  Miikil-n,  Tataaitaar,  Obnnc-aba. 
and  Antiinc  In  Mancburlo,  were  made 
Tr*aly  porla. 

lmtllii:     llli'     Knr  .pi'lili     r..ir     of     1914 

Heruaana  out  of  Klnu  rb-m. 
nnd  later  made  ■  atrle*  iif  dVtnanda  on 
■  'lilnn.    wblcb    praetleally    amonutrd    to    a 

'I'ln-  M.i-.i-  i'.'uii-  ii  bald  ■      m  lal   ■ 
ni  Pakln,  Marrb  J1-,   md,  .i-;lnc  a»    l'nriln 
mini,  reorinded  all  nionarvhlul   l*glalallon, 
realored   all   lb*  Uwm  of  |b«   Bapabllc  «' 

i    by    tin'    mon.ir.  liml    movement,    nn.l 

tb*H    BdJOIll  ll.'l    pi'l  illilll.-llllj. 

Thua    Maa    alvn    i M      evldrnc*    of    an 

error*  mode  by  I'arllnin.-iii 
In  urging  a  monarcby  upon  the  I'mildrnt, 

Ibllowlac  (Oiuptiara  tbe  Hat  of  Jap 
an*ac  deinnnd*  upon  China.  »o  fin   a*  tin ■>■ 
have  been  made  pul.lk-.     At    koat  on* 
dance    ba*    been    auppr<-»*d.      Thl«    rvprv 
**ota     tb*     demand*     after     r*vlalon, 

.   hi    Inelndla  ira   ilraatlc 

fenti.i  i  Hie  right  to  propa- 

gat*  llniUlhl.ai   In  China. 

Cfoiip  I.— Trauafer  eu  Dip  let*  to  Jupnn  of 

111*  Ovrmau  I. pon   Kincbow;  a  pledge 

in.i     in    .iii.ii.iie    any    of    tbe    territory    of 
sh  inning  province:  content   to 
rallnny  Joining   Klnucbow    with    CotfOO  01 
l.unckow ;    Ibe    -  uln    Ireaty 

port*   In  HhiintiiiiK.    t"    I I.'il-il    later. 

tiroup  m  of  the  Pon   Arunf 

leB-e  to  nlii'-i. V'-iu..  .  :    i.-l 

Mini    travel   and    lb*    right    to   leo»e 

or   own    land    or    work    mlnlni.-    ennei 

In  Soin  n   M.iii.liiirln  od  Ka-i   Mongolia  :  tb* 

.!   or  the  Japnneae  Cv.-r niiniit    10  b* 

grouting  any   rallronil     on- 

"«.    bom  o    I  in- 

taxe*.  or  appointing  any  advlwr*  In  fbiolb 
Manchuria  and  Knal  Munrolln  ;  a  nlm-iv 
iilin-...-ar  li-a>e  of  Ibc  Klrlti-cbangcbun 
Kiillway. 

Uronp  III. — The  Ilanyehplu*  Cotopaay 
trlir  larsr**"1  mlnloa  and  aleel  lunklng  com. 
pany  In  Cblni  t.-.  be  mad*  ■  Joint  roncern 
of  ih.'  t'.vn  nonOlia,  iiinl  BOO*  of  lta  prop- 
erty   or    right*    to    he    nil-  mil  .-.1    without    the 

■ -Mi    Df    Japan;    tb*    company    in    be 

given  a  monopoly  oner  nil  mlnei  In  It* 
nrlgbborhiHirl.  iTbla  compnny  own*  Ibe 
a-l*el   work"  around    llangcbow.) 

>nn   Pi      •."  latand,  port  or  barimr  on 
'bfneae  eonat  to  be  ceiled  or  leafed  to 
nny   foreign  power. 

Group    V.     Inn    amended!.— In    tlmea    of 

i  in     Chin-He    liiiTeriinii'iil     Khull 

apimlni    '  many   Jnpnne  ■•   adi  la 

era,"   Japaneav  aball  nava  tbe  rtibl  lo  renl 

or  lea«o  lamia  In  the  Interim    01  ■  lilnn   for 

bocpltala.  cburelie*  and  arbuola. 

The  pnlli-e  of  Itiiportnnt  place*  In  China 
to  employ  Jaiinnenc  advNeri  for  the  pur 
no**  of  orgnnizlng  and  Imnrevlng  lb* 
Ice.  China  aball  aend  to  Jnpan  a  com 
ni  lo  arrange  fur  tbe  pnrebna*  of  mu 
nlilon*  of  wnr  nnd  for  Ibe  ndmlulftrailon 
..f  .'iiiiii--.'  -i-i'inii. 

I  limit  agree  to  pennll  Japan  to 
Imll.l  ■  rnllwny  connecting  Wuchang  with 
Kluklang  and  Nam-hang,  alao  I  Una  ba. 
iiteeu    \;in.liiiiig   and    Chlo.nliim.      No  for- 

-I-.M1  '  ni    il   i mploy.'d  In  ill"  Provlm-e 

IcleD  will t  Japan***  eotiaanl 

Japan  lain  "iilnlri'w  Uronp  V  and  China 
tmbmlttcd  to  the  otbt-ra  by  a  treaty  algned 
May  26.  1916. 


China 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


UU    ASD     rOFl'LATlOS    or    TUB     IMriKB 

Am       Efttmnied 

Temlonoa  and  f  "npiul.       English  1'oj.u- 

Sq.  Mil-         lati 

China.  Proper  (Feajng).      ■  i..v)imio<02.ooojOOO 

Manrhuna'Mu,.!   i.                      (110.01)0  11.000.000 

.!.«  (I  NIB)                                1 .07 II  3,000,1100 

1,1.-1  i  Limit I                                   73(1,1100  B.' 

EaaUm Turkc.lju.il  ".in, -l.ii     COO.OOO  2.000.000 

Toul.  Chin* i.M.ooOrOOP 

liartt  and  Religion:— Tho  prevailing 
r»<*  in  China   I-  "f   Mongolian   origin,   but 

there  a  re  msay   racei   Is     tloa  i"  '  i'iil 

no*e"  In  the  ahorlKlnnl  Loloc,  Mlnotae. 
I  kin  n.    Ilnkk.i    ami    HoklOB.      Th*   Miincbu*. 

who  ruled  China   I about  th-  middle  of 

ihe  feveotri'iith  century,  uitln.iu-ii  number- 

Blj   fr.ini    i.ikiii, in   5.OOO.I.I00,   nre 

Mongola  froBi  Eaatero  Tartary,  whose  su- 

,.,   |or    mllltarj     01  di  d    i  h» 

ii  dominate  the  lew  a  lines*. 

In    :i, I, lil  Inn    t>,    Id-'    I'lilii."'    In    the    BbOTC. 

nil .I    terrltorlea,    whom  ■.    nre 

vorlou  ly  "Mlmulcd  ni  8.10.000,000  to  4'.o,. 

Oilu.OOO,  there  Bre  Bonn-   10,000,0 i  . 

in  v : 1 1 1 ■  •  •  i "  quarter*  'if  'in-  globe,  particu- 
lars- In  Hi.'  Malay  I ■  ■  i.l ii kii l.-i.  North  and 
South   Amnion,    and    I  I 

The  principal  religions  art  TiOlsn  nod 

niiddhiKin,   nMi.-h   fetes  Brown   op    rtdi    bj 

Bide   .in..'   ihe   first    century   of   the   I 
ii.ni  .  r:i.  nntil  iiu'  older  tiilth,  i<>  which  be 
dale  can   be  assigned,  l«  dinnnti   i..  dim  In- 
gulab   from   the    monger.      CunfticlniiUm    U 

100     viler. il     n      plil|.».iplir     I"     I..'     [.'Mil... I      'l 

religion    in. i   ii   hai   no  -■-:.. i . l ■  i  or   in ,.  »i» 
Muluiiiiniintnnlsm     was    Introduced     In     1 1 •  -• 

ii  fi-nlurjr  of  the  ClirUtlnn  era  ami   l< 

.  ii    to    limn    -,,„i,.    iio.ooo, i    bi 

ents.     ChrUttnnliy    bai    made   llttl* 

■Ithongh  !(■  minion  i  i. ,'i'H 

protected  Blue*  IStlo.  Tin'  lolnl  number 
of  convert  a  doc*  nil  pgreeil  1  ...hh.imhi,  or 
whom  over  1.000.000  an  Knmnn  embolics. 

CHIMA  PRoPM.  AKB»  UO  r.'i'i  I.AT10H 

Ami  ,n         I      imiutod 

Provided 

8q   Mil,..        ImIod. 

Chrhlang. ■'■'.. JOO  20.000.COO 

ChiMi 120,300  2a.000.OU0 

I  111  ,  n  -1 ; - . .-.' .< i  22.ikmi.ooo 

Hunan 07.000  IM  .000.000 

Huniui 77,300  22,000,000 

Hupeh  7S.M0  33,000.000 

K  .;    ..  I  L-.,:,(HI  lO.OtKI.IKM) 

KiBBciL <W,OI!0  20,000,000 

KUnam 38.600  27,000,000 

Kwarupn 84,000      fl.000.O00 

Kwanetm..:  •' ':  '■""  HO.IMHI.OOO 

Kweiehon   oi.ikh)      O.OOO.ooo 

Nganhul 03.200  21.000.000 

Shanm  .  80,000  10,000.000 

Hhaniung....  ftn.ooi)  lt.ikih.ihk) 

Bhenal 77.00(1      ii.ikki.oiio 

Baeobuan 170.000  0S.000.O00 

Yunnan.    ,  132.000  10,000,000 

Toul 1,601,000  402.0O0.0O0 

Army. — The  Innd  toreet  cannot  fej  I"' 
ri-Knrdcd    na    cnpatilo   of    offen-Ov"    nrarfAri 

or  of  withstanding,  trnloed  Bnropean  ..r 
jnnnneHe   troops,      Rnercetlo    meaaun      of 

reform  olin  principally  ni  (Bet  Annie* 
..f   111..   World.) 

Novff. — Tin-  Nnvr  tin'  not  rccoTcred  from 
Hi.-  effects  of  Hi"  cnlno-Japnness  war,  when 
more  limn  ten  ImportUH  war  rsMCll  were 
aunk  or  cantured. 

ProdacKOB  and   intiuttiy.— Ttie  Rich 

Province*  ore  e»entlnllv  nerlciilMiril,  tlv 
Innd  helm;  held  on  freehold  tenure  with  a 

•mnll    niinnnl    nrcrD BI     mi.      Th"    rlrh- 

eit    Bone    Ilea    between    31'    and    27*     JJ., 


and    Inn   fwo   rainy  and    Iwo  dry   aenaon*, 

1 1,.-  i Ipal   '  ro|  <   bcuai   ii"  i 

ly lax  river  ralleya,  aud  lea,  «4lk.  wheat, 
col  ion,  icunr.    Th*  northern 

'i, .in.  So"   N  '.  prodorua  wkteat.  bar- 
Icy,   mnlxe,   pens  •■:    the   onthern 

Ha  trontea 
mate,  pmdi  "Hon,  |i«mh»», 

irrouud    nun.    sweei     ;  yama,     and 

rice,  "  Mi.  ■;>'  ariiw-n. 

Tea     I       "i  r«-ry 

largely    expi  land    to    ftaaala    aad 

i"lii"h  ni".. ili  nearly  flre-«lxtha  of 
i  In.    .  ipurlm,    and    •>•.■ 
loin,    Hong    IC.ii 
aud     '  .-en    crown 

for  ceniurlea,  and  abool   half  the  prodoce 

l«     loenll)     lll.xorl'.-d,    111 

to  about  2'" 

ly     eri'i'ii      und     nboul      one  third     ..f      Hi- 

I  •     Mipply     l«     derived     from     t'hloa, 

.-.-.. ii    nn.iii  hi.-    ara    "-"d   Id    bom* 

mannfacl  un  I       'i  1ml 

Iwo,    la  aupplled    from   the  foruata  of  tb» 

i  n  n Dtalna. 

i  i-  ' ni  in  large  qaatitltlei  in  lb* 

I  n nun n.    and  all- 
v-r.  lead.  Iron,  I 

'.'.  hlle 

in   viiiiii.m      iron  ore  i-   abui  .1 

Peine  loenlly  nl'.orln'd.  and  tin  la  produewl 

;...i  1.     The  1   Ml  ll<-lil  1  ! 

,-    ..1  In  :    eonnl  -y    n 

:     Ii  ilc.     I..: 
and  petroleum  are  pleiiiifnl.  and  the  latter 
la  no 

/.-in/  . ,;  .,       Mhiiii    0,000   iiiii^i    w.-re   open 
In    1012,  ln.ln-.lve  '.f  tlie  Itnn.-hnrljn  llrM-a, 
•.  till.-  2,200  mllea  diun  are 
Moo. 

III.-    nmonnt    of    (tie    Chlneae    debt     out- 
line at  the  end   "f    1012  exclndle 
■   iin.l  provincial  losu*  la  rougbit 

mated  ni  Jmo.im 1 

The  nnii  la  the  yuaai,  K\atl   lo 

[ilit.nl     111!    ecnlM     I 

'  1     -Manchnrla    Ilea    Ii 
north  of  I'hlnri  Proper.  b..|ween  3J),..\ 

1:.,    Ira    norlhi  1  1    1    nindary 
Ihe     Amur     River,     wlih     the    coaat 
nee    of    lln-i-.ln    nnd    the   Jepaueae  de- 
j."ii.l"iii'y    of    Korea    mi    Hi-   eBat,    ai   I 
Tnn.Kl 

in'""  1  Mongolln  on  Hie  wet.  it  I»  nitrred 
liy  th"  Bun  earl  River  nnd  the  climate  la 
almllur  to  thai   of  N11 

Th.-  idmlnlatratlnn  ,  undei  the  control 
of  Hi"  Central  '■•  it   Peking. 

The    prlndpnl    agrlrnltiiral    pm.l 

i)    nnd    "I'lutn.    which    provide    highly 
profitable  1  , 

fnpltnl.  Mill; den    (on  the  Ilnn-hol.     Pop- 

uliiil1.11.  250, I. 

r.nir  "f  Hi"  gi  •  hlchwnva  trat- 

erne   Manchuria:    from    r.  ■.  '.I'lkoVo 

nnd  Klrln  nnd  thence  to  Sanalnc  ami 
alet  Bny  :  from  Nlu-cbwang  to  V! 

IB,     and     lli.ni"     In    Taltalhnr.     MerxvB 
nnd    .icrorni    the    norl '  from 

Mn  chwung  aouthward  icruii  the  l.la* 
innc  peninsula  to  Kln-ebow;  and  from 
Nlu-chwong  enKfrrnrd  to  the  Korean  gate 
and  Antnng.     Theac  blcbwnya  ar.-  of  great 

to   Hi.-   .-ni :  11  1 1 . . rn  of 

mi. I   .  Icli  "f   Hi-  ".mill,   and  to 

the  mining  district*  of  the  northweet 

The  Tron*-Sllierlnn  Railway  enter*  Min- 
chnrln  nt  the  western  bniindary  of  Hel. 
iiina-kiniig  and  ihenci  »outbca«t  to  Iia  ter- 
mlaatloa  nt  \'iadivo»tok. 

JfOVrio/.n  —  ili.-  rotol  n--n  of  MoUOc 
In.  which  extend*  from  tb*  <!reat  Wall  la 
ihe    Bonth    '  ■  In    I  be    north,    »nd 

from  til.-  Khlngang  Mountain*  In  the  eaat 
to  Kuxinn  Central  A»ln  In  the  weat.  I*  ee- 
tltnnlrd  HI  1  07''.. .mo  rugileb.  niuare  mllea, 
with  a  nomadic  Mongol  and  Kalmuck  pop- 


Encyclopedic  Judex 


Cfabii 


nlitlon   variooslv  eonapated  at  1.750,000  to 

llutory.  —  In     the    thirteenth    century    Of 
nrUtlan     era.     the     Moucollao 
JrnjcbU    Khin.    held   away  over  an  empire 

i    Ba«    '"    III"    lianka    of    lb* 

t>oelp«r."  anil  tbe  rant  »r^«  of 

donUuloaa   la   t-ot   a  portion  or  tbe  former 

r*f«<il    f'llvrr: — The    country    I- 
(rtl     and     oouotalnous    la    the    onrtswi-'t. 
Altai  tacei-  turn*  from  uortlinot 
to  eoutb*«*t  alinoat  lo 

In   tt>e  estrone  *o«t   tt'  Kiiionns 
raoc*    eroaace    tbe   southern    ami    nurtlnrn 
Th»  greater  pari   nf  Jin 
.p»ed    by    a    high    latili'liinil.     I 
•«     the    Desert    ll    (J  I   10,     ai»nit 

3.000     feet    auore    an     level,     2, r 

fr.ia    r»»t     to 

north   to  anoth.  an  arid,  rocky  wane  with 

no  vrfeiatlon. 

Tbe       sdcalnlktrnilnn        of 
Voatgoli*   «raa  tbe  aubject  of  a   Rutao-riil- 

♦ot  alcuil   No* 
•la     rwognlse* 

■  nd    CTilna    recognises    the 
isn»    of    that    r. 
Til:  i  !    (or   Bodl    ocruplea    more 

tbaa  bnif  tli«   - 
aVaslntnaa.    arlib    tbe    KIchteen     i, 

Bbntnn    a*d     Brlllvh 
lo4U   OS    tbe    south.    IlrltKU    India  on    Ibe 
.   and  Cfebii  i an  on  tbe 

/■An  ilnraa, — The       couiiiry       l« 

rulolv  a   lofty   i  i   of  tbe  Grent 

b)gb<-st    country    In 
tb*    world,    with    ll..-    1 1 1  c 1 1 : 1 1 1 .  n    Mountains 
aa  a   we»lcr»  and  snathcrn  hoemtirr.     Tb«* 
tare  I*  tbe  rhiln  of 
test  ox  more  above  tbe 
avean  l'  sea. 

.    -Raslera    Tu.- 
a  oeraptea    i 

>. -411a. 
I;  ,       •  lain   ami 

Recent   dUeorertea  abow    that    anmcrnna 
••aaa   bare    been    covered    hy    the    iao<  Ing 

-  0>~rt.  Ibe  d»r. 
«V*i    beler    enrly     I  I  -tl.-in     en. 

exIM  main  I  r  a<  Italloaai  OB  the 
n-ioj«     eararan  I  lilna. 

Emu  aad  India. 

r»«aV  tilh  tw  I'nllti  glttrt. — The  valua 
•f  swremandlae   Imported    Into   China    from 
ll...    year    IMS  wa» 
4.  and  cowl,  m  ihe  varus  of  $39.- 
•IOJO0    were    a»ot     mil 
OSm  (at*  also  Canton): 
Aameati   I  n— 

Property  of.  destroyed.  4R23. 
Prweetfon      for.     diseasecd,      4006. 
«  ••-.  554  I  'J8.  6366. 

American  manufacture  in.  4708 
Artisan*      from,     admission     of,     to 
■"arid 'a    Fair   temporarily,   roeom- 
^■esded.  5622. 
fete  uprising  la,  6417,  6678.     (See 

»Ua  Boxers.) 
JJals  connection  with,  6719. 
<«aaef  United  State*  *«ain«t,  443$, 

tm 

Caaveotion  for  adjustment  of,  3071, 
3000,  31 
Referred  to,  3818. 
laleniBitiei  received,  discussed  and 

mmendationi  regarding,  3173, 

124;  81,4630,4715,4762, 

Paraitot  of,  3173,  4761.  4823. 


Commercial  relatione  with,  1114,  1790, 
2066,  8743,  2977,  3446,  4060,  6328, 
6366,  6014,  7010. 
Interruption  of,  by  Great  Britain 
referred  to,  J  - 
Commercial  treaty  with,  6707. 
Commission    to    study    conditions    in, 

recommended,  6328,  '. 
Commissioner  of  United  ^mt»»  to — 
Appointment  of,  recommended  and 
compensation  to,  diacu 

Corr.  of,      transmitted, 

«    to.    referred   to,   3015, 
3113. 
Report  of,  referred  to,  2610. 

•  litions   in,  discuaaed,   2066,  6327, 
O07, 
« SoBtnlar  courts  of  United  States  in — 
Jurisdiction  of,  2951. 

-    It.  referred    to.  4675, 
5388,  5432. 
Revision  of,  referred  to.  3111. 
Treaty  residing;,  4581. 
Consular  premises  in,  rent  of,  referr.i1 

to,    : 
Controversy  between  Jupan   and,  re- 
garding Lew  Chew  Ialai 
Cooley  trade,  referred  to,  007,  3117, 

8261.3831 
Disturbances  in,  discuaaed,  6418,  6678.. 
Emperor  of,  accession  of.  reftrrad  to, 

Hxpenditorcs  from  appropriation  for 
jiroviding  for  intvreourae  with,  re- 

wnd  to,  'jcoa. 

I  mini  1,'ml ion    of    Chinese.      (See   Chi- 
nese Immigration.) 
Traport  dutlM  of,  6700. 
Japanoo    citizens    in.    treatment    of. 
and    action    of    officers    of    United 
States     regarding,     inquired     into. 
5992,  7053. 
.Iii.li.  uU     Uiliunnl     in,     for    trial    of 
American     citizens     recommended. 
8400. 
Maritime  provinces  of.  pn<sing  under 
control    of    European    powers   dis- 
eusaed,  6".rT. 
Massacre  of  French  and  Russian  resi- 

•  1  nta  in,  discuaaed,  4055. 
Military  operations  of  Great  Britain 
against,  terminated  by  treaty,  2066. 

-I'T  of.  to  United  States — 
Establishment  of  legation  discussed, 

4448. 
Received.  4718. 
Mini»ter  of  United  States  to — 

Appointment  of,  to  mission  by  Em- 
peror referred  to,  3796,  3825. 
Appropriation  for  support  of  Amer- 
ican youths  to  serve  as  part  of 
official  family  of,  recommended, 
4101.  4145. 
Instruction  to,  referred  to,  3113. 


__ 


China 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Letter  of,  traa  :i'HJ4. 

:090,  4  15>0. 
Mr.    \V,,r.l    del  -utimit    to 

iiiim  luting    aremooiee  att< 

ing,  3090. 
Beferred  to,  8! 
Bofnsal  to  re<  i  5670. 

K.lnrn    of,   on    mrount    of    illness, 

£251. 
Boat  to,  BUS,  BOT7,  800ft 

MiHHjiiii     tO,    ri'i'iuiiiin-iiiliii  i ■  •  n    thut.    it 

bo  raised  to  Bral  thi--.  :i'.''.ii 
Mi»-  DL     ($co  American  citi- 

:n.  anit  ) 
Monetary  nretent  of,  Improved,  BML 
Open  Don  in,  6070,  6797. 
Opium  inilli.'.  Ir.  n-v  toi  <■  pri'ssion  of, 
referred  to,  109,  U'SB. 
Log  i  h  I  a  I  ton   regarding,  rwora 
mended,  5083. 
on  1 1  foreigner!  in.  668  i . 

Political  raw ■  with,  referred  to, 

1845. 
Population  of.  2066. 

1  convent  Ion  «  it  h,  8776, 
i.yi..  lllon  In,  3446. 

Belat aita,  8977,  8ML 

Bcvrnui'  lam  of,  rules  regarding  fines 
for  breaehei  >>i.  i  <■■■.  r  I  rrad    I 

Hulo*  for  seamen  of  Amorfc  an  Veaaell 
In  ports,  of,  refund  t".  B68& 

Slavery  in,  referred  to,  4539. 

Btraa  Bhoc  I  hannel,  eeawli  sailing 
under  American  flag  | -rot i i i  i » «.j 
I. -mil  passing  through,  8806,  .''.002. 

Bubjeoti  of,  i"  United  states — 
Outrages  oommittod  cm.  discussed:, 
.   (068,  BOSS,  8430,  '11)78. 

Iinlmniiit'    In.  reoOmJUl -ml-'il.  521°. 

Appropriatloaa  for,  5387. 
Bagistratlon  of,    (800  Ohfwan  lm- 
nigrattoa.) 

T pe  iir.nl  tn  prntrct,  4033.  6419. 

murdered    in, 
5868. 
Tariff  of,  6679. 

Treaty  frith,  transmitted  nntl  di»- 
cunsed,  2203.  2211,  2S5I,  3037, 
8061,  8071,  »osn.  :• 

Nullification  of  nrtirle  of,  3308. 
Proposed    inniliflcntion    of.  3781. 

510,  B077, 
Vessels  of,  discriminating  duties  on, 

rep  ;  reclamation,  4552. 

War  with  — 
Praaoe,  (883. 

■  In  at  Britain  and  France,  bi 
if,   preserved  by  United  Bti 
in",  8087,  8089,  8174 
Japsn — 
Aatlen    taken  l.v  United.  Btatoe 

regarding,  598  8417. 

A  n mi  i  *  of  (Tatted  Btates  re 
qnaated  t"  protect  tabjeota  of 
contestants,  5957,  6059. 


Woi  into  United  StateR 

,    fur    dishonorable    purposes, 

Cbtaa,    Treaties    with.— Tin-    treatj 

I    Trllh 

i  lilni  In   i  reeded  by 

Hie  trcnty  of  lt.r.0.     KrTcral  articles,  bow- 

plj  Ins  •.,  iih    mnll  ii  the 

•els  are  owned   by  cUlten*  nf  the 

III.'      I     :  •       Hill      II., I 

DcM*  aubjecta.  puy  tin-  .ty  ot  oik 

II  i  c 

Kacli  .1  iii"  consul*  at  tbe  ave  i»,,riM  to  '•<- 

tiippll  nnil 

weights    oud     uicasi  iJIiib 

III  I  lir     »l  :■  lid.i  r.l     li(      '  :  tmns*     at 

.uw-ns  of  the  I  "  led  State*  ar» 
udmliied  to  trade  villi  Chinese  subject* 
*»  li Tk.ii i   il  -I  i ii-  1 1. .ii-      I 


States    in,-    to    I"-    made    annually    to   the 

Eovcrm  .   ot  •      ii   ot     bi    Bw 

V       tl KlIMlll),      III       III'         '         , 


r.,i   iik,.  mi, i  examination   f..r   rcTena*   i'ur 

The  it-- 
,,f   cltlson*  of   iii..    i  iiii.il    Stat 

i     i.i   embargo    nnd  i    pre- 

l     from    pursuing     (heir     tnin»iir((„ut 
without    mi  mlisrraasji 

i  ii. 

i 

Hip  between  Ihe  two  eoesv 
makes    provision    f,.i 

:1  I      nil      tlllU'H     ill- 

lulled    SI  all's   iiilnui'T    hi    China    am 

•  "I  Hi'-  prlvj    i mil  hi   il 

or   wllh   the   gniiTni.  .  r   Hi"   two 

I'f.'.iii. f  I-  nli  Klen  nnd  <*heb-KUir.- 

minister  Is  also  prlrll,  ■.    I  [n  mnl 

a    year   tn    the    rnpltnl    of    the    Ktnperor  M 

■  •liiini     mi, I    there    i"   roofer   with   a    blsh 

Official,   deputed    for  the  [.. ill 

ter»  nf  in. ..ii    Inii  ■ 

i  In     prli  Id  r.     or  .-1    By 

i  ■...  i  mperoi  of  t'hlna  to  Hi.-  t.-prewiilillTe 
of   any   other   for»  l«n 

.  lib. ml    further  nnilr-  or  forroif  per- 
mis. Inn.    sh.ill    I e    i    rltht   of  the   ml*!* 

ter   of   the    I'nl  ra  la 

"  Iil.'ll    i-'iliiliiuiilr.-illim*     may    t'**«     lielwe«c| 

enlatlres  of  Ihc   two  irvreramests  •« 
I  bed    In    itiiii    ,,f    ili^    i"  i 
ritual.    Nntd  of  the  t'nlted  fltssrs 

•  .  nl-llu;     ilea  r    '    I  ,e    «e- 

eonK'd  conrte*)    ami  hospitality  In  tol. 
Hie    friendly    relntlnna     .f 

in*!  f-wi"   bare  tW 
rlahl    in   pursue  nnd   capture   plmtes   who 

tiling.  Kate*    re»el».    hut    Ihr 

■  ii. I.i..    limn    l„.    handed    ai  it   CM- 

ne»e  aiiilmrliles    fur  puulshmcnt. 

Contult.     The  Ii    tr«nt«l 

the  rU-hi  Ii.  appoint  rnnnoU  himI  i^'ioin-r- 
rial  iiL-eiils  In  «ne|i  parts  of  il  -  i'IiIdmS 
dominions   j^   >luill    In  is  V- 

lUK   open    Ii,    ih.  in.       Cllllel  ColteS 

states  inn  ■  .  n  In  any  *f  t»» 

ports  nprn.  niav  i .-hi  housea  ami  pl»m» 
nf     hnSltien.     ami     build     ho 

ho  pits  It     a  mi   •  ,  meterh  -  :   they   abi  ' 
bs  siibjeetrd  to  exorbitant   deninin!' 

reasonable  eondlll"ii».     Tl nsi..mrry  |«» 

visions  tire  made  In  .a-..  ,,f  siipwreel. 
ami     the    'ilins     Ol  rial,     and     p 

mini   ..r  robbers  nnd  plrai  ■:  io*f 

Teasels  boli.in.-iin.-  i.,  I!,,    I'nl  ■  resti 

»l""i   I  '111 nntho   I  If   fur  ••» 

i  innol     be    Spptv' 

1  I •■'•  niitlnirli  I.  -    ibnll  a-. i    In'  railed  opat 

I,,  Indemnify  fur  loal  .- Ik  nr  djruaaa,    I 

however,  u    he  Khown  that  local 

were  In  collusion   wllh  tho   robbers  or 


■  toptdic  Index 


China 


•   <»nrlarale*1    lo 

.1    ("blna   -.| 

ta»a»u.    la    I  III-    pr«nTUK*i    "if    »  nh- 


■  i-fa.  Ill   II 
■tit  MliHictxl     l«"  th*  province 
•  iber  p-.r< 

rr    power   or   t«   llio 
^■Wi  ■.<•  Buy   be   freely    c»r- 

Ud  nwnU  in.iy  pru- 
■rna*  on*   to   in*   other  of  thee.. 

■■  trad*  may  bo 
unJrr  p»o- 
,sd    airio. 
tlM   United   Sin'. 

II     I."    111111- 

of     the     I  i 

mar*    ho  >•    Mint     i 

miMit  faroi  «h*ll  con- 

aoO  exiKinnllnn 
~*jir  /"h-j — V.-  0  Inn* 

il    p*/   toanuir-   dmk-*   of   fi>ur 
(m<t  per  lau    of    4" 

:■  f.  OO*  raac*  per   t..n   Of    10 

n<u.  III    »H    Ciiar*    lo 

l.'t,     Whh'll     Willi 

nrrlvaU   Ii* 

ii  mitlnn   hy 
n>Miiii>.i   i, it        .ii  i.. i  (BM  Trial* 


i   1 l*» 
Port  mul   i>r."-t-.|  f..r  n   pt 

another   po:' 
I  *oi   pay    dinte*  n    Mi I   Una    on  '"•' 

1  .1  only  upon  h*r  cargo  or  i 

I  other  a*»l*tnntn  nuy  be 
1    oihib  ternia  agreed   I 
*T  lb»  panic*,   or  4et*rraii»  ■««• 

m. 

'  ,|i«    o»J   roeyora.— TII8 

r   ili.    l"oli«l  SinlM  while 

a  n,  'line 

.-ffli-rm   on  board    of   Mm*,    lo 

.ii    Information 
fnaa  to   l.i-   i  the 

<aha*»  antfcorlitM  noil  I .  n  Hie 

en*.:  iinnl.      I'llmlfcila   taking 

-.•**  or  oo  ahlpa  of  elt: 
•f  IW    United    Shitca    art    |o    I*    handed 
en,   I.  n    ilrnind    »nd 

•kill  at  t«-  barW-d   or  concealed.      Pull 
■r  atam  |.  to  be  p'  Hi'  "fni--ni 

«f  Wh    Bath-aa.     Who     in  .  i.rl      them- 


n   fortT-cltBt   E< 

■  i*I    of    it.-    United 

th* 

rar-r"    mo* I    be  depoalted 

--•■I.  and  fi  ii  true  »»■ 

■a  at  aarnaary  detolla  at  all  !»•   comaao- 

n-iall  for  her  dUohnrg*.      If  cargo 
without    .tied    pprmti      the 

eg     ■  „..    of 
Be  lini-...i!   C|mn    Hi-    iiii-'.t   nr   eon- 
Slbe     mini'  "••     trllllln 

.ifi,i  i,  port 

M  Weakln 
1  la*    t,Mi,„.ri    of    t.^riiinrf-      ilnMe*,    or 
•II  b<-  ahall  reach  the  other 
In   the   ihvsi  -miaul   or 

*r«p>*  ""-  tt»  maaier  may  call 

j    friendly   pnwi 
In  the  prvml-  •  In 

J»«t    of    itnllr*    »n-    i 
iwrotr-foot  Wiiir*  by    Kbf  pon 
.f    c^itoin". 
c«Xln   Imc-'i'il    >    '  ■ 
luu  of  the  United  8t*t««  may 


ar 


>M 


ftor     dll»      ■•X:lllllll:llloll      liy 

■  i,i    .f  del  .'idu 

I.  in    |  ilm   c i 

i  cirelan  Knilu  or  rlci 
p  I,.,,  i  in   i 
:,,i  .1  ma]  in-  rtwsportcd  wltnont 

I.  niinit  clntlca  on  Tcaacla  are  to  be  pnld 

Impoi  i   iiiiii.  •.  on  hi.    i 

lh*  jihmI.  ;  a    |nirt   cloarnnce   l>   ilron 

when    all   ••buruei   unrc  bei-n   paid  and  the 

iMml  then  return*  Hi  Th« 

ipnnxlble  for  loe  iWpartnn 

•  ,f  ii   -lil|i  n  llli.iur    ihi-  pRyuiPiit  of  chart**. 

i     ii-  abniped   on  nppllcailon 

n .ill      ,  .  rl  II.       I,,      Hi. 

tli.-    r.iii«r    of 
mm  Ii    iriiii-.«hl|'-uii.|it.   and   at    bin    dlacretlon 
III"     i '  mi    IiIuiii.-ik.       Oooda    i . 
iboul   moo   i»Tiiil»»lun  an 
.  conflacntlon. 
I'monal  /(-l.iliona. — Cltlien*  of  III-'  I'lill- 

mJ  stntct  may  »ih-  ii -  .i,  i .  i .  >  i-  -  m  1  ■ . .  -  n  I 

nl    Uhlaew    creditor! 

.-  oonnul  or 

,.-    conaular    i:i.      Clllaana    of    lb* 

-i  sihi.-h  niiiv  employ  •rbolart  I 

tiart    of    the    cuiiilri'    lo    ii-*rb    any    of    IBC 
"iiiiiintca  and  n,  ,k»  of  nn>-  kind. 

in   ili.-   .  >   in    ..f  ilw  excliwloa  .,f  1 1,. 
apla  .  ,f  anci  port* 

Iihiiw  of  war  nlih  inat  ■  lie  %•■■♦- 

,f    ii..-    lull,  il    Si  ii,  .    .dial  I    haw    free 
and  friendly  iiim*o«  lo  Calneae  port*  ►■ 
n.   her   reaaell  do    n..i    rarnc*    In    "•- 

»rt«s-    in    i:  ponr*r.      !>!»• 

1  hi,,:,  ,ii|i.,i   in  il Mirtmif  ihelr 

own  oiuntry.     All  dlap  en  clllien* 

of    Ibc    fnllcd    si.  !•-.    nud    clllxi-na   of   nn- 
:,i.  i,i    in   China   hr*   to   be 
lo   i  in-   treatlei   In 

.f    lh* 

I  nl  !•  'il     Snl.-    ili  -1  rl  in-     lo    :,.Mi-  --      '     I'hl 

Dr»*  nfiii-i.il  inn*t   tranaroll   their   notnounl 
rallona   ibrousb  lh*  conaul.   who  aball   **« 

to  II  iiiniiinl.  hi  |on   ronfornta   i  i 

Hie  pr-ii-rliif-1  i-onrl    rliual   and    I-  r.->pe<-t- 

icd.       A    i'IiIii HI i.-ii    may 

,.-ii  directly,   ti   lb*  ««me 

I I  mi*  liifnrinUii  hi-.  .  ii  ii  proper  nlll-l  iIh  fully 
hi    nn-    prai    ■•  Dbapute*    bel 

ten*  of  the  I'nliiil  Btate*  and  Chlnaw 
»»ii«  arn  lo  hi  adJUHl.d  when  niherwlae  lin- 
nl*  by  pal,  ..f  the  two 

Idlnt    '••-_---- 1 1 •  - c .      Tboae   who    aji 
iir.,fi-.i  :ii,,i   ten cb  ih"  doctrine*  and  i 

Elet  i,<  iin-  Cbrlatlan  religion  aball   g 
arnascd  or  peraecnted  on  n.-iv,iim  of  their 
faith.     Any   farora,   rltbta,  mul   prlvlli-Kea, 
in. i   conferred  hi   ihla  irentj     and  wbd-h  ol 
a  fill  nrc  time  ahull  ba  irrnnti'd  to  nny  other 

tit,  aball  at  in r-.-.-i.    accru*   to  lh* 

cltlm  n-    '.r   il,.-    inli...l   suite*. 

IT.        AOOfBM     Ii-    I"      ,,f    !«.",«.    nilii-liiil- 

D    Won      -         -  ibllahed    the    tarlfT   tod 

Intlona    of    trade.    an«i-|fylnt    full-r    the 

on  Inipni :  g  ,1.1  nil,  the 

dnly-frr*  cooila,  and  rontrahnnd  tood«.  «nil 

iNh.il  welthla  nnd  m*«»urr-»  In  United 

■<  ennlralent*.     By  thla  trenly  eltlaen* 

of    Iti"    lulled    Slnle-i    wiT"    "Mlii.|"il     frOBB 

enlerlnt  lh*  •••pi  I  nl  rlly  of  lVklnc  f,,r  pUT- 

poaca  of  trade. 

I'f-i'm*.— A    clnlma    eonvi-iif Ion    mil    MB- 

rtadod    mi    tin-   aatna   data,    Nov.    R.    isrTs, 

m-hereh)    s.  *rn<  pnld  by  rhinn  to 

1  nlted  stnt"»  In   lloiildatlon  .,f  clalma 

Itllfina    of    Ho-    I'nllr-d    Rlntea    ntnlnat 

1      of  thla  .nm.  9489.18T.9S  *ni  pnld 

by  a  eomniiaaion  to  ebtlraanta,   md  n» 

1'hlneac-    torerntneTil     il"i-IIned     lo    ac- 

iv-tit    ih,.    niirntna   the  amount    w*a  ai-nt    lo 

1  'iillrd   Slnlea  and   Inr-ated  In   tnrprn- 

1  -i.-n  1   bondt     out  of  thla  Inreitment  l'.'»l.- 

819.04  vii  paid  to  claimant*  **-a!nat  rhlna, 


Chin.. 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


and  on  April  24.  18SJ.  the  mini  of  MM.- 
4O0.B0  will  returned  to  the  Cbluoc  uiluU 
Icr  »l   W«*blo>;i"'i 

Immiaralsan   and   J.'MlpruKon.— The    tr 
of   trade,  consul*.   aud  cuilurslloti  of    I SUS 
wa»  proell  5,   l&Ju,   ami   supple 

minis    and    explains  1  bo 

Umpi-ror  of  Uulua  asserts  his  right  of  emi- 
nent domain  to  all  of  Hie  land 
trade  by  rln.  i,      .     •  hi.   i  nit  ml  Slates,   sud 

ilps  (list  any   and  Mil   concession*  to 
them  do  not  gtri  my  tlio   rliilic   to 

maks   war  upon   ibe   I  tilted   Ruin   i 
bis  Trnters  Dor  to  permit  tbo  United 
to  make  attack*-  ales  therein:  end 

i   Unit  tliti   .  m  of  I  lie  1. 1.. 

•  •r  Chlnf  n\  :-r  bis  I  .h  In 

no  wise  Impaired  by  nuy  eomenlon  mode. 
Any  further  jIkMn  of  trs.de  which  arc  not 
prorlded  for  by  treaty  arc  to  be  ndJiiBted 
at  the  discretion  In  a  spirit 

compatible  wltb  treaty  stipulations.  Tbi. 
ilglu  df  tin-  Umpcror  of  China  to  appoint 
consuls  In  the  several  ports  Is  affirmed  upon 
Hi.,  i  -in.-  condition  .  ■ .  ''.i..  ■  I..  ..  in  'i  tin  ■■■ 
ill  ni'.i  ureal  Bill  mi  in  lubjei  t      I  d  ted 

Slates  citizens  In  rhino  and  Chinese  >-ltl- 
icns  lii   Ibe   I  dIum!  ore  to  suiter  no 

disability  or  persecution  by  reason  of  their 
religious    belief,    aud    il  ue    respci  :    I  ■ 

ices  nf  -ill  religious  dew  mil- 
nations  and  beliefs.  Knilgrntli'ii  rrom  and 
Immigration    Into    i ■« •  1 1>    ronntrlea   roust    be 

■' 
of  tbc  subjects     Tli.'   ri 1 1 1 1  •  1 1. 1     moynient  of 
rights,     privileges,    and    Itum  i     the 

cITlwni  of  both  countries  within  ibe  lorri- 
lories  of  tbe  other.  Is  fully  lanureil  l  ■--!■■  •■ 
clslly  Is  this  affirmed  regarding  cdm 
and  the  establishment  i.f  ai-houi*.  No  In- 
terference by  tbe  united  81a lei  in  matter* 
rnal  admlnbrtratton  i«  t..  be  m templ- 
ed. pHrlletilnrlv  In  ui.M-  r  -  ..r  railroad,  lele. 
frapb,  ami  other  Internal  ei.n»i  ruction  and 
1 1 1 1 .  i ..-..-:  1 1 .  - 1 1 1 . 

.iiarnllnn.— The   In 

Ida*    Hint    nt    an*    lime    Hint    111* 

t  n!ted  Si.it. •■  decltUa  thai  tbe  nlcrstlon 

of    Chines*   laborer*   lends   i.i  disturb   • ■ 

u.-imtc   conditions,    the    lulled    Btate*    may 
limit,  "i   suspend,  but  may  not  wholly  nro. 
hlhlt.   the  rotnlns;  or  Hie  residence  of 
btborera ;  this  provision  npplies  only 

Ti-ni'liei*.  atndenls,    merchant*,  or 
r  ■   from  nil  In  II  - .  as  «.-ll  as  h  I* 
resldluir   within   Ibe   I  nltcd    State*   nt    the 
time    of    lit*    proelniiiii'l.ii    "f    Ihll     treaty, 
may  e  o  il  will  and  enjoy  nil   the 

rlehts.  privilege*,  and   Immunities  formerly 

rrlhed   bj    treaty.     Bneh   l.-^r  I  -  union   on 
he   subject    aa  may   D»   meditated   nt    any 
lime  Is  to  be  submitted  In  tin'  Chinese  Is-irn- 
llon   nt    Washington  f..i    ronslderallon.    dls- 
lon.    and    rec/ulntlnn     Hint    n*.    h.-iiil-ihip 
may  b*  Inflicted  upon  Chines*  subjects. 

Traffic    In    Opium,-   JtnlM-iI    Procedure — 
N">.    IT.    1SBO.  another   treaty   "f  iv.MKncr- 

,uiil  Indicia!   |.i •  1  .il 

concluded  which  prohibits  Ibe  • 
of  opium  Into  t'nlted  Sine*  porta  by  CM- 
nese.  or  Into  Chinese  port*  by  cltlscns  of 
Ibe  United  glnles.  In  ve«*cla  owned  by 
cIlKetin  or  subject*  of  either  power,  In 
foreign  ve««nla  en  them,  or  In  nny 

Tessels  opi-i  .'  'I  i  •  nlhers  K  |.  :i!...  urn- 
tually  and  reciprocally  n  creed  between  th* 
two  conntrlc*  that    DO  dnlb-«.    tolls,  or   lm- 

rosts,  he  levied  opoa   th*  -liltin  or  trade  of 
he  respective  countries,  other  thin  an 

Lit  npoa  "hip*  oi  trad*  ..f  other  foreign 

countries  or  npoa  Hie  i-ltlxene  of  such  coun- 
tries,     in   <-:i»i-s   of   controTtnry    between 

Cttltefil  nf  tbt    lni-.'d  States  and  sol 
Of   I'lilnn.   which  cull   for  Jurtlclnl   Inlerven- 
t|..n,  It  !«  a  creed  Hint  the  prc«tdlne  officer 
Shall  be  of  the  nationality  of  Ibe  dnfendant. 
All  privileges,  courtesies,  and  facilities  are 


lo  be  acen:  •cnt.itlve  of  th« 

plaluilrr,  aud  protest  will  be  permitted 
against  any  decision  reached  la  tbe  proceed- 

lUlfB     • 

procedure  of  the   country   of  Ibe  pr< 

/msi'araflo*.— The    convetilloa     of 
reguh  iniigraiton,  prob 

ulon  of  Chinese  laborer*  fi 
years,  except  In  tbo  case  oi 

who  bad  a  law- 
ful wife,  child.  a<  parent  la  the  United) 
•-I  .:       ,,i-  |  tbea- 

»aud  dollar-    or  il  lu*  to 

Chinese  la  '•.  .rtorc 

from   ihe   i  with  the 

'or  of  customs  of  bis  dlsti 

.ptlon   In    writing   of   bis    famllj 

riy,    and     til -s    debts,    o«    a    co:. 

•nt  lo  his  return.      A  fal*. 

such  coiii  shall  prev  In  all 

such  coses  the  r.  ..ithln 

I   period  of  one  year,  unless  the  time  shall 

be  extended  by  reason  ...f  •.h-kuese  or  valid 

t  being  re- 

of   dt-pnrtnrc.    an. I    bj     him    tnnsinlu 

Ihe  collector  of  Ihs  port   at   which  he  shall 

I. .nil     hi     I!.. 

ahall  in  nowise  extend  lo 

teacher*.  ..ts.  or  traveler* 

f..r  pleasure  nud  urloslly,  other  than  Isbor- 
»n«,  who  mu»t  be  provided  with  n  certincate 
from  their  govi  rniui-ni   or  I 

:  -'.   and 

properly  Tlaed  by  the  cnmular  r*pr< 
live  of  the  Hales  nt   Uih    polat   of 

in--.     Resldeul  laborers  In 
Siati-a  -iiiill  linre  nil  rights,  privileges,  and 
liiiiuuiilHes   enjnvi'.l    by 

rsou* 

.|.i  nj  Muill  be 
rrnment  of  Ihe  United  Stall 

'lOlre 

all    realdenl    <  h  u  ■  ra    to    lie   regtt- 

i    red  foi    i 

t. .ill. m,    and    the    Unli 

ih-  rlghl  nt  the  Cblnaot  t- 

act    similar    I.-fc-i"i.ui.,:i    t., 

er»  of   Ihe    1  tilled    sinles    within    the    E»- 

p.-ror'B  dominions.      The  c..  of  the 

United    States    engage*    by    ibis    treat 

:  1 1 1 •  i > I >-  onniiBllj   in  i  he  .-•-" 

n    list  of  all  cltlxrn*  of   H 


lother  than  tin-  dlploiiuitli-  r<n-.,i  iBcrflim^l 

Hlng  In  I 
ogether   with    the   name*.    addreMM. 
foil    particulars    of   Ihsmselvi 


nilsaliiii.n  i.  ot  'rii.  ling  In  ' 

ingeiher   wltb    tbe   names,    addrnee*.    and 


llf*  of  ibla  treaty  w-  .  wilt 

a  renewal  period  of  another  ten  rear*. 

<'»mrnrrrfal.~Thc  treaty  ..f  I'm 
mer.-lol  relation*,   was   made  In   further  ex- 
m   -.r    the    commercial    Intercourse  he- 
I  ween   the  I  It     -.inf.-r*  oenn 

th.-  United  States  mini  •.  :  In  i  -.i-  «  the 
rlulii  lo  reold*  at  the  « ir  y  of  Ivklne.  I» 
have  ir   whenever 

necesinry  to  pri-seal  hla  eredealUls  Of  » 
messnge  from  the   I'n 

all  ihe  honors,   prerogstlves.  and   prl'IKi'*"* 
"f  (be  representnllvei  of  the   m 

The  nutlinrltntlvc  text«  of  nil  dee*- 
■  h  fnr  nil  documeot<*t 
from  the  United  States,  and  Chla,  .r  for  ill 
document*  from  China,     freedom  of  i 
rourae  with  .ifflelnls  la  cranted  t*» 

consular  officers,  inch  Intercoms*  Nr» 
rd  to  Ihe  iimVlnM  within  their  own  Jiirl-.t'**- 
tlon.  Ion  of  commercial  freedniT* 

to   clllrens   of   Ibe   United    Sinles    Is    agtl» 

firmed.     The  Inx   known   aa   llkln  w»» 

abolish   .1       This  was  a  lax  of  on*  rssh  pe* 
tael     Imposed     upon     all    sale*     tlir..nrt<»n« 
fhlnn  as  a  w*l   int  1^  meet   the  iiellclener 
eaiiHed    l,v     th„    Tabplnc     reliel.l.>n     i 
1804).      In    Its    place,    tbe    United    Stale* 


agreed  to  the  imposition  of  ■  mrtnt.  In 
■■Union  to  lb*  ci.tii'uc  mrirf  rates  ou  all 
foreign    EVOd*   In.  --us  of   ilia 

■-a,  soil  oo   Chinese  pioducu  In- 
tended forforelgn  expor; :  this  mtu  never 
-eed  on*  sod  a  half   ii_;<«   ■  lit.   tariff 

I    by   the   tln.il    proi I   of   ' 

with  tlu  Powers.  Sept.  i,  luol.  nnd  ibo 
total    taxes  or  all    I.  ,,-uods 

■cat  aerer  exceed  seven  nml  a  ii.i.f  pet 
etat  «<f  tnlortm.  The  t1W.11  collecting  »m- 
tuim    are   abolished    I  rta    oil    to* 

klBeteeo  provinces  of  China  nml  In  three 
eastern  proilncr*.  bit  the  customs  Italians 

•  Itbln  tb.  Tbo 
abolition  of  lltln  Is  farther  conipeu-wtc-l  :--r 
tj    s    »:--clal    aunax  on    foreign 

to  exrved  one  aail  n  I 
!  Import  duly  rv 
of    1901.      It   Is    i 

i  in-  foreign  ex- 
port tariff  on  n  scale  n-  -  five 
per  cent  erf  salocm.  abd  :II  eilitlng  tnrlff 

:     m-il    llm  I 

are  to  e  of  all  Internal 

f  every   kind.  <"h  i 
exaort   dutr  of  one  balf  ine  exuiln. 

•  >  a  aperaa]  surtax.  Provision  la  made 
within  tbe  -.  .irnt  of  ull 
natters  of  controversy. 

groirrsriow. — In  UH'8  an  arbitration 
vrstic  ned   with   Cblun 

tVat  all  dirfcreaces  wbleb  may  arise 
In  to  the  Interpretation   of   tr-,itlr»   ond 
i    ntt/  be  Impossible  to  settle  by  dl- 

SVsasacy  shall  be  referred  to  the  Peraaauenl 
wirt   of    Arbitration    at    The    riaguc, 
Wted  I  bey  <>o  not  sffort  tbe  vital  Inte 
-li-peodeoec  or  the.  honor  of  lU< 
iS  pirtles. 

.lipsrst  of  bonded  warehouses 
»l  i»e  several  open  porta   I  d   for 

•ad  prrtulKed.  Calaa  acrrci  to  rcrlse  tbo 
■iataf  regulations  of  Hi*  empire  "libln 
•aertsr,  with  a  view  to  lite 

f    foreign    cnplt.ll    In 
es   to   e/stnbll-h 
a  Itint  Offce  and  to  n.-railt    nnd   t.. 
tatt  tbe  eofeoflng    of   Invention-    l> 
stst .  •  • .  right  pro- 

'■  Is  emoted  to 
man*  of  navie- 

had     waters     of     th-     Ptnplre    nro 
to  alroro  aavtentkm  bv  nrn«.  coro- 
al-kd>n  nnd  Au- 
la tbo    provlno.  nre 
•  t   of    upcr.    ports, 
imss     to     provide     a      i-nll              coinage 
"iMtrhvt  the  I'tTjn:                                lied  oa 
it.    ihoorli   tbe    i                   of   cna- 
irn,  iet                  ...  made  la  terras 
"•ftir-n  Inel.     The  r-r-i-l--"  of  lb*  Cb'ls- 
rrflrtssi  Is  persallteil  -                      I  prlvl- 
lOteertala  restrictions  npon  nil 
Tbo    t'nltrd    States    agrees    to 
traodel    I                                         —itorn 
IniTxir'ntlnn   of 
tU»  and  lii«trrasenta  f»t  l'«  Injci 
•wsjl  fti;                                          I  t-«e«.     «'"ii- 
••Ism  of  in*  i                     IMO   not    nt  vnrl- 
•»■»  aril*.    I                     of   t Ills   treat*   an     re- 
•astssl.    a  ■i-hi-ilnl*  of  frlff  d"'Iea  nnon 
"»P*1ed  goods  Is  appended  t..  tbe   treaty. 
Csfaajt  IrnmlftraUc-n  —  I"   18**.   under  a 
•"«'•  nrtoflaled    bv                            •     five 
oiened    to    An 
eUoB   •-'   life  and   pr. 
na'snt-'d   Anxrlesn  el i liens.     Uy  tbe 
rl -lit    of 
in tn I  cm  Una  «•*>  nd-nllted,  aril   lb« 
sa-i    mnd--    tli.it    tbe     tubjeeta    of 
i  ealoy  t>>*  same  ptivi: 

i Ins  trnri-l 
retddean-   In   the   tnltid   Rta'es  a»  'he 
>lM    m"- 1    favored    tin' 

came   to  tlili   ruuuiry   In  conddvr- 


able  numben  until  tbclr  preaence  bejan  to 
cattaa  opposition   on   tbe   iv  it   and 

«tatlon  «h«  beruo  for  their 
•  ■  were  oliuoxlous  to  tunuy  Aiucrlcans 
on  nccutmt  of  ih.-lr  Ineii-atJugc  nuiul".--.»  and 
Its  of  life  which  reniji  ri  -:  tin  ir  »•- 
■Imllailou  with  Americana  Itttpomlbll 
1878  afier  n  ConKrrstional  Invt-ttlgatlon  a 
tm     ii  -ti  Icilns     ttii  Ir    ImiuluiHiluu 

i  I'l-Mll 

iii'.iii.      i\p-   continued   oppoaltlon    to   iu>- 

|.  -I    in  :  of  s 

.    with    China    in    1880         This 

tna.ty  conceded   to   tbo  Government    of    Hi. 

-I  States  the  rlKht  to  ivKiiiiit.-,  limit  or 

:  of  i  blueso  laborers,  whenever   their 

:  ce     »iinu:d     b.-     ii.rin.d     Injurlona. 

t   Mud  nt«,   teacher-,   merchants,  and 

trsrelers    were    to    be    admitted    fu-ely    a» 

In    ISSa    an   act    waa   pax»..l    bg 

tn-ta     i-u-priidliiK     Hi-.-     immigration     of 

Ii -i  i-    for    ten    years.      This   act 

waa  amended  acTcinl    I  h     dlivctlon 

of  Ri 

Aet   >  tiding  i  lie  operation  ol 

prevlotia   acta   for   ten   yean   and   pi ■■  - 
ilio'  any  iMilunmnn  not  lawfulli  entitled  to 
In   in   tin'   I'nlted  Stat-  pi    n 

i    in   ihlna   and   «ii   Chinese    laborers 
should    be  cibliged  to  |"       I  iilfleaies  of 

■  ■  -i-     ..I      int.  :  mi 

Dure  i"  -in  no  within  .--  jrent   lo 
be   follow -.1    by  "Mils   get   waa 

n'lly    by    a    law    pas 
i-  a   iii-M-   1 1 .-it y   was   agreed   tm  i 

i  nnd  t'lilna  In  1M>I  n'- 
soliKely  problbltlng  the  coming  Ol  >  lilnese 
laborin  tot  in  tc- 

ncu   -.-.  lib   (he  ii  r-n  i  m  ar- 

ticles, wns   (i-i-mliiated    by  i  hlnn  nt    Hie  ex- 
Eliatlnn  i.f  ill.-   i.  n  j.  m      period    in   i  - 
ir.     lOW        By  »n   net   appi  II    '."i 

nil     lawt    In     fore-    pr..|ilhl(lnc    and 

:m  iiiK    i  iuiii-ii-    iinniir  ■  i  .■    re 

i|    ni    fnr    ni    not    lncon-d-tent    with 
■    obllgntlnna   until    othi 
by    low.    nnd    their    opera  I  Inn    extended    to 
land   territory   of   tin-   i'nlted   Slates. 
The  no  -  tilnese  In  the  Tnl 

-.n-r'-r    in    r-iMH-t.il    l-y    tin   ee-aut  -if    11110 
.  i  Ml.    im   compared   a  Itb 

II Showing  n  decrense  of   18.332  '1  the 

i    •  lie   int.il   number  In    I f>  1  < 

•i. t  t  i; . ..  "..-r.-  r-'iiiiii.--  -  "■ ; 
pax   ndI   of   Hi-   males  were  single  and  33 

far    i. -ii    "f   the   nroms't       pfors   than  one- 
ii  1  r  ri's  d-d  In  i^nllfoi"-in.     There  w." 
farm  I  of    «  lii.  . 

n  California  ..wned 

the  others  being  worked  by  Chi- 
neaa  cash  tenants. 

Chinese  Immigration: 
Art— 

Regnrdinr;,  vetoed,  -11*36,  4690. 
To  pxcculo  certain  treaty  Mipula- 
tJODJ     tpprorad     and     discu 

Corn  i  ni  inutil    rej-ulation    of    jin-saiie 

of  latiorcrs  ncro-s  i  ropoted 

to  M.'xii-o  »nd  Oreat  Hritain.  554*. 
Conventions  regarding.      (See  Treaty 

inline;.  po»f.) 
I IH   .;•   .i   I  -.-  President — 

ATtlnir,  47111 

Cleveland.    I014.  4963,  4975,  5083, 
510-1,  M1B,  B8S8, 

flrant,  i:m-   4?,09. 

ITarrison.  Reni..  5469,  5476,  5632. 

Hayes,  4581.  4840, 

Booeovolt,  7008,  7010. 


Chinese 


Messages  and  I'af'crs  of  the  Presidents 


hi  mil  of  act*  regarding,  rctemd 
495. 
Dead   tux   collccfd   from   Ghitmmofi 

:   \BM     '     ">•'■ 
l.'."i    .11..'      ..II     .     i 

Lnw  rogardhig,  sustained   i>y  Su- 

| •  r . - 1 .• .       '   ..in  l      ..    i  - 
Btportl   "».  referred  to,  4973,  4975. 
Through    Canada    and    Mexico,    dis- 
cussed, 54*6,  5632. 
Trentv    regarding,   4881,   4.1S1,   5195, 
MM. 
Discussed,  4680.  IS23,  5194,5386. 
- 

1.  ■    by   China  discussed,  5367, 

I  ail. 

Violation    of    laws,    restricting,    di»- 

caased    anil     r iiiiiiiii.i.'ii  luim     re- 

girding 
Chinese  Indemnity.    la  M        it""',  n  »••• 

..elety.  known  n*  the  Itoxcr*.  arose  In 

Hi.    province*  of  Khan  Tuns  am!   I'rrlil  I.I. 

hi.    m:i  •  :i  i  ..  I'.iiin     •  in  Ittlan*  and 

I  ..i . . i ..  ;> ii  IIII--I..I.  ii  n        iii  Juno  Hi.-  Boxen 

.1       III.'       I   I. 'II        I    -  III      I.    .  lilting 

iiu-  foreigner*  in   ■'eking,  ami  anortljr  after 

■I     thv     '• mi     minister    and     the 

Japanese  .  ii.-iii..  ii.ir  ..(  legation.    It  «i»  not 
iimii    the   middle    ..f    Auguai    i'1"1    »    relief, 
force   .  iinr«''   .1   of    '.'.'."»»)   American,    I  - 1 1 1  - 
Ian,   I'r.-ii'ii.  < ..  i-iiiiin.  Kuixlaii  and 
troop  ■•'i''   id--   i" 

legation*  In  E'eklni      The  Kmpre**  l»ownger 
mid  tin1  court  hud  fli'd,  and  It   was  Inn 
ill.-   tu   apprehend   the   leader*   In  the  antl- 
ii   upi:«hig. 
Peace   negotiations  were   opened,   and  on 
I ....     .|    ih,.    ;        ■         ,-.    ,i.  i..   Hi.. 

e    pcai  ■•    commission.         idlng, 

among  other   chine*,    the  execution   •■(    the 
in   ii...   massacre   ..(   foreigners   and 
the  I'n   "i- in   of  nn   iii.i.iiiiuiv     forbade   the 
H  i. .ii    of    nrui»    and    animnnlilnr»    or 
in.     materials    for    tlielr    manufaeturc:    the 
of  ad   i. Win. in   i in-.  Hie   dil- 
utes, tin-  Improvement  of  certain  rlvoi      

tiii.it -'i  membership   In   null  foreign 

i  -  ii ii.l.i   pain  .if  death,  ordered 

III.-  ill -nil. -Ill   of  governor*    who  should   Were. 

lifter  permit  antCforelgn  agitation,  a  lega- 
ii" n  .1  unlet  In  Peking  which  might  be 
fortified  on.1  guarded  »»<  denned,  and  err- 
i. .in    points    "•!-    Indicated    thai    BUgjnl    t»> 

upled    by    the    foreign    powers    to    keep 

(-..riiinmiliiiiliiii  open  between  the  capital 
and  He 

in  in  i, ii,, t,  inoi    the  amount  of  thi    la 
I    was  fixed  at  I7M.000.000      tjitrr, 
through     ilie     good     i. flh '•»     of     the     i 
till*    mi-     reduced     to    .«  . 

.in,-  of  in.-  i  Dlted  States  in   tin-  lu- 
ll  at    g24.44tl.778  Bl.       In 
drCldl  'I  I'V    the   DOWWI  -    I  till  t    this 
d.lit  ■  ••  in  gold.     The  prlnelnnl  In 

le  In  thirty  nine  tinnnul  Installment*. 
ending  In  l»4l.  The  Interest,  pn.iui.lei.eml. 
annually,  at  four  per  cent,  ll  sbonl  $12.- 
son.iiini  the  ■ecorlllos  for  i  h 
the  maritime  custonu  and  the  nil  man- 
n|...|v    iiiul    the    native    custom*   or    transit 

'  ii hiii  ilzteen  miles  nf  the  port*.    ray. 
lontnly  i"  ii  imlsslon  la 

ill       In   IiIn  seventh   annual   message 

I..     :i,    1807,  President   ltoi»i<- 

.i.-inl.  il    the    remlselon   of  a    por- 

il. .1.  .,(  ih,.  I'nlted  States'  nllottuctit  of   Ibis 

"nilennilii    iT.'iii.'.i       In  accordance  with    this 

recommendation    Congress    passed    a   Joint 


i iii'-n     which     «.-     apfitoTtd     M» 

reducing   tbr   totsl   amount    to   *ia- 
reserving     »2.(N)O00O    for     lae 
liajui-  ni    .i  the  treaty 

providing  for  their  adjudication  by  Ue 
Court    of   Claim*.      Thl*    was    don»    purrii 
a*  an  act  of   friendship   toward   ("bias. 
Chinese  Indemnity  of  1900: 

Authority   acked   for   cancelling  part 

Chinese  Loan.— The  construction  of  en»e- 
slv*  railway  lino  by   I  w.ib 

the  OS*  of  foreign  capital  snd   the  graalltf 
<.r  concession*  to  foreign  companies  t 
rallioad*  la  opening  u  •  Influence* 

which  Hi.-  gnat  Posrvrs  are  not  slow  to 
mill  tin  -  of.    In  June.     1008,  week 

was   begun    on    the    Tien   Tala-Pukon 
road,  about    "IXI   mil. 

Imperial   rnllna-  m  with  tb» 

Cierman   transrerso   line   sod   exi 
Ihe  Yaugtuc,  opposite  Xanklag.  sad  connect- 
ing    tin.  i-    opiTl     ports        About     I'.'.*.." 
was  borrowed  to  build  this  road.     The  reed 
from   Nanking   i-..  Sh.iiigh*l.   190  alien,  was 
opened   In   A|  i  II,   1008, 

The  entering  wedge  of  American  pmioB- 

Innii.  i-   In    iln-   auakrtilug   of  China    was  «c- 

i.iii   in  pi:  tig  and  tbe  doer 

of  ih.-   Par  Kast  (Irmly  op+ard  to  American 

capital,    trade    and    governmental    Influence 

In    Aug. i.'.     1000.       1  In-    wedce    takes    toe 

r..ini  ..(  mi  allotment  to  New  York  banker* 

of   one ■  fourth   participation   In   a   loaa   oe- 

gotlni.  .1   I  >    the  ,  .r  rh» 

ruction  ..r    the   ll«nk..w-Sr.-cbiien    Kill 

way.      Tbl*    i   ml    amount   of    the   loan   la 

"loon,    of   which    I7.no0.000    l»    to  be 

taken  bj   an  American  syndicate    The  sank 

null   'or  Wall   Street   Is  truly  a  mrre 

wedge,    but    the    tirln.  -Ii 

-i.i.  i.  il    nf     world-wi.i.     Importance,     aad 

opens  the  door  for  ihlngv  far  gr. 

ii"    Chin  -nent  gave  assoraae* 

tinii    Americans  are  to   have   equal   oppor- 
tunity to  supply  material  for  boiu  tb 
ton  and  8xe.hu. n    lines  wlrb   branches  snd 
to  appoint  subordinate  engln  .  r  are 

to  haTC  onehslf  of  all  future  Iosim  on  IB* 
Hxechuen  Railroad  with  corresponding  id- 
vantage". 

For  year*  Orent  lirltsln.  Fr*n<e  snd 
Germany  have  been  diplomatically  strug- 
gling for  tin  coiitrolllnii  ov<c 
<  luim  when  thai  .nry  ahoatd  hsvr 
Its  awakening  to  western  civilisation  aad 
exploitation.  They  bare  manieuvred  la 
crcrf  way  to  bring  about  conditions  that 
might  result  In  the  partition  of  the  •aspire 
so  that  TSft  slices  of  Uf  might 
fall  Into  their  Imperialistic  laps.  A 
resume,  of  the  Indemnities  exacted  sad 
loan*  made  to  pay  tbe  sstne  foil 

After  tbe  British  had  raptured  severs* 
ports  In  the  opium  war.  In  1HI0.  takcra 
.  ni ng-K In nt:  In  a  bloody  asMult.  and» 
threatened  Nanking,  a  tn-aty  was  msds" 
with    llilua,     which. 

port*  lo  foreign  trade  end  coding  thTlslancS 
of  Hong  Kong   to    Knglaod,    exacted  a  »a«" 

Indemnity     of     X'.'i  mm 

another    expensive     war    was     tntml    upon 
China  by  ICngland  and  Prance,  to  end  ■ 
China    was  compelled    lo   imy   the  cxpenwe*** 

ol    her  lueror*.       Uy   the  trvatv   of   Bh»- 

m •" II.    ending    tbe   war    between    China**. 

iiii.l  Japan,  In  IMOA,  Cliln*  agreed  to  pajr" 
nn  Inil.  mnltv  of  .'im>- Vl'ilO  taeli  laanaC 
SIi.<I<mK>.0001.  Till.,  ill--.  I. mure  .,r  (  ' 
weakness  arnused  Hie  Interest  of  Kuropraaa 
iintlnnn,  and  llusila.  i-'rann  and  ii".-iiiiny. 
Jealous  of  Ihe  growing  Inlluence*  of  Jane0> 
protested  ngulnst  the  o-sslon  of  the  I.ls<>- 
tung  peninsula  to  the  latter  country,  aadl 
Kus.ln,     through    the    agency    of    Franco 


Encyclopedic  ! 


Cholera 


I 


piaeed   •   loan  In    1CT5   amounting   lo  *Ji.- 
i   *aaM*  itlna   to   meet   the   riay- 
tu-ota  of  i»e  Indemnity.     It.    ISM  Sv' 
ax    loas^l  n    ami    Am 

tiplulbu,   and  jsi.,iiiM. 

UOtl  waa  »  ill'-    Hong   K.-iis  and 

SluiDgbJl     Hanking     Oirptirniina,     and     lb* 
<  latlache   Bank  of   Kaxtlan.  Oer- 
tcan  ai  .ia  capital. 

la  -Trloro    for  tbeao    lonna   valuable    rail- 
•raj    mid    trading  eooreaalona  were  exacted. 

•  Its  a  tim  li>  oatablixhlax  In  it*  dials- 
tegratlog  etnplr.  whlilt 

r.    (ifivil    f...r    mliliHrjr    "•■• 
' lint   Intromit  dolrablf.      In 
l&uT.  by    hit    "■  i    for 

'lardVr    of    two    >;<rmnn     mlfiotinri.  x 
if   Klaoehau.  on   to*  Scan- 
ning  i  «nd  obtain)  mi" 
lag.    tradlag  anil    railway  prtrllex»*   In    Hi" 
province. 
Karly  In   I*"*,  while  lb*  Itrltl.h  gon  rn 
nif&l  wu  end.-avorlng  to  aecure  guarantee* 
that                                                 n  ilrf.iild  i. 
allcnatd    lltix.u    obtal                           I    lb.' 
\ribnr  and  Tall 

iha,  with  rallwa-. 
CTaaSon*   lo    the  adjarvnt    territory.      Aa  an 
orTart    lir.at     Rriraln    obtained    a    Uranr    of 
I  for  aa   i-  ox  na    nuaala   ihoald 
retain  !"ir 

lea  florernroeTit  ha* 
lit  iklu  i  J-.liii   1 1  a  y . 

•ate.  laid  down  (  i&la 

iitneni  a<  lnalatlnx  on  what  »•»  > 

ilri »;    thereby    that  all 
natlona   •honld  ataad   on   ••cjn* I   terma    with 
I'hlaa    and    rtiat    empire   should    1 1 ■  ■  >    In 
ly   by  any  oilier  nan 

relatively  lolsiilil.ant  railway  loan 
ill    to  bring 
to  a  focus  tar  Internationa)  diplomat!' 

'uttooa    have    t»en    playing, 
i-.knowa    Flowery   Klatdoro 
a>    tn«    BVMt    tiiongnlrl'-eni    «rtoll«    at    »ial» 
th»    data    that    Home    wat 
:  ally  all  the  world  lo  nay  It  trill 
Gnat    Hrttatn    baa    been    la    I  he    C. 
gam*    with    b»r    .  haa 

m.irVleg  IW  military  end.  training  nuil 
arming  the  rtilne«»  wddura.  Franc-  had 
been  let  In  oa  It.'  illy       Tin 

»d    stat»a.   Handing   for    fnlr    i  in-r     for    la." 

•I  Interests  of  i 
«aa  sol  to  he  I-'t  Into  the  itum  All  the 
.wtilx  had  It.-,  n  naek.-d  for  n  Ibree-riand.  .1 
lltlo  loon,  Ihnl  proetlenlly 
marked  the  lieglnrilrig  of  ciilna'a  entiam-e 
o«i    rallwav  Inn     am!    all    ih. 

1 1   ptogre.a   to  follow   along  lb*    Irnoa, 

•  it    to   re    in  Id    i! it    Ik-iw.-.d    the   throe 

Kuropeen   countries. 

waa    the    altuallon    when     Prwaloral 

Tafi  n  Amha--ail  "f 

rope    and    the    Chary*    d'Affalr.i    In 

PrktaU?   to    lodge    a    proWxl     anil    lo    demand 

y'a  panlrlpatlon  In  whatever  af- 

I     the    welfare     of     ..iir     item .  fni    ally 

icr»'.  M  nfTalr  nt  once  an 

lifted    above    a     mere    flnatuliii     tranaaetlon 

into  the  rt  I  -mailonnl  dlplo 

It  in  an  unprecedented  irl   for  tin    - 
fnitwii    nt     iVa.hlngt.it:     to    Involve    I 
In   the  traiixarilont    of   a   group   of    prlvnte 
•jnl.ta.   bat    ITealdenl     Tafl    Iwld    Ihal 

cnqdlllocta     warrollti-'l      Iho      III"-..-  The     I''- 

,1    the 

inn-tii  ha.  turcird  toward 
Amtrl-a  «•  Its  friend  and  beMeVM  In  the 
dlilrterexh  .!   pollcj    of  Itali    ■  nun  try. 

..tit     tt«t     tin     Amrr 

lean  .hat*  of  the  k*n  for  ■:  the 

llankow-Saofiiurn    Uailwa;   wax  allowed    by 

n  Uoanl  la  moat  gtailfylng  I 

larwartmrat  not  thai   Iba  amotinl   In 

aolred    la   aufdelent    to   Juxllfy    a     iplrlt    •■  f 


jtibllaiie.-.     Iml    haCl— 1     Hie    Atn.rlnin     rlc- 
ntnph    of   a    prln 

I  Hiring  I  "f   IPIS   prlrale   I 

Suf  .:)■■   i  In ;■  .-inm.-nt  >. 
dgea    of    a    loan    of   altffnlellt    al 
the    i                           Repnlillr  o"  i    Hi.     period 
of   reornnlratloo.    wlthom    tin     al.1    . 
Ix    poaer"     loan,    and     wl 

■uomlttlDf  in  ih..  eoadHionj  ..r  tba  powan 

Chineae  Loans,  n.-ntrul  a.lv  iaer  propotw>il 

Is   I,.    Inlte.l  Hlatew,  76«. 
Chinook  State.     A  Dttaaou  for  Wa.hlng- 

Chippewa.  Commiaaion,  report   of 
,i,  5800, 

Chippewn  Indi.ui^  Indian  Tribta.) 

Chippewa  Plains  (Canada).  Bftttla  or. 

Illl     III.'     III"!  II.  Hi.'     Of     .Lilt       I.      IM    I.     III.' 
leal         A  rin.       .>f       \..|"  I. 

i  ua   moul  h 

..r    tin-    i-iiii'.o" ...      II.  -it-    il.. >     w»r»    eon- 
front,  il    ...     -.1.      rtrlll  r    fin 

n  Im 

the     I-  tin 

rternoon    and    crenlag    <-f    ih--    r.ih    a 
waa    fortghi         I  lo     i 
were   dt-fented    a  -f     III  i 

Anierl'.in  low  ti 

giilalirxl   lilmaelf  .    and  eff). 

i,  .n.     Illnll 

■  •!!«  679.) 

Culppawa   Bcsarvatlons    In 

t'Oxitioa  of  tiiitlier  on,  5506. 
Chippeway    Indians.      (See    Indian 

T nl.i'x.  i 

Chltiqnl,  Isthmus  of. 

make  required  examinations,  referred 

to. 
Chisholm  ts.  Georfia.— in   ITB3  a 

■  Im.    of    Si.ijiIi    I'arolloa.    brought 

•nil    In    iln-    Supreme  t'ouri    of    the    lnlt.-d 

Htatrx  agrln.l   tin-  Btl  -la  for  the 

payment    of    a     privati      claim,     i  btaaolaa'a 

I    rlalmlug    thai 

III     of    the    I  Itullon     -.     '"I    the 

«  lilt  I  be  .-©iirt 

gave  judgment   to  the  plnliiiiff  and  laaruad  a 
welt    .  Iml     ih.     writ 

rlnlature  of  «Jei  ivlng 

pasaed  an  aei   maklnr  vnen 

a  »tit  pimlxhable  by  death.     Thle  rasa  led 

be    adoption    In    ITM   of    ihi 
amendroent  to  th  I  Ion. 

Cho  bah-ah-blah  Indians-  (8«C  Iudiau 
Tribes.) 

Choctaw  Coal  and  Railway  Co-,  art  an- 
tlioriiing  Oklahoma  ('  ly.  Okla..  to 
iaauo  liontla  to  proviilc  rijjht  of  way 
for,  vetoed,  68 

Choctaw    Commission,    proceedings   of, 

referr.-il   In,  8189. 
Choctaw  Indians.     (Sea  Indian  Tribes.) 
Choctaw  Nation,  Ind.  T,  right  of  an 

for   railroads  aero**   UbiIk   of,   4603, 

Cholera   ('iter  aUo  i.'ontnjriom  Diaea»es; 
Itit.rnjitioiiiil  Sanitary  Conference; 
ijuaraiitiui.    Regolatioi 
r.-iii".  ■     of,     n-i'i.tl     0D,     r.  I.  rr.'.l     to, 


Cholera 


}fessages  and  refers  of  (he  Presidents 


International   conference  on  subject 

of,  at  Bomo,  451 S. 
International  conference  to  be  held 
at  Constantinople  upon  subject   of, 
referred  to,  3i"6. 
Bepresentatives  to  foreign  countries 
to  report  on   projrrow,  otc,    of, 
appointed,  4803,  4902. 
Beport  of,  referred  to,  3363. 
Christian  Indiana.   (See  Indian  Tribes.) 
Christiana  Case.— la  1881   Edward  Gor- 
aucb  and  a  parly  from  Maryland  attempted 
to  seiio  a  fugitive  slave  Id  Christiana.   I'n. 

a  riot  IB I  In  which  Gorsuch  wm  killed. 

CSBttar    llnuwny,    nn    invalid    Quaker,    was 

.  <J  and  charged  with  treason,  riot,  and 

l>lood»liod   for  refusing  to  assist  a   maishiil 

etllng  tin  disturbance,     >•..  indictments 

were  found,  but   Hie  ense  created  uimli    ex- 

clleuiclll. 

Christians,    massacre   of.     (See   Arme- 
nians.) 
Christian  Socialists.     (8ee  Socialism.) 
Chrystler's  Fields  (Canada).  Battle  of. 
— Not.  11.  l-i...  Han   Wilkin  on,  with  the 
i.    ;,'.  i !»■    Aiiu-rlenu    army,    licrc 

fought  a  slightly  superior  ton f  Rritish. 

I  lie  battle  inneii  .'.  Uoure,  victory  bI  r- 
iintely    favoring    one    and    thi   I     lb<    other. 

.Night    nd  d    " i  cl     with   the   Bi 

in  poi  ie...i r  tin.  id  Id,     i  hi  Americana 

la       heavily,    ninny    officers    Mini    either 

killed     or    w». muled.        Allu'l  I 

Brit^u  loss,  15  killed,  irounded,  sua  mi**iug. 
Chugach  National  Forest  (Alaska): 
Opening   to    occupation   by   railroads 

of  12,300  ucres  of,  diacussod,  7599. 
Church  and  8tat«.— The  relation  of  the 
stale  '  IS  bodies  In  America  differs 

from  all  previous  lelnilonsblpi  In  Europe 
and  the  Col.  hi.  I,   Pennayl- 

.    and   .'Inc. viand  provided   f .t  re 
freedom   early    In   their  rviiiectlve  but 
Mo»t  of  the  Colonic*  eainhli  iiireh 

Ol    i  oslaod,  though  Massachusetts  and 
dpi  tli  ut     maintained     the     t  tlonsl. 

ii  giiaranieei  religion*  free- 
dom In  "f  tli''  I'nlted  State*.  Ar- 
il. I.-  VI.  declare*  Ihnt  "BO  religious  tent 
shall  ever  be  required  n»  a  mm  I  in.  nil 

urn  urn.-..  ..i  public  ■  i ii- *  under  tho  foiled 

States"    'III.-  in -i  ft inlmeni  provide*  that 

•(  ongres*  shell  moke  no  law  r»«n»ctlng  an 
ut  of  religion  or  prohibiting  tbe 

Church    of    Latter-Day    Saints.     (See. 

Mormon     Church;     Polygamy;     and 

Utah.) 
Churches  and  Church  Property.     (See 

Religious  Establishments.) 

Ohurubuaco  (Mexico),  Battle  of.— Cho- 
rubusco  wo*  a  strongly  for  tilled  place  near 
the  City  of  Weill"  The  Ann  Menu  army. 
In  two  division*,  under  (jcncrnls  Worth   and 

Twiggs,  attacked  the  Mexicans 

Rnrila  Anna,  Aug.  20.  1847.  a  few  hour* 
after  the.  action  at  font  rei  as.  The  Amer- 
icans numbered  S.000  and  the  Mexican* 
Sft.OOO.  Early  In  the  engagement  thu  ear- 
rlton  at  San  Antonio  was  routed.  The 
hottest  fighting  took  place  along  the  Hlo 
■"huruhusco,  where  for  some  time  the 
Americana  were  threatened  with  defeat, 
but   rallying  they  drore  tbo  Mexicans  be- 


fore tbcro.  Slniuitnncomly  w«r#  taken  the 
tete-du-pont.  or  bridgehead  itbe  key  to 
hnntn  Anna's  position  1.  nod  tbe  Pablo  da 
11  ...  1  ue  conflict  laseed  three 
hour*.  Including  the  cnsualtlca,  tbo  IimI 
en  11  loss  was  5.877.  Tbe  Americans  lost 
1,016. 

Ohurubuaco    (Mexico),    Battle    of,    re- 
ferred to,  2386. 
Cimarron.— The  nnmc  originally  proposed 
for  the  northwestern  psrt  of  Indian  5 
tory.  now  Bearer  County.  Oklahoma.     Tbe 
strip  of  land  lying  between  3«'  30*  and  ST 
north    latitude    and    100°    and    103*    west 
longitude  was  ceded  by  Texas  to  the  United 
Stale*    In    1SJO.       The    nan. 
Spanish  for  "wild,"  and  wan  applied  to   a 
tributary  of  the  Arkansas  Hlver  which  had 
Its    n.iii.-,    In    iln;    country,      The  atrip   waa 

me*  colled  "Xo  Stan's  I«and  "  Since 
between  the  years  1850.  when  It  waa  added 
tn    Hi.-   Dotted   si  su-*.   and   1880.   wbi 

ade  n  part  of  Oklahoma.  It  waa  under 
no  foim  of  government  and  the  resort  chief- 
ly of  outlaw*.  Recently  settlers  fronn  Kau- 
nas and  Colorado  have  removed  thither  and 
tnken  up  their  Bb 

Cincinnati  Industrial  Exposition,  board 
on     In  luil  1*    of    Executive    Depart- 
ments designated,  4810. 
Instructions  to,  481 
Cincinnati.    8oclety   of   the,— A    society 
originated  in  1  '■■•::  by  Revolutionary  oflleera. 
la    second    general    uwilng    In     1787 
\Vn-:hlngton    wai     chosen    president  general 
and    WM   reelected  every   thi.e  year*   while 
lie  lived.    The   membership  mils  were  open 
only   to   tbe   ofllccru  and    lln-lr    eldest  sobs, 
1   a   number   of   Frcm  were 

Included.     The   hereditary  principle  arc-used 
popular    Jialnusy.       It    was    denoapcyd     by 
Governor    of    South    Carolina     .«d    the 
leglslatuie*    of     !  i«*_     1  enDsylra- 

nln.  and  Rhode   I  1784,  at  tbe  sO- 

lieltiiiliui  ■■!  Wos gton.  tho  aoclet]  drepi   d 

the  requirement  of  heredity,  but  the  prin- 
ciple    has     since     been     reestablished     and 
full  mcmbcisbln  la  restricted    i.,   those  bsv- 
lag    the    hereditary    right      A    few   dlxln- 
n  are  admitted  to  honorary  i 
li,   but  the  number  la  all  Irtlv   Ii 
:   in    Monro*    was  nn    original    member 
mid  President  Pierce  was  a  h 
i"  r        I'rctldrnta    Jackson.    Taylor,     Pierce, 
Buchanan,      Cinnt.      Benjamin      Harrisoo, 
Cleveland,    McKI  erelt    and    Taft 

were   madi    honorary   members,  as  wen 
President   Eoubct   of  Krone*,   and   Admiral 
LI.  uienant-Geaerals      Miles     and 
Cbaffaa, 

The  chief  immediate  objects  of  the  soci- 
ety were  to  ralao  a  fund  for  the  relief  of 
the  widow*  and  orphan*  of  tho**  who  fell 
In  the  HeToIullonnry  War  and  to  promote 
a  doner  nolltleal  union  between  the  state*. 
The  number  of  living  hereditary  mentor* 
of  the  Society  of  the  Cincinnati  aa  reported 
at  the  Triennial  meeting  In  Newport,  R.  I_ 
In  June,  1011,  was  981. 

Cipher  Dispatches.— The  result  of  the 
presidential  election  of  1S70  was  for  sev- 
eral months  In  doubt.  During  (bis  period 
of  uncertainty  numerous  telegraphic  dls. 
patches  panned  between  tho  f  i  lend,  of  8anv 
I  I  len.  Democratic  candidate  for  -be 
prcildcncy.  The  dispatches  were  In  • 
and  purported  to  be  Instruction*  to  party 
wnrkerr.  In  South  Carolina,  Oregon  and 
Florida.  Charge*  of  fraud  having  been, 
mada  these  dispatches  were  ordered  timed 
over  to  the  Senate  Committee  on  Ivtvlie, 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Citizenship 


and    KUrtloM.      A   tare*  number  of   them 
ramp  lorn  the  possession  or  tb*  New   Tort 
ioc."    which    Ml. 

.  r  in...' 
la  a   letter  emphatically  dcukd  til   knowl- 
edge of  them. 

,— Ooe  who  owes  allccianco  to  a  na- 
or  state  by  rM»ra  of  the  prntrctton  and 
6U  afforded  by  In  Kovrrunwut ; — a  for- 
bore persca  Id  ord.r  to 
be  naturalised.     (8c*  Naturalisation.) 
ins  of  United  8tates: 
Aid  furnished  Cubans  by,  6284. 
Appropriation    for   relic?   of,   abroad 
in  certain  case*  recommended.  4 Ho. 
Attacked  by  British  forces,  161 

Militia  called  forth  to  protect,  1020. 
Captured   by  army  of  Mexico,  19*4, 

'30. 
Claims  of,  against — 

gu  Power*.     (Seo  the  several 
Po*. 

-<nto*.      (So*     Private 
CU.  Claims.) 

Condemned  to  death  in  Cuba,  -1690. 
Death  of,  So  Cubs,  8179,  6184. 
.it — 
Colombin.  order  for  transportation 

137. 
Cuba,  appropriation  for,  62.16. 
Recommended,  6248, 
i  to,  0256. 
Emigration  of,  to  Turkey  for  purpose 
of  acquiring  lands  referred  to.  .1061. 
Estate*  of  deceased,  in  Cuba  referred 

Expelled  from — 

Jn  of  Mexico,  2190,  2108, 

!20. 

rru.sia,  3123. 
Fatbidden   to   sell   goods   in    Mexico, 

<lly  taken  from  United  States  by 
■lit*,  485. 

to   military    service   of 
n  countries.    (See  Naturalized 
em.) 
Inpritonuicat  of,  abroad.     (Seo  la- 

►rtsonment.) 
laprisonmrnt  of,  by  army  officers  ro- 

ned  to,  4009. 
hjarles    inflicted    upon,    In    Turkey 

fcseaiaed,  6000,  6147. 
I*,*rle*    aostaJDed    by,    in    Mexico, 
»(.'  it,  4H3. 

ylTffrenre   with   lights  of  nntural- 
1  subjects  by  Au.tria.  0  : 
itfoa  for  protection  of,  4006. 
^•rltfrea  of,  when   abroad,   recom- 
»»<latiOB»  regarding,  4246,  4301, 

**Aer»aiB— 

•Cab*,  4002,  4004,  4022,   4023,  4196, 

till 
Great  Britain,  retaliatory  measures 
disemased,  622. 


Mexico,  3008. 

Quallah  Battoo,  8umatra.  1138. 
Naturalisation  discussed.  (See  Aliens; 

Naturalization.) 
Of  Hebrew  persuasion  discriminated 

against  in  Switzerland,  3123. 
Outrages  on,  in — 

Costa  Rica,  3043. 

Mexico,  2323,  2383,  3175. 

New  Granada,  2048,  8049. 

Nicaragua,  3048. 

Pontifical  States.  3110. 
Pardons  granted.     (Seo  Pardons.) 
Passports  used  by,  in  Franco  referred 

to,  81 
Prc*ent.,|  at  Court  of  Prance,  3266. 
Privileges  accorded,    in    Turkey   dis- 
cussed, 4920. 
Property  of — 

•catod    in    Cuba,    4019,    4022, 
4023. 

TV«troycd  in  Spain,  372,  376,  682. 

Destroyed  In  Cains,  4823. 

Protected  iu  South  Africa,  6371. 

8eixed  or  destr.v. .  !  In  Mexico,  2323, 
3044,  3096,  3120. 
Protection    of.    in    China    discussed, 

4006,  4055,  5544,  6021,  0059,  6069. 
Rcl.  id    educational    establish- 

ta  of,  in  Turkey,  treatment  of, 
discussed,  57.',2. 
Rescued  by  Spuria]!  brig,  1123. 
Compensation  for  services  rendered 
recommended,  1123. 
Rights  of— 
Abroad  dlatnawea,  3381,  6917. 
In  Egypt  discussed  and  proclaimed, 

4344.  43.37. 
Violated     by    Spanish    authorities, 
2770. 
Selected  to  serve  in  offices  in  Jap- 
anese Government,  4009, 
Should   not  wngo  private  war,  358, 

352. 
Slaughter  of,  in  Hamburg,  S.  C,  ro- 

fcrred  to,  4329. 
Stops  taken  for  protection  of,  In  Tur- 
key referred  to.  4321. 
Trading  under  false  colors,  480. 
Treatment  of— 

By  Great  Britain  referred  to,  3718. 
In  Cuba  discussed,  0250. 
Trinl  and  conviction  of,  abroad.    (Seo 
Imprisonment.) 
Citizenship.    (See  Naturalization.) 
Citizenship  Bureau.  8tate  Department, 
bureau  was  csUbllibed  by  Secretary 
of  Stiitc  Ellhu    Root,  on  order  of   Mny  31. 
n»    an    expnnxlon     of    tlic     Passport 
i   (which  had  Wn  orc.nnlxed  In  1«70> 
Its  work  had  out  crown  t'  <•  mere  super- 
vision   over  the  issuance  of  patsport*.     Its 
C'l.-r   Is  "authorized  and  empowered  to  re- 
celvn-  and  stte«t  nil  oat"!  •   •   •   In  psatnort 
The  Hun-nil  also  exsmlnes  applica- 
tion*   for    pnwport-.    httUS*    fern,   condnet* 
correspond,  ir  trains    tk™.    recelre* 

and  Hies  "duplicates  of  endenco  of  reglstxa- 


Citizenship  I  unit  Papers  •>/  Ihe  ! 


Ilea,     or     OtlUT    ■'-!•    •    •    •    III     rcferciicsj    lO 

ii >  '-in  litloc  I  lacai  and  their  di 

I  >r -.nil.'     I,  I.    and    conducts 

•  i. nli*  to  the  records.    Tlif 

hip   I    ,i.  hi   is  a  Inn  .  n   (ml  an  of    tho 

r  the  department-     <8c«  State  Deport- 

Duat) 

Civic    Federation.— A    national    organlxa- 
rf  prominent  representatives  ..f  tarplttl, 

labor,  nml  tin-  ntMl  '1  | lie  formed  I 

ill:.-.  I  outgrowth  .if  ■  ..mcatlons  brlil  In 
Chicago  and    '-.  Its 

purpose  1*  to  orgnnUc  tlic  best  bruin*  of  the 

mill. hi  In  no  ..In. nil .1  in...  ■  iin  in  seek- 
ing  III.-   -..lull. in   ■  prob 

Icm*  related  to  toclal  and  Industrial  prog- 
ress*:  to  provide  for  study  and  discussion  of 

queetloni  of  national  Import  .  to  ild  iini»  lu 

toe  .  -  ■  on  of  'in1  on  i i 

public  opinion:  nnd  when  ileslrnblc.  t< 

mull-  Ii  in  accord  n therewith. 

Civil  Law.— The   state  or  notional  nit*  of 

.In.  i  governing  clvl!  rights  and  datlci  In 

coutradl.tlm  tlou  :..  military  rlirliti  IDd 
duties,  civil  law  governs  persona  and  prop- 
erty except  In  time  of  war.  when  mill tury 
nile  take*  lt«  pi  ' 

Clrll  Bights: 
Aata  -. .  - 1 ...  - .  i .  :t003. 

Enactment   of  Inw   to  batter  becur*, 

reeomiHi  n.l.-.l,    1809, 
Supremo    Court     decision     regarding, 
i  rod  to,  I7TS. 
Ittion*  of,  referred  to,  3088. 
Civil  Bights  Act— A  law  panned  by  Con- 
in-i    April    '.i.    I  Mir.,   over    I'rcsldcnt    Johu- 
son's   v.-iii.    plo.  Ing    Ih.'   IteglU   on    II..-    wune 

•  l-.ii  footing  a*  the  white  man  (page  3603). 
n    provided    that    all    persona   born    In     tM 

I     .State*    and    not    subject*    of     any 
n  power,  excluding  Indiana  nol   taxed, 
were    lo   !»■  .1    a*    ell  lions    of    the 

I  uli.si  State*.  Th*  vl.ilali.ni  of  Hie  law 
»n  made  a  misdemeanor  to  be  «m«hl.r..l 
by  the  l  ■  .!■  ml  ...una  alone. 

A   long:  controversy  ensued  over  the   con- 
atliutluoalliy  of  this  law.    The   fourteenth 

•  hi.  iiiiiii.-iii  was  fiiini.  .1  iii  accordance  with 
It    (page   '.'III.  and    In    1876    mor 

m  paeoed  to  *ecur*  the  civil 
..f  Hie  negro,  In  Juu<  .  i^sa,  a 
were  bruiiitlii  I"  fore  1 1 1 ■  ■ 
I'nlted  Htntc*  Supremo  Court  on  certificates 
of  division  from  Hi.,  circuit  roorts  of  Kan- 
sas. Calif.,  orl  New  York,  ami 
Tennessee.  They  wore,  respectively,  rolled 
-nml. s.  I'nlted  :  Ityan. 
i  mi,, i  But,  ,  .  m.  i,..i  i,  i  nlled  Btatea  ■•». 
Singleton,  and  Roblnaon  nml  Wife  r«.  Mem- 
phis nml  CharUraton  Railroad  Co.  Tbo 
eases  iignlunl  M. -In, Ik  nml  Stanley  were  on 
Indictments  f..r  refusing  the  privilege*  of 
a  hotel ;  again*!  singleton  and  it.vati  for 
refimliiK  aduilnlon  lo  a  llieaiei  Robinson 
hroiiglu  mil  against  the  railroad  company 
for  refusing  hi     wife    n  colored  woman,  the 

privilege*  "f  Hi..  In. II.-'  .-lir  .m  !lie  Mem- 
phis' and  i  herleston  tiaiiroad.  in  the  latter 
case,  as  well  ns  that  of  Itynn.  Judgment  was 

Ih.  n  for  the  plaintiff  on  tin   ground  of  flo- 
i,n, ,n   of   in.,   nr. i    an  long  of 

the  fourteenth  amendment  to  the  •'■institu- 
tion. In  Hi.,  other  cases  tbe  court  declared 
certain  provisions  of  the  civil  rights  net 
or  1870  null  and  void  and  Judgment  was 
tend   red   for  tbe  defendants. 

Civil  Bljjhtt  BUI.— Ad  act  passed  by  Con- 
gress In  lsnfl  assuring:  ritJataahlp  to  all 
I'ltlaens  regardless  of  men  or  color,  or  pre- 
vious condition  of  servitude. 


Civil  Service.— Jan.    10,  ogres* 

fsxmed  what  la  known  as   the  civil  service 

law.       This     act     isiabil.-li.  .1      to* 

Civil  Set  .  lo  be  eon- 

posed  of  three  members,  not  more  than  Mt 
of  whom  should  be  adherent*  of  th*  same 
political  part] 

r*nrj>Oee  <,/  Ihe  Art.— The  act  Itself  Is  a 
mere    outline    of    Its   puipou-*.    but    f 
smpiiiii -ntii.ii    It    provide!    for    iul«a    to   et 
pi •  .i.nilgated    by  such    roles 

to  be  equally  binding  with  the  statute  np*a 
i  he    heads  '.  ai 

well  as  upon   the  i." nlstlon       Th*    foils 

mental  purpose  of  the  law  sod  rules  la  M 
,  itabll  Of  th*  service  wlihlo 

their  pro.  i.l. .ns  a  metlt  system  wh»rs.bj 
selection  for  appointments  shall  »■*  aside 
upon  Ihe  La-Is  •.■!  demonstrates]  relative  fli- 
Without  regard  to  political  cobsidrf*. 
llotin. 

t'lasriflcafi'o*.— To    carry    out     this    pur- 
poao  a  plan  of  competitive  examinations  Is 

tirescrlbrd      The    term    "classifies 
mil.  atcs    the   parts    Ol 

within  the  provisions  of  the  civil  service 
law  and  rub  •  requiring  apfititiumta  there- 
in    In     In-     mi., I,-     Up 

tlcBtlon  by  the  Commission.  The  term  "uo- 
elasi.lfl.-d  senile"  Indicates  Ihe  part*  *4 
tbe  servl.-e  which  an-  not    ■  ■•  prs> 

rlHOM,   and    therefore    in    wbi.-h    *.pi 

mi-nts    may    be    made    wltle. 

ami  rerllfleatlou  by  lbs  Commission. 

Hie  number  aiul   loeatlon  I  civil 

eervico  positions  on  June  UO.  lt*t:i.  was  a* 
abqwn  in  tin-  adjoining;  table. 

/■■rrrturnHul      X ppointvn  nf». — Under     th* 

terms     ..f      Ihe     Inr.      ;,  le     lbs 

executive  bratieh    of   the  Government,    posl 

iu  which  appointment  Is  mad*  by  tbe 

I'reM.I.  HI     mill    eoulirllieil    l-v 

position*    of    men-    un-HH.-d    manunl    labor 
si.,  not  i.|uh.il  to  be  elawlflrd.    Wlib  these 
limitations    iin.   President   i-   am 
direct  from  time  to  time.   In   hi*  dlscr. 
Ihe  beads  of  Hepariuienta  and  c»fllces  I 
i.  n. I 

law  ami  rule*  do  nol  give  to  tbe  Commis- 
sion any  power  of  appointment  bbsI  re- 
moval .  tlint  power  la  left  whore  It  wsi 
prior  to  such  low  nam.  r,  In  the  r.-.sldent 
und  heads  of   I  ■■panments. 

Dcvuitmtnt     .tppolntcc*.— rpoo     reejnlel' 
lion  of  an  appointing 

provides  eligible-    secured   a«    the    result   of 
rotnpellllvc    examlnailons  :    fr--.ni    the    ellgl- 
hies    thus    piovlib-d    the    sp|K.I»tlng    offlcer 
-  lection  and  appolni 

ihr<e  eligible*  for  an; 
particular  position,  the  appointing  offlcr 
has  absolute  discretion  In  making  selection 
and    appointment    fnm  -.   ex- 

cept  that   tin    nil.--   require   thai    M-ieetloo 
shall    be    made  without    regard    to   political 
I  rations.     When  . . -i  ililcatlnp  I*  made 
the   loiiinilwlon's  dm  i  rar  a*  an 

appointment  la  concerned,  except,  of  ..•■ 
It    la    charged    with    Investlgnllcg    ai 
porting  any    Irregularis    ■■!  npi.oliiimeot  oc 
rem.. ml       A    Vlunin-v   In    the  -rvlce- 

in  i.v    be    filled    either    by    original    t|  . 
unlit     upon    examination    and     rertlneaiksa 
by    tbe    Commission,    as    explained,    or    by 
transfer   or   promotion    from    certain 

fiosltloo*  In  the  classified  service,  or  b 
iistatement  of  some  person  within  on 
from   tbe  date  of  his  separation   If  separit 
ed  wltliont  delinquency  or  mlseon 
a  larger  part  of  ihe  position*  lo  the  ela**t- 
flcd  Ki.nl.e   the  i'1-.mnilsslon   holds  ex.: 
il. .ii-  .m   regular  schedule  dates   throughout 
tho  countrv.      No  Information   con   be  gtteo 
prlot     to    their    announcemente    as    to    wbea 
sin  n   examination*   win   be  held   or    a<    t. 
their  scope  und  character.     They  are. 
ever,  always  announced  In  th*  public  pre**. 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Civil  Service 


Eram(mctto»*.—'Th*     act       requires      tilt 
rnlea  to  provide,  as  neatly  as  the  eonrt- 
of   good    administration    will    warrant,    for 

practical 
testis*  the  Otncu  of  applicants  for  rtin 
clajejled  service,  for  the  filling  of  all  vn- 
norM  hy  selections  from  among  those, 
graded  highest :  for  th*  apportionment  <if 
appointments  al  Washington  among  UM 
maim  upon  the  basis  of  population  ;  for  a 
period  of  probation  before  aboolute  appoint- 
■sent  :  that  no  person  In  tbr  public  ■ 
shall  be  obliged  to  contribute  service  or 
■son-y  for  (mil-  that  persona 

In  lb*  competitive  Hervlci.,  while  retaining 
the  right  to  vote  ai  they  pl«*»c  or  ii>  ex- 
press privately  their  political  opinions, 
sliall   take  oo  active  part    In   ikiIIiIcb!  cam- 

E signs :  an<l  tbat  no  prrwm   In   >aM  service 
ii  any    right    to    use   hi*  official  authority 
!!'»»aev  to  coerce  Ihe  pulillc.nl  action  of 
any   penoon  or  ! 

ProritUtiu  of  lfie  Kales. — The  act  re- 
quires the  rules  lo  provide,  aa  nearly  as  the 
ro»ditlc-ns  nf  good  administration  ivlll  war- 
rant, for  opesj  competitive  practical  exam- 
IsaUlona  for  testing  the  fitness  of  applicant* 
for  the  rla**lus*1  for  Ibc  til llnac  of 

all  vs.  muong  those, 

graded  highest  :  for  the  apportloamenl  of 
appointments  at  Washington  among  the 
state*,  upon  the  hasi*  of  population :  for  a 

■•point- 
mrnt :  that  no  person  lo  lb/  rvlca 

ahall  be  obliged  Co  eontrtbute  service  or 
sooner  t-t  polities!  purpoaea.  tbat  peranna 
la  the  competitive  service  while  retaining 
lib!  to  rote  as  they  plena*  or  lo  ex- 
press privately  their  political  oplnlona.  ahall 
take  no  active  part  In  political  campaigns: 
and  tbat  Da  n  aald  service  haa  any 

right  to  nse  his  official  authority  Of  in- 
fluence to  coerce  the  polltlesi  action  of  any 
person  or  body. 

1   «r    of    thr.    Strtim.— There    were    on 
Jnoe    ?.".  '■'■■  il'iO    poaltlni 

the    Executive  Civil    Service,   nearly   ftO  par 

.  f  which,  iir  aboul   23H ■  were  sub- 

The  .-r 
peBdlturc  for  aelarlrs  In  the  Rxeeiitlve  Civil 
(ten  lev  la  over  J2iMl.iKio.nini  a  year.  Th* 
act  dm*  not  reijulre  the 
elaaaincatloai  of  pcr-.nx  n|. pointed  by  tho 
President  and  confirmed  by  lbs  Beasts,  or 
of  pvraona  employed  merely  »•  laborer*  nr 
workmen.  Many  positions  arc  n  epted  In 
part  from  tbe  provlelosg  of  the  rules  lor 
various  reaaatia 

AfpHcntltMi — PSrsona  ftaekloa  to  be.  ex- 
amined must  flic  an  application  blnnk.      The 
blank     for     the     Departmental     Service     at 
r.jrtno.  Railway   Mall  Serrlce.   the    In 
dlan    Sebool    Serrlci'.    anil    Hi"    government 
lag  ferricc  shoniri  be  rvqin 

■rrlce  Comml«<lon  nr  Wasb- 
Inr  «  for  lb*  Customs.   I'ostnl  or 

Internal     '■  aln  uld     be     i  p 

th*  <"lvll    Service   Hoard  of    I 

iDer*  al  Ihe  on  re.  where  scrrlca  la  sought 

IppMcaota  for  eramlnatlnn   mini  he  eltl- 

■ens  of  the  1'nlled  States,  and  of  the  proper 

a«e.     No  person   uainx   Intoxteatlnc  llouors 

.-«*   innr   he   appointed       No  dlacrlml- 

oallon  la  mad*  on  account  of  aev.  rolor  or 

polltleal  or  rell*loi).  opinions.     The  Mmlta- 

tlnos  of  ax*  vary  wllh  the  differ,  nt  .. >i 

bait  do  not  apply  to  any  paraon  honorably 

dlacSbarfXd     from     the     military     or     navnl 

he    I'nlted  States   by   renson   of 

disability   rvKoitmic    frost   wounda   or   alek- 

■ess  Ineurred  In  'he  Hoc  of  duty 

SjastaMftoas—  The  examinations  are 
open  lo  all  persona  oualliled  In  respect  I  i 
aire,  elllaetianijp,  Injal  residence,  bararler 
and  fcealtb.  Purine  the  fiscal  year  ended 
Job*  SO.  1912.  S3.24I)  perr-jna  were  ap- 
pointed     Of    tliiiax    apPOlntad,    2.2U4    were 


rural  leller-earrlera.  12.R07  were  mechaolca 
and  workmen  at  navy  yards  appointed  on 
registration  tests  of  fitness  elveii  by  a  board 
of  labor  empke. ujent    il  rd       Several 

Iiuudred  illffeieiit  kinds  of  i-viiinliiatloua 
brio,  each  one  of  which  involved  differ 
ent  tests.  Three  hundred  ami  twantl  of 
these  exaslnatlona  contained  educational 
lasts.  Ib«  otbara  i->iu>:  for  mechanical  trades 
or  akllleil  neriipntlona  and  roiif  I'lng  of 
certificates  of  employers  or  fellow-workrarii. 
I  in  lee  a  year  In  each 
State  "nil  lerrltotTi  Uw  plSCSt  and  dates  be- 

log  pulili.ly    llllllolllliell. 

jlppoinfments. — In  caae  of  s  vacancy  not 
filled    hy    proiiiniM.il.    reauctloOi    Iran-!' 

r-lm-  he    t-X 

called    for  on  the  appropriate    register    are 

.1  t..i  appointment,  ihe  apportionment 

belnjt  ■  .ii- mIi  :.il   In   nppointmenta  af   W'.iati 

Inrtlon.      In     the     sbaanca     of    ellg-lhlea.    or 

when    the   work   la  of   slinrt   duratlcn,   trto- 

y   appointments,  wlihout   examination. 

led      'I  lie  somber  of  aromas  ap- 

Iiljiuit  for  ordinary  clerical  placea  la  anal' 
y  In  exeeas  of  the  calls  of  appointing 
nlRceis.  The  eksnets  of  appointment  are 
food  for  learbvrs,  mstrona  aeamatrasaea 
ond  pbyslelana  In  the  Indian  Service,  for 
male  stenographers  and  typewriters, 
draughtsmen,  patent  examiners,  civil,  in- 
rhaolesl  and  electrical  engineer*,  and  for 
ill  >l  and  aclentlllc  expert  a 

Preference  dalmantt.  —  Persona  who 
aervro  In  the.  military  or  naval  service  of 
the  lulled  Stales,  iinl  were  discharged  by 
reason  of  disabilities  resulting  from  wound* 
or  sickness  Incurred  In  tbc  line  of 
ore,    under    the    lull    Service    rules, 

ire  released  from 
all   masimum    an   limitations    are  tllflbla 
for    appointment    at    a   grade   of   ■'."..    uhiie 
all  others  are  obliged  lo  obtain  a  grade  of 
"d  are  certll  ppolntlof  officers 

before  all  otheis.  Subject  to  the  oUMf  COS 
dlllona  "f  lie-  in!.-  x  veteran  of  tin-  t.- 
hellion  ..r  at  ihe  star  v,iiii  Bpaln,  01  tns 
widow  of  any  aucti  peraon,  or  any  army 
nurse  of  either  war.  may  be  rein 
without  racsrd  to  lbs  length  of  tlmr.be  or 
ahe  hjix  bass  sapsrstad  fron   tbs  arrvlce- 

ImuXar  Patmrniont. — Kxamlnatlona  sre- 
alao  held    foi  is   In   the    Philippines, 

Porto  Blco  and  Hawaii,  and  also  lor  th* 
Ii'htnian   i"nnnl   service 

The      C'nWatslflrif      Serrlcc— t'nder      so 

live    order    Bnelssslflad    Isborsri    «'* 

appointed  utter  opso,   ,-ouiim-i lnve  eiainlns 

tfon    upon    their    physical    rondl This 

action  la  oulalda  the  Civil   Service  act. 

roSMtoottOM  "'  '*'  f"»o.">."o«  — The  CotO- 
tnlsslon  publishes  the  following: 

mini  of  Kinmlnntlons.  giving  place 
umI  SatM  of  exiiiiilmif  .otia.  rules  hy  which 
papers  are  rated,  rti-icripflnna  of  examina- 
tion*, specimen  questions  and  general  In- 
fnrnial  Ion 

ii..-  •  ■  i  -.- 1 1  Bervlee  art  and 

Tie.  annual  Reports  of  ihe  Cotnmlaaloti. 
almwlfig  Its  work.  These  annual  reports 
tuny  t>  conxiillcd  ot  public  libraries. 

ClvU    Sflrvlcc     (*ee    also    Government 

s.-r.  let  i : 
ApiMiinluicnt» — 

ralal  "in  i<>,  •'  r 
Relatinna  of  Members  of  Congress 

lo,  discusser],  i 
Breach. o,  ,i   tfUsI   In,  TOOi 
Appointmsal  of  sUans  when  no  citi- 

ti*  are  available,  7959. 
Bonril  to  dsvisS  rojss  :» 1 1 1 1  r.-Bulnlions 
to     effect    reform    in,    couveoeil, 
4109,   1110. 


Civfl  Service        Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


(Tola  table  1*  toacd  noon  the  number  of  poeltlona  i  bo*o  lo  the  Officlil  Revttter  of  100).  end  ehemree  In  (he  aei»Wo 
•Inrn  r«p  >rtiM  !>»    the  u   tut  nlj  and  ofnon.     Home  of  tbt  rclioria  wrf*  u.jl  ma*lo  Id  iuv&  maanrr  a*  to 

permit  nf  a  definite  illttlnell  .n  ai  t«i  enpl  Uail.l.iyf  m  and  cu^a-herc      Tiia  n*ure.«  are.  thTef,  .r», 

lo  be  refardr  1  n  •.ppc'iunate  only.    Ortilvtlin' tut  .-.t  cip'alttel  In  the  detailed  Mhlea. 

and  DOtJoel or detail* n(<  i—ny  only  for atetutiral purnreea also contribute te'anjlrij: toe  Ofurea approaunaio 
..niv  ; 

irti>;..ru<l  In  The  cull  Mcrrlce  CominUi.  n 


DtPAHTucvT  atr.  Sousivibios  n» 

Till    &LI1VICI! 


In  TFathintlan,  D   0. 
«~i)iTo  Rohm 
State  Depuamri.i 
Trraaury   Depertlucul 

War  Department 

Nary  Department  

Pott  Office  Department. 
IXpartioeDt  or  m»  lm  •  ■  i  < 

panrami  m   Hoeuitul  lor  Uio  tneano 

MleralUnriiiu-     

Department  of  Jnmli-r' 

Department  of  Acrtcuklnre ., 

i>e-.iiiinieiit  mi  Oommem  end  Labor 

Infenitato  Commerce  Cuouulaaloii 
rvlne  fTomrulwdon 

gnlthennlin  ln<iirtni»n  and  rtiire«ii» 
it».  War.  Aim  s.vv  Department  Knim  >: 
uaalw  Canal  ComfDMion 

(loverotntuil  i-rliiilnc  uro.ee. 

Tout 

Oullidr   irutlNffcHI.   D.  c. 

Tnewnrr  Department 

ubihi  CuiMdlan  end  Janitor  —rxlr? 
and  confine 

Mill  and  Aaeay  Service 

!<tlb-Troi.v»iry  Herclee. .  .  .         ,, 

Public   llevlih  Servl.. 

I.lfe--Savln«  Service  . 

cuitoma  service 

In'crtnl  Rrventie  Service 

Mlerollancnuf 
War  DepertiH 

(SuarierraeateT  Corpe 

Ordnance  Department  at  Inr 

KnTlneer  l>epartmcnl  at  larzt 

Mlarvllanniui 

Navy  Department: 

Kiclualve  or  iratlea  end  labor  poattlooi 

Tradea  and  labor  poalllon* 

Pom  Office  Department' 

Pan    Office*,    rieept    fourth-claai    po«c- 
maatene  . . 

Poorth-clxM  [xiefnailcre* 

riuni  Carrier  raw  lice) 

Railway  Mall  Serilc 
Dopanraeot  of  the  Interior: 

Land  service" 

rentitin   Airency  Service  < 

Indian  Bervli 

Re.'ltraailnn  Her 

Mlacoilaneoue'*. . 
Department  of  JuMIre'' 
Department  of  Aarlrultitrc 
Ocp'.nmrnt  i.|  cimmrrce  and  Ij>bor: 

f.t«bihoti«e  Service. 
i   t.r 


Mice 


rvlre". 


leamboat  lnepootlun  Service". 


Mteoetlana 


Interetete  Commerce  r»mml«lun 

Civil  Sendee  CoramMalrin  

Inthtulan  canal  coiumualon 

Total 

Grand  Total  of  table 

lithTtiin  c,nil  QuBjnitfa*JII,  nnciartllc  I  and 
eace;>te1  wurkln;  force  on  June  3),  1013". 

Grand  Total 


Claarllrd 
[  nmpeuuri 


17.111 


S'n^ 

. 
I    ■ 

1T4 
<.<!' 

r,  ■' 
on  i 

in.oo) 

9 

<-•/<-, 

10,«2D 

i  ."•■  > 

7.'.,- 

;,i-.: 
J.i'i' 

■    ■ 

i  .■ 

(II 

■••'• 

•t 

i.i  I " 


cm  r« 


:■-■:  .".'it 


Oomnatium 


fl 


40 

Mil 

1.5 

l.t'l 
s.ou 


I      .'-I! 


131  W 


..■i.i  ■  iM 


:.itn 


i.i. i 


i,.*,.' i 


-■■■  •• 


10,744 


IT-.I 

■ !  ■•  ■  i  i  I  ■ 


1 


«.i*2 


I"  -II 


olbc» 


:,     .; 


M.:  n 


1MB 

14.111 

MM 

i,vy> 

79 


m 


T.f.t 


m 


S-VOTO 


4  m 


I ;  I 

a* 


fit 

tun 


40MK 


441,4 


:,i')i 


t^srj 


•  FiTttree  In  Mile  column  are  nrtneH-.llr  rmtn  Scoaic  lnciimcit  No.  838,  Bltly-npil  Conrreae.  tMrd 

i  in  pbvjoiim  ■«  Seotve  roMitti"!  ni  >i 

•rmiilcniiii  appolntmenu,  on^cr  tae  hei<lin-:  Interl-ir"  in  \r.\inlnrtnn,  nroalft  of  the  re- 

eordvr  of  dealt,  rermer  of  willi,  inapector  of  en  antd  ntetcri.  an1  Ktiperit,:  .itol  Ttulldlot  and  Oeiwuym 

•  tinder  "Praailentltl   Jixtlee"  la  u'a«hinctnn   are  1(1  depnrtincot  offlcera,  30  rrmmiaainnrn  or  deeda,  Mf> 
■OlartM   end  14  trujteee)  ol  Refnmi  >•■ 

•  Mort  of  the  unclueine  1  niM-.itititir.it.  and  ernnriilnne  In  the  Department  n(  Commerce  and  Labor  »»re  »f 
peraiti*  np'iolnted  under  the  Thirteenth  cen«n  aot  ouniiir  ut  it,,,  priivifioni  'if  the  Cntf  wrvlce  Act  and  Re>r«, 

'i  rrevt  erevte-1  the  Dennrtment  of  l.\rxtr  trn.i  f  -  i  ■  immer-e  bv  art  of  MaevJi 

4.  I'll  t.  It  hi«  nil  been  found  practicable  to  e-iarAte  the  uti'Utl-t  for  the  y»»ir  ended  June  »o.  |01  j, 

•  The  pretllr-illal  atinotntfiienta  unlre  -'Mh-elliineoiK.  Trewurr."  are  re\,enu'-<'it1er  offi'er" 

•  liy  an  ICtmitive  or  I  it  of  D--  :.  1012.  all  tftum  ami  ninemne'T  artt»»ti  y-iitiriiii  under  the  lurladlfeiett  of 

K the  Navy  Department  were  tn"ltt'1M  tn  the  cotr.-H-iirt  but  if  occut>ant  or  eticb  a  DOatUaBvta* 

becKeiinci  unim  ho  hit  ntt»btl«t>e-l  hit  ea'taelty  Mr  efficient  «crvi.-e  or  h^t  been  v^amloel  and  found  quarlfaao 
fie  Labor  fto^rl  The  t'ttal  numh»r  ol  lh"*o  emDlovree  w\»  eatlmatd  hy  th^  ii«.iinmmt  at  3*001  oo  Jooa 
lot*,  and  at  .•n.n'i.i  „n  jun„  jn.  ion,  of  whom  ahem  :  Ith,  are  meet  unvtlllol  lannrert. 

'Thtw  nnettlnna  are  in  the  ivm-OTic*.  in«nrv>t|.iQ  sorvloe:   Uje  iiampod^nrclOPO  iawinr  at  Lhayioo.  061*: 
and  the  official-envelop*  agency  al  Cincinnati.  Colo. 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Civil  Service 


Appropriation  to  continue  MnriOM 

of,  recommended.  4111.  C25*. 
Rules  and  regulations  adopted  by, 
4111.  4155.  4184. 
Abolished,  4281. 
Amendments  to,  4134,  4183. 
1  Wax  veterans  given  preference 
is,   6703. 
Competitive    tests    for    laborers    In, 

6780,6804. 
Coasclar   office*,   order  regardiug. 
i  ISA, 
Discussed.  6071,  G154. 
Defense  of,  7753. 

Corporation  and  joint  stock  com- 
panies,  order   governing   inspec- 
tion of  returns  of,  7900. 
Discussed  by  President — 
Arthur,  4647,  4732,  4773,  4792,4839. 

4363. 
Cleveland,  4948.   4974.   5118.   5201, 
■9,  5882,  5SSU,  0972, 
5974.  59S2.  0171. 
Oarfleld,  460L 
Grant.  4063.  4108,  4159,  4177,  4208, 

4217,  4254. 
Harmon,   Benj.,   51S7,   5555,  5642. 

I T  M. 
Hayes,  4306,  4417,  4513,  4527,  4535, 

osa. 

KtXl  71.6405.61'-. 

Boosevci't,  6073,  6803,  7010.  7102. 
Ksaisaal  of  employees  in,  0970,  0971. 
Eoplovees  forbidden  to  instruct  taa- 

Ws'tes,  6970. 
bttuaations  for,  7010. 
Executive  orders,  concerning,  6H93. 

57U6. 
FWrUelass  postmaster*.  01 72. 
Corn-  i  ting  Office,  extended 

em,  0046,  C< 
Ittentato  Commcrco  Commission,  ex- 

include,  6143. 
limitation  of  term  of  employment  in. 

oppjeod,  7753. 
Jfent  system   in,  6672,  6073,  7010. 
tattoo  interference  in  elections  by 

ptblic     officers,    order     respecting, 

44«£ 
Put  inn  spoils  system  in  Great  Brit- 
report  on.'rcferrcd  to,  4513. 


Pensions  for  age  and  disability  fa- 
vored, 8134. 
President,    extended    to    include    urn 

ployeea  in  office  of,  6232. 
Railway    Mail   Service,  classification 
of  employees  in,  5429. 
Amendments    to    rules     regarding, 
5465,  0466,  55-12,  5610,  0948,  5954, 
6955,  6040. 
Discusacd,  5882. 

Btteeausaaded,  4527. 
Time  for,  extended,  6462. 
DisciMsod,  64 
Record   of  efficiency  of  persons  in, 
5042. 
K'  1.  5615. 

Regulations    governing   appointments 
and   promotions    in    custom*  ser- 
vice   and    rabtreaenrs    to    New 
y.  4501,4502.  8 
Report  on.  discussed,  4588. 
Rules  and  regulations  abolished,  4281. 
Rules  and  regulations  revised.  6803, 

Rules  for  regulation  and  Improve- 

of,   and   amendments   thereto   by 
President — 
Arthur,  4719,  4754,  4S13,  4814,  4816, 

4818,  4*:: 
Cleveland,   4S97.    4*09,    4901.  4903, 
4900,  5078,  5080,  E  ...129, 

5350,5353,  5l  ,',866, 

6945,  5950,  6030,  0040,  6046,  6057, 
6131,  6230,  62 
Grant,  4111,  4134,  41S3,  4184. 
Hnrrihon,   Benj.,    641  5404, 

5538,  6540  5541  I,   A     ,  5607, 

5609,  67.17,  5740,  6918. 
Bayes,  4402,  4501.  4602,  «M7. 
Rules     gi  appointment     and 

promotion  in  New  York  post  office, 
4507. 
Salaries  in,  8135. 
T.  nuro  of  office  In,  7391,  8135. 
CivU   Ssnrice   Commlasloo.      (See 
■ 
Appointment  of,  referred  to.  4773. 

for,      recommended, 
4517.  455(1,  4047,  4009,  4863, 
6642. 


.  "St  fm<Of»lltl  ef*w,  tivacarm  April  1,  1017.  aJ  ooat-offlce  sppolnimcols.  si  Uioy  become  vacant,  w 

r*MI»l--  ,I»>.|1~1»     .|[-l    iirll.l 


■fc  sa  Omiiv*  circlor  ol  Ott.  IS.  toil.  »n  praKlnna  of  roartb-elwa  ooatmaatera  not  pf*vtoual>-  In  itia  c*m- 
SOh.  -aaa>  am«  feartuiw     An  Kienillw  nrtfr  ol  Ma»  T.  ion.  tmnulM  ib»l  n»  naraoi. 
ffrnann  i  •<«•  toortli  cu»  ahaii  t-  ■'««■  unim.  •>«  »•»  bo." jMjrtaudas  ■  remit  or 

«*•<  mmanurr  nannlaatlnn  or  umlrr  ibe  i-  ■•»  oi  Jan  30,  lap*     Th»  nil .,  „i 

Bliihsiiil  r n in  i  -    -■     '  "i  tut    ii.  mi/.  >x  re.MB. 

•rr-**taatta]  imin  mi,  n  iu  (.4*1  »«Tvir»  ar«      Hrc.<t-rv  104.  rsestma.  104:  nir>ryora  (viktii.  i: 
•  JViwnbw  {«!«»««■»■  nmwl  oa«mK.n«.lnni<-ac«  ocntf  oostaJMnlnsturswna  sinl  'weUlbu tar pnriODL 
-sNnMlMlii  a«  o(  •..  ■■••  n.n.l-1  •»;{•  »rur  Jan.  Jl.    SIS. 


■Kastaalltl  waSU-w  li  '  ■'"«»  «*en».  l(     rli»lnr«tinn  mmmMoos.  «;    sua* 

SJittawa.  *•  ■rrvtt..  inomh^r  of  rto%rd  M  indKn  OjfomHslos^rm.  10. 

v*~n.>K-n.  nMSroilil.  uultt  Interior.  sr»  m  tollowa:    Torltorlal  sovsrwm.  «;  •aorturta*.  1:    mm* 

ETtMwwaTor  juwk*      t'ot'M  »<n  nuirict  Aiiorneys  sod  United  8UHs  Marshal*.  SS  neb. 

•  laalruM  laicTfa:    Owhistsatorors.  T. 

*  Smsse— *f liowtsrm  fftrvtnt:    witwr»t«ln«  ineiwtnr*.  to. 

■ttrta  not  f-nomrm  nt  iim  llurnus  01  Ccnfiu.  rkhrrlm.  Muuhunuraa,  Nivlrailnn.  Blinrt»rrl«,  Ami  lb* 

«e^eta8    4f^MtfwlAei  ^e    flde#wee 
a  isimw  la  tbt  tunc  ot  ssnsl  smploiw  lubjod  to  rtimlnsUoe  ut  loclueed  to  ibo  boOy  of  it>l»  labia 


Civil  Service  sages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Chief    examiner    of,    humiliation    of, 

and  reasons  therefor,  4745. 
CWrical   lent  <>f,  Incwtao  In,  recom- 
mended, 5488,  5766. 
DbouHdj  B487. 

Ki'piirt  of,  trun-itiilt.'ii  and  discussied, 
•1217,  4588,  4792,  4803,  4948,  4»74, 
6201.  03119,  6182. 
Hulvs    B'lopti-d    by    (gee    also    OtvU 
Service)— 
Kffrrt  of  enforcement  of,  discusaod, 
4219. 

i»ion  of,  order  wqrnrdlnt,.  4238. 
For    government     of     Light-House 
Service,  referred  to,  4238. 
Salaries   of   Commisidonera,  iucreaa* 
in.  recommended,  4949,  5113,  7390. 
Civil  War.— a   1Mb  nmt   nDltmry  con- 
flict   bantam    T li ■-     >  niiol     States    ISovern- 
ment    and    the    -statu    ndborlng    to    It,    on 
the    one    side,    and    ilu     Confederate    States 

STfranuot  (composed  of  the  Stnles  of 
Dtb  Carolina,  Mississippi.  Florida,  Ala- 
bama. I  no  T>Ui,  \  nglnla. 
ArksiiMns.  North  Carolina  and  Ten 
on  ihi-  nth.-r.  There  w»«  behind  tbc  war 
a  constitutional  Itruffl*  between  the  North 
and  South,  beginning  nearly  »t  r !• .-  l  lm.-  ..f 
I  he  formation  .•(  the  d  Involving 
prlnclplci  of  politics,  differences  of  origin 
and  i-IiiiiiI.-,    ,.f   loll    nml   sui'lal    coudlili'iis, 

and   tha   general   elrcumstancea  of   paoplea 

who  hnd  been  steadily  drawing  apart  from 
tbo  period  when  by  the  aword  aud  aelf- 
sai-rlllre  th»y  had  achieved  a  common  lib- 
erty. The  eon  teat  was  unique  ai 
ern  civil  ion.  and  no  ancient  conflict 
between  the  members  of  a  rnnfedcrs.  .*  of 
republics  nil  comparable  with  It,  either 
In  the  magnitude  of  the  questions  Involvcit 
or  In    the  exient    of    1 1  mi*    In    the 

flelit  ntid  the  reiulta  finally  attained 
While  alavery  waa  the  apparent  cauae.  or 
rather,  It  should  be  stated,  the  oceaalon. 
of    (he    wnr    between     tbC    states.     Hie     ival 

■   were   a   combination    of   thing!    In- 
herent   In    the    population,    the    naturo    of 

iinii-  lurroundlnga,  tht  structure  of  iiieir 

CTcrnirieuI.    in    well   a«    the    conditional   of 

life  and  the  objects  and  alms  of  a  a< 

Dot  h igeneons  but  rarlaot  in  many  lm- 

porlnnt    rc«p 

It  "in    the    beginning    of    cnlonltntlon     In 

America    theaa    differences    appeared.     The 

iter     In    i  h»    colonial    wars,    waa 

ararcely  atri  si   n ntael   of   tb* 

Revolution,    and    had    distinctly    lessened, 

unions    the    more    cultivated    classes, 
in     Hie    yoora    Immediately    aurceodlng     tna 

«enee  of  1788,  jealouelcs  between  the  New 
ugland  and  some  of  the  Southern  State* 
well-niirli  prevented  *  permanent  union,  in 
the  Federal  Convention  of  1781  it  rtqnlred 
much  iniituai  concession  to  avoid  a  disscdu- 
llon  nf  Hi-  feeble  honda  ■•<  union.  The  Con- 
stitution aa  adopt.il  backed  guaranties  of 
perpetual  peace  and  nmity  between  the 
sections,  hut  the  amendment!  aoon  nfter- 
warda  ratitled  roaaonahly  *at lulled  the  dla- 
eontent.  lUscnsslnns  In  all  the  erirly 
•sscs  after  the  adoption  of  the  Con- 
stitution are  full  uf  miM.-Mi.lona  of  doubt 
aa  to  the  perpetuity  ol  leratlon.   tit  - 

len'tl  l.y  I'liilncnt  men  from  New  Hnglnnd 
aa  well  n«  from  other  aertlona,  many  of 
whom  hnd  bCM  prominent  In  Hi-  mirk  of 
establishing  tbtt  new  frame  of  government. 
The  assertion  of  atnta  eoverelgnty  waa 
not  confined  to  any  one  section  or  party, 
though  It  hna  been  the  ciialnm  to  ssatgii  to 
Hi.,  old  Republican    (now  the  Democratic) 


I 


Cnrty  the  origination  of  thla  doctrine.  T04 
»o  aeta  of  resolutions  of  Kentucky  and 
Virginia,  adopted  In  the  yeara  1T»*  and 
17»(i.  which  were  atttii  ted  on  good  exl- 
to  Jefferson  and  Madlaon,  rvapeetlva; 
ly,  declared  the  fundamentaJ  pru 
atatc*  rights  bh  clearly  and  aa  boldly  aa 
th.-y  wore  ever  proclaimed  at  any  aubaoqacM 
period.  The  report  written  by  Madutea 
:inla  fecial  at  ore 
baa  often  been  referred  to  aa  the  ablest 
t.illrinl     pxpoaltlon     of     tbf  that 

the  state  Is  -'  and  sovereign  com- 

ponent of  the  Onion,   and  that   It  may  on 
aiifflclent  grounds  withdraw    from    the  coat- 

,n.i,    the    latter    having    already    been   In- 
.ructcd  and  made  of  no  binding  effect.    II 
la  true  thai    Mr.    Madi»n   subsequently  de- 
IOt   this  construction  could  ba>  placed 
upon   no-   argument   In   the   report,     From 
no-    .Into    of    the    a«]Ulaltlon    of    the 
I  ana  territory,  to  iin    "ban  tha  state 
of  I.oulalano  waa  admitted 
muny  New  England  public  men  and  writers. 
opposed  to  the  extension  of  Che   Union.  «*• 
peeinlly   on   the    ground   thai  "d   to 

Involve  the  exi.-nnuu  of  slavery,  aoinetimes 
avowed  accession  aentlmcnta  Joalak 
Uiilncr.  lu  a  speech  In  Cunsrwaa  In  1M1. 
uaed  tha  threat  that  the  New  Kn«lsod 
-  would  withdraw  In  a  certain  ena- 
tlngetiey,  "peaceably  If  they  can,  forcibly 
if    they   mint."      Agali  trine  of  a 

separabls  union  was  advanced  by  tbe  Bart- 
ford  i  i 'I.  v.l  In  li*l  I.  called  by 
some  of  the  New  Knglsnd  States  to  protest 
against  the  continuance  of  tbe  War  of 
j8lS  with  Ureal  Hrltxln.  Wben  the  qisea- 
tloti  of  nilmltili.  Into  tbe  Unlaa 
as  a  alave  state  1.1*17  1>'.'1  i  wna  belsg  dla- 
cuaaed.  threats  of  dlannlon  If  »h*  were 
rr fused  adininaliiii  were  heard,  this  tlBie 
proceeding  from  the  South  In 
grcts  pasted  a  stringent  tariff  measure  fol- 
th«  protect  l»s  act  of  18S4.  This 
was  deemed  by  South  Carolina  lnlmi. 
her  business  lnteresta  Tbe  state  leglila- 
lure  railed  a  convention  and  paaat-d  an 
ordinance    nf    mil 

however,  she  subsequently  resclDded.  As 
I  In-  question  of  slavery  began  to  overahadaw 
that  of  the  tariff.  Northern  i 
called  by  some  "Abolitionists,'*  contended 
for  tbo  overthrow  of  human  bondage,  si- 
though  Ho-  Constitution  couferrvd  on  C«sV 
greta   no   power  ov»r  natltn- 

tlons    of    tho    states    for    the    admlssloo    or 
new    ataten       The    first    struggle    or, 
on   the  right  "f   petition 

the  admission  of  new  states  organised  from 
the  public  domain  add.  I  fuel  to  tbe  Are 
on  both  sides  of  the  controversy.  Tbe 
occupation  of  the  territories  by  slavery 
and  nnll-t.lai.-ry  partisan*  kept  the  t>eopl# 
in  n  niiKiatit  slate  of  turmoil  border- 
Ing  on  civil  wnr.  In  tho  midst  of  thla  Use 
John  Brown  raid   (q.  v.)   occurred. 

In    I miii.  after   Lincoln  in  elected  Preal- 
dent    on    n    pint  form    of    resistance    to    th« 
extension      of      slavery,      South      On 
through  her  leglalstur. 

v.nii. .n  which,  on  lice.  20.  1S0O.  deelarettV 
that  the  state  waa  no  longer  In  I 
Similar  action  wss  taken  during  'hat  win- 
ter nml  tho  full., wing  months  by  Mlxsls-- 
slppl.  I'lorlda.  Alabama,  tleorxla.  I..iul«l«ns„ 
Texas.    Virginia,    Arkansas.  rolrnav 

and     Tenn.  4,     1  silt.     del^^^H 

from    the    states    that    had    by    tint     dslev 

led  met   xt   Montgomery,   Ala.,   and  or— 

rnmenl  of  th.-  t'oafederstev 
RtBtea  of  America.  The  fort:, 
"iippllcs  and  provisions  within  the  seeded! 
states  were  aelxed.  generally  with  little? 
opposition  until  the  attack  on  Fort  Sneoter. 
In  Charleston  Harbor.  S.  C  The  war  be- 
gan.  so  far  as  military  operations  were? 
concerned,  with   the  effort  of   the   Govern- 


/• cyclopedic  Index 


Civil  War 


Bud  at  Ws«h;ii*ion  In  relieve  the  xirrtaoa 
■  :!    xuoter   aod   the    Anns    upon    that 
fort    by    order   of   tbe   Confederate    govern- 
■nt     Tli  i  lactically   ended   with 

ih*  *urr*t   :  Robert    F..  Lee,  cotn- 

esander  of  force*,  at  Appo- 

oaattox.  V* .  April  0,  1S6S.  aod  tbe  sub 
fc-.iurni  surrender  of  Hi.-  aruil-s  of  Oca. 
Jtana   K 

of  Geo.  K.  Kirt.T  Smith  beyond  tbo  Missis- 
sippi River. 

As  clear  a  vl«w  of  Lb*  pmillnn  and  alti- 
tude of  tbo  United  Slat'*  In  lb?  war  aa 
ron Id  be  obtained  Id  a  few  words  from  an 
official  document  la  to  be  derived  '  us  the 
"faranirar-dum"  nf  Seer.  isr«  01  Stat*  Will- 
Las*  II.  rVward  Is  regard  to 
addttaerd  to  blm  by  the  Confederal*  Com- 
mlaaloner*  F. -ravin  aod  Traaford.  Al- 
Iboaucb  nl.'i  red  April 

K  1*«1  In  it  tbr  fad  wan  dialed  tbat 
President  Lincoln  coincided  generally  wltb 
th*  views  expressed  by  tbe  Secretary  of 
ng  be  ■  lid,  thnl 
bla  understanding-  of  recent  event*  (mean- 
ing- tbe  attempted  secession  of  tbo  Southern 
Stole*  I  ■  »»  very  different  from  the  aspect 
in  which  ihej  wire  nreMMed  la  Messrs. 
Forxyth  and  Crawford,  be  proceeded.  In 
lb*  third  person,  to  amy  tbnt  "be  aaw  In 
tbem  ««it  a  rightful  ai  Msbed  revo- 

.  and  an  independent  tixiimi.  with  an 
established  government,  bul  rather  a  t»r- 
veraion  of  a  temporary  aod  partisan  nsclte- 
■  purpose*  of  an 
ualuetlnaul*  and  uaconatltutional  ai;-,;re**lon 
upon    tbe    right*    sn-l  vested 

In  lb*  Federal  Oovernment.  and  bltbcrto 
-l  >  from  th»lr  very  na- 
tnre  they  alwaya  must  so  be  exarrlavd  r  ir 
the  maintenance  o'  the  Onion,  Ib<  preser- 
vation of  llberly.  and  the  security,  pence. 
welfare,    happiness    and  a.  it    of 

the  American  people."  Disavowing:  any  au- 
the  commissioner*  aa 
diplomatic  agent  *.  or  hold  correspondence 
or  other  communication  with  them,  Mr. 
Reward  brought  the  memorandum  to  a  close. 
President  Lincoln  in  hla  llrat  Inaugural 
nddrri*  combated  the  Idea*  of  lha  Pnnteder. 
air*  aiid  ftr'd  tbnt  tbe  sfatea  In  the  I  nlon 
were  la  an  analogous  ease  with  the  counties 
lo  tbe  state*       0  I  In  tbe  right  of 

coercion,  aod  aa  to  slavery  ha  la  quoted 
aa  saying  that  he  would  save  the  Union 
"with  or  «lt-' I  alavery." 

The  beat  retteial  expoaltinn  of  tbe  view* 
ite  people  al  pvrbapl  to  b* 
collected  f  nun  the  constitution  of  the 
Confederate  Slates  and  from  the  Inaugural 
address  and  message*  nf  their  President. 
Their  constitution  wna  professedly  baaed 
o»  the  principle*  of  the  Federal  Conatltn- 
:h  the  niiiendmenta  to  tbo 
same.  Its  preatnhte,  boweeer,  lo  order  to 
pwf  at  reat  all  arenmenl  or  dispute  con- 
tained] the  pregnant  words,  "each  state  act- 
!nc   In    lt>  aorerelgri  ndenl    char- 

aetar."      It   wai   ■  declared    thai    no 

-.  or  t»x»*  on  Importation*  fmrn  foreign 
nation*  should  be  laid  to  promote  or  foster 
any  branch  of  Industrr  Export  dntlea 
wen-  allowed  to  be  levie,]  with  the  concur- 
reoce  of  two-third*  nf  both  bonsea  of  Con- 
gress. Anv  judicial  or  other  federal  officer 
resident  and  actlnc  solely  within  the  limits 
of  a  particular  state  vu  Impeachable  by 
two-thirds  of  both  branchea  of  the  legln 
la  tare  thereof,  at  well  aa  by  two-thirds  of 
bona*  of  representntlvc*  In  Cnn«irt>«a 
Internal  Iroprorementa  by  the  ecneral  jny- 
ertiment    were    prohibited,    except    the    Im 

IiroTcmeat  of  harbors  ana  local  duties  for 
light*,  beacon*  and  huors.  the  expermea  to 
be  borne  by  the  navliffttlon  facilitated 
I'lttcea*  of  the  several  atates  were  not 
permitted  to  ane  each  other  In  the  federal 
court*.     It    reijulred   a   two-thlrda   vote   of 


each  house  of  CoDxreos,  the  Sennte  votlnj 
by  stoles,  to  admit  new  states.  A  eonni 
tdtlonej  conyentlon  could  meat  i"  coiuldef 
proposed  amendment*  on  lb*  call  "I  any 
•late*  legally  assembled  In  their 
several  convent  I  .us.  The  vole  In  conven- 
tion was  to  be  taken  by  states  and 
ward*  ratified  by  the  legislatures  of  two 
thirds  of  tbe  slates,  or  by  convention*  In 
lb.  in  The  powW  Of  Conirrcs*  our  terri- 
tories wsa  settled  explicitly,  and  It  wo* 
(irovlded  that  "In  all  null  territory  the 
natltutlos  'if  negro  slavery  •••  »bnjl  be 
ilxed  and  protected  by  Congress  and 
by  the  territorial  government,"  etc.  The 
constitution  was  adopted  March  11.  lim 
In    his   Inaugural    address  a*   provisional 

prcaldeAt,   Feb    is,   ihui.  Mr.  f>»vi»  said 

.  In    pun:    "flualalned    hy    the    coiisclouvoeaa 
that   the  transition   from   the   former  Wnlon 
in  flie  present  Coufcdcrncy  tun  not  pi 
ed   from    a  disregard    en    bul    part    "f    Jual 
ohllgxtlons  or  any  fa1  ;.'-rform   any 

oonatltutlooal  daty;   moved  by   no  Interest 
or  passion   to  Invade  the    right*  of  others; 
■nxlou*   to    cultivate    peAoi     tod 
with    all    nation*   If    we    may  Dot    hope    to 
avoid    war    we    may    at    least    expect    that 
posterity    will    acquit    n«    of   bavliix 
leasly  engaged  In  ft-      We  have  changed  the 
eonatltueol  part*  bul  nut  the  system  of  our 
Bxrrernaexil      The   Con»«ltutlon   formed   by 
our    father*    la   that    of    these    • 
states  In  their  exposition  of  It.  and  In  the  ju 
dlclal  Construction  It  ha*  received  we  h.ive 
u  light  which   reveal*  li».  Inn-   unnnliij." 

The   principal    Imttles   of    the   war   w 
Roll   Hun,  or   In-.l    UnOBUO*.  Juh    .'1.    ISul  . 
Bhllob.      April      07,      1802:     An. 
Sharpsburg.  Bepl    l?  lerlckalmrg. 

:.    fS«2;    Rtone    Hirer,   or    Mm 

to   Jan.   2.    1803:   the 
seven     Liars'     Itaitli-w    aronod     Rlchtnond, 
June  2,'i   to  July    1.    18«3 :   Cbancrllorrrllle, 
May  !-«,  1R63:  (..'ettysbtirc,  July  13.    I 
Chlckatnaug*.    Sept.     11)20.     ISfto;    Wilder 
ncs*.    Mny    .'•  7.    IB6i       Spottsylvanla. 
sih,   ISM;  Cold  Harbor.  Juoe  l  13    i-i 
Petersburg      June    IS  ill.     1804.     and 
Fork*.  April  1.  ISflR.     The  total   Dumber  or 
enlistments    In    the    Union    armies    irai    2,- 
2.1  (41  finl      The  number  of  enlistment* 
In  the  Confeder»te  army  was  between  flfiO.- 
OOfi    and    "no.ono.     The    total    nnmber    of 

death*  on  th*  Fell.  r. 1 1  ifde  IniliidliiK  those 
killed  In  aril. >n,  those  who  died  of  wound* 
red  In  action,  and  from  disease  and 
other  causes.  B.584  officer*  and  940,044 
men.  Th*  co»t  of  the  atnwrl*  to  tbe  United 
States  during  tbe  four  years  was  10 
000.000.  It  If  Interesting  to  note  In  ii,ib 
connection  that  the  coal  of  the  Itevoltitlon 
ary  War  wa*  tiaft.lU3.703:  of  tbe  War  of 
<HI3,  and  of  the  Mexican 
War.  Jfitt.nno.ooo.  The  public  dehl  of  the 
I'nlted  Stales  rowe  from  Jlin.Kf.T  •.:.'«  r.x  In 
July.     1801      to    ,<;i:v  ;    in    July. 

1860,   nn   Increase  In  four  year*  of  tS.fiOl,- 
7SI..  107.85. 

The  remit*  of  fhc  war  vr«r*  the  restor- 
ation of  the  Union,  the  emancipation  of 
the  alaves.  and  the  several  axneodlBenta  to 
institution  regarding  the  rights  of  tbe 
new  eiflniiiR  under  the  new  condition*  ■■*- 
tahllstn  il. 

For  a  more  detailed  account  of  the  cause* 
and  hlxlory  nf  tbe  wnr.  *ee  the  mi-asacc*  of 
President »     llm-banan     «Dd     Lincoln 

also     Abolltlonlsi* :     Confederate     8t»te» : 
Missouri    Compromise:    Slavery:    »nd    the 

«erer»l  battles  i 

OlrO  War: 

(See  also  Confednrate  Slate*;  Rccon- 
»trnr.tinn;  Reatoration;  8ncc**lon; 
Slavery;  8outhcrn  Statoa.) 


Civil  Wax 


lessages 


rafvrs  of  Iht  Presidents 


Act- 
Prescribing  oath    of   offico   to    be 
taken    by    persons    who    partici- 
pated in  rebellion  discussed,  4076. 
To  confiscate  property  used  for  in- 
•  lionnry  purposes,  3301. 
Attorney-General     charged    with 
superintendence  of  proceedings 
miller,  3361. 
To  equalize  bounties  of  soldiers  of, 
reason*  for  applying  pocket  veto, 
to,  4274. 
To  fix  status  of  certain  Southern 

Union  troops  vetoed.  403S. 
To    suppress    insurrection,    punish 
treason,  etc.,  1 
Approved  and  reasons  therefor, 

32-36. 
Att<irin'r-<!i'iii'rnl     charged     with 
sup.  nut.  n.li-nco  of  proceedings 
Bad**  BSS  • 
Joint   resolution   explanatory   of, 
3297. 
Action  taken  by  the  several  States  in, 

dlaouaaotf,  3256. 
AkI.t*  -i i! ■  1  nlii'iicr*  of,  proeJamal  I  mi 

against,  81 
Aiiiiiinim  Kcartarpt  naval  i-ngagemont 

referred  to,  3457. 
1//..  marla,  To*— 
Destruction  of,  referred  to.  3457. 
Engagement  of,  with  the  Saasacvt, 
3411. 
Aliens,   liability  of  to  perform  mili- 

Proclaimed.  3309. 
Anderson,  Robert — 

Commander  of  forts  in  Charleston 

Harbor,  31S«.i, 
Dispatches  of,  while  in  command  of 
Fort    Sumter   referred    to,   3213, 

nss 

Empowered   to   receive   volunteers, 

uu. 

Flag  over  Fort  Sumtnr  at  evacua- 
tion of,  to  be  raised  on  ruins  of, 
by,  3484. 
Appropriation  for  prosecuting,  recom- 

ni.  ii, led,  3226. 
Armed   neutrality  in   Middle   States 

discussed,  3225. 
Arms  and  munitions  of  war,  order 
prohibiting  export  of,  3326.    (See 
also  373,) 
Extended,  3438. 
Modified,  3379. 
Rescinded,  3533. 
Army  of  Potomac — 

Honors     achieved     by,     discussed, 

8876. 
Organisation  of.  331L 
Thanks     of     President     tendered, 
8800. 
Army  of  United  State*— 
Headquarter*  of,  343& 


Information  regarding  operations 
of,  forbidden,  3240. 

Joint  resolution  providing  for  pay- 
ment of,  approved,  3350. 

Army  officers  and  privates,  orders 
regarding  absence  of,  3320. 

Act   for  enrolling  and   calling 
national  forces,  etc.,  3365. 

Proclamation  regarding,  3364. 
Army   officers   directed    to    subscribo 

a  new  oath  of  allegiance,  3210. 
Assignments    of   command*    in,    and 

orders  regarding,  3241,  3309,  3310, 

3311,  3312,  3313,  3314,  3317,  3325, 

3379,  3435. 
Atlanta,  Ca.,  capture  of,  and  orders 

regarding  celebration  of,  3439. 
Belligerent   rights   accorded  Confed- 
erate  State*  by    foreign    powers 
discussed,  3259,  3327,  3565. 

Recognition  and  aid  from  foreign 
powers  invoked  by  Confederate 
States.  3221,  3246. 

Blockade    of    Bouthen    porta    pn- 

,  laime.l.  3215,  3210,  8481. 
Claims  arising  therefrom  discussed, 

Nonresident  foreigners  engaged  in 
violating,  order  regarding,  8483. 
Referred  to,  3225,  3385. 
moved,  3523. 

From   certain   ports,    3290,  3372, 
8417,8481,  3482,3507. 
British  vessels  carrying   contraband 
of  war  for  insurgents  referred  to, 
8852. 
Burdens   imposed  upon  people, 
dent    expresses    desire    to 
3476. 
Burnside,  Ambrose  E. — 

Brigadier-general,  thanks  of 

dent  tendered,  3305. 
Major-general,  command  of 
of  Potomac  assumed  by,  3385. 
Chaplains  for  hospitals,  3249. 

na  liable  to  be  drafted  not  per- 
mitted to  go  abroad,  order  regard- 
ing, 3322. 
Claims — 
Against  citizens  of  insurgent  State* 
and    means    for    collecting,  dis- 
cussed, 3251. 
Growing  out  of,  discussed  by  Preai 
dent — 
Grant,  4205,  4303. 
Harrison,  Bonj.,  5755. 
Claims  of — 
Aliens    arising    out    of,    discussed, 
4191. 
Court  to  try,  recommended,  4243. 
Forelgn   power*   growing    oat    of, 

discussed,  8328,  4086. 
Franco  growing  oat  of,  paid,  4916. 
Great  Britain  growing  out  of,  4191. 
Paymont  of,  4243. 


: 


r- 

t 

i- 


Encyclopedic  Index 


far 


Clerk*  So  Department*  to  bo  organ- 
ize into  companies  for  defense  of 
capita),  3323,  3612. 

Combinations  in  Southern  States  op- 
posing revenue  lawn,  proclamations 
against,  3215.  3216. 

Commerce  disturbed  by,  3327. 

Commercial  intercourse  of  Southern 
State*.     (See  Confederal*  Stat**.) 

Communication  witb  insurgents  un- 
der Executive  sanction  referred  to, 
3461. 

Confederate  envoy*  sent  to  Great 
Britain  and  Franco.  (Soo  Maion 
and  SlidelL) 

Confederate  flags— 
Captured,    presented    to   Congress, 

3309. 
Bet  urn  of,  to  State*  recommended, 

5163. 
Proposition  withdrawn,  516-1. 

Confederate  State*,  seat  of  govern- 
ment  of,  was  first  located  in  Mont- 
gomery, Alabama,  3225. 

Contraband  or.  linti-h  vessels  for  use 
of  insurgents  referred  to,  3352. 

Contraband  trade  and  protection  for 
neutral  vessels,  order  regarding, 
3377. 

Corinth,  Miss.,  capture  of,  3315. 

Correspondence  with  foreign  powers 
regarding,  referred  to,  : 

Courts  of  Justice  for  insurgent  State* 
recommended,  3251. 

Craney  Island,  evacuation  of  bat- 
teries on,  3313. 

fllUlIM  lllWlf  If  III  I  llllllil  nnval  engage- 
ment discussed,  3345. 

Deserters- 
Condemned   to  death,  sentence   of, 

commuted,  3134. 
Returning  to  duty  pardoned,  3364, 

Act  authorizing,  8868. 
Discussed,    3221,    3215,    3255, 

8301,  3303,   3303,  3313,  3376,  3389, 
3452,  3547,  3477. 
Dix,  John  A.— 

Application*  to  go  south   of   mili- 
tary lines  to  be  made  to,  3302. 
Authority  given  to,  while  at  Balti- 
more, 3313. 
Commissioners  to  examine  cases  of 

8tate  prisoners,  88] 
Prisoners  of  war  released  to  report 
to.  3303. 
Drafts  to  be  made,  orders  regarding, 
. 

liable   to   draft   not   per- 
mitted to  go  abroad,  3322. 
Deficiency  in    quota  of  States  re- 
ferred to,  3412. 
Emancipation     of    slaves     discussed. 
(See    Emancipation;  Emancipation 
Proclamation.) 


Executive     orders     regarding,     3218, 

3239,  3300,  3360,  3375,   3 

3483. 
Expenditures   incident   to,    discussed, 

8848,  8830. 
Easting  and   prayer — 

Day  of,  set  apart,  3237,  3365,  3422- 

l'     ommended,  3437. 
Fiifjul  \\'"hnvk' n  naval  engagement 

■•Ted     tO,    •"■ 

Item  of  I'nitcii  Btattt  in,  move- 
ment* of,  and  ord  tiding. 
8301,  3302,  3311.  3312,  3315. 

Foreign     interference     In,     discussed, 

Aid  furnished  rebellion  by  British 
subjects  n  ferred  to,  ! 

Amiga  rccruiti.  enlistment  of.  In 
services  of  United  States  referred 
to,  : 

Fort  Gaines,  reduction  of,  an.i  n 
regarding  celrhrm ,f,  .(139. 

I '"•■  Henry,  capture  of,  referred  to. 
3305. 

Fort  Morgan,  reduction  of,  and 
orders  regarding  c.-lclirahon  of, 
8439. 

Fort  Powell,  reduction  of,  and  order* 
•irding  celebration  of,  3439. 

Fort  Sumter,  assault  BBOn  and  reduc- 
tion of,  discussed,  3222. 

Fredericksburg,  Vs.,  battle  of,  re- 
ferred to,  3360. 

Oen.  Wadsworth  to  command  the 
forco  composed  of  the  clerk*  in 
the  departments  organised1  for  the 
defense,  of  the  Capital,  3323,  3642. 

Georgia,  campaign   in.  AitaliMed  and 
rl     regarding    celebration     of, 
8489,  84 

Government    of    Confederate    States 
first  located  at  Montgomery,  Ala., 

Transferred     to     Richmond,      Va., 

Government*   to   be   reestablished    in 
Confederate   States.      (See  Oonfcil 
erate  States.) 
lliihaiK  corpu*,  writ  of — 
Authority   given   to  suspend,  3217, 
3218,    3219,    3220,    3240,    3300, 
3313,  8828. 
Referred  to,  M 
Suspension  of,  3299,  3371,  :. 

Revoked    ns     lo    certain    States, 
3828,  853L 
Halleck,  Henry  W.,  assigned  to  com- 
mand of — 
Department  of  Mississippi,  8318. 
Lnn.l  forces  .it*  Baited  States,  3317. 
Relieved  from  command  an.)   or- 
ii.r-  regarding  3435. 
Hampton  Roads,  Vs.,  conference  and 
correspondence  at.  regnrding  rnsto 
ration  of  peace  discussed,  804 1 . 


Civil  War 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Hooker.  Joccph.  commander  of  corps 
in  Army,  332.'.. 
Military  possession  of  railroads  to 
bo  "taken  by,  3379. 
Hunter.  David — 

Command   of  corps  formerly  under 
(loi».  Burnside  assumed  by!  3325. 
Proclamation    of,    for    freedom    of 
el*v.  ua  state*  declared 

void,  3202. 
Illinois   v.iiiiiiiiiri,  thanks  of  Presi- 
dent  tendered,  M4X 
Illustrations    of.    see    opposite    3213, 
and  list  of  illustrations,  Vol.  VI 11. 
Imprisonment    of    loyal    citizens    by 
force*     in     rebellion     referred     to, 
3235. 
Indiana  volunteer*,  thanks  of  Presi- 
dent tendered.  3442. 
Indians,    attitude    of,    in.    ,li-.-iiH*ed, 

3253,  3333. 
Injuries  to     ItbMI  of  foreign  coun- 
tries   growing    out    of,    discussed. 

Instructions   to   ministers   of   United 

Stntes   abroad    regarding,   referred 

to,  3234. 
Insurgent    cruisers    infesting    high 

seae,  proclamation  regarding,  3509. 

Insurgent     leader    and    attempts    to 

Mate    with,    discussed.      (See 

Davis,  Jefferson.) 
Insurgent  privateer*  in  foreign  ports 

nftmd  '",  ■'<-',,'. 

Iowa  volunteer- ,  thanks  of  President 

tendered,  3442. 
Kansas    troops,    treatment   of,    when 

captured,   referred  to.  3398. 
Krtirtn  i  i/iMii  tin  ma  naval  engagement 

referred   to,  3457. 
Leader   of   ufl    inrargBBta   and    at- 

tao  pts  to  negotiate  with,  discussed 

and  recommendations   made.     (8ee 

Davis,  Jefferson.) 
Leaves  of  al.wni.-e  and  furlough*  re- 
voked, 3320. 
i-dature  of  Maryland,  arrest  and 

diiperiion  of  members  of,  by  Ota. 

Scott    would    not    be    justifiable, 

3218. 
Live  stock  order  prohibiting  export 
of,  3326. 

Modifications    in,  order  regarding. 
8379. 

Order  extending,  3436. 

Order   rcni-niding,  3533. 
MeOtDmn,   D.  C,  appoint eii   military 

director     and     superintendent     of 

railroads,  3302. 
KeGlsjUu,   Ooorge  B.    (Seo   McClel- 

lan,  Cleorge  B.) 
MePherson,    James   B.,   command    of 

Department  and  Army  of  the  Ten- 
nessee assigned  to,  3436. 


engage 


Jfcrr(nier.-('u*ioerto«e'    naval 

ment  discussed,  8345. 
JfrrrJniflc-if'onHor   naval    engagement 

discussed.  3313. 
Militnry  authorities  not  vested  with 
authority    to    interfere    with    eon 
tracts    between    individuals, 
regarding,  8M& 
Military  force 
Neceeaary  to  prosecute,  discussed, 

3S88, 
To   In  ivernor  of  Mis- 

d,  3241. 
Military  possession  of— 

Railroad*  taken,  3314.  3379. 
Telegraph    lines,   order*    regarding 
and  recommendation*,  33119. 
Military      supplies      purchased      and 

frauds  in, 
Mill  Springs,  Kv„  battle  of,  referred 
to,  8 
Thanks  of  President  tendered  offi- 
cer' aad  *old  'i. 
Missouri   troops,  order  regarding   in- 

of.  3133. 
Mobile  Harbor,  Ala.,  achievements  of 
Federal    forOM    in,    and    orders   re 
garding  celebration  of,  3439. 
Monitor-Strrimnr   naval   engagement 
discussed,  33 IX 

ol  United  state* — 
DtaemsMd,  .".:'.>'•,  :i44:i. 
Joint  resolution  pr.  or  pay- 

ment of,  appro*   d,  .       i. 
Naval     engagement    of 

and  Alabama,  referred  to.  3398. 
Bank  in,  order  regarding.  3240. 
DiaeaaMu,  3450. 
Negotiations   attempted   with   Jeffi 
son    Davis,   for  the    restoration 

Ssaco      duKoneed     and      corrcspo. 
BBCB  concerning,  and  P.  P.  Blair 

correspondence  concerning,  3461. 
Negro  noldiers — 

I  ' :-•  M-ed,  3389. 

Enslaved   ami  measures  of  retalia- 
tion discussed,  3378. 

Opinion    of     Attorney  General    on 
rights  of.  referred  to,  3410. 
Negroes  to  be  employed  for  military 

purposes,  order  regarding,  3318. 
Neutral  rights  of  foreign  pow. 

lated.    (Bee  Neutral  RighJa.) 
Neutrality   of   foreign   powers,   3380, 

B0Q6. 
New  Orleans,  La.,  capture  of,  331.',. 
Norfolk,   Va.,   surrender  of,   referred 

to,  3313,  3315. 
Number    of    United    States    soldi 

I  minted  in.  4156. 
Oath  of  allegiance  to  United  States. 

army  officers  directed   to  sab 

■new,  3219. 
Object  of,  declared  bv  President  Lin- 
coln. ;:■': 


Encyloptiiic  Index 


Civil  War 


Official  Records  of.     (8ee  War  of  Re 
bellion,  Official  Record*  of.) 

nal    Guard,   expiration   of 
enlistment     of,     Iwltld     to     and 
thank*  of  President  tendered,  3440. 
Pardons  gTanted — 

Deserters.     (See  Reverter*,  ante.) 
Person*     participating     ia.       (Sea 
Pardons.) 
Peace— 
Negotiations   attempted   with  Jef- 
ferson Davis  for  tho  restoration 
of,  and    correspondent*   concern' 
in*,  3401. 

'liatioBS    for,    and    correspon- 
dence   regarding    restoration    of. 
discussed.  3401. 
Proposition   embracing   restoration 
or,  ate.,  would  be  considered  by 
.•rnment,  3438. 
Pensioner*  of.    (Sao  Pensions.) 
Person* — 

Discouraging  enlistments  or  resist- 
ing drnfts  subject  to  court-mar- 
tial, 3299. 
la  rebellion — 

P     Commanded     to    disperse,    3214, 
.  KM. 
Must  return   to  allegiance  under 
penalty      of     confiscation      of 
property,  3SW. 
Trading  with  insurgents,  order  pro 
hibiting.  3483. 
Sampoat  Kd  wards,  commissioner  to 
examine   cases  of    State   prisoners, 
.       3310. 

"*lytnoatn.  N.  C,  capture  of,  referred 
to.  3458. 

Pits  Jobs,  relieved  from  com- 
Band  of  corps, 

tlal   eli    lion  of  1884,  effect* 
of,  discussed,  3453. 
isooers — 
Of  war- 
Exchange  of,  referred  to.  3399. 
Interview    between    Col.    Key 
and  Con.  Cobb  on  subject  of, 

Order  for  discharge  of,  3538. 
Paroled,    order    regarding    pass- 
port* to  be  fornWhed.  3.'>4". 
Released,  to  report  to  Maj.-Gen. 
Dix.  3303. 
Political— 
Orders    regarding  provision   for, 

3239. 
Belcasc-d    on    subscribing   to   pa- 

"3. 

State,    commissioner*    appointed 

examine  ease*  of,  33 

Proclamation    of    President    Lincoln 

regarding.      3214.      8237.      3S8», 

3358,  3362,  3364,  3414,  3472,  3179. 

Spinous    proclamations    published 

ia    New    York    World   and    New 


York   Journal  of  Commtrcr,   or- 
ders regarding,  3438. 
Property   to   be   seized  for   military 

uses,  orders  regarding,  3318. 
Protection   for    capital,   recommenda- 
tions regarding,  3323,  3642. 
Purchasing  places  in  insurgent  States 
designated    and    orders    regarding, 
3441. 
Quasi    armistice    of   President   Buch- 
anan "s  administration  referred  to, 
8,  3235. 
Railroads — 
Construction  of,  as  military  meas- 
ure recommended,  I 
In  Missouri  to   be   mad*  available 

for  military  uses,  8817. 
Military  possession  of,  taken,  3314, 

3379. 
Point*  of  commencement  of  Union 
Pacific    discussed    and    order    re- 
garding, 3401.  84A& 
Reconstruction    of   Southern    States. 
(Sec  Reconstruction j    Restoration.) 
Records  of.     (See  War  of  Rebellion, 

Official    Ilecnr.l*   of.) 
Records    of    association    founded    for 

SDipOM    of   aiding  soldiers  of,  of- 
cred  to    Cnited   Mates,  4708, 

Refugee*  from  Virginia,   N UlcaV 

I  ii.n  r.  gardiuB  HaWII  of,  3360. 

Restoration  of  Southern  State*.  (See 
Reconstruction;  ReMora' 

Roanoke  Island,  N.  C,  capture  of, 
referred  to,  3305. 

8«nford,  Edward  8.,  appointed  mili- 
tary superintendent  of  telegraph 
message*,  33 1> 

Hatnaeat-Mhrmmh  naval  ungagemeat 
r.  I.rred   to,  3411. 

Scott,  'WintiMl.   retirement  from   ac- 
tive service  in,  order*  regarding, 
3241. 
Referred  to.  3257. 
Successor    of,    referred    to,    3241, 
3257. 

Secession  discussed.     (See  Secession.) 

Sentences  of  imprisonment  by  mili- 
tary tribunals  remitted  and  pris 
oners  discharged,  3537. 

8owi-IIh  Point.  Vs.,  evacuation  of  bat- 
teries on,  3313. 

Shenandoah,  reported  surrender  of 
ike, 

Sheridan,  Philip  II.  (See  Sheridan, 
Philip   II.) 

Sherman.  William  T.  (See  Sherman, 
William  T.) 

Slavery  discussed.    (See  Slavery.) 

Stager,  Anson,  appointed  n! litary  su- 
perintendent of  telegraph  linen, 
3310. 

States  In  which  insurrection  exist* 
proclaimed,  3238,  3293,  3300. 


Civil  War 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Sunday,     observance     of,      oniolnod, 

3326\ 
Taxes   upon    real   estate   Id   Decoded 
M    declared   a    lien   on    same, 

sau, 

TVI.-jjrat.ih    lines,    military   possession 

of,  order  res  vdiag  BeOd 
Termination  of — 

Mediation  of  other  measures  look- 

HiL-   tO,   n  f,i  r.'.l  to.  3355. 
Proclaimed,  3627. 
In  T.  ■  :;515. 

In  Texas,  8682, 
Correction  of  dale  in,  by  proc- 
lamation, 3747. 
Tlianl.v  ti  ml.  r  >.l  --innnianden  and  sol- 
diers in.    (Be*  Thanks  of  Congress; 
Thanks  of  Presid 
Thanksgiving  order  of  President  Lin- 

.-..In,  :;i  .:. 
Thanksgi%iin:  prOOlUUttOB   »f  Presi- 
dent  Lincoln.   3200,   3371,    3373, 

Order    regarding    day    appointed, 
3245. 
(8oo  also  fasti n L-  i  i  r.) 

Threatening   aspect  of.      (See   Seces- 
sion discussed;  Slav,  n-  dammed.) 
Transportation  to  bo  furnished  rcfu- 

f;eps  and  froedmen,  order  regard- 
Dg,  3G47. 
Treason  against  United  States,  act  to 

punish,  :1286,  3294. 
Troops    srni    thrmijjh    Mexican    terri- 
tory in  1801  referred  to,  3574. 
Union   and   Confederate  flags,  return 
of   to    respective   States    recom- 
mended, 5163. 
Proposition  withdraws,  5164. 
Vessels  of  United  States  destroyed  by 

rebel  vessels  referred  to,  3964. 
Victories  of  Federal  troops  discussed, 
8801,  3305,  3313,  3376,  3439,  3112, 
3452,  3457,  3477. 
Virginia— 
Attitude  of,  in,  diacaated,  3224. 
Persons  in,  attempting  to  exem  iaa 
oflicial    powers    of    civil    nature, 
order  regnrding,  81 
Volunteer  service— 

A.i  to  provide  for  additional  medi- 
cal officers  of,  vetoed,  3289. 
Officers  and  men  in.  8576. 
Offii-.-r.  ,n,  :cr.7. 
Volunteers  called  for,  and  orders   N 
(inrditiR,  16.   3315,   3316, 

88!  I,  8888,  3n70,  3374,  3427,  3433, 
3430.  3472. 
Authority    to   call     for  additional 

volunteers  recommended,  8887. 
Board      constituted      to      examine 

quotas  of  States,  3470. 
Bountv    and     pay    to,    3322.    3375, 
3436,  3649. 


E.1 


Recommendations     regarding, 
1806, 

Clause,  three-hundred-dollar, 

of,  recommended,  3412. 
Increase  of,  letter  of  President 

governors  regarding,  3315. 
Proposition    of   governor    of    J. 

souri  regarding,  3241. 
Order    of    President    regard  in 

3243. 

Proposition  of  governors  of  States 
regarding,   and    reply   of   Presi- 
dent, 3241,  3316,  3437. 
Reenligtment  of  veterans  referred 
to,  3400. 
Roforred  to,  3228. 
Three-bundrcddollar  clause,  repeal 
of,  recommended,  3112. 
Werhawk'n-l-'iniiul   naval   engagement 

referred  to,  3302. 
Wisconsin  volunteers,  thanks  of  P: 

ident  tendered,  3442. 
Wool,  John  E.     (Sec.  Wool,  John  E.) 
Civil  War  Voteranx: 

Roosev.  '  "",  7006. 

Their  privileges  in  civil  service,  6703. 

Claims: 

Against  citizens  ot  insurgent   States 
and     means     for     collecting,     dis- 
cussed,    . 
Arbitration  of  pecuniary,  with  n 
lies  of  South  and  Central  America, 
7«8& 
Growing    out    of    War    between    the 
BUtee.      (See     Civil     War;     War 
Claims.) 
Of  aliens.     (See  Aliens.) 
Of    foreign    powers    against    Uni 

States.     (See  the  several  powers.) 
Of    United    States    against    foreign 
power*  (See  the  several  powers.) 
Referred  to,  253. 

Surplus  remaining  after  payment  of 
awards,  discussed,  3173,  3247. 
Private  claim  against  United.  States. 
(See  Private  Claims.) 
Claims,  Court  of.     |  rts.) 

Clarksburg,  W.  Va.,  act  making  appro 
priation   to   continue   construction  of 
public    building    at,    approved    and 
recommendations  regarding,  4991. 
Clns-itflcation  BilL— A  bill  passed  florins 
v in  Bursal  administration,  nt  tits  request 

nii-ii  f..r  th-  levy  .if 
for  'I-.-  Iijr  tlic  Government  durlnit  a  perM 
of  two  years. 

Clayton  Anti-Trust  Law.— To  supplement 
existing  laws  ngulnst  monopolies  and  on- 
lawful  restraint  of  trade,  the  Clayton  Mil 
approved  Oct.  10,  1014.  defines  "Com- 
"  us  trsile  between  the  states  or  ter- 
ritories or  vrlth  forelgu  countries,  sod 
"Persons"  as  corporations  authorized  un- 
der law.  It  forbids  Demons  ftneaced  la 
dlrretly    or    In.tlr*. 


: 


commerce   to  cither  directly   or 


Irvctly 


discriminate  In  price  between  different  pur- 
chasers of  commodities  where  the  effect  of 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Clearing  House 


dlaerlrolaatton  may  he  to  eubrtanllclly 
comi-ctltloa  or  tend  to  create  n  men- 
Is  nay   line  of  commerce,   making  al- 
!   for  dlScrrnoe  In  co»t  of  a-IIIng  of 
nation,  or  lUtcriicln.-illon  In  price  in 
■  -at  coram-.nltle*  mndc  In 
to  mnt  eooip»t'  out 

rood*    may    also    bcIcpi    (hi 

.  menl*  or  'ogt, 

_e*lltloti  of  trail*,  that  good*  uf  a  com- 
r  are  not   lo  be  linnilled  are  derlnrcd 
ifuL      Any  per«»n  Injured  In  hi*  trail- 
ion  of  the  anil- 
Iroat  lawn  may  «'i-  In  *  United  SIMM  i 
tad  recorer  three  fold  the  damage  annlii 
liy  hltu,  together  with  roata  ami  «tt-.' 
feea.       Tfce    8o»l  m    nuy    criminal 

proae/cotlno    rnder    the    BUI 
Wti  prima  facie  evidence  agnlnat  the  name 
4efrt*aant  lo  aitbaequrat  action*,  except  In 

Itt  lodgment",  and  tbc  itatute  of  11ml- 
11  la  auapeodrd. 
I  Ubor  of  a  human  brine  >•  declared 
»  be  a  commodity  or  aril*!*  of  com- 
u  i»d  tabor  union*  nnd  agricultural 
laaillotnl   for   mutu 
^1  dock  and  not  conducted 
i  tit.  are  exempt   from   the  operation* 
Hi  W  antl-truat   law*,    and   aocb  orgnnltn- 
tbw  anfl  their  nsrmbm  are  not  to  be  con- 
atnrt  ai  iir  pirn- 

orb  restr&l&l  of  trade.  No  corporation 
mj  acauire  Muck  In  naothcr  corporation 
■birr  il>?  (fleet   o  Uon   may 

bulmg 

iioaelr.  Holdlm:  comp  uicinro 
MaM«  except  for  lm  ■•« f  ui.-tit  pnrnoac*. 
*•*  ttwk  <  I* 

■med  neither  rote  nor  pmxy  :  «ul..|illnry 
e«t*nCoo*  nsay   b  ■'  for 

•*•»  ef  boalon*   n-li.'ii    ' rill    no!  *nn- 

"taiuily     lessen     competition.       Unlit""! 

JJBWair,  ,  and   bnjr  »tock 

line*  or  acquire  com  t"l  of  OtbM 

own   where   the 

ompctlllon, 

T*»  »e»r»  after  the  pna«nze  of   Hi*  net 

J'Sertnn  ahall  at   the  cum.-  time  be  a  dl- 

pi**  *r  employee  of   moi  bank 

Jftjaj  as  aggregate    capital    in    «"■••■    "f 

&NM00:   no  bank  la  if   .'<"'. ' 

■Mhttiats  »hall  bar*  n*  n  <  in 

*"Jt»  lay    p  r    or    illn  nor   or 

•■Way**  of  any  other  lank   altunteil  I"  the 

n  at   the   • 

M   in  two  or  naoro  corpora. 

*Hwa»r  one  luvltig  a  capital  In  exc**a 

[J  IJ.09O.ru  ••  in   commerce  other 

,0»»  fooling    and    trai  If   *ucb 

•     theretofore    bci  n    -  om- 

of  ItM  fond*  of  n 

eonnaoi  carrier  by  an  officer  thereof  1*  made 

unable  by  n   flue  of  *-"-00  and 

**Wn  ear  to  ten  yenra  In  prlaon.     No  com- 

"f-n  rarrler  «ii..  I  ii    ii  ii urltlca  01   nan 

ii  atake  contract*  In  exce«»  of  iSO 
1  t-ar  with  ncuihcr  corporation   wh 

m   earrbrr  lm»  otnong  lt«  dlrec- 
r  manager*  ear  peraon   who  l»  nt  the 
■•*  titw  a  director  or  officer  of  lb*  Brut 
**nj  vhi.  iilnr*  are  made. 

r  corporation  la  tin-  ion.    i 

pile*,    etc..    under    pen- 

»f  a   fln  "mi   for    the  enmpane 

i  for  the  permit,   with  a  year  In 

W  *Mr4  for  Ibe  Utter. 

.  a«n*ntv  ■  compliance  with  thU 

>»  11   v< 

kaeaalon.  the  Ptdrrnl  Re«errp  Board 
*a  feter  ;  -Ion.  ami  ncMon 

■"be  brooirht  In  any  district  where  the 
j»t»»6xat  la  known  to  tranaoct  business, 
llreclora,  officers  or  tarenta  nr» 
Ml  peraoeully  reapoe.lMe  for  vlolatlona  of 
Ck»  irt  lad  aubjtct  to  n  Odb  of  J5.000  or  a 
ran  a  Jail. 


Called  Statci  Courts  mny  laanc  injnnc- 
lloti*  to  reairaln  ^lolailona  of  tula  act  upon 
evidence  of  Hangar  of  Irreparnbla  loaa  pead- 


bo  iraob  ii 

l.v    ii     lnii.-il    Blatei    J"'K'"    In    I    BUM    BI 
tween  employer    and   employee   or  between 


p»r*ona  amDloyed  ami  piraoiM  necking  em- 

Ci  nl     growing    out     of    dlaputes    over 
orma  of  emidorincnt   unleaa  neceaaary   to 
it     lujnry    to    properly    or    propertj 
right*;  (and  no  neb  inimietinn  ahaii  pro- 

hlblt  peraons.  whether  alngly  or  in  concert 
from    ceoalng    io   perform    work    or    ftom 

tiling   other*   t<>   do  ao.   or 
rora    ceoalng    to  palronlxe   or   employ    any 
pnrty   to   aitch   dfapule.   or    from    mltWnc 
Othera   to  do  *o,  or  from   paying  or  with- 
boldlnt    Itrlke   benefits,   or  from    iii-ncefully 
aaaemhllna  or  doing  any  art   which   might 
;!,     bo    done    In    tb*    abarnce   of    auch 
dUpnte.    ninl    none    Of    IIickp   act*    fthnll    be 
■  r   the   United   Stntea 
Inwa.      Dlaoocdlence  to  Injunctlona  la  mnde 
nipt   nf  court,    punlthnble   lir  a  fine  of 
i.    pnynble    to    the    pcraon   Injured    by 
the  contempt. 

CUyton-Bulwer  Treaty—  lobo   K.    Clay- 
ton. Secretary  of  State,  la  1830  OOBCladtd 
a   treaty   vrlta    •ill    Henry   Lyttun   Bal 
representing    Orcat    l'.ritn  n.    for    est obllili 

iiiiiiunlcnitoii  bMwcen  the  Atlantic 
in  ,1  raclfle  oceana  (2.180).  Tho  treaty  pro- 
.  I  •!  for  n  ah  p  carinl  acroaa  Nicatagun 
ni.d  fotbndc  excluaiee  control  of  canal 
party.  It  waa  auc 
recdrd  hy  the  llny-l'sunri-fidi-  Treaty,  rati- 
fied by  the  Senntc  of  Hie  United  61 
Ii  ■      17.    l'lOl.    wh.eh    mode  tbc  way    deal 

■  I  "ii  1 1 --.!  Bute*  to  conatruet.  own  nnd 
rneinte    an     IMhnlM     canal.      II 
ntltiilu,      TrratU-a      with,      and      facsimile, 

TTtW.) 

01*ytonBulwer  Treaty: 

Correaponilcnco    rctpectinfT,    referred 

to,  2583,  2807,  £908,  4761 
Difference  regarding — 
Diaeuaacd.  .1030,  3092. 
Final  settlement  of,  3170. 
Proposition    to    i?f<-t,    to    srliitr*- 

ment,  2895. 
Treaty  for  settlement  of,  discussed, 
£973. 
Discussed,     2580,    2617,    2903,     2943, 

3117,  4C28. 
Proposed    modification*    of.    nftmd 

to,  -1653.  4662.  -1094. 
Referred    to,   4067,   4698,   4782,   MM, 
M40, 
Clearance  Papers.— a  paper  certifying  that 
the  law  has  been  compiled  with  by  a  tcmcI 
leaving  port. 

Clearing  House. — An  luxtltutlou  aot  np  by 
banking  bousca.  railroad  companlea.  or  per- 
aon*  engaged  In  any  department  of  trade 
or  finance  who  hare  credit  tranaacllona 
with  each  other.  In  the  couru-  of  a  day's 
acaa  each  bank  roeelvea  vnrloua  omounta 
Of  con  me  id  (■  I  paptr  Which  numt  lie  debited 
to  tbc  ncnunt  of  other  banka.  and  If 
i  ut  iinllli.lv  tb*  debtor  to  one  or  more  other 
Imnki  Pefor*  lb*  ■•Hlnbllahtuent  of  the 
clearing  bouse  it  waa  customary  to  bare 
ttioan  aceonnta  adjuated  exery  morning,  or 
at  least  erery  week.  To  do  till*  II  waa 
neceaaary  for  each  bank   to  tmre  n   me**(0- 

Cpr  T'a't  eeery  other  bank  with  wh'eh  It 
ad  d'allnga  and  par  or  roc*lee  the  differ- 
ence between  the  debit  and  credit  a'de*  of 
the   account.     The   collection   and  payment 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Cleveland 


<st  these  Juliofi  bfcant*  ■  laborious)  and 
W*mi  part  of  the  banking  Imalii*** 
T*>  do  away  with  IkU  ranl'tiow  method 
•(  aaajarlac  •eeounte  tbe  clearing  tnvw  «r« 
1r»   waa    introduc-d       II     oat    first    eatab 


._  Is  lx-.nij.-n  about  the  bcglanlnc 
•ltarteenib    eentcry.     Ttic    baoka    of    K«w 
lott  associated  and  tx-fan  .Lilng  a  clearing 
*o*s»  business    ■  The    New 

T«rk  Clearing   Hou*e  la  tbe   largest  In    UM 
wsrH     To*  member   banks  bave   n   enpltal 

ii 
'hsrtnce*     for     1914     were     t39CU* 
»U  the  clearings   DM   th«-  year  were  189.. 
.       nnmher      ,,■      lunik. 
at  tb*  Clearing    Hoaac    As».. ■i.hi-.ii    varies 
MfWIr.    lb*    present    otimtHT    t«-ln. 
*U  the    account*    of    each    •  t    tli--e    02 
eaaU  *ltk>  eerb  other  are  adjusted  lu  )n.i 
an  i«r   each    day— between    10    and    11 
»  *     Toa   debtor    barka   are    required    to 

Btht   amount    of    their  teM   to 

clearing  bo-ace  in  legal-tender  • 
'<«>r  1.30  r  M  each  day.  and  tho  cirdltor 
batti  hamedlately  receive  th»  amounts  duo 
Ot«  from  other  bank*  or  eertincato*  of 
rr»g*»  tar  Ik*  amount'  Imncndlrg  nnan- 
•nlrraM  may  h»  averted  by  all  the  baoka 
**b  art  member*  of  the  clearing  boua* 
••bag  their  reserve  fnnda  and  taking  cer- 
llvairt  therefor  The  associated  baoka  of 
V*  lift.  In  tbla  nay  mode  It  pot 
">  pwtM>ai     to    aerure    tbe    nerraaary 


me  „a  the  Civil  War      Thi 

*f   1173    waa    checked    In    a    almilnr 

aa  wera  alao  tboae  of  lS8t.    1890. 


■■»■    «■«!. 

ng   bona 

K  «W    Tarloua     p 

?»»Wa  have  Introdi 


•M  1K4  la  ISItS  th»  Clearing  nous* 
aaaditloB  resolved  that  any  number 
■■fat  promt  to  the  loan  committee  Ita 
■bnettrablr  or  other  aocurllleo,  together 
JH»  lt«  own  obligation  and  receive  tbere- 
Wtsrinjcatee  I  ■•<  t li^lr  par 

•*•».  vhlch  certlflcatea  would  be  accepted 
■  era  at  .f  balance* 

bouse      Hallway  eompanlea 
II    produce    and     stork    cu- 
be cleatlng-house 
*r**a>lii>  mllar  Tnatltu- 

heeo  established  In   most 
■J*  eltlea   of   the  country. 

w*.i  .pie  haa  genernl- 

JW»  aa-ptcd    in    itoca   and   prodai      •  > 
•""*»«.     A   t.roker  may   buy  or  aell  alock. 
Impla     t-li-iriug     I 
***4  of  ailJiiHtrnetat,  may  drop  onl  ..f  tha 
5***'1loa\  rntlrely.  except  r.-r  collecting  I"" 
SSflnaoB   ar    paying    his    toia.      Thua    If 
i"***'  A  aell  certain 
;  rr  "  then 
L**s  l»l«r  aell*   them   to   Broker   A.   the 
fajeUoba  cancel,  except  for  the  difference 
*  WW  agreed  upon  at  each  aale. 


— »'  Hobmb  recomtnendeij.  4109. 
^•onont, — Tb*  nan. 

52»tal  by  Robert    I 

and    Albnny.      (gee    lllunrnii..i. 

wwttand.  Ororer.— 1885-80.  1893-97. 

irianr  tiim,    IM8-1I 

lemocrbtlc. 
'•*rYeaU»a,l— Tbomaa  A.  Uaadrlvkt 

Tb»o»aa  f.  Bayard 

^•arya/  (he  Trtaiury— 
l*nl.l  Uo- 
1 5>»fl..  H    ralrcblld. 

""'•'»  'I  ■ 

*IIIUa.  i      i  ii.1i... 1 1 

*V«»iui  II    OarUnd. 
"^War^aarrar- 

l*»aLl>i 


Secretory  at  IAr 

William  C  WfHMjr. 
i.ny  ut  the  Intrrlor — 
l.il.  Ill-   U     1'     I. 
William  y.  Vlla». 
Kecrrtaru  of  AgrimllHrt— 
Norman  J,  >  a&ajaaa 
ilrvcland   waa  elected  by  Hie  lk-mncratlc 
party  In  1K84  and  In  mux    The  conv.  i 
whu  h    met     at    Chirac*,     Juls     Ml,     1884. 
nominated  him  on   the  •e.-mid  ballot,  di 
Hi.  i   uppoaltlon  of  Tammany 
Plattorm.— Tho  platform  of  IS**  ti 
the     fundamental    prlnclpK-i    of    Dcmoi 
charged    the    Republican    parly    with    fraud. 
..    and    reckleaanevi.    from     lung 


aaaalon  of  power:  plidn.d  Democracy 

■in.    rigid   economy,   reduction 
of  taxation,  and  a  lower  urllf  i 
only  ;  devoted  Internal  rcTcnuca  to  pcnalOM 
and     war    expenditures    only ;     favored     an 

A rlcan    coutlncntal    policy:    bellaved    In 

honest  mon. 

:•■  currency:  anerted  e'jiial  Jinn. 

itgad   tha  choosing  of  f»dcrnl   ornVera 
In  Terrltorlea  from  cltixena  who  have  been 

Srcrluua  realdenta  :  favored  civil  aervl. 
ona,  free  education,  prevention  of  eaoBop- 
uireatrlctrd   labor,   retention   of   public 
Innda  for  aeltlera,   plwdgod  government  pro- 
n  to  all  cliltcni  at  home  and  abroad: 
opposed   <"hlnew  Immigration:   advocated  a 

.f  Internal    Improvement*:    upheld 

lieinocrary'a  efforts  for  commerce  and  mer- 
chant murine;  ind  paid  a  trlbiit*  to  Sam- 
uel J.  Tllden. 

Oppoafffon. — Tbe      Republican      National 

Convention  at  Chicago,  June  3-<J.  lt«U.  nom- 

lilalne  o..  hi  Ar 

on   Hie  fourth  ballot.     The  >■: it.a.k 

National    Convention   nt    Indlanapollx,    May 

.■■'.     Ism     uomlnated    Benjamin    F.    Butler. 

it..      IT,,|iililtl,in    ciiTeiillon   at    rittaburgh. 

July  IS,  18H4.  nominated  John  P.  St.  John  ; 

another  branch  of  the  rrohlbltlonlatt.  under 

im«  of  tlie  Amerl.  nil  Prohibition  Con- 

m,  met  at  Chicago,  June   19,  1884,  and 

nomluatrd  Samuel  C.   l"omeroy.      The    I    ni.t 

lllghtt    party    In    convention    at    San    I'ran. 

1SSI.    nominated    Ilelva    A. 

Lodnhtodi 

Vole.— Th*    popular    voto    of    thirty  eight 

gave    Cleveland    4.874.980 :     Blaine. 

4..S..1  0  si     John. 

t  ".h.::i;',i.      The    electoral    vote,    c ted    on 

Pro.     it      1886,    gar*    Cleveland    am,    and 

Itlalli. 

Party  AmtlnUnn — Cleveland's  poi 
career  dated  from  hla  election  aa  the  D.  no 
eratlr  mayor  of  Buffalo,  where  (ISSli  be 
!  ,  ttravagauee  and  violation  uf  the 
Constitution  and  charter  to  such  an  extent 
that  he  became  known  as  the  "veto  mayor." 
Aa  governor  of  New  York,  hla  State  admin- 
l.lnvtl.m  »a<  a  .■..nilniiniloii  <.f  hla  course 
at  tnnrnr  of  llutTalo.  and  It  was  tbe  con- 
spicuous evidence  of  his  ability.  Integrity, 
and  eanatatancT,  that  made  him  ao  atrong 
a  cauilldate  for  the  rresldency. 

PsHtlMl  Opmptawfoa  of  gongraW, — Iiurlng 
I'resldent    Cleveland'a    llrat    admlnt-t 
•  onarreaa  wan  divided  politically  as  follows: 
In     i In.    Forty-ninth    Congress     1 18.851887) 
th»     Senate,    of    aevanty-alx  .    waa 

ro in j...  i  ..r  itilri.i  four  I '.  in...  ruin,  forty- 
one  Republicans,  with  one  vacancy :  and 
the   House,  of  S'.'S  member*,  waa  inudr  up 

••f     It"-    He rats,    110    I:  i,    tar* 

Nationals,  with  one  vacancy.  In  the  fifti- 
eth CongrtM  (1887188UI  th*  Senate,  of 
aevi»uty»lx  membera,  waa  roinpotsd  of 
tblrly-.i.vrn  lJein>M-rst«  and  thirty-nine  Re- 
puhllcnna;  nnd  tbe  House,  of  3",'i  membera, 
waa  mnde  up  of  170  JJomocruta  and  151 
Repabllcana. 


Cleveland 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


(HCCOXD  7Kmu.    1803-1897.) 

Twenl} -seventh    Aduilnlsttdtlou — Dctno- 

otatlOi 

>  „-.-  prttiiitnt— Adiul  L.  Ssgvcoson. 
Ercrelaiu  of  atale — 

Wal.ct  g.  oicsbam. 

hlib*«l  inu.j. 
£rcr<<a>y  «/  lAc  i,ra,uiy — 

John  U.  t_'erllsle. 
Secretary  o/  War — 

Daniel  S.  I.aiiiont- 
A  UWHtu-Vtntral— 

lllcbaid  Want. 

Judson  Ilaimoa. 
Poitxatttr-Gtntrat — 

\MUoii   tt.    UUxcll. 

William  L.  Wilson. 
Secretary  | — 

Hilary  A.  Herbert. 
ttrcr<iary  of  lAe  interior — 

Hoke  Smith. 

David  K.  Francis. 
Srertlaiv  «./  •lyrirlitllir'e— 

J.  Sicrllug  Morton. 
8ECOXD  Ti.7fV-.Vonil.tat(on.-CIevcland 
we*  a  n-cond  time  elected   I'reeldenl  of  the 
m.-<  i..v   ih,  ■  tjr  ai 

Che  election    held    In    .November.    189V,      At 
the  Democratic  .National  Convention  held  at 
i  hkego.  June  22,   lhl>2.  ho  «u   nominated 
no  the  llr«t    ballot,    though   he  waa  hi 
opposed  by   the  entire  delegation  from  his 

Platform.—  The    platform    of    the    Demo- 
cratic pony  In  1S'J2  denounced  lb*  Bepub- 
party  and   Ha  adruln lat ration :    mad* 
tarlfl  the  toon  Important   law*  of  tbo 
election  by  a  aectlon  amended  In  open  con- 
rcntlon   In  which    the    Mi-Klnlcy  Tariff  waa 

;i  ;  I'lpoHcd 
•  liatn  reciprocity;  demanded  control  of  the 
ttutli :    repeated   the  public  land*  policy   of 

fnrmci  yean:  reaffirmed  ihii  acrrtta  to- 
form:  fovo  tlon  of  Chinese  imml- 

I ration  :    supported    Internal    Improvements; 
aroivd   tin1   '  "ii.  1 1  ii  [loo   nf   Iba   M. -magna 
Canal :  endorsed  the  v,  mini   i;t 

position,  free  education,  the  plan  to  admit 
in  .states.  Arizona  and  New  Mexico:  con- 
demned the  sweating  aysinn  ami  cum  let 
labor. 

OpposMfon.— Thn      Republican      Natl 

m  ■nolle,  June  7.  1802, 
nominated  Ucnlnmln  Harrison,  on  a  plat- 
form of  protection,  reciprocity,  ftt>«  coinages 
nf  p>M  ami  -ilivi-  freedom  of  tbe  ballot. 
Ion  of  foreign  commerce,  freedom  of 
speech,  opposition  to  trust: 

livery,  civil  I    Mr- 

■  ii  con   i  aim  I.    ailmUxlon    el  lea    10 

a  •  f  arid  lands,  sym- 
pathy with  temperance,  pledges  to  veterans, 
and  commendation  of  Harrison's  administra- 
tion. The  I'ruhiliiiioii  riiiiveniloi 
clmialL  1"  June.  l|jt»;.  nominated  John  Bid- 
well  The  National  l'cople'a  Contention  at 
"innhn.  In  July.  ]Rfl2.  nominated  Jainni 
B.    Weaver.      Tin-   tot  Ot   Cnnven- 

ti. .n.  at   New  York,  nominated  Simon  Wing, 
tofr. — The  popular  vote  ran:   Cleveland, 
B.BSrt.M.t;     Hnrrl-on.     fi.17.".  JS2;      Wi 

I 88C:     llldsrell.     235.8s  1 :     and     wing. 

'.'1.1U4.     The  o.eetornl  vote  gave  Cleveland 

277  :  FTarrleon.  i  IS,  and  (Fearer 

fuhli,-  DeOtV— The  public  debt  of  the 
1'nlted  States  during  tin-  two  administra- 
tions of  Ptvvlili'iit  ilevelanil  stoml  a-  fol- 
lows:      Jnlv     1,      |S«.     $1  S7o,."t&J  ' 

II. '.'*•!  H-..V4I.  II  ;    )s*7.    81. 178 
07.-.  «L':    1888,    X1.O03.OOI.S0..73. 

i.<-:i'|.m:         Jl-lv      1,      IgftS, 

fg.W.fll  in  i. 

I 

Tarilt. — In  hfl  I-'tr«f  Annual  Message 
(page  0020)  Presldi-n-  I  aid:    "i  he 

proposition  wlrh  which  we  have  to  deal  la 


tin-  : -  ■  1 1 j <  lion  of  tha  rerenne  received  by 
tbo  Government,  and  Indirectly  paid  by  the 
people,  from  customs  duile*.  Tnc  question 
of  free  ttndft  la  not  lnvolv.d,  awr  Is  there 
now    nj  occaalon  fur  tb«  gamer*! 

of  the  wisdom  or  expediency  of  a  protec- 
tive system.  These  sentiments  are  ex- 
preasrd  and  rmphailied  In  bla  Second  An- 
nual  Mia*  ago  (page  ftowii.  and  In  bis  rblid 
Annual  Message  (page  G168i  the  auolert  U 
again  urged.  In  bis  Fourth  Annual  Mes- 
sage (page  536l»l  the  President  paints  a 
fin  ore  of  tli-  reeiult  of  economic  condl- 
lona  ni  he  sees  them  produced  by  the  la. 

i'i|llulllli-S  of  the  tinllf  lAWI, 

In  the  clectlona  of  18W).  Mr.  Cleveland 
championed   tha  cause  of   tarilt   rrforta  aad 

Cade  It  the  Inue  of  the  elections.  When 
icepted  the  I'resldentlal  nomination  In 
lb»2.  he  wiote  In  his  letter  of  aeeepsaaca: 
•"leilfT  n-fiiini  It  still  our  purpoa*.  t'huuxb 
we  oppose  Hie  theory  tuat  latllT  Uws  rosy 
I..-  i  i  •..(!  linving  :,.,(  thelf  oejeet  the  giaa. 
Ing  of  dlseilmlnatlng  and  unfair  goee.n- 
mitital  aid  to  pilvate  venturra,  we  wa«< 
no  exiermlaailng  war  agninst  any  American 
Intetesta.  We  bvilerc  n  tradjustment  can  he 
accomplished.  In  accordance  with  ibe  ptla- 
elplca  w*  piofesa.  without  disaster  or  deaao- 

i'i We  believe  that  the  advantage*  of 

raw  material  should  be  accorded  to 
our  manufacturer*,  and  we  contemplate  a 
fair  and  en  refill  distribution  of  necessary 
larlrT  burdens,  rather  than  the  nreclplm.loa 
of  free  tiadc."  In  the  I'lnt  Annual 
sage  of  his  second  admlnlxlraiioa  IpeM 
id  i  -WtiKe  we  aboQtd 
niy  adhere  to  the  principle  that  only 
the  necessity  of  revenue  Justifies  the  Impo- 
sition of  tariff  duties  and  oi  t  r-.!..-al  tat- 
ii  lou  and  that  they  •Jiou  0  be  limited  by 
"Hit  economy,  we  can  not  close  our  eyes 
lo  Hie  fact  that  conditions  have  grown  up 
ii.  which  In  Jimtlce  and  falroe«s  call 
for  iliM-riiiiliniiim;  cere  la  the  dlstrtbvitloa 
of  such  duties  and  taxation  a*  the 
g.ttcles    of    our    liovci nun. ut    actually 

J'oiYfan    Policy—  tn     hla     Ilret     . 
Message    (page    4022)    Prcaliles.1    Cleveuis 
recoiiiiiiiii'l'il    Hun  i>ed    a|i;iniprl»tlon» 

ili hi- ul. ir    and    dlplomttv..-   service. 

the  beginning  of  hla  second  a  din  In  1st  ratio**. 
the   I'realdonl   was  obliged  to  confront  the 
grave  xiiiiiiiiun  arising  out  of  the  propoeed 
annexation  of  Hawaii  to  the  United  State*. 
The  queen  and  ber  minister*  asserted  that 
at  the  ilm»  she  yielded  to  tbe  proTtaJoue" 
government    she   yielded    to   the   fore*   am 
power  of  the  United  States.     The  President 
made   the   matter  the  subject  of  a  specie 
BMaMge  to  (.'nngreee  (tinge  SS03I  In  whlcl 
he  Motel  that    "n  candid  and  thorough  ex 
amlnatlon  of  the  facts   will    force   lb*  eon 
vlcilon     that     the    iirovixlonul     govcr 
owes  lis  existence  to  on  armed  utrnil 
the    United    Suites."    and    that    tbe 
throwing   of  the  government    was   tn 
ov  n  prooeee,  every  step  of  n;.. 
may  safely  be  nstcrted.  Is  directly  traceable 
to  and  dependent   for  Its  »i  ui  the 

agency  of  I  .      acting  ih  rough 

li»  dlplomntle  and  naval  rvpre«eutntlvee." 
Ho  declined  fo  submit  the  treaty  of  annexa- 
tion ogoln  to  the  Benate  ami  advler 

ler  to  Isform  the  queen  and  ber  ad- 
vl«er«  of  hla  desire  to  reestablish  In  the 
islands  the  •tnitit  wii 

:  i  ni.  .1  Interference  of  the  1'nlted  State* 
l  in.  senate;  however,  reeognlted  the  new 
republic    lu    1M>«.    niul    the    matter    passed 

i|  the  Jurisdiction  of  the  Presldent. 
In  IS'.i.'.  ilium  I  be  outhrenk  of  the  Inenr- 
reellon  In  Cuba.  Ihe  Pi 

tape  to  secure  the  netttrnll'y  of  the 
Halted    State*      Though    resolution*    far 
Ing   the   recognition   of   the  Inaurgenta 


Cleveland 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


heilifercnta  paaaml  Congreaa.  tbe  I'roaMont 

dl»rcr,ur.lc.|     1 1  •  -  - 1 1  j  .     ami     rterrvtarj 

Bad*    public    stiiiemeiit    of    the    fart     that 

1  tj  •■  y  .  - 1  *  -  *  1     bj     tile.     udUllnlMr 

Only  D"    '  :m    'V  on   the. 

of  a   ouinixT   'it   eminent   gantleuien." 


Iiurt 

A   second    pi 

July. 


gi'ini.i 
of  neutrality   mm 
lunnl  lu   July.    |8M    (yagi    «VMi 

lug    the    opi-urn nt    of    i.  tbugb 

Lee  a*  minister  to  Cob*,  rba  entire  *«ib< 
jecl   required  iti'iti'ji ti-  r  relation* 

with  Spain  during  the  real  of  (be  life  Of 
tin-  admin! 

of    foreign    policy    during   III-  i   il  Ion 

wiia  the  Veneaucla  Meaaagc  (pan  0US7)  in 
which  the  President  Informed  I'.ngreaa 
that   Qreat   iitiiuin  bad   refuned   to 

;li.'    ipiestlnn    .if    I nilirj     between    Vcncm- 

elo  and  tlrltUb  <iulnun  to  nrliltratlon  ;  that 
a  commlMlon  thonhl  In-  appolhl 

irvaa  lo  examine  Into  tin-  mat  I       of  hotin- 
ary  :  thnt   approprlatlooa  abonhl   DC  mode 
at  ooeo  for  tnl»   work:  tbut    the   rot 

•Ion  »)i i  report  al  one*     Tb*n  lb*  nm- 

mg*  read*:  "When  such  rcporl 
and  accepted  It  will,  In  my  opinion,  be 
tba  duty  of  tin-  T "ni t .-.l  Bute"  to  r.  -i.t  by 
every  mean*  In  It*  power,  n«  a  wilful  Jig- 
gr»-i«lon  upon  lt«  rlghta  and  Intercut*,  In* 
appropriation  by  limit  Britain  ol  any 
londa  or  the  »i-rc1»e  of  governmental  Juris- 
diction  over  nny  territory  which,  after  In- 
vcntlgntlon,  we  have  ,1,  term  in  .1  of  tight    to 

belong  to   V ueln.         I'tu    signing  o(   the 

arhltrailon    treaty    nt    Washington    «n    re- 
garded as  the  first    formal  fa   t»y 
ipean   powet  of  the   prlt  i  Iplea  of  the 

■•'       I  »inf  rim-      .in.l       l  h.         I |pn  HI  lug 

llrtmil    protection  of  the  ainnlb-r  rep 

of  the  Raw  World  by  (lie  United  st.it.->. 

l-iniinc*. — In  hla  Plrat  Annual  McaaajM 
fpage  40271  lb.  it.  Mni  .li.  i  ..i  l  ho 
lllnnil-Alllson  act  and  «ald  :   "The  desire    to 

utilise    the    -liver   product    of    iii nntry 

ihould  iiiit  lead  to  a  misuse  or  the  pi  <■■ 
■■■■i  Ion  of  tbla  power.  Tin  ii..,-..|ty  f. .r 
auch  an  addition   to  tin-  nation  n-   N 

Celled  by  rln  .lln-r  coinage  a--i  In  negatived 
in  fuel  Hint  up  to  Hi.  present  tlun-  only 
nli.iin  ;,ii  000,000  of  the  alive i  dollar*  ao 
coined  have  actually  found  their  way  Into 
circulation,  leaving  more  ttinti  ii;:..iiiiii.iiiiii 
In  the  poaaeaalon  of  the  riovernment,  tbo 
ly  of  which  ha»  entailed  a  ronalderable 

expen.se     for     tile     colli,  t  ruel  I,  ill     i.f     vaults     for 

lis  deposit.  Krery  month  two  million*  of 
r"ld  dollar*  In  the  public  Treaaury  are  paid 
out  for  two  millions  or  tnon  of  .liver  dol- 
lar*. In  be  ailit.-d  to  the  Idle  mass  already 
accumulated"  lie  add*  that  thla  will  I-  ml 
to  the  hoarding  of  gold,  and  aaya :  "This 
hoarding    of   gold   baa  already   begun."      lie 

compulsory 
coinage.       In    hi*    S .ml     Annua!     Monaco 

tpage  BOOT)   ti.-  report*  tin-  failure  io  flbV 

tribute  silver  dollars  among  the  DeopU,  and 
again  urges  the  maponalon  -.f  coinage  in 
bi«  ipecfai  nwaaao*  in  imi:i.  the  pre 
dlscutaea  the  working  of  the  Sberman  art 
ami  report*  ipage  WW*)  ill.anpolntm.-nt  In 
Ita  effects.  lie  aald:  "Undoubtedly  the 
monthly  purchases  In  thi  I  .virnment  of 
4  re  in. in m  ounces  of  allrer.  enfor  ed  — l.-i 
that  Klatnte,  were  regarded  by  those  Inter- 
-■'■< I  In  sliver  a*  a  certain  guaranty  of  It* 
Increase  in  prl.-e  The  remit,  however.  Iia* 
been  .nt ir.-l.v  differ. in.  for.  Immediately  fol- 
lowing a  spasmodic  and  alight  rise,  the 
price  nf  silver  began  to  fnll  after  the  pa»- 
*»ge  of  the  act.  and  baa  >ln..  reached  Hie 
lowest  point  nrr  known."  In  bis  Third 
Annual  Message  of  bis  - mil  administra- 
tion (page  00721.  the  I'realdcnl  glvea  a 
r.'-'imfi  of  ilie  legislation  relatlni  to  siher 
colnnge  and  the  attendant  train  of  fin 
ti.niblea. 

nrfnrm — In    hla   FIr*l    An- 
nual Mes»nge  (page  «9*8>   lTcaldcnt  Cleve- 


land aald:  "Clrll  JScrrlcf  reform  enforced 
by  law  came  none  too  soon  to  check  (be 
tirogre**  of  demoralization.  One  of  It*  *f- 
■  oujtb  regarded.  U  tbc  fre-dom  It 
bring*  to  the  political  acUon  of  i 
BervattTC.  and  (sober  men  who,  to  fear  of 
tbc  confusion  and  risk  attending  an  arbi- 
trary and  Midden  ibniige  In  all  tbe  public 
Offlcca  %lih  a  change  of  party  rule, 
rhelr  ballot*  agnlusi  such  a  cliange."     "Ta* 

civil  avrvlca  law  ilo.  -   prevent   Un 

charge  of  tbe  Indolent  or  ln--otup't.-ii'  ejeik. 
and  It  doe*  prevent  nil  place  wiiU 

-in  party  worker."     in  hi«  Ke,-o- 
mial  Mi-.ii;  13)  In-  sais  that  wall* 

the  reform  may  be  Incompleta  ami  its  . 
cation-  i.    'If    I  In 

' nlry  »v.-r  auhmli    to  the  li.iiil-nineni  of  Its 

underlying  principle  from  iln-  oneratloa  o* 
their  i;....-rnmeni  they  will  al«aib>o  tbe 
aureat  giiaranti    of  tin-  aafety  and   tbe  *<K- 

merlcao    In-unin    , 
regarding  tbe  crflcacy  of  the  rule*  laid  down 

III        Hie      I    ,  ,1111111..  loll      I  |l«Cl»l 

no"     '« ngrew    on    pan.    :,,.,ni        rSug 

geatea  amendment*  and  additional  role* 
were  made  rhr  aubji-et  of  a  special  mewage 
Inage  o:i47  el  ».  -  .anal 

-iilmlnlatratlon  (p*X» 
In  apeak Ing  of  the  working  of  tba  re- 
form. th»  rre»ldent  *ald  :  "The  law  «: 
Ing  thla  reform  found  Ita  way  to  our  atatale 
hm.ks  more  from  f.-ar  of  the  popular  **ntl- 
nioiu  eilsilng  In  Its  favor  than  fiun  any 
love   for   Hi  ii    the    t<»'t   of 

leglklatora,     and    It     linn     lived    and    t- 
and  flourished  In  a|)lle  of  tb-  well 

as  ..|~n   boralltj  of  *poll*men  ami  notwltb 
■landing    the    querulont   Impractli-abli  ' 
iiifln>   self  i-nustliuii-d  giinrdlooa."     Tbe  *ev- 
eral    Kxccutivo    iirdi-r*    relating    to    amend- 
II    service  appear   on   page 

1 Ilia  last  offlcl.il  word  regarding  to* 

form  app.»ni  In  hla  I 
Annual    Mesaacr  of  hla    a.-, 
il I'li:;-    81701    w  hi  I 

••Tin.  progrea*  made  In  civil   *ervfi     reform 
fnmlKbe*  a  cause  for  tbc  inmost  ccngratula 
lioii       It   ha*   lurvlved    lb*    Aonbu   of   it* 
friends  as  well  as  the  rancor  of  II 
ami    lias  (rained  nt    place  .' 

the  accnrlc*  destined  to  cleanse  our  P  ■ 
and  to  iiniir.iM-.  economlx*.  and 

pnbllC    o-i  i  li-e." 

Af  tbe  ooglnnlng  of  1'resldent  fleveiind'f 
■  dmlnlsttatli'in.    In-    came    Into    Rerloua    re*> 
Blcl   wlih  many  Influential   Ben  "I  bb 
party,    who    sought    the    Immedli" 
of  Republican  office  holder*  to  make  w« 
I1emocr«t*.     that     the     party     oi 
might  i"-   thereby   •trengthened      It  w*a  at 
thla  time  ibai   the  eipresslon  "offfualve  par- 
tlannshlp"    come    Into   ua*.    though    tin 

on      i lisrtlsan- 

ship"  a-  it  appear*  In  til"  i 

upon  the  aubject   fpage  B0701       HU     i 

ni*«ng-    (page   IBoOi   r»fu«lng  . 

tlonnl    ground*     to    accede     to    Ihe    Heaaie** 

renuest    for  paper*  regarding  appointments 

a  ml    ilUmlsanl*    brought    about    a    atruxgl* 

with  Congreaa  and  ita  refuial   to  aa- 

hla  nomlnntlona. 

Cleveland,  Grover: 

Ailvancement  anil  proprera  of  United 

Btataa  dl*cna*«<l  by,  5358. 
Annual  mestiaeen  of.  -490!>,  50S2,  filSS, 

S3S8,  5866,  5055,  6058,  61 4«. 
Arbitrator — 
In  bounrlnry  di»put«  between  Ariren. 
line  Republic  and  Brazil,  .". 
Award  of,  «ii«eu*.ed  by,  6058. 
Of  claim  of  lulr  airaintt  Colombia. 

Biographical  aketch  of,  4888. 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Cleveland 


i 


Bland  Altteoa  Aft  discussed  by,  4927, 

Brit  intcrfereac*  m  po- 

litical affair*  of  T'nit'--!  Stales  and 
action  lit  396. 

Civil  Service  discussed  '74, 

19,  5429,  5888, 
5689,  5OT8,  I.     (8ee 

also  Civil  Bert 
Con;  to   take 

recess  until  enactment  <if  financial 
legislation,   A 
Corr  I    by   Senate 

respecting  relations  with  Spain  re- 
fund by,  6: 
Cuban     insurrection    am)     policy    of 
■••■I     States     regarding.     <li-> 
eassed  by,  6068.  61 
Referred   to   by    President    V 
••.291. 
Currearv  n  jilan  of.  indorsed 

by.'59S5. 
I>i»co***d    by,     3993,     S999.    6072, 
0091.  61 

tb    of.    announced   by    Roosevelt, 
6261. 

-••  power  of  President  over 
Bocninations,    removals,    and    Other 

Flnoeca    discussed    by,    4984,   5092, 

M07.  6166  3964. 

.   5995,  5999.  6072.  6091,  6135, 

used     by,    4912. 

4064.  0O08,  6087.  0 
laaognral  address  of — 
Plr- 

•»»  illustration  oppo- 
.039. 
.    asylum    discaaaed   by,  5867. 
reasserted  bv,  6064, 

fograpb  of,  last,  oppoait--  7204. 

vetoea   of,   W7u.    5071,   5072, 
:.:,  6193. 
Portrait  of,  4881. 

I*©wer-  I  an.l  Stale  Govern- 

strata    diseussed     l.v.    4960,     4992, 
499*!.  5924, 

6f>;     ' 

.mat  ions  of — 

n  of  I'tab,  6180,  am)  illus 

tration  opposite  . 

Can  Debt  permitted  to  aid 

dis.i  -els     In     American 

water*,  5828. 
igo  riots.  59.11. 
Copyright  privilege  to — 
Chile,  o 

t>  mark.  5827. 
Mexico,  6022. 

-  ,;o. 
Spam.  6i>24. 


Pbo 

Poe 


Death  of— 
Grant,  4893. 
i.n  -liam.  608ft 
Discriminating  duties  suspended  on 
vessels  from — 
Cuba  and  Puerto  Rieo.  3075,  5135. 
I'hdippuie   l.lan.l- 
Duties  suspended  on  vessels  from— 
M  del  Toro,  Colombia,  I 
Cuba    and    Puerto   Bico,    KM| ■•  i 

sion  of,  revoked,  601  L 
<;.-riii;iiiv.  5326. 
Revoked,  I 
,iiii.  6030 
Guadeloupe,  B 
X*th»rlnnd*.  5154. 
Trinidad,  -is-.,. 
Kxtraordinary  session  of — 

I  sag!  i       '-28, 

.te,  5428,  6230. 
Import;.'  itl  b     (.ri.iiii.it ion 

mi,  suspended,  0026. 
Lands — 

Qraated  Chicago,  Milwaukee  and 
St      Paul     Kailwav     forfeited, 
68 1 1 
In    Grocr   County    bonmlnry   dis- 
pute not  to  be  told,  S32& 
Opened  to  settlement,  5838,6016, 

6018,  8020    'KI26. 

Set  apart  m  rrablle.  reservation. 

■  ".     i864.    S3  '       6808.    6807. 

0209,   6811,    6213,    6816;    8810. 

6218,    6219,    6221,    6222,    6223, 

0287. 

Modifying  order  reserving  lands  in 

Alaska.  6128. 
Neutr.vht  )  ■ .-- 1  i  ii  n    in  Cuba, 

6023,  6126. 

Ilr.lcr    r.  lloUX   1/iihIh  til   pull- 

lie  domain  declared  void,  4890. 
Pardons  to  polygainist*.  5942. 
Provonting  extermination  of  seals  in 

-•-■■-..  •;-■  i ...  ■ 
Thanksgiving,     4895,     5076.     5156, 

13    8025    '1127. 
Unauthorized  occupancy  of — 
Indian  reservations,  4892. 
LrihIn  in  liniiun  Territory,  4888. 

n-ful  combinations  in — 
Washington  Territory,  4Sf)6, 
Weetera  State*,  68 
Unlawful  Ineloaora  of  public  lands, 

BaSlOVall  from  oll'iee,  transmission  of 

paper-  tegardtag,  refnaed  by,  4960. 
of  asylum  discussed  by.  3981. 
Sherman    Act,    repeal    of    purehusing 
'•.074. 
Beeommraded  by,  5833. 

ial  pension  message  of,  5833. 
State  of  the  Union  discussed  by,  4909, 

5358,  6146. 
Tariff  discussed  bv,  4926,  5093,  5109, 
5339,  3890.  5984,  6173. 


Cleveland 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Thanksgiving  proclamation*  of,  4S05, 
6070,  5156,  C328,  681  ,  CO  Jo, 

6127. 
Union  and  Confederate  flags,  return 
of,   to   respective  State*  recom- 
mended by,  5163. 
Proposition  withdrawn,  5164. 
Veto    of    bill,    authorizing    Arkansas 
N.  W.  By.  Co.  to  construct  tal 
through  Indian  Territory,  6012. 
Washington's  inauguration,   celebra- 
tion of  centennial  of,  5371. 
Wedding  of,  see  illustration  onnosito 
5407. 
Closed  Shop.— A  term  used  to  describe  con- 
ditions    of     employment     In     establishments 
where  only  members  of  trade  anion   hi.  i  i 
are  or  may  be  employed,  usually  by  agree. 
in. -in  between  ti mployert  ana  the  treat 

unlout,  as  distinguished  (rum  tin-  open 
(q,  y.). 

Closure, —The  practice  of  aliuttlnit  off  do- 
bete  on  a  subject  In  a  deliberative  body, 
usually  by  applying  the  "previous  question," 
for  which  a  two-thirds  vote  U  necessary, 
(see  Senatorial  Courtesy.) 
Clothing  Trade.— It  Is  only  within  recent 
times  that  the  manufacture  of  ready- 
n:  i.i.  liniiiioi  csune  i"  i"'  Looked  upon  ■  in 
Industry  Inviting  (be  Investment  of  capital 
am]  th"  energies  .if  trained  bu«inc«<  men 

Trior  to   ls.'iu    tin-    imlm-..    wemi    i"   basTS 
been  limited  to  shipping  supply  men  ; 
who     kept     •     email    stock    of    garments 
adapted  to  the  use  of  sailors,  who  f.uin.l  no 

c   rrom 

pons  to  have  clothes  mailo  to  their  mea- 
sure, as  was  the  custom  among  th-  lnn.l.- 
ni.  ii.  fli..  .  ill  .f  shipping  ports,  ihiTefore, 
liecnmc  the  early  centers  of  the  i 
clothing  trade.  Now  Bedford.  M-.iss..  the 
homo  port  of  th»'  whnllug  Industry,  was 
tb*  early  nucleus  of  the  trade.  It  then 
spread  to  Boston  nnd  Xcw  York.  Migra- 
tion to  the  West,  nnd  especially  the  hurried 
.|..|.m  mi.,  of  gold-seekcni  for  California  In 
144U.  gave  nn  Impetus  to  the  business,  nud 
factories     nnd     -  enrr.t  Ins     mi 

stocks  began  to  succeed  custom  tnllor  shops. 
One  of  the  first  to  engage  In  the  whole- 
sale   ninuufiieti.re    of   clothing    was   Goorgo 

Opd.Tkc.       nn,',.       IIUIS..I-      i.f       N.MV        '. 

.ii-iiii   k  in   test.     Be  ind   hi .    roe- 

Cessors  opened  stores  In  New  Orleans.  Mem- 
phis and  Charleston,  wi.i.ii  ..  .1  on 
until  tbe  Sloes  "f  lbs  Civil  ...  sop- 

Sled  I  •        Boateer  Erndes  of  clothing, 

ohn    T.    Mai  tin    conducted    n    prosperous 
business  In  Rt.  Louis  before  tbe  civil   we*. 

!i't  of  which  grew  the  present  firm  of 
tngers.  1'cct  &  Co..  of  Now  York.  Thomas 
Cbattorton,  n  merchant  of  New  Raven,  i>.-- 
gan  to  manufacture  ready-urn  de  riotbing  in 

lull,  nnd  opened  s  store  In  New  York.  In 
IMS  John  II.  Browning,  of  New  York,  es- 
Cabllshed  a  branch  store  In  Csllfornla.  nud 

■  ".ii  i .i"  shipping,  large  qnsntltl f  ibe 

conrscr    grades    of    men's    clothing    to    the 

•    In    th*    gold   field*.     Tb*    buslu.'x 

which  he  founded  ni   thai  time  i«  "tin   In 

nee.      At    the   outbrenk   of   tbe   cMi 

WOf    Browning  obtained   o   ontrnet   to    for- 

limn  a   million  dollars'  worth  of 

< I. .Hi lug  for  the  L'nton  army. 

The  Invention  of  the  sewing  mnehlno  con- 
lied  ulihiu  factory  walTs  much  of  the 
work  thai  had  previously  been  dose  m  the 
bomes  of  work  people,  and  the  'nttlng 
)ii:u  hi  in  ■.  with  a  capacity  for  twenty-four 
tUKUuvwes  of  cloth,  further  cbeaponed  the 


work.  The  following  figures  show  tbe 
taring  of  in.,   la  lbs  making  of  loo  suits 

of   clothes   under   the   factory    system; 

By  tbe  use  of  the  sponging  m 
clolU  for  100  costs  Is  prrpsred  by  two 
persons  In  1  hour  and  IS  minutes,  as 
against  11  hours  and  40  minutes  by  bund: 
for  100  pairs  of  trousers  tbe  time  Is  1 
bom  sad  s  minutes,  as  against  8  hoars  end 
20  minutes  by  hand:  for  JOO  vesta  the 
time  Is  20  minutes,  again. i  3  hours  s 

By  use  of  a  machine  cutting  10 
thicknesses  of  doth,  throe  persons  now 
ronsrine    4    hours   am!  :i    rwt- 

I Inj  ""i  100  cents,  against  93  hours  and 
in    minutes    when    cut    by   bond:    foe    the 

u  the  machine  time  I.  n 
and  58  minutes,  against  10  bourn  and  4U 
nilnulee  t,y  band  I  and  for  the  rests  1  boar 
and  M  minutes,  against  11  boors  east 
40  minutes.  The  sewing  of  th*  seams 
shows,  of  course,  the  grcstest  savlag. 
While  It  took  1,000  hours  to  sew  tbe  coots 
by  hand.  It  takes'  only  no  hours  sod  40 
inlnutet      on      the      power     driven      •• 

:  fur  the  trousers  tbe  band  Hint 
wei  433  hours  nnd  20  niluiilta :  by 
machine,  04  hours  and  17  minutes.  For 
n\v  tig   th..    i.    i .    the  •   was  41« 

i. ..ni •.   mill   M   minutes  and   by  machine  44 
hours    and    35    minutes.      Other    open 
"indlngly    cheapened. 

A  pecaUar  feature  of  tbe  men's  clotting 
about    three-fifth*   <.: 
■nnients    mukn   eloihlng    tiy    contract 
from      .n.ii.'.-i  il  i      furnished      by      o: 

i    the   sweat-sh'.i 
.  Ilmlnatcd  many  of  the  tartaric*  are  srosll 
The    total    num.. 

•   was  4^lai>.  .in.l  .  r  .    were 

.1      shops,      The 

i  was  173,747.  of  w:  :    were 

employed   In   tbe   contract   shops  ami 
In    the    regular   fuel  or  I   «.      I 

lei   nf  wages  wntracl   shops  paid  *SX.- 

■•'.     nnd     the     regular 
f  5(1.300.(1 

uct     was     MBS.2I  <22*,- 

154.920  was  added  by  mscuf*  lure.  Of 
this    Intter  sheaf   em- 

trlbnted  143,085,416.  end  lb*  regular  f»c- 
lorles  $iyii.li;:i:.il  These  ngurvs  do  not 
Include  shirts  and  furnishing  goods, 

Women's   rlnthlng.— The  manufacture  of 
sromcus  eiothlng  ns  s  commrrc!:. 
did   not  start   until   Hi*  early   s.nieK.      At 
that   tlmo  only   cloaks  sod    mauUllas  were 
Hindi-    for  (lie  trade       Until   1SS0  the  trsfXlc 
In    women's   ready-made  clothing    su- 
nned olmost  entirely  to  elosks. 
lima    the     i  ills    brsncS    was    c»ts»i» 

lUhed.     During  the  last  decade  all  the  *»!»■ 
ferent  articles  which  are  comprised  Iti 
collective   term    lingerie   have  been  pot    «30 
the  market  ready  made. 

The  development  of  the  factory  has  b^« 
on  lines  similar  to  those  of  the  men  • 
eloihlng  establishments.      A   greater  ir;  r« 

of  skill  la  r ilrcd  of  the   workers  in   «t'" 

brnncb  of  the  business,  nnd  womea  has** 
almost  entirely  displaced  mi  g 

Tho     Inst    census     reported    4.B3S    s"*<* 


torles  nud  shops,  employing  153.743  wo«J 
earners,  turning  out  a  titiUhed  prodovj 
valued  iii  f3N4.iSl.041r,  Of  which  amount 
.      added    bj    tun: 


'I  M  .  shows   the   reniarkabl*  Inn 

I860  when   there   n   n  only   188  shops  «»• 

ploying  5,730  workers. 

Cloture.     (See  Closure.) 

Coal  Fields  of  Alaska,  7720. 

Coal  Lauds.— Th*  United  Suites  Icid*  I 

world,   both   in  the  production  of  coal 

tbe  extent  of  Its  coal   llelda     The  ares  i 

known    deposits    Is   nearly    280,000    sqo 


Encytlopedic  Indca 


Co«l-Tar 


in*; 

I 


mile*.     The   average   annual  yield   for   five 

1<    ccd.BC    with    IU>8    was    about    425.- 
OjxOO   tot*.     Thla   Is   worm    about    $1.50 
per  too  at  the  mines. 

Tb«  coal   8*!ds  arc  (reaped   for  conven- 
ience Into  Hi"  following  il.iuii.a>:  Ibc  Ap- 

SaJach.in.  eltCHOii-g  trow  ■.«**  the.  New 
srlvaola  State  lino  smith- 
■Hy  through  the  western  half  or  I 
•juaina  and  eastern  oino.  western  Mary- 
land,  aoathweet  Virginia. -all  of  West  Vir- 
ginia, riKirn  Kentucky  and  Tennessee  Into 
north  central  Aliil.ama,  and  covering  about 
70. soo  square  nlles      Tbs  rn   interior 

cover  western  Indiana,  cearly  the 
whole  Stat*  of  initio.*,  a-.u  part  of  Ken- 
tucky, and  are  about  G8.000  square  milea 
la  extent.  The  northern  Interior  neld  • 
a  large  area  In  the  southern  peninsula  of 
Michigan,  and  U  about  11.300  ■ 
lo    extent.     The  west    ecu!  ml    fii 

■•eatera  Iowa  acrou  wcitera  Mn 
uortbwewern     Arkauasa    and     eastern     Ne- 
braska and  Kansas,  and  through   CMcIn 
and  boa  aa  area  of  at 

Mountain    Held 
loelodea    tte    numerous    il  stcaa 

in   narrow   belts   ni 
of    tltc    range    from   tbn    Canadian    frontier 
southward    for   a    thousand    mil**     These 
o«iir   In   Montana.    Utah.    Wyoe. 
rado    and    New    Mexico,    and    have    a    tmnl 
area   of   anas*   -IS.iWO    equnre    miles.     Tbe 
raciOe  coast  eoal  fields  occur  in  •  uilf  orals, 
Orafoo  and   Washington.     Those  of   v 
Ingtnn  are  of  the  must   Importance,  supply- 
ing   fuel    for    rn'lronds   ami  pa,    as 
ell  s>  ibe  market  of  .--on  atmncUeo. 

•  if    collusion   on 
part  of  tbe  Union  I'arlflc  Railroad  and 
sldisry  companies  In   the  acquisition  of 
lent  Roosevelt,  through  th* 
or    Department.    In    p  itHlli. 

rear   from   settlement  0-1  OOO.Onft  nrrca 
of  mineral    lauds    ho    Nortb  and  South   Ha- 

kota.    Montana.    Wr inr.    Colorado,    New 

Mexico.  Utah.  Washington  a  (if 

-.  000.000  acres  wcr»  later  op 

In   I»»oembor    tin-   I'realdent   lent 

a   special  message   to  Coteress  urging    the 

repeal  or  revision  of  the  timber,  atom 

desert  l»ud  acta  .  mutation  clause 

Then,  in  February. 

1»T.    President    Roosevelt   aent   a    second 

Swclsl  aseaaag*  to  Congress  ur-Tlne  lcgiala- 
hb  for  tb«  preservation  of  the  eoal,  oil, 
lusher  and  grsxlng  lands  (p.igc  <4ISi.  110 
especially  urged  Ibnt  Iba  Government  b 
tb  rljej  to  retain  i  lie  :■•  lb*  eoal  lands 
with  a  avsteta  of  leasing  for  (pining  jnir- 
r.  •■-.  Hi  pointed  '"it  ttmt  soma  aneh 
sratem  bss  been  adopted  In  every  coal  mln. 
lac  country  of  Europe  ol  Ilrltaln. 

Aaont  tbe  advmtscca  h»  pointed  out.  were 
<-*erratlon   of   fnela  especially   suited 
to  certa'n  Industries.  Increased  opportunity* 
ll    miners    without    capital,    lb( 

Tie  nubile    iralntt    unreasonable 
snd    d  for    '"''•!.    the 

prevention  of  wholesale  land  'mud*,  and 
the  ruthless  exp'""»tlon  of  the  Natlon'a 
resources    (page  T41B). 

Coal  Lands: 

Withdrawal  of.  from  ontry  or  nettle- 
ni»nt  and  government  ownership  of, 
recommended,  7038. 

oral  of  duty  on  anthracite,  recom- 
mended, 8714. 
Coaling  Stations.  (Soo  Naval  Stations.) 
Coalition.— A  working;  undemanding:  ef- 
fected by  opposition  partlea  or  factions  for 
th*  parposc  of  (II  i  I  lotion  or  aeeom- 

pushing  other  parposea  mutually  desired. 


rcc 

Feme 

me 


Coal-Tar   l*Mdncts. — Popular    Interest   In 

i«   cantered   mainly    In    dyeatuff* 

■ad   the  oilier  refined  drags  and  chemicals 

d    from   It.      "i  l,  «   for 

commercial  lias    developed     Utile 

-    of    t  iicjc    product*,    and    baa 

n  lent  upon   Europium  natlOtU]  lor 

the    bulk    Of    tier     supply. 

In  why  tblo  condition  exists 

•  one  In  mind  the  fan 
only  about  10  per   cant  uf  coal 

"iii .-    .iii i 

per  •  Hie   mnnulii 

of   pitches   and   vaifoui    heavy   otla.   forms 
tbe  i.«>ii  of  an   Indoatry   alraail.i    wii   <le- 
•uea.      Coal    tar, 
however.   1*  not   the   only   source   of   what 
are    commonly    known    aa    "coal-tar"    dyoa 
"gaa  lieoaol,"  or  luibt 
oil.  wiin n  la  all- 1 in.  ttd  from  coal  gas,  and 
Is   therefore,   like  tar.  a  by  product   , 
carbonLtatlon   of    coal,    constitutes   an    Im- 
pnriaut   commercial    source  of  these   Kilned 
products.     "Gas  benzol."  unlike  tat,  hi 
constituents  that  eannol  ba  ntillxad  la  mak- 
ing dyes  and  relltnil   chemical   preparation*. 
About  "5  per  cent  of  tbe  combined  yield 
of  tar  and  "bensol"  may  be  maile  imn  (be 
and  refined  chemicals  for  winch 

lea  naa  bct.i i   piactlcally  depend 

ed  on  Germany.     The  grots   market   value 
Ol  these  refined  products  made  fiom  tbe  S3 
per  ci  nt   portion  Is  probably  at  least  twleo 
that  of  th-  pitch  and  heavy  oils  . 
from  tin-  t.-i  per  cent  portion, 

ii tea  has  the  row  material, 
namely,  blgli-gt:  •:  rent  abundance 

•ell    suited    for   making  all 
(be  tnr  product?  consumed   In   th 
In  the  cnlendar  year  1013  Ibe   I 

produced  aboul    :  >0, >, piionn  of  •  . -r 

lar  ana  7.600,000    -.I'l'ir-  at  "gas  bengal." 
less  than  500.000  gallons  of  tar  Delni 
ported.    The  ontpnl  of  bltnmlnous  eoaii  the 
source    of  viaa    somewhat    mora 

than  4*5.000,000  tons.  Germany,  with  a 
Coal    out  :n: :  lo    III" 

tame  year,  prednerd  more  thnn  s.vi.(Mii>.<Kiit 
gallona  of  con  I  tar  and  about  ,'O.onn.O'iO 
gallons  of  benzol.  3.500.000  gallons  of  tar 
bring  Imported,     Pvld  ntly,   la   the   n 

(  coal  to  make  inr  and  "lieorol."  tbe 
I'nlt'd  Stales  Is  far  behind  Gertnnny.  Also. 
In  the  utilisation  of  tar  and  "bonsai"  to 
make  the  numt   refined   ami   ealnabla   prod- 

Lho   united   Statos  io-»  l" 
many   expurted    In    the    fiscal   year   ending 
.linie     no,     1:11:1      eoiil-tar    ilyeatuffa 
over  $55,000,000.  whereas  tbe  United  8 
Iri  the   >oine  year  Smriori'-d  dyestufft   ■ 

gio.000,000 — practical  ump- 

Of  the  BO'Cal  '>r  products."  nuui'U. 

coal   inr  Itself,  and  light  oil  01 

rol"   Stripped    from   eoal   SJUL     The    'or  and 

"benxol"     produced      from      American      coal 

not    !„•   in  any    wnv    inferior   to 

Iirodneed  in  Rnrope.    This  country  nrod 
han  one-third  of  tbe   guan- 
of    tnr  and    about   7    per    cent    of    the 

quantity  ol  In   1ni1ii1ic.11   10   th< 

eoal  remaining  In  the  great  iklug 

coal  In  western  i*cnn<i|vunla.  wh'ch  pro- 
duces   over   00   m  mad* 

in   iii,.   (Tailed   States,   ibis  ss  on 

entirely  adequate  soarce  of  tar,  "bctisol," 
and  otlnr  by-nroducls  In  the  coklne  cnM 
r,f  other  il  itrlcts  Cosl  Qelda  In  vPeaJ  Vlr- 
rrlnln.  \Trglnls.  and  »ai  acky  which 

now  aupnly  many  bv  product  cote  otwii 
eaa  wiirk^  may  be  drawn  .,n  f,.r  much  more 
coklne  conl  than  thef  now  nrodaee 

and   s    ler-gta  tars  formed  from  the 

petrolentn    u«i-d    In    the    manufacture   of  "0« 

produced  In  Iba  rnii.il  Btafes  In  iniS 

to  the  amount  of  33.ftno.iNin  gn'lonit. 

tar  la  separated  by  distillation  Into  a  num- 


Cod-Tar 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


'.    fraction.,    rarli   of   which   aervcsi    a* 
the  banc  for  tbu  manufacture  or 
BOM    ilj'  liil.nf    pro.lu.ia. 

■  ill  —  Between     00.000.000     and 

Iimi.im (i  gallon*  of  creosote   oil, 

HI   nearly    f<l,Out>,000,   were  .   mauincd    la    Iho 

1  all.-,]  M. in  the  year  1013  for  tin-   lm- 

lii'.'Kiiatlon  and  preservation  .if  v. I      it* 

ably   lnjlf   •  ■  amotion   wai   for    the 

treatment  of  railroad  ti.  -.  mid  u i  of  th.- 

lemaiud.-r    for    paving    blocks,     tilling,    and 

lural  tlmbci  tl ntlrc 

mptlon   na.   Imported      Coal   Ur  yield) 
I   .    to   "><'   per   rent    ')1    etvO»oto   oil,   according 
to    tin-   klucl    of   tnr.   pad*    of   oil.    -<nd    the 
I  desired   In   Hi.-   residual   |.u.  h 

.Ini/ixp   Hun  nrc   mod.-   I ■  li  1.-I1  v    h t...n- 

»ene,    toluene,    and    phenol.     "Aniline    oil," 

the     crude      Int.  mi.  .Dm,      |.i 

reduction     ..r    Dltrobonacoe,     «■■    imports 

luto    the    l  iiii.d     Rtatn    in     1013    to     Hi.. 

i    ..f    •j,.HMi,i«i(i    nouftda,    .mil    onllluo 

salt*,  nix.,  i  .iini-   product,   to   thg 

it    of    Dearly    5.000.000    pound.         I ' ■  a ■  - 

aniline   dyes    niniiiifiK'tm.  .1    In    to) intry 

are  made  almost  eotlmJ  from  Import* 

llate rai  r  ol  nnl- 

lloe  dye*  consumed  In  thla  country  annually 
would  probably  tn.t  require  over  S.00O.OCK) 
gallon*   of   "hi.nx.il " 

Saphthatrn*  I»  the  source  of  a  law  ntim- 

M I     through     various     In- 

'  ■'">.  •!•--'"■-  The    eo*ln    dyea    are 

derived    from    resorcln,    a    benten*    pi 

•  nd    pbthallc   arid,    n    naphthal |in 

Artificial  Indigo,  maili.  rrnm  naphthalene. 
w*«  Imported  Into  the  I'nlted  Ntatoa  la 
I'1 1        to    tin-    am t     of    marly    8.000,000 

.1  valued  n'  II.IBO.OOO  Nanbthalene 
•uoufh  r.o  making  the  dyna  of  tin*  clan 
iiH.-.i  in  tmcrlcn  i'. .old  be  obtained  fcni 
the  domestic  production  of  coal  tar.  Aver- 
age tar  carries  between  (1  per  cent  ODd  10 
|kt   rvnt   of   nnpbthalcnc. 

Jktliartn  J)//c»  are  made  from  ntiilnu.     ne. 

An  ad.-uu.it ilj    ..f  anlhracrne  for  Umbo 

dyea  l>  nt  hand  In  American   cool   tar.      Ile- 

tween    1    pet   cent    nn.i   a   per   era)    - .  ■  •  - 1 - 

anlhraeeiie  Is  contained  In  coal  Inr.  and  (lie 
amount  of  pur.  . it, iih. i, , mi,-  in  the  inr  pro- 
duced In  the  tnlted  mate*  Id  101.1  waa 
probably  at  least  s.iiiai.ixKi  pound*.  In  the 
same  year   tl  .f  allmrln  dyea  were 

more     than     s.imik.imxi     pound",     valued     at 
.(•00. 
Purr  Phriwl  lor  carbolic  ncldl  occura  In 

the   light  and   nil. 1. 1 H    in    the   apeelal 

"iarliolle-oll"  fraction  ..r  <-..nl  uir  Between 
o.:i  and  1,0  per  .-.-tit  of  tin-  average  crude 
tar  la  phenol.  It  may  be  mnnufnetured 
synthetically     also     from     benr.otic     through 

bcui -anlphonlc     u.hl         AlK.nl     R..i<M>,iM*> 

pounds  of  carbolic   acid   were  Imported   Into 
the  l  tilted  Btate*  In   1918.     Phenol  l 
not  only  as  a  drug  and   antiseptic,  but   «Im.. 
to  a  conalderable  extent  In  the  manufacture 

..r  picric  acid  foi  exploafvat  ami  ..f  .-. ■  r i n in 

,:t,.      \n..ther  n»..  of  growing  Impor- 
tance  I*  the  manufacture  of  hard.   Infusible. 
pbou*   suhstancea   resembling   celluloid. 
Brniolo    anil   KnUivUr     t.iif«.    Hie    plinln- 
craphlr    deTelopcra.    "metol,"    "rhndol."     or 
.i. .n."     bydroqu  nom .     ite       man*     .Iran, 
»ueb    •  *    neeinnlll.le.    nhenaectln,    saccharin, 
antlpyrlne.   acetyl    aallcyllc   acid    laaplrtnl, 
great   variety   of  other    refined   rliem- 
l-fll    products    used    In    romiwiriii  U.-ls    i- 1 1 irt  1 1 
(liinmltlea.  ate  derived  from  cnnl  tnr.  chls-lly 
from    the    light  oil    or   carbollc-oll    fraction 
A    Inrire   part    of   the   amount    COMUIIiad     In 
Ul«    I'nlted   BIat<-«  ha«   heen   Imported. 

BHptoffct* — The     coal-tar     produeta      of 
■  t     Importnnee    na    raw    nuiterlnl-    In 

•  he  exploalvea  Induatry  of  *he  Tniteil  Stut.-v 
are  beniene.  toluene,  naphthalene,  and  phe- 
nol    (carbolic    acid).       Aa    rxplnalv.-a     On 


of     rrxal-t- 
rlvailvea   ore   ummI   aa   huratlnB   char); 
.ililo.ive    iir..j.  iillca.   torpedoea.   and   alnea, 
and  alao  for  detonator*  and  primer*      Tb» 
moat    commonly    known    Maatlnir  expl 
uai'd  In  tin.,  ceootry,  black 
and     'atralitlit"   nliroitlyiyrla  dynamite, 
tain   no   coal-tar   derliailvao. 

uacd   In    the   .»|. io.lv.  •    Induatry    than   anr 
other    nltroi-iiiMtltudon    componoda. 
rryatalllne    tlinltrotolutna    >.an    i-. 
of   the    mutt   .111. I. in    rxploxlVM 
exploah  and   mloea.   and 

Ih    e»ieiMi..iv     uaed     by    almoat     • 
porta  in    military   acrvlo-,    Including    Ibi 
tblx  country,      lo  .r»  It   h»«  alaa 

...oi,     mi,,   gat   aa   a   aubatltote   for   a   larac 
proportion   of  the   mercury   fulminate   In  de- 
tonator*   ibla.tliuc   cap.  i    and    aa    a    . 
for  detonalhiK  fii»e,  i tiihiLij.. 

are    uaed    to   aomc   nt-m.    eln.-ilv 
tl»er»    In    the   "abort. flame"    |K-rml>»llile    •  i- 
pkwlvea  of   Hie   iiiiimonliim-rilliale  type. 

l-i.-.i,      in./    nn.i    ..iialn   of   the    plcrmtea 
are    lilahly    Important   n<    nillltor.. 
ploalvea  ;     the     mid     Is     nl 
inrflcal   drcaaloga   for  burn*  and   wounda. 

The   uiiiiiii'ii.  lure  of  theae  compound*  d"- 

pelnK    ellllrely    oil     pheUo)     |  ,.||     t> 

a   ma-   matei  lal 

iii.-  po--.ii.nitii-»  of  th.-  n»..  ..(  Hi,,  nitre. 

derivative.,  of  .-..altar  products  In  .-xpl- 
nrr    far    itr.'a'.  r    ihau     U    Indicated    bj 
above   brief   aummnry.       Mu.-h    lnveatl«atlva 
work  on  am-h    rompoun.l"    I 
on  in  thla  country  aa  well  aa  abrond.  fr-.m 
niil.li    Important    dcvclopmeota    In     th 

Sloalvea   art    may    mrnit.      Th..    i 
ha-   Inatltuted  a  ayalemal 
Into  tin    preparation*  ami  propertli 
nltroauhntlrntlon   compounda  with  a  vie 

ag  thelf  poialbllltlea  iu  Cbc  .-iploalvea 
Induatry, 

Coast  and  Ooodetlc  Burrey.— Tne  CoMi 

and    (Jeodiile    Survey    of    Iha    DcpMfOIMII    pf 

Commeree    la  charted   with    th*    «urv 
the  coaata  of  the  Tnlted  Statea  and  coaata 
under     the    Jurladlrtlon     thereof,     and     th* 
publication   of  eharta  covering   aald   coaata. 
Thla   Include*   baae   meaaure.    trlanrutatlon. 
:  'lpby    and    hydrography    alone    sabl 
.coaata;  the  aurvey  of  rlvera  to  the  bead  oT 
tide    water    or    ahlp    nnrliratlon.     d>*p-*r*k. 
■oundlng*.   temperature    and    current    - 
vatloni   aloriK   anld   coaatt    and    tbroiiKhooC 
the  Gulf  and  Japan  atreama,  macuatlc  ob— 
aervatloim  and   reo-arrhea   and   the   puMlra- 
tlon    of    map*   ahowlnir    the    variation*    onT" 
terrcatrlol     maimetlam :     cravlty     raoeareb  m 
determination   of   helitht  i,   i  tie  del 
of   RCoitraphlr    poaitlona    by   attronomlc   a*i   - 
aervntiona   for   latitude,   long-ltnde    and    ail  — 
mutb,  and  by  trlansulatlon  to  furnlab  r»f»r  - 

i point*     for     ntnte     an  trey*     and     !«. » 

co-ordinate  irnvernmeiitnl   aurvera. 

The  reiult*  obtained  are  published  In   »r»- 
nual    reporla    and    In    ajie.-lal    pnbllral 
.-hart*   upon    TarlooB   a.-nle-.    In.-ludlnc   aall - 
InE  eharta.  general   chart*  of  the   coaat   anal 
harbor   eharta:    tide    table*    I » tiled   annually 
in  advance;  coaal  plh.ra  «nti  lai'ini: 
tlon*  cnverlnrr  the  navigable  water* :  notice?* 
to  mariner*  rutted  weekly  a*  a  Joint  ■ 
cation    of    the    Coaal    and    fleodotlc    Survey 
and    the    llnreau    of    Llfhtbonaaa    and    coo- 
tnlnlng   current    Infonnntlnn    neceaaar' 
aafe    navigation:    catalogue*   of   eharta   an.l 
publication)    and  aach  other  publicntioiia  u 
may  be  required  to  carry  out   the  orgaal' 
law  goTcrnlng  the  aurvey. 

Court  and  Ctoodstlc  STjrr»yjr.  act  rcaprrt 
Infr  printing  of  report  of,  in  quarto 
form,  returned,  8100 


hfedk  in 


Coinage 


Coast  Artillery. -The    Coast   Artillery    of 
tar  t:  ■  Am;  ws«  first  organised 

lalu  .. 

Army    Kr-orgsalsatUm    Acl 

w  I  ha  I  inn.-,  the  Coast 

1  of  120  b  >l 

i  .|.'. -in  i,i    u»>  7i8  officer*  null  19,010 

cecal  aiilllcry  la  denned  a*  "the 

il  ud    U*>    of 

too  filed  ami  movihl     . 

:  unifications.  Including  [lie  submarine 
mlu»  and  torpnSo  defeoaea."      It  conn: 

i  shall 
n   chief.   H 
J  III  raptulna.  210  flrst  lli-iib-onm*.  210  sec- 
mats  and  nibotdlnste  ulltcrra  In 

Iifnpor  .     ,-|i   company    la    romin led 

i"    captain,   under  whom   arc  one   lint 
lirut'fiaut.  oiia  seiond  lieutenant,   one  nr«t 

minor 

War     l>cpurtroent    and 
Arsoy  > 
Coast  Cities,  protection  for.     (8«o  Do- 

1   ulilic,  provision  for.) 
Coast  Defenses  ft,  Put. lie.) 

Coaat  Ou.it  ■•  act  appeared  Jan. 

i.y  Senator  TuwiMcnd 

■     iter  Bervli 

f»   Xarlnc  Service  were  combined    In 

ele    lira-    bodj    to    lw    known    ss    the 

:   Meant.     It  proi  lu    limes  of 

IB-see  tba  new  arai  of  the   111  il  It  ii ry   a 

ill.'    Treasury    I>i  , 
■assst.  "   the 

«wtci  'il.  'ii  .,f    the 

••    lall-ll    frvilll    the    II' 

in,'     rank*    and 

.      »!  111.     IIII.l 

'if.     Raving 
—  were  iiiin>f.Tril  lo  I  he  Cn  i-i  Guard 
«llh  •  .ink  »d  pay.    The  I 

uimi  .1   ivii-,  i'li"  • 

"*•  aaad>    "!    Iwu    -lit-  f-    of  division 
aary    .  r    *.;.•">"    a    year.      Th-    laws    nnd 

aauierclliv-         III"         i!l-'"l>tlmied 
.I'll 

iiperlntend'  ril    "f   tie 

i      pcli- 

•ksi  of  "3  per  lent,  of  aalary  and   I « ■  ■  ■  office 

Oeut  8nrvey: 

■  i.  030,  «B0,  1477,  41W2.  WH$>. 
■21. 
tiM|  -    coast,    sites. 

fur. 
\r>r  rvnaplctUia  of.  '"  ".  <~~ 

:.    to     N'avy     Department 
recommended.  4727. 
VnwIi  employes!  in  prosecuting,  ls.iri. 

of  United  8Ul*t,  fiirvi'v  el 

,  493S,  S019. 

toMlO  Club.     An  nrjcjnli.iili.il  of   lending 

EW*    free    trader.,    r.nm.-il     In     IWW    In 

r  t4  Kicks    i  It    had    for    it* 

•  I'    those    principle* 

anient 

i...  ,,i...| 

pinners  In    London    and 

■Make*  i'-ta,     pamphlet*     and 

■to  nam    lie  ide    f"r 

?•»  4lat riVait Ion    In    America         iglnml    and 

*»  Minn  ..       Tl I ■'    h.'id     l'« 

Jf«  a»j-»r  in  l^oadon  July  21.  l*-.n.  arim 

am    the    chair       June    27. 
IK",  a   status     "'    i,..hden    wna    unveiled    at 
landee   Town.      In  July.    1M0.    12   out   of 
•  -.nibcr*.      It  haa 
toeerary     members    several     Am 
aaaatatata    and    atateamen       Recently    tbe 
.  baa  a.-nulred  a  dlatlnrt  polltl- 


<wl  character,  having  :  alined  wllb 

:  Ttunea  of  (be  Liberal  and   Tree  Trade 
Tartle* 

Code.  —1.  A  key  by  which  a  aocrct  menace 
may     be  ,  deciphered     only     by     tbo     person 

liar  with  or  having  aeceaa  to  On da. 

2.  A  systematized  *et  of  rulea  :  aa  the  mili- 
tary rode  f'ir  (he  jiorernlns  nl  the  Army  :  Urn 
nuval  code  for  tbe  surerntDS  of  tbe  Nary. 

Codo  of  16C0.     (9pe  Luillow's  Code 
Codes.     (See    Criminal    Code ;    Naval 

CJode.) 
Comr  d'Alene,  Idaho,  military  reserva- 

t  ion  granted  to  city,  C'.' 
Ooeur  d'Altaaa.     (8ee  Indian  Tribes.) 
Coffee: 

Consular  reports  on  production  of  and 
trad*  in.  among  Central  and  I 
American  stilt'-    fii.-iiil    t,,,  5201. 
Dntaaa  on — 

Eti  idiiinieii'le.l  I17  Prealdent^ 
Qrant,  i 

Hajm  4-122.  4.111. 
Pol:  108. 

rre.l  I",  VI'".". 

iiejieai  of,  recommended,  4001. 
Cohnawagas.     (0ee  ilica.) 

Coin. — a  piece  el  netal  sBaj  flnj  to 

i-"i.  rune m  ,i.  I.n  uiili  a  llied  TBltie  for  o«e 
aa  BOBtJi 

Coinage. — A  term  employed  to  dcacrlbo 
tola    In    |Mn*Ml    •.hen    ii«ed   *•    money:    1 1 ■ . ■ 

"ininc.    iSee  Cotni  -iti'i  cbfaan 
Lawa.) 
Coinage  Laws.— The  »nhject  of  eelos 

!     [he     .-ally     Htteiillim  ntil.Tl 

.if  in..  Goreramcm      Many  nnd  varied  laws 

hare  been  paaard  to  rcKulnlu  (he  prunortlon 

ire   fill,   silver,   copper  and   nick       In 

in  i. .11,    coins    aad    the    ratio    of    one 

III.' I  nl    tO    .-.  Ii 

i     Important    coinage    laws,    to- 

.   in, mi  provislona  are  •*■* 
rotloire;  Tbe  scl  "t  April  -'.   it'ia.  provided 

say   person   could  have  gold   or  allvcr 
coined  at   lie-  mint,  receiving  ili-r-fi.r  lav, 
fnl  enitiK  i.f  Hi.-  ssjae  netal  m  eousl  vrelghl 

i  iindiird  ..f  rineneaa  for  guld  nan  . 
pin  la    pure    10    one    of    alloy,    uml    fur    mIIv.t 

parts  purs  to  iW  of  alloy.  Tbt 
rutin  el  gold  to  silver  ana  aa  1  to  lfi.  and 
i»'tli  (olns  were  legal  tender.  By  Ike  law 
of    March   s,   17  I  ssnrer   ri 

- 1  rents  t'"i-  onaea  for  silver  below  tbe 
"ii'lnrd  and  4  cents  for  gold:  and  un- 
ii'i  that  law  tbe  President  by  proclamation 
reduced  tbe  v/elabl  of  tbe  coppet  oolB  one 
pennywelgbl  nnd  riiteen  gralni  In  "n.-h  cent 
ind    In    :         p   -i'"f  i  i"ii    I  n   i  ii.  ii    ball   eanl 

IK     i        lty    th-    law  of  April   21     I 

wii*  retained  for  deposit*  of  g"ld 
and  sllxer  below  the  standard  a  iin 
sufTMent  to  pav  for  rednlnar  By  the  law 
..f    Xlny    K.    lK'^*     n    tnm    f'.r    mnlerlata    and 

wantage  was   retained   from  aiiver  bunion 

nig    lli"    teat.     The   law    of    Juii"    "H. 

1HI14.  provided  Unit  a  dedOCtlon  Of  I ball 

"T  "I--  per  cent,  should  tie  made  from  all 
iiinl  gold  nnd  sliver  deposited  for 
coinage  If  pnld  for  In  coin  within  flvo  days 
fr.iiu  deposit.  The  Ina  of  Jan.  18  1si7. 
rcpilri'd  (he  standnrd  gold  nnd  sliver  coin 
to  rn>  mads  nio"  t"nth«  pure,  one  tenth  alloy, 
and  to  be  n  legal  tender  for  any  mm.  By 
Hi"  las        i       St,  I  Ma   the  weight  of  tbe 

half  dollar  was  reduced  from  210J  to  102 
grains  and  the  le.-.r  silver  coins  in  the 
name  proportion,  ami  were  made  legal  ten- 


Coinage 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Tbe   wrlght,    fineness   ami    value  of   the  several  colm  or*  shown  below: 


Gold  Cain 

Moodard  Silver  Doasn 

Sobodisry  Slvor  Coin 

llmCm 

'■■•.' 

2J.8  grains  to toe  dollar. 

412.5  arsis*. 

SiS.S  grains  to  lbs     1 

daltu.                    1 

MMOM                   ( 

11.953  to  1. 

5t  pun  77.it  train.  II 
P^fc  copper.  It  p.  «. 

le.  piste.  48  trair*  W  p. e. 
copper.  6  p.  c  :ii  ni 

Finaaaas. 

Rain  mold.. 

800-lOW. 

WO-IOOO. 
IS.OeS  to  1. 

Unit  of  tew  .. 
Diuainilno*. . 
taalta.ljar 

U'jli  niu-J. 

j.-i,  in,  ts.ssH. 

(.all  oiteX 

Coins**  «wl  is  IMS. 

i  n!i  iKir-I.  unlaw  othcr- 

soar  contract* ). 
For  all  public.  d»«s- 

-  '.■vriurales  and 

Needs  of  tht  people, 
50  oenta.7j  <eol*.  10  cents 
NottacseoodtlO. 

Needs  of  the  people. 

imta.  lees*. 

Not  to  awl  15  emu. 

'■ 

For  ill  public  duo. 
Fur  cull   eorUicata.    u 
trlow,   an.i  aitbaidisry 

For  til  doss  up  to  110. 
Fat  minor  otto. 

I'OJ  til  dust  op  to  »  MOM. 

IriMMbh,.... 

ioa  mm,.-  .:»".i 

In  "Iswfol  nwoey"  >t 
the  Trt»sury  in  sums 
or  tnulLplaa  of  tvo. 

In  "Mo!  DOMy"  »t  tk* 
Ttsssuiy  in  sums  or  assi- 
tiplasof  CO- 

dcr  to  the  amount  of  f5.  No  private  de- 
posits   for    DOOTfrHOD    Into    tiles-    tmill    Wi-lfl 

•-d.  mid  charges  of  one-half  of  on-  pat 
cent  were  made  fur  refining.  The  low  of 
IMi.  12,  1873,  provided  fur  the  coining  of  ■ 

"trade    dollar."    Hie     ■ which    waa 

made  430  grains,  and  of  the  halt  dollar  IBS 

grains:    legal   ttnasr   In  thn  amount  of  to. 

No  pri  raa  made  f"i 

allver    dollars    of    full    legal  tender    i 

Oliver  hulllon  could  be  deposited  for  coinage 

Into    trade   dollars    onlj       gold    1 

f..r  tin-  ln'cieOt  of  the  depositor 

tors  of   the   mint*   were   authorised   to   buy 

silver    for    coins    of    less    th.in    MM    dollar. 

One-fifth   "f  nil''   per  i-ioii.    Tin-   CAlTfDM)    f"r 

i  ling  stondard  gold  bullion    Into  coin 

nnd  silver  Into  trade  dollars.      Silver  coins. 

it   trade  dollars,  were  to  be  exchanged 

i  for  gold  colna  In  sums  not  exceeding 
nOO.  The  chnrgea  on  gold  coinage  were 
removed  la  18TB,  July  QQ,  1877.  an  art 
was  passed  by  tbe  provisions  of  which  the 
trsde  dollar  ceased  to  be  a  legal  tin. In. 
Feb.   28,    1878.    an    an    w:i  -  by    the 

terms  of  which  sliver  dollars  of  •411'}  grains 
were  mnde  legal  tender  for  all  debts,  and 
tbe  Secretary  of  the  Tniinnry  waa  author- 
lied  to  jinrrlinKi'  nl  market  value  and  coin 
not  less  than  t'.VOOO.OOO  nnd  not  more  than 
S-l.Ono.000  worth  of  silver  bullion  per 
month.  Ry  flic  law  of  June  {I.  1870.  silver 
point  of  less  than  one  dollar  were  made 
legal  tender  to  the  amount  of  1 10. 

Silver  Purchase  Art. — June  14.  1800.  the 
law  of  1878  was  repealed  and  the  Secretary 
of  the  'iTeasury  was  authorised  to  purchase 
4,500,000  ounces  of  silver  bullion  per  month. 
Issuing  legal-trtider  notes  In  payment,  and 
[0  innke  o  Kiifllrlcnt  monthly  colnaec  for 
the  redemption  of  these  notes.  In  1803  the 
■liver-purchase    clause    of   '.his   act   wat    ro- 

v  a  .1 

GoM  Standard. — In  1000  a  new  coinage 
law  waa  passed  which  made  the  gold  dol- 
lar the  standard  of  value  In  this  country 
nnd  Increased  the  reserve  for  the  redemp- 
tion "f  legal-tender  notes.  The  law  also 
permitted  the  national  banks  to  Issue  notes 
to  the  amount  of  tho  par  value  of  the  herds 
deposited  and  reitureii  the  tax  upon  the 
circulation  of  the  banks. 

The  weight,  fineness  and  vsloe  of  the  sev- 
eral colna  ore  shown  In  the  table  on  tho 
top  of  page. 

Leon!  Tender. — There  are  now  ten  differ- 
ent kinds  of  money  In  circulation  In  tbe 
United  State*,  via.:  gold  coins,  standard  all- 
ver dollars,  subsidiary  sliver,  gold  Mf* 
t  incites,  s'lver  certificates,  treasury  notes 
Issued  under  tbe  act  of  Julv  14.  1S00, 
I'ntied  States  notes  (also  called  p/retnb 
and  legal  tenders),  national  nanli  notes,  and 
nickel  ami  brants  rolrtp,  Gold  coins,  teens- 
ory  notes  and  silver  dollars  are  legal  tender 


t:    ftce  value   In   any  amount.     Subsidiary 
a.lver  la  legal  lendti  Uf  of  $10 

In  any  one  paymen:  t'nlted  States  Botes 
il  tender  for  duties  ana  Imports 
aud  Interest  on  the  public  d.-lit.  Oold  cer- 
tificates, allver  cvrllflcsi'a  and  national  bank 
notes  are  not  legal  tender,  but  both  classes 
of  certificates  are  receivable  for  all  public 
dues.  All  national  banka  are  miulred  by 
law  to  receive  the  notes  uf  other  national 
bank  ootet  »t  pur  Tht  minor  coins  of 
nickel  and  copper  are  legal  tender  to  the 
extent  of  25  cant*.  (See  also  Uinta  and 
Assay  Offices.) 

Tlie  following  table  shows  the  coinage 
of  the  mints  from  their  organization  In 
1T02   to  Jan.    1.   1010: 


DmumliilUoa 
Cold 

Fifty    dollars 1,0.80 

Dwbw    ttxles HI." ' 

Carlos     

niir   eajiM Ti.oro.ioi 

thrw  Msess 

(c-oltita*    dltconttriued 

undiT  «.-l   or  Hrptfa- 

ber  89.   l«0i 

Ou^rlcr     c»rlr<. 

DnlUra    (relnasa  aiaron- 

tlnue.1     niiilT    art    ef 

;.    |»S"). 

Detlnn,    tyTut-lnl    Pur- 

rha%#  l>p.-rtltlen    tact 

nf  Jun»  J«.    110J1 

DeM.r..   hnU  II   Clark 

•  l-xi     

I'in«nn    -   Pa- 
vlfk  BipnlUoo 


rurw 


IMMtiff 


U  rvi.-.i; 


MO.000 
C0.000 


?:  o"« 


Valuaa 
I  r.s.M0.M 

,amms 

U0.OIJ.JC3.H 


■nee* 


le.ttt.tr.M 


■  |  00,1      • 
W00)  M 


M.0!«» 


Toui  sold. m.tw.rio   tymxMvmM 

■Hat 

DoTltrs  teeinit*  dJston- 
llnurd     act     of     Kcb- 

rairr  It,  1171,  "- 
«um*d  set  ef  Feb- 
ruary It,   Itrt) 8Tt.JM.tlS 

Trido  dollars  Ifllx-ni- 
tlnuel.  t.~.  of  rsb- 
niarr  It.    tttf) t5.9W.MI 

Dollin  iLafajrtla  aou- 
wolr,     art     of    iliriti 

8,    nooi fo.tmo 

naif     dollars ttl.lio.ttl 

Half  dollira  (Colum- 
bian  snoMnlr) S,l""l  Ooo 

Suarter   dollira 4If.t8l.19t 
Hurler  dullan   IColum- 
hlan    tourenlrl 40,000 

Twenty  •  e  s  n  I  pieces 
(coins  f  illsron- 
"-•ad.  art  of  May  I, 
ir«)   l.JUJ.ono 

Slrors   .  .    :    i 

a  1  f    dimes    teolnsas 
d'irontlnued,    art    if 
r<hnnrf    13.    ItTt)., 
TbrfTT^ni  ptntvs  leoln- 

tie  ■U*e..iiUnuad.  art 
of  rrkruaiy    It,    '.ir.l 


I    4ft.MJJ4«.H 
».4t».M4N 


f.O  tM  M 

iM.tn5is.ta 


t.toortnet 
10t.i»».4».M 


tO.OM.00 


;r:.0f0  0s 
T».»4S.lw.:t 


ttt5.jl9.l0 

i  mm  tt 

Total  silver 8.300.541.017    t   Ox.tr.3U.te 


»r.«01.8M 


Eneycloptdic  Index 


Cold  Harbor 


no*,  until  Mt.ttt.ia   I    awi.rsi  w 
8ruM.,....a!    njiMU 


i« 


TtSJXtJ 


i«:.S<fr.i» 


•ia.oao.no 


aMM.II 


V.I 


»U».3.*M.U1.3XS     I       TJ-i- 


On**  hui *4i>.:r:.«rt  n.(^.i»  .«;.  li 

I0t»r dollar  <r.!n»s«  under  acta  of  Ar»Tl1 

Is   II.   1890.  al87.027.3iS. 
JfaS   J,    1601.  .'.'—local.    IST8.- 

Coai  and   Coinage   (wo  also  Coinage 
Laws;   Coins,  Foreign): 
Act— 
Autborirmg    coinage    of    standard 

silver  dollar*  vetoed,  443S. 
Directing  coinage  of  luvar  bullion 
is  Trea-iurv  vetoed,  5915. 
Plan.!  -AHboa  Act— 

■■•ursed  by  President — 
Arthur.  4433,  1720  1830. 

eland,  4987,  5007.  5373. 
Harrison ,  Rvnj.,  5475. 
Haj  • 
Vetoed  by  President  Hayes.  4438. 
Cojrper  com-.,  weight  .  .1  to 

weigh     on  -.eight,    aixtccn 

grain*.  1S3. 
X>iter»tionary  authority  of  President 
to  invito   nation*  to  conference  on 
recommendations    re- 
garding, 
^>l»cwacd  by  President — 
Artbor.  4633,  4720,  4830. 
Cleveland.   lftH  "372.  5833, 

'150. 
HarTison,Benj,,5474,5548,582$,5753. 
Hayes,  4413,  4451,  4510,  4568. 
vi.  141. 

Q  old  coinage — 

Progress  made  in,  1331. 
Viloe.  law*  regulating,  referred  to, 
1382. 
*oi»rsatioaal      arrangement      fixing 
rates     between     gold    and    silver 
coinage,  report  on,  S177.  , 

*»l«raational    coinage,    referred    to, 

4113. 
isUrnatlonal  conference  at  Brussels 
regarding  am  of  silver,  5752. 
Postponement  of,  discussed.  2876. 
oVport  of,  tracraiitted, 
latfrnational  conference  to  consider 
tttt  coinage  of  silver,  information 
Wgarding,  refnsed.  5673. 
wmatiotal  movement  for  rofonn  of 

system,  referred  to.  3592. 
btersational  ratio,  establishment  of, 
raf  erred  to,  4856. 


Laws  connected  with,  changes  in,  rec- 
ommended, 1432. 
Opening  of  mora  mints  recommended. 

4201. 
Silver  coinage — 
Act- 
Authorizing  coinage  of  standard 

silver  dollars  vetoed.  4438. 
Dire-ding  coinage  of  silver  bul- 
lion in  Treasury   vetoed,  5915. 
Discussed  by  President  — 
Arthur,  4033,  4720,  4830. 
Cleveland,    4927,    8097,    5373, 
:.  5875,  5965,  5906,  6072, 

Harrison,    Bcnj.,    5475,    5548, 
6628.  5753. 

m,  4413,  4511,  4568. 
Repeal  of  act  requiring,  rocora- 

naadtd,  4569,  4633.  t: 
Repeal    of   purchasing  clause   of 
act  of  1890  dtscussod,  5875, 
6073,  6074. 
Recommended,  5833. 
Should  not  be  disparaged,  4414. 
Suspension      of,      recommended. 

4S30. 
Suspension   of,  at  present  ratio 

recommended,  4510. 
Suspension    of,    compulsory,    rec- 
ommended, 4931.  5098,  5373. 
Coins,  Copper,  weight  of,  reduced,   183. 

Value  of  foreign  coins  fixed,  6616. 
Coins,  Foreign: 
Assay  of,  935. 
Ceased  to  be  legal  tender,  proclaimed, 

239. 
Counterfeiting  of,  should  bo  made  a 

crime.  11M,  1268. 
Overvaluation  of  gold  in,  1845. 
Referred  to,  2307. 
Spanish  milled  dollars  legal  tender, 

£39. 
8panish  milled  doubloons  referred  to, 

Cold  Harbor  (Va.).  Battle  of.-Finding 
l>e's  position  mi  the  North  Aiua  too 
strong.  Orant  turned  Leo's  right  viae, 
<-r.....ri  the  ramunkey  Ulver  *t  Hanov«r 
Court-Ilous*.  and  after  considerable  fight- 
ing reached  Cold  Uarlmr.  m  Hi*  nortm-aal 
of  nichmnnd.  Lac  had  arrived  there  be- 
fore the  redertil  error  and  wna  wall  In- 
i.cd.  On  the  afternoon  of  June  1, 
1804.  an  nttnelc  on  the  Confederate  lines 
was  made.  It  resulted  In  a  leas  of  2,000 
men   to  the  Federals  nnd  no  advantage  In 

[oiltlon.  Juno  2  was  spent  In  skirmish- 
DC.  At  doyllcht  June  S  n  general  nssnult 
ma  made  on  the  Confederate  lines,  but 
It  was  repulsed  after  half  an  hour's  tight- 
Inc.  -nlilj  a  loss  of  T.000  men  to  Or.mt 
and  a  much  amaller  m-obsr  to  the  Con- 
fednrnua  Tha  strength  of  the  Federal 
forces  was  about  I6O.A00  nnil  that  of  toe 
Confederate*  rtbent  fin. OOO.  For  the  next 
Cen  day*  tha  armies  lay  confronting  each 
other.  Jnne  13  Orant  decided  to  appro*  en 
Bicaaiood  from  the  sou  to.     Accordingly  the 


ttssages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Commercial  relations  with,  1124. 

Convention  botwoca  United  States 
and  Granadiau  Con: 

Convention  with,  835.  90",  3112.  3144. 

Corrcipondenco  with,  transmitted, 
5C10. 

Demonstration  by  Congress  of,  in 
honor  of  PrMUMlt  fount,  of  Mex- 
ico, 3575. 

Diplomatic   relations   with. 
Becomed,  4440.  461 

Dispute  with  Haiti  Kittled  by  arbitra- 
tfon.  itSSt. 

Diuolution    of   three    states   compos- 

iteuuiou   of,  di  1246,    1310. 

Flour,  duties   on.  induced,    1115. 
Ft!  :  mloals,  convention  with, 

for  surrender  Of,  4687,  BS00, 
Import  duties  imposed  upon  American 
prodocta  la-,  BC72» 
•Malory    measures    proclaimed, 

Imprisonment    of    American    citizens 

by  authorities    of,   4708. 
Minister  of,  to  United  States,  nrrivnl 

of.  referred  t».  8881,  462),   I 
Minister  of   United   StfttM   in.  1030. 

Bant   to, 

Transftrn  'I   from  Stockholm,  Swe- 
den, to.  3605. 

r  of  United  States   to  Ri  w 

Granada,  rcu-uusfor  not  DNMBtlng 
lentials  discussed,  3348. 
Postal  'tween    United 

States  and  New  Granada,  2168. 
President   of,   delivered    from   assas- 

eina,  medal  offered  President 

■on  in  commemoration  of,  deeliucd, 

1029, 
Bell  wrv\  I.' ni ted  States  and 

New  Granada  discussed,  £97-'. 
ToiiiKirc   liuti ■■    ll ■■■  led   on   Aiticriiin 

\  g     .:  • . , iw  Granada,  dis.  d 

2948,   3049. 
Treaty   between  United   State*   and 

New    Grannda.    BUT,    B389, 
2382,   3063,   3)  22.   OT4. 

Contravention  of,  by  latter,  2948, 
3049. 

Provisions  of,  discussed,  2361. 

Rof  erred  to,  257G.  2.'i77,  2581,  2902, 
3349. 
Treaty    with,    transmitted    ml    •1i».- 

cnuod,   855,    868,   907,    1115,   1124, 

4587,     C200.      (Bet     also     Panama 

Canal.) 
iel8  from  port  of  Boca  del  Toro, 

duties  on.  suspended,    I 
Vends,  iif  united  •  •!  w  in- 

terfered with  by.  t 
Wars  in  New  Granada.  3349. 
Colombia,    Treaties    with.— In    1824    a 

treaty  of  niulty.  conmi-r  •■   nml 

«-n»  ooaelnded  with  Colombia.    This  t 

I    by    It*  own   terms  In   1836.      With 


too  division  of  the  republic  la  1831.   New 

Orstiada  sneci  oVil  i  -..n.-m.-ia.  and  a  treaty 
of  pence,  unity,  narlzsttou  nnd  commerce 
wos   ;  with   this   roTcrnmeat    la 

18*6.     la  :-•;•-'  Hie  name  ■  as 

lilted  States  of  Colombia  ana  la  18S* 
the   states  were  abolished  sml  the  country 

;  iibile,  uf  Colombia.       I 
sular    convention    was    concluded    with    the 
existing    coTeruni.  i.i  and    eta  I  ma 

in   IS.-.:  atil   IW14. 
:re»iy  was  concluded  on  nearly 
the  same  lino*   with  those  of  other  South 
can   republic*. 
to  p   I  anal  '—in   UMdJ  a   ship  canal  con- 
signed In  Wniblncton.  by  Jobn 
liny.    Amcrlcnn    Secretary    of    Stale     and 
rhomas  Hi  rraa,  Charf4  d'affaires  of  Coloan- 
'I  i.  providing  for  the  Iraasfer  of  tbe  prop- 
erty  of  the    N<  it   Pnnnina   Canal   Company 
to    the    Hulled    Sinn-,  and   cruntlnc   to  the 
Inli.il  Stntra  Hi-  rl^ht  to  construct  a  cannl 

nns   of  I'aiinina    am!    i 
tnln  Jurisdiction  over  a  rone  Mvr 
Wide  an   e.-i<-a  side  thereof  for  a   pc:1 
one    hnnilr-d    years    (|  <'ulota- 

bin's  ifylat 

litis  trenty,    and    Its   provUloun  became  lo- 
ISee  I'sunmu  Canal.) 
Colombia  al*i>  becamn  n  partj   lo  il 
vent  Ion  belwi  en  ;-»  and  tbe 

several     republics    of    South    and    «'■ 

lea    for    i!>  n  of  pecuul.irr 

claims  nnd  tin  protection  of  laveatloaa, 
ill-,  which  was  signed  In  Ilceno*  Aires  In 
iniO   nnd    proelaltneil    In    Washington    J-  It 

20.  inu.     (Sif  t Hi  and   Central  Amcr- 

rreatlea  wvb,] 

Colon  Fire  Claims,  montioned,  6864. 
Colonel. — A   eominandcr-ln-chlef  of  a  rerl- 
meat  of  Infantry  i 

Colonel  Lloyd  Aapinwall,  The,  seizure 
of,  lv  Spain,  and  award  to  United 
Btatea  Si 
Colonial  Dunef  of  America.— The  Soci- 
ety of  tho  Colonial  Dames  i  was 
otgnnlred  In  th.  •  \  ..  lurk.  May 
23,  1890.  sml  iraa  tbe  -  of  women 
for  this  ;i;  :  this 
1'Miiiili.i  II  was  Incorporated  lOTll  '--•.. 
181)1.  Thr  :-.•  ■,  r.  I|  pursrj  p  I 
rdnealleoal  In  II  rhlefa  no? :  1 1  . 
To  collect  nnd  reserve  relloa.  manuscripts, 
trndltlons   and    a                       .f    the    fir.; 

i  original  states 
..r    Hie    I'm. hi.    nml    ii.'      in     li.  I-..    ■     .f    i 

of   Independence,  thai  the  memory  of 
their  deeds   mil   :i   111  ■     per- 

petuated.    (21   To   pmmnt<  on*  of 

trreat  historic  events  of  Notional  Impor- 
tance to  dlfTuso  Information  on  all  sul 

concerning    \ i leas   history,   i. 

■mora;    the    youur,    ai 
spirit   of  pstrlotlsm  nnd   reve  r  ill- 

founder*  nf  American  ronstltntlonal  Malory. 
'nil..    :  Tjhlp   ODd 

chapters    la  late*. 

Another     n<  lely    ■  •'    the  same    name   and 
having     Klin  .  !.i:      ; - 1 1 1  DOS    I 

ex!»t   In  the  [h'rl 

Ivi'ii!'  Iftrlet 

ited.     Tbs 
acerceate  mtmbersbtp  ia  (] 

I  -iii     the    constitution   of   the    National 
gne'ety   It    Is  prcictlbed    that   tbe   mamtMr* 
M    women    "Who    are    iljan-ndants  in 
their     own      rlsht     of     some     ancestor     of 
v    life    oho    came    to  la    la    a-« 

American  colony   prior  to  ITtMK   which   an- 
nr  si i  nne  of  his  descendants.  be- 
In*  a    lineal   ascendant   of   tha    applli 
shall   have  rendi  ■  I    uttIiv.   t,>   in, 

country   during  the  Colonial  period,  cither 


Encyclopedic  Ir.dex 


Colondc 


ti  Of  foondtof  of  •  eomsaoowcalth  or  of 
•on  wblcb  baa  survived  and 
importance,  or  wbo  (bull 
u  Important  portion  In  the 
'■lyTtremrac.  ana  who.  by  d  •- 
txnltntd  «eiTleea  shall  bur?  com 
Is  Fa*  fewdlce  of  this  rrrst  sod  powerful 
miss."  Servlcea  rendered  after  1T70  00 
tie  to  Baemberen'p,  but  are  ac- 
«rtal 


lions. 


1  '    * 

MM   j 

e« 

TVeV  la  do  admLseloa  except  through   Co- 
hUal  aucctlry. 

W>ci»l  Sxtety  of  Anwrfca.-Tbt  object 
<  ac-rlcty   la   (o  advance  historic   k- 
■srt  f  to  aresae  a:d  ana- 

marl-spread  interest  la  the  pjrpctuatloo 
rfuV  s.=-.it  of  tbo  chief  historic  event*, 
Itas  srd  s:.-ji'«  In  lb*  colonial  ard  rev*. 
bueury  pMtcds  of  our  coontry.  Tbe  8>>- 
•  •  f  members,  patrors  s-d  fcl- 
peraofia  interested  In  Amer- 
'  tb*  preservation  of  tho 
and  places  In  tb«  colonial 
ary  pot'ods. 
prepsres  csch  year  et< 

illdxga  and  places  of 

r  .1   •    proofs    ; 

art  't.    are 

raiacr*.    patrors    and    fellows 
leather  with  tb-  Memorial 
•••t.  which  costal:  •  a  eotn- 
f  the  Si i  .:-ri  -d  In 

It    also    liijH   reproductions 
■  ■save.  (a.    relics,  ate,  of  historic 
nla>  pertalnira;  to  tb*  period. 
Mesial  Hyttetn.— It   was  ibc   custom  of 
Unp  .  having  colonics  In  Amar- 

us in  oispsfr    tb:B   sjlelr    for    the    front 
of     tb-     metber     countrr- 
i    T/ns  no  more  culpa 
Knropean    nations.     Great 
poller   baa  of    late  become  more 
•  r  colonial   poaaeeslona,    wherever 
bj'.ng  sclf-foTcralaf. 

Odcaluuon  of  Negroea.  (See  Negroes.) 
CdemtaUan  8ocif.tr.  American.-  -a   na- 

bsesl  orysoliatloa  formed  at   Washington. 
e-  C.  J-  :.    for   tho    purpose   of 

Wscruf'-a;  tb*  emancipation  of  s'itc*  by 
UteVCtf  a  place  ootald?  tbo  United  State* 
ihcy  m.glit  emigrate  when  freed. 
P«  tthent*  was  also  lntetded  to  r«l 
£•  Bone  of  tb*  fre*  black  population, 
nesmns  branches  of  the  society  w<  re  soon 
w«uik4  In  Biany  states  I'rec  negro** 
**»  first  aval  to  Sierra  I-euno.  then  for 
•abart  tlat*  to  Sherbro  lalard.  nrd  In  1821 
IMMMK  tocstloa  «'i  purrboerd  near 
<>•  Usearado.  la  1SI7  the  colony  dc- 
'  an  ladrp.  iMIe  under 

P»  *aau>   pi  It    «a«    reevgolwd 

1  Cst  Coltd  Stntea  la  18*1. 

Mtattallon  8ocl«ty.  American,  agree, 
ant  with,  discussed,  3039,  3124, 
It* 

Oate-lsM.— Tee  distinction,   social  or  po- 

i  wilte  and  colored  people. 
OsWrsdo.— One  of   tfce    w*.:rro    croup    of 
•*!•».   Masr-d    from    tho   Colorado    Rl 

te" :  motto, 
r.nmlae"       It     lies    between    Int. 
f  sad    41*    awrtb   ami    lone.    I0'J*    sad 
■a*  »..i.  no  ana  of  103,948  square  ml 

!   .in  tbe  north  1"    Wyoming 
*W  v  'risltn  and 

Cits-,,    nn    Hie    south    hy    N  nnd 

0*»b-ms,   and   on   the    *re«t    r.v    I'tiih.      It 

I     llnrv      ln.'l«d*d 

Is  IV  '.is*  nnd  pnrtly  from 

in   Mexico  In   IS'8.     Colo- 
rado Is  wavered  by  the  Kocfcy  Mountain* 
8 


and  Is  noted  for  Ita  beam tf til  scenery. 
formed  by  lofty  peaks  and  deep  canyon*. 
40  I*  tbe  chief  cold  and  silver  pro- 
ducing Slot*  In  the  union  and  11}  Iton. 
copper,  conl  nnd  lend  mine*  are  o>. 
poriaii  iIt*  Irrigation   hm  eontrUi- 

uted  largely  to  the  success  of  Us  agricul- 
ture, nnd  nock-raising  Is  one  of  tho  most 
Import" nr  IsdnatrlM.  The  excellent  cli- 
mate baa  rendered  the  Slate  noted  a*  a 
'i  retort,  especially  Id  caaea  of  pulmo- 
nary dl»ei»».  It  was  orsanlwd  n»  a  terrl- 
ind  admitted  ns  a  State  In 
1S7C  HSstt).  Prealdent  Johnson  vetoed 
ttro  acts  un  tbls  subject  <S6lt.  Sf.Rll. 
Arei.  iii:i,!j;5  »q.  miles:  population  In  l'JIO, 

Stntlstlci  of  v.y  i    i:  iic  il  for  tb* 

last  Federal  census  place  Ibe  nuiulier  of 
fnrmii  In  tbe  State  at  40.170.  comprising 
13.S37.113  acre> 

nenis    nl   1491.471,800.      The  nvtrage 
M  per  acre  was  IHOSl   against 
ID.S4    In   1000.     Tho  value  of  domestic  anl- 
mals.  nonl  i  ITO  16]  ::  1 1,  lm  lud- 

ntle.    Tolued    nt    S131.017.- 
•rses.    »2T,a82,020; 
fI,70S,0::  Inc.    M.SB8-- 

[.430.214  si 
trr.  Jl. 012.251.     Tb*  ilohl  and  Talue  of  the 
field     crops    of    1911    sin  .  73,000 

■■Is.  *4.07I.«KM>;  ■■■ 
•--•.    ^  274.000    bushels.    *0 
000;    o»t».  200.000  acres,    10,130,000   bush- 
el*. 94. 872.000:   rye.  21.000  acre-,   252,000 
•.    J176.000;   potatoes,   00,000    n 

I-  ' .  liny.  707,000 

1.414.000  tons,  91-1.100.000l 
i.ib  Colorado  doea  not  now  lead  la 
rhe  production  of  any  Important  mineral 
si-hstance.  Hi  ■  i  ntted  Slati  ■  '•■  ologlcal  Sur- 
rey reports  that  It  closely  approximates 
California  In  tl»>  production  of  gold,  of 
which  In  former  year*  It  has  been  ibc  lead- 
producer,      i  ■'  t    llluairatlon    oni 

4944.1  It  ranks  clerenth  nmnnit  the 
mlneral-produrlng  slates,  and  Ofth  among 
the  •■ales  west  of  the  MlMlsMppl  Riser. 
It  Is  tbe  leading  producer  of  tungsten  ore* 
•  nd  vanadium  minerals,  srd  ranks  second 
In    the    production    of    gold,     third     In    th- 

S reduction     of    line     and    fluorsr-ar.     and 
duxi  h  fco  i  mi      ■  n  Bceoaal  a 
decreased  production  of  coal  tbe  total  value 
of    the    mineral    product*   of    Colorado    de- 
om    »5S.lt!7,S90   I  |f>4.- 

1919,  Tb«  product  of  chief  ra'u* 
Is  gold,  the  production  of  wbleh  In  1013 
was  nlmosi  I  the  tntal  rnjue 

of  th«  Blot  r.-il  prodacti  of  t  r,  -  - 
production     decreased     from     89D.222     One 
oa-ces.    Tallied   at    91  -  I"    1fl2     to 

877.837  One  ounces,  valued  at  (18.140.910. 
• /nl   in    iDportaare  among  the  state"« 
mineral  products  Is  cool,  but  on  account  of 
labor    troubles    In    the    last    Quarter    of    the 

y.«r     I'll,      n  if     I  lip    slste    den 

tbort  tons,  Talued  at  tin  • 
94S.X34.  In  1012.  to  0.232.010  tons,  valued 
at  U4.0P..1.000. 

Tbe  production  of  tine,  wbleh  showed  a 
marked  Increaw  In  1012  oTer  1911.  suffered 
a  drcreiw  In  1013,  which  was  partlcu'arly 
rmphatlird  In  the  dluilul«li»d  v»lue  of  the 
outnut.    'i  he  reeo  tent  of  (he 

ore*  mined  In  Colorado  In  1013  was  SO  01 
tons,    milled   at    9d.n«iR,400.    against 

I    tons,  va I  at  90.123.Jl74.    In 

Tbo  a'ne  miring  operations  arc  third  In 
Imnortanco  among  Colorado'*  mining  In- 
duatrlea 

Colorado  leads  all  of  ih«  western  state* 
n-e    of   pig    Iron,    hut    pro- 
duevM    onlv    a    »mnl|    ounntlty    of    Iron   ore. 
Silver    rnnks   fourib    In   the    vain-  •  if 
rado'a    mineral    product,    ami     u 
showed  an  Increase  of  output  In  1013.     The 


Colorado 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


production  "f  all  elate  I iion 

I»ib>.;'I.'i7imiiii-iii]iii   ■»  mlued  nl  15.03 
i  •:;,    ui    Hi]  ..,■..       Mil 

ucd    a  I        The    recoverable    lead 

nt  vl  Hi'    "•■■  i"   t!'13  wu»  «.T.Bi9  »bori 
.  ,|U,-,1  *t  I  The  oihj'i 

products   w  hi.  h   hnd   o   total  vain.-   to 

excess    of    Jl  i»h >    in    L013     pan 

products  snd  copper,      other  mineral    prod 

ol    |ha   stats   ai in. mi(.    fcrro  iilliijra. 

fluuspat.  fuller"*  canli.  gom».  graphite,  gyp 
timt,  'iino.  manganireroua  ore  mica,  mineral 
»u"-r«.  iminmi  cu  pstrolcum,  Mind  ami 
ginrvi.  sand-llmc-brlck,  aulpaurlc  acid  from 

alac    smaltlng,    ntra    concentrates,    ami 

uranium  ntiil  raaaulufn 

Tlic  number  -,f   mam  eatabUsb- 

iiiouia  in  Colorado  aavlng  'in  annual  output 
vi, In,-, I  nt  1800  or  mors  II  I  no  beginning  Of 
1013  111  3,120,       rb*  I "in     ■:      ,'|,ll.il    In- 

i  was  IlKl.TIR.OOO.  giving  employment 

-.  ualng  material   valued  nt 

nl. "tin,  unil   Kit nliiir  "in   nni»tieii  goods 

.    ti:itl,S:ill.fHMi.       Salaries    ou.l    wage. 

paid  amounted  to  »l'tl..-.i;s,iii'ii. 

Colorado: 

Admission  of,  into  I'liion 

iota  for,   vetoed,  3611,  3681. 
Table    accompanying    veto    mes- 
sage, 3687. 

Proclaimed,  4346. 

Recommended,   49 

Referred  to,  1360. 
Boondarj  <>f,  6937. 
Constitution    adopted    by,    discussed 

am!  action  of  President,  8873. 

I'reation    uud    orgauixat  ion    of,    aa   a 
Territory,  referred   to.   8284. 

Governor   of.   alienee   of,   from   Tit 
ritory,  rof erred   to.  8781, 

BrJUu    laborers    Unohcd    in,    di« 

Boated     ami    roentnincndations     re- 
garding,  6065,   6096. 
Labor  disturbances  in,  6942. 
Luida  in.  sat  apart  a»  ptiiiiie  rawf 
ration  or  proclamation,  5595,  5695, 
8708,  :■:•  i7»7. 

T'ulawful  combination*  in,  proclama- 
tion against.  5932. 
Colorado  River  (Lower),  Improvement 

of,  7722. 
Colorado   Springs,    Colo.,  act  granting 
Innds    to,    for    water    raeexvoizi 
tnrnedi  BB01. 
Colon  Of  France  presented   t"    0 
Stated  on  tho  occasion  of  tin-  pn 
iiit", n  of  nn  addran  <i  emitj   from 
the  Conunittee  of  Public  Sexetjf  a 
Parte,  181 
Columbia. — We    poettal    «.vmi,ol    of    the 
I  nlt'-il   Rtatoe,  Often  vlsiiallied  In   tli"  form 

of  a  toll  and  etttety  banela  ognre,     (See 

ill     >:ifO.) 

Columbia,   Tl>e,   attacked    by    Mo 

armed   vo-   ol,   1884|   M 
Columbia,   Tho,   mentioned,   6318. 
Columbia,  District  of.    (Sec  District  of 

Columbia.) 
Columbia  River: 

r.iploration  of,  396,  831. 

Improvement  of  recommendations  re- 
garding, 4571. 


H'li-  I  at    mouth   of.   reeotn- 

mem 
Referred  to,  7115,  76*. 
Territory  of  I'nitcd  State*  on.  infor 
milium     regarding     occupancy     of, 
1818. 
Columbian   Exposition.       (Sec    World's 

1  .1, 
Columbian    Historical     Exposition    at 
.Ma,!, 
Acceptance  of  invitation   to  pan 

pate  in,  roeoaianendi  I. 
Report  or  i  sited  State*  rommlsaioa- 

en   to,    transmitted,    E 

Columbian  Institution  for  the  Deaf.— 
This  Institution  «r«i  est  ibllsbed  In  Wasting- 
t "ii    in    18SI.      it-    average    population    t« 
l.\o.   for  .irrn  lo  tn»-  ni'Mit 

modern  and  selentlfle  method*  at  an  average 
,  M"i„IHiiro   of    about    SI 25.000.      Deaf  per- 
a  ithln    tho    I>l-t  uoilila   are 

admitted   free  ol   thai  .idem*  nt 

other  states   may   lie  admitted   bjr   the  pay- 
iii. -nt  "t  n  >  ■  -  ii  1 1  >    f«  "t  1.150.  srbtca  Include* 
-l!    idpt-OM'H  eseepl    clotblns.      Tbo    In 
lion  adiiilnl 

Department,  and  It  In  divided  Into  tke  f«4 
lowing  department*—  Callaudct  Collet,-.  t> 
iniriin.ni    ,.,      \:  ii.  "I., -."ii    lud    Normal    In- 
•triielloii,       I'll.       K.  int. ill      I-  the 

Domestic  licpartm.n1 

Columbus.  Christopher.  (See  America.) 
Columbus  Day.  (See  Holidays.  Legal.) 
Columbus  and  Sandusky  Turnpike  re- 

ferred  to,  2278. 
Columbus  Barracks,  Ohio,  new  balk 

for  recruiting  service  at,  referr,.. 

Ami. 

Columbus,  G-a.,  act  for  erection  of  pub- 
lic building  at. 

ColumbUS,  Ohio,  establishment  of  mint 
lit.   referred    to.  4311. 

Colvflle  Reservation.  Wash,  njrrecmcEt 

for   cession    of   Un,I*   on.   5648. 
Comanche  Indians.  (See-  Indian  Tribes.) 
Combinations,  Illegal.  (See  Illegal  Com- 

I, muttons,  i 
Comet,    The,    .  „rm    bjr    Great 

Hrilaiu  in  case  of,  referred  to,   : 
1784. 
Comity  of  Nations.    A  courteous   cu»tom. 
baviBI  the  force  "f  law,  by  whlcb  one  nation 
holds  luelf  accountable  to   the  laws  of  aa 

nation  In  matter*  of  common  Wb 
limitation*!  a«  tn  tho  extent  of  the  com 
involved   are  frequently   stipulated    In    trea- 
ties. 

Command. — As  a  bods  of  men.  sn  or*-  . 
force   of    nnvol  or  military    lrtm|i«   under   a 
given  otnoor. 

Commander.— An  officer  with  authority  to 
.llreot  a  body  of  troops. 
Commanders  of  Army.     (So*  Encyclo- 
pedic Article,  Arm 
Commerce. — Tin-     trade      between      itatea. 
countries   and    other    political    or   e<nn,.mi 
unlt». 

The     o.iinmerce     of     the     Unlled     Stan-* 
I*    reported    by    tha    Department    ot    nom- 
in.-roo    under    two    general     beading*.     '  ,r 
-licit  and  domett  (tent  of  the  for- 

eign commerce  Is  represented  In  me  Imports 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Commerce 


aad  exports,  while  the  doruimllc  trad"  l* 
aumeard  up  In  the  freight  Infflr  of  thu 
rallroada.  Realttea  (bat  carried  by  the  rail- 
road*, tbe  mere  and  lakre  carry  a  amald 
amount  of  nifr.h«n.il«..  which  la 
oat;   pan  l'  u    '  I ■ . - 

rlrer     Iran-,  a     report 

mad*    by    tbe    laland    Wnternaya    i-'ommls 

•too  ami  a   report   of  the   i  til- 1    I'.ug r   of 

ar  l>rfartn)ent  mad.'  hi   19111     K 
•■f  lak*  tratfic  were  diatom  lotted  In   lull 

•00.  «rnl  the  Import!  wem   -..in-  ■  i 
<I    SJ.lsiMMlO.000.   Making   a    total    foi 
frail*    fur    •  n.l   a    Imlf 

.ra.   wht-h   l»   mm  )i    larger   thnn 
.•vlnu»  total   hi   tin*   I  ' 

III! 

■I    July    11  !ho    Bum n    of 

n  --atle  t'uoiinercc.  of  the  li'- 

l»rlm  ni' ■  r .-.-.     villi    tin-    t'M.liiiiii- 

tlee  ttiat   the   flanin-a   li  u    June   are 

a*   aaUagate    beard   on    the    dual    Ma/    »tu- 

It  aai  In  1872  that  oar  foreign  trade  flr«t 

llua    dullara.      Hy    1000    I' 

tad  rr  'no   ldllk.n   ilollnr   murk,    bj 

ia*T  I  lou.  .iii.i  i".  isii:i 

tad    rta»n    above    four    billion,    rrni/ilniiis 
irannd  Ibni  I   I  hi    year  Jiml   i 

ahro  ta*-  *l»   hllllnii  mark   »m  .■> led 

laiporta  *r<t  *i  I > •  i j   ■!.. I l.i r«" 

in  1903  and  at*  now  .    Iltll*  more  than 
t«Vr»  ■■  mo'li  a«  at   that   time. 

>:i|.irt»  •ml  mar  ahovr  <mc  bllllnu  dol 
aei"  »*lo»  In  IW2  ami  are  now  f..ur  tlmea 
uanrh  aa  la  that  j-ir. 

Tltrt»»n  great  ?(••»*«  of  exported  mil- 
•aarMd  a  total  eatluintcd  at  3.024  mllllnn 
•daat  tarl'.nn.  n.  .v-.m.t  •.  r.-i  million  r.,r 
•II  etaer  article*.  The  following  table 
'S»  maarkahle  Incrcaaee  which  have  o. 
iwtol  ta  eij«,rt»  of  tlila  (roup  during  the 
U*t  two  year* : 

LraiHxo   Aartrtxa  or  Ezroar 


!»aiel*«*l 


17  """a 
•b.lui 

j   ilm 

•••4  aad 

Oala  ,,t 

_«*aU 
««lafii 

f*  - 
^«ii .. 


a>l(«fra«a 


... 

Ml 

wo 

ia 

ta 
ia 


I 


191.1 

Mil 
li., i 

n 
i 

IN 

<-• 

im 

H 


!• 


n:    n 
■      M 

■ 

M 

•d  w. 

M 

■ 
M 

M 

21 

.:•      II 

:;■      ..i 


>      B 


;--il 


Mil 
1 1.. I 

3*1  lUileay 
I  Paper  an 

OH      mm 

VobuUIc  „iu 

lii  Duty    prod. 

143      net*.    . 

U<  Mulea 

113  I'lbo-mfia. 

7      implrnienl* 
Phol*<rfcr.hn 

R     ,..•'• 

!{>..   lad    r/1 

Ian 
si    leiioaaaad 

1      Ollrake  ami 
>!      ml         , 

■  W,.i,l.l,, 
31   tpuila,  aiu 

-.i      aad  Banon 

lead  mini 
103  Xarilnum 
Paraffin 
1   *!•••  a  n i 
glvmnn 
Kl»i  mi  oil 
cake     and 

inral 

13  Paint*  and 
aaam 

Sickel  oiidr 
malta.  ole 


Itll 


I9I.VI9II 


Mil 
37 

M 

■<:. 
v 
.•: 

■■• 

1? 

n 


I  oi  II 


Mil 

li,. I 

a 
v 

M 

l 
i. 


M.I 

Dal 
11 

ii, 

l 

t 

u 

<:• 

9 

13 


I 

:i 
SO 


111 

T 

'i 


Artlclra  «port»<l  In  vnluva  rnnclng  doarn- 
war.l  from  t  ii.iiii,.ii  to  E  mini.  I.  dollara 
rarh  Uh|  >-..;r  Inrludail  Im  •  and  fur  aklaa. 
v ;  tiorl*/,  K :  arroplanaa  md  tova  i  maou- 
Caettifca,  bbcd,  T;  coffae.  ,'k"k'".  vtarcb, 
n  i  mi  i  in  inn  g u.  iiimI  .,1,'iiiliK-  Inatrun 

'.  ;    .llnl     f,.|-MII  irrn.     «llk     mil  .i    '■ 

.  tilth-*  and  iiklii*.  mid  glocoi 
nllllon  dolli 

-.        ii    (roup!    "f    iiiti'l,  •    r,  in il    ill I 

one  iniif  ih>-  ,'iitlr.-  vnlm-  •<(  our  Import  I 

, ,,.  i>   ,.:    i  i,  n-   tun  mini,, ii   ilollant 

In   tbi-  Hwnl  imr   1»18.      Htatm]   I 

ii,i,i,..  tuny  ar»- :  auitar,  rattBiatrd  nl 
200  uiltllun  in  1010,  asalnat  iti  and  !•  •  t 
mlllloni  one  md  Iwo  yrara  rarller;  rubhor 
iiml  aubatltute*  lbi*rafor.  IGO  null,, 

ml    78    mlllliin,    r  hi,l...    mi, I 

157  million,  .it-niii't  im  im, i  i'-'";  raw 
li.",,  acalnal  08  uml  S3:  iu«  --nk,  123, 
-•   si  uml  ;is  :  ,,,n,,,,   1 17    acalnal   107 

I      111  ;     uml     ,  Innin  i     Inn 

mllll.  oa,   rrapei  i 

IvaJjr,  tiling   Importa   ara   iiiiih   fa»- 

tory  matrrtala  and  f Kiurr« 

import*  of  manufactured   ni'i 
nnii,  ,i  .,1  80  mllllnn  ,l>,iiiii-  for  1016,  agalnal 

02  and  M2  million  and  two  reuni  rarlli-r  ; 

row    ni„-r>..    nl    112   million.   ,-,,iii|,,ii,-,|    wltli    Hi 

,in,i   ,vi  iniin,,n     roppor  in  Ingota,  hnra.  ate., 
II lion,  im  igalnat   '.'i>  and    n    million; 
■rood    imiiini'.i, -i"  llllon,   no   i   • 

-17  and    I  I   mini, hi  :   tin   In   Imr-,   block* 

is  million,  •  ■ , in i ■> I   with   ill   uml  18   mil 

ii, ,n  .  cotton  hi  ii  tin  fn  ,-r  u  r  ■-..  47  million,  

r]   iviili  -Hi  uml    M   million  :  uml  raw  Cot- 
ban,    13  million,  ,  ,,in|iiir-,i  with   39  and    10 
mill  Ion  -in   19 lii  anil   101  t.   roapartlval*. 
Taking  "|i  ti n,  .   value  mil 

atutllik-    ""■    I'll',.     I''!'',    uml     lull    lin|iorl. 
Ill  iullll,,ii-  •  I  In-  BgnrM  run  . 

«  AHrtrt.gH  in   I 


• 

CU-M< 

1015 

inn 

('Una 

I'd,; 

l"l.- 

Mil 

dil 

Mil 

Mil 

Mi 

H,i 

CM, 

Dol 

Dol 

Dnl 

IM. 

ttiau  B< 

Flaiaand ... 

H 

i 

11 

Hit*  i 

SI 

V 

31 

1.  ndrrnnd 

■  'Icollf 

111 

1( 

IT 

17 

( 

11 

.  nl* 

SI 

I. 

:■■', 

To* 

17 

is 

ID 

lifffc    .  , 

.11 

M 

■ 

Mile 

I!. 

10 

Pi  (rr  Mfm 

s« 

;i 

as 

W,»r,l  nifre.. 

1ft 

,11 

:n 

Mr.l   IiIkI 

■•|,ii ll«.  win.-i. 

dairy  ptml- 

tu 

10 

U 

30 

. 

M 

41 

SI 

Road 

IS 

II 

IS 

Bm»  bluff* 

34 

'.1 

:., 

Iron  »rwj  »lerl 

Ti 

» 

.. 

ii(,i»oU.rr 

I  nmknufavc* 

li  ,,      ,|.  ■ 

turvd     to- 

moiub. . 

13 

) 

8 

3.1 

51 

:t: 

Capfmr  on. . 

Ynntm 

33 

II 

H 

1  •  n  n  ,  .! 

■ 

31 

..i 

•Mm  .., 

IS 

ii 

14 

Nut*.  . 

21 

11 

•-•i 

UnuraloOi 

II 

ii 

11 

Art  *-orl« 

31 

m 

;c 

...1,       ,,lt,rr 

Tea 

21) 

l( 

l. 

ll,..lll'l. 

''' 

111 

V 

•  l^iinuii.l  upfu  ton*  of  11  inooiaa. 
The  Milmii',,1   Imporl    i  -n  •  !•■   iii   ill-    mi, i, > i 
:,.   would   Include, 

.n„ i  inii"  anil  but  iiiutrriui*.  euch  ii  million 
dollara:  olckel  l":  uplcea  Bi  uuiiuiuny 
inn  r  i ■-.   aulphur  ore,   anil   rrrtlllaara,   each   7: 

,n    mi, I    chliiiin in  lirnaa 

for  reiiinnufnciure.  bttiiuilnuua  coal    ii 

i  ,,l,,i ,-,-,,  run  mi  fn-  ,.  r  in.ninl  >•  t  in---. 

, ..i.  ii  i„. i ,.,.-...  n  ..  and  •!  million  .  and  lead,  •<•■■ 
wood*,  clock*  and  a-iitclien,  aabaatoa,  drraaed 
fura,  torn,  pl.-tnt*.  and  pliitlDiim,  i-,i,'ti  from 
:i  in  «  mini. hi  dollara. 

The  cllniM,,  ,.f  I'.1,    billion  dollar"   I 

raise  of  American  f„r,ii,-ii  irnda  In  lh»  "■-■-■■  I 

year   which   ended    .Inn..    ::n,    l!H,.  rrmntl] 

ii mi.  .-.I    l.i    the    Bureau    "I    I 

li.. in.  -ii,-    Commerce,     liepuriiurul  ul     Ooa> 


Commerce         Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


meree.  !•  confined  by  complete  reliini*  which 
bavc  fast  I" 'ii    :  - .  I ■  ■  1 1 : -.  i  ■  i  i  by   that  OB< 

TU«  fear's  exports  aggregated  ■>.;'.->  i  mil- 

Hon    dollar*,   ear  iu    1H 

Mlllon  the  Iiuge  totnl  {or  1913  nod  by  mure 

San  2  billion   dollars  the  annual  average 
in  1911     0  WW.     Junw  nlium  gnve  *  total 

of  iij.i  mill i ■  - 1 -  dollar*,  being  nightly  iw* 

than  the  record  totnl  of  «T.'i  million  fur  Slay. 
hut  pniriii-iilly  200  milium  inure  than  in 
JUS*    l.i' 

Th«  jear'a  Import*  amounted  In  value  to 
J,l!»8  nillllon  il i  .'  i   mil- 

lion  the  1','].".  toi.il   nti  million  the 

annual  average  from  1011  to  1014.  June 
-  I.,  sled  3  li  mDIIoOi  IB*  iargviit  fig- 
ure •■■  .  iij  •  single  month.  It  wo* 
17  million  dollar*  larccr  than  that  for  May 
hi.!  •>  million  larger  th-m  Ulal  tOI  JOBI 
U»t  ) 

The  year'*  export  balance  reached  the  un- 
equnleil  total  "<  8,186  in  lllon    lollar*.  being 
|ir;i.  tlrolly  double  that    fur   1918  Ull 
Mi. iii   roar  Hate*  that  of   lull,  which  were 
1,004  million  ji n.i  tri    million  dollar*.  r*- 

kim'.iU.  iv,  rim  month  of  June  contributed 
all!  million  dollar*  to  the  favor ui il*  trada 
balance  of  lb*  year,  which  compares  with 
in  ..p.. 1 1  h.i  i.,n<  ._■  of  111  million  In  June. 
1015,  ami  lew  thnn  a  half  million  dollar*' 
Import    bullion-    in   .lulu-,    101 1. 

■  if  the  year'*  Import*  C8  per  cent  entered 
free  of  duty,  red  with  approximate!) 

i-'  Mr  r.  M  in  im...    01  ui"  .lam-  Import* 
oa.C  par  oat  were  free  of  uuty,  a*  against 
■r  cent  lu  June.  101.1. 
Tli<-  net  Ium  .id  gold  movement  n in- -un I--.1 
to  ill  million  dollar*  for  Jon*  and  404  mil- 
II. >u    for    ttir  rear  roiling  Witt    June,      The 
preceding  flscnl  year  »howe,l  a  net  gold  tm- 
!••  ■  1 1  of  '2'i  million,  whlU  1914  showed  a  n»l 
<.i  13  million  dollan    The  year** 
import*  nf  gold  nmounted  to  491  millli.u  dol- 
lar*, compared  with  1T^  million  in  I91S  and 
i;7    mil  Inn    in    1914;    the  j.-nr'»   export*  of 

(old,  00  million  dollar*,  a*  agalnvt  14 0  mil- 
ieu in  I01C  and  112  million  in  1914.  Gold 
Import*   ai  million    dollar*   per 

month  for  the  period  from  August  to  Da 
teinhi-r.  101.1.  avci-ui-.il  leaa  than  19  n 

Gil  in.  mil  for  ilir  period  from  J  nonary  to 
ay.  1910;  but  In  June  rose  to  123  million 
dollar*.  June  export*  of  gold  amounted  to 
S'-f,  million  dollar*,  or  about  8  million  lu» 
limn    il,.-   moii t lily  average  elnce  December. 

rh-     RlttU     S(e.      Marie     Canal     rnrrlea 

■    all  tin.  i ism  ,,f  Ibe  Great   I 

nnd    i In-    I'll"    and    KBR   NOW    Yorlt   cnnnls 
in. in-  thnn  two  mllllou  ton*  of  freight 

annually. 

A  partial  report  of  the  traffic  movement 
on  oavljat.:  ..r  in,  oonntry  made 

by  tin-  Inlnud  Walcnrav*  Commission, 
place*  the  commerce  by  Mil .  meant  of  trans- 
portation at  70,033,1-12  abort  too*. 

Commerce  (soo  also  Foreign  Import  Du- 
I"'*): 
Activo  cooperation  of  consular  serv- 
ico  in  promoting  foreign  commerco, 

6«or». 

Agreements  with  foreign  powers  re- 
garding, discussed.  5615,  5747. 
Proclaimed,  5576,  55S3,  5587,  5684, 
6988,     B098,     C69S,    5714,     5710, 
5718,     5800. 

Belgian  restrictions  upon  importation 
from  tho  United  State*,  6325. 

Berlin  and  Milan  decrees  affecting, 
discunsed  and  referred  to  by 
President— 


Jefferson,  400,  415,   430,   432,  434, 

411,  446. 
Mad;sou,   4C7,  474,  476,  C03,  513, 
522. 
Proclamations     regarding,     457, 
406. 
Borden  imposed  upon,  by  Spain,  1456. 
Collection  of  -I  regulation 

of  foreign  powers  referred  to,  632, 

(ions  of,  discussed,  2868. 
Conventions  regarding.    (8ee  treaties 

under  tho  several  power*.) 
Decline  of,  discussed  and  recommen- 
dations for  advancement  of,  by 
President — 
Arthur,  4650,  4727,  4831,  4837. 
Grant,  4007,  4060,  4201. 
Harrison,  Hen.i.,  S40L 
Depredations  on  (nee  nlr.o  claim*  nc- 
dor  tho  several  powers;  Vessels, 
[Inlti  '■•!) — 

Referred  to,  237,  329. 
Discriminations    against,    by    Maxi- 
milian's Government,  KM 
Discussed  by   President — 

Adam*,  John,  226,   84J,   217,  255. 

us,  J.  Q.,  978,  Vt9, 
Arthur,  1650,  4720,  4731,  -4831,  4837. 
Clev, -l.i n.l.   -I'lll'l. 
Grant,  4007,  (013,  4060,  4201. 
Harrison.  Benj.,   5401,   5743,   5747, 

Hayes','  4423,  4564. 

Jackson,  1519. 

Jefferson,  318,  36J,  383. 

Lincoln,   3259. 

MrKinl  y.   6241,  €350,  0381,  6456. 

Monroe,  B21,  667,  7  7.". 
Pierce,  2762,  2808. 
Polk,  2274. 

Roosevelt,  6645,  G78*.  70.'i2. 
Tnft,  7374,  7435,  7502,  7757. 
Vau  Burco,  1719. 
Washington,  58,  95,  175. 
Wilson,  8017. 

Extension  of,  with  foreign  powers, 
referred   to,  550,  38  6206. 

Fines  imposed  upon  American  ship- 
ping by  Spain  discussed,  4626,  4714, 
4703. 

First  treaty  of,  referred  to,  820. 

Foreign  vessels  purchased  by  Ameri- 
can citizens  in  aid  of,  4S23. 

Hawaiian  trado  discussed,  6340. 

Laws  for  regulating,  must  engage  at- 
tention of  Congress,  454,  C25,  538, 
672,  7032. 

Lnws  of,  having  tendency  to  prolong 
war  (1812)  should  bo  revisod,  525. 

Letter  from  Emperor  of  France,  re- 
gard inn  freo  trado  and,  referred 
to,  3112. 


f 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Commerce 


Merchandise    transported    from    one 
port  in  United  States,  over  Cana- 
dian   territory,    to    another    port 
therein,  discussed,  5770. 
Merchant  marine  discussed  by  Presi- 
dent— 
McKinley,  6359. 
Roosevelt,  6653. 
Not  to  be  affected  by  imperial  de- 
cree of  France,  401). 
Policy  of  United  States  in  commer- 
cial intercourse  discussed,  8GG. 
Proof  of  increasing  dangers  to,  re- 
ferred to,  427. 
Deferred  to,  2805,  4973,  5CC3. 
Reciprocal  Trade  relations  with  for- 
eign countries,  6C6G. 
Resources  locked  up,  8016. 
Spoliations    committed    on,    referred 
to,  237,  329.     (See  also  claims  un- 
der   the    several    powers;    VcsbcIs, 
United  States,  seized.) 
Suspension  of,  caused  by  injustico  of 

belligerent  powers,  443,  407,  477. 
Tariff   laws   modified.     (Sco   Foreign 

Import  Duties.) 
Treaties     regarding.      (See     treaties 

under  the  several  powers.) 
^Vith   foreign   powers   (see  also  For- 
eign Import  Duties) — 
Austria,   1114,  2004. 
Belgium,  2193. 

Brazil,  3049,  4078,  4629,  5570,  5663. 
British  colonies,  652. 
Canada,    2382,    2G34,    3989,    3999, 
5748.     (See  Wclland  Canal.) 
Conference    on    subject   of,    dis- 
cussed, 5675,  5678,  5748. 
Treaty  regarding,  4220. 
China,  1114,  1790,  20GG,  2743,  2977, 
3446,  4060,  6367. 
Interruption  of,  by  Great  Brit- 
ain referred  to,  1839. 
Colombia,  1124. 

Confederate  States.     (See  Confed- 
erate  States.) 
Consular  reports,  6338,  6356,  6381, 

6436,  6460. 
Costa  Rica,  3885. 
Cuba,  1260,  1347,  2945,  4826,  4921, 
5089,  5470,  5347,  6069,  6292. 
Report  on,  6292. 
Treaty    regarding,    4842,    4847, 
4848. 
Denmark,  1094,  1244,  2812,  2944. 
Ecuador,    6435. 

France,  170,  346,  409,  460,  467,  645, 
669,  917,  961,  1069,  1911,  2976, 
6330. 
Restraints  on,  removed  and  dis- 
cussed, 278,  292,  294,  457,  466, 
476,  917,  6262. 
Suspension  of,  458. 
Germany,  6617,  6061,  6330. 


Great  Britain- 
Convention  regarding,  548,   554, 
G08,  628,  7G4,  940. 
Proclamation  regarding,  555. 
Discussed  by  President — 
Adams,  John,  251. 
Adams,   J.    Q.,   919,    933,    941, 

967,  974. 
Jackson,  1043,  1064,  1115. 
McKinley,   6435. 
Madison,  459,  467,  476. 
Monroe,  608,  628,  645,  669,  818. 
Polk,  2428. 
Taylor,    2548. 

Washington,  88,  114,  138,  175, 
184,  190,  191. 
Renewal  of  relations,  453,  457. 
Suspension  of  relations,  458,  476, 
941,   948. 
Greece,  1647,  6332. 
Japan,  2703,  2743,  27G9,  40G0,  4242, 

4448,  6373. 
Mexico,  816,  1070,  1157,  2113,  4327, 

44G2,  5678,  5939. 
Netherlands,  599,  918,  1369. 
Newfoundland,   28C7. 
Nicaragua,  6435. 
Oldenburg,  820. 
Peru,  1159,  2745. 
Portugal,  811. 
Vessel  sent  to  protect  American 
interests,  1099. 
Prussia,  820. 

Puerto  Rico,  1260,  1347,  4826,  4921, 
5989,  5470,  6069. 
Treaty     regarding,     4842,     4847, 
4848. 
Russia,  820,  1068,  1113,  1369,  1704. 
Salvador,  56G3. 

Santo    Domingo,    287,     773,    5663, 
6435. 
Complaints    of    France    against, 

379. 
Restrictions    on,    removed,    280, 
285. 
Sardinia,   820. 

South   America,   4014,   4826,    5509. 
South    American    Republics,    2869, 
4460. 
Report  on,  4024. 
Spain,  110,  112,  113,  139,  164,  5089, 
5663. 
Treaty  regarding,  disenssed,  4919. 
States   in  insurrection.      (See  Con- 
federate States.) 
Sweden,  820. 
Texas,  1964. 

Treaty  with,  regarding.  2030. 
Trusts   discussed,  6240,  6360,  6645. 
Turkey,    1078.    (See    also    Black 
Sea.) 
Commerce,  Interstate,     (8ee  Interstate 

Commerce.) 
Commerce  Court. — The  Mann-Elklni  act 
of  June  18,  1910,  created  a  new  Judicial 
body   known   as    the    Oommerce   Court   to 


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Commerce 


review  th«  decisions  of  the  Interstate  Com- 

U1..-1-  iiir-iii:.«lcin  •  :i  appeal  uu.l  I"  .  i|i. - 
dlte  rate  rase*  formerly  tried  In  the  United 
Slim  Circuit  Court*. 

II  bat  tfce  same  Jurisdiction  as  Circuit 
Coarts  la  <I»  ali  case*  lor  tbe  enforcement. 
otawrwla*  than  by  adjudication  and  col  lec- 
tion of  •  forfeiture  or  penalty  or  by  Inflic- 
tion of  criminal  punishment,  of  any  order 
of  the  Interstate  Commerce  Commission 
other  than  fur  lli»  paiiueiit  nf  DMMf  ;  1-1 
raw*  brought  to  enjoin,  net  aalde,  annul 
or  impend  Id  whole  or  In  part  any  order 
«if  the  Itatemtate  Commerce  I'amiolaaion : 
13)  eefb  rw»  as  by  aeetinn  three  of  the 
■et  entitled  "An  act  to  further  regulate 
comaker. o  »ltb  foreign  nationa  and  among 
the  etal**."  approved  Feb.  Ill,  11103.  arc 
aatborlred  to  be  roatntaloed  In  a  Circuit 
Court  of  tho  United  Statea:  (a)  all  auch 
asandamaa  prorcmllngo  aa  under  the  pro 
visions  of  arrtino  twenty  or  met  Ion  twvaiy- 
tbree  of  tbe  act  entitled  "An  aei  to  regulate 
commerce,"  approved  Ken.  4,  188*.  aa 
■d»  ar*  authorised  to  he  maintained 
In  ii   ■  :  tbe  United  Slatca- 

The  Jurlsdlet  Ion   of  tbe  Comrnerrc  I 
over  eaaea  of  the  forcgoln.,  classes  abnll  be 
lut    tlila  ai-t  aball   not   affect  tbo 

eirtsdlctlcn  bow  possessed  by  any  Circuit 
ourt  or  IKatrlct  Court  of  tbe  United  Statea 
over  case*  or  proceedings  of  >  kind  not 
within  the  above-enumerated  claseea 

Tbe  Cnomerro  Court  ahull  be  a  cnurf  of 
record,  oball  bare  a  oca:  and  be  composed 
of  five  Judges,  ho  l>e  from  time  [n  lime 
»ted  and  assigned  thereto  ny  (hit 
Chief  Justice  of  tbe  United  State*,  frotn 
aosons  Uia  circuit  judges  of  the  United 
a,  for  the  period  i.f  fltu  year*,  except 
that  la  tbe  flint  Initancc  the  court  ahnll  he 
composed  of  tb*  ore  additional  I  I 
judges  to  be  appointed  aa  hereinafter  pro 
Tided,  who  shall  be  designated  by  tbe 
President  to  oerrc  for  one.  two,  tbree.  four 
and  lite  year*,  respectively,  In  order  that 
the  period  of  designation  or  one  of  the  aald 

Judges  aball  expire  In  each  year  thereafter 
a  cao«  of  tbe  death,  resignation  or  ter- 
mination of  04»!oTiro*nl  -if  any  Judge  an 
designated,  the  fhlef  Justice  aball  desi 
a  circuit  Judge  to  nil  tbe  vacancy  ao  caused 
and  to  oarra  during;  tha  unexpired  period 
fnr    which     the    original     dcxiguui  imi     «« 

made.     After  the  yeor  1HH  I oil  Judge 

oball  be  designated  to  oerve  In  the  Com- 
merce Court  until  the  expiration  of  at 
least  one  year  after  the  aspiration  of  tbo 
period  of  bio  last  previous  designation. 
The  Judge  first  designated  for  the  Arc-year 
id  >linll  lie  the  presiding  Judge  of  aald 
court,  and  thereafter  the  lu.lg-  senior  In 
designation  shall  be  tbe  presiding  Judge. 

Coca  of  tbe  Judges  during  tbe  period  of 
hit   eervkc  lourt    aboil, 

on  account  nf  the  regular  oeasloua  of  tbo 
court  being  held  In  the  city  of  Washing 
i.celre  la  addition  to  hla  aalary  aa 
circuit  Judge  an  txpeOM  allowance  nt  the 
rate  of  one  thousand  fire  hundred  dollars 
per  annum.  Ths  President  shall,  by  and 
srllk  Ibe  odTloe  and  roogent  ol  Ibo  Beoatf, 
appoint  Are  additional  circuit  Judge*,  do 
two  of  whom  shall  he  from  tho  same 
Judicial  circuit,  who  shall  hold  nOe*  during 
good  behavior  and  who  shall  be  from  time 
[mo  dealgnnted*  and  oasl*rr.cd  by  rbc 
I  the  r  ,itcd  Siatca  f,ir 
aervlee  In  the  I'lrcuir  (Imit  for  any  dls- 
trlet,  or  the  Circuit  Court  of  AppenU  for 
any  circuit,  or  In  the  Commerce  Court. 

Prealdent  Taft  made  tb*  following  ap- 
pointment*: Judge  Martin  A.  Knapp  pre- 
sldlng.  commissioned  Dec  31.  ll'l".  for  a 
term  uf  flee  years:  Judges  Robert  W.  Arch- 
►old.  Winiat*  II.  lluni,  John  i:  Cerland 
snil    Jnllam  .   each   •  >>mniis*ioned 


Jan  31.  UHl  for  terma  of  four,  thro*  and 
two  year*,  and  odc  year.  r*apoctlr*!y 

aatoclate  Judges  shall   hsvi  n  oud 

shall    lueci  place    and   power*  of 

Ibo  presiding  Judge  whenever  be  may  be 
absent  or  Incnpobfc.  of  acting  In  tin-  order 
of  the  date  .if  ih-ir  rtsslgnatTona.  Four  of 
said  Judges  Khnii  ronotitute  a  quorum,  and 
at  least  a  majority  of  tbo  court  ahull 
concur  In  all   declalona. 

Tb«  act  further  provide*  for  tbe  appoint 
meot  of  a  clerk  uml  marshal.  lt«  regular 
na  ahall  In-  held  lo  Washington,  but 
It  may  hold  ae»li>uH  in  different  porta  of 
the  I  nltcd  States  aa  may  be  found  deiii 
In  all  caae*  within  li»  lurledlctlun 
It  may  exerclsn  iiuy  nml  all  the  powers 
of  a  i'  r.uii  Court  of  tbe  United  • 
Ms  Jurisdiction  mny  be  Invoked  by  tin-  OIiiil- 
-if  written  petition*  setting  forth  Iba  Betl 

':.     .11    ISO      "f     :i-   I  lull      II  III 

•ought.     A  pp.  .-lit  niay  be  taken  to  the 

ourt  of  the  United  State*      I  i 

expiration  of  the   term   for    irbleb    tb 
appointed,  tin-.*    ilo   not   cease  to  be  Judge*, 
Imi    are    assigned    for    duty    within 
judicial    circuit,    and    other    Circuit    Judges 
arc  dcalgnnted  by  the  Chief  Juatlce  of   the 
Supreme  t'nii it  fur  torvlcf  lo  this  court. 

iii >un   «raa  abolished   Oct.   12.   11113. 

Its  Jurisdiction   transferred    lo    the   .1- 
courta  and  Its  judges  were  retained  ■ 

Cillt      J\ 

Oommerca  Court.    (So?  Court*.) 

Defended,  7"'". 

Occiaion*      austaincd      bT     Stipremo 
Curt,  77-7. 

BttabUsiunoilt  of,  rccnmmondcil,  7  rtt. 

Jurisdiction  of,  TtSt, 

Prompt  di  •  iiaco  ia,  77M. 

Sonaons  for  ostalilialiment  of,  7*36. 

Record  of,  77-"ii. 
Commerce,  Department  of. — in  oroor  lo 

r.-lli-ve  some  of  the  executlro  departments 
nf  the  lion  riirniMt  of  the  burden  of  great 
ly  Increased  duties,  and  In  response  to 
the  petition*  <>f  tbo  imlu-trul  and  commer- 
cial cinsii-s  of  tin-  .-i>M7,i  r-.-  for  i in-  eotab- 

llsbmeot   of  a  siimrfttn   department    Of    tiU 

ument    to    earo    for    tbetf    Inl 
tb*  Rui-eiiii  nf    Labor  was  established   June 
27.    1*1' I.    and  June    13,    1*88.    II   mi'      o 

i  by  the  Department  <if  Labor  which 
was  succeeded  In  turn  by  the  liepartiiieiii 
'•«  and  Ijibiir,  creutcd  Feb.  1*. 
im).'!.  The  Blzty-aecond  Coogresa  on  Iba 
last  day  of  Its  session  (March  -4,  I91.1i,  lap 
aiat'-d  the  Departmeol  of  <  «*mraerce  and 
|jil»>r  I n 1 1 1  iba  Department  of  Commerce 
and    the    liciiiii'tmcnt   of   Latef. 

Like  the  Depai  meal  of  the  Interior  the 
Departmenl  nf  Commerce  Is  composed  of  un- 
d  bureau*  and  branches  of  the  pub- 
lic serTlcc.  The  fundamental  parpoae  of 
the  department  l-  i»>  promote  Qie  fo 
uml  d.ime-tlc  commerce,  the  mining,  man- 
ufaeiiirlng,  shipping,  nnd  INhliig  In 
tries,  and  the  tiau«|>(iri*tlnn  facllltli  01 
lb*  lulled  States,  The  n.-w  oftiees  created 
by  Iba  net  of  1903  were  tin-  Bureau  of 
Corporations  and  tha  Boreaii  of  Manufac- 
Th*  Light  (louse  llonrtt.  the  Light 
llouse  r<tahl|shment.  the  Steamboat  In- 
apecllnn  Bervtea,  rb*  liuivun  .if  Navigation. 
tin-  United  Siste.  Slil|i|ilnir  -  unml  Inner. 
jbs  National  liureau  "f  Btaodarda,  tbe 
Coast  and  rjeodetle  SurveJ  ft},  v  i  llm 
Comml  i- .-.,.■!  Hi  in  i  .1  of  Immigration,  tbe 
CommNxloncr,  of  Immigration,  tho  Bureau 
of  Immigration,  the  Immlginllou  Bi 
ai  I .iint*.  tbe  Ititieiiii  of  SiatNtli-x  (q  t  i. 
and  the  Al.i-k,i  I'm-  s.  Ml  Service  wit- 
taken    -ivei     frotn     un-    Department    of    tho 


Commerce  Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


ir    OffiVe    wax    liana- 

i   to  the  Department  of  I'otutuei-ce  auj 

[IBCClt  of  the   Ici 

The  II  iva»  taken 

from  tbc   Ucperiiucui  i  lade  a 

part  of  the  Bureau,  of  Statistic*;  Ibe  flail 

4  Omiii .  - :.  i-  .11      «  . ; .      P.J      111.-     Hill.  I!    ..if     i   I 

sloucr    ■■  r    Flab    anil     Klxlmrlw,    -.-.  In 

•  fore  existed  on  Independent  branches 
of  Hn-  public  service,  are  now  attached 
to  tbc  '  '1'i'"  dlvl- 

aloo   of  Cotton  nml  Tobacco  Stallxtlcs   wax 
organised  In  1P10. 

Important     m-w     line*    c.f     inu-.-lcntlon 
plnnmii   t.y  tbe  department  for    loll 

.■nation  by  water  and  city  cartage  In 
oa   to  the  i  Ins,  slso  tlj. 

Jecta  of  religious  bod  -«  aud  dl- 

lorce. 

Corporation*. — The    Bureau   of   Corpora- 
tlonx,  the  head  of  nhlc-h  lx  n  i  "nin  -m i-.  - 1. .u.  i . 

u  one  of  in.'  mo»i   Imnoriant  division*  of 
ihe  department.     It  li.it  au.botlty  to  make 
Investigations   Into    the   oicanlintlon. 
duet,   and   in  inaj    mi  at  of  any 

iratlon,   limit  a(o  or  <-di  po- 

rate  comblnotloo   Icxccpl  common  can 
engaged    In    commerce    among    the    sercinl 

:i  ill      '.'.  i!  II      I.    .■  i::i.  :     OS.     Slid     has 

the   MOM    nowct    In    reaped    to    the       *»   t. 

conferred    upon    the    interstate   Commerce 
ii.n.i  .    Interstate  Commerce). 

Manvlactuft*.  —  It  lx  Ihe  f  iiim-i  l.m  of  the 
■  inn mi  .if  Manufacture*  '•■  ;l  ■'• 
(n.'tuiloK  Indi"trlcs  of  the  I'nlted  8 
and  to  SfSlSI  than  In  tnlnlng  markets  at 
boom  mi. I  abroad  by  supplying  nil  ma  I  la 
bus  Information  concerning  the  various  In- 
lea  and  their  markets.  To  aid  In  thl» 
all  consular  offices,  under   tl  Lion  of 

lbs  Secretary  .>r  Slate,  are  p'aerd  al   las 
..rvi.-e  ..f  ill...  Been  i  i r  v  ..f  Comm 

Niwlnjt   are    the    Secretaries   of 
merco  and  Labor  and  tbo  Pn ■■■id ml ■  under 
whom   l bey   served: 


PftMIOft-Yr 

Soerotxry  of  Co.-iiiuerea  and 
Ubor 

4 

Room  volt... 
• 

* 

f  .eora-e  B.  Carselvou. 

Victor  11  M                       mla... 

OKUS    S'mii.,  N. -w  York 

IU03 

Secretary    of   Commerce 

Wilxon 

Willm.ii  i :  Ile.l.kl.l.  New  York. 

b)U 

For  more  detailed  Information  I      to   tb« 
•cope  of   the   ectlvltlva  of   tbo   D.ftarimcnt 
nf  Commerce  conauh    the    lodes    rvf 
to   the 

Ji'tlcle*  under  tlie  following  li.  ml 

:.-n  Cm:-.        .. S  I  I  ■•idrtle 

and  Donii-  Burt   r, 

Commerce.  ("ornnr.itlons. 

rnr.xu  of  Xnvlga-  Fisheries. 

Boa  i        i  Boose  Service. 

Bureau  of  Stand-  Manuract 

ard*.  Steamboat    Iwpoc- 

Oenxux.  Hi." 

Commerce  and  Labor,  Department  of: 
Establishment    r.  led.    6649, 

6716. 

Commerce  of  Foreign  Powers  i 
Consular  report*  on  trade  and  it 

CO,    l^stj,  5122,  5201, 
6338.  6356.  6381,  CISC.  6160. 
Consular  regulations,  0797,  6913,  7421, 
7S04. 


Disturbed  by  War  between  the  State 
83ST. 

Referred  to,  MSI. 

Report  of  Hamilton  Fish  on,  4021. 
Commerce  of  the   World,   printing  of 

apeeial  edition  of ,  recommended,  6096. 

6183,  6734,  081 
Commerce  with  Near  East,  7667. 
Commercial  Relations,  printing  of  ape- 
eial   edition   of,   recommended.   6096, 

6183,  6338,  6330.  6381,  6436,  6460. 
Commercial    report*,    publication    and 

circulation  of,  referred  to,  4S39,  6338, 

6306,  6381,  0136,  6460. 
Commercial   Bights   of  Unit*d  State*. 

•IvCrees  of  belligerent  power*  o: 

rope   affecting,  referred  to,   446. 
Commercial  Tariff.     (See  Foreign 

port    DptiMj    Import   Dntiea.) 
Commercial  Treaties.    (See  treaties 

dcr  the  several  powers.) 
Commissariat. -The  pan   of  t!>0  army  de- 
ll to  supply  equipment,  food  and  trans- 
port.": i 

CammlrKary  Doners1.    (8ee  War  De 

ment  and  Army.) 
Commission.— The    certificate    clothing    a 
person  n-lth  authority  In  a  position,  aa  tie 

commission  of  on  ambaa.udor. 

Commission  Form  of  Government— T»e 
government  of  n  city  by  a  eoinru.af.on,  Ib- 
a:end  of  by  a  mayor  and  other  city  ossrlala, 
was  first  Instituted  In  Ualvcatoa.  Tews. 
In    1001      ltr   usual   form  provides  fur  tu* 

•■l    cumin. x- 

ajoners  from  Hi"  city  'it  laraei  wbo,  In  turn, 
elect  one  of  their  number  to  act  as  mayor 

lit  Ida  with  cr  h 
1...11    ..f    hi.     .  itr   departments.     One   com- 

•ier  may  take  charge  of  tba  police 
department,  a  ascend  of  lb*  fli-e  depsi  • 
a  third  of  a  lira  1 1  li  ilepsrtment,  and 
so  on.  A  limited  number  of  members 
of  tbc  commlsalon.  usually  only  fire,  baa 
In  i-ii  the  cuxtoroory  praetlce.  In  order  to 
Titrate  rospons'bllity  of  sovernment- 
Arotber  object  In  llmltlnj  the  nu-twr  of 
enmm!as!otierx  Is  to  weure  a  "sbort  balinr  " 
The  commission  movement  has  bsd  add-d 
te  If  In  the  case  of  some  cities,  the 
Initiative,  tba  referendum  and  the  recall. 
In  aome  cases,  no  reeognltlon  Is  flren  to 
pniuienl  prlmar'ea  or  political  parties ; 
enndldntea  for  lb*  oflW  of  commissioner 
being  iimnlnat'd  by  certificate. 

Illyl'ini  nt  ihr  Commfxsfon  form  o/  Oot- 
ernwunt. — Wnshlmrii  n.   D.   ("..  wlib-h 
under  lbs  commission  phm  on  Jbh 
by  act  of  Congrex*,  was  tbe  drst  city  lu  tbc 
united    States   to   adopt   p.  .    tbls 

■  if  Knieriiini'tit.  The  application  of 
the  cainnuBSlon  plan  to  the  capital  of  tae 
trnlteil   States  B  ilion  of 

tin-  Katlooal  Government  to  tbe  I'ederal 
city,  nrnl  the  capital  was  nit  nt  lhaf 

p  .1  :ni  ■  tnmplc  in  Dtbjer  municipali- 
ties. Tbe  real  beginning  of  the  mot.tu.iit 
t  iward  comnilsalun  eovemmenl  in  An^rleno 
Cities  was  made  In  Galveston.  Tex..  In  11101. 
A  ilestrnctlve  storm  bi  helmed  Hie 

city  In  1000,  leaving  It  prostrnte  flnnn-lnlly. 
Ihe  government  was  plnewl  In  Ihe  h  . 
a  commission  In  the  following 
cvp»rlenee  of  Onlvesten  nnder  the  commis- 
sion plan  was  such  that  In  IflOB  It  was 
mloptpil  by  ilmixtnn.  T»«-  Three  more  eltlea 
adopted  tbc  commission  form  la  tbo  csleo- 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Committee 


(Sco   Labor, 


tat  ms  1007.  2  Id  190R.  fi  In  1000.  7  In 
It  to  lvll.  li  111  1UU'.  '.'!>  In  «'J13.  7 
lolliU.  and  a  iu  ciic  curly  i-ait  of  1V10.  la 
U,  U  nil.  I  III!.*  *il..yt..l  the  eotuUlllaluD 
lam.  Aeeordluic  In  Uie  luteal  la 
■  •laMe  MX  Bwr*  (1Kb  rlllee  bme  recently 
•**ri  lue  plea  by  iwKulur  v.. t...  .,,„)  m 
Snref  thrm  IC  tui  .ln-.Ji  roue  Into  t 
TkMtfcrr*  ar»  e-0  eili.a  of  ovr  liu.000  in- 
MMEMDt  wklck  ar«  gretacd  by  rotoinle- 
•>mu  Ik*  proem  llae.  Tkrac  cltlci  ui; 
k  etpiUiloa   from   33^00  i  -   In 

IMm.  Idaho,  to    i  V  . 

•Mm  Ku:  igkolll    27    Mate*.    In 

•Miica  to  to*  Dlititct  or  Oolaml 

hf  f  rim  ittt%xrhi.-  n.  to  Weiblajtun  ami 

&>•).•  .         -    nf 

tVeti.-c  in  New  England,  30  In  other  Noi  Hi 
•a  Mate*    cekt    of    tb#   MU»1mI|.|<I      IC 

i  *  tee  betweca  tin'  MlniMlppI 
Urn  end  Ike  lMcitlc  Coaac  State*.  U  In  the 
telle  Coaat  SUM,  awl 

7W  total  population  of  tu  »lon 

Ma  on  aVbtuery  1,  lulu,  la  eatliuati-.l  at 

r  41  »r  real  of  the  agcrrrato 
MMoa  of  Ik*  1113  dttea  of  SO.oou  to 
#9*  Unabltania  whlrh  wit.  Ilia 

fcm«f  lateet   Inquiry.     Conunlui;   the   Bit- 
w  to  eJtlea  of  10.000  to  300, o 
IMU.  there  ar*  bow   uperatlnc   under    Ihn 
ombjIbnoo  form  S2  cu-  •  total 

MUilan  nf  B.tSO.OoO.  ur  111   nf 

kicpmif  population  of  tin-  l-i  cities 
•Sill  tjc*e  »l»e  limit..  Iiurinu'  V-r  i-za|  10 
)"n  the  nmotlMion  plan  ha*  also  been 
ktaanl  or  many  cities  of  fewer  tlion  30,- 
Cw  luaiitanta. 

Oooalauon  of  Labor. 

Coamisaion  of.) 
OMDnaaaoaer. — A  pcrtoo  appointed  to  ot- 
kactoAatle*  In  connection  with  t'.e  t-nrcrn- 
ant,  u  the   Comalsstoncr  of  rcuiluai.  a 
ehU  aarrlc*  coaatnlealoner.  etc. 
OOBauadoner  of  Internal  Eevcnue.    (See 

literal]  B«veuuc) 
l>— akiliiur  of  Labor  Statistics.  Labor 

DeptrtJDMt.— The  Lureau  of  Labor  SlMU- 
wsl  created  In  1883,  waa  really 
°»«r»|  from  W-lCJ  vjirane  lb»  prvicnt  Dc- 
Mrtaaat  of   Labor.      Th*    Barton    collect*. 
.1  report*  facta  reeardlns  t..o  a.  el- 
•»  et  waee-eorm-r-v       It    tuibll 
"aliOki  eoneemlae  It*  flodlni:..  wl  Ich  corcr 
•    *!*a    rakRO, — for     luatnnce.      Wholesale 
«**•:  Retail  Vrlree  and  re  Co«t  of  1.1*. 
!&*»**•  aad  llcur*  of  Labor 
■"J"**!  Workmen 'a  Inninmec  nnd  Work- 
*••  CoaapoO'fc  illation  anil  Arid- 

■"«*  In    |,«lHir    111 

lie  ITureau  al:o  ndtnlnlFitcr* 
■CMatloo  to  certain  class**  of  rmploycea 
- 
Hie  coT.-mn; 
■laaiBu  »f  Labor  Htitlitlca    la   ap 
I/Or  I'mUmt.  by  ami  wir.  t>-.*  eonwnt  of 
P»  TtiiaMeOt.    anil     hl-i    irnrly     mlnry     la 
•*°M    (Sto  Labor  Departii" 
A«BBMloaer  of  KatoraJlxatlca.— rs  c  o 
ino,)     Dy  a  80    1000, 

0«  lirr  (Titloa   In   f  ■ 

•Ht  of  romnserc-  and  I-il-  r   hi.   ».|   wna 
aatcMj  f.-_  ration  mm 

J"ir»,lui|oB.      When    I 
i»«f  tq.  r.l   «*»  orcaolrri]  aa  a  te-iarate 
•TarlBirBt  of  t^r  ': 

■"»•»  ra   aepamted    Into    t'o   Roreilil  of 

MM     (o,    ».►     noil     fi-     tl'w 

^^^^HMCI,      Tlf   rmnm'i'.lrin.T  of   Nut- 

'  "U         I  pi 

rkaariie  eltll  rcrrtec   lo.  t,i   ami  hu  yreirlr 

|1»  not  ntlr  lina  c'-nrit'  "f 

ft«  MUralltntli-n  n'tlvlil.-.  at  <'■■  tnrera- 

k»«t.  bat  alao  rccorda  the  rcBlatry,  datr  of 


entrance,  and   other   dnta   concerning  ench 
lminlsrnDt.  srnnnni;  n  n. malum* 

iu,--  t-iiH  to  t..n  immlsraBt  bim»vif. 
Comrnlasloner-Oonera]    of   ImmlsraUon. 
—(See  (mmlKrail 
Intoodanl   <.f   ImmUiratloj  »i  trti )   In 

lhCl,    aud    I  >    undrr    the 

Department.      The    till"    01 

.1     hi 
I00J  i    •   "incer  «-ii  trunii'crred 
iled  Department  of   i^uor 
and  ' 

■•  In  II  tiio 

uat  orjinl!'  d  lo  101.':.    Tl 
ilonci  -  octbI   nf   Immlcratloc   li 

t   e   Senate,    nt  a    yearly   eatery  • 

and  be  i  0;   i  deputy  commlealoner 

of  iii  migration  m  n.  nuimy  of  til 

•  law*  con- 

.  i  ■•!,!  r.  I  ■  Hon    f  imml- 

rraat*   to   the   United  Slotes,   and   al*o   tho 

il  nlo   with   tin 
cf  aud   aaalataiira   to  Immlitruni      rviiculnn 
i    i     .  .'iintry  :  and  pay*  curllciiljr  ntt 
t  ,  i   -  prol  Ian  0  •  »d- 

rantaireoiMiy    ne    iiuwllile     throuatioul 

•  !    State*.       lie    co  nperntc*    with     tho 
'intent   eon- 
Hon    mi. i    .  uipli  -  in.  nt    nf 
linmlfiranti  and  ot  ler  mnti 
welfare.     All  the  lui 
country  art  under  1 1»  «uprrTHlon.  at 
li  th*.  .  .-f  t'n-  H-irrr|itltlou»  enlry 

nnd  bmucellni:  of  luinilirrnnt*, 

Commlaeloners.     (Sco  tho  icvcral  com- 

minionrr?.) 
Commlaaloucra.  United  States,  jurindie- 
t  ii.n     to  aiiora    rccom- 

rocndnl.  4939,  0370,  5908. 
Commiasioca    (tea  alro  Cherokee  Cora- 
-  jion;  Miaalon  Commiaaion;  Sioux 
CommisBion): 
To  troat  with  Indinn*  for  ccesiou  of 
lands  diseuMi  <J,  ti'JTl. 
Commiaaions,  Fortifn.  Visits  of.     (8a« 

Visit*  of  Foreign  Commiatlons.) 
Oommitto*. — Ono  or  more  per- 
or    appointed,    to    whom    any    mntter    of 
bualneea   In   K  ttznd.   ellhar   by   a   lefliln- 
i.ody  or   by   a   court   or  by  any   col- 
••    body    of    tn*B    n.-tlng    tojether.      It 
I*   tbc    cuatom    In    nil    American    leslnlntlre 
mltieea  for  tho  tnine- 
action  of  i!  -111.   I  to    duty  of 

tbese  coniuiltteca    to   report    to    I 

their   conclusion*   on   all   matter*    re- 
ferred   to    them,     thi.a    pren'tilliig    for    dla- 

...-.     ■.. 
Hon,    :-a»  iu^    nucb    ralonbla   time   and   «e- 
if.iii.     'I'll.,  com- 
mil  tee  avetem  of  eoad«ctlne  tmeanMI 

Hon**  of   Conn- 
in. iiih  luring  Q   ■ 

wna   In  fnll  operation  darlnc  (he  Common- 

in   partially 

ii    i         mil    u.    iu..   iral   in   ..f 

CflulBH    fOVeTDDBI  nf.       DnrlD*    enrly    colon- 

ml,    San    Y-iik. 

ii'i,   iimi   North    Carolina   copied 

Hie     •ratoni     from     Puelund,     nnd    the    fa- 

mlilnrliT  of  thp  membera  of  ih»  Cot 

tnl    Conirr<-«a    wl'h    l'a    wnrklne*    n'lturnllv 

l.il     i  In     i»iit     lindt.      Aftfl     Hi- 

ndnp'i-ui  of  i  he  Conatll      Inn  Col 

■porlnc  uae  of  tho  comtul'teo  irnm.   hut 

in    1830.   nndtax   Bpoakn  Cloy,   tho  erateni 

of  ainniltnt:   commltteea    bad    reached    fell 

.1     .  |..|.iin  in.      The   l'.cnnto  followed  alnirly. 

Tho    Seuato   appoint*   Its  own   coiutntltee*. 


fessagcs  and  Papers  of 


This  waa  formerly  the    oatotD  Of  lb< 
bill    toon    UiHir    uppolutuirnl    was    given    (0 
Speaker,    which    adtln    greatly    to    bis 

Committee  of  the  Whole  '■■'•  reg» 

ulnr    custom    of    legislative   bodies   belli    In 
tbla   reentry   nii.l    la    Kumpi',    I"  1  ill rn-t    ur 
commit     nil    proposed    legislation    la 
mltte.  i   fur  ilia   purpose  of  con- 

in;,-  apvelnl  lohjects  'I  li«  -«  make  re- 
port* uiiciidntlon*  to  Ibe  whole 
body.      For    the    purpose    of    deliberating 

upon   in :i 1 1 .  r -  .if  iraat   not  eom- 

preheoded    In    tbe    aco] f    the    n 

couimlttcca.      tb*     entire     legislative    body 

aoinatimi'H   reeolvee   itHi'if    in!i>  n   commit- 
tee of  Ibe   whole,    under    Ibe   cb 
of    aome    member    other    than    tbe    regular 
presiding     .  Hirer.       In     I  lie     I'nlti 

rrsg    tbe    rule*    and     practice    of    tin' 

House    rceognlxe    two    I'miimlttcc*    of    tbe 

Committee     of     la* 

Whole  Doom  on  the  Mate  of  the  I  nloa,  to 

which  nre  referred  nubile  business  and  bllla 
appropriating    public     Bone]     or    property, 

■oa   i  in'  Committee  of  the   whole   uoase, 

to  which  on-  referred  i ■  r  1  \ : 1 1 < -  Mil*  and  prl- 
rata  bnalaeaa.  The  rales  «if  proceeding  In 
the  linn*,-  nre  observed  In  the  Com 
of  the  Whole  ao  far  na  they  are  applicable. 
No  legislation  ran  lia  en.-11M.1l  I  \  ■!■■<  I  0B>- 
inlttee    Of    tin-    Whole. 

Committee  on  Public  Information. 
I'uMic    I  n  formal  ion    Committee.) 
Commodore.— Formerly    a    conrtcay    title 
glean    In    lb.'     I'till.'d    States    Navy    tr.    Hi.. 
MBJor  officer  of   a   squadron.      By  nn   tot 

Sllgsed    In    1857    the    senior    captain    of    a 
'in  i "ii  an  tin-  Bag  officer.     Th» 

grade  -if  commodore  waa  created  in  180— 
along  vvlrh  Unit  of  rciii-:nliiili;il.  mill  ea- 
tulillxhed  nn   Ibe  gi:nl \t    nbnes.   thai    Of 

captain.  Tbla  trade  bad  ibe  Mauve  rank 
of  a  brlc-uiller  general  In  the  Army.  Until 
that  year  a  captain  was  *in'  btgbsel  navel 
officer  recognised  by  law  A  captala  or 
flag*  officer  who  commanded  more  than  one 
vessel   at   a    time   win    bj    common   consent 

:    rommodore,   and    the   title,    oai 
plli  .1     generally   clung  to   him.      The   title 
of  commodore    wan   nlxituin-tl    by    the 

mi  act  approved  March  .':.  1899,  and 
tin-  number  of  rcjrndmlmls  was  Incrcaaed 
by  the  same  act  to  eighteen. 
Common  Carriers.— The  legal  definition  of 
common  carrier  applies  to  all  who  carry 
I     fur  hlr"  Indifferently   fur  nil   pi  rsona. 

i  in-  i<  .-in  iii.-iii.ii  i  carriers  by  bind  lad 
im  tbe  one  band  they  comprise 
railway  companies,  truckinen.  tcamstera 
and  express  companies,  whether  raefl  per- 
sons iindertnke  to  convey  khuiH  froni  one 
imrt  of  a  elty  to  n  not  bar  or  through  the 
whole  osteal  of  lbs  country,  or  bets 
different  <tutca  and  countries:  on  Ibe  other 
hand   they  Inclndi  r»   of 

•■very  nun  of  resse]  wim  undertaka  to  carry 
hi  for  all  who  choose  to  employ  them. 
whether  between  porta,  along  the  coasts, 
or  along  navigable  rivers,  or  across"  the 
sens.      Common    carriers    nre    liable    for    all 

damage*  or  loaa  during  transportation  fi i 

any  cause  except  the  act  of  Oca  or  Hi- 
public  enemy.  Common  carrier*,  when 
ttn'v  ondertaai  lbs  general  boslnsM  of 
transportation,  nre  obliged  to  carry  nil 
which  offer  and  if  they  refuse  without  Just 

excuse    they    nr»   liable,   to  actios.     They 

may  qualify  tbelr  common  law  n-KTKUislMI- 
Hy  by  apcclnl  contract.  Tbe  bill  of  lading 
Is  the  written  evidence  of  the  contrnet. 
The  reaponalblllty  of  tbe  carrier  begin*  nn 
receipt  of  the  good*  from  the  owner.    Com- 


mou  ■  nre  not  held  re- 

sponsible .-■  Invurera  of  tbe  safety  of  those 
they  transport  as  common  earrieia  SI 

The   regulation   nf   cuoituu  i    carriers  by 
federal    lawi  m  nasty    la   the 

i-  of  legislation.     Tin 
was    llnally    •  -.:.  ■    re 

Sort    •iibrnllted    i mltte* 

no,    ]>,.    i-.su,    which   declared 
Just    ill  r    ran**    of 

ilalnl   agalosi   Ibe  m.uiagemcnt  of  rail- 
in  Hir  conduct  of  bualans.  and  chu 
rise  to  much  of  the  pin..-..: 
for  regulating  leglslatl 

baaed  oa  i.r.n  iiriutvl  pages  of  testimony, 
and  formed  the  basis  of  lbs  later-State 
Commerce  act  of  !>' 

The   stntute   recognises   the   fact    that    It 
la    no   bnalni  comoson   carrier    to 

.ulnr  enterprises  or  to  bull 
new  Industries:  but.  deriving  Its  fra: 
from   the   letflala  .  .ling   spool 

Hie  win  of  iim  people  for  Its  rery  exist- 
en. ...  It  Is  bonnd  to  deal  aqoarri. 

plllillc,     to     • 

inxporlstloo  •  •!  persons  and  property, 
and   to   put   all  Its   patrons   upon  an   abao- 

lute  equality.    Tin'  law  nf  MSI  - 
.  i]    h;    i ne   Clklna  act  of   II  pro 

Tided  for  it  tltio  of  from  f  l.ouo  to  f'.'O.OOO 
mi    the    eompauy    Instead     it    la  ; 

"I   1  In  M  llfUl    Vl.ilM .f    in 

and    provided    for    expediting    eases    before 
the  federal  courts.     While  Ibe  law   vii 
prevented   the  (trial  ..I  dli  «,  yet 

It   was  fniind  poH  be  companies  to 

grant     Indlleet     ilUeilinllnllliun     lo     fu>. Teil 
alilppera,    papeclnlly     Iboae    rarsdAblogl    k|.>- 
cars,  or  other  faculties  for  transports- 
Hun.     The  consoliiliilmi  ..f  eoainetlug  roads 

WilM    decided     In  ■    ■:  I  hero 

Beeurltlca    -  March    U.    190I. 

June  2U,   1300.  Congress  passed  the  Hep- 
burn law.     Thla  gave  Ihe   Interstate  Cons- 
merce  Commission  power  to  pri-scrlbe  rate 
for    comnniii    ■  :n  i  lei  -.     an  I  ned    U. 

deftnlilnii  tn  Include  all  rallroada,  ;>lii 
express   ami   sleeping   car  corop<v 
bade  the   Issue  of   free   pnstes    to   any 
employees    and    their    families    and    •    fi 
prescribed    others;    fnrlmde    rnilrc.sd 


panics  to  transport  noy   commodities 

than  Ininlier  proda l    it  owned  by  I 

reniilrncl  schedulea  of  all   tariff* 


filed   with   Hi-   co  Imposed   severe 

itlng;  empowered  th. 
■rllie   a   tinlf<irm   msthod  of 

bookkeeping 

during    1007  Ihe  Federal  Cover 
cored    ludlctmenta    against    ihe    folio 
common  carriers  for  dl>ciimlnailna  bef 
shlppeis  and  for  giving  rebel    •:    Mm  Q  I 
Northern    Railroad,    for    giving    rebu 
in-  American  Sugar  Helming  Company;  th 
Chicago.      Bock      Island      ami      lii: 
twelve  «g».    Miiv. 

and  St.   Paul,  on  thirteen  couuts :  the  lake 
steamer     line     nf     tin 

Railroad    (Western    Trans  I    ''"inpnoyl.  on 
twelve    counts:    the    ' 

giving    n-bales    to    otic    of  line 

companies  of  th*-  American   Sngur    I. 

stehlson.  Topeka  and  San1 
F*.  tor  giving  Illegal  rates:  ilw  New   Yor 

Chicago  ami   St.   1 Is,   the   Lehigh  Vi 

and  Ihe   owners  of  a    refrigerator  car 
for  giving    nnd    toklng    rebates  ;    the   Pens 
.  It  .mi. i     K      Inn  'I      lb-     \i  ".     V  .rk    Centr.ll 
,1    'Hi   Coinpatiy   and  one  of  It 
anbsldlarr  companies,  for  Illegal  rater. 
Olenn.    N'.     V.,     In    le.lllta    In    Verm. nit  I     His 

(standard  Oil  Company,   for  aeceplln.- 

gnl    rates   on    oil    from    Whiting.    Ind..    to 

KiMi   .St.   I»iils.  111. 

Common  Carriers,   government  control 
of,  rccommondod,  7143. 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Compromises 


Common    Law.— Common    Ijiw    U    defined 
to    o*    tboac    rules    of   action    which   hats- 
|l*u    ap    from   old    untc    an- 
atODa  of  juJges.      In  III*  Called  StaKs  tbo 
term    '  conimoo  M   that  of 

.Deluding  unwritten   ■ 
limn  lnjiai  mortal  in  that  Kingdom,  and  Hi  ■ 
statetes  passed   iiy    ">t   Kcgllsh  Parliament 
bvfor-  peadence    ■  .mlo*. 

Jaiy    4.     inc.    l»    the    da'.e    riled    t.y    ninny 
li  nut   «.»ir  • 
l..n  of  Louisiana,  loin  forms  the 
of   all 
In    oiany    of  them    It    has   been    expressly 

-J    by   statute   of   coaMltuuoaal 
vuion.      tiidcr  the  first  O  ■!  the 

•«  the  people  were  declared  enttllcd 
l<»  lb*  k>cn*ai»  uf  the  common  law  of  Kng- 
land,  but  It  <r*<  left  I  nUI  court* 

•Mr    win    common    laa    »-u«.      The 

v       placed      v.irh.i; 

<<    s'litutes    and    colonial    legislatures 
it  la  iarh.ua   ways.      Aftsr 
lloa  was  sdopi 

rmtalaed  that  there  was  no 
common     law    In    rr»|.  rlaprn- 

of  the  Federal  government,  the  no- 
tionalists lakln.  -lie  view.  Ped- 
•  ral  courts  sitilr.t  In  n  Trrrltorr  adopt 
eoninton    law    r ■:  l-l.ia   In   thi 

of   statutes:    In    n    sinfe   tbejr    adopt 

a  law  of  Jbnt  state.      Th.-   I " n 1 1 - 

rites  at  a  district    sovereignty   lini  no 

eoenaaoa    law,    and    then-fore    rhpr-    enn    bo 

■■-invrn    law    offenses    acalnat    It.    but 

tbe-   Federal  courts  adopt    i  m    law 

Sennlttoa    of  common    law    rrlinea    not    i)c 

lawd    by   statute. 

••Common  Seme."— a  pamphlet  i>T  Tboa, 

i  la  1770  It  wa*  a  stirring 
•ooswl  fur  American  Independence  Wash- 
laitio  ordered  It 

".  Thomas,  Biographic  luil- 
Cocunmim. --'"ommon  ownership  nnil  con- 
5«J  *f  property  a«    distinguished    from    In 
wrWaal   ownership   and    control.      (8ec   So- 
itUaaa.l 

Compact.-  rally   as   •ynonyrnnus 

•Ilk  liruiu  In  dlpl'-mnth-  relation*  bets 
"■antta*. 

Oalpanjr. — In  military  parlance  a  body  of 
J****  f.».r  la  number  than  i  --i 

i»  tap- 
-nslst  of  about  one  bundrcd  men. 
OWBsetrlOt.— A  fellow  countryman, 
toapeasated        Emancipation.         (800 

Emancipation.  1 
Conpetltor,     Th*.     person*      claim 

nn  citizenship  captured  on.  I.v 
Sfoii.h   authorities,  6180,  0183,  1.. 
^MtproatM,  Missouri.      (Sec  Missouri 

<-'oK|ironii*e.) 

Oosaprornls*  of  1833. — Th-  high  tariff  of 

'»!»  cauKd  much  dissatisfaction  through- 
**  tW  south-  By  tbc  act  of  July  14. 
'Ml.  amending     the     tariff    law     of    1828, 


*0  Ibe  fir»t  lax   »»  I -1 1  •  1  011  woolen  yarn, 
pamsalre     fcalurss     of     these    Iowa 

L.lbia    elsewhere.    on<]     raaulleu    In    tbc 
atlou    "f    Ibo    law    by    that 

ill  vrnl  1  111    held     nl 
,    Not.    in.    ]^;!L'.    whii'h    by    ordl- 
■sr.  .j,,-u,  .  iit  acta  of    I8J8   and 

■ad  robl       1  !■  ii  -■   thi    qui  ii  Inn  of 
ManyMloD  la  i  lopnient  «n« 

*l*Mhc  Into    iiatluu.il    prominence.      Murch 
mo*.  Coa«r»M  enacted  a  new  turirf  law 


In    the    nnture    of   0    conipromlM.      It     was 

S radically     tbt    same    bill     as    that     Intro- 
lu    tbc    Sriiuie    by    Heury    Clay.      It 
proTlded   for  the   irradual        iliug  down  of 
!;h    duties    then    cxlsllog    unlll    after 
•  .  in.    u    ii '  lasli    shontd     I"- 

1  in.  coniproinlit*  took   th<   place 
nf      1     low  tariff    measure    tben    under    coo- 

■ 
.  ided    '  ■   ■    Kradaal    1  all  ill 

lid     I"     Ihe 

Mlandurd    duly    lu    1S42.       I8ec    also    Nulll- 

■ii.  1 

OompromUe    of    1833,  in    of 

:     r-  I.  i.'i-.i  to,    Iv.    1. 

Compromise  of  1850.    "n  Jan.  20,  1880. 

Lx    nauliitlons    In 

relaUng  10  (ii  the  adm- 

llfurula    ai    a    free    stnle ; 
(DCcinmcul  :<  uud  >«»  Mea- 

eoudllloDi    n-    to 
bound.irl'»  nf  Texus;   Hi  .- 

suppretelon   of    the  slave 
in    ih.    Dlatrlct  --f  Columbia .    I«j    fuj 
s 1 11  -i  •:   laws.     A   >pcoUI   cotamlttM  of   loir- 
lawn,     "lib    Clay     as    chairman,     com 
these     r< v-liitlnnx    Into    ons    omnit-ux    hill, 
which    failed    of    pa»»oc«.       AitCl    the    de- 

lajr'a   omnibnaj   hill   n 
sepnmle   IdlU,    barlof  prscl  Kiime 

piirpoie    of    comproruUluc    on    the    si* very 

Si.ui  pnaatd      tin 
it    the    •  Texas    w«i    allowwd 

"i.OOO  for  New  Mexico,  and  tbe  area 

t ry    a 

1800,  California  was  admltti  d  10 
with    her    free   constltutliin       <>n    the  snnie 
rtny    tilths    were   passed  for  establishing   ter- 
In     Sis     Mexico    nod 

These  laws  contain  Senator  Soule's 

HI  :.n:  M|il  1^       SI 

ments    to    tbe    fugitive-slave    law    of    i'Vli. 
12,      I  passed,    denying    an 

n.-u-ni.  •    irlnl    by    Jury    and    prohibiting    re- 

iln        1  1  I  imi  u  Imprlaoi 

iMi:itn-tn  ports. 

Compromise  of  1850  (are  also  Slav. 
-.  2628,  80!  ; 
eaated,  B186, 
CompromlaeB     of     the     OonBUtulIon.— 

Three    Importanl  were    mnda 

by  the  Constitution*]  Cooreotloo  la 
The  rnosi  Importanl  question  thm  ■■• 

the  members  was  whether  eacb   slate's  In 
•  'unlll     he    ei|iisl     to     Ihsl     0(    any 
other     slnle,      or     whether      represeui 
should     be    based     upon    population.       The 

?lnn     proposed    a]     Bd id     I-iamlniph,    of 
'Irxlnln.     nnd    oallad     tB«       Vlrflnls    plan. 
favored   represcnlntlon   In    l.nih    Houses  ac- 
eordlnc  to  population:  that  of  William  Pat- 
.  r    Si  -.-.    j,  1  -.■>-.    mi    equal    i-ii     r.-i 

sll     states     and     only     one     Mo is     a 

corapromlne,    p>,,p„-.,  .1    i.y    William    Samuel 
Johnson,  nf  1  ■•mi. -in. -lit,  and  originally  sug- 

fcnied  by  Georf.  -f  Virgins,  the 

onvcntlon     agreed     to     hnvo     two     Houses 
with  equal  n  alon  In  ths  Senate  and 

ortlonats  representation  in  Ibe  Hoose. 

Secondly,     it     was    proposed    to     tax     both 
exports    and    Imports    nt    the   discretion    of 

M-y.  of 
Bouta  I'lr-ilinn,  declared  that  bis  state 
could  aol  com*  Into  the  Union  nndof  such 
n  provision,  as  her  «.  Isted  mainly 

In  on-  export— rice.  It  was  1  ti . ■  r — 

r decided  tbnt  no  tax  upon  exports  should 

p.-   Laid.     Third:.     N  -.-Hi   rarollaa,    South 

Inn,     mid     t.eorgla     refused     to     enter 
Into   the    I'nlun   If   the  slave    trade  was    to 

be    prohibited     so    ins    third    c.iupi.nniM- 

(I     I..     ■  .1-.     lliat     1  Hong  -  Id     not 

prohibit   traffic   In   slaves   before    1    08   nnd 
that  a  fugitive-slave  law  should  bo  enacted. 


Comptroller        Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Comptroller    of    tho    Currency.      (8«« 

Treasury  Department  j 
Comptroller  of  tno  Trowury.— Tho  offlco 
of  C'o.Bptro.lcr  of  tie  Treasury  was  estab- 
lished Ly  act  of  Conjrcj^  la  17SO.  A*  de- 
fined by  t_c  law  uf  l  i.  t  a  office  Is  In 
choree  of  nil  appeal*  frum  t  0  flmllnes  "f 
the  audltcrs  (q,  r.),  nnd  advises  and  nlds 
the  Treasury  Department  In  determining  t'-o 
validity  of  nil  appropriation!  nnd  pcr=ratn 
pacing    through   tic  Treasury   Department 

roller  "f  the  Ttb  mtwj   tiunforo 
pswc*  legal  Jud> 

iUJh    I    e   treasury  of   I 
;  mid,  iir.pl  for  rcvl.iv  I  |    I    I  courta. 
Ms  decision   Is  final.     Ills  yearly  salary  Is 
10,000,   and   he    Is   atslstrd  ly  «  nisi 
corenrrollcr.  w"n  receive*  a  yearly  salarT  of 
i-1,500.      I  Sec  Treasury  Department) 

Comptroller  of  too  Treasury,  783. 
Compulsory  Military  Bervlce— a  nm 

Of    pMinhiciii    Americans,    notnbly   ex  I'n  -I- 

deal  Tbeodori    Booses  it  and  .Mijor-Gener.il 

Leonard   Wood,  tad  been  h  ■ "I- 

sory    inllltir."    Iralnln;    for    rltlsous   of    the 

□nlted  states  ei  ■  sk  of 

I  ..    i.:    M    European   War:  but  their 
In  this  direction  rccclred  little  mpoorl  from 
the    mass    of    f:e    American    people       After 
August  I,   1014.   howoTor.   a   definite 
ment   for   military   I"  <I*J   Pre" 

p.ir.MlneaS)  tock  tntpi  In  i  i  U  ilteO  Slates, 
and  the  sentiment  fer  tin!vrrs;il  mil 
trnlnliu-  became  pOWCrfW.  Tl.crc  arose  also 
a  strong  nnl.T.-.itil-in  to  the  proposal,  and  t>n 
discussion  became  bitter  over  tho  entire 
country. 

Both  the  advantages  and  the  dland- 
vantnges  of  the  e  i  pnl  nry  trnlnlns  are  STl- 
dnnt.  nnd  i  of  it»  adaption  hinse* 

solely  upon  I '■!:  relative  ynlnes.  Anions 
l>>e  advantages  rmr  to  cited  tho  followln-r: 
Compulsory  mlllUry  training  Is  democratic. 
liiMifiir  as  It  place*  t'  e  burden  of  military 
ecrvlce  npoa  the  '■■■  "ii Mors  of  nil  alike,  nltY 
i  ui  distinction  of  wi-nlfi  or  of  social  stn- 
tiofl  .  whereas  sen-Ice  In  a  small  or  even  a 
considerable  professional  army  Is  opt 
declined  by  t'  e  middle  nud  UBpl  i  classes. 
A  trained  "tandlni  army,  wlfi  an  even 
larger  number  of  trained  reserves.  Is  always 
available  for  on  emer.-rnc.r.  w'crcii*  It  re- 
culrce  months  of  training,  to  say  nothing  of 
legislation,  to  raise  an  army  from  tho  un- 
trained cltlionry.  la  times  of  war.  tho 
expense  and  tho  uncertainty  of  voluntary 
recruiting  arc  abolished,  along  with  t'.o 
hectic  campaign  of  hatred  nnd  vituperation 
towards  the  country's  enemies  which  chnrac- 
terlied  link-land's  campaign  for  recruits  In 
the  European  War.  for  Instance.  Universal 
training  alao  ■'•ould  have  n  beneficial  effect 
upon  the  physical  development  of  O'e  in- 
dividual, In  addition  to  providing  a  doflnlto 
census  of  the  physical  altnntlnn  of  the  conn- 
tpv'k  inhabitants,  with  provl'lon  for  nnv 
fefecta  which  mav  need  to  Ik'  remedied. 
rnlversal  training  has  been  ndonted  hv  prae- 
tlrnllv  eTcrv  European  country,  with  the 
evrepflon  of  England,  and  hv  Japan :  so 
f-af,  devnlta  the  large  population  of  the 
fnlted  Btatel.  >ho  e-uld  n.il  put  Into  thft 
Peld  In  tsso  of  conflict  with  nny  of  these 
countries  nn  armv  wMrh  would  bene  enra- 
peri«e>n  In  *l*o  with  their  armle«.  And  tha 
esemr.l*  e,f  (Trance  and  of  Switzerland  l» 
r'^nrlone'l  to  prn.-e  that  ft  eountrr  rnnr 
adnnt  military  training  for  all  Its  In^aM- 
taats  wltbout  becoming  militaristic  or  with- 


E 


out  teln-  Crcd  by  lust  for  conquest 
cianvinlam. 

'i'Oocnts  of  uolvrrsal  military   »■»'■ 

olat  cut  en  tie  other  band,  t..at  Geraumj. 
lie  country  which  today  stand- 
world  as  to  greatest  exponent  of 
fo..   v.i.   Is  tho  country   |n  whlcli  anlverstd 
IfBlnl  !  its  Impetus  and  hit 

declare,   ad 
universal  eon-Ice  too  r«cnlly  f.-r  tli 
tnrr  aplrlt  to  ovenvhelni  |bi 
'     Ds    countries    Hi*    Switzerland    are    . 
small  and  1  av*  a  population  too  scattered  t* 

I 
ponenu  claim  furt  ir  that  war  at  Its  beat  L 
a  untullMng  Influence,  nnd  tli.it  training 
for  war  la  apt  to  have  a  brutalizing  eOert 
upon  t  S  Individ  ml.  Military  service  means 
I  llnd  obedience  to  orders.  ao4  fie  cooarqwent 
:  of  tie  ndlvldual  Initiative:  and  a 
democracy  mint  perish  when  Its  people  set 
cut  of  tie  habit  uf  t '-Inking  for  tnemtelve*. 

-position  of  military  training:  t 
t'ner  In ..tlncts  of  democracy  Is  shown  : 
fact  fat  cany  persona  who  found  a  place  la 
our  history  as  most  rervlccoble  Americana 
lid  to  this  country  to  nvcld  serving  Is 
European  oral  i.  Tho  physical  Improve- 
ment  In  the  Individual  tain**  *ttk 

eal  trnlnlna  met  ",i«  aside  from  tae 
re  Hilary  drill  :  nnd  the  t'nlted  States,  un- 
like the  Kuropenn  countrira.  separated  by  a 
vast    exp.iii-i-  m    any    possible 

enemies,   nred  not  fear  an    Inrnslen   upon  s 
few  dnj-s'  not' ee.     And  although  the  pnssss 
alon  of  a  Inrzc  military  streneth  need  sot 
Imply  a  desire  for  tho  utilisation  of  ll 
It  may  .rlcal  agxr*ssfv«- 

ness  wMCi  will  fin  nny  lotent  war  aplrlt  la 
tlmea  of  disturbance. 

Germany  was  t*-c  flrat  of  the  gTent  Enrs- 
pem    powers   to   Innuguiate   the  system  of 
universal    military   training,   and   he- 
cesses  In  18G0  and  1S70  were  so  startling 
fat  her  example  wos  followed  by  moat  of 

he  ex- 
ception of  L'ngland.  who  relies  upon  ber 
fleet  for  war  strength.  Under  tbo  German 
called  to  the  colors  for 
two  years'  »ervlcc  when  t'-ey  reach  tbe  ace 
of  20.  Owing  to  the  fn't  that  there  Is  a 
constitutional  cheek  of  1%  of  the  population 
upon  the  »lse  of  Germany'a  standing  army, 
f-ero  are  many  and  liberal  exemptions  to 
tho  llnllllty  for  military  act  men 

f.-iun    i    e  maritime  cltlea  and  provinces  re- 
cruit the  navy.     All  |he  oBlcers  of  tbs 
man   army   arc  professional   military   men. 
and  foe  cltl-ens  w:o  ere  trained  f- 
rpper  classes  in  f  n  military  service  r 
only  one  yar  cf  training.     From  22  to  27 
tsa  Oermnn  mnn  Is  under  the  first  reserve. 
end  from  27  to  en  in   tho  second   reserve. 
The   normal   profes»lm.il   nrniy  of  Germany 
in  peace  Umca  was  about  570,000. 

France,  although  w|t"i  •  smaller  popula- 
tion, by  a  system  of  three  years"  military 
service  and  of  fewer  exemptions  ba»  tern 
aMe  to  maintain  n  pence  army  of  about 
720  nno,  including  i-er  eMonlal  troops— only 
1BO.000  less  than  the  German  army.  (Ree 
Swlso  Svtem  of  M""«rv  Trsinlne.  Austra- 
lian SyMem  of  >t'llr-<rv  Training;  also 
Armies  of  tvo  World.  MHItarv  Training  In 

Schools.  European  War.  rrcparcdness.) 

Ooncessionor. — One  who  obtains  n  special 
privilege  from  f  e  Government  like  t-e  privi- 
lege to  cut  timber  or  to  use  water  ways. 
Concession*,  Tno.— The  privilege*  enjoyed 
iw  Jersey  as  n  Province  In  1601 :  these 
privileges  having  been  granted  by  Berkeley 
nnd  Carteret  who  held  authority  from 
Charles  II.  Thoso  privileges  served  on  • 
constitution  for  tho  Provlneo  of  Ne«r  Je 
until  the  devolution. 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Confederate 


Concord  (Mass.),  Battle  of.— One  of  the 
opening    tklrtuuoaa    ol  .oluttounry 

War.      A   drtacluui-ut    of    SOO    1. 
dlers    under    i.i.ut.  id.     Htullb    ooil    UnJ. 
I'kculiii  bud  been  fccni   Crow   Boslou  to  ib> 

or  captain  some  uiima:/  stores  col- 

at    ".oO/Cord    by    ■  tie    .-  Af- 

ter a  brief  eos-.crun.-nt  at  Lexington  the? 
ranched  Concord  April  10,  ITT3,  where  they 

were    opposed    by    8iH)    mm   :- u 

Col.    Unrrctt    tod    M.il.    Umtrlck.      At 
Usort  conUIet.  In  which  several  nfr,-  lout  on 
each  mid*.  I  be  Rrltlsh  Hoi  to  Bum  on  under 

i»>lnj    ore   of  Ibe    A  (SCO 

■Iko  Lexington  (Una.  I.  Battle  Oil 
Concord,   Ta«,   mentioned,   6208,   6414, 

6766,  6769,  6771. 
Concurrent  Besolutten.—  A  resolution 
paaird  by  to*  Home  of  Representatives  nnd 
lie  Sennte  not  of  aufflcUnt  Importance  to 
require  t'  e  President's  signature. 
Confectionery. — As  early  :>«    isiu 
were  twenty  confectioners  In  Phlladeli 

lu  Ken  lurk,  fjcli 
deafer,  a*  n  rnlc,  manufactured  hi*  own 
stock  I.     la 

machinery  was  Introduced  Into  tbo 
i,ii.i:n  -.  Bod  ■  I : ■  i:iiiir  ha*  so  IceieSxid 
that  i"     "• 

nasfTiIni  \j   for   confectioners'   use    b 

Amour  the  pioneers  In  Ibe  Inn  lm    -  were 

i  I    by 
Ion    ^    Chauvenu    nnd    Inl    r    by    Sebas- 
tian Cbauvrsu.  alio  was  tbi  maun- 
i  n  tul 
marxbinalloTi*  in  iliW  oonntr]  .  Paul  I 
who  became  a  sugar  refiner ;  George  M 

im   N.   Herring.  S.   M.    licnncls  and  J.  J. 

i».ii.       .if       PulIadelpblA.      In      New 

Ridley    4     Co.     was     established     In 

18O0;    It.    L.    Smart    In    ISS8,    followed   by 

Thompson,     Striker     nnd      III*      llvliuoiilcu 

in    Button,   tbc    Chases,    ' 
liar'-.     Klcbola    nod     Pernio    were    h-nib-i  •, 
while  In   Baltimore  the  pioneers  were  Bou- 
»ey,    I 

Jn  1800  there  were  In  tbc  United  Stales 
lee.  employing   I.Tia  i 
<^.040.f,71    worth  uf  I 
su     Inrr'tmeot     of    Sl.n::.-. -.:,i.       By     190O 
the  ni-mher    of   estnbllsliuirnw    h  il    ■■ 
to    4,297.    with    a    rapltal    of    1 

■3.583  perrons,   p-  yln  -   In   • 

i;".6S7.   nnd  tornloaj  out   isi.-j-j"  ,i:i 

worth  of  goods.     Ten  year*  l»t»r  IBS  mine 
il  $134,703,000, 
In    1S84   the  Xn'linnl   Confectloncr-i"    As 
clatloa  of  the  Colled   States   i>u  formed 
•     r.unlr    111:1  DtlfnCI  iirem,      OlIC    of 
slated     purposes     Is     "to     ndrnncc     the 
ri  -i  louery  lu  nil  praci 
siisolntclr    to    nroTcnt    harm  fill 
adulterations."     In  most  stnte*  the  snle  of 
enndy    contnlnlng    usrsufi:l    Ingredient*    I* 
f-.rlii  Idcn  by  luw. 

Confederacy,  Crated  Daughters  of  the. 
— This  organisation  was  organised  at  ' 
Ttlle,    Tcnactiee,    on    Scpte-hcr    Id,     1804. 
with  a  membership  of  00,000   In  Us  3.000 
c>spt«rs.      It    I*    composed    of    tbc    arid 
wlr™.  or  f  ndant*  of  military  or 

ers  under  t*i«  i  •iii.deraey.  Its 
•ejects  are  t"-c  nntflcntlon  of  the  woman- 
aoed  of  tin-  Kinit  •.  and  the  preservation  of 
o'kets  «cd  data  of  blal  vrest 

Confadtrste  Flags: 
Captured,  to  bo  presented  to  Congress, 

Betnrn  of  Union   and,   to   respective 
States  recommended,  5103. 
Proposition    withdrawn,    5164. 


Confederate  Soldiers,  proposed  national 
ear*  of 
President    Wilson's    speech    at    •.! 
cation  of  monument  to,  at  Arling- 
ton, 7948. 

Confederate  States.— A  to 

lied  lu  February.  1SG1.  by  tbc  stnlcs  of 
Booth  Carolina,  Mississippi,  VlortdS,  Ala- 
bama. Georgia.  I.  u>.    Latai 

:     l  ■  :i- 

I  ' 

I  Cuugn-ss 
met    nt    lioi  ..:.i.,    i ■■.  :i.    4,    im;i, 

and  adopted  a  provisional  constitution  red- 
imi:y    b.   Jc.Tetson    Da  via    -.-. .  1    t>  o- 

:i    president   and   Alexander   li.    Hie- 
Idcut.      I.nlcr  a 
permanent  government    wn*    or^nnlxod.      A 

ndiipu-il    M 
11.     tBOl  Mr       Ii.lIi     mill      Mr      BlPj 

■  'Iceted   president   and    vice 
respectively,      u.  i     lliejr     were     InnucumlM 
.il    Itlcbiooud,    Vs.,    "iiii-n 
STM   made   tbc   pcinuuent   scut    of  govcru- 

ni'.-iit. 

I  lie    bitten    ..f    th.-     Coufedctnte    State* 

Ik    iiIiiiiiki    .  ,.,v    „f 

Ibo  i  l  v  il  War.    'i  ho  I 
liii-uf   denied   the   rbxbl   of  sns   iinlc   to  se> 
fined    to    teeog- 
nlxe     i  )(■    us    anstbing 

iinii'i-  1 1  i:i  ii  retielllouH  nieuiiicrs  of  the  C 1 1 1 •  >u . 
nnd    lui  look    ni(-n»uies    to    luln^ 

llicm    Into    subjccllou.      Th*    Confederals 

rights  by 
of  ibe  hi  u  II  Hue  :i  itloui  bill  (hair  In- 
dependence nu»  recognised  by  none  ipngea 
was  ■  >i •  i  :i  1 1 ■  i-i I  iiy  tiie 
Ixmio  of  iii-.i-.nry  uoles  and  by  loiiu*  on 
cotton.  After  u  wnr  of  four  years  lbs  i;ov- 
eruuienl  of  Iho  Coufedcrnl*  Hlnlea  prnc- 
lleally  eiinic  lo  an  end  wlili  the  inrreniUr 
of  Cen.   Leo  nt  Appomattox,    April  0 

i     nfeilemlv  ;  '"■     '  ton-federate 

bad  n  en  bluet  composed  of  the  bend* 

of    executive    depnrlinents.     slmllni     10    Ibt 

!   mate*  Goiernuieni  and  ereuted  tor 

like   purposes,      The   bruds  of   tbs   depnrl 

.   everclsed    slmlliir  poweis    nnd    were 

cor- 

of   C  iblnel    oBeera  In 

ic  President  nm  em- 

■il    in   remove   members   of   hi*   enld- 

nei.      Conaress   whs  sulhorlssO    lo   arorlds 

for    Hie   ndmlailon   of   cnbin  to   n 

sent  lu  either  bortao.   with  the  privilege   of 

Sartlclpnlltuj  In  ilebstss'nertal&lna  lo  iln-lr 
epnrtincnb  This  provision  reinnlued  In- 
o'vifttivc.  as  the  eoneresi  failed  to  pro 
•.i.ii-  lbs  Appropriate  lasjabuton.  Too  ssc- 
rctaries  of  tints  were  Bobsrl  Toorolie,  of 
Ceorclu.    Itoln-rt   JI.    T.    Hunter,   of    Vlrrln- 

In.  nnd  ladftb   P.   Ben] In.  of  Lonlsl 

\ii  mmliigi  i-  null 
George  A.  Tienholm.  of  Sonili  Cnrollnn :  of 
v." ;ii-.    I..    Pope    \'.'.i!l..-i',  of   Alnbninn.    Judith 

1-      Itelijaiiilli      nf    I.oulvlan:i.    OcOTM    W,    Itnil- 

dolph.  of  Vlrslnln,  Jntne*  A.  Sedilmi.  of 
Virginia,  nnd  John  C  Brecklnrldce.  of  Ken- 
nt  tin.  ini-.  v  Sieph.-ii  It.  Mnllnrv. 
of  Klorldn :  postmttstcr-genernl.  Jobs  H 
n.  of  Texas -.  nitorncys-cencril.  Jiidnli 
r  Hen  win,  of  I-oiilalnnn,  Thomn*  RrngK, 
of  North  Carolina.  Thomas  II.  Watt",  of 
Alnbnmn,  nnd  Oeorec  I.mvls.  of  North 
Cn  rot  Inn,     The  Is* mlier  of  this   enlrt- 

nit.    Joliu    11      l-  il    at    Pnliixilne. 

Tessa,   on   Slnreli   8.    inn,-,. 

Confederal  •- The    provisional 

■t  of  the  arcedlns  SOi'thern  states 
met  nt  Montgomery,  Aln..  I'eb.  -i.  18*51. 
Tiro  tesainn*  were  heM  here.  Tho  pviv. 
eriini""t  removed  lo  Rleliinuiiil,  V:i..  May 
2«,  1801.  The  laat  two  se«|on«  were  I  la 
In    tb*    latter   clly.    nnal    ndjoumment    ink- 


Confederate  ts  and  Papers  of  Ike  Prrsi 


I  tip   place    Ksb.    IT.    18112.      Th»    first    Cob- 
Mcratc    CoDErcw    bold    four    t^iokin- 
iwtva    Feb.    VS.    isiv.v    nol  l»««. 

In  organize  tin-  < "«.ii I. ••!. -i.i.  > .   frame  n  con- 

;  i  ring: 

•iii    Tin-   « or.      Ii   .11  'i   <>f    iwi  ii  ■  i'i  r 

MMtora  ud    .limn   one  buudrcd   rent 
ntlvrx       '1  in-       .nml    Confrilorslc   Congress 
■o  wimIook  between  Mny  2.   18U4.  nml 
March 

I  "en  r.  .t.-r:.  -  ■•      1  'iilli.l  It  lltlnll         Till'     COtlltHu- 

tntlou    ndci  -     i.nnfrilorate   States 

m  .  .    .    Alt.      a   pro- 

■  d    of    delegate. 

iK  Mint**,   in.  i    in   that  city 

Feb.     4.     1801,     nml    cm    lbs    St  I 

rnalonal    iir    temporary    coohiII 
March    ii     tliej    niircrtl    «i i ••  > u    11    pi-rmniient 
tiitlon.   wltli'b    win  afterward    rntlflod 
seceding   Mates,     It    wiik 
upon  thai  of  ins  called  Btataa,  with  the 
ring   chief    exceptions:    It    recognised 
Hi*   principle   "(   ntntc  soverelgntv   at 

iui  Nil  now  territories: 
I  prolilliltr<l  Inti'ronl  >ni»  nt  fed- 

eral   expense    nn.l    contained    ■<    prohibition 
sgnllixl     lll>  lu<    iili.v    dUtlM    "ti    I in[...r:  :.. 

Si  i     i  ii,    branch    "f    h 
tf"l   new   states   wore  to  lie  mltultii  d    I" 
f     tin:     Itatta:     »tuto     legislatures 

could    Impeach    Confederate   officers   acting 
within    their    Jurisdiction;     lb*    prseMenl 
«3>  lo  lie  elected  for   n   t.rtn   of  tlx 
mid   won    Ineligible   for   re-election :   the  up- 

f'roprlntlns  power  of  congress  w:i»  llm 
!«il.  nml  tli.-  right  "f  debate  i"  ■-. .in-- r. — i 
wiik   txltodi  il    to    in-nds   of  departments. 

Commissioner*    i"    Rurope.— ■There 

sent  nbronit  to  sccute  assistance  nml  en-op- 

•ratios   In   Burop*    Wllll.itu   I*    Yancey   and 

M    Mason  in  the  Court  of  8t.  James, 

rJlldcll   lo    I'nriK    PleTN    A     Botl    10 

Madrid,   a.   Dudley   Mmin  to  Brussels,   ind 

I.    V    t  .  I.nuinr  to  St.  rctcrsMirg.  nltbougb 

i    t.i   other   capital! 

'  of  Mutton   ami  Slldell  aboard  «   Itrlt- 

l.ti    stvftmvr    nml    their    subsequent    release 

upon  demand  of  Oreal   Britain  points  t"  Ins 

frobnblllty   of    Intervention    by    thai    DOWW 
«  behalf  of  the  iui;. 

Confederate  States   (see  also  Confeder- 
ate   I'oiiititution;    Reconstruct ; 

ReatoratJon;    Soeemion;    slavery: 
s..iitii,Tti  stutc:  civil  War): 

Acfa  for  admission  of  certain  South- 
ern States  vetoed.  3846,  3841 
Acts    to    provide    for    more    eflioient 

?OVcmmont  of  rebel  ntnt.es  vetoed. 
s  i  •  i  •    Reconstruction.) 
Agents  of,  abroad,  suit*  institiit.il   in 

English  courts  against.  3661. 
Ai.l    t'nriii'.hiil   to,   by   Groat   Britain. 

\  Itiliariiti   claim*.) 
Belligerent   rights   accorded,  by  for- 
o  powwn  dtocuaed,  I860,  :;:t-7, 
3565. 
BMOgSitiOD   nml   aid   from   foreign 
powers    invoked    by.   3.131,   1MB, 
Blockade   of  ports   of.      (See  Block- 
ades. ) 
Circuit  courts  to  be  re-established  in, 
recommendations  regarding.  3556. 
Correspondence  regarding,  referred 
tO,    '..-7(1. 
Claims     against      oili/ens     of.     and 
means  of  collecting  discussed,  3251. 


Comtnereial   later- 

1.  3238,  X366,  :i ; 
Ilcstricticin*  on,  removed  from  eer- 

3*1.  J524, 

81,  3537. 
I'lin-i  int inn   of-      (8*«   Confe-i1.. 
titution.) 

:  or.  recommended  by 
Pr*»i.  i. in,  .'i-.'.'il. 

l>iri'ct  lax,  collection  of,  referred  to, 

asm. 

Knvoys  of,  sent  to  Trance  and  Great 

Britain.     (8ee  Mason  and  Si 
Ex.  .  Tiartmenta  of,  historical 

-inti  :n.  nt    of    Oen.    Sherman    coa- 
cerninK  public  jtolicy  of,   referred 
to,  4S50. 
Fla»8  of— 

■  >: rod.  to  be  presented  to  Con- 
gress, S381. 

State*,  roe- 
tunn  163. 

Proposition   withdrawn,  5164. 
Government    employees   assisting   in 
rendition  of  public  honors  to  rebel 
living  or  dea.! 
Go'  of.  fir*t  located  at  Moot 

gomerj-,  Ala.,  3835. 
Transfer    of,    to     Richmond,    Vi 

3.1.,- 

Governments  to  be  re  established  in — 

Ait   to   guarantee  republican  form 

of  fjovtnunenf  to  states  whose 

Rnvcriimcnts     have     been     over 

tliroviii,    MM 

Discussed.  8890. 

Proclamations  regarding,  3414,3423. 
In      wliii-li      in-.iir..  pro- 

elal  ;366. 

I'ro.'lanintiorn    declaring    insurTe 
lion  u\  an  and,  86S7,  :n32. 
Joint     reaolntioii     deelariag     eertaia 
■■    nut   entitled  to  ranriMtta 
i  urn  hi  electoral  college  ilU. 
8461. 
Joint,   resolution    excluding   electoral 
\  nt.--  of  atatet  lately  i»  rok 
vetoed.  3849. 
Policy  of  President,  of  1'nited  States 

toward,  referred  to,  3fiii7 
President  of.     (See  Davis,  Jefferson.) 
Products  of,  authority  given  to  pur- 

•>.:■-.  .    ii 
Rebel   debt,  referred    to,  3583.  3588. 
Recoil-.!  mot  inn    of.     (See   ReeonstrBC- 

tion.'i 
Restoral  See  K.vtoratioa.) 

Secretary  of  War  of.     (8e«  Seddon, 

James   A.) 
I'nii.n   nml   I'linfeilirate  flags,  return 
of.    to    rt'-i'oi'tiv,.    States   recom- 
mandad,  Bz68. 

tlnlr*wn,  5164. 
Confederate    Votoiana.       (See    UnS 
Confederate  Veterans.) 


: 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Congo 


Confederate    Veterans,    United.      (See 

United  Confederate  Veteran*.) 
Confederate  Veterans.  United  Sons  of. 
— Tin.   organization   wa*   formed   In    Bkfc- 
■toad  In  1SV8  for  cbaritabeF.  historical  and 

•  <e*.  It  U  composed  of  male  de- 
scendant* of  men  who  *crTed  the  Confed- 
eracy .urlaaj  th*  Civil  War. 
Confederation.  Artlclee  of.— Th*  Second 
Continental  Cong-ret*  appointed  ea  June 
II.   ITiil.  *  committee  to  drew  np  Artlctt* 

.... 
TBI*  cocinilttcc  prevented  a  drufi    in   Coo- 
grese  July    13.    I7T&      Not.  15.   1777.   they 
"■ere  adopted    with   atacudmeut*   aa    '■Artl- 
ctta  of  Confederation  and   Pert*  I 

lie*"      July    $.    1778,    tbe 
.     «.r»     algmd     I>j     di-h-gatc*    from 
elclit  >tnle*.     March  1.  1781.  lb 

iiiBd  aUo  aignnl.  and  on  Ibe  uw 
dale   tbe   Son!   ratification   m   ordered    by 
Conrrna.      The  original   I*  Indorsed  i 
of   CnafxderaHna   »'   ""•    lulled   Slate*  of 
Aoserlca."      These   Artl  (or    a 

«lagl«  Ilouae  of  Cungrcsa  wlib  power  to 
raise  nm»r  by  reiiiilalHim  on  the  state*. 
Kxiii  tbt  'taiee 

w*»  n*cc**arr.  and  they  could  not  be  amend- 
ed nr  '  file. 


The* 

re*|K-et   abroad   or  enforce  order 


did  not  operate  on  In.] 

CulllOiaCd     R. 


»i    b-.in..  attempt* 

to  anirs-1  them  a  convention     following  Ibe 
mpri'ii.    of    the    Vlrglnln    nnd    Maryland 
ommlKiloner*,  «n»  called  nt  An. 
napol  turn  called 

convention  at  I'hllndelphln  In   I7»7       1'he 
,      rejected  lee   of 

loo    *Dd    Irani'  'I    hint.  Jil    I  In' 

•  at   lousiltiitlon.  which,   after   l">  n 
Ion  br  »lu  became   the   aupreme 

aw  of  tbe  land    (page 

Confederation.  Artlclee  of,  3. 
r*  of.   13. 

Congo  Conference,  nt   Berlin,   rtfi  rred 

.  4843,  48«5,  4915. 

Congo  Free  State. — A  dependency  of  ll»l- 

:lom  In   tbe   heart  of   Africa.     It   extend* 

."'  north  of  th*>  eqaalor  to  about 

lake   re- 

i   north    and   west    to   Hie   Congo 

■  north*  e.i  boundary  follows  that  river 

it*  eaooiti,   wiii.-i.  i i.i   (., 

Atlantic  Ocean  I    Iwundarim 

denned  by  the  ncutr.iilie  declarations 

mill  r,  IS»«,  after 

■  ugal      The  conntrjr  bal  ee- 
..-at    the   Lfldo    enclave,    of 
wbleb   lliat    rli    r    forma   tin 

y.      Tbe  iirf.t  of  the  ■ Dtrj    la  eidliii 

more  than  DW.OOO  *iunre  mllea.  nnd  the 
.iibahiianla    at    -  Th.-    Kumpcun 

BipnUtUin.    Jsn.    I.     I 
rivaling      forty  ••rvea      American*.         The 
nl  It*  origin  In  tbe  companies  formed 

don. 
Tbe  unl    AxHorhitlnn, 

foanded  In  Stanley  on 

■  .  Rlvei    |i    i 
t-h  Ir 

nd  transpo  \fter 

Kanlr  ill.'    I'omitl1    d'Ktudc*    du 

■...i-  r  .mini  .iii.i.  i  i!     ou»| 
■■I'old    II.     K I  hi-    ..(     Belgium,     mil    la 
R7l»  thl*   became   the   International    A**o- 
allon    of    Hi.-    i  ..ir."..       i 
aralu  "end  |i   Hie  great    rim 

Ms  oven    bollt    mad*, 
n*  and   made  more  than  .100  trcatlcv 
th    native    ehlel 

.Ihitiiil 
clntioa  of  i 


then  appealed  to  the   Power*  of  lhe>  world 
for   perml**lon  to  com 

i  tilted  State*  wa*  tbe  nr»t  country  to 

rccognlxc   the    International    Association    of 
tbe     Congo     a*     a     soti-rcign     Independent 

Bower.    Dadei     ill.     un  i    I'n 

tale.      Tbl*  wa*  done  tn  accordance  with 
the   report    of    the    CoinruSn.       •    .    I 
Relation*     el     lb.'     I 

wblrb  reported   Hint  I    tbe  o*H«e 

chief*  were  clearly   wltbln  their  rlgbi 
that    the   aseoclutl"ii    .    uM   lawfully     ■ 
Hi. in    i;..i.'.'-    i.n  a8,    01  I  .        v.  It  bin         >••   r 
Austria.    France,   Germany,   Greed    r.riialn. 

the    .N.-ihcrlaudi.    Portugal,     1< 
Spain,    ami 
Ol   ilir    United    siatce. 

A  general  act  ..f  tna  internatloi 
.    hi    Merlin    In    I 
I. mi:    of    '  i  .  I.     In    the    Inula    of 
Di      i 'ongo.    dcchircil     aliaoluu-ly     free     the 
navigation  of  tin-  Congo.  In-  irlbutarii 
the  Ink.",  n  '..i  ».  it ii  it,  i-'i.i 

down  ruin    f..i    in.,  proteotloa  of  the  na- 

tlvi-a  nnd  the  *upprv*«!uri  -A  the  ».-».• 
uud  Impotol  uim 

the  act  the  olillgntloii  to  arr^pi    ih.-  . 
lion    nf  on..  ..r    more  frl.ii.lly  gorernment* 
•erlou*    troubl*    ail>.-     In     the 
Congo  baaln.     Tl. 

mtlfv  *ucb 

u    :     poavd    ution   It    Tnteruallonul   obll 

ImtkiOB  nt  variance  with  Ii  i  pul- 

ey.     The   Conference  placed   the  atate  nt»- 
.l.r    the    Kovervlgntr    of    King     Leopold    II 
giiioj.  on  tbe  ba*l»  el  union 

with    llvlglutu     though    |.<Tp<M    nlly    neutral 
and    frcv    :..   i  In     :  i.i.i      of  uud 

guarantied     iMiunllty    of     treatment     to     all 
•ettler*  of  whateeer  iiatlonnlliy.     By  a  will 
dated  Aug.  2,    I'  hv<l  to 

Belflaoi     ill    hi*    Korervlgn    right*    la    the 
Contn  Free  Stale. 

July   21.    18110.  the  territory  of  the  at*t» 
wa*  di-clnred   Inallennlili'.    Iml   :i    cnnvi'iitloii 
..>•   :i.    ls'.iii,   reeerrad   lo   Ueigium    the 
rlefcl    io  anaex    the   Congo   nfter  a    period 
of  ten  year*.     A  treat v  r..i  uoentloa  wn* 
•  Igiiod     Xov.    28.     1007.     :■[•■•  i  - •  .  - 1     i..      Hi.- 
Belgian  lrvl»lnlnr..  In  Auim  id  by 

the     ...  iii«        lly     ri'hri 

1»08.  Germany  had  recognized  lb 
Hon.      The  export*  of   th- 
of  rubhiT.  I  DtttS,  imiiii  Oil,  while 

■•opal.   ...... ii.   coffee,   niiid   nnd   copper  ore. 

Cotton*,     provlidon*.     clothing,     wine*     and 

•plrtta,  machinery,  i.uIIiIiiik  materiel,  erma. 

.   in      Hold    i.i    i  he  riimif  ry.      'I  bo 

imik  el  the  trad*  ii  with  n.-ii- 

111       I'll   1       III.'      '    ..III.'..      ■   IHIIl.ll   : 

(i-.'ir    »    n     Bell  The    llelglnn 

arUameol   provided   r..r  u>  adminlatMiii.ni 
and  iipi.olnt.<l  I'.un.u  \S"iilil»  governor,    ' 

comnleuiie  have  ' D  mede  of  cruel   i 

in.  in   ..i  oal  i.ii.'i'«      lii.-iit   r 

withheld  ii'-r  ognitlon  of  the  annexation 

until    there    waa    evidence    •■'    eatlefa. 

i. in-.    In    the    Congo.      Nov.    21.    191 1. 
Itriu.ii  conealg  In  Hie  country  reported  that 
condition*     In    t.-u.-ril     hud     Improved     bill 
Hint     i: 
where  mbber  la  ileuunded   In  neu  of  taxa- 

1U. II.         |S.'.'     ill-.. 

Congo  Free  State: 

Act  for  reform  of  revenue  tariff  of. 
rrl.Tl'i-.l    to,     5621 

Arms  and  .an  ,,  act  prohibit- 

ing Bale   of,  to  nntivea   of,   rt'coin- 
1,1,  „.|,  ,i,  :.sus, 

DievuiiM-d,  4»H. 

Internntioiuil  A**oeiatinn  of  Ou  COB 
go   reeognlied    bj    CTnlted   state*. 
.t.  tfl4. 


Congo 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Itcfcrrcd  to,  «SS. 
Slave  trade  in— 
Conference  at  Brussels  forsuppros- 
aion  of,  5&13. 

nioiendations  regarding,  5898, 
Valley  of  Congo  opened  to  commerce, 
discussed,  ill 
Congo,  Treaties  with.— The  laternntioml 
Association  of  the  Congo  deelaivd  la  1884 
rbst  by  treaties  with  the  legitimate  sot- 
tivleos  of  the  busln  of  the  Coago  and  adja- 
cent territory  on  the  Atlaaiic  .1  bad  ««t*b- 
llaned  supiriialon  nvr  tin  •■ftlie 

several  countries  and  adopted  a  common 
stnndurd  tot  said  free  suites  conslitlui;  of 
a  blue  n«s  uiiti  n  golden  star  in  il 
ter.  Kcrwinitlnn  of  this  ling  was  accorded 
by  the  United  States  by  declaration  of  Sec- 
itiorj  IfMUOgilll  --'.   MM- 

Congioaa.— A  formal  meeting  or  nssocla- 
tlon  of  persona  having  a  reprcsentntlva 
character  for  the  enactment  of  Uwa,  or  the 
consideration  of  some  special  subject,  or 
tin  |n  tome  common  Interest.     In 

the    t  ilea   all    legislative    powers 

are  granted   by    tbe.   Constitution    to   Coo- 

Jrcia.       This  bodv   i-i,.i •..».!*  of  the  S 
J.  v.)   and  the  House  of   Reprorntailw-s 
<e,    r.).       Tbe    powers    of    Congress    are 
enumerated1  la  Use  Constitution    Article  I, 
1  8,  and  nil  tbe  powers  not  deputed 
to   the    United    States    by    the   Coustl- 
nor  prohibited   by   It   t<>   ih»  Mai 
served   to  the  stales  respectively  or  to  the 
people.      The    power    -  s    Is    nbao- 

lut*  within  ttir  -   am  hoi  1 

crpt    ax   li  :  1    tbo  T«lo 

of  the   ('resident.     The  Senate  Is  composed 

of  two  ft  mi  each    late  1    ■ 

of  site  or  population.  The  members  of  the 
House  are  apportioned  -u  ilm  basis  of 
Fedr.-al  population.      I  tutlon  pro- 

vides I  At  tide  Vj  Hint  "no  state,  without 
Its  consent,  shn  Ivoil  of  Its  equal 

soffraga  In  :  mite  Is  pre- 

sided over  by  the  Vice-President  of  tbe 
tinted  States,  who  Is  ni»o  Pivsldent  of  tbe 
Beuat*.  and  tlm  ilouai'  of  Itepi 
by  a  Speaker  chosen  by  Its  rueuiberB.  The 
%  Ice-President  has  no  power  except  lu  cases 
Where   tli"    S.-uato   In  .-i|ii:il!y    .Mild    -1.      I'-.-ll- 

(:rcv»  Is  required  to  "assemble  ut  least  once 
u  every  year,  and  such  meeting  shall  be 
on  tbo  Hr».t  Monday  In  I) 
tiiey  wall  iiy  law  appoint  .1  different  day." 
Measures  that  have  p.issed  both  Houses 
ara  sent  to  tbo  President,  who  maj  atlhei 
approve  or  veto  thi  n.  or  do  oelther.  m 
which  Intter  case  the  measure  becomes  o 
law  after  ten  days  from  the  time  It  I*  pre- 

.<•  aaaani  luii 
gteis     sbnll     have    adjourned.       it    he    up- 

tirore    the   bill  and    sign    It.    It    becomes   a 
11  w.  but   If   br  disapprove   li    hi    must   re- 
turn   It   with   his    objections   to    the    llonse 
In    which    It   shall   have    orlgiiuitvd    for   re- 
deration    by    them.      Il  ease, 

after  reconsideration.  It  requires  the  ntrtu- 
ntlve  vote  of  two-thirds  of  I  be  members  in 
each  of  the  I  wo  bodies  to  meas- 

ure.      Legislation    which    exceeds   tbe    con- 
stitutional  power  of   Congress   tuny   be  de- 
1    1  old  by  the  Su- 

Erciue  Court  of  the  United  Stl 
hat  body  Is  properly  appealed  to  by  either 
[arty  In  any  controversy  arising  In  on  nt- 
empt  to  enforce  such  l« 
House  Is  by  the  Constitution  ''the  Judge 
of  elections,  returns,  and  quallflcntlons  of  lis 
„n  11  m.-iri. ( 1-.  •  ipaie  IT),    (See  alae  Si-"-  • 

and  House  of  lleprrienl-vlre*;  lulled 
Slates.  Government  of.  and  Apportionment.) 


OOfCMM 

Act  appointing  day  for  annua] 

iog  uf,   vetoed,   145U. 
Act  of— 

Approved,  but  not  signed,  whether 

■a  force,  discussed,  828. 
Duly  certified  and  approved,  which 
had  not  passed,  discussed,  1323. 
Effect  on,  of  adjournment  of  Con- 
gress   beforo    expiration    of    10 
days  after  presentation  to  Presi- 
dent, disengMd.  '■■'-'"■ 
Acta  of,  to   bo  published   in   certain 

papers,  4116. 
Address   from    committee   of    public 
safely  of  France  transmitted"    to, 
18L 
Adjournment  of — 
Postponement  of  receaa  requested, 

M  K. 
Postponement     of,     recommended, 

I,  3286,  4034. 
Ker-oluliou     authorizing,     not     ap- 
proved, 257. 
Appropriations,    power  to  designate 
officer   to   0xper.1I,   discussed,   3125. 
i  roprintionx   should    not   be   made 
ualeaa  neceaaary,  1248. 
Bills,  time  allowed  for  eonsul.-rat: 

dlsctttsed,  2993,  306X1. 
Capital,  longitude  of,  west  of  Green- 
wich, report,  688. 
Cap  mi  prepared  for.     (Sue  Capitol.) 
Carpenter 'a  painting  of  Lincoln  and 
Cabinet   at   reading  of   Emancipa- 
tion    Proclamation    presented    to, 
4435. 
Constitution,  copies  of,  printed  fi 

members  of,  034,  678. 
Constitutional     amendments     recom- 
mended to.      (See  Constitution.) 
Contingent    expenses    of,    discussed, 

3179. 
Declaration    of    Independence,    first 
copperplate  of,  bequeathed  to,  by 
Lafavotto,  letter  of  son  presenting, 
1342. 
I U licence   and  good    temper  of,  ad- 

.'inr.-d,  7913. 
Desk  on  which  Declaration  of  Inde 
pendence  was  written   pres- 
to United  States  by  beira  of  Jo- 
seph  Coolidge,    Jr..   4540. 
Letter  of   Robert  C.   Winthrop  r 
gnrding,  4541. 
Discretionary  authority  which  can  be 
plated   by,  should   not  be   exer- 
cised by  Executive,  1387. 

inct  of  Columbia  should  be  repre- 
sented in,  1091,  1120,  3652. 
Extraordinary  sessions  of.  convened 
by   proclamation   of   President — 
Adams,  John,  222. 
Cleveland,  S8t& 
Harrison,  W.  H.,  1876. 


; 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Congress 


Eith,    4399,    447*. 

Jefferson.  345,  412. 

Lincoln,  3214. 

MeKinley,  6470. 

Madison,  470,  609. 

Pierce.  2927. 

Taft,  75ft6. 

Van  Huron,  1538. 
Information  regarding  foreign  affairs 

requested   by,   refused,   186.   2232, 

2281,  8416,  8452,  2W0.  2691- 

8101. 
Joint  resolution  of— 

Declaring  freedom  of  Cuba  and  au- 
thorizing    intervention,     etc., 
634)7. 
Discussed.  6311. 

Begarded  by  Spain  as  "equiva- 
lent to  an  evident  declaration 
of  war,"  6318. 
Loral  Senators  and    Representatives 

denied   admission  to  seats  in,  dis- 
cussed. 3644. 
Mail,    rates    of    transportation     of, 

should  b«  regulated  by.    (See  Post- 
al  Service.) 
Meeting  of — 

Act  appointing  dny  for  annual,  to* 
I.  1450. 

Constitutional   amendment   regard- 
lag,  recommended,  240. 
Members  of.     (See  Representatives; 

Senators.) 
Notification  to,  of  discontinuance  of 

addresses,  by   President   Jefferson, 

313. 
Permanent  seat  of  Government  ©c- 
i  I  by.     (8co  Seat  of  Govern- 
ment.) 
Protests  of  President*  against  action 

of.      (Sec  Protests.) 
Public  and   private   acts   of,  list  of, 

ttuamJttM.  3063. 
Bequested  by  President  Cleveland  not 

to   take  recta   until  enactment  of 

financial  legislation.  6092. 
Bewlutions   of,  thanking  8nmu»l   T. 

Washington  for  sword  of  Wai 

ton  and  staff  of  Franklin.  2120. 
Right  of  states  to  representation  in, 

discussed,   3644. 
"Shall  make  no  law  respecting  rs- 
ua  establishment,"  appli 

of, 
Testimonials  of  Gen.  Grant  offered  to, 
by  Mm.   Grant,  4S57. 

Schedule  of,   ' 
Thanks  of.  tendered.    (See  Thanks  of 

Gomrrm 
Two  Houses  of,  independent  of  each 

other,  516. 
War  with — 

Algiers  should  be  declared  by,  530. 

Great   Britain— 
Declared  by,  497. 


Special  session  called  oa  account 
of  threatening  aspect  of,  413. 
Spain  declared  by,  6348. 
House   of   Represent  at  jvcs    (see   also 
Representatives ) — 
Address  of,  iu   reply   to   President 
Washington's  innugural,  48. 
Reply  of  President,  49. 
Address  of,  to  President  Adams  on 

death  of  Washington,  290. 
Calls  on  President, 
Contested  elections   in,   act    regu- 
lating   taking   of    testimony    in, 
reasons  for  applying  pocket  veto 
to,  2108. 
Expresses  regret   upon   being  noti 
ilent  Washington'* 
■  lion  to  retire,  200. 
Information   regarding   foreign   in- 

tsreoVM    refuse-!.    186,    2281, 
2410.  2452. 

to,  2529. 
r  of  John  Randolph,  Jr.,  de- 
manding  punishment   of  certain 
officers  of  Army  and  Navy  for  m 
suiting  conduct,  referred  U>,  B9L 
Members  of.  (See  Representatives.) 
PriTf]  .    l.-tt.  r    relating    to, 

(rai 
Protests  ai  ('residents   against  ac- 
tion of.      (See  Protests.) 
Treaties- 
Assent  of,  to,  not  required.  1SS. 
Transmission    of,    to,    declined, 

8enate  (see  also  Senators) — 

Address   of,  in   reply  to  President 
iiington's  Inaugural,  M 
Reply  of  President.  47. 
Address  of,  to  President  Adams  on 

death   of   Washington.  288. 
Breach  of  duly  by  puMic  officer  in 

Snbllshing  executive  business  of, 
iscusscd,  2691. 
Calls  ci  .it,  288. 

Can  hold  Oab  WCTSspone 

the    President    in   executive    ses- 
sion, 2174. 
Correspondence  respecting  relations 

with  Spain  refused,  8101, 
Executive  and,  lad*]  '  each 

other  in  cases  of  appointment  to 

office,  516. 
Expresses  regret  npon   being   nnti' 

lied    of    President    Washington's 

intention   to   retire,    198. 
Extraordinary  sessions  of.  COB 

bv  proelnmntion  of  President — 

Adnms,  John,  306,  1220. 

Adams.  J.   Q.,  997. 

Arthur,  4021.  4873. 

Boerianni,.  -,1126.  3081.  3156,  3203. 

Clevelsnd.  5428,  6230. 

Fillmore,  2646,  2726. 
Referred  to,  2726. 


Congress 


tessagts  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Grunt,    3966,    4087,    4171,    4878. 

IM0. 
Harrison,  Bcnj.,  5817. 
Have,  ■»..'.>  I. 

Kef- rr.nl  to,  4588. 
Jackson.    1508. 
Jefferson,   449. 
Johnson,  871ft 
Lincoln,  3362.  3474. 

Kinloy,  647a 
Madison,  STL 
Monroe,  856. 
Man*,  2980. 
Polk,  2539. 
Tvlcr,  2220. 

v»n  Bam,  1857. 

Washington,   180,  204,  571. 

(8co  alio  Congrt- 
Freo     confidential     communication 

with    Executive   should    in-    pr.' 
vcd.  893. 
In  confidential  eorrafpondeBi 

President,   Ml,  495,  652. 
In  executive  session  can  only  hold 

correapondeii'-'  Pit  lldoBt, 

Information   regarding — 

Annexation    of     Texas     refused. 

Negotiation*  with  Groat.  Britain, 
Costa  Rion,  and  Nicaragua,  re- 
fused, 2690. 

Nomination*  to.  (See  Executive 
Nominal  i. 

President  Washington  meets  and 
advises  with,  r,">|,.'.  ting  treaty 
with   Indians,  53. 

Proposition    to    annex    Hawaiian 
Islands,   refused.  2091,  2695. 
Protests  of  Presidents  ngainst   ac- 
tion   of.      (See   Protests.) 
Requested  by  President  Adams   to 

postpone  adjournment  of,  887, 
Treaties,  power  to  make,  vested  in 

President  with   consent,  of,  187. 

Congress,  Confederate.     (Sen  Ooofadar- 

•to  Congress.) 
Congress,  Continental.    (8ce  Continental 

Congress.) 
Congress,  Members  of.    (8ee  Appendix.) 
Congress,  Number  of.— Each  congress   t> 

miin)>i>r.'il  ninl  holds  two  nnnttnl  scmsIoiir. 
respectively  termed  the  lung  mid  the  short 
■easton,  each  assembling  on  the  first  Moo- 
iny  iii  December  and  may  be  called  In 
ipeclal  session  by  the  Pn   Idi    I  or  by  joint 

resolution  of  both  houses.  Tin-  life  of  * 
congress  lasts  from  12  o'clock  noon  on 
March  I  .,r  iii"  orid-onmbcred  jpnr  fol- 
lowing   the    i'li'. -II..  ■     .■aetltalll-ea    nnlll 

13  o'clock  niiiin  oil  starch  -i  ta  the  w  st 

jilil  rmnilicred  year.  To  determine  ttie 
renrn  <-■■•.■  r.-.l  i.y  n  given  i terras  multi- 
ply  the    anmber   »t    n agree,    by   two 

ind  add    i  In-   imiduet    to    I7H0.      The  result 

frill     b«     III"    your     In     wlilili     ll tigre** 

•losed      Rxample:      81xtj  ■ ml   Cougnw 

82  In  li«:  adding  134  to  178!)  glv«-» 
1913,    lb*    v  M     I  Inline    which    (on    March 


«)  the  !>lxty.»econd  Cong-re**  mint  explrf- 
To  and  lb*  number  of  a  coat-re**  slttbuec 
In  any  flv.n  year  subtract  1ITO  frot 

•  Dumber, 
half  that  number  will  gtre  tbe  coogrrs-s* 
Of    Which     i  iin    year    In    question    u« 

lie  an  odd  mraiUr. 
ni'i  one,  •-ml  half  tbe  »nm  will  give  th**- 
•  •.ngren  ,.f  -i.  iii i n  tbe  yt.it  Id  QveauMi  »..-. 
tbe  tirst  year, 

Congress  of   Nations.      (See  Panama,, 

Isthmus  of.) 
Congressional   Elections: 

Federal  supervision  of,  recommended, 

5490,  5562,  5766. 
1  "•"•;•'"  '',  5013. 

Congressional  Globe.—  That   part    of   tbr 
ding*   ..f   Cong-re**   wblch    waa   pisbv 
llshed  bet*  s;a.     The  oWbc 

was  Hi  .   a   newspaper.     I,ater  It 

tbe  tteglater  of  Hclwtes.     It  waa 
ccei  led     I...      the     fongtvnlooal     Res-ord. 
["In-    *«.    "Uriel    ■< 
n  iMii.ii..  enterpi  I 

i.  began  »iih  iIr.  proceedings  •  • 

l  "'  m>  Hi. i, I    fougreta.      It    was  publlshe.1 

nud    each    vulume    was    dcioiril    to 

■loo  ■■<  i  on  roe  i.i   ■>••. 

•ton    Of    tbe    |.   .Mirth    I'oocrea*.    1KH9,    warn 

1 1"'1 1    l  part*,   aar. 

gregatlDg    mor.     than    ;..»oo    pages. 

also     Annul,     of     Congress:     Courceslooaa 

Record  ;    IJ.-glstor  of    i 

Congreesioaal  Library.    (See  Library  of 

I'.'i 

Congressional   Record.— a  r.-c- 

.i.l  ..f  [be  debate*  and  proceedings  Of  fon- 

greae  from  In-.-.  ini..'r  :.r  |i;ment 

time.     It   Is  the  auco 

sloiwl  <;iulie.  and  Is  printed   acul 

by    Hie    Government.      The    f  ougreaslooal 

H n'   I*   Usued  dally  during  tbe  *e- 

of    C'ougr.  ••-..       Karh    in.  I  . 

With  a  specified  muu 

her    r,.r   bis   i itltuenl         I      may   also     He 

otunliir.i     I..  ition.    the   prtee    L>*-lng 

«.s    fur  the    long  and  1 1    f,u  *»e*>- 

"l.in.   The  Congrei  with 

tho  special   svul r 

fi  ooyi  'I.. I    with   the   i  n    .•' 

tealriem  Qi  int   ; 

■i.    1878.       line    ...liilni.   i  ,   ,    ;•  i       pf  •'■ 

C ling  I     ne<*|i>D.     bill      III 

XLV,    covering  Ibe  proceeding*  of  the   *«*«■ 
mill  ..ex. Ion  ,,f  Hi,-  Sixtieth  CongrvM,    »»«-*• 

il.     I  son  , Inn..    •■:,.     nun  ,!ft>1 

pnrts,  aggregating  Bore  Hi 

!-    ,,r   fen, 

•I'.n.il    iii,.'..-.    Register  uf   Debates.) 

Oongreesmaa.— a  :      rait*--1 

Statea    CongreK.   or    Leslalatar*, — rttbM   *  • 

Hi..    Nwi.it,  .,,r    Hi.    |  [onse  Of    Rep* nffttlfr**       ' 

more  roinmimlT  ti-*ed  to  dedenate  a  nit', 
of   the  Iliiuni-  of  fl 

Oongressman-at-Large.— A      r 
1'nlted    atnt.'i.    Honae    of    Repreacatitltrw* 
elected   l.j    tbe   voters   of   an  entire  slat*- 
Mini    n.  .'iiatomnry.    by   Ibnse 

Pongrvaalonal   district       Tbe  - 1  ■ — 1 1  ■  ■  ta  4l 

by  a  state  to  secure  proper  repre<eatailca 
In  Congress  under  a  Federal  BBpoi 
1. 1. nt  act  pending  Ibe  psasage  of  a  state 
lnw  rnll'irleting  Ibe  «tnte  In  iici-ordaiie» 
with  the  ICederal  nllon  iiin-  ..♦  K.|i-'«eaia- 
The  :i i -i" ■  r I i..ii ni.-ii t  n.i  <if  Jan.  IS 
1001  provide*  tlini  after  March  3.  IMA, 
tin  [louse  of  Kepreaentatlrea  i-hnll  i*  eora- 
poind    of    fttJ    meuburs   apportioned    as  fet- 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Conservation 


Alabama.    O ;      Arkaovum.      T  J      Clll- 

foraln.  8:  Colorado,  3:  Conueetlem.  :. : 
iwi»v  ■    orcli     1 1  . 

I  ;    Illinois.   '„•,". ;    Indiana.    1.1  ; 
II;   Knr_.  itueky,    ll:   l/oulalana. 

7.   Hals*    4;   M*r>]iiud.    i,  wi'IIii, 

14);    MKkUao.  i 

alppl.  S:  MImouM.  14:  Mooiaaa.  1:  Ne- 
litu.la    C:  Nora  ■    ■-    liuiiicinhlrr.  2; 

^•■-I>■ 

Carolina.   10:   North    Dakota.    2;  Ohio.  21; 

Oregon.    2 :    Peen«yl<auU.    32 .    ii.liu.lc    Iil- 

.-  .in  g   Dakota. 

nilu.     io:    Wnahington.    3: 

■ 

mine.   !•     It  ■I""  prortded   that   Congre«»- 

mea   aball    be   elected    from   district!    com- 

i-ofcrd  of  contiguon*    l-rl:  .ij    tod     oiilulu- 

in*  a«  tual    n 

of    Inhabitants,    the    number    of    «uch    dla- 

irtci»    naaUu    the    uuinbvr    of    Bcprvaent- 

i     Hih     mat*     l«     ••in ii !.-.!  : 

hi  cnac  of  uo  In  <  lie   inn r 

•if    Bapn  -.  ntuilica    wbii'Ii    may    be    given 
i  ortlomnenl 
or     Keprwnu- 

llrea    shall     i lotted    by     the    atate    at 

Lars*    and    law    other     lt.p.-.  -.-iiintlTea    by 

Inn      ll  III  II 

Ibc    k-glaluiure  of   such  mule,   in  Ibc   man- 
ner b»r.iu  prvacrltiiil,  aluill    mllalricl 
■rialv."      'I  in-   !•[••>•  in    iiii'iiil>t'r*iu|>   of   the 

■   la    thus.    43o.      i s.-     \|ip..ri!..nmcnt 
sad    Huosv    of    BcprcscnUtlTca.) 
Connecticut. — On*  of  thai  ihlrt»*n  original 
atates  of    ■ 

i n,    "Qui    traaa- 

lalli  Biistlnrt  i  He  who  tranaplnut.il  still 
insula*..  It  ll«a  bettt-.-n  bit,  41-  anil  42° 
3'    tuna    and    MB  -    BO* 

si»«t.  an  area  of  4  3U."i  sqi.  II  la 

hovmleil   oo    tkc   north    bj  luaetta, 

•>u  Ik*  mat   by   lllu»t«  Island,  on  ike  south 

iig  Uland  Sound,  an.: 
New  York,    ("oaneeflrui  !►  largely  n  toanu- 
■o  lit  position    which 

<i     access    (o    the    large    dlali 
ng    craters :    It 
wars-  ml     woolen 

iy~.il*.  and  cVxks.  Conneclletlt  was  set- 
il.i!    by    English   Colonials  month. 

Mass..  about   1688.  although  Hi*  Dutch  bad 

ll 

granted   a   ehi.ii  :    mul 

N«ir    '  mid    noon 

rt»r    tli..y    nnlli-.i       Tin     m-Brut    con- 

tiiiiiilon  was  adopted   In    1818. 

Ststlitles  of  agriculture  collected    for  Ih* 
laid    I  -  i  lir    iiiiiiiii.-r    nf 

farma  In  the  Btnte  at  20.81a,  comprising 
2.185.788  acre.    » o lu.-.l    with  stock  and   Irn- 

Smreoaeata.  al  *l.'.»..t!Ht.771  The  »sl f 
odwkIIc  nnlaaai  etc..  wim  (14.. 
103.902.  Including  103.318  cattle,  rained 
al    fi;  .                    10,341    hnn                  Ill  i  ill  ; 

118  sheep.  | 
J«B:    poultry.     SMS.iioS.       The    yield     nnd 
isl«t>  of  i in-  rti-b!  rropa  of  lull    am:  corn, 
09.000  Bern  ,  OHO; 

sals.   11.000  acres.  380.000  buahel*.   $210.- 

(Ml        I.livlli-U, 

MIIJII;       :  -(Mil,      ;,.•,..-  I 

i,ii-Ii.-I  ,  *:-.(i  H.IMMJ  acrea. 

B,000   I-.na.  «12.fle0.000;  tobacco     17,000 

acre*.  I  he 

■  ■<  the  Slate  nro  uulmnor- 

lanl.      The   capital    employed    In    innuufni-- 

r.-|M>rleil   In    190m,    was 

S3,B80:     number     of     wage     earners. 

: » lil    S<T.042.001. 

,.     e»<<t 

of  Ibc  ran  material  win  S  191,,in.'i,8si.  nnd 
,ui  put   irn.  1300,082,001. 
I'urwbjllon    In   II 

The  number  of   manufacturing  eitnbllili- 
m»nia  In  Cooncctlcul  uavluy  an  annual  out- 


put rained  at  $500  or  more  at  Ihn  begin- 
ning of   1013   wan  -4,100.      The   amounl    ol 

i-apllnl  Invi-iteil  wan  ,<-.jii,i:i  i.iiiii),  giving 
•  ni|,i.i,  in. -Hi   in  2.-.-I  m  mlng  mate- 

rial Vulueil   ill   (288.-l,'lt,00O,   nil. I    IniiiiliK  .Mil 

umIh  worth  1  .'urlea 

and  watrra  paid  asKregated  SIUO.730,000. 

Connecticut: 

Katilli-atmn  of  amendment  to  Federal 
litution  by,  referred   to,  £49. 

Refiunl   of   jjovernor    of,    to    furuinh 

unltlia  for  defenao  of  frontier,  501. 

Connecticut    Hirer,    practicability    of 

connecting      Lake       Mcinpbren'iagcij,- 

with,   673. 
Conquest.— The  capture  of  territory  by  mil- 
itary force. 

Conscientious  Objectors.— Tne  term    np- 

plled  In  l.'ngland  to  th.n.-  p.-moiia  with  Inner 
objectlona  to  participating  In  war  no  atrong 
that  tbey  r.-ftiM.'d  to  allow  thcmaclTcs  to  be 
•nlijeei.il  r.i  military  oervlce.     Tit.-  linn  wan 

-  both  tbote  whoai DaeXtB- 

tloiia  icruiilei  agulnit  war   w.r.-    Halted   10 
I    military  aervlca,  ami    who  hence  ac- 

eepted  in,n    batant  n.-rvice  at  an  alterna- 

9W  who  rtfaacd  to  perform 
any  acrrlee  tiuder   military   ordei 
combatant  or  nnn-comkatant,  or  even  to  na- 
i   niiv    way    th.-lr  government  wliil.    n 
waa  at  war,     It  li  evtlmnt.-d  lha 

latter  elan   tbere   were  in    HiikIiiiiiI    a t 

6.000  In  Jail  on  Jim.-  I.  ISlTi  The  contclcn- 
IIouk  objertora  are  not  to  lie  confuted  with 
the  "alackcra"  (q.  v.). 

Conscription.— An  enforced  enlistment  for 
army  or  nary  aervlca.     (See  Drallxj 
Conservation  Commission.— The  National 
Conaerratlon    Commlnlon    waa    crenli.d    by 
i         dent    Kooievelt   June    8,    1008.   an  th* 

mull  of  n  •  Miif.-rin. .-  held  m  the  white 
Boose,  May  is,  wo».  •■'  in.-  toTemon  of 
orlee,  The  l'rcaldent 
had  IiivIIimI  Ihene  ollu-l.-il»  and  other  eml- 
iicni  in. -ii  to  cOOfel  oo  die  BUbJect  of  na- 
il., iirii   reeoureee.     Am..ng  the  Botsbie  ad- 

were  those  of  Andrew  Carnegie,  on 
Iron   nnd  coal  In   relation   to   th.-lr  exlmua- 

Bllhu    Knot,    iirulr,^-    the    BtStal    to    >'X- 

..v.-r-U'i.t  I,--.  in  nreaerTtmr  theli 
.1    rcaourcea;   Jamea    J.    Bill,   on    the 

wnateful     BM     ■•<     the     BOll  I      Wllllnui     J. 

Bryan,    John    Mitchell,    «Jorernor  lileuo.    of 

Morth     '   irollns:     CUHord     rinchot,     and 

Jamea  II    liarfi.l.l. 

The    object    of    the    conference   waa    to 

arome   Uae    pnbll inoelence    le    the    Bn- 

lary  waate  nnd  deatructloo  "f  tltc  for- 

eata.    atreama    nnd    mlu.-rnl    ib-poalta,    and 

the  depi.-ib.in  of  ihe  noil,  and  Io  eveoBrage 
..ii.    mi'hi i ni.-iir  and   inn*  the  coneer- 

vntlon  md  il.i.lopment  of  the  bountiful 
provlalona  of  nature  for  the  happiness  nuil 
welfare   of    limn. 

Within    ti    iiiiuitli    nftir    Ibe   creation    of 
tin-    national   .''.tnmla«ion   the  mvernofl  of 

I  it.-,  it  i.i  appointed  Btsle  com 
tlon  cominlaalonan  and  all  tQUJll  number 
of  orKiiiilijiilntiM  of  nnllonnl  acone  hnd 
Damed  eonsert  itton  committees.  By  Janu- 
art.  1000,  ti. i it .i  - ix  ststH  and  terrllorlee 
hud  formed  .-ouKcrvnllon  commlaalonB.  nnd 
the  Indlcutloua  were  that  all  Ihe  ramslBlnj 
atutCN  noiibl  •onti  lake  iltnllur  acllou 

forty-one  lonional  organlaatlona 
h  ..I     Bppolnted     conserrstlon    eommltteaa. 

I'ndei  ii r  the   tinti.iniii    ."111 

mission    (In-    Ut-it    Inventory  of   the   nnlur.il 
of   the  United  Statea  ever  made 
waa  sceonipllahrd. 


Conservation        Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Tbu  aim  and  scope  of  Ilio  Conservation 
Commussloa  i<  iu  In  tin-  f..ll 

brief   extracts    J  rout    the    report    in.ide    to 

I  In-     :  Hoc.     7.     1808 1 

"The  duty  of  man  to  lunu  Is  no  51 
tli:in  in.-  iimy  ,.f  each  geueratlon  to  the 
i>.vi.  11ml  the  ohlignii.'ii  ol  >ii>'  UAtton  to 
the  actual  eli lien  w  no  more  racrcO  than 
In.  ol  ligation  to  Hi--  elilxcns  10  be.  Iu  LbU 
couutry.   blessed  ural  resources  In 

unsurpassed  profusion,  the  sense  of  1.- 
•poaaiuUIIJ  to  Hi-  futuie  baa  been  »low 
to  awaken  In.;-  have  been  cleared 
awn;  n»  obstacles  to  the  UH  of  '■""'  Nog" 
l.-.-i     ..f     Hi,-     ...ilerwuvs    11  aching 

directed  inten- 
tion to  the  rapid  depletion  Ml  and 
bun  deposits  ..ii-l  the  misuse  of  the  land. 

•"In  the  present  stage  of  our  no ml  do. 

veloliinen'.      »l-.'     and     bole  CO     are 

r-  .-in  hi  .1  Tut  iiu-  checking  ol  waste  1-  11  - 
»..i.iti'ly    dcinondcd.      The    moal    repreben- 
BlbU    n-rn.lt    1»    that   of   destruction, 
forest    Ores,    uncontrolled    torn    .if   gn*   and 

oil.  soil  wnsh,   nwl  mi. mil. .111 1   ..I   1 1   In 

in  bud  Is  the  waste  hi  Ulng 
from  mixiiKi',  11* 

furnaces    und    en  elency, 

uas     of     Ill-adapted     strio-im    I      Bui  erliila, 

Ol     III  -li'i-i-n    CTOpl,    ini'l     lln-    per- 

iii. 11   ..r    Interior   plants   and   animals, 
:.il  of  which  niay  be  1 

I>en    an   wf    lin •••■    neglected    our    BatD* 
os  so  have   we  been   thoughtles* 

of  1 1  r--  11:1.1   li.-nlth.     Natural   1 irccoi  are 

nseless    without     m.-n    ;i:nl     OTOinaa    l.i    do- 

rtlop  iii -in  :  we  canool    ther  f.  re    mo  soon 

upon    the    duty    of    conserving     oar 

1 1.  agtb   ii>   the  prevention 

of  disease  and   the   prolongation  .if   Ufa 

.M    1  in    pre  am    rati    -  f  eoal   prodn 
the    snt'iiiv    '.'.in    approach    exhaustion    l.y 
iu.-   middle  of  the  next  ccnturj      The  sop- 

:i  -::nl.'    Iron    u:.-.    nt    the    pi 

rate  of  consumption,  eannol  be  ■  (peeled 
I,,    last    lii-y.ni.1    the    middle   of   the   pn 

urn     though   Increasing   In 
Is    nit...    enormously    ml 

■  nuot    be    expected    to 
beyond  iln-  mi. l.lle  of  the  present  centon 
The  .lull)    1..1.K  ..r   natural  gas   It  rnongh 
to  supply   every  city    In    Ibe    United   Stale* 
..f  11 1.  r   100,000  population. 

"Of  the  totnl  area  of  our  lands,  bat 
little     more    tnnn     l  no-fifths     la    In    farms. 

mid  1.  n  than  one-ball  of  the  tarn  area  is 

Improved  and  ninde  a  source  of  crop  pro- 
11.  The  nren  of  eultlvnted  land  may 
pi.M-iiiiiv  be  doubled,  in  addition  10  the 
land  nwaltliiK  the  plow  I5.oim.ii 
swnmp  land  can  be  reclaimed.  dO.000.000 
ion  1  at    li   'ii    land  Irrigated  and    miillona 

v.  i-  must  greatly  Inerense  our  yield  per 
acre.  Th«  01  .i.-.-e  lb-Id  of  nlienl  In  Un- 
ites Is  less  than  funneen  bi 
per  nere;  In  Knglnod  It  In  thirty  two  bush- 
els  .mil  In  Germany  twent.\  Igl  I  Ws  lot 
thlnr  lni.li.il.  uf  ..ills  per  acre:  Rugliiud 
n.  uiy   fort y  Ira   ini'l   '  ■  than 

fort;    1. 1  n         Proper      management      will 
doable    iln-    yield    and    proditca   more    than 
'lines    our     present     population     caa 
consume." 

As  an  outgrowth  of  the  Joint  conserva- 
tion   fi  i'ii' ■■•  in  December,  1008,  Presi- 
dent Roosevelt  Ini  Ited  Pi  Iss  <>f 
Mexico  and  the                                   and   Pro- 

inier  a  1.1  :.   North  America a- 

•erviiiiuii  conference.  Tbeaa  gorarnrnsata 
aent  representatives  t.-.  n  meeting  held  nt 
the  White   1  '.   18,  1000.     The  prln- 

Clplas  "<  ih-  nrlKliiHl  commission  worn  en- 
dorsed and  vn  Invltntlon  mis  extended  to 
f.fi-ii'.Mi .-  other  nations  to  send  delegates 
in  11  world  •  conference  la  be  bald  m  Cos 
Hague  011  »  data  to  be  later  decided  upon. 


As  a  result  of  the  agitation  agala 
atructlon  of  the  llulum 
lea,  other  aatloual  societies  have  been  or- 
gaiilied  and  nre  actively  at  work  on  the 
tusk  uf  educating  the  people  and  seedling 
the  puasagi-  of  in  v.  k  for  protectlug  min- 
eral deposits,  forests,  water  power,  fauna 
and   f 

l*Jsa  rWiowol  CoMcrrotloii  Aseocfatfoa. 
with  headquarters  In. the  Colorado  Build- 
ing. Washington,  D.  1'.,  Is  now  the  organ- 
ised bead  of  the  conscrratlon  movemeut  in 
the  Lulled  States.  The  association  CSUM 
Into   exist.-:  irganl    oeed 

fur  mi  tlou  open  to  every  man  and 

:.   who   stood    for  conseriatlon    which 
would    give    them    Immediate    oppon 
for   null..:  1    work.      Its  objects 

are  thus  stated: 

••The  National  Comw.-vntlnn  Aaaoctatleoi 
In  Bgntlag  lur  ihe  prompt  and  orderly  de- 
in  ni  of  our  natural  resources,  for 
tho  welfare  of  ourselves  and  oui 
and  for  the  rights  of  Ike  plain  people. 
>  1  Ion  Is  hound  neither  by  pollt- 
Icnl  consideration:,   nor   odli  nous. 

It   la  free,  to  speak   the  whole  truth. 

"That    conservation    DMast    tin-    us*  of 

our  mi  1  urn  I  re  no  u  ice  n  for  the  benefit  of  an 
all  and  not  merely  for  iln-  proiit  <.f  a  few 
la  already  hmo .  hold    ..  The  task 

which  the  National  Conservation  Associa- 
tion   baa   set  Itself   la  to  get   tbla   principle 

put  In  c  .1  effect." 

The  ossocJatlon  l»  tnnlntnlned  by  does 
from  in.  iniier-iii|..  which  ore  divided  into 
the  following  classes:  Members,  J1.0O  > 
yeor:  Active  Mcmbcra.  $.1.00  a  year:  Coa- 
trlbutliig  Miiulii-rn  $20.00  a  re.ir :  I'atrooM 
»I00  a  year;  Life  Membeishlp,  $1,000  a 
year. 

The  organisation  of  the  National  Con- 
serinil.iii     Assoclnllon    Is    as     foil 

<<iil    Pinehnt      I  1  A  isblsgton. 

I),    i'..    rimrle,    \v     1:11. .1.    Honorary    Prest- 
deut.  Cambridge.  Mass.:  O.-: 
Vice  l"i-esldeut  and  Treasurer,    Wushlsigtosj, 
D.  i    ;  llini-v  A.  Slatterr,  Secretary,  vCssa- 
Inglon.  1>.  C. 

I  In-  Null., mil   Connervntson  Congress  first 

1   nt  Seattle,  Wnsh..   In  August.  WOO.  ua- 

dei  tin-  OusplCOS  uf  the  WuKhluglou  Conser- 

ration  Asooclatloo 

The  objects  of  the  Congreics  are :  To 
pioi  nle   fm  1.  of  the  resources  of 

the  l'nli.-il  Stales  ns  Ihe  foundation  for 
the  prosperity  of  the  people.  To  furnish 
deiliilie     luformstloa  ag     the     re- 

•■    nmi    their    development,     ok    and 
preservation.     To  affo  ougb 

which  1  in-  people  of  the  country  may  frame 
policies  and  principles  affecting  the  coa- 
setvailon  and  utllliotlon  of  thafr  r.-.^nrcea 
io  in-  out  Into  effect  by  their  respective 
itlvea  In  state  and  federal  gov- 
eiiiiiii-iils. 

There   Is   no  official   connection   between 
the     National     Conservation     Congress     and 
Hi"    National    Conservation    Association,   al- 
though   the    two    nre    working    dose  I. 
gethei  same  lines.     The  Conrress 

confines  Hs  work  to  nn  annual  gathering  of 
1  by  state  and  municipal 
officials  and  delegnies.  The  Association 
maintains  n  permanenl  working  organisa- 
tion throughout  the  venr.  The  officers  are: 
President  J.  B,  White.  K  oasi  t'liy.  Mo,  : 
I  iire.il...  Secretary.  Thoniao  It 
Washington.  D.  C. :  Treasurer,  D.  Austin 
LatCbaw,    K1110.1.S  City,   Mo. 

OonxeTvatioTi   Commission: 

1  lion   for,  urjjcd,  7268. 
Commission  report  snhmittci),  7258. 
Conserratlvos-— A    faction    of   the    Demo- 
cratic part;  who  from  1837  to  1840  Toted 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Constitution 


J*»  ft*  Whig*  against  the  sub-trtasnry  bill, 
l»  otter  ooctlloo*  ibe  Conservative*  acted 
nit  their  party.  Tbe  term  la  generally  ap- 
Hw  to  tboac  member*  of  a  political  part/ 
•to  oppose  radical  measure*  of  any  k.na 
Couplraciaa,   Unlawful.      (8ee  Illegal 

CwabiaatiOfts.) 
tamncy.— The  combined  action  of  two 
»  Bar*  pcraon*  for  lllecal  pur-.ioiw.,  eape- 
dtfly  »Jou  agnioat  tb«  Gov. 
Constantinople,   Turkey: 
Expulsion  of  Greeks  from,  2774. 
International   conference   to  bo  held 
at,   apon    subject    of   cholera,    re- 
ferred to,  3576. 
Bobcrt  College  at,  referred  to,  3900. 
CoutalHtlon.  The. — The  flagship  of  Com- 

safer*  Thomaa  Trnxten  of  tbo  aquadrmi 
■M  lo  protect  American  •hipping  In  Ibe 
*»at  India  daring  trouble*  with  Franco 
lx  Jill*.     The   >  ■   »i>   t>.n it    ot 

Mtlaore.  and  rouiculMioncd  In  178b.  Feb. 
J.  1TW,  »h*  defeated  and  captured  tbo 
fKsth  frtca<c  L'lnnrgtnlr.  »f  -40  Run*. 
f*.  L  1S0O,  *bo  defeated  La  I'd, 
M  nit,  which,  aftiT  :i  Bore,  ■•tigngi'U'icnt, 
•Ktfwd .owing  to  n   al  ..-rea*  pre- 

*t*M  Tmm   with  a    gnlil    i     dill    nod   a 
if  think*  for  bla  bravery  dnrlng  ihla 
•tfttmmt. 
COaatttseaey.— The  TOter*  In  a  given  pollt- 

MUM. 
fl—llllllltH.1      Piniil  inn  nlnl  law  In  a  Urn- 
»*4  *f  free  government.    Aa  applied  lo  Iho 

I'slW  Jute*  of  America,  or  t»  anr  aiaie 
•I  Itt  Americas  t'nlon.  eh*  constitution  1* 
»  »r*ttn  •tauexnt  of  the  powera  of  gov- 
"jaaiL    Toe  people  who  hold  the  elective 

SadUa*   are   by    prescribed    form*    caiwd 

SU  establish  tbelr  conttllutlon  which 
bmj  •ubwq'ifotljf  amend  In  accordance 
kt  provlaloot.  When  ealahlltflird  Hi" 
"•miaUoB  la  paramount  to  tbc  govern- 
am  argaaltad   under   It.     if   any  dcpait- 

■wttf  tbr   goferiinoo. 

H  purtrt.  the  act  I*  Irregular  and  void 
J**".  If  an  aei  of  Congren*  or  of  a  atate 
Mpahiur*   di  rn    in    II 

•  ta*  toattltutlon.  wblcb  declare*  lUelf  to 
■  U«  t'jprcue  law  of   tbo   land  or  ot   tbe 
"Uln.  u  the    raie    maj   be,    th»    Federal  or 
•*•»  lupeec*  Court,  a*  the  caae  mnv  be, 
*»!  tttUe    the  act   In    question    to  bo   un- 
til   and    itmrfi.re    of   no    c" 
•    In    the    coniilin 
"OMlta*.  traditions,   royal  charter*.  Mat. 
<!*  if   Parliament,    the    common    law     too 
■■(at  Cbarta.    the    Declaration    of    Itlgl 
»•*«•/  Battlement,  the  Reform  Bill.  etc. 
Jtl  British  coa«tltutl-.'U  bat  n.  v«.-  bad  tha 
*rw  tanctlon  of  th"  people;  the  Cnoatlm- 
S*»  t<  tb«  L'nlted  Stntea  and  of  each  »tate 

Ota*)    ho»    rcccltvil    ml,    ... 
J*  Ciattltatloa   of  the   United  State*  w«» 
■•■id  lo  a  eooTtatlon  of  the  states,  except 
Mco*  Island,  at  Phlladelpbl  I    and 

•nttatotttect  March  4.  1789,  baring  been 
■MM  by  »l«T»n  of  the  thirteen  mn-c. 
"Oh  Carolina  and  Rhode  Hlnnd  canned  It 
Xn  31.  1760.  and  May  29.  1700,  raapce- 
OWy.    (Sea  also  Amendment*.) 

OtMtltaUon: 
Aavmdnsonta  to — 
fourteenth,    recommendation    that 
disabilities  imposed   under,   bo 
removed.  -4107.   I. 
Proclamation     directing     di«>-nn- 
tiatjAnoe  of  prosecutions,  4130. 


Joist  resolution  proposing,  3841. 

Joint    resolution    proposing    four- 
teenth, opposed,  3589. 

Proposed  by  Tnft,  7390,  7302. 

Question  of  Cot  da  un- 

til after  admiuion  of  loyal  5 
tors  and  Representatives  ol 

-L'BOtited    states    referred    to, 

Ratification  of.      (8ee  Ratification 
of,  pott.) 

rred  to,  595,  780, M 
to — 

Abolishing  slavery — 
Defeated.  3153. 

Ratification  of  referred  to, 
8870,  3644. 
Approval    nf    separate    items    of 
bill  ami  vctu  of  other*  recom- 
mamded,  1196,  4719,  4774, 1 

Dir.tribution    of    surjiiu*    rev.  urn- 

amonK  states   sun:.:   'ted,    101G. 
Expendituroi   for  • 

gMtod,  307,  444,  587. 
QndOfJ    OBBIIftiMtSgdl   of  slave* 

recommended,  3337. 
Income     tax    recommended,     7390, 
7392. 
Iiilcrn:i]     inipt  •    augge*t- 

8S6,  BK,  5S7,  760. 
Legislation    in    extra    seiwioii   of 

Congress  suggested,  4J96. 
Mniiiic nance  of  free  echools  bj 

States,  4288. 
Mode    of    election    of    President 

and   Vico-Proaldent  *uKge«ted. 

1010,    1081,    112H.    ll'i*, 

1336,    1395,    117s,   3837,   3889, 

Mode  of  election  of  United  Stateg 

Senators,  3849,  3889. 
Pustponemcnt  of  meeting  of  Con- 

greaa  luggcstcd,  S40. 
Selection  of  Presidential  elector* 

recommended, 
8Iavery  recommended,  3169. 
Suability-  of  States  ratified,  250. 
Successor  to  President  in  event 

of  vacancy  in  Presidency  and 

Vice-President     recommonded, 

3837,  3889,  4950. 
Tcnuro  of  offlco  by  judiciary  of 

United     States    recommended, 

3841,   3889. 
Centennial   anniversary   of    frnminc. 

Sropoaitlon  to  eolobrate,  dixcuaaed, 
118. 
Journal  of  acts  and  proceedings  of 
convention  which  formed,  pub- 
lished, 034,  <578. 
Legislation  to  supplement  guaranties 
afforded  by  fourtocnth  amendment 
recommended,  4775. 


Constitution        Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Ratification  of— 

Fifteenth   amendment   referred  to, 
3998,   -4001,    4007,  MOL 
Discussed,  ■Hiou. 
•  ■  ■  t ;  i  r .  .  nth  amendment  refer) 

3664,   3665,   3667.   8721    9796, 
3836,  3837     >r:. 
Prottlaan&ttoD   regarding  enforce- 
ment of,  4088. 
Proclaimed,       3854,      3855,       3-S56, 
S& 
Withdrawal  of,  by  Ohio  and  New 

Batification  of,  by  Mates,     (Sen   the 
several  states.) 

l.Y.-.il -mint  1011       of       l.;-i    l:i!  In 

nppli  mi  at  guarantiee  afforded  by 
fourteenth  amendment,  tTTS 

K'.f.rr.i!    to,   95,   Ml 

Bight  to  make  and  liter,  basis  of  our 

polities]    system,    Rl 
Secret  journal   of  Congress  of   Con- 
federation published,  678. 
Signers  of,  26. 
Text  of.  1.'. 
Constitution.   Confederate.      (See  Con- 
federate Coiniitinion.) 
Constitution,  The.— a  ranooa  imertoan 

[*,  known  »l»o  a*  "0M  /ronaldra." 
Bm  wan  bulll  at  Boston  In  M9T,  and  car- 
rl.-il   H   (una.      July    17.    IM'J,    alic    iin-nnn 

tered  a  Beet  ol  Ore  Brlttefc  Irlcttta,  hot 

;:h  the  masterly  s.inn  in-liir.  <.f  I'.ipi. 
Huil  .■  1 .1. 1,  il  rapture.  Aug.  19  »lie  wss  at- 
tacked    l).T      the      Hrlti  IB 

.••il ii ine   ks   funi      u  mini    balf   an    bouc 

lh#  Inner  was  n   wreck  nnil  BO  nl  bel    men 

i. (I  .-m.i   iM.un.l.il   i  SO'il       Dei     20,   181  a. 

tbe  Brltl-h   man  ..i  -.-.  nr    Jm  « 
gun*,  surrendered  to  tbe  r'oMffistioa 
Tbe    British    low    win    onlj     ::  I        P«b      JO, 
ration    captured   tbe   Cyan', 

20  runs,   in. i  ii..'  i" "«'.  is  guns,     i- 

loa  ;;  nnil  American  !"■<  l."i,      iSi-e  llliMlrn- 
tl..ii  . . i - 1 •  ■  ■  IU  BOB.  i 

Constitution,  The: 
BrltiMh  frigate  Ourrritrr  captured  and 

destroyed   by,  502. 
Krjtish    frigate    Jnra    raptured    and 

.lr-UdV  ill     BJ  .    807, 

Copt.  liainbridge  in  commniid  of,  507, 

Capt.  Ilull  in  .111111111111.1 
Constitution.  Tho  (atavc  ihip),  proeeed- 

ings   of  court   regarding.    " 
Constitutional.— in  aooord  with  the  eoutt- 

lull n»   In   the   CBM  pi  s    lnw   wlileb   the 

i.mri .  bold    I"  I"'  constitutional. 

Constitutional  Rights   discu»-. 

powers  of  Federal  and  State  Govern- 
III.  - 1 1  tot. ) 

Constitutional  Treasury  System: 
Beeammeadedbj  Preildi  bi  j 'oik,  2256. 
Successful    operation    of,    discussed, 
2406,  2498. 
Constitutional  Union  Party.— The  Issues 
nf   is. .ii  and   Hi.-  v.  :m  •   immediately  preced- 
ing disrupted   in.-  wiiijt  party.     May  0  of 
ilia t  year   representatives  -if  tnc  parts   held 
h    i.iiiwntlun   st     Itiildmurr   and    rutin. 
John  Hi'll.  of  Tennessee,  for  President,  and 
Kdward  Kterstt,  of  Massachusetts,  for  Vic- 


i'.    i'i.  < --'i-<    were    p«v*»ot  fr*» 

sboui   twenty  sis  lie  mm 

of  tbe  Con  .nun  lonal   i  alaa   pai 

di-nourii-.l  111, 

to    srldeo    t*illtleal   il 

,  i  'i.  ii-  pi  in 

-II    ..(    !!« 

Slate*,  and   t  ti  ■  -    infoi  -.■nn-nt   ...f  the  li»*- 
In    Hi.    mIi  .-I  j«arfy  earrlid 

Kentucky.  .  sad  'If 

jlnls     polling  DSV.S8I    rotes  nnd  galnlBj  '.1 

OonatltuUoaallat,— sany  one  wao  count 

entl.v    adldi       .... 

ntsl  activities  de**- 
mil, .-.I  only  i.v  (in-  Constitution  U  now  «IW 
a  Conttltutlonallat. 
Constitutionalists.— A    polities! 

icb  under  the 
of    IV.  .ored    the   malnt<aan« 

thnt  as  opposed  to  the** 

ni9inil.il  u  stronger  government  than 
be  had  under  II  Tbey  were  tk*  local 
runner*  of  tlie  Detnocrata  and  Antl-s'edti 

!    I         i(     lAli-1     1  I  ill.  H        It,  .    I    Kin!  1 

ami-nil 
Constitution.     Tbey  were  es  .- 
allat*  ami    the 

•UtationU 
Constitutions,  State.    At  tbe  time  el 
Declaration  of  Independence  only  a  : 
the  Colonies  bad   local  coTernmrats  of  lW» 
nun        rii. if    were   only    temporary   orasal- 

.    ,ii:.iitiiil.in»  w.-i-,.  nr«( 
the    thirteen     orlslnal     -tiites    a*    nil 

innd.     New     llm  Saw    Jen«y: 

North   I   irollna,   I'  im-yivaols   sni]   VinrtJJS 
la    177it ,   i:,-mxli.   in, 
Kotith   Carolina   in    177S.   Miuxluv 

lT'ii  .     I>  lawat  i  ,.iin«rt|rOt   IS 

181S;    lili.nl-    iKlnnd    In    1843. 

Construction    and   Repair.   Bureiu  ef; 

Navy   Department.      (Seo   Bureau  <■• 

Construction  and  Repair.) 
Consul.  -A  roprwi-uutlve  of  s  Borsram'S' 

■  I-  - 1  ■  ■ ;  -  ,f  n   f.'fte" 

m    fur  Hi.-  i -ii ri f  malntalalPaj 

idly    ami    coniruiTdAl    relation*. 
cstherfnB   and   dlstrlbutlac   lnformitioa  *•*' 
::ml  etiterpi 

Consul  General,     titlo     of,    should    *»* 

■tbavadoni 
Consular  Appolatments,   Stat*  D«p»r^'' 
ment.— (Kee  cini  .    Tim  tni 

nul  eent  from   ti  , 

.li-n    Knv.-riinient    was    Wllllmu    Palff. 
Man.a. -Ihim  (in,  who  was  de*p«tcbcd  •' 
»ul  to  Frum  .    in    i  ,■."       i 
of   roimular   appolntmi 

tborougb  re-ontantsstlon  i.\  pt.vident  Haes**^ 
velt,  In  IttOU.      ills  reorganisation  pr- 
fur  Hi.-   In  i  ■    tor'    ■  '  ,-,,u-  'oad*^, 

notarial  lenlccs  from  counts  in  ofrli. 
i.iiiI...    any    cotuul    to    enimge   tn   builnes*   *  i 
law,  or  to   rccelro  any  eon 
than    ill-,   consular  salary;  -i  t**r 

Clrll   iSerrice   principle   to  the  aerrke  a«   Jt 
whole.      At   present    a    board   of   examu»«»"T 
pSHHt    ii|i..n    all    candidate*,    wbo   can 
American  iween   tbe  ase« 

and  Mi.    nid  who  must  show  moral.  mea«f.' 

nn. i  |iii.. :.i.  ni  (i i ii.  insular  work.    Ay 

i.millilnl.-.    Dlil'l  i    k-rxle  of  at  k»»J 

in    nn    eitennlTe  examination  csrtfWUI 

Knttllab   nnd  lit   least  on*  foreign  laacu*|r'' 

the  pri-aciit    trade  ami meretal  altaaM** 

of  tbe  United  Ntnt'n  nnd  the  possibilities  « 
Its  expansion,  both  lnternntloaal  sad  ow> 
m.  :i  lsw,  modern  history,  and  other  m> 
Succeesfttl  candidates  are  ippomtM 
to  the  eighth  and  ninth  grades  la  tbe  cos- 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Consular 


Uar   system    referred    to. 

S,  3303,   3«71,   3592,  3794,  3S37. 

Of,  6707,  6798. 


sular  acrvlce.  froa  which,  with  few  execu- 
ting*, prosnotloea  are  made.  I  See  Consuls: 
Stats  IH'iwrtni*-  Trade 

Information  and  I*ur>tlclty.) 
Ooniolar  Boraao,  Department  of  State. 

I  |    (if    the    consular    bureau    hat 
aujimUloD  onr  the  administration  of  the 
rooMiUr  urilw  (q.  v.).  attends  to  ar 
tneots    for  lal    anit    other   consular 

IIIH1  III  ■•(  other  d< 

In   the   activities   of   the   consular   aerrlc. 
ate  Department.) 

Consular  and  Diplomatic  Servlct  (see 

also  Consular   Reform): 

making  appropriations   for — 

Apntored  and  reason*  thcrcfor,433L 

Returned.  4907. 
CUariSod  aervit*  noodi 
Commercial  attaches   proposed,  6039, 

SMO. 
Con  anlar 

1 18*. 
Coat  Of 
Costumes  of  persons  in,  referred  to, 

31  i 
Discussed,  5468,  5547. 
Elevation  of  missions,  6335,  6673. 

Recommended,   346!!. 
Inspector  of  consular  offices  discussed, 

BUS. 
{.arger  salaries  needed  in,  7022. 
Organization  of  data  of  anptflianar- 

anr  secretaries  of  legation  I 

rceomroriiilp.l,  46 
Promotion*,    removal*    and    appoint- 
ments in.  Wi 
Referred   to,   30*57,  33<>3,  3171,   1 

4068,  41J 
Reorganisation  of,  rocommended   by 

■ident — 
Arthur.  4T18.    1820.    IS 

"].  6370,  5874. 
Booaevelt.  8873,  68T4,  891  \,  70S  ', 

7023. 
Consular  ConTentlons. — The  first   practi- 
cal  atfp  toward   dota  diplomatic   rclatlona 
between  nations  Is  the  establishment  of  the 
consular  office  wltliln  ilona.     Tills 

rht  about  by  treaties  and  afreet 
which  are  called  consular  conventions.    The 
terms    and    condition*    upon    «hi--h    consuls 
are  (atablMisd  m   fon  i«  lir  the 

Lire  been,  generally  sihai. 
lug.  «b«  sasse.  Cou*»nueutly  trestles  or  this 
naiare  bear  such  close  rvseiablau<i<  to  one 
another    that    they    are    here    grouped     for 

tiirr«Mr«  of  eoaparlsoa,  and  only  specific 
lt>reaces  are  anted.  Such  m-atle*  pro- 
vide that  consols  general,  consul*,  and  vtce- 
mnraU    aha  1 1    !>•  <l    and 

reeogsixed  «a  presentation  of  their  miauls 
sloes    la    the    way    and    im  omsry 

la    tbe    several    nation*,    and    according:    lo 
■art  etlsnettr  i>f  the  particular  nation. 
An    cxeuuittir    (•/•    <-.\    tbnll    ho 
the    representative    by    the    government    of 
the    country    to   which  nt,      These 

represcniatlvev  arc    to    lie   treated    with    re- 

.  dignity,  and  bonor,  due  r. 
try    ah  I    mat.     They   or.-    exempt 

public  duty,  and  all 
swrsooal  and  dlrc-t  taxation,  whether  fed- 
eral. »tal«.  or  municipal.  If.  however,  the 
consular   representative   of   a    foreign    na- 


tion Is  a  realdeat  of  the  country  In  which 
a*  acta,  he  la  amenable  to  all  oi 

*.y*  taxes  and  perform*  public  duties 
.1  maud*     of     him. 
Consuls   hsTe   the   riant    to   hoist   tbr  lias 
iC  nation  over  their  official  residence. 
04    iimm    an    official    nasal       They  are   ra- 
il-m»- w    duty,    and    when 
ibeir   e video o    a   neeeaaary    In   connection 
with    the    administration    of    ]u 
depositions  may  be  taken  In  writing  or  at 
Iwclilnca. 
Consular  offices  and  dwclllnss  are  Invlo- 
lable  :  local  authorities  may  not  Invade  them 
for  any  purpus-  :  paiicrs  ami  documents  de- 
posited   there    may    Dot    be    »*>•• 
amlned :    and    the   houses   connot   be    used 
as  an  asylum   for  lbs  protection 

■  >f  ciimlnsls  or  rafflls**  from  lasuca.  Con- 
••ils-Renerat    and    consul*    hass    the 

to  appoint  as  consular  areola  any  cltlxen 
lr  own  comity,  of  the  nation  to  which 

they  are  representatives,  or  nf  any  other 
country,  who  shall  be  acceptable  to  las 
respective    governments,   and    that    consular 

•  hall  have  full  authority  to  act 
so  certificated. 

All  consular  officials  of  whatever  rank 
have  power  and  authority  to  lake  evidence. 

it  captains,  seam 

passengers,  or  cltlxen*  of  their  own  country. 
at  the  official  resident,  and  tuny  th-r-  ex- 
ecute any  pa|iei  Consular 
represcotstlvee  bsve  the  right  of  scquirlug 
property  and  of  disposing  of  It  In  any  wsy  : 
limy  conduct  liiiMcKt,   trade,  or  rirofmalon. 

evaetly  as  do  in  these  respect*  tl nlxciis 

of  the  country   In   which    they    reside 

may  not  be  dlncrliulnatcd  again  it  In 
any  way  by  reason  of  their  being  slims. 
Tho  discipline  and  Internal  order  or  the 
Teasels  of  their  country  an-  entirely  under 
the  i-iitiirnl  uf  ilie  consuls  of  the  [ions  at 
which  such  vessels  may  be :  and  these 
oaeera  may   Bat  Indicia]   maebtn- 

ery    fre»iy    for    the    arrest,    detention,   and 

SuriNhmeot    of    deserters    or    mutineers,    or 
or    tho    preservation   of    Hie    public 

KzpvuKi'*    of    radi    pones    .indieiai    action 

most   he  borne    by   the  consul*       A  d. 
time  for  th-  detention  of  deserters  or  crim- 
inal), il    BPlthont   trlai   la  sol    by 
lea    and     vaHea    fmm    two    to    three 
month'"      (S.-e  alio  Trestles.) 

.trprnffne  «»pa6llo. — The  consular  conven- 
tlOB  with  l!il*  country  i*  contained  .n  Hi,. 
treaty    of  and    nsv|. 

gallon,  of  1S,":I.  (See  Argentine  Kepublle, 
Treaties    with.) 

AwlrtiiJIunmiril  — The    COMOIn 
Hon    was    concluded    In    1*70    nnd    ratified 
June  SO,    1871. 

ilrluium.— The  consular  conventions  of 
1SHS.  which  expired  In   1H80,  and  that  of 

Mill     lii      force      govern      Hi.      eoudil.t 

npolntment  of  em 
BoUrla. — Agreement    rerardlng  consuls  Is 
contained  In  Ho-  Irest]   o(  peace,  friendship, 
commerce,   and    onvlrntlnn.    of   1858.      (See 
Bolivia.  Trestles  with.) 

itru.-i'i. — Tin nsnlsr    convention    with 

1.111..11    I*    rontntned    In    the    treatv    nf 

amity,  commerce,  and  navigation,  of   is;s. 

Ohtnt      <°nn«u1ar  regulnllons  with  China 

are   eontslneii    In    the    several    roam 

treaties     with     Hist     nation.       (See    China, 

Treatlos  wlth.1 

Colombia  —  Consular  regulations  sre  0OS- 
talned  le  ihe  tn'my  <if  peace  amity,  navi- 
gation,  sml    coat  18-C3.   with    New 

■  Iranada.  and  In  the  consular  COUTSnHoo 
with  Colombia  of  I  ouibls. 
Treotles  wltii  i 

Oosfd    /."Ira —Consular   regulations   were 
covered   l.v  th-   treaties  of  frleti 
merce,    and    nnvlgallon,    of    1851.  (Sec 

Costa  Blca,   Treaties  with.) 


Consular 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Drnmark. — The   contention  of   ! 

rce,  ami  nsvtga.lca,  of  18110.  sua 
the  consular  convention  of  1801,  rcgulnts 
the  conduit  ami 

Prance. — The    c 11  otlou    with 

franc*  vu  concluded   IVI).  1'.:.    180X 

Otrman    i/m/Wre. — Tin-     consular    cootcq- 
«»«  concluded   Dec.    11,    1871. 

Greece. — Tin'  consii  »r  convention  nil 
concluded    Nut.    Ill,    1 

ttttfli  —Consular  n-gtiiatlnn*  are  eon- 
tilnrd  In  the  t truly  of  amliv,  commerce, 
navigation,  and  extradition,  ol  1804  (8oe 
Hal 1 1.    Treaty  wllti.l 

llomlurnt. — Dlpliiniaile  ntn  r   reg- 

ulations are  provided  In  ttai  i  my  of 
filendeblp.    commerce,    and    navigation,    of 

titty.— The  consular  conrentlon  wna  con- 
eluded  May  8,  1878,  and  a  supplement   »m 
added  on  Pi  b    i  I 
menl   of  shipping  dispute*. 

/upon. — Tn*  treat*  ..r  i- marcc  and 

regulates  consular  and   dip 
lotniiflc    relations. 

,■  .'..Tin  -  - Tbt  treaty  of  commerce  and 
navigation  of  1802  provides  for  the  con- 
aular  offlce. 

Xlrckit-nbunj  tfchwerin. — Consular  offlce 
and  fuui'iluna  are  provided  for  I"  the  treaty 

i  navigation  of  i  B  II 

Jforooeo.— Consular  provisions  are  con- 
tained in  He-  i.  and  friend- 
ship or  1830,  and  in  ihe  convention  as  to 
protection  of  isso. 

Jfwaraf. — Consular  provisions  »r«  con- 
I ii i n<  .|  In  the  iientv  of  anilty  and  commerce, 
,.f    U 

.Yritii  <;<ni,/.._The  consular  convention 
*n.  coin-linlcd   May  '-'  :.    ! 

Ottoman  rhe     treat*/     of     e 

merer  and  navigation  of  1S30  ptovldei  for 
cooaulor  In 

fuMi.n"."  I'lpl.iiuntle  and  consular  prlv- 
lieges  are  secured  by  Hie  treaty  of  f rl  -iiil- 
sulp.  commerce,  and  navigation,  .,r  i  s;,;- 

■  ge*  »re  »eeured 
by   the   treaty  of   friendship  and   commerce 

..(  isae. 

/foe.  m-ulur    convention     of 

ikm  .-.nie*  diplomatic  and  consular  prlv- 
li,  .,-.... 

Iliinli). — The     treaty     of     i  and 

navigation   "<   1833   ucui-cs  dliilomatlc  and 

COD  -ii  ;u-    |it  h  II. 

Sen  .  .h   convention  of  1SS1 

.  consular  privilege*. 
..mm       lie'    ii.nty    of    amity    and    com- 
merce ■  I  men: 
of  a  consul  to  reside  at  llnngkok. 

Spain. — The     treaty     .if     peace    of     18DS, 
known   n*   MM  treiitv  of   l"uil  -.   prOtldM    for 
.-uvular  offlce. 

odes     ""I     Norway. — The    treaiy     of 
hhI   navigation  of   i^l'7  proTldM 
for  tbe  consular  office  and  privileges. 

gws'rrrluiiiJ.— Tl notion  ••<  friend- 
ship,   romnieree     ii  ml    navigation,    of 

■.    for   eoiiioilnr   ..il.ee    unci   prtvllejrea. 

I'm...]  -   rii-     e lar    office    iiml 

diction  is  regulated  by  the  treaty  ..(  amity, 
commerce,  and  navigation,  of  i>80. 

...ii — Tha    treaty   of   peace   and   amity 
of   1805   provides   for  consular   rosldcnco  at 

Tripoli. 

7'unls.— Thn  consular  office  la  seenr.  i 
the  treniv  .'ooimerco  and  naviga- 

tion   of    171>7. 

Ziiu.-it.ur. — The    treaty    aa    to   dntlea    on 
olnr  powers,  of  1880,  gov- 
■■rns  the  consular  offlce 

Consular  Conventions  with— 
Austria,  4023. 

He  I -i  inn.  3888,  3893,  3097,  -1530. 
Referred  to,  4001. 


Chile,  CP57. 
France,  49,  272«. 

Referred  to,  76. 
Oermany,  4114,  4142. 
Italy,    3S00,    4436,   4448,   46S8,    4 
Expirations  of  discussed,  4418. 
Netherlands,  -1437,  4520. 
Boumnnia,  4022,  4G27. 

■ 
Bolvador,  4070,  4212,   4217. 
8ervia,  40*7,  4658. 
Bsfemd  to,  4757. 
Consular  Courts.      (Seo   Court* 

lar.) 
Consular    Lawa    dUcussed,    S43,    1117, 

2713. 
Consular  Officer*,  salaries  of,  7938. 
Consular    Offices,    inspection    of,    dis- 
cussed, 0186, 
Consular  Pupils,  referred  to,  3347. 
Consular  Reform  (see  also  Consular 
Diploma! 
Diaeueacd,  0071,  0104. 
Order  regarding  examination  for  eoa- 

Consular    Regulations,   amendment   of, 

i, Ml. 

Consular  Reports: 
On  production  of  and  trade  in  coffee 

among  Central  and  South  America* 

States,  referred  t 
On  tnxation, 
On   trade  and   industries  of   foroi: 


di> 


Value  and  importance  of,  discussed. 

509L 

Consular    Barvlcc.— Consular    olllcera    la- 

elude    consuls  general,    consuls    and    coin- 

mercisl    agents      Their    chief    duties    and 

I  lower  with  or.r  nam. 

utereats,  to  pmie.-t  Hiiipa.  ■ 
Americans,  to  scud  home  destitute  seamen, 
and    to    give    certificates     l 

Or  markets  of  a   country.     Kome  dlpl" 

i rs  also  attach   to  their  oDIce,   nnd  la 

non-Cbrlsilan  eountrlea  they  liaxe  some- 
tlmea    the   right,  ity.    to   act    la   t 

Iudlclal    capacity    between    citirens  of    tbe 
. I  State*.     A  consul-general  baa  Jtirt* 
diction    OT«l      leteral    eonknls.      Com-i.. 

ilited  to  smaller  places.  T»« 
consnlar  officer*  arc  appointed  by  the  Tresi 
dent    .mil    eonfli-meil     liy    the    Be-nate    after 

-^    S3d 

aiillny    In    accordance    wltb    on     execDtlre 

order   "f   l*ro*ldent   IIdowwIi.      Offleers  at 

the   service  tire   under   Ihe   control   and  dl- 

I    :,■  i ..  pnrtn 

'  OB  10  endellOf 

i nlnl  mi  and  proi ••  nil  IBC  rlghiiul  In- 
terests of  American  cltlsens.  and  to  i 
them  In  sll  privilege*  provided  f- 

oi     leeileil    Li  ■    i  Iks    and.     wbia 

so  authorised,  to  Issue  passports ;  wbes 
permitted  by  tronty.  law  or  usage,  to  take 

■iii'      ■  (  i  mi  ■  - 1. ..  the  i"-i I  saint  .  . : 

American*  nlm  may  die  abroad  vrlthoot 
legal  or  other  representative*.  lS*o  Coo- 
■aui  Appolnuncnu.) 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Consuls 


CxstUt,— lo  tataraatlonal  Uw  an  agent 
tssrtilcd  and  commissioned  by  a  sotetcbpi 

■  >ide  In  a  foielgo  dot  or  ton*  10 
Sr&W  tW  peiaoua!  ib»b.s  aad  lo  protect 
ttl  stalDMa   Inteicsts   of   saci   cliUrna  of 

i;  aa  may  reside  therein,  »-J  1.1 
nteet  aod    forwa.d    to    t lie    home 

.  matlnia   ou  I    <|    •  eono- 

'  .'  .1! 

lii  mm!    m    formally    recognised    by    ibo 

l-"r  »uliin   whoa*  jurisdiction   tin   s#rvcs 

■:an    legally    discharge    tbe    fUDC- 

Bls  otssrs. 

r>»»  (be  serly  days  of  the  Gotcrnrncnt 

■l   £ laics   baa   malaiaLord   a   con- 

aaai  kivic*.      Tbe    ilila   of   eoai-Jl  r.nrm. 

•••  Cut  Introduced  la  1835     In   is 

Bar  service  «>i  rcorganlicd  upon  a 
icuuhiug  tbc  namlnitloa.  by  a  board 
•U»a  bat  ii'iualn-il  substantially  uo- 
ihurn)  i.  ibe  p.r.roi  day.  In  IS'.)." 
asst  Ocrelaad  Issued  an  order  requiring 
a»  enninaiton.  by  a  board  composed  of 
Ommmbet*  .    tiic  Sccre 

our  ef  State,  of  applicants  for  appoint- 
■HI  15  plates  tbe  Mlarle*  of  whirl,  arc 
aw*  Una  11.000  and  lr«s  thai; 

ally  an  order  of  Nor    hi.  1U 
lOMerelt    extended    Ihe  operations   of 
tu»  uoer  »o  that  It  now  applies   t.. 
•an  for  all   consular   |.lir(i.    Irrcipcc.lvc 
K  aw  salaries  aitacbed  to  n, 
bsflss  — coosalar  office:*  are  npn  t  it  io 
0   maintain  and  promote  all    IDS 
njB*l  latere-  ran  tltlicn*.  aod 

.•■steel  them  In   all    twlillegca   provided 
"••I  titaty  or  conceded  by  u>ajre :  lo  tI'A 
<U»Ua  to  autiioilttd.  to  iMiie  passports ; 
•m  molded  ay  treaty,  taw  or  naze,  to 
ft  of  aad  settle   lb*   pcraoual  *a- 
iiin  »f  Amrrteaut    srbo    may   die  abroad 
J**  soial  or  olhcr  rrprrsentatlvre.  and 
JJJl  tb»  proceed*  to  tin-  treasury  in  ow 
■fie*  not  <al:ed  for  Oy  a  legal  reprtacn- 
uilrt  atralo  oc*  year:  to  shin,  dlacbargv. 
*»  itder  certain  conditions,  ualnta: 
{■MABtriras  teamen  to  Ibe  Called  States; 
"Hill*  diicmtef  between  masters  and  sea- 
•  M   Ac.-erl--.in     vessels;    to    ineeatlgtii* 
sauliny    or    Iniubnrdlnntloo    on 
iat   and  tend   rondures  to    tbc 
for    ttisl :    to    render  assist- 
easo   of  wrecked  or  attanded 
J»»Van  rewacla,   and.    In    ihe   absence  of 
•_••«»«  or  other  qna'lVd  person,    take 
; ii«   wiecks  and  carrois  If 
do  ae  by  iba  lawa  of  tbc  couoiry  ; 
0  tb*  papers  of   American  vessels 
at  foreign  porta  and  deliver  tliem 
I  dlscharg*  of  tbe  obllcatluus  of  tti.> 
luwaid  tbe  members  of  their  crcsrs, 
tbe     proil1: --inn     of     elearancea 
,'roptr   foreljn    port    offleln: 
J»ry  lo  t'i»  eorrectneta  of   Un-   ra'untl  n 
iporttdto  Ibe  I'nlted  Slatpj 
:  :it  oxiennta  to  m.ii. 
•  t     a»     otHelal     nlt:i-«»ea     to 
•niiBra  ef  Ame:lron  cltlteni  abroad:  to 
"•  u  !»••  :it  of  tbo  Imrolsiatlcn 

•  rm  lo  rerilfy    to   tb*   eorr. eiu>>M  of 
(■  and  otker 
i<rs«  peraooi  coming  to   iht 
WW  Ital  :eet  ibe  bealtb  i.f  nrif 

**?"\»  l  -'   weekly    tbe   aanltary 

■«k«'t>  i  r  tbe  porta  at  which 

•"J  mtdr.  aad  by  Imilnx  lo  reurli  clear- 
Pf  far  Ikt   1,'alted    Sratrt    [.III.   of    bealiti 
K  porta.    ili« 
"■euv  rrew-a    ra«'«Dfri,  and  ear/tne«  :  and 
ooaltloni  aad  perform  otli«r  aein 
i  iblte  In  it  taiea 

■  ced  to  perfonn. 
yvowo'.  ■■-mmtrct.—A     dntr     of 

afna*  Importance  It  the  proraoilon  of  Amer- 
ta  eorameree  by  t>-r>nrtlnc  atallaMB  op- 
•attasJtka    for    tbc    Introduetloo    of    our 


tlOl 


Brodorta.  aldlnie  In  tbo  tatabllabment  of  re- 
iian  and  fo«lgn  eooi- 
mcrclal  bouse*,  and  lendinz  atalatance 
wtwicter  piacticab.c  to  the  marketing  of 
Auteilcaa    meiehandlat   tbi-vad 

In  addition   to  ton   fun-KoIng  duties,  eon- 

Mbr     onicvn      lu     Lhlna,     Turkey.      Slam. 

Uaafcat,  lloioceo.  and  a  few  o.hor  a« 

un-Lbilsllan    counules.    arc    lnve«t<-d     w li l> 

il    posrera   oicr   AuniUnn    iliUent    lu 

ar«   usually 

delloed  by  treaty,  but  gen.'  dc  the 

trial  of  «ItII  ca-'  h  Amerlenns  are 

-.  and  In  some  Inaianeea  extend  to  the 

trial  of  criminal  cases. 

Consuls  of  United  States  (soo  also  tho 
•ral  powor8): 

Activo  cooperation  in  commerce,  6460, 
0673. 

Advances  made  by,  should  be  reim- 
buracd,  2-13. 

Enjjageil  '"  busln«w  in  violation  of 
law,  referred   to,  3068. 

Exnmination  by,  of  American  atroci- 
ties in  Turkey  diacunol,  6989,  6069. 

Expenditures  to,  refused  by  Turkey, 
6092,  6148. 

Expenses  of,  appropriation  for,  rec- 
ommended, 4109,  4159. 

Few  collocUnl  by— 
From  American  vessels,  4667. 
In   connection   w/ith   authentication 
of  invoice*.  4670. 

Feea  of,  referred  to,  4000, 4067, 4109, 
4110,    ll.*9,  4210,  42.18,  4736. 

Imprisonment  of,  in  Cuba,  329. 

Juri««lietion  of.  (Sco  Courts,  Con- 
sular.) 

Laves  in  regard  to,  should  be  revised, 
Ml 

a rn»  of,  transmitted,  2133, 
4  109. 

May  not  act  in  a  fiduciary  rapacity 
while  in  office,  abroad,  6704. 

Number  of,  rcho  rtiealc.  or  write  Ian- 
guns*  of  country  whero  they  ara 
loeateil,  4115. 

Order     rcirnrding    examinations     for 
consular  offlros,  6086. 

Dir.eus?eil,  6071, 
Prciicnts  from  foreign  states  to,  dis- 
position of,   discuMcl,    1256, 

Heferred  to.  1258,  1200. 
Referred  to,  TS.  7 S.  1 11,  100.  363,  2539. 
Reports  of.    (See  Consular  Reports.) 
Reports   of   consular  agents  referred 

to.    4009.    6248,    629ii,    0C38,    C3;0. 

6160,0673. 
Requested    by  Swiss    Government   to 

protect    it-    i-ni  •■::-    in    countries 

where  it  is  not  represented,  4627. 
Rights  of,  in  Cuba  discussed,  0069. 
Salary  of— 

Appropriations    for    expenses    of, 
discussed,  4159. 

Discussed,    238,    243,    1031,    1910, 
1953. 

Fees   of   consular   agent*   referred 
to,  8718,  4109. 


Consuls 


Messages  and  Pafcrs  of  the  Presidents 


i 


of    consular   offircrs    tltotld 
t.>.   4000,  4007.  41111.   tlSO,  4210, 

i  i.-i.]:iin-.n*   regarding,  4109. 
Consuls  to  United  flutes: 
Exequaturs   revoki-d — 
Con»ul  of— 
Belgium    3 
Chll 

i  •   ■ 

On  it  Britain,  ■"■-*.  S055. 

11*110        I 

Id 

Nassau,  S709. 

Oldenburg.  S710- 

Spal 

■  •  1  ■  - t>  and    N.irv.ay,  3626. 

i:.    ■  ii30, 

Vic  • -oiimi!   of — 
P(  iiiirhI,  4088. 

otttSon  jiniiuii.  ci,    .i  .ii 
Pom  demanded  i'V  Bpmniih, 

4714. 
Legislation  for  protection  <ir  punish- 
in. mii    it',  r- i  onuni  n.li'i.  263  i,  8713. 
Tux  upoD  Inei 
Consulting   Board,   Nival.      (8oo  Nnval 

( 'otiftult inn   Hoiifl.) 
Contagions  Diseases   has)  nNo  Cholera; 
Internal  ions! 

Plague;     Quarantine     Regulations; 
Ii  :  .■--.    i\     -r): 
Among     attimnls,      discussed,      4678, 
10,     1771,       i    :.     1888,     5764, 
.',>.- 7.    i:-i!i7,    6604.   7078. 

rem  o   on   robjeeJ,    of,  io    bo 
hi  Id  at— 
.,   isga 

niagton,   i"';| 
Legislation    to   pi  roduei  Ian 

or,  into  Dnited     tat  •  Quar- 

antinc  Regulations.) 
Contested  Elections  In  Congress,  net 
regulating  taking  of  toatunonv  In, 
reaionii  for  up[ilviug  pooket  reto  to, 
8108. 
Contested  Presidential  Elocttons.  (See 
I'ri  Bloationa  and  Eleetaral 

I  '(inmfiMiion.) 

Continental  Congress.— On  noalnl  at  IB* 
news  of  tin-  passage  of  the  Iloston  I'ort 
A.i    Hi-    V  ii-j-  In  In    n-.i-mby   la    1774   ad v  Ned 

M  i.    i    if     ii  iii.-  Colonlu      Upon  thin 

ii.  ..nimondntlon  the  in  i  Continental  Con- 
In    Philadelphia    Hopl 
;iii  iii..  I'olonlfn  i-  in-.-  i.  pre  oni  d   ■  • 

I  i  ' i       Iti  lolulloot  were  passed  COtn- 

line    the   people   of    MiiMachusi-ita    for 

Hi,  Ir    I-  mi,.. ml,.    I-.  -l.'i i-    lo    H (reatloo 

of    tin  ■  area    -if    Parlia- 

ment  and  id  .  In  iiiL-  iinvi   nil 
to  support  ii.in.     'I  ill  •  i  . meres* 

also  r iiiini-iiil.il  nti  agreement  ool   t>»  Itn- 

i„iri  iiriil-h  (nodi  nft"  Dec  I.  1774.  and 
i,,i  h.  export  good*  to  Pmriami  after  Sept. 
10     17TS    anlea*  men   nlevanoes  n-  arer 

ail    fori  Ii    In    n    d-i-larailuii    of    llgbla    and 


wrongs  wi-i 

i  ke    >"lr»t    rontlni  ntal    I'uiifiiu 
.  74. 
Tlii-     Second     iv 

Tl»l« 
gntcs   froea 
state,  generally  elected   by    tb- 

|K.     aw     HlloW.tl     OOr- 

al'l-l I  III..   I 

I  ii  th'  war  wltu  Oreef 
I'.ilioln.  This  lii.dy  rvmnliM-ri  lit  Hcaaloe)  tin- 
Ml    Dec    12     li.'i.    and    th»n    adjourn- 

in.-,  i    ,.i     i... 

Ii,-.-     '  n  :    remaining    Ir 

27.       1777.      nil      ¥,lii.-||      -I  I      w»- 

I  i  rill    I'.'.    v.  irmMnl  SI 

t'hiinil.  i-.iil.i.     remaining     In     >i-*aton     (tier* 

until    Hi.-    1Mb  i,l 

'■  Ii-  II      i'      I     .  III.     t     III      LSJM 

ere  hot  one  day 

1 1.  i    i    ;-   i. -  urn. . 

Ion*    87,     177s.     Ii     sitj.iironl     In    naset    ■( 

■1  July  7 
Inlng   there  mi ; 1 1    inn.-  21.    17-.:: 
next  meeting  wan  at    CHoralon   S     I.  Jean 
SO,    reraalnl  »i    that 

until    Sot,    4.   wn  .mmed    to 

at   Annapolis.   Md..   Nor.  26,  ■  •*» 

■tona   wore   held   mini    Ji 8     1784 

lonmlng,   Ii  v   j 

Not    i       I',-.-    24   li   adjourned    lo   ui-»«  at 
Sew    York,    where    It    remained     In    .. 
Its   Anal  adjournment.   •'  I    '.'1 
The  >.-<i..n-i  lirri-  were  a*  follows:     Jaa 

17RI1    .   fll.-.  •  ..i    IB' 

iii  in nt    ..f    thl  .t.    «, 

,   1787    i  in -a    04B«  IS  agala 
elected   at    beginning   of    session 

i. ill   adjournment       ii    u  a   fart 
worthy  of   record  Mini   ni  (be  old  Cfcn/rea 
died,    in   the  new  was  born.  In   tbn  Cll 
Ni-w  'i . 

Continental  Money.    <>n  the  anthorl 
ii.-    -  ■  ■  ■  .ii  - 1    Continental   ('nngrcxa  an   I 
i  if   paper    money    was    begun    In 
-..rnliiiii-il   Mil    I  , '  ,  ■  -.—  mi  In 

i  he  nature  of  bll  ulue 

aacewinrlly    llurcuaied    -»  1 1 1 Mill's  ot 

•In-      ■ ;. ■  •  ■■  i  niii-nl      wlil.-h  l-oile 

lion.      AIhhii    f243.000.000   were   pot    ' 
At  flrst  the    i|  ii  la  ted   on  s  car  rlt» 

sold,    but    later    prently   deiir-i-lai.il       I:  '.' 
had    I"  'iime    depressed    to  talf 
the  value  of  g.iid      in    177H   th-j   ■• 
diired   to  one-twentieth   "(    Iheti    tan 

WHI-d       I   •      "Ii-     I   II 

orderrd  ' be  notes  i-i.-ugbt  up  si 
in.-irk-t  rslue.  replacing  lln-m  by  a  li- 
me at  the  rale  of  20  t.i    I. 

• 
i.     :  '"Hi  to  1  and  finally  dlsapp<  . 
Continentalist.   -in  the  emir  bUlorrein* 
I  ill- 

I'M I  those  win-  .i  a  strong  ssli 

.if  tha 

Contingent  Expenses.      (8ae   Eipn 

tiir.-i.    Public.) 

Contraband  of  War.— A  lerm  said  lo  I 
been  first  employed  In  the  treaty  ot  Soot] 
amnion     between     Knglaud    and     S^iln 

■  ■  ■ . :   ,-s  bets 

-I     Spain,     signed     Sot 
modified   Hi,-  preelous); 
of  aril.  -    hand  ol   •>  ar,   and  a  I 

more  liberal  i  wpeo  i 

word    by    the    llerlaratl-n 

•Ml  anna,  suinitinltlon.  and 

I'll--    ii  M.  n    innr   i r   uan    in    <-arryla« 

war  or  aiding  In  defeiiM-  ar 
of  war  .-.'iiliiiI'Minl    and  nr-  liable  lo  sella 
I   a    tienirsl 

''I'll''      I live)'     II I      |i>     Ml-    ,.ll- 

ent.     In  most   ..f  our  itvatles  «IMi 


itrle*  all  artklm  coatiscaad  of  war  arc 
On.    B.   F.    Butl.r   In    1M1    pro 

Dnaom]       *W*M      iiT        p  MlllnO 

intent  c«.n- 
trabaasl. 

Contraband  of  War: 

On     Brl lata    ve«*e>ls    for    inaar,' 

Trade  in,  and  protection  for  neutral 
vessels,  order  regarding,  xi77. 
Contract*.     Government,    rvcorumenda- 

»   regarding,  3171. 
Contreras  (Mexico),  Battle  of.— An;.  7. 
imt.    n«a.    t»  began    ih 

march  upon  the  <  Ht  of  Mexico.  By  the 
.  Iro  nriiii  m  at  Man  Aiigustluc. 
*  from  tb»  city,  do  lb.'  loth  a  pre- 
liminary assault  wai  mode  upon  Contrcrn* 
I1IIU  a  fortllled  position  about  * 
from  the  city,  held  by  Geo.  Val 
d.iXX)  am.     Kb-  i    moraine 

trerxa  Hill  was  taken  by  sodden  assault. 
Valencia*  amy  being  completely  routed. 
•  lib    a    1..-  -■  among    tin- 

I   gioerat*.      |ty  till,  brilliant 

dash  lb*    l r.;.iTi<  bad  rained  one  ■■:  the 

so-reral  stroeg  positions  by  which  Ihe  roods 

to  the  City  of  Mexico   were  guarded.     Tb* 

icaa    teas    «»    &o    an  u        ■'•  •'    ami 

wootv-l.  i        ' McxtcaD*    lost     heavily    In 

cannon,    masker*    and    ammunition. 
Illaatretloa  opposilte  "lis.) 

Contrcra*  (Mexico),  Battle  of,  referred 

to,  23S6. 
Controller  Bar  (Alaska): 

Opening   to   settlement   of   lands    in, 

.  ,119, 

Convention. — 1-  In    Its    political    sense    a 

uj  delegate*,  selected  l.j    the  uieint»r* 

of  a  political  party,  meeting  together  and 

ooratnatlag   candidate*   and   adopting   plat- 

irro'y 
arsMa  applied  to  Intcruotlonal   relations. 

OanTeotion,    Nominating.— An    aswmbly 

■stafa  or  representatives  for  conaiil- 
tatloa  oa  Important  political  ceocenu  and 
the  Domination  of  candidate*  for  office. 
Karly  American  candidates  for  office 

announcement   of    their    can- 
,   or  «.-rv   piu'.il   in   Domination  by  a 
caucus    more    oi 

>m  Baa.  Up-  1'uiigii-sssloual  caucus  of 
party  UadVrs  anil,  at  a  later  pal  lod,  the 
l..-l.lall.-    cascus.       i!  "•    In 

that  part.es  hating  no  Irfiainti. 
had  no  caucus  delegates.  This  was  rem- 
tsllnl  by  lending  caucus  delegate)  from 
those  dUUIcta  not  represented  by  legiala- 
lelecatea  This  Immediate  nlep  was 
■uccwdrd  bj  ihe  nominating  caucus  or 
n  a*  at  presa-nl  conducted,  both 
In  tax  sereral  state*  and  In  rbe  nation,  on- 
aisilng    «f    delegates    from    all    part*    of    n 

■ir  of   tin-   nallua   cb n   for   the  *x 

pr*Mt  purpose  ■>'  rations      The 

hist    state    cunreatlon    of    which    we    bare 
any     ni.'iil    vie.    In  Id    at    Harrlabiirg,     I'n.. 

Mini nominating. 

cooTenllon   >ii  thai    held   in    Baltimore   In 

1..      the     ADtl'Mawmx  lu 

i.f      III"     mine      v<:ii      lli,        NHtlnluil 

Republican*,    who    were    tie-    progenitors    of 
lb*  Whigs,  lield    a    national    convention    at 
In    May.     Ih;k      n     Demi 

■  :  l..ii    in. mm  u    for 

S  resident  and  Van  liuren  for  vlce-pn    nl-ni 
-    i-.it>  both  parties  adopted  this  prae- 
.uuir    which    lime    It    has   bccuuiv    uui 
rersal 


Copperhead 


Convention,  Revolutionary,    rrevioas  to 

and  at  the  beginning  of  the  Beroliitloa  Ill- 
dissolved 
-uintlvc  assemblies   because  of  their 
tlon    lo    Ihe    oppressive    meaanres    of 
rown   and    Parllanwni      Tbea*  assem- 
blies  Immediately   mei    In  r.  lint    were  i 
rcrolutlouary  conventions.      In  a  short  time 
acquired  nil  anrhoi  1 1 1  -  ■■  •     tbi 
people,   to  the  excinxloti  ,,/  id,,  pi, n  ni   Qof. 
ernment. 
Conventions.      (Sett   International  Con 

i  ii 'lis;   Treaties,) 
Convicts,  Foreign,  involuntary  deporta- 
tion   of    paupers,    idiots,    insnn.     per 

sons,  and,  to  United  State*, 
Conway  Cabal.— A  plot  hatched  by  Uen. 
Tboma*  Conway,  who  **■  a  "foreign  officer 
of   (Treat   prcteuxlons,"   Generals   tjoles   and 
Mifflin,   and    Samuel    Adams,    "with    two    or 

England    di 
■loo   in  Cotigreae,  and  one  of  tbs  Virginia 

deputies."  to  rem  n;ton  from  chief 

command  of  the  rontlncntai  forces. 

I  oomai       Oimi    •!.    t  nnvay.    «:i»    biiin    In 

Ireland,  but  takrn   i"   Preset!   arblle  young 

In     1777.     through     the     Influence    of    Silas 

he  eame   to    lie-    I ' u U-  il   States,    was 

eouitnla* ■  .1      lirlgadler-genoral      May      13. 

1777.  and  fought   ut    ItrninljTri id    i.'i 

mantown.  17 1 7.  Washington's  defe-ils 
!  vldespread  discontent  In  1777,  espe- 
clally  wIh'ii  th»  Brltl»b  occupied  Polio  i>  !- 
phln.  Burgoroe's  aurremler  g«»e  i 
iliu  prestige  of  a  great  success.  Such  men 
a*  John  Adaiiia,  Siiiiiinl  Adnm*.  Klchatd 
lleury  L«,  Tuomos  Mlillln  in-.,  uffSB  lo 
di.ulu  Washington's  Illness  for  Ihe  chief 
command,  i  on  way  did  not  originate  the 
cuhul  I  iigtoa'B  ri'inoiiil.  nut   wsa  *0 

active  In  It  tbnl  It  beur*  bis  name,    tinte* 

WHIIngl]      lent     Ills    Influence,     III     III'-     li"l"     of 

obtaining  tb<  comuinud  himself,  Ttisra  aaa 
correspondence    il  mglon 

•'iiniiii  dale*.  Mifflin,  and  Couwuy  during 
Hi"  summer  iiuil  iiuiuinii  .if  1 1 .  T.  In  Hie 
new  board  of  wnr.  orjpsolxed  Sov<  mhi  r 
1777.  tbe  faction  was  represented  by  U 
as  president,  sin!  Mlillln  and  other*  a*  mem- 
isway,     a*aliixt     \Va>.tiiiiui"ii'H     fs> 

mooatn was    promoted    rn*Jor-g mi, 

and  in  neiiil  of  the  army.    A 

sain  iilteiii|it  »a»  made  to  Its  bj 

offering    him    an    army    lo    linade    Canada ; 

but  theii-  intritui*.  srben  known  to  the 
army,  were  heartily  reprobated.  Dor  did  the 
mm"   leftalaturi  ibstn,      la   spin 

of  disasters  to  ibe  army,  IVaablngton  re- 
tiiliiid  the  confidence  and  affection  of  sold- 
lere  and  psopli  and  "."i-i  --f  i!i"  conaptre- 
tors  shiunk  from  STtrarlos  their  snare  tn  Hi- 
plot.  Conway,  ordered  to  tie-  northern  de 
pin  inn  ni.      complained     to  and 

rvxiKiiaflo'i-       I'     waa    aeeapledj 
and  he  tried  In  vain  to  obtain  a  rem 
in.  ni.      ll.    wos  wounded   soon    nlt'-i    m    a 
.in   I   with   '.il     <  adwnllader.    and,   belfarfloa 
his  end  near,  wrote  bii  apolog* 
ton  for  his  course.      II"  recovered   however. 

and  rem  aed  U  franca. 

Cooly   Trade   referred    to,   8807,   3127, 

■  ■■I.  (034, 
Copper,    net    roguluting    duties   on,   ve- 

i.iii'.i,  8008. 
Copper    Coins,    weight    of.    reduced    to 

one  pennyweight,  sixteen  grains,  183. 
Copper  Mines  referred  to,  7W,  803. 
Copperhead.    A   tern   of  opprobrium  op- 
piled  i"  'in/'iix  of  iii"  not  Hi  viiu  sympa- 
thised  wiih   Hi<-  Siiiilli.rn   loufedeiii.-j    dur- 


Copperhead         Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


lng  the  Civil  War.  Thr  nam*  wat  first 
used  la  a  political  scar-?  In  lbn:*.  In  refer- 
ence to  person*  wbo  favored  pence  on  out 
terms     The  (pltbct  limi  I  a   the 

charge  that  ibo*e  to  whom  li  ■-• 
were  aeeict  anil  Imldlous  foet  lo  the  Colon. 
The  term  h»a  recently  (1SDD)  been  applied 
to  those  who  are  not  In  sympatic 
prevalent  Idem  concerning  the  nnnetatlon 
of  territory  gained  by  tbo  recent  war  with 
Spain,  erniei-lnlly  to  ihotn  who  are  nolrtly 
endeavoring   to   foment   discord   anionic   tha 

rut    borne   and    tha   soldier*    In    the 
'hlllpplne-.. 

Copyright.— A*  dcilncd  by  Drone,  copy- 
right 1«  lb*  exclusive  ilibt  ta  multlpty  and 
dltpotc  of  copies  of  aa  ln:e!Iec:oal  produc- 
tion. Ucforc  the  o-an::a  loa  of  tUt  Fed- 
eral Government  the  stale*  Issued  copy- 
rights. Tho  Constliuilon  nuthoil:td  Con- 
great  to  m ant  copyrights  to  author*  and 
patent*  to  Inventor*  Accordingly  Congreii 
|iii»i'd  a  law  In  1700  giving  auihuia  thi 
tgclutlT*  right   to  their  wotk*  for  fo< 

Scar*,    wlih    the    prlvllefc   of    renewal    for 
dui  teen  ycara.  by  themselves,  or  ihelr  "boli*. 
liora    or  nsslgus.       In    ' 
«raa   extended   lo   twenty-eight   ycara,    triill 
tha    right    of   renewal    of    Cmi  i..n    years, 
right   being  extended    lo   the   widow    pr 
children  of  a  deceased  author.     In  18M1  the 

Srotectlon    of    copyilglu    waa    extern), 
ramatlc   woiki   and   In   180  !■»  of 

arl  nnd  photographa.  Clerks  of  the  district 
I  State*  at  first  Issued 
copyrights,  but  tie-  lei  "f  WTO  provided 
thai  tlie  ■  l»li t  to  Issue  should  be  . 
in  the  Librarian  Of  I  ongrcta,  and  In  189T 
an   oDlce  of   llci:i  opyrlgbts.  acting 

[h«    direction    of    the    Librarian    of 

congre»«.  pnu  ma  lad. 

In  IS01  the  Inter- 
national copyilght  law  passed,  extruding 
ti.e  privilege  "(  Amcilran  copyright  l< 
Ihors  In  <ii.li  foreign  tountile*  ns  grnntcu 
the  same  privilege  to  AOMI  l«-u ti  authors. 
This  leclprocal  privilege,  which  la  de- 
termined  god   •" 1   hy   proclamation   of 

tbc  president,  accoidlng  to  Hie  terms  nf  loa 
law.   hat    been    aiallviT  of    hy    Several     KU> 
ropran  and  Ameilean  nations.  n«  follows: 
Anuria,     Bolglum.    chi:c,    rosta     > 

Cuba.    Denmark.     France.    Germany.    Croat 
llrllsln   nud    her  possctslont,    Italy.   Luxem- 
burg, therlandt  nnd   :■ 
Xonvnv    Porttujal,  spaln,  Sweden.  Bwltser- 
isnd,  Tunis. 

■right  treaties  have  alto  been  entered 
Into  with  China.  Ja-ni-i  god  Hungary  (the 
latter  In  effect  <u>  •  ictober  10-  ' 
Copyright  Convention  of  Mexico  of  1902 
has  been  rnilil.'il  >>■  the  Culled  States  and 
I-  effeetlve  from  Julv  1.  inns.  ;ii  between 
the  fulled  Rtnte*  and  Costa  lllcn  Guate- 
mala.  llonduias,   Nicaragua  and  Salvador. 

Tb(    qopvrlffhl    law    approved    Mnrcli    «. 
rue.i.    win.  ti    tun*    ,  rr.  ,-t    .ii    July    1.    1009. 

rrovldoa  that  the  ••mllcatlon  for  MSUtM- 
loo  of  any  work  "shall  specify  to  which  of 
the  following  i  ln»-.  •  i In-  work  In  which 
copyrlglit  It  claimed  belongs:"  (hi  Books. 
Including  c.  nnd   cyclopaedic  works, 

directories,  gaxcttecrs,  and  oilier  comnllo- 
tlons:  Ibl  periodicals  Including,  newt- 
papers:  ic|  lectures,  sermons,  addresses. 
piepnred  for  oral  il-Ilvi-i  >  Id'  d  smatlc 
or  dramatlcn  mu«nil  eomnnsltlona :  <e) 
musical  compositions:  •  f  <  maps-,  igi  work* 
of  art:  models  or  deslgna  for  works  of 
arl:  lh»  renrodn»1nns  of  a  work  of  art: 
(II  drawlnga  or  plastic  work*  of  n  sclanitlflc 
or  technical  e'ui'acter :  ()i  nlintngrsplis  , 
(k)  prints  and  nletorlsl  Illustration*.  An 
amendment  of  Aucust  i'4.  1012-  add* :  111 
motion  picture  photo  piny* :  inn  motion 
plcturca  other  (hau  playa.       The     applies- 


tloo  for  registration  of  any-  article  ebon __ 
distinctly  spiclfy  to  which  one  of  three 
<lasse*    the   work    belongs      Ao    art'.. 

illtled  lo  registration  unless  It  H 
reasonably  possible  to  cits*  It  under  one 
or  the  other  of  tho  designations)  naaaed  la 
the  statute. 

The  steps  necessary  to  secure  copyright 
registration  arc :  for  work*  reproduced  In 
copies  for  talc:  1.  Publish  lh»  work  *Ub 
i lie  cuni tight  notice.  Tbe  notice  «**»  be 
In  the  form  "Copyright,  ia     (year  date  of 

publication)    by (naxno    of   cony- 

light     proprietor)."        2.     rrotntitiy      aft*.- 

Ciii'ilcatlon,  rend  to  tbe  Copyright  OUc*. 
lbrory  of  Cougrtst.  Washlngtoa.  D 
two  copies  of  (he  best  edition  of  (be  wort, 
rtllh  an  anpllca  l^n  (or  icgS'tratloa  and  a 
money  order  payable  to  (be  KegHter  *f 
Copyright*  for  the  atatotory  reglitialtM 
f«*  of  li. 

For  works  not  reproduced  lo  copies  f»r 
tale:  Copyright  may  also  be  bad  of  certtla 
classet  of  worka  (tee  a.  b,  c.  bclosri  «{ 
which  coplea  ate  ni  t  i-  iimdured  fee  tale 
by    li  Ing    In    lie   Copyrlghl  csull 

ration  for  registration,  wth  (he  ttatolon 
fee  of  fl.  tending  lurrcultli:  lai  I*  tk 
i  si  addretts*  ar 
of  d  amotlc  or  musical  compotlilot*.  om 
complete  monutetlpt  or  typrwrittea  c«*» 
Of  the  work,  Tills  privilege  of  reg'.siititot 
Uowerer.    doe*    u-m  c./,-/yrfc*t 

proprietor  (torn  the  deposit   of  i 
let  of   a  dramatic  or   musical   convaaattM 
or   lecture    where    the    work    Is   loler  re»n> 
duced  In  copies  for  sale  •  <s*f 

of    photogiapb*    not    Intended     fot    gcni-itl 
clrcum  Ion,    one    pbotogiaphic    p 
In    the    ciisc    of    work*    of    an     Ipalnilnf* 
drawings,    sculpture i  :    or    of   drawings  »' 

..rk«    of    a    scientific    . 
i  hats i  i.      one   photogiapb  idmii- 

fylng  reproduction  of  the  work.  la  •■ 
iheae  ra-ses.  If  tho  work  Is  Inter  reprodoM 
In  ecu.  i  roi  »a>.  two  copies  mini  (tea 
be  deposited. 

rurnHon  of  Capurinlit.— The  orUIni] 
term  of  ronyilgbt  runs  for  iwentyeV"! 
TA'ltbln  one  year  prior  to  ll 
lion  nf  i  be  niicltal  term,  the  aiiitor, 
If  living,  or  Ibe  widow  or  widower  of  fj» 
author,  or  the  children  of  the  author  If 
be  not  living:  or  If  none  of  the**  be  lleaaj 
then  He  author"*  executors,  or  In  tbe  »> 
sencc  of  a  will.  Ihc  author's  next  of  ot 
may  tccure  a  renewal  for  o  furlbrr  (rr» 
of     i  ."■*.     making    fifty** 

fear*  In  nil       In  en f  ■  ..its.  s 

lio    proprietor   secured    the   original  easy 
rl -lit.     he    mny    nl«o    secure    the    rrsessA 
rights   .Ti'   aaalgnable   by    any  Utut> 
ment   In    writing. 

Copyright: 
Correspondence  with — 
StTitterland  and  Fntvefl 

intcrnnlionnl,  referred   to.  511 
Bsritzcrlnnd  and  Italy  regarding 
ternatlonal,  referred  lo, 
Forelpn   liiililers  of,  to  he  privil 
in     V  ""•    .li  ■etifiatj, 

B47S.  5561. 
International  law  of — 

Convention   r*rarding  with — 
GVrmanr.    r(l28. 
Crcnt  Pritain.  CT 
Correspondence  with  Great 
rPBar.liniy.   referred    to,  2 
Rcrnmmondcd.  5478.  offfll. 
Law  of,  needs  revision,  7011, 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Corporation  Tax 


Proclamation  granting  priviloge  to— 

Belgian,  Franco,  Great  Britain  and 
Switzerland,  5582. 

Chile,  SIS 

Germany,  6713. 

Italy,  5730. 

Mexico,  6122. 

Norway,  6954. 

Spain,  6024. 
Copyright  Convention,  International: 
At   Berne,  discussed.   1019,  5090. 
Negotiations  for,  referred  to,  ■1625. 
Copyright  Laws.     (See  Copyright.) 
Cerea.     (See  Korea.) 
Corlaco  Island*.     (See  Spain.) 
Com.     (See  Agricultural  Product*.) 
Corporal's  Guard.— A  few  soldiers  ra 
corporal's  romstand  j  In  John  TyliT'K  admin 
Istratlon  hit  few  follower*  in  Congress  wera 
Sxrrtu^nir  referred  to  si  a  corporal'*  guard  ; 
tbws  the  leaden  of  one  polltlral  purty  ridi- 
cule rr*  following  of  the  opposition  lenders 
Has  thai  they  amount  to  only  a 
corporal*  guard. 
Ojrpcratc  Securities,  protection   (< 

restore  ia,  7079. 
Corporation  Income  Tax  snmo  as  ex- 
cise tax,  7391. 
Corporation  Tax.  Tnxe*  on  corporations 
are  l»tind  by  must  of  the  stales  In  propor- 
tion to  the  entailer  of  shares  lain  which 
tbey  are  dlvld  d  rbe  laws  of  the  slates 
arc  so  dlrrntltcd  In  this  respect  that  many 
corporations  find  It  proniebli  to  become 
incorporated  In  »tnte»  dliisot  from  the 
scenes  of  their  opemtloo.     resident  ltoosc- 

trii    and   Tsft   both    recommended    federal 

taxes  on  (be  cam  lux*  of  corporation*  and 
la  rescwese  to  Mr.  Tart's  request  L'ongic«» 
i9  passed  a  federal  corporation  tnx 
r»«iuiilex  rvery  corporation,  Join  I  slock  rum- 
ps ny  or  »**oelalton  organlxcd  for  profit, 
and  every  Iniursocc  company  to  pay  annual 
ly  *u  rxclw  tax  of  one  per  cent  anon  It* 
eotlre  net  Income*  In  execs*  of  $6.tniO.  This 
»a*  Justified  by  the  oxHting  deficit  In  Ihe 
treasury.  The  law  also  provided  for  a  form 
. :■! It-lly  which  (are  Ihe  government  su- 
perrtsloo  over  sll   rorpnrstl.un 

i  law  of  101.1.  pawed 
after  the  sdontlon  of  tbe  sixteenth  amend 
meat,  funersedes  tbe  Tart  law.  This  mros- 
ore  provides  for  Ihr  payment  nf  DOS  per  C«B| 
ooon  the  net  Inrome  from  sll  property  own- 
ed and  or  every  business,  trade  or  profes- 
sion. Jolot  stork  company  or  corporation. 

The  Revenue  bill  approved  on  Sept.  8. 
IPIfl,  provided  for  a  svstcrn  of  taxation 
open   corporations  as  follows: 

All  corporation",  not  Including  partner- 
ships, must  pot  a  tax  of  2%  on  their  net 
Income*.  Similar  provision*  are  enacted 
prorldlnx  for  taxation  to  the  same  extent 
of  foreign  corporations  doing  business  In 
tbe  Halted  State*,  the  taxable  basis  of  such 
fcrrlra  corporations  being  f-st  amount  of 
their  income*  which  Is  derived  In  this  coun- 
try. 

The  following  corpora  tlon*.  however,  are 
exempt  tTOta  purine  the  cnroorntlon  tax: 
leVr.  agricultural  nnd  horticultural  or- 
gnnttntlne*  ;  nr-.tual  -srins  I. -ink*  not  hiv- 
ing capital  stock  reprc«ented  hv  share* ; 
fraternal  societies  or  orders  entirely  of  a 
hcno'clal  »nd  jjnn  nrr,|it-mahlnii  nature: 
domestic  hulh*lne  and  l"*n  association*  and 
ervoperatlre  banks  wltvout  capital  "tor*. 
aad  onernted  for  mutual  pnrnose*  without 
eesMaderatlooe  of  profit :  cemetery  companies 


of  a  similar  nature:  corporations  or  asso- 

>n*   organised    and    conducted   for    re> 
,    civic,    toctal    wcirare.    scientific    Of 
educational    purpose*,   and   none    of    Hie    in- 
'"II"-    of    which    acorn  I    Individual 

"Utiug    then:   clubs   of   a   non-profit- 
making    nature;    various    Carmen    or    other 
ation*  of  .-.   pn     Ij    local 

ter.  and  the  a*»««inent«  of  which  are  paid 
merely   in   meet   operating   expenses ;   fjrm 
'i         fruit  grower*1    or    similar   assoclo 
which     operate     without      profit    n* 

i  only :  holding  corporation*  of  any 
of  the  above. 

la  addition,  federal  land  bank*  and  na- 
tional   farm- Joan    association*    ore    exempt 

<<-■•'  '• perntloni  of  tbe  tax  »»  sr< 

Block    banks    as    ti»    income    derived    from 
bond*    or    debentures    of    other    John 
tank*  or  nny  Federal   land   bank   belonging 
to   such    joint    ItOCI    land    banks. 

All  corporations  manufacturing  any  kind 

■  IohIvcs  or  mllltniv  supplies  ore  taxed 
12H%    on    their    Bet    profits.      Till*    lax    l« 

effective  for  one  year  after  the  close 
of  the  European  War.  Till*  lax  Is  to  lake 
effect  only  from  Jim.   1,    1810,  nnd  exel 

oei  1 1  I    f i    contrai  i  -.    made    ;"- 

fore   that  date.       in    iieti-rmlne   net   profit*. 

made  that  from   the   .  . 
celpt*    shall    lie    dedacl  6    the    co*t    of   row 

Isls,    running   expenses,    Interest    paid 
on    debts   or   loans,    tnxe*.   lour*   an.: 
'ation  of  the  plant 

re  I*  nn  additional  (ax  of  $0.50  on 
each  thousand  dollar*  or  cnpttol.  surplus  or 

iled    profits    of   oil    corporation*    capl 
d    above    »n!>.000.       In    addition. 
I*  n  special  tax  of  1%  on  the  net  profits  of 

rs    when    the   amount    thereof    I 
tween  $25,000  and   $1,000,000;  and  of  2% 
when  It  Is  ebovc  this   latter  figure 

There     are     special      taxes     on     broker*, 

amnnemeal    rcooita.   Honors,   tnl », 

An  in  I  of  Oingress  npproved  March  .1, 
1917.  place*  a  tax  of  B«  oa  the  amount 
by  which  the  mi  Income  of  n  corporation 
or   partnership  exceed*  $n.ooo  and  a%  of 

the  actual  capital  lOTSeted,      However,  from 
the   Incline    |:i  is-    (nxed  I*  excluded   Ini 
from    life,    health    nnd    strident    Insm 
combin  the  weekly  pre 

iiiiiim   payiu  •unllnr   tax.   cor- 

in  It*  details  to  the  |»»  upon 
corporations  of  He  Untied  States  I*  placed 
upon  fe  Income  derived  hv  foreign  cor- 
porations  by   activities  In    this  rounlry. 

The  f>  ii  i  actual  capital  In  the  above  "ex- 
cess profit*"  tax  means  the  actual  cash  pnld 
in,  the  actual  ensh  value  of  asset,  other 
r  in  actnal  eMB  paid  In.  nnd  pnld  In  or 
earned  surplus  and  undivided  profli-,  .r 
ceptlng   money   or   property    borrowefl 

Income  I*  exempt  when  derived   from   a 

fuhlle  utility  or  the  exerclne  of  governun in- 
".I   function  by  any  state  or  subdivision  of 
a  state. 

Net  Income  Is  to  ho  ascertained  bv  de- 
ducting from  the  ero*s  Income  all  ordinary 
and  nece*«or7  expense*,  Including  all  usual 
and  necessary  rental* :  sll  losses  for  which 
there  I*  no  comm  iiKsth-u  by  Insurance  or 
otherwl«e.  Including  a  -'rc««on*hIc"  amonnt 
for  denredstlon  of  plant  and  property:  the 
amouot  of  lntere«t  pnld  In  Indebtedness, 
not  In  exec**  (al  of  t*"e  entire  amount 
of  the  cardial  stock  out- landlne.  or  If  no 
capita!  »toek.  the  entire  amount  of  the 
capital  employed  In  the  business  fur  the 
■war  fcir  TrMch  t*'c  tax  I*  to  be  p*Id.  and 
Chi  one-' n if  o'  the  corporation's  Interest- 
heerlne    Indehtednes* ;    nnd    taxes,    etc. 

The  fi«cnl  year  for  which  the  tax  Is  to  be 
P»M  ends  on  Dec  SI.  By  March  1  of  tbe 
following  year,  return*  mn»t  he  made  to 
the   collector  of   Internal   revenue   for   tbe 


district  In  which  «bc  corponttlou  Is  located.  which    ■   tax    mlsbt    be   Icrletl.      Of    I 
Th»    ■mr*»tDPni>    »a    ill.'    return*    maul    be  •!                                             the  roroomUoo  tax, 
June    l,   :» mi    moat,   i"    paid  the  district  la   which  New  Tort  City  U  lo- 
in.    Illnc    15.  in    of    more     ih»a 

Th  ■                  rotation  In   I                     ol  uny  $10,000,000.  and  the  cIl-irM  containing 

ii    ■•   botch niiil  ii 

mi;,  mi   making  known  in  any  mauin-r  except  The  report  al  the  Knbnl  Trade  r.-»=mi>. 

Hint     prescribed     hf     l»     any     Information  »lon    iHut.uu 

t  ol   ri  i.ii-ln.--   wlncli  dlcntvs  that  the  larlnus  *tnt(                    sboert 

bin  luvi.ll  ISOO.OOO.O00   <if    their 

ration*  shall  be  punnh.  ii  .    not    Including   uut  or  local  »»b 

the   jnvrri                                            ill    bo   fined  division*   Of    thr  Mataa.      lullnmd.    Imcklu 

not   more    tlin n    .<)  000   or    Iniprlaonud   for  and  Insurance  corporations  contribute  about 

n. ii   iii..r.'   (ban   i   rear.  V*%    of    iln'    total    lernw   ••!    the    staus. 

Any    individual    railing    to   comply    with  U"«r   i  ..                                                low  of 

Hie  pi                   :   ihi.  Iiih  shall  !>.■  liiuil  not  the   141 

than   $30   nor  mora   tbaa   «i.ooo;  and  herd,   I9ITJ  Uierv  ■•  lr»M  dm  the  loromc 

If    (In-    oilli-liil    of    ii                         i.    .tmll    be  of  all   corporations.   In   addition   to   th- 

flood    Ool    more    tbaa    12.000   or    lmpri>-  ncd        il tit.  .1     in     tin      ..irlor     hllli-,    a     ton    of 

for  not   more  Hun   1   ■ 

both    ponall  War    pro/Ira    Tar. —  In    addition    to    taxes 

Kor    the    fiscal    year   of   1911                  wen-  al                      tlni;.    there    I*    levied   a    ta»   of 

■     lected     from     corporation*  !0'     ol   fin-  mi   in                          ■»  pro»t*.~ 

Return!    v.                              mi    ::  (iii.     ■■..!  not   In   exes*  hi    .                                  I   cap 

poratlooi    within    tbe   tneaDtnc    ol    th*    b»«  Ital;  SS%   "I  thr  amount  "f  to*  oxt   In 

Of  II 100.011      -I. "i  ■•  .1    i    in-t   Income  of  In  excess  of  lot  and  not  In  exeeoa  of  JO* 

55,184,442.000 ;  'm<i   |76,<I  uf  the  ost  capita                                   income 

no    profits    or    profit*    UM    tun    tbOM    OB  I"    Bfti  ■    of    W>    and    out    In    c»c*»«    of 

ill.-  return*  of  I  nun  and  i ;>i t  wen'  ■>  follows: 

rns  ifeSES                       !!    »        Ii-""'        Total  tax 

State*  and  Territories.         n-crlv.J  ,„..,.,„                assessed        Increase         *►- 

inU'ltt  I,',1,                     In  1916       over  1013       Ui 

Alabama     4..M  *       2«                     20.0         *         HTJ 

Ala.ka      -JOH  H                                                                        49.1 

Arizona              . ..  HIT                                                                     «v,7.u 

Arkansas    ...,  110                   27.0 

California            20JWI  n;.:            --Is                0.143.1 

'' rado     .                                    s.177  i  . ,                                     7**               1.789.1 

Connecticut    •■  i,sS7             I    Ifll.OJJ           os.fl 

Delaware    .                                            981  I  100.340          K                       2. 7*1. a 

District  of  Columbia    I  IS&251            24.2                    579.3 

I'lorlda ;72              l-l                    X2. 

Reorula     i     i  ;  434                  :■■:■••                I.'.'; 

Hawaii      ...                                          651  .141.049            TIM                   »-' 

Idaho    M7                                                                              »7« 

iliinnla 13,010            5,049,483           :'.T  s 

Indiana     .  .                                         H  S00  6,013                       !  ID  •            29.  I                2^' 

low* D  il  •:;•                                      I  I  I 

Ka0K«K ;:.l.-,l                  i;:>s.47U          1S0.6                £>4' 

Kentucky    ..                                       .-..3m  il.054                  417,8                 10.4                 I.-." 

I-ouI.lnna     3.008  2.140                                           90.8 

:.««  1,864                                      14.3 

Maryland    .           .  2.031                  :,f>,;«s7                                    If 

m            16  7. .MXl                                           Bl.l 

\ii<  Mi.-iti    , .,  ii.7:u  s.041  r.ia                 a    i 

Minnesota .•..'.".'7  1,800  :.4.0              4.«i 

1.04B  I  is|  4j>,4                    '.'l. 

Ml«onrl      18,844  7.807  10.707                                    I  r.-  - ..]  7-  ■ 

Montana      1.448  1.608  BS,127            RO-2 

Nebr»*ka    $31  ■  nu; 

da 1.062  119  M.9B0 

Ifew   IMiupshlre 1.141  730  106,* 

N'.'w  .In  <c! 12,434  i  '  'i 

New    Mexico       I  "-s  III  131,700          112-8 

Sew   York       .  IS.HI4  1 1.100  16,362,673 

North  Carolina  .  ..     4.0S4  ?1.Y623  M 

Vurtli   imkotn    ,... ,.V«I7»  i  101.1  43.«  L'l*.771 

17  Iln  3^87,020  0S.1  1J,> 

Okltfaom*    7.788  423,209         i.i; 

Oreifon    ...  6.401  2.10.1  lni.OHI  40« 

l-cnnsyteanl* 31     VI  I1-.  8,971.0171  48.2 

Khodi     lalaod     2.1  1,144  1,511  87* 

South    i  "or.  .linn  178.211  100.0  «(is  1 

Comb    Dakota     1.717  78.01:;  «XJ 

'  •                  «.7*i  S34.834  ill  042.0*0 

in  oik;  8.413  •  ■■  49.7  2.01 

Dtah     ■"'»"'■  1.447  L14> 

Vermont       1 .18*  89J  83.4M5  45JI  1MA47 

Vlrirlnln    .  «,1T0  S.034  e31.R54  V   il 

Wastdnzton      ..  X.445  5.028  S4.ll  1.1M7.703 

VS'cKt    S'liflnl*     4.32S  2.196  r.MB  I  lOftfaOH 

■  -in  li  -07  i    11  mi  1. 80S  ::i  -J  .i 

iV.i'niiliit    1.307  "18  76.904  43  7  184.594 

Total     300,443  190.911          *38,547.081  60.64-     *179.372.A8t 


lincyclofcdtc  index 


Cost  of  Living 


ol     the     Ml     <apltal:    45%    ©J    the 

ucoidp     Id     rxorn     «f     23  T-     of     lh* 

wl  capital  anil  not  Id  excess  nf  33%  ot  the 

net  cai  cess  of 

of   such    capital       Foe   ji    .Ml  nit  Inn  of 

rimt    pf"  ider    mart 

to    It  .a  ted   provisions 

it»«W.  a*  for  m  iMtaltlou   .>f   tli.- 

spJtal  an<l  lnnlnoura  com- 

•  mder    tats    ...  lion.       Til.-    sears     mil, 

anil    1013    art    chosew    »■ 

me. 

Corporation  Ux  a  tal  on  privilege  and 

not  on  property,  7391. 
Corporations   (sit   Commerce   and   La- 
.    Department   of): 

-  hy,  power  of  Terri- 
torial legislatures  to  authorize, 
17.',;. 
Business  stability  would  bo  assured 
by  corporations  being  under  Fed- 
eral control,  6976. 

law,  should  be  controlled 
by   law,  66 
!vlls  of   traals    and    monopolies   dis- 
cussed    and     recommendations     re- 
Kardinr,    5358,    5478.    6176,    6711, 
8,  7187,  7191,  71S>». 
elusion     of     American     insurance 
companies     from     Germany,    6061, 

ederal    supervision    of    incident    to 
tax  on,  6648. 

ol  urged  for.  6711,  6974, 
7143.  7191.  n»,  r 
llf.ll 

Inspection    and    returns    of,    7060. 
International  commerce  promoted  by, 
•616. 

national  importance  of,  6646. 
National   Control    exemplified    in    in 
•  act,  pure  food  law, 
Beat  inst^ction  law,  7080. 
Overeapitalizati.Mi  of  .lisrusscd,  6876, 
I,  7168,  7.87,  7191,  7199. 

ons   from,   7023. 
nblirity   for,  Wis, 

littler     e.  .     rfghi     ti. 

hold,  7079. 

iriff  doe«   not    affect.  6712, 
Taxes     upon     franchises    of,     recom- 
mended. 7042. 
Treatment     of     American     insurance 
companies     in      Kussia     discussed, 
5961. 
fork     of     Rureau     discussed,    6659, 
Iff,  6901. 
CorpoTatloua,  Bureau  of.     (8eo  Bureau 

of  Corporations.) 

Corporations,    Bureau    of,    policy    and 

work  of,  rUsenss    I,  6901. 

Corps   of    Engineers.        (See    Engineer 

r|i«.) 

Corrupt  Leaders,  tvpes  of,  di.cussad, 
7034. 

Corruption  Of  Blood,  prohibited  ex- 
cept during  life  of  person  attainted 
of  treason,  24. 


Cost  of  Uvlnj.— The     historian    of    the 
In    evaluating    the    different    forces 
which  affected  the  status  of  society  during 
t.r  the  t.v  entury, 

will    u>   compelled   to   uiv*.   oiuch   att< 
!■      sin-    |i    .  -'.in.  nun    -].  -rrii-.t    •■    the    blgb 
cost  0  l.xeept- 

Ins  ouly   tin-  war  la   Kurupe,   no  other  fac- 
tor M'i-ai>   to   hi  rue    a    part 
<  nf  the  entire  population 

.    from 
I8»fi  toUowlns    the    outbreak 

of  war  In  19M  saw  a  tremendous  accelera- 
tion. 

ta   1916,  nod  prices  Increase.]  120%  from 

!a    1800.      Knmi    (ic|..h.  .-.    r  i ... 

r,    ISI16  mi. .nr.  tin    Increase  was 

.'.'...      .The    Increase    in    food    prices   from 

I'm ii  (.,  ii.in  .  j, 1 1 (,. .,,« i, 

i"  ii. ..I   sin.   price   of   batter   in 

orcas.'i    80        of   ccs*   00%,    and    of    bncon 

and  pork,    l.:  Phi.   rapid    Increase   la 

the  v.  miring 

with  the  increase  of  only  «Vi 

!n  23  years  between   1890  and  191*.     In 

Keptembsr.  1917.  it  w«  •  ■!  that  the 

Increase  In  the  cost  of  living  ..v.-r  ..nly  1 
year  had  been  *•'<•:   and  over  ;;  real  -.  70*. 

the   i  -ii  year 

M        IH07. 

:  i.ii  ring    same    particular    food 

from    Iiinn    ;.-    IMS,  tin-    rntc    of    Inci 

was     n«     f.illoftx:  Wheat,     1401  ,     Corn, 

I!.. i      ;      ri.inr.      ! 

Kgsrs.     1189         Bee Pork. 

in  •  ■  ..In    h,    ''•.'     ;    Sugar 
ifl      :    poi  - 

In  Hi.    '  og  1010,  thi 

era)  wholesale  price  level  Increased  lift*. 

with  aagt-x  Im-mislng  .'iliniil  16%,  III 
lull.'  |iric.      bad  Increased  about 

55%   from   ISOrt.     i)f  particular  ' 
hetereso    1900   and    1910.    tbe   Incrmse   was 
na  follows :     Hides  nnJ  rratber.  03% :   cot- 
125*1  ,    | .ii  iii'i    billets, 

4ft%  :  copper  rn  :  lead  ...  .  nnthraelte 
coal.  30'.<  :  hltumlaoua  coal.   100%. 

The  stcQilleanca  of  the...  Bfores  tan  he 
understood   only    by   comparlnc   them 

Ing   the  ..inn.-  periods. 
Rpeaklne    generally     u    miwi    !»•    -mlit    that 
wages   did    not    Increase    proportionately    to 
(Ii.-   COS]   Of    llTltUT,    unci    tO    « hilt    flirt    m.iy    tM 
■  .1    much    ..f    Hi.  ;    the    eniikx 

of  labor,  as  tTPlQeo  bj  the  Increase  In  tbe 
•  tr.-iiutii  ■(  -ii. ii  organisations  ss  the  I. 
vs  B  .in.l  tbe  Socialist  party/.  From 
1890  to  1013,  It  H  cstlmntcil  thnt  the 
coxt  of  living  Increased  60"  .  will,  the  In- 
crease In  wages  only  Shoot  80 
1901  to  1913,  enures  Increased  12  :.  tail 
ib.'lr  power     <li.cr~nxi.il      in-.. 

from    1918    I"    1916    «■'    ■■■    Increased  shout 
2"%.    but    prices    Increased    38%.      Tin     In 
in    Income     bos  mi    to    ouly 

a  Hhrht  extent  t"  those  working  on  sal- 
aries rather  than  on  wages:  and  the  mid- 
dle cIsjm  w.i.  probably  harder  bit,  cmnpnra 
tlvelj  lilirb    cost    of    living     than 

those  receiving  wages. 

In  studying;  the  above  figures.  It  must  be 
rememb  red     Ihsl     the     Increase     In 
pi  i.-.  •    '.■  n      tri  iter    than    the   lucres  i    in 

other  commodities.     Thus  figures  of  SMI.fu 

ax  the  minimum  "ii  which  s  family  ot  live 

..mill  -hi  .i-.i  it.'ccnti]  in  New  York  In. 
creased   In    1017   to  »(IR0.41.   or   only    16%. 

n    ■  extremely   iiiffieuit   t"  |«|    tbs  exact 

tlisures  for  wages  In   recent  years. 

Cost  of  Living: 

International  Commission  on,  7724. 
Not  caused  by  high  tariff,  7403. 


Costa  Rica  Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Cost*  lUau— Coata  lUcn  occupies  part 
of  the  southern  and  narrowing  Isthmus  of 
Central  America,  between  Nicaragua  nnd 
Panama,  with  a  regular  const  lint  oil  to* 
Atlantic  of  about  .00  miles,  and  a  broken 
mid  varied  const  on  tbe  J  li  two 

bold    proi lies— that   of    Ntcoyn    In   to* 

north  ami  Dolce  in  n»>  south,  each  enclos- 
ing a  gulf  of  the  same  name. 

irrc»  and  CHmr.tr  —  The 
country  la  maluly  an  elevated  tableland, 
Intersected  by  lofty  volcnnlc  rldgr»,  run- 
ning from  northwest  to  loutbcnst.  Al- 
though close  to  ibe  Equator  (between  8' 
17-1 1-  10"  N.  latlttidc).  nud  lying  entirely 
within  the  trii|>u-!il  zone.  Uic  cllm-ite  of 
Costn  Ulca  Is  nol  unhealthy.  Malaria  and 
rheumatism  ore  common  In  the  coastal  re- 
gions, brt  iii«  oiimnti-  of  the  plateau  fal 

nn  elevation   of  j.OOO-S.OOO    fal  i    I ■■<   cqim- 
hie,  with  a  mean   tempennnre  of  08*  and 
lAtlon    of   only   6*   between   the   ex- 
I  HUM 

lliiloru. — For     nearly      three     centuries 

M330-lvjti    Coata  Blca  formed  nnrt  of  the 

it    AiiK-rtr  -in    dominions,    lue    sent    of 

administration  being  Cart  0(0.     In  I  Kill  the 

iry    threw    In    Its    lot    with    tbe    other 

in  province*  and  beenme  In- 

d-nendent  of  Spain.     I  row  D  ''o»ta 

Itlcn    wa»    one    of   the    "United    States   of 

Central   America." 

AIIE*    AM>   rOFUUTIOJI 
Are*  in 
Province*  and  Capital*      Enalis1!       Population 
SqTililes  1013 

AlaJoeU  (Alsjuela) 90 

CartKo  dCartaao) 0 1 

Cuanscuf*  (Liberia) »l,003 

H.redU  i.U'rediul 41,301 

Limon  I  Limon) <:'.:: 

Puainmiu  iPuutareuiiO--.  10,901 

Sao  Jo*  (San  Joat) 121.100 

Total 2J.0OO         300.424 

Etlinoaratih]/.—  The  Inhabitants  B-e 
maluly  of  Spanish  blood,  desceodnni  r 
tbe  colonist*  of  the  alxtecath  ood  nine- 
teenth   ctntnrli  -     h  lib 

mestizos  or  Spanish    . 

nnl  Indiana  were  almost  exterminated  un- 
der three  centuries  of  8pnnlau  mle,  nnd 
number  about  4.000,  while  I  her*  art  about 
26,000     negroes,     moitly     Jamaicans     sod 

iv    cmnltiyr <J    on    banana    funis.      The 

■a  white  population  Binoonta  to 
or    0,000,    mainly    Spanlnrd*    and    Itnllnos, 
«lth    some    German,     British,    nnd    United 

i  settlers, 
OorernniPfff. — The     present      constitution 
reata    upon    tlm    fundamental    law    of    Dec. 

II  :i.    ns    : tilled    m    1S82     1003.    and 

1013.   and  Is  tint  of  a  ccmr.llred    Repub- 
lic, with  a  President  elected  by  direct  vote 
for  four  year*   (nod   InatlaJbt*   for  ■ 
mediate  terml    nnd  n  single  eh" 
latnrc.     President  of  the  ltcpubllc   (May  8. 
1010-1014).— Rleardo  Jimenez,  born  Feb.  0. 

Congress  consists  of  forty-three  Dep- 
uties, elected  for  four  yeari  hr  the  direct 
rote  of  nil  ndrlt  Belf.arpnorllna;  clt liens, 
one. half  of  the  deputies  retiring  bleni 

There  are  mtstatratca1  oonrta  in  all  een> 
tera  nnd  superior  courts  In  ench  pro 
with   n    supreme   court,    two   appeal   cnurta 
and  n  court  of  cns'titlon  at   the   capital, 

Servb'e  In  th-  Army  Im  eompnlxnry  In 
time  of  war  on  nil  nhlc-bodlcd  citizens 
between  the  aces  of  eighteen  end  lift*.     A 

small  permanent  array  ol  thoot   1.000  of 

all  nrtus  Is  mnlntnlncd,  nnd  there  I  BH 
orznnlxcd  mllltln  wl'h  a  reserve  nnd  n  nn- 
tlonnl  gnnrd.  In  tlmo  of  wnr  n  partly 
trained  force  of  60.000  could  be  raised. 


Primary  Rdncatloo  la  comnaleory  and 
free,  the  schools  sre  well  attended,  ana 
the  proportion  of  lliltctutes  Is  being  rio- 
blly  reduced.  There  nr*  secondary  schools 
nt    Sn  irtaao,    Alnjnehl    s>l»t    lir- 

nnd  colleges  of  haw  and  medlclac  at 
Bun  Joaa, 

OrOt  —An   ogteement.   made  between 
Costa    Itlcan    Government    and    Mr.    Minor 
C.    Keith.    providing    for    the   Iscvc   of 

o    lie  applied  te> 
the  Contention  of  the  Uxteroal  Debt,   sritb 
*ll  nii.aik  of  interest,  and  the  Limon  Sanl 
Intlyn   Bond*    (for    which    together   fl 
200,  the  bal  .800,  being  referred 

for   the   Government's   requirement*!,   was 
ign  Bondholder* 
lu    Jill 

These     Bonds     are     payable    lo 
ilnon-li     the    operation     of-  n    cumnlntlve 
ton. i   of   nol   leaf  than   1   per  cent. 
annually,    commeuclng    In    1!>-1.    anil 

it    nt    ihu    rate   of    4    per   cent,   per 
.  for  the  first  ten  years,  and  at  the 
rate  of  o  per  cent    tbi  sad  are  se- 

•-ui.il    by    a   Orst   charge   oo    the   Cntloct* 
.1  nly.    1011,    eonpons   and 
subsequent  coupons  were  duly  paid,  and  the 
conversion  has  been  duly   u 

In    November,    lvll.    the  Govemme 
Co"la    Ulca    l««ued    In    Paris   a    new    5   per 
Loan    for   :!.'.. hum  hi  n    tr.in.-s,    for   Ibe 
purpose    of   paying    off    tin  r    Ibe 

Pacific  Railway  *ud  the  internal  Detit. 

This  Loan  Is  *ecurru  by  a  nr*t  charge 
on  the   Uovernmi 

has    been   given    n   quotntlon   on    the    Paris 
The   proceeds  of  this   Issue   have 

ipplled  io  lb*  pay nt  of  ibe   ; 

■in I  Debt  and  Pni  rny  Bomb  In  the 

early  part  of  1013,  the  Government,  nnder 
tin-  agreement  ivlih  the  French  Bnakers. 
bnrtng  racelrca  M  per  etftl    K  the  aoml- 

nal    value  of   the    Loan    coupons   paid. 

ihc    Internal    Debt    amoumed,   on    Dec. 

31.    1012.    to   .'.40.V2T2   cob  ■   gold 

l|  equal  to  4C',t  cents  of  United  Slates 

Prolurllon  anit  /nrfuefi-y — >lore  that 
two-thirds  of  the  popnlitlon  are  engaged 
In   agriculture,   the  most   Important   crops 

:n  an- 

nrnlly    Increasing   quautltlea.      Coffee,    rsee, 

,  siignr-cane.  potatoes  and  beasts  are 

.  In   the  luleiTur  and  liaaaais.  cocoa, 

.i  .•  pri  .in-.  (I  la  ibe  cot  t  lands. 

The  soil  Is  extraordinarily  fertile.   0'  I 

thia  tea. mi  the  republic  fully  de*erves  the 

name  of   '  Rlcb   Coaat,"   bestowed   nji 

<pos»lhly  on   accoanl    ■(   Its   ri'iiiied  nnrlf- 

ei s    wealth)    la    the    sixteenth   century. 

i  lore  nre  vuat  Unrest -eoTered  tract*  on 
the  Atlantic  nod  Pnelflc  slopes  where 
cedar,  nmhognny.  ro«enood.  ebony  ami 
dye-woods  nro  obtained.  Gold,  silver,  cop- 
per. Iron,  lead  and  ZlnO  are  believed  to 
exlat  In  many  districts,  hut  tbe  gold  fletda 
alone  an  worked. 

cuuf  r.TiwU    1 10121.— Bananas  10.' 
702  bunches,  value  (1.018.019:  coffee  106.- 
211    bag«,    value   f 7211  j2T  :   cold   nnd   silver 
ruilllou,    M...  :.M:   raw   sugar,  cacao,   rub- 
ber, cedar  and  hides. 

Jviorstiinv    of    /mporfs    (101?i .-  ■•  m-e.l 
Rtflte*      Bl   BS  .     Germany.     17.1  I        I 
KluKilrmi.    :•'.  .li;    Iranec.  4.S2;  other  contv 
trles.    11.  10. 

J.'niluaj/s. — About    420    miles    of    rel'sray 
were  oticn  for  traffic  In  101 1    the  Parltle  and 
Atlantic   being   connected    via   the   capital. 
The  Costa  Rlen   Railway  runs  from  Limon 
...    enpllsl.  '"I    s»r#«rt.    In 

six  hours,  and  Is  continued  m  mlb-a  t» 
Alijueln.  The  Northern  Knllwar  rum 
from  l.bnon  :ih  terminus,  and  comprises 
142  miles  of  main  line  and  branches,  run- 
ning through  the  banana  district*  on  th* 
Atlantic  cuaau     The  Government  own  and 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Cotton  Crop 


operate  liic  Pacific  Kaliwny.  from  Sao  Joe* 
in  OrettaU  <40  iu!U-a-.  »nd  the  const  »ee> 
tloo  of  the  «im»,  ttxparta  to  ruiiturenus 
(13  mile*  I  ;  ■  new  wrtlcm  from  Orottaa 
to  Jolo  the  Puntircnas  section  m>  Opened 
1:1  i:ua  Tho  Journey  from  the  capital  to 
I'ODlirtnn   |T4  nllra)  tskea  R{  hour*. 

ris'turfsa.— In  1012.  MM  foreign  v, 
<1.25<t.<r03  toaup  catered  at  Costa  I 
port*.  the  mercantile  marine  of  the  coun- 
try coroutine  only  of  ■  fi'w  small  milling 
•ad  motor  driven  tc*mI*.  The  chief  purl 
I*  Uiiim.  an  the  Atlantic  const,  through 
which  the  whole  of  the  Important  banana 
trade  with   the    I  ilea   l«  don*,    aa 

rtrV.  aa  by  far  the  larger  part  of  the  other 
export*    tod     ll    DOI  P  -tins    [a    the 

moat  Important  harbor  oti  the  I'aclllc  const. 

TOK-na.— Capital.  San  Jos*  Kstloslcd 
population  (19121  82,449.  Other  town* 
are  Heredla.  I.linou,  Alajuela.  Cartago, 
I'untnrenaa.  and    I  lb" 

Trade  <c4th  the  Trilled  Stofet.—  Tbe  value 

-led   Into    Coata    Hlcn 

from    lh«    I'nlted    Slate*    f..r    the    year    1013 

was  f3.M4.V06.  nnd  good*  to  the  rnlur  of 

rarere  sent   thither— a   balance  of 
41(1.173   Is   faior  of  the  United   States. 

Cost*  Rica: 

Boundary      question      with      ("oIomMl 

discussed,  4687,  58G8. 

Boundary  question  with  Nicaragua — 

Arbil  fcrrcd    to    Preaidcnt 

of  United  Stat**,  and  award  of, 

5368,  8427. 

Se ttlcmcnt  of,  indapcnsable  to  com- 

me  uMBMBt  of  ship  rnnnl,  2702. 
8urvey  of   port  and   titer   of   San 
Juan,  3444. 
British    protection   over,   correspond- 
ence regarding,   transmitted,   2583. 
Claims    of    United    States    against, 
8048.  3100. 
Commission    to    adjust,     discussed, 

mm 

Convention      for     adjustment      of, 
3175,   S1 

Commercial   relations   with,   3885. 

Consul   of   United    Slal  referred 

to, 

Corrr..|iuii,iiTii-,-   regarding,  transmit- 
ted, 2722,  2894. 

Dispute  with  Panama  settled  by  arbi- 
tration, 7887. 

Fugitive     criminals    surrendered     to 
United  State*  by.  0868. 

Negotiation*    with,    transmission    of 
rotation    regarding,    refused, 
MM 
Tran*mltted,  2OT5. 

Outrage*  committed  on  American  cit- 
izens in,  3048. 

Postal  convention   with, 

Relation*  with,   2690,  2091,  26!>5. 

Rupture    with     Nicaragua    amicably 
settled,  C. 

Territorial      controversies      between 
State*  on  San  Juan  River,  2736. 
Treatv   with,   transmitted   and  dis- 
cussed, 2675,  3175.  319.1. 
Exchange  of  ratification  of  recom- 
mendations  regarding,    3201. 


Costa  Rica,  Treaties  with.-Juiy  10. 
1851.  a  treaty  of  friendship,  commerce  sod 
navigation  was  concluded,  containing*  tbe 
most  favored-nation   clause,    granting  cqnnl 

nrestmsBi  and  soua!  trad*  privilege*  iq  ib* 

eltlssoa  of  each  country  In  the  territory 
of  tbe  other;  exempting  from  military  duty 
the  eltlssn*  of  either  country  in  the  terti 

v  ,,f  the  other,  and  providing  fur  n. 
change  of  consular  and  diplomatic  ofllccra. 
It     waa    provided    thai    :il    SO]     Umt    after 
seven  years  either  of   the  eontrsctlng  par- 
tics  might  give  notice  of  termination. 

f'.icms. — July  2.  1800,  a  claim*  conven- 
tion was  concliideil  providing  for  n  coa> 
mission  to  act  upon  nil  clalmi  for  dura- 
nces to  person*  and  property  sustained  by 
riilxpua  of  the  (Jotted  States  In  C 
Tbe  comtnisKion  im-i  In  Washington  Feb  8, 
1802.  nnd  adjourned  the  following  Novem- 
ber, ami  awarded  |£6,T04.l4  against  Costa 
0 

■'resident  McKlnley  by  proclamation  of 
Oct.    11).    1ROT.    extended    copyright    prlti- 

i.rr i  kg  1900  i  protocol 

wns  concluded  for  the  construction  of  sn 
liiter-n.'c.'inlc  canal. 

Arbitration. — Difference*  Which  may  arise 
of  ■  leml  nature  or  relatuu|  to  the  In- 
terpretation of  existing  treaties  which  s* 
may  not  have  been  possible  to  settle  by 
diplomacy  shall  lie  referred  to  the  perma- 
nent Court  of  Arbitration  st  The  i- 
according  to  a  convention  signed  at  \v.i*h 
13,  1900. 

Costa  Hlcn  ol«o  became  a  party  to  the 
convention  between  the  United  States  sod 
i be  several   republics  of  South  and  Central 

America    for  the  arbitration  of  pecuniary 

elnlms  snd  the  protection  of  Inventions. 
■•i  srhleh  was  signed  In  Buenos  Aire*  In 
18)10  nnd  proclaimed  In  Washington  July 
2!>.  1014.  (See  South  nnd  Central  Amer- 
ica. Treaties   with.) 

Cotton    Cases,   suits   pending    In   Court 

of  Claims  kuown  as,  4003. 
Cotton  Crop.— The  cotton  plant  Is  Indig- 
enous to  tropical  I  ml!  Col 
ton  cloth  Is  mentioned  by  llerodotua,  was 
known  In  Arabia  In  the  time  of  Mahomet, 
and  was  Introduced  Into  RuroM  by  his 
followers,  it  was  used  by  the  Chinese  m 
tb»  thirteenth  century,  nnd  was  grown  and 
woven  In  Jtpsln  in  the  tenth  century.  Col- 
tan  fabrics  were  worn  by  tbe  American 
Indian-,  when  ilrst  visited  by  Columbus 
The  nr*t  cotton  fsefory  In  America  was 
set  np  at  Ka<t  Brldgewiter.  Mass..  In   1787. 

Mm  Bral  effort  to  cultivate  cotton  In  the 
1'nlted  stales  was  made  In  Virginia  In 
1031.  Later,  experiments  In  cotton  culture 
were  made  III  Maryland.  Delaware.  I'ennsyl 
vsnla  and  New  Jersey,  hut  conditions  of 
climate  In  those  states  were  found  nnsult- 
able.  It  was  Introduced  Into  South  Caro- 
lina In  17.13  and  Into  Georgia  In  17.14.  It 
was  being  grown  In  Louisiana  In  1741. 
Cotton  was  not  grown  as  a  staple  crop, 
however,  until  1.70,  at  which  time  ship- 
ments of  American  cotton  to  Liverpool 
were  recorded  ns :  "Ten  bales  from 
Chariot  on.  three  bales  from  New  York, 
four  Imp*  from  Virginia,  anrl  three  barrels 
from  North  Carolina."  After  the  Revolu- 
tionary tVar  the  cultivation  of  cotton  spread 
mora  rapidly.  The  crop  »f  1790  produced 
3.138  equivalent  bales  of  500  pounds  each. 
378  of  which  were  exported.  8ca  Island 
cotton  was  tlrst  grown   In 

Cotton  Is  grown  In  many  localities  within 
a  ■lobe-enclrellng  belt  about  five  thou 
miles  wide,  but  the  totnl  nreo  devoted  to 
Its  cultivation  constitutes  only  a  small  part 
of  tlm  entire  laud  surface  within  this  belt. 
A  number  of  conditions  are  requisite  for  the 


Cotton  Crop  sagts  and  Papers  <>/  the  Presidents 


■ 

Important    f.v    ■.      being   a    (UltaMo  «llaeate. 
Tli-'    '.txioe    jil'i  a    tone    wmna 

araaor,  ;  lo  com*    i"   hi  l   inn  ■ 

a*    wrll    j -.  a<l"-.Ti*f.c    Oolhlure. 
ralltlea    arai  i  i.iinfall    l»    lamb 

r*cout».-    l»    uod    to    Irrlentlon. 

nfigrobint 

B|     .•■■.!       II 

production,  la  located   lo   the   »■ 

-  ..[  Ihn  l'clt.-d  Stau*.     It 

locay 

nml    "  Tliii 

oi.a   i»   about    1.600  mlloa 

ii  v.  lili  Ti.     Within  tli--  paal  few 

nndor- 
takiMi  Hfornla.    en 

KMml 
elallj   In    ia*  laller  atate.      The  groirlog  of 

m-  i  .i»»    Itt    lb* 

Santa   id, -a   •>(   i  !■••   Importance   of 

fr.-'ij)  an 
'•-onoulo  atandpolot  may  be  tad  nrlii-n  II 
la  Co:  ■  -,1100    la 

i ti»*  iihiki    valuable  crop  grown  In   lb- 
try.   am:    111  tbe    largcat 

i  ■ f  export.  <>f   ihc  eotiob 

.f   I  !••- 

i.vji   •  iiiajtrr. 


I1,.-  e>|H>rte>)     .liirln 

..•■ii    mi:!   .1,,. 

or    -"  nil (   ml 


.         .  ■  ■  . 
ii  . I    niib    i ho    more   turn-    :>."" 

II    ,1      in      :!  -rrik- 

inie«y   luilt  . 

'In-    KOMaalc    n"n'i<    of    Hi.-    > 

ili.-    total    ;    ,.,!  :    ii  ii   ,.,'  i  inn  tcIo.1   cotton 

in  1013  the    tailed  Siaion  coulrlbiited   1)0,0 

V»t   ■ 

mttoa  now   ii-aiN  ail  Mbrr  Bbara  «»  a 

■ 

alaple    and    Ita    ma  nil  foot  urn    Is 

rial     and    commercial     v. 

Illnn     I 

nnal  « i-ml—  In   on 
ntHer    «4nglc    nrilc-U-    .-i|ijoln    tlinl    In    i 
and   rin-    product*    bum*    from    li.      in    n» 

'nun     l  In*    ki-,  il    In    :!i"    i-niii- 

loyniont     =■> 

-.  -!■!■-  -  a  l.l.-  portion  'if  the  entire  human 

,'!l!\        111..  V   I--       I,      ,- 

t'lUnLtrd     ill'.-illt      In      niMilin-lnc     liamllliiK, 

ho  tlbor  ami   i 
nil!    alao    largo    niirnbrn    win*    t'un-ti    It.    ao 
in  Mn-ivk.    an    in,  i.-iiu.!  inaniirao 

crtflharo   and   ili- :  in.  .-•.  , 

and.    In   fn,''.   »nmo   nt  those  engaged   In   al- 
raoat  aay   11m-  of  •-iid-aTor. 

Cotton  (TCP  i"  •iio.-lil'il  vi.u«.  lOOfl  i,, 
I'll'..  acreage  harv»»te>l,  prodnctlon,  and 
farm  ralti*  ! 


Yew 

Ana 

Fibre 

Seed 

Total  value 

R.I..' 

fliorttom 

IMIa-i 

6VU1.1S 

€«fta.vi."»i 

I3.I1S.0I? 

- 

».l  17.153 

KMO.OO0 

10M 

.-i  1*4,00 

:  '.:::•  .VJ 

&.013,0M 

JUII.OOfi 

11,101  i.) 

1 

*T.l4a.0C«1 

4/vi.n.m 

ISW  ... 

10  M  NI 

5.»',?.«»> 

i.i;iot«i 

vr,-..v,i..] 

mil 

id.om.toi 

•--' i 

■ 

- 

■ 

0.30»,«*i 

mil 

10.IS4.030 

7.1.1..IV.I 

- 

ii  mi  00 

■  Tat  Oguraa  repnawt  equivalul  J00-pound  baka,  groat 


•u  by  st«t.-«  In  1  r  :[Ut  llnter*. 

and    Ibc  total   n 
precrdUac  yaara; 


Bb* 


0—E7«raJralJ 
JuMa.  Baha 


arbnaai 

■ 

. 

Uunuane 

Maaoun 

S.nN  Caralina  . 

gaga  i  '•■.•In, > 

Tomt 

Tcia. 

l.r^inik 

'II  IHbrra'    .  ... 

Trt»iUt\)lS ... 
Total  far  l»ll  .. 

-  in.' 


m       . 


♦J 


Si.I 

1-1.13*.! 

UJOLtfl 
IMBUOll 


MjO" 

"I 
If  I  ??) 

BUM 

-.-:  M 
»:.» 
'■'•-•-I 
i-.  I-... 
««T    _ 

II.JW      03    .- 

sw.r«i  io 

M4.MP  :■ 
ttMU  : 
00*JM  HDjO 

HI  ■■::  fin 


S.7 
I..! 


i  H»«.-l  oa  xi-m-ilami  i»-j.j»l  tafaa.  awrialnx  natan. 

rtofcajr 


„W  n  -  Ml  atlwr  nut-a. 
inJivkbul  npwalimia. 

-W  »m».m.  Calllunla.  Kaaaaa.  Kiaaataj.  aaa 
Km  Moico,  aad  Iba  lialar  uradurlioa  a*  IKacia. 

Tho  noeiW  nf  the  world  aaarketa  mtr  abovn 
In  tho  fullvwlns  labia  of  ootton  coaavapMao 

•  if  tin-  wi.i 


inn-lh. 
IUIoi 


WO-IIKM. 

IWMWT.. 

itor-ion 

r«i-  lam 
I  -r.-i  IU 
mm  mil 

i  ' 

101 J  1913. 
1913  Iftlt.. 
iiu  lilt 


'.ii,.  .„, 


gtoj 


luaol 

ii  ,,i         BMM 


3-n.ort 

J^»2.«00 

wn 

S,l».000 

j,n«.a» 

Vlf-i.iM.I 

MOO.OOC 

3joo,nfn 


s.;.v..«. 

V..M...1 

yrai.scc 

BMOuNO 


Ml 

4.7MJ0OO 
4.«»0j000 

i,.-.:  i". 

4.»1S.000 
I^WJOOQ 
4.IS5JW 
iJlOJJUO 
»4JliUD 

s.«xuoaa| 

*  1*001 


H   ,.1 


u.eitjooo 

Ia.UJ.oou 
MMbjoog 
i«jKijno 

I7JMAH 

lUMjtao 

u- :  mi .t. ■ 


i*.*tuw 


utujno 


Th#    world'a    product  inn    of    coanmercfcal 

-.  f,.r  two  ror^nt  ronra  la  given  In  the 

annexed  table  for  purpoat*  of  compartao* : 

corroic  caonccnox  (aaLX*  or  £00  ro-rir&a  Karl 
Coumry  IW13  [OJJ 

i-AOOO     1X113.000 
India*  X801.00O 

Egypt 1.470.000 

China IJOOvOOa 

Itu-la  '-O^bfafl 


llr»»il 
Me 

lVmix.. 


Turicmi 

All  otner  eounlrtea. 


430.000 
ISOlOOB 

isojoos 
•si  oral 


BI7J0OO 

-|M..i 

UMBO 

137.000 
I15JKO 

j:-.i.:»i 


Total...  at«a«.ooo    aD.»rfXOoo 

•  Th»  amnimu  lor  India  do  aot  Include  cotloai 
uaed  In  ) rnaaufaetvrti  alchough  aura  , 


la  ineluil  •  iko-i*  d  coltim  produo .: 

piled  by  the  Imli.-ui  Gown 

|Tlio  auti.-.n  lor  tho  I  m!..,1  Si»ua  »«a  eol- 
leoied  by  Iba  Ccoauj  Uu'rau.  Tnoae  foe  otaar 
eountrtea  bars  been  euiupilrd  from  a  number  of 
■ourma.  amour.    lh«  n.ii   Vaarar. 

■•»ka.  Japan: 

dria,  riopt;  Cooiraarciai 

1     of    ilir    itidfin    Gni-mi- 

-.'ini'-iii  i.f  Agrlonltnre;  1;    T 

Craig,  Mrxici  City:  Pan-ARioheaa  I'aioa:  aa4  tha 

I  oltod  ,-im.-.  CooauUr  1: 

Sw  UliiMratloni  oppoiltc  680.  J8»T,  J00T. 


top*du    Index 


Council 


I 

tK.  • 

it  e>..i.    In    Hi.'    i  nlc.fl    Mil.,    in    moil 
.a  lorrr«»r  of  -.M  [»i   •    III 
i    11V    '»l» 
ml 
••»    '  it    fOfHowlnit    •«    a     lal.n.ar 

i  .-ml-Klii  nf 
M  (Mdi  ajr   kind.  ■i<tauil<i    nd  lalM 

fatorfUiMlilnnO I.UJ 

>IUU  Pf.'in.l* 

'.JI-.M.  tJinji.VTJS 

!■■  nr 
^W  MJBM.*S1         I7.7IO.BJ 

■MtkwW.  aa.1  01W 

fkaa.a«>1#  &I.II1.HW  V 
Uaavfftan  . 

'*•!«  I2M.UCJ0O?  >• 

UMin  »»J^7?  4,7W,»I 


l—l.-j,- 


0»*i 


■ 

IfiuV 


Aiw»  V«f>ki  >  •  tne 
MIS'. 

.'      •  I :.  i 

sn.ios.ru  m 


7.-.  Ti.'ill 


momu 


■■■»!     a*nn«     ud 

.»a«wi.  t7.«t,r.a        i-oumi 

■ 

—- 

I3.JM.aS  2.7V2.I3S 

r««»»lc»..la— J 

"••sfR.iMM.niM  44.axr.wa 

••■»(—!  *roo.««  ilnaii, 

uiWcDiuacuui.  rwjm.no 

"■Imamd  la  1*14  br  oeablahmBli  ■n.pmd  in- 

Wili*4WKM<l  otoWluiSr/. 

'ii.-:.       Itlor  ■  •  "!'■    ntro- 

>VMi  *f  ill  I   mill*  nrtlon   wii   wn«  prnc- 

[.i    fur    planting   pur- 

!       t    .       -ullin 

**»»  f»-  nd  for   iil.mtinic.  a 

7  nirg*  p'o(>  -•  ..ii   ,.i   in,-   total    'i ni 

«%>v.i   vu    -s-tiBiiii-rvil    a    wniiii-    |m  idui  i 
JM  h.   •  .  i  no 

il    mi- 
ni I  h 
•••■"a  af    ot»nt    2IM>.0Oii    i.nm    ,,'    ,..ii  ,n 

"Id  ■•  late 

l   f»w  mill*  wn  ii-d   In 

1    War. 

■•il   only    4S- 

.  I      ilt     the 

-»«■  bflnr  870  eatalillahmi'i 

I,  Willi  u  ,i 
lime**    have  lien   brought    olm'if 

•in    K-..I 

h  Mir  bring  "' 

■ 
►  •rat    mil'*   err.-tf-il   «-r^    mil    imjii 

[till   purponr.   n»   ili- 

--  uanallj   > 

"  Kfy>«i«r.    vn'li-tl-*     which    «rr    »moiith 

ni       I'rai'ti 

tUn  ared  irvttl-U  In  iliv   ITnlli-d 


Sim. -a    in.    nf    'in,    upland    rarirtlM    of 

■  i|      Willi      nil 
.if  ib«   foi  .'-I-  lit 

iiml  ate  carried  anajr  with  ibe  bulla      "> ' -  - 

.ir  :i»i  pounda  ol   lim 

111.-    Im  1 
lUe  *j1   nil    II 

nun  ii  lurry    n»»   i 
•I n 1 1  nit  i-r  aartt 

.  i  • 

' n     Inatallad     and    i 

■i'i'  ii  •      than  "in  p 

•   i-lll  iiIihiil: 

■   pounda  par  ton, 
Cotton    Exposition.  18   to 

i •  -i  ii'   Albania. 

liiilin.til.nl      : 

ii 

urlng  Dm 
eral  ivivouieea  of   the  lati-a,     Tin- 

i-d  an  o      ...     IS9    .• 
I  "ark.  mi  o 
.■.„-«    iv.  re    mi    I,  d,      Th.-    I.  ,1--,  -l    goi 
■•rum ■■!■  -    and 

-.   veil    »■> 
Kniitti  -I rli  n    Kepi 

en 

ilu-    n- 
v.n*  ■ 

,.,..11  71 
in. in    ail 

nmi  r.  ill 

nf    f,  „.r    >|ll  

aa  Bisaliivi   •  i  oal   ol    fl >  IIX 

Cotton  Expoaltiona.  laolB,  (la.; 

I   Orlran*,  La.) 

Cotton  Loan  nfotnd  I 

Cotton  State,  ra  tiiiiHum*  for 

.Matumn.     (ftoa  Ijih-I      |    i  loi 

Coundl   Bluff*,   Iowa,    .-..'i    anthoricing 
•■•  liasu  of  f_-r. -u ii .1  t,-r  Oorana 
•  .ii,  -,i-i, 
Conncll  of  National  Defense.— rr.-.«-ui..ri 
for  a  i  "'in,  ii  ,,f  National  Dafenat  wai 

14     Annl       ',  ...     mil    appi 

Id,  tn  nrdcr  to  provli 
llnntlon    "f    Indm  trlea    and     i 

-iirld    iiml    iv.'l 

f»iv."      i  hi  rr-tarr 

ni     rt'nr   (i  act  retartca  of 

lllllli-f.-l'    mi. I 
l.ilior.      Tli..    .  1 .  -  ■- .  - 1 . . ; .  1 1  ■ .  1 1 1    »f    tli*'     '.."rk    ..f 

i 
^S  IUi  in    lilnii.lf 
forma    of    trnn>portntlnn    and    i 

■  o  Ii  h     nf     tr:in.|i<,r|:if  l,<n      to 

the   niiiitnry.  indn-tr  immer 

rial  it  ...i-  ,,f  the  mm, m  '  mi.!  "iiii-  collection 

nipi-  r-.   Infonnatloo   na  to  our   i-i 
iiiiiinir.i,  lurlii.-     and     prndurtlro     t.i.-llltl--. 

to    tin-    Ilinlll    ■  i>'<"l    !!■  ,■ 

mi  ni   i-v   I  •  i  of  an  ml  - 

t  the 

I   In    th..  itilmlnl'triitlon    ..r 
m 
-,r    Hi,-    adrlaort    oomoiltt.. 
pni-.    Imt  .it.-    nl!,,«  ,  ,1    .  (pi  ii-„. 
tli,.    |n  if.iriniiii.-,.   ,,f    thrlr   diitl,.-       The  fot 
lowing  m-ii  arare  nnpninted  aa  tli 
e.inmiltteo:      Iianh'1    nillanl.     Prealdenl    of 
ti...   Baltlmnrm   and  Ohio   rtallro  ul ; 
i i-.iii ti.T. .   i  ...  the  Am*-'  [i 

•il.  ii   .,f   lni,,,r:    lir.   Krnnklln   H.  Mm1 

•n-iili,  n in I., i    i,v    it,,. 

itrj  : 

Mr.     1 1  i.wclii |    K.    roithi.    mi    iiiituTnolille    en 


Cotton  Crop         Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


glneer.    formerly  ch.'ilriniiii   nf  the  rommittec 

.-.ii    Industrial    preparedness    ol    tbc 
Consulting    Hoard    tq.    v.)  :    Mr.    1'" 
Humeri,    ft    New    York    financier.    I'le-Hi-nt 
tiuiiix  Godfrey,  ol  the  Drei  Phil, 

edelpbla ;  aon  Julius  Roeanweld.  president 
of  toe  largest  mall-order  catsbllshmei 
Hie  United  State*.  The  director  of  tllf 
rv  committee  In  Mr.  W.  8.  Gilford. 
The  work  of -tlie  COUOCO  hag  beafl  xiiIhII- 
Tided  Into  seven  suh-commlttoen.  o'er  eacs 
Ol  wlileli  preside*  a  member  of  the  advisory 
i" Hire  ii-  follow*:  Committees  on  Med- 
icine and  Sanitary  Conditions  Lai  ir,  trans- 
portation. Scloore  and  :  ■  ■ 
rlalx,  Munition  Manufacturing,  and  Supplies, 

Council  of  Soldiers'  and  Workmen'* 
Delegates.  (8co  Russia,  Russian  Revo- 
lution.) 
Council  Of  War.— Meeting  of  army  officer* 
to  determine  the  courso  of  military  action. 
Counselor,  Department  of  State.— Appro- 
priation of  |7..'iini  nx  yearly  gaJsUJ  for  a 
counselor  to  the  Department  of  Htato  was 
drat  mnde  In  the  appropriation  act  of  Juno 
IT.  1010.  Thla  officer  la  appointed  hv  the 
President  to  tad  wltS  thi  consent  ol  the 
Scunte.  and  In  the  Department  of  State 
ho  ranks  ncit  to  the  Secretary  of  state. 
Aa  Ms  title  Indicates,  ho  advises  tin  dc 
i i.i r fmi-iit  on  matter*  ol  law  and  p 
which  are  of  especial  Importance.  In  addi- 
tion, b*  la  In  charge  of  Far  Knxtcrti  affairs 
(o.  v.)  and  of  relations  with  belligerent* 
nlTcrtlug  (riiile.  Iii  addition,  he  Is  chanted 
with  the  conduct  of  the  Information  Bu- 
reau of  the  department  HI.  v.).      (See  State, 

Department-] 

Counterfeit. — An      Imitation     of     money, 
bonds  or  other  thlnir"  of  value. 
Counterfeiting: 

Of  foreign  and  domestic  coins,  1130, 

MM. 
Pardons  granted  counterfeiters,   etc., 
referred  to,  3S18. 
Country   Life   Commission.— In    August. 

I  {108.  President  Roosevelt,  desirous  of  Im- 
proving  aoclal,  xiiultnry  nud  acounmlc  « " - ■  n - 
dliiniis  on  American  farms.  Invited  Prof. 
I.  II.  Bailey,  of  the  New  York  CollefS  Of 
Agriculture,  *i  Ithaca :  Henry  Wnlinre.  of 
iraflace'a  farmer,  Dex  Moines.  la.:  Kcnyon 
I,.  Buttertleld,  president  of  the  Massachu- 
setts Afi  letiil  ill  nl  College,  ol  Amherst  : 
Gilford  lMnehot.  of  the  United  Slates  I 
Service,  and  Waller  II.  Page,  editor  of  Ttte 
World't  Hoc*.  New  York,  to  assist  blui  by 
acting  ax  a  committee  of  Inveatlgatlon,  or 
••Commission  on  Country  Life."  The  lui- 
nu  illntc  purpose  of  (be  prexlilent  In  appoint 
inv  dm  Cnmmlsalon  was  to  gain  from  Ihem 
Information  and  advice  which  would  ennblo 
blm  to  make  reooOUaeDdntlotta  to  '"'ingress. 
The  Commission  carried  on  Its  InQUlrlM 
and  Investigation*  by  correspondence  and 
by  personally  holding  i lings  In  rural  Mo- 
tions at  which  the  farmers  themselves  dls- 
rusxed  Ihelr  needs.  The  letter-  and  speech- 
es nf  the  farmers  formed,  when  classlBed 
and  arranged,  a  condensed  and  comnreben- 
site  consensus  of  the  opinions  of  farmers 
as  to  what  are  the  chief  rural  problems 
sod  what  are  lb*,  remedial  fur  evils  and 
deficiencies.  Prof.  L.  II.  Bailey.  N  Y 
Slate  College  of  Agriculture.  Ithaca.  N.  Y., 
I*  chairman  of  the  Commlselou. 
Country  Life  Commission: 
Report  submitted,  7253. 
County.— Originally  the  territory  of  a  count 
or  earl.  County  government  was  early  es- 
labllshed  In  this  country.     In  1«S0  Virginia 


had  eight  counties,  originally  called  shim. 
Uy     lOSO    the     number     waa     Uteres 

In    Bourn    Carolina    the    original 
Mitiiilvlaion     of     the     Colony     was      perish. 
Southern     counties     generally     had    officers 
and    courts    similar    t,.    1 1 .- ■ 
Massachusetts    Aral     meurporated    counties 
In    1643       In  most  Coloaies.  however,  coua- 
it    government    was   established    with    Eng- 
lish rule.      Each  state  ol  Ibr  I'ulon,   - 
LonUaana,  wln.h  sdli-rvs  lo  the  paMih  sys- 
tem,  la  now  divided  Into  counties,  each  of 
which  contains  a  county  seal.  In  wkii 
usually   located   a   court-house    and   a   Jan 
or  prison. 

Coupon.— The  Interest  check  attached  to  a 
bond,   to  be  cut   off.   or  "clipped."  and  pre- 

■  ellteil    for    pa.*  Iliclif. 

Coupon  Bond. — A  bond  with   th«  Interest 
check  attached. 

Courier,  The,  officers  and  men  ot,  rea- 

i  mil    Ii  y  Sp.tui>h   ship  ."•'iinfsMJ,  2O05. 

Compensation  for.  requested,  2005. 
Court  MartlaX     (See  Courta  Man 
Court   of    Arbitration    (International). 

(See  Hague  Peace  Conference.) 
Court  of  CUlm*.  'In'  court  an  estab- 
lished by  act  of  Congress.  Feb.  24, 
It  baa  general  jurisdiction  of  all  "claims 
rounded  upon  the  Constitution  of  the  United 
States  or  any  lnw  of  Congress  except  for 
pensions,  or  upon  any  regulation  of  an 
itlva  Department,  or  upon  any  coo- 
tract,  expressed  or  Implied,  with  the  Gov- 
ernment of  the  United  States,  or  for  dass- 
agea.  liquidated  or  unliquidated,  In  cess* 
mit   sonndlug   lu   fort,   in   respect   of  which 

t tie  party  would  be  entitled  I 
dreaa  against  tbe  United  StatM.  either  In 
a  court  of  law,  equity,  or  admiralty, 
I ■niied  Slates  were  suable,  except  claims 
growing  out  of  the  late  Civil  war  and 
commonly  known  nx  war  claims."  and  r»r- 
liilu  rejected  clnlins.  It  h 
alao  of  einiiiia  of  like  character  which  may 
be  referred  to  It  by  any  Kxecuth 
ment.  Involving  disputed  facta  of  ei 
farted  sjoeatlonn  of  law,  where  the  amonot 
Iii  controversy  exceeda  $3,000.  or  where  the 
declalon  will  affect  a  class  of  caaea  or  fur* 
nish  a  precedent  for  tbe  future  action  of 
any  {executive  Department  In  tbe  adjust- 
ment of  a  ei.,. 5  of  ruses,  or  where  aay 
authority,  right,  privilege  or  exemption  la 
claimed  or  dan  lad  under  the  fiuisiltiitloo. 
In  all  the  above-mentioned  caaea,  the  court, 
when  It  finds  for  the  claimant,  may  enter 
Judgment  against  the  United  State*  pay- 
nbln  out  of  the  public  treasury.  An  appeal, 
only  upon  queetlona  of  law,  ftes  to  tb*  Su- 
preme Court  on  tbc  pnrt  ot  the  defendants 
In  all  cases,  and  on  the  part  of  the  rftaus- 
anta  when  tbe  amount  In  contra 
oeedl  $3,000,  The  finillnga  ot  fact  by  thla 
court  are  final  and  not  subject  to  review. 
The  statute  of  limitations  prevents  partlea 
bringing  action  on  their  own  motion  more 
than  six  years  after  the  cause  of  action 
get  rued.  Any  of  the  departments,  however, 
may  refer  claims  at  any  time  If  they  were 
|n  tiding  therein  within  a  period  of  all  yearn. 

Under  an  act  of  March  '.'.  1SST.  the 
Secretary  of  the  Nnvy  referred  to  thla  court 
all  caaea  growing  out  of  claima  for  bounty 
for    war    vr  |i  -Iroycd   by 

the  United  Stntcs  Navy  during  tbe  late  war 
with  Spain.  Involving  the  consideration  of 
every  naval  conflict  that  took  place  during 
tbat  war  and  the  rights  of  all  tbe  officers 
and  men  engaged.  This  court  was  alao 
vested  with  Jurladlctlon  over  certain  Indian 
depredation  claima  bv  an  act  of  March  S. 
1*01.  By  the  act  of  April  -'  190S 
greas  conferred  upon  this  court  Jurisdiction 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Courts 


mi  all  rlelma  against  the  United  States 
•flung  aw  ■•!  :1m  payment  .if  euitoin  duties 
w  lit  01111*17  aiitbnritK*  la  the  Island 
•f  rVrlo  Kleo  upon  articles  Imported  from 
tkt  arters!   Mate*. 

IV  tct  of  Job*  IS.  1010.  -Jin  act  to 
•nrVIa  additional  protection  for  owner*  of 
■IMC*  •*  the  t'olted  State*,  and  for  other 
typwa,"  conferred  a  new  Jortidiriion. 
Tbttt  are  fire  Judge*,  wbo  alt  together  In 
tW  searing  of  case*,  lb*  concurrence  of 
ttrteaf  eboas  la  necessary  for  the  decision 
•faunae.  The  court  alia  at  Washington, 
on  tbe  Drat  Monday  In  December 
sat*  rear  and  continues  Into  tin-  following 
•aaasr  a  ad  until  ail  caaea  ready  for  trial 
tri  laajinaart  of.  Caaea  mar  he  commenced 
uctnterrd  at  any  time,  whether  the  court 
be  ll  araaioi. 

Qlef  Justice—  Edward  K.  Campbell.  Ala. 
lasnatc  Juiar-s — Charle*  H.  Howry    Miss.; 

"•on. 
• Va.  ;  Samuel  8.  Ilarnrv.  Wle.  Salaries, 
llirf  Jastlce.  $«.M»0;   Juatlcea,   I-O.UOO. 

Oonrt    Of    Claims    (>ee    alio    Southern 
:  s  CommiMiou;  War  Claim*): 
Art   in   rotation  to  new  triala  in,  ve- 
toed, 4188. 

tig  in,  referred  to,  4205, 
J755. 
Met     rcaoluliou     to     refer     certain 

'laima  to,  discussed,  4741. 
Jsrlgmcnts  of,  should  be   made  final, 

325S. 
Jtrthod   of   verifying   claim*  against 
foment,    recommendation*    re- 
tarding.  431X3. 
Sails   pending    in,   known    as    COtl 
cases,  4003. 

Ooart  of  Custom*.  App«aj*.-On  »e m 

»f  aldeapresd    crttlrtao    of   the   ruling,  of 

*******  oaVclala  ocd  the  consequent  appeals 

»« lie  federal  conrta  by  Importer*.  Cous;rc*a 

•a  lot,   5>    100O.    pawed    an    act    creating 

I  Caart  of  Custom*  Appeals   to  bear  and 

•Vfemta*  aoch  ease*.     1ho  law  was  i»«.i 

•Jh»,  JJ,    111111.   and   provide*  that   there 

M  a  United  States  court  of  cn.ioms 

4(Mila,  which  aball  consist  of  a  Presiding 

*•*(»  and   four   Associate   Judges,   each  of 

■W»  shall  fce  appointed  by  the  President. 

•*•  *tll  receive  a  salary  01  aeren  thouaand 

Jssars  a   sear      Tie   Preaidlng   Judge  shall 

*•  ■>  eesisosted    la   v  of   appoint 

*»*1  a*4  In  tbe  commission  Issued  to  him 

•  >a*  rrea.dent :  and  tbe  Asaoclnte  Judges 

•bill  late  preeedenc*  according  to  the  date 

°l  laetr  coroaslsalon*.      Any   three  member* 

•"  «aid   eoart    shall    constitute    a    quorum. 

urretjee  of  three  membera  ahall 

•«  •eeeaaarr  to  any  decision  thereof. 

If  tbe     Importer,     owner,     consignee,     or 
JHt  at  any  Isaported  merchandise,  or  the 
JsOsctor  or  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  shall 
•>«asatlau>d  with  the  derision  of  the  Hoard 
"General  Appraisers  as  ti.  lb*  construction 
iw    and    the    farts    respecting    the 
"aanratlon  of  sicb    merchandise   and  the 
"li  «4  duty   Imposed   thereon    under    such 
"■Moral loo.  or  witn  aur  other  appealable 
■naoa  of  »ald  bosrd.   they,  or  either  ■■! 
Jwa.   may.    within    sixty    day*    next    after 
■a  aeeij   of  audi  decree  or  judgment,  and 
sard,  apply   i"   Ho'  Court   of  Cws- 
its  for  a  renew  of  the  question* 
•f  it*  and   fact  Involved  In  such  decision 
.TV   yedje*    of    tbe    court    appointed    by 
ift  were:  Presiding  Judge.  Rob- 
ert   at      Montgomery ;      Associate     Judge*. 
£•*»•  r.   Kmlih,  Orion   M.  Borber.  Marlon 
ft  Tries.  Ueorge  K.  Martin,  Attorney. Uen- 


eral,  Ueonre  W.   W|.  kershsm.  Assistant  At- 
toroej-trruernl,    William   I.     Waflapla 

Court  of  Private.  Land  Claims: 

I.';  Hi.  nil  y  in  administering  law  estab- 
lishing, discussed,  5638,  5700, 
Organization  of,  discu>  ■ 

Oonrt,     8upremo.       (8ee     illustration, 

frontispiece,  Vol.  XVI.) 

Allotment  of  justices  of,  to  circuits, 

3324,  3378. 
Appeals  to,  from  courts  of  District  of 
Columbia    «ul    Territories,    rc.nu- 
mcmlations  regarding,  4939,  5103. 
for  relief  of,  discussed, 
Building  for,  re. ■uninu -nded,  6343. 
Decisions  in   joint   trnfllc   association 
and    trans  '.I.  -.uri    eases    of    no 
practical  effect,  7076. 
Delay  of  justice  in,  discussed  and  in- 
iannedlatO     court     rcecimmended, 
:.  4,'C'll,  I.'mI.   .HI-ILl,  .VifC,  r.477. 
Circuit  courts  of  appeals  discussed, 
5968. 
Aet  regarding,  vetoed,   5679. 
Distribution  of  decisions  of,  referred 
to,  2130,  2212. 

ilCCS   of— 
Salaries  of,  increase  in,  recommend- 
ed, 3996. 
Should  be  exempted  from  other  du- 
ties.  830. 
I.i  nutation  upon  right  in  felony  n 
to  review   liv,   reoommeii.l. -.1. 
5880. 
Report*,  of.    (Soo  Supremo  Court  Da 

ports.) 
Vacancies  in.  and  reasons  for  not  Ail- 
ing   discussed    by    President     Lin- 
coln, 3250. 
Courts.— Public  tribunals  for  the  adminis- 
tration of  Justice  and  the  Interpretation  of 
law    were    authorized    hy    tba    Conatlti 
and     Hie     Kiml     Concrea*     established     the 
1    stolen   Supreme    Court.      John    Jay. 
of  New  York,  was  made  chief  Justice,  and 
tbo  flrat  aesslon  was  held  In  17110, 

The    aslsry     Of     tll*f    Jn«tli-e    of    the 

Pnlted  States  la  fl&.OOO;  of  Assoclste  Jus- 
tices.   fll.500. 

The   Supreme  Court   at  present   consists 
of  the  following  Justices: 


UU 


181.1 
1841 

ISM 
18S7 
ISM 

IMtt 
IBM 


Chit/  lattice 
Edward  D.  White.  Louisiana.    ..    . 

A  assrfafe  Juttittt 

Jowph  MeKelllia,  Cihl.uiiui 

OUvei  w.  lli.liue*.  Moj. 

William  It.  Day,  '  Ihje 

JuLn  II    CUrko,  Ohm                .       . 
W.  Van  Decanter.  Wyo. . . 
Mahlon  Piliiey.  N.J.... 
Jame*  C.  McRe>-nold«,  Tenn 
Louia  P.  Brapdeta,  Mala* 


luitl 


1808 
1001 
1003 
1O10 

1910 
1911' 
1914 
1010 


Tftc   fakBrasM    Court    I*   tbe    highest    trl 
bunal  of  tbe  United  Stales      It   consist*  of 
a  Chief  Joatlet  and  eight  saaoclate  Justice* 
and  hold*  Its  sessions  annually  In  tbe  Cipl 


Encyclopedic  Index  Courts 

Tabu  Skowiko  Damn  Couraiareo  Each  Judicial  CracoTr. — ConSniud 


Circuit*  and  Districts 

District  Judges 

Circuit  Judges 

Justices 

Satum  CtaouiT: 

I  K'cnfMw  M.  Landis... 
\  George  A.  Carpenter. . 

Francis  M.  Wright 

J.  Otia  Humphrey 

Albert  B.  ADderaoa. . . 

Ferdinand  A.  Geiger.  . 

Arthur  L.  Sanborn. . . . 

Frank  A.  Youmana. . . . 

Robert  E.  Lewis. 

Henry  Thomaa  Reed. . 
Martin  J.  Wade.    .  . 

JohnC.  Pollock 

/  Pace  Morris 

Francia  E.  Baker. . . 
8amuel  Alachuler . . . 
Christian   C.    Kohl- 

John  B.  Clarke. 

Julian  W.  Mack.    . 
Evas  H.  Evans. . . . 

Walter  H.  Sanborn 
William  C.  Hook... 
Kimbrough  Stone.. . 
John  Emmett  Car- 
land 

Walter  I.  Smith.... 

William  B.Gilbert. . 
Erakine  M.  Ross. ... 

William  W.  Morrow. 
William  H.  Hunt.. . 

Eighth  Cnacurr: 

low*,  southern 

Kinna 

\  Wilbur  F.  Booth    . 

David  P.  Dyer 

Arba  8.  Van  Valken- 
burgh 

Willia  Van  Devaotar. 

I  Joseph  W.  Woodrough 
1  Thomaa  C.  Munger. . . 

Colin  Neblett 

Charles  F.  Amidon 

Ralph  E.  Campbell . . . 

John  H.  Cotteral. 

Tillman  D.  Johnson.  . 

William  H.  Sawtelle. . . 
f  William  C.  Van  Fleet. . 
1  Maurioe  T.  DooUng. . . 
/  Oscar  A.  Trippett. .  .  . 
\  Benjamin  F.  Bledsoe . . 

Frank  8.  Dietrich...  . 

George  M.  Bourquin.. 

Edward  8.  Farrington . 
1  Charles  E.  Wolverton. 
\  Robert  8.  Bean 

1  Edward  E.  Cuahman. . 

Robert    W.    Jennings. 

Div.  No.  1 

John  Randolph  Tucker, 

Div.  No.  i. 

TTtmh          ,    ,  , 

Nnrni    CtBCUlT: 

California,  nortb«rn 

Idaho     

Mod  tana 

Washington,  western 

Frederick    M.   Brown, 

Charles  E.  Bunnell. .  . 
Div.  No.  4 

. 

Alexander  CM.  Rob- 
ertaon,  chief  justice . 

Ralph  P.  Quarlea,  asso- 
ciate justice 

James  L.  Coke,  aaoe- 
ciate  justice 

Clarence  W.  Ashford . 

Samuel  B.  Kemp.judgc 

Joseph  MoKenna. 

Wm.  J.  Robinsonjudgc 

first  circuit 

Wm.  8.  Edingn,  judge 

second  circuit 

James  W.  Thompson. 

judge  third  circuit. . 
Clcm-nt    K.     Quinn, 

judge  fourth  circuit. 
Lyle  A.  Dickey,  judge 

Horace  W.   Vaughan, 
V.  8.  district  judge 

Joseph  B.  Poindextcr, 
U.  8.  district  judge 

Isters  and  consuls;  to  nil  admiralty  and 
maritime  cases;  to  controversies  to  which 
the  United  States  Is  a  party:  to  contro- 
versies between  two  or  more  slates,  between 
citizens  of  different  states,  between  citizens 
of  the  same  state,  claiming  lands  under 
grants  of   different  states,  between  a  state 


and  foreign  states  and  between  citizens  of 
a  state  and  foreign  stntes.  citizens  or  sub- 
jects. In  nil  canes  affecting  ambassadors 
or  other  public  ministers  and  consuls  and 
those  In  which  a  stnte  shnll  be  a  party  the 
Supreme  Court  has  original  Jurisdiction. 
In  all  the  other  cases  aforementioned  It  has 


Courts 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


•ppellat*  Jurisdiction  both  ••  to  law  and 
f«Ct,  Th*  Supreme  Court  al»o  bu  appellate 
Jurisdiction  oi»r  raw*  from  the  United 
State*  circuit  court*  »h»t»  mora  thao 
12400  I*  Involved.     ISeeJudlclnry  « 

In  acrordaaec  with  th*  provision  of  the 
Constitution  establishing-  »  Supreme  Court 
and  conferring  upon  Congress  powei  U> 
create  inferior  tribunal*,  a  regular  aystctn 
of  court*  has  been  iWOMd  To*  hyatem  at 
fltst  adopted  ha*  not  been  changed  In  any 
essential  manner.  The  latest  chanec  of  Im- 
portance was  >hc  creation  Of  the  Circuit 
Court  of  Appeal* 

Circuit  Courts.— Tlie  Judiciary  act  of 
l?*tt>  provide*  for  lulled  Stales  circuit 
court*   and    district    court*    Inferior    to    tb( 

Supreme  Court.     No  provision  bavluic  I D 

made  for  circuit  Judge*,  the  circuit  court* 
up  to  186V  were  held  by  justices  of  Bit 
Supreme  Court  and  district  Judges,  In 
ism  I'liuyrrim  pivacd  a  Ian  providing  for 
sixteen  Circuit  judges,  but  It  wan  repealed 
the  following  year.  In  1868  special  Judges 
were  pr.iv nlril  (at  the  circuit  court*,  and 
the  New  York  circuit  haa  since  been  given 
an  additional  one.  Circuit  court'  were  .-itml- 
l»bed  at  lb*  close  of  December  31.  lull. 

Tbe  following  table  shows  the  Judge* 
of  tbe  nine  circuits  and  tbe  dates  of  their 

appointment  . 


Circuit 


.-.-i-onil 


KM 


.S..eiiil, 


Eighth 


Ninth... 


Indi  . 


kleo   11    ningham.  It    I   . 

William  I     Putnam.  M« 

Frederic  Dodge.  Mai* 

,rv  Larnmhe.  N    Y 

Ufred  C  Cote,  N    V 
Henry  O.  Ward.  N   Y. 

II, .11  iv  W     Itngan,  Cl..    . 
Cbailea  M    llovuth.    N.  Y 

Victor  n    Woollcy,  Dal 

Jtweph  BuflingUin,  Pa. 
John  B  Mrl-hrnnn.  Pa 

Cliaa.  A.  Wood..  S    C    

Paler  C.  Pritrhard.  N.  C 

Don  A.  Pardio,  G» 
Robert  I.   Ball*.  Tea.. 
Itiehard  w.  Walker.  BaatnlU* 
Arthur  C  Drniwii,  Mien 

rnngton.  I  lion 
l-oyall  E.  Kosppeti,  mJi  h 

\   Evana.  Wl.    . 

Ill 

Frank  E.  Baker    I  nil 

i  i,i.,iihC  Koblsaat.  111 

Julian  W.  Mack.  DC  .    

Waller  H    Saabora,  Minn 
William  C.  Hook,  Km. 

mmett  Carland.  DC 

Walter  I  Smith.  I* 

Kimhrouah  Htotic.  Mo... 
William  B.  Gilbert,  Ore 
■Mm  M.  Rom.  Cal 

w.llmm  W.  Morrow,  C»l 

Wm.  H.  Hunt.  DC 


1913 
ISM 
1913 

1 887 
UXH 

1007 

I'll.') 
1910 
IUM 
l!KHS 

1013 
1913 

1904 

101? 

1914 

mil 

1 91 » 
1010 
1910 
1015 
ISO) 

1905 
1911 
1 803 
160! 

1911 
1911 
1910 

I  -■'_• 
I  W5 
UB7 
1011 


Salaries  17.000  each  The  Judges  of  each  etreuR 
and  the  Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  for  the  esranM 
Constitute  a  Circuit  Court  ol  Appeals. 

CWrcalf  Court  of  Appeal*. — Supreme 
Court  cages  having  accumulated  beyond  tbe 
capacity    of    the    court    to    consider     them 

fromntly.  Congress  March  3.  1601,  provided 
or  an  additional  circuit  Judge  In  *acb  cir- 
cuit and  eatnbllahod  elrrult  courts  of  ap- 
peals, to  consist  or  tbe  circuit  Judge*  of 
each  circuit,  the  district  Judgo»  therein,  and 
the  Justice  of  the  Supreme  I'ourt  iiMslirned 
thereto.  Throe  Judges  make  up  the  court. 
two  constituting  a  quorum:  but  one  or  more 
of  the  district  Judges  uf  tbe  circuit  may  be 
called  on  by  tbe  court  to  inako  up  a  ijoorum. 


That*  circuit  court*  of  appeals  hare  final 
Jurisdiction  over  appeal*  from  the  district 
and  circuit  courts  except  In  question*  of 
the  Jurisdiction  of  those  court*  and  la  coo- 
Mltutlonnl,  prise  and  capital  raaaa. 

Tbe  act  to  codify.  revise  and  amend  the 
lawa  relating  to  Ihe  Judiciary,  approved 
March  3.  mil.  abolished  tbe  circuit  courts 
of  tbe  United  State*  a*  courts  of  original 
Jurladletlon.  transferred  tbe  function*  of 
thCM  court*  to  the  Federal  district  coart* 
■ud  limited  the  duties  of  the  circuit  Judgrs 
to  service  on  the  circuit  courts  of  apnea: t 
The  aci  k  effect  Jim  1.  U'l'J.  The  cir- 
cuit court*  of  appeals  exercise  appellate 
Jurisdiction  to  review  by  appeal  or  writ  of 
error  final  decision*  In  the  district  court*. 
Including  the  territorial  rvxarts  of  Ataaka 
and  tbe  united  State*  Court  for  China  la 
all  cn»e»  other  than  those  In  which  appeals 
nnil  writs  of  error  may  be  taken  to  the 
Supreme  Court,  and.  except  at  to  the  right 
of  the  Supreme  Court  to  Interfere  through 
certiorari,  the  Judgments  and  decree*  of  tbe 

OISTBICT  COUBTS  Or  TBB  OilTsB  *T*TC* 


Ala.:  N  AM 
Alaska.       . 

• 

Aria . . . . . 

Ark  ■  I-:    L> 

•  W.  D... 
Cal.:N.  D... 

■      N.  D.. 

-  8.D.... 
"     8.D.... 

Canal  Zone  . 
Colore 
CuuaaullSDl , 
I>lnware 
Flu  -Nil 

*  ■  D.... 
C.     N.  D... 

•    S   D      . 
I  law*,  > 

• 

Idaho 

Ill      N.D.... 

-  N    D.... 

•  8.  D 

•  i: 

Indiana 

Iowa.:  N.  D. 

8.  D.. 
Kansas 
Ky  :  W  D.  . 
^     ED... 
Ls.:E.  D... 

•  W     II 
Maine 

Maryland 

Mas*    ...         . 
Mich     E  D 
-      W  D. 

Minnesota. .. 

a 

MlsarN.  48 

Montana. . . . 

Mo..  ED  . . 

•     W.  D... 

Nebraska.  .. 

Nevada...'.'.'." 
N   Hamp 
New  Jersey. . 


IfeniyD  C lay-ton.  McnUumro 
Robert  T    I  :■*  in.  Mobile. 
R.  W.  Jennings,  Jttat  ■ 
John  It    Tucker,  Nome. .  . 

F  M.  Brown,  VaJde* 

Chatlea  E  Bunnell.  Fairbanks 
Wm.  II    Sawlcllc.  Turaon 
Jacob  Triel.er, 
P  A,  Youmane,  Fort  South 
M    T    Hooiing.  San  Francisco 
Wm.     V      Van     Flatc     San 


Francisco 
Oscar  A  Ttiiipelt.  I.as  Angeles 
Bsujsmin     F.     Bledsoe,    I-os 

Angeles  

w    II  Jackson.  AjboOB 

Bobsrt  E.  Lewis.  Denver 

Edwin  8.  Thomas.  New  Haven 
Ed  0   Mraillord,  Wilmington 
W    B.  Bheppard.  iVoaarola 
Khydon  M    Call.  Jacksonville. 
Wm.  T.  Newman.  Atlanta. . . 
Emory  8pe#r.  Macon 
Horace  W  Vaughan. Honolulu 
Joseph  B.   Poindnter.  Hono- 
lulu ... 
FrankS,  Dietrich,  Boi* 
Kencaaw  M.  Landii.  Chicago. 
Ci.  A.  Carpenter.  Chieagn. .    . . 
J    O.  Humphrey,  Springfield 
V.  M   Wright.  ItSana 
A   B.  Anderson.  Iodlausi>olis 
Henry  T.  Reed,  Cresc 
Martin  J.  Wade.  Davenport 
lohnl     :     ' ...  k.  KanaaiClty. 
Walter  Kvana.  Louisville 
A     M.  J    Cochran.  Mnvsi  slier 
ltului  E  Fomer,  Nnw  Orleans 
Oeorge  W   Jack,  tihrex-eport . 

Clsreoee  Hale.  Portland 

John  C.  Roar.  Baltiue 

I:..    M.  Morton,  Jr  .  Fall  River 

Arthur  J    Tun:. 

attooa.  Urand  Rapidf 
Willmr  P  Booth.  Minneapolia 
Page  Morris,  Duluth 
li.nrv  c  Nile*.  Kosciuako.. . 
(',  M  Iluuiijuiu.  Butte  ..... 
David  P.  Dyer.  St.  Louis 
A.  S    Van  Valkenl.urgh,  Kan- 

aaaClty 

toscphW'  woodrough.  Omaha 

Thc>S.    C.    Mllliger.    Lincoln 
E.  8.  Farrington,  CtrsrsB  ChjT 

Edgar  Aldnrh,  I  mieton 

John  Kclletab.  Traotoa- 


1914 

1013 
1013 
If  II 

1913 
UM 
1*1 1 
1013 

1907 

IMI 

1914 
1014 
|0Q| 
1013 
18*7 

Mta 

1913 

taw 

i '.-.-, 

l»IS 

1017 
1007 
IMI 

1910 
rill 
1Mb 
1903 
1904 

1903 
ISM 
1901 
1000 
1917 

igta 

1910 
1013 
1913 
1911 
1914 
1903 
18*3 
1913 
1907 


1910 
1910 
IM9 

1907 
1891 
1909 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Courts 


r  coots  or  tot  rsrr*»  mttm—Camfd 


DHM 


•  <v  u 

•  1    l> 

'     »   l>  . 

•  SD... 


:  AM 
•      WD. 


*  *  D     . 

»*»■*■   D 

•     U    I) 

J 
■Mass. 


Judcca  mil  Addrtaaca 


TborusaU.  UiULUrno)'  City 
J.  Warren  Ds-im,  T.-. 

m«  :  ■ 
George  VV   ICay 
loon  K.  lUatT.  UuH; 
JattasM.XUv 

Augo"  N'.  lUnrf.    N     V.  <    IIV 
MirUDl  i     Cltj 

La»m«d  Hsnd.  X .  V  <  K  y 

i.   Mrooklyn 

II.  O.  Conner.  Wilson 

Jams*  E-  Boyd.  Greensboro. 

fSlSS,    K.  i  rito ,  .  .  , 

D     C  r,    Clove- 

buid 

-ster.  Coluailrus  . . 
It.  li.  Campbell,  Muskace*. 
Jobn  II    Cotleral,  C.ulhrio.. 

rtland. 
Kobert  S   Unui.  Portland . 

I  W      rhcili.J,..!..    I'!,.!   ..]■  I,. I   .:. 

O.  B  Dukuuon.  Phil 

Chutrsi 

Cbmi.  P.  Orr.  Pittsburgh 

■ 

II  A    M    Nnulb.  <  li  ■ 

lu  D.  Elliott.  Sioux  Kills. . . 

■  ivillc... 

I 

Qaraoa    Russell,   8hei a 

DuVal  West.  Hsu  Anluuiu  . . 

IM»    H    Meek.  DuIIm 

W   T.  Uurns.  Houston 

i'lllmun    11.  Johnson.  Oadrii. 

barj 

E.  Waddill.  «».,  Richmond    .. 

I   DomiU.  I  yiiohburc. 
njfamto,  T» . 

-ttle.  . . . 

F.  H.  Rwttaa.  Spokane 

A.  Q.  Dayiou.  PUIippI 

B.  f.  Keller.  IWUetnn 

oka* 

A-  L.  8aubc.ro.  Madison 

John  A.  Rinar,  Qiayoano.. . . , 


19l« 
1018 
101} 
1901 
1800 
I'.u 
"li 
ISM 

1000 
1IHI7 
101 1 

iw.) 
1001 

I.s',17 

leio 
:017 

1010 

10011 

MOB 
1008 

toot 

MM 
I0U 

I'm 

1014 

1000 

1013 

I  WW 
1011 
1011 

l'.KK 
I'M  PJ 

r'lo 

1010 

UM 

1003 
1016 

I  on 

!  NS 
1001 

I'll-' 

1013 
1011 

loot 

Mil 
1912 
10OS 
IftQ 


^j**t  Coons  of  Appeal,  are    nnnl    In   all 
Hon  I*  il»p 
•lie    opposite    putties    to    Ilia 
I    and   rltlK-iia  "f   Iba   United 
yiar  rltliviis  of  dlffci    I  In  all 

""»»  irtatng  patent    lawa.    Ihe 

ffffstst  lam.  ic  lawa.  tbo  crltn- 

•I '•»«.  and  In  admiralty  cases 
..<»•   First     circuit    ranalala    ..r    Maine, 
Jjjjsvbuaetia,   New    Uampali;rc,   llhodo  Is- 
land— Connecticut.  New  York.  Vermont. 
•JjJ**— Delaware ,    New    Jersey,    Pennayl- 

-/airta—  Maryland.  North  Carolina.  South 

nfla— Alabama.  Florida,  Georgia.  I.oiilal- 
•H  Mll.is.lppl.  Texas 
Srta— K«Dtueky.    Michigan.    Ohio,    Ten- 

Naatb— llllnola.    Indlono.   Wisconsin, 
.■tala — Arkansas.    Coli  rai 
***.    Kanaaa,     Minn.  Ne- 

*«•»,  New   5d-xiio     North   Dakota.  South 
°at«u.  ITtah.  Wyoming. 
.■\=»la— Alaaka.        Arliona.       California. 
."•ao,    Montana.     Nevada,    Oregon,     Wmli- 
•ajteo,  Hawaii 
0-frtri  Courfa.— Dlatrlct  Courts  ore  lim- 


ited In  Jurisdiction  to  one  atate.  Every 
atatr  la  a  dlatrlct  and  baa  at  leaat  oca 
I'nlt.-d  Stul.K  i  .liirl.  while  some  bare  two 
r  ii i -  - 1- -  These  are  the  admiralty  and 
bankruptcy  courts.  They  hsvo  Jurisdiction 
an  nll^u  Hues,  and  where 
the    United   states  or  an   officer   thereof  or 

■  foreign  consul  la  a  party.  The  dlatrlct 
courts  also  have  Jurlsilli-ii-.ni  of 

as  are  n.-l  capital  ns  the  United  Statee 
takes  coccUance  of.  They  have  concurrent 
Jurladiotiou  with  the  circuit  courta  or  with 
tli.'     Itata    courtt    wliere    nu    allrii    auea  for 

■  tort  In  violation  of  a  treaty,  The  claaaea 
of  gueatlona  of  which  tbeac  courta  take 
roRUlxancn  are  determined  by  CuiiKrraa. 
OrfaTlnally  cm  h  slot-  r..n>.lituti-d  a  dlatrlct. 
but  later  aome  of  the  states  were  divided. 
There  are  now  ninety-nine  of  thet;  lowest 
grinti  »  of   federal   courts. 

Tlo-  salary  of  a  district  Judite  la  J0.000 
and  appointments  are  permanent,  except 
for  removal  under  charges  Following  are 
Hi.-  ludgcH  in  the  various  districts  with  ad- 
dresses, dote  of  Ippo  nini.-ni  liistrlets  are 
iited  as  North.  South,  East.  West  and 
Middle. 

Courts,  Consular: 

.luriiclicliein  referred  to,   4654. 

Of  acting  consuls  and  vice-consuls 
of  United  states  in  China.  2961. 
Rofiulntions  for,  3111,  5388,  6500. 
In  China,  4675,  7069. 
Japan,   4072,  4630. 
Korea,  5675,  6039. 

li.  -i  urn  mended,  5368,  5471. 
Reorganization     of,     recommended, 
4023. 

Courts.  District  (8ee  Courts,  Federal.) 
Courta,  Federal: 

Act  regarding  establishment  of  cir- 
cuit  courts   of   appeals   and   rejeu- 

latiiiK  jurisdiction  of.  vetoed.  5679. 

Carclcssnes*  in  proparlng  statutes, 
discuaaed,  7216. 

Change  in  procedure  of,  recommend- 
as),  7026. 

Delays  in,  6918. 

Kxtt-nnion  of  jurisdiction  of,  recom- 
iiiindcd,  131. 

I ■'..  -tern  ai  applicable  to  officials 
of.  tbolStioa  of.  dlacuamed.  6161. 
otnmendcd,  4039,  887'J,  5!ii!S. 

BfodlfleatloBt  la  tTtton  of,  recom- 
mended. 4640,   4939. 

Offenses  ngninst  court  ofTlccrs  ahould 
b.>  modi  cogaiable  In,  B477,  5033. 

Offenses  against  treaty  rij;htj  of  for- 
eigners in  United  States  should  be 
I'll-    in,   5618. 

Power  of,  over  ExeentlYa  Dnpart- 
menta   discussed,    1720. 

I'r.ieesa  of.  tDOsM  I"'  uniform,  75. 

Kemoval  of  eases  from  State  courts 
to.    rcitrictioti3    on,    recommended. 

i  mW  ll  of  BtMS  involving  interna- 
tional obligations  from  State  courts 
to.   1928,  1956. 

Cattail — 

Allotment    of    iusfiees   of   Supremo 
Court  to,  3324,  3376. 


Courts 


Messages  and  Pafxrs  of  the  Presidents 


Appeals  from,  re-commendations  re- 
garding, 4939. 

n»ii>n     of     system     of,     - 
D   ,  1,  1121,   1KB,  ■'• 

Besutnptioo     of    authority    of,    in 
8tutcs  where  rel  ex- 

isted rcrnmme  tided.  88 
Correspondent-*  regarding,  trans- 
Biittod.  3376. 
Transfer  of  original  jurisdiction  of. 
to   district  court*   recommended, 
IMS. 
Circuit  court*  of  appeals — 
Act  regarding,  vetoed,  5679. 

Discussed,  5968. 
Commissioners,    jurisdiction     to 
misdemeanors   recommended,   4930, 
5879,  5968. 
District- 
Act  providing  for  trials  in,  vetoed, 

496. 
Transfer  of  original  jurisdiction  of 
nit   courts   to,   recommended, 

Courts-Martial.— Mllliarr  tribunals  In  tbe 
i  iii.  .!  Slates  army  ore  classified  n  • 

r  Inquiry,  sua  mUltmr]  eo«B- 

ins.      1'oiii'it-martlal  are  of  fimr  klmts 
i  ,ii.    fan  bon.    .-.  Klmcnl  il     i  no 
mary.    A  seneral  conn  martial  umy  c- 

Of  officer*  Dron  «■•■■  i"  I'"' 
teen  and  *  Jtidre-sdvocate.     The  President, 
any   general  oflcer,    I    colonel    coeamnu'liint 
«  separate  department,  or  •    ■ 
ent   of  the  MlUi.ii  .     '.    mi.  in-    ii. 

I  il,       Garrison     and     regimental 
martial  ore  composed  of  three  mem- 
ben    :.  ,,i    .i    |ui]  The   sutni 
court  martial  la  < 

United    by  the  offlevi    "f   the 

post,  eamp  o«  ton.    This  ■  it  trj 

l..iH  nr  com  •    promotion 

martini    derive    iliclr   existence    from 

•m  nnd  their  Jurisdiction  i«  limited  to 

nmliitnl ■.-  mllltnrj   dlsi  ipline. 

Courts  of  impiiry  bbj    be  demanded  by 

an  orflcer  or  soldier  whose  conduct  Is  to  bo 

Inveallk'sted        A    court    of    1  n-nil r >     i.-i    I 

,,r   ii. i-    in   .  x.i-r.l    three  officers  sod   "    >••• 

M  in  w.    i   iininlsslons  ore   for   the 

tilnl  of  offenders  ojalimt    the  laws  of  war. 

Courts-Martial: 

1  ii   Army  discussed,  4933. 
Nnv.v    r.  I.  rrd    tO,   BML 
Kegulatiutis  for  gOTOI  nin.-nt  of,  5602, 
6084. 
Courts,  Military,  order  in  relation  to 

trials   l.v.  8638. 

Courts  of  Appeals,  Circuit.  (See  Courts, 

ral.) 
Courts,  Provisional,  in  Louisiana,  order 

regarding.  S323. 
Courts,  State: 

BernovsJ  of  coses  from,  to  Federal 
court.,  restriction  on,  recommend- 
ed, 4909. 
Removal  of  cases  lnvol  .  rnn- 
tional  oKlipntions  from,  to  Federal 
courts,  192S,  1964 
Covenant— a»  uaad  in  dipiomntir  agr 

the  term  refer*  to  the  promise  of  one 
contracting,  party  to  the  other. 


Covoda  (N.  Mex.),  Battlo  of.- 

Kcomy    had    established    the   aatbor 
Ity    of    the    l.uiiid    Slates    socoreiy.   as   he 
Mexico.  he  proceeded  to- 
ward  the  Pselfte.   leaving   uui'l 

ilrxl       Jsn    I        I  - 
I,  ui,  -•'Iii  rirr  :.l  let;    :..  tbet» 

I  ■  st 
. 
•i  u.-ii  v  s,    .  Ijctit    nil..  •   dUiai  ■ 
„<  the  More      Col    Bl  l'i    e.  who  »»« 

In  command  at  Kama  1-v.  l.smlnx  of  tbi 
rlslsur.   J«n.   23  started   foe  tbe  scene  with 
S    .if    nl.oul     HH>.      He-    etioount. 

of   Covotta. 

•  he  dispersed  sfter  a  severe  euxase- 
•  ■■■->>- 

Covode  Investigation. — a  remalni 
the  House  of  Hie  Thirl  t  sixth  Congress  was 
•  •  It:i  John  Covode,  of  Pennsyl- 
vania, as  chairman,  to  Invcsttsat-  charges 
made  by  ttro  Ami  1-ecompton  Iwooocrtu 
who  sll.-t-.J  that  l*re»ldfnt  Boeliaasa  had 
used  eorrupl    Influenri       i  •    Il   lu  •     . :  •*»   to 

The   In 

ntBU mltl  tislsted  of  *. .-■  i ii- in  .-i  ■ 

i  he  ..Means    vetnl     to     •-.■■.lain 

the  charges  smt  tt>-   two    Isemocrata   to  ex 
president.       No     action    was 
taken. 

Covodo  Investigation,  8146)  3150. 
Cowans  Ford  (N.  C).  Battlo  of.—  Feb.  1. 

Invaded   North  Carolina,  attempted  to  pre- 
vent   Hie    Junction   of    Mi 

ucrlcnn  nnny  with  tin  -v  u> 

der    Ceo.    (Jrewm  -hb*.    pur- 

'■•     «"Mll«liX 

Itlver    at     Comins     Kor.l.       (ien.     I)n. 
wllh    Mum    tnllltla 

Cornwalls*.    Davidson  was  Llllnl 
nnd  Ho-  iiilllilu  scattered. 

Cowpens  (8.  C).  Battle  of.— Oue  of  tbe 

pveota  foUowbsi  l  me*s  takiag  com- 

mand   ..(   the  Southern  army  In  the  Revo- 

.  Ii   decided  "c   Cat*  ■  ■!   the   war 

l.i   i  linl    i|li:«i  I.  r       •  o:  u  . 

the    lirlllsh    srmy    sod    In    possession    of 

Kouth   Carolina.  I   an   invasion   of 

North    Carolina         I'arleton.     with    the    sxl- 

Ifni  :  <i    ->f    i  'amwnlUt's.    nrsoy 

"i    no  ii.    ;.r 1     Mor 

(cross    the    Par.  :»t.    a    braueh    of   the 
Ironil    River,    ami    back    to    t> 
a  ii  extensive  pasture  cnmtid  on  tbe  itnixd 
River   iiooiii    .'    miles    south    of   tne    uovo- 

Morena's 
force    consisted    of    nhout    'Xm    men.      Jail. 
17.    17-- 1      i  m  ;   ion    be  rati    II 
lull  Hi,     mi*    well     folic:  A    re- 

■■•oerslshlp  on  the  pn 

tun.       With    hi*    men    he    Barren 

nnd    nearlj     snnlhllstsd    Tatiet 

1 
Amei  ic.'inh  ;  i.  iHihI  noil  til    - 

Two  standards,  mi  bones,  S3  wsi- 
eris.  SOO  muskets,  snd  2  cannon  were  eap- 
i  iii.it. 

Coyote  State. — a  bltkauu  for  south  Da- 
kota.  Iq.  v.l.      (Sec  slso  Stntcsl  :  sometimes 
also  nicknamed  BlUmrd   State. 
Cracker  State.— Alternative  old 
Reorcla.     (Sec  Empire  State  of  the  South.) 
Cradle  Of   Liberty.— A   name   applied   to 
all   Hall,   Boston,  an  old  troHtHag  o»*d 
as  a  msrket  bouse  and  pis. 
Ine  from   the  early  days  of  the  settlement. 
Ii    has  been   the  seeni    of   Home  uf  the  must 
stlrrlnic  sppcsls  In  patHotlstO  by   American 
lllsrlv    .Inrlnj    sr-t    previous 
to  tb«r  Revolutionary  War.     Upon  betas;  re- 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Crimes 


fnwij  the  umi  nf  Fanenll   Hall   for  ■  aaeer- 

lac  !■  Msrea.  l.V.t>,  Patii.l   iWb.ter  wrote  : 

I    •hall    <%t!-r    tar    vWi    I"    r"eneilll    IU1I. 

radle    of    American    llt»rly.     until    II* 

.i*»ll    fly  open   no    roldcn 

lovers  of    I'nion   »►    well  ■  The 

appellation  has  "Irxr  dim*  to  the  building. 

Crane  y  Island.  V*.: 

Uritish  attack   on.  repulsed,  524. 
K  vacant  ion  of  batteries  on,  referred 
i...  ':.113. 

Crater    I^ake    National    Park.      (8«e 
Park*,  National.) 

Credentials. — Papers  accrediting  an  officer 

..r   oiIi-t  puMlc  tenant,  •bowlnic  authority 

for  action. 

Credit,  extension  of.  neceesary  to  facil- 
itate business,  7880. 

Credit  Mobilier. — A  joint  ibjmoj 

originally  chartered  by  tlic  I'eonsylvamn 
Irglalarora  onj-r  the  name  of  tlic  Pennsyl- 
vania II*  I  •«  1 1 ti  a  capital  of  92,. 
K.I.  Tee  charter  wa*  (>ui-!:n ..  1  tiy  a 
ruoifiAny  having  contract*  for  the  eoustruc- 
ilno  .1  iii  I  hi. hi  Pacific  Itallrnml.  Tba 
valve  of  Hi-  Mock,  which  depended  upon  lbs 
liberality   of    the   contracts    mnoV    by    Con 

(to  an  enormous  price  and   paid 
*rf  n  Hun 

nf  the  I'alon  I'acinc  road.  In  tin'  ptast- 
dmtul  ejtetlou  of  1873  the  Democrats 
cfcarred  the  tjii-skcr  of  the  Hoti«e 
of      <■  ■■< 

treasury,    the    rlee-president    ami    lbs 
resident-elect     with     accenting    Crtdll 
MnMrler  stock  a-»  an  Indirect  bribe   fi 
Iltlcal    loflui'ii.-.'        An    Investigation    follow- 
srhlch  It  was  developed   thai    several 
Bateau-  agreaal    hit*  tiolib-rx  of    this 

company's  stock,  "no  senator  t»h»  i 
aseaded  for  cxpultlon.  but  as  bis  term  wag 
■boat  to  expire  no  actlun  was  'ak'-n  Repre. 
sratatlvcs  nir.i  Aniea,  of  Massachusetts. 
aad  James  Brooks,  of  New  York.  were 
eeoaan-d  by  lbs  House. 

Credit,  Public: 

Act  to  strengthen,  referred  to,  1418. 

Hank  of  1'nitcd  States  attempts  to 
impair,   123°. 

Discussed.    (Bee  Finance"  discussed.) 

Kaith  of  nntion  must  bo  preserved, 
334.  8079. 

Indebtedness  of  BtatM  works  injury 
to,  206L 

Progress  of.  witnessed  by  rise  of 
American  stock  abroad,  73,  ICt. 

Progressive  state  of,  76,  77,  95,  122, 
.   IIB,  r,vx 

Provision  for  preservation  of,  recom- 
mended, 3073. 

"Strength  and  security  of  Govern- 
ment rest  upon."   212. 

Support  of.  provision  for.  recom- 
mended. 58,  lid,  01,  228,  LMIJiO,  20"!), 
2118,  * 

System  of.  should  uot  tie  left  unfin- 
'ishcd,    159. 
Credit   8ystcm   discussed    by   President 

BsuTbb,   1541. 
Creditors,  Government,  payment  of,  in 

depreciated     currency     referred     to, 

17.-;,    1809,  1807,   1  soh,  1810. 


Creek  Indian  War.-  Tecumaeb.  th«  ambl- 
iiuiis   Sbaa  uw  -  blef,   sod   bis   bi 
Prophet,    in    nun    .Hon-    to    srort    90    ■< 
of  all  the  iSorth  Anterl.  mi   I  mil 
ait*  against    tin'    I  "I      ' 

lllsb  In  ill"   War  of  I  uinxeb 

was    defeated    i>  I'uiioe 

and  wua  killed  In  the  battle  of  th 

!-  .  ;,  but   in  i  i  mil 

v.     Satlun.       w.  :i.  in  i 

or  Bel  Eagle.  i„  out*  i '■  'be 

leader   of   the   wnr   faction   that   bodies  of 
la   "in-  asm   against    Mm  from    Pea 

iiinl    Grorgln.      Tin'    llrst    serious   out- 
break   of    tl  was    Hie    mosMcre    nf 

Ibo  carrlaon   and    refufi at    Fort    Mines, 

Ana--  ••!'•.   1813.     As  .i  i    -"!'.   Alabama   was 
alumni    abandoned    by   whites,      Self-pi 
tlon   sod  n  desire   for  revenge   took  posses- 
slon  of  the  people  ,-f  (ieorxla    nod   Tc 

ace.     Oen,    Jaekaoa    rntered    IP*    '<<  >•'   U 

bead   ■<(   hi.  ■■    i.iimii       Oen. 

Kloyd     led     the    Georgians    to    nvenge     the 

massacre,  and  Oen.  t'loll was  serine 

at   t  lie  bead  of  troops  from   Loulalana   and 

The    "hi-    received    Its   '!<  stb 

it    the   bnnda  of   Jackson    nt    liorse 

Shoe  Rend.  March  27,   1814.     ii  lasted  only 

T  inmiiiis.  .  .it  minor 

Unportance,    imt    considered    in    bos 'lion 

with  the  War  of  1813  II   bad  an  Impi 

,  ik.      wnii    tin  •    the 

rlahed    nil    bops   .if   luulnn    nld   III 
the  Booths  ,    propoawd  occupation 

of  the  Mlaalaalppl    Valley, 

Creek  Indians.     (See  Indian  Tribes.) 
Creole   Case.— Purine  the  passage  of  the 
Inn.-    Orsolt    troa    Hampton    logos!    to    New 
Orleans  with  n  ,-areo  of  alaves,  In  Nnvininr. 
I84JL  soma  Of  ■  he  negroes  rose  SBsln*i    ma 

>   of    ihc    vessel,    kDled    one  "f   tbc 

i. in  lb.-  vi  ...•;  Into  N'saasil, 
New  IVovldnni*.  All  were  here  act  at  llb- 
Kneilsb  authorities  sxespt  those 
eharged  wild  morder  Oreal  Brltals 
fuHiii  t,,  mi r.iiii,.i  in, mi  ,,n  deoana  of  (be 
I'nlted  1944).   but   the  matter  =«« 

Bnally  settled  by  a  trenty  in  1842.  Durlm 
the  neeotlatlona  f.ir  tlilx  ireslj  resoluilona 
sabodylnf  the  prlncipiex  of  tbe  An  l-R'avery 
party  were  offered  In  Congress  by  Joxbua  It. 
tlicldings.  of  Ohio.  He  was  censured  I 
House  and  thereupon  rsalcnsd.  Rstnrnlai 
in  nblo  he  wax  realc  eti  il  bl  S  larifs  u 
wlrh  Instructions  to  present  the  resolution* 
again. 

Creole  State.— Alteru.itlin     nickname    for 
Louisiana,     rile*  Pelican  State.) 
Creole,    The,    liberation     nf    cargo    of 
slaves   on,    nt    Nassau,    New    Provi 
d.-nce,  1S44,  1954. 
Crescent  City,  The,  not  allowed  to  land 
tin'senncTs  and  mail  at  llitsana.  t'ulia. 
2770. 
Crete: 

Resolution  of  Congress  declaring  sym- 
pathv  for  roffering  people  of,  re- 
ferred to.  3S91. 
Revolution    in,    referred    to,   .1i!(i0. 
Crime,     liit.Tiiniiiin.'ii     eon  i  tattoo     for 

suppression   of.   •111.". 
Crimen  and  Mlsdemeanora: 

Abduction  of  foreigners  claiming  pro- 

li.iiiiii  nl    United  States  should  be 

made  a  crime,  2550. 

Convictions,  executions,  and  pardons 

for  capital  offenses  rererred  to,  991, 


Crimes 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Degreen  in  crlffll  of  murder  should  bo 
recognised,  6765,  iiBeO,  5968. 

Limitation  upon  right  in  felony  cases 
to  review  by  BupniBa  Court  roc- 
otutuended.  5632,  5880, 

Trial    of    mind. mciinor*    by    United 
Stale?  criiii!iu-:<ioner»Tt'(M 
4939,  5879,  5968. 
Criminal    Code,     revision    of.    recom- 

meaded.  561,  2550,  2672. 
Criminal  Law,  abuse  of  administration 

of,  referred  to,  4940,  0879,  7003. 
Criminals.     (Sco  Fugitive  Criminals.) 
Criminal*,  Foreign,  tntrodactlOB  oi 

United  states  referred  to.  2368,  45*8. 
CristobOl  Ool6n,  The,  mention.-.!,  0817. 
Crittenden  Compromise.— This  wm  o 
tbe  numerous  schemes  to  compromise  the 
alavrry  question  ou  a  peaceful  basis.  Johu 
J.  Crittenden  m  a  Nenator  from  Kentucky 
AM  tried  to  harmonize  North  and  South 
on  tbe  slavery  question.  II-  hoped  to  evade 
the  lni|M-ii(llnir  war  by  proposing  I"  1*00  a 
constitutional  amendment  vvlil.li  should  di- 
vide the  United  States  Into  slaT«boldln|  and 
nonslavcholding  portions  1 1.«  proposed  di- 
viding the  two  section*  by  the  parallel  of 
30"  30'.  the  United  States  to  pny  tin-  owner 
for  every  fugitive  slave  t-nptured  i 
proposition,  wnii-ti  Included  other  compro- 
mise measures,  was  never  submitted  to 
tbe   statea 

Crook.  V.   8.   Transport,    collision    of, 

i;:i;;:>. 

drop  Estimates,  Bureau  of.  —  This  bu- 
reau of  the  Department  of  Agriculture  la 
the  successor  of  the  old  llurenu  of  Statistics. 

The   latter  bad   for  many  years  been  the 

chief  statistical  office  of  the  Federal  fjov- 
ernment.  but  gradually  Its  special  dutiv* 
srare  traoftferred  to  oilier  departments  or 
bureaus  where  they  m<ire  appropriately  bc- 
lODfed,  having  It  Hub-  more  than  the 
ntrrK-ii trurnl  foreea»ts.  Then  His  name  was 
changed  t"  Bureau  of  Crop  i:-.ilmates  As 
sueeenor  "f  tbe  Hnr.-nn  of  statistics  It  col- 
lects and  digests  reports  of  agricultural  pro- 
dnellon:  the  area  annually  sown  to  each  of 
the  leading  crops,  their  condition  on  tbe 
hrst  <lay  of  each  month,  the  quantitative 
results  at  the  close  of  euch  crop  year,  and 
the  estimated  farm  valor  Deccuilvcr  1  Hi 
aldi's  this  regular  work  the  bureau  collects 
periodical    information    on    minor   crop*  of 

■  tance,  meadow*  and  pa 
principal  fnrsta  crone,  Tnj  stock  of  corn. 
wheat  and  oats .on  United  States  farms  at 
certain  regular  fixed  dates  Is  estimated,  with 
the  proportion  shipped  oat  or  the  country 
grown  :  the  number  and  value  by 
specie*  of  animals  on  United  States  farm* 
at  the  beginning  of  each  year,  and  the 
annual  losses  from  diseases  and  exposure: 
nlso   the  annual  clip  of  wool  and   average 

weight  of  lie. s  by   States  and    territories. 

It  also  compotes  the  world'*  production  of 
the  cblef  crops  by  countries,  and  the  price* 
of  principal  agricultural  products  In  various 

United  lute*  market*, 

Ktpcclally  qualified  fleld  forecast  Ignis 
and  crop  specialist*  are  employed  who  spend 
their  entire  time  Investigating  actual  crop 
conditions  within  their  territories,  Itv  co- 
operation with  the  Weather  Bureau  and  the 
Post-Offlce  Department  the  Information  gath- 
ered U  placed  promptly  In  the  hand*  of 
newspapers,  former*  and  shipping  men. 

Crop  Values.     (See  Agricultural  Prod- 
ucts.) 


Cross   Kays    (Vs.),   Battle   of.- 

•rail  Jucaaoa'a  movement  op  tbe 
uuiloah  Valley  In  tbe  summer  of  1803  Geo 
eral*    Friimont    am!    Shields    were    both   oa 
the  alert  to  capture  him.     . 
Straaburg  June   1,   Just   after  Jackson   bad 
passed     through.        .'.!      poi  the 

Shenandoah  111  vet  divides,  and  on  tbe  lirtr 
of  tbe  two  branches,  at  a  village  knows 
:ik  Crow  Keys.  Fremont  brooghi 
dlvlsiou  of  Jackson'*  army  to  oay  June  *. 
A  alight  skirmish  ensued  and  Esrell  re- 
tlreil  during  Ih*  night  Jackaon  »oon  after 
•  it ,i  s  [unction  «ith  Gen  l-"\  and  to- 
gether they  fought  tbe  battles  around  Klcb- 

IMOUll. 

Crow    Creek    Indians.       (See     Indian 

Tribes.  I 
Crow  Creak  Reservation.     (See  Sic 

Reservation.) 
Crow  Indians.  (See  Indian  Tribes.) 
Crow  Reservation,  Mont.,  npsai  I  to  set- 
tlement by  proclamation,  5727. 
Crown  Point  (N.  Y.).  Capture  of.— Imme- 
diately after  tbe  capture  of  Tlwnderog*. 
May  12,  1775.  Col.  Sctb  Warner,  with  a 
small    detachment    of    men,     proceeded    to 

i     I '  int.    on    Lake    Champlulii.    ab 
DO  mile*  north  •■<  Albany.     The  place 

[lj   fortified  and  mounted  114  cannon. 

but  was  garrisoned  by  only  ij 

captured  and  the  fort  manned  by 
Warner"*  nan, 
Cruise  of  the  Battleship  Fleet.— Tin 
most  notable  achievement  of  tbe  Navy  in 
time  of  peace  was  the  voyage  of  the  battie 
ship   Beet.    Ibis  proved   an    lyefc-maMaat 

cruise,  the  looses!  ever  undertaken  hj  such 
a  number  "f  i' ittlesblps.  and  enlisted  tb* 
Interested  attention  of  the  naval  a 

Late  In  the  spring  of  1MT  It  was  de 
to  send   the   Atlantic  Fleet  on   a   practice 
erttlee  to  the  Pacific,  and  lii  Augnat  of  tb»t 
rear    the     tlnal     arrangements    were    delel 
mined  upon. 

The  fleet  sailed  from  Hampton  Roeda 
Dec.  16.  1007.  after  a  review  by  the  Presl 
di  nt.  ami  mad*  the  paasago  to  rarlessl 
ports  for  coaling  and  incidental  atop*  at 
points  In  South  America:  engaged  In  target 
c*  upon  arrival  at  Jfsgdilena  Bay. 
Mexico,  arranged  hy  permission  of  tear  Ilex- 
I,  an  governiin  ut  and  reached  Ran  I 
clico.  -May  l.  urns,  without  a  single  mlsbsp 
in  mar  thn  voyage. 

The  fleet  consisted  of  sixteen  battleship*. 
sit  torpedo  boats,  four  auxiliaries.  The 
number  of  men  In  tbe  crew*  aggregated 
10,000.  The  length  of  the  cruise  waa  13.- 
.  :  L'  miles  and  the  duration  of  the  voyage 
waa  MB  days 

After  vlalta  to  Honolulu  and  Manila  the 
fleet  set  sail  for  home,  leaving  Manila  LN?c 
I,  and  arrived  at  Suez  .Inn  1.  1000.  Tbe 
Itinerary  Included  passage  through  Ru«a 
Canal,  ami  coaling  at   Port   Said. 

I  lie  following  was  the  Itinerary  after 
passing  Into  the  Mediterranean  :  Poawsoft- 
cut  and  Permenl  arrive  Vlllcfranche.  Jan 
1».  leave  Jon.  27:  Minnesota  and  Kansas . 
arrive  Marseille*  Jan.  14,  leave  Jan.  Si  . 
Oeortyiu  JWArnsxa  and  Jienfuefcir.  arrive 
Oenou  Jan.  IB.  leave  Jan.  27 :  llhoile  /stand 
end  .Vcte  Jersey,  arrive  Leghorn  Jan.  15. 
leave  Jan.  27  j  Louietono  and  Virginia  ar- 
rive Malta  Jan.  19,  leave  Jan.  10:  Louittanm 
and  Virginia  arrive  Algiers  Jan.  22.  leave 
Jan  80;  Ohio  and  in<srmr4  arrive  Athens 
Jan.  13,   leave  J:  ►*»,  /Hlnol* 

nnd  Keartargc.  arrive  Naples  Jan.  17.  Icava 
Jan  2T  After  leaving  the  above  port* — 
Flr*t   Division  arrive  Negro   Pay   Jan.   31 


? 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Cuba 


***«  lea.  3:  I'lrst  t>iT(»i..n.  srrlye  Oibral- 
["  lei  3.  leave  l>b.  <4 :  Second. 

:        tloBf,  arrive  Negro  I'.uy  Feb,  1. 
of!  Ciliraliar 
1*4  proceeii  irrive    l-b. 

B-fioft,  at  Hampton    ICnuda.   Virginia. 

IU    the    purpose    of    giving    this    »*• 

*"«nilu*  of  battleship!  "•■  I    and 

edraniagva  at  a  praveuc*  cruise,  under  such 

*ev«»re  coodltlom,  was  ami"  Itlelam 

iron  bleb   technical    quarter*    waa    h 

'    wei  tweeted  tbat  th*  undertaking  waa 

too   monuexotai ;   tbnt  a   t.xt t i.»ij. j.   i-   too 

•*MU  tad  complicated  a  piece  of  mecbanlam 

«o    arnd  around    Ibo    jlotx    on    an    culinary 

•ccauloo:  Ibat  danger*  mure  than  multiplied 

with  Dambera  In  auch  a  caac :  tbat  disaster 

jurlnl  oo   every  aubinerged    ledge   and    waa 

*>rnf  «  fTifry  nnkai  urront .  that 

the,    iktSetone  of   nunc    nf   the    ship* 

ouubtiMa  be  left  In  tbc  Strolt*  of  Magellan  : 

[hat,  if  :w  Bert  shim 

Bouto  Ainrtit.  it  ■..■«  reasonably  c-erialn 
t*»«t  ta*  l&dlvldual  ablpa  would.  DM  bj 
or»«».    arrive    w.th     niiihiuerlca     loose    and 

•  lm«t  unserviceable,  with  erewa  reflect I rig 
!*»••  dtmorallied  condition   of  the  materiel, 

•  no  ibat  a  woeful  epcctaclo  of  failure  would 
lt»  ii 

.At  to  tbc  rlie  rold  fnrta  ar«  that 

<hlp*  practically  took  ear*  of  their  own 
rw»I»iire  on  tbe  cruise.  Tlie  tepuir  lint  a 
t'irxed  In  a!  the  I'nlted  Slate,  naval  ata- 
tlua  it  I  il.  were  algnllh-iitit.  aiura 

"'e  iy  abowed  what  was  needed 

■  rter  lb»  voyng«   to  tLc  eastern  border*  of 
tt»»"  I'aclac  by  way   of    Aualralln   nml   Ju|inn. 
"  »»«1  tlcy  wore  neal  Etble      The  pcrfon 
e»r    ihe  Ortoon  In  18U8  waa  substantially  re- 
IXstnted 

reape't    to   Its  effect   upon    the   dla- 

£lg>lln»  of   the   men.   tbla  waa  highly   bene- 

I.     Too   much   cannot   be   wild  of   the 

•*»  *»  tvie. , .  of    the    collated    per- 

•<»»io«l  through-. in   the  history   of  tho  voy- 

•  ac—  mil  in  the  presence  of  no  unprecedented 

••Ion  of  entertainment*  and  (bore  hos- 
'■  Yaffles.     Th*     oceaalon     brought     lo    tho 

natb  In 
' ■  •  »  r  navy  —  the  pergonal  .haractrrtetlra  of 
'*»«»  etJIetetl  force  The  tact,  ability  and 
*_*»i».trihin  of  their  lunfeMloii  aliowa  by  the 
?,««V';i.  from  the  lowest  to  the  hlgheet,  la 
,,**'*;»e    worthy   of  earneat    comrocn 

Th»  reanill  »••  to  give  ua  an  opportunity 

the     republic! 

£**  the  aoutb  of  us:  with  our  own  (eland 
f*«"-aw*tiot-.  with  the  new  and  vigorous 
*»*-»ich  of  ih»  Ilrillnh  Ktupir*  In  Auatralle; 
•»»d    nartleutai 


apa   . 

Dded     it  the  reaching 

*»t  «(  ■    ftrnng  hnnd   in    friendly    greeting 

part  of  America  :  and  the  cordial  and 

_*»lruii.u»tlr    hospitality     extended     t.      oui 

J!**  Will   no  dnuM    he    long    remembered   nml 

••a.    eaourstlonobly.    eterted    a    powerful 

*■*»  Infloeor*   on  feeling  In   this  country. 

•tween  tl  ed  Steles  and  every  eonu- 

,TJ  Halted    there    la    a    feeling    of    deeper 

!*«**«et  and  frlcodehlp  than  existed  before 

iS"**'  tailed.      Our  own  l'i  i   and 

■*••*  possessions  here  been  placed  lo  Bight 

■nd  leach  with  the  strength  of  the  nation. 

^Whatever  amy  be  eald  In  technical  erltl- 

'}■  of  to*  navy,   the  Amerlcnii   people,    to 

,.**o  the  ehlp*   belong  and    who  paid    for 

*hr*j.  tmew.  at  the  retult  of  HiIm  extended 

rj"»».  at  !ra»t.  that    111  will   floal  ; 

•I   laielr    ofdeera    and    men    mn     handle 

.   and.   ao   far  aa  actual   teara  In   time 

n  •hoar,   tbnt  the  ahlpa  and   the 

-i  in  (It  In  every  porlleuler  fnr  any  duty. 

In  Uloatratlon  oppoalte  7CKJ0. 


Cuartel    Lot,    survey    and    disposal    of 

land  known  as,  discussed,  5504. 
Cuba. — Cuba  la  the  Urgent  Island  of  the 
"West  Iudlee,"  and  extend!  In  the  ahape 
of  an  Irregular  crescent  at  the  entrance  of 
thw  Gulf  of  Mexico,  which  tho  western 
hum  divides  Into  the  Ploiida  Channel  in 
the  north  and  the  Yucatan  Channel  on 
the  aoutb.  The  western  extremity  (Cape 
Sun    Antonio)    la   In  H«"    B7'   W.   lougltude. 

run i    tin-   rii-t .  rniiiM.!    point    (Cape   Muixi) 

In  "*"   T    W.    longitude.      The  moat    north- 

ii    tn    tin > una,    la  OS    mllea 

ml     from    Key     Weal    ou    the    Florida 

eoatt    In    23'    13'    K.    latitude,    while    Cape 

Rnnta    Crux,    the    Inner    extremity    of    the 

m   horn  und  the  most    nouthcrly  point 

of  the   Island,  extendi   to   19     4*    V  latl- 

lUde,   and    l»   about  80  mllei   north  of   the 

jnmniciin  coast.     Cape  llatai,  ai  the  ootet 

extremity  of  the  enMcm  horn.  In  no  mllea 
dlslunt  from  the  weal  coaat  of  Haiti,  and 
atwol  .'•.'.  niiieH  aontbwaW  of  ihe  naanat 
Inland  of  Hi-  It.'ihuiiiii  group.  The  total 
length  of  the  Ulnod  Is  about  700  mllre, 
It*   average    width   belnf    abont    &o   mllei, 

with  n    iii.iiiuiMiii  nf    llii)  ami   :i    iiiliihniiin   uf 

lee.     'i  here  are  many   dependent   l«l- 

of    wblcb    the    laic    of    rlne»    In    the 

1'i-liigo    do    loa   Cunarreoa    (Inalde   the 

m   horn  >>?  the  tualu  Uluudi   U  by  fur 

Hie    lurgeM.     with    an    entlmnted    area    of 

nearly  l.;00  square  miles. 

Phviral     Fratum     and     Climate. — The 

id    U    dlKtlncily    iiiuiintnlnoue,    wltb    a 

croai    range    in    the    toutbeaat    and    central 

Sroupa    from   end    in   end    of   the    Island 
i  in"  of  the  fluent  harbors  In  the  world  are 
•limited  both  north  und  aoutb  of  tbc  Island. 
Tbc   rivers   of   Cuba   are   generally    abort 

nml    Ii  II nly    river  of   nnv 

length  l»  the  Cauto.  about  250  mllea  from 

lis    source    In    tin-    SI. tin     Mne.tni    to    Its 

it)    Into   th"  Caribbean    Sea      The   »«■ 

i:n.i  in  tii.iude  le  "io.  navigable  fur  about 
So  miles. 

Cuba   lie*    entirely    within    the   tropical 

tone,    and    poaavasea    a    dry    eaaaoa     from 

November   to   April   and   a   wet   icason   for 

the    reninlnlng    liiilf  year.      The  climate   Is 

bio    wltb    a    high    mean    temperature. 

th.      tiinge    lii-lug    Ih'Iivi'.mi     llw     winter    anil 

•nil r      in-    ■  i. x      nf      To'  Mir      I-'  In      the 

months  of  October  ood  November  the  Isl- 
am! Il  liable  to  »even-  I vsatroCtlTS  Imr 

rlenm-a.  Vellnw  fever  Ii  i  -  crimed  to  be  a 
scourge  since  the  preventive  action  of  the 
t'nltcd  Slates  army  of  occupation  after  the 
Rpanlsh-Atnerlcan  War.  Smallpoi  ha* 
1 n    similarly    stamped    out     by    sanitary 

edncatlon,  bul  consnmptlon  is  atili  preva 

lent.  Tin-  hygienic  conditions  of  the  whole 
1*1 1    l been    nlmovt    mltiii'iiloualy    Im- 

S-  -1  aloe*  the  Inti-rTi-uilon  of  the  Coiled 
Itatcs. 

Hlttory.— The  Island  of  Puna  waa  y!*- 
lii-ii  iiv  i 'hi-utoph.-r  Columbne,  during  hl« 
first  voyage,  on  <>ct.  '.'7.  14912,  and  won 
then    believed    to   be    part    of   the   western 

mainland  of  India.     Earl]  in  tin 

-.-ii'iir.  :ii.-  Island  wan  conquered  '')'  ih* 
Spaniard!,  to  be  used  Inter  ae  a  base  of 
•  ■I  "i  uf  Ion*  for  the  conquest  of  Mexico  and 
Central  Amerlcn.  ond  rnr  alnmal  four  cen- 
turies Cuba  remnlned  under  a  Spanish  Cap- 
taln-Cenerul.  The  slave  trade  was  abol- 
In  Ihe  nineteenth  century  nnd 
the  slavi-s  w.-re  i-lnan.  l[ial.-il  from  :--o 
1880.  The  government  of  Spain  was 
to  a  iked  by  a  generally  corrupt  admlolatra- 
tlnu  QOOplfOated  ny  Int  ,-riui  I  nnri-«t 
fnum-nted  by  evteniul  Influences,  and  the 
vnrlona  attempts  at  Independence  met  wllb 
'•'.'ii'  mllllary  repreaalnn.  The  MBanitlat 
and  autonomous  agitation  culminated  In 
the  closing  ycare  of  ibe  nineteenth  century 


Cuba 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


In    ■    fierce  and    1. 1 Italratjr    w«r.  anil    »l- 

th-ongb     a     conciliatory      movement      win 

evinced  by  the  M M  authorities  in  18»7. 

continued'  by  the  party  of 

reparation    In  18 

in   IMS  Hi-  >:..\'. -nment 
ni   ih.  pal    Into  execution  of 

threat  of  mi.  1 1.  r.  :n  in  Urn  dispatch 
uf  Uir  kutlcahlp  Maine  to  HnT.inn  hnr- 
inir.  and  In  i'i'lirii(ii>  i  ■'.  Hull  voir  the 
reaael  was  -mill  by  mi  explosion  tue  c«»w 
of  which  nppcura  llkclr  to  ri'mnln  an  un- 
solved mystery.  On  April  20.  189&  tb* 
roll*  (Jo      rnment    demanded    the 

eini-linTloll    of   CiiImi    by    tb*    MpiillUb    forCCat 

and  ■  sbnn  ■.panleb-Amcrlcorj  war  led  to 
the  abandonment  of  the  Island,  which  nn» 
occupied  by  United  si.ii.  .  troop*,  prom 
Jim.  i  IMS,  i"  Ha]  W  LB03,  Cuba  wna 
under  I'nlted  Stolen  mllltnry  rule,  and  re- 
form", of  tbe  wi.  DO«l  f.ir-rciichlrig 
character  were  Instituted.  On  May  Vf, 
1903,  an  autonomous  government  was  In- 
augurated with  an  elected  President,  and 
a  TegUInture  of  two  bou»c.  The  bland 
was,  however,  acaln  the  prey  of  rcvolu* 
'mm  July  to  Rcpieuil.cr  I llilit.  when 
tbe  I'nlled  Slate*  Government  returned 
control.  On  Jan.  28,  1900,  a  republican 
iCi.iiTliin.nl    w.i.    :•>;.■  I  ■■    lliiiugiirntcil. 

AkKA  *M>  i-orri  kUOl 
Area  In 

Province*  and  Capital*      Liiglish  Population 

SqTMilea  1010 

Oaaacuar  (Puerto  Prinelpo)    iOVOOS  lW.«os 

Havana  (llavana) 3.173  .17* 

Malansa*  (MaUnsea) 3,241  256J0S 

•   iSiniiiaul 14.2IS  461.304 

PinardniRio  iPtavdel  Rio)       •.,-•11  _:  >  _■  -1  _- 1 

IU>U  CUr*.  (rUnta  Clara). .      S.204  407.ttJ 


Total 44,17*        2.150,112 

Nearly  00  per  cent,  of  tbe  Inimi.ii.iini 
are  of  tfpanlsh  descent,  tbe  colored  race* 
numbering    abonl    SO   on    cant.    (Including 

uiUeil    hlood  >       f..relk*n  l.iiru    ivl.    cm    IV    j»t-r 
•■in      nnd     Chinese    barely    or.     per 
Slavery  wn«  abolished  In  18S0,  nnd  tbe  col- 

orad   i are  Increasing  equally   with  Iho 

white*.     There   I*   Hill.,    racial   antagonism. 

i.oi ,  ■i-iiiii,  iii.     ihe  government  l«  that  of 

n    ccnti.ilU.il    republic,    with    n    President, 

VIcc-l'rraldcnl     and   nolllllliiteil   t'aldllcl.   mi. I 

II  Irglalllluri.  of  Iwn  hollxe.v  Tlir  I'l  ixlilcllt 
«  elected  by  ludlrect  vote  for  four  year*, 
and   In   Ineligible   for  more   than  two   con- 

Scrllllvc     terms.        I'lOhlenl     .if    lite    IfepllllllC 

i.r  Cuba  .M.,v  (0,  ,ai8-May  10,  101T). 
Mario  G    llcnocal. 

mreaa    eonalata    of    n  ml    a 

linns..  Of  Rcprcaclitnllvca.  The  S.-ii:il  i- 
cuiiiniiiH  iwi'iiij.  .four  nif-niiiiTK  ifour  from 
elected  by  Indirect  vote  for 
eight  years  nnd  retiring  bv  hnlvea  every 
f.mr  yaara.  The  Boom  of  Represent*!  tvea 
eonalata  of  eigbty-threfl  members,    low 

•  lull  ■,':.. nun  inhabitants)  elected  for  four 
year*    by    direct   vote   of   nil    male   cltlxrn* 

I  v.. •iils-"lie     fMn     inn I      hnlf      n .lieiv.l 

I  wo    yours,       I  realdenee 

i|iuillt)ed  for  naturalization  and  the  fran- 
chise. 

i  In.  «li  prOTtneej  coiiliiln  I  i  elective 
governor  nnil  bsmcihIiIv.    with   wide  power" 

•  .f  self-government,   but   financial   nuiommiy 

la    restricted    by    Hi mi. mile    clause*    ol 

the  treaty  «hii  Ibt  Pnlted  State*,  which 
nlm  at  development  within  the  financial  re- 
tourcca  of  the  lalnnd.  The  unnllcr  ml 
mllllatrutlw  unit  \»  Hie  liiiililclpnllt v  with 
elective  ronni-llx  nnil  inim.i-v.  i  n  l.-iiMe*!. 
their  )«rl«il!cll..n  frciiuently  exlendlng  over 
n  whl..  rural  i  n Itoi | 

JllKllie    I-    mlmlnUlereil    Iiv    i-mirl*   .-.f    firat 

Inatance  In  the  municipal  arena,  nnd  theln 
cootlfnooa   ini-.il   inrltorlea,   with   auperlor 


ixmrta    In    t»A  sod    a    ai.. 

court  at  Havana. 

Tbe  external  relation*  of  Cuba  are  rejpi- 
•Hon    of    the-     t 
stni.  -.-  of  any  alieeii 

..nil    the   Independence   of   the  lalaaat 
The  armed  iban  foci 

■  ii i-KervRiiun    •*'  '7Ti      Thar* 

la   a   mount m    gendarmerie    >.f    SjOM 
known  aa  the  gnardla  rural. 

/.'.lueniiua. — A    KTrai    ItDMttU    n*»    g!»r» 

to  mIik'iiiI.iii    by    I  Ira  occupa 

tlon   of    14*01*  luir.'    and   elementary    acboola 
were    eitublUh.-  y     municipality, 

i    linai       education    i-  iry    aud   frv* 

nod    about    *'."   per   cent,    of   attendance   Is 
accured. 

;  in.inw. — The    levnnie    and     rxpendltan- 
of  <  nli;i    fur    (he  all    ...vir-    I  IlliT-lttOo— 1»1 1- 
1012  lire  stated  an  fclli 
Year  Heveoue  i  ,-.-..  Iltm- 

1B07-OS 124.4«7jU7  •2U77,14a 

I90H  00 20.01&.283  »I.Mq,IIJ 

1000   III  tl.K24,74C  3l.V70.tOD 

1810-11 

1011-12 41.01t.700  ixv.j.n.i 

J 

More  than  half  Ibe  reretiue  I*  derived 
from  custom*.     The  principal   Item*  of  ex- 

pcmlll 

Knverilllielil,    lire    .1.-1.1      -en  lie    I.  »«i.-f  -.  I 

education    |$O20.0(.H)|.  public  worka   (*3.- 
000.0001.  nnd  innllatlon  <*t,ltn. 

Jii-r.r. — Iiv  trenr.  with  1M  I  ll  .1  Slatea 
undertaken  "not  lo  borrow  aaore 
than  *he  can  pay."  and  the  total  de' 
.■liullng  (he  onUgatlona  of  lb* 
ary  Juiiin  iimminia  In  lew  ili.in  i ..  .  yeara' 
Income.  Tbe  debt  wan  of  the  following 
[ptlOM    on    Aug.     1.     101  !  . 

rnxl  Debt: 

17S2.0O0 
i..»n    I  out IMtBuOOB 

J3I.71X00O 

li.l.rnr.1    Debt. 

&f,  bowb lOJWIJXIO 

*Wi  loan  I^WCLOOO 

tSTXIUX* 

Toul   Dtbt  M2JJKX000 

Prorfurfioa  and  Imlitttry. — Of  tbe  total 
nren  Inliout  28.000.0UO  oeri-»l  lc*a  than 
1.000,11(1(1    nerea    are    eullU  nte.l.    but    Blue* 

nf  the  remaining  aurface   I"  <!• 

ranrah   or    pa»toral    savannah.      More    than 

naif    ili"    cull Ivated  a  .!•  i     .»gar 

i-iitie  nnil   :ili. ml    SO    [»' M 

sweet  potatoes  and  bananas  In  equal  prof*or 
tlon*.  Ulce,  coffee,  cocoa  and  Indian  com 
are  grown  nnil  innn)  tropical  fralU  tor- 
nngea,    coconut",    pluenpplea,  etc.l    are  cnl- 

•I.     The  «... 
amounted  lu  101  I  to  i 
Agricultural  rondlilonf  tra  »illl  wry  priml- 
iive        Poreatry     i»     much     neglected,     al- 
though   mnbognny    if  >ud    cedor 
oaad  In  the  boxlnjj  ■•'  tooMCO. 

Iron.  e,|.|n  r  and  manganese  nr*  plenti- 
ful  and   are  eaally    wn 

mining    illKtrl.-m    .ire    In    I  n  Ince1, 

where    the    Slcrrn     Maettra    wa*    for    <e». 

the    largest    eopper-| luring    - 

In     the     world.       (if     mm  m  -ral^ 

petroleum   nnd   n«phnlt   ore  found,  and 
■  t<  exploited  to  .'line  cit.-nt.      AI 
the    whole    mineral    ompni    I*    wait    In    the 

I    lllle.1     M  u... 

Tho  only  mannfacliirea  of  U«  Inpoi 
Innco  are  connected   with  the  tobacco  and 

•ane  Induatrlea.  cigars   and   rlicai 
being  made  In  graal  qiinntltlra  la  the 
ml.    and    augar.    nun    nnd   whitky    In   tbe 
uelKliburboud    of   the   plautaiiima. 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Cuba 


mj  t*x  porta 
g*f"UM   for   It*   fite   imh    I(M«-1»I3   are 

-<  «•  foit«w«  m  Mum; 

.^•ar  luporta  Esporla  ToUl 

»«?:.::::  SjSaJS  im.o*'* 

iff  I 1W.»M«     IS*.  1 14.937 

"12 136,903,341     173.U7*J» 

Toe  principal  exports  are  sugar,  80  por 
and  to<vi. 
«J*cal»*T/.  foodalufTs  and  lexlllea.     The  cx- 
r*»»»I*  was  wild  tli*  principal  countries  ua 
■       in  1913. 


I1.-  Htuni  n*stairl8M 

ll*A».  M.IM 

_     342.3W.2M 


Country         tanartiBwai 

^rUt*j  9tat*a *M,43>M74 

£«»>  W  Km«dom. . .     IS. 

■«• tjot 




Export!  to 
tl4e.US.t03 

ii.ua.sia 

.  |,TSo 
9,1»V,1T2 

iiun 

Mai'—iyi  -   !»  1910  (h«r.  It  nil"! 

*«      ■•!  and    private    line    opro    for 

*ra»C.  ■  •    runs   from    rinor   del    Bio 

'«>      Santlsfo.     thus     travenliix     th»     bhiul 

"f<»tn     Wril      Til     east,      biiil      ltl»T«'     arc      ninny 
.n.-rtliic   writ  ti    ill  FJ 
it 1 1.,  ;, 1 1  -v-trm.  particularly  In  lb*  lolmc- 
••o     tUtinrts  of  the  wnt  su.l  I  In-  mluimr  re- 
nt. 
*tyipt4»e. — lii  1911  thi-  mercantile  marine 
of     flfly-fonr     sii'iiiji'ti     (58.410 
aad   «ix  Millar   Teasel*   11.03.*.    torn- 1 
principal    bnr1..,r.   are    llarnnn. 
_■■>•,    Cordeeva*.    Itahia    Uoada.    Neuvita* 
Sine  an   ibe  a*!.,   out.   nod   on  the 
a   SaMlago,    Cleafuegoa   ami    ituantnn- 

—Capital,    Baruam,    on    the    Dortb- 

i«i   almost   doe  aoulh  of  Key   Weal, 

.  frwoi  whl--h  n  nlneie-three 

•s  1*  Ibe  largest  elly  and  principal  com- 

g»  —»■<*»    •••  Indies,      lis 

»k>aaaaaa   u  :„    ||„ 

I    In    i:ni7    n    reti 

*••""  l-t   -l"tl f    LMi7.ir.ll.    nml   the    i I- 

l.ii     • 
J  •»  raaa   contains   many    im  .    In 


_    contains  'niilillns 

>»4lac    a     aerc  hell 

d  Baby   eborrhe*.      Its    nrli. 

»  ■«•  ..r   i        i  i;.',   a  Met]   i~  rimi  ral 

Ike   Or  :    H»r    U    one 

Ibe  finest  in  toe  world. 
**>.W»r  ell  lea  are: 


45.500     CiuMilMinmo. ...  14.1100 
•  ■  nillo  I4..VX1 

. . .  sciono   ( i«ni!.v.i«  ....  li.noo 

_-#• 14.000 

^Baaacaey}.  SOjOOO    8*cua  la  Granda.  I JJXO 
24,000     Par, 

•■■lad 11.000 

ea_^*T  II  nnd  Mens- 

.1  ■  -.■.     'I  bar*  : 

i    1 1 linage,  "f  Rpnln    1 1  a  <>i- 

'  Ave 
•  ml    silver    pesetas  i. 


lot  I        il  ..i 
t^t^tsearr-  .    m-   nr.-   k.  in    In 

"**»B*t*.  ■  i   money. 

We  a  life  t  „.  rslilc 

T    .  I'ulwi     rr..rn 

for  tbe  year  1913   waa 
^■14,    and    ar-.l» 

^B>   were  a"it  Hitth.-r — a    l.nlai 

*r  ■   in   favor  uf  Cnha. 

acoaUition  of,  by  IT.  8. — Opp< 
Mdcnt  Fillmore,  2701. 
I  1'rorKialiion  regarding,  referred  to, 

|  Recommended     bv    President    Bo> 


Affair*  of — 
Conununioallons    regarding,    trans- 
mitted. 6098. 
Discuaaed.   2649,  2700,   6660,   6741, 
:,  6780,  6871,  7006,  7 

n  or  intervention  by  Unit- 
rid  Stntea  In,  r«f«rh>d  to,  0101, 
African     slave    trade    in,    diacuaned, 
..  304],  3124,  .1126. 

and  abuse  of  American 
.•r.ility   law*,  4826. 
Ai.l     furniahed    inhabitant*    of,    bjr 
rican   eilirens  and   Ked  CrOM, 
6284,  6308,  6320. 
Aiii.i  DMaf  in^ 

Assaulted     and      murdered,     4002, 
1088,  4023,  4196,  61S2. 

I     I"    'I'  .Mill,    -Villi). 

Ueatb.   of,  6178,   6184. 

Itatftj  ajiprojiriation   for,   6248, 
8868, 

Kxtnti'x    of   deceased,    referred    to, 

::-•:•■;,  2S94. 
Property  of,  confiscated,  4019,  4028, 

Treatment  of,  <IUeu»«ed,  6256. 

roprlatloa    for    starving   iiiiabi- 
tanta  of.  recommended,  6292. 
Army,  ('.  :  '.,  li(594. 

Autonomous     government     for,     dis- 
H308.  6638. 
P-locVadc    of    ports    of,    proclaimed, 
6472,  6481. 

ii--ed,  6290,  6312. 
Removal    of,   referred  to,  6321. 
■  1. 1-  ii.  08M 

ObifMM  laborers  introduced  into,  re- 
f.rr.-.l  to,  4116. 

II  and   political  conditions  in,  re- 
ferred to,  3998,  .':' 

Commercial  convention  with,  in  1902, 
6741,  6743,  6780. 

Commercial      relations     with,      1260, 
1981.  5089,  3470, 
6547,  6069,  6298. 
Report  on,  6898, 
Treaty  regarding,  4842,  484",  4848. 

Competitor,  enpturo  of  alleged  Amer- 
ican citizens  on  the,  6180,  6183, 
6261 

Conditions  in,  report  on,  transmlttod, 
6898. 

Constitutional  convention  assembled, 
6448. 

Consul  of  United  8tates  in,  imprison- 
ment of,  329. 

Consular  oflicora  of  United  States  in, 
rights  of,  discussed,  6069. 

Copyright  reciprocity  with,  6871. 

Correspondence  regarding,  4631,  4942. 
>iion    of    offices    in,    6589,    6591, 
6607. 

Diplomatic  intercourse  with  Captaln- 
Oeneral  of,  not  allowed.  2742 
Benewal  of,  to  be  requested,  2742. 


Cuba 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Evacuation  of  Havana,  order  regard- 
ing, 65S3. 
BsIIm    from,   arrival  of,   in   Unitod 

.!,•»,  456. 
Expeditions  against — 

■:•'.   2586,   2643,   2649, 

I'm  -Initiation*  against,  2545,  2647, 
£805. 

Referred  to,  2741. 
Oovi.Tiiiii.n!      for,      discussed,     6322, 

6377. 
Grants  of  public  or  corporate  right* 

in,  order  regarding,  6683 
Graves  of  American  soldier- 

marked,  order  regarding,  6578. 
Hurricane   in,   in    1S44,   referred   to, 

2860. 
Importation*    into,    modifications    of 
laws  regarding.  2869. 

Indemnity  for,  discussed,  2861). 
famriminnt  of — 

American    citizens    in,    389      8638, 
2676,    267",    2765,    3115,    4023, 
5516,    6068,    6100,   6181,    6182, 
6184. 
Released,  6284. 
Persons  claiming  to  bo   Amcruaii 
citizens,  6180,  6183. 
Independence   of,  recognition   of,  by 
United  States   opposed  and   prece- 
dents cited,  6286. 
Insurrection     in    (see    also    Spanish- 
American  War). 
Armistice      proposed      by     United 

States  discussed,  6280. 
Autonomous   government    for,    dis- 

MUMd,  6168,  6261,  6284,  C 
claims    of    United    States    against 
Spain   growing  out  of,  4051,  4000, 
4448,  5871,  6180. 
Concentration  policy  of  Gen.  Wey- 
ler  discussed,  0886,  6888,  6284, 
6308. 
Revoked,  6285. 
Forcible  intervention  in.  by  United 
States  discussed.  6261. 
Becormn.'ii  l.-d.    6'JSS), 
Friiiiillv    office*    of    United    States 
teudcred.  refusal  of,  referred  to, 
6255,  6282. 
Illustrations  of,  opposite  5565,  5613. 
Neutrality  proclamations  of  Presi- 
dent Cleveland,  6023,  6126. 
Policy  of  United  8tateB  regarding, 
discussed,   by  President — 
Cleveland,   6068,   6 MS. 
Referred  to  by  President  Mc- 
Kinley,  62M. 
Grant,    3085,    4018,    4051,    4101, 
4143,  4245,  -t 
Referred   to  by  President  Mc- 
Kinlev.  0250.  6284,  6201. 
Hayes,  4438,  4448. 
McKinlev,  6848,  6880,  6307. 


Provisional         government         pro- 
claimed, 7056. 
Questions  with  Spain  growing  out 
of.  4115,  4165,  4196,  4245,  4520. 
Recognition  of — 
Belligerency    by    Unitod    Stat .. « 
deemed  unwise  bv  President — 
Cleveland,  6071.  CI.' 1. 
Grant,  3085,  4018,  4292. 
M.-Kmley,   88 

di  nee    by    United   States 

opposed  and   precedents   cited, 

6886. 

B«femd  to,  4oni.  «084 

Resignation  of   President  of,  7436u 

Spain   direct*  Gen.  Blanco  to  *iu- 

peod  QOrtQItUa,  68 
Surrender  of  insurgents  referred  to, 

4437. 
Termination  of,  annoucrl.  4448. 
Joint   resolution  of   Congress   declar- 
ing  freedom   of,   authorising   in- 
tervotitioii,  etc.,  8807, 
Discussed,  6311. 

Regarded  by  Spain  a»  ''equivalent 
to    an    evident    declaration     of 
war,"  6312. 
Lopez  expedition,  pardon  and  release 

Of  BMBUMn  Of,  by  Spain,  86 
Mail  and  passengers  not  allowed  by 
Captain-General   to   land   in, 
8TT0. 
\hmir,   do-truction  of  the,  in  harbor 
of  Havana,   (5277,   6500,   6308. 
finding*    of  '-ourt   of   inquiry   dis- 
cussed. 6277,  6290. 
nbei  of  bvos  lost  bv,  report  on, 

8884 
I'roposition  of  Spain  to  investigate 
cause*  of,   referred   to,   ' 
Maritime    Jurisdiction   of  8p»in    iu 

waters  surrounding,  3380. 
Military  eommlaaton    to   superintend 

Spanish  evaluation  of,  6.t28. 
M.litary    occupation    of,    by    United 
Stat.  s.  Inr-truet i-.na  regarding,  6575. 

Pirselai  In,  ri-pressed,  788. 

Policy    of    United   States   regarding, 

r.-ferred  to.  2603. 
Porta  of  en'  i  ii t .-•  I  in,  6580. 

Possession  of,  agreement  to  disclaim 

Intention    to    obtain,    declined    bv 

United  States,  2701. 
Postal      oiiitiinunii  alion      of     United 

States  with  Santiago,  order  regard 

ing,  6577. 
Privateering  in  porta  of,  referred  to, 

23-15. 
Proclamation   of  Captain-Cii'iioral   of, 

authorizing  search   of    vessels,    re- 
ferred to,  3986. 
Boelnrodty  with  United  State*,  6688, 

8680,  6717.  6741. 
ii.iati.ii^  v.iili,  4768,  6658,  6663,  6682, 

6690,6717,6711. 
Revoluli irv  movements  in,  2385. 


questions  with,  re- 


connected with,  re- 
rat]  to.  03i  t. 

**«iippinjf     agreement      with      United 

•<•«,  MM. 
&Uwv  m    I.     1100,    4143, 

4IA4,  4196. 
Release  of  person*  held  in,  4194. 
"laviriff  law*  of,  evidence  of  modifica- 
tions  of.   proclaim-   I. 
■  747. 
"Treaty   between   Spain,   Pram-.'.   and 
Great    Britain   respecting,   referred 
to,  2«7«. 
"Tripartita   convention  on  subject   of, 
uaaM.  27oi.  :::v.>. 

"Vessels    of    Spain    from  nat- 

ing  duties  on,  sus:,  proc- 

lamation. «10,  601 
Discussed,  5089. 
ked.  507*. 
Teasels  .  state*— 

I>i«riininatinp  duties  and  fines  on, 

I:    1086.  I7H.  -1:63,  4786, 
Abolished   «10,  6165. 
Retaliatory     measure    discussed, 
4783. 
Fired  upon  by  Spanish  vessel,  6068. 
porta  of.  ' 
Spanish   authorities  in, 
.8,  2869,  4023. 
arneil        against        insurrectionary 
hat,  ' 
Cuhx,  Treaties  with. — Br  a  commercial 
coaclnded    >•  it  i>    Cubs    Dee     11, 
<D  Cnbsn  is  Imported  Into 

tea  Khali  Dp  admitted  at   a 
.(    20    per    f-.-n t    In    the    rntc    of 
a  uid  articles   and   reciprocally  nil 
VsjUusu-    of    the    Kill    or    Industry    of    Up- 
ill    be    o.l nil i  .-.1    Into    the 
"••JlbhV  of    fill  I    I    ICttC*    Of    JO   per 

I  "t   ili»   rate  of   duty   prescribed    rot 

irotuet*    by    the    Republic   of    Cnba. 

certain  article* 

■erebandlae  of   Hie   I  nlted  State*  "hall 

1  to  L'aba  at   further  reductions 

.To  «e  admitted  at  a  reduction  .,f  ;r.  per 

T'Ot:  Jlschlncry   nnil   apparatus  of    copper 

machine*    and    ape  I 

0  »olro  copper  Of  l'»  ■Ilora  enter  aa  the 

2*»W»rtt     of     ehlef     value;      rati     Iron, 

'rwiht  Iron   anil  itael,    nml   manufacture* 

'"•veiif.  of  cryal  >a,   ex  cpt    win- 

-hip*  and   water   borne  r**sc|a 

•id-    ..f  I  run  or  steel:  whiskies  ami 

rjjanlr*.    fiaii.    salted,    pickled,    smoked    or 

"Jf  fluted :    tlili    or    «hcll!Uh,    preserved    In 

In  tins:  rcrtnln  nril 
•"•Jfr  or  earthenware. 

7"  !  nt  n   reduction  nf  no  per 

lonr  of  wbeat ;   com:   (lour 
I    ptinr- 
ilte*l  protlueta  4ml  simple  drtiifa  !  malt 
h»bot'le«:  ti.  .ii  iii  Mi,,, nr  beverages: 
ii   mineral    water*,    color*    and    dyea : 
JJsw  «*•*• :  eonipleie  or  parti'    n  ,,i.-  up 
*V*  of  hemp.  flax,  pita.   Jnfe   heneqni  n, 
.1  other  >pi     •     '  table  flher» : 

•.,  Itllllllf 

eotlnn    and 
""""ifaciurcs       thereof.       except       knitted 


I.  "  ••"■ 

5 


gooda  :  nil  article*  of  cutlery;  boota.  aboea 

nml  slippers;  boh  tad  Hirer  plated  ware; 

drawing*,  photograph*,  engraving*,  litho- 
graphs, ermuollihogrepha,  olcogrepba,  etc., 
printed  from  atone,  tine,  almulnluio,  oi 
other  material,  used  aa  Inbela.  flnpa,  bands 
and  nrappera  for  tobacco  or  other  pur- 
pose*, and  all  the  other  papers  (except 
paper  for  cigarettes,  nod  except  int.-  maps 
nnd  ehsrts),  paatcboard  and  manufacture* 
thereof,  i--.mm.ui  or  ordinary  soups,  vege- 
table*, pickled  or  preferred  In  any  man- 
ner:  and  nearly  all  wince. 

To   In-  admitted  at  n  reduction  of  40  per 

i       of     "Hon,   knitted,  and 
all  manufactures  of  cotton  not  Included  la 

iii<-  pre ting  ichsduka;  checae:  frnii-   pr 

paper    pulp:    perfumery    and    es- 

:;  r.rinin  articles  of  pottery  andeartb- 

•  ii "ire:  porcelain:  aonps.   other  than  com- 

ind  pnrnaols  ;  dextrine  nnd 

flucuae;   wntchea ;   w.ml   and   manufactures 
hereof:    illk    nnd    nianufncturea    thereof; 
ittlo. 
Ir   I.  agreedtbnt  Ihe tobacco,  In  anyform. 
of  the  United   SUte«  or  of  any  of  lt>  In.u 
lar  poaacaslona.  shall  not  enjoy  the  bem-nt 
nf  ail)    ,  ion   or  rebate  of  duty   when 

impo  he  Ret »••  "f  Cuba. 

Cuallnu  and  Vni.il  BtaHont. — Ity  an  scree- 
meat  entered  luto  In  190S  the  United  States 
leases  from  in-  Island  of  Cobs  for  f2,oou 
per  annum  land  nnd  water  for  coaling  and 
naval  stations  st  Uuantaaamo  and  Bsbls 
Honds 

Political  Krlalhn*.— In  fulflllinent  of  tbs 
deeln ration  contained  In  the  Julni  resoln- 
if  April  20  iv.is  -for  the  recognition 
r  in*  people  of  ■■ 
iVmnndlng  that  the  Oorernment  of  Hpaln 
relinquish  Its  authority  nnd  gOTernmenl 
in  'in-  IxIimkI  of  Cuba,  nml   to  n-ltlnlraw  Its 

i:. i  lad  ni..ii  for.-.'K  from  f'nhn  and 
>  nl, in  wntera,  nnd   directing  the   l'retldi-nt 

,1   ii..-   1  1 1  ,   ii», ■   Hi,-  land  and 

narnl  forces  of  the   United   States  to  earry 

resolutions  Into  effect."  til- 
ls  li.Tiliy  autliorlaed   to  "Ii  ,rern- 
ment   nnd  control  of  the  Island  of  fnlia  to 
Ita  people"  so  soon  aa  a  gorerntnenl    « ti n  1 1 

1   established   In  anld  Island  under 

n  eoinstltntlan  which,  either  aa  a  part 
tberi'nfor  In  ID nrdlnnn.-e appended  1  hereto. 
Mi  ill  define  the  future  relations  of  the  unit* 
.•.I  States  wiiii  Cobs,  ths  aersral  .-.imlltlons 
were  enacted  Into  n  pirmimnt  treaty  SUb- 
atnntlally   ns   follows: 

Tl.nl  the  covernment  of  Cuba  ahall  never 
eniiT  Into  iinr  treaty  or  other  compact  with 
any  foreign  power  or  powers  which  will 
Impair  or  tend  10  Impair  the  Indepen- 
dence of  Cuba,  nor  In  any  manner  aiitimr 
Ire  or  permit  nnr  foreign  power  or  powers 
to  oli'nhi  i..»  colonisation  or  for  mlll'.irT 
or  naval  purposes  ot  othsrwtse,  i".u-tnent 

In  or  control  oyer  sny  portion  of  tald  Island. 
That    anld  goyertitnent   ahnll    not   assume 

or  enntrael    any  poblle  flsbt,   to  pay  the 

:■  ,11  which,  ami  t,»  make  renaon- 
shle  sinking  fund  provision  for  the  ulti- 
mate dlacbarfi*  .,f  which,  the  ordinary  rare- 
ime«  of  the  1. 1. mil  after  defraying  the 
it  expenses  of  government  shall  he 
Inadequate. 

That  tin-  government  of  Cul.n  consents 
thai  the  Pnlted  Htntes  may  exercise  the 
right  to  Interrene  for  the  preservation  of 
Ciilian  Independence  the  maintenance  of  s 
government  ■deqnste  f-,r  the  protection  of 
life.  pr.-tt»ertr.  ami  Indlvldunl  llbertv.  snd 
r.,r  discharging  the  obligations  with  re- 
■pert  to  t'niui  Imposed  by  the  treaty  of 
r.nrPs  on  the  t'tilt.-.i  States,  now  to  be  as- 
sumed   and   undertaken    by  the   government 

Of     ''"b/l. 

Tint  nil  Acta  of  the  TTnltcd  States  In 
Onha  during  lis  military  oecupsnev  there 
of  are  rntlded  and  validated,  snd  all  lawful 


Cub* 


Messages  and  Papers  of  tht  Presidents 


■ranlred    thereunder   shall   be   mnlo 
tallied  and  protected. 
TIi.ii   I  hi  Cuba   will 

(tend,  the 
plana  alieady  derived  or  other  plnrv*  [o  be 
milt  tin  I    u|»m      f 

.■r  hi. 

a  recurrence  of  epidemic  nnd  lul 

mojr   be  | . :  .irine 

tCllon     In     II.  mil     i  menieree    nf 

kk   u-ell    n«   to  of   the 

southern   port*   nf   the    Halted   sun>  nml 
■in-   people    i 

Th«t  the  l>lc  of  I'lncs  shall  be  omUi'-'l 
from  I  ho  pi  i  limn  I  boundaries 

Of    I'lllui,    llle    llll-    titer. 'Hi    hel      :     I.  fl     In     fu- 
ture  i 

Thnt  iii  •-■  i n > >  1 . ■  M  to  ninln- 

tiiln  I.'i-  i Ti.i-  • 

I  hereof,   :i-    well   :i«   for  In 
I    will 

•  nil     or     leiix-     •"     "1-     I'llll 

iirr  for  eoniing  or  n  nna  at 

•■(■renin    specified    |inlnlK    In    he 
nliti   Hi-   President   of  the  I'    II 

Tli.n    by    mty   of    flintier   n*»nrnnoe   the 

B"Orerhriienl    uf    IV1I-/1    will    enihu.!\ 
Rolng  in  apermnncnt  trcntv 

the    Tnlii'il    8fs  *■  is   COn- 

el. 1. 1. ■. I    Maj    22      I  .  i.-t:.  I:ric.t   I 

i'.mt. 

i  ibe    iii "  boat  mi     -  '    '-"M 

'!    th" 
several     republic*     nf    Month     nml     ■' 

'rice    for    the    nrbllmilnn    of    i ualnry 

•Hnlmv    :iiul     tin-    Bkrotnrllon    <--f    Inwi 

which    wiik  signed   In    I 
1010   nml    pritclnlmrd    In    TVnshlnrlon    July 

'  rotrnl  Am 
Tre*tlee  Witt  ' 

Cuban    Claims    rli*--ti»^'  MM, 

SITS.  (8e«     also     Spain,     claims 

against.) 
Cuban  Insurrection.    (See  Cnlin.  iimir 

recti. .n  in  i 
Culebra  Island,  reservation  of  laud*  on, 

Cumberland.  The,  engagement  witli  Qu 

tftrrtmao  refund  to.  rts-15. 
Cumberland   Road.-  -A    national    Mfbwaj 
1 1. nil   by  CODCNM  nnd  constructed  at 
ggprnee   of   the    fjeaerel    i:< 

Apiimrirl.il Inn*  fur  tin-  piirp it  building 

anil  mnlntiilnlng  thl»  ro«d  were  nptHia 
various    presidents    nnd    mei  I'mi- 

itn-Mi    mi     I  he    ground    lb*t     r--i1i-i.il 
Im-nl    Internal    Improvi-menlx    v.  n 
tiitlnnnl.      Mnr.-h     2!>.     1>'»"..    the    p-ealdenf 
w»k    authorised    to    appoint    Hire-    com  mi  a- 
•loner*  to  lay  out  *l  and. 

■  hi    the    Votomno.    to    the    Ohio    RWi-r,    and 
>SO.000  wss  appropriated   for  Hint    pin 

The   road   <■  i-  attended  from  time 
to  time,   reaching  Illinois  In   18.".s    when     I 
waa     snperneil.il     by     riillw-nrti. 
amonrtl       appropriated      wna      M.N'." 
President     Monrni      vi  • I     >     bill     fur    the 

f-pAlrof  the    rond    Vnv    1.    |8M    |7|,i         Ti,'. 

highway  wiim  also  called  the  National  road. 

(See  alto    Internal    I  uiproveineiila.  I 

Cumberland  Eoad: 
Act  for  repair  »f.  v.-i 
AineinIiiK  nt     providing    for    internal 

■lira  reeomiin  nil.  il.  7VV 
Appropriations  for,  referred  to.  7s."i, 

955. 
Commissioners  for — 
Appointed    'Ofl. 

Duties  of 

Report  of.  -»2S,  44B. 


Constitutional   amendment   providing 
for   internal   improvements   reeom- 
Icd.      (8e«    Internal    Improve- 
ment*.) 

dltorei  for,  referred  to,  933. 
IB    ("T  repair  of,  recommend. 
ed,  1162. 

rred  to,  78C,  1406. 
If"-:  |  proved,  •128. 

Superintendent  of,  816. 

iport  of,  I48L 

to,   1038. 

Currency   Laws.— strictly    «vvai;ine.    any 

I    exbanse   that    la  current,   or 

■  her-  rrryived  as  moaey,  I*  currtacj. 

s-bctbvr  It  be  en  i  The  term  bat. 

-'.  be  awlWd  In 

cn-linlvrly     to     peaer    ennoey.     1%» 

Cnper   mmwy   of    tbli   country    le   M 
nl    tender    oole* :    aeeoniL 
national  bank  noiea:  third,  null!  .-frtlBcatea ; 
h.  allrer  evrtide:  | 
J.rgiil    Tendrr  he    (real    tender 

are  b  II.  laaard 
merely  on  the  tre.llt  ..r  the  ROTernow 
originally   conatltuterl   a   aor!    e.f   a   forced 
loan    t>*erd   on    the   promise  of  tbe    eoTern- 
in,  nt    to  pay  the   face  vain  •  mand. 

tut   the  legal  tender  quality  sl«"o  them  bj 
Conareaa    madi 

le    nnd     lefnl  t     Mooey.l 

The  acta  ..f  18TB  nnd  1883,  hoaarer.  direct 

.  bold 
■  r-t-rTc  fe.r  tli-lr  redcap 
tlnn.  .-itnndlnc   oo    Septem- 

h.r    1.    IHtW.    |1 
notea.      Tbl»    wkh    reduced    t.i    j:j 

at    irhl-rh    amount    It 

baa  slnee  letrtlly  remained.      There  are  nan 

idlnit    JT.:  rbeae 

mites   nre    .  ins  of  one. 

tiro.   Are.   ten.    twenty,   flfty,    one    hundred, 

deed    one   tboasaad,   five   thiuaeana 

nml     •  ti     thousand     dollar*     l*rerlou*    to 
1V7H  Ivben  '  -  menta  wet- 

bills    '■  ■  ...    :i    'lollnr,    fra.-finnal 

HS     il      WIIK     r'llh  ..  i«sued. 

ea   were  issued   hy   lb* 
goremroent  durlns  the  war  a«  a  meanx  «f 

raisins  revenue,  nnd  the   Iwue  we 

led  nier*ly  an  a  wnr  a  t  tbe 

Mnpreme  Court  has  declared  their  lasne  coai- 
slltutlonal  And  legal,  thmish  laam 

""irinnol  Bamt   .Vote 
:;r-    Isaned  I 
ruani'  ircrumenl     lbs   r.«n»s 

depneltlne  ftilfed  States  bonds  as  aecnrltj 

"niikp    Nntlonn'  i      There   Is  .  ..• 
itandlnj   1710,201,021   of  th 

Coin    C<rtlflral'         I        i  end    silver    eer- 

llne«tea      in-      Innuml      by 

asnltiKi    deposit*    of    cold  end    jllrer 

and   are   evchnneenble   for    t In    en   de- 

bolde  'be 

d    a*   a   trunl    fund       The    ivrtllrate* 
repr.-:.  itn  and  ere  n refer- 

in    It    merely    beranse    i  I    cob- 

nee     In     linndllns.     Th 
.■li.-iilnflon    nn    *eifreinile    n 

■I    rertlfleatei    nnd    84i0.18u.lta    in 

Silver  certlrl. 

"l*wfnl  ni'iiii'V'  Include*  fiM  t.Iii.  iHlver 
dollar*.   V:  ■    ••'  and  Treaaory 

ttatee  ootee  are  by  >. 

•I. .ii   receivable  fur  riiKfonis  i^>  tone  hk  they 
n  il'l-    In    coin.       There    are 
xllll   In   ii"  if  *1     -.nil 

rlonal   bank    noti 

silver    eettltlentes.         Tren«urv    notea    were 

lin.i  into  dollar*  wherewltn  ne  notes 


Encychfedie  I 


Currency 


it*    I'  **    rnpMI> 

llcabli  <  natisaial  tank  noi»« 

u   i>. 

in    llin 
high  It  U  not  proOUblo  to 

1 1  'In  mlnnlSons    of    notes     and     Colli*    »Ui| 
tbetr  li  ■•»  i'  liclow : 


St  ill.-  panic  of  1818  la  rbo 

sugc  and  rilstnr 

I,    I Idfl  and 
.:   session  of  Coajtrcss 
Irani     *[.; 
dial    legislation  whlrli   he  doca  nt  tbc 
outset  Of  Lis  sixth  ton  i.      I  Pages 


Ukastofl 


Upll 


IteeerrsUa. 


OosJCcrsceala  ,  Sdwr CeruotaUs 


•'.far  asU  Amc*inl  of  _  filv»T 


X.la 


com  unbes  rf'J 
mm  laSa  be 

kmtmmm 

iio.ono.    caae. 
*,.."■  .tsoDjun, 

U0,  CO.  Ho. 
Notauoisr. 


For  til  roots)  dW 

For  eitsidinry  sod 
mince  coin. 


in  ..  .1 
tit 


^|U]  it  the 
RBSUiy. 


tmmMo. 


uon.  m  no.  »io. 

«.  I.M1. 
Sot  a  (coder. 


Jot  all  publi:  due 

For    silver     and 

III  »u\er  dollar*  at 
UmTmotiot. 


K>tU.(UI,AI«. 


11.000.  WO.    1100. 
HO.  CO.  (10.  It, 

»->,  11. 

Fur  all  drhu,  public 
:.n.||.  -..lie..  I. .;.t 

Fur  all  public  di»a. 

Fee  rutaidiary  ud 
■  cola. 

In  luld  U  the  Treas- 
ury. 


Turn  an  Notes  of 

on 


volume  steadily 

■I'  nj   in  i 

lljKsX.  K00.   noo. 

»jo.  ta.  no.  u, 

otherwise  ooo- 
Imctsd. 

For  til  publlo  doca. 

1'jr  olvrr  and  minor 

In  sold  »t  the  Tress, 
ury. 


National  Bats. 

Not. 


Not  lo  exceed  cacHa' 
of  banks. 


11.000.    IM0.    1100 
tad.  CO.  110.  tS. 

Not  a  tender. 


Fie  sll  public  dues  ex- 
cept MStouu. 
For  subsidiary  sUvsf 

In  "  Usf  ul  money "  at 
the  Treasury.  01  »l 
bank  of  issue. 


Coin. — The  summit  of  fold  corn 
latlon   In    1K13    was   ■  18 :    aud    of 

r,   *1:2«.782.000. 

.    :.'.-    Mm  IE    wilt   bo   aeon 

that   the  total    amount   or   money    in   clrcu- 

Ittion  la  aboot  §3,370.000, r  lew  (ban 

1S5  per  i-splls.     !  inry.  there 


ny    persons 
to  do  eooeiderablo  business  00 


sanitation 

i    payments    fall 
due  a»d  Joans  nre  cnllcd.  detuned*  ar 
o«  tbo  principal  money  centres  for  cun 
with    ■  (UMl  obllentlona.    Ind 

ratea  are  sdvrinrvd    by    those   buldliu- 
rency  and  •  pause  ensues  Besom; 
pe-lled    to   borrow    money    m 
inter.  to  borrow  at   all)    or  lose 

■eeiln  loans      BectlrltlOl  are 

offered   for   sate   at    far   below    their    ralna 
to    mcbm    Deeded    'Hi  •'■>•>      mil    hii« 

for     want     of     sufficient     clrculatlng- 

medium.     TheMe-  pnr.lrs   hats:    beea    of   fro 

qornt  occurrence  In  ll  Slatea.  and 

i.-aally  been  terminated  b]  the  r  uiovnl 

lying  cause 

not  until  many  bonesf  business  persons  have 

nanclnlly  ruined.      •  Bee   Pat 

I      i  Tmesf    ;.'.  I    d" 

viae  some  means  for  preventing  pan  Ira  baa 
lotvg  be*a  tin'  opinion  of  runny   nhtr-  Itatrs- 
und    bankers.      President    Monroe    dlt 
navd  to*  panic  of   i  "'i    In 

nlri!    annual    message    (pnire    K!1" 
The  money  atrlrufn 
sahjsrl   of  a   special   motsng-   by    President 
Van    M  causes    ind 

«h..|p  history  of  tr.ni   mMnorabl*  iianle  aro 
^d.      (TnEcs    IMt     to  1'real- 

fyW'a    dlsi-UMli'ti     I"  mi    "f 

the    clrrnlstlnB     ineillum     to     Hi"     nntlonnl 
trea»n  iimnnl 

,1    thn 
Wtdesl 

"hesnard    by    1'i-sMcrii     I 
and  Its  MMBKI  STR   pi  ' 

rr>«.    with    SMCeestinns    for 
21MT  to 

lam  and  honesty 
nlnrly  the 
batters,  lu  his  second  annual  messac*  he 
reoews  the  nji|n<sls  and  recommends  an 
effeetlre  r-dernt  hankruntcj  Ml  (Paces 
3061,  MBS.)     PresldeM  Grant  takes  up  tho 


423S,      1239.      1210     and     i£4X.]      President 

Hayes   ann c  i     ilmt     i: 

tlonn!    rum  .1    rest    solcljr  upon  a 

cm    Iin«l<.       (I'lEe    sa'.iT.I 

The  business     I  if   ISfiJ,    follow- 

ing the  SlU.r   Piinhsse  Act.  caused    I 
dent  i  Isvvlsna   u.  call   nD  extra  srsslun   of 
"«  to  repeal  the  act  sud   tsk»  inch 
measures    ns    would    i  nlldenee    In 

died  roliies.      (  Piures  fi833  to  BS3"  I 
President    RooseTcIt   cnllx   sttnitl.iu    le    m- 
rUtcd    credits    in 
lii   hit     sixth  annual  menace,  pugei;    i 

Ident  Tsft   r. h  "mini  mleil  to  Onirrone 
and  tl  |  si  ml  e  .,!  i he 

rency  question  and  the  report  of  tlo    Mone- 
tary Commission  ipnge  7803).  and 

ii     i.'  -  've    sasoclatlon 

i    I'.     hi  ii-nl     representatives    of 

rcrnmeut    In    Part    It    of   his  annual 
tncBsncr  ..f  1012. 

renew. — In    1008  Congress 

Eassvd  the  Aldrh  !  \  land  I  sney  Law 
»  render  tho  currency  of  the  country  more 
elastic  by  providing  for  the  ll 
Trejaury  of  emergency  money  to  tM  na- 
tional banks  to  the  eitonl  ol  SO  pet 
of  then  cuiiltnl.  •eii.reii  ny  state,  county. 
ipprovcd  bonds  or  so- 
•  ■■>.     whenever    the    ne  ,,r     tiie 

country   datoandsd    on   Lnrroaae    In   money. 
This   to    be   retir-d   be  a    tax  whunerer  Ha 
eed    had    pii-.'-d.       (See     Aid 

ind  Curren.  >    i 

I'r.f-  ifcS.  —  U'llen    the    rierno- 

■'•itlon  cams  Into  .'nil  power 

With      l'l      -    . I .  r .  1       (VlllOD     ill      1018,      he     ■ 

aD  urgent  appaal  to  CnngTeas  t..  snacf  tds> 

laws    'pnee  S2".0t,  and    the 
rexiilt   wan  the  '.  riweii    I  ederal   llcscrre 

ne   Law.    which    m    b  i     sum- 

marlted      At   the  hr.-kltie  out  of  the  I 
peas  war  iii   inn.  ton  organlxsi 

•     hud     ii"t    been    rnrfected,     nrd     tho 
drop  lu  in..-.-.,  of  isearltlea  consequent  npon 

Intlou     of     their     Ami 
hfildlngs  DOCOaall  ,r    an,| 

the  contlnueil  uas  of  the  emerveoi 

Ullder    the    Alilllell    Xre.-lntl'l    la*    III    14)14.       ' 

'  M    Chief    I  ""  Islons   iif    the   <;iais  ' 
law  sre  ns  follows  : 

lii"   rtecretsrv  of   the  Tr.  Sec. 

retsry   of   Agriculture    and    the   Controller 


Currency 


Jessages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


of    the    Currency.    acting    a*    the    Reserve 

Bank  Organization  Committee,  shall  doslg 

nale   not   Icm   than   eight   nor   more    than 

twelve   cities   to   bo   known   ■•   federal    rt- 

snd  shall  divide  the  continental 

d   Stotes.   excluding   Alaska.    Into  dla 

I,    each,   dlatiit    to    contain    only    one 

aueh  federal  rwne  city. 

Kvery  National  hanking  association  with- 
in aueh   dlatrli'la  shall   he    r red.    wit  Inn 

thirty  day*  after  notice  from  the  Organiza- 
tion Committee,  to  auhaerlhe  to  the  «■:■!■: : ;v I 
stock  of  such  federal  reserve  hank  In  a  mini 
equal  to  sis,  per  .,. in.  of  (he  paid  up  capital 
■lock  and  aurplua  of  aueh  bank. 

No  Individual,  copartnership  or  corpora- 
tlnu  other  thnn  n  member  bank  of  Ita  dis- 
trict aball  be  permitted  to  bold  at  any 
time  mora  than  s2f>,000  par  value  of 
at  nek  In  any  federal  reserve  bank.  Na 
federal  reserve  bonk  ahall  cotnmeneo  busi- 
ness with  a  auhaorlbed  ranlt.il  lean  than 
14.000,000, 

Each  federal  r»»erve  bank  ahall  establish 
branch  banks  within  the  <•  derm  rcacrve  dla- 
trlct  In  which  It  la  located.  Such  brnnebea 
ahall  be  operated  by  :i  hoard  of  ai-veii  direc- 
tors, four  of  whom  aball  ho  selected  hv  tp« 
r»»erve  bank  and  three  by  the  Federal  Re- 
serve  Hoard. 

Upon  deposit  with  the  Trenanrer  of  the 
Dotted  Statea  of  Any  bond*  of  (la-    V 
States  in   the  maimer  •  Istlug 

law  relating  to  national  banks,  each 

shall  receive  from  the  Controller  of  the 
Currency  circulating  notes,  registered  and 
coonteraljnisd  aa  provided  by  law,  eqoal  III 
amount  to  IBS  par  value  of  i  he  bonds  ao 
depoalted,  auch  notea  to  be  Issued  under 
the  tame  conditions  and  provisions  of  law 
which  relate  to  tin-  lama  of  circulating 
noies  of  u.-irhinni  hunks  secured  by  ttonds  of 
the  Cnlted  -Stnlca  bearing  the  circulating 
privilege,  except  that  the  Issue  OfSOcn  notes* 
shall  not  be  limited  to  the  capital  stock  of 
auch  federal  reserve  bank. 

The  capital  stork  of  each  federal  reserve 
bank  shall  be  divided  Into  shares  of  *10O 
each. 

If  any  member  bank  ahull  ha  declared  In- 
solvent, nod  n  receiver  appointed  therefor, 

the  stock  held  by  It  In  snld  federal  I 
bank  shall  be  cancelled,  without  Impair* 
ment  of  lU  liability,  "nil  nil  cash  paid  sub- 
scriptions on  snid  slock,  with  one-halt  of 
one  per  cent,  per  month  from  the  period 
of  hi*!  dividend,  not  to  exceed  the  book 
value  thereof,  shall  he  Ural  applied  to  all 
debts  of  the  Insolvent  member  hunk  to  the 
federal  reserve  bank,  end  the  balance.  If 
any.  ahall  he  paid  to  the  receiver  of  tho 
Insolvent  bank, 
After  all  eagary  expense*  of  a  federal 

reserve    bank    have   been    paid    or    provided 

for,    the   stockholders    shall    be    entitled    to 
re  an  annual  dividend  of  »U  per  cent. 
on   the  paid  In   capital   itodti   which   dividend 
shall  be  cumulative. 

A  Federal  Reserve  Ttonrd  I"  created  wh'.-h 
shall    consist   of    seven    members,    including 

iio-  Barrets ry  of  tha  Treasury  and  the  Con- 
troller of  the  Currency,  who  shall  tie  mem- 
bers cx-offlrlo.  and  five  memhec-i  appoloted 
by  the  President,  who  shall  devote  their 
entire  lime  to  the  work  of  the  Board,  and 
ahall  receive  a  salary  of  $12,000  per  year. 
The  Federal  Reserve  Hoard  la  authorised 
to  eiaralne  the  account*,   book*  and  affairs 

of  each  federal  reaerve  bank  and  to 

aueh  statement*  and  reports  «s  It  may  deem 
aery. 

There  Is  created  n  Federal  Advisory  I 
ell.  which  shall  eonalal  of  ai  many  members 
aa  there  IT*  federal  reserve  districts. 

The  Federal  Advisory  Oonncll  shall  have 

Kwcr  to  confer  directly   with    the    Federal 
eerve   Board   on  general   business   condl- 


did  the  general  affairs  of  the  reserve 
banking  system. 

Any    federal    reserve   hank    may    receive 
fr  :n   nnj    ol    ii  i   tneiober   hanks   ami 
the  Culled  Mtntea  deposits  of  current  funda 
In  lawful  money,  national   hunk  aoti 
i  ml    reserve    aotea   or   checks    and    drafts 
upon   solvent  member  banks,  payable  upon 

poses,    may    n ive    from   oth-rr    federal    re- 
serve   hanks   deposits   of    current    f-jr.ds   la 
lawful  money,  national  bank  notes  or  i 
and   drafta    upon    aolvi 

al   reserve   banks,  payable  upon  pre* 
entntlon. 

Every    federal    reserve    bank    shall    bare 

S»war:  to  deal  In  sold  coin  and  bullion  at 
or  abroad,  to  make  loans  thereon, 
exchange  federal  reserve  notea  for  gold. 
gold  coin,  or  gold  certificate*,  and  t 
i  met  f..r  loans  of  .- D  d 
to  buy  and  aell,  at  home  or  abroad,  bonds 
and  uot.-s  of  the  United  State*,  and  bills 

notes,    rsvaau*    bonds    and    warrants   with    a 

maturity  from  date  of  purchase  of  ni 
cecdlug   six   months.   Issued   In    anticipation 

Of    th Ilectlon    "f    UlUM    or    In    at.ll-r.pa- 

tlon  of  the   receipt  of  assured  revenues  by 
any    stute.    county,    district,    political    sub- 
division, or  municipality  lu  the  cootli 
t'nlled  Suites.  Including  Irrlgattot 

union  districts;  to  purchnae  from 
member  hanks  and  to  sell  bills  of  exchange 
arising  out  of  comnici 

SStabitaHi    from    time    to    time    rates   0-f  dls- 

•'ii i- r   I..        charaed  by  the  federal   reserve 

bank  for  each   class  of  paper,    which    shall 

he    fixed    with    a    view    of    :■■.    iiiic. dating 

ci 'roe  and  business:  to  open  and  main. 

tain  hanking  accounts  In  foreign  countries. 

appoint  eorrcvpondeota  and  establish  ageu- 
cfea  in  auch  count  rles 

The  moneys  held  In  the  general  fond  of 
the  treasury,  except  the  five  per  centum 
fund  (or  i In-  redemption  of  outstanding  na- 
llonal  bank  notes  and  the  fund*  provhVd 
In  thl*  act  for  the  redemption  of  federal 
reserve  notes,  miir.  upon  the  direction  of 
Hi-  Becretary  of  the  Treasury,  be  deposited 
In    federal    reserve   hanks. 

No  public  fiinds  of  the  Philippine  Islands 
or  of  the  postal  savings  or  any  government 
fiiuds  shall  be  deposited  In  the  rontlneatsl 
t'nlted  Statea  In  any  bank  not  belonging 
to  the   system  eslahllxhed  by  this   act. 

Federal  nwn»  notes,  to  be  Issued  at  th* 

discretion  of  the  Federal  Reserve  Board  fur 

the  purpose  of  making  advance*  to  f»-Vrai 

re   hanks   through    lbs   federal   reserve 

agents    in 

notes    iluill    be    receivable    by    all    nsl 
nnd     nn-mber    banks     and     federal     reserve 
bmiUs  and  for  nil  tsJ   '    custom*  nnd  other 
public  doe*.     They  ohull  be  r«locm.-.i 
gold. 

Any  federal  reserve  hank  may  make  ap 
plication  to  the  local  federal  rceerve  sgrut 
for  such  amount  of  the  federal  reserve  notes 
as  It  mny  ivi-ulre. 

[Cvrrj  rni. rni  reaerve  hank  shall  main- 
tain reserves  lu  gold  or  lawful  mon.v  at 
DO)   <■■■>»  than  th;i  •  -m  mo  . 

its    depoalt*    nnd    reserves    In    :. 

lea*  than  fortj  pec  centum  nciinst  it*  f.d 

ernl    n-serve    notca    In    actual     clrcul 
Whenever      federal      reserve      notea 
through  one  federal   re-ierve   bank   sh 
received   by   another   federal    reserve  bask, 
they  shall  be  prompt  i 

or    redemption    I  i  il    rosere*   bank 

through  which  they  were  nrlgtnslly  U»nrd. 
No   federal   reserve  bank  shall   hbt  oul 
notes  Issued  thmuch  another  under  penalty 
of  a   tax  of  ten  per  centum  upon  the   f*rv 

..f  notes  so  paid  our. 

lu      order      to      ruroleh      'tlltnlile      nof-'B     for 

circulation    ns    federal    reserve    nates,    th* 
Controller  of  the  Currency  shall,  undei 


■myclofcdic  Index 


Cyclone 


n  of  tbe  Secretary  of  tbe  Treasury, 
printed  sorb    note*  of  the   denomlua- 

.  u  it,  $i>i,  $ii>.  »:.o.  1100. 

Kwj  federal  reserve  bnnk  tboll  receive 
on  deposit  at  p»*r  from  member  bank*  or 
froca  federal  rvarrvr  b*uk«,  check*  and 
rmfri  dra« 

inel  »t*n  remitted  by  a  federal  reserve 
sank  cUrii  n&il  drati*  drawn  by  any  da- 
roaltor  la  any  other  federnl  reserve  bank 
•r  nrnber  back  upon  fuoda  to  the  ored  • 
•f   aid  depositor   Id  sold   reserve   bank   or 

Maht  bank 

Attar  two  year*  from  the  puaase  of  this 
>rt.  aid  at   aay    time   during   a    period   of 
T  years  thereafter,   any   member  bank 
<Mtni4t  to  retire  tbe  whole  or  any  pal 
it»   dreulai:  may    HI*    with    the 

Treu  i  alter)  States  an  appllca- 

Oai  to  sell  for  Ita  account,  at  pat  ami 
•rrrord  Interest.  Tutted  States  bonds  secur- 
llt  tlrealattuii    IO    be    retired. 

il  liabilities  within  1 1».-  meaning  of 

iMi  Kt    (ball    (naitirlk!    all    depn*K< 

'ilbiu  thirty  day*,  and   time  depoalta 

•Ull  Meaprlae    all    depoalta    payable    after 

■  day*,   and   all   saving*   arcounta   mid 

"f  deposit   which   an?  subject   to 

«ot  Iraa    tban    thirty    days"    notice    before 

tta    national     banking    association     BOl 
"ImW  la  a  reaerve  city  or  central  reaerve 

a  aay  make  loans  secured  by  Improved 
ueoruasbercd  farm  land.  shunt-d  with- 
■  *s  federal  reserve  dlatrlrt.  bui  no  ioeh 
***<eal!  be  aaade  for  a  longer  time  iban 
*•  »nr«.  nor  for  an  amount  exceeding 
Uly  p.r   real  ||     tnltia    of    tba 

•tferty  offered  aa  security,  A«y  aiieh  hank 
aay  auk*  sorb  loans  id  an  orgrcgnte  mm 
1HI  s»  twriif.  nt.  of  lt»  capital 

**1  Birplii*  <ir  to  "iie  third  of  It*  tlmo 
•♦•an  and  racb  banks  may  continue  here- 
•Jb*  a*  i  line  deposits 

"a  &»  pay  Interest   on   «ame. 

ntj  oitloual  banking  nsmrlallon  p 
1  a  coastal  and  surplus  of  11,000.000  or 
f"»  nay  die  application  with  the  Fetbral 
fesertr  i-.<.«,rrt  for  the  purpew  of  securing 
It*  (■>  establish  branches  In  foreign 
JoatarSe*  or  il-ie-niteoclcs  of  the  Doited 
"tare*  far  tbe  fnrthsrsneo  .f  the  foreign 
■jposavr.r  ..f  Ihe  '  nlted  State<  anil  to  act, 
IT  r»e/ilrfd  to  do  so,  as  nmal  agent*  of  tba 

i  Slate*. 
^naacy    (***    n1»o    Reserve    Rauking 
rvrstetn,    Gold    Certificates,    B 
Certificates): 
Drfreta  in   law    pointed   out   and   ra- 
ti.dial  legislation  urged,  7049,  7050, 
TWO,  7081.  7879. 
Duraascd.    (8ee  Finance" 
EWriie    and     responsive     to     credit, 

•reded.  7879. 
r>f  i!ie  Constitution,  precious  metal*, 

d,     1105. 
Waa  i  ion   for.   indorsed  by 

President  Cleveland,  BH 
Di.cu.svcd,   5993.    5000,    6(C.1,   6091, 

i-  metals,  current*  of  the  Con- 

"llUlinn.      1165. 

"MocUon  In,  C30. 


Reform  needed,  7870. 

Uniformity  of,  necessity  for,  58,  60, 
ID,  550,  563,   1896. 
Ouster    Maaaacrc — MnJ.-Oen.    fJcorge    A. 
Custer  led  wllb   hi*    raafcmaal    OafL    Terry'* 
.'"Ilium  In  loo   ugnlnst   tbe  Sioux 

Indiana  In  I8T0,  June  20,  ..ouilug  upon 
uu  encampment  of  Indian*  on  tb«  Little 
liig    Uara    Rlviir,    In    .M.minnn,    be    divided 

bis     reg in     i  i lie    Seventh    Cavalry)    Imo 

several  detaebm.nl.  ,,tm  of  wblch,  under 
MnJ.  Iteiin,  nn>  ordered  to  attnek  In  the 
rear,  while  Custer  led  0  compaole*  to  tbe 
front.      Keno   was  driven   back  ami    lb"     I 

iiinii*  fell  upon  Cnater  ami  Daaaaacred  hi* 

entire  euiniiiand  Of  about  ".•Til  men  (4337). 
(See  lliustratlona  opposite  4381.) 

Cuatom-Houaes: 
In   K««  York— 

".rity  for  tsatltatlauK  EsTOBtlga> 
tion  damudad,   1!)5S. 
Kvpeaaea  of,  referred  to,  2010. 
Invyatigaled,  1952,  2007,  4423. 
Report  of  aOBUB»tl0Bam  referred 

to,  2005,  2014,  4402. 
Reply  of  Praalaant,   IOCS, 
Officers  of,  claims  of,  for  additional 

pay  discussed,  2722. 
Partisan   control   over,  order   regard - 
iiiK,   44IC. 
Customs. — The    tax   nsiewcd   on   goods  Im- 
ported. 

Customs     Administration     Board    di*. 

enaseil,  6548, 
Customs     Appeals,     Court    of.       (Hee 

Courts.) 
Customs,  Collector  of.  compensation  of, 

recommendations   regarding,    4102. 
Customs  Congress  of  tbe  American  Re- 
publics, i.-K  uu. I   to,  I") 7 T. 7 . 
Customs  Districts,  consolidation  of,  rec- 
ommended, 471)7. 
Exeeutivo  order  designating,  7980. 
Customs  Duties.     (See  Import  Duties.) 
Customs  Revenue,  Commissioner  of.  ere- 
n  l  ion  of  office  ol",  recommended,  3985. 
Customs  Service: 

Order   r.  luring  to  and   providing   for 
fines    for    dishonest    manifests    in 
Canal  Zone,  7963. 
Treasury  Department  given  authority 
over  officer*  of  an   inforcement  of 
neutrality  lava,  7064. 
Cyane,  The,  sent   to  Oreytown,  Nica- 
ragua, to  demand  reparation  for  in- 
juries sustained  by  United  States, 
2S16, 
Bombardment    by.     discussed,    2816. 
(See  also  Oreytown.  Nicaragua.) 
Cyclone  State. — A  nickname  for  North  Da- 
kota (q.  v.i.     (See  alio  states):  sometimes 
also   nicknamed  Sioux  State. 


Dairying 


lessages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Dairying  and  Cattle  RniBinj..— On*  of 
the    asoat    strlkln 

of  dairy    farm  lot:    In  I    Stale!    I- 

i  In-  uanafcr  of  i! 

I     lli.-    (urm    In    the    far 

| '■   bo    farm 
bropsrtj    and  i"    ■  ii  constantly  In- 

aro   .if    ilio    Inl". i    ..i    ri 

in  I  ik  mil.  marketabli   farm  i-  done  u  - 

ITl.'K. 

'lli.-  product!  ol  i                     ...in. 

within    ih.     t . -it 1 1  c*. 

Thl«   .  Iim  I. ii  -lie   the 

.  which    i    i    r«    Hi.-    • 

of     the                                           <■(     n**OCln'. 
Op»l  al  Log     III     A I  i-il 

ih.  or 
■  pram    fiom    inch    mil'..  Ill    In 

al    "ii.-    place    i..    I..-   -• i.n-.-.i.    ..r- 

ni;i<:.     It:'.  ■    Inlll.r    in     (": 

lUtpnt    a    liin'.iuf.i    I  Ini  ' 

.,•    ISrtO  i 

The  nuiulH-r  Init.-M  .  .1  •    rj    II  ti  I.-  iiniil  after 

(i  n    v.    ■  •     : 

>::.V.-iil     Hi     ■  ■  I  III' 

i.r  inn  t>f 

IOI  t.-il    lint  i.-r    .i  *    Ih. -II 
Til!  >  npii..  I   In' 

There 

Hl.otul  pcraona  engattcd  in  the  loudness,  nml 
»l-».i;?i...  :::    vs  :i      paid  and 

Wage*.     Tlic    lota]    vni.  .n  duct   *»»• 

i.'iT."  1  v.       Ill    th  i-    in.'... 
: .  tin    ronalll ni<  -    i 

Hi.-    i. .mi    nine   ..f   product 
proccaaea    of    mi- 
almpl!    nml    Inci : 
materials    used    In    18011    w 
forming  BC.8    mm   ■■   il     if   Ids  raise  of  r ?»■• 

I  mult!  '  !i.'    vnlii..    addl  "I    h 

III  turf     I  tliill     I*.    Ill'1     val   "■    of    prni     ,.  • 

I -t  of  m.-iti-rlolM  «a»  only  $30,  HI  I  .«."•». 

rV'.ii/icil.  v        TI 

Introduced  In   v-v.    England  about   rltlrt] 

I'l-.tr-    gag    npi'ii    mIi. u    mi.    known    aa    'I-' 
|.i;in      Tiii..  .  u  :i  popular 
form  of  creamery  mnnoticment  Id  some  -. 
-  lira    from    I  -  .-      n    .    SO 

ptllTl     ill.'     lit.  '.  III!     .IL. 

"KI'CllU^"!     ' 

mill  tin-  cream  ..ill.  aroni  (0  lln- 
.  i.  jim.'i  i .   being   nana 

BEVOta  ".        Hi"" -.-i  in    "-•   Li- 

■in-   n. mi.-   "cream    gathering."      'rii.-   dairy 

i-l'lltrlf  11---  .      ■   r      il 

nppmrnnre    In     Anicilin     la     1879,    urn!    bftH 

rcrolutlonlied   dairy  and  ..  .nage- 

lii.  III.      TI..-  Iht.    machine.    f..r 

iii'.rlninli  nl    'klmmlng    .>r    separating    •  •■ 
from    -  i  ami   alar 

ilint    time   ti..-   "separator   plan"    hn<   been 
adopted    In-    i. in-  factories, 

mnl  h:i-  mill. Hi    rpnlai   .i  Lbi  cream  gather- 
Inir   plan    In    ertablUhed    rrenmcrle*      The 

by     power,    lift*. 
placed  hi   ih..  ri-  earner?  nml  »t  it*  branches 
or    aepnrntlne    station*,    and    Hie    milk    fi.r 
butter  lli-  1..-.-II  (mill. si  dally  to  Tli. [i 

than       .1  .11  lin-.l     or      i-cpilliiti  il 

radlral  change  i  f  iiinTuiEf-miiir  account!  fur 
too   .i."  -.  ii       In  en  ...in   a*  a   material    ■■■ 

'  li>  lln.  .  i.  i.iiiii  i.  -.  urn!  iniiili  for 
ih..  Increased  rpimii  iv  of  milk  «,,  .  ,-.  ,i 
The  centrifugal  rivRra  agparatOf  wn*  Intro 
•l.pi-il  nml  I   In   Inn.-.,  alalia 

t  ■<■  n  i  r  lii>r  .i.  am  power   in.. I   .f  such  rapaclljr 
thnt    one    machine,    operated    a    few    hour* 
.i   ih..  milk   from 

:  Iiillnlr.il  rnn-i.  I  In*  poa-erflll  sepa- 
rator In  therefore  the  t  of  a 
creamery,   and   d v.-nrk    for   :■   whole 


nclebborhooxl.  Jt  baa  been  fmitnl  brnirnT. 
ilini  tli"  inlHir  and  rtp*'ti»»  of  dally  hauling 
ii  1 1  re  milk  product  of  patron*'  limi 
to  tbe  creamery,  often  aereral  mlln  dis- 
tant. 1»  ton  great  a  tat  ui«.n  tbe  Ii-: 
\  in.-  .in.  in  toward  re-llef  of  ibe  imtrooi 
and  ccooonay  In  creamery  mam 

i  in      ..-iiiih..'. ut     of     aelxb'.i.. 

"akin  i-n\  only   '• 

aeparotor    and     power     to    sfierace     H.     M 

ivnlial  pU.nl 
atatlo  -  an     I-     tran»iMirl<d     I 

parent    butter- making   factory. 

It    l«   Interenlnc  to  note   thnt  wblle   tbe 

in  ha»  »»••» 

-in-ii  »«  to  ralw  tin-  product  of  tame  •atab- 

lu  ten  year*  from  1.%  per  ceat  lo 

i  of  tin.  total  buttar  predoxt  of 

nlted   siat»«.   niih  a   nel   racrcaac  »f 

IM  I  made 

on  fnrmi  baa.  ni-v-Tthi-l.-:-*.  Irj.reat.-d  u.-ariy 

ftftj    lnlllliili    pi. nml-.      Aa    a 

II 
n    fm'torlc*    arc    alao    ttiixienu    which    ih- 
•  hi     fnrni*     are    smit<»L 

I"    a     notalile     |.|.-.'|iHi.li.         IT      p: 

wblell 

la   nioi-i-   than   any   ol  arbDe    It" 

i   i    win  .-iFsi|imailVe]y   aaaall, 

new    elemi  di  ■■    whli  b 

Inp  n   miMlltl.-atl I    tin-  creamery 

are   |!n     Invention    -.f    llin    llaliox-k    fal 
(.n-    milk     and    tii"   adoption    of   ibe   farm 
•  for  either  hand  or  :• 

Tin     liiii. k    teat    b    a    clu-calcA-aaeclianleal 

not     dlrflrult     to    n| 

■ 
in r J u    or    cream    may    he    menurol    with 
mathematical    accuracy,   and   tin-    rain*   -.f 
ih.-    I.,.  ing    eli  men  -.  d    mi 

fnr  *«   quantity   &  cot  dellr- 

IPtl 
new  leneinlly  ii-»ted  In  thl<  way  awl  paid 
for    on    the    bavla    of    the    fat    It    contains 
mataoda    are    «o   mscb 
.1   '   .    ih.  many 

dairy  formem  are  nrorurlne  private  aepa- 
rator*.  The  State  Dairy  Commbwlooer  of 
Iowa    r.p<ni«    more    than    n  ml    of 

u.itom    own"d    Iit    pntnm« 
■nmerleiL      Thla    new    form    of   cream 
.    raiildly   i-atendlnj:.    and  cream 
■    raw  ma- 
'.ilal   received  at  the  factorle*  for  bnttti 
making. 

Until '       rii.-   quantity   of   batter   packed 
»olld  or  In  prints  and  rolla  rari 

In    N»w 
.ii-     illl.  k    n-il 
nooen  fnrn  ■      where  butt  t  •■an  he 

lull  di-alera  or  eon«i)mer«. 
'.  .ini. -ni       I'liiii-d,     the    ereain- 
..t    thla    aecllon    park    twice   in    tnuch 
In i i.r    In    ih.-    form    of    brick*,    prln' 

hallK      a*     Th"V     do     III     Kllld     Inb!     or     llrktllK. 

In   llbode   Island  and   L'onncctlcut,  with 
tall    market-    at    tliclr   door*,    the    f< 

I  in.  I.  "k-hi    time!  in-    much   nf    n. 
I!  In  tuba.      Philadelphia   and   ihe 
Pennsylvania   ninrkela  In  tren.-:al   have  lone 
I.,  .ii    ii.  |.  il    lor  elrellenl    tirillt    butler      PnitBI 
Iowa.   tV'taconaln,   Mlnoenotn  and  South  Da. 

be    "i'i  long  'i    lanes*  to 

market    mid   naturally  gocu   malnl 

rii,    a-rerage  price  for  butter  througttout 
the    countrT    la    20    cenri    a    pound:    Ik    " 
parked    aolld    In    tuba   average!    IS    r-p 
that    In    print*    and    mnall    packa 
nvcri  •        nt«.       By    careful    comput 

lion   n    ii-   found   tiiat  22H   pound!  at  milk 

1-:    r..*|iilr.'il    In    mill.-    one    pound    of    bl 
This  taken    In  with 

Ibe   :r  .i    butler    '.'-in«  a   !«•!« 

upon  which  to  a.  profit 

oi  I"-  •  In  .I'll ry  farmloc. 

Kklui  milk  1«  lookad  iipmi  aa  a  by-product 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Dairying 


••f  ib«  crcamarlc*.  and  I*  OgurnS  as  worth 
about     ten     or    .ipv.a    ivaia    per    hundred 
returned  tu  the  lai-m- 
11   thla  prk-c  «ud   fed  10  young 

>cln  which 
•clU  for  three  to  iiic  rcau  a  pa 

re. — Chceae  faclorlee  are  ran  ra 
the   <ame  general    r.ilnc.pJ.»   ■•  ercn" 

■I. Tit 
lloT,    ami    Cjlia 

all  o.  d 

rewail.i.ii,'    Ik    .:-:.•:! i  'j   rbeddar       llri 

:i"     of 

ailed 
Mar. 
Sarentful  efTi>rl»  hare  bi-ra   made  In  the 
nldtr  cbc«--.~r--*klne   mate*    i<>    Imitate    i» - ' f ■  1 1 

foreign     tuend- 

Swbo,  Canirmlicrt.  Brie  and  other  v ■  r I ■  •  r ! . •  - 

ar»  ina-lr  an  part  of  Ilia  regular  output  and 

■nd  reedy  »ale  lo  competition  wllli  the  lin- 

■ 

.'oned  J/ilc  —  Thf  ro»<!.ii:-i!   milk  Id- 

■   «»•  xiartrd  •boat  \t*  *an>e  time  »- 

the  r«.ttory  •)'•>'■>  tor  making  batter  and 

'Hmc     Soeae  m-ilmd  bad  long  bean  aoiight 

■■■ 

Borden 
i. line  hi-  dei:d-d  tbat  a 
<-bI  lKuM     m: 

illi-d  up- 

r  which  baa  line*  popularlxrd  (li 
it  quarter  of  Die  globe.     "The  present 

-»ten..l»e    Industry.    In     I  DC    aa    well    u* 

\ i.i.i,   Willi    I'k  many  i)i  ilill»ti 

n-><l    various    commercial    anmea    nnil 
brand*.    l«  Ilord-n'*.   mcth- 

Tbla  applli:.    I  .    I  bo 
llrlr    aj     ir»ll    a.     1..    thai     preferred     with 
wigar.  for    "plain  rondco»-d  milk"  wn 
ai  I    pul    upon    0i«    linn  ■■ 
It   him   ihen    mi 
and  Int.-nd'd   for  early  nae.      Between    1800 
and    1870    milk    In   bolb    form*   bad    become 
arell    known,    Bad    roar    or    rt»-»    fa«- 
•we    In    operation,    each,    producing    about 
5.OO0  ooe-ponnd  eons  per  day. 

ilier  and  rnlue  of  milch  cow*  In  the 
.     Him     iRouro — lle- 
poria  ol  the  Department  of  Jigrlciilrui-.i  . 


Yaw  Ju  1 

Xomixr. 

Value, 

ISM) 

law.. 

tan ... 

IBM. 

in* 

1M 

14.1  ..■  -■ 
I8434JX1 

IB.4U4.fi20 

K.nT.-.»: 
19,041,717 

I.VI  '•-> 

vtjgajn 
wasun 

ir.tio^i? 

17,472.1*. 

tarn  m 

1: «    ,. 

JI.IM.i»» 

n.T20jm 

m  nTjoa 

-v.r:r..-. 

JI.9M.00O 

M6.307.vO0 
841.378,132 

a«7 

SOS.001.720 

f  ■.'-; m 

»»..                   

ta» 

smistsm 

4  7«  ,233.929 

lit. 81 2  10b 

SOSJM3,07? 

,7 11.011 
M8.M1  )"i 
It?  277  VH 

_ 

.•■  Fjaajaj 

•4i.tOG.oeo 

6SO,OS7A» 

'•    ■'    "- 

■I'J.OOO 

ais.tu.iMi 

WI.7a.D0O 

i.iimsjjoo 
l.lK.llKooo 

■  ■• 

nio 

191) 

Wit    ... 

The  entire  dnlry  and  cattle  raiilne  bn»l- 
ncaa  of  Ibe  rnlted  Stair,  lot  thi 
>ear  may  b  low*  : 

11.. 1    baUan    kapt    for 

milk  in,     I, 

■DOS  20.023.-IXJ 

Cow»  and  hclfrra  not  kept  for 
milk  burn  bvfure  Jan.  I, 
lliosi 

llelfera   iM.rn   in   lino 7.2:1./ .--n 

Kteera  and  1,11 1 1»   bora  iipfur* 

1.    l0Oa    "..:■■' 

1  ulla     burn     In 

IB«   6.«n0.2«v 

Calrea    born     after    Jan.     1, 



Milk    prodneed    (poaod*) . . .    a.' 

Illi  1  'I     '  pOUDdl   '     .      I 
Valiii-    Of    ml  IK.     eroatB    and 
nklrai  .-::■!.    -.i 

d»    of    baiter    ur<Mltici-d, 

*    •  L019.4.H 

1  '"1111.1.    ui    ..'hvean    produced, 

LWOB    320,682,181 

•  In  addition,  -j  181,212  MOOda  ol  ' 
priHliicvd     Id    e-i  1.  i,.'.l     1  ■  1 1 

v  la  the  mautifai'iiin 

ttioti  .       .     :  ,1:1; 

addition,    10,413    pound< 
produevd    m    ectablltl 
inarliy   m  r !i. -  manufaelun'  "'  proilueia  other 

■  ban   bun  .in],  11  .,  U   milk. 

Coaai  1   tin-  per  capita  cotuumn- 

tlon    of    dairy    D  |hl« 

ronntiy  I.  a  tltDpla  tat 
nuil    ,h, ,  ..    an        .1.  erm  >l  niucrv- 

fon   fa  run,   ami 
1  1    ■•■  add  ii  ; . >>•  1  in-  torelKB  und 
floma  I       Dividing    tlil» 

-inn   bj    Mi-   porinlnilun   V-  -a-n 

.i(    botlar    rot   a    y-nr   and   3!^   ponaA    Ol 

ivjiort  TVoaV,    1  bae  a.  bottar,  ami  batter 
fata  at.-  again  becomlug  Impnriam 

n   Inns  period  of  eom- 
u  or  twenly 

uo    the    1  nil  ,i    stni  ■      u  n-     lelllne    0 

1  IM.    ur,.l    ,(l 
"I    botutr.    fr.mi    SO.UO0, 1    lo     g0.0n0.000 

:,        -..iimii  .11111      :,, 

1 . . . m>i..  1 » M 1  |„,iiii<1  1  .,1    >m  ration   bottet  an- 

nnull«.      In  later  year*,  how-s.-r.  rxnorta  of 
tril»  .-in--,  ilecreoaed  In  a  rm  m  and 

in  hi-  n«cnl  year  1911  bad  fa  lieu  for  belot* 
tbc    qunmltleM    naimil        In    tin-    year    luat 
a   dlntlnct   rvTival   la 
with    t.itn!.  eloaidy   appioi 
Ine  the   high   Iev-K   touched    In    lb-  J 
1    i-iiiii 
The  large  an  lira  made  by  domeatlc  dairy 
U    and    butter    aoballtutej    arc    wall 
llloatraied  by   Agurea  pnbllahed   hi  Hi-   Hu- 

■lelen    and    limn,    lie    I  omi 
liepartment     of     Commerce,     in     the     Jana 
"Snm/r.  iiiieree."     Bv 

umially    areraglng    about    3.500.000  pound* 
annualh    In  a  1010  wrnl 

thi. 

period   Importi   <>i   bolter  were   reduced   bf 

ban   boe-half,   fnlllng  from   a    : 

leva  rim.,    Mino.iiu'i   ri,,unds  In    1014  to  leaa 

■  ban  4.OOO.11M11  i"  111..I -    ':,  1 

American  eheeae,  rnnnlng  m  a  iouI  3  mh>,- 
oiki   pounde    a  10   B4.000 

Iiouod«  In  the  flacnl  year  1915.      Here  alio, 
u  in  ■'  butler    Iba  trade  balaac* 

H'Aa    Tr:lli-I,  M-il    to    the    exn  Of    til- 

unporti  of  cheese  lait  year  only  to- 
taled  50.000,1100  pound*,  a  decrease  of    13.- 

ih-  total  <•>•■  1:111 

oi f    col  ilia",    iiMiallr    rx- 

ima  valued  us  between  s  1,000.000 
and  J2.000.000  annually,  in  1818  r. .-.-  to 
I3.000.000  In  ynlue.  the  Quantity  I .'17.000.000 
pound*)   being  double   ibac  of  1014. 


Dairying 


Messages  and  Papers  of  lite  Presidents 


Imitation   butter  contains,  la  addition  to 

olcomaigaiii IB.     touM    battel    fnt       The 

export-    .if   tin.   article  also   doubled.    I 
from  2.80O.OOO  pound*  la  1014  CO  B,250.00<> 
i  hut  year. 

England   lux    become    imr    largest   foreign 
market    for    butter,    cheese,    and    rami  n  nl 
milk,    having     taken    3.3o.!.000    poun.i 
butter,  OUI   «f  «   t"t«l  export  of  lO.c-  n 
|itiuii(l« :    48.000.000    pound"    'if    ehreso,    out 
of  a  total  export  of  &4.iniii.o<ni  pounds;  and 

1,000,000  pounds  ol  condensed  milk,  oat  or 

•  total  export  of  S7.OtXl.000  pound*.  CM 
ada.  Cuba.  Panama,  AuMralla,  and  Vene- 
xucla   also   take   considerable   noaatltlM   of 

i.-an  butter:  l'annmn  nnd  lb* 
I  ml  in  arr  Important  matket*  for  our  cheese: 
while  Cuba,  Belgian),  lb*  Netherlands, 
China.  Japan,  Hongkong.  Rossi*  Chosen. 
raiinino,  and  Braill  take  Jnrgc  utuounU  of 
Amcrl.au    .-.lu.lcn-t  .1    milk 

These  export*,  while  Important,  rrpi m 

u  very  iiiuill  proportion  of  tliu  annual  pi  id 
acta  of  |h*  00,000,000  cattle  on  American 
farm.,  valued  /it  more  I  ban  t2.3SS.O0O.O0O. 
A>   k>ng  ago  as  1300.  the  luteal  period 

ered    by    the    iirilliinnl   eenaua,    arc    i lui     I 

I  lil9.O0tl.OIN mil*   of    butler,    321,00 

pound*  of  cheese,  and  &614.000.000  callori* 
of  tnllk.  while  the  quantity  cf  oleomargarine, 
on  whl.-h  Internal  revenue  tax  waa  paid  lu 
1014  aggregated   142.inni.oOO  pound*. 

OIBelal  report*  glie  the  number  of  mllcb 
cow*  in  the  I  mi.  <i  Rtntra  In  I01&  u*  si.. 
202.000,  valued  nt  «1.17ti.M.'l*,O0t>. 

Purity  of  Product! — 1'ubllc  Interest  bat 
recentU   been  arouaed  in  the  dairy  busmen 

by  the  demands  of  ihe  i pie  ihiongb  vntl- 

ou*  atatc  and  city  board*  of  health  for  pure 
m ilk  and  butter,  and  by  the  member*  of 
many  organizations  of  farmer*  and  dairy- 
men who  arc  Interested  in  (ha  profitable 
produetioii    of    lintter.    milk    nnd  cheese. 

Public  Exhibit: — The  «ljtth  annual  ev- 
hlbltlon  of  the  National  Dairy  Show,  held 
In  Chicago  lu  tai  autumn  of  lull,  aal  a 
mlleatone  In  the  progress  of  the  Industry 
More  than  one  thouaand  of  the  leading 
dairy  brceda  nf  entile  wen-  shown;  and  Czta 
exhibit*  of  dairy  machinery  and  appliance* 
excelled  thoae  of  prevloua  years.  Katlonal, 
atal-1  and  elty  goieiiimrni.  made  many 
excellent  exhlblta  In  conneetlon  with  Hie 
Inapectlon  of  milk  nnd  milk  products.  A 
feature  r.f  this  meeting  was  the  nttetidaneo 

of  President  Taft,  who,  in  t  brief  address. 
commended  the  acope  of  the  eAterprlae  and 

eiiipluiaiiecl  the  Importance  of  the  dairy 
Industry.  In  100O  dairy  cow*  constituted 
about  one-fourth  of  the  total  number  of 
entile  In  the  United  States,  hut  Hi-  numln  r 
Inrreaaeil    until    nlih    the    eenaua    report    Of 

1910  eoirt  made  up  one-third  of  lbs  total 

number  of  cattle  The  nausea,  of  Una  rbange. 
were  the  Inerenae  In  the  conaumptlon  ,,f 
milk  ill.-  ratting  up  of  large  ranges,  and 
the  Increased  mat  of  feed,  which  added 
materially  to  the  coat  of  raising  beef,  ao 
that  lb*  balance  of  profit  was  swung  In 
favor  of  the  milch  row.  (See  nl-o  Agrl- 
eullural  Products:  Itutier,  Cheese  ami 
Condcoaed   Milk   Indtistty.) 

Dakota,  erecting  North  ami  South  Dn- 
kotn  into  a  separate   Intern,:]    !.'. 
nue  district,  0608.     (See   ulso  North 
Dakota  nn<l   Sooth  Dakota.) 

Dakota  Control  Railway  Co..  agreement 
for  riplit  of  way  to,  through  Sioux 
Reservation,  Dak.,  transmitted,  4775. 

Dakota  Indiana.    (Sec  Tndinn  Tribes.) 

Dakota  Territory  (see  also  North  Da- 
kota; South  Dakota): 


i  reafu-.n  and  orgauiration  of,  referred 
to, 
Dakotah  Indians.    (Set}  Ir.dian  Tribes.) 
Dallas,  Tex.,  lull   to  authorize  construe- 

I >f  addition  to  public  building  in, 

vetoed,  5510. 
Dames  of  the-  Revolution.— The   Society 
of  Dames  of  the   Revolution  was  organ!: 
la    1800,     The  regulation  is  to  Membership 
Is  that    the    society    Shall    he    couitk... 

i-hte 
years,  of  good  moral  character,  who  a 
descended  in  their  owu  right  from  an 
anccat.u  who.  .'itbcr  ss  s  military,  naval 
in-  marine  otllcer  or  official  in  the  semes- 
of  any  one  of  the  thirteen  original  eoloole 
or    state*,    or  ol    Ihe 

anting  or  composed  of  tba 
nr  states,  usslated  In  establishing  Americas, 
independence  during  the  War  of  trie  Heri> 
Intlon.  Ainil  10,  1776,  when  hostilities  eom- 
<!.  and  April  tO,  ITs::.  when  tsiy 
were  ordered  to  cease.  Local  chapter*  mat 
be  organised  when  anthorls  ik* 

Of    Manager*   of   tli 

Danbury  Hatters'   Caao.     (Bee  I/oewe 

i  al.) 
Danish    West     Indies.       (Sec     \ 

Islands.) 
Dardanelles,  restrictions  on  passu 

Straits  of  Bosphorus  ami,  by  ships  of 

other  nntinna,   4078. 

Darien,  Isthmus  of,  canal  across.    (8«« 

Panama   Canal.) 
Darien    Naval    Radio    Station,    cstub- 

lished,  7961. 
Dartmoor  Massacre. — la  1815.   Dartmoor 
orison,    In    Dctoi  Ingland,   contained 

lo.iaio    Piench    .ml    '.  i 

era    of    «'iir.   in    well    nx   Impressed    Ameri- 
can   icnmi  i     n-ho     sad     refused    to 
again*!     their    country.      The    prisoner*    of 
win-   bad   been   taken   in   the   « 
ami    Ihe    seamen    hud    been    Impressed    for 
several   year*    prior   to   ihe   war  *nd   were 
Impatient    for    ili.-lr    liberty,    tbs-    war    hav- 
iii.    ended.      On  the  (1th  of  April  a    n 
of  eollors.   In    attempting   to    c*r  npe.    came 
Into  collision  with  (he  guards  and  33  Amer- 
icana were  wounded  and  7  killed.     After  aa 
Investigation   ample    satisfaction  was   made 
e    British  Gove  anient. 

Dartmouth  College  vs.  Woodward.— A 
rated  case  decided  by  lb*  supreme 
Court  of  the  I'nlted  Statee.  In  1*111.  Jane 
2T,  1810,  the  (few  Hampshire  legislature 
amended  ihe  charter  i>f  Dartmouth  Collem 

wd  the  namher  of  trustee1 
one   and  changed  Ihe  name  from  Dartmouth 
to    Dartmouth    I'nlverslt]        -.sting 
a  new  corporation,  to  which     he  pniperty  of 
Hi"  old  corporation  wa.  t riinaferrcd, 
ward   wo*   the   secretary   and   treasui- 
the  corporation  under  the  new  charter     The 
old  trustee*  began  suit  against  him  (nr  the 
i  v   "f   the   ■  ihe  Slate  court 

decided   against    u Tin-  cu«e  wai  taken 

on  writ   of  i  rror   to  Ihe   United  States  Su- 

prema  fourl       The   latt'-r   tilhuual   r- . 

Ihe    decision    of    tho    BUti  arlng 

thai  the  "ebartsr  of  Dartmouth  Col 

a  contract  within  the  meaning  of  that  . 

Of     the     s'ntlKtltutlon     Which     (icihll 

from  paaxing  nny  law  Impal  ibllga 

"t    contracts."      The    New    Harm 
law  was  therefnre  declared  unconstltn! 
and    void.       Daniel    Webster    eomlucled    (he 
rase  for  the  plaintiff-: 

or  ihe  mu't  Important  ever  rendered  hv  the 
Supreme  Court.      It  ...tiled  the  law  holding 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Death  Rate 


that  ■  (barter  granted  to  ■  private  cor- 
[■jiiilon  >>  >  contract  which  cauuut  be 
■  it.-ii-J  In  a  material  point  without  the  coo- 
■rot  of  those  who  hold  It  unless  tbe  power 
of  revision  l«  reserved  to  tbe  legislature  by 
a  clause  In  the  charter  or  a  Krunal  law  of 
the  8tatr. 

Daughter*  of  the  American  Revolution. 

The  Society  «u  organised  In  the  city 
■  ushlngton.  I>  ft,  Od  11.  1800.  The 
hevliruartera  sre  In  Washington.  It k  prM 
cut  membership  In  reported  by  the  Secre- 
tarr-Oener»l  to  lie  47,111.  Seven  liumlivil 
and  fifty  Mate  chapter*  exist  In  fiiriy-hw 
state*  and  territories  and  the  Dlttrtcl  of 
Colombia,  presided  over  by  regents.  Cbnp- 
ter  regent*  burn  been  anpolnted  for  Kng- 
land.  1'nba  and  the   Philippines, 

Any  woman  may  be  eligible  for  member 
■kip  who  la  nf  tin-  age  of  eighteen  year*, 
ami  who  la  descended  from  an  aneeatnr  who, 
"with  unfailing  loyalty,  rendered  material 
aid  to  the  .suae  of  Independence  aa  a  recog- 
pstrlol,  aa  soldier  nr  snllor,  or  aa  a 
rirJI  olTicer  la  on*  of  the  several  colonies 
or  atatea.  or  of  tbe  t  nltcd  Colonic!  or 
States,"  provided  tfant  tha  applicant  shall 
tie  areeril.hle  tn  the  society.  Every  anpll- 
ratlou  for  membership  mn<i  be  Indori 
at  leaat  one  member  of  tbe  National  Soci- 
ety, and  la  then  submitted  to  the  Registrars- 
(Jeneral.  who  report  on  the  oocstloa  of 
eligibility  to  the  Itnnrit  "I  Managi-im-nt.  and 
upon  Ita  approval  tbe  applicant  Is  enrolled 
aa  a   member. 

Daughters  of  th»  Confederacy,  United. 

(See   Confederacy,  United  Daughters 

of  the.) 
Daughters  of  the  Revolution.— The  Oea- 

eral  8ocIety  was  organised  In  the  City  of 
New  York.  Auk.  2ft.  1801.  BllflbllltJ  to 
membership  la  restrletcd  to  "women  who  are 
lineal  descendants  of  an  ancestor  who  was 
a  Dilltary  or  naval  or  marine  officer, 
soldier,  sailor  or  marine  In  actual  service 
under  the  authority  of  any  of  tbe  thirteen 
■v  or  afate*.  or  of  the  Continental 
res*     and    i  always    loyal    to 

•  u.  h  authority,  or  descendants  of  one  who 
signed  the  Declaration  of  Independence,  or 
nf  one   WbO  ax  :i    member  of    the  Continental 

•as  or  of  the  Congress  of  any  of  lb* 
colonies  or  states,  or  as  an  officlnl  ap- 
pointed by  or  undsi   tin-  authority  of  tint 

•  n.  ti  representative  bodies,  aetunlly  aaalated 
In  the  establishment  of  American  Inde- 
pendence by  »ervlce  rendered  during  the 
»'ar  of  tbe  Revolution  becoming  thereby 
liable  to  conviction  of  treason   S8*Jne1    the 

'  nment  nf  Ureat  nntnin.  but  re- 
maining always  loyal  to  tbe  authority  of 
the  colonies  or  slates."  State  societies 
exist  In  a  large  number  ef  stats*.  The 
ofllee  of  the  General  Society  la  186  Fifth 
Avr ,    New     York. 

Dauphlne  Island,  Gulf  of  Mexico,  tort) 
fixation    at.   of    ini|iort.«nce    to   de- 
fense of   New   Orleans  and  Union, 
898 

Referred   to,  ON 
Davids  Island,  New  York  Harbor,  new 
balldlng  for  recruiting  service  at,  re- 
ferred to.  4664. 
Dawns  Commission  discussed,  6272,  6348, 

BBSS 
Dead  Letters.     (See  Division  of  Dead 

Letters.) 
Death  Penalty.— Capital   punishment  pre- 
vails   In    all    the    stale,    nud    territories    of 

th»    riiinti,    except     MicbigM,    Itloseeotg, 


Wisconsin,  flbode  Island.  Kansas  and 
Maine,  It  was  abolished  In  Iowa  In  1872 
and    restored   In   1878.     it    was   also 

.n  Colorado,  bul  was  restored  In  1891. 
In  New  York.    Yirgluls   and  Ohio  execution 
l>     by     electricity.        (Bee    Capital     Pot 
meat.  I 
Death  Rate.— The    death    rata    for    1016 

(184  pa  1,080  population).  i«  the  to 

ever  recorde.l.  the  moss  favorable  year  prior 

to  1018  bar/lag  been   I8M.  for  which  the 

rate  was  13.il.  It  la  markedly  lower  than 
the    average,     rule     for    the    Bve>ycjir     pirlnil 

IDals  Klvco  by  color  lor  states  aith  *  colored  |»opntai ion 
ef  at  lout  10  rer  cent  of  total  mil  for  ciliov  will,  a  colored 
population  of  Itl.OOO  or  over  in  1111(1. 1 


Dssit 

Popillat  Inn 

rale  nee 

Area. 

eatin,  1 

1.000 

as  of  July 
1. 1914 

rwii*- 

tion 

I  MIS 

Total.  r»Tis',r-»lif)n  arr» 

BT.3Sf.n«3 

13  S 

Rl*iISTIUTll»M  eVTATO  <-    . 

42.092,024 

13  3 

MfAtJi 

13  7 

934,799 
1.223.483 

i,:ii\ii; 

11  1 

11  9 

Incluuu     .                               — 

11  7 

KsVfsM 

1  1...: 

10  1 

u<*.isa 

2,114.314 

12  3 

pfa  . 

11  1 

7*7,01 

1,341,041 

22  0 

IS  s 

14  8 

1.120.770 

231.171 

14  1 

24  1 

aeaieO. 

14  4 

UU.7S1 

3,301.788 
44n,tlM 

3.881,140 

13  « 

10  1 

12  0 

Men  tana 

11.4 

10  1 

I  .  s 

New  York. 

ioxeo.So8 

14  8 

187,34s 

173 

US,  Ml 

13  4 

IM.SJI 
«.088.«7 

34  9 

13.0 

13  8 

Rhode  Island 
1  t.l,     . 

u 

1 "  • »'  >f > '                     

ra.ui 

14.  T 

\irriiii«  Itotall 

8.171,014 

14.2 

White 

i.tw.esr 

11  A 

Col  red 

077,377 

19  * 

Wsahiii^t'i'i 

WUoinsln 

•1  (71,043 

"SI 

3,473.433 

10.8 

ciTis*  nr  lim.fXa)  rureunos 

eaovv>  iv  i'iio 

BUM 

14  < 

Ki.,',73 
88,421 

11  3 

Colomi 

22  7 

Urn  An«rU.  Csl.  i.lotal) 

c...:u.r 

12.3 

4*4,7*1 

13  0 

nun 

i m 

19  4 

Oakland.  Cat 

11  4 

tan  Franrlaco,  Csl.  (Ictalj .   . 

446.009 

149 

tin  ■■,;-! 

14  8 

1(1,630 

.1  ii 

118.434 

13  I 

14  4 

iajM 

14  7 

IS  1 

nam 

It  1 

10,0*8 

342 

t-i  tn 

IS.  I 

UO.lrOO 

II  4 

C-iored 

333 

3.447.S44 

14  3 

While                         

ijsn.en 

11  0 

it                         

44. 187 

23  9 

Indianapolis.  Ind.  IWtall 

201  .'.711 

14  7 

H0,«n* 

34,488 

13  9 

224 

Death  Rate  ,-ssages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


I  ■.,.!>.' il>..~ky.  HoUU 
While 

Oataad 

New  Orleans,  1m.  (U.UJI .    . 
Unite 

Baltimore.  M'i.  (U«ii 

,-.-.   . 
fceton,  Mans.  (wul> 

■..:.. 

Colored 
'•.oil»-i.l«e.  V—     . 

VJIU.tw.Ml. 

I. ...II,  Maw 
Wur.r«trf..M««i 

UKn.ll.Hlrh 

<9nuui  napaja.  Mich 

MmuauJu,  Minn 

■ 
Kiw  City,  Mo  Ctrtal) 

While 

Culi.rr.1 
,ia.Mn.  Itou!) 

Wane 

Colored. 
ftniani.  Ne*»         

Patenon.  S.J 

Albany. N  V 
BuBalo.  N.  V 
New  York.  ji.  T.  (leael) . .  . 

Si 

Roehaatw.X.Y 
S,r»ru»,  X.  Y 

.el.  Ob w  (total) 
While 

Colored. 

rh-rrUnd.  Ohio  .    . 

lav,  Ohio  iioui) 

Colored 

Davb.n,  iXim  

Toledo,  Ohm 
Port  Unit.  <>mg  . 

PMi«.irii*i».Vvit«t*i).  . 

ntleraiish.  PS.  (total  i 
h-ranlon,  Pa 

;  "*\*- ' 

Colored    ! . 
Nashville,  Tenn.  (mull 

WWM 

Colored 
Kkluuond.  V».  (loull 

While 

land  .. 
Seattle.  W'Mh 
Spokane.  Wash 
Milwaukee,  Km.. 


I),.'. 

.nlimaU'l 

rile  [•« 

*»  nf  July 

rupui*- 

linn 

737.011 

1US.2I6 

U  0 

41, rut. 

Ml 

zi  J 

16.4 

M.7I3 

M 

•,-!'-•., 

17  1 

14  J 

»  1 

715.1511 

l«.l 

imoa 

10.0 

.-■ 

BO 

IMJMM 

IS  9 

112.1:4 

14.3 

I'.l'.i.  ■ 

n  i 

4M.;i: 

u : 

HS.7M 

in 

J%,.lm 

li  j 

M1JH 

10  7 

mm 

14  J 

sm.ni 

».iw 

an  r 

74J.9M 

13  B 

..••I..M,I. 

n  o 

40.121 

24  S 

11  1 

n  1...1 

It  4 

mjaoa 

13  1 

in.,..;; 

13  3 

4tH.SU 

ii  0 

■  Ml  I'rn 

IS  9 

6.3S4.4M 

13.7 

JS.T 

1  :  'i 

l.v..,y.» 

IS  J 

15  « 

JIM  .701 

11    X 

3J.003 

399 

6sr.ui 

114 

300.722 

14  0 

ISM,4WI 

11. « 

19.7 

HMOJ 

1J  » 

I87J4I0 

154 

•84 

l.n*:i  ,,,,■! 

IS  8 

v.  i 

in/'-; 

14   7 

aso.oi*. 

It  0 

144.1  11 

19.8 

IS  9 

8»9 

115.97* 

17  J 

IMd 

It  0 

14,121 

24  4 

im  tn 

M4M 

V.  0 

SIS1S 

24  J 

•  ■•m.vi 

•  7  4 

•  I4J.990 

•*  I 

II   4 

1  Iniludea  District  ol  Columbia. 

•  The**  ralea  are  based  on  raiimatae  of  puimlatioa  com- 
puted on  the  Mumptmr,  tlut  the  annual  DttBaafaaal  mi-reass 
•  low  1910  hi*  been  the  earns  aa  tho  evia-a«e  numerical 
increase  bctswo  1900  Uld  1910.  This  on 
r-nille.  in  Ihn  on  of  (he  Hale*  and  rims  I"  the  yeara 
indiralni,  in  an  eaaojrralioii  of  (he  ertiraausl  papulation 


1  Ihc  states  mil  'Hi.'  I" 
_praliuii  of  (he  ertiraausl  papula 
!  .rtferjiu-nt  reduction  of  Iho  apparent  death  1*1* 


below  the  true  figure. 

.i.iv  Baxdoinsutsa  having  a  population  of 
LOW  cw  over  la  1910. 

l!i"I    f>    1U0.V    which    •«<    Hi, 2.      The    ile- 
rlMM    tlni"   amounts    in    10.7    per    KOt.    M 

alimiKl     .\inil.     I.. i.- ►lull,     iliirli.K    n    little 

rt  than  ■  fc 

Th«  adJnlnlnB  utile  aliowt  Ike  population 


•ntl    uVaUl    rate*   In    th*   rrslstrntloB   arra. 

i.n... 

DttMDturt.     (8««  Drawback.) 
Debt,    Public— 'i  '■'■■    'i     i    ">    tn*    Colted 
ad  U  the  tint  CoorrcM  at 
ipond  «i>»alon.  1TDO-1TU1.  by  Alexander 
1 1  iimiii 

clkt.'d    of    Hie    foreign  dvhl 

imd  alnte  dehti.  Tin'  Koc  rotary  rveota- 
nii'inl.  ii  Hi  1 1   IbCM  latter  bo  uiumnl  by  the 

5  mora     /.iv.tiiiii.ii  conaldaValile 

Inclusion    tttla  wu  ajreod   to.       'I'lic   ilrlit 
'oil  : 

!  bt    142.414^85 

.II.7H 
State  dobta  tea  Anally  aaaumed)    1S.271.7 

Total    .  s72--;n«,249 

iii>i»(.«S  of  money  du» 

II    l|    Ml.l     .Hi!      R|  »!••.      f^'l 

rundr  to  ue  during  tbc  !<■•'. 

Cha   uabl    raj    fundod   and   In   17l>«  trie 

•<>   |S:i,si«i.i.iiii.     li    ili.'ti 
;n  .1     IIioiikIi    ewrllod 
by  tbe  I.oulnlnnn  I'urobaae.  It  was  brotujbt 
KK)  In   1812.     The  War  ol 
•  i. mi  till  In   1810  th* 

ri.-i.t  reached  *r.'v  'hmi.ud.i 

»»er.  it  win  virtually  extinguished.     It  then 

lii-gan   to  irmw. 

In    183ej    the   treasury    had   on    haod    a 
Kiirplua  of  orer  i  all  but  |! 

which    was  ordered  by  Ongrriaa  to. 
I..-  ilUiril.iil-'!  amonf  rtaln 

conditions  and  in  f"iir  inainilmnnts      Tnrr* 
of  these  were  paid,  but   the   turn   tsi< 
lal    affairs    rendered   thw    payno" 

•hi-     f.uir  'll      Ini'tpi'ilUtll  1  lie      1 

tween  1847  and  istli  wn»  due  to  the 

tVar.      I'.i-i  '-■  :i!nl     !*;>7    orer 

«7i8,0(K>.000  "f  Hi-  dabl   era*  parehaawd  lu 

the  market  by  the  gorernnient.  about  *"*.- 
000.000  iwiiiK  paid  o*  pramlam.  After  tbe 
panic  nf   is.',    ihe   debl    heii  'aae ■ 

the  sudden  eoormous  Increoee  lu  18*3  wa 
.•aiiiB'd  by  ihe  ilTll  War.     The  total  amoein 
,.r     li.nrix    Issued    by    the    fi..> 
Hie   . .  >  1 1 1 .  i-o  a  V    i.f   I  lie  t'lrll    War   was    • 
S.'..1.r.91-pri ;  between  that   time  and  July   I. 

was  lamed  (10.1  II 
and   since  Imiii'i    to  the 

amount   of    I40O.44H.OS0  ..     d     •   <ud  • 

I«r  cent,  bonds  extended  being  at  that  rate. 
inn!    :;  bonda   10    the   amount    of 

MOI.204.3riO,    I.r  lb*   putyoM  of  HXtei 
the    ll  med    ft}     per    eenl      hoods 

(Sea    Rafundlng  i     Th*    proaperlly    ol 
country,   enormous    rrvenuvii    from   cui 
and  the  mccrasiTe  fnmiiiu--  <>t  ill 
lower  rates  of  Interest   reduced  It   by  1S70 
to  »2,r-n.::iir...ii'.7.      Iiy   IRS«  It  hnd  further 
contracted   11.783,438.00?    bul    the   Si.snlah 
War  eauwd   It    to   rmw  again   till   In   ISM 
It  amounted  to  S2.0IKI.Vtt.024. 

Of    ihla    debt.    SS30.000.O0O.    Iwarlnx 
t*r**1   ni   «rvrn  and  Infaa-tanxha  per  cent.. 
matured  la  1807  and  1868.  and  about  * 

i.ooo   "iv-i    -i.M    matured  in  tbe 

period.    To  meet  this  there  were  Issued  lu 

ISOtS    ISS2.008.w30.     fifteen    Tear.,     all    pur 

bonds;    In    1*87   M70.fJl0.o:.n.    fifteen 

rear«.    all    per    cent,    bonda      In     IS08    112. 

.... 

In     1801     im. I     ISi> 

Ihree   ii. -r  Tin-   r.-f. 

act    of    1870    authorised    tbe    liwi f    Dm 

more  tlmn  S200.000.000.  ten  years.  II 

ni       uf  [ml   more  I  h  -ii.OOO. 

iifici'ii    years     four    and    ■    hall 
..f    not    mora    than    *1  in 
thirty  year*,  four  p*r  rent,  bond*      ! 
Una    n.i«    amended,    Inrreaalne   the    amount 

•    per  cent,  bonds  to  S'jOO.OOO.OOO.  the 

nut    in    \<*    Inrreswed 

thereby       I  mi.-i  hare  were  ivied 

a    total    of    S412.800.4o0    of    fire    per    cent. 


lopedic  Index 


Debt 


bond*,    ud    after   1*T«    %  - 

■ml  a  b»lf  per  cent,  bond*.     Id  ls«l»  a  bill 
■a*    Mimf  authorising    IDA    laaur    of    (10 
certificated,  bearing  four  jut  mol     Intereal 
and  cxebanccnble   info    lb'    four   i>"i 
iKirnU  of  th»  arts  at  I B70  and  WIT.    The*? 

wr(IBi-..i.»    were    tuned    »-  f    llm 

refunding    achcmc.    and     ■■ 

aupply  a  oafe  mcnn*  of  Invntmcat  for  poo- 

Stbat    waa 
feat"!  by  tbc  prenih  four 

par  cent,    bond*    wore  aclllnc    which    acted 
a*    an    iBilmi'inrnt    to    Imj     up    thcor    cer- 
tificate*   anO     to     exchange     [hem     for     I  It— 
In  1ST!"  c.v.-r  •741,000.000  toOT  DM 
r«   loaned    under   the  acta  of 
I* I    t 

rhnnzi-.   waa  tbnt   tbc  national  d»b( 

»:Jrtabiy  uu.rc  ilmn  i lmlf  of  which  waa 

ii    1  -'  i    «u   per   cent,    and 

was    lr.     |S7»    coating    '"'t    rtllir   and 
four  and  a  half  per  cent,   for   mi  r«   than 
If  ,.r  it.  Hi.  ii  principal.      Id  lNM 
Miii.iHiu  ..f   Hi--  public  .lulu    running   at 
fire   and   alt    per    rent,    matured 
failed  to  pro»ld'-  for  meeting  it 

and  there  -.-. 
fary      for     tbln      piirrioiw     only      the      mi 

1100,000.000 
of  f'-iii-  Mr  cent,  bonda  under  tbe   act 

i  iiinatanrca 
Secret*;  ■.  W  ndom,  foretyd  to  net  on  bin 
own     rrapoi  made    n    general    nff-r 

[0    the    holder*    of    thcae    bonda    to    extend 
of   attrb    aa    might    dcnire    It   at 
n»d  a  half  per   cent.,   r*d«*»n>abl«   ai 
the     plenurc     of     the     g..-.  i 

mi-*r*n>  «»«  a  complete  lum-u.  over  $40", 

i    three  and 

a    half    f  ■  ■    n.-cr    ConaraaS    (In 

*ulhorlx-<3  three  per  cent,  bonda.  re- 

.xun-   of  tbe  govern 

to   be    lamed    Inatead   of   tbe   bond! 

»<l>adrd  >i  d  a  balf  per  tent .  and 

Him     1800.000.000    -.•-•:•     no     lasuad. 

Menrmli.il-   tbe    reduction    of    thi 

rented  SO  rnpldlj    Hint  lb*  Joat  of  tbe  tbree 

and   a   half   per   .-rnlK    w»r-   railed   ("t  pay- 

-  iber  1     18*1    nml  !h*  laat 

July   1.    1887.    i-  irlng  out- 
i-  and  a  half  and  four 

Tbe    pmarnt    debt    of    the    I'nlleiJ    State* 
may   be  di«ldcd  Into   tbree  porta:    (1 
lnl»r««t  '..-in  ii  .-    debt,    consisting    of    bondi 
©f  rartens  denominations;    (2l   tbe  delit   uu 
i    Intcrcn   hn*  ceased    »lne«    maturity, 
which  la  A  total  of  overdue  bond*  out  11 
lug  ih.ii  in.-.-   i.i-vt-r  ih-i  ii  invented  for  pay- 
bearing   no  Interert,   which 
.!.-■  ..id  deiniind  ni 
tin'...  cert    I  in.,  of  depoilt,  and  gold  and 
illvi-r    ecrtlfi 

An  official  atntoment    of   Hi-    i 
of  tb.  Itatea  and  th.-  participation 

of  mi  ••  HI  be  found  !n 

tl,.-    fable    of    the    *ii  i-..  .ill    .--...-i..    of    the 
country  In  tbc  article  on    Finances. 

Pn   lie    debt*,   is    represented    In   go 
rot  h  -    nnunetera 

■  -.   ri--i    ii  ■  natlounl   wealth 

%i\.\  to  la  king   from   lbs 

J                            of    wbnt    It    la  anre    to 
ii.  -i-   I-   look   il   u| ti  ■    f  ii  lr  iiir.nn 

of  Ktnbtllilne  On   i  anions     The  In- 

i    the 
•  tn n.iii nl-,   ..f   iiiMoiml   and   elite  lift- 
require    gTeat     deeeloptnenl     of    public    lm 
To  meet   tbe  rno*t  of  nil  tlo-^e 
»t  mil-  Him  Li    taxation  ironld     mom 
moat  f o  conflacnttoi  We  nrojicrty    Tba 

aspf4totfl  of  a  alnte  arc  Incapnplc  of  audden 

Sirlly 
rfiate.  Tin-  rxlatrnoe  of  n  lars*  rolncna 
of  demand  ohllcntlon*  la  an  emharraaa- 
iii-ii!  la  tbv  treoaury  aud  Impair*  tbc  credit 
of  a  ata(«. 


Kiillnwlng   ik  a  «ta!cmcnt   of  otitatandlne 

Srloclpal   of  tbc  public  debt   of   the    I 
tntea  annually,  from  1703  to  1' 

dMti'H   merit  Ii 


rndinc 

Total  DAI 

Y«r 

Total  Data 

lacuna  I 

Julv  1 

1793 

.'.im.01 

IMJM|I  K 

I'M     ... 

..itM.:: 

44.111  l.VM  ai 

ires   „, 

NpWMtTJI 

l>M 

H.7*3.1 

I  MB 

64>l 

17*7 

mi.    . 

1798 

'•29.12 

1S« 

1  II.   13 

\:vi 

l».l 

:.138.M 

I.1KI 

U,U76J»4.Ja 

l»l 

U15.J&4.370.6,' 

1805 

1801 

•axomsa 

18*8 

U1.I7.I.IW 

im 

./..  U.W  '." 

Wll.M7.n5l  in 

UM 

*«.«7.I50M 

ita.... 

2JAi.4o2.2l3.lt4 

IBDt 

82J12.I.MM 

i 

ISDt 

'■ 

1870. 

2,4».073,4J7J1 

. 

StClvVKM 

2^43JJII,»32J2 

IJDJ 

1872 

.-.r.ir.'.i  :■- 

1*10 

&8.173JI 

is:.-, 

l&UBUUM 

1»11 

<UH 

2,l8O39i,00M& 

4S.MI9.737.O0 

1877 

2,2ui>; 

1811 

M.902327A7 

1878 

1»M  ...    . 

MM 

■ 

U74J4.033  7111880      . 

2.128,701.054.62 

2Lonj«9,na*i 

Mil 

ra.41H.fi6-5.l8    If 

1*18 

|,9M,6t*l78.03 

ISM 

- 

1«8.S47.4 12.07 

-.i.iii:,..-„,i,  I.-,    ism 

l.'i-.l«i|.Ml,-.M 

ilfttt.-   ■• 

10.W7.14 

ivji 

isa  ..    . 

: .«.,.-  1 

' 

Il.JM.Kl.ViAJS 

-    ■■ 

t»\sf*n;.77 

1888 

I  7.700  23 

uvi  ., 

|i^.^ 

:   tl 

l/.i:..-72.41».53 

MM 

IJ4OJ06.I24.4a 

73.  ok; 

1891 

1.046,961,694.61 

KM., 

1892 

l,46.t.6r.',4.V,.63 

If .... 

n;t.ii7 

^-  tnihr  1 

bBO 

*»>.. 

1803 

61,649.636,353.63 

1  KM 

1.626,1 54  A12.68 

in 

ivi.es 

:  m 

•I.770.W1 

1832 

l.:v..  412.640.01) 

ita. 

7401,1 

i  -'.: 

:  .643.40 

ISM 

t.;r.  i 

iv.is 

1.964^17.130.90 

11 

11024.42 

3:m 

IWO 

1,031  17 

ui; 

1101 

U3t 

10.434 

im 

2.175.246.16886 

1839 

2J18^83.772» 

1840 

bOlOtllM 

iaM 

2JWA40.3S2.-14 

uu. 

I3J94.4S0.73 

.  i 

I8IJ 

«.429.370.043J4 

N'lvrniUf  1 

1M3 

IfM 

liu 

B2.74! 
73.40I.U2  JO 

.  '.-'■-•"..  iO::jjt 
t».S4()..'(i.'.ii; 

MOT.. 
1908. 

I-H-, 

J2.492J31J18J4 
2.837.«;3.;47.04 

.'.Wil.41'6,301.04 

i-i. 

IMI 

47nt- 

D  •  rial  i 
IUI0  . 

82.704.142^81.69 

IMS 

H3.00I.&M.W 

v.     nr,t»r  1 

1850 

M,46i771Sil 

Mil 

■    -ii.  in',  N 

:,w,,7 

MU 

8H»t  7110  02! 

1913.... 

' 

6J.IW.il  1  71 

2.809.2I..MM.II.. 

nn 

Or.lrilx*  1 

MM  . 

' 

MU 

XS,JI*A-,i  .Mi 

OetobtrSl 

IXHI 

31.9oW37.no 

1916 

1.081X562,411  76 

(For    detailed     Hnttmeut     of     the    public 

lll'l.t       •■•!-       I'lllllll.llll.) 

Debt,  PubUc   fv.-f  nl»o  Bond*;  Loans): 
Act  diraetJng  payment  of  *ur|il\iM  In 
Treasury    Oft,    raf484>IM    Tor    :i|lI'l.v"lJ> 
pocket  veto  to,  5073. 


Debt 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Act   to   facilitate    refunding   of,    ve- 
toed,  4--.SSI. 

Discussed.    (See  Finance*  discussed.) 
Kxti notion  of,  1379,  1382. 

Near  ranroMo  of,  1014,  llrJO,  1247. 
Referred  to.  B86S. 
Increase  in,  675,  2402,  2441,  3055. 
In   consequence    of    Mexican    War, 
2441. 
Interest  on,  reduction  of,  rc-conimi  n  I 

Cd,  3874,  4415. 
Payment  of — 
From  surplus   revenue  before   due, 

recommended,   2660,   2713. 
In  coin,  discus*.', I.  8991, 
Puymonts    on.       (See    Finances    dl»- 

cussed.) 
Progrcxsof  r  Uscusscd,  4423. 

Provision  for,  98.   WO,   1879. 
Vttcnnt    lnndi   sold    for   reimbursing, 
100,  817,  B84 
Debtors,    Insolvent     (see    also    Bank- 
ruptcy) : 
Modifications   in  law   Tegnrding,  rec- 
ommended,  958.   1017,   1119,   1727. 
Public  officer*  availing  themselves  of 
benefit*  of  act  must   be   discussed, 
1107. 
Debts,    British.— Th*    treaty    with    flrcnt 
Itrltaiii   In    1781   provided  for   the    payment 
of  all  debts  owed   by   American*  to  llrltlsh 
Cta,      Mnny    obstacles   *U|    (lirnwn    In 
the  way  of  prompt  payment.  huwvcT.  •nunc 
i)f    (lit-    "lilt*    governments    going    so    fsr    ft* 
to    provide,   even    nftcr    the    ratification    of 
the  treaty,   that  such  debt*    might   be   pud 
t»  tin-  Ai:ito  treasury,   and   tbe  state  would 

:!irn  refua*  to  entertain  *uitn  ob  the  part 
of  creditor*.  Tbe  Supreme  Courl  decided 
in  1704  that  *urb   debt*  must   be  pu  ■  • 

thai    bo  itatt   Ian    ■  -« •  i  ■  i  -.1    repudiate  them. 

(CM   also    Ware   r».    Ilylinn  i 

Decimal  System  of  Coinage,  Weights, 
and  Measure*.— in  178'J,  Gouverneur  Mor- 
rl*  reported  a  decimal  currency  system 
designated  to  simplify  the  m.iuoy  of  the 
inii,.i    Htatea     Be    ascertained    that    the 

HlOtb  part  of  a  Spanlab  dollar  vu  a 
common  divisor  for  the  vnrlnus  cnrrnnclea 
Wiih  this  ni  a  unit  be  proposed  a  coinage 
of  ten  unit*  to  be  equal   to  ooe  penny  ■   ten 

fni'-e  to  one  bill:  ten  bills  to  one  dollar 
equal  in  nlumt  "event v-flv*  cent*  of  the 
?  resent  money)  :  ten  dollars  to  one  rrown. 
n  17H4  Mr.  Jelfenon.  a*  chairman  of  a 
rommlttM  "f  Congress,  proposed  to  strike 
four  coins  upon  the  bssis  of  tbe  Spanlih 
dollor.  Tlz..  a  gold  piece  worth  ten  Boiler*, 
ii  dollar  of  silver,  tenth  of  n  dollar  In  silver. 

mill  :i  ■  hundredth  of  n  dollar  In  copper. 

CnngrcH*  Adopted  tills  tiroiiimltlon,  making 
the  dollar  the  unit.  July  C.  17*."..  and  Hie 
ruins  became  known  as  the  cent.  dime. 
dollar  nnd  eagle  Jan.  1,  18r,R.  Canada 
adopted  the  decimal  system  of  current)  la 
use  In  the  I'nltcd  States  Ity  an  act  of 
Confr**s  of  Mii.v   10.  1806.  the  f.  cent  nickel 

I was  made  to  conform   to  the  decimal 

or  metric  system  a*  to  »l*e  and  weight. 
The  n*n  of  the  metric  *y*tem  of  weights 
and  measure*  ws*  authorised  by  Congress 
by  a  permlsstve  set,   imi    inn  and   a 

of  equivalent*  wa*  approved  by  Con- 
gress July  28.    1808. 

Declaration. — In  custom*  parlance,  a 
statement    »s    to    foods    Imported,    used   by 


B 


in  oltlcern  as  the  bnsls  for  Oxlnc  dutle* 
—usually  alter  Investigation. 

Declaration      of      Independence.  —  The 

unanimous  expression  of  tb?  delegates  In 
Congress  of  the  thirteen  original  states,  let- 
ting forth  tbe  right*  of  men  In  general 
:i ml  of  tbe  colonist*  In  particular,  citing 
their  grievances  against  the  Urltlih  Oor- 
••niiiiciii,  and  declaring  "thnt  these  united 
colonies  are  and  of  right  ought  to  be  free 
and  Independent  state*.'-  North  Carolina 
took  the  rtrst  *l«p  toward  Independence  by 
u  resolution,  April  in,  1770.  "to  concur 
with  those  In  the  other  colonies  In  declar- 
laj    Independence,"    the    ssnie    state    haling 

prvTlaual]  I  May  Ml.  1 770),  In  ber  famous 
Mecklenburg  resolutions  («.  p.).  which  were 
forwarded  to  tin-  Continental  Confess*,  de- 
clared i  •  of  the  mionlcsj  "a  free 
ami  Independent  people,  and**  the  control 
of  no  other  power  than  that  of  our  tMa 
and  the  general  covernineni  of  the  Coo- 
grttaa."  Tlio  title  of  tbe  doenineot  was  sug- 
gested by  Virginia  In  ber  resolution  of  May 
17.  1770.  directing  her  representatives  to 
propose  In  Congress  a  "declaration  of  Inde- 

Si'lnlelice  "        Such     a      reKiilollr.il      WMS      InlrO- 
ueed  by   Richard   Henry  Lee  on   June  Ktb. 
but    wa*  not    adopted    until   July   2d.     The 

doi  iltilelll  WHS         p:. ■!>:•.     d         h.v  .-i  OfB- 

mlitce       compoHed      of      Thomas      Je* 
John     Adorns.     Iicnjamln     Kranklln.     Roger 
Sherman   and   Robarl    K     Livingston.     Tn* 

ilriifl  ivim  made  by  JcffcrHoii  l  •iiiervK* 
made  In  the  Declaration  •*  presented  by 
the  committee  eighteen  flnppresslou*.  *lx 
additions  and  ten  alterations,  many  of 
them,  however,  not  being  Important  The 
Declaration  wa*  adopted  July  4.  1776,  by 
the  unanimous  vote  of  twelve  mates.  New 
York    alone    not     voting.       It    was    afterward 

ratified  by  a  convention  of  thnt  state  It 
win  i  tig  conned  and  signed  on  Ann.  2d  b] 
all  the  memhern  present,  six  ilguat  urea  be- 
ing afterword*  added.  The  signers  of  tbe 
Declaration  were: 

.'■•hi:    Hancock.    President   of  the  Congrew 

New    Hampshire     Joalah    llnttlctt.    Will 
lam   Whipple.    Matthew    Thornton. 

Massachusetts  Itny — Samuel  Adam*.  John 
Adam*.  Robert  Treat  Paine,  Klhndite  <, 

RhOM  ].:an.l  -Stephens  llopkin*.  Will- 
lain  Ellery. 

Connecticut — Roger  Sherman.  Snmnel 
Huntington.  William  William*.  Oliver  Wol- 
cott 

New  York— William  Floyd.  Philip  Living- 
atone.   Francis   Lewis,    l..nvi«    Morris. 

Jersey — Rlchnrd  Stockton.  John 
Wlthcrspunn.  Frsncls  llopklnson,  John 
Hart,   Abraham  Clark. 

Pennsylvania  —  -  Robert  Morris.  Ilenlsmln 
Rush,  Itenlaiiilii  Franklin.  John  Morton, 
(Jcnrge  Clymer.  James  Smith,  i  iiylor, 

James  Wilson,  Qsorn  Itos*. 

Delaware- Ctesar  Rodney.  tteorf*  Read, 
Thomas   M'Kean. 

Maryland — Samuel  Chase.  William  Pars. 
Thomn*  Stone.  Charles  Carroll,  of  Carroll- 
ton. 

Virginia — Oeorge  Wythe.  Rlchnrd  Henry 
I.ee.  Thorns*  Jefferson.   Benjamin   Harrison, 

Thomas  Nelson.  Jr.  Francis  Light  foot  l«*e. 
Carter  Braxton. 

North  Carolina— William  Hooper.  Joseph 
llewei.  John   I'enn. 

South  Carolina — P.dwnrd  Rut  ledge. 
'limit""  llevwnrd.  Jr.,  Thomas  Lynch.  Jr., 
Arthur   Mlddleton. 

Georgia— Button  rjwlnnet,  Lyman  Hall, 
Charles  Walton. 

i  sec  frontispiece.  Vol.  1.) 

Declaration  of  Independence: 

Analysis  by  President  Wilson,  7952. 


EfKycloptdic  In<Ux 


Defensive 


Desk   on   which    it   iru   written  pre- 

Rented  to  United  rUates  by  heirs 

of  Joaeph  Coolidge,  Jr.,  4540. 

Letter  of   Kol-crl    C.  Winthrop  ro- 

lint  4841. 

Facsimile  .if,  ■"■'■  Uluttration  opposite 

I. 
First   copperplate   of,  bequeathed   to 
Congress    by   Lafayette,    letter   of 
•on  presenting,  1342. 
Signer*  of,  4. 
Signing  of,   aee   illustration    Oppodtt 

Text  of,  1. 

Declaration  Of  Rlguta.— The  earliest  gen- 
eral declaration  of  rights  of  which  wc  have 
any  official  record  n*»  that  of  the  Stump 
Act  Congress  In  17*3,  which  published  what 
It  called  a  "Declaration  of  Rights  anil 
ranrva  nf  llw  i'oIonl«t»  of  America." 
In  tbi"  donitncol  they  vigorously  pro 
against  the  Stamp  Act  and  all  oilier  plans 
to  tax  them  by  a  parliament  In  which  they 
had  no  rrpn-is-Riaiioii.  TThey  demanded  all 
the  rights  of  HrlilKli  subjects.  In  1"4  the 
Continental  Congress  made  a  similar  declar- 
ation against  later  aggressions  of  rnilla- 
Stent.  Declarations  of  the  same  character 
were  Incorporated  In  the  Declaration  of. 
Independence.  (See  also  Bill  of  Bights.) 
Declaration  of  War. —  An  «nnimiimn™i 
■  lotion  nnthorlied  by  a  country,  mak- 
ing known  the  fact  thot  tlie  count rv  olUi  tally 
declare*  war  upon  some  other  country  In 
the  Called  J-'tntes.  the  power  of  declaring 
trar  M  vested  In  Congress  by  the  Federal 
Constitution. 
Decoration  Day*. — The  custom  of  strewing 

Doners  on  the  grates  of  their  dead  soldiers 
early  In  the  spring  of  r>. h  year  originated 
among  the  women  of  the  South  before  tbi 
eloaa  of  the  c'ItII  War.  In  some  porta  of 
»  similar  cuatom  grow  up.  but 
Us  observance  *n»  not  universal.  Hi 
1808.  while  i;  ii  John  *.  Logan  was  mm- 
iiuiii'I'-f  In  chief  of  the  Urand  Army  of  the 
ii-il  tin  Older  tiling  the  30th 
doy  of  May  of  that  y 
general  observance  of  the  custom  by  mem- 
bers of  tin*  Grand  Army  and  their  friends 

Since  that   tin*  Mai   SO  had  I n  regularly 

observed  o*  l r to.  Day  throughout  the 

country.  It  Is  known  as  Confederate  Me- 
Dny  In  the  South.  The  particular 
days  observed  tlw  re  eye  April  2t>ili  In  Ala- 
bama. Florida.  Ueonrla  ami  Ml»-i»slppl. 
Sad  May  l'>th  In  North  Carolina  and 
onili  rnrnlliia.  while  Virginia  observes 
Hay  30lh  and  Louis. ana  May  3d  (Jeffcraon 
Davis"  blrthdayt  under  tins  title.  In  all 
■tales  except  Florida.  ii»orgla,  Idaho, 
l/oulslana.  Mississippi.  North  Carolina  and 
South  Carolina.  Triineasec  and  Tcjin*  It  Is 
a  kg*]  holiday.  Congress  Imx  by  Inw  lb- 
dared  I  Proration  Day  a  holiday  in  the 
District   of  Cnliimliln  and  the  terrltorlca. 

Decoration  Day.     (See  National  OtBU 

t  cries.) 
De  Facto  and  Dc  Jure.— These,  tarns  an 

Encrally  used  In  connection  with  the  nolo- 
g  of  office.  One  who  has  octitnl  possession 
of  an  ofllcs  and  cscrclses  Its  functions  Is  snld 
to  be  an  nfflivr  •!<  facto,  or  In  Gael  ;  i" 
I*  entitled  to  nn  office,  hut  docs  not  octnolly 
Ml  It,  Is  aald  to  be  an  officer  <fr  An,  or  by 
rlrht.  A  de  facfo  oftlcer  uiny  hold  his  nfflee 
without  wrongful  Intent,  though  without 
legal  aanetlnn.  ss  when  there  have  been  tech- 
Dlcal   Irregularities  In  the  appointment,   or 


when  the  low  under  which  he  was  appelated 
Is  afterward  declared  unconstttutfon.il  bj 
the  courts.  The  acta  of  a  da  facto  Incun 
are  valid  as  respects  third  persona  and  the 
public  generally  If  the  officer  hold*  hi 
Hon  l.v  color  of  rlKht  (that  Is,  with  supposed 
not  cony  loised  on  reasonable  grounds).  If 
he  holds  It  with  notoriety.  If 

ha  Is  actually  In  exercise  of  continuous  offi- 
cial n  0  actual  iHiHsoMion  of 

a  public  office. 

Defalcation  of  Public  Officers: 

Application  of  pulilic  money  for  pri- 

i  ate  uhi'm  should  be  made  a  I  elony, 

1709, 

Freedom  from,  discir-dl.  .">■' I-.  ."710. 

Enquired  into.  2018,  680a 

Defenses,   Public   (»oo   al»o  Forta   and 

lYrllh.  oil, His); 

Board   to   examine  nnd  report  upon, 

appointed.  4800. 
Correal lencfl     regarding,    referred 

l.'ouucil  of,  recommended,  7607. 
Provision  for,  recommended  by  Pres- 
ident— 

\.;.,n,s,   John,   no,   213,  255,   270, 
281,  807,  801 

Adnma,  ,T.  Q.,    : 

Arthur,  44)88,  4724,  4767.  -1708.  18.13. 

Cleveland,  5009,  5878,  5066.   81  10. 

Grnnt,  4202,  4271. 

Harrison,    lien],    8476,   .'550,   5631, 
5755. 

Hares,  4571. 

Jaeluon,  nn.  143 

Jefferson,   873,   407,    416,  421,  447. 

Lincoln,    ' 

Mo  Km  lev,    C440. 

Madison.'  455,  471,  B    i. 

Monroe,   763.  703. 

BooMV«tt,  7000,  7113.  7284. 

Tyler.  1048,  1043,  I  :>...%.  2088. 

(8M  also  N'avv.  vessels  for.) 
Heforred    to,    845,   847.  260,   260,   283, 
286,  301,  800,  ISn,. 
Dofenalvo  8ca  Areas.— in  accordance  with 

authority  granted   l.y   uetv    ,,(   .  ■„,,.T,  .,,   ap- 

P  roved  Mar.  h  I.  I0O0.  nnd  M:nv:>  4,  1017, 
realdent  \vi|i.-m  issued  nn  executive  order 
on  April  a.  1017.  establishing  certain  de- 
fi  reive  sea  area*,  as  follows  :  Mouth  of  llw 
Kennebec  Elver,  Portland,  Portsmouth, 
o.  New  Bedford.  Newport.  Long  Island 
East,   New  York  East.  New  York   Main    Bfl 

trance,  heiawnre  River,  Chesapeake  En- 
trance, Baltimore.  Potomac.  Hampton  Itoads. 
Wlliulnvion  f'npe  Kenr.  Charlestowii.  Savan- 
nah. K.  .  tYest,  Tampa.  I'cosarohi.  Mobile, 
Mississippi.  Oalvoton,  Kan  Diego.  San  Fran. 
Cisco,  Colombia  River,  Port  Orchard,  Hono- 
lulu. Manila,  York  Itlver.  Outer  nnd  inner 
MniiH  for  these  areas  vrere  drawn  and 
nonnced.  The  regulations  pertaining  to  these 
arena  were  n»  follows: 

A  venel  desiring  to  cross,  a  Defensive 
-Mi  must  proceed  to  the  vicinity  of  the 
entrance  to  the  proper  channel,  dying  her 
national  colors,  and  there  await  communi- 
cation with  the  Harbor  Entrance  Board. 
When  permission  to  enter  Is  received,  a 
Vessel  most  proceed  In  accordance  with  tlw 
Instructions  received  at  the  same  rltne  Per- 
mission to  enter  a  Defensive  Area  will  bo 


Defensive  Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


*llli!  Hill    other     than     p 

Stair*  r»'twe»U  »Ua»,-t 
and  *unrl«i-.  and  during  wmlt'p  i-nndllloiK 
which  uink<-  tnii  ik.'ntl"ii  ilimVnlt  or  dancer- 
cm*.    A  r***r]  arriving  "f  Area 

after  ninaet  shrill  anchor  or  lie-to  *' 
»   mlli"  ..in-ill..  Ihi    in;  •    :ir.-.i  mi  til 

ttu-  followlo  :  otberwlae,  H   r.-n.lrr- 

Itarlf    IliMf    to    lio    rtr-d    upnn 
ahall   procii-d  within   the  limit*  of  a 

tree  n(  *  armed  greater  than  Ore 

knots. 

Deficiency  BUI.  [Sat  General  Dofldancy 

li.ii. i 
De  riica  Explorations.    (Sm  San  .limn 

.ii  Poea  Eaplontioi 
Do  Jure.     (Sco  Dp  FMtO  mid  De  Jure.) 
Delagoa  Bay. — The  tori  part  of 

llorUuruejK    Baal    Africa.       II    b    nboiit    TO 

mil  i'O  mil'"  nerw«a.   Being  partly 

rarioHid  by    loj:.  nla  It  affnrda  the 

i »i    harbor   on   Itw  I   "f  Africa. 

In  1887  Colonel  Macmutrlo  an  American, 
chartered  a  company  and  built  n  railroad 
from  I..H..IIT...  >Inr.|ii.-i  .ii  Ita  iborc  to  the 
•i'i. in. .mmI    frontier    which    wan  extenelveljr 

■■■r  tr«UH|Mirtlnc  fold  from    the  Interior. 

•      Hi.' 

I'.ifincii.-...  government  r-el«c.i  the  road 

In    1800    iln-   M. t    wa»   ivfi-n-.il    to  Inter 

national  arbitration,  After  len  yearn  of  liti- 
gation   the   I'nrlugi wer lered   In  pay 

iiu  Indemnity  "f  $8,000,000.  A  tirliuh 
blockade  of  tb«  port  daring  the  Boer  war 
lad  to  lull  i  n.illonnl  complication*. 

Delation  Bay  Railway,  seizure  of,  by 

POltUMM    'iovernment,    M70. 
Claim  rtgardln*,  aubmitte-d  to  arbi- 
tration, 5546,  I 
Delaware. — One.  of  the   tairte* 

Male*,  and  next  to  Rhode  laland  Ibe  amall- 
™t  in  i  he  I  hi. .ii,  lla  total  area  being  3.870 
niunr*  mile",  of  wbleb  40ri  »i|im. 
water.  Klcknamt  "fie-  Diamond  state": 
mctto.  "l.HnTijr  ami  Independence."  It  la 
■■•    '.•;■    Punnaj  han 

\tt   i..    New   .i.M  icy     ii.i  i in-  Atlantic 

it. in..    Ulwr    and    Bay   aepnrat- 

froin  New  Jeraey).  and  on  the  anuth 

and  wp.t  by   Maryland.     Delaware  ■•  twn- 

il.i Ha-    an    ogrlenltural    Slate.    S5    per    cent 

I  i  el   aroa  being  devoted  to   farming. 

The  rrop*  aru  corn,  wheat  and  fruit.     About 

10,0 ik   ar»   ilevi.i.-il    lo   ruining   tomn- 

toea.  the  canning  ami  shipping  nf  which  i» 
irlablng   Imluatry. 
lielBTran-      win      originally      art  tied      by 
under   Petar  Ulnuil   I"    1838,  tin**- 
log   under    i In-    rnlo  of   Ibe   Dutch  In    fi5D5, 
lind    of    Ihi  la    1664        I"    1882   It 

araa  nnlted  with  I'ennaylrnnla.  In  ItuJ  U 
rvi-elveil  a  eepornte  eaaembly.  but  bad  a  g»T- 
ernor  In  common  with  I'i  nnnvhanla  until 
Ibe  KcTolotlon.  It  vai  the  nr«t  alnta  lo 
rniifj  the  Federal  Conatltntlon,  Dec.  7. 
1787.  ThongU  a  .lav.-  Hint*.  It  remained 
In  the  I'nlon  throughout  the  Civil  War. 
It  la  miniiiliii.-a  called  the  "l'.li  ■•  lien  State" 
and    Ita    •  Itl  iiena    lb*    "Bine    lien'a    ' 

Ita  population   In    IS10  «■•  302.822 

Btatlallea  of  nrrleultiire  collected  for  the 

la*t    Kederal   oeoana   plaee   iin-   iiniuher  of 

■    In    the    State  at    10.888.    roinprl 
i  03S  R08    aeraa,    rallied    w  lih    tloci 
trnprorementa  at  $83,IT9,S01.    The  valne  of 

lie  iiiiliinil^.   | 1 1  r ,  .  i-lr  ,  nan  *i. 

123,  hi.-hiiliiiB  8.4S1.TS1  rattle,  TO4.133 
mulea  :;::?  •  .lit  attlne,  nfl.HUS  aheep.  ami 
v;.-.  nsl  fowl*.  The  iiehi  :i ii.i  .  line  of  rii-ld 
rnipa  In  1D11  waa:  corn.  lVi."..i>0n  aere«, 
<i,i;::n.000  luiabela.  $4,044,000;  nhcut,  113.- 


000   atrea.    I^ST.000   biuaeta.    |l,«8 
oata,    4.O011 

000  rye     i.immi  .  $14.- 

OOOi   poUtoea.    11. IK"  .i»b- 

ela.    $«S4.i-' 

loo».   $1,418,000.     Tbe    manufacturlt . 

led   to  the  FeJcral  i  •  i  II 

renu   In    1010  pUiv.i  the   numl        of  »<lab 
llahmenla  In  Ihi    SI  ite  at  ~Z«.  eapllaliieil  at 

Hil.iKXi.  am! 
The    large*!     DUE  mo    employed    la 

I  iged   In    lunoln. 
leather.    Theac  numl"  ..  .,  ;  niachlrt»r 

and  lion  eoatliig  guvi  m    lo  S.'JIC 

•  1 1 1 1>  makli 
to    l.Sltt:    canning    ami     fmlt     pi. 
1.30P:  ablp-hiiiiiiiiu-  and   iba  ptniiuctloa 

llmlier    ami    liniiln-r.    1.41*. 

Delaware: 

I  .pi  pit  eami  in,  inn.  ■  ■  ii.i'i.iim:.  249. 

ConatitutioB    of    Tnited   8tat«*.   evi 

deneo    of    ratification    of    amenj- 

ment  to.  (1",  170. 

Res.  ■■'.    netieral   assembly  of, 

tranamitted,  6A. 

Delaware  Bay,   and  i<.r»   near, 

r, .  ommemleil. 
Delaware  Indiana.  \Se^  In, linn  Tr  ! 
Delaware  River,  canal  from  <.'be,apeakc 
Bay  to.     (Iv-  uko  and   D 

waft  GaWal   I  a 
Delegate.— in    poiitica.   a   penoi 

-•  ■  i I'.iil  dlatriel  to  re»r 

them  ...ii  :  or  a  i"  :     in 

appoint  ii 

i  tilted  Statei  i. 
Delivery.    City.      (8 

Division  of.) 
Delivery.  Rural.    (See  Vs. 
ery.) 

DeniagOHue.— In  u«ual  porlaaee.  ita  ..rata 

rrfircaentatluB*    «n-l 
arlthoni  Integrity. 

Democratic  Party. — Oaa  "f  ibe  fragmenta 

Of      i  lie      dtarsptM      Iv-mncra'Ic-RepuMleaa 

party     Andrew  Jo--i(«,.n  »•»*  the  leader 

ttte  party   ami   the  n 

'I  he  pa  iv  favored  lateraal  linrrovi-menta; 
Stale  hank,      removal    nf   depoMia   from   fa- 

bank*  :  a  Uate  rigfata ; 

free  trail.-:  lailff  for  r.  v.  nn.-  on  I J  .  aarnexa- 

Iba  \l--xiian  war  i   the 
prorolae  ol   1830:  the  Vlnnroe  Do. 

•  n  :  fosltlro  alave  IB" 
nnl-illon    of    I'ulai;     frugal     public    eipendl- 

"i'i1 'i    agitation    of    tl 

n   in  any  form  or  place:  i reloo  °f 

1  hi  ded    »lalea  I    liilie    .     I  ill 

I '■•.in  the  lime  of  Jnekaon  np  to   IR80  Ike 

by    »kiiifvii    parti    naaagi 

von  all  the  I'nalitenilal  eleeilona  bnt  two— 

Ih.i.e    ,.f    isj.i    ,i,„|    IMS       Tll.-y 

ll  the  leneia  of  the  Denioeraile-R 
party   lo.  i-.l.     Tin;,    carrlml   the 
try   lliri.iicb    ibe   war  with    >tev|.-„.  »n: 
the    r->llf.irnlav    and    aboi- 
nltrd  State*  Han*      With  Ibe  lai 

i  the 
i.arty  began    ro  li 
The    Iieino.ratl--    jjrir   «m   alnox    atrong- 

1      In      the     :-.in  ..il     ll>» 

loo*    and   the   Re- 
in.   ....ii  in..  . i, .,ii. .ii      Then  earn 
rivll  M  lie.  ami  Ihnugb  Biiiie. 

i  ,n    ,m  in,. I  the  i  in, ni  the  party  lo«t 
power  and  pre«tlge   In   H,.-    S.,ril 
and    the    Kipablh-ana    n-imiim-d    in    control 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Democratic 


until  '   »*<   Imui's  b*d  been  n- 

peraedcd  Id  the  uiunU  »r  in 

^ncuton*. 

Tb»  i"iri  org* 

in,    of    New    J 
li.   I'lU.lIOl.  • 

mour.  of  Now    Turk,  and   Fiancl*   I'.    lllulr. 
•  MiM.   in    is;'.'   Hi.    party  In  eon-rcn- 
Han  at  Hal 

•nation*    of    the    Liberal     ■'■  party 

-./.  r.i  that  hnd  *cpn  Kited  from  the  Kepub- 

llrAll     parly     anil  race     Greeley.     Of 

New    York,   and   li.   ',  of    .\H»- 

Miliil  candl.latcs.     Tb 

'.!1N'.   Ken 
luckr,  ••li- vr.  who 

In 
Is? I  i  .in  r.-galncd  roi 

..  hi.  li  Hi.')-  kept 
I&80  in  i  -•-.  li..-  pamllilaii  •  «•  I- 
Samuel  J.  Tlldcn.  of  Now  York,  ami  Thouui* 
A-  llrudrtck*.  of  Indiana.  The  clnH'.n  was 
roamted  i»e»  Electoral  Commls- Inn  ..  but 
Huallj  settled  In  favor  <if  llm  !:■  publican*. 
la  lb»©  the  nomlnocii  --  Id  !*    Han- 

rock,  of  Pennsylvania,  and  wniiom  *. 

n(  Iml'.aua      In   lis::  Dm  li.-m...  rats  re- 
g»ltn-d    GOQtTOl    of    tin'    II  .ii'.-.    and    In     lHSI 
tin. -.or     • 

land    of    \i  .■     York,    and    Thomas    A     lien- 
...«,    "m   a    campaign    made 
largely    aiK.ii     the  cliaia-.-ter    and 

"record*"  ol  Ing  candidal**.     Th* 

paitj    M>  BOI    In   full   -onirol   of    tin-  Qvt- 
•rami'  aa    Itui   Kopttbllcans   b*M 

isjorlty   I"    the   Senate       In    ISs".    by 
111*   message   lo   CongTi ■■•.    Prealdcaf    < 
land  bnwil  tb.-  laiiff  qni  ttlon  to  itie  front; 

and    In     I8M      i In-     !>•■ :ra   le    i  tndli 

-  n.. .-.  iniiil    <.r    \  .-tnd  All'-U 

urtnao.  of  Oblo.    were  defeated   upon 
thai    feaBM .       In    llm    jeal    Hi.-    pari] 
control    of    the    II  ii-.-   at    will.     Tfca] 
gained  control  of   Ibc    Homo    In    ISmi,    how- 
iv. -r.    and    In     IS92    th*    part]     entidldnt-s. 

;   Adlal 
I  Ulnol*.  -a-  'I  li* 

patty  alio  guln.d  control  o  ■•■  and 

thin    administration    Ihe 
|i  all  .I  th.    -  -ii.  I  ma  .    lit  n  pur- 
chase act 

:  iff  bill,   with   ■ 
.-i.iiii.  Hi  i  itch  »««  la'.-i  declared 

\    political    reaction   be 

i-.    1883,    helped    ny    the    cum rr-lal 

.  f  that  time,  am 
ol  of   I  ho    House   In    ISM. 
The    nin-ngUi    ol    lb*    radical    free    silver 
wing  "f  tb  now  grew  steadily,  and 

itroll.-d   the   Chicago   roar  ntlon 
n ml    Botnlnn  no    J.    Brynn.    of    Ne- 

braska, and  Arthur  Sewal  .  of   Maine,  mi  a 
plat  form  declaring  f..r    Ibe    free   coinage   of 

I  lo  of  10  to  1.     This  r 
In  th.  m.-il  I .-  in" 

I.-.im-i-    l-i     part]       Opposed    in    free 

sliver,  whlcl  onveplloo  al  ladlanap- 

olla  and  nominated  John  M  Palmer,  of  ill 
note,  ami  Simon  B.  Bnckner  ..f  Kentucky. 
Thl«   parly    received    D  I    vi.ir    hul. 

kid  an  Important  Influence  on  tl 
k»  drawing  role*  from  Bryan  and  8ewall. 
The  nor  nntloo  of  lb*  Itoniocratlc  i-andlilato 
was  endor«-d  in  th.-  Nallonal  S  lv*i  • 
Tihloh  waa  made  up  ehledy  of  Mtvor  Rnnab- 
i  ■  .1  Bryan  wn»  al»o  nomHat^d  by 
tin.  Pi-.i.i.'m  ph.-!..  .  .j.  .  I  The  Dc-moerntle 
pari]   wan  defea  -    pular  mil  bring 

•  1  it le.    irnl  yoto  17C      Tho 

Hi-Hi.  ,1-iniii-  party  aanporlod  1 1  ■  -  -  wnr  meg*- 
■rea  of  rtio  li  nohllran  nilmliiUirntlon  In 
the  war  with  Spain,  but  dl«agrwd  altb  It 
aa  to  tho  w! th-ment  of  problem*  growing 
f  tho  war. 

tin.  icqulall  Ion    .f   tin-   Ptil  Ipplnrv.     hi    r. 

ttlC   ll.-ni...  rrr*   il.'.-ln  r.-«l    "Inn  lo   ho 

Ho-  ■  paramount  lame     and  favored  "an   hu- 
nu'dlair  Unlarallon  of  th«  nation'*  purpoaa 


to  give  Ibc  Filipino*  .  li  n  itabta  f. inn  of 
government       ..-■     Indcpcndt-ncc :    and    (3> 

'Ion   from  i  ii. 

silver  alao 

entered  Into  .  -ugu  Inasmuch  as  Ibe 

party  ratlflod  ihi-  I'bli  -..  - .!    l--.n. 

and  noniiu  im  .1.  Bryan  for  Praal- 

.in.l  Adlal    ■  I're*- 

Ident  The  popular  vote  wi«  t;.;i.1».7iu  and 
the  tin 

In  190*  free  allver  wn«  In  abejance  and 
Ibe  Democratic  candidate  declared  hlmnclf 
In    fnvor  of   Ibo  gold  ataudard.      The  parly 

f.lntf.jtin  tl%o  ili-i-iai.-il  in  favor  of  a  prom- 
*•  of  folili-c    loilcpomlcucf  lor    III.-    l''l!l|.lrni-(. 

tin-   r.ilucilon  of  tho  laritr.  and   reatncllve 
measure*  In  dealing  nlth  triinU.     The  party 
candidate*   wen.    .-.;  an    I       P«rk«i        r    Now 
^nrk,    and    llonry    t.i.    KavU.    ..f    Weal     \  Ir 
gltila.    who    were    unauccc*»ful.    the    popular 
vote  being  S.I  12.5115,  and  the  electoral  vote 
140.     In  1008  Hi.-  National  Democratic  eon- 
i   .ii    Denver.  Colo.,  July   7 
lo     10,     and     nominated     Wllilnm     Jctiulngt 
n.  of  Nebrnvka,  fur  PivMilcnt.  an.!  John 
W.     Kirn,    of    lmllaiia      for    Vie.    Prealdaul 
Uform  declared  for  putiiirity  of  cam- 
paign rootrlbutlona.   reduction  of  the  tnrlfT 
..ii  the  nteoaaltlt*  "f  1 1 r ■  -  and  fbi  admlaakm, 

duly  iiroil- 

controlled  bj    iru*  ernal  Itnprort- 

•  ii  -r vim. .n  of  uatural  resource*. 
■  nd  the  tgcltraton  of  men  A>latle  Itnml- 
grani*  aa  cannol  liecome  iiiuaiKaniai-.l  with 
niir  poimlatlon  Thi  I  lemoi  ral  nan  lldale 
fnr  I'r.-ident  received  0,393.182  vote* 
again*!  7.**>37.070  for  il..-  Bopntillcan  can. 
illdate.       In.    tltetoral  vote  m<   162  fur  the 

n-ratlc  .-auillilBte  (o  831  for  the  D 
Mean. 
At  Ibc  national  convention  In  Baltimore. 
■'  1  -.    they  nominated   Wo.-d 
row    Wilson,    governor   of   New    Jcr»oy.    for 

i-iit.    and    •  Mnr- 

ahall.    of    Indiana,    for    Vli  it.       A 

platform  w*»  ail  la  ring  in  favor  of 

a  tariff  for  rereone  ontji  vigorouK  proatcu- 
of   tmata:   popular   election   of  «.na- 
tora  :    pi.  ■i.I.-niifil    prlniarlei ;    an    ideqiinte 
navy.  banking  lawai   Inapeeiloo  ol 

fnii.l   and    Hie   •nfoguardlng-  of   mrnei 
full  and  free  eT.erel*e  by  the  State  of  tbelr 
reaerred  «o'-.  h         no  .m.    iu\      i.ul. 

lh-lty    of    cnnipnlgn  miparrlalnn 

atid  regulation  ..f  rate*  of  railroad,  tgprtwi* 
and  toiopb.me  companlta:  rnral  credit*  ami 
Improtod    waterwAya :    eneourngement    of 

.i.uii  murine  without  liountlea:  i-xemp- 
Hon  from  Panama  Canal  toll*  of  kmerlean 
•hip*  engoged  In  coaatwlae  trade,  and  for- 
hldlllng     llio     IIM*    ..f    111*    .-.-null     lii    r.illruliil 

owned  KhipH  in  comnetltlTe  trade;  ai 

tahliirhmi-iit  of  p  mbton.) 

I're.hlent     Wooilrow     ffllwui     nn.l     VlC* 
Ti.-m  I.  ir    'Hi. .mi. ii    Kill".-    Uarahall    wore    re- 
nomlnutoi),    June    10,    IwlQ,    b]     Hi- 
eratic   Nntlonnl    Convejitlon    In    aeinh.n    nt 

St.  I,ntil*.  Mo.     Preriih-nt  vTllaon    In     .   

..f  1093  to  I.  Deli-gnle-al-Ijirg*.  Itnh.rt 
Ktnmet    llurk.   ..'   - 

■entlng  vote:  and  Vlce-Pre  Ident  Mnranall 
by  iitI,i unit  ion. 

Tho  .-i.iivinili.ii  adopted  the  party  pint- 
form  rin'-Hr  n«  approved  by  Itrethleut  Wll- 
■on  and  anprorea  by  Hie  rMolatlon*  com- 
initio.-,   iii.-luiliui;   tin-   plunk   nn    A  mt-  ni-.-i  n  I  -tin 

ami  lhal    ring  woman  suffrage. 

The  platform  endoraed  tin-  \vi|*on  Ad' 
ministration  and  called  attention  lo  th» 
following    .i.-lil.-..- iii»  :    Enactment    n 

r.-.i.-'   .   (t.  creation  of  the  i  i  i 

•  ml  Trade  CinrnmlMloD,  adyoatment   of  the 

tariff,  protection  of  labor,  Increaa*  hi  eiB- 
dency  of  the  parcel    post,  enlargement    .if 

R i»lal   »nin  ■  in.-  nl    I'.iki 

IM.-I-  Kvyii-m  on  it  Relf-euniHirtlng  bn*1*  with 
uctnal  nirplUB  lu  1913,  1MH  and  1910,  and 


Democratic  Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


tbe  enactment  of  legMotlon  Instituting  » 
Bomle  re  forma.  The  following  planks  were 
incorporated   In   tbe   platform:    The  Under- 

I i  Tariff  Inw  was  unreservedly  indorsed, 

the  doctrine  of  n  turtff  fur  the  puriwan  of 
provldlue  autncii'in  revenue  for  tin-  epera- 
I !■> n  of  il:«-  eovcrnnicut  economically  sd- 
mbalelerad  *r«j  ii:iiiii jn.-.l  nD'l  the  proponed 
linn  partisan  iiiriff  commission  w««  coidlally 
endorsed. 

Americanism  *u  declared  to  be  the  su- 
preme issue  of  tlin  tiny. 

Democratic-Republican  Party.— Individ- 
ual liberty  rather  thnn  strict  government 
Is  ■  paramount  sentiment  In  many  Acnerl- 
cmn  hearts.  Those  who  originally  looked 
with  apprehension  on  the  possibility  of  the 
central    i.iiitnrnuiii  aching  upon  tbo 

personal  liberties  of  the  people  or  tlie  ilcim 
of  Slates  formed  the  tun  leu:,  of  the  National 
Detn.,. ir»l  lc-1  an  puny. 

Tbs  chief  tenet*  of  the  party  were  *uc- 
Clnctly  »•  i  forth  by  Mr  Jefferson  In  his 
first  Inaugural  address.  These  tenete  he 
rhoraetciltcd  as  essential  principles  of  our 
lii.M-riinii nt.  IIIk  doflnltlOD  o(  tlie  princi- 
ple* of  (he  part)  m  iiui«  expraased ^  "Equal 
and  exact  Justice  to  all  men,  of  whatever 
»>laco  or  persuasion,  religious  or  political ; 
peace,  commerce,  and  honest  friendship  with 
all  nations,  entangling  alliances  with  none; 
the  support  of  tlie  Sinle  governments  In  ell 
ilii-if  rights,  as  the  most  compct'-nt  ad- 
trailouk  for  our  domestic  concerns  and 
Hi.-  surest  bulwarks  against  aml-republlean 
the   preservation    of    the   l.iucral 

Government  In  Its  whole  constitutional  vig- 
or, as  the  sheet  anchor  of  our  peace  at  home 
ami  safely  abroad;  ft  Jealous  care  u(  ttUJ 
ii,:bi  of  flection  liy  t'he  people — »  mild  ftud 
safe  corrective  of  abases  won  b  are  lopped 
by  tin-  sword  of  ri'volmliiti  wlicrc  peaceable 
remedies  are  unprovided  ;  absolute  acijules- 
in  the  declaloni  of  tbe  majority,  tbo 
vital  ptlnclples  of  republic*,  from  which  Is 
no  appeal  but  to  force.  ItM  vital  prlnclpla 
and  Immediate  parent  of  deepoUam  !  *  wall" 
disciplined  mllltla.  our  best  reliance  In 
peace,  and  for  the  first  moments  of  war, 
till  n-gtilar*  may  relieve  them  :  lb*  supram- 
aey  of    llie  civil  over   tbe   military  niitliin  lly  : 

r-cooomy  Is  tbe  public  expeaae,  tbnt  labor 
may  be  lightly  burthened  :  the  honest  pay 
in.  jit  uf  our  debts  and  sacred  preservation 
of  llie  public  faltli  ;  oneounigi-ment  of  agri- 
culture, and  of  commerre  «>  It*  handmaid; 
the  diffusion  of  information  and  arraign- 
ment of  all  abuses  at  the  bar  ■•(  public  tea- 
von;  freedom  of  religion  freedom  Of  the 
press,  and  freedom  of  person  under  the  pro- 
tection of  the  habeas  corpus,  and  trial  by 
Juries  Impartially  selected"  (page  Bit). 

Sympathy  with  the  French  revolutionist* 
In  1780  and  a  desire  that  the  Oorernmenc 
should  Mil  Franco  In  her  war  with  England 
arc*  n  number  of  disciples  to  the  party  en- 
tertaining thes..  sentiments.  Coder  the  lead- 
ership of  Thomas  Jefferson  the  party  took 
lb.-  name  of  Democratic- Republican  and  op- 

poacd     Hie    l-'edernllsls.       After    Monroe's   time 

It  was  commonly  known  as  the  Democratic 
party,  though  previously  It  had  been  known 

as  tb"  Republican  party,    l-'i It.  Inception 

In  1 75>2  to  1801  It  was  the  partv  of  opposi- 
tion. When  tbe  party  got  control  of  the 
fiovernment  it  lost  sight  of  some  of  li>  ten- 
#t*.  and  many  of  Its  members  at  certnln 
times  supported  measures  tending  toward 
nationalization  After  the  War  of  1812  tho 
Democrat*   bad   a   cleat   Bald   of  operatlona 

Until    the   second    election   of    Monroe   lu    l.$2(). 

Sub'cquently  dissensions  began  to  appear. 
Adams  and  Clay  and  their  followers  ad- 
vocated protection,   national  aid  lo  Internal 

linprovemenrw.    nod    n    hr |(r   const  met  Ion 

of  the  Constitution.    The  party  split  la  the 


campaign  of  1824.  and  never  after  appeared 
In  a   nntlouul   campaign. 

Demonetization. — The  act  of  depriving 
money  of  Ha  official  standard  value,  wbctfaex 
by  direct  order  of  the  governing  power  or 
by  nub  legislation  n*  would  logically  bring 
Hi-nut  tbe  tame  result  :  for  example,  the  fold 
standard  advocates  believed  that  the  success 
of  the  BtZtaM  to  One  propaganda  in  1806 
would  amount  to  tbe  deaODOtlMtlOB  "f  gold 

Demun  and  Chontaau,  depredations 
committed  on  property  of,  by  Mexi- 
can;-, 1  i 
Denationalize.— To  take  away  the  national 
character  or  meaning:  as  In  the  case  of_con- 
liulug  ii  practice  to  states  or  localities." 

Denatured  Alcohol: 

Use  of,  recommended,  722-1. 
Denmark. — The  Kingdom  of  Denmark 
consists  of  a  port  ion  of  i  In-  European  main- 
land and  of  a  neighboring  archipelago,  with 
tbo  detached  Island  of  Itornbolm  In  the 
Baltic,  and  the  Kiterocs  (or  Sheep  Islands) 
In  the  Vuth  Atlantic.  Its  dependencies  arc 
Ireland  In  the  Arctic  i  nland,  and 

tin-  West  Indian  Islands  of  St.  Thomas,  St. 
John  and  8t.  Croix.  The  continental  por- 
tion, or  Jutland,  occupying  the  northern 
extremity  of  the  Cluilirlan  l'eolnsul:i.  forms 
i  <m<  thirds  of  tho  total  area.  The  northern 
extremity  Is  The  Rknw  ISkngcti)  In  '.'.' 
AW   N.    latitude,  tbe   southern  boundary  ad- 

tolnlng  the  Herman   territory  of  Schlcswlg 
lolsleltl.      Tin-  coast    Is   win 
Iit    Hi-    Nm-lb    Sea.    on    tbe    north    Iit    the 
Sk.iggeruck  und  on  the  cast  by  the  Katte- 
gat. 

The  archipelago  lies  to  the  east  of  Jut- 
bind,  »nd  consists  of  three  main  groups  <a> 
l-'ilni-n,  with  I.angclnnd,  .*>«  and  Taa- 
■Ingc ;  (hi  Zealand  (or  Rlacllaud)  with 
Moen.  I'alxtcr.  I.n.ilnnd.  tinman,  .Villager 
and  Baltholm :  and  (c)  Bornbolm.  De- 
ta.-bcil  from  the  tualii  groups  are  I.nowo 
and  Anholt.  off  the  eastern  coast  of  i 
•  -:  ii  Jutland.  The  mainland  and  the  archi- 
pelago lis  between  fi-4*  SS'-BT*  4*V  N.  Intl- 
tnde  and  8"  *'  S4"-1V*  4V  SB"  F~  lougl- 
tuiie.  to  which  must  be  added  Bornbolm. 
which  Ilea  across  1»*  E.  and  between   o.v 

R.V     IS'      N.     mill      the     I'.-ieloi  .,      ;i      group     of 

vi  islands  in  tbe  N.-irih  sea  between  I  it 

bind  and  tbe  Shetland*  clustering  round 
the  Intersection  of  7"   K.  ami  BS"   N. 

Phi/riml  AVufKi-es  — The  mainland  and  all 
the  islands  of  the  nrcbtnelngo  ore  low 
lying,    the    hlchest     point    being    Bavnebol 

l.'ifl.'i  feet  I  III  RnndiTs  ami  the  lllllltuelbjerg 
(BCO  feetl  In  IbC  -Varbiis  province  Of  e-i-'- 
em  Jutland.  In  1825  the  North  Hen  burst 
through    tl  o    const    between    the 

iiml-i-  -if  'llihl.-il   and  Rlngkloldiig    anil    rhe 

northern  prorlneea  of  Tblsted  and  HJor 
ring  nre  thus  Insular,  detached  from  the 
remainder  Of  Jutland  by  a  succession  of 
fjord*  from  the  North  Sea  to  the  Kattegat. 

AHY.X    AND     rolU'LSTlON 

Are*  in 

Territories                 English  Population 

So.  Mile*  1011 

Kingdom  of  P.-nmsrk 15,042  2.757.07* 

Faeroes  of  Sheep  Islands.         839  IS.000 

I       (OrMl  RSiW 

Otsnlsad 50.000  IJ.WiH 

Westlndie* 138  tTJOU 

108.167        2.001,119 

It  Mom  —  The  nnelent  Kln?dom  of  Den- 
mark «n>  nt  the  lieail  ,,f  the  tripartita- 
League  of   K-ilmar    t  lienrn.-irk      Norway   and 

Sweden)    from    13U7-1448,    In   which   rear 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Dv.uunl. 


tbe    dealb  of    Kin*  «tirt«lr-i.ti.r    111.    i 
the    election  of   Count   ibrfttUn   of     ■ 
burg  as  King  Cbrlatl.in   1 
Notujf,    tibllo    Hnnliii    seceded    (miii    the 
league,      lu    ISM    Soma)  Indr- 

'iton. 

Vr«ni    14tv1tiij3    the    crown    nn*    lu    fnct 
hereditary   la    too   male   Hi*  House 

iratnirg.    '  it    principle  be- 

coming   recngalsnd     l-r    I  In-     legislature    in 
UBOO.     At  tte  dnth  or  Kr.-lrrl 
out    mile   heir*.    In    I  BUS,    the    Crown    foil 
t»  Prince   fnrl»t  Ig-llolMielo- 

Sos»l<:.-  -.rg-«;iil.-l.l.urc    iiihIit    I  hi-    ten f 

a    prrvlont    conwntlun    with    Hie    Puwcra, 
railDcd    by     Denmark    on     Jan. 
tilt  notation   by    the  Salle    I      ■     nf 
CMMm     i.r     .--'ii'i   rburg      logusteoburi 
tbr    duchv  nnil    Hoi- 

•Ma.  wblcb  formed   part   of   Lb*   Kini 
gf  Lvunmri.  -.u.- 

>rU  and    I'ruwtn.    and    to   a    g.iilnnt    1ml 
»"P»Ins  ttrUEg>    agalnat    the    overwhelm- 

a  power   of    Prti«ln.      Tin-    I'r  u  -  ...  1  ii  n- 
Kir  •■' 

lei      n  In.  'i    D0«     ("riii    pari    uf   the 

Klnjdom  of  Prtssln. 

tnmmmmt. — Thr  government   In  {ha!   of 
*fiastltatk>unl  ante 

**1<»  ncclicd   tbr  rny.il  anncilun  on  July 
^  lotto.    Klus  i.i  of  Ibo  Wend* 

lirl«- 
n.liT 
WlBirni,     bora    at     Chnrlottculuud. 

TW  executive  l«  vo.t. id  Is  1.-11. 

**M  by  a   Coin"  11   of   State    iSlatsrnadi, 
*Ws  liKluilea  nil  the   M  iilxter*. 

TV  BlRMlas  •>.u<l«i>  of  two  boiiae*.  the 
UltstlBf  no.l  lh»  Poll 
vail  session.     Toe  l.andnlu.: 
Hlx    member*,    of    arhotn    twelve    nre 
ltd    fur    lift.    I  ■  and 

»r     elerted     by     Indirect      v fur 

rein    arul    renewed    *•    to    one-half 

year*     (aovou     are    elected    by 

w  Capital.     forty-Are     by     electoral     dts- 

~j  the  Itland  of  Boraholm  and 

neroeai.      The   Folkctlng   • 

.-.  m-  i>i  1    j;  ,i in- 

■Mtautsi,  elected  by  direct  vote  lor  ttir.-i- 

•'    • 

divided    into  .  1  _  1  ■  * . - .  ■  1 

»r>4  lABiten.  each  Aral  being  11 1  an 

Jloann     or     a "I  <  II  with 

^tttre  Cocuty    Council*    tAiuatriHidi    nod 

local  1 1 1  r -  ii 

uttat   bare     Ifurgnnin"t'-r«    appointed    by 
•fceereb^i   (ezeepl 
■wgoufciate?  Ii  eh  elective 

; 
Jirtlt*     I.      admlnlKtered      In      h" 

•aejj  hundred  1  troop 

_t*Mreds,    und'T  n    Justice      "I" 1 1 . •  r . -   l«  11 

nn*  Conrt  at  Copcnfcn  0  alio 

lis  *  Cm'  r-  .if  i  '"ii I.-,   and   S  1 

Prospective  II;  heard 

"Yssnrfllite.-*  of  Con.'lllalbin"   <vh|.-h  .-n 

«*or  to  conapos*  mutter*  In  dispute  "lili 

ib»    1  '    Ij«w,    11  ml 

rttlua  half  of  the  cases  are  tbu«  nettled. 

lerrlce  In  the  Notloonl  Mllltl*  Is 

«ry   ne<!    universal   fur  nil  abie-bod- 

between    the   yean    I 

l«.      IV  of    all 

bat    "I     "-ii    !n    time*    of    the    year 

.  men  *r--    1  1    "••  Arm!.'. 

JJ  TTgeld.     For  Navy  ace  Navlea  ol  the 

-BtWrta*  —  Tt  m    !« 

icren 

■    school*    (main- 

•yd    bt     I  ..  are    extremely 

11      1  nl 
"*X«d   In   11.  milt    in    ! 

*»»oed  by    over   2,000   atudenti   and    poa- 
10 


*v  Capital,    f" 
Wrti.  *ae  br  II 

•at  by   1! 

'.II      111."! 


of  200. )  volume*,  an  ob- 

Ii    iilllll,' 

Juatrle*.     Of  the 

(»,a« '.'■■■ 

7.1 .000  acre*  miilrr  crops  and   £;■■■-..   inn] 

Of      M 1*     Ulld     Pi 

in. lu- 1  rial   |i"|iin.-.i  Ion   Ih   clou 
• .!      id    1 1  ide   unlona   hud     1 

hIii;,    in    1:1111   nf   cloac    on    r 00,    ■■■ 

Induatrlal  dlaputca  are  freqi  iirlncl- 

pol    luduatrl.K 

j..'.-iliia:  and  atilpbulldlne  :   woolen".  • 

•  ml    linen;    augur    reflnerlca:    puner    111 

and    brewing    1    dlatllllng.       rj 

nnd     private    I"  rcelaln    faetnrlea    fnmi    the 
depcaun  of  pon-elalo  clay  nre  Iroporum! 

KnlUntv: —  There  IIOUJ       -.1.'. 

mllen  .  ■'■  were 

aute-  owned  and  UJJ  private  line*. 

Bhtpptna  renntlle    marine 

alated  In    101 1    of  MS  ateamen  of  CT 
croaa    tooa   .in. I  -    teaaela  Ol 

734  net  tonn.  In  nil  llntiMi  ..-.-•:.  eni 
rylUB  2.KM.407  tnna  of  inerehiindlw.  '"il 
foreign  carrying   1. 001, 031)  toua  cn- 

Icrca  .1 

1    1  .1.— CiinUni       r  1  In      the 

lalnnd     of     Zenlandl         l"npnlntlon      (1B111 

4C.J.1G1    (Including  mi  Tb« 

.  population  i»  i' 
of    I'.i.il    nf    Hi.-    Kingdom.      There-   «.-■ 

1011    all  elili-i   «lili    populntloni    p»i Hug 

I  nine  other*  exceeding  lOtO 

;•  -f.  in     nf     W.-lgbta    and 
Meninren  Ik  compulaory.     1  if  1  in 

la   He-   Ki ■   ..f  100  Ore. 

pie.  . 
I  ImniT.  1    l;i"> 

The  krone  In  cq 
lent  lo  in  I  State"  money. 

n  ■•  an 
loteernl  part  of  Hi"   Kingdom  of  Deni 
lie-   group   conaUta    of   iwenty-one   hliind" 
In   ill-  1    betwi  -ii    I--.  Inn. I  nnd  the 

1  iiinN.    cliiBlerlng  round    II 
lion  of  7"    E.    longitude,    and    «'.'•    N. 
latitude.      The    Inland*    hn»-»    belonged    i" 
Denmark   »lnce    1380   and   form  ■    count] 

(Am  1 1    ■  >f    the    kingdom.    Bonding    n 

:•.   bouaa  of  tin-   Blgsdng   nt 
ubagcu. 
I  i.vfj  it  n   large  rolcanlo  tad  tr 

lea*    lalnnd    In     tl..-    North    Arlantle,    partly 
;i    in,     Arctic   ('.'  J    con 

■  .f  two  elevnti  .1   table  land  1.  conn 

by    ta    nairow    latbmua,    and    oontalna    over 

rolcaooea,  t <  irhlch  krt  -iin  ».• 

til-     liirir.-ii      being     A-k)n      wlih      a 

thirty  four  *q.   miles  In  extant,  The 

1 1   fnmoua  llekln,  in  1  in-  Lakl  chain,  and 

Ho-    lii  :lie«l    di  no  f  i].'l.'.|l,    6.4'U    feel 

51-a    lereL      Iceland    wnn    a    republic 
10  102  nnd  on*  aftarwnrda  andor  Nor- 

n    1     le    for    mil  i.  *     -  .:u..    until 
talill'hment     of     the      teas 

I  ..    Denmark.  HUtoryi  broughi  the  : 
under  1  ha  Danish  crown.  In  tn»  ynr  1SH7. 
Til.,    governmenl    now   rest*   upon   the  con- 
stitution granted  In  1S74. 

r>n>:t;\i.  i\L>  is  n  vast  Iiland-ceatlnral 

within     the     Arctic    Circle,     with 

inda   lo  the  north,   with   11   total 

length    of    nearly    1  Too    BrlbM    and    nn    ex 

tremo   breadth.    ..f    about    BOO   mile*.      Tin- 

iU'eil        \H      I.  .      ,-T i|       83 

•    mile*,    of    which    the    Ice-free    por- 

I I  ■  ■  n  of  about  "lO.onri  Ilea  belong* 

to    Penmark,    the    trade    being   n    tnnnoi.olv 
of     1  he     UnnlKli     crown.       The     Inhabitant* 

'    red   I'J.nnR   In    mil.  of   whom 
3iK>    were    I 

Bflkimo*.     The  principal  cetllement  If  • 
rii.nii,    on    the    west    conat,    im.l    1  li.ro   are 
about  sixty  oilier*  on   the  we«t  and 
east  coaat.    The  principal  cxporta  ure  seal 


Denmark 


■  r  apers  of  ihe  Presidents 


lloa   «n>i    fare,   .miiI    ii-.li.  r.,    i 
ike  Imports  arc  t>rc>ii  .m  ■;•  i 

The  mini' 
lato     licnaaark 

U'AS   $  Iii.l>S..7!»  I  III       In-       .illif    'if 

!av»  n! 
I  la  fa»o*  of  the  Lulled  Statca. 

Denmark: 

»'.•>.. mi,   of  St.   Thomas  and  St.  John 
Islands  to 
girding,  8777,  87TO.  STIsS, 

»tes,  344, 

•534. 

Claims  of  Pnitcd  States  against.  469, 

6,    1  "I  I.    1068, 

1109.  11".  1243.  817*,  446Z, 

Agreement    to   submit,   to   arbitra- 

Award  of  arbitrator,  61  I 
I'.ivrapnt  of.  970.    1006,    1<I«8,   1112, 
1157,   1245. 
commercial  relations  with,  11)04.  1244 

2A12,  »44. 
Con-  State)   in.  BO,  ion. 

■196. 

.   icta     in,     banished     to     United 

i.'B,  3835. 
•right      privilege      OXl    n.l    A,      by 
prnclnmit 
Kef  *74 

Fujritiv.  ■.    failure    t"   IM0- 

traction  with,  for  stu  i 
of.  4561. 
Importation  of  American  prodtuil 
in    .  icing  restrictions  up- 

on, 6100. 
Minister  of.  to  I'liited   State*,  grain 

of,  raised,  4718. 
rtatui  o  treaty  with.  ii>"o.  1 1 

Pavi  lent  I    lb*    united 

States  ngaiust.  976. 1008,  1068,  1 112, 
1187,  i 
Sound    ,i  v    regarding,   2367, 

. 
Treat;,     irltb,    tmunalttod    and 
.  n-<i..|    In    r*ri  -iilrnt — 
Adorns.  J.  Q..  Oil.  !>!!». 

bnnu    2094,  3001. 

.  ..  1098,  1187. 
Johnson.  3773.  880L 

inutUin  of.  by  Denmark,  3819. 
Mali  of,  captured  by  American 
ships    and    claims    bMed     thereon, 

Vessels   of   Tnitoil    States — 

Seized  or  interfered  with  by,  588$. 
Tolls    levied    on.    discussed.    2812, 
2M57,  2944. 
Denmark,    Treaties    with. — The   eonren- 
lion  of  friendship,  commerce,   and   naviga- 
tion of  1*2«,  ccntalnlnc  1 1><-  most  far 
nation    clause   and   permitting-   freedom   of 
in.-illi;  as  to  shipping  wjis  abro- 
:   i.r    notice   April    IB,    ism;,  and    re- 
newed April  It.  1837,  except  »■   lo  toond 
and   belt  dues,   which   were  expressly   die- 


enallitneil 

Imur    I  real)'.      A    Claims 
:    la    IMO  and   a 
III  1801.     A  iiaiiiralli 
tin*    li  claimed    In    1*73,    and 

trade-mail    un<l   copyright  privileges 

v  ti nit-.  .1 

The  i  •  treaty  nf  1902  waa  <nppie. 

mentn  I  -ontjr    signet,    ll 

tendlnf  Its  proTlalo&a  lo  the  Ulaasl  nrmaaa 

sad  iiwtnit- 
be    crime    of    bribery.      An    s freemen! 
win    effected    by    an    exchanee    of    s»i 
June  22  and   Jona   28,    1908    »itn   .- 
lo    Ihe   proeectloi  trial   ilialll 

.li. m  of  trademark* 
in  <  liinn  wna  etrectcj  In  the  aanw  maaner 
In  !»07.  International  arhiirutlim  araa 
a  creed  to  May 

Department  of  Agriculture.    (See  Agri 

culture.  Department   of.'i 

Department  of  Commerce.     (See  I 

.     I  Klpal  i  ::,,  b|     of.) 

Department  of  the   Interior.      (See   In- 
terior, Department  of.) 

Department  of  Justice.     (See  Justice, 
of, 

Department  of  Labor.     (Sec  Labor,  Di 
parliui'tit  of.) 

Department  of  Nary.  .,  De- 

partment  of.) 

Department  of  Poet  Office.     (See   I'ost- 
Ofiee,  Department  of.t 

Department  of  State.      .  s.-,-  State,   De- 

| ' - '  '  I  Ml.    M|     Of.) 

Department  of  Treasury.     (See  Treas- 

.    lii|i;irlinrut    of.J 
Department    of   War.      (See    War.   De- 
partment Oli  I 
Departmental  Solicitor*,   (See  Soli. 

r".  mental.) 

Dependencies  (Insular): 

Pi  no  l.'i.n  and  Philippine*  disenaacd, 
8720  18,  roif,  fOSl, 

:>.  8110. 
Dependent-Pension  Law  .li- IBM -.1,  5552, 

871    .  8888,  5977. 
Deportation. — The  net  .if  sending  a  for- 

■i-n.'r    -"ll     "I     tin-    i-i Ir-  -f    bis 

Miiii'-klrablllty  or  unfitness. 

Deposits.  Public.  Removal  of— in 

nn«i  prior  thereto,   the  public  funds  of  Ibe 

in.  mi   war*  depoaltad  In  the  Hank  of 
the  Dulled  Blares     Preetdeni  Jaekaea  Si 
tcrmlued   to  dlscontlnus    tnls   practice   and 
in  deposit  the  fundi  collected  In  state  banks. 

those    In    the    Bank    of   Ihe    I 
•    should     be    withdrawn    at     needed 

Wllllnlll      J        Dunne.      The      Secretary      ..f      thS 

Treaaury,  «*«  npimwii  t.-.  the  reooral  ■>' 

the   funds,  particularly    befm.-    II 

..f  Congress.      After  fruitless  effort   t.>  have 

tl  tin      chllllge      IiIh      itllluiiin      on      Ihe      Hill 

il  his  reatennttc-n.      H 
was  clven.  and  on  the  same  day.  Sc[ 
l-"i,    Itnfc-et    It     Taney,    the    Atlorn.- 
ernl.  was  n|i[.<nii1»il  Sr-i-reTary  nf  tho  Treaa 

lie    prr.mptiT    made    th.-    Decenary 

orders.     The  Srnale  passed  a  resolution  of 
riMimire   nf  th«-   Peiaildent    nnd  :i 

imtnatlon  of  Mr  Tane]  :"<  Secretary 
of  tbe  Treasury.  In  a  paper  which  he 
read  to  his  Cabinet  the  President  ifjve  bis 
reasons  for  remotinh:  lh»  Oorernmant  funds 
from  the  Hank  of  tho  United  States,  1224. 


Encytlopedic  Index 


Diplomatic 


Deposit*.  Public  Ec moral  of: 

it  Jackson'*  paper  to  Cabinet 

OD,     ISM, 

Rofo*»*  "i  transmit  lo  Senate 
..mmeiiiiei  .  '.".«, 

Referred  to.    I 

View*  .,  |  „.    1*97. 

Depredations  on  Commerce.     (Sea  tbo 

several  power*,  claim*  against.) 
Demo  Expedition.-  Hera   Baton, 

I'nltol    States    couaiil    nt    'I'm'',     in     180S, 

espou*  •!   :i toae   of    Hamet.    Pasha    of 

oIL  agaluat  ike  letter's  usurping  broth- 

I  III'     m-olHTadoO     or     ll»C     I 

Ktate*  naml   force*  In   tlir   llcdlton  mean. 

hey  d>fean-d    i Im   owirper   at   Im 

—,  181  iilx  anceea 

favorable  to  tbc   Doited    Stale*  Wf 
gotlated    wltb    the    Pnaba. 
Desert  Lands.     (See   in,.       Desert.) 
Desert  State.— Alternative    nickname    for 
Vtak.      (8ta  Murmon  State.  I 

Desertion.— n>-  act  p  karvare,  as- 

nectally  in  the  army  or  Navy,  wltbout  lion- 
illicharite 

Desertion,  from   aim*  aad  Nary,  fiflM. 
Daa  Moines  Rapids,  act  for  continuing 

improvement  of,  vetoed,  2931. 
Das  Moines  River.  Mta  to  quiet  tit] 

«cttlcr*on  lnnils  pa, vetoed,  WW, 6412, 

Detention  Cunp.    in    military   image,   an 

d  or  guarded  apace  for  the  detention 

Vr  one  government  of  »nh)rct»  of.  or  aytn- 

•  r»  a  lib,  another  government  In  time 

of  war. 

Detroit,  The.  mentioned,  6365. 
Detroit,  Mich.: 

'•i  I  authority  over,  recommended.  ISO, 
Ijiuda — 

I   of.    IS!,   *2«. 
Lring  near,  referred   to, 
Memonnl*  for  ili-itri.-t  of.    : 
Town  ami  fort  of,  surrendered  to  the 
Itrit L-li .   600. 
Recovery  of,  referred  to. 
Detroit   (Mich.),  Surrender  of.     io  An- 

Proctor,   to  command1  at 

h    troop"   in   Canada,    wai   joined 

■  Ita  ■   bod  I  i    and 

Indians  uii.ii  r  Tecumael      'flu-  forces 

at    Kniidwlrb   amount. -.1    to       B80   men.  COO 

*if  wiii'iu  were  Indiana     Qes.  Hull,  in  com 

msnd  .11    Fort    Detroit,  on  ii npoalte  adds 

•  it  tin    rUir,   tiini    t.iHM»  men   nvsllsble   for 

An.-  Id  'in.  lirltlah  sent  ■  party  ot 
Indians  and  rernlar*  ncros*  the  rivet  to 
s***ult  the  work*.  Hull  surrendered  tba 
.ml  i!i<-  whole  t«.-rlti.ry  of  Mlehlgan, 
ef  wtib-b  be  itm  governor,  with. mi  lot 
mrga  of  a  gun.  About  8,000  men  In 
all  li.-r.iina  primmer*  of  war.  During  tu* 
tlrlnr  l>y  the  itrliub  7  American  irer* 
killed  and  «»Ternl  wounded  Gen  Hull 
wa>  afterward*  convicted  ■•(  cowardli 

•  conn  martial    and   •  indc-mned   to  Oeatn. 
lint  wni  pardoned   i»>    President  Madison  In 

h  ration  of  hi*  are  and  hi"  amice*  I" 
Hie  Revoiutlonnrj  War  Bunseiraeol  In- 
vestigation* grenllr  modified  tin-  Mnine  at- 
tached r.,  rj«o.   Hull. 

Deatschiand. — The  tir*t  Oarmaa  mta 
t.i  cross  the  Atlantic  Ocean,     In  July.  ron. 
It  arrived  *t  RelUmon  after  a  trip  of  •!»• 
te»n  day.   from   Bremen.      The  /leul.rfct^nil 
officer*  claimed  to  have  traveled  only  nlucty 


■lie*  of  tin.  trip  under  water,  altboaxli  004 

eight  «u»  ipent  motlooli 

'.i     of     the     ocean     bocauae     nf     rnngb 
weather,      Tbe    v 

ring  a   huiil  ill     to 

the    l'nifi."1    State!      ,    .1    a  .i*   not  nrnieil    In 
any  fashion.      It  wa» 

•  r  t    Irty    •  -.   w*re  o|i 

hnrnlng,  ^mi  it  had  eoouub  "H  unused  afttl 
ibwkin:    In    I'.iin  n    back    I" 

. 

fur?  *raa   14  knol 
7    knot",      It   w*« 
■  i.'i'th   "f  300   feet   '"i.i  could   rnmsln   undei 

(he     Jtrmi 

I   voyaav  to  Amerh 
the  /».  land  returned  r   .  trip 

DC  at  New  I  •    mm    Unit 

Submarines,  and  Blustrgtloc  opposite  Sll.M 
Devils  Lake  Reservation,  N.  Dak.,  rieht 
of   irav    fur    railroad    through    I'i 
for,  17. 

Diamond  State.     Nickname    for    Ix-laware 

>!■•»  :  wimetlim 
nicknamed  tbe  Blue  Hen  Slat*. 
Dime.-  'i'ii"   rmal    it    pt  ■  •  oil 
coined  by  the  tTnrted 

•..ii Mi  part   Of  »  dnli.-i 

taken  tram   Iba   Preach   dlglame,  oae-teoth, 

and   a  on    mm*   of   tb* 

ItMt     eoin»  d     in     I7M     with     • 

.,f     11  G    L-i'.ln-      'I     wua    afterm-prd* 

i  In  l^:.::  3*  •  graloa      Tbi 

were  latueil  in    IT'"'. 

Dlngley  TarUT  Act.— The  tariff  net  passed 

In    |aOT,       .<••■     "I   .  r  I  IT   i 

Dincley  Tariff  Act.    nw  to  I 
nended,  W,  MS. 

Diplomatic  Ajents.    (See  Oouolaj  Min- 

I-.. . 
Diplomatic  and  Consular  Service 

«   of    the    fn  flea    ii?    Hi.      1  nil 

.iien  nr'   dlTidad   Into  i'.mi  branobM, 
dlptematlc    and    consular,     Amb 

'I'lii-  r r    called  in  general  an 

diplomatic  agents,  laetndaa  enii 

mlnlfter*  plenlpoteeitlar]    tnlntater* 

nt    and    *ecreiartca  of   lecatloa.      The 

i  i*  I,,'  appointed  tot  ■prclal  pm  p 
I'm   Mi.    title    -   -i-.i.iiiv  added   I 

■• 
dor*   have  to  negotiate   in 

and  generally  le  government 

In  the  Mate  to  which  m.     They 

II     niil.i.nv.       Mlnl.hr, 

resident    uce   accredited    to    lent    Important 

Dattons,    tint    t  it.-ir   powera   are   about    tha 

«nme  n»  thou*  of  minister*  plenlpoti  ntlnry. 

of  legation  are  apimltiied  to  os- 

ndpal    nnibsHndors. 

Agabasaadoni  tstraordUisry  and   plenlpo 

1,'inlary  are  now.  i-ti  la 

IIitOK-i  Chile,    t  many, 

Mr.-. t   Btliuln.  list]    Japan.  Mexlei      r- ■•-i.,. 
Sp.iin  im. I  Turkey  with  aaforle*  .,f  SIT  :.im. 

p  enl 
'Itiry    are    sent     I 
itiilustla,      flihi*       Colombia 

: •  r V: .   Dominican  Renubllc. 

dor,    flreeec,    tittntemnln.    Hn.»t!.     Il.iridiliaic 

l.uxambnrg      Monti-nevni,    MniMrm      Nether 

Nicaragua.    Norway,    l'»nnmn.    Para- 

rnay.     IVr*ls,     IVm.     rortngal.      Knran-ila- 

•iiula,     Slam.     Kwi-den,    n.- 

land.  I  ruguay,  S    dc  u»I  i    •■•■  Ith 

ranging  ft M<  ■"   U2, 

There    in    hye   eonMuM-genenil    at   large, 
a  lib  .nlailiK  of  18,000  fsSt 


Diplomatic 


fcssages  and 


'residents 


CoxjuU. — ConauUr    ofllccr*    Include    con- 
,ula  unci  commercial  agent*. 
Tbclr  chief  dull'-   and  powers  are  connect- 
ed  with  our  commen  i.i    Interests,   tn  pro- 
.1  other  AuicilciOK.  to 

km  ho leetttot*  seaman,  and  to  give 

certificates    for     various     |>  They 

■:i  to  tho  principal  ports  or  uiurl: 
d  plomatlc   i 
attach  to  their  olllce.  and   la   Don  I  briatlan 
countries!    they    hate    sometime*   the    right, 
lir  treat!    10  ad  in  >i  Judicial  capacity  bc- 
tnoco   cltUcns  of    the    united    B 

a    eonanl  general    haa    jurisdiction    over 
Couimprrlal    agsata    are 
nccredlted    to   ►mailer   place*.     Tin-   various 
diplomatic    and  ra    are    np- 

d   by  Ih     i  ried  by 

the  Semite.     The  highest  Mlnry  t*  f 
bald   i"  ambaaaadnra  to  stent   powers  and 

•111'      lOSTCSt      Is     $2,000,     Dlllil      I"     i-iii -Ml:-     nt 

unimportant  porn.     Officer*  of  the  foreign 
.    are  under  the  control  and  direction 

.  f    Hi,     s:  ..i       I  i.|>ii  r!  iii.nl . 

Diplomatic  Appointments,  State  Depart- 
ment.— The  iJufi'iui  of  Aiipnltirni 
tment  of  State  ha<  charcr 
•i ..   examination*,  and  appointment*  to 

the  diplomatic  etrtloe.     it  lanea  and  Dial 

extradition  warrant,    tad  alao  !•«»  custody 

■    Groat  8r.nl  of  United  Btatea      it  i« 

controlled    by    both    the    la  latnnl    and   the 

assistant    •  crctnry    ol     itate-      (See 

Department:    Seal  of  United   State*; 

i  iipiomatJi 

Diplomatic  Bureau,  State  Department. 
This  bureau  wa*  organised  M-  tin-  lTesl- 
"Q  August  21).  1633.  on  the  recommen- 
dntlon   of  Secretary  of  State   MrLnne,     It 
bn*  admlnlatratinn  over  the  diplomatic  serv- 
ice nt  lara--— Its  staffs,   thi  lea   at- 
:.;.-  tin-  mnklnx  "f  treaties,  the  prepara- 
tion    "f    diplomatic 

foreign  government*,  and  other  nlaccllnn- 
■•oux  matter*  or  iiii  lonetfc  unporteaea. 
Together  with  the  Consular  Bureau  fq  I  I, 
It  1*  the  oldest  bnrenu  In  the  Department  of 
state,   and  It   1*   nndi  i    the  Ion   of 

the   second   na'lstniil    n.-,-r»*tarJ   of   Stat*,    "I 
•  •  State  Deportment.  I 

Diplomatic  Negotiations,  Breaking  of. 

— In   the  history  Ol  tin-  United  State*.  acv- 

matlc    relations    has   nlwaya 

been  followed  by  wur.  nltliuuxh  not  always 

dir.-ctlv.      In   the  summer  of   1796.   France 

uded  tho  function*  of  her  minister  to 
the  United  States,  although  he  remained  In 
the  country  t"  observe  condition*,  rinckney 
t»r  to  France  In 
rierember.  170(1.  hot  Uw  French  Govern] 
refused  to  receive  bin,  ami  be  obeyed  «  bint 
p.  return  to  hla  count  utn     ITOT. 

The  first  actual  conflict  between  the  two 
countries  occurred  in  February,  1790,  In 
1800.  the  English  minister  to  the  United 
State*  waa  told  that  no  further  eon 
cation  would  be  received  from  Mm  br  the 
I  State*  Government.  HI*  successor 
wo*  appointed  later,  and  did  pot  return  in 
England  until  after  wur  had  turuiallT  been 

red,  in  tli*  meantime,  the  American 
tnlulstcr  to  England,  rinckney.  had  left 
England  In  181 1  lo  the  war  with  Mexico, 
the  Mexican  minister  demanded  his  pass- 
pnrt*  on  March  0.  184.1.  end  the  American 
minister  to  Mexico  noa  Informed  ttxt  diplo- 
matic negotiation*  weir  ai  an  mil  oa  March 
4g,  18*6.  War  was  declared  on  May  12. 
1««0.  In  the  war  with  Spain,  the  Spanish 
and  American  inlulMcra  did  not  leave  t!  ,ir 
respective  poKt*  until  after  war  ban  tot 
mnlly  been  declared  on  April  19,  1898.    Oa 


Feb.    2.    1017.    Ambassador    eon    Bernstor_ 
iiny   waa  banded   hi*   passport*. 
and  the  American  ambaaiador.  Oerard.  was 
,1  at  the  aam*  time  to  apply  for  bis 
:i.    from   Germany,   although   It   waa 
n"t   until   April  0.  1017.  that  war  was   for 
mnlly  announced.     With  reaped  to  tii  •  inm 
wire.  Mexico   beginning  In   the  enrly 
i*"n'*  first  administration,  i 
matte   negotiations   were    ni  d,    »1 

though    tlnr    did    not    remain    dignified    by 
ri  tla-mi-clvi-*  la 
Washington  and  Mexico  City. 

Diplomatic  Service.    (Sen  Conaul.tr  and 

Diplomatic  Service.) 
Direct  Election  of  V.  &  Senators.— A 
joint  reaolntlon  providing  fei  Tin- 
election  of  senators"  rat  Introdnc  d  la  tad 
aecond  session  of  the  Sixty-Oral  <',uigreee, 
It  pa*.ed  (he  House,  but  on  Feb-  28,  1011. 
wa*  defeated  in  the  Senate  by  four  vote 
The  Joint  resolution  waa  reintroduce'! 
the  ffr>:    session  at   tba   sixty-second   Con- 

tress,  and  on  April  14.  1011.  It  passed  tba 
louse  of  Rcpre-  by  i >f  2«~ 

to  10.  On  June  12(h  the  Senate  passe 
rlie  revoiniion  wiih  an  amendment  placln, 
the  control  of  federal  elections  under  stab 
government.  Tin-  Mil  waa  then  aent  to  a 
conference  coinmlttr**  whence  n  iiad  not 
hen  I'ougress  adjourned,  so  that 
It  failed  to  become  law.  In  several  state*, 
notably  California.  Kansaa.  Minnesota. 
Montana,  new  Jersey.  <lhlu  and  Wisconsin, 
the  IcgMatures  enacted  Inw*  providing  for 
tho  Oregon   plan  of  pledging  candidate*  to 

the       le  In       Oil.'      for       the      people's 

Choice  fur  United  Stales  Senators.  „*  Indi- 
cated in  the  general  prlrunry  election  to  be 
hel.l  previously. 

This  method  of  expressing  a  choice  for 
Un!  i  id  State*  Senators  was  unsatisfactory. 
as  it  was  not  general  nnd  also  bee 

ii  bound  by 
auch   ■•  of   preference    and   looked 

upon  the  vote  merely  as  a  rcr.imm.-udatlon, 
which  they  were  at  liberty  to  follow  or  dla- 

reeard  ai  picture, 

ih.,  -iMr  second  Congress,  nt  it*  second 
session,  adopted  a  John  resolution  propos- 
ing an  amendment  lo  the  constltotloo  mak- 
ing the  election  of  tinted  States  Senator! 
by  ilirei-t  rule  of  the  people  compulsory. 
This  wss  ratified  by  a  HinVlcnt  nnmber  of 
srnt.'s  (30)  nnd  declared  n  force  May  Jl, 
r.ieentb  suieudment  to 
the   Constitution. 

Direct  Nominations  of  Presidential  Can- 
didates.      (Sec    Presidential    Prima- 
ries.) 
Direct  Taxes.    (See  Taxation;  Taxes.) 
Director  of  Bureau  of  Engraving  and 
Printing.     (See  Engraving  and  Print- 
ing, Bureau  of.) 
Director  of  the  Consular  Service,  De- 
partment Of  State.— This   office    was   cre- 
ated in   1910.  and  carries  a  yearly  salary 
of    fi.SOO.      The    director    of    tho    conaular 
service    U    ranked    after   th«   counselor    and 
assistant  secretary  of  stale,  along  with  the 
aecond   and    third   assistant  sccretarlea   of 
state  and   tho  solicitor  to  the  departnent. 
Hn  has  charge  of  tho  Consular  Bureau   (o. 
v.i.    Consular    Appointments     (q.    v.).    the 
Emergency    Fund,    and    Trada    Informs t Inn 
and  Publicity  (q.  v.).     ISce  Consular  Serr- 
Ice:  State  Department) 
Director  of  the  Mint.    (8m  Miut.i 
Dlsablltty-Pcnsion  Act  discussed,  5552, 
0762,  5583,  5977. 


Encyclopedic  Index 


District 


Disarmament.     (Sec  Arbitration  (Inter- 
national) and  Disarmament.) 
Discretionary    Powers     of     President. 

SSco    K.-\  resi- 

est ;  Renoi ing  from  OJ 
Discriminating   Duties,      (See    Vessels, 

Foreign  tonnage.  <> 
Diseases,    Contagious.      >>-.-    |  holers: 
International 

Sanitary    Confi  r. -n.  ■■ ,    1  'l.-:  •  :■- :    QbST- 
nntinc    Begolatlons;    V:!   •.     liver.) 
of  Animals.   (Set  and 

•.al  Products.) 
Dispatch-Boa  t.     a   vessel  used  for  trans- 

kkg  communication*. 

Distilled  Spirits  (see  nl?o  Liquors): 
Ssle  of,  in  Sinm  by  Amrriruns,  4170. 
Sale  of,  to  Indians,  recommendations 

regardi:  1167. 

Salo  of,  in  Manila,  Information   ii.i, 

etn  8413, 

Tax  on — Discussed  by   President — 
Arthur.  4723,   1765.'  1831. 

rison,  BenJ.,  5474. 
Washington,   '.n.  B7,  104,  119,  122, 
12.'.,  12(J,  142. 
-Ion    of    united    States    into 
districts  for  collection  of,  91,  97, 
104, 
Lairs    for    raising.     (Sec    Revenue, 
Public.) 

ivaJ  of,  on  spirits  I,',  (|  in  arts 

and  manufactures  i  ,.■!. 

[,— A    name    applied    In    the    I'nli  S 

Siatci  io  i) portions  of  territory  •• 

■. itiiout  sto  i i .-Hint Its  la- 

.  iii.-  ill. in,  i  of  Co 

Simili  Carolli  were  for- 

nrrl)  Met*.      From   IB"  I    10 

that  portion  of  ins   Loulalanii   purchase  lj« 

r  in.    Dortfaern   boundary  of  tbe 

present    state    trns    called    the    District    •  *• 

ma.     Befoi  p  in  li  ndm  itntes 

rlcts. 
respectively  of  Vin-  n 
The  nnuie  "district"  la  si  a  applied  lo 
illv  NIi.iim  i.f  :i  state  grouping  ivrlnln  conn 
lira  or  wards  lolo  sepsrsi.'  i,,i:-r,-  i.,-v.i 
"strict*  for  the  election  of  Ucprc*-niuilvi-* 
I  uugn  kg. 

District    Attorneys.     (Sec     Attorney-, 

let.) 
District  CoarU.    (Sec  Courts,  Fcdcrnl.) 
strict   of   Columbia.— Conicr.-*.   u   an- 
prised    b]  ,i,i  i. mi    to   "exercise 

xetii-i  ,in  In  nil  cane*  what 

men  district   (not  exceeding  tea   miles 
Ion  of   pnrtlcnlar 

;ii f  CongT 

obm   the    -.  n    ,.f   tbe   Government   of   lbs 
tolled  State*  "    July  16.  1790,  after  e  lung 
•  ml    Mltei    dlacu  rllKtrli'l    ten    miles 

itnare  lying  mi  i""li  -  'it'-  -i  of  I'm-  iv.ioninc 
liver  wot  selected.  Maryland  ceded  • 
nr  square  ml  i  on  lb*  north  b  Bk  of 
•■  Htit  mid  Virginia  tbirty-six  sqnnre 
nlle*  on  the  south  tuink.  The  Dl 
■t  culled  the  Territory  of  (  olnnilila.  The 
nt  of  removed  thither  by 

BOO.      July    :>     l$48,    t lie  portion  aomb  of 
le  Potomac  mil  ceded  back  to  Virginia. 
For  a    time    ibe  superintendence  of   the 


District   of  Columbia   was  In   tbe  hands  of 
commissioner*.  Im    in    IBWI   \\  ashing- 
lucorporaied   and   Its   KO'ernnu-nl 
was   p1ue»'d    lu  of   tW  p 

'  president  and   :i   council, 
nppui..  Id    ii.       In     i 

.1      i  bo   p*'opli 
substituted    'nr    the  president        I 
in  I s 7 1  the  i  ■■■■  '-in 

meat,  in*  ii im"  .  house  and  iJue  governor 
being  appointed  bj  the  President  end  tbe 
lower  house  selected  by  tbe  people, 

found    to   i»-   unsatisfactory^   and    in 
i.\: j.  i  irovlded  1  ir  •»  boa rd  ol  i bree 

"n»  to  take  cbai 
pertaining  CO  lbs   ldMrlct  government. 

.Inn,  '  .1,1,. I     r.ir    ii 

peruiii '    government,  consisting  of  three 

i-  i  in  in  I  wo   ii.   be  appointed   from 

civil    life    by    the    Pw-sldeut,    Hi-     third    lo 

he  detailed  from  tbe  ottlcera  of  tbe  ICnglneer 

,,f  tbe  Ann..      The  sres  Ii   ilxiv-four 

square  miles,  practically  all  Included  In  the 

puuitlon     (1010), 

3,'il.001),    of   whom    nhout    07.000    were   ne- 

■  •■    iln-    propurty    In    lbs 

district  wu»  est  mated  hi   inn   al   «1, 

000,000.    Of    Which    about     one  fourth     wna 

pei  ...ii tl  ltd   three  (norths    real 

estate, 

C mission*™  -OUvel     P     Nownan   and 

Frederick    I.,    stddons    (Democrat  •-.. 

Irs    July     Hi.     1010,     and     I.tciit.- 

Col,  Chester  Harding  (oou-psrtlssnl    Corps 

of  Knell rs,    United  States  Army,  detailed 

ilurlne  the  i  of  tbo  President  of  the 

I'nlteil   Stales  ;    :       ■  Willi  mi   Tlndnll 

of  Cominl'sluncrs,  lUiirl'.-l    llulldlng, 

on,    I>.    i'. 

Judiciary — Court  of  Appeals:    Chief  Jus- 

Uce      Beth     Bbenard;     Asso  ;..tlc«». 

n     ih. mi.  J,  A.   Vim   Orsdel,     8u- 

trcmn  I'onrt  :  Chief  Jnxtlee,  Harry    Is.  t'l.i- 
,:    AHsorlnte    Jiiatlres     Job    Bernard. 
Thomas    II.    Anderson.    Ashley    M     t 
Daniel  T.  might,  Wendell  P.  BtsHont 

District  of  Coltunbla    (sen   also    Wash- 
.  n    i.'ilv): 
Act— 

Fixing  rate  of  interest  on  nrrenr 
ago*  of  taxes  duo  in,  returned, 

For       promotion      of      anatomical 

m-ii'iiii'  iimi  to  preVenl  deaeen 

tion  of  graves  vntood,  4D98. 
Prescribing  times  for  snli-A  and  fur 

nolo-.-  of  saled   of  property  in. 

for  taxes  returned,  .'>-i2. 
Prohibiting   bookmakinvf   and    pool 
ii-  in.  vetoed,  • 

Befarraa  •      565: 
Providing  for  recording  deeds,  ete., 

in,    vetoed,    i: 
Respecting     cireiil.'il  Ion     of     bank 

Dotes  in.  vetoed,  ■''•288. 
To  nbolith  board  of  commie- 

of  police,    in,    etc..    Ml, ii, I,    4384. 

To  authorise  reassessment  of  water 
main  taJCes  or  asacssments  in, 
returned.  6102. 

To  pay  monev  I  under  di- 

rect tut  of  1861  to  Ettatee,  'r''lri 
tories.  nnd,  vetoed,  54L"J, 

To   punish   unl  propriation 

of    property   of  another   In,  re- 
turned, 5672. 


District 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


To  regulate  elective  fnuchi 

•  •  i...   !.     II 

To    regulate   practice   of    me.  I 
and    surgery    'nr    '',l'-    returned, 
6102. 
ropriation       for.      recommended, 

4108. 
Armory  of — 

Damages  to  bo  incurred  by  repeal- 
ing mi  proi  uiinir  fur  eoBatrw  ■ 
tion  of,  referred  to.  8901, 

Location  of,  referred  to,  2011. 

Site    for,  Mlect.it.   -VMI. 

BenaTolent    institution*,   is,   deeerre 

■■•it.  ..  ongreas,  3588,  3452, 

4450,  4579.   5383. 
Board  of  panic  WOlki  in.  report  of, 
to,  4iio. 
Work  accomplished  by.  4208. 
Bonded  Indebtedness  of ,  i|iieii»»eil  and 
recommendations  regarding,  4231. 

art  on.  tcse. 

Boundaries  of,   referred   to  ami   pro- 
claimed,  86,   !'• 
Bridge,  over  Koek  Creek,  construction 

of,   referred   to.   bit. 
Bridge*  over  PotOmj  C   Rh    I  in.  con- 
struction    and     repair    of,     dis- 
cussed.    1171.    1257,    2710,    4638, 
1671      mi 
Injuries  sustained  by,  referred   to. 
1448. 
Building*  for  offices  of.  recommended, 

1678,  4s.io.  1980,   .".lit. 
Building*,  put  ..MHlrnctnui  of, 

referred   to,  182. 
Ceded    to    Congress    for    permanent 

»eat  of  Government 
Congress  assembled  In,  861,  805.  298. 

Contagion*  liBOMM,  provision* 

against,  recommended,  854. 

Courts  of — 

Appeal*  from,  to  Supreme  Court, 
recommendations  regarding.  4939, 

Minister  of  Netherlands  refuse*  to 

testily    in.   1". 

Bmureme  Court,  selection  and  Mnr< 
ice  of  jurors  in.   bill   regarding, 
returned,  3306. 
Crimes    ngninst    chastity    In.    inade- 

<|iiacv  hi  .:  lag  to,  5633. 

Del.t    ftf,   diSCQBBOd,   4129. 

gate    hi    OongirMa   to    represent, 
recommended,  HVM,  1180,  » 
Depreeaion  in  pecuniary  concern*  of, 

T'eputy    marshals,    bailiffs,    etc..    in. 
rnaatiOD  to,   referred  to.  3664. 
Distribution      of      arms,      ordnam  ■■•. 
■.  etc.,  to  Territories  and.  reg- 
ulations   regarding.    5159.    848ft 
EDectrld  wires  iii.  report  of  board  to 
consider  locution,  ete     if.  transmit- 
ted, 5047. 


Gorcriinicat   of,  dl  •  HI      I,   295. 
300,  ioni,  li: 

■      137ft 

Territorial      government      in,      dis- 

I16& 

Iiii|,nr,  c  mints   to    «i  ro.-t  -    in,   rccoiu- 

lations  regarding,  4950. 
Insane  asylum  in — 

Appropriation  for,  270-8. 

t ruction  of,  discu- 
Erection   of,   recommended, 

8804 
Estimate  for  deficiency  appropria 
for,  4677. 
Institution    of  learning  for,    recom- 

led,   4208. 
Interests  of.  discussed  hv  President — 
Arthur,    IT.il.  4773.   #840. 

HOT    3184. 
Cleveland.    USD    N 
Fillmore,  2628,  2673,  2710. 
Urant      1808,    4257. 
Harrison.  Benj..   8487. 
Haves.  1429,  4459.  4532,  4579. 
Lincoln,  S254,  I 
Pier.. 
Polk.  8266, 
Tavlor,  2561. 

Tyler.   1903,   1942,    2124.   2204. 
Van   Burcu,   1612,   l. 
Laws  of — 

Commissioners  appointed   to  revise 

and  cod.) 
Proclamation  fixing  time  and  place 
of  election   tor  voting  on   adop- 
tion   of    .oil,-.    3021. 

rrcd  to,  3014. 
Revision  of  civil  and  criminal  code 
recommended,   4840. 

'.    lieei":„!»rv,    1.196,    1478, 

1492,  1611.  51 II,  5884,  5638,  0848. 

Statute    of   limitations    for   crime* 

should  not  be  limited  to  2  year*, 

ties, 

Want  of  uniformity  in.  1091. 
Lairs  of  adjoining  State*  applicable 

to.  insufficient,  326. 
Legislation    in,  power  of.   should  be 

g   from  Congress  and  veste, I  in 

people,  016. 

Liberal  Spirit  of  CongTess  in  relation 
to.  2750. 

I.ii|unr-:,  amendment  of  law*  regulat- 
ing sale    of.  etc..   in.   recommended. 

8114,  8888,  5487,  5766. 

Military  governor  of.  (See  Wads- 
worth,  James  B.) 

Nationnl  celebration  of  the  centennial 
anniversary.  6347,  6404,  6456. 

Penitentiary  in — 
Compensation  to  Inspectors  of;  re- 
ferred to,  1036,   lOltl.  1493. 
i  '  c . ,  i ,  ( .  1  -  -  •  i . ,  i  ■  of,  referred  to,    1091, 
To  be  erected,  930. 

Plan  of,  referred  to,  105. 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Division 


Police    regulation*    of,   recommenda- 
tions that  Commissioner*  be  clothed 
with  power  to  make,  5114. 
Poll  n  for,  recommended,  1942. 

Political  rights  t»  citizen*  of,  oxt.m- 

•ion  of,  recommended,  1390. 
PflWBOTI    in,    provision    for,    rccom- 

awaded, 
Public  schools  io,  Ki<l  for,  recommend- 
;..   1578. 
Dtscnmlutloni  uniaal  District  in 
donation  of  land*  for  support  of, 
4.59. 

-,|  to,  »8,  182. 
Reform  school  for  nirl*  in,  construc- 
tion  of,  l  ."632. 
Tii-form  school  in,  supply  of  blanket* 

for,  ,: fax  ii ■....,[,  #J7i. 
Relinquishment  of  portion  of,  to  Vir- 
ginia discussed  and  recommenda- 
tion thai  ii  be  renin*],  8*88. 
Commissioners  appointed  on  affairs 
of,  4256. 
Reservations    in,   appropriations    for, 

"i  mended. 
Seat  of  government — 

Bnur.iTar-.es  of,  referred  to  and  pro- 
:  ,-||,    mi,   M 

Removed     from      Philadelphia     to 
Washington,   281,   295,   *98.   290. 

8cweras,e    art  tea    "i.    enruitiitteo    to 
report   upon,   appointed,  5187. 
Report  of.  transmitted,   5514. 
Slavery  in.  abolished,  8174, 
Steam    railway  lines — 

Concentrating     upon     Washington, 
construction   of,   urped,   3351. 

.•'iversies  rernrdinjc  ocean 
of  ii  .  I960,  .'-Hi.  '.233. 

Recommendations    regarding    loen- 
tion  of  depots  and  tracks,    i 
4679,  4651,  4734. 
Street  railroad   companies   in,  report 
of   hoard   on   amount,   eliargenblo 
to,  referred  to.  187& 
Survey  of.   commissioncra  Alnctod 

to  make,  86,  '.'  I. 
Report  of ,  referred  to,  128. 
Taxcj  in.  remitted  by  Conpres*  shnuM 
bf    l  liargnd   to   National   Tr, 

Disunlonlst.  —  a  person  irbo  (Srond  wees- 

luring  ill--  ri,  ,i  War 
Division    of    Accounts    and    Dl«bnr*e- 

moots.      (See  Accounts  and  Disburse- 
Dta,  IHvlslon  of.) 
Division  of  Dead  letters,  Foat-OfUco  Do- 
paxtment.  -"!•' -i    tetl  tea"    is    a    teneric 

tanp  used  to  cover  all  piece*  of  msll  BattM 

SClllrh     CUBOt     lie    illr.-.-lll     il.-lh.  : 

iDa,      I'r-  ll-t.'li   for  linmlllriif 

mall  matti  i   we    bason  in  IR2B,     In 
in-    .-ii,-  pieces  wore   tornad   tnio 

:  rtskfl.  of  wl-leh  .T.*fl7.1l>4  were  delti- 

■    r.     Sled.    7.001,436    w»r« 

destroyed,    and    41,775    reserved     tor    Uter 


treatim-nt        Chad        ■  i  :   i 
nml  other  -  nnil  Inside  -ileod 

"    ami   return  I  Uclr   owners    In 

IMS    amounted     to    12.30.1,1 10 -Ml. 

■  im- return 
iil«e  Is  aoJd.  nnd  uodellverible  carreney  ts 
removed  from  letters  turned  lu'.o  thi 

slon.  Letter*  which  hare  be«ri  advertised 
are  Obtainable  ool*  el  :in  oddtiloiinl  [u-i-m- 
titm  01  wnlch  sad  other 

sources    tliere    sras    ohtulncd   In    11110   *64.- 
iii.l.iciL-   i lie  n  of  dead  loiters 

rllng.     An  n.-f  of  Jul 
1010  reduce*  the  time  durlna  which  hitters 
with  valuable  enclosures  moat  bo  held  from 
the   pri  ',  i-  ment    of  4   yesrs  to    1 

EOfflce   Deportment  .   iv-mi 
rvl-  • 
DlvUlon  of  Finance,  Post-Office  Depart- 
ment.— This  division  Is  under  the  lopervl 
tlon  of  (hi 
eral    (i).    v.).      Fur    the    B*  -  tiding- 

Ian* 

nt        were 

and  the  expenditures  were  1300.204,0 

of  revenna  in  mio  m*  re 
aj  follows  - 

Stamped  paper     t 

Money    orders s.|.:h.--|5.4| 

rlaga  »"" 

Second  'in  i  matter  :t  :;*:., :>j-> 
Third  and   fourth   class 

fl."ni  I 

The    principal    einemllllireii    were    K    (Ob 
lows: 

postmasters 
and  clerks  .1  I    01     I 

Bail***   moll   tranxp'T 

lallon    BT.4IW  I 

ltnr.il  delivery  ...     51.04S.MlS.fil 

City 

nimpf-nsa- 

31.13S.S34  «.' 
i     routes    S.OT.fl 

Post-OSce   Dgaaii at     Kail  Hat 

ter:  l"o»tal  Service:  Division  of  8tam| 
Division   Miscellaneous   Transportation, 
Post-Office  Department. — 'I'M 

I    the  direct  supervision  of  the  second 
aaalau  il  (q,  v.i.     Mull 

transportation  I -.-  electric  and  cable  enrs 
comprises  ".71  route*,  covering  H.ion  mile* 
nnd   an   aniimil    Irm    I    n(    I2.R60     in 

oprli  ii.inx  fur  thin  brai 
i-  ••  In  T'lT  were  ftMlO.000      Wagon  • 
comprises  route*  to  the  extent  <><  I.SSi)  mile. 
nnd    sn    annual    travel    o(   .1.494, .V>0    I 
Appropriations  fur   t'-l<  ni-thod  of  rarrvln-( 

th.-  null  In  1H17  were  12.800.0 n  j-:ly 

I.    I. 'HI.   the  n.-   :  ■    ten- 

eral  niuiimrd  :    -  supervision  of  a-iic->n  serv- 
.    It    eomes    under    th-- 

delivery.    Tin-  m 

i-rnl  Ht-o  .-I  -  umi  ,i     l  at  -,-    ,u  tl  ■■  anms  ii  its 
of  pneumatic   tube   service     for   whle 
spprnprlntlims  In    I'nu   were  K1H1  I 

"f         t'-        III. ill         llll 

13,160.000    wns    approrirlnt.-il     In     101 
the  S.02T  route*.  .'...'."I  mile-  In  Ii 
and  of  nn  minimi  tmi    i  nt 

lue    32.4SI      miles,     with 
,   of  6.470,212   mile*,      i'-t   iteamboal 
upproprl  ltlons  were  »1  080 
ii'io     't-i-,.'  ^ |a  . kn  stni 

:  miles,  ulth  nn  nnnunl 
irrrlng   *n 

■  I  nn.      (S.w> 
Dfllcn      Deparimerif ;      A«l«tant 

-  1 1  Service. ) 

Division  of  Money  Orders.  Po*t-Offico 

Department.      Uonej  i.-nrstutll. 

'  ed    in    IBM,  to    iv->tms»ter-tienvr*l    Blair, 


Division 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Isr  to  sc-.-ommodatc  Vnlon  soldiers  who 
I    to    send    sum. I    miuia    of    money    to 
their    boinos.       The    iu| 

order*  Is  now  In  the  hands  of  the  t  Ird 
ssslatant  postmsuer -„■■       :    i      i     >   i.     Thcro 

1018,  00.0211  ilnm 
money  order  offices  no<!  11. SIS  International 
money  order  office     Domestic  order*  laaned. 
In        :ti  amounted  In  niirolT  In  I  ;i.iM3.Sl*J, 
SI  DtJOt  la  !T'  10.  on  aver- 

age  of   (S.ni    pa    monej  l«    foes 

coiwii-d    on     i!  aonnted!     to 

Jii,Tl>  v.o.lS.      Of  Intrrnnllonnl    inonoy  or- 
rrs    there    were   leaned   3.011.007,   totalling 
M0.SBI.3ffi.34,    (in  til    -i      10.      Al- 

i    moots   <,nliT»  arc    Invalid   one  year 
from  the  la«t  day  of  the  month  In   which 
they  am  Issued,   >,'t    they   m.iv   ho  coll 
after  ion    ,i(    the    time    limit   by 

1 1  procedure.     The  teas  are  grided,  as 

foUoere:     On  orders  up  to  (2. so.  s  c«t«: 

,1    ?.-.  till.    .',     relit 

15.00  nml  (10.00.  8  cent* :  between   *l""<i 
■nil   (20.00,    10  <vet* :   letwc-a   (20.00  end 
(30.00.  1'.'  rent*.  m>  to  on!  rs  In  i . 
nnd  (]  o  Post-Off'. 

piRBtBti  I'"  till  System.) 

Division  of  Naval  Militia  Affairs.   (See 

Naval  Militia.) 
Division  of  Postal  Savings,  Post-Office 

Department,       (See     1'outal    Savings 

Banks.) 
Division  of  Postmasters"  Appointments. 

!'0*l- 
raasters  .) 
Division  of  Post-Offlco  8«rvlce.~in  IMS, 

Rtntal    delivered    letters  at  si 
of  two  teats  each  i,,  !':,•  p,  rson  v.!,,,  r,-ro|red 

then,     iii  ins,  newspapers  tad  painpl 

were   I  il  »t  n  CO»t 

i.r  oBe-ha.ll  i   "i     sen,    Pre*  delivery  service 

Ion  wns 
r    i  tei  ola"  •   ad 
In  1803.     In  1017.  tier*  were  34.111   I 
: «,  with  an  ,i      ■  ■ 
:  there  were  40127  clerk*  In  tie  eltr 
delivery  service,  earning  an  average  yenrlr 
•alary  of  (1.03  1.44.    Tl  ■•  division  of  pi 
. 

...    nml     In- 
cludes city  parol  po  [I ■   ■•  r  >  i 
t;  Mi' I  Axslatant  Postmas- 
tcr-*3cDi 

Division  Ballwny  Adjustment,  Port- 
Offlco  Department.  —  Ttds  boraan  has 
e*wiree  of  the  adjustment   of  rate*  paid  to 

-    the   transportation  W 
United  ,il«.  and  1  v  the 

•econd  nislf.tnnt  postraasterceneral   (q    v.  i 

An  BCt   r,f  It'll!   mil!.'  -   IT  ivbl-n 

for  a  readjustment  of  the  mt»«  on  a  h*»w 

he  iletermlned  by  the 

merer    Commtsaton     (q.    v.). 

■  i  ifiiee  Department;   Postal  8erv- 

..nllwaj  Mall  8ei  I 
Division  Of  Publications.      (Seo   Publi- 
cations, Division  of.) 

Division  of  Eeglstorod  Malls.  Post-Offlce 

Department,  -  This  division   of  the   postal 

service    Is    i  rected   bj    the   third  assistant 

::-.!.  r-iienersl    fq.   v.i.   ami   Ini'iinte*  In- 

.iiriini-.   <u ill  matter  and  collections  on 

delivery       RofrUtem!   letters   were  first  |>ro 
Tided  f-.r  In   I8SS.     In  the  fl»o*l  ronr  ending 
ii.   I'm:    there  ercn  ■  "  nn  retls- 

trutlona  of  mall  matter,  on  whleh  t>>^  for* 
amounted       |,       «■;  127.0V!  10; 

E'iece«  <-.f  mall  iii  Insured,  hriueing 

a  fees  of  (l.otiT  l  12.20     snd  of.  collections 


on  delivery,  a  feature  confined  to  tbe  parrel 

post  system,   the  mi. Mil,  carrying 

fee*  of  (u30.0S4.il0.     The  dliMuu  of  reels- 
also     stteuds     to     Indemnity 
claim*,     which     In    moit    casm    are    sullied 
within  ten  il  i  |pt  r,f  the  claim. 

approved. 

snd   (231.017.73   wn*   appropriate,!    to   I i 

them,  an  average  of  (7  <"i  :-.  'mall 

rj     r,       i.    in    goats       iSc*   l/o»t- 
iiiiue  l"|i»rtmeat;  Postal  Service.) 

Division  of  Bnrnj  Malls,  Post-Offlce  Oe- 
parunent.— iim  al  was  b*xno 

In  1807.  and  was  definitely  eatsbllsheil  on  a 
Unre  scale  In  1903:  It  falls  under  Use 
•  Hi  ,  ii  i.  i. .a  nf  the  fourth  os«.l*unt  poatmas- 
(q  r.).  After  the  delivery  of 
class  matter,  tho  rural  free  di-llvery 
la  the  i   nr   Hi.-  (oTeru- 

■.  bul  nil  po  lnin*ter»  ren 
er.ii  >|m  ai  0  ihly  the  ni'»t  sei 

postal  ayatt-u.     Tho  eatab- 
llahment  of  m-w  rnut.M  t*  deimnlned  by  tbe 
■ally  after  a  petition 
"Itned  by  at   least   ISO  per»on>.   who   mutt 
repre--  cent  of  the  famlllm  olnns 

191  ■;.  tt.e  rural  free 
urllvei  1.710.002   families,  contain 

Inir  2ti,307.(!s0  persons,  at  n  eosl  of  tfi]. 
71B.61S:   hut   It    Is   estimated   Mint   In   that 

year       Ihere       Wei,  ilHllllIll       I: 

without  any  postal  fucliittcv  The  rural 
free  delivery  route*  In  1016  compute, \  <2.- 
'.i-7     route*,    cos  .    tho 

■  miles.  In  that 
year  there  were  12.706  carriers.  who»e  sver- 
ace  salary  was  '  •  dlvl- 

-inii    (all    al»i    the    "Star    I:  v  i 

Offlcc    Depnrttneot :    Posts: 
Ice.i 

Division  of  Stamps,  Post  Office  Depart- 
ment.—Tha  division  Is  nnder  tho  third  as- 

(q,  v.).     In  1010. 
'ie  freiti  atatnpod  paper  wsi 

0    nml   :'e  report  ol  the  postmaatev- 
ci-nersl  for  1816  ratlmntes  that  I 
for  1017  will  aroonnt  to  (MO.ooo.OOO.     In 

,     r  capita  consumption  of  •: 

paper  was  f  10;  In  1016  it  was  (2.88     t»ur- 

lod,  the  population  Increased  at 

n  rate  of  2.'."  per  cent,  and  the  conaumptlon 

of  »i  imped  paper  al  o  rats  of  4  008  i"'r  rrot 

in   r.i   ■  were   Issued  iirlous 

ister*  throuEhout  the  country  pn*tace 

i.     post     eord*.     stnmpeil 

International     reply 
coupons,    po  nn    mrd*  and    stamps 

to  tbe  number  of  14.0Vi.2i.. 

tamps  :  po»t  i  itBci  Departn 
Divorce. — The     fact     thai     as. 
couple  tnny  be  reenrded  as  man  and  wife 
in  004  state  »hiie  divorced  is  aootlMr,  or 

as  in  i  r  married  si  all  In  a  third  »tate  una 
lona:  been   noted,      Lnwi   providing"  for   tho 

dlafcolutlon  of  tho  marrloee  tie  exlat  In  all 
Ron  Ii  i  .;.  illna,  Iu  that 
state  divorce  i«  not  (ranted  on  any  Bjrooads 
whatsoever,  either  by  courts  of  juttlce  or 
by  acta  of  the  lecl'lnture.  In  all  other 
states  Infidelity  and  violation  of  the 
rtagjS  vows  me  as  rnlld  cr.umil. 

In  NVw  York  adultery  alone 
I*  n  valid  cronuil  for  n.-e  uie  divorce.  Inv 
potence   or  physical  Ii  -t   all 

siiii.s  either  instine*  divorce  or  renders  the 
Da  irises  voidable. 

There  ore  thirty-five  different   cnuse*  for 

■nlied    In    the    differ 

eut  states      rhe  prlnc  Is  (ppnerslly 

erilsed  ore:  Infldelitr.  slniatloo  of  msr- 

voir*.     willful    desertion;     habitual 

drnnkeon rlctlnn   .,f    felony:    imoi 

crn'ilo.    ei'reme.    or    repented    eruelly  :    do- 
,n.      Condonation,    collnslon.    or    con- 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Dixie 


SvaDC*-.    with   th«   purpose  of  procuring    ■ 
carded  as  a  bar 
I*  Itu'  dissolution  or   ■iiurrug*. 

In    ■■  llmldnck.    K 

i  Supreme 
J  .unices     dlUKiailBS. 

Ibm   ii  .ranted   In   a   Hale   where 

loaalcOetf,  nltuoul  prr- 
mmI  service  of  promu  or  *  voluntary 
appeeraoce  by  tbe  deff^dnnt.  though  v»ild 
la    (be  -il.    need    not    be 

recognised    by    any  lt*> 

.leeount  of  this  ruling  and  the  dlrtT- 

•lly  of   flatc    l»w«  on  tb»  subject,   a    eon- 

feres**.    w»   held    In    Waal  Inglou    In 

■kick)   was  attended   by   rcprwntailt'B  of 

f»«ty  state-.  ■<  New   Mexico. 

**d  (be   District  ,a-      lu   N'ovenv 

Ut  of  Ibat  year  a(  ■  second  icnlnn  of  the 

i  urcv  law  wuii  agreed 

ml    submitted    lo    tbe    various 

trUIs  tares.       Tblf    law     si  -     tbe 

.mot  of  marriage.   Ira- 

Sfocency.    coDsansulnliy  and    aOlulcy,    »ii»t 
mm    marriage,    fruail.                           coercion, 
il..-  othor  pony,  mar- 
where    wif.-    "■•    und.-r    six n.    or 
eighteen    unless    confirmed 
irlvlng  »t  such  age.     TVe  ciui. 
•  Incline  divorce  rvooiiiuicoded  are  adultery. 
Ucsbj,   convktlim   of   ccrulo   crioio.    -  I 
trem*   cruoliy,     willful    desertion    for    Iwo 

jears.  and    iiniiiiiiui    drunkenness.      Tbo 

rsose*    r-.r     legal     separation     rrcomi  - 

creelty.     wiil- 
•ertlno    for    iwo    year*,    hopeless    Inv 
■ealty  at   husband,    and    bi  uken- 

•»*•.    The  conference  recommended  that  no 
"MliWoil  c*au>e«  be  recognised.     The  pro- 
pose! law  ease* 
I  Mrs  my  or  adultery.  Jurisdiction  shall  de- 

Wopon  two  years'  residence.     If  a  party 
„  Bnitd  Into  a  atnte  after  the  cauM  for 
******    arnee.     ni  Sou     shall     be 

fkr*  ut-it-«   thla  cause  win  recognlaoS   In 
•»•  Milt   In    which   »ocb    party    re>ldnd   nt 
or   Ibr    eai  It    also    pro- 

"W*  last    every    atate   adopting    thla  law 
fsll  faith  and   ci  ie  de- 

late  adopting  It. 
•  Uw   nss  adopted    by    Delawar 
"•»  Jrr«y  In  1007. 

-      the    Commissioner    of    Labor 

•***  I  r«port  of  tb*  »latIMU->  "f  divorce 

Efrtag  tbe  period  uf  twenty  yenra, 

H*     flf    showed    that    whereas   In    ISO" 

0     -;r    divorce*    i.  corded. 

*•»»   were    during    the    Ian    year    consld- 

-'•.U$.  an   Increase  of   157   per  cent, 

,|.  il    il. ,ii    lii.-r     i  limit 

Tii.-  total  number  of  divorces, 

^^Hh*  during  tbe  twenty  yenra  wn- 

•    The    ratio  of   dlvor. ■•  t'.agee 

'»  lo  1000  not  dlTorce  to  each  18, ' 

J"***!  t  another  period  in  high 

5*»»  to  every  fc.l  marriage*   fur  the  en- 

IV  Oiatry  and   a*   blgb   a»  one    to   every 

a   alngle   atate. 
..'*  190S  another  report  on  marriage  and 
gjarte  wi<   made  by  the  Ohwi 
**■»  eetered   the  twenir  year*  1887-1006. 
i   sumber  of  divorce*  reported   for 

wrltb 
•  for  the  previous  Iwi 
.  **■•  *ff-iri-»    Inilli-i.i'  nn    divorce 

.-..«.  n ml  thai  i  in-  ill- 

^^Bte    la    hlgll.-r 

?*•  la  any  other  country  anppl.rlne  »'ntlH- 
Two-third-)    ..f  '••    during 

Wy  year*   wetc    granted    the   n-lfe.      Only 
Ji*  pa   cent    of    the    entire    number    for 
JJ*  tut   twenty   year*   were  granted 
JJ  >er*«nt  of   Intemperance.      Ttir    nun.  -I 
Jltafr    nlr    of    .11"""--  •     In    the 
2>»w  wm 

SMtalatloo,  Jupno   215  dlrnrvca  !■• 
"**Xi  of  pnpulalloa,  and  Austria  only  one. 


Next    in   'in.   United   State*  come*  Swltser- 
liml    nub   Iblrtytoo.    followtd    by    luxooy 
-n  annual  average   vt 

each      I' 00    of    po|uilatloii  IScc    al»o 

Mnrrlnge.    Divorce  and   I'olygnmy.i 

Ditrorcc,   uniform   1*tt»   on,   »dvoc*tcii, 

■::.  ro«. 

Dixie,  ■'•  i' I'"  applied  originally  lo  New 
Tork  City  wben  slavery  exUted  there.  Ac- 
cording  to  the  myth  or  legend,  a  person 
named   Dixie  owned  a  large  tract  of 

»«    Manliiiiinii    I 

of  alotes.      As  Dixie's   alaves  lncreui.-, 

yiui-l    tbo    rc<|iilri'ffivot*    or 

•em    io  distant    ports, 
rally  tbe  deported  negroes  looked  upon 

home  at  a   place  of  real  and  ablllng 

bappi a«  did  iboct  from  the  "Ole  vir 

glnnjr"    of    Inter   dnv*.       Uorjcv    Dlxl 

'.Uo  synonym  fur  n  locality   where  the 

i  lived  8  ippj  ii  contca  ■  a  lives. 
In  i  be  aoutb  Dixie  Is  taken  to  mean  the 
southern  atatsa.  There  the  word  Is  aop- 
posed  to  have  been  derived  from  Mmon 
:>■■'!  Dixon's  lino,  formerly  dlvldu 
and  »lav«  notes  H  l«  "aid  to  nave  first 
come  Into  uic  there  when  Tcxai  Joined  the 
.    and    tbe    nrcroea    aong    of    It    as 

popular  songs,  notably  that  of  Albert  Pike. 
brans,  hear  your  country's  e.-ii:  '  :  ih.it 
,,f  T.  into  where 

grows  tbe  cotton."  and  that  of  Dan  Em- 
melt,    the    refrain    usually     containing    the 

rdi  "I  'lih  ' '   I. nn, I  " 

During  the  Civil  War  the  tune  of  Dixie 
vena    to    ih.-    .mitharo    people    what    ^ 

Ic   had   always   been    to    the   people  of 
the   whole  Union  and  what  It  contln, 

'"    he    Ii.    Ill,-    llnl  Hi,  :  ;i    | pie.    tic 

comic   national  air. 

Dixie  Hishwav. — Onf  of  the  national  road 
uw-.  •  in. -ii     developed  during  tbe  ycai 
It  ran  ofltchiiiv  launched  at  the  confei 
of  Goreraora  of  the  Slates  Ii 

!..     iiii'i-I     ni     i   biitl.imi  .i        April     S, 

ii    of  Inill- 
ann  of  highway*,  as  dcxl.-n:,  i  ,; 

bv  is-o  commUsloncrs,  each  appointed  !■»'  tbe 

lor*  ..f  the  .  ■'i.lii-..-.iii1  1 1 

:  I  . 

i    constat*  uf  li 
one  loop  .iii-b  In  the  8t»te«  of  Michigan  and 
Florida,  with  conn.,  tins  links.    The  western 
division   starts   at   <h 

tod. :  Louisville.  Ky. :  Nashville   and 

Chattanooga,    Tenn. :     it ■     Atlanta    and 

Macon,  Oi  •  Tallahassee    Kigali ,  Bartow 

and  .1-  ■  nnnecta  with  the 

i'irif'-m  division.     Indianapolis,    hid.,  la  con- 

i    with    ii    loop   in ml    the    State   of 

:.-an  nt   Booth   B  :  -i     I  log  the 

en«t.-rn  end  of  tbe  Michigan  loop,  wblrh 
follows  Mke  Huron  to  Detroit,   the  eastern 

:  througb  tbe 
i»do.  Dayton  and 
mail.  Ohio:  Lexlnirton.  Ky. ;  Cm 
land    (i-xfi    end    Knoxvllle,    Tenn..    to 

<:a..  vis  Dalton : 
Macon,  via  MeDonoiiBh :  thenr*  to 
Jncktnnvllle.   1-1 »  .  via    Kltrscrald  and  Way 
ind  along  the  *n«t  const  o 

•  Miami.  A  connecting  link  from  in 
rilanapoils  on  the  western  division  la  Dnvtnn 
Ohio,  on  no-  eaatern  dlvlilon,  ami  from  - 

bnssee.  Kla.,  on  UM  *T*JMtn  dlvl-hm  lo 
Jacksonville.  Pla.,  on  the  eastern  division 
r»-  nlxn  lu-en  deslk-iinteil. 

Hi.-  nivle  Highway  ha*  a  total  mile 
4.SOO,     lu  the  eight  Hut.-.  Ii  traverse     103 
ii   .•  Ill   —I  r»   n   territory  wlih   a 

•  tlOD   of  atmoil    fortv    million, 

are  over  eight  h  '  nutomohlle 

owner*   In   thla  territory,   from   which   tho 


Dixie 


Messages 


^apers  of  the  Presidents 


Dixie  Hlghwiy  can  reasonably  expect  to  at- 

UKt  tourist*. 

Dixie,  The,  mentioned,  0318,  6765,  6766, 

6833. 
Dock  Tarda   for  construction  of   largo 
vassal*,  recommended,  600. 
Appropriation*  for  building,  should  lie 
separate-:!  from  those  of  naval  serv- 
ice, 2625,  8670. 
-•.ruction  of — 
Appropriation    for,     recommended, 

Discussed.  333. 

Referred  to,  760,  985,  8414 

Site  tor, 

Keport     of     commission     to  select, 
transmitted,  .V.66,  5650. 
Spanish     war     vessels    repaired    at 
American,  4005. 
Dollar.-  i    i"  'i  '   m  daler  or  tl  tl       I  ht 

American  silver  dollar  I*  modeled  after  'lie 
Spunlih  nillli-d  dollar.  It  wax  nutb...rlied 
by     an     a*-!     of     C'pllgr*iut     passed     In 

which  declared   371t   grains  of  | 

to  be  equal  to  2tj  grains  of  pure  cold  and 

each  equlvaleol   to  ji  dollar  of  account.     It 

was   made    the    unit   of   value        i  lie 

dollar  was  Dr»t  coined  Id  17 

41f!    icr.i I iim.   .1T1J   grain*    [nine   of    -i!\- 

the    remainder    alloy.      In    183T   the    weight 

was  reduced   lo  41JJ   grains   by   deer. 

the     wight     of    sllny.        In     18*3     pru 

was  mode  for  a  dollar  of  430  grnlns  for 
ii!.o  iii  ilna  and  Japan  known 

nld  dolls  ■ 
j  under  tli-  net  of  March  3.  ls*lt.    Its 
coinage    was    discontinued    In    1800.      The 
coinage  net   of   I  "■-'».    IS,   1873,   tacitly   sua- 
pended    the    colunce    of    silver    dollars    [•*> 

cent   lb*  trod*  dollar)  and  made  la*  gold 

dollar  the  staudard  of  vnlne.  The  *Cl  •  ■' 
Kob.  eretary 

or  iii--  Treasury  to  purchniM.  each  month,  at 

in. irk. -I     value,     not     lew    I  100,000 

and  not  more  than  84.000.000  worth  of  bul- 
lion.     Id     be      coined      llilo     *llver     dull:  ■ 

4 1  u'*  grains  each.  This  act  wax  repealed 
by   the  act  of  June   14,  1890.        By  act   of 

I    dollar    again    became   the 

standard  of  value  lu  tlili  country.  (See 
Coinage   Laws;  dotal  and  Coinage. I 

Dolphin.  The  (British  cruiser),  seirure 
of  the  Cathrrinr  by,  discussed,  -U7». 

Dolphin,  The  (United' stni."  brig), 
lire  of  the  F.vhc,  by,  discussed,   3058. 

Dolphin.  The   (United   States   dig] 
boat  i,  Contract  regarding construct  In 
of,  di-eii-i-c  .1.    1835 

Dominican  Kepubllc.      (See  Sunto   Do- 
mingo.) 

Dominion  State. -Formerly  n  nickname  for 

New  Jersey.      (See  Red  Mud  St. 

Doorkeeper.— By  an  act  of  Hunt  :t   isos. 

the  designation  of  Doorkeeper  of  Ihe  Sen- 
ate wiih  chaBged  t"  Bergeant-at-Arma,  He 
execute!  all  order**  relating  to  ocooroai  and 
Is   officially   charged   with   all    matter*    r»- 

Intlng  lo  the  keeping  of  the  doors  of  the 
Semite       lie    orders    p  ■  •>    custody 

and  makes  arrests  by  direction  of  tin-  S*B- 

ate.     'I Inl f  the  Doorkeeper  of  the 

Donee  of  IfeprewentntlvcH  :tre  varied  and 
complicated.  Under  the  rule«  of  the  House 
he  l»  reanlred  to  soforee  the  rules  relat- 
ing to  the  privileges  of  the  floor,  and  Is 
responsible    for    the    conduct    of    hi*    em- 


ployee*— messenger*,    pages,    laborer*,    etc. 

II.    .i!k>  baa  charge  of  all  the  property    of 

III..     I:.        iv,        Hi 

ally  the  nuioiiiii  »  property 

•1*0    In.'    in  nun.  I    Of   pub- 
.. -11111-  in-    in    till  lect  to 

older   of    members    of    Cougrcs--.       1 1 
uiorr    patronage   than    siij  r  of 

Hi"  ll-.nw.     The  ma  made  by  him 

number    between    luo   and 

Don's   Rebellion.— a    Forcible    tW 

ute  government  of  llbode 
Ulaud  in    1840-1  ntlon 

of   in. I.  ipeadi  in-.  .mi  retail**]  her 

original  colonial  charter,  winch  i 
only   limited   suffrage.     Many   of  the   cltl- 
xens   were  dissatisfied  with   the  State   gor- 
eraiii.ni       in   October,   1841.  a  convention 
of  delegates  prepared  a  constitution.     Tkla 

was  submitted  in  popular  > and,   It   was 

eliilllli  il.     received    .1     niajoi r    the    rote* 

1  vc  established   government  consid- 
ered   these    efforts    to    be    little    short     of 

criminal,     a  legislator*  elected  nodi  i 

tllutloli       ll-<-.elnli!.-il       at        ><-irpnrt 

May  ::.  i»t.'.  with  Thomas  W.  Dorr  ss 
governor.  Governor  King  proclaimed  mar- 
tini   In 

•(stance,    inn    ibelr   force* 

and  Imrr  tied  the  Slate.  Returning,  be 
sgalu    offered    rcslstnn..  te    au- 

thorities,  hut    Wu«  captured,    tried,    u:.  1 

11       lie    was    pardoned    In 
180'J.      In  September,   1842.  a  State  conven- 
tion adopted  a  constitution  which  em 
nearly  every  provision  Ibal    bad  been  advo- 
cated h;    lh>rr  ami    nix  fnllimer*. 

Dorr'*  Rebellion: 

i  on.  -i  .  udeuce   regarding,   2139. 

Discussed.  2136. 
Dongh/aco.— A  term  first  applied  by  John 
ICnnilol|i!i.     Of     Virginia,     to     inirlli.-rn     Con- 
gressmen     who  i      the      Mi 
Compromise  of  1820,     It   was  Intended   lo 
apply  lo  thoe*  who  were  easily  moldi 

personal    or    unworthy    ninth.,    to    fnnutk* 

theff  principles,      it    was  generally   applied 

to  north- ru  pnoplv  who  favored  slavery,  but 

imes    used     to    stigmatise 

■iiiiithoru    cltliens    who    opposed    the 

prevailing  sentiment  -.f  their  section  as  tfci 

ibjrorj    .pn  - 1  loo, 

Douglas,  The,  indemnification  for,  to  bo 

made  by  Great  Britain,  Sill. 
Down  Bast  8tat0,— Alternative      nickname 
for  Main        i  see  line  Tree  State.) 
Draft: 

'•ivil_War— 
('itixenn  liable  to,  not  allowed  to  go 

abroad,   3322. 
Deficient- v   in    quota   of   states,   re- 
ferred'to,  8418, 
Orders  regarding,  3321,  3433. 
Evasions,  warning  again 
Exemption  of  government  employee* 

from,  explained.  8320, 
In   war  against  Germany,  announced 

and  explained,  U 
Registration  for.  la — 
Alaska.    8303. 

0ontinent.il  I'nileJ  States,  8356. 
Hawuii.  8304. 
Porto   Rico,   8302. 
Bates'  nnii  regnjatlou  for,  83X16. 
Drafting.     (See  Drafts.) 


Encyclof 


lex 


Drafts 


(.-•Conncrlptlon  for  obtaining;  mn 
i  «ry  fiin-es  Of  the  government 
oo  (he  general  principle  that  It  Is 
IV  duty  of  a  clttxen  wbo  enjoys  the  pro- 
tection of  a  government  to  defend  It.  Ilia 
s(ste  coDstlt  mines  mu»e  elda.ua  liable  lo 
mintary  July,  anil  the  Conatllutlon  of  the 
tailed  Bum  (Artlrlr  J.  sccllnu  ».  clause 
Hi  glies  Congrraa  power  to  raise  armies, 
rli    bate    held    Include*    1U0 

Rrlxlit  of  conscription.  There  wn«  wmr  ap- 
kntJoo  of  the  draft  prlin  1  j ■  1 1-  in  the  early 
ilenlal  armies  and  In  tin-  Revolutionary 
Araay.  Lrurlng  tbe  War  of  181;! 
•<r  lot  If-  p.  I..I  in  (he  intr.Mln,  tl,.n 
l»  bill  Id  « 'enure-",  known  a»  tbo 
1*H."  providing  for  n  dud 
pom  the  militia,  but  it  failed  in  paaa. 
£wa»s    th,  War    the    need    of    »ol- 

-  »ge   of   tb« 
f*Mptlon  Hill,  which  beninie  loir  on   Mnrrh 
i'kI    iifunuanii   amended    In    !■'■  I, 

•«>d   July,    IMIi.      Thl.    I rOTldad    f..r 

in  cut  of  nil  able-bodied  cltlscn* 
•'tween  eighteen  and  forty-Ovc  year*  of 
*••'••  In  default  of  vnluiiti  .  ra  to  (III  lb* 
3"»U   from    a    conn  itrlct.    tbo 

r.cy  was  to  DC  supplied  by  drnfta 
•JWn  (he  enrolled  eitlxcna.  Provisions 
w>r»  made  for  the  acceptance  of  aubatt- 
i»t*«  ,,,    ,    eiiiuuiutailnu   of   IBOO    In   place 

Individual*, 
•"■lor.  olKdlcoe*  were  lo  be  considered  at 
••asarur*.     A  eall   for  300.000   iroupa  waa 
•»•«».  '  .  -nirni    in  :    i:,.. 

"J'PIIcatlon    of    tbc    draft    created    serh.u* 
It    waa    alleged    tbnl    u    dlspiopor- 

i*t>ftlle  ftcmlT    nf    III, 'II    hnd    heeli    .li-uuimleil 

Dei i  ill'-   dlalrlcli  llserep- 

hy   tho   War   Depart- 
In     October,     1SMKI      I  lie     President 

"■"Wed  another  cnll   for   ,000   men.   nnd 

drift     w.i  i     for     (he    following 

■■Hairy  to  supply  any  deOrli-mlen.      - 

■J*fu  were   >  i'  -  rraeatly   road*.     Tin,   pro- 

Hn  for    exemption    Iit    the    pnjiiient    ,,f 

gpfl    was      repealed      In      l-'.l.      but      the 

'roTlrlnn    fur    sutotltutM    remained.       The 

-r    ,-f    men    directly    obtained, 

•'•■I  ,|>..-iii,.n«   were  frequent    i g   h 

but    voluntary  entlsi ineiil* 
*•»»    .  It  l«  estimated    llin i 

!™5<t  30,000  meo  were  obtained  by  the  draft 
JJincliile     fur     tin-     Colon       rtnlei     In     tbo 
' »*1I    War.  lie    state*    had 

1?J?  stringent  conscription  laws,  which  were 
faaTtdlj  enforci  d. 

©raff    Riot: — The     miempt     lo    enforce 
:•>•  drift   i  I   io   sartona   trouble*. 

Lie    sections    of    tbc    country,       i 
fT'siDla   waa   disturbed    In    tills    way.     hut 
N**w    York    City     waa    the    scene     or     lb* 
J^alrit    oiitriig*-*.       On    July     13    a     moll 

,..!,iiiii   nf  iii-   city,    and   ni   not 

""•t"  our  duys   hud   elapsed       Tbc 

force    waa    too    amnll    to    CopO    with 

i,    but   n    small   foi r    United 

5*ate»  '-iiil.l    In-   eiiniinnii'le'l,   and 

.   ««re  abaeiit  nt  the  wnt  uf  war. 
'  **»  enmllT    nf   the    limb    win    illr 

^Ht    egnluat     (he    negroes.  ..f 

i  nr  iithi  i- wis*  Ullled.  nnd 

pHa*  i'nier-1  Orphan  Asylum  balna   burned. 

■•aillj   it.    regular*,   the   police  ninl   some 

'■Hit  ifi.i    the    bat- 

il   In  ,|iiclHnit  the 

It  ,1   abonl    i. I  (■•  i 

„,',"   lost    their    live*,    and    the    city     wna 
gaaBBBaaM    to    pay     Indemnities     for     I"--     of 

•">■,■  ..,-r  j:  :,(io  "kmi. 

«,     tmfti     i> i      <'•■       I  War  — 

T»***f  eonntrtes  not  rccocnlalnK  v  •  mm 
1«V>'»  «f  onlTersal  military  service,  Knitland 
"**»  sot  naort  to  cvnacripilou  untU  almost 


32  months  after  war  wna  declared,  and  Aus- 
trnhs    voted  down  a  propo»al    I- 
Hon    fnr    furvlvn    xirvlce    bv    rcfcn'iidiiin   on 
■    ZH,   VI', 
in   Uii     United    Ruts*.    IV, -i, I- -nt    '■■ 
and  Congress    put    n  r  ►>•« 

tern   n>  anwlin   from    the   viry    t-nlnulni:  --f 

th*     «    H         mil     ..li      Mai       I-        l!H  , 

after    tl Illl'illlirelllellt    <if    tile    elWleUCC    Of 

•  stnte  of  war  with  Germ.'  - 
lu-aft  Kill  wiih  ill  ned. 

lir  ift   BUI  of   101  .'  -     The 
w»k  to  consist  nf  .'.IT  1  iT  nnicers  and  men. 
th.-   ate   llinltx    Being   L'l    and    SO,    In. 
All    r.  Iwei'O 

■ges  were  retrain  ter  on  June 

5,   snd  It  was  anoouiici-ii  that   training   f"r 

th«'-e     Ki'terled,      nlin-.'     nnlne-     '.. 
obtain  Jury-wheel    sys- 

tem, would  l»'i:la  on  or  about  Bcptom 
i,f    the  mis*  year.     The  Censiis  ;; 

•  untry    10.. 

n    "f    tho    ilmft   age.    so    that   In 

round   number*    niunit    l    In   iren    10   m«a 

of  draft  age   would  be  colled  to  tbc  colors. 

Those    exempted    from    t  u    of 

ttir  draft   were  officers  nnd   officials  ..f  toe 

>l   states   and   nf   tbc    Podem]   govern- 

ni'-iil  .  Ind  I'r.-.l- 

■lent  mlgbl   iliein   it   arise  t"  wltboold  from 

mllltnry    service.    mlnl-t,rs    and    tl logical 

students,    too**    belonging    baton     tbi 
in. uii, i  lie  nt    .if    the    draft    to    a    wellostnb 
i.-iifl'iu.    body    who**    ten   i 
n   in   war,   ninl  i 

or  morally  un- 
fit    fOf  ro    flll     11(1    ^'BSi»     in     ;  .,,■     \  i 

be    driifted 
wn^  finally  placed  nt  nsT.noo. 

Itei'i  i    tbo    draft   occnrred    In 

.In  r  i  •  -     .•IT;    and    Hi.'    iiiiimI-i-.    were  dnmn 
by   hit  in  July,     By  i  "•-  ant>  i    -i .  |  li- 
bera of  the  new  "National  Army"  *■ 
cant'iuineiiu    receiving    Instruction.      Oross 

Jiiiul  net  quotas  demanded  of  tl ■■ 
iTiiit    statea    are    nlmwn    In    hii    iiiljulnlng 

i-  it  ilmft,  there 

e    Fresldent    n   draft    hnnrd 
for  each  voting  n   in    the   I  nlted 

Sinn-..     These   'ir-.in    boarda   examined   nil 
candidates  brought  before  It  by  the  b>1    r* 

Ig      IhOSU     wl i'lni',1     li.     !-■     mi! 

ie  nt  f..r  service.  Appi  i| 
might  be  taCen  from  the  decisions  of  the 
draft  ii":iiii»  to  h  central  district  draft 
lsia.nl,  imt  appeall  on  industrial  grounds 
id  I--  ukeu  even  higher  to  the  .'resi- 
dent MHrrb-d  men  generally  were  only 
rxempii'ii  fron  ervlee  when  It  was  proved 
thru  their  faraDlo*  would  DocaasarlL 
eonie  dependent  la  their  absence.  nt 
f  eYernptlon*  was  as  a  whole,  lew 
Ihnn  one  for  every   two  men  called. 

In  November.   IMT,   Pn   Idenl   Wllaun  Is- 

sued   a   procliimail.'ii    inhuh   will    b*   found 

ileal   pu-.iiii.ii   in    in.    index 

lili.ler    111  r-     lnilui'i     n lining    n 

syateni    m    the  li  ift.      Undi  .    I 

new  method,   all  registrant*,   were  to   l»  dl- 
d     Into    five    cUaaes,    which    wciiIh 

•  uruiiiooed   to  aervlce  In   order,   so   tliu    . I • 
mauds   would   no]    b*   Bade   spot)   i ober* 

cImk*    niiill  all   members  of  tin 
:   cIiiks    had  been  called   to    the 
Tbc  lire  classes  were  delimit  m-  follows: 


DlT. 


CLASS  1 


.\      smgie  man  without  depeodeat  relatives, 
iirrled  man.  with  "r  wllluuit  cblldren, 

or    fnther     of     motberles*     children, 

who  lot-    habitually  fulled  to  inpporl 

his    fnuillj. 
'        Mnnu-il     iiihu     OOP  em 1,-ni     "ii     uir 

suppurt. 


Drafts 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


T> — Married  mat),  with  or  without  children. 

or  (Btlior  of  motherless  cblldr  n    mai 

ngaged,    family    sup- 

C'l   by    InCOIDO    independent    of   111* 
ibor. 
I: — UttafcUled     fnrm    lac 

i  killed   indnatrtal   n.  borer. 
UpjtlKtrniit    by    "i-   In  whom    no 

deferred    classification    I*    claimed   or 

made. 
Registrant    who    fnllK    tn   submit   quoetlOO- 

nalrc  and  lu  respect  of  whom  no  de- 
ni Ion    In    claimed    or 

made. 
All   registrant*  not   included   In  auy   other 

Li    in    1 1 1 i x   hclii-ilnlr. 
CLASS  II 

A — Married  man  with  children  or  father 
■if    motherless    children,    where    such 

wife    or    chlldr.il    Or    -uili    m-it  lierlev. 

children    ore    not    mainly    depot) 
upon  hi*  labor  for  support,   for  the 
ri'nwiu    Unit    Hi 
ably  cert'.  of  .'delimit.-  eon- 

Eort    (excluding   earning*    or    poasl 
la  earning*  from   th«  labor  el   [be 

wife).    nTiillublf,    nuM    tli.it    t' ■ 
moval  of  the  registrant  will  no!  de- 
prive audi  dependant*:  of  rapport 

I> — Married  man,  without  children,  whose 
wife,  although  the  registrant  u  en- 
gaged In  o  useful  occupation,  1*  not 
mainly  dependent  upon  hi*  lnlior  for 
rapport  for  tbe  reason  thai  the  wife 

In     skilled      III     SOUK 

work  which  »hc  la  pliyalcally  able 
to  perform  and  In  which  she  I*  cm- 
plOTCd  or  In  which  then-  1*  nn  Im- 
mediate opening  for  bat   under  eondt- 

rl-'llx    that    will    elniMi'     In'    tO    support 

hcr»elf  decently  and  without  suffer- 
ing  nr    hardship, 

0 — .Vccc-snry  "killed  fnrm  Inborer  In  neces- 
sary agrlcultni..i   mi  ipi-lic. 

D— Necessary  skilled  industrial  Inborer  la 
necessary   Industrial   enterprise. 

CLASS  III 

A — Man  with  dependent  children  I  not  bl« 
omii.  hn!  toward  whom  bo  stands 
In   relation   of   parent 

B — Man  with  dependent  aged  of  tofirn  par- 
■  ii  i  - 

C — Man  with  dependent  helple**  brother* 
or    sister*. 

I>— County  or  municipal  offlcer. 
B — Highly    trained    nreman    or    pofli •. W 
at  i«a*t    three   yeari    m   service  of 

municipality. 
F — Necessary  custom  bouse.  Clerk. 
G— Necessary     employe     of     United     Statea 

In   transmission  of  the  mails. 
II — Necessary      artificer      or      workmen      In 

I  nliod.  Slate*  army  or  araenal. 
I — Necessary  employe  In   aerrlce   of  United 

State*. 
J— Neceesery  assistant   aeaocinte   or  hired 

manager    of    neceoaary    agricultural 

enterprise. 
K — Necewary  highly  apoclallzed  technical  or 

mechanical  expert  of  necessary  Indus- 
trial enterprlse, 
L— Necessary  assistant  or  aisoclat*  mana- 

gcr  of  noayuury  Industrial  enterprise. 

CLASS  IV 

A — Man  whose  wife  or  children  are  mainly 
dependrut  on  hla  labor  for  *upport. 


11 — Mariner  actually  employed  In  sen  service 
i  lien  or  merchant  In  the  United 
Stir. 
C — Ncccsaary  »oli>  managing,  controlling  or 
ting    bend   of  necessary    q 
tural   intcrprUe- 
D — Neccsaary  sole  managing,  controlling  or 
directing  head  of  necessary  Industrial 

enterprise. 


CredlU  N#«   quota 

Qreei 

for 

!0r  tin- 

enlistment] 

draft 

Alabama    

21.300 

1,051 

13,812 

■(ITS 

litis 

3.472 

Arkansas  .... 

7.1.-.,-, 

. 

California   

. 

11.780 

88380 

Colorado 

9.707 

bvon 

4.753 

r.'iineitlcnc     .. 

16.817 

7,»u7 

10.077 

1,803 

Diet    of   col... 

8300 

10,158 

3.780 

■ 

Georjla    

37308 

8,838 

U  181 

I  • ..::; 

838JI 

79394 

87.801 

SI.8S8 

Indiana    

39371 

l  :  108 

173*0 

35.408 

13,073 

13.740 

I :  riw 

«.43» 

B    iiln. i  \       .... 

14388 

Louisiana    

18.181 

4,807 

.     |  . 

:.  1  i  :; 

1.821 

Maryland 

7.018 

48.109 

23,448 

80.388 

48380 

18388 

;ii.--m 

Minn.-..  I  i 

28,021 

8.122 

17.-.--I 

MUsUslppl    ... 

10,428 

Ii.  -il 

■ 

10.7 10 

1 

10.42:. 

7.873 

Nebraska  

18,908 

8.1M 

HeTada    

382 

1,081 

New   llmiipahlre 

4319 

8,037 

New   Jersey    . . 

35,1123 

14300 

20,063 

New    M.  xi.  o    .  . 

8.830 

New  York 

122.121 

.'.2.071 

09.241 

North    I'.in.llna 

;:i,im: 

7.471 

13.074 

i  Dakota  . 

T.r:i7 

2.118 

1,808 

M,  i ;  i 

88,778 

18381 

Oklahoma    . 

18,841 

4.341 

7.387 

..,;.,; 

717 

Pennsylvania    . 

98,277 

87.248 

00.8B9 

Rhode  Island   . 

0.277 

4.4I» 

1..-SII1 

Booth   Otnliai 

13,147 

10.081 

South    Dakota. 

4.12o 

2,717 

»«ee    .... 

22.138 

7309 

14.528 

48.118 

17.488 

80348 

4.943 

2,380 

2.370 

3.243 

2.188 

1.049 

7.322 

13.795 

Washington     . . 

12.708 

5,450 

7.208 

West   Virginia. 

14,848 

.'.,721 

9.101 

Wisconsin    .... 

18,108 

10374 

ltS7fl 

Wyoming     .... 

2.083 

1.808 

810 

no 

13 

090 

2.408 

4. 307 

0 

Porto  Rico  ... 

u  wo 

C24 

12,838 

Total    1,132*88 

485,081 

087.000 

Duck  Valley 


CT.ASS   V 

A — OOertM—  lcglarstlve.  executive  or  Judicial 
Ih,.    r  mied  Slate*  or   of   state, 
I    nl    Columbia. 

B — Rermlir   tl   July   ordalued   mlaltUr   of 

relic  Ion, 
C— 6tart.nl  who  on  Mar  18.  1P1T.  was  pre- 
paring    for    olnb.tr)-    la    recognized 
school. 
D — Persons  In  military  or  nnval  service  of 

I«d  State*. 
B — Allan  e aemy. 
r — Kealdoiit    alien     mot    an    enemy)    wbo 

claims  exemption. 
C — Person    toUUy   and   pcrmum -n-iy    pbrsl- 
UillJ    mint    for    mill'.  ITj 
service. 
II — Perron  morally  unfit  to  be  a  soldier  of 

Ike  United  State*. 
I — LArensrd  pilot  actually  employed  In  the 

punimi  a|  all  m  atfoa. 
Member  of  well  recognized  religion*  sort  or 
nltatlon.    organized    and    eilitlng    on 
Ma,  n  ezlstlng  creed 

or  principles   forbid   Its  member*  to  par- 
ti,-Ipatr    In    wnr   lu   any   form   and  whose 
lous   ronvi'llini   an-   agitlnai   war  or 
participation  therein. 

II  was  estimated  that  tho  first  class  would 
contain  2,000.000  nnssc*;  »  I  :  ...  I  he  ad- 
dition of  those  who  hnd  attnlncd  tl-elr  mn- 
£  jlnce  t ti •■  last  registration  wmild  o.l.l 

00,000  name*  by  Jan.  1.  1918. 
Drafts.   {rOTernnient,  sale  or  exchange 
of,  for  bank  not*-*,  and   payment  of 
Oovstnaunl  creditors  in  depreciated 
mamtj,  \i",  1806,  1807,  I 
Drago  Doctriae.— Wiii-n  in  the  winter  ef 

1S0S  1903  Germany.  Brltntn  and  Itnly 
blockaded  the  ports  of  Venezuela  In  an  at- 
to  compel  the  latter  country  to  set- 
tle it*  foreign  Indebtedness  Dr.  L.  F. 
Drago.  a  noted  Jurist,  of  Argentina,  main- 
t . .  1 .  1 1  ■ . :     Hun     fore*    cannot    be     used     by 

one  power  i 11*01    money  owing  to   Its 

citizen*    by    another   power.       Prominence 

was   siren   to   the  contention  by   the  fnct 

t   was  officially  upheld  by  Argentina 

•  ml  favored  by  other  South  American  re- 
public*. The  priacf.pl*  embodied  bus  be- 
come generally  known  a*  the  "Drago  Doc- 
trine." 

II  wa*  at  this  second  Hague  I'eace  Con- 
ference, which  was  attended  by  delegates 
from  leading  South  American  coun 
that  the  "Drago  Doctrine"  came  uw  CM 
dlacuulun  and  the  power  of  a  Pnn-Amerlciiu 
alliance  was  disclosed  to  the  world.  Dr. 
Cain,.  i-    representative    In    Euro- 

pean capitals,  maintained  that  If  Euro 

•  tut"'  As  ii- ■  t  mat*  ml  upon  each  other  f.,r 
the  sake  of  bondholder*,  they  ought  not  to 

elect  debt*,  good  or  bad.  In 
ih..  Cast   of  South  American  nation* 

no   wa*  taken   up   by   Dr.   Drug",    Ar- 
gentine minister  of  foreign  affaire.  nu.l  Iuih 
Man  known  as  the  Drago  Doctrine,  mul 
has    been    called    the    "Monroe    Doctrine    of 
Money  Market." 
1  lie  forcible  collection  by  a  foreign  power 
nf  debts  due  Its  subjects  by  other  govern- 
ment •   was  opposed   by   General    Porter,  of 
the  United  States.       He  proposed   that  tho 
Peace  Conference  permit  Ih*  employment  Of 
force  for  the  collection  of  d*ot*  ODlJ   after 
tie  debtor  slat*  had  refused  to  conform  to 


the  decision  of  arbitrators.  D>  declared  that 
'latore  oud   adventurers   often    ill  i 

tbelr   govern ml  ■•  t ly-   Expeditions 

for  Hi-  coil.-,  ii,, i;  of  paltry  tram*,  an.)  Uv 
Htance.l  n  cane  where  the  actual  d*bl  turned 
out  to  be  only  three  fourtlis  oi  cms  per  cent 

b*    no, .  nut     claimed 
Slnt.-K  hn. I  used  nineteen  wanihlp*  and  ayonl 
nearly  $4,000,000   to   colleel    ■    >!•  t.e   of  lea* 
agreed  "to  tax* 
in,  military  „r  rj  in   to  compel  the 

payment    of    nirh    debts    until    uu    oiler    of 
arbltratloa   has  been  inudu   by    tlie  <r, 
and    refused    or    i.-f r    unanvwered    by    the 
i.  or  until  arbitration  has  taken  place 
and  the  debtor  state  has  failed  to  con 
to  the  decision  giun." 

Drago  Doctrine,  statement  of,  T0C1. 

Drawback.— A  term  ii..  il  lii  i-umiiu-rcv  10 
signify  Hn-  i,  ml  ,l.iii  or  rrfiinillng  of  tar- 
iff duties  when  tho  commodity  upon  which 

they      Ii.-ne     been      pnld      Is     .\po.led.        By 

mean*  of  the  drawback   as   article   upon 

paid   when    Imported  may 
bo    caponed    and    sold    In    foreign    markets 

oa  Bi  m  iii.n.gii  it  had  not 

been  taxed  at   all.      'J bo  diiiwhack  enable* 

in,- 1,  ■:■. 

at  borne  and  sell  tbetu  In  foreign  markets 
on  the  funio  terms  as  those  offered  from 
coiinirle.  where  uo  tax  Is  Imposed. 
Dred  Scott  Case. —  A  celebrated  Supreme 
Court  i  ■•:■....  iI..IimI  lu  IN.-.;.  Important 
from  Us  bearing  on  the  Missouri  ' 
mlse  of  ISM.  BOOH  wa-.  a  Mt**oarl  slave, 
and  upon  being  taken  Into  territory  cot- 
•■-.'I   by   the  I   Compromise  sned  for 

his  freedom.  Being  then  sold  to  a  citizen 
Of    another     Stnl.       lu      ri:.ii.feiii..!     Ill*    milt 

from  the  Stale  to  lhc  federal  courts  under 
the  power  given  10  the  latter  in  ny  .mis 
between  citizens  of  dlllereDI  States.  The 
ease  came  on  appeal  u,  tlie  .Supreme  Court 
of  i in-  lulled  States.     Chief  Justice  Taney, 

for  tb dellrei  ■  ,i  an 

Ion.  holding  thai  thi  Mlaaourl  runipromls* 
wax  unconstitutional  a  'iat  one  of 

the  coiiMltinlonnl  functions  of  Congress  wa* 
the  protection  of  proper r>  ;  ilini  alavrs  were 
I  as  property  by  the  Con«tltutlon, 
ami  tlmi  Congress,  was  therefore  bound  to 
protect  s'averr  In  the  T.-irlioilcx.  Scott 
was  put  out  of  i-oiirt  on  tin'  ground  that  lie 
waa  mill  a  KlaT.-  and  being  such  could  not 
be  a  citizen  of  the  United  State*  or  havo 
any  standing  In  Federal  courts 
Jii.il.en  Carps  siul  Mel.esn  filed  dissenting 
oplaloas.  The  decision  amoved  gr.- 
citement  throughout  the  country,  particu- 
larly In   the  North. 

Died  8cott  Case,  Supremo  Court  de- 
cision regarding,  discussed,  2985, 
3029,  3085,  3160. 

Drifting  mines  and  submarines: 
Agreement   OB    DSC  of.  suggested  by 

President  Wilson, 
Defence  of  use  of,  by  Germany,  805$. 

Driver,  The,  ordered  from  and  forbid. 
den  lo  reenter  water*  of  United 
States,  391. 

Dry  Docks.     (Sen  Docks.) 

Dry  Tortunas,  survey  of,  for  nsval  sta- 
tion, 1033. 

Duck  Valley,  Nov.,  payment  of  settlers 
for  improvements  on  lands  in,  re- 
ferred to,   4664,  4776. 


Dudley 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


290B 


Dudley,    The,    seizure    of,    and   elaima 
arising   out  of,   4114,   5198,  5647, 
5673,  5873,   5962. 
Award  in  case  of,  6070. 

Due  Process  of  Law  necessary  before 
any  person  may  be  deprived  of  life, 
liberty  or  property,  29,  31. 

Duel  Between  Burr  and  Hamilton.  (See 
Illustration  facing  page  430.) 

Dulnth,  Minn.,  act  for  erection  of  pub- 
lic buildings  at,  vetoed,  5054. 

Dunkirk,  X.  T.,  proclamation  granting 
privileges  of  other  ports  to,  2859. 


Durango,  The,  convention  with  Texas 
for  adjustment  of  claims  in  case  of, 
3686. 
Dutch      East     Indies,      discriminating 
duties  on  vessels  of,  suspended.  5154. 
Dutch  West  Dulles.    (See  Netherlands.) 
Duties.     (See  Foreign  Import  Duties; 
Import  Duties;  Vessels,  Foreign,  ton- 
nage on.) 
Dwamlsh  Indians.  (See  Indian  Tribes.) 
Dyrenforth,    Bain-Getter.      (See    Bain- 
Maker.) 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Ecuador 


E  riurlbus  Un«un.— A  Latin  phrase  meen- 
In*;  "■  l  •  ."  or  "One  of  many." 

It    slludcs    to    the    formsllon    of   on-- 
era  I    (rOternmeot    out  of   sereral    In-: 

late*.     Ii   '■  'he  mono  of  tho  tailed 

•    hulnr  been   selected   by  *  <- 

tec    o>3ip.>«.«l    of    John    Adams.    Uenjataln 

Frankl'n.     and     Thomas    Jefferson.       They 

auaV  <i  m>  de«lro  for  a  roolio 

est 


whl-h  «n  .)ulte  popular  In  I  be  Colonies  at 
the  tlai-  Hi.  selection  was  nnidr.  K  nr»i 
appeared  o«  coin  Issued  by  New  Jersey  la 

Elfin's  Court  Martial — Af  th*  close  of 
tho  Saaalsh-Aatcrletu  War,  complaint  was 
naiV  of  the  treatment  of  troops  who  had 
t«-*u  rrasoeed  to  Camp  Wlkoff  at  Montana 
rolnt.  Lon*  t*l*nd.  licncral  Mile,  brought 
rlarr~  scalnst  r.nnsjlusare-tren-rsl  Knitan. 

•rim  w*«  trl.-.l  I  v  rt  Martial.  I 

anal  dtealwd  from  lb*  Army.    The  sentence 
Wat*    afterwards    commuted    to 
frtsm  th*  Amy  for  a  period  of  six  year*. 
Eagle.— I.  American     Ea;l».      OH     Whites 
tieaded    c  'Imca    known    as    the 

t>atd  eacl<  >  and  which  In  a  .nnl..i|  nf  Ami-r- 

;.  Ta*  name  Is  applied  to  a  ten-dollar 
..-oty-dollar  told  piece 

i  il  tf.c  doable  encle.  3.  A  standard. 
I -esrl-.r  the  Image,  of  an  csrI--.  u-d  In  OOB 
•cetton    ».r      th*    mlUtarj    forces.      *.    An 

in  of  tie   Jlepubllcan  parly   ns.-d    r,.jili 
Id  rartooe  and  at  the  head  of  the  ballot 

Earthquake*    in     Peru,     Ecuador,    and 

.  ia,  38S5. 
East  Florida.     (8m  Florida.) 
East  Florida  Claims: 

-ussed    and    payment    of,    rerom- 

:.<1,    1T2T,    1908,    4520,    4536, 

4560. 

Reports  on,  referred   lo,  4.141. 

Eaat  Rlvar.  K.  Y,  appropriation  for  re- 

moral  of  Flood  Book  in.  reoommend- 

Eaat  Tennessee  Untvoralty.  art  for  ra- 
il, 4169. 
Eastport,    Me-,    proclamation    grant  ing 

leges  of  other  porta  lo. 
Eaatry,  The,  collisions  of,  6774,  6933. 

Echo,  The,  captured  with  mow  then  800 

an  nosroea  on  board  by  V.  8. 

n i-nr  Key   Verde,  on 

the  roast  of  Cuba,  ntul   taken  as  a 

rloston,  8.  I 

Beeoeipirndalioiia   regarding  removal 
of.  3089. 
Economics.— The    science    concerned    with 
the   !•*•  corrrnlna-  the  production,   dlstrl 
a,   eichnue.  and  coniumpilnn  of  eco- 
Ssstnl'  -ducts 

f.trc  mine  In  that  tli-i   Itu  OOt    rr.-o 
\ooomlcs    differ 
Iq.  t  I  In  thai  H  i  '»'iii  lii-ll- 

rldnnl*  i<   t-r'i.  Lndlrlduall 

■■  they  form  a  social  orvanlam       Heni 
alternatlre    nar -. 


._  •»»."  a>  applying  to  the  laws  goremlng 

thssse  *Ier  an  which  .ir it 

^^■a**.  a*  are  air  and  water,  and  In  whose 


.'il  by 
rtrllli 

goods   in   tin-  or^nnWed,  or  political    D 
of  modern  life.     Thus,  d.-ola  with 

tile    luws    governing    wage     Intern. t.    an  I 
rent;    wltb    methods    of    producing    , 
with    credit    and    credit    n  ■  It'- 

ll..- dl  ;   with   the   larif 

!q.    T.l,    tb«      initle    tnx    |q.    ti.    S'«-l 
«1-  t.)  and  with  all  other  theories  nfr. 
which  men  an)  enai-i 
lire  upon  this  planet — namely,  by  derl 
tb*     aubsL-i  <sary     lor     ex! 

BcMOlnic  •■-     ntt    pi 

too   'lays   of  ani  !  r.    hut    mo 

sclentlrfc  economl- •  dote*  from   the  puMlcn- 

llmi  In  IT1  :u  Smith'*  "Wealth  of 
Nations." 

Economy  and  Efficiency: 
Discusscl  liv  President— 

Tafi.  V736. 

Wilson,  8U19. 
Ecuador.  BMIs.    Ii     baonded    on 

the  mat  by  the  PaelBe  Ocean,  on  the  north 
and    nortbea«(     by    4'olnmbta,    and    01 

i  rem*  limits,  i 
log    10    1 

i  |"  *S'  \..-.    2d  i         id*  sod  TO 

ki*  w    lonalludi  nortbarn, 

em.  and  eastern  nre  In   il 

PkyUfMl  Ftalum  an.l  Climate      The  Cor- 

dlllei  I  In*      th*      di.in.  ■ 

shaped     summit  of     Chluiborsso     <; 

feet),  and  I  :.4i»5  leetl.  rarahunl- 
r.-ian   I 

ii  ml    I'lchlnchn    -  M  :   In   Hi.-  Col 

illllera     OrUntal  ar*     Cntopaxl      (II 

i            -.  ■   .    :  .  1 1!-  .•,.::.    feet  i,    Caj 

i  19.188  feet).  Altar,  or  f'npne  Uren  ilT. 
730  feet),  Bangas  iit.  u.i  t.-.-u,  Tnnxu- 
r;i).-(iii      ill! 

110,806   feet).     Both   ranges  contain 
ssiinmlti  -■  1 1  ■  •  ■  v  •  ■   ii  iiihi  I.  .t  .  <  'olopni  I 

.mil  I  l.  liln-  tin  ire  sctlre  »..le»noea 
The  i-l.vni.il  t;.-ir,il---rl  in  nl.ttean  betwr-^n 
the  two  ranees  consists  of  the  Quito,  Am 

snd    i-i-n-.i    pialna    of    which    ibi 

'.'"It. i    plain    Is    fertile    end    corered    Willi 

reiretatlon.      La   Keclon  Orientate  Is  a   for- 

"i    plain   Inbabllsd   by   sneaa,   -ir   mv 

rlvlllji  1-^    li.iiiriil.illefl    f-riil    ex- 

t.-nt  nre  Indeterminate,  and  it  i~  only  par- 
ti illy  explored.  Tin-  Cnlapiiitoa  l-lntnls. 
500  miles  west  nf  f  ii .-  mainland,  lylaaal  tli» 

•  I'tl-in    ».r    i be    I Iquator    n i--l    l*s I       '.'. 

nide,  were  annexed  by  the  Kepubllc 
•  if  i:-  undo;  In    Id  12.     Tin-  Archlp 

of  .lx  laiL-"  iiii-l  Dine  amnll  island* 
with  ■  total  area  .-r  ,ii...ni   2.SO0  t  nn-iixh 

■  ■iniir.-     miles.        The    lnrcer    Islnnds 

rtjr  tin-  r.  -.-i  i  .-f  buccaoeers  and 

possess    sltermi-lie     Rngllsh     and     Kpanlah 

-.   vis,  : — Allii  bolo  i.    N  ir 

r  K-rn  iinlliuil,    IlldefiitlnnhlS  ipr 

Santn  frux'i.  Cb  Cristobal  I, 

Jnines    (or  Sail  KaWndor),  and  fbarles  <or 

M  i rial.      The  name  1*  derlred    from 

tbc   slant    tortoWe     (salAi>ait»i     fonad    M 

Oiilf    of   (iunyi 
sepsnii.-ii   from   the   nni'iiimd  by  the  nar- 
row  Morro  Strait*.    I*   l'una    Island,    al.i.nt 

200    squate    mile*    In    ar liiwIrlnK    and 

densely  wooded       Santn    (lam    in   the  same 
g-tilf.    and    l.a    Plata    and    Sainnc-i    off    th- 
coast   of   M.iiiiiM   province,    are   the    l-.i 
■>f  the  remnlulnx  [aland*  of  Bcundor 
riser  systems   ar.-    dlrlded    by    the 
ii  mi  eonaurt  --f  m  -t  .-rn  rtren  ti--.  inx  into 
iv  Paetfle,  and  <.f  trlbntarti  -  • 

per  Ania.-. 

//I.fioj; — 'fin-     ahiirlflnal      Indian     I 
were    conquered    lo    the    third 
southern    Invaders,     win.    Mlflbliahed     ih» 
Klnsdora    of   (Julio   In    the    territory    uosi 
knowu  a*   lo -u.iili.i-.   und   this   klugdoin    Ml 


Ecuador 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


I  the  superior  military  orgnnlxnilon  of 

l  bnlf 
of  the  in  Ihe  six- 

teenth  century    Pliurro'*   conquc-i-    I--.I     to 

the  lliclusl if  Hi.-   Kll  rdom  "f  Quito   a* 

n   province  of   lh«   Sp  royalty   of 

Peru,   to  which   It  rcinnlncd  Joined   Dl 
n hi i  revolutionary  wnr.  culminating  in  the 
i le  '■  Mount  Plcblncha  IMay  --. 

secured    III"    ln.|. - 1 ••  -n.li-i f    Hi"    eoi 

v.  nil  the  old  of  Bolivar  the  Spanish  ruler* 
with    pxpi  nii.1    tti.-    coun- 

try  wan   united    i"   Hi..   Colombia    Confcd- 

1 
lit   present  name.     The  prvscut    t'l.tiitltu- 
i:  mi  wa»  promulgated  Dec.  23,  1U0U. 

xati    AXD   POPLTJLTlOJt 
Are*  la 
Provinces  u>d  Capitals      English       Estimated 

Asuay  (Cuencsl 3.S50           140,000 

IMivsr  (tiu»r..mlM 1,200               «5,0O0 

r»ti*r  (Asngiws) 70,000 

C.rch.  «<>,<hk> 

CSumboreso<Itiobanib*l...  3,000           1 

RmnnMMil^m».ldui...  6,500             20.000 
vi*l*p*«o*  Islands  ISM  CrU- 

tovjj) .'..'•' m                      BOO 

f;.m>.               id..  ion.. 

mbsburs  (Ibarra) 2.300  TnoiM 

Leon  CUUounga) 2,500  1 10.000 

Loj*  CL.j)a>  .  aojooo 

..  *.0O»  uMmO 

(Arcbidonai 00,000 (7)  SM.imk) 

..  2.260  38,000 
IVI.inchi  (Quito) 

■        ' 

Tungursgun  1,700  loo.imo 

Total 110,530        1,300,500 

'I'h..  particular*  In  tbo  above  totnl  In- 
clude the  arc*  nml  ■-  mini...  population 
<.f    iii>.    nil. I    i>y 

ii  In.  Kjundai  le*  are  In  dispute 
»uii  Colombia  and  Peru,  Ecuador 
•  wide  extension  norihwnrd  Into  Colom- 
bia, while  Pern  claim*  a  considerable  por- 
tion of  ■{•■iindorlHti  (irlcnte  ..f  the  Kcua- 
dorlnn  clnlm  from  Colombia,  and  0 
extension  bryoud  Hint  clolra  Into  ColOtobuUI 
lerrltori 

Elhnn,jraphu. — The  Qtiltu  mid  fnra  Tn- 
dlnna  are  estluintcd  at  Soo.ihiii.  of  nlmm 
are,  toullj  uncivilised,  or 
uncos.  The  white  population,  ih-.-.c,  iidnut* 
of  the  Spnnls-h  colonists,  nre  belle-.. 
number    100,000,    the    mestlxo*.    or 

Bpnnlab-lniUnn*,  300 ,  and   inc  desci  i-i 

ant*  of  Imported   ncgroc*  nbout    40,000,    of 

.,r  ptna  blood  DM 
remainder  being  of  mixed  Indian  and  Spin- 
lata  blood.    The  foreign  popnlntlon  la 

at    O.immi.    niiiltilv    fr..in    neighboring    repiih- 
llea.  with  aome  Too  from  Buropj 

am!    :il I    8 

Oorrromenr.    The  Government  !•  Hint   "f 
n    MZttralbMd    republic,  nnd  rent  ■ 
written  eonalltnilon  ..f  1830,  with  a    i 

dent    nnd    Viee  I'r.-I.I.  lit.    eleeled    by    ■ 
vote  for  four  year*   (nnd   Im-ll    II. !<•  fur  aiie- 
i.i        In    Iba   anme  oOlce).       Presi- 
dent   Of    th-    It.  pill •  April    1.    l'.Hd  1020), 

AU rado  Rnxuerl/.o  Moreno. 

Com  tM  eonalata  of  a  Beonte  and  a 
Chamber  of  Depntl**,  The  Ronnie  routnln* 
thlrfy-two  member*  (two  for  eneh  pr.,%  - 
|a ■■■  i  ,!,..i-.il  fur  r,nir  rears,  hnlf  renew- 
able    every    two    year*:    the    Chambei     Of 

Deputies   I*  composed   of   fnrlv-clght    a i 

pert    (one   p.i    80,000   lnhnMtant-<)   elected 
for  two  years.      The   elector*   In  each   case 
are  all   mnle  cltlxeti*  above  eighteen   yenr* 
who  enn   re, el    and    writ.-.      Congress 
•Mlly  for  sixty  day*  from  August  10. 

K«ch  of  tho  sixteen  province*  Is  admin- 
istered  by   a   Governor,   appointed   by   the 


Executive,  and  I*  divided  Into  departments 

pulitU--.il  ,ii..  i-        rli,-   o.iiausgo*   I  li- 
me  administered    as   a   tcrtlt.  . 
.■    nre   civil    courts  of    flr»t    tnntsnee 
under     tui.lt,-...     ii f"     Lie     pi  ;.. -.-        .    : 

court*  In  nil   tbo  smaller  center*,  with  »l- 
cnldcs   In   the   mi  •:    nix    sup 

irta   Vlcjo,   and  a  *v 
prCBM  court  av  the  capital. 

I.  with  a  perma- 
nent  i  :  about  n.ooo  of  ail  raaa* 
and    n    National    Ouart]    of    thn-e    claaiaa. 
Id.) 
\n<u — The  Navy  consist*  of  tbo  enalssr 
Cotopnxl,    the   dcitniycr   I; 
pedobont   Tarqul,    nlth  a   Jorce   of  abool 
all  rank*, 
/.'-lueiiriun .— I'rlmnrv    edaratlon    la   eoos- 
■    and   free.    ,hci 

M.   with  a  of  aliont 

80,000.     The  TJnlverall  ..  founded 

1"   :i"  'Ii   century.  h-s»  about  SOa 

nil    and  thlrtj  -i  .ira. 

revenue  and  exnetidlturr 
f.>r  the  Ave  yrflrj.  IDOT-lOtl,  are  atated  as 
follow*  In  cou.li. i...  The  condor  Is  evjual  to 
fO.aST  United  State*  money. 

Yaar  Revtnua  Expeodltaae 

1907 I  ■■■■■■  I.3O0J000 

i»os.  tanUn        i.s«q.im 

JOOW.  .      1.5S7.750  1........I 

19in 1.520,700 

1»U 2J04.72S 

D#6l      t'pon   acceding  In   18.TO  from   the 

Confederacy.    Ecuador    was    cbirged    with 

of   the  debt  of  ColoanMa.      In 

It'll  II  in  amount..!  to  $!«,- 

(.11)11,000,  nnd  th. 

000,    a   total   uf  $21, 

burn  debt,  with  nrrenr*  of  Interest,  an, 
«'d   to  about    1 7.000,000  *uore*.      In    ]BI»  a 
sinking  fund  waj  mrmed   for  the  purpose* 
..f    amortlaalloo     by    the    paynu-nt     Int.-.    a 
special    account   of   a  nt,    surlsx 

on  the  Import  du 

amnunteu    in  1010  to  about  000.000  siicre* 
(*3 

PrcdacMow  and  Imlunlrv — Wheat,  malte. 
oat*,    barley,    potato**,    nml    vrtetable*   are 

in"" Hi.-    iiiirihern    upland- 

product  of   ii II    la   .-.i.-ao.   grown 

lly   in   il:  •  ...   provlare 

of  Gunyas  and    Ii  :      linl>   distil. 

-in..'  of  <>ro.  which  produce  about 
one-third  of  the  world's  supply.     Co* 
excellent    quality    Is    grown  jwer 

alopre  uf  toe  Andes,  and  cotton,  augm 
im.i".    in,- 1    rice    In    the    weatera    pi 

rubber,     clncl a     bark,     vccwiible 

i.iiiy    flagon    iiiiIki,    nml    enh  i-    are 

obtained     ii  id     Hie    extern 

plnlna    of    Orients.      There    are    lm-. 

Iimil  .hi  the   lnwer  alotte*) 
tlllern*.   and   alio  on   tb» 

nnrthern    part  of  tho  plateau   between   th* 

cJuld.  quicksilver,  load.  Iron,  and  copper 
nre  found,  nml  (bare  I*  a  valor.' 
I.iiiii  Held  at  Santa  Elena,  near  the  • 
of  i  he  province  of  flunyas.  Kmerald*  and 
rubles  are  oreaalnnally  discovered,  and  sul 
phur  Ih  slmndnnt  In  many  districts  and  In 
the  CnlSpago*  Ih1:iuiN 

The  principal   Industry  1*  «tr*w  ploltlng. 
nnd  the  manufacture  of  "Panama"  no' 
the   foreign   market.      The  Ober    I 

lead,    nnd    ehoenlate    factories    have 
been  established   In  the   caeno  districts. 

The    principal    export  *    a.  v»sja» 

table   Ivory,   rubber,   cinchona   bark.   *tr*» 
hni«,    coffee,    and    cattle    and    bor«ei 

[irlnclpnl  Import*  being  textiles  and   .' 
n«,     lr.,ri    miiiiufnetnre*    ind    fondMnffs. 

Ila»<cayi.~ In  1010  Ibere  were  aim  mliea 
of   railway   open,  of  which   300  tails* 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Eel  River 


•tit?**  Ik*  line  from  Quito  to  Onayno,ull. 
wnsta  tfc*  two  r»i«i  of  the  Andes. 

tUffitg. — TU«  inercanill*  mat lo«  eon- 
*(i  of  ■  few  tain U  Minus  v,  »**:•.  In 
»10  489  ntult  engaged  In  the  foreign 
mot  tot* r*d  anil  cleared  at  toe  port  of 
<  lull. 
■  —Capital.  Quito,  on  tlie  Ecuadorian 
(■toa.  la  ■  .inlng 

»  tv.kedrat.  the  Jesuits"  church  of  r.-iairk- 
J*w  beauty,  and  many  large  government 
■It  tli.isted  population  of  the 

Pkuipal  towns  It  a*  follows:   Quito, 
•50.0W.   and   Cu«nva. 

(!.■■}   Ik  lh»  gold  Condor 
-      i    of    Hie  eqalT4lenl   of  S4.t1 
..lacy  or  £1   English  money. 
■  .-.g  niual  to  S0.4S.     li»«  1«  no 

Mm  Mt*?. 

.,»>»*>  with  tht  CWIed   State*.— The  value 

'    in.rvin.u-M...    Imported     Into    Ecuador 

..lied   fetnte*  for  the  year   1013 

-V*     "  and    good*    to    the    vain* 

'  f.T.iilT.lliiO   were  ».-nt  thither — a  balance 

-  *  ti-a,uu*  In  faror  of  tie  United  Stntea. 

£<n*«iw: 

J  war  in.  1319. 

.  States  against,  con- 
vention for  adjustment  of,  3348, 
3102. 
^ailuro  of,  to  pay  flrat  installment 
of   award    tin. It,    S(Sfl  I 

rcial  convention  with,  1751. 
T»n lion  with,  respecting   case,  of 

Santo?.  51 
omatie  relations  with,  discussed, 
■430,  6468. 

ikes  in,  3S85. 
a   criminals,  convention  with, 
*or  rarreoder  of.  4160,  4247. 
***  J'risoniiient   of   American    citizens 
in,  i 
Released,  4913.  4» 
Treaty   to   settle   elatm   regarding, 
53«5. 
^*»A.turaHsation     treaty    with,     4110, 

41 
""port   of   Georgo   E.    Church   upon, 

transmitted,  4"44. 

*x*»ty    with,    transmitted    and    dis- 

cowed,    1784,    BOM,    3348,    4ltii), 

■ 

Express**  desire  to  negotftitc,  1694. 

Probably   rem:.  nv«,    1933. 

Bottdor,  Treatisw  Wlta.— Juno   13.   1830. 

I  bxiy   of   peace,   friendship,    navigation 

••a  woDtn'c   «n  concluded   with   Ecos- 

1  his  was  terminated  August  26,  1M>2, 

•JtotW  from  the  Ecnador«.in  govern™,  m. 

laa  convention  was  agreed  to  In  1H02 

for  a  (srelre-Biui  »lon.     In   1872 

irallutloa  convention  was  concluded 

srUcfc  also  was  abrogut.-d   Atiirusl  'J.     l«f>2. 

jla  exrradt'  concluded 

/■*•  S*.    16,72    (see   i:  Trent  lea  i, 

•a*  In  IMS  another  special  elalma  conven- 

rsto  la  tax  case  of  Julio  It.  Riiqtoh.  n  native 

"    wdor   and    a    naturnilx-d    citizen    of 

.lied  S'ni'i. 

1900.    IScasdor  signed  the  Tin  sue   ar- 

"W  convention  with  the  I'nltcd  Stat** 

are  for  a   period  of  Ove   years,   and 

emu  to*  expiration  of  a  ) 


lata  also  beenme  •  party  to  the  con- 
vention between  Ui*  United  flutes  and  the 
several  republic*  ■■  r  South  and  Central 
Anuria   for  the  arbitration  ot  ["■■.-uniary 

clnloas  and  the  protection  of  Inventions, 
etc.,  which  was  signed  in  Boeooa  Aire*  In 
JDlO    ninl    :  nglou    July 

SO,  15114.  ISce  South  and  Central  America. 
Treaties  with.) 

Education  (gee  also  Indian  Schools; 
Military  Academy,  National  Uni- 
versity;  Naval    A. 

A'-t  donating  lands  for  benefit  of  ag- 
ricultural college*  vetoed,  3074. 

Appropriation    of   proceeds    of   sales 
■Mi.-   lands  tor,  recommended, 
4108,   4157,  4558,   4578, 

Constitutional  UMadmmt  regarding, 
suggested,  397,  4-14,  5S7. 

Constitutional  amendment  regarding 
maintenance  of  free  schools  by 
states,  etc.,   recommended,   42S8. 

Government  aid  to,  recommended  by 
President- 
Arthur,  4645,  4730,  4771,  4840. 
Harrison,  Bttj.,  5489. 

In  Ahska,  appropriation  for,  recom- 
mended, 46G7,  5483. 

In  Army  discussed,  4570,  5879. 

In  Indiau  Territory,  recommenda- 
tions regarding,  6346, 

Lands   granted    to   states   in   aid   of, 
1029,   1045,  3587,  4206,   5974. 
Recommended,  39S,  470,  4065,  4208. 

Of  freedom  discussed  and  rcferrod 
to,  3995,  5489. 

Recommendation  that  State*  be  re- 
quired to  afford  good  common 
•chools,  4310. 

ii.lutii.n?  regarding  educa- 
tion in  states,  4431,  4458,  4654, 
4578. 

Sectarian  tenet*  not  to  be  taught  in 
public  schools,  4310. 

Education,  Bureau  of: 
Discussed  hv  President — 

Grant,  4066,  4S07. 

Hayea.  4881,  467a 
Establishment  of,  referred  to,  4066. 

Education,  Commissioner  of: 

Duties    of,    respecting    education    of 
freedom  referred   to,  3995. 
ait  of,  referred  to,  4458. 

Education,  Industrial,  report  on,  trans- 
nutted,  5782. 

Educational  Land  Grants,   1029,   1045, 
BBS*,  4206,  5974. 
■ommended,   398,    470,  4065,   4208. 

Educational  Boqulramonts  for  Voters, 
recommended  by  President  Grant, 
4310,  4365. 

Edward*,  W.  H.,  report  of,  transmitted, 
5769. 

Eel  Elver  Indians.  (See  Indian  Tribes.) 


tot 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Egypt. — Egypt  occupies  tbc  northeastern 
corner    of    ill*   African    imminent,    between 

N.    lull  (tide    nod    18**i 
longitude.      Tin'    northern   bouudary   la   the 

M-dll'.-lliucall.       and      lU      til-       MIOIIl       I 

lit  eontcrmlnou*  wliii  Hie  Anglo  Egyptian 
Rndan.  The  western  boundnrj  nm»  from 
the  coaat,  near  Hi-  <:uir  of  solium  dougl- 
tude  -•."•'  ft.),  i  11  In  ml  In  a  *outliweM»rly 
Ion.  and  In  tin-  extreme  soutt 
Hint  of  Ihe  Krench  roibara  In  10"  E. 

■     ilmwii 

DOI I    ili-    Gulf   Of    Aknhn    to 

ltnfs    on     Hie    Mediterranean     134"    IV    K. 
icparatee    lb*    Slnal    Peninsula 
from    Paleatlne,    and  the    remainder   of  -the 
e»«tern    boundary    la    wiuhed    br    Hie    ll-d 
fcm. 
I'hutlcnl     Feature§. — The     hlfblanda     of 
tmrthwiiid       ' 
it    along  Hie   Red  8ea   littoral  mid  Quit 
of  Sum  to  Ihe  Slnsl    1'cnlnaula,  «   irlanru- 
Far    plateau    In    ll»    northeast    corner,    with 
■    Mrml    is,540    feet),    near   the   apea 
In   Ihe  couth. 

i  !>-    principal    feature  of    Egypt    In   the 

where  the  river  run*  through 

cliff i.  which,  with   the  eteaptlan  af  granite 

!  Aswflu.  ore  of  aandalnn*  from   Wadl 

Haifa   to   Dear    Ksna.    while   from    (,n-im    to 

Cairn  limestone  preduinlnatef.     These  cliff* 

times  rim-   to    nrnil>    '-'.'"">   f—t    nl>"\c 

111-  level  of  the  <-ll  The  C.lfl  eni-loned  val- 
ley Increase*  In  wld'b  to  scleral  miles, 
ninl  on  either  gldi  of  ihe  river,  particularly 
to  the  treat,  lie  Hi-  f-rlll-  In  lids  upon 
which  the  prosperity  of  the  country  de- 
pend*: nfter  the  Helta  Barrage  (1*  mlla* 
north  of  Cairo)  the  country  spread*  out 
Into  an  Irregular,  fun-»li:ip-d  formation 
comprising  the  six  Province*  of  Lower 
Egypt,  which  contain  tbc  richest  soil  In 
the  eotitiirv  lii-  Ml-  hai  n  total  length 
of  nbout  8.700  miles  from  Hi-  Victoria 
Nyanaa  to  Its  months,  and  for  cloae  on 
mid  in l !.»  <.r  it •.  eoorae  lien  between  the 
southern  and  i-nth-m  hound. tries  of 
Egypt.     The  rlTer  has  an  almost   con 

and    f.ill.    the    line   attaining  Its   moil 

in  it  in  in  Reptember  n»  full  being  rapid  for 
ahout  fourteen  week*  frorn  lhal  time,  and 
then  gradual   to   the  end   of   May. 

..ii    the        in    cliffs   of   the    Nile 

Valley  sod  thi  Trlnolltan  Valley  Is  a  vast 
plataau,  known  »■  [be  Libyan  Desert,  with 
a  total  ar-n  of  about  2T0.OO0  squan 
On  ihe  eastern  edge  of  tie-  Libyan  Des- 
ert, sunt  im..«i  of  Cairo,  xtuiiil  tbo  Great 
Pyramid*  of  QUI 

III-  country  between  the  Nile  Valley  and 
I  he  Krd  Sea  Is  known  an  Ihe  Arabian  Des- 
ert. 

Jllitorv.  From  ir.  30  to  *.t>.  G39  K 
was  a  province  of  the  Roman  Umpire,  but 
In  A.n.  640  the  Christian  Inhabitant*  were 
subjugated  by  Moslem  Invader",  and 
Egypt  been  me  o  provluce  of  the  Ko 
Caliphate.  In  1017  the  country  was  In 
corporated  in  the  Ottoman  Rtnplre,  and 
wn.  governed  by  Mini  acnt  from  Con- 
stantinople    until     the     beginning     -if     'he 

eighteenth   century,    when    tor   tbonl    inn 

year*    Hi-    ruler    w-hk    fiboaaB     from    among 

the    mamelukea.    or     bodyguard.       From 

1802-1804  Krench  troops  occupied  the  a 

try,    with    the    ostenslbls    nhjeel    of    sup- 

lng   ihe   inn  mi-ill  t;.--.  end   restoring 
authority  of  the  Bultaa;  and   after 

iillon  of  the  countty  Mi-lKiiuined  All. 
who  was  appointed  governor  In  I80B,  ->• 
terminated  lb*  nianietakne  In  l xi  t .  nod 
was   eventually    made   hereditary   governor 

..!  Rgypt  (ind  the  Sudni  lir  a  flrnuin  from 
the    Siiliiin    of    Feb.    IS,    1H41 

All     Was     .eeeeeil.il     In-fur-    tit-    denlli     It.      Ill* 

xou  Ibrahim  i  ts48  .  who**  nephew  Ahban 
I.  ruled  from  I»-|x  l8.-,4.     During  the  reign 


of  Said    (18S4-1803),    a  eon  of  Mobamn 

aii.    ii uceaaloa    for    tbe    8uca    c 

mil    tils    aocceasor    Ia_ 

im.O   lt-i'ii.  a  son  of  Ibrahim,  was  grant  .1 

finnan  of   May   14,   1807 >    the   title  of 

live     the    provlou*    rulers    having    held 

the    tirk-    of    van.    »i  To    to* 

year*  of  Ismail's  reign  the   Kgyji'i.n 

were  very  largely  extended 

tit     in     1879     iih     territories    comprised    an 

area     of    nearly     1.600.000     "<|un 

-.Ii     n     population     of     about     lti.0O0.ono 

of  Ismail  drove  him 

..   i  tous  loans   In   Kuropv,   whlef 

plunged    the    country1    into    su-i 

rassmenl    thai     the    Oovcrnmentii    of 

1   and 
forced    Ismail    i-  appointing    hli 

son  Tewflk    (18711  1SHJ)    to  succeed  him. 

By   a    Khvdltal  decree  Oi    Not .    10 
two    Comptrollers-tJeoernl     were    appol 
f,-.r    the    rcorgsnli  "    the   admin 

tlon  ■  hm-nt     of     Uti  i 

eriolllbrl ,    HaJoi     Evelyn    Raring    being 

tie.     Krli     h     noil      M.     ue     Rllgi 
Ii.-ii.  Titive.      The    liiinl    i  ,, 

governed  l-.cvjtt   f-u  two  years,  and  a  series 
of  reforms  was  Initiated,  bin    further 
reea  w.i<  Interrupted   it.   :t   mllltnrj    : 
bended  by  un  offlcer  .-r  the  ICgyptlun 
(Ahmed    Arlbl    I'aahnl.  t    n* 

-n I      alarming     proportions,      hut      it- 

French  Qovornmcut  declined  to  Intervene 
and  u  British  -tp-dlilon  ma  dlspatchei 
to  re-esisbllsli  lbs  ROtborlty  of  Hi-  Khe- 
dive. Egypt  1*  nominally  subject  to  Tnr 
key  and  pays  an  annnal  irlbnt*  of  fs.soo.. 
ooii.  >nit  iii  all  lot  rnnl  and  ' 
affairs  the  IChedJve  1*  completely  Inde- 
pendent.     In   t>:  ictut] 

control  I*  In  tbc  hands  of  (ireat  Rrli 
auk*  and  ri-rn.ATiox 
Are*  In 
Dlstriru  snd  Capitals       English       Population 

So  Mum 
/"......    /-.'(.-i/pC — 

Aloaandria 70  332.240 

|1  (,  ..:.:.t, 

I.m.llla  snd  Port  Said..  3  fil.Mil 

Bum  3  I8.W7 

Babeira  rjSainaanllf) I.T8I 

Dimalilta  I.Mansftra) .        1.018 

.    i:w  1    : 

btn  .'I  r 

Qsllftbla  fBenlia) 3.S8 

Shamta  (Xagaaitt) 1.323  ■  -  Mfl 

A-.'ia'iT.\»'a't>        ........         773  907.4.^^ 

AiwAniAswilni  HH  234.003 

o.-i.i  rtuSl    :  ■  413 

mi         i-.n 

570  7'iT.uo) 

C.w.x  (Qlsa). tr.ii.n-jj 

Mini*  (Minis)    7S0  063,144 

tjens  (Oens)  ..040  . -o.-.i  i 

Kl-Arlsh 1      ..-m     I  18.033 

Sinai  PsninsuU '      "•*"     \         30.083 

Libyan  and  Arabian  Daserta  340.000  1 00.000 

Total 303.181         11.JS7.3J9 

The    Dual    Control    was    nbol1r.n-1    by 

deer f  ths  Khedlv.    |.li  a.   18, 

a    Iirlrlxti    Dnnnclnl      d    i-    i     was    apjie 
In    place    of    the    Comntrnllei  Ueuern  l" 

Januarj      1884.    Blr  ring    (who 

iirni    previously    served   ss  Coinptrolls 
ernll  waa  appointed  f?on*ul'Ueneral  lor  lite 
(Trilled    Kingdom,    and    Ihe    British    ■• 
ti.i'iirv  force,  -.nt  to  quell  Ibe  rebelW 
Iv.sl'.  remained  in  the  is  an  nrmv 

of    occiipntleii        M-iinwMle    a     revolt     had 
broken  mil   In  t! in  head 

td     hy     Slieltiti     Miih.'iiiirneil     Alini.l.     ■ -f     Hon 

goln.   win.  lined  himself  a  Mnhdl 


Encyttoftdic  Index 


Egypt 


■rapo- 
now 
In 
..    was    »- 

wo  Abba*    II..    tbe   pn-M-nt    Klndlw. 

asrssA*;.-  ii  .tinet 

tfcrtne -..■  ;«pulatfc>n  of  Egypt. 

Vb»  Urcrii.  or  "Egyptian"    •  bui-nr.    la  a 

roe*,   known   In   ibc   rural 

tfetlab  •=- ploughman, 

'    llic    anlil.      Th«    <■  M.lini    baia 

•"O  luiln.y   Sluhainuiadao*  einc*  the  con- 

vnett  nf    ifu  In    the   seventh   ccn- 

>il  alwit   809,"""   i  laua 

Ikear  Cgipllan  townamcn  and  peasantry 
0  la  I  be  total  of  ID*  Cm- 
Ma  ■  •  A  aecond  #1.  nn  01  la  Ilio 
MmId.  or  nomadic  Arab*  nf  die  Libyan 
«»4  Arabian  d>«rria.  numbering  Id  all 
ikii                     il    »  limn  atn 

«l  awsnaifs,   and   Hi'    r<  .einl- 

•eftmtiry    l*nt  dwellere    on    tbe    on  I 

J   of   ibe   Nile   Valley 
■ad  tbe  KnySru      Tin-  third  rlnueni   |. 

•  en   A-wxn 
Haifa,  of  mixed  Arab  and  negro 
-tiblon*  arc  Mo 
ttauieadsii*.       Al  n«   of    1907   lb* 

awrtto  re*  I  deil    S"ri,on»    Includ 

l»g  Turks,  t.recka.  Itallasa,  „rltl*b.  >': 
«»d    Tunisians.     Auatr-vIIuncarlans.     Kus- 
*na,  fcraiana.  other  Europeans,  and  Per- 
il. St. 

irasseaf,— Viscount        Kltehenor        of 

Wunonm     w««    appointed     British     Agent 

JM  Ootarsor-'i's^ral    In    1911.      To*  army 

1    ind  Ibe  commander  In 

f»l»f  «•   appelated    by    tbe    Khedive    with 

g»  mns-ii:     of  ■'>    Ooiernnient. 

n    of    Krypl    I"    IBM    somewhat 

|.|»1«<I    aa    a    aeinl-lndependenl    Mbo- 

i  inplre,  at  pre*- 

?•  arropled    b>  troop*.       Ruler, 

*>*•»     if.      (AhMs  Micdlre     of 

1874  :  succeeded   bis 

'•II  *WOk)  Jan.  7.   1802. 

fcjayaMtia.  -K.ng  Men*  li'.  4000,  ap- 
■"MfBMlelr  >  la  aald  to  hare  been  tbc 
•Madrr  of   th*   firm    aelen  ' -m    of 

•*ai   tbe    Nile    wnl<r    for    Indention    pur- 
f*a:  he  employed  whnt  la  known    --   Hu- 
la  aflll    uaed    for   tbo 
in!    lying     to    tbo 
Egypt.      My  I'll* 
Wtm  Ika  bind  la  divided  Into  rectangular 
•Ma  tarring  In  *•«*  from  o.OOO  tn  llB.OOO 
•Tea  *M   -  I'd  by    banka :   water   la 

■sallied  to   lawae  baalna  during    the    flood 
***»>    IAog«»t  i    so   no    avcroge   depth   of 
■  i"  on  the  land  for  about 
■  ■if  and  the      ad 
J  aura  broadcast    on    Ibe    oncoverad    I 

•  Ilia*  occupation  the  basin  sya- 
•"h    bam     been     Impi         I     and     iirovlded 

'    '        lit       IIIM-Mtll.l        '. 

■II   rnsh*   i 

•fl  is.,  .t  -'.  iii  .  f  | ii ii In  1  Irrigation  by 

alrilii.-  tin  la    In    wlilrti    tin-    »nl»r 

r    all    tbe    rear    round.    by    Which 
wja    possible    to    crow    two 

.  '.       |  ■■  ir,  and  to  Introduce 
..ii  i. ii  ii   |i  i  .■■ 

work*,  ami  by  lb n  n  rnctloa 

*V  a    raal  pi'i-nnl  .1 

JJIraiiao    b>.    t,»,.ii    extended    throu 

•Mia  and   lower   Egypt.      Tnt    Ini    Mae  In 

ba  land   hi«   bean  enorruons. 

M   aoaai     t«o     mlllloQ     ncri*     lnni-     been 

■a**1  l"  tin Itli  I bl*  urt'a   of   1'. 

■arraal*  of  wheat,  barley.  be.tn«.  t 

■Mbr*   and    lentlla    are    fathered    In    due 

*jete.      In    Loarer    Krrpt,    (-itt..n      maize. 

Jwal.  rice.  Ii»nr«.  barley,  auger  r«n»  and 

'"'•x  are   tbe  chief   crop*. 

Ftdirura — There    la    a    i  nf    rnll- 

I>elta.  the  prlnelptii  line*  radl- 

llltf  from   Cairo  to   Alexandria    (and   on 


to  Roaetta),    Damletla,    and    l»malll.i 

-.inward  to  Tort   Said  and  »outb- 

wuni  in  Sues),     From  Cairo  tbo  Un* 

i    toi   a  dlatance  of  BS4    mllii.    to 
1 1,  (be  Flral 
a  air:. in.  i   connection   ran  to  «'ndl   llalfn, 

Kgypilan     Stnte 
wuh    tbe   Sudan   Qorernment    lullwa^a. 

Ciirai-Mn    lloultt. — The    principal    caravan 
rouie»    li-ail    i.i   tbe   Oaae*  of   tbc   Libyan 

'         There     arc     many 
rotitcn    acroaa    tbc    Arabian     l)««l    tu    tli» 
-en. 

th«    capital,     atanda    on 
it'    lutnk  of  tbc  Nile,  atioiit    fourteen 

mile*    from    the    bend    of    Hi-     I I 

oldest    purl    u    i  of   ltuliylon   In 

Hid    Cairo,    with    lm    Koman    bnatlons    and 
'  optlt  Tb«  carlli-t   Arab  build 

lug    t«    tbe    iiniMiue    nf     Amr,    dating    front 
a.ti.  ©13.  and  the   moal   cooaplcnoua  la  tbc 

riiailel.    built    by    SiH.i.lln    toward    tl ml 

of  the  twelfth  century.  On  iin 
Hie  desert  west  of  Cairo  an-  to*  Ir.itnlds 
of  niza  and  tbe  Sphinx,  n-blch  can  now 
bo  reached  by  train  In  about  forty  nttnnti 
AleXisiMiriii,  founded  n.c.  S82  by  A.  lander 
I  ii-  Drat  wn*  for  oeer  l.ftoo  year*  tbo 
canltal  of  Egypt,  lit  great  I'noros.  or 
Hgbthouae,  ■»  one  of  the  "actvu  wnn- 
dei»  of  (he  world." 

Egypt: 

Atrieneaii  altaaaYol  in,  proclamation 
regarding  ri"liti  of,  4231,  *M4. 
timed,    4244,   4IT.7. 

AiJierii'iin  ri'iiriT.cntntlvo  In,  death 
of,  rcferrcil   to,  3448. 

Ancient  obadilk  presented  to  New 
York  City  by  Government  of, 
4520,  4564. 

Change  of  personal  head  of,  4520. 

Commercial  convention  with,  agree- 
ment  regarding,  (849. 

Consular  court*  in,  diecusned,  4759. 

ConauU  in,  relieved  of  judicial  pow- 
era  discussed,  4192. 

Diplomat ie  rotation' with,  4824. 

Ro-.nm.  il.    .11  111. 

Disturbances  in,  and  protection  for 
American  eitixena   discussed,  4715. 

Kxpulaion  of  Greeks  from,  referred 
to,  2S28. 

Judicial  code  of  reform  tribunal  of, 
to   be   revised,  4564. 
Egypt,  International  Tribunals  of.— In 

187«.  ns  tbe  mult  of  negotiation*  between 

tbo    Ottoman    and     Kiryptlao    HoTcrnmcnt* 

and    tin-   tartan*   Christian   power*   having 

ri'pre«entiitlves  nl    <  «lro,    court*    were   er»- 

atcd  In  Egypl  for  I  be    trail  of  civil   and   com- 

■  ruing  between  nntlvea  and 

foreigners  of  different   nationality,   an  well 

na    all    question*    of    real    c*tat«    tietween 

any  nerson  and   suit*  of  foreigners  against 

lb*  iCgypilnn  Qovernment  and   msmbers  of 

•I      i      f.iiiilly.     Tbene   mixed    trlbu- 

In    'i   ii    matter*   within   their   sidn- 

aire    Jnrlsdlctlon,    auperaedwl    the    i nlnr 

court  a.      A    iiilti-d  tribunal    conalst*  of  Bve 
'.   three  of   whom  are  foreigner*   and 
wo    native*.      The    foreign    judges   are    ap- 

Solntod  iij  the  Klnitlve  nn  the  recommen^ 
nllon  of  the  great  powers,  each  of  which 
la  repw-MMited  by  from  on»  to  Hir--  Indgea. 
I  h.  re  are  three  tribunals  of  orlglnnl  Jurls- 
ili-t]'»n  (flrst  Instance i,  one  each  at  Cairo, 
Ab'Xiandrin  n ml  afaaaorl  and  s  Court  nf 
Appenls  «t   Alexandrls.      Tbo  United  States 


1 


Egypt 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


It  represented    In  these   conn*   by   the    fn! 
:    Judges: 

Court   of    Appeals.—  Somenllle    P.    Tuck, 
of  New  York   (appointed    1008). 

Court     u'  iimuncc— William     <; 

Vsn    Hornc.    of    Utah    (appointed    Ifi 
Pierre   Cralillts,   of    Louisiana    (appointed 

UU1). 

Egypt,    Treaties    with.  —  lo    No*- 
18K4.  n  ooamttoa   reUilre  to  eomsaara 

■  nil  custom*  wo*  concluded  with  Egypt. 
It  In  Identical  with  one  concluded  between 

Egypt  unci  Grace*  daring  Mm  hou  year. 

w  DontBtU  the  most  favored  nation  claiiBe, 
nod     provide*     for     tin'     importation     Into 

Egypt      1 1  f     tin-     production*     ..f     III.-     foil     ji  lid 

liidiixirjr  of  the  United  •State*  under  a  nv<t 
duty  based  upon  eight  per  cent  ad  valorem 
In  the  port  or  discharge.  Tin  Importation 
nf  Brvarmx  Into  Egypt  l»  forbidden,  a* 
well  a*  tobacco  In  all  It*  form*,  nnd  tora- 
bnc,  together  with  *nlt.  natron,  hashish, 
ami  saltpeter.  The  productions  of  the  «oll 
nf  Egypt,  when  sent  to  Ul*  i  ailed  Bute*. 
■hall  nay  «n  export  duty  of  1  per  cent 
od    ralorim   computed  on    the    vnlno  of   the 

jjooiix  ul  iii.'  port  uf  exportaUoa 
Eight-Hour  Law.— Congrcs..  u  long  ago 

*«  1888.  passed  a  law  making  eight  hour* 
n  legal  day's  work  for  all  laborers,  work- 
men ami  mechanics  employed  by  or  on  be- 
half of  the  government,  and  Pn 
Grant  by  proclamation  decreed  that  no 
reduction     I  .  Id     lie     made    In 

consequence  or  the  sbortealag  of  the  day. 

(Page    30110.)       Pallors    of    certain    depart- 
ment heads  to  comply  with  lb*  inn  brought 
forth    nn    emphatic    repetition    Of   lb* 
lamatloa    for    strict     observance.       (rage 

4EII1.I 

President  Van  Burcn  had.   btel  In   1840, 

ordered  n  uniform  day  of  ten  hours  In  the 
executive  department  n. 

The  eight  ■hour  Nov  was  evaded  by  eon- 
tractor*  In  navy  yards  nnd  public  build- 
ing* and  work  undertaken  by  contractors 
for  many  years.  Finally  In  1913  all 
wan  passed  to  take  effect  Jan.  1.  1313.  re- 
quiring nil  i-ontnirth  tor  government  work 
to  contain  n  clause  forbidding  laborers  or 
mechanics  to  work  mote  than  eight  hours 
a  day. 
Eight-Hour   Law   should    be    extended, 

7088,  7208. 
El    Canoy    (Cuba),    Battle    of.      (Soo 

6nntiago    (Cuba),   Battle   of.) 
El  Caney,  Cuba,  captured  by  American 

troops,   6317,  and   illustration   ■ 

site  6991. 
El  Dorado. — Alternative  nickname  for  Cal- 
ifornia.     (See  r.ol.lrn   S  I .- 1 1 ■  ■   I 

El  Dorado  of  tho  North.— A  nickname  for 

Alaska  to.,  v.). 

El  Dorado.  Tho,  nrrcst  and  search  of, 
by  Spanish  auUmni  lea,  (409,  6978. 

Election  Commission  duHrg  d  with  in- 
quiring into  subject  of  election  law» 
recommended,  5646,  .*i766. 

Election, — The  choosing  of  olDcluIs  by  tot*. 

Election  Law,  Federal,  recommended, 
5490,   5562,  5766. 

Elections: 
Act  prohibiting  military  interference 

8t,  vetoed.  4484. 
Army  and  Navv  prohibited  from  in- 
terfering in,  3866. 


Complications    growing    out    of. 

Southern   States,   and   other  dis- 
turbances, discussed,  4071,    ' 
•104,     4117,     4161,    4166, 
4219,     4250,     4259,     4273,     4367, 
■378. 

rsJ  interference  in,  discusacd, 

Habeas  corpus  :  in  certain 

sections,   4000,   4093. 

Revoked    as    to    certain    county, 

(09& 

Proclamation  regarding,  4086,  408S, 

4089,  1090,  4092.  4093,  11",  4£26, 

4230,  4270,  4350. 

Congressional  nnd  claims  of  members 

to  seats  dJaCUHad,  4466. 
Constitution.'!)  conventional  in  Cuba, 

ordered,  6448. 
Discussed,    l!  :  ..    :  ,:  ', 
Educational   requirements  for  voters 

recommended,    4310,    4365. 
Feilor.il  sup.-ri  iMidii  of  Congressional, 

rci'n  I,  5490,  5562,  5766. 

Gerrymander  discussed,  6643. 
In  Arkansas,  disturbances  regarding, 
and  claims  of  persona  to  gov 
or«hip  discussed,  4218,  421U, 
4273. 
Proclamation  regarding,  4228. 
In      California,     corn  r»- 

[lafl  national  military  forces  to 
be  used  at,  referred  to,  4076. 
In  Louisiana,  complications  growing 
out    of,    discussed,    4161,    4166, 
4250,  4259. 
Federal   interference  in,  di« 
4239. 
Proclamations     regarding,    4177, 
4230. 
In  Mississippi,  proclamation   regard- 
ins  complications   growing;   out   of, 
•I  "76. 
In   the   South  and  results  of  amend- 
ments to  Federal  Constitution  dis- 
ci, 444.'.   II 
In   Virginia,  troops  at  polling  places 

during,   referred  to,  4367,  4372. 
Not  to  be  held  in  Haw.' 
Partisan   interference   in,  by   public 
officers — 
Discussed  by  President  Tyler,  1905, 

1942. 
Order  regarding,  of  President — 

'  '!■•'. cUiid,   .1079. 
Hayes,  4402. 
President     discussed.        (8**     Preei- 

d«n1   of  rj&itad  Slates.) 
Stimulus    of    personal    interest:. 

should    bo   restrained,   1942. 
Troops  stationed  at  polling  places  in 
Southern    States    discussed,    4367, 
4372. 
Elective  Franchise  to  Freedmen: 
Discussed  bv   President — 
Garfield,  4598. 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Electrical 


Hayes.  4415,  4553. 
Johnson.  3557. 
Free,  nrrriHi  of  right  of  soffrago  dis- 
en**'!     an-]     recommendations    re- 
garding. 5490,  6502,  5643. 

rltt/cn  li»rins  tb«  franchise,  or 
_ht  lo   eoto;   a  member  of   tt*   F.ler- 
Mil  CllfX*     lq.    ».l.       (8ra    Presidential 

Ibctoral  Colleges.— ruder  the  Constitu- 

U»oftbe  Halted  Rt«te»  (Attlele  II.  See- 
n«s  li,  ilit  President  and  Vlce-Presldest 
ire  rbwea   every    four    year*    by    elector* 


•rcenud  fcy  «fb  state  "la  men  manner 
u  ts*  legislature  thereof  ma;  direct." 
bet  mi.  i  lo  a*   ninny   elector* 

•'  It  is*  See-stora  ami  Rrpn-sontatlrea. 
*o  bailor  or  Kcpreacntnilve  or  person 
soHlig  *a  otor*  of  trust  or  bonor  under 
«**  Called  Btste*  may  b*  an  elector.    The 

•.)     tbe      Coastltull-m 

irwoitifi  how  to*  elector*  shall  meet  nod 

III  I-.    end    b    Ktaaa  (ball 

lie  vote*.  The  »rtlcle  provides  tii.it 
"IVt  elector*  *b*II  meet  lo  tbclr  respective 
•Hits  atel  voir  by  ballot  for  president  ind 
"ir-presWrot.  one  of  winm  it  leant  "bull 
SKI*  an  Inhabitant  of  the  same  state  with 
peawelte*.  Tbey  ahall  name  In  tbclr 
Nllm  tb*  person  roted  for  ai  prc*l- 
*•«'.  ml  la  arparat*  billots  tbe  person 
'««!  for  at  Tlce-presldent.  and  tb#y  shall 
BUe  distinct  Hats  of  all  per-ons  toled  for 
u  preside*!  and  of  all  persons  roted  for 
u  t|r»  president,  and  of  tbe  ir  •<>  .:■■  i  -f 
;.•<  **en.  which  list  they  ahall  alitn 
ud  certify  sod  tr»a»nilt.  scaled,  to  tbe 
">t  of  tbe  rovcrnmeut  of  the  I'nlted 
Jllrs.  directed  to  tbe  President  of  the 
■Ms," 

,  Tie  lerco  Electoral  College  baa  bean  In- 
•woally  used  sine*  1821.  and  was  prob- 
■"»  nnMied  by  tb.  "Colles*  cf  Cardl- 
•"•s.-  Tbe  word*  "College  of  Elector*" 
*m  eaoear  Id  sb  act  passed  Id  IMS. 
•**  CoiUfc*  of  Elector*  are  einto  bodies. 
M  iieir  Integrity  «.  «u>-h  l<  scrupulously 

EL  Tbclr  method  of  appointment  la 
II  absolutely  to  tbe  Stat*  legislatures. 
llll  about  ISi'O  1824  they  were  appointed 
•rett  by  (be  legislature  In  most  slates: 
'°  1*24  popular  election  bad  superseded 
•Mjrjre  appolottncnt  In  all  hut  six 
•  »utc  to  adopt  popular 
tjstaj  pf   :.r."  i.'n!.:.i   slseter*   was   South 

CWtUns.  In  1868.  Tbe  congress  district 
TUirx  which  divides  a  state's  electoral 
ins  sometimes  been  tried  as  a  party 
">ni>rwnl*c.  but  at  present  all  parties  pre- 
'"  tke  system  of  baring  all  toe  electors 
•»  •  enteral  ticket.  The  etste  appoints 
"a  place  of  meotlnr  and  Coogresa  bna  fli'd 
<*•  lime — the  sceood  Monday  In  January. 
'■'".*  fourth  year.  There  Is  no  organ- 
■Uba  of  the  college,  but  It  l»  customary 
»  stlert  a  chairman.  On  the  seennd 
J-ttM.iir  i"  1'''""";  following  tb«  utoai 
N  ef  the  electors,  both  bo  use*  of  Con- 
ft*  tceel  In  tb*  ball  of  the  Bona*  of 
{•ptseDtntives  nod  the  President  of  tbo 
•pets  *e*as  and  counts  the  state  return*. 
«>  slate,  hy  act  of  Feb-  8.  1887,  Is  mo.lo 
"•tee  Judge  of  all  dispute*  oter  re- 
nins: It*  eertlacat*  Is  flnnl  between  two 
fm  of  retont*  sort  ConcreM  can  only  In- 
*m»to  If  tb*  state  lt»e!f  la  unable  to 
*•»**.  (R*.  Electoral  Commission.) 
.  Is  lb*  preaidentlnl  csmpalcn  of  1912 
mrajg  tbe  conteet  between  Pr*»Ment  T«ft 
ne  rcoomlnatloa  end  Mr.  Boowrelt  fir 
Ue  Bealaatton  for  Prealdent  before  the 
■petal can  eoarentlOD.  some  of  the  atntes 
caoae  pr**Jd*oU*I  elector*  before  tbe  nomi- 


nation* were  made.  President  Tnft  was 
Dominated  uj  Uie  couseuiluu.  and  Mr. 
Kooscrelt  decided  to  run  for  President  as 
th*  nominee  of  tbo  (new!   Progreulvc  Ke- 

Bunrty.  Mr.  ltooaevelt  cliiluieil 
nit  the  electors  who  bnd  been  cbosen  and 
Instructed  to  vote  for  him  before  the  nomi- 
nation t-f  Mr.  Ilitt  were  •nil,  notwith- 
standing  tbe    Utter'i    n Inallon.    In    duly 

liuniirl  to  curry  out  their  otillcntlon*  to  th* 
Mr.    Etooesrelt,   and 

tome  of  the  elector*  expres*cd  siu-h  Inlen- 
Uooa,  'Ihe  court*  were  appealed  to  Id  *cv- 
ernl    rlatea    I    ruled    tbn  regu- 

larly placed  on  tbe  Kepulillrnn  ticket  could 
Dot  be    removed   because  of   tbe    failure  o« 
<   of   any    candidal*    bel  , .  itlonal 

conrcutii.Ti.  nini  Ibal  iin-ir  obllgntloua  to 
tbe  people  were  tue  umo  aa  If  no  couren- 

tlon    liad    In-ill    farlil. 

Electoral  Colloges: 

Increase  of  political  power  of  Sonth- 
crn  .States  in,  due  to  conetitutional 
•mcndmenle,  discuMcd,  4  i 
Joint  resolution  declaring  certain 
Slate*  not  entitled  to  repreeenu- 
tion  in,  discussed,  3461. 
One  branch  of  Congress  formed  into, 

ir,.ln  inn  of  mischiof,  1305. 
Referred  to,  2181 
Electoral  Commission.— in  th*  Presiden- 
tial diction  of  18T«  Ilulherford  B.  flaye* 
ond  Samuel  J.  Tllden  were  the  reapectlr* 
Republican  and  Democratic  cnndldatca 
(li-iru'C*  of  frond  aTSN  made  con- 
'H  tb*  electoral  votes  of  Florida, 
Louisiana,  Oregon  and  South  Carolina.  On 
Jan.  20,  1S7T,  Congics*  appointed  a  com- 
mU»lou,   called    I  r-.il   Coiumlsalon, 

to  Investigate  the  charge*  and  determine 
the  validity  of  the  reluriis.  This  I 
only  time  a  commission  of  this  sort  has 
been  appointed  ond  much  doubt  bus  been 
exprrxfcsd  as  to  Its  constllullotinllly-  The 
■  n  consisted  of  Of  teen  members- 
three  Republican  8en»tor»,  mo  Democr.itlc 
ir*,  three  Deinoi  '*»  Dtatlr**, 

two  Republlcnn  lieprcsento lives,  and  Or* 
Associate  Justice*  of  tbe  Supreme  i 
It*  members  wen-  justice  Nathan  Clifford 
-lent  of  the  commission).  Samuel  F. 
Millar,  Stephen  J.  Field.  William  Strong. 
SOd  Joseph  P.  Bradley :  Senators  George 
P.  ICdmiind*.  Oliver  P.  Morton.  Tr-dcrlc* 
T.  Frellnghuyien,  Thomn*  F.  Bayard,  and 
■  ;.  Iti ii i-inn n  (replaced  later  by  Fran- 
cis Kernanl,  and  Representatives  Henry 
B.  Pnyne.  Ejfp*  Hunton,  Joslah  O.  Abbott. 
George  r.  Hoar,  and  James  A.  Garfield. 
The  commission  by  a  vote  of  eight  to  seven, 
on  Feb.  0  1877.  decided  to  sustain  tb* 
validity  of  tbe  Mayes  electoral  ticket  In 
Florida,  and  later  gave  similar  decision* 
urns  from  the  other  atatcs. 
After  tbe  work  of  tbe  commission  the  rot* 
of  tha  electoral  colleges  stood  185  for 
Hayes  and   184   for  Tllden. 

Elec  toial-Commlastoti  Bill  approved  and 

reasons  therefor,  4376. 
Electoral  Messengers,  compensation  to, 

recommendations  regarding,  4850. 
Electors,  Presidential: 

Constitutional   amendment  rognrding 
selection  of,  recommended,  6844. 

Method  of  appointment  of,  and  effect 

of   gerrrmnnder  discussed,   5843. 

Electrical    Machinery,    Apparatna   and 

Supplies. — (From    a   bulletin   of   July  81. 

ID  Id,  Issued  by  tbe  Bureau  of  th*  Csnsus.) 


Electrical 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Tale  ludnatry  Inolud.a  Hi- 
the    machine*    sud    appliance*    uaed    In    iln- 
.    tranamlMlon    mid    u'llluitlon  of 

ll         Dl  Ik".'  .     lOgl  Ill-  r     n  llll     no 

rnrt-  nml    •  nppllc*    for 

i   .)..••*   not   Include,  however,   the  produe 

II f      I  • . .  I  -  —  .      win-Ill.  I      nf     -n I,      I.-.. 

iinl-    tin-  inanotnettire 
of  uln»«  ii iiil   porcelain  ware  tumle  ripreaa- 

ij'  fi.r  i-i.-.-ii  i ■ ; ■  i  parpo  "  i    i  iiii '  of  Iibi  ■ 

nml      opjM  i-    ii  Ire.    i.r   uny  ..r    the    srni 
■  ii.  mien  I      iiii. I      clcciroinctulln  - 
product*. 

Th»   atallatlra  for    1014   cover   *    I ■•  i  i •  ■■  I    nf 
if  ii..-  Kiiro- 

Knn  war.  from  which  DM  Industry  lmi  nine- 
lly  recovci.  I. 
Bnportl    weep   received    from    1. 121    ■ 

Haimi •  .  •  -lit«  In.lii-li  ■    In  M14  ; 

with  i 

.-iinblUliiurui*.    I  pal  bo-lne** 

of   I  0S0   wai    i ...    manufai    un    nl    nil  rlrlcal 
machinery,  apparatus,   anil  nipnllfm,  I 

which  were  encaged  prlmarllj  In  other  lines 
"I  manufacture,  produced  electrical  roaxhlo- 

m     inn)    nppaantua    to    the    value    of    124,- 
-i.i  '.ml. 

It    I*    to   Ik-   DOtl  'I" 

not  cover  tiorcelaln  electrical  puppllea,  mnnii- 
faclitrcd    by    tin-    cln>  u„rklng    liulnati 

il  nl  M, 111", 27(1  In  ID]  1.  ii-  repoi 
the  i;.'.-i..i-i. ,.:   sin  nor  I   bni- 

tery  jora  for  electrlcul  uar.  monufltctorwd  In 
_gtn»«  work*. 

Ih i fit t    nf  blUN    Including  parte 

nn.l   anppllea,    In    1'  i  I    nl    valued   at    123,- 

,.       !   tiller    llll-    li'-ii.l    nr.'     In.  Iinl'  ■ 

Bsmotom.  motor  generators, 

ertcr*.    ilonlilc-currenl    generators,    etc.. 
ill    an    aggregate    ca. 

Caelti    "(    TM'.iiii:i   kllnwatta  ami    wiliicl  ut 
I  SO  5. 

St^tkmknt  or  run  MA*rriCTritn  or  Hue- 

Ii,.     AllMlUri'B. 

imi  sri'i'i.iw    


outrun     of    t.-ra,    lart»lh* 


I'- 

Per  rent  nf 

191* 

increarefor 

Number  of  raubhabmenle 
>iwm  encored  lo  aiaui 

l,i.  i 

2  1 

hi.tu 

rro 

Propnatort  anil  firm  musson 

let 

•i«  i 

tmlariel  employ"* 

NJi . 

4«.T 

Wtca  aaraan  (nrnn  nuro- 

hcfl                            

n»xra 

»» 

HV..7.'-.  '•■ 

*.i  i 

OaptjfcT               

83  8 

geruor*               

' 

S»,8 

.S.I..M. 

IS.ailSni 

74  1 

Wage. 

MaWui. 

;    

ID  1 

43  5 

Value    addled    by    mnnuficlurr 

3U.I70.0Uu 

Sit 

(»«lu»  ..I  wi*liici»  bssMst  al 

malCTiahl 

ifMUlP"" 

'■••J' 

•Deoeaw. 

Ill  i.Miilon.  In  1011,  «l  aataliliitimenta.  |" ' 
etigaged  in  oilier  llnra  of  fiiuiulwiiin..  |.i.*lu..«l  (lertriaaj 
■i,  apna/alu*.  »"d  »ii|'iJlni  lo  the  v»lue  of 
•34.361-011  and  In  IIHISl.  141  laUbluJiniolita  of  tliia  char- 
acter uantiftrurcd  IIK7:  n\r.  m.ril,  ..I  ,  Uvtriral  inadu- 
nary,  apporalu*  and  .umiIio  u  a  •ulanliarr  prodo 

finler  llo-  lo-ji.l  of  direct  i  urn-tit  dynnmo* 
there  were   reported  20H    >lh  -in.ll  .lynninoa 

nil, I    ,, Mti, In. il. II.     Itnrtl  r   -•  11.  I.il..:     HOI   ■     vulll.-il 

ill  15.BSS.273,  but  this  U  ii"i  I"  i"  Inl.'-n 
n«  tb.,  total  ',iiiinii  .'f  mi.  I.  device*  itnc*  it 
la  apparent  that  tb.;.  tod  lijr  the 

tnanufacturen  In  aotiir  I  am  irlCB  TtBOtHM 
for  automobile*." 

The   tmnafiirtncr*   manufn.  ior-i    In    1U14 

•rrn'OM-il   115.S43   In   Dumtier,  >»liti  3,(144. 

iiowiitta1  capai  Hi.  ami  were  valued  at 


>    ami  fur  railway   n»a  nuuk 
41 1. tins,  had  an  ngv. 

.•I  •(  ~ 
■rautooa..- 
hnvlng  an  a«g;.  .  r  •*  i 

mi'1  -1.301.442.  were  prod* 

■ 

eliiilei    ii  .,•    aiirllac 

"i  «rai 

'■  '.i .'  Sl>  repeifdtw 

ll>]  I.    nml    in.. i  . nn 

Ho    s. :   SI 

1  ii'  i  iini'liu  1   for  1911  »w»: 

I-U'lil  .in,  , ael  kank. 

.iii.i                                         ,,  .  ■ 

balterlej.    tvan...  ,,,    aaO  pirn 

nn.l      .in..  'urankentt 

llllllpB.    Jl    . 

.       ■! 
llii|li-«.        I>  I.  ..MM 

pnrt»  nn.l 

Bpfiaralm-  4-4a 

and  porta  ami 

hentlne    a|>paralii>..  ilifl 

cooking  .1,  ;  it 

pamtiia,    $4,11.1  : 

urn iitk     »s.tm-,,,-,mc,  :   eliN-irVrnl   tl- 

tl.    appnratu  . 

and   cable*,  «fl<i,.'i>:. 

mg 

I'lmrttua.    apark  pluca.  raw, 
'-«.  alKaaO. 
ami  ntlai-liiiieui  ji*«f 

1S.II  per  ■ 

biu-li.  .     etc..    »3.e/'L\74i.    al    '* 

1 1  :  annim. 

,».    llln.774.  M 
•■  t  cent :  am)  vnrlww  *IV« 

kln.ls  ..f  •■■•••■ii  i.    .  inlpi t.  Ii 

ei»,    ri"  •  pin. ■;.  -    and    ••"-«.    wn  •iin' 

nnn  fl^tiire*.  Ilchtntnc  arreaten,  f«»* 

nml  UBi-lai  ••■:■» 

i-.v.   apparatus,  and   anp«.ll 

•V.'.S,  ii  ,   lm  i  ..i  •  t.    TV  l»M 

ii.  "'  im -lmi b  nnilvi-a,  wlMlfa 

railway,  of  which  there  were  mortel  W*. 
valued  nt  13,720.014. 

ilnm      nf      Fitatillthmrnt 
1.121 

•   I..  .,i.i|    In   Now 

120    in    .,    -  .  oia. 

■'.    In    \.         ; 
HI     In     In.Hiua, 

. 
Intnl.    •!    In 

i'ii.  h  In  !><'luwxre.  -  l  ranr^ex 

i    In   K'« 

Ii    1-1=  ■■«•,  !>•• 

Nebraaka,  nml    Vermont, 
lu   Alntmma,    K,i-, 
lln. i.  i   Virginia. 

Electric   TclcgTaph.        (8«e  T<Up»p» 

Lin. 
Electricians,  International  Conjrena  rf. 

ni    Paris,   ili-iuiKi'ii  ami   rcrotnin»a4» 
regarding,  4581,  462.".,  4714. 
Electricians,  National  Conf srenc*  ot 

Philadelphia,  dflSfl. 
Eleemosynary  Institutions,  Wi 

D.  C— The   Deportii  Inter! 

l    with    tin-   Government   adm 

Hon   nml 

•tltnth'ua  in  Waahlnsl  ;    meat 

pltal    fur    tb..    in 

ll'i-I'lMl  'n.  v.).  Howard  l'nlwr- 

slid  the  i'i.I I. lmi    limtltutlon  fur  the  ' 

to.,  v.i.  Including  Gall  Icaja, 


Encycbfcdic  Index 


Empire  State 


Elephant.— A  symbol  of  the  RumMk'M 
party. 

Elimination  of  local  offices  from   poli- 
tic, 7698. 
Elk  Refuse,   land   set  apart  for,  TOSS. 
Emancipation  of  Slaves: 

Compensation     to     states    aholishing 
elavirv   | 
8334. 
Draft  of  1,111  for.  32S5,  8897. 

mmcndatiun  again  to  bo  made, 

Comtitutiocnl  amendment  regarding, 

r,..    | 

Ratification   of,  3570,   3043. 
Discussed  by  President  Hayes,  4394. 

Emancipation  Proclamation.— Early  m 
tin-  Civil  War  man;  persons  began  to  agi- 
tate tor  a  predamatloe  trom  the  President 
declaring  the  slaves  free.  1c  was  the  Inten- 
tion of   PrrshUnt    Lincoln,    :i»    he  declared, 

IO    pre-     :  •-        Ill        I    :i;   ill     mm  I -      frfilnK     Mm 

issued 

•    preliminary    proclamation     lp 

as    s    war    inesHurv,    colling    open    all 

people     In     rebellion     against     the     United 

■    to  tbolr  allegiance,   prom- 

of   oom- 

I-   the  slaves 
n  those   states  and  purts  of  stsi irttleb 

•I   Mill    lie  In   reliellliin   on    I  he   t»t   dajr 
i   nusry  next  succeeding  the  proclama- 
tion.   This  had  no  street.    Accordingly,  on 
.1   :..    i,    t-  .:;.    Pn  ■'■  lent  :«d  a 

-menhir?  jiroi  Inmatlon  ipngr  33S8 
ig  the  freedom  of  toe  slaves  in  :.; 

lea     bad    receded    except    ton  ••■■ 
counties     In     West     Virginia,     seven 
counties  In  Virginia,  Including  the  cities  of 
ill   ii-.il    Portsmouth,  sod   thirteen  par- 
ishes   of    Louisiana.    Including    the    city    of 
New  Orleans.     The   thirteenth   amendmenl 
to  tlie  Constitution,  In  for,.    Dec    18,   1890, 
-ted    the    work    of    ciunnelpatlon.    by 
made  free.  (See 
3261.) 

Emancipation  Proclamation.  3.1,'iS. 
Carpenter's  pninting  of  Lincoln   and 
Cabinet  :ii  ''ig  of,  present- 

ed to  Congress,  4435. 
Notice  given   that   slaves  would  be 
emancipated  on  Jan.   1,  1863,  3297. 
Embalmed  Beef. — A  term  uml  to  chsrne- 
terU.-    the    canned    meats    supplied    to    the 

Mm-.-   during    the    Spi 
American    War  I  is!     lbs    Beat* 

were  sn  hndiv  iteenmpased   tiu't  thejr  hid  to 

he  treated  with  it rvntlru  chemicals.    (Soo 

Kaggn's  <  ..ur  t-M.n  Hal.  i 

Embargo.— A    prohibition    Imposed    by    n 

ant   Its  vessels  or  those  of 

1 1  or  hosille  powers  leaving  Its  ports. 

The   I  nmeal    laid    i  s> 

hnrcoes  nt  various  times  between  1704  ami 
tRIS.       Upon      Ihs      lr  i       of      vir 

between  Prance  tod  Great  itrir.tin  in  1708 
each  country  ordered  the  selsure  of  neu- 
tral     Yex*eU     bound      for      the      port*     .  if      !he 

otber  in  rouscqueoco  of  the  depredt- 
lions  of  England  and  Fr.nce  upon  I  he  iiun- 
meres   of  .     .     i    gtnte*.   an   act   was 

d    April    is.    WW,    prohibiting    trade 
with  Oraat  Britain  and  her  colonic!      Dec. 

j-'      imi?.    i.i]i:t.m,    nt    the    suggestion    of 
Jefferson,  passed   sn  embargo  set    prohibit- 
ing   the    willing    of    ■ 
save   coasters,   from   any    American    port. 


Jan.  9.  1808.  another  and  more  stringent 
set  was  passed.  These  measures  fulled 
to  bring  either  France  or  Knaland  to  terms, 
nnd.  iliough  •■.inn  v.i,  i.v    ti„-  ,,,t 

of  Hareb  12,  1808,  they  wrought  niuii 
Injury   to  shipping  and  export  Undo  of  the 

I      Slates.       They      woro 
evaded,   and  Msrcli    I.    1809,    were   rep 
snd    renls      i    ir    the   noulntcreourse    law, 
which  forbade   French   nnd   BngUth   ?es«ds 
iinrt«.      Another    em- 
bargo net    was  passed   Dec.    10.   1813,   dur- 
lug  the  second  war  with  Great  Britain, 
Embargo: 

During  war  with  Germany — 
On     coin,     bullion     and     currency, 

8355. 
On   various  commoditi' 
Imposed  by  Washington,  144,  146. 
On  American  vessels  referred  to,  427. 
On  foreign    vessels — 

Kor  60  days  rce..uiniemiod,  484. 
Governors   requested   to  call   forth 
i  ia   if   necessary  to  enforce. 
144. 
Imposed,   458. 
Removed,   157,  466. 
Embasay.  — The  official  name  of  the  build- 
ing In  which  sti  uinb.-iMKudor  otHehilly  r> 
Embexxlement.     (Sea  Defalcation.) 
Emblem. — A   design   used  to  symhollxe   an 
organltntlon.    a    sentiment,    or  an    Idea,    as 
evenly  bnlonceil  ,.  Justice. 

Emergency  Fleet  Corporation,  power. 
of,  | 

Emergency  Peace  Federation.  (See 
Ponce  Societies.) 

Emigrants  to  United  States.  (See  Im- 
^ration.) 

Emigration  of  Negroes.  (Soo  Xcgroea.) 

Emigration  to  the  West.  (See  illustra- 
tions ryppoi  -i  i  MO,  1087,  8840,  BM0. 

Eminent  Domain.— The  original  or  nnt» 

rlnr  ownerehln  retained  by  the  people  or 
stale  by  which  bui-1  or  other  private  prop- 
erty may  be  tnkeu  for  public  use  or  bene- 
in  rini  i<  tlie  most  definite  principle  of 
no-  fundamental  power  of  tho  government 
with  regard  to  property  and  the  most  exact 
Idea  of  properly  remaining  In  the  govern- 
ment or  In  the  aggregate  body  of  tin- 
people  In  their  sovereign  capacity,  ghlng 
the     right     to    resume    original     i><-- 

in  the  lu.-miier  'iirei-ted   lit  line-  whenever 

Its  use  Is  essential  to  the  mutual  advan- 
tage and  welfare  of  society.  If.  toi  In- 
stance,  the  proper  authorities  deem  It  nnrra 
snry  for  the  general  good  to  open  ■  street, 
Iny  out  a  park,  dig  »  rami  I,  abate  a  mil- 
charter  n  railroad,  etc..  snd  the 
owners  of   the   land   on   tha   routs   or 

il  i «  i  ot  to  -eii  or  demand  an  rj 
temt  price  for  their  property,  tho  state, 
by  eminent  it. ilu.  bus  the  power  'if  con- 
trol tod  Hie  eonrta  may  compel  the  tor 
render  of  the  property  upon  die-  compensa- 
tion being  determined  by  a  board  of  tp 
Iirnlsers,  The  Constitution  of  the  United 
limits  the  eierel«e  of  tin-  rlr.lil  of 
emlnenl  domain  to  rn«es  where  pnblir 
Is  It  and  requires  eompensatlon 
to  those  from  whom  properly  U  tiik.-n. 
Empire  State. — A  nickname  for  New  Tork 
(Q,  r.).     (See  also  8tates.| 


Entomology         Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


It  make*  studies  of  hug*  anil  wonn«  nf 
'-:    sxrtnsltur*.   and 

:lld     IDAD-         It     11 

■•'Ik     worm,     nr  I     ■ 

and    II 1  n •  1 1 r . -  i  Ij 

... 
n  <   of   l»«ects  ■ml   In- 
#ry  ^  i 

The  n.     *P-  -in     II 

Tlow    of    financial    ctpel 

under  the  work  ol 

brnwntall  m< 
..n  pnormoi 
troca  of  Xcw   ICftslnriil       Th 

I    !,.    •!,.. 
,.t    their    ;i  U    feed 

upon    them,    thna     ■ 

il  area,  which   .-.h       H- 
■  I'm  re 
nilli"  In  i  .  ■    • 

Tl range    groves    of    California 

.  ivcd     from    aunlullnilxii     l>v     i 

Tin' 
Bureau  of  Kntnmolory.  through 
insects     n.       .  tlon    in  num.   I-  the 

id      In      her      warfare 
aealii't   Mi. 

other  inset-  wiiUii  cnrrr  nin..  trenstni 
.ii-o.    or  nml    fum 

IKee  Airlcnltiirc.   Department   of.) 

Ephemeral  and  Nautical  Almanac.    (Soe 

Nautical  Alm:i 
Epidemics.     (See   <  V,nt:iClou«>   Disease*; 

International    Sanitary     <niiferetnc«; 

Quarantine    TtC|;ulntions.) 
Equality  of  All  Man,  doclartd   in    the 

Declaration  of  Indepen d 
Equality  of  Nations  and  Right*  necc*- 

*nr_v  for  enduring  pesoo,  BsOL 
Era  of  Good  Fealla*;.— d  period  i  t  Amer- 

political     history     I •■■  l  ".    "ii      l$11     nml 

1823.     ah   pollili  Ml   to   have 

.•ii  ii  .1    by    i!i      War     •  '    i-i  -'.      The 
Federalist    pnrtj    had    dwlnrl      i     tn    aa    in 
no    tin-     .'• 

ill:  ippe  ired 
'i  ho    Hi  «y    In 

minout  and  the  beat  of  feeling  pre- 
vailed everywhere  The  Inaugural  address 
.,f  Monroe  In  1S17  (0.781  win 
to  proiuots  n. moony  and  soothe  Hn-  net 
loss  of  in.-  minority  The  Prealdeni  made 
a  tour  through  Nc«   I  •  ■■".  ■"■<*  •■<•- 

Ihnslai-tlcnlly     r. Iv.l.      In     IR?0    he    WB« 

almost  ananloiOQaly  reelected,  only  om 

i.. i., i    rote  being,  oaal    anlnal    Mm.     The 

Inter  Issues    ,/f    the    i/irlff   ami    Internal    Inv 

Sron'iinii i -.    it   |iuhl  c  expenae  had  not  yet 
ovclopod.    but    with    II I ■•  "1  'ii    "f    John 

Qulncy    Adams   In    I S- 1    opposition    to   hla 
policy  benln  i'»  trow,  wftn  Jaduon  oa  a 

center.     Jackaon  hud  been  the  popular  •  in- 
dldaie  f"r  the  Presidency  In  1*21.     Knlllng 

of  n  majority  m  the  electoral  colli  -■■     he 

wiu   defeated    In    (he   House    hy  n    coalition 
of   tin  f    Clay    and    Adam*,    who 

Inter  formed  I  puny,  and  the  Era 

of  Good    Feeling  > 
Enn,  Tlic,  Sweden  for  alleged 

misconduct  of  commander  of,  1172. 
Erie  and  Oswego  Canal,  memorial  In 

favor  of  enlarging  docks  of,  328S. 
Bile  Canal  ol  toe  Brie 

t>innl  vna  d  Itatlon 

Ol    i  lovej  not       ..ii  .ii     ..i     Si  ■     fork,    muter 
whotK-    uii..  EeavatJoa 

WO*  made  on  Independence  Ltny.  1817.     The 


w«»  formally  opened  In   182!  I./  i 

pppoaltl  R82.   ;...nr..1  a    k.i.-  of  water  til 
.-   Into   tli  '»«» 

with    which    »•  s   wits  \U 

•  c-rnMUried  by  the  eteilw 

aui 

*»<  <ul>. 

.-anal   lind 

Xe„  K>.     BewlH 

provision  hna  been  made  for  cnlarglc*  tW 

I    to    a    depth    ••<    tsw're    fort    tad  n 

Improve    It    In    other    *r»>  It  slfl 

Ml 
Eric,  Lake.     (See  Lake   En 
Erie    (Pa.)   Marine  Uoepltal  teodfrsa 
United    Stat*-*    for  use   of 
and   bailors'  home,  4788, 
Erwln.  Ml**.,  ri.,t  at,  6731. 
Eaptonaije  Law.     In     '  •    last 
(y-fouMh  '  i  bin. 

called  the   ICiplonaire  Bill,  i 

I  to  extend  and  to  elarlfy  tht  r* 
>sd  treaaa 
hut   the   bill,   although   It   pa»MI   t»»  ** 
nte.  was  :.  d  ont  of  the  ceamlll" 

in  th.  House,  It*  main  i.rorldca.  »er» 
aa   follows:     Am    imtwo   ohtn  > 

'sOon  corn 
Mitlmial  defeaie  to  which 
or    nmlntlni    other* 

be  punished  bj  «  n» 
or  not  iiinr*  than  fU'.OOO  or  by  Dot  am 
than  two  years'  Itni  .  »o* 

Any  per»on  obtalnliiK  m.l  ■<•  ivl 

coramunUttliik'    It    to    a    f.  iBr»t 

In   tliii-  of   peace  »hall   I*  (cnteaeel  I 

tlmn   iweiite  jrenrs"    liuprlxosnirot    n 
time  of   war.    to    life    Imprisonment,     a7** 
eter  In   Mm.    nf  war  Khali  spread  Of 
tent  to  ratia*  diuatl- 
In  oi  •  with  ii'"  eperaUse  <i  'w 

I'nli 

t'niii   810,000  ninf  l>r   lm).   I 
or    foi    I    ■•    i    r-.n    thirty    !-«r»,      7h»  iMt 
i   to  all  who  merely  eit 
ve  rnulla.    Os> 
ler  in   ..i  the  Pre»ie>tt 

to    withhold    clcarnn 

snppll'"-   In   viol  r^oei 

■r    the    I'nlted    States.  ■»• 
m|ko  to  nny  ship  concernlnc  which  he  m 
ect   that   It   will   I-  sold   mir  IrtTlat 
l>oi  i    in   :i    i .  ..initrr.      In  tlB»  « 

war.  the  l"re«ldent  wn«  empowered  »  eav 
ir..|    the   nioTement*   of   all   ah! 
States  sral 

■ 

SUP 

f    Its    ceoaorshas  pre* 
and    fluolly    was    pax»'d    with  W* 

itedi 
Essex.  Tne.— A  Onli-d  State*  frlea"  * 

32  Buna.  Auy;.  IS.  1812.  she  was  atnf*el 
by  Hi.-  .11..  i.  ■  Itrltlth  sloop  of  «si 
log  26  iruna.  One  broadside  trots  l> 
Knta  nearly  sunk  Ibe  .<<>r«  and  cause*  £ 
surrender,  Among  (lie  midshipmen  of* 
£«■«*  at  this  time  was  I>avLd  (JIsikos"  >'• 
intut,  then  II  yi-am  old.  I^ler  Ibf  •**■ 
started    fo  rifle    <in   nn    Indr^sjesll 

cnilse.  At  UiIk  time  she  carried  it  raf* 
Under  command  of  «  apt.  Iiaiid  P»rW 
mIl-  •.luil  iie.iily  all  th»  ItriiKb  watlM 
TteaelH   on*    th-    roaal    "f    South   AatrtMk 


captnrlnc   or   omroylna;   J2.r,i 
of  tbc  eucmy's  property.  se»  svatron.  •»* 
oecr   inn  in  rA'hruary,   |»|4.  tM 

was  hoc  of  VslparsIM, 

Chile.  rossl*, 

carrylne  52  Buns    ami  :«.  (Oa. 

■  rltnilfd    »» 

i-    •tLiiipt    lo    kc«     lo    tat, 

tried    lo   eacape,    hut    waa   surrenderee  • 


Entomology 


night.     At  dawn  of  the   22(1   tbe  savage* 
the    attack,      ficn.    Colfr*    repulsed 

limi,  driving  hi. -mi   bae*    '-'    mile*. 

Tbe   Indians  (taon   rallied,   attacking  n   »ee- 

■  n r  were  nc  i Id  repulsed. 
CofTee  «a«  wounded.  Ilia  ald-de-camp  and 
2  or  3  other*  were  killed.  Several  private* 
were  wounded.  Jookfoo  nbandoned  bin  ex> 
canton  after  the  batlla  and  retired  lo»ard 
rort   StrotliT. 

gt^a^Mnj  Clause. —Th-    pre*rnbln    or    prc- 
rarj  e!au*e  In  n  legliUtlvr  bill,  starting 
with  W.r  word!  :    "B*  It  enacted."  etc. 
Encomium,  The,  seizure  of  slaves  on 
board,  referred  to. 
Compensation    bv    Grrat    Britain    In 
case  of.  referred  to,  I732,  1784. 
Bneroachment  of  »pheres  of  government 

harmful,  211. 
Encyclopedic    Index    to    Mcar-ages    and 
Paper*  of  the  President*,  mtIm  of. 
outlined  by  Jaiuc*   D.  Richardson,  in 
itory  Note,   vol.  I. 
Bndlcott  Board,  report  of.  7284. 
Enfranchisement.  -The    cloth  in*   of   oer- 
sod*,  or  cl*»se«  with  tin-  right 

to  vote:  a*  tic  enfranchisement  of  women. 
Engines  and  machine  tools,  reduction 

of  tariff  on,  vetoed,  77.11. 
Engineer  Corps: 

itlod  to  consideration,  471. 
Increase   in,   recommended,  873,  864, 

1387,   1174,   1607.   4638. 
Officer*  of,   referred   to,    1685. 

ictcsm  in,  873,  954, 
[474,  1607,  4638. 
England.     (Sec  Great  Britain.) 
Engraving  and  Printing,  Bureau  of. 

-- I-.  isii'j  Um  government  look  over  the 
work  of  print  lex  Ita  own  notes  and  Mcuri- 
tlc*  and  In  i';i  ih"  Bureau  of  Engraving 
and  l'rlntlng  we*  e»tnt>il»licd.  In  accordance 
with  an  act  passed  by   i  ,.:..i.'-   In    IS72. 

in  iSIs  a  separata  building  wa»  erected 
for  the  exclusive  qm  of  the  bureau  at  a  cost 
of  1.100.000.  TblB  »»•  h.i.iii  rotmd  to  be 
lo*dt«5ua:i'  :n  lbs  mods  of  Ih*  work  and 
a  new  bulldnm  we*  erected  tn  180i  in  the 
ground*  adjoining,  ami  tbe  ""1  building 
.id  arranged  for  tbe  oBOtS 
of  the  aodltor*. 

Tnc  bureau  dexlgtix,  engraves,  prima  and 
nni»bc*  all  the  securities  and  nth 
work  <if   ih.-  n'lYi-rnmcnt  printed  from 
plate*,  embracing  1  oil  Bote*,  bonda 

and  certificate*,  minimal  bank  Bote*.  In- 
ternal revenue,  postage  and  customs  aiainpx, 
treasury  dr*ft«  and  check*,  disbursing 
©racers'  checkx,  lleni»i-.,  cunitulxalons.  pat- 
ant  *nd  pension  certificate*,  and  |H>rir*lix 
frlxed  hv  law  of  deceased  member*  of 
on*n-n«  ami  other  public  ofllecra."  From 
It*  pres*e*  come  the  mlllinn  dollar*  of  Daw 
paper  money  demanded  by  the  commerce  of 
ih..    United   St*  day:   the  billions 

of   stamp*   that   nr*   alllxcd    !••   the    mitlon'a 
mall,  and   the   minium  of   Internal   r- . 
■tispa  with    which    tbe   nation   collect*   Its 

-..■-        II graving    1*  guorded 

with    the   utrnoei  rlgtoal 

plate   Is    never   printed    from. 

n  Inn    the    aitpci Imcndent    of    the    plntc- 

printing1    dlvlnlon    want,    plate*    to    Ail    an 

ting   which    he    receive*   from 

th.-  <"hlef  of   Dlvlilon.   he  make*  a   reqnUn- 

Uoa  upon   the   .n. i.nlian.   stating  the  plate 

required,  its  class,  etc.:  tbe  same  is  then 


charged  to  him  upon   the  book  of  delivery 
anil  a   replica  !«  forwarded  by  a  messenger, 
with  a  receipt  for  th*  xainc,  which  l»  . 
on   lt»   dellvi-ry.      After    the    proper  eomple- 
in. mi!  the   replica   la  returned  to 

nstodlan  and  cheeked  from  the 
Intcndcnt's    acsoant       It    I*   then    repaired 
or  waxed,   iix   the  c.i*c  mny  be.  and  placed 
away  In  tbe  vault.     In  conducting  the  oper 
atlom    of    the  ,.    ami 

order  obaervrd  an?  remarkable,  ond  If  not 
Perfccl    li    li   •nil   difficult   to  know   where 

:ln  or  what  to  Improve.  While  there 
la  no  o*temnii..ii>.  dhiplay  of  authority, 
that  auilnoiiv  i  ■.  it  .uid  tbe  pressure 
tend*,  an  that  on  the  key  of  the  arch,  t<> 
bold  the  fabric  together  There  Is  Be  poise 
except  (hat  of  tha  machinery  The  dlrcc- 
■  from  one  to  an- 
other  by  printed  and  written  ticket*.  »o  that 
every  iranaaetlnn  Iiax  iix  check  end  coun- 
tercheck.     The   iflk-Dbre   panel  used  in  the 

H  a  closely  guarded  trade  aerrat,  ami 
every  abeet  la  accounted  fur  from  the  time 
It  lenw*  tin.  mlllx  in  Massachusetts,  till 
It  l«  •liinm-l  In  t'i-  TriUMiiij.  tS«v  II1ii»- 
tratlon  oppotite    1106.) 

Engraving   and    Printing.    Bureau   of, 

economic*  effect  i -.1  In,  7."09. 
yrfftgn  — A   minor  officer  In  tbe  Navy. 

Entangling  Alliances: 

•iiMo.l  by  President  WUsob,  7943. 
Should  be  avoided,  205,  826 
United    State*   no   longer   to   rem.nn 
isolated,  8288. 
Entente  Allieg.  -The  term  applied  during 
the  European  War  fq.  v.)   to  the 

hi "-■■>!  l'"«-i  i  .  1. 1  vi.  The  term 
.i  i  ranch  (.  ran  ifgnlCftng  "nn- 
-li  i  -ihmIIii"."  and  iu.-i  iiiii-ii  during  the  war 
the  following  countries :  ITnclaml  France. 
Italy,  Berrla,  Kunmnin.  Montenegro.  I'or- 
iii--.il.    Jnpini.    rtu     ii  (Niiia.   and 

Ihe  l"ulted  Stntex,     (See  Triple  ESntente.) 
Entente  Allies  (8ee  Boxopeu  W.ir'i: 
Interierciice  with  mail*  by,  hlll.j. 
Replie*  of — 

TO   OoBUll   Povrera'  offer  to   open 
peace  negotiation*.  Bit 

To      m-otex*      1. 1'      Di i      States 

agaitiBt   interference   with   mails, 
si---.. 
To    WlUon  'a    proposal    for    peace 
coi  i  1 95. 

War  aim*  of,  8283. 
Enterprise,    The. — An   American   brig   of 
fourteen  gang  •rhfea.  wliii»-  emlslAg  orr  die 
•  it  Maine,  8ept.  0.  1813,  under  com- 
ma ml  of  ('apt.   Uurrowa.   met  and  captni<-il 
tl*0    "I     IJ 

The  nghilng  «-a*  desperate  end  lastH  40 
minute*,  ilnnnt  which  both  captaiui  were 
kin-d.  Tbe  captured  brig  wn«  towed  Into 
Portland.  He. 

Enterprise,    The     (brig),    seizure     of 
slaves  on  board,  referred  to,  1409. 

Compensation    by    Great   Britain    in 
of,  referred  to.  1732,  1784. 
Enterprise,     The     (schooner),    engage- 

ni.ni    ..ill.   Tn;  nliuni   cruiser,  315. 

Entomology,  Bureau  of.  Agriculture 
Department. — Thi»  It  a  bureau  of  the  De- 
partment of  agriculture  which  has  super- 

vliion  of  quarantine  to  prevent  the  spread 
of  gypsy  iinj  hrowntall  moths  and  other 
insect  pest*. 


European  War     Mcssagtt  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


W 


ceust,  however,  one  fntt  stand*  Indisput- 
ably  clear.      The   war    wa>  I   »n 

Isolated  phenoou  non,  but   t>n «i  it.  roots  in 

tho   prcvlotie   relations  between   da'    vur ■' 

.•■an  states.  Indeed  n  on*  nrvey* 
tbc  diplomatic  history  ol  the  Intt'-r  half  of 
the  nineteenth  century,  mm  moat  ask  one- 
ii  If  if  tbc  partition  ,,r  Europe  into  two 
uo»tlle  camps  delicately  balanced  on  n 
vague    and  ory    (.f    the 

nnc*  of  powar  •  .mid  Dave  resulted  other 
wise  than  In  war. 

outstanding  feature  of  Btiropi  in  his- 
tory  of   tlii-  !.,•   years   Is   tlio 

cable    growth    and    Increase    of     • 
of    tba    Ocrmnn    empire.      At    the    begin 

nineteenth  century,  German*,  wan  out 
no     unlntcgratcrt     conglomeration     of 
kingdoms  nod   principalities.  mo»t  of  whleh 
•rare  Mill  la  medieval  conditions.    Tho  rl»* 
of   rru»»Iu    under   t  ii.  rrther 

with   thclf    rcroui'kal.li'  ability    both  to  wage 
ml    to    form    ii  1 1  lonnl  .    win 

the  medlntn  which  conceived  and  llunlly 
nivr  iiinii  in  modern  Oarmuy. 

The  strength  of  toil  newest  nnd  moat  vl- 
rlle  of  the  I  intrlei  »««  iudi«:it.d 

when    It    proceeded  to   miD  1 1  il  In  :•-    ln-nrosrk 

In    1804  :    urnl    wai  plainly    shown    »l»n    It 

con>| ly   i  ind 

the  way    fur  c l.d t    domination   of  the 

lapaburg  kingdom  which  in ntinued  us. 

(II  till-         |H,  PjUl  ll.ll 

Informed  statesmen  of  Europe  rubbed  their 
eyes  In  aatoiiWhuieiit  nl  tin?  ni| 
the  ease  with  which  Prussia  brought  ("ranee 
t.>  bar  knees  in  1870.  After  that 
there  was  DO  nation  which  •  raid  bivsj  to 
lii. il  (iermnny  WU  dominating  nil 
Europe. 

lllsmnrck  foresaw  that  Krone*  would 
iw  vi-r  fowl  or  fontlvc  bh  annexation  ul 
Alsace    and    Lorraine:    and    the    foundation 

of  hi»  iiipi .-  i. i.v  iii  Hi.-  .ii in.    Isola- 
tion   of   Kmnce.      ill    was   a   blit.r 
polntmani  to  bla  thai  Prance  r/aa  able  to 
p        promptly     tbe     cDoriaoQi     Latteionlty 

which  he  liinl  laid  npon  bor.l  I'y  a  series 
of  negotiations  which  bat*  probably  neeee 
been  equalled  for  astutenc  ■-.  he  rati  eded 
In  arranzlng  alliances  with  every  eountrj 
Which     might    possibly    null.     Willi     I ".  .in.-.' 

Despite    th-    hiuuiiiiitlon    of   Austria    by 
Ocrmnny    In    lHUfl,    Bismarck    played    upon 
her    fear   of    Run  ntly    in   con 
mate    nit    offensive    and    defensive    all- 
wliii   Ana  trie.     1 1 .    then   played   opon    Rus- 
sia's   i Iln-lni.-     Infer,    l-     ultli     .\n-trln     In 

the  Malkana  and  probably  upon  ber  possi- 
ble rivalry  with  Rnglana  Id  thi  Baal  i" 
conclude   n    simii-ir   alliance    with    Russia. 

Italy  nnd  Austria  were  at  loggorhcnds  aboil  I 

mi.    "irredenta, "  and  the  i-uinn  thratt  ol 

the  Catholic  party  In  Krance  illl.-.l  Italy 
wiib  ui  ...  thai  •■  able 

i Delude   nn   nil: with    ii  iii    in    t.- 

turn  for  protection  against  Krance  and  Aus- 
trla-  England  had  no  interest*  upnn  the 
Continent:    and    as    Germany   had   not   yet 

challenged    ber   < nerrlal   supremnc)    and 

had  nut  even  though  I  ..r  colonial  expan- 
sion,   England    presented    no    problem 

The  leadership  of  Germany  WSJ  u .  1 1 
shown  at  the  • ' ongn  i  .if  Berlin,  In 
called  to  adtuat  the  reaulta  of  Ruaso-Turl.- 
iah  wnr.  The  various  natMni  there  repre- 
..in.. I  took  the  law  practically  u.  lib.- 
marck  laid  It  dowu  to  them. 

When    William    II,    Hn-    proveni    Herman 

emperor,  com-   to   the   throne  In   188S,    how- 

he   »oon   evinced    Imnnllenci    wltli    th.' 

need   Chancellor,  and  In  IW'i.  "dropped  the 

altoitether,      Soon    afterward  . 
system    of    protection    Which    lll-rnnnk    bad 
dovleed  for  Ormuuy  began  to  fall  apart 


Russia's    Interests    In    th*    Dstkass 

ber    desire    fur    . ' 

lie  reconciled  with  Austria*  interna;  i 

Germany  no   loi  ..to  able  it.  tnj> 

ii  Inr  string.      WUII.ioi  rtut 
to  retain  Auntrla:  an  aula 

In    need   of    the    funds    vrbkii    fruol  io^ 
iher.ii. I.-   in-.-  peroos  Kran 
li.r  her  Internal  Improve!  n  •■Mlt» 

jinl   ilef.-n  i  ween  Ftsaet  ul 

Rue- 1  Moreover.    lulUs  «rsi. 

in-v.    acalnat    Auatrla    enuld    no    lot 

-  i  l-'rtncc    sooa   dbeasaV 

ind    atnt*. 

Catbnlle  eolorei 

nxnlnal    Itsll      tl ry   reuon  to  be- 

Hint    Hill     let    it    Ik    known   - 
p.  i.   i  many    lb 

n in    Hie    [ilnna    of  thnt    taller  couiBJ. 

nltbouifh  publicly  t!  . 

i"  "  .".ad  Italy  bmsr) 

In   l»-  II rm. 

Moreover,    with     the     ttclonln*  ol  IW 
in,  otleth    •  ■  ntury,    ••   ;..•  -n    eitn    n.--.   M 

in     in    undermine    England*    Id.i 
■•■:■»    n 

Hon  lieraat  Ml- 

i.  r.     Probe  for  Wr 

marvelous    fni  i  many    auo  derw 

to    lay    plans    .  -...a**™,  aw 

Knal  wllh    a   il.i rt  to  the  dtacet 

nted    by    In  rtsj  eeeow; 

putted  i.-.'mn.'i  n   Uardsd  neuetl 

Hie  read  |o  India,  «n<1  England  cane  *««r- 
ly  Into  an  -entente"  with  Krance  and  »»»• 
da. 

Nevertheless,    Germany    wa«  still  allfOV 

i-ifnl  in  Kuropean  diplomacy.     la  ltot.  sw 

inded  tbc  n  if  th«  rrvaeh  for 

clgn     minuter,    i  ned    aiitl-uVraU 

and  <i.    pits   Hi"  latter  ImaMM** 

Involved.   Krance  did  r  »s|  dew 

In  re»lat   the  .1 Hid.  although     ' 

Germany   In    tho  diplomatic  confereo. 
lowing     tb  in     trrmMrs     Ui 

Mon  i,    udij  dl 

mini. bed     as     a     I 

Japan.     In    lfm-  again  den. 

wli-n    Khe    supported    Austria    In 
country's    nb»orpi|.,n    of    Hoanla   aad  ll«w 
govlna.   when    I  again  felt  ID* 

too  weak  to  re-  ; 

It  wiih  In   Hill.  j-«  a  i  be  At*" 

dispute  concerning  Mororeo,  that  Oerrtaay' 
•  -hiillenKe  won  mil   hv   lTance.  supported  V 

EOgli and    Hi  i;   ruinuy'a  eVeaia* 

•"■re    i                       1    fur  n    perbxl   w»r  WaK 
almost    b)    ■    hair.       Hut    Cninany   did  ad 
l|     nnd   for  the  lint  Hum-  In  tnnrv  U*> 
''"•:•"   -    -■  t  dominate. 

are    hi.  eoncernrd  sll» 

Hie    llnlkan    wars.      I  n    thto  « 

ill.'      fn.f      flint      .  i.    »> 

eoniliiK    stronger    ami 

their     Jockeying     for     posl  ...d   e»lf 

In  the  llu'lii  of  tbN  ilevelopment  may  l* 
i "in nvlng    events    be   under- 

June  28,  I  DM.  the  AunttUn  Arrbdal' 
Kranela  Penllniind.  heir  to  the  tbreot  5 
Aiiiirls.  and  his  wife.  Ihs  [mrhest  et 
llohenborg,  were  »->*>»lnaied  lo  8»rs)JJ 
RiihiiIii  iiy  n  Servian  "indent.  An  !»*»■ 
was   begun,   nt   wh|, -h   eel.lence  was  bin* 

d .1    '.•    -bow    that    the    assassin'*  wri 

was  nart  of  a  plot  for  the  revolt  of  ™ 
soiiihern   Nine   pmvin  .--.tila.  !»"». 

gated  by  Servian"  with  the  roenlrao<»,5 
the  ,r:iine|it      AuntrU  elrosnj*! 

a  vole*  In  the  Investigation  and  piinlstiew 
of    the    crime,    and    sent    an    II 
8-rvla.     The   latter   country   agreed  •»»£ 
the  ,i  e,it   thnt   ro  allow  Autln*' 

otllelnla  to  paitlclpote  In  toe  Inq 

July    27.    the    Austrian    foreign    ofUO  * 

sued  a  statement  In  which  appeared  lbs* 


Entyhptdic  Index 


European  War 


wor ds :  Tbe  object  of  the  Serrlan  note  la  to 
create  the  false  Impr.-jjlon  that  the  Servian 
Oorcramcnt  Is  prepared  In  great  mcuon 
to  comply  Willi   our  demand!. 

"Aa  a  matter  of  fart,  however.  Scrvle'a 
ool*  In  filled  «lth  rite  .[jlilt  of  dishonesty. 
which  clearly  uniiw.  that  thi  Servian  Got- 
ernaveat  >»  not  seriously  determined  to  pot 

£n  eod  to  ta»  enlenbl*  tolerance  It  hitherto 
-igalaat  the  Au«- 
no  Hungarian  monarchy." 

Runia  nntlVd  AuMria  Itmt  It  conld  not 
allow  ServHn  territory  to  he  ini-xdrd. 
Reml-oaeially.  Germany  let  It  be  known 
tbat  no  one  mml  Interfere  with  tbe  Aua- 
tro-Serrlan  entanglement—  an  Intimation 
tbat    i  would    hark    Auatrla. 

sir  Edward  Grey,  the 
rctnry.  inndc  the  definite  iiroposnl   thai   oo-- 
,i  between  Servia  mid  Auslrln  be  un- 
dertake* by  o  con  he  Ambassador* 
to  Locdoa.    rrnncc  and  Itiily  accepted  Hi" 

« reposal.     Germany    and    Austria   dinned. 
ext   day  np*   thl«  announcement    -,f  war: 
"Tbc    Royal    Government    of    Serrla    not 
having    MBllad    hi    *    aatUfaetory    manner 

Jn    the    Bol  I     to    It    lir    t^»    Allstro- 

luugarlsa  Mlnl<tcr  In  Belgrade  on  July 
13,  IB  14.  the  Imperial  and  Boyal  Govern- 
ment llnda  lta»lf  roinprll  A  to  proceed  It- 
•elf  to  safeguard  Its  rights  and  Interests 
and  to  have  recourse  for  tbl»  purpose  to 
fore*  of  arm*.  Austria-Hungary  enrjald<ra 
Itself,  tlir-r.fi. re.  from  thla  moment  In  • 
state  of  war  with  s-rvin 

(Signed l    "Count    BgncBTOLO. 
"Minister  of  Foreign  Affair*  of  Austrl*- 
IloOfary." 

The  following  day  the  rtar  of  Russia  Is- 
■•Jed  an  Imperial  ukase  calling  all  itMnliu 
to  rh«  color ». 

July  30.  German  Chancellor  Von  Bcth- 
rounil-llollweg  lent  Ibe  following  telegram 
to  the  German  Ambassador  at   Vienna: 

"We    cannot   expect    Anstrla-Hsragarj    to 

egotlafr  Willi  Ken  la.  With  whom  >he  1» 
•  at»te  of  war.  The  refusal,  however, 
to  exchange  TW-w*  with  St.  Petersburg 
would  b«  a  grave  mistake. 

-i  reody  to  fulfill  our  duty 
as  ally.  W«  must,  botrarec  refuse  to  be 
dilnn  Into  a  wnrld  O'liuarratloo  awing  Co 
Austrla-lluneary  n.  t  respecting  onr  advice. 
Your  Kxcellency  will  ex-.rcis  this  to  fount 
von  Bercbtold.  Austro-Hiiiigarlao  Foreign 
Ml=.!«i»  r,  with  all  emphasis  and  treat  s»rl- 


In  reply  to  fhla  eommnnlcatlnn  Count 
Berchtold  told  the  German  Ambassador 
that  the  Austro- Hungarian  Ambassador  at 
Bt.  Petersburg  bad  already  been  Instructed 
to    begin    negotiations   wlrli  Saxon- 

off.     the     Russian     Forclrn     Minister.       But 
nothing  came  of  these  efforts. 

'  any  then  asked  Russia  to  case 
moblllratlon  and  asked  for  a  replv  within 
twenty-four  hours.  Kngland  notified  Ger- 
many that  If  a  general  conflict  should  oc- 
ciiild  not  stand  aloof  and  >m  the 
balance  of  power  In  Europe  destroyed. 

July  31st.  I'remu-r  Asqultb  announced  to 
the  British  Rouse  of  Commone: 

"TV*  have  just  heard,  not  from  St.  Peters- 
burg, but  from  Germany,  that  Rnsala  has 
proclaimed  tho  geneial  moblli/aiion  of  her 
army  and  h»r  Beet,  and  that,  lo  coose- 
queue*  of  thla.  martial  law  Is  to  be  pro- 
claimed In  Germany.  We  understand  Ula 
to  Mean  tbat  raoMllxatlon  will  follow  la 
Germany  If  iht>  Biiiolnn  mobilisation  I* 
general  and  Is  proceeded  with." 

Russia  paid  no  attention  lo  the  German 
oltlraatum,  but  M.  Gorymykln.  preeldeat  of 
the  council  of  the  Empire.  Issued  a  mani- 
festo   which    read  I 

"Russia    li     determined     not     to    allow 


Serrla  to  bo  crushed  and  will  f-.ilflll  its  duty 
In  regard  to  that  small  kingdom,  which  has 
already  suffered  so  raoeh  at  Austria's 
hands?" 

German     Ambassador,     Baron    von 
lo  .    office 

and  expressed  the  fear  that  dangerous  fric- 
tion might  arise  between  the  Triple  Alli- 
ance and  the  Triple  Entente  In  the  event 
•  ere  of  the  Triple  Rnienta  not 
taking  steps  to  localize  the  couOlct  be- 
tween Austria  and   Scrvla. 

August  1,  1B14.  tin-  German  Ambassador 
handed  Che  declaration  of  war  to  tbs 
Russian    I'  uter.      On    the    same 

day.  the  French  Government  Issued  a  gen 
eral  mobilization  order. 

An.  rmaty  began   the   Invasion 

liy  of  Luxemburg 
Thla  territory  bad  been  Deutrallaed  by  the 
powers,  Ini-lndlng  Germany.  In  1887,  but 
no  resistance  w;ts  nmdo  by  the  Dncol  army 
of  leva  than   450   men.  though  the   QraM 

August  3d.  Germany  sent  to  Belgium  de- 
manding passage  for  her  troops  and  offering 
roinneiiKntlnu  therefor  Germany  said  that 
It  already  had  Information  that  France  was 
to  oh-  Belgruta  as  a  military  hnae.  Belgl- 
oto  refused  entrance  to  German  troops  and 
demanded  that  Germany  respect  her  neu- 
trality, but  on  the  morning  of  the  4th 
man   troops  im.      Mr  Edward 

Grey.  British  Foreign  Minister,  in  the  House 
of  Commons,  read  a  telegram  addresied  to 
King  George  by    King    Albert   of    Belgium. 

("•king  "tho  diplomatic  Intervention  of  Your 
laletty'a  Government  to  safeguard  the  In- 
v    of    Belgium  " 

Italy  proclaimed  b«f  neutrality,  al- 
though a  no  nil- 1  of  the  Triple  .Mllanee. 
Thla  alliance,  bet  atataamen  explained.  wa» 
Intended  to  protect  the  parties  to  It 
against  an  attack.  Italy  Interpreted  Oer- 
Daoy  »  »nd  Aniirta'a  acta  as  amounting  to 
an  aggressive  war. 

August  4th.  the  German  Emperor  gnve 
idor  Ills  panaporfa  and 
England  sent  an  ultimatum  to  Gerutanv.  de- 
mandlng  a  satisfactory  reply  by  midnight 
on  the  question  of  Ihe  neutrality  of  Belgium. 
So  reply  urine  been  roealrea  lb*  British 
foreign  office  announced  that  a  etato  of 
war  existed  with  Germany,  dating  from  II 
■  ntriist  4.  1914.  Meanwblls  Qeraaju 
had  given  his  passporta  to  the  British 
Ambasiador  In  Berlin. 

Angnst  r.iii,  Prealdnl  wn»on  tendered 
the  good  offices  of  the  t'nlted  States  In  an 
attempt  to  brleg  about  •  settlement  of  the 
Kuropean  ulfflcultieH. 

Portugal  announced  It*  Intention  to  aup- 
port  Great  Britain,  and  other  declaration* 
of  war  came  In  the  following  order :     Au- 

Bist  (ltd.  Auatrla-Rungury  on  Ilussla;  8th. 
ontvnegro  on  Austria-Hungary:  Btb.  Ser- 
rla on  Germany :  10th,  France  on  Austria- 
Kungiry  :    r.th.  Great   Britain  on   Austria- 

Hungary.     I     Montenegro    on    Oaruiuiiv ; 

13th.  Austria  end  Great  Britain,  each  oo  tb* 
other:  23d,  Japan  on  Germany  :  25th,  Aua- 
!...!  Hungary  on  Japan:  iSth.  Aastrit- 
ll-.ingsry  on  Belgium:  2010.  Turkish,  acllon 
against  Russia  :  30tb,  Russlnn.  French  and 
British  ambassadors  to  Turkey  ask  for  pass> 
May  SS.  101.V  Italy  declared  war  on 
Austria,  uud  August  28.  1D10,  on  Germany. 

Declarations  of  war  were  made  *»  fol- 
low ■»  : 

Austria  t.  Belgium.  August  28.  1BI4. 
Anstrta  r.  Montenegro,  August  0.  1»H. 
Austria  v.   Russia,  August  «.  1014. 
Austria  T.  8'  tt,  1B14. 

Braxll  v.  Germany.  October  20,    1017. 
ulgarin  -.    Serbia,  October  14.  tl 
China   v.  Austria.  August  14.  1017. 


European  War     Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


many.    Ailgwtt    14.    1017. 
Iba    T.   Germany,   AprU    7.    I01T. 

France  r.   llulgi, 

France  t.  Gerwaay.  Ann  i 

K»14 

innnj    v    IVrtnol.  M  19. 

•.  mj    r.   Kii 

HI    nrltnlr.  rig,    OrtOts! 

lirral  Iirltaln  T.  An 

t     l;.-l!.ilr.  ..      HUT,     Aug 

..    Nov  miKr    5. 

firiv.i    ipruvUIonal  government  i    v.   Bui- 
28,   10IC 

iimcutl    w.   Ger 
muni.    Norcmt-ei 

Ui  hut 

li  July   2.    1017. 

Ilnl; 

1014. 
v.   Germany,   Aogual    iS. 

'.ujni-t    |,    i 

l!»H. 
P  ii  inia   i 

Routnaola    .     Austria.  Aoguat  'J7.   1010. 
Serbia    v.  Turk.  HI  I, 

81am  t.  An  .  .   ■_  i .  ]■  i  i 

Klan   v.   •  |  i.    ioit. 

I!ll    I 

'I'm  i 

('tilted  Slur.  .   v.  Oirnuni.   April    :,    liilT. 
nllcd    Stat™    i.    Austria.    Decern! 

i  tfT. 

At   war  with   Germany  or  her   aUli< 

I.    1817  : 
Serbia,     li'    Ma,     France.    Great    Ul 

Montenegro,  Japan,  l.-lgliim.  Italy,  Kan  i|  . 
rlno.     lWrmgal,     KhiiiiiriiIii      i:r  i-nlm. 

■ana ma,  :  „i,a 

i  nit.  -i   Btataa. 

The 
respective  rDtrnuves  Into  the  war    puhl 
their    own    nfflclnl    wr  loon    •  1    II 
which     led    i  i    t : i ■  - 1 r 

lets),    »ud   sieiv  imiiiril    by    the  color   of    tbc 

carers,    ••    folio- 
Gray 

Itook,   Belgium  :  i  :  ii 

Hon- 

gary:  Krd.  White  au.J  Bloc, 

Canaan?    and    I'ortiural;    ^ 

RUM 

.vfi.ra  i.  rdtnenj  of  two  ten 

German  forces  entered  tbe  strongly  fortl- 
flcil  city  of  Uajro,  Belgium,  August  7.  ami 
linn  iciii  o  westward,  taking  successively 
l.oiivnlii.  Brinmcls,  Nniiiiir  and  Autwerp 
About  the  middle  of  August  Japan  mdi  an 
itum  to  il.rmni:  i  .«  the  Im- 

mediate   aurrcndei  iu,    I'bloa. 

whl.-li  wn»  leased  by  Germunr  Id  ISH8.  and 
Inter  tuade  a  pro  Tble  was  aur- 

10  Uia  Japanese  Id  November. 

Meantime,  although  Ocnuany  bad  mada 
come  progress  along  tbc  shores  of  the  Baltic 
Sea.  tun  KiikiIhu  force"  bad  Invaded  Guilcle 
In  Austria  and  Unm   Prussia. 

In  France  tbo  Gcrmm  line  extended 
dlagui.  astern   rr.niil-r. 

f.iih  tli..  ti  renting  on  .MUllia„i»n.  Turn- 
ing on  tbo  left  bate  tbe  srmlea  pressed 
r,i|ililly  by  way  of  Nancy.  \  I  nlnu.  Mont- 
modj  i:.  iin-.  Itnlcni  wi  --ward  and  south 
to    within    twenty  rive    nillo    of    lMrl*   and 

along  tin-  M Klier.    Here,  with  the  aid 

of  Bil  rauana  w« Ii 

Tin.  French  government  moved  from  I'arla 
it.  Tbc  allied  force*  attempted 
an  enveloping:  manoeuvre,  and  tbe  Ucrx^ai 
Una  waa  cxtend<d  northward,  falling  back 
lo  the  eastward  at  the  mom  Urn*. 


I': 


Battle  of  ttie  ilnrne.—Omrlat  tbe  retreat 
Of  Ik*  French  and  allied  armlea  from  Itnis- 
»el»  toward   Parts  tbey  bad   received  con- 

icccaalona,  while  tbe  Oartaaaai  war* 
compelled   to  Iran-. f.-r    fti    of   ttelr   forcea 

'"   ii i-Krn   tteatrc  of  the   war  to  on- 

po»e  the  Invnalnn  nf  Prnaala  ^)•  the  Koa- 
alana.  Bapl  <:,  General  Joffre  called  a  bait 
In  the  >*rnDco-BrltU!i  li-.o-.  ilnn  <itrodlac 
from  Porta  to  Verduo,  with  Ita  center  aootfi 
of  the  Hirer  Morne.  Along  thla  Hue  of 
1«0  mllca  were  more  loan  l.;.iiii  hiki  of  the 
alllea,  while  tbe  Germans  nnmliered  but 
OoO.OOO.  Prom  left  to  right  tbc  order  of 
ihe  French  line  wns :  tbe  Sixth  French 
army,  the  Brltlab  army,  tba  Fifth,  Ninth. 
Fourth  and  Third  French:  the  Gerainaa 
from  tight  to  left  were  tbone  of  Von  Ktnck, 
Von    liulim,   Von  Grand    Duke    Al- 

brccbt  of  WUrtumberc:  and  tba  Crown 
i'rlnca  of  Pmn>.  Tbe  German  left  waa 
aecort  i    right   was  axpoaad  to  at 

tack.    To  protect  their  rommutil 

.'.iiing    west    were    stationed    behind 
the  Ulvcr  (lure,  which  flown  from  Hie  DO 
Into  I  he   Mum...  about  thirty. Urc  mllca  e 
nf  I'urla.     Knrly  on  the  morning  o 
Gi-n.ral  Joffm   nhiiin-r,)    the   Slxlb    Frei. 
orn  1'urla  north  of  the  Marne  towa 
the   Dure,   arid    than    bataH    Ho-    farooua   I 
treat    of    Vim    Murk,     which    exposed    t. 
link  of  Von  Billow,  whose  retreat  In  tu 
exposed  tbe  flank  of  Von    lla-sen.  and  t 
whole  German  line  swsdje  ranldl- 
iLr   ea»li.»rd.  at    the  same   time  extendi: 
northward   to  avoid  enveloping    n, 
by  the  enemy.     On  Hie  ISlfa  ami   l.ith  t 
ill   was  brought  to  an   unexpected  halt 
y    the  German   army   at  bay    on    tb.i    bills 
tuitli  of  th»  Hlver  Almie. 

fall  of  Anttctrp. — During  BfptaDhar, 
1914,  while  tbe  German  armies  held  their 
■ns  In  northern  France,  the  IteU-ian 
army  bad  been  rt-onraolaed  and  began  an 
aggreaalte  campaign  agslmt  tbe  German 
rommunlcatlona.  The  German  general  staff 
then    determined    i"  nnerji    and 

complete  tba  coumi.    I  ..f  l:..litlum. 

i '  igtan  defense  centered  la 
Antwerp,  which  was  considered  one  of  tbe 
•  trongeit    f.>rtre»«a    In    Kui  city 

bad  n    population   M    BOfC    thau  :l'i(l,IMJ0.      It 

was   d  v    two    rings   of   forts.— an 

Inner  one   of   eight    fori*,    atiunt    two   mils 
from   ii n   old  enceinte   whl 
rlty,  sad  an    outer  ring  of  fifteen  forts, 
distances    varying    from    alx    to    nine 
from   tin-   aneolnte      Pom    >i« .-irai    iri 
imtrli'iiled    to    the    •trength    of    Antwerp: 
111     the    clow    proximity    of    the    »*■" 
Dutch  frontier  on  the  north  and  norths 
which    reduced    Iba    I 

CJi  ih..  existence  of  a  large  Inundated  a 
on  the  west  and  north«<-st,  which  aer 
the  sji  inn  of  . 

Itiver  Scheldt,  which  protected  the  city 
tbe    west    and    offered    a    seen 
through  Holland  for  supplies  from  . 
(41   the  position  of  Hi 
runs  clo«c  to  the  rear  of  the  oajtcr  ring 
forts  and  furnishes  an   Inundated  ar 
tba  protection  of  the  city  on  tba  »"«iheaat. 
i     M    the   German    pin  upon 

two  of  the  forts  of  the  outer  ring  south  of 
ih.-    iiiy       "ii    the    SBtb  onn   of    these 

,  up  ami  tin 
following  day.  Tbe  next  two  forte  to 
right  were  silenced  Oct.  1,  and  the  Be 
Infantry  »<i-  compelled  :•>  withdraw  a< 
tbe  Netbe,  where  they  were  mipportea  ~j 
ih.-  u.iii.n.  cm  tha  Oth  the  Belgiao  army 
withdrew  and  the  Germans  ero.—d  Ih- 
Netbe   and  occupied    Antw.  -    Into 

complete  poMcaxton  by  the  Btb.  A  war  tax 
of    i?, mm, in ki    a    mnulh    was    levied    upon 

the  cliy  and  a  clvU  t»v«raor  placet]  la 


Encyclopedic  Index 


European  War 


charge.  M»or  ttorlc*  wore  toW  of  attack* 
t>j  clvltlnn*  opon  the  *oldlcrit  aft»r  «urrro- 
il»r  a  ifltory  mcaiure*  by  the  Ger- 

aaa  na   which   «<n'    calculated    •■••  «rel1 
ivmpathle*   of   ueutrnl* 
that  2O.0O0  Belgian*  and  1.000  Brltli 

.)  bttO  Iititeh  territory  Bad 
hid  been  Interned. 

Battle  of  the  Altne.— Tb*  AI«no  River  U 

•  *luggl«h  Mnollj.il  river  about   170 

loos  C  .-ally  wr»tw»rdlato  tbcOlM 

through  ■  t.iII.-t  from  half  a  mile  10  two 
calk*  i»1it#  between  platenu*  <i>0  f*«t  high 
(lanrli  aid*  While  on  tba  drive  to  Pari*  th« 
German*  bad  prepared  ■  *lronj  position  00 
th*   do  iicaa  opon   which  to  rank* 

■   ftiod   In  c***  of  ponKilili.  retreat. 
er«!e    platforta*   had   been    built    for   bcivy 

with  over. 
and  protection  ngoln«t  shrapnel  had  bun 
contracted  for  the  Infantry.  The  right  of 
1  1.  -i.il  on  tb*  Noyon  Hill*  wc*t 
of  the  <i:«e.  north  of  II-  Junrilon  wllb  tb* 
Al«ne.  From  tbU  point  the  line  ran  es»t 
atoaa  the  Al«nc  about  forly  mile*  and  then 
*outh   by  caat  by    Retail  to  VtrdoB.     Four 

rallwayi  ran  bad  from  Ibli  position  Into 
Belgium  and  a  Oftb  ran  *a*t  and  wc*t  at  a 
;  lent  dlatanee  In  the  rear  of  the 
II in  1.  The  Orrmin  ret  re-it  abruptly  halted 
Sept.    IS   »t    Soi««oo«.    where   tb*  rlrer   l» 

•  boa I  <lxty  yardi  wide.  Here  the  armies 
"'f   deadlocked    from    the    Noyon    lllll«   ti> 

:al«  frontier.  The  allfc»  sent  out 
forces  to  turn  the  tjermun  right  and  Mrlk* 
the   railway*   In  theli  each   rzpe- 

rtltlon  r*Biilt«*l  only  in  a  pitched  battl*  and 
>a  of  the  fiermon  llnea  north- 
ward By  Oct  7.  the  15th  clay  of  th* 
fighting  al-ng  the  Alxne,  the  line*  bad  been 
prolonged  to  La.  Bnctee.  ten  mlle«  frnni  th* 
k»ld»n  frontier,  and  the  net  raanll  of  tba 
fighting  after  tan  month*  w*«  the  exten- 
Of  the  line*  f r.-irn  tbe  pnnfl  icne*  of  the 
Alsne   and   Olac  to    Flnnderl   and 

aa  close  to  tbe  EngiUh  Channel  coast  aa 
operation*  of  lb*  Britlah  nnvy  would  p-r- 
mlt.  TbU  line  nm  roughly  mnrked  b.r  tba 
town*    .it"  Arnseotlere*.    Ypre*. 

Bluhoote  and  Wimnde.  wolrh  became  the 
scene*  of  flerc*  otrtlCJthM  F'-neh  reserve 
troop*,  detachment*  from  tre  French  • 

the  lirttl*b  eitiedlflonary  force,  rlrlt- 
lah  Indiana.  Senegalese,  and  Ttirco*  went  to 
m*ke<  op  the  prolongation  of  the  alllea'  front. 

On  Hi"  ■■■  nd  of  Ibe  ricrmnn  line 

the  r*rown  Prince  In  Beptamber  HOI  out 
aevernl  army  <orp«  to  rut  tbe  Hal  aonth 
nf  Vc-dun.  Bat  onl*  viereeded  lo  penehtnir 
SI  Mlhlel.  whirl,  during  the  first  half  of 
1915  <\>ntlTi"r,i  irtlng  point  for 

*«gre»*lre  moTenent* 

Plohltng  In  FbrnoVr*  -Having  taken  Ant- 
werp th*  Aertnana  hi-van  x.  ml liijr  large  ar- 
m|e«  totr«rd  ImnVIrk  nnd  Cnlata.  Tbe  H'l- 
e**n  army  held   the  :irk   of  tb* 

V«»r  Hirer  at  Nlenpnrt.  and.  a««l*tert  by 
Br1rl*b  warsblpa  In  the  riiannel,  forced 
them  from  the  eon«t.  Batarecs  Nlenpnrt  and 
Yprea  the  German  adranee  w*a  checked  hy 
.-111  ttnr  tbe  drkec  ond  flooding  tbe  country. 

fl.ilrTe  of  Tpeea— Aliont  ilir  middle  of  fie- 

1914,    the    Herman*    beirnn    mncilng 

their   troop*  In   the   vl.-Wiliv  of 

•lm   attack*   irreir   fiercer  each    d*r      Their 

evident    Intention    waa    to    force    their   way 

to  Calal*       My   Vot    a   the  attaeka    eeeaed, 

The   alllea.    on    the    defensive,    loot    loonno 

men.  killed,  wounded  and  mlarinir.  and  If  U 

"'-♦d   the   Oerman    offentive  coet  twice 

a*    many.    *o    that    the    loeae*    about    Ypte* 

bare  reached  clone  to  800,000  men 

From  the  time  of  the  eafabllabmenf  of  the. 
llnea  of  trench**  In  October.  191*.  to  the 
end  of   1915,   little  progroaa  waa  made   by 


either  aid--  In  tbe  flgbtlD*;  la  the  wettero 
th.-au  war.     Thr  force* 

were    array.d    In    parallel    lice*    from     Hi  ■ 
North  Sea  to  tae  Swlu  frontier,  a  distance 
1        [In,    th         umbei 

ile    t„  r    mill-   of    froDt   probably 
r»rTini    from   3,iXK>   to    lo.ooo.      Artillery 

nearly  every  day  aai 
rational  rharyi  -  by  the  men  at  an 
in     Ari|rl»  I'Veneh    iraln*    here    and    German 
ealn*   there,   hut   the   mala   Hni.a  remalnid 
fMoerally 

■  11  of  France  north  of  Arrn». 
known  a*  the  ••'.nhviinth."  una  teleetrd  by 
■he  Anglo-French  alilr«  In  May,  1»1S,  aa  the 
of  a  determined  eTort  to 
break  the  Herman  line.  Ample  preparation* 
«.re  made,  and  the  fliihtltiK  hii.-»n  May  Si) 
and  v.  1  to  June  IT. 

Tbe  gain*  made  were  IntlirnlDeant.  and  were 
[.11  Holly  .  leraaoa  li 

A  n.<rood  drive  alone  the  toll      fro! 
France  ond   Belgium  waa  began   In  Septem- 
ber.   It'll".,    nml    fighting    continued    ■ 

ipt<  dly,   ■ 

1    oil    in    the    Cbarapngne   dutrlet   be- 
arrmt  and  Yprea  and  m«t  of  I^.oa. 
Suafrni  Tneiilr.-  0/  IT.ir.— Operation* 
*i-nii,<l    lieitiauy  sod    Auatrla   OB    the   ea«t 

' 
th*  Vlriula  Rlrer  In  Poland  and  Boat  l'ru» 
»la  an  A-.irl.in  proi  lor*  1  .' 

ein,    which    lien    north    of    the    Carpathian 
.linn.    At  the  beginning  of  the  wnr  tbe 
■  I  Knat  I'nimU,  defeated  the 
uhlnnen  (Aug.   17-3S),  cap- 
tured   Allen»leln    and    Inr^tiMl    KOnigaherg. 

Ill   (lie    aoiltb    lb*    Hi:  IoO  Of  rtall- 

*ia    reaiilted    In    the    rapture    of    I.emberg, 
Sept.   1".  JnroalnT,  Sept.  2.1,  and  the 
fortraM    -■!     Prxetnyal,    on    the    Sun    Hirer. 
191S,  after  a  long  si 
The  Invnalon  waa  procvdlng  fnvornbly  for 
tb     Hoi  tin  111    •  nl  il  fl    neral   I'on   niiideiilierg 
irgt  Oermnn  fore*  from  lie] 
glum,    nml    during    tbe    laat    three    dnya    of 
ipl.'t-l*  annlbllatfd  t""  rtii»«lan 
terpa   In   the   vicinity   of   Allenatein. 
hurg  and  Tnnneuberg,  nml  na  Bent   1 
reported    to    Rerlln    n 

ing   two   g  1* 

OWM,  ond  the  cqulpnirii*  ..f  t'ie  two  .-iiro«- 

llcfone    tbe    middle    of    KoT*mb«r,    I!>1 1, 
aeven  Ruaxlan  armlea  were  adviuuln/   OPAB 
•:i-.    and    I  rw  (11     Iba 

Baltic  Sea  and  the  Carpathian  Mountain*, 
and  puahlrig  Hlejn  to  the  »'«!  and  aooth. 
The  Ru"  lam  held  n  line  !"<>  mile*  long  in 
Kn«l  Pruatla  parallel  b)  the  fronttel  n 
t  ndlng  from  Stallnpooen  on  the  ■  .-.-lit  »i* 
in  nnd  I  -.  I  t  .  tb*  ell  ID  ItJ  "I  Boldan 
II.  !■■  'le-.-urred  a  gap   U 

fit ri    airnln    In    RuaaulTJ    territory    n.-nr    the 
Htula   nnd    ran    generally    parallel    1 0    tb* 

fronilar,  tod  *i   no  rreal   dl.tai from  It. 

to   the  Cracow,    Anatrla.     The 

Baaclon*  held  the  Oerman  town  of  Pleaehen. 
aliom   •  northesat   of   Breauto      Al- 

though there  were  gap*  In  thl*  line.  It  wa* 
nlni"-t  ceutliiinm:.  f..r  SB0  mllea.  In  Oall- 
cla.  RiiK«lan  nrmlen.  moving  went,  were 
about  75  mile*  from  Cracow,  arid  another 
army  annroarbtng  from  the  northeast,  waa 
reported  to  be  within  if  thai   eitr. 

The  full  atrenrth  of  the  Ruvainn  Rmptr*  wa* 
ene»gi-d  in  one  trrnnd  cooccrfcd  movement 
with  It*  tingle  purnoae  the  overthrow  of  the 
Teiif.nil.-  rtowrr  of  central  Form 

Vririr  in  December  tb*  '".rrm^Tia  oceonted 
Tx.d7.  In  Kn*t  Petia«'a.  and  hecan  nn  Imoet 
11.111-  iiilviin.-e  toward  Wnr«aw.  Poland,  while 
the  Rncilana  mode  Crocow.  In  (iollcla.  tbclr 
ohleetlre.  Ruxslari  hnmhftrdment  of  Crncnw 
waa  halted  IV-c.  JJS  by  the  arrlTal  of  Aoatro- 
Oermnn   relnforcaojMDta. 

,Tbo  enectnctilar  advance  of  the  OermtD* 
alons  the  100-mllo  front  extending  from  th* 


European  War     Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Baltic  Sso  tnr  Lilian   la  *   southr/i 
direction   to  the  northern  tributaries  of  the 
Hirer  Nlctnen.  continued  unchecked.     I.lr*au. 
In  On  lurland,  was  i-.>: 

May  8,  and  Ibc  Invaders  pushed  onward 
toward  I!  In. 

Id  inn  Hi    I'.iland  Gorman  forces  rucersa- 
l*rly    occupied    l'rrasynss   and    Novo    I 
slcvsk   la   July.    11)1.'..   ami 
(Kit*  on  to  Warsaw,  which  wan  taken  Ann.  1. 

Farther  south.  In  CaHeta.  the  strongly 
fortified  towna  of  Pnemysl  and  I-emfcersJ 
were  retaken  tijr  the  Germans  In  Jnnc. 

location   of   ft  n   Juir   2»    to 

Ant  12.  IBM.  Ibe  Austrian*  bombarded 
Belgrade,  capital  nf  Senia,  when  •  Ibe 
administrative  oB«i  were  moved,  flrst  to 
Kragujevac  anil  Ui.t  to  NIkIi  Aug.  16, 
B0.000  Austrian,.  CfOaMO  tbc  Danube  Into 
Servla  and  were  met  and  defeated  0D  tbc 
18tb  and  ->  corpa,    Th« 

Servians,  elated  wi:h  lh.tr  victories.  In- 
vaded Austria  early  In  September  and  be- 
sieged Sarajevo,  capital  of  Bosnia.  They 
wara  driven  back,  however,  and  nn  Aus- 
trlnn  force  of  some  200.000  men  moved 
against  tha  north  writ  corner  of  Rervl.-i, 
ni.it In*    the    Servians   at    Vallevo    Sept.    15 

Jnd  defeating  them  Nov.  15.     Tb«  Austro- 
lungarlnn   siege   i.f    Belgrade,    irblcb   hud 
begun    July    •.■!>.    mil.  when    tbe 

(Servians  were  driven  out  by  nssanlt.  Tba 
outlook  for  fl.Tilu  «j«  Imh-rJ  gloomy 
when,   to  tlii*  surprint  of  tbe  world,   a  des- 

8  crate  attack  on  the  center  divided  the  Ana- 
rlan  army,  crushed  thr  right  wing  and 
drove  ibe  Invading  armlet  from  the  Ser- 
vian eoll.  D«c.  11  1914,  King  Peter  re- 
entered Belgrade  with  Ult  vli-torli.ua  army 
and  reported  the  land  wholly  free  from 
Ibc  Invndlns  Teutons. 

Coincident  with  the  Bulgarian  Invnilon 
of   Hi'ivla   In   ■  lot  rm«n 

crossed  tbe  Danube  at  Belgrade  and 
drove  tbe  Servian*  before  ihcm  down  tba 
Morsva  Valley  ami  formed  a  Junetloc 
the  Rnlgars  on  the  i'Dth  nt  n  point  on  the 
Salonika  Mill  railway  and  captured  Ntsh. 
Um  temporary  raplul.  ami  Kregujceac    i  li -• 

frlnrltial  arsenal.  In  November  Ity  tha 
it  of  Deccmlier.  IMS,  Anstro-lltingarlan. 
German  and  Bulgarian  artali-t  Inid  «w»pt 
over  ibe  entire  country  of  Servfa,  the  army 
wn«  acattcrcd  and  tbe  Klnc  In  Sight. 

Turtcii'i  Knlramrr  Into  the  War.— The 
German  cruisers  Aachen  and  Jtrrsfau.  pur- 
•tied  hv  hostile  war  ship*  at  the  begin- 
ntng  of  the  war.  sought  escape  by  passage 
through  the  Dardanelles  and  safety  In  the 
Turkish  harbor*  beyond.  Instead  of  be- 
ing compelled  to  p.'f  i».  mi  r  Intern 
within  a  re**onshle  time,  the  cruisers  wera 
alleged  to  have  heen  honeht  by  Turkey. 
The  powera  protested,  bnt  Turkey  not  only 
retslncil  tba  renselt  hut  announced  the  ah. 
rogation  of  her  capitulations  wherein  aba 
bad  In  limes  pa  il  'eighty 

or  conferred  special  privilege*  noon  for- 
eign nations.  The  (!r«t  act  of  hostility  wae 
tbe    homlisnlmcnr     of    the  Wack 

Bca  port  of  Thcodoa!*,  O.-t.  21),  1914.  by 
the  Clorhm,  chanced  In  name  to  the  U'.Aullu. 
Other  hostile  n'ofs  followed,  and  WOT.  B. 
Orest  Britain  and  France  declared  » 
Tnrker  The  former  n*«.»  nnneved  tbe  till- 
avid  of  Cynrna  and  declared  Egypt  an  la- 
dependent  atate. 

Kut  .-r  Imorn.  STeoe  nt  The  nnttirealc 
of  the  rear  found  It'ltUh  trnnm  to  the  num- 
ber of  8,000  or  io.ooo  In  Me«opr.tani1a.  nn- 
rler  rnmninnd  of  tVn.  Tmrnatiand,     After  a 

defeat  ht  the  Tii'fcs  !••  t're«\phon.  Town- 
ehenil  retreated  to  K>U  et  *marn.  a  eltv  tmllt 
on  a  penlnan'a  on  the  left  hank  nf  the  Tigris 
river.  The  Ottoman  rroone  settled  down  In 
friint  of  tbe  place,  while  heavy  flanking  par- 


ties swept  by  on  both  banks  of  tbe  river  and 
•peeillly  i-ut  nlT  the  British  Una  of  conimum- 
callnn.    Tf-r  Turka  th--n  »•  Inipte 

task  of  mutotalnlas  tbe  ssrge  ontll  neccsaity 
•huuld   compel   tbe   British    surrender.      In 

Unusual    i.iiniK   i.r.v.ated   agicre.  ■ 

tlona.    After  n  slt-re  of  U3  days  tbc  British 

flag  wna  baulad  down,  and  the  array  sor- 

.-.  ndervd    It*  arms  to   the  Turka,  April  23, 

1»1«. 

■  ouibroak  of  the 
war  Qre>t  BrllAlu  claimed  Ibc  aupremacr 
of  the  .in.  July  31,  191«.  the  British 
fleet*  on  all  nations  put  lo  »e«  (Ubd 
word  went  to  British  consuls  all  over  the 
world  to  hold  British  i  t  pact  and 

»n     by    nireleas. 
doys    Inter    twelve     French     ship*     paiacd 
in-    Into    the     M.-  Hi    .  ..-blob 

wax  aaalnard  as  tbe  ■;  i^ce  of  the 

li   lice l.      The  Austrian  Beet  took  ref- 
uge In  I'nla  and  the  lleruian  Sret  retired  to 
mined    port.   «.r  .    »lea    and 

lie  Baltic.     Aug.  Z,.  tbc  H4nlpla  t«lx. 
ii  bad  been  corn 

III  t  .i     :i  .1     !.V     111.- 

Ilrltlxh    destroyer    Lance.       Kelt    day    tbe 
British    eruli.-r    -lmpAlo«    struck   a    (liraan 
i-ik  with  131   men.     Amr,  I* 

sunk    tbe    North    German 

liner  A'olscr  IViMrrm  drr  Orotar,  which 
bad  been  annul  na  a  commerce  deitrwyer. 

Wrb,  I    OallU.—\vg.    28.    1914. 

Admiral  David  Bcfllty,   altb  a  British  bAt- 
tlv    mmidron.    ci.mi.Ui tug    of    tbe    /Varies*, 
the  ireMium  and  about   twenly 
engaged  n  Oerinan   aquadron  off   Ibe   naiai 
Imae  of  Helgoland  In  tbe  North  Sea.     Three 

n  cruisers  were  sighted  —  the  Utiiaj. 
the  Cola  and  the  Ariadne,  Dsntni  the  en- 
suing   tight   the    llrlll-b   tnitl  /.ion, 

I  H    /miond 
i-ame   u;i..n    !!:.■   scene      The   three   <■ 

<  and  two  destroyers  were  sunk,  and 
2.BO0  sailors  w.i  loat. 

Arflcltira  of  German  r.«lier>-  I 

7  nt  era  Germany  was 
able  to  Inflict  severe  damage  upon  b.-r 
commerce    through    tbe    a<-!liltle»    of    the 

■■'■  -M,        K6n<f*trro<, 

ftnr«r.     VnrUcnau.     l>rt*4e».     LelfHic. 

Mirnberg  and  Oder  mo»t  of  nhlrh  had  been 

:  .1    in    neutral    porta   or   destroyed   by 

lb..  German  cruiser  Karltruhe  was  In  the 

n    hoMllltli  <    Inoke    nut    In 

i    t.,   luue  heen   chased 

by   British  warships,   the   K  iid  by 

Aug.    '.'.i   sunk    IE  mi  nil  inn 

Mantle,     nn  the  Siitb  she  took  lb. 

dtret,  valin-d.  wlib  her  carco.  at  »2.000.OOO. 

BmStn  ii|ip-ared  In  the  Bnv  o' 
g.il  Bant.  10.  ami  by  tbe  tOth  bad  captured 
six   British  lire  and  s- 

the  other  lo  Call  utta.  wlib  the  crew*  Then 
tba  bombarded  Madras  and  art  two  oil 
tanks    on     in  Rob  Hog    the    harbor    of 

T'tianir.  Straus  Bettlenienta.  she  torpedoed 
and  rant  the  l<n«*Un  cruiser  Zkrmtehwc 
and  a  French  destroyer.  Ni-xr  tbe  Jfssife* 
turned  her  nttenllon  to  the  wlrvlexs  tele- 
granh  plont  on  Coeos  Is'ind.  Nov.  H  aha 
landed  a  amail  party  to  de-fror  tba  station. 
but  the  operator  had  called  the  Australian 
crnlaer  Rvdni-ti  to  his  a«sl«tane.>.  and  tin. 
i  bivhiL-  lbs  landing  party 
ashore.  The  Ku.faei/.  being  a  siinerlor  »••- 
sel,  defeated  and  hnrm-1  tbe  RtmnVsi  Tni 
Oerwinn  Inn  va>  200  killed  and  30  wonnded. 
while  the  loss  on  the  v.,.rnrir  wa«  trifling. 
The  Coeos  1-land  landing  parte,  after  • 
series:  of  mlrseiilons  eii-ar«-s.  heroic  adven- 
tures and  physical  eu(TertD*-a.  reached 
raat  coast  of  the  Bed  Sea, 
In  friendly  territory. 


Encyclopedic  Index 


European  War 


Sept.    20,    1914.  at- 
the   British   cruiser 

Zanzibar  riaibor.  After  a  tboiougb  search  of 

dlxeoTered  by  the  British  ctulscr  Chatham 

:il  walvr  xls  mill  ■  up  III*  Itungl  l( 
In  liciniB  1'Iil  Afili  lie  was  bot- 

tled tip  by  siskin 

Ib  comoscetlng  upon  the  valor  of  Go.  man 
cruisers  tte  London  I'lincs  >anl  < 

art   fan  at   modern   narnl 

history  more  remarkable  than  tlic  meteoric 
career  of  the  little  Cimlcn.  Capt.  TOO 
r  ba*  raptured  twenty  of  our  merchant 
•teamen  and  rook  seventeen  of  tbvtu.  Ilia 
ravage*  htura  co*l  u».  ui  n  rough  estimate. 
|| r  met. -ant lie  murine.  By 
entirely  legitimate  attnl  ;  .  be  nuk  a  Rus- 
sian cruiser  and  a  Prsnch  destroyer,  lie  baa 
bombarded  an  liatlan  provincial  capl  nl. 
created  a  marked  panle  among  certain 
classes  of  the  native  Inhabitant*  of  our 
Indian  ss-apartx,  tares!  Hie  Hoy  at  Bengal 
clear  of  shipping,  isolated  tin-  province  of 
Burma  for  many  day*,  and  flcixbiid  by 
audaciously  eudcavonug  tn  dexirhy  a  wire- 
less station.  In  nil  bin  exploit*  be  baa  be- 
haved with  the  most  perfect  courtesy.  a>  the 
oiTWor*  and  crewa  of  many  of  the  ship*  ha 
tank  hare  texilOed  He  bn«  never  taken  a 
•  ingle  11  r-  unnecessarily,  except  by  accident, 
ban  control  i 
ohxerved  the  dictates  of  lab  I   law. 

Off    Caronrl,    Chile.— \    British    sn,iin>lron 
ling   of    the    thru"    nr  ulxers. 

Good    Hope,    Monmouth    and    tlloioou.    com- 
maniled  l>y  Admiral   Crtdock,   eocoiin 
the  ti^niiuu  enibsFra  Sraonifcorai; 
Drrtdtn.    Ntlnibera    anil    Ulotte.    under    Ad- 
miral  Von  Spec,  ofT  the    rvaal    of   Coi 

'.■.ui    Tin?  rigin  i 

near   tunset   nnd   la.-:  <- quar- 

tera    of   an    hour.      A    liroadKlda    from    the 

i.ina  ntak  'he  Vonmouth  rml  the 
Mope,    while    the    Qlat'joir    escaped.      Rear- 
Adiulral   Cradock,   In  command   of   Ibo  fleet, 
aad    1  BOO    British    sailer,    were   lost.      Tho 
German  loaaea  were  insignificant. 

Off  Ihr  Falkland!.-  I  I  I.  the  aug- 

mented   British    squndroa    encountered    the 
German  cruisers  J.et>*i'e.  Bchurnltarnt    • 
aenaw.  .Vuriii.ru;  and  Falk- 

land   Island*       All    were    ■nok   except    the 
Vreiden,   which  escaped.      1  be   Hi  Irish    loas 
waa    reported    an    seven    k.llrd    and     four 
idtd. 

17.    1014.— Tin-    Rrlildi    cruiser   Un- 
Haunted,  rapport    II  <.  en- 

Sged  and  sunk  four  German  destroyers  ofT 
Dutch  eoaal      103   Gorman  offlctrt  and 
llora  were  reported  lost. 
Jan.  24,  1915,  *  law  fleet,  while 

attempting  a  raM  was 

engaged    by    a    Ilrltlsh    fleet       The    German 
erufwr  BWtthtr   (lS.CSO   tonal   and 
wen-   reported 
lout,    nnd     the    British    cruiser*    Hon    and 
Tiger  badly  damaged. 

MM  Colonies. — By  the  end 
■-.'t  1010,  practlc.il  rmani's  rol. 

po»'CKsloiia  were  In  t    c  hand*  of  I 
Allien.     Soon  after  the  outbreak  of  the  wiir. 
the  German  Island*   In   |hi    r  utile  surren- 
dered    tn     Em.-IUh     marine       nd     r-  rrltnrlal 
force*,  lucluding  German  Samoa,  whlc'i  lt*T> 
rendered  on  August   20,    1  /•  l  * .      In   Africa. 
Togoland  also  soon  »:i-    under   the   Ei 
flag,  an  wax  moat  nf  the  Ism  »ml  imp 
colony,   Kamernn.      In    July.    1015,    General 
Botha,   of   Boer   War   fnrne.   completed   tho 
ill. hi    ..r    Qermao    8<  -'rlca. 

although    a    small   portion    of   the 
succeeded    In     resisting   capture   until    1'HD 
and   German   Bast  Africa  to  late   In    191T. 
Aitorcthcr,  tie  German  colonlca  acquired  by 

n 


the  Allle,  comprised  •  territory  of  2,000.000 
square  miles. 

War  Zone  Operation*.— Early   In   the  year 
1913   a    British   order   In   council   dei 
that   nil    foodstuffs   di  Strtnanr, 

el  to  seisure  and  coutlscntlou.  Thla 
was  based  on  Gcrmany'e  nnlloual  icgnlatlon 
of  the  food  Htitiply,  which  waa  conxiriied  to 

•  u   fi 


for  army  uses.    Germany 


In  reply  to  this  order  declo  n  ton* 

10  be   In  existence  around    the    Itrltlsb   Ixlos 
after    Feb.    10,    1910.    nnd    warned    neutral 
i.  of  the  dangers  of  navigation.    Bab- 
ma  rlnea     v.i  re     nrut     Into     the 
waters,  and  report*  cntne  dally  of  the  sink- 
ing of  English,  French  ami  Banna]  raaeala, 
I  he     Herman    embassy 
in  America  cal    .1  attention  to  the  war  aono 
and   repna  "I    Hie   warning  to   neutral   ond 
Is.     Despite  tbe  warning,  which 
sally    brottght  to    the  atten- 
at  the  pas-c  l.usttania  sailed 

fiornNcw  York  May  lxt.  and  Mnv  tlh,  when 
off  Kin  nle.    Ii.-I.iml,   wax  «ti*urk   by  n  mine 
aak   Within  fifteen  minutes 
with  great  loss  of  life.  Including  tout-  than 

hundred      AOJtrli 
Wood 

The  LuMtanla  was  built  In  190T.  and  was 
one  of   tb*   larga  of   isrltlxb 

■hlpt  and  wnx  valued  at  shout  tlo.OiJO.iXKi. 
lea  iiamcDgerc  and  crew  to  the  number 
l.'.O  (icisons  aboard,  she  carried 
■    ton-    of    cargo,    valued    nt    *T::. 
The   principal   Hems   of  the   cargo  were  for 
iititlon,  and  laclndod  ahael  brua, 
valued  at   >  .ii  ikhi    r.  ■;.  r  and  copper  wire, 
■'i.     beef,     tUl.OUO:     fur*.     1119.000; 
copper      manufactures.     $21,000:      military 
.  trtrt.OOO;  ammunition,  $200,000.     The 
i  ..lllclal  figures  allowed  that  UN  llfM 
l'he    total   number  of  sui'vlvora 
wax  T03     Inelmllng  4112  tm  ml  801 

of  crew  :  the  number  Injured  was  :iu  passen- 
gers and  IT  of  eicw  :  of  tbe  survivors  4". 
died  from  I 

of  Americana  who  died  was  10T.  There  wrfa 
81  American  snrrlvors.  lis  American  IdtntJ 
lied  deed  and  si  Americana  mlsalng  and  un- 
doubtedly  dead. 

Forrlao  tAe  Dardanrllrt—  The  Strait  of 
the  Dardanellea,  the  ancleot  Hellespont  of 
and  Aletaioler  the  limit,  la  a  nar- 
row channel  separating  aouthraawrn  rn- 
ropa  from  A«l  i.  ami  connecting  the  Sea 
of   Mai  mora    »lt!i    the    Aacaon    Sen.      It    la 

mi. .un    forty-two    mill  ■    loo  ;    I 

width    from   one   to   four   mllei       The   ap- 

C roach  to  ronstantlnofde  from  the  we«=t 
y  water  can  ent]  in-  made  b]  «ny  of  this 
narrtiw  Ktralt.  which  i«  stroDgly  fortified 
OD  both  aide*  with  modern  works  and 
heavy  guns.  A  treaty  between  Tinker  and 
the  groat  power*  of  Europe  lu  IS  it  pro- 
ilil.il  thai  no  ira\r  "bin  of  any  nation  nave 
Turkey  should  pass  the  Dardanelles  wlth- 
-  sit  Of  Tnilo  .v.  Thla  agree- 
:  l.iui.lon  In  l.sTl  and 
nt  Berlin  In  1878  but  an  agreement  M 
i  1 1  .-ave  tbe  liunlan  volunteer  fleet  the 
right  of   paxxnge. 

Early  In  February.  IfllR.  a  fleet  of  the 

Angb.-I  imlorlook     the     difficult 

task  of  forcing  tbe  Iioidunelles  as  a  part 
of   the   operations   against   Turkey,    aa    well 

na  to  secure   no*  -'  •  i >!  ntlllaa 

..t    which    nere    xald    to    be 
i    In    Ode<vs-      The    allied    fleet    under 
command  of  the  Brltb.b   Vlce-Admtral 

i„-bt    Oueen 

r.lttabtth,  said  to  be  tbe  most  powerful 
tlgbtlng  machine  afloat,  tbe  .lonmcmnon, 
/rreetsflM*.      Vengeance,     CorntcatUn,      Tri~ 

Uyn  j  ml  Mu.u-i.tir,  xmi  the  I'reneh 
batUeoblpa    O'uulol*,    Huffrcn,    and    Charts- 


European  War     Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


•sapne.  mb    well    at    minor   vowel*,  bringing 

tiic  toui  111  ib«o  nrir.  iiictootu 

tin     •-•  mi  British    dread- 

•     loam    auatalu.-d    I 
allied   flM't   moo   made  It   apparent    that  an 
attack  by  •■•*  alnur   rould  not 
sir    lai  ion.    wiiii    i he    BiltMi   and 

•-.    which    hail    Ih    ii    11...1  ml.l.  .1    In 

Kgypt.  wax   land  QaUlpoll   penlBx 

•ill*  fur  laj  loos. 

in.   Quern  AJi.-n/it  <it,  from  a  poaltlo 
ynii. 1    Hi.     nit:.,--    of   the  gnu.    of    Hi..    forta, 

Kimii    Kalob,    -.ii    :'.  ii     .  ■  ;.      ih.-    Beet   then 
began   an  advance   np   Ihe   »tralt, 

Hi.-    mine*    aod     reducing    Ihe    f  m  I  •    oa     the 

(Curopcaa   aide  of  Ihi  ram  larch   18. 

the     French     warship     i.'oin./.    tin-    Kngllfh 
ImnUllhlt  *nj    I  ...   and   Ihe 

Uuu'ott    and     SniTexibfe-      arere    •1I.:<M..I 

Th.  num- 

berlOg       ..nlnnlly    upward    of    300.000    rff.it- 

Ives,  wa*   lo   occupy    the    Ii  q<    the 

nla,    n  iliictug    Ih*    rorta  on 

lha  Dardanelles  thorca  where  Hi ..inn  to 

their    narrowcat     "pan.     After    alt     muntha, 

.hiring    which     II 

bad  h. .'"  repulsed,  th  f  abandon- 

ing tii  i  m-riou*Iy  considered 

During   the  Ural    week  of  Janu 

M  Ion  was  withdrawn.     The 
attempted  binding  at  Suvla  Uay  failed.    Th.- 

i  Inn I     |.  i  0     ..f     (10,000,000 

booty  after  lha  itouartur*  uf  tba  ISrltlan. 

Italian  Oj-rrrtflnn*. — Hale  entered  the  con- 
flirt  t.r  declaring  war  against  Auatrla,  Juno 
3.  1P13,  am]  In  n  an  Inva- 
alon  of  thi'  Ixtiian  penlnanlR, 
enant  nf  the  Adriatic  •'■••a.  Ilv  ihe  end  of 
Hi.-  year  they  had  forced  their  way  «<aat- 
..  .i  Ixla.  ii  ii  nillei  from  I 
Bulgaria,  which  had  malniniii.il  :■  alrlrt 
neiiirnllT}'  ii|i  in  lhal  I  low,  rnobUlsrd  her 
array  8ep«  81,  1910,  and  during  n,.-  fallow- 
ing month  ei l  Hi.    Daniil       uto  Rervta 

ih..  Relgradc-NUh  Salonika 

railroad,      t-i   the  mean  time  Ami  o-Geruan 

■  had  crossed  and  Danube  and 

il  southward,  driving  lb*  Serb*  before 

11  "in.  Anglo-French  alllc*  to 

Indm nnd  ltnrnanla  to  I  Mart 

behalf  of  Bervla  were  funl.- 
ranci-d  itoadtly  westward  to  kfonaatbr.  In  the 
■  f  Servla, 

they    .-■  -in.il-.il.  .1     th.  .1     atrellgth- 

i  In-.l    tln-li     linen    In    Ihi.    border*    of    i. 

Ilontrnrgro  in  the  H'ar.-  Mwii.-u.i-™  de- 
clared war  on  Aintrla  Aug,  7,  an. I  IS.  Moo 
lonegl  in    foi  l.'il  to  Invnile  liotnla. 

in  conjunction  with  a  Servian  army,  am)  t.> 
the    Britlah    anil     French    to    besiege 
i  attaro.     Tiny  later  loatar.  capl- 

"ii      After  the  occupation 
"i    Bereta    by   the   •enlinl    power*.    An 

in  mi.  .    turned    their   attention    to   Monte- 
r.-.-.ivi  r.-il  the   Bosnian  province!  and 
i     Montenegro    under    military    cuntrul 
oi    the   Aimtrlnna. 

Mem  of   Trinv-tau. — Oil   the  outbreak  of 
m    Europe,    Japan   *<-nt   an    ulti- 
matum   to    Oerm  Hint    abe 
-.-,  hlnliaw  her  warships  frnro  •irlentnl  water* 

i       tli    U ntlre  leaned  territory  of 

Klnochnu.  with  a  view  to  lix  .  viniuiii  re*, 
lorailou  in  China.  Klao-rhau,  of  which 
capital,  Ilea  on  the  cant 
coast  of  the  Cblneao  province  nf  Slum-tung. 
It    ha.   n    papulatloa    of   about    33,000,   of 

whom  -' 1,000  are  white.      It  wan  aelied 

by  Germany  in  November.  1807.  ami  later 
occupation  waa  confirmed  under  a  lifijear 
leas*.  If  la  surrounded  by  a  neutral  «one 
thirty  mile.  wide.  i'..-iman»  spent  alOO.OOO.- 
ihhi  fn  Improving  the  port.  The  siege  i. 
till  Nov.  i,  1014,  when  the  tj.rinan  garrison 
of  4,000,  which  included  many  bnslncia 
men,  waa  forced  to  surrender.   The  JapaoeH 


be»lcscr«.  reported  at  45,000,  lost  1.50O 
in.  ii  Th..  Japaante  cruUer  TatacMtfj.  wltb 
a  crew  nf  344  men.  waa  aunk  by  a  GvraMo 
aubmarlne.  aod  the  Austrian  crulacr  K<H- 
»i/ib    SIlrabetA,    which    look    part    In    the 

-I-.     wan    •  ■■:-.  cre/U     to    »«a|i» 

captur.-. 

Ik  the  i-aueant, — For  more  than  elghtm 
month*  the  <*»ar'a  armh-a  had  mail* 
headway  In  i in-  i  aucaMun,  t'reparatJoua 
Grand  Duke  Klcholaa  in  the 
fall  of  IHI.",  and  en  army  catlmatrd  at  SOO,- 
000  n  iii  a   !.u>.-  .ii    Batun 

mi   Hi-  <:i    li Mix  nmi   H.iLu.  be 

Em  »  -  rmenla  In  Vebraai  r,  ISIS. 

neritin.  v.  hi.  h  Ilea  110  mill  -•  Bu 

■  .in  '1..11I.  :  anil  .J..  111.. 1  .  fn.lii  r,i:i.lmill 
in. in-.  •tamU  00  a  plalenn  0,000  Ret  hbrh. 
mill    wa»  id  eithteen   for  fa.      Tke 

la  flanked  by  two  hhfh  mountain  ronsva. 
uii  11—1111I1   hixiliiu  nve  day*  the  Bse- 
alana  ti.uk  :..  20.  MUd. 

limn    :11m    piece*    of    ordnance    and 
13,000  prUoncra  were  taken. 

1  Hi-  Itue- 
11  thn-e  main  dlvlalona.  The 
■rati  iilonK  the  Itlnck  Sea  coaet,  aupported 
by  werablp*.  moved  toward  Trrblboad,  i»L 
Lnf  l-hnli  ami  HU-h  011  the  way,  and  on 
11  ,,  Treblsond,  The  *econd  column, 
from  the  Luke  Van  region,  captured  Muah 
and   Blllla-      The    thh  I  in    Persia, 

tuiik  K.  riiiuiiBliah,  Keh.  2.".,  and  advanced  to 
Miiii.i     130  mllea  from  ltagdad. 

,ii»ini  Um/ur.. — .1 n  after  the  breaking 

inn  i.f  tin-  war  It  become  evident  that  air 
craft  of  vnrlou*  dolgna  Iran  U  plaj  an 
Important    1  ntlng  and  o*Ten- 

alvc  operatliina.  The  (ierman*  had  devel 
oped  lh«  Zeppelin  airship  to  a  high  .tatc  of 
Hon,  ami  >u  the  "arly  advance  thraugfa 
Iti-lKium  and  Into  France  »VPellna  flew  hlfh 
In  advance  of  the  uhlnn*.  communicating 
their  iiii-"r».«iiuiM  ti>  h  On  An* 

24,  bomb*  were  dropped  on  Antwerp  A 
month  later  other  Belgian  town*,  a*  well  a* 

and    Warsaw,    were    bombat 
the  etr.     Contradictory  atorlea  of  11" 
of  thr-*c  attacka  reached  the  outaldc  world 
[bo    headquarter*  of   the   IM-Illgereota. 
In  October  (Sertnan  aitatnr*  drnpjied  bomb" 
In    I'nrla.  killing  three  pet>on«  and   <■ 
Ing  20:  Dec.  30  Dunkirk  «a«  *i 
the    air    and     IB    persona    ».ie    killed.       I" 
January.    1  -  1    of  ZeppcllD*   1 

Hi.-  Kngtlsb  coact.  bombarding  *lx  town* 
and  killing  Ave  persona  Other  air  raid* 
follow. -it,  but  without  aecnmpllahlna  anj 
military  purpose.  By  February,  1918 
Anglo-French  nlll.-x  had  built  a  fleet  of  SO 
tn  III  nlr  and  ai.aplane*  and  made  retalia- 
tory rnlili  on  liunklrk.  Of  tend,  Zoebru«e 
and  other  town*  within  the  Orman  line*. 
On  the  western  battle  front,  at  Iea»t  four 
typea  of  aeroplane*  are  In  couatnut  u*. 
Bcoutins  mai'iilnex.  Ther  are  «wlft,  and 
ca[«ble  of  loug  tllght*.  They  carry  a  large 
>t"i"  of  gnMillne  plKitographlc  apparatus 
machine  gtina  and  even  wlrelea*  *tatlon*. 
Their  biplane*  have  a  aprwn  t  and 

tin-  motors  often  attain  100  kor 

i "J  i  liiiml.liiir  planes.  Ther  are  heavj 
and  »luw.  and  carry  grvat  wehshta  of  bombs, 
all  of  which  miMt  be  discharged  befora  re- 
turn, a*  the  Ihock  of  ilocent  would  explode 

any   bomb*    remaining     upon    | acohBe. 

Tli"v    must  i-cted  by  lighter 

'ne*.  and   accordingly  make   nigh 

lackx    the    rule, 

(3)    Artillery    plane*.   u*ed  for  observing 

the    "Xpkulon*    Of    •liella     iiiuiing     I 

Th.-y  an.    light    and   (table. 

14)    Battle   plane*,   which   are   very    light 
>wlfi.    nnil    in.-    cxperlally    adapted    to 
climb  ipilckly. 

In  addition,  there  are  the  huge  beavler- 
th«B-aU-  ZeppeUoa,   need  by   the   Oonnana, 


Encyclopedic  Index 


European  War 


h   are  dirigible  lMltoont:  and  the  eap- 

•  Montix    -. !•- — il    l>7    nil    hrlluterenta    for 

i  <tlon  puri» 

liurlng   HOT.  .-"P^IkIIjt  after  the  wiiiiiiier 

month.,  the  Gormana  Inereaerd  their  night 

»-rl»l    ralda    i:|Hin    Rtutkand,   and    eati. . 

womh  nnd  other  nos-combatnnt*     Th< 

of  i;.<lgltiBa 
.  lr   ■.!<■•:  nod   It  waa  difficult  for   tbc 
KnslUb  to  Make,  trpti'a'.:  tot   II 

liii-tly    I>y     I: 

bataat*.  nnd  the  Itii 

«a.  too  la*  dh 1  m     b  i  roapaci 

■  •f  ^ucreaa  for  air  ral.V.  The  Germane  «J«-- 
f ended  their  torn  l>  throwing  opon  uafnr- 
tloed  the     AlIWi!     flK.<l 

and  caawiurnt  attempt  to  amrvp  Germau 
•Mum,  children  and  other  noa cwkwol. 

I    point    of    rliw.    the 
were  of  atrVice   t"   Omni  ping  * 

l«nv  ouml«-r  of  airplane*  to  Kngitnd  to 
■wet  the  * ; ■  - r n i .-. 1 1  alrplanea,  :.n-i  hence  ill- 
alnUv.i  the  ii iimbcr  of  machine*  utilised  bjr 

ugllah  on  the  battle  front. 

I   ">  i.i'     ii itfoa*       I  noil     I".  '.      18, 

■Ml  Ihc  Qcnnan  >»ar  r.»ne  «-■■  de- 
clared around  the  BtltNh  lain,  on'!)  July 
30.  I9JS.  Gorman  Kiilmiarlu.-.  liar]  mini 

llcrrat  countrtea.  0  neutral  «hln»  rol«tnkcn 
a*  hostile,  and  27  neutral  reaarla  known  a« 
»urb.      [hiring  ebjp*.    of   mora 

than   BOO   I  -tink  br  Goruioi. 

marls**,  and  In  S.  ir.inl,.i.  -'»  i|.-tlm« 

added  to  the  ll«i.  Following  U  a  par- 
tial Nit  of  the  Iowa  due  to  Kuhtuarlne*  In 
th*    tlrst    year,    which    aerrva    to    nhon    th- 

baroe  wrought   hy  i! ndenwa  craft.      (Se. 

alao  lutHonla  <"»«<•  ) 

Sept  '•.  1814.— British  cruiser  PnfMadVr. 
blows  up  In  North  Sea. 

olatr  lla-rltc.  sunk  by 
a  German  submarine  In  North  Sea  ..n 
l»«h  enaat.  and   -Phi  .if   her  rrew  wore  l<ml 
Tada  anbraarlne.  tbr  t'U.   la  «aid  to  I 
aaase  wblch  aank  the   tbouMr.  Crrttu  and 
/foirac. 

-7    -Rrlfltb    «iipcrclreadnnucht      1  «- 
•tor-iim*     128,000     tonal,     <imk 
•wbmarlno    and    destroyer :    crew    saved    bjr 
Will'  Star  .(earner  O  lVmi>ic. 

Oct.  81. — Hrttlab  cruiser  Hermet.  aiink  In 
tin-  Btralta  of  Do  rmao  submarine. 

N  it.   II. — Hrltlah   torpedo junbont    '■ 
»iink   near  mouth  »f  Utter  Thames  by  Ot*» 
man  ntima. 

RrltNIi  ararahlp  ffulicart  1IB.O0O  tonal. 
deatroyed  by  eiplnalon  In  dockyard"  at 
flfcrernc-**.  on  Thamea  River,  and  738  Urea 
were  loal. 

l.o.l  f  llo  Admlrally  f'bnrcblll  aald 
llrllaln   .v. old  loac  a  dreadnoiitht  a   month. 

I«h   aiihmarlne    R-ll.   afl^r 
neath  Are  man  of  mlne».  rank  the  Torklan 

■  at»Iilii  .Vaiw'ffcA  In  lh.-  Imnltiir 

ltrltlah  FormMatlf  (1B.0H0  tonal  rank  In 
KojclDb  Chantel  ny  aubmarlne,  with  a  loas 
of  nearly  80 

Two  RrltMi  fiKH)  »hl|ia  were  torpedi>H 
off     Harp  in     »uhmat1ne*.       The 

I'alted      Stat.-»      i»i»      Indu 
airaliiKt  Ibl   aeYeflty  r.f  German   »nliiiinrliic«. 
in    the    Intereit   of  humanity   and   out 
■    (or  the   rtunta  nl  neatrala,  r.er- 
aaany  ajre«l  to  apar*  neutral   -hlpa  In  pre- 

d   aitrr.  nnd   to  warn  all 
fore  attack,    alvloff  paaaenv  'unity 

reaael  att.  : 
■.■n"». 
Reliable   ttatlittc*  compl'  slier, 

l'l..     <h-'a    (tint    from    llir  f    Ihi' 

war  In   Anc>i>t.  IPM.  to  Dec.  1.  1P13.  T3« 

ahlpn    ..f    th.     Anrlo-Frencb    ellle».    alth    a 

■:•  nf  1.447438,  were  de»tn>yvd  hy  the 

Tentoolc  aea   fcrrcea.     Of  tfcea*  SM.  aaxro- 


latlnc  I.OT0.4»2  l^na,  were  dettroyed  by 
atibuutrlne*.    aod    03,    of    (11.7'rfi     tOB 

n:    tin-    7:»    «hl|i> 
with  a   tonsasr   of    ISI'MI.   «ere   RrlllUi. 
TliU   ;  :..9  per  ceet  of  the   i 

lii-it:<li   ablpplng. 

Ther..  follow.  e  reawbi 

I  ulti«l  Statce  aunk  by  .iitmniric.«  »|n. 

outbreak  of  the  i:m    

f  lire- 

kMt. 
1815. 

Jan.    M.     •William    I-.    :  i.y 

cunllre  ii 

I  •'■•lilii^.  'nti  .-I..-.I  ii 

irpedoed    •  0 

din  ,i  .  .      O 

.'.'..    Leatanlaw,   torpedoed   0 

Ans.    — .      Oarego,    'nttneked    O 

•I.M'll  'I 

•ilur-lilnti.  i 

Sv*.  l'l.     Galena,  fattif  k.-d   0 

1917. 
ii:  i  n    April    il.    dat^    tbe    ir.    8.    an- 
il    wnr.l 
Pro,  S.      IIoihmIiioIc.  torp.diH.1  .  .  i, 

18.      -I.ya.ao  M.  Law,  Niiek  try  guu- 
tlr«  . .     O 

Mar.    12.      Alsotiipiln,    t»rp.i|.«-.l    O 

Mar.    HI.     VlrllaaeU.    torpedoed 

Mar.   17.        Oty  ..;   M 

M.i. 

Kar.  idion  'i 

April  2.      \  doed II 

April   1       Ml— outlan,  n 

(Aft.  i    .i.o.i  ..    date  tba  V.  J5.  entered 
the  war.) 

April  7.      Hvward.  Inrpedoed   il 

April  2tl.      «lVrey  Blrdaall.  mink  tiv  him- 

flr» .0 

Apt- 1  H.  Itoiiae.  aunk   by 

runt!'  Q 

April   28.     Vacuo 

May   j.     Rockingham,  t.>n ...i 

May  I  '•.      1 1  lion     n.  torpedoed   .  .  .      4 

1 8.     I'r.i.,,  v   m..  rank   hy  raaBi 

May  24.      •Barbara,  a«  I 

Mi-.    SI.      •IMHgn.  rank   In  .  .       1 

llH'l]  I' 

June    12  nk    hy   gontlre....      4 

iij.     John   Ii.   Ai                                 4.     R 
June  20,      •cluli!.-  Ilamld,  torjiedm  I  U 

In i.    i;.      iirl^«n«.    torpedoed    4 

7.      Mn-.n:  I...,!    0 

July  0.     Kanaan  4 

July  i"  i'.owen,  aunk 0 

July    10.      •Ulldegai  1     mm 

Jnly    IB.     Oraoe,    tortied.— d    

July  21.      eAuruatua  Welt,  aunk 0 

July  27.      •rannela,  atMk    

July  27.      "John  Twohy   ..  0 

H        MotADl  i! .    21 

Aug.    2.      •John  . ;  itntnond.    aunk 

lijr  gunore   ..  u 

•Sailing  ship.    tShlp  Mirod. 
J!"»»'  of  One  Vcii'a  Warfarr. — Iterlew- 
Ing    tin'    flrxt    year    nf    the    war    the    ) 
oewapapera    pointed   out    that    tbe    ten 
of  the  Teutonh    powei  .    fmin   In- 

vader. .-io.pl  for  amall  atrlpa  In  Alaace 
and  Gait  da.  while  the  Gcroan  armlea  In 
th.-  Weal  occupied  f.::.oOO  rquare  kllometvra 
(one    lijnar..    itlli  oil.     atttll    of   a 

binding    ltelglum    and    th.. 

valuable  part  of  Franco       In  addition 
to   thla   lerrltnry    laatroOennan   alllea 

I  ire  kllomeli  r-  in  the 
■Mat,  1'icpidlng  th*  rutlr*  Id:.. Inn  proelneia 
'.''.    ron.,.l.'ndl .   ;  "tiwalkl.      I«m»«f 

KillCl       iTolrlcow.    Kill. oil       Kl.'lrr    and 

large  iiart.  of  lVaraaw  and  l.oliiin  The  to- 
tal   conquered    territory   at    that   time    wi* 


European  War    Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


twlco  tho  area  of  the  Kingdom  of  Bnvarl*. 
The  entire  Kingdom  of  ricrvla  we*  rhortly 
after  added  to  the  conquered  territory. 

Ferdoa,  Rlege  of. — Ofm*n  offensive  op- 
eration* against  tin-  F~r.ii.-ii  fortress  of  Ver- 
dun began  q  February,  KUO.  For  tlirec 
week*,  in  half  a  down  place*  on  a  trout  of 
more   than    ISO   mil**,    from    the   North 

:.  'I.  r,  the  1 1  I  Been 

ii'imliig  with  nn  Intensity  ttint  gave  each 
separate  thruat  a  look  of  lnti-ni  .  : .  i .  - 1 1 . 1 1 :-  -  - . 
end  that)  abruptly,  le  the  north  i|  Verdun, 
an  ■  continuous  battle  line  of  twenl 
mile*,  they  developed  operation*  of  the  flr*t 
magnitude. 

Verdun  Is  the  first  and  atrongest  of  a  lino 
of    fortified     French  .  Tmil- 

Kplnal-Belfort)  facing  1 1..-  Onsen  frontier. 
It  hml  withstood  the  Ucnnnn  attack  at  the 
outbreak    of    tho    war,   and    now.    greatly 

strengthened,    ll    win 

the    army    of    the    frown    Prince.    Coo 

atrong.  under  the  eye  of  the  Knlscr.  After 
six  day*'  flghtln.-  I"- ■  1 1  limiiiiiiuoui,  ihe  most 
nortbcrl)  outposl  ol  Ihe  torttfli  J  ■  ra.  was 
taken  II nr.lfiiimi.il t .  to  the  east,  mnl  I'hainp- 
neuvllle.  to  tin-  west,  were  t n  s. ■  -n  Feb.  20. 
The   British   1  it..-     ii   Flanders  Was  l.litt  li.-n.-.l 

so    thai    relnforcoracnti    rnlghl    be   venj    to 

verdun.    The  uiiack  on  the  west  «lde  of  the 

Meuse  was  made  on  ■  narrow  from  ol  not 

than  a  mile  am)  a  tin i f ,  between  van- 

qUOl)  .in.l  Mul.ui.-oiirl  iiml  toward  tin.  town 
of  Aroeourt.  Repented  ns»nult»  resulted  lu 
the  formation  of  the  French  defense  on  the 
Um  of  n  doable  salient,  with  dm  apoj  ut 

ourt  .nn)  ii (hex  nl  i.    Mort  (lemma. 

Malnnoourt  was  captured  by  the  QtmuuM 
Slnroh  31.  who  then  shifted  their  nttnek  to 
rli.'  Iowa  .f    \;ni\,  00   i!"-  of  the 

M Penetrating    thi    French    line*   on 

hills  200  nn.l  205,  the  tlcrman*  during  April 
and    May    n  I    Lc    Mort 

Homme  and  him  .".hi.  Barly  a  June  to* 
attacks  centered  on  Fort  Vnux.  which  fell 
nn.  on  iln-  7th,  and  Thlnumont 
on  the  23d,  .inn-  'J.'.  the,  Anglo-Britlab  allies 
began  n  ntroug  offensive  moremenl 
Somnic,  Battle  of>  extending  along  tin'  Una 
fronj  Li*  Basaes  in  lha  north  to  Verdon  In 
the  south.  The  effect  of  these  .■oiiniir- 
•traeks  was  to  quell  the  Ortunn  offensive, 
ami  by  I  he  end  of  |h«  month  tin-  reat  0«T> 
nan    siege  wus   iidmltU'dl)    n    failure.      Tho 

b    counter-attack'   regulned   prnetl 
all    of  the   ground   which    the  Germans  had 
Ki<  Iik  d. 

CiwualfiVr. — Cammlllex  In  the  war  np  to 
January  I.  1017.  after  20  mouths  of  fight- 
ing, aron  estimated  U  follow  by  n  Wusli- 
lngton.  and  hence  a  neutral,  authority: 


Country 

Killed 

Wounded 

and 

Id  ■ii- 

Total 

England 

jos  too 

s;ouoo 

iMoen 

KB  ran 
60  000 
80  000 

I0JJW 

mm 

78*200 
firsKl 
BOH 
18  000 

lorm 

HOOK) 

moot 

45  000 

411  OK) 

91SM0 

1  M0.M1I 

I0S4  m 

no  lino 

6«fe:::: 

ssooo 

Total 

J70O4W 

i  mm 

i  iiu  m 

315  C»>0 

.v.H  m 

70000 
9000 

A  Ml  -sacs 

£' 

aii3  mo 

»M  IK 

B70O 

7SO0 

4&0  000 
155  000 

JOOO 

1M5J0O 

jotooo 

DM 

Total 
Q'dToUL.. 

l  MONO 

1 3U  :«q 

mm 

2   tie  .'CO 

01 JOO0 

JJHiOH 

IWW 

9J04  300 

Homme,  Bailie  of. — During  the  early 
■trine  of  1916,  the  Oerinna  attack*  In 
ranee  ware  mainly  directed  against  Ver- 


ilnti.  From  the  first  of  February  tin  lata 
In  June  the  moat  terrific  warfare  recorded  In 
blstiiij  ...    In    tbla    fortified    area. 

I« rerana,  Battle  of.)     The  British 

In   the  north  were  attended    ho   n*   to  aend 

reinforcements     to     the     French    defender*. 

.i    ii"    20th,   a    general    advonr*    by 

the   Frmnco-Brltlah   allies  hee.no.     Fighting 

In  Jo.  i  along  Hi Ivnucc  between 

the  Ancrv  and  the  Somme  rivers,  by  way  of 
Iji  Holsi'lle.  fortnlmalson,  Uontauiion,  i'o 
delta,  the  Fiiurcnux  ami  DcJvIUe  wood*. 
Qultament-Alnchj  and  Cotnbta  were  taken 
from  Hie  German*  In  August  and  by  the 
or  September  the  Aille*  rlalm.il  to  h*-.. 
tured  11"  eqnare  miles  of  territory.  Icclad- 
lne  forty-four  villages,  from  the  Invader* 
alnoe  the  beginning  of  the  combined  offen- 
sive. The  end  of  On.  found  the 
Anglo-French  allies  mill  ilgbllng  furiously 
in  inn  I  n  i  n,  n  positions  on  the  roada  connect- 
ing l'cronne  and  I'.apanme. 

I.oatt*. — The  amount    of   money  borrowed 

by   lulu.-,  r.ru   and   neutral   countrlni   as  a 

■/iiencc  of   the    war   up    lo    Ihe   »od   of 

July.  1016.  I»  as  follows: 

Oreat   Britain   S5.7H.OOO.OOO 

Kuwla .Mil'i'. -.00.000 

«oaoo<x<r~ 

J»I>an                             Ii'i.oihui 

Bolgium.  Serrla  and   Monle- 

.   negro  75.000.000 

ilnneoui     1 2ii.  000.000 

Total  Anglo-Pronch  Allies  gll.8SO.000.OOt) 

Oermnu.v    13.300000.0 

An- 1 1  in  llunzary    .  .. .  .  .      l 

Tuili.y     :..o»<1.000.000 

Totnl   Teutonic  Allies *10,<KI2.000.000 

Netherlnnd    $1 1.1.000. C 

llumniiln  

Swlueiland    31.000,0 

Bulgaria    SOXCWQia 

&nt  ■■ 

I>enmark   hmuki.OOO 

Norway    

8weden    14,^80,000 

Tola!   Neutrals S33S..1SO.O0O 

Grand  Total   -11 7, fi«l. 3*0.000 

in    Baptomher.     1010,    u    Angjo-Freooh 

""iiriunl -- i..n  arrlrcd  In  the  United  S'nte*  for 
the  purpose  of  borrowing  1 1,000,000,000, 
unweured  by  any  eollateral,  to  carry  on  tbc 
war.  This  .-ailed  forth  protests,  from 
man-Americans  In  all  part*  of  Hie  i 
States,  who  threatened  lo  withdraw  their 
depotltx  from  hanks  that  iinrllclpatrd  In 
the  loan.  Most  of  tho  newspapers  tirotig- 
ly  favored  the  loan.  After  conference 
with  leading  bankers  In  New  York  and 
Chicago  the  Commission  obtained  a  loan  of 
1500,000.000  for  flea  year*,  at  6  per  cent 
Interest  si  n  nrlee  of  9«  to  the  banking 
syndicate  and  ris  to  the  investor.  Tha  bond)* 
were  later  sold  tor  !«**  than  04. 

From  the  beginning  of  the  war  to  Norem- 
hcr  I.  1017.  credits  bad  been  extended  to 
our  Allies  lo  the  extent  of  S3,5.'ifl..'i0O,000, 
distributed  aa  follow*: 

Oreat    Britain    $l.Sf5n,000.000 

France S20.000.0O0 

nO0.Ofxi.<HHt 

Russia    mo.  .xk) 

Belelom    SS.r.OOuntM 

Serbia     3.000,000 

On  January  1.  1»17.  t'-e  Federal  Rrserr* 
Board  eKtlmntcd  that  tbe  lorroaae  In  the 
national  debt*  of  thn  !<lllgerent  countries 
a*  a  roault  of  tho  war  wan  119.4W.O0O.0O0. 


Encyclopedic  Index 


European  War 


Tatese  Igure*  corer  only  a  period  coding  IB 
It*  inter  pari  of  1010.  onJ  In  tlic  case  of 
■tria  and  Hungary  go  nniy  ft«  far  a* 
f,  1010  It  Is  to  be  noted  t>int  tbeac 
.  jre*  do  not  coincide  with  t' ■■•  coil  of  t'ic 
ar.  b"i  include  .ii.1v  t.-iu  pari  "I  the 
which  lias  ' 

taxation.    The  Increase  In  tbc  national  debts 
distributed  a*  follows) i 

3reat   Britain,    to    Nov     II. 

1018 HS.SJ  1,888.000 

I..  Aug.  81,  1916...     8.o::-..-imi.i»m. 
da.  to  Mr,  31.  1916..    ■      7,07.127 1.000 

Tottl  for  Entout*  Allies..  $20,205,132,000 

„«nn»ny,  to  Oct.  27.  1916.  .*15.2do.opo.ooo 
•.nutria,  to  May.  lOlU  ...  3.7lrt.20li.OOO 
Hungary,  to  liny.  1016 1. 

Total  for  Central  Power*. $20, 1 02  200.000 

On  February  3.   1017.   Chancellor  "t  the 

jxencqwer  l.i»  inld   Ihe  English  I'nrllnment. 

•-at  since  t   e  nntbreiil 

total  expenditure*  hid  been  n.OOO: 

.nrf  i  i.'n«M  trtrr  ISA.- 

ding    to    llsum 

Kl    l.erty  Loon 
the    ro»t    of   war   to   Jno.   1, 
-.    was   as   ful  In  ^ 

Total  cost  Dally  cost 

rolled  Kingdom  «.'!0  135. >, '' 

■  «i 

Kiauln     1C...-.IMI. nun 

Italy  6  IOO.OOOi, I        I  000. 

United   Plates    .      *..1oO.«OO.000 

1.000.000.000      5.000.000 

!.     l.iilootc.**0,.v;o,iK"'   urn 

"illlr*"".  ... . .      &000.000. '."'.  ni:.M»m 

Net  total $72,800,000,000  $70,000,000 

Germs  ny     $23,500,000,000  $25,000,000 

Al     "  !.. 

flusgary     ...   12.000,000,000     13.000.000 

B Turkey  *- ■  •  •      1.750.000,000       2.000,000 

TOI•owe'rT,,".,.  .$37,250,000,000  $10,000,000 
leans  to 
lilies     700,000.000 

JCe«    MS]     IS6.6SO.000.000  $40,000,000 

Grand  tow!  ..$100,*  10,000.000  $116,600,000 

Wf»,  iraph  Control. — A'  live  oof 

break  of  die  war  two  nl 

i;ih  stations   in   America   were   o 
German    i-apltal    and    were   operated    dl- 
..ttly  |n   tbc  Interior 

of  Germany.  The  on"  at  ["orieerlnn  N-  J-. 
tending   dir-  S'nuen,    Oermiiny,    w*a 

taken  over  by  tbi  ■  nnrtment  In  tbc 

fall    of    101 ».    t.  vitiations 

of  neutrality,  and  July  8.  1916i 
station,  at  eajTlllc    I      I  .   was  tnken  over 
..    :  ii ■  -  aftHM  «i«ud  reason. 
IfiiaiffoBs  SMpmewft.— Firearms  and  am. 
■  .i in--  of  $31  000,000  w.t« 
hipped   out    of    the    I'nlli  I  -luring 

|br  ten  months  from  I     : .  May 

jl_  jjjj  ma  compiled  by 

she  Deparioi  at  i 

an  lucicasc  of  ■I'm  p  I  ttt  over  the  ship- 
ment* of    the  correal'--  nths  of 

•ir.       It   s»<    announced    In 
August    that    Charles    M.    Schwab.    I 

hem    steel    Company,  closed    a 

contract  with  the  Russian  Government  for 
Ui«   manufacture   and  dcllrcry  of  shrapnel 


and   iilffi   exploalro   shells  to  the  raltta  of 

$75,000,000. 

Following  Ihe.   example   of  Germany,   the 

AnstrO'llttngai'iiiTi      Government      nnuouncM 

thai  all  A  ii-    in    in  ii- 

Iral    countries,    imi'ileularly    In    the    I'nlled 

o   to  work  In  facioilea 

iocs    ..f    tin- 

I'll.     penalty    for    anj 

I  si  imprisonment  of 
from  ten  to  twenty  years,  and  STM  capital 
111  .-vns, 
Tbc  Austro-llungarlan  Minister  of  For- 
eign Affair*  mnt  a  note  to  the  American 
Aoibamador  at  Vienna  June  29,  1015.  draw- 
ing attention  to  the  fact  that  comm. 
business  on  a  Urg>-  scale  in  war  material 
wax   procvediiiic   between    the    fulled    Slates 

la    and    her   allli  ■.    while 

An  :n  in  Hungary    and    Germany    were    com- 

Blctely  --iii  -,tf   from   (he  American   ma 
'        :  •    reply   mood  firmly  on 
the    rieiit 
war  Kii|<i>ii 

unit  r«C*tfC  them  II"  lu-ilti.-it  III"  stand 
taken  point- 

lug  out   iiiu!  during  iti"  Boer  war  in  south 

I  sold  aims 
and  ammunition  to  Oi    u   Britain. 

Vhik  i  mi*  itrlkc*  among  workmen  In  nil* 
many  mysterious 
lives  and  explosions  In  fatal  umi. 

in;;  war  supplies:  In  ill"  United  State* 
caused  widespread  suspicion  that  these  wero 
ri..-   work  of  German  sympathiser*.  And 

i    the  government   mud,,  Bl- 
ind   secured    conTlctiol 
ns    for  Tlolittlons    of  n.  ntiulliy   law*. 
rralfil  to  f!rtat  Britain. — The  nroti 
tli„   l  uiimI   Stales  against  -ment 

Brittah   Ordei    m   Council   declaring 
a  blockad*  of  neutral  porta   »»« 

alt    Britain    In    three    notes 
made  publl"  Department     rh" 

Brtllan  "iiiii"iiil-,n   waa   hum   no  piin- 
■  f    liitenintlnnal    luw  was    violated    by 
i::1tl»J»    blockade.       II    was    held     that 
i-    only    uii.     Immutable    prlnelpla    mi- 
derlylog  Ibc  right  of  blockade,  namely,  that 
of  "cutting  off  by  effeellie  means  the  aea- 
■.  na     il   ii' 

I       -if       l',-l-  :  i.  iji.-e       Willi 

neutral  traffic  during  tbc  civil  war  In  Amer- 
ica when  good-  lined  Ultimate!] 
toe  suite*  In  rebellion. 

VoriX  I'atce  Party. — Henry  Ford,  an  Amer- 
ican   millionaire    nutomobll 

1918,    Iliac     be     bad 
chart  mdlnavian 

ship  0*001  II  at  i  cuxt  ,.f  649,000  and  «i< 
golog  in  start  for  Ruropa  wlib  a  delegation 
of   pacificists  to   make    an   effort    to    Indue* 

I"-  iiiili.ilix  lit  l.ui.i|i"  Hi  StOP  flgllllllg 
""lit  el  the  tr.-iiches  before  Chrlitmas"  was 
the  slognn  adopt, d    b]  ty,   and  Mr. 

Ford  d.  i  ,.i  ( ii  nu  readlneaa  to  spend  bis 
entire  fortune  to  n<-,v,mpllsb  his  purpose. 
The  project  was  ridiculed  by  the  newspa- 
per*,  and   many   obstacle*   were   auggesied. 

ill-  part]  i.-.M-hed  Sweden  lu  December. 
v  Ii  i"  Ur,  I'-.-i.l  m  .Minn-lied  to  leave  II 
and    rttare  aci-ount   of   sickness. 

■aatia  in  thr  War. — Kumanlan  partici- 
pation in  the  war  wa*  a  finality  foreseen  by 
all  do  y.-r  the  great  struggle,  but 

it  was  qtieslloouble  m  nil  tlmea  prior  to  tbe 
actual  di-eiarutlou  ns  to  which  of  the  belllg 
would  gain  the  support  of  the  Inland 
kingdom,  surrounded  !>;.  warring  a  Igbbora. 
..ii  Red  Boo*  "'lyH  t ii>-  lute  King 
Charles  «»>  LnformM  in  July.  191-1,  of  Aus- 
tria's proposed  ultimatum  to  Scrvla.  and 
promised  to  keep  hands  off.  King  Charles) 
worked  bastl  to  maintain  Rumanian  neu- 
trality, despite  Hi"  Allies 
crcuslng  pressure.    Crown  1'rBice  l'c-rdluand. 


European  War     Messages  and  I'apers  of  the  Presidents 


later    Kins,    Insisted.    k.n»»t»r.    Ih« 
wauled    war    Willi    Austral        Del      D 
King   (.'aarlcs.   utterly   discouraged.   Hid    to 
'.iistrUn    envoy.    "I    have   only    I 

10,   1014. 

•i the  Auatro  Mungnrlno  raln- 

totar  predict**!  td»i  n  rriti  .id  »r- 

lived. 

entente  was  Hi:.  :.  I  Hint 

It   woo  r    mi    II iii.-.i iii.ni    wis 

the    p  u,|    not 

-7  the  minister 
reported  that  King  Ferdinand  il.-ilnr.-.]  I 
have  the  umi'  Latent  lata    uncle, 

but    not    tliu   same    authority.  August    » 

*d    the    cession    of    a 

Snrt  tif   Hakim-Inn.   alleging   thnl   this   might 
ihrn  tbc  partlMnv  i>(   ic-uirallty.    Th* 
minister,     follow  lined, 

since    the    e«**h.n    would    I  ICn  - 

ma n In      fran  in  Hungary 

wMut  she  tl-ongnl  tin-  moment  propf- 
lloui  kastro  Hungarian 

Foreign  M: 

Bucharest  in  polul  ..ii  In  a  friendly  Inn* 
that  n  i.iiiI.t  mi 

Eld*  xiruug  war  prcpnrn- 
ry.     Tbc  r 
mbwit   t"   these   rapreaeatatioaa   on    August 
28.    the    mlnlf.IT    reports,    won    eviintie,    »» 

usual.     Tin.  night  »f   in..  Mill   I'm r  llrnt- 

Unti  <li<ci.« ri-. i  In  i  ■  mi  -..-.. -ii  with  the 
mini- 1   .-  II  i.-r  the  war 

only  If  att .  ih  liuuimila  de- 

clared war  un  the  sld*  of  the  Botente 

Invatiom    at    Bamdnia  ,—  Imrlog    tbe  lata 

summer  nf   1  it  I  ts.   Hie  i.ermans  bnd  launcbrd 

cporadlc   attack*   against    Ktituaula.    but   on 

ill),     ihn    campaign     rot     lao 

Suniplete  KiiiijuKation  of  the  country  ni  un- 
iTlakcti   In  m*  Inmdi-d 

from  two  points  n  utidvr  the 

eomniauil  of  Markcnncn  and  tbe.  .r  ei  under 
Kalkenheyo.  Itoih  tbc  division  proceeding 
through  'riiin.'jlvunla  and  tin.  division  pro- 
ceeding through   Hi..   |i..iirn|.i   -in-ill  ail  be- 

■ 
n miles   were   rclnfonrd  by    Russian   troop*: 
and     tbe    two    Orman    armies     effecting    a 
union  i  ipltal  fell  »nrlv 

tn   iiei'iiniH  r.  and   Kiini.-iniiiii..   ilk.-  Serbian*. 
iccuuio  a  people  without  a  country. 

Halite  of  Jutland. — During  tbe  spring  and 
Bummer   of  lt»lfl.   both   tfe  Orman   and   tho 
ti  bad   been   ni.il.lii;-   lone  sweeps, 
in  divisions,  through  the  North  Heal  ami  it 
hence  w»*  Inevitable  that  thev  -i 
At    2    P.    M.    on    May    31.    lOltt.    «    1 
division      under      sir      llatld      l;. .hi,      in 
countered,   ..it   the    uorthwi    I    coa»1    of   -l.it- 
Innd.     a     Ocrmnn     division     und.-r     Admiral 
inu   constat 
idron*  ..r  ;  .:  squadron* 

of  light  crul«*r*.  gad  (  torpedo  imnt  destroy- 
ers-, supported  by  4  *u;i.t  dr.adnnurhts.  The 
Oarman     division.    consisting    merely    of    S 

Suadroiix  nf  Imllle  -nil.,  r-  supported  by 
:>> t  craft,  waa  outnumbered,  nud  attempted 
to  fall  tiack  on  the  mnin  Herman  licet  Mcam 
lng   up   from    Helgoland. 

Sir-niil    II..  srith    Hi.'    two    I 

villous  utretchcd  out  In  niiim-i  parallel 
line*,  although  the  pursuit  carried  him  doner 
t.,  tin-  m u in  Qrginan  B«*l  •  I  nwny 

from   th-  main    Brll  «li   Heel    under  Jalllcoa 

which    also    »«'  IP   In    l"l"    In    tli" 

conflict.      At   3.48   I".   M     icnofl   commenced 
at   a  distance  of  about  20.000  vnrda. 
aide  »i'"!i  nd   tin- 

KnglUh  ••Indcfatlgabi.  rir-t   vi-«»l 

ta  -Ink-  altlimicli  the  ">n  lo«t  two 

deatroyers  when  their  nttsek  wns  met  by 
an  attack  from  the  Hrltlxli  il.-ntroyers.  Tlia 
latter.  Howev.i.   |.     i  in-.-nilv   when   lln-v  pur- 

*ued   their   adrnntnge   to  attempt    i Itack 

■p°D  the  German  light  crulacra.    The  "Queen 


also  noon   west   to   the  toltum  ;   aad 
by   i  n  ax  raging  n>r<. 

M   II,'.   P.  M  ,  lb-atly  atghted  the  advance 

-ii  battle  fleet,  and  fell  back 

to    the   mnlu    Ltrlthlh    fleet    whlrb    am    now 

also   approaching,    unil    whli  aged 

-\    heavy    liax--  .    gave  - 

rlxe   to  a   condition   of  -low  aesf 

It  waa  difficult  in  strike  n  deflalve  Mow;  and 

praetleally  wined  by  !1  P.  M.    J- 
attempted  durlug  the  right  and  later  durlx 
the  night  to   nit   un"   the   Cerumn   fleet   froaa 

Its  base,   hul   f d   In   the   0 

had    ii.  -  .1  :    and    the    Kr.cllib 

nn|   fnllow.   beenn.,-  of  tin-  dancer  of  mi 
Although     the    battle    <it  mlus 

Frobably  the  grvntnt  naval  battle  fought  Id 
In-  ni«i--rv  f.t  tv'  world.  V,  t  the  result« 
wen-  iinlei-Hlve.  The  llrltlsh  ae.-i.i  I  .  I  ^ 
nilti-reil  |h«   heavier  loa*»  -  rma 

llldlsi 

nrUed   ~   battle  crulner*.  3  eralans,  and 
oVvtroyera.  a  total   loan  In  tonnage  of  114.10 

ton*.       The    ll.-i.nnn-    confessed    to  a    I- 

linille.hl;..  •    lures 

i — a     mini    loss    la    tnwooce 
twna,     Th,  mimed,  hoa 

that   the  Cermunx   Iwi     i 

|0    Hi  ■  e  «_.. 

in    i,  denials  of  this  I'lnlm  most  t.-  discredit' 

il  Un-  fact  that  Berlin  jiliuhicd  t: 
aha  hail  for  -iiiiii-  1 1 in.-  r.-rii-,.!  to  \ 

Claim    of    the     III  -rnlng     tWO 

iboro   j'    Ii.-!     'for   mllltir 
ptirposes."      It     iii'.i.I     lx-    remembered    als 
that,    since    the    British    tut    U    luore   than 
twice  as  jmwerful   as  the  tlerman   fleet,   aov 

in     losa    of    more     than    80*     of 
British    loan    Is   In    It*   cftVcta    a   defeat    fur 
Ucrmauy. 

Peacv    Proposal*. — Chnorellnr    eon    Bell, 
ninun  llollweg.  ".t;     lutndei 

|0   the   IU...I-   '.r   the    I " n  1 1 ■-»!    KtatCi 

:  ,.  ii....iin:iil    -tha    itn.  tba 

rcprenent    Cerman    In  •    eap^ 

ltnln — the  following  nob  rnaonltted 

r.i  tin-  goTernments  ■•!  tiennanyl  eneailea: 
-rii,    most   ten 
■.us  been  raging  for  aim.  is  and 

ii    i.n If   In   a    large  pnrt   of   the   world 
catastrophe,    which    could   001    be   it.  . 
m1«  of  years  of  our  common 

lilev^ 

mini-  .if  humanity.     The  iplrltnal  and  ma 
which     '.-I--     the    pride    of 

-.  -.-Iiinilr.-     nr     the     twililleth 

■    rjr    nrc   tl,  lib    ruin 

"lirtmntir    and     her    allies.    Ai^trln  Hun 
,    !.:  and    I  ii  ii  pr 

nf     their     uncnnqneral ir.n.-Hi     in     ch 

struggle,      Thev    tin-  itle    a 

vantnges  over  their  adver  rlor 

u   mntrrlnl.     Our  line*  stand 
unshaken   against   evi  i  repeated    nttaeks 
the  armies  nf  our  en. -nil.  -        I  In    last  attac 
In   Ii  leu    ilnwn   rapldl; 

and  victorl'iii-lv.     The  :n-t  event-  prove  tha 

i  iher  continuance  of  tbe  war  will 
.ipinlli     unnlile    tn    I.n.nk   our    forces   of 

in. I    the    whole    situation  Juitlfle 
ii  expecting  further  suece»»e«.     th. 
nllleil   Powers  have  been  obliged   to  lal 
nriiiK  tn  defend  our  existence  and 
i.I     mil  ■  1 1 lull.       The    glorious    lie 

IT*    in   DO   way   altered 

Surpose       We  liutnlned   tl 

rm     Is-llef    thnt    cnir    rights     and     I 
claims   In   in.   way   contravene   the  rights 
nations. 
••iiur  nlra   I*  not   to   shatter  or   si 
our  adi.r-uriii-.     Inspired  by  the  conscious 
neas  of  military  and  economic  strength,  and 
ready  to  continue  Ihe  war  '.-reed 

Upas    ii»    to   the   last   extremity.    If   such   so 

nary,  but  at  the  same  time  Inspired 
the  desire  to  amid  further  bloodshed  ' 
make  an  and  of  tho  atrocities  of  war. 


Eneytlopcdk  Index 


European  War 


four    allied   Fowwfl   now   propose    to   eote* 
'with   Into   peace  negotiation*. 

pr«|iu*lilon*     which     we    bring    for 

'I   ncrnlnlliMiH   and   which    lint.    I 

•f   fuarant.  xl»t«ncc. 

lll-crty    of   erolutlUD    tor    our    n 
armrdlng    to    oor    tlrm    belief.    »">    "P. 
nriaie    bail*    for    the    «tahlUhra»nt    of 
Ing   pence       If   hi    spite   of   thin   nlT' r   ■.( 
r»  anil  reconciliation  the  utruggle  *hould 
on,    thr  four  allied    l"nwen<   nre   r- 
nttnae  It  to  ■  Tlct'  rl«u 
otecanly  dbola'-m   reapon- .li.illlv   fur  thla  be- 

.-.nil    lilatory.      The    h 
.-./rnnvnt    «»•  ""' 

•  ».k  tlir-  Oori  rn- 
,u. ,1    st.il  ■:    tli1« 

■  Hi-ration  to  the  kuo» 
niMt      of      [naming     each      Ix Uik.ti  nt 
ower  of  II":  rati  nta   ill  _ 

■rnmontt    at    Vienna.    Conatan- 
:lnoiil«  anil  Kona  iranxiulttod  Identical  u 
•  nd  alao  cegnraunlcatrd  with  fa*  Holy  8eu 
all  other   neutral   power*." 

week     after     the     (German     propoaal 
dent  Wilton,  through  Secretary  ol  i 
1-aa.dng.   «cnt  a  :h   of  the 

•-rent    power*,    suggesting:     that    they    take 
i ..      nltlatory    Mop*    to   bring    about   peoce. 
The.   not*   to   tbe  entente   group*   waa   de- 
ii.   France.   Italy.  Ja- 

Jtumnnla    mi  Hint    I"    the   central 

alUea,  to  Germany.  An*trl»-Huiig:i 

•  I  alao  to  nil  neutral  govern- 
ment" for  tlnlr  Information.  Tor  the  text 
of  the  not'   ii  RUM),  et  «ca. 

The   Kntente     (  :ig»   In   r»pl 

President  Wilton',  peac    note  ontlloed  terma 
which   would   hate  Indicated  defeat   (01 
many  In  tl>«  war    bul  which  had  the 
grace  of  belnit  dcllnlt*. 

gntmtr  Ptarn  Tr/tn#.— The  prupoMtl"  of 
thw   Entente    Allien    for    a    peace 
after  repeating  the  .tntement  in   their  replv 

ethe  Mac*,  propoaala  of  Oennnny  wlu.-h 
■Itted  that  all  danlCM  bo  the  world  of 
future  aggrewlon  on  u<  i'»rl  "f  Germany 
mint  be  removed.  Included  the  following 
fenfire*:       'Tig  Ion     of     It'  I 

Srrvla  and   >Ion1*D*tTO,  and  the  iDdeiv 
which  are  dtu   them  :   tbC     racoatlon  of  the 
Invaded  terrltorlea  of  France,  of  lltiv.l*  and 
of    R.  ■  with    iurt    repnrntion  ;    the 

restitution      of      province*      or      territories 
wreated  In  the  pmt  from  the  All! 
■  agnlnat  tin- w:  population"  ilhia 

Terence    bring    to    Alsace    and    Lorr 

I    ration   of   Itflllana,   of   Rial 
•  ntaoa.   and  of  Tehee  from   for- 

rn   domination    (reference   Including   iliu-c 
tustrlan    portion"   of    the    Itillon   peninsula 

litrlntlr   «hor*«   do-ln-d  by    Italy  i 
enfranri.l-   mml    of    population- 
the  bloodv  '  the  Turks:  the     ii.nl 

«1oo   from   Rurope  of  the  Ottoman   Kmplre 
■  including  t'niistantlnnplei  :"   n ml   the  fulil 
ment  of   th<  it  of  Roaala  to  grant 

'  .m  to  all  "f  Poland. 
Germany.  In  reply  to  Ihe  President"*  not*, 
efuae-d  to  mention  any  deflnlt*  terra*  on 
vhlrh.  ihe  tvnnld  be  wllllnk'  to  conalder  tho 
<tab|l»bmeiit  of  peace:  but  Baaer-ted 
-vlllingneit  to  dl«cus-<  peace  terma  with  rep- 
reaentatlvo*  of  the  countrlea  with  which  aho 
wa»  at  war. 

fnfroncc   r,f   the    VnUnl    Ufiit/.    into    thr 
line — On   Jan.  SI.    1P1T.   (Vmbaatador  ron 
liern«tnrlT  bild  be-fora  the  Stnt-  Deportment 
ii     .- .[niiiMiji.  »').. ii    from    the    liiiiierlnl    tier 
I   which   refrni  I.  il 
urevli.iiviv  irlvcu  lie  thot  power  t 
Ine    llmltattonii    upon     It-    atit-marlne 
imlenn.      Tin.    deferj  te   Mtm&    hj    (i.-riunnr 
lot  ihla  retraction  wna  a  statement  that  her 
enemlea  had  reaortnl  to  llieeal  warfnre  ontU 
Germany  ar»<«  iniuiiellcd  to  do  tlkewlaf-    Th« 


CMsmanlnttloo  announced  that  beginnlac 
with  Ketiroary  1.  1017.  all  ahlpa  eulcrluK  a 
blockade  lone  ettablM  '  Ihe  llrltlth 

l.lca  and  France,  and  alao  a   blockade  jone 
In    thr    Mcllt'rrnncan    Sea   aroumi    I 
and  Italy,  would  be  annk  on  aleht.  wll 
provUlon  for  tha  aafeti    or  th.ir  erewa  and 
irreapectlTe   of   their   inir|M.i*ea   and   c.i 

|  one   would    he   given   fur   ah 
before    thla    warning    waa    made    public    t" 
roach    their  i   nofety.    the  Cer- 

I   r  ii. i  ahtp. 
l«-lll«''r..nt   ,,r    n--utrnl.    would   be    «»f 
unannounc-il   atl 

!.l|i.    would    ho    lllOW     I 

prltlli  Might  >«ll  to  ami  from,  (ha 

port  of  Falmouth,  according  to  - 
down   by   Germany,    provided   tlmt   only   one 
ahlp  »    week    tool   nilrantor*  of  thla  offer, 
and   pi  it  ailch   ahlp  did   not   carry 

contraband  la  tho  German  Interpretation  of 
that  word. 

The  rotponae  of  tha  rhlttd  State*  to 
Germany'*  announcement  wna  prompt  nnd 
oaclaJre.  On  Fcbruory  S,  Irchbui  s\li>.  i, 
announced  to  CoueiviH  (lint  Auiliamador 
Ton  Bernatorff  hint  been  glTcu  hi- 
porn,  and  einrr«wd  a  fervent  wlah  that  Ihla 
action  would  convince  the  Inipei  I  i;  : 
man  Government  of  the  determination  of 
the  I'lii-i.i  Stal  d  it«  own  honor, 

and   »  not   to   eonnult 

an    overt    act    which    would     Ii  n.l     to    war. 
Tho    American     Ambflaudor     to    Gen 
.lamea    W.    <Jerar<l,    BrU    Batraettd    Bt    tho 
"H(  time  to  a»k  for  hi*  pnnporu. 

For  BOIB*  neeka.  the  outcome  of  the  ritu- 
ation   wnn   awali. 

world    with     brMthlaaa    In  terra  t      but 
wn»   no  Indication    that   Germany  waa  con 
ilderlng   reecling  from   tbe  position  ah. 
taken,      "n    Fenraarj    '^7. 
the   adjoutr.:  tb«    Blrty  f  mrtb    Con 

greaa.    Prealdent    Wilton   aaked   It   for   power 
to   orm   American    merchant    TMacfa      In     i 
eordnncc  with  a  pollei  of  ■mad  Dmtnlltr: 
i   group  ..t   Bentton.  whom  the 
haracterlred  a*  a  group  of  "wll 
ful  men  rrpreaentlng   no  opinion   bul   their 
own."  waa  enntilei]   In  r.ik.    HdvantajBC  of  tJIB 
■   '»   rutea   of   delnte   to   prevent   a   vote 
the  Mil  embodying  Pretldent  Wl 

"li   .  .'  their  action   waa  the 

Immediate   amend nl    ot    lb*   rule*   of  the 

Senate  i"  If  ilchnte  hv 

certain  regulation*  I  cloture  i  ;  and  the  policy 
of  armed  neutrality  n:i»  put  into  .rr.o-t.  it 
>Hn>n   heeame  however,   that.   In   tbe 

r:     ildenfa   word",   "the   poller  proved    to   b* 
Impraetlcahla."     American   ehlpn   war*   atlll 
mercllnaal]    -.ink    and   toe   sivtv  tlfth 
(■.■.tn/r  imtnoned   Into  apfctal  aeailon 

on  April  2.  1917.  On  the  evening  of  the 
aame   day.   the    Pretldent    ml. In  ...  u    the   Con 

.-nd  flaked 
It   to   declnre   that   tbe   acti  many 

bod  compelled  thl*  eount'5  m  thai 

•     •  ii  r .    nf  war  exitted   hei*  inlted 

Rtate»    und    Ihe     Imperial     (iermil       OoTcrn 
With  onl-  i  .  and  BO  Retire- 

M-ntntlve.   votln/ 

:  .-l.h.nrV     I 

I  iiritidiinceni.'nt  of  t»w  -ntrnnce  of  the 
rnifed  Btatei  Into  the  conflict  waa  mode  bv 
the  Prettdent  on  April  il.  Hut  n  few  dan 
f:ir.r  Cuba  followed  the  eranpls  of  the 
country  which  had  mode  her  frco. 

fjffrmnn  fafi-hni"  (n  thr  Wrttrrm  TTorf/f. — 
— Th.-  declalon  i- r  the  Pnlted  State*  to  rcc 
ognlie  thai 

niniiT  wm  Innfencd  by  annooncameoi  -nail.- 
i'ii:  tbnt  an  Incriminating 
note  from  the  German  foreh-m  cecretary. 
7liiim..rni:inn.  luiil  hcen  In ! 
Cnlted  States  Secret  Rervlre  The  note  ir» 
dated  from  Revlln.  on  Jannarv  19.  |oi7, 
and  w»a  addrnied  to  tbe  German  rolnlrter 


European  War    Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


In  Mexico.  The  text  of  the  Dote  is  ■■  fol- 
torn  i 

"Berlin,  Jan.  19.  1817. 

On  tbe  1st  of  February  wo  Intend  to  be- 
gin submarine  warfare  uuivstrleted.  In 
•pltx  if  til-  It  Is  our  intention  to  endeavor 
to  keep  neutral  the  United  Statci  of 
Amerlea. 

If  thlx  attempt  la  not  successful,  we 
Iir.'iiiixe-  an  nlllnnee  on  the  following  basis 
with  Mexico :  That  we  shall  make  war 
together  and  together  make  PMC*.     We  *ball 

rite   general   Ooanclal   rapport,   aud   It   t» 

understood  that  Mexico  Is  to  reconquer  tiie 
Inst  territory  In  New  Mexico.  Texas,  and 
Arizona.  The  detail*  in>  left  to  you  for 
ment. 
Toil  are  Instructed  to  Inform  the  President 
of  Mexico  of  the  above  In  the  grcnt>«t  con- 
fldi-nre  at  aoon   aa  It  i    that   there 

I  III  be  an  outbrenk  of  war  with  the  Tolled 
late*,  and  suggest  that  Him  1'ivxldeut  -t 
Mi'ilro,  on  bia  own  Initiative  tboiild  com- 
mutilente  with  Japan  suggesting  ridherenco 
at  once  to  tbla  plan.  At  the  Mine  time, 
orr-r  to  mediate  between  German*  aud 
Japan. 

Tleoae  call  to  the  attention  of  tbe  Pre*!- 
deal    .if    Mexico   that   fie  employment  of 

ruthless  submarine  warfare  now  promises 
to  compel  Knglnnd  to  make  pence  fa  a  few 
montlia. 

linmiaWi 

There  1«  no  evidence  that  either  Japan 
or    Mexico.   If  ti  i  '    the    note,    con- 

sidered acting  In  accordance  wltb  its  sug- 
n».  On  April  8,  tbe  fjoverumcut  of 
Aiixtrlii-IIungnrv  severed  illplomatlc  negoti- 
ations wltb  the  linlteil  States,  although  war 
waa  not  declared,  and  tbls  example  wax 
aoon  followed  b\  Turkey.  Late-  Id  April. 
Braxll  Ith  ilormany.  be- 

en  use  of  the  sinking  of  Brazilian  ablpx,  but 
war  waa  not  declared.  Many  of  the  coun- 
trlpx  of  Central  and  South  America  followed 
the  exnmnle  of  I' null. 

Througbiiot  1017.  the  State  Department  of 
the  i  lilted  State*  made  nubile  a  number  of 
documents  which  provil  Ix-yom!  ipie  Hun 
that  Oormany  bad  made  wldc-sprcr.d  an 
1 1  propaganda  In  neutral  conntrlcs. 
The  German  minister  to  argcntJns  had 
made  ux*  of  diplomatic  facilities  extended 
him    through     tni  .     of    Sweden    to 

transmit  to  bis  government  Information  re- 
garding I  In-  xiilllng  of  Argentine  ships,  wlt'i 
dlrecMona  that  tbel  be  lank  without 
"spnrlos  vimcnkt."  Count  Bcrostorff.  tie 
Herman  iiinbaxxiulor  In  the  1'nltcd  Slate*, 
for  months  had  been  expending  rati 
of  money  in  causing  strikes  and  destnfe- 
iiimi  .  r  property  Is  American  mnujfni-turlng 
establishments  an.!  In  endeavoring  to  Influ- 
ence American  public  opinion. 

For  Rttief  of  the  dexfltufe  la  Httglum  and 
nor'nera  Prancr.  see  Belgian  Relief. 

For  the  Ruiiian  Revolution,  see  Russia: 
ItuAiinn  Itrrulutton-. 

For  Bocialtit*  orwf  thr  War.  see  Socialism. 
Preparation*  of  file  f.'alfed  Btatet  for  Par- 
fliliHiiiiin  — Immeillati'ly  upon  'he  anm 
ment  by  the  President  and  i*nrr«n  or  the 
existence  of  a  state  of  war.  the  countrr 
went  Into  extensive  preparation*  to  prose- 
rnie  Ita  share  In  Ihe  conflict  wltb  tbe  ntmost 
of  Its  energy  and  resources.  Plans  made 
for  tbe  .enlargement  of  the  Army  (q.  v.  I 
and  ihi>  Navy  (a-  *-)  and  for  thi  industrial 
and  social  integration  of  the  counter  for  th» 
conflict  were  put  Into  Immediate  effect:  and 
new    plana    were    made    hy    newly-created 

boards  Ban  roimnl«"lnns.  (See  Council  of 
NntlonnI  Defense;  Navil  Consulting  Hoard: 
National  Food  Board:  TTnlted  States  Shin- 
ping  Board.!  A  eonserlptloii  act  waa 
pasted,   providing  for  a  first  war  army  of 


f.no.noo  men.  In  addition  to  the  recruiting 
of  the  Army  and  Navy  up  to  their  ful:  siir 
strength.  rx-l'rcsldent  Roosevelt  ph-aib-d 
for  inrmlBslou  to  Jesil  a  division  of  volun- 
teer* Into  France.  and  went  abend  with 
pinna  for  the   urgimlxntlio  of  such  a   force 

Congo-   <  anil   :»c  President  were 
slderlng    the   ndvisnhillt.v    «r    gi 
rei|ii, -.t.      j  terrier  force  was  moat 

Dd  arresting  C.er- 
mnn  splc"  nnd  pollers  In  this  countrv.  and 

none  of  the  .in: 
for    blocklii"  ■!<■,.   or    tbe   country's 

war   plani    was   carried    Into  effect.     Com- 
mlnloni  from  England.  Itnlv  and  Frav 
consult  and  to  give  advice  about  i 
patlon  In  thi    mi    «ere  received  with  ooea 
armx.    anil   a    commission    from    the    United 
States  to  her  new  ally,  the  democratic  flov- 
ernment  of   Rnostn.  wna  dl 
out    a    dlsxcniliu.-    vtite,    I'onure.x    passed    a 
udget  of  $7,000,000,000:  nnd  $2.. 
»>.000  offered     1  bonds  a*  the   ! 
Loan    1. 1    r.J    was   offered  generally   l 
country,    to  be  largely  oversubscribed.      I"x 
e   war   credits   were   granted    to   osar 
new   alih-..      Btatl    tod    municipal   govem- 

ivern- 
••peclall.r     In      the     elimina- 
tion   of   waste,    In    the    production    of    food. 
an.l    In    the    encouragement    ,.f    thrift    and 
reuiiumy.      Registration  ol   nil    men   between 
the  nir-s  of  ill  and  31  was  set  for  Jn 
On    May     10     President    Wilson    iid<« 
that  a  division  of   the  romlar  army   i 
2fl  POO   men'    Won  Id    be   dispatched    In 
ately  to  France  under  the  command  ol 
eral   Pershing.    Aviation  and  hospital   units 
from  the  United  States  also  were  dl-mtei-cd 
about  the  sane  time      President   Wilson  an- 
nounced  al«o   ou    Mar    10   that   he   did    not 
contemplnte  at  that  time  the  acceptance  of 
I'x-I'rc. blent    Roosevelt's    offer    to    lead    as 
expeditionary  force  into  France. 

Fr.mi    June    throughout    1S17,    American 
troop-  patched    to    ftaace,    where 

received   Intensive   training   before  be- 
ing sent  to  the  tiring  lluox. 

On  July  20,  101 T,  the  numbers  were  drawn 

the    draft    army,    which    bad    been    In- 

000,    and    hv    December    si! 

those  drawn   in  t'"-  lottery  were  In  canton. 

meats   receiving  training. 

The  Sixty-fifth   Congress,  by  Its  adjourn- 
early   In   October,   had   pax-.d   anpro- 
prlattom    tntnlllng    $21.000.000,0011. 
l.llllunx   of   this   amount,    however.    Wl 
Ioiiiib     to    the    ntln-r     Kntente    Allies:    and 
much  additional  wax  for  ful  uditure. 

lent  sought  and  oht-itned  leaialn- 
tlon    enabling    him    to    muhllUe    and    dlrecl 

the  coun- 
try. Tor  the  n-nr  taxes  leeled,  -■•■  inter- 
nal Revenue.  Mr.  Herbert  Hoorer,  for» 
merly  hend  of  the  Belgian  Hcllcf  CommU- 
xlou,  wnx  made  food  admlnlxtiator,  althou.-h 
his  powers  Wl  f:ir  short  of  those  of  a  food 
dictator  1  b ■■  Red  Cross  was  re-organl-ed  ; 
the   problem   of  providing   ships   for   ti 

ion   of  men   nnd   supplies   to   Europe 
k-orooslr:   and    the   entire 
-i   structure   of  the   land   was  re-or- 
ganlieil   for  food   jMirpoios. 

The  1'lrst  I-Ilierty  I.osn  of  K.OOO.000.000 
wns  offered   to  the   i'-oi>l  •  In  June,  lfll , 

irgely  oversubscribe*!,  as  «  i 
ond    Liberty    I»an,    offered    ta    Octolx-r     In 
which   more   than   $4,000,000,000   wa- 

leeted, 

A  feature  of  the  wnr  administration  of 
President  Wilson  was  the  enppr  -: .,.,  ,f 
papers  criticising  our  entrance  Into  and 
prosecution  of  the  wnr  to  the  point  w>-ere 
the  poxf-nffire  eut'-orltles  declared  that 
such  criticism  wna  hindering  the  country'! 
endeavors.  * 


Encyclopedic  Index 


European  War 


BtrrmslX  •/  Ar»»  tm  Atfutt  ft.  W7.— 

Enlisted 
Oaken. 

Regular  Amy    0.700    SM.OM 

National    Guard     1 1.000     300.000 

Itearrvu    Corps    .  IOiSOO       55.487 
i.'or|"»   (from   train- 
ing camps)    --T.a-ti 

Total*    BOMS    654.4S3 

(S.M1 

Total  Und  forces   Tm.iiiit 

Of  thl*  number.  100..147  had  enlisted  In 
the   regular  army  an  la   the.   Na- 

tional Guard  since  war  was  declared. 

In   tddltlon   to  thin  number,   there  were 
u  men  drifted   Into  UN  arssy  by  De- 
cember, a©  that  tbe  land  force*  of  the  Cnltcd 
ea  .l:i!i    i.  IB18,  |u.ibably  totalled  al- 
moat  1,700,000. 

Strength  of  .Vary  on  Att'juit  ».  0/7.— 

Regular  Nary,  enlisted  men 135,500 

Navel  .;.., diiii 

Natal  Militia  In  Federal  Service,  on- 

1I.I..I   men 11,000 

ll-xiiltal    Corp*.    Regular    Navy,    cu- 

ll»ted  men    0.000 

Henpllal  Curpa,   Naval  llesvrves,  co- 
llated   men     .         400 

Marine    Corp*,    officer*    and   enlisted 

MO     RS.11T 

224.0TT 

Approximate       number       of       naval 
officers     0.040 

283,117 
EuIIitoents  since  tt«  declaration  of  wir: 

Regular   Navy T&880 

Xnval    Reserve    force* 

Hospital  O .■■:■■  

Natliiu.il    Naval    Volunteer*..    

Marine   Corps    10.734 

121.514 

•hat  by  Jan.  1.  1018.  there  were  prob- 
ably »ome  3750/"  [.»■  naval  forces 
of  the  United  States. 

JVwjeewffo*  of  fae  War.  J9/7.— During  the 
winter  of  10HJ-HH7.  the  forces  struggling 
on  land  maintained  their  »faf«#  quo.  In  tbe 
WmItii  theatre  of  war.  desultory  I 
Ightlng  and  minor  maneuvers,  continued,  in 
England,    the   A«i>il|ii  enalltlna   cabinet   '""1 

tealgned  In  December.  1010.  to  be  suco led 

tiy  a  war  council  of  five  membet 
wltn  the  prosecution  or  the  eonflb  t,   under 
tba  direction   of   the   new   pren' 
George.      In   March,  the  Brlond  Mlnlitry  In 
France  mimed,  and  the  mm 

headed  hy  Klhor  ax  pr-'in!,  r    General  NI' 
who  ti ml  Hiii-reedr-d   Marshall  Joffre  as  com' 
mnndcr-ln-chlcf  of  the  Allied  armle*  la  the 
We»t    wn»    In    turn    un 
General  p«taln,  with  nn.- 
war    powem,      Field    Marihnl    von    1 1  Inden- 
ture waa  given   «upreme   command   of   tfc* 
German  armle*  and  General  Fslkenheyn  waa 
made  ehlef  of  ataft     T*1*  dl 
(la   due    to    the   revoluttan    In    March   would 
probably   have  been   made  bv  Germany  Ik* 
ore*. ion    for  a    D  :  lit   In    Hie   Fust, 

hnd  n'>f  the  Allien  liitmrlied  a  new  oil' 
rlMc    offensive. 

la    July.    growing    unrest    In    Germany 
reed  the  got  read 

ancblse  reform",  to  take  effect  In  tbe 
Reichstag  election*  for  the  coming  /ear. 
Trissstlsfsetloii  with  chancellor  von  Itct'i- 
non  Itollweg  forced  bl»  retirement,  and  tho 
succession  to  the  prei 
who  waa  succeeded  on  October  29.  1917.  by 


the  Prussian  Prime  Minister.  Count  George 
F.    voo    Itirtllsii,-. 

In   England,   Kin*  George   renounced  the 
title    Of    Hie    bead    Of    the 
over,  because  of  lta  German  derivation,  and 

filially    of 
Knglnnd    win    hereafter    be    tba    House   of 
Windsor,     in    Prance,    tin-    Rlhot    ministry 
was  forced   to   n  <lgn   la  .-: 
of   the  opposition   of   the  Socialist*,   awl   It 

the 
premlerstil,. 

:iy  of  Clemenceou.     For  the 
Russian    military    collapae.    and    the    VaU 
can'*  peace 
China    nl-.o  declared   war   on   Germany. 

Thr.-iiittli.m t  tbi  lOd  tall  "'■  1017. 

the  situation  on  the  Western  front  ■ 
i. nt  little.      -  be  i-  •-'  s   tr  neh  nghtlnn 
the  gala*  sllgM.   but   m«t  of   them 
to  fall  to  the  lot  of  the  Allies.     Tha  chief 

•-•  Interent  lay  In  I  In    n 
tie*  of  the 

and   the   feeling  among   tl 
lint    the    nnilerx  .i    v.    i 
to    counterbalance     the     addition     of    th* 

0     llii-l/     can! 
to  believe  that  their  llnal  victory  W8J 
a  matter  of  time. 

/irrrfopmenf*   fa   Oreeet. — By  treaty  ob- 
ligations, Qi i-  wax   bound    I"  ile.vinl  S»r- 

vla       In      case      of      attack:      Imt      • 

rthelna*  lofn  wl  to    id   when  Uoumania 
ntlaekol    Srvl.i     in     1815        II 
the  mate  of  the  Greek  people  were  pr.    Kn 

i.  ni.    in   i  .  inn  Hi.-  aympa 

:  ntui  tbe  Court  aten 
in.      The    powerful    ind    able    pi 

Vrulxi'llM.     .1 

ful  to  her  treaty  with  ll  the  King 

d,    and    Anally 

tlt.nal     .-nv.  r  ii :  in  nt.        I  '1-  -.uti.-u 

the  land.     Finally.   In   IMT,   the   Alllea  an- 
oonoced    that    (In  J     nmld    im    I 
Ibetr  eye*  to  what  they  declared  were  Ibe 
itrtgora   nf    c  iv    Kins     and 

El  I'-  it    him  I'.'IT. 

c  wa*  succeeded  by  his  second  eon. 

Greece  «onn  afterwardii  cast  In  her  lot  with 
tiir   Uniente  Alllea. 

Feffcoa   Pear*  Proffer.  It  17. — On  All 
II,   Ii •  1 T.   the   !• 

pence    t..    all     th  I'oii 

proposed  na   the   basis   for   nerotlatlona   tbe 

of  the 

nltk'N  of  a  punitive  ii-iinr- 

fur  lu- 
dependeno- :    tbe  D    i 'ranee 

and  ni  Dd  i" -e 

menl    of  tin    territorial   problem 
.1    hy    Alsace    and     I.-irrniue,     i 
Irredenta,  tw  Balkan  problem,  ii..,   I 
(Otlatlona  after  the  war. 
The    President   replied    to    the    Pope   on 

Ausilkt   '.".>.    hi  a  enminiii.le  Hpoke 

abra    fur   the   allie*   of   tbe   I'M: 
Tho    Prealdeiit.    after    rxpretMlng    apprecla- 
.,-  the  Pope's  nn  I  rerlnx  inmll- 

at'«o.  dr--w  up  nu  indictment  of  Germany 
as  a  falthleu  menace  t. .  II  -  Inn  "f 

the  wi.rhl.  and  declar 

man  government  rvmnloed  antocnitlc.  t^ere 
could  tie  no  gaaranten  It  at  n  peace  with 
1 1  would  be 

Ing  that  the  I'nlted  si.u.--.  would  take 
part   In   an   ecoi.  igalnat    Oer- 

after    the    war.    President    Wllmn   de- 
clared  that   until   Germany    ami   ruled 
ocrntlolly    hy    Its    people    InatMd 
eratlcally    by    a    <-a«te.    |b»re    cmld    be    no 
peace    negntlotlons    with    her.      The    I 
d.-nt    did    not    atnte   what    deflnii, 
would  meet  the  reoulrcmuuta  of  the  Alllea, 


European  War    Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


nor  did  he  cmnm-nt  upon  flic  other  definite 
proposals  of  the  Pope. 

Tbe  German   and  Austrian  replies  to  the 

Vatican.    |i •:  on    after    tlir    l'resl- 

t,  after  asserting  tlmt   normally 

and   Aintrla    hud   nlwnys  been   pence  loving, 

IVpr's  proposal  of  r. 
Ml     i  I  in  1  Til  t  !•■  I)    Of    ii-niMiM.nl-.     tod     the    es- 
tablishment  nf   International   arbitration. 
The   text   of  the   rope's  offer  and  of  the 
in  ii   will   in-  found  in  t in  ir  chrono- 
Iq    the    text    of    the    Mm 
■■Ken  nnd    I'apcr*   of   Hi-    !  indrr 

tliu  administration  of  I'reslduut  Wilton. 

Battle  of  Arms.— Early  In  February  be- 
can  the  flrat  of  the  grcnt  Oerman  retreats 

Of    |b<-     M.inir         The 

of  the  Homme  lmd  allowed  the  llrltlstl  to 
drive  a  wedge  Into  the  German  lines,  and 
persistent  attacks  bad  gradually  wl 
that  wedge  until  tbe  German  1 1  ti  ■  -  *  were  no 
longer  tenable.  Tbe  German*  prepared  their 
new  line  of  renin  Filndvnburg;  line) 

vcrv  carefully   i  i  .1   to  11    la 

t.rlt  f.i.liion.  taking  up  i  11..1I t li»ri  facing  the 
ton.  01  of  Arrus  and  Solssons.     Tbo  Germans 

tiUMued  their  policy  of  frlghtfiiliieiw  by  .le- 
loc.-atcly    wasting     the    countri      the*     were 

Ion.  In  such  want ■■;,  fashion 
as  to  lmpoverl»h  It  for  year*  to  COJM 

Against  the  new  Oermnn  llim.  the  Eng- 
lish launched  a  general  attack  at  dawn  of 
1  Monday,  April  ■.>.  1917.  The  offeu. 
alve  wns  along  11  1.". -mile  front  wltl 
ai  tbe  objective  nt  one  end  nnd  St.  Quentln 
at  the  otli.-i  and.  Despite  the  fmel  ihat  tho 
attack   waa    launched   in   hitter  weather,   it 

-;.-. |.  III. le     nn.l   ilnv   after    day    Hie   QlT- 
tnana    retreated,    tin-    English    taking    above 

1  dally.     Nol      Inci    1 
ginning   (,r   the  war    whh   the  attack    ! 
ao    comprehensive,    and    the    nrtlllerr    bom- 
bardment   rlinlled   ihat   aronnd   Verdun   In 
the   pi  rear.      From   the  day   of  the 

Inauguration  of  the  offensive.  when  ON 
Canadians  captured  the  Vlmy  rldgc.  to  the 
in.;  ,.r  irii  il:i •  -  tba  AlltcK  gained  more 
ground  than  they  hail  previously  galnjrd  In 
the  0  months  since  the  Bottle  of  tbe  jlnmme. 
After  the  first  .*.  days,  the  French  also  dollv- 
.  n  i  smashing  hlnsi :  ami  the  retreat  of  the 
Oermans  along  their  whole  Una  covered  a 
■  considerable  nnmher  of  mile".  Itv  May  1. 
tin.  and  of  the  offensive  was  In  aval 
he  Mnv  IB,  Germany  wns  able  to  deliver 
several  successful    counter-attacks. 

Ru**tn»  CotUlP'e.     1I>I7.— For 

scleral    months    after    the    Russian    Itevolu- 
tlon    <<j.    v.).    Germauy    isenia    to    have    W 

fralueil    from   nny    attacks   upon    that    • 

try    been  use    of    the    hope    of    concluding    a 
separate    pence    with    her.      A    strong    Rus- 

(hui  offensive  in  July,  however,   wi 
proof  that  itiissiM  sru  determined  t..    tick 
by    her    nllles.    and    G  rn  rdlngly 

launched  a  heavy  attack  Inter  In  the  month, 

The   Inevitable    1  from    tba   entha- 

slam  of  tbe  Revolution  It  this  tlBV 
eooMiMnv  Russia,  and  she  wns  unnble  to 
to  pr  .oil  any  roll- Mlornhlf  rrvistaiice  to 
Herman  advance.  Many  Of  the  radi- 
cals anil  the  iineiflsts  wen-  not  In  fnvor  of 
eonl  nnlng  tbe  war,  and  the  consequent 
fflaarga  nidation  In  tho  urtnv  made  Her 
mnuy's  task  easy.  On  September  3,  Riga 
wns  occupied.  11ml  In  October,  Herman  war- 
ships   penetrated    Into    tbe   Oulf    of    Riga. 

In  July,  the  Socialist  Kerensky  had  re- 
placed I.voff  a*  premier,  and  the  government 
became  more  radical  In  Its  personnel.  K.-r- 
ensky  dlsplay-d  remarkable  powers  of  or 
ganliatlon.  and  made  great  strides  toward 
resurrecting  Roaala'a  military  strength. 
The  llolshevlkl,  or  uncompromising  Social* 
tats,  nevertheless  at  latest  reports  wen  In- 
creasing lu  power ;  and  tbe  date  on  which 


Russian    armlea   could    again    b*   of   great 
assistance   to   their  allies   was   prob; 
cat. 

On   September   9,    II  il    Koral- 

I01T.    v.  .  iccecdcd    I'i 

cesaor    of  commniol 

nilxd  the  standard  of   retoll    In    beJsalf  of 

itlnnal  democrat*,  ot  mudei 
against   tbe  Socialist   1  i,   but  »«»» 

iiUKueceNsful.  and  saw  his  revolt  pot  down 
bj    Keren  sky    with    llltlij    ■■  n.rtly 

srnrda,    the    Cabinet   proelmm 

llnfor.-  thi  .17.   Ker»»- 

sky  had  t>een  replaced  by  0  government  of 

olkbcvlkl    <i|.    v.l.    in  and 

In  I  h-rein  1st.  an  nnnlsllr*  be- 
tween IliKsin  and  ltoumanln  and  Uenuaay 
was  announced. 

'mn».</n    of    Itttlv-    •  very    no 

to.  mi  of  tbe  declaration  of  war  against  Aus- 
tria.   Italy    had    confined    her    exertions    In 

I    :■-•   the  in  ■  Italia    It 

v.l    and    to    surruuuil 
lory    lying    alonj  a    the 

two   countries.      That   border    l»    con 
of  mountain  ran  le.  and 

tbe  Italian  progress,  although  «urv,  sraa 
alow,  iiy  November.  inT.  ,1  t.i-.md  ts-lt  of 
Austrian  territory  mure  than  30  miles  tn 
width  iiinl  is.'ii  roouuered  and  neeupltd  by 
the  Italian  artnli  '  .oioms  . 

and  the  Italian  flag  was  getting  closer  I 

■ 
On   Nov.iuiier  1,  1917,  however,   tin 
man  General  start  launched   two 
terrlbli  v    were   unexpected   against 

in..    Italian    line     which    had    become    con 
slderabl;    . m.  m.i.-.i        (Tie  attacking   forcen 
were    large.)     of     seasoned      lerinnti 
iiiuhr   von   HSCkanaon.      nne  force  ad-. 
through   i-i. -.•'o  and    1 

er    waa    making    a    flanking    lti"» Ill    to    the 

northeiMt.      The  flr»t   attack  drore  tli 

wmi  to  the  plains  around  t'dine 
and   -  nd   i-  mi   the   luiimi   .: 

sharply    that    G-.rl/li    niol    the    siirruiiiidlsg 
land    to    the    south    had    aLso    to    be    ahaa- 
iioneii.     The  Oermnn   flanking   fo 
Dortbsasl   meanwhile  was  not   to  !-*-  -i 
and  llidomn  w«'   eonfronti  threat 

of  being   altogether  surrounded.     Tbe  only 
a  a  general  1   treat  into  Italy ; 
mi. 1    despite    in,,    rapidity    wiiii 

ms  moved,  by  sklliul  ■tretrsry  he  was 
mMi-    to    n-iii-h     the     t  *.-r    tn 

-.in.  loss  of  I  ncrs  and 

-   cannon,       Che    1 

.ii.i.-.l   1 upv   tbe  northern   bounda 

Italy    to    tie-   extent    of   more   than   thirty 

IVe      llllles. 

At   tbe   Tnirlla 11(0    Rtvei 

lint     the     Germans    continued     their 
thinking      1  and     a     general     re 

I1e.1l     Ktlll    farther    Into    Italy    was    01 

There  seemed  to  he  hope  that   Venlc    could 

i,        i v ■  - . I    from    the    itiTiider".    and    that    a 

-dil     winter     stand     conld     lie     made 

farther    north    than    the    Aillge    or    the    Po 

rivers. 

/in-    Italian    disaster    called    forth    greet 
re-lnfor.  ementi    from    the  dally 

In    ■uiipiie-. ;    nnd    the   conacltinaneas    among 
the    Allied    lenders    that    the    dlsasti 
1m-.ii   made   possible   largely  by   the  lack  of 
unlileii  .eat   of   the   war  among-  tba 

Rntentc  Allies  led  i"  toe  formation  -i  .1 
central  Allied  war  council,  with  power  to 
direct   all    military   operations. 

The  l'nrfttrtrti.tl  ntrmnn  f-ubmnn'tio  War- 
fore. — Soon  after  tbe  losoKaratloo  of  nor. 
etrli-tcd  Herman  suhinnrlne  warfare  on  Feb. 
1.  1»17.  the  Allliil  countries  reftm-d  to  make 
official  announcement*  of  tbe  proportion  of 
their  tonnage  Which  the  nihmnrin. 
accounted  for.  so  that  the  suecess  of  the 
submarines  up  to  June  I.  1P17.  Is  largely 
a  matter  of  opinion.     Tbe  following  butt. 


Encyclopedic  Index 


European  War 


ir»    Indicative?      A    Berlin    ctl- 

*M»  «*  -lan-sary  «.  i:>lT.   tb«  day   iwfore 

IV     MMomptlnti    of    unrestricted     wiirfnrn 

thai  4.1KK'  r  the 

nnd  i*co  deatrored.  lnclud- 

fti  .i.rmuAio  ton*,  or  lft*.  ol  ii-itM.  «bip- 

p*n*.      Purine  the  <■«  mouth  of  fnln 

ted  warfare  had  aceonotrd 
.     Including  52 
Miral   aim,    107    llrl 

»-1lM»       tif    otfc--r     hellli:.  Ill     will     ho 

-wte-rj    tMt  th*  firroun  Mtlmat*  of  the  tntnl 

Brit  1Kb    tonnage    ahm  11 wa* 

*—*    to  2O.00O.""  ••urine  (lie   la-it 

;f'10.  the  average  nmntiilr 

Maoajre  soak    wy    f.ermnn    -.iibniarlne*   win 

LIMM:  no  that  tti  fine 

iv  t«M  seem  to  bate  lucrea**.!  «nb- 

»»  »ac-.  ii  ;    OTM  the  old 

IB,     Dv  h  ami  April 

•atimarla**   were   more    »u< '"I.   *I- 

iart  not  wtn  to  br  not  war- 

r«c  th*  bell-f   that   tli»j  accounted  for 
Mntaaaa*  nrar    til*    l.iHmiiiiil-iiiark    monthly. 
X'     \v    !..   sauadora.  of   I .•■■   I'm:  rt 
--aval    •  Board    m 

rartjr  IT.   "ml   t  lira  of 

•V    Rnard  had  dlicoTcred  mean-  of  making 

murine  warfare  Ineffective  :  but 
•»««t„  -tat' 

.  admitted 
tier*    were    Indication,  that    tliU  eon- 
latino  wan  by  ao  means  a  r-raoti    i 

i"h»  Mar  (.   1017    ■  n..tllln  of  lulled 
at-**    mrr-it"    r-ost    di-troj»r*   Joined    tlio 
r«*l«-»  •o.iin.lr.n   In   tin-    Sortb 
•tl»<-lt  oa  •obenarlac*. 
-"•»r    the    flrat    rlirht    mnnth-    «t    1UI7.    It 

ton* 
;  -<l    and    oentr   : 

rman    submarines.      'I 
taut-.--  nut     raider 

-"•a*"-*  or  ablpe  which  were  dinnairvd  lait 
•T*  Warhol  or  Dot  ■link.  AitaluM  tln« 
laai   tntirt  be  pin  lurlim   this 

[etlcHj   of  un>   S0O,C">0   ton*.      A   cm 

upon    to*  accuracy  of   the**  fig-urea  la 

fart  tlial  thr  ' 
t-  (Sormany    herself   la   only 

I  •■<!   bMH 
-  -«ar**  tamed  from  London  Indicate  that 
•*»    ■nha>«rln*    m»n*<r  w    during 

**t>t»*-b*r    a  till    OctoJier    than     during    thu 
"»a«t  n-K-nlba. 
fearfif  »f   rombral.    -On    the   tnnrnlnir    "T 
•T.    IBf    Iirltl-.li 
»»»«h*d  a  carefully-prepared  and  carefully- 
8"S"«M  attack  upou   thp  <Jcrnian  trpnehea 
■  troii    of    ii"     villa**   of   Cambrnl       The 
*U*»  »:,  [ank«."   or   tiac- 

i  had  l-een  massed  before  th* 
J"-ht  of  attack  without  Ilia  knowloda*  of 
*t  {B*aT,   and   wblch  »  n  ■ 

i  rman  Ii  nrhn  in   iln-lr  ad- 

JJ"o»  «o  ilut  tup  lirltl-li  trooni  could  pour 

*»•    irrmrndoua    ■rtlil-n 

:  altnoal  »2  mil**   from 

**««!  ilmo^t   tn  Mr.     Iml    Hip   ail- 

.    ■*»   on   a    rrnnt   of  about    12 

Th'  MtHrk    la»t~l    four    ttoyi    b»l 

irltlah 

'"  »iTr.tn»d    «U    mllra    nt   cortnln    pi 

J™fai  Ivaaea  iloni  n  "rro 

™»   frt«r.    and    iralnlm:    alioxpfbtr    more 

ritory  and  lomn 

»pr»      ThU  ir»ln  of  cround  r*p- 

Ip'ata  t)«    icr.-»ti.t     Allied    advancp    «lnc* 

'  Kattlr  of  tbi  i  more  than  araa 

••»»«    In     fcur     mnntliH'     Hitlitlnv    at     th.- 

"Oaje.     I'ainlirai  llaelf.  an  rnll- 

[JJil  and  hia-hwnr  ■-•ntpr.  araa  not  

•*c»  reeoT*reil  fr<im   their  •un.rl- 

iniiui'iiinl  ten  in      ountvr- 
arii:  .  .1-,  mii'i  ,|    i . . .   Itlona   of 

tkt  hrltlih.    wlnnlui-    many    of    th>>m    back. 


Th*ai>    eoiinl«r-aitaeka    eontlnueil    well    iBtO 

lipi-.-mbcr.  and  aui eded  I"  more 

than    ono-thtrd    of    the    ground    wblcb     UM 

ItrllUI,      Ii;     I 

'■n/ifurr  nf  Ji-rumjrm. — Soon  ifttT  "" 
eotnac*  of  Torkeji  Into  the  arar,  n  Turkish 
attack   itrilTut    Keri't   nnd    ti  e    Hoa    Canol 

laum    ni     i    n    ■    ii"-    Slnnl    netili 
In    N  .i    nil.  r,  I'Jll,  lb*  Turk*  nrrl-..-.|  aitn- 
5  —rlk |g  -  dlMlnn  ■■  -I  Ih*  final  a(  •••■•  -ml 
nolnla.  but  nfter  m-eernl  tiimitli"  ««rr  drlrcn 
IwiPk  a  eonalderahl*  dlatar. 

In  Jim.-.  I'.H'.,  howornr,  the  Turks  ad- 
vaneed  turaln.  and  lot  to  wlihln  fifteen  mllea 
.,r  Hi.'  roTited  water  |««.ir*.  only  to  ha  de- 
feated axaln. 

In    liecemher.     HUH.     th*    Ilrlti 

i  ded    la    drlvlm:    th.    Turk*    nlfn.: 
out   'if  Kxvpt.  and  ln«uirur.ii"ii  an   advance 
or    tin  nlo    i  1 1.  -r in.-,      l'.v    March 

1017.  thev  hid  advanced  to  the  •Ire  of  *u- 

ctool  Hebron,  nri"n  miie«  tootb  of 

»»teui.      Tin-    lo-rit'il    mmnicr    wiutlier    i"in 
.  a  lull  In  operation*  and  n  retirement 

nnt  ll   •  ■    i    ill  I    onl      i]    N    i   i f. 

■a   v.,  re   In   IirltUh  I 
iii.i   hv    i i.-c-.-iii-i-t   Hebron    bed   ifaln 

nml    Jiiff*.     the     port     ol     .1 
aUo  wn«  utnl.r    tn*    HrltlHli    Baa 
wu    thin    inrrounded,    but     the    In- 
for.-»«  proceeded  »i'h  cautloi  aol  to 

th*    hoi)     place*    of    tin-    .Hv:    nnd 
leni    «n-    nur    ilnnlly   *urrendered    mi- 
ni   H.  1017. 

Ettrope*a  War: 
Alien   Property   OnstodUn.  offlc«  of, 

enrntad  ui  espial I,  8372,  8380. 

Alien*,  enemy — 

Direct iona  for  conrluet  of,  884*. 

LtottSg   of,   for    International    RtNl 
■  ■.  B874. 
America's  aims  In,  8232,  8250,  8270, 

B877. 
"AticoiiB."    rirntr«t    to    Austria    On 

ainking  of,  811 7,1 
AntiglHlllB    to   Amcricft's    pnrtieipa- 

tiiui   in,  <1lneu»«eil,  - 
ArViitntioii,  Labor,  gt*p»  for,  8059. 
Arm-    I    u.ni  ralit> — 

Dtai  96, 

Impracticnblo  a*  tlefen*e>  of  Amer- 
ican  right*   agnintit   (leriuan    air 

greoalon,  BS87,   82S8. 
Neecnaity  for  8ml  support  of,  B 
pi    ,,-v    (0    I"-    |uit     falM    e'Tr.l     iiu.l 

authoritv     for    mieli    n    Itep 

queate.l,'  S209. 
Statement  of  1'rrsident  WUsOD  BOB 

rerninir  of    Contrreaa    to 

h  legislation    for.  8M7, 
Am  i  peal  for  atrickeu,  8381. 

Anatria-Hungnry— 

Oonnan  away  over,  tliocuawrl,  8278. 
Note   of,   to'  Bervia   in   July.    1914, 

n   mere   ningle   »tep   in   Paii-Uer 

Bwabm,  B87B. 
Note  to  neutrals,  suggesting   me.ll- 

ntion,  8189. 
Protest    to,    on    ainking   of    «'An- 

coua,"  8117.   - 
Replv    of,    to    note    on    sinking   of 

-118. 
Reply  of,   to  Pope's  pcaee  proffer, 

on*  peace,  8199. 


European  War     Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Banking  strength  vital  In  prosecut- 

Btlgi  of.  to  Wilson  proposal 

for   peace-  conference,   8196. 

npathy  of   America   for, 

Bloeknde  of  European  wattn,  protest 

to  British  and  French  gci 

agninst,  - 
Bi  nnw  ■ 

Export,  control  of.  by  government, 
8301. 

Price-fixing,  831 1. 

Profits    and    patriotism    nti  -  n  - 1 . 1     not. 

be  mentioned  in  the  same  bro:ith. 

orahip — 
Board  created,  8369. 

I: 

Kti.'O   iii   Poatmtftw- 

geuernt,  8371. 

I '  replica  to  soundings 
on  peace,  8199. 
Replies    to    Tope's    peace    proffer, 

Ion  of  food,  urged,  l 
Contraband,    food-stuff*    should    not 

in-  eluwd  n«, 
Co-operation   of  all  forces  n*ce**arv 
to  Win,  B860,  BtSS,  BS68,  8260. 
vpondenca  growing  oat  of,  8055. 

aluO  Diplomatic  Notes  to 
and  from  the  several  belligerents 
iii  the  index  under  Wilson, 
Woodrow.) 

it  ions  of  London— 
id  Inrtng  European  War,  8287. 
led  and  explained.  S2S4. 
Defence   organization*.   Treasury   Do- 
tent  officials  may  be  appointed 
to,  8247. 

Outre    8en     Area*,    created     and 
regulated  -<338. 

Democracy  the  stake  in  the  conflict, 

8256. 
Draft- 
Exemption   of  government   officials 

from,  explained,  8320. 
Registration  for,  in — 
Alaska,  8303. 

Continental  United  State*,  8256. 
Hawaii.  8304. 
Porto  Rico,  8302. 
Roles  and  regulations  for,  8306. 
Drifting  miues  and  submarine*,   sug- 
gested agreement  on  use  of,  8057. 
Germany's  defense  of  uso  of.  8058. 
Education  in  new  national  problems, 

nxked  of  school  officials,  8331. 
Effect  of,  upon  American  trade,  8015. 
Eight- hour  law  suspended,  8838,  8253, 

161. 
Embargo- 
On  coin,  bullion  and  currency.  8355. 
On    various   commodities,   8333. 
Emergency  Fleet  Corporation,  powers 
of.  8316. 


Entente     Allies     (See     also     Great 
Britain)— 
Reply     of,     to     American     protest 
ngriinn   interference  with   m 
8165, 
Reply  of,  to  Central  Powers'  offer 
In  i-i|M'ii   pence  negotiation*,  8193. 
Reply    of,    to    Wilson    proposal   for 

pence  conference,  81115. 
War  alms  of,  - 
Exports,  control   of,   explained,  8301. 

(Sec  also  Embargo.) 
Exports  Council,  creation  of,  8300, 
First    years    of,    effect    on    America, 

8221. 
Flags,  nentral,  protest  against  use  of 

by  belligerents,  8006. 
Food,  value  of,  as  agent  of  war,  8250. 

Conservation  of,  asked,  S379. 
Food    Administration — 
Agriculture     Department,    relation 

of,  to,  8262. 
Bureaucracy  will  not  develop  from, 

8263. 
Certain     details    of,    assigned     to 

Treasury    Department,   8351. 
Grain  Corporation,  created,  8324. 
Licensing  of — 

Commodities,   8362. 

Sugar     importers     and     refiners. 

8352. 
Wheal  lad  tya  elevators  and  mil- 

R.  <|iii*ition    of    foods    and    feeds, 
provision   for,  8376. 
Foodstuffs- 
Germany's     position    on     importa- 
tion of,  8058. 
Interference    with     shipments     of, 

8057. 
Should  not  bo  classified  as  contra- 
band, 8057. 
Foreign    inspectors,   employment   of, 

authorised,  8272. 
Foreign  policy  of  United  States — 
New  note  struck  in,  8288. 
Traditional  and  historical,  S282. 
Freedom  of  Speech  and  Press  in  war 

time,   discussed,  8358. 
Freedom  of  the  8ea»— 

to  the  seas,  necessary  for  en- 
during pcacoi  8202. 
The  traditional  American  principle, 

BS83. 
Violated  by  Germany,  8289,  8290. 
"Fry,"  8.  8.,  cose  of,  discussed,  8210. 
Fuel  controller,  appointment  of,  8330. 
Germany- 
Announcing    resumption    of    unre- 
stricted submarine  warfare,  8204. 
Arbitration    treaty    with,   absence 

of.  deplored,  8289. 
Conditions   upon   which   submarine 
warfare     would     be     restricted, 
8057. 


Encyclopedic  Index 


European  War 


Diplomatic  relations  with,  severed, 

faoa. 

Freedom  of  the  icu  violated  by, 

8289,  Sl: 
Government   of— 

Ami   people,  tlixt Itietion   between, 
8278. 

Autocratic,  character  of,  8230. 

(  rfaOM    of,    8SM    et     boij..    8271, 
8290,  8296,  8297,  B 

Menace*  democracy  and  peace  of 
tlie  world,  8227. 
Injurandi   companies  of — 

Burred  from  marine  and  war  risk 
insurance,    8311. 

Permitted    to    continue    business 
Id  1 
International  law  violated  by.  8289. 
Kultur  aim*  oi 

Note  to,  discussing  dangers  of  war 
zone,  8055. 

Reply  to,  8057. 
Nob-   to  M 

Note  to  neutrals,  suggesting  medi- 
ation,  8187. 
Note  to,  on  sinking  of  "Sussex," 

8125. 
Note  to  President  Wilson  proposing 

MM  conference  of  belligerents, 

8193. 
Note   to   Vatican   suggesting  medi- 
ation, 81H8. 
Pan-Germanism,    denounced,    8278. 
Peace  nroponli  of,  JUT. 

Anslrsed,  8292.  8293. 

Kcpllei   to,   8193. 
People    of,    faith    of    America    in, 

Reply  of,  to  charges  made  by  En- 
tente Allien,  8197. 

Rcplv  of,  to  note  on  sinking  of 
"Sussex,"  8127. 

Reply  of,  to  Pope 's  peace  proposals, 

Spy  system  of,  denounced,  8231. 

.i .i  -..in r .-i  l: ilit  ■.     ill'.    Bat    in- 
struction of  American  snipe, 

"Sussex,"  protest  to  Germany  on 
sinking  of,  8127. 

Victory  of,  evil  results  which  would 
flow   from,   8210. 

Wnr  aims  of,  8293. 

War    with,    recognition    and    an- 
nouncement   of,   8226,   8242. 
Government   service — 

Employees  in,  exemption  of,  from 
drnft.  explained,  8320. 

Foreign    inspectors  in,  employment 
of,  authorised,  81 
Grain  Corporation,  Pood  Administra- 
tion, created.  K 
Great   Britain— 

Controversy  with,  soon  after  out- 
break of  wnr,  discussed,  82R7. 

Protc»t  to,  against  black-listing  of 
American  firms,  8143. 


Protest  to.  against  use  of  neutral 
flags,  8056. 

■  ii".     tn     American     protest 

against    Mack  list,    S 

Reply  of.  il    Powers'   offer 

to  8MB   paaee  negotiations,  S193. 

"Honrntoaie,"   B.  EL,    caaa  of,  dia- 

coated.  8210. 
"Bow   tin-   Wnr  Came  to   Amcri. 
Bed,  WbJt  ■  and  Bio 

Identic   notes  of  pf| 

i»ii  nini  Kr.  neb  ii  nta,  8059. 

Industrie*,  Importi ■  of,  to  proeeee- 

Of  war,  S250. 
■  ■  :■*•■-  -  Companies,  Germnn.      (Sco 
Germany,  Insurance  Companies  of). 

■    ofliet-rs 
men   of  the   A 
•i.    •::."i0. 
International  law,  no  right  eoaei 

nuneni  to  viol 
Internnt-ional  l.ited    by   Ger- 

naj 
Isolation     of    United    States    ended, 

Labor — 

Disputes,  diseusscil,   - 
Loyalty  of,  discussed,  8349. 
Standards  of.  must  not   he  lowered, 
even  in  war  times, 
"Law,    Lyman    M."   S.   8.,   easo    of, 

discussed,  8210. 
League   for  Peace — 

All    belligerents   profess   to   desire, 
8191. 

HUoni  under  n-liic-li  the  Traited 
States  would 
ty    l>ay,  proclaimed,  8365. 
■•■>mg   of — 
Cotni,.  -i362. 

Sugar  importer*  and  refiners,  8352. 
Wheat  and  rye  elevators  and 
lers,    £322. 
"Little   group   of   wilful    men,"   de- 
nounced fin    impeding  armed  neo- 
tralit 

■'!... 

Malls,  interference  with  bv  Entente 

Allies,   8165. 
Mediation   suggested   to   belligerents, 

8190. 
Militia   called   into   national   service, 

ft.100, 
Monroe  Doctrine — 

M90. 

Ma»t   beeomi    world-wide,  "MS. 
Munitions,    snle    of,    to  cnte 

while   neutral,  due 
Nationalities.  large  and  small,  right* 

of,   to   develop,   8202. 
Neutral  flags — 

Protest  against  use  of  by  belliger- 
ents, 8' 

Use  of,  mentioned,   DOBS. 


Juropean  War    Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Violation  of,  by  French   and  Brit- 
ish, 

Neutral    Vessels— 

Manner  of  dealing  with  by  bellig- 
erent*,  Si 
Rights  of,  upheld,  8055. 
Neutrality  of  United  State*  in,  7978. 
Neutrality  proclaimed  at  outbreak  of 
!i  — 
Austria  Hungary  and  Servia;  Ger- 
many and  Prance,  7969. 
Austria -Hungary  and   Kussia,  7974. 
Belgium  ami  Austria-Hungary,  7974. 
Belgium  and  QennaUOj,  7976. 
Prance  and  Austria  Hungary,  7975. 
nany  and  Great  Britain,  7974. 
Great     Britain     and     Auxtria  Hun- 
gary, 7'-1 
Great  Britain  and  Turkey,  8014. 
Italy  and  Austria  -Hungary,  8065. 
Japan  and   Austria-Hungary,  7977. 
Japan  and  Germany.  7977. 
remit  ion  of  American,  8102. 
Neutrality    (8ee  Proclamation,  Neu- 
trality)— 
Appeal  to  citizen*  to  observe,  7978. 
Observed,  8286. 
Terminated.  8297. 
Note    to    belligerents    suggesting    me 

Object*  of  belligerent*,  as  officially 
stated,   1 1  sl91. 

Order  for  r. .lief,  protection  and  trans- 
portation home  of  Americans  in 
Europe  at  outbreak  of,  7961. 

Order  in  ('..niicil,  protest  against  car- 
rying  out    of,   8059. 

Overt   Act — 
Avoided   t.-mpeir.-irlly,   BSIOl 
Necessary   to   persuade   of   deliber- 
ately   hostile    intentions    on    the 

part 

Panama  Canal — 

Defensive  sea  area  for,  proclaimed. 

Neutrality  and  protection  of,  rule* 
for,    proclaimed,    S266. 
Pan-Germanism,      denounced,      8278, 

8295. 
Passport*,  regulation*  for,  8275. 
Peace — 

League  for,  conditions  under 

United  State*  would   join,   8200. 
Note  from    P  evident    Wliaoa,  and 
rep:  to,  8190. 

Analyzed,  8293. 
Of  the  people  the  aim  of  America, 

8294. 
Overtures  from — 
An .tria,  H189. 
Germany,  *187. 
The  Pope,  8340. 

Hcplic*     thereto,     8841,     8344, 
IMA 
United  States,  8190. 


Perpetual,  bases  of,  analysed, 

et    scq. 

Proposal*  i 

Analyzed,  8292. 
Term*  should   be  stated,  8192. 
United  Btatee  restrained  loaf 
war  by  hope  of  becoming  arbiter 
of,  8292. 
Without  Victory— 

Address    of    President     Wilson, 
BIW. 
Analyzed,  8S8 
Boaponee   to,    from    Genuany. 

Analvz., 
Ncaata  Ij  of,  si92. 

I'i-turw  of.  see  7984,  8032,  8080,  809*3, 
SIM,  8192,  8200,  mad  descriptions 
on  back. 

Poland,   '•     lOa  of,  demanded,  8202. 

Pope  of  Rome- 
Mediation  offer  from,  8340. 
Replies  to,   8X41,  8344,  1 

Postmaster-general,     censorship      *d 
ininiBf  rni  H  ii   ii-slgued  to,  8371. 

Prayer  for  victory,  day  of,  set  apart. 
8377. 

1'rices-fixing,    principles    to    be    fol 
lowed  in,  8311,  8312,  8 

Provincialism    of   the    United   States 

ended  by,  8222. 

Radio  itatMna,  neceasary,  tnken  o. 

and  unnecessary,  closed,  8241. 
Bed  Cros»,  American,  children  urged 

to  enroll   In,   B 
Re. I    Cross,    International,   listing   of 

tfilej  for.  SL'74. 
Rod,   White  and   Blue   I5.x>k,  text  of. 

-::-.■. 
Registration  for  draft.     (See  Draft.) 
Requisitioning    for    fuel*    aud    foi 

provision   for. 
Reply  of  Entente  Allies  to  American 

prutiM    ijpitnet    totarfataaea    with 

mails,  8165. 
Rights  of  all  nations  to  develop,  8202. 

Km 

Runiu,    new    government    of,    I're»i 
dent  Wilson's  message  to,  BJT0, 

Russian  Revolution,  praised  and  dis- 
cussed, 8230,  8299. 

Ruthenians,  contribution  day  for 
stricken,  proclaimed,  8273. 

Sele.  ice  Law.     (See  Draft. I 

Shipping  Board,  powers  of,  8316. 

Shipowners  impede  government  by 
charging  high   freight  rate*,  8313. 

Ships: 

Ifn-boilt,   admitted    to    Ameri- 
taa  registry,  B008,  B3S4i 
Importance  of,  us  agent  of  warfare, 

Socialists,  used  an  pawns  by  German 
government,  8280. 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Executive 


South,    farmer*   of,    mint    now   other 

crop*  than  cotton,  USL 
Spy  system,  of  Germany,  condemned, 

ml,  S290. 
Standards  of  labor  and  Uf«  munt  not 
be    lowered,    even    in    war    times, 
8455. 
Statu*  quo  ante,  the  cause  of  the.  con- 
flict and  must  be  altered,  8271. 
Submarine* — 
Daager  to  neutral  commerce  in  nsc 

of,  8057,  8063. 
"Falaba,"   lo»»   of    American    life 

through  sinking  of,  806& 
"Lusitar  .  ;n  life 

through  linking  of,  8062. 
"8u*»nx,"    loss    of    American    life 

through  sinking  of.  81 
Unrestricted    use    of   by   (lermaay, 

8204,  8227. 
Vessels  sunk   by,  S0R2,   - 
Submarines  and  drifting  mine",  sug- 
gested agreement  on  use  of,  8057. 
Germany'*  defense  of  one  of,  8058. 
Submarine   warfare- 
Protest  against,  8121. 
Resumption  of.  8204. 

?rrian  relief,  appeal  for.  -::>i. 
axation    for   the   war,   necessity    of 
lag  upon  the  present  generation 
to  greatest  possible  extent,  8229. 
Trading  with  the  Enemy  Act,  regula- 
tions under,  8366. 
United  States  enters,  8242,  8250. 
Dated  si.-,--,  duties,  at,  ;.n.  B290, 
War   Trade   Board,  created  and   ax- 

plained,  8367. 
War  Trade  Council,  created,  8388. 
Wheat,  price*  of,  fixed,  8348. 
World  court,  Mtabtiaaaint   of,  long 

ircd  by  America.  B2 
(See  also  Neutrality:  Wilson,  and  tho 
••▼oral  countries  involved.) 

Etrtaw    Spring*    (8.    C),   Battle   of.— 

Lleut.-CoL  Stcwsrt  had  succeeded  Lord 
Rswdon  In  command  of  the  southern  dirt- 
slon  of  the  Hrltlsb  srmy  and  established 
keaaViuarter*  at    Orangeburg.    8     C.      Gen. 

ic.  who  had  been  resting  the  American 
army  on  the  Mils  .,f  the  Santee  River, 
h.-td  tuvn  reinforced  by  TOO  North  Caro- 
lina continentals.  Ills  army  thus  Increased 
to  asore  tb.ni  '-'.'no  men  Greene  determined 
to  attack  Stewart,  whose  force  did  not  ex- 

v  oon.     Stewart  fall  hack  about  forty 

Mi*    Santee 

River.  In  South  Carotins  Here  Sept.  8. 
ITS),  a  fierce  hut  Indecisive  battle  was 
fought.  Stewart  kept  the  flsld.  but  nt 
retlml  toward  Charleston,  and 
Oreene  took  po««c-xlnn  of  tbe  battle  around 
and  a*nt  detachments  In  pursuit  of  tbe 
'•I   Araarlean  casualties  as 

! riven  by  Qeg    firecne  were  40*.     TnV  Brit 
ah  loss  wns  ',- 

Excise  Law*.— As  early  ss  ITOft  s  na- 
tional excise  Isw  wss  passed-  Alexander 
Hamilton,  then  Secretary  of  the  Tn- 
Insisted  that  such  a  tsx  was  necessary. 
but  th»  law  wss  not  passed  without  a 
fleree  asbat*.  The  tax  Imposed  at  first 
varied    from    35    to    40    cents    s    gallon    en 


Imported    »(ilrli>      from    9    ti>   X5    cents    oo 
lc   distilled    liquors,   and   from    11    to 
30  eeuta  wben   the  mntertnl   was   molsiars 
or  of1.  l   protect,       Tats  tsi  was 

i  g  1192.  '^position  to  It  wss 
strong  throughout  tbe  country,  culminat- 
ing lu  I  he  Wblskr  Insurrection  tn  wester* 
Peon  •  i  :   .1    n>r..Mi  the 

excise  tax  was  abolished.  It  was  revived 
again  In   1813,  1  mi  with  Great 

Itrlt'ln.      In    181*    If    wss    a  gum    repealed 
and    no    ctcIkc    t.ix    was    collected    hj    Ibo 
nii-n!   until    1802,  during  lbs 
Civil    War,      I"    I8K4    Ihe  esclw  rules 
raised,  the  ratea  ou   liquor  rising  from  60 
10  t-    per  gallon,   while    In    18(16   la* 
rate*    were    Still    further    Increased.       After 
tbe   excise    rates    gradually    de- 
i.  till  In    IS7E   tbe  Honor  tax  stood  at 
DO     cenls     per      gallon.         EXClM      ra  !■ 
malscd    'tins    until    1*04    when    tbe  tai 
liquor    wss    raised    to    11.10.       During    the 
h    War,    however,    excise    ralea    ware 
again    raised,    those    oo     fermented 
bclas  doubled.    By  sn  net  of  March.  1002. 
i»r.    the   laal    of   th*    sir   taxes   were 
removed  and  the  rate  ft  enUe  was  left  as 
It  wss  before  the  war. 
Excise    Tax.    power    to    levy   rests    in 

national     government,    '789L       (8oa 

Taxation.) 
Executive. — That  branch  of  a  government 
to  which  tbe  execution  of  taws  U  entrusted. 
Tho  executive  may  be  a  king,  sn  emperor, 
or  a -president,  or  s  council  or  otiM*  body. 
rrom  1770  to  17t)0  tbe  Inltcd  States  Gov- 
eminent  had  no  other  executive  than  Coo- 
greK..    n  tu  u    Hoard  of 

war.  Hoard  of  Treasury,  etc.  The  Con- 
stitution   Invested     lbs 

ecullve  power,  sharing  only  the  powers  of 
appointment   and    treaty    making    win 
|   halt, 

I  '•■  :.  ti.  'tmrtments  were  established 
by  (he  First  Congress  mulct  the  Constltn- 
lion.  (lovornorg  appointed  by  the  crown 
exercised  tbe  rxecutlve  functions  of  the 
Colonies,  except   In   Rhode  Island    Con 

cut.  ami  for  a  .ii.irt  ti lu  MaasacboseUa, 

where  governors  were  ejected  by  the  peo- 
ple. At  (be  outbreak  of  tbe  [(evolution. 
when  lbs  roysl  governors  had  been  deprived 

.r   i  in  ir  uosieia.  and   before  tbe  Slat a 

stltutlons  had  been  adopted,  executive 
power  wss  restad  la  I  oonjmlttss  •  •'  isfety. 
In  some  Colonies  on  executive  conocil.  with 
a  president  or  chairman,  was  chosen  by  the 
proi  Inclal  -i    of    the    state 

constitutions  provided  for  governors. 

Id  tbe  t'nltcil  States  Ihe  Rxeonrtve  I* 
one  of  the  litres  gnat  branches  <if  gov- 
ernment, lbs  other  two  being  th,-  i.;-i.- 
tlve  and  the  Judicial.  Illstorlcslly  thi 
Islatlve  branch  Ik  Orel  because  It  svas 
placed  first  In  order  In  both  tbe  work  of 
tbe    Convention    ami    In    the    Una  I    draft    of 

onstttntlon.  Practically  the  executive 
branch  Is  clearly  prior  In  consideration  so 
far  ss  fun  ■  m  d      Qb 

der  some  Administrations  executive 
has  been  grenresi  in  Influence;  nnder  others 
perhapa  stuallesr  of  (be  theee.  The  weight 
of  (be  Kxecntlve  has  steadllv  Ine  - 
since  the  Inuiigtirstloii  of  the  Government, 
nut  mil,  no  account  of  the  appointing  pow- 
er, which  Is  shared  wltb  the  Senate  and 
which  grows  whh  the  expansion  of  the 
fbrpithlli-      but     f  r     other     reasons.        The 

lenfs  functions  are  constantly  exer- 
cised when  Corttfreas  and  the  ludlclary  are 
(aklnc  recces  Itevlde*.  he  Is  th 
son  wbo  represents  to  the  average  dtlsen 
the  concrete  ma  loir  of  law -the  en 
incur  .-.f  authority  in  a  democratic  repre- 
seatitlvc  government. 


Executive 


fessages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Executive  Cabinet. — Official  conduct  of, 
complimented,   2203,  2714. 

Executive   Department*.— The    executive 
1    States  Oovornmant 
wiuipr.  Howlnc  teu  subordinate  De- 

partments, each  of  wlil.h  l»  presided  over 
surt  dlrcrtcd  l>y  n  bend  who  Is  known  •» 
Hi.-  Srcrclorj  of  Hi*  Dcpsrtnicut-  Tns 
uf  tbc  various  Departments 
wbm  l»  termed  the  ''Cabloct" 
in    v.  i      Tl  ■  i  ■  i  by  tin.  I'lvulil-nt. 

but  n  by  lbs  Senate.    Encb 

IDdel    III"    aiitlmrlly    «t    the    President. 
Tbc-   annual  salary   Is   *12.0tM).      <l)    I 

lorn     foreign     stTiln :     (SI 

iiry.  wblcb  i  •    uf  i In-  tlunnco*: 

111)   Justice,  which  Is  tbc  leesl  counsel  of 

blch   admin- 
Istrrs  oillltiiry  ntralrs;  (5)  1 "« -  - 1  -  -  - 1 1 » -  -  - .  «  uleh 
bas  charge  of  the  postal  swrvlee !   16)  Navy, 
wlili  li  linx  charge  of  nnvnl  nffiilr«:   (7)   In- 
wlii.ii    ti n i     ii:ir.:i    uf   mutters  per- 
il   to   home   affair-,    Inclndlnc    public 
Indian*,  patents,  pcnsloua,  <  dui 
uls.      and      ccD-i 
wblcb  collects  an.  iifurmiiiluii 

on    agricultural    subjects;     (9)     Cotnti 

whU'b   cares   for  tbc  Commercial    mi '■"' 

tiirluK,    eenaua,   corporullons,   flsbcrlc*  aud 

Hon    iDtenatl   of    the    country;    [10] 

i     which  has  cbnntc  of  Ike   Immbxra- 

nireau    and   statistics  of    labor,      Mm 

i.  partmant   of    Labor,   which   was  created 

IS,   1888.  and  nbaorbed  Into  the  Do- 

ion!    of    Commerce   and    Labor   on   It* 

lit.   Fob.    M.  ll'lKI,  n-nx  tin 

C  entire  Department,  lUbotuib  Its 

nd   uu   known  aa  a  Comml- ttoi         I  I 
rotary,  and  was  not  a  member 

..r    Hi..   I'ulilnet.     Th.'    I  Hi    of  Com- 

i         r  was  again  divided  In  1918. 

Executive   Departments    (see   also    the 
ml  Di  partmenl 

Acts  ri-t'anlii  "'',  vetoed, 

Advertising    in    newspaper*    by,    lu- 
ll Into,  -!'ii. 
Aliens  employed  in    r  port  on  number 

of.  bwumitti  'i   8108. 
Applications  to,  should  be  So  writing, 

Appointment  of  laborer*.  6707. 

.\  PI -ointments  ami  ol  in,  or- 

regmrdjng    preferei to    be 

given  retonu 

Appointments  in,  liavii  ia   to 

.1  •  .'00.  (Sec  also  Execu- 

tive   Nominate 

Buildings  occupied  by,   referred    to, 

Canvassing   for    outside   support   for 
I  i.nnotion  forbidden,  0703. 

ulnrs  asking  for  political  contri- 
buttons  i 'in-iilated  in,  4784. 
Closed  for  Thanksgiving,  3243. 
Communication!)  to  he  transmitted  to 
head  of  proper  Department,  order 
regarding,  3S59,  S9SL 
Employeca  in— 

■il  conduct  of,  complimontod, 
2714. 


Order  permitting — 
To  participate  in  decoration  of 
graves  of  soldiers,  3862,  4118, 
4137,  4184,  4237,  4888,  4S32, 
4402,  4443,  4308,  4338,  4803, 
4712,  4753,  4818,  4899,  5078, 
5350,  5483,  5540,  5809,  5832, 
5949,  6048. 
To  participate  in  public  exercises, 

4BT9,  6590.  6595,8611. 
To  witnesa  inauguration  of  Pres- 
ident Cleveland,  4881. 
Ordered  to  organize  into  compnni'i 
for  defense  of  Washington,  3323. 
Partisan   Interference   iu   election* 

by.     (See  Election*.) 
Kef  erred  to,  8585. 
Rendering  honors  to  rebel  living  or 

dead,  inquired  into,  3.': 
Wages   of,  not  to  be   affected   by 
redi  '"iura  of  labor,  8989, 

Examination    of    operations    of, 
•■  it,..),  6Q6& 

Extension  of  power  to  make  tempo- 
rary appointments  of  heads  of,  rec 
omm.ii'l.'.l.  8348,  5568. 

Personal    interviews  with  heads  of, 
order  regarding,  to 

Postage    accounts    of,    referred    to, 
2360. 

Power  of  judiciary  over,  discussed, 
1720. 

Record  of   efficiency  of   persona  l», 
5642. 
Recommended,  5615. 

Redistribution  ox  bureaus  among,  rec  - 
ommeuded,  69S9,  7105,  7229. 

Superannuated  employees,  7708. 

Transfer    of    duties    among,     recom- 
mended, 2264,  4060. 

Vacancy  occasioned  by  Statu  of  head 
of,  rc'iinrri'tidntions  regarding  fill- 
ing,   3348,    3368. 
Bxecutlvo  Mansion.    (See  White  Jloute.) 
Executive  Mansion: 

Completion  of,  595. 

Furniture  should  be  provided  for,  by 
Congress,  595. 

Improvement  of,  808. 

Restoration  of,  6729,  6739. 

Executive  Nominations    (see  also    Re- 
movals from  Offi.. 
Act- 
Prescribing  oath  of   office    to   >>» 
taken    by    persons   who    pai 
pated      in     rebellion      discussed. 
(070 
Regulating  tenure  of  certain  civil 
offices   vetoed.      (See   Teuure-of- 
Office  Act.) 
Appointing  power  discussed  by  Pres- 
ident- 
Buchanan,  3190. 
Fillmore,  2616. 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Exhibits 


Jackson,  1*81.  On  1351. 
JohDMB,   3890.   3767,   3SS0. 
Tyler,  1003,  1958. 
Appointments — 

Applicant*    refused    by    President 

Tjlcr.    1958. 
For  limited  period,  638. 

Referred  to.  3862. 
Relation  of  member*  of  Congress 
5557. 
Discussed,  3062. 

Errors  in.  arrangement*  for  eorree- 
Of,   recommended,   80S. 
v.  srith  PreaMent,  .1S31. 
Person*    appointed    or    permitted    to 
eoctiir.ii*    in   office   without  consent 
of  Senate  inquired  into.  2603. 
President  Mndi«on  declines  to  conf  r 

with  Senate  rceardintr,  515. 
Rejections    of,    President    Jackson's 
message   asserting   that    S.-nato    is 
aot  required  to  give  reasons  for, 

Renewal  of,  2616. 
Request  of — 

House  for  names  of  applicants  for 

offleo  refused  by  President  Tyler, 

1958. 

Senate  for  correspondence  regard- 

right   to    make,   denied    by 

.fnclevon. 

8enat«  for  reasons  for  making,  re- 

1  by  President  Jackson,  1261, 

Resolution  of  Senate  regarding,  and 

reply  of  Pr-n-.iii.nt  Hayee,  i 
Rales     regulating     interviews     with 
President      regarding,      discussed, 
5S31. 
Withdrawal  of.  by  President — 
Ha  r  risen,  W.  II.,  not  acted  on  by 

Senate,  1876. 
Jackson,  not  acted  on  by  Senate, 
IC  ''J. 
Executive   Orders.      (8oo    the    several 

subjects-) 
Executive  Salaries.     (See  Salaries,  Ex- 
ecutive.) 
Executive   Session.— The  Constitution  of 

tbe    rolled    Stales  provides  that   the  presl- 
•ball    bare   power,    by    snd    with    the 

advice  and  consent  ol  lbs  senate,  to  make 

trvatlc-s,   provided   two-third,   -.r   the   sens- 
-eseat  coorur:  and  be  iha'l  nor 
:y  pt.d   ultii   the  advice  and  eon  eat 

of    (be    senate.    -  mi    embassadors. 

oibcr  public  inlnlitcrs.   am) 

tud  all  other  nfflcers 

of  tbo  t'nlted  States  whom'  ap-utimacats  are 
.•■rwlie     provldul     for,     and 

•'bleb  Shall  he  »»i«ull»bed  by  law."     A  rule 
i'    seoate    providing    fi.r    the    manner 

of    idvltleg    and    cou-Katlng    to    executive 

recosatneudstk/t.-  list   "when    act- 

aupoa  coaSdentisl  •■■ 
eta  tbe  nine  shall  bo  considered  to 
ra  executive  *-wlon,  tbo  senate  cbombcr 
II  be  cleared  of  all  persons  exci  il  lbs 
■errnary.  the  chief  cli-ik.  the  principal 
fecials  live   clcik.    lbs   executive    cloik.   the 


minute  snd  Journal  clerk,   th*   sergesnt-st. 

•  ran.  tbe  aulutaat  dooikreper,  and  such 
other  officers  as  the  presiding  officer  shall 
think  necessary,  and  all  >.ucb  officer*  shall 
be  sworn  to  secrecy."  The  senate  Is  then 
»ald  to  bi>  In  executive  session.  The  house 
holds  < oilons.  It  may  so 
Into  secret  session,  however,  whenever  eon- 
n  ii.-u i  in t  communications  are  received  from 
the  president  ST  whenever  the  speaker  or 
any  member  shall  Inform  the  bouse  that  h« 
hat  »  niiiitiiiifih-atinu  which  ought  to  be 
kept  secret  for  a 

Exequatur.— A  Latin  word  meaning  "Let 
him  execute."  In  diplomatic  usage  tbo 
word  la  nsed  to  signify  n  document  author. 
Ixlng  an  official  to  act  In  the  capacity  of 
agent  or  representative.  Usually  a  written 
recognition  of  n  person  Iu  th*  Character  of 

■   oi   e aerdnl   sgeol   issued   by  the 

government  to  which  he  Is  accredited  and 
him  to  exerelw  his  powers. 
The  government  from  which  an  exequatur 
la  asked  bo*  the  right  to  refuse  It  either 
iilcnl  or  personal  grounds.  The  gov- 
ernuient  may  al«o  withdraw   n      when  de- 

]  of  hit  exequatur  a  consal  may  wltb- 
draw  wlih  hi*  record*  or  delegate  bl*  pow- 

>  suother,  according  to  Instructions. 

Exequaturs: 

Refusal  of  Turkey  to  grant  exequa- 
turs  to    coutiuls    of   United    States 

r   i, -rred  to,  6092,  6148. 
Itovoked— 
Consul  of — 
Belgium,  3120. 
Chile,  3625. 
France,   2G0. 
Frankfort,  3709. 
Great  Britain,  2924,  2925. 
Hanover,  3709. 
Hesse,  3709. 
Nassau,   3709. 
Oltlciil.ur,-.  .(710. 
Spam,   | 

Sweden  Odd   Norway.  36*26. 
Revocation   annulled,   3630. 
Vice-Consul  of — 
Portugal,  4038. 
Sweden  nnd  Norway,  81 
Revocation  annulled,  3630. 
Exhibits,  Office  of,  Agriculture  Depart, 
merit.— The  Bureau  of  1'orcstry  In  the  De- 
partment of  Agrl.-uitvirr.  In  the  prosecution 
of  Its  educational  work,  makes  cxMMts  con- 

•  litlng   of   models,    tpeclmen*.   maps,   draw- 

tr;m«parcncles  and  bromide  enlarge- 
ment!! of  lt>  work  nt  count}  snd  state  fslr* 
bad  national  expositions,  More  fsn  1.7O0 
'  ii  slide*  were  loaned  to  S8U  persons 
rnzaged  In  educational  stork.  Traveling  ex- 
rsphi .  hi  i;...  drawings  and 
wood  samples  were  loaned  to  17'.'  schools 
and  llbrnrlcs. 

Tie  Office  of  I'uhllc  Homl*  and  Ilural  Kn- 
rlni'erlng  In  the  prosecution  of  Its  educn- 
rlonal  work,  delivers  leetorei  and  makes 
exhibits  consulting  of  models  and  enlarged 
photogmp's  Ilhi-trstlng  t:?c  best 
road,  bridge  and  culvert  construction,  road 
drainage,  maintenance,  repair,  roadnld* 
rind  bui  icing,  equipment,  machin- 
ery, etc..  nt  exiotltlous,  congresses,  conven- 
tl'ns.  snd  fairs.  A  '.  i  rOSdf"  train, 
with  i  lafpOMttt  makes  tours 

of  the  country. 

Other  bureaus  maintain  similar  equipment 


Exhibits 


Mtssagcs  and  Papers  of  Ihe  Presidents 


and  rdncntlonnl  exhibits   and   transport  the 

pan  t<qu«»l  of  k 

■nOlclrnt  number  of  in  Re- 

!tio«t»   for  thin  »crrtc*  ond  repot 
nr  coOTi  alei  . : .  i  Hi:  !■    til"  Olll." 

Of  Exhibits. 

Exhibitions  (nee  also  Adelaide;  Am- 
wiTp;  Arcaehon;  Atlanta;  Barcelona; 
Bergen;  Berlin;  Boston;  Kruascls; 
Corneas;  Chicago;  Cincinnati;  Hum- 
tiiir^ ;     1. on. Ion.     I.  :     Madrid; 

.num.  ;     Mil  in  Orleans; 

Pmriij  Philadftinhia;  Sydney; 

Discretionary  authority  to  lead  dele- 
gate* to,  recommendations   regard- 
ing, 4714,  4763.  4S27,  5546,  8 
Expansion. —Tin'    Mm    bM    been   partlcu- 
i it r  i >  applied  to  the-  territorial  growls  of  lbs 
n  i..  ulatana  Territory 
Alaska  w»«  purchased.     1 1 « ■   t"im  wiu 
iperlallj.    In   tin-   campaurn    "f   I1100 
li'd  Hi'-  Rcpubllcon 
policy  o(  expandoa  on  ---  the 

.  niriii    iii    tlif    i"  ii  iM'iii'--   and    Porto 
und  of  control  over  Cuba. 
Expansion,  Territorial: 

Anncxali  Alaska; 

fornta;  Cuba;  Florida;  G* 
Purchase;  Elawal  an  [aland*;  Louie- 

iana  Purchase;    Net  PMl" 

ippine    islands;    Puerto    Bieot    St 
John    [aland;    81    Thomai    [sland) 
b  Domingo;  Texaa:  Yucatan.) 
ForciL'ii    policy   diacnaaefl   by   Prcsi- 
iii'Ht 
AdaiiiH,  John,  228. 
Adam-,   i     O,  868,    868,  884,  896, 

.  :>■.■".  95a 
Buchanan  1888.  3037,  3041. 

9068,  8088,  8088,  8178,  8171 
land,    1918.  5867,   B8T1,  5873, 

6118. 
Fillmore,  2014.  8686,  2701.  2715. 
Grant.  8886,  4066,  1015,  4018,  4060, 

1088,  [088,  4101,  4143,  4176. 

424r.,    [200,     i 

Harrison,  Banj.,  .'44.-.,  ncis,  5750, 

Harrison,  W.  H.,   1873. 
Ha-.  1 180. 

JaclHi.il.    1169,    188%    1324,    1370, 
1878,  I486,  1484,  1  .".00. 

JoftVrnon.  ::i! 

Johnaon,    3561  3886, 

Lincoln,  3218,  8855,  8887,  3444, 
V.Kinlr-v.  6248,  6881.  8888,  6307. 
Madison.'    158,    [73 
Monro*.  573.  5S2.  624.  887,  639,  678, 

768,  T87,  781,  m:.  *■-'•'. 
Piereo,  8781    8745,  8807,  8864,  2*04. 
Polk  '    2322, 

2337.  2361,  2380,  2431,  2137.  2444, 

2480. 
Taylor,  2548,  2555. 


PrlaR  Is90.  2W9>  2oe*.  il60r  8168, 
8171,  8176,  8180.  21!>3,  2206. 

Van  Bnrcn,  1690,   1708,   1748,  1819. 

Washington,  180)  213. 
Expatriation,  Tin-  reluntary  renunciation 
of  Hi.-  rlgbu  ami  UabUltka  of  clttieoahlp 
In  one  country  to  become  the  cltlieo  or  sub- 
ject of  another.  The  right  of  expatriation 
baa   been   >nn  extern  il    I  and   usage 

lu  ih-  l  nlied  States.     Tho  ".wnment  ban 

111    11     Milllih.  I 

tcctlon  to  notlro  ....in  nn.j  naturalised  cltl- 
ieu»  on  th*  ground  thai  ttwj  L>ud  cxpatrl- 
at>'d     tliem..  It.>  nf    Cotigrraa    of 

.i.ii.    ft,   inks    declared   I'   tbc  nalura 
Inherent   right  of   nl    people   ntui   an] 
nlal   or    rsstrlelloi  ury   to   the 

fundamental   principle*  i.(  ;•  An 

n.  t   ..f  Centres*   spjirored   Marcli 

.1     i he    condition*    undtr    which    an 

A rices    ilii.-n    rasy    expatriate    hlou-lf. 

Ii    pro,  Idea  thai  lean  cltlw. 

i<-  dci  m.'I  to  boT  ■  ipatrtsted  hlm*-'lf  wb>-o 
bo    has    lir.ii    m  In    any    foreign 

when 

be   bo*   taken  an  onb  of  allegiance  to  any 

auy    nalurallied  dtl- 

liall  have  rv.ldi  d  fur  two  year*  In  lb* 

ii    »tule   from   which    he  came,   or   for 

Ore    year*    In    snj  irclgn    mate.    It 

•ball   in    preaumvd    timi    hi 

be  an    American 

til*  general  abode  *batl  be  u.  emed  bis  place 
of  i  .-lil.  in-.-  ilui  Inir  mid  j.-ar*:  Prorlded 
however,     tin.-      -.ii.li     ;.;.  -ninpdiill     majr     SO 

fvercome    on    tbe    presentation    of    satisfac 
•    n    diplomatic  or   consular 
officer    nf    Hi.-     I  nit.  ■  1     Rlalna, 
rnlci    niuj  ii-:    in..    Iwrartmrnt 

of  State  may  prescribe:     And  provided  slso, 

that   im  Am. in  im  .in/.'ii  sbsll  b.-  allowed 

lo  .'xpaii  Ion-  bliuHelf  n-ben  this  country 
1»  at   »*r 

Any  American  woman  who  marrlcf  a  for- 
•Ignrr    nball    tali  Itj    "f    her 

basband      m  ti rmlnatloo  ol  the  mnriial 

r.-lnilon  abe  may  rraumc  b*r  American  clil- 
ii.u»hl|..     If    alii.-  ring    a*    an 

American    iiii.-.n    wltblo    om-    y.»r    wlih   a 
eonxul   of  the    I'nlrcd  sins.—,   or    by    n 
Ing   to    rc«lde    In    the    fulled    8tate«.  or.    If 

rvklillllir    III    the     I'ullill    Sl:lte*    lit     till' 

nation  of  tbc   martial 

lnjr  to  i.'-lil'-  ilii-r.-in.  Any  foreign  woman 
nlio  a.-i|iiln-)i  American  i-ltl  enalilp  by  mar- 
riage t"  mi  Amcrlrsn  vhsll  i.<  aaaiimed  to 
retain  the  aome  after  Ibo  terminal  m  Of 
Hi.-  iiiuillul  i.-lntlon  If  rtie  continues 
«lde  In  tin-  I  nit.-il  8t«  iiinVr* 

fiiroin'  »  e.nirl 

bating  Jurltdletlon   to  natuiallie  alb'. 
If   ihc    reside*    Si  may    ratals 

■  -  bin  ••>■  rrulKt  -  :  h  tirfore  a 
fnlted  Slates  eonsnl  "iiiiiti  one  real  after 
Ihe  termination  of  •noli  mnrltnl  i.  In 
A  child  born  wltlicnit  th"  I  h  .1  Rlales  of 
all.  ii  parenta  Khali  he  deemed  n  .Ii. 
the  fnlted  Stnle»  by  Tlrtuc  ;!  the  nntiiral 
Ixaili.n   uf  or  reaumptlon    .(   At -i.-nn  cltl- 

.      ...         I     ....  ..i. v 

naturalliatlon  or  reramptl.Mi  takaa  place 
diirlne    the    minority  ChtM         Ami 

prorlded     i-  II      Ihe     ellllellKhlp     of 

•ucb  minor  cblld    iball   begin   at  tbe   time 
minor    cblld    begin*    10  n.iina 

ii-  ally  In  the  Inn.  .1  State, 
born  outalde  th.-  limits  of  th*  United 
who  ore  cltlxcm  thereot  aod  aim  i-ontlnnc 
to  rsslds  outside  the  i  sited  States  •Kail.  In 
order  t.  rccdre  the  protection  of  th!»  gor- 
ernment.  be  required  upon  inaenblf  tbe  age 
of  •'Igbtren  »i*r»  to  r.<nrd  at  sn  Amer 
i. .in  OUSUlat*  their  Intention  to  become 
resident*  and  remain  cltlr.cn*  of  Ihe  I'nltrd 
Stat.*,    and    ahall    be    further    miulred    to 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Experiment 


the     0*1*1     ..f     allrXlaOC*    lo     lllf     I    : 

■ 
patrlation   ua»   been    f r<r*|ii  ■  -1   be- 

■  otxrc  ^ot  rbi-  ifli-A  bun 
alwa?  I 
In-  admltt.  I 

military  acrrlce,    boIdlDg    i< 

d  with  .nine  Itt,  difficulty 
rcoi»ln«  to  give  evidence  .ii  ItM  im.de  of 
•  ximrlAtloc.  Brltlvb  lubyct*  wont  to  be 
uatu.ralli.-d  lu  oilier  eoun- 
and  ii.  ii  p.  n  an  la  ordi  i  to  ba 
again  (otnldercd  Ltrltl«h  «ibjcci«.  mu«t  be 
rroatumi/.i!  on  th.-ir  return  10  Clrrat  Brit 

r*raact   ami 
what  Indeflnlta  claim  of  domicile  m  a   for- 
Innd    la    a<c«ptcd    a»  .evidence   of    cx- 
pairln 

Expatriation.        (8e«     Na,turali>.at.ion 

L:i" 
Expedition. — A    J- in r ii-  v    '.>    an    organUvd 
body  for  the  accomplishment  of  eome  dcnmtc 
rod.    a<    the    exr  >:    the 

s-..tn»  army  In   puranll  ■-.!  lot    Umxl- 
ran  bandit.  I 
Expedition*    Against  Foreign    Power* 

Dbeussort   tv   rrenident — 
Ariliur,    : 

Fillmore,  2643,  2*19.  281*7. 
Jeff..  117. 

j0Btw>ti 

Monron,    582,    5S3,    5i«>.    Wt,    601, 
(00,   :..•• 

Polk,  2-155. 
Taylor.   2549,   2GS5. 
Van   Burcn.   1618. 
Washington,   146. 
Proclamation*  a^aiiml.  by  President— 
Buchanan,  3027. 
•  ■l.-veland,  8023,  6128. 
:.   2«48. 
Grant.  4039.    - 
Jefferson,  392. 
Johnson,  3631. 
Madison,  548. 
Pleree,   2804.   2805,  2921. 
Taylor.   1658. 
Tvlcr.   1925. 

119. 
Expeditions,  Exploring.  :  .ring 

Expedition)!.) 
Expeditions,   Unlawful.      (Sm    BxpadJ 

tloo*  Against   K-.r-  \ga   Poweit,) 
Expenditures,  Public,    in    1704   «he  an- 
nual  expenditures    of    rlir    Federal    Gorern- 

nt    amounted    to   only    t*VSOO,000        In 

ism    lor)     rai     ..: ..    OB    .'         ml    of   the   war 
with   <lr-nt    Urll  They 

1.I.IMHI.       in    IV,; 

«»rr   ■  During  the  la«t  year  of 

lb*  Civil  War  (1MB)  they  amounted  t"  »1.- 
:•!.,-,  hi.. i  n mi     inn   in   IMS  they   had  declined 
tn    t237.000.OoO,       Feu      the    following     ten 
>-ear«  He  cjr»-odltiir.-K  BTeraaad   J2'~" 
000  DC'  annum,     I",,r  Hi-  n«-al  y.-iir  ending 

they    vera    i 
made    nti    largHy   of   lul»r#Mt  and    penrione. 
fa    1S»0    they    were    M..I  i;7*  >.:.«.    and    fur 

hey  hud  In- 

creaned  10  (Aflg.OTS  lh"      HI tbe  BpnoWu 

War  tbe  expenditure  baa  uaturally  been  M 


f.ir   i lu-   year   ending;   Juni 

ii  «n«  *.-.«;, 4i i.i-.u.  ii 

..f  the  rev.  one      In   I!»i7  the  el 
W2,    nuil    i 

amuuoted    to  $m 

13  more  than    tl  Tbe 

grand  total  of  expend  b«  govern 

:  ••  slur  tlr.t  I'ougrraa  at  Ita  third  (an 
alon.  all  Jl.C'J",  0,081  •:.  The  ireelptx 
fur    tin-    ii  u  luiiiy. 

aOKim.  ,|..nill-iir,< 

f,.r  in.,  year  ended  Juno  30.  1013.  were  fl.- 
oio.*il;.  mi.  Including,  postal. 

Expenditure*.  Public  (see  also  Foreign 
i  tonne 

Act  making  appropriation*  for— 
Approved     and     reasons     therefor, 

BIS 
Vetoed.  4488. 

Act  making  appropriations  to  supply 
deii  1.  8115. 

Oongntl  Hamad  nbont,  6238. 

Contingent     fund  ;l     of,    reo- 

derrd,   nil,    !:\ 

882,  405,  481,  -n  7.  482. 

Discussed.    (Bm  Finance-  ditCtMSed.) 

Keouomy  Id,  recommended.  5890,  0177. 

Estimates,  etc,  of,  referred  to,  281, 
OT,  *2i: 

Failure  of  CODjMM  to  provide  for, 
diacuaaed,  and  rocomroondations  re- 
garding, 3073,  81  4404, 
117:'. 

Prori»ions  for,  rooomiDeaded  b*Pie*> 

•it — 
Borhnnan,    3(173. 
Haven,  4472. 
Van  Buren,  1541. 
Experiment  Stations,   Office  of. — The»e 
Institution*  fur  ascertaining  facta 
I   t,,   tba  agrlculturtat.     Bcli  ottfli    i  on 
loci  ,,r  .-xi i.r iin.-ii t*  in  tin.  KTowa  and  In 

'  nt    In   plants    nnd   ■  iulrea 

'I ilinitlon,  long  time  and  the  Outlay  of 

Tbua  only  the  fortu- 
nate Inilli  iiliiui  p<r*aeiMi!ng  those  assantlals 
*nn  aai  if  to  experliinni. 

which    often    result   In   dUcouraglng   failure 
and  which,   whan  ancceasful,  often  Inure  to 

the    benefit   of   few    and    at    the   cipcn if 

i.'.iiii'      ■  i     •  "     •   >      tato  nnd  ('  deral 

eil  public  - 1. ill. .m 

tiuieiits  nniy  u-  methodically  csr- 

rleil    on    nn  ult.    freely 

•    t,,  the  pniiiie. 

The   tlrat   ngrleulliirn!   exfierlmenl    Ktntlon 

In  America   «-»•  liegun  nlver 

iwd.  Conn..  In  lsTffi,  though 

similar  work   had   prevloiialy   l*en   done  at 

some  of  the  agricultural  enllegeii,     By  )i«S? 

there   were     erenteeo    atatJooa   m    CourteeTj 

iilffii.iit  itatea.    That  year  COngxeia  paaied 

what  I»  iremi'iiliv   refarred   lo  as  tba  Itntch 

Act    k-lvlng    to    sacb     rt*tS    ;""l     territory 

from    tbe   natlnmil    tn 
to  maintain  an  experiment  ntntlon  nw  a  de- 
iiiiiiiniiii   uf  the  acrleultura  aatah 

li  r  the  land-grant  mi  ,.f  160?      it 
it  the  #tnl. 
th»  land,  building)  and  onulpn  ent.  anil  ipend 
tin-  n:  tn*  mi  the  experlmen 

■:n»  the  re  ult  There  are  now  ttxty- 
flT*  of  th'.-..  -.tntlon*. 

work  of  in*  >t.-iii.iii>  in  thus  ootllnad 

In  the  net :     "It  shall  lie  the  object  and  dutv 
of  laid  experiment  statlona  to  conduct  orlg- 


Experiment 


(essages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


ln»I  fics  rches  or  rcrlfy  experiment*  on  tbe 
physiology  of  plant*  and  anlinn'.j.  iho  dis- 
ease*   In    which    they   are 
irltli  the  remedies  for  the  snni"  ;  t 
composition  of  useful  plant*  at  tbclr  differ- 
«nt  »t*gej  of  growth:  1 1 ■  .•  eomparmtlt 
vintner*   of    rotative   cropping   -  ■   pu 
under  a  Tarring  series  of  crops:  the  capac- 
ity of  new  plant*  or  trees  fur  accllni:' 

i»  of  wills  ami  water  :  Hie  chemical 
1-omp.ip.ttion  of  manure*,  minimi  and  ortlfl- 
elol.  wl!h  experiments  dovliraod  to  to>i 
comparatlTi'    sffi  of    different 

kinds;  thr  adaptation  and  ralni  Of  Krasaee 
and    forage    plants :    t   .-    •  n    and 

digestibility  of  ths  illffir.ni  kinds  of  food 
for  domestic  anlmala;  the  seleiitlflc  and 
economic  quratlons  Involved  in  tbe  produc- 
tion of  butl'-r  and  ehee«c :  nn.l  inch  Other 
researches  nr  experiment*  bearing  illi 
nn  the  agrtcnltural  Industry  ..f  the  United 
as  may  In  each  ease  be  deemed  ad- 
visable,   having  du»   regard    to   ths    rai 

need*  of  the  n-siK-ctlvc  states 
and  territories." 

i  n. i.  r  (Ms  act  agricultural  experiment 
station*  are  In  operation  in  ill  too  stntes 
and  Alnslia.  linwnll  Porto  Rico  and  Guam 
A  nuiniHT  of  sulwtntluni  are  BIBB  noiln 
talncd.  The  states  bave  In  recent 
greatly  Increased  tbslr  npproprlatloi. 
these  atatlona  to  iiinplemenl  t'-e  Federal 
fund*.  The  total  nonnii  appropriation  to 
ths  several  •totlon*  Is  now  between  $1,000. 

001)  a  ii. I   88,000  " '"■■ 

Experiment   Stations.   discussed.   53S4, 
5888,   5980.  6347.    (Soo  »l«o   Agrieul- 
tOTt,  Deportment  of.) 
Experiment  Stations,  Agricultural,  re- 
port of,  0733,  0801. 
Exploration.— An  Invoitlimtlon  of  unknown 
port*,   as   the  Lewis  and  Clerk  explorl 
(8M  Lewis  and  Clark  Expedition.) 
Explorer.— A  person  venturing  Into  section* 
previously  unknown. 
Exploring  Expeditions  («oe  nlso  A 

Expedition*:  Jidiirullr  Polar  Expe- 
dition: I.fiily  Franklin  Bay  Ex- 
pedition; Pacific  0>  lorio  : 
Expedition;  South  Sen  Exploring 
Expedition;  Wilkes  Exploring  Ex- 
pedition). 
Across   continent  recommended,  341, 

8S8. 
Naval  expeditions  referred  to,  4449. 
Explosives,  order  to   prevent   shipment 

of,  4815. 
Export  Dutlea.  levied  by  foreign  pow- 
er* referred  to.  4744. 

Exports.— The    villus   of    American    export 

trade  has  generally  Vent  pace  with  the 
develonment  of  domestic  Ihi-Iii  ••■  -.  In 
18(18  It  nniwl  the  billion  dol'ar  mark,  "ml 
until  [be  outbreak  of  (he  Kuronean  War 
In  1014.  It  nromlsed  to  nass  two  and  a  hnlf 
blliinn  lii  ih.it  rear  TtM  figures  for  ili» 
period  IflOO-lOlS  follow  In  nn  adjolnlm.- 
table: 

RvnOrtl  fur  the  12  months  iinUnt  wlfh 
flenfemher.  1010.  were.  In  round  lertna, 
IrVftfin.onn.noo.  The  precise  flcure*  nn- 
nmmeeil  by  the  lliir.nn  of  Ki.r. -Iirn  and  Do- 
mestic r«mmeree  ef  the  liennrtment  of  fern- 
nma  ■»•«  g4.n71.94.YRKS.  as  oeslnrt 
13.177.7«*.1*4  In  the  prMwdtn*  18  months 
and  on  annual  average  of  *2  4M.000  000  In 
the  fire  rears  nroee.llne  UM.VIil.  Onr  ex- 
port* of  "domestic  products  In  the  month  of 


September  were   larger  than   those   for  the 

-  n*c*l  year  l&iO,  the  closing  year  of 

our  Urst  centenary. 


Tor  the  year  ending  with  Septcmbe. 
..uports    totaled     12.307,768,507,    rumpami 
with  *l.flS1.20S.!iI.-  for  IlllS  and  an  annual 


Imports    totaled     »2JI07.7«6,66T, 
with  $1,081  >i    lliir.  anu  w 

average  of  tl.729.O0O.00O  for  1B11  1913. 


V.,r 

Ending 

June  JO 

Es  porta 

Total  Export* 

Domestic 

t  "an 

1901... 
1402... 

I'««l   .  . 

nws 

not  . 

IBOS     . 
i:h)'j  . 
1910  . 
1011. 

1013.. 
1014... 
1915... 
1010. . . 

11.4(10,  II.L'.MHI 

1.392.231.302 
1.43U79.017 

I.WI.Nl.MI 

1.7J7.W3.SS2 

I.8M. 

I.8M,7SS£S7 

i,;i(i,o$ijOPt 
•i9.oaj 

8.170310,888 

MIS  108.363 

2,129.684.006 

1 7>.4«A 

1..-'.,'J7.77« 

mjga  in 

9SJ37.S40 

27.910.377 
2SJMMM 

17.l3S.0t4 

.  ■./"•..'.'«' 

. :  1  -i  <-.--- 
S4X0S.&81 

;4..\vi.i2.i 

ci.-'r.i.i.'.H 

11.4H7.704.BB1 
1.3*1.710.401 

1.120. 14I.67B 

1.743.8M.S0O 

1,860.1:3.348 

1. 741. 

2.049.320.  IBB 
2.2O4.322.408 
•S4.I49 
2  8M.S39.148 
2708.04b.5J3 
4.JOJ.6S8JW 

The  elferl  of  the  war  In  rToropc  upon  the 
bnslnes*  of  the  United  Slate*  Is  shown  by 
a  comparison  of  the  i  ib«  inoatb 

of  August,  1013.  and  Ibose  of  1914  I 

1911  IBM 

Be'cium I0.322.2S3       143JJ37 

Franee., 10.750.824      7.41D.VO 

Ciemiany 

'<'-"    **  |..W,SM  112.372 

Uniu.1  I\.ng.lom 38^M.1S4    32.151^50 

Argwiune 4.130^19         9J1.II1> 

Australia OJ.'..-.b2       I. 

"aly 4.374.078       I.1C0.3W 

Exports: 
Anmgste  of,  to  France  referred  to, 

Embariro  on — 

Modification  of  laws  regarding,! 
ommended.  527. 

ncCOfllirnlnlr.l.      520. 

I-aws   in    regard   to,  528,  806. 
Prohibition  on — 

Recommended,  517. 

Removal   of,   recommended,  527. 
Vulii.    of.  fOI  vear  ending  .Tunc — 

1815,  2252;  '1848.  2346;  1847.  2401; 

ISIS',  l'!!k;;  is-,1.  2658;  1852,  S708: 

1877,  4422;   1881,  4633;   1884,  4830; 

1885,  4925;  1886,  5083;  1830,  5555; 
.  -■<<■■■;;  L8S2,  5743;  1883,  5875, 
:   181»4.  .r)964,  5878;   ISf-O.  6100, 

6171;  1888,  6357;  1900,  6438. 
Value    of,    from    commencement    of 

Government,  1045. 

Expositions.     (See  Exhibitions.) 
Express,  The,  American  vessel  attacked 
by.  2675,  2680. 

Expunging  Resolutions.— Mnrch,  28.  1M4 

th»  Senate  passed  n  tOBOlotlcn)  eetirarln 
Preslilenl  JSfkaoa  and  i  'lartttg  thai 
moving  the  Federal  drp«l:<  frota  the  Ran 
of  »)>•  Hnlled  8'at.-ii  he  hud  assumed  ai 
thorltr  not  conferred  br  the  ronstlrullon 
and  'he  Wiw*.  Throneh  the  effort  of  Sena- 
tor Renron  an  "exnnng1n«  r.--olntlim"  was 
paa>is)  Jan  16.  18S7.  A  black  line  wa« 
drawn  around  the  r.>«olntlon  of  censure  In 
the  Journal  and  across  It  was  written  tb» 


zncyclofedic  Index 


Extradition 


werds   "nxpunged   by   order  of  tbe   Seaaco 
this  10th  day  of  Jauuaiy.    1%o7."     The  ex- 
punging n-tolutluD  was  strenuous1'    opposed 
<  lay.   and  i  *:. 

Extension   Bank*- — '  »'!•  r   Uu  provisions 

of  lb*  Ucservo  Banking  It*  of  1014  any 
oailiua)  banking  association  possessing  a 
-capital  and  surplus  of  *1.'".m».<hm>  or  more 
may  file  application  with  the-  Federal  Re- 
serve  Hoard  for  lb*  purpose  <if  securing 
asunorlty  to  establish  branches  In  foreign 
countries  or  dependencies  of  the  Fnlt-.d 
Mial-'x  for  ill"  furtherance  of  the  foreign 
commerce  of  tbe  I'uitod  States,  and  to  act 
I  to  do  so.  ax  u«cal  agent  of  the 
foiled  Slate*. 

Extradition,  Intornatlonal.— KTimdUion 
treat  Ira  hat*  beta  concluded  by  tbe  Gov- 
ernxornt  of  tba  United  Slates  With  tbe 
principal  governasecl*  of  tba  world  and 
many  of  the  smaller  ones.  The  first  was 
that  with  Ureal  llrlialn  negotiated  by  John 
Jay  Id  1JV*.  Congress,  however,  made  no 
laar  for  carrying  out  It*  provisions.  Again, 
la  1842  a  arcund  treaty  was  negotiated. 
Tail  *ra*  found  to  be  Inadequate  Id  many 
ways.  For  Instance,  n  criminal  whose 
offrcs*  waa  not  covered  by  the  tieaty  wa» 
extradited  oil  another  charge  and  then  tried 
for   his   real   offense.     This   called   forth  a 

Protest  frees  Great   Britain.     By  lsso  the 
realy  »t  1S42  srai  fiiiiml   I  Ij  In- 

adequate to  existing  cuiid'tlnna.  Tba  l"helnt- 
Koarbery  convention  of  that  year  offered  a 
more  satisfactory  system,  hut  waa  rejected 
by  tbe  Seaatc  Thar  body,  however,  rail 
fled  the  Blalnc-l'aunccfotc  convention  of 
1SS9.  which  accomplished  the  dcilud  re 
»olt  liin  United  States  ha«  now  el 
Hon  treaties  with  forty  uatlons.  hut  baa 
tn>  such  trestles  with  the  following  coun- 
tries: Bulgaria.  China.  Co*U  Ml  '.  I'omln- 
Ican  Republic.  Egypt,  (i reeve,  Honduras. 
.,  Morocco.  I'aiaguay.  Itrala.  Kou- 
maola.  anil  siatu.  Tba  laust  extradition 
ttcatlea  mode  were  those  with  Cuba  nod 
Fruguay  In  190.1.  Crlmi-s  which  are  reeog- 
I  as  extradltal  with  all  nations  are: 
murder,  and  attempts  to  tnnrd>r.  in.ni, 
robbery,  etnbcxslrmm:.  forgery  nod  cmjn- 
mea  at  fc-a  ate  extradite! 
with  all  but  France.  Burglary  i-rltninal  as- 
fnult.  abduction,  perjury  and  dexruetlou 
of  railroads  are  extiadltal  u-drr  the  ma- 
jority of  the  treaties.  (See  Treu 
Extradition  Treaties.— 'Sea  also  Fugitive 
Criminals.)  The  United  States  baa  con- 
elndcd  extradition  treaties  with  all  of  the 
principal  countries  of  the  world  and  many 
of  the  smaller.  these  vary  greatly  In  tho 
extraditable  crimes.  But  tbe  general  Con- 
ditions and  meina  of  extradition  of  all  are 
■  be  same.  Tho  essential  principle  of  all 
Of  these  treaties  l«  that  n  fugitive  from 
Justice  cannot  br  extradited  from  a  coun- 
try for  one  crime  and  tried  upon  another, 
without  having  ample  opportunity  and  lime 
to  depart  from  It.  The  requisition  for  ex- 
tradition la  made  through  the  diplomatic 
agents,  or  when  such  are  wanting  through 

'  guilt 
srlthln  tbe  law  of  the  country  from  which 
extradition  la  Bought  m»st  accompany  th« 
r>i|ul«ltloa:  or  If  the  fngltlee  has  been  sen- 
tenced or  convicted  prior  to  bi«  facape,  a 
leeollxed  copy  of  the  sentence  of  the  Judge, 
or  of  tba  warrant  for  arrest,  must  aceora- 
n»nr  the  requisition.  In  urgent  cases  the 
provisional  arrest  of  tbe  fiist'lre  may  ha 
seen  red  by  telegraphic  or  mail  request,  la 
which  ease*  proceedings  must  h*  begun 
ari-lu-t  the  prisoner  within  a  period  of. 
nsonitv.  two  months, 

Political  offenses   nr   crimes   sre   not   ex- 
traditable, aod  an  extradited  person  cannot 


be  tried  subsequently  for  a  political  offense, 
or  couueetlou  »l.u  one  prior  to  extradition. 
Where  the  person  whose  extradition  i» 
a  offcuse  ngJlDic 
tbe  laws  of  tbe  country  of  the  asyli.m  n* 
must    be    tried,    and.    If    guilty,    fulfill     bis 

jjigMimtut    baton   beta*;    hamied   over   to 

[he  other  nation  Kipcnses  of  the  extra- 
dition ure  to  be  borne  by  the  country  seek- 
ing requisition.  No  extisdlilun  Ik  possible 
If  the  offense  with  which  tbe  fugitive  Is 
. rd  I*  unpunishable  by  reason  of  tbe 
statute  of  limitation  of  the  country  of 
asylum.  All  nriklex  ami  property  la  pos- 
session of  the  fugitive  at  the  time  of  arrest 
are  so  far  as  l»  practicable  to  be  returned 
with  him.  whether  or  not  the  proceeds  of 
in 

Where  requests  for  the  extradition  of  the 
same  person  come  to  a  cation  from  more 
than    one   other    country,    unless    dh 
otherwise    by    treaty    provisions,    he    la    to 
be  handed  over  to  tbe  officers  of  the  country 

firat     king     requisition.       The     coutitrles 

wltb   which    the  Vtil ted    States   has   extia 
dltlon  trenil  i  and  the  •xtraill 

'•neiiM**  are  as  follow 

Argentine     /tepsirWIr—  (1S9B).  —  HoBllrtde, 
assassination,   parricide,   poisoning.    Infanti- 
cide, manslaughter,  or  the  attempt  to  com- 
mit any  of  tlie-e  crimes;  arson.   Imra 
liouae-iirenkltig.  shopbreaking,  rolilierj 
violence.  Inrcenv  of  tbe  value  of  Il'OO:  for- 
gery, counterfeit  lug,   ciulicxxlement  of 
lie     monies    or    of    private,     funds     exceeding 
fraud  or  breach  of  trust  of  SHUT):  per- 
jury   or    subornation     of    perjury,    rape, 
abduction,     kidnapping     or     ehlld-stenlln 


lug  ; 
tril  -. 


trnttt-wrecg'tnff,   .  .led  or  atrenipi 

S".  mntloy.  destroying  or  ntteniptlng  to 
estroy  a  ship:  nssnults  on  shipboard:  and 
trading  In  slaves  where  such  is  prohibited 
by  I  be  tnwa  of  both  count  rleu. 

4«slr(o//ijsi7or|r—fl8au.)— Murder.       n- 
satilt  with  Intent  to  kill,  piracy,  arson,  rob- 
bery,  forgery,  msklng  or  circulating  conn- 
icy,   or   etobetisleinent    of   puiillc 
moolet. 

Bow** — (18S7). — Mnrder.  attempt  to  com- 
mit murder,  plrncv.  arson,  robbery,  forgery. 
making  or  clrcul  fell  money, 

of  public  money, 
■■fin — I1M3). — Jlnrdcr,     assault     wl'h 
Int.nt  to  commit  murder,  piracy,  arson,  rob- 
licrv.    forgery,    making   or  •  «>"n- 

terfelt    mouey.  or  embcxxlcment   of   public 
money. 

Uriah.*!—  (19011—  Murder,  parricide,  ns- 
aaaslnatlon.  poisoning.  Infanticide,  attempt 
to  eomtnl l*r,  rape  attempt  to  com- 
mit rape,  bl  orllon.  arson,  piracy, 
mutiny  on  shipboard,  larceny,  bnrglirv. 
toe'si-. breaking,  forgery,  mnklng  or 
Intlng  counterfeit  uiouey,  eroliexxletnewt 
of  public  money,  or  of  private  funds,  ex- 
ceeding I'.'oo  or  1.000  francs:  train-wreck- 
ing, obtaining  money  or  goods  under  false 
kidnapping  of  minors,  aod  re- 
ception of  stolen  articles. 

BoKrtO — (IflOOi.— Mnrder.  assassination, 
parricide.  Infnntlcld*.  i«>l«onlo.(,  attempt  to 
commit  mnrder.  manslaughter,  arson,  rob- 
bery, bnrglary.  forgerv.  counterfeiting,  em- 
bextlement  exceeding  J200  :  fraud  nr  breach 
of  trust  when   *?O0  or  more   is  Involved : 

Scrtury.  subornation  of  perjury,  rape,  ah- 
nc'lon.  kldnapnlng,  Irsln-wrecklnr.  p»r*ey. 
tnntltiv.  deoriivlng  a  vessel,  as«n"!t«  at  sea. 
slnve-tradlne  In  violation  of  tbe  laws  of 
both   countries. 

BrorH—  MROSi. — Bsme  as  BoMela. 
OhUt—  flftOO'.— fame  as  Bolivia. 

l?rWr«. — No  et'r.-illllon, 
Colombia— 118881. — Same  as  Bolivia. 
rM»i.— l.  Murder,  eomnrehendlng  the  af- 
fenses  expressed  lo  tbe  l'enul  Code  of  Cuba 


Extradition 


fessages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


»•   anamination,   parricide,   lafaallcldr   and 

Stoning:   manslaughter,   when   voluntary: 
e  attempt  lo  commie  any  of  throe  ' 

•±.   Arson,     x   Bebbtrr.  droned  to  S 
..!  r.f  feinnloualy  ami  forcibly  taking  from 
the  prnoo  of  another   money    good*,  docu- 
.      It)    rloli 

Hog    nlm    ll  !. mik- 

ing ami  shopbreaking.  4,  I'i.ryi  >  <n  iu>- 
utterance  of  forged  pa] 

"UUU-nft     (if     the 

rem;  public  authority,   including 

eoarta  of  Juatlcc.  or  the  alteram-, 
■last  uae  of  any  of  the  aaine.     :,.   Thr 

■.ni'iti   "<   ntcrfrll    money     whether   coin 

or   paper,    counterfeit   title*   or 

public    debt,    tumli'in-itf*,    or    otli»r    ln-"rn- 

merit*  of  piilill.-  .  r  •.in  ;  of  counterfeit  tale, 

.  alia  and  mark*  of  atari-  »r  i 
ndmlnlftrntlnn.  and   tj  .rela- 

tion or  framhilriii  nae  of  any  of  the  above- 

Ill  I !      r,l.|e,  •  ■  ■    :  :ni-IH      ll JT 

officer*    or    depoaltarlea :    ■'UihcoDa- 
i    ■    by   persona   t •  - 1 -  - 1  irled  to   the 

detriment    ,,r    their    emploj  .nine 

naoney.     rnlunhle    ercurltlo*    or    other 
eonal  property   liy   fil  »oeb 

act  l»  made  criminal  if  holb 

const  tin    anal    the    amount    of    mon' 

value    of    the    propcri;    ao    obtained    I i 

!■•»*   tban   ti<  i   I lied   -1-.  Hji  -  -   In   gold       7. 

Fraud    or    lirem  n    .if    tniKl     (nr    the 

Ing  rrii gprea I  In  tbe  I'cnnl 

of     ■  uba    *•    Aefriiudntloril      by    *     lm 

gent     factor,   truatce.  or  nifter  pet> 
Hon  acting  In  a  fiduciary  capacity,  or    II 
tor  or  '-r   offlerr  M 

u   li  get  l»  Did*  criminal  by  the  Inn  « 
..f  both  coantrlcg  and  tbe  amount  of  man*/ 

or  tlic   rnlue   of   tbe   proper  |.r|. 

aferi  la  not  leaa  Hum  two  hundred  dolliira 
In  (Old,  B  P .,,i  ;  subornation  of  per- 
jure     !i.   Briber)  :  ■!■  lined  to  be  the  gl 

offering  cj  recemng  ,,r  n  reward  to  tutu- 

one   In   the   discharge  of  n    legal   ilutr. 
10,    Knpe.    blgauiy.      II.  Wilful   ami 
fill  deal  met  loo  or  obatroetlon  ol 
train*     l.n.ir.--      rehlclca      reaaela    "i-    other 

nienna  of  transport  all r  public  oi  pi 

building*,    when   III*  n  ,,l.iti- 

gera    human     lire.        [8      (Villi 

»e*.  lo  wit  :  (a)  rimer,  by  atutute  M  hj 
tbe  law  of  nntloiio.  jhi  Rewlt.  or  eon- 
•piracy  to  revolt,  by  two  ..r  more  perron* 
ril  a  ahlp  on  the  high  »en«  iiL-.ilnst 
the  authority  of  lb*  m**t*r.  (el  Wrong- 
fully alnklnaj  or  deatmyiag  I  *■■», 

or   all.  moling    to   it (di    A-.-iult*  on 

In, anl   ii   ship  on   the   high  «'aa  wltb   In 

to   do  grlevou*   hodlli    ii  inn.      is,  Crimea 

nml  offense*  ngnlii'l    ■  he  tawa  of  both 

Ii-Im    f<rr    Hie   Kitppn-Mlon    of    alarery    and 

rniiing.    14.  Kidnapping  ,,r  mlnon  or 

adult*,   denned   lo   lie   the    al'diicllon   or     |i 
i. 'mi. hi    of   "    perion    or    narsoni     In    ordaar 
to   exact    miner    from    them   nr    thi  Ir 

or  for  'ini   "tiier  iini.iwfiii  rud,      IB> 
Ijre.ii  to  I*    •"■■  theft  of  money. 

err.'i'iv  document*.  hor*e*  cattle,  llre- 
atoeg  or  *nj  other  movable  property  of 
Hi,.    Milne   of    man     Hmn   Oft r  dollar*.      19. 

nlng  lir  tiir/.iit  of  doing  Injury,  moo- 
ey,  v*liuli>«  .,r  ol  her  p.r-onnl  properlv. 
I..  Mayhem  and  other  wilful  mutll 
en-lug  ill.nhliiir  or  death.  Rgtradllloa  in 
to  take  place  f„r  participation  In  any  of 
fb*  crlinea  ami  offenne4    menttoned  In  thla 

coinpllesg, 
hut  in  aece**)rle*  In  any  of  the  Crimea  "r 
offennea  mentloneil  In  Hi.-  pttaamt  *nielc, 
provided  "ii.ii  pnrflclpatlon  may  be  pon- 
labed.  In  the  I'nlled  State*  a*  a  felony  and 
Bf  Cobe  by  Imprtaon'ment. 
'hor  or  capital  punlahment. 

"inr*. — rUrnc     g*      Itrlgltim  :     aapplo- 

rl   hy  a   trtaty   algned    b  brad 

log   Ita   proTlalona  to  the  laland   aoauwaaloua 


of   thai    oootractlng   parllca,    and    lm-todln 
rliae  of  bribery. 
A-nantor— (1872).— I.     M-jnler.     IncladlB. 
gaaaaalaattoo,     parrh  UciUe     *aa 

•uiiik-.       '.'.   The    crime    of    rape.     ar>oaa 
piracy,  and  mutiny  i 
crow   or   a    part    thereof,    br   fr.. 
nsiliml   the  c">uim»i 
ii    po«*e«lon    of    Hie    raaaaL      3.    tt — 
crime  of    bnrt: 
a*   tbe  art  of  breaking  o*  forcing    *u 

Into  anotber'a  houw  win 
commit  any  crime,   anil   thi 
bery.    II  .leflneil   an   the  ■ 

lug   from   the   prraoo   of   another     c 
money   with   criminal  Intent,   ualng  vtoleo 
or  Intimidation.     4.  Tke  crlni. 

Which  I*   llll.leratood  to  he  I  be    w|l 
■  lion  of  forged  paper*  or  pit 
meat*.      5.    1  he 

.'••it    Boon 

•  ii'Sf,  bank  i 
ind   in   gcuerul   of  ai 
to  or  Inn i 

Ins    nf    stamp*,   dice,    oeala.   and 
the    utate.   auof  of   th"    adm 
t borltlca.  and  i  he  aale  ■  *  <i renin H.y»  there 

mltted     within     the    Jurlxllctlon    of    etl 
party   by    p 

avtaaOaat'-— 

(inrrlcldi 
o  commit  murder.  r*i  u.  aaaaaaaiDrl 

emh. 

■    »n<1  bou 
Hie    tr»;ity    , 

r-rfelt    money    and     e.-ul_.iiieakrat 
hired   nf  Ml  u*.     By  tt, 

IIMIP:    l      Murder.   BMaatli  rid 

Infnntlclde    and     polaoultig  ~" t«. 

when    voluntary i    aaauult    with    ii.i 
i-innilt  murder.    2.  Ilape.  abortion.  Mcaaaagasn'. 
3.    Araon.      4.    Kolilxrv.    burglary,    ' 
breaking    or    ahoii.itreaklDc-       ■"►-   Fnf4«'  ty: 

the  utterni f  forgi   I   pa  :  irtL^— ."1 

or   filslOcntlon  ■ 

autlturiry,   or   of   ivuirlaaaaaaal  of 
Justice,  or  tbe  utterance  of 

or  falililed.     fl.  The  ing.  f * laaaaaaaaaT- 

Ing  or   alt,  Iher  rolaaaaaaEa  or 

Caper,    or    uf    In  m.      aaailei 

y  national.  Mate,  prurlarlal. I  "' 

other   goierumeutH.   or   of  coupon*    Iber— 
nr  tli—  utleraai 
rune;   or  the   coagf^^H 
falHlfylng.   or  altering  ,.f  k, 

it    hi.  nell    nt    IruM    »ty    H    I 
'■in.     factor,     c» 

gnnMi  in,  tra  •'•  ■   or  o 

a    fiduciary    capai  It)      or   d 

'"  r  ,.r     .in,  ,-r   . .f   any   coopnuy.   nhen 

net    |<   mnile   c,\- 

cotml .  Ii  10MB  « 

l.ilue    of    Hie    properly    mltapp. 

nr.l    le-i   than    > 

tarlea  :    cmliexxt.  i  rraoDg    blr 

aalari'd.    lo    the    detriment    of    th»lr 

r*.  8.   Larcci,  rao 

valnable    aecurltlea    or    other    propert^aV   V 
falae    priten..  .      wher.  waud* 

criminal     Ii)     the     luwn    of 
and  tbe  nmounl   "t  monej    of  t*e  ?*!■ 

,|ici  ty    fraud  nl,  >  .rot 

lr-«a  tlniii    two   hundred  fiW 

aand     franc*.       U.   ivrjory. 
perjury.       lo.    r'l, 
of  a  minor  under  Hie  age  .. 
liny    itn. I    of   «l»t.-en    for   a 
napping   of   minor*  or   ndultH 
and   iiiilatiful   deal ril'tl'ui   u  ifiot 

langrra     h 
IX   («i    IMracy.  by  tbe  law  .f  i, 
Tbe  act   i.y   any   prraoo.   being   or   not 
one   ..(    ihe   rmr  of    a    v, 

DOh    re««.| 
leucc.      (c)    WroncfDlly  jinking  or  d. 


■  ,., 


lofwdic  h 


iition 


toe  ■  Teasel   at    aea.     nil    Itn 

•piracy  to  rerott,  by  two  or  mow  per*on» 

no  board   I  :■•  til.-h  teat,  ngilnit 

the    authority    of    elm    i-apiata    or    m«M.r. 

(c>   Aasanlt*  on   board  *    -Mi1  n"  tin-   Mil" 

tea*,    with    Intent    to    do    trlcvon*    ' 

harm.      14.    i 

lnw»  of  b'! 

of   «iitcry    and    alarc-tradm."       15     II 

jtber 

ppiperty    ktiiiulnv'    the    Maine    to    hav.- 
iiiiUwrnlly  obtained,  when  »wh  act  I*  tnadi 
criminal    by    the    law*    of    bot; 
and  the  amount  of  money  or  the  value   of 
the   pi   •  i.ed  U  not   lent  than 

■■a. 

Ortmt    Bril'ilm    -I  l^SDI.— Voluntary    man- 
■  Inuc    I  -'lng,       miibioUienicat, 

larceny,  receiving  •toleu  gcod*.  fraud 
Jary.  eebornatlon  of  perjury.   rape, 
i Inn,     cMld-*teallnx     kidnapping,    burglary, 
buiiac-breaking,    piracy,    mutiny 
a   reaael.  a*tault  at   *oa.  «luv*ry  and  atava- 
tradlug.     By   a   supplement   of   r.iim  there 
w.re  added :   Obtaining   money  under  fade 
preti-nan.     train-wrecking,     and     prueurlng 
abortion. 

artttr.—Su  extradition. 

OMfcmolo— <  HMXSi.— Sam*     aa     BoIlTta, 
with    tb»    addition    of:     Mayhem,     hi 

hunk    robbe-v,    miiiI.     :.-.:,  i,      in    .,f   Inink    filllilK. 

.ititiilii.ii,:  m  property  by  threat  and 

I  ox  aame. 

Haiti—  (1M14I.—  Herder.     a*a**«lnatlon. 
pnrrHde.  lafantlclde.  poisoning,  attempt  to 
commit  murder,  piracy.  rnp< 
terfelllng.    armiu,    rubber},    and    *nihesxl»- 
rueol. 

/ro*u*ni».— 1'utll    IDOD  we  had   no  extra- 
dm. ni   treaty   with  Hoi  that 

year  Scrrcury  Moot  negotiated  a  convection 
coTeting    ■    longer    ll»t    Of    r-xtrxdii -l:>  of- 

rraty     Willi 

Irn.  which   h.i.l  theretofore  I 'oni 

fairly   complete  and  a   model  form  for  np- 
niliru'inx     territory.       They 
I.   Vlr-.nl»r.   comprehending  the 
dc«lgastcd    by   the  terma   of   parricide,    aa- 
aanlnoi!..ii  liter,  when  voluntary: 

.  The  »tt<  n. 
■   in  ini-r.     :i    Hape.  nbortloo.  carnal 
knowledge    of    children    nnder    the    age    of 
tni'li'   y»«r«.     4.  Bigamy.      5.  Araon.      il. 
Inxllon    or    ob- 
•tructlon     of    railroad*,     which     endanger* 
n   life.      7.   Crimea  committed  nt  sea: 
:.»    coutnmnly    km  ten    anil    de- 
fy  the  law  of  cation*,  or  by  atntute. 
il.  Wrongfully  linking  or  destroying  a  eoe- 

:!      IM      -T     attempting      to      do       -'    .  ill 

>•  oc  conspiracy  by  two  or  more  m.  m 
bers  of  the  crew  or  other  per*on*  on  i 

Of  O     VCSJH-I    mi     Ihe     high    *••«».     f.,r    I  lie     pur- 

po«e  nf  rebelling  ng.iluxt   Hie  aotborttjj   of 

by  frand  or  violence  tnllns  noaaeMinu  of 
mull  i.  u'l.  idi  AukiiiII  .il  lioanl  »IiI|im 
upon  taw  iiirh  ••■"■  with  Intent  to  do  bodily 
aim.  8.  Burglary,  denned  to  be  the  act 
of  breaking  luto  and  .nierlug  the.  ban**-  of 
another  lo  the  nli:hi  tflM  with  Intent  to 
commit  a  felonv  therein.  ».  The  breaking 
Into  and  eiii-rlor  Into  thi  office*  ,,r  ihe 
linveranMnt  *=d  politic  antborttlea  .. 
oeSres  of  bank*,  banking  hou«*«.  saving 
bank*.  tru*t  compnslcs.  Insuritnee  eompa- 
Die*,   or  olli  with 

itiimlt  .i  felony  Hi-  rein.  If).  I lob- 
bevy,  detlned  to  lie  the  mi  of  feloniously 
ana  forcibly  raking  from  the  person  of 
•  not?  r  money  by  rlolene*  or  by 

•ig  blm    In   fr*r.      II.    Forgery    or   the 
mre   of   forged    pAper*.      12.   The    for- 
rery  or   falalScatlon  of  the  olllclal  act*  of 
the   dorerarnrnt    or    public    authority,    to- 
eluding  courta  of  Jut  Ice.  or  the  uttering  or 


fraudulent   UN  Of  lb*  name.     13.    i  hi 
<•.iti.ui  ..r  counterfeit  nancy,   whether  cola 
or  paper,   counterfeit  title*  or   < 
luil. ni*  debt,  created  by  national. 

ernmeiiiK.    hank-note*   or  nenin 

of  public  credit,   couaterfclt   •eel*.   «tnmp«. 

lute    or    |.ii!.  Ic    il 

latrationa,    and    ihe    utttran 

or  fraudulent  one   Of  tha   iiIiotc   mentioned 

object*.       14-  it     or     crl 

hi   ronirall! 
diction  of  one  or  the  other  parry  by  i 
ofllcera  or  depoaltnrle*    where  the   amount 
•-::i!ii      i  or       Hi. minimi 
.   .ni vol.nt  i  ..nil  j-.r.leiiu  ot       liy      any 

penon    or   penon*   hired.    aaUrlcd.    01 
'..    to   the   detriment    of   Uioir    en 

tie  crime  or  Of 
fenae  li  punlKlinldr  by  Imprisonment  or 
other  corporal  punlahment  by  the  lawa  of 
both  countries,  nnd  whom  too  amonni 

beCtltd    exceeilK    .< ..' I H »     lor    lliniiliirii::    i-.|i:o:i- 

lent i.     IC.  i  iz  of  minors  or  idnlt*. 

iilol    I  .    04    Ho-    no  dm  i   of    a 

ixrawo  or  penaon*,  In  Ordei 
rooi    them    or    tlieir    famlllea,    or    f..r   aay 
other  unlawful  end.     IT.   Larceny,  defined 
tin-  ih-tt  of  effect!    pei 

i        o  .     I  :ir     .   I  |oe    of     itl'l'nl 

dollar*  or  more.  IM.  mm  lining  money,  vni- 
liable  aeciirltlea  or  other  property  by  fulae 
-  •  or  rvi-elylnc  any  money,  ealuable 
■ecurltlea  or  other  propi  •  knowing  the 
aame  to  have  been  uiiliwfully  obtained, 
where  Iha  nun. not  of  iihoi.-i  or  tho  value 
a  tned  •  it  n  in  Ived  ex- 
eetai    two    hundred    dollar*    lor    llondiiran 

perjin  J 

a  bailee,  banker,  agrnl  lee.  ex 

ecxilor.  admlalKtrmor,  gunrdlan.  dln-cior.  or 
rorporatlo 
noBlttoD    where 

the  amount  of  money  or  thi   rain*  of  Iha 

Sot  two  hun- 
oulrnlenli.     :'l 
The   eitrndltton  I*    alto   t.  i-    for 

purtlclnoUou  In  any  of  the  uf  .reaald  crime* 
aa  nn  acr*a*«ry   before  or  after  the   fact, 

Erovlded    anch    pi  a    be    piinUhable 

y  Imprlaonment  by  the  laira  of  both  con- 
tracting parti**. 

KM       1 —  i  ■  -      Mui.I,.r.    >,. 

■tualnatkiu.     pa.-rlilile      potaonlngi     lufantl- 

■  ni--.      '  i  nipt       ■   i- mlt    iinirj.-r,    rnpe,    ar 

■on,  piracy,  mntloy,  hnrgUry,  robbary,  for- 
gery, counterf  Itlng,  and  emhvxxlemenl      My 

ihe    .  dng. 

J"V"  une    a*    Haiti. 

Lvrrmtwrv — tlHs:i)._s*me      as      Great 
BrlUln, 

itrslru—  rtSftli  and  10021— The  client 
of  extrudltnl.le  OfftnaM  I*  .-renter  In  th« 
caae  of  Uagjeo  tluni  in  iinv  oiIi.t  ' 
of  the  Dotted  Slate*,  probably  on  account 
or  the  contiguity  of  territory.  The  11*1 
of  extradlulih-  offennea  Include*:  Murder, 
aaaaax  dc,   poUonlng.   In 

cltu  rape,  bigamy,  arson,  piracy,  destroy- 
ing n  s.  .1.  murder,  burglary,  nooaebreali 
lug.   bank    i 

i«e  of  the  court*    counterfeiting.  In- 
troduction   of   counterfeiter"*    tool*,    etnbex- 
alemeiit   of  nubile  or  prliato  funda,  etotie*- 
iliiuiut    ,.r    Imnt    or   tni«l    fund*,   emtierulo 
merit  by   hired  or  *alnrled   per*on».  kidnap 
ping,    mayhem,   endangering  Inimaii    life  by 
net  Inn    of    railroad*,    brlilir,  ..    ami    ihe 
like:    ohlnllilnc    moin-  . 
I'll- 1-.    threat*,    or    falae    pretend- 
ing  or    buying    good*    known    (0   have   been 
wroncfulii     obtained      iii r,-» ii v    to    the    o* 
if    i..-nt>nve  dollar*  or  more,    or    r.- 
..  King  good*  to  that  value,    knowing  them 
to    have   been    Molen.      By    the    addition    uf 
.'402.    bribery    wa*    added. 


Extradition  Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


a/orooeo— No   extradition. 

Xtih*rUim<tt—  (1(8*1.— Some      •»      Great 

Britain.  »iih  ihc  addition  of  blgstny.  abor- 
tion, larceny,  and  ambeul.rn- ni.  Kxtcod 
*d  la  10<>4  to  lb*  Insular  postvsalou*  of 
both  countries. 

Slearai/un — (1005). — ("radically  Ibo  mm 
U   nun    Honduras, 

Sortrati — (189S>— Same   31    N.-lhi-rland«- 

Ot  toman  r.mplrt—  (1871  >.— Same  •» 
Haiti. 

Panama— <1D04).—1.  Murder:  2.  Anon  ; 
]  4  Forgery  •  1  ounti  1  Milne : 
U  1  :■:-.  1..  -  :.ii..-n t  Where  the  cmuexii 
exceeds  ihe  mm  of  |300:  larceny.  7.  Fraud, 
breach  of  truat  by  a  balle*  banker,  agent. 
factor,    trustee   or  other   p  Bg  In 

a  Oduelnry  capacity,   or  director  or  B> 
or  officer  of  any  company,  wlo-n  auch  act  la 

maiii-  arlmlnal  I>>  tbe  la  countries 

and  the  amount  of  monev  or  Lne  raUM  01 
ill,-  property  mlsaopioprlatcd  If  Dot  lc«* 
Inaa     1200.  Jury:     mbornnlon     of 

pnrjiirj-.  '■>  Ram;  abdoctton:  kidnap 
pine.  10.  Willful  Mini  unlawful  di 
tlon  or  obstruction  of  rnllrondi  trbleb  en- 
dangers  buuinn  lit*.  11.  Crimea  commit- 
ted at  »en  oi  111  111 
law*  of  nation*:  (bj  n  irolt,  or  conspiracy 
to  n-vi.lt.  by  tm  or  more  pet sons  on  board 
a  »hlp  on  Hie  1 1 1 uli  mi'iih  aenlri.t  the  au- 
thority of  i  (cl  wrongful]*  *luk- 
lnr   or   destroying   a    vc'iei   in 

1  i  do  so:  (if)  Assaults  on  board  a 
chip   on    (hi  la  wl.1i   Intent   ii   do 

grievous  bodily  harm  13  Crimea  nod  of- 
fense* a(oln«t  Ihe  lair*  ..r  solo  i  lunfrles 
for  tbe  suppression  of  ilivcrr  rind  slave 
trading,     lit    Bi  iradltlon  la  nl*o 

to  lake  pin •  onj  of  i  ha 

•     mid     offenses     m<anlloned      in     tlilx 

punished.  In  the  United  Mates  aa  a  f 

umi  In  tin-  Urnulillc  of  Panama  by  linprlmu- 

iiient  at  hnrd  labor. 

Paratmau — No  extradition. 

Ptritu. — No  extradition. 

Peru—  (18091—  I  auie    B*    Dolll 

Portugal — (1008)  —Same  a*  Honduras. 
with  Ihc  undeisiandlng  that  no  di-sib  pen- 
nlty  •hull  be  enforced  upon  surrendered 
cilmlnal*. 

Pnuiia — (18321.— Thl*   treaty   waa   con- 
i    by    the  king  of   Prussia   for   Prussia 
and    other    state*.       It    wait   aoci 
Bremen,      Mecklenburg  SOiwertu,      Mi 
burg-Strellls,  Oldenburg.  Seliaumbure  I 
anil   tVllrllcmbetg       It 

able  crime*:  Murder  or  aMisult  wlili  Intent 
to   commit   murder,    piracy,   arson     ml 

ry,  -u  I  ha  utterance  of  forged  paper*, 
counterfeiting,  and  inilM-xxlcracut  of  public 
money*. 

Itoutnanio  .—  No  extradition. 

KuAria — (18ST). — Same  a*  Oreat  Britain. 

ftdlroitor— (Mil). — Fame  as  Honduras 
with   few    minor   ageepUoM. 

*>nlu—  I  lfiOl  i.-  Same  a*  Netherlands. 
■i.i!.—  No   extradition. 

gsatss. — I'xtrndltlon  treaties  of  1ST?  anil 
1K82  abroga  od  bv   the  treaty  of  friendship 

ii  ,i  i  ,  -iniiii-ii.  ci  in  ieot  bj 

fllgTiS'urc  of  a   In'in/    •miliar  to   thai 
iioo. 
tfireoYti — (18fl.1i. — Same  flu  Netherlands. 
«K«««^land—  •  I  100  i me  as   Uelgluui. 

I'cnsstuclo. — No   extradition. 


Extraordinary  Session  Messages.     (See 

Special  Session  Messages.) 
Extraordinary    Seaslons    of    Congress, 

Sroi  lamations  convening,  by  Prcsi 
cut— 

Adams,  John.  222. 
CJe  ^28. 

HairiMB,  W.   Si.,  1876. 
Hayes  4359,  4472. 
Jefferson,  345,  413. 
Lincoln,  : 

;.-,   6470. 
Madison,  478,  329. 
Pierce,   2.127. 
Roosevelt,  6780. 
Tuft,  7386. 
Van    Huron,    1338. 
Extraordinary  Sessions  of  Senate,  rroc- 

InnuitiiiuH  i I  eii.tiu  ! ■-.-  1 'resident — 

Adams,  John,  306.  1220. 

Adams,  J.   Q.,  !»>*. 

Arthur,  4621, 

Buchanan,  3026,  SOS!.  3136,  3203. 

eland,    3428,    6230. 
Fillmore,  8646, 

Referred  to,  2726. 
Chant,  S966,  40S7,  4171,  427$,  4390. 
Harrison,  Benj.,  CS17. 
M,   1581. 

Referred  to,  43S8. 
Jackson, 
Jefferson,  449. 
Johnson, 
Lincoln,  3362,  3474. 

liaon,  571. 
Monroe,  836. 

Polk.  2539. 

Kooaevelt.  6779,  6951,  6967. 
Tyler,  2220. 
Win   Ban  a,  1857. 
VCuUngtoa,  130,  204,  571. 
Etra's  Church   (Oa.),   Battle  of.— Jol, 

ii.  O.    Howard  wns 
ed   to   the  command  of  tbe  Army  „ 

iln-    T-  imi-v.i-i-    and    (Jen.     Hooker    reslgn.ij 
ii.-   command  of    tin  ;n,  - 

ii.   11.   W.  Riorum.     1„ 
Army    of    the  Teuuc»i.i-..    was    inoreil 
the   extreme   left    to   tbe    extreme   right   of 
position    before    Atlanta.     Gen.    Hum! 
udvantnge  of  this   movement,   Jalr 
28  nude  an  attack  on  •..-..•  I'lrn-i-niii  forps. 
I-.- in.    .it    Kxra'a    Church,      Loean 
was  u'ell  aupportcd   by  Itlalr'*  ami   P 
corps.    Tni  • -counts  r*pri-vi-ni  in:.i 

Ihe    nchtlne    eonrlniK-il     from    nnon     tin     I 
•li    i-.    >i.,    v.  Inn    tin-    I'nnfi'derAtes    re- 
I    of    2.000.       The     r 
" '.      Gen.  Shennnn  »n- 
lemtes     ani-tulnrd     an     Overwhelming 
i  ■  n.    Hard   k." ■  no   material 

advastage   «-»*  gained   by   elth-i 

lint   the  losi  wa*  amall   In    proportion 
to  the  number*  engaged. 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Farm 


Fabian  Socialist.  -In  the  strict  **n«e  of 

I  e  term,  a  acnVr  of  the  Fabian  Society. 
This  En«-  llsh  organization  bad  ic*  beginnings 
to  188S.  and  la  composed  of  Social! in  who 
ic  »  method  itloo  erlUi  •  ii*i- 

Jos  Covrrnnientnl  and  social  njenclca.  In  or- 
la  ttnu  to  «ow  the  seeds  of  Sorlalhtra 
anions  Ineiu  ;  whereas  moM  SqcIiiIIkIi  re- 
time to  ivoperate  or  to  Join  with  other 
reform  ao\  cl.-ij  L«  mmiiwd 

of  Int  nillii-r  tri:.n  ,,;  wiirklnitmen. 

ami  among  H«  moit  fnmons  members  arc 
Pcmsrd  Shaw  and  Sldn. ,  end  Hentrh-e 
Webb.  In  o  loom'  arnxo  .-i  r*hlnn  Soelnllit 
has  come  la  nn>.in  any  Sm-loll-t  who  desires 
to  achieve  tlic  Scclalhtlc  rod*  by  oppor- 
tunist method*,  (flee  Socia!l>m.| 
Faction.— A  port  I., 11  nf  an  organisation  set- 
tins  Itself  op  In  opposition;  wok  times 
m.'i attof  from  the  organisation  proper. 

Fair  Oaks  (Va.),  Battle  or.  (&M  BoToa 

Pines  (Va,),  Battlo  of.) 
Falkland  Islands.— Two  Inrje  Islands  sur- 
rounded  by  a  group  of  smaller  ono»  la  th» 
Sooth  Atlantic  between  the  parallels  of  51' 
and  j2-  45'  s.,  sorni    (00  ■  ■  of  the 

'  I'ifjxonla.  opposite  lbs  Btroll 
•f    Magellan.      1  <    I  !■  ■- 

croup    la    aliotit    7.610    raanre    ml 
Island*  wire  vlxlted  or  j.-.hn  Darts  In  1S02. 
In   I'M   Commodore  ilyron  took  po**eiulon 

of  them  lu  tbe  n.n .r  Greet   Britain,  and 

they  now  constitute  :i  crown  oolonr.      The 

Celpal    oc<  of    tbe   Inhabitants   la 

p     roMnc.    2.325.000    a  d"- 

voted  to  the  pasturage  nf  era  In 

1010.  h.Md.*  1  ::  horses. 

Tfce  prli  [ports  are  wool,   bides   and 

tallow.     The  population  Is  about  2 

Falkland  Islands: 

ims  of  Argentina  respecting  acta 
of  America  at,  4910, 

Outrages     committed     on     American 
citizens  and  vessels  at,  11115,  12-115. 
Fanfare.— A  flourish  of  trumpets,  esptclally 
In  military  OSNBi 

Far    Eastern   Affairs,    Department    of 

State. — TIiIk  department  was  created  In 
1000,  by  flccrctnty  ol  Statu  P.  C.  Km:-. 
rhl»f  Of  the  I'-urcau  Is  appointed  by  (ho 
Recreini-r  -I  Rtate,  and  the  act  making  ap- 
propriations for  his  offlre  niacin  lib)  salary 
either  11.600  or  (3.000  yearly,  at  c 
erctlon  of  tlic  Secretary.  The  division  of 
Far    Eastern    Affairs    ha*  over 

matters  other  ttan  admlnl-tnitliv  In  Japan, 
China.  Siberia,  tlonckonr,  French  Indo 
fliloa.  si-im.  Strait-  Rnttlomants,  florneo. 
East    Iodic*.    India  ami    .-.•  istcrn 

i.-les.    (See  I  ■  ■  at  of  Ktato    I 

department  of  Bl 
"Farewell  Addreta."— The    last    address 
of    President   Washington,  delivered  Septem- 
ber IT.  1700.  at  the  conclusion  of  hi:. 
years'  of  service  In   the  Presidency.  I*  re- 
tarded a*    OBC    "t    tbe    ablest    Of    American 
Btatc  Papers.     Ibmdlng  of  it.  In  whole  "r  In 
part,  I"  required  t»  fore  the  Army  and  Navy 
on  vrastitOKMn's   ttlrtliday    (se»  3300 1  :  and 
by  proclamation,  ns  well  n*  by  raatMO,  It  ts 
illv    to    the    penpic   on    Wsi&tog. 
too's  Birthday.     I  Sec  : 
FarswoU  Address  of  President — 
Jackson, 

Annv  orders  regarding  reading  of, 
3306. 


Proclamation    recommending   read- 
ing of,  oil  Feb.  SB,  3889. 
Farm  and  Arm.— Catci  phrase  used  by  ex- 

I*r**ldeiit    nooaerelt     In    a    Chlraso    >: 

■.Merit      Wll 

sac*  astcln.  iinnt 

>ily  auncstlns  the  need  of 
ayfmatlc  method-  :  ii  i  od  production,  aa 
well  aa  of  pitsanatlo  ngbUa 

Farmers'  Welfare: 
Credits  l,  7908. 

Discussed  bv    President — 

K.L.WVOIt,   7040. 

Wilson,  7908. 
Farm  Loan  Act.— Thl»  in  on  act  to  provide 

agricultural  dcvclopm 

landaru    forma   of    investment   based 
upon  farm  mortgacc,  to  equalize  raten  o 
teresl  upon  farm  loans   >..  furnish  a  market 
for   l  nlted  Stntea  boi  ,ie  Oovsrn- 

nenl   depositaries  and    lltinnrliil 
the  I'nlted  States,  mol    for  other  ion; 
The  shorl   title  or  this  act   I  deral 

I  ■  ■-in    Act."       lis    ndi 
under  the  dJ  nd  enolml  ol  Ihe  led 

crnl  Farm  Ix.im  Hoard.     It*  chief  provisions 

are  i 

'•  ml  Farm  I.onn    Board. — There  kIiiiII 

tent  in 

the    Department    of   the  Trenmirv   a  bureau 

[th  the  eseeutlon  of  tnbi  set  ami 

D nilalory  i  •..  reof,  la  b*  k 

i    deral  Farm  Uoan  Hureau   under  tbe 

Sneriii  supervision  of  a  Federal  Farm  Loon 

Sabl  Fedarnl  Farm  I.onn  Board  »luill  COB 
■  1st   of   live   tin!  i  •   1 1  rj tr    the    Secre- 

tary of  the  Treasury,  who  shall  he  a  met 
and  c&atrmao  >  od  four  iiiembers 

la    tw    appnltiteil    bj     the    rrr«|.lcnt    of    the 
united   States,  by  and  with  Ihe  ;i 
consent  of  the  Seunte.     Of    the    four  mem- 

!         II.  .1 

ilian  two  shall  be  appointed  fr.mi  one 

Collllcnl  party,  and  all    four  of  an  Id    mem- 
rra  ahull   lie  eltttena  nf  the  I  nlird   Rtnl*e 
ir  entire   time   to   the 
loiKiiieKs  of  the  Federal  Farm  lyinn  I'.oard: 
they  shall  receive  an  annual  salary  of  (10,- 
uthly,  logeiher  with  ueiual 
oeoeeanry   traveling  expenses. 

One  of  tbe  membera  to  be  appointed  by 
the  Pi  hall  be  dealjrnaied  hy  him  to 

nerve  for  i  v  to-  for  four  years,  one 

for  ill  eight  yean,  and 

thereafter  each  member  so  appointed   shall 

for  ii  term  ■  inuuer 

-in..  the   President      One 

"f  the  member*  shall   be  denlgnaled  by  the 

President  as  Ihe  Farm  Loan  Commit--:- 

who  sball  be  the  a.  tive  axaeatlve  officer  of 

wllil    hoard.      Tie  tig    hoard    wan    ap- 

point.-, i   by    i'i-  "ii  ■ 

William  Q.  MeAdoo,  Chairman  fex  officio). 

iiei.rge  V7.  Norma,  Farm  Loan  Commli 
■loner 

Charles  K.  Lobdcll. 
'. 

Herbert  Quick.      W.  IV.  Flannntnn. 
rotary. 

lol.m!    land    Rank*. — Tlio  Federal    Farm 

I.Mini    Hoard    shall    divide    ti nllnenlal 

United  State*,  excluding  Alaska.  Into  i 
dlstrlcte.  which  shall  i-deral 

hind  bank  dleirleta    and  mnj   be  ileslfioated 
by  number,     soli  ihall  he  appor- 

tioned with  due  reset  It  loan 

needs  of  the   i- in.  bill   do  inch  cHetrlet 

alia  1 1  contain  e  fractional  part  of  any  : 
The  Federal   Form   Lean   Hoard  shall  es- 

inidiHh  lu  each  Federal  inmi  hank  dlatrlel 

.-.  i  .  n  :..i  Ion  d  boi 

located  la  euch  city  wllbln   the  dlntr.it  aa 


Farm 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


sold  board  shall  designate.  Kaeh  Federal 
laud  luink  shall  Include  111  UK  title  the  DUDS 
of  til*-  city  In  which  It  l«  kx 

:.  ml    In  ml   hank  shall   b*   tempo- 

rnrlly   managed  by   five  director*  appointed 

M  Federal  Furm  Loan  Board.    Said  dl- 

rector*  ahal  ii b  of  -in-  United  State* 

r-rtiluuta  of   the  district.      Thai    shall 

five  n  surety   iiumi,   the   premium   "n 

ulilch    KllllU    be    puhl     frnlii     tin-    fljmM    . 

hank,       i  hey    -ii  npensa- 

lion  na  the  Federal  Farm  I* 

E 

Aft.r  tin.  eobarrlpttooe  in  stock  In  any 
Federal  land  bank  by  nations!  farm  loan 
associations,    hereinafter    authorised,    hIiuM 

have  reached  tb*  DC  1100,01 

•  art  nml  director*  of  *uhl  land  bank  shall 
be  rlni-i-n  nii'l  upon  I"*1 omlng  duly  qualified, 
take  over  the  management  ■  j  r  aahl  laud  bank 
from   the   tempi. inr.v  ufl 

The  board  of  director*,  of  avery  Federal 

•  hall  consist  of  nine  member*, 
each  holding  office  fur  three  years.  Six 
of  Mild  director*  ahall  be  known  aa  local 
director*,  mid  ahull  in  cbooefl  by  and  be 
representative  of  nntiou.il  farm  loan  asso- 
ciations; and  the  tvinululiig  Unci-  director* 
►hall  be  known  in.  district  directors,  and 
■hall  be  annotated  bj  the  Federal  Farm 
Loan    Board    and    represent    the   public    lti- 

Dlrectors  of  Federal  lnnd  banks  nlmll  ban 
been  fur  Hi  btatl  pro  year*,  rettdenta  of  Um 
district  for  which  they  """  appointed  or 
elected,  and  at  lca»t  one  district  director 
•ball    '  miii    in    practical   furmlng 

and  Id  nired  at  toe  time  of  hla  ap- 

Si.lntmout  In  fnrrulng  operations  within  tho 
Ittriet 

Capital  Stock.  Every  Federal  lnnd  bank 
shall  hai*.  before  hcgiiinitiu  tnixlncx>  u  sub- 
scribed  capital  of  not  less  than  $730,000. 
i  ba  capital  atoek  of  oach  Federal  land  bunk 
shall  he  divided  into  ihnre*  of  %'>  each,  and 
mar  be  lubacribed  for  and  bold  by  any  In- 
dividual,   firm,    or    corporation,   or    by    tho 

Clivi  Illlllcllt.    "f    ::.  .1     of    IB*     Pulled 

state*.  Stock  boh!  h.v  national  farm  loan 
association*  ahnii  not  be  transferred  or  hy- 
pothecated, and  the  certificate*  therefor 
..in, ii  :-.■  -laic,  simk  owned  by  the  Govern- 
ment of  the  Doited  State*  in  Federal  imi.i 
book*  ahall  receive  no  dividends,  but  all 
II  »bnre  In  dividend  distri- 
butions without  preference  Stock  owned 
by  the  United  States  shall  be  voted  by  the 
Farm  Loon  Commissioner,  as  directed  by  the 
Federal   Farm  I.»aii  Board. 

It  .hull  Im-  the  duty  «.f  the  Federal  Form 

Loan  Board   to  open  books  of  subscription 

for  the  capital  stock  of  a  federal  land  hunk 

In    each    Federal    laud    book    district.       If 

thirty  days  after  lb*  opening  of  aald 

book*    any   pari    "1    the    minimum   ••miltullxs- 
ih.ii  of  1730,000  herein  prescribed   l"i 
eral  land  bank*  shall   remain  unsubscribed. 
It  shall  be  the  .lntj   .>f  the  Secretary  of  tho 
Treasury  to  aubacribe  the  balance  thereof  mi 

behalf  of  the  ruii.ii  Bute*,  said  eabscrlp- 

Hun  to  he  subject  to  mil  In  whole  or  In  part 
bj    (he  board  of  director*  <-f  Bald  land  bank 

J.n   thirty  days"  notice  with   the  approval 
the  Federal  Farm  Loan  Board:  and   CM 
Secretary  of  the  Treaenrj   i»  hereby  anthoi 
Hid  directed  to  take  um  abare*  corre- 

spnmling  to  the  unsubscribed  balance  «« 
called,  nrul  l"  pay  for  the  «nme  out  of  any 
money*  In  the  Treasury  not  i.th.-rwlso  ap- 
prOpruted. 

After  the  subscriptions  to  I  ipil 
national  farm  loon  na*uclatloo*  shall  amount 
,. .0,1)00   in    10*    Federal    hiiol    Inilik,   sulll 
bank  shall  npplv  soiiilnini.nilh    to   tin-   imv- 

hi  -ml   retirement  of  the  snares  of  stock 

which  were  Issued  to  represent  U ub 

thins  in  Hie  original  capital  twenty-flic  per 


rent    of  all    sums    Ibri 

capital  ttoct  otitil  all  such  original 

stock  1*  retired  at  par. 

At  lc*ft  twentyllve  per  cent  of  thut  par. 

of  the  capital  of  any  Federal  land  baak  for 

which  stock  1m  outstanding 

national    farm    loan    n  shall 

'  'lulck  assets,  and  may  consist  of  i_ 

in  tin-  raolls  i.f  tald  land  ban) . 

posits    In    member    Imi 
eerre  systn.  marketable 

titles  ipprul  ixl    nailer    role*    ami 

retrain  Hull*  of  •  !;,  rm    J ,  ,;in    I . 

H   I  linn   Bvi 
of  such  capital  shall  be  Invested  In  Culled 

ernmrnl      Deeoaftorie*, — All      K- 


Ian. I    hanks  and  Joint  stock  land  haul. 

!i|    under    till*    a.i.    ivb.-n    ,i,  -igaate 
or    Hint   purpose    by    the    Secretary   of   tb 


Traasiu.1.    aboil    be    depotttarlea   of   publb 

money,   except   receipt*   from   cual «,   ua 

der  such  regulations  us  may   In-  pr< 

hj    inld    Secretary:   ami    they    may   also 

employe.]  a .  titmnclal  agent*  u: 

incut;  and  they  ahall  pcrfu 

■unable    duties,    a*    depositaries    of    publb 

moo*)   mid   nnandal  a  i  at*  of  the  tlov 

meat,  as  may  be  required  of  ilnni. 

innol     lurm     Loam     .tsiocinfiom. — i 
national  farm  loan  association   ma]    be  or 
conlxe.l    In    nny    i-iiminniil: v   where    :  | 
s»n»  owning  land  desire  to  borrow  on  aj 
Kate  of   not    lea*   than   »20.>iOD.      The  land 
must   be   unincumbered    or    the    pi 
the  in.  ;«irt.  to  remove 

any  lien.     Loon*  may  be  as  small  aa  *lt  ' 
or  as  bug!  as  llO.Ouo. 

i  in -v  mint  ilr.t  make  application.  In  writ- 
ing, for  a  charter  tn  the  Federal  land  bank 
of   tin-  district  in  whb  nidation  de- 

sires to  do  business.     This  application  ■ 
be  alc/ned  by  all  those 

association,    stating    spcclncally    the    uv 

under  which  they  desire  to  do  b" 
amount  each  004  ih»irv»  to  borrow,  the  r»tl- 
maieil  »slue  of  the  security  null  .  in    offers, 
rrltory   In   »  bli  h   ih  de- 

sires  to   do    hiistnck,   bow    the   proceoda  of 
the  loan  are  tn  he  ok.hI,  and  other  debtUa  H 
forth  In  the  blank  forms  which  are  fin  n 

FB*    application    having  been    slcnrd,    t*>- 
irether  with  another  blank 
called  an  "i  u  corllilcair."  the  ap- 

plicant* become  a  teotatlvt  onronuktlon  and 
ihct  an  agent  to  represent  Diem,  called  I 
"seen  irer"  .    they    tlao    aelect    a 

committee  of  thn  .   'loan  rommlt- 

.■lils  uirent  uiii  then  re. .-ive.  from  each 
u  *ubscrIptlon  to  tho  stock 
of  the  ataociatlon  they  me  fonnlng  equal 
to  5  p.-r  cent  of  the  loan  they  severally  de- 
ilro,  which  i»  not  required  to  be  pall 
I.  ■  >  i  be  limn  i  i  granted.  That  Ii  ea<  h  bi  r 
rower  mnat  aobsctibe  f..r  aurh  stock  to  the 
amount  of  i  of  his  own  loan  and 

mi    im. :i'. 

The    application    for   the    chnrter   having 
Igned.  the  signature,  mi.?. r  he  aikuowf- 
•!■;.-  I    I..  i..r.      .    m.iiii  >    puhlic  or   ulher  ..in.  er 
qiiulliled    to   iiilmini.t.-r   oaths,   and    then    It 
must    Ih-    forwarded    by  the  secretary- treas- 
urer to  the  Federal  laud  hunk  of  tin-  .:! 

I'pon  Its  receipt  the  hank  will  tend  Ua 
agent  t>-  examine  Into  tb*  repreioeHtatlooa 
made  In  the  application  and.  If  found  satla- 
fuctory,  u  churter  will  be  granted. 

I'pon    the    granting    of   the    charter,    the 

Inillvhliuils   Mguiug   the   application  Ik-ci 

a  body  corporate,  which  give*  11  tb*  right 
in  do    ilic   himin,  .    the  farm 

loan  a-  extend  It*  beneilti  to  other*  by 

taking  In  new  member*  from  tin*  to  time, 
and    to    have    succexsiun    in.liHn.tcly.      New 
member*    must    he    borrower*    who»e    I 
may    be   a*   amall   as   *100  or  aa    large  a* 
»l(i,000, 


Incyclofedie  Index 


Federal 


[.•I  II  be  plainly  un.Wvtnorl  that  fanner* 
•"■■  organise  at  one*,  hut  they  ..n  aul  bor- 
row money  UBI1!  th*  lnu.l  hank.  *r.    . 
.iUli-.l. 

After     the     "barter     l»     KWlM     tin-     appli- 
cant* no  longer  act  In  their   imll.  Idnat  ca- 

iKietly,   bill    |...-. merged   aa   > 

lulu   a    corporation     "IlIi    he*    a    *•*; 

rented    by   lnw.   mulct    the   name 

wblcb  ha*  been  rfcoatn  and  ».  t  fortb 

Id  the  original  application  ami  organisation 

cvrtlfli-aii-.     Ttil.  corporation   niil   lure  rii 

rwior*    nm]   officer*  selected   by   tbe  «hare- 

«    to   do    It*    bualnca*    In    occo 
with    the    by  -law*    whli  !i    I  bolder* 

iiinke  for  their  gvldnn  i      1 
live     i  relation   will   )..-   to* 

eecretary  tren«uier.   »u-l    Ma   ilurtea  are  act 
forth  In  Hctloa  I  ■■!  Hi"  tana  lo  o  art 

The lorlatlooa  are  organbed  r-ir  the 

primary  purr.oi<c  of  glv.ng  to  each  borrower 
the  broi-m  iif  tne  combined  'II  Km 

ml..:.-    lo   lh«   Ml.  nl   .if  IIih  capital    eon- 

Irlhuti.l   ami    Mo-    UmlMd    liability   they  each 

Incur,    an. i    hence    lli-    u« lanuna   arc    re- 

rjr  loan  mam-  to  mem- 
bers,    li  :»  alao  through  11 saaoclntlou* 

■  bat   Hi"    borrower*    '*NI    ultimately   tii 
it»  owners  of  Ibc  »"•  The 

aaaocliiTn.il  decide*  whether  en*  loan  »li.ill 
I."  ml.-  ui  i". I  l.i  rcluaiug  111"  application 
for  every  loan  which  I*  roan  lered  unMfe  or 
in  cad  be  imi.l"  unleae 
II   l*  approved  by  the  loan  committee  nfi.-r 

iin  Hi'.-iirlly. 
Tli"   national    farm    loan    i  n*  are 

ii.. i  limited  ae  lo  iii-  number  ..f  their  mem- 
ber*.    After  one  I*  organized  11   may 

Btlre    nriuhborl I    bj     r.    .!..!:_-    new 

nmoclatloo   niny  ..l.iiiln   Id 

for    It*    member*    twenty    tlim-»    the 

amonot  of  Itt  *tm  !  lae.l  bonk. 

BO    mutti-i    li...,-    large    ll»    huMIng*   of    Stork 

i»toat  by  the  growth  of  the  aaaoclu- 
il. hi. 
1.  No  loan  may  ba  made  »..-"|ii  upon  the 

V.  Th"  amount  "f  the  mortgage  can   do| 
rxeced  ••ii"  in. i *  Hi.-  apprnl 
land  and  -'"  r- :  cenl  •  r   |b*  ponnanenl   lm- 

lil.-ll    miMf    It.-    |i 

:i.  Tin-  p  -lie  loun  nm  ll  be  u  •  I 

f'.r     Hi"     .-•.Illl-.'II1:-|||||"I|T     of     |i."  ■■  ■..  -I  .11--     lll- 
li-i-   i  ii.-   pun  Iin*.-  i.r   live  •  i 
: . nil-ill  and  Impi m-iiu. 

4.  Kvi-ry  mortgage  mmi  contain  an  n 

..     nfT     Hi"   .|"l)l     Ipr  iml|i.-i  I    anil    In 

nl   or   itfiul.iuiiual    In- 
■tailnv  ui-. 

5,  Tbe  amount   of  aaeb   Inrtallmenl   may 

i  ii--  borrower,  but  cat 
than  aulDcIi  !  Hi"  debt  In  <0  year*, 

nor  greater  thon  lo  pay  ll  otT  In  fl 

o.  Tin-  rata  of  bor- 

rower  i-iin  imf  exceed  il  par  cval  par  annuo. 

T.  Ti..    li 
to  pal    ill"  debt  except  by  the  lrt»Ttllincnf* 
be  in  ■  i,  nnleaa   I  bin 

ii  :.■  i  r 

an;,    portion    nl    J .  I  -*  ..pllim   nl   any    main  I  lln"l.  I 

period,     in.  e  Bui 

Farm  Loan  Bureau.     (See  Tarm  Lou 

Act.) 
Farm  Manacement,  Office  of,  Ae^lcul- 
tara  Dcparttntnt.— "  I  fnnc- 

llttDI    <1<  •■<  I.ii'.ij    bj    th-    I'.iiri.nu   ..f   I'la: 

iin-i-v   •;.»   in.-   DapartatiMil    ut   AatHealtara. 
ileatlona  by  iti"  bunatii  aVtratopvd  th* 

In  ii..-  manaceinent  <.f  farm  .Men 

attention  h«»  been  ctren  to  *tnndnrd- 

fn.-m    work.      An  aatonlib- 

Ini;    i.irl.-il.tn     In    t lie    miniU'r    and    klml    of 

openiiinn-    . -,    tbe    corn    crop    alone    wen- 
found    on    different    farina  and    In    different 


localltlra.      N..    ranaon    for    Uie    i.uUtl.m 

i-   .-!.,  n   urept  cuafom.     It  wa*  f 
tliot  a   aide   dlllervn.  .    .  ilMed    l«  I  ■■    a    Hie 
nliown  by   an  avernae  farm   In   Wla- 
and  an   arvrasc  farm   In   Maauchu- 
■tnBL 

If   wn»  ihoTrn  that  netahborlne  ftRDari 
with   Jluillnr  lji««  nf  fnriuliiL-    devute 

m  amount*  ..r   ctaa  t"   tbe   rartona 

i    of    cnte.-pri..-y    mi    their    farm 
cause   of   the    lark   of   itun-tird   »i  .i.-idk   ..r 
mnnaKeinent   of   tbeic  enterprlaea,  and   It  la 

-'-way*  the  man  who  devote*  tbe 
time  to  an  anterprlae  who  mnkci  the  In 

from   It.     Lack  of  «yn.-ni  mean*  lo»t 
motlnii  mi. i  naalaaa  work. 

In  order  that  the  farm  may  be  profitable 
ipi    and  live  «tork  mnlutnluivl  n|i.ni  it 

iini>:  be  adapted  n..i  only  to  local  condition* 
"f   >"ll.   oud   climate    but  alao   to   axi 
economic  c  indlti 

me  p.  r  nuimnl  null  u  a  Terr  Im- 
portant factor  In  proilt.      Yield  per  acre  la 

inporunt,  hut  l>'«a  »o  than  I 
per  anlmnl    unit.      M"detate    yield*   mar    1* 
more  profltabl*  Iban  n 

■  -  for  the  | r  ,i  .-.      ,.;. 

point*  Dinl  brlnciiiK  U»em  to  tbe  attention  .-r 

:  :n.  r  thai  ill.-  i ifflce  of  y*tm  Mnonac 
mi   va*  ettubllshed. 


Farm     Products. 
Products.) 


(See      Agricultural 


rarmvillo    (V*.).   Battle   of.— After   the 
eracuntlon   ••t    lllcbmoud-    I.ee'a   army    wn* 
.1  toward    I  where 

oaa   iin-   Appomattox,    burn 
in.    bridges  ami     beck    the   purenll   of  (ba 
federal*.     Ueanttmi    Oral    with   hi*  com- 
mand    nf    llie    Army     of    th*    Jamea,     nra* 
nlao   ailvnnclu*;   toward    Fiirnniil,-    •,>    burn 
I"    lul.|;.-«  mill  lnl.-r.-i.pl  I.ee  at  that  point. 
Ill*    advance    cour.li.tcd    of    2    resliueuia    ..f 
aquadron  <>f   i-aralry  under 
Gen.    Theodora    Bead.      Ai    I'nniirliie    tbe 
i.'onfedi-rutea    uiude    ii     tlu.rt     bait.       Rend 
irlnt,    he    wn*    attacked    by    I-ee        In 
■    Head   wo*   killed,    bla   column 
bruahed     n«lde    and    Hie     retreating 

■  I  the  river.  Afier  tbe  death  of 
Head,  end  -  .-..uiuiand  arrived,  and  Hie  Con- 
feilenilee    befan    to    Intrench    ibemi 

i.ii    th-   Mime  nil. ■ in. n.n,   April  T,   1S0J. 

tlilrk    the    em-mi-    fiirther    buck,    Cflp- 

iiiilng   ill  place*  ..f  arllllerr  and   4i»>  araa 

-"    In    ■  '-•■'  I       a    'I    I  Ii"   nrrl- 
if   the   Second    Corp*,    when  n   general 
attack  we*..i.|.  i..l.  reanlilna  la  the  ",-iptnre 
of  0,000  or  T.000  piiaoner*. 

raahiorj,   Th«,   £P97,  3001,  3017.      (See 

'•v;,ll,,r.   V,   lliam.) 

Fasting  and  Prayer  faco  al»o  Thank*- 
Bg  1'roi  l:imntlon») : 
Special  day  of,  *et  apart  by  procla- 
mation of  President — 

I. in.  ..in.  ■:■_  i7,  3383.  HgS 

rn-il    to.   848/, 

Fatherland    Matin    OSODtlf.      (Mtaa    ap- 
plied to  Uermany. 
Federal  Courts.    (Sec  Courts.) 
Federal  Courts,  proccdora  In,  H918. 
Enforvemant   ...        mual   law*  dis- 
cussed, 7003. 
Right   of   appeal   hy   Government   in 
crlminad  ram.*  on   ijucationa  of  law 

:.  UK- 11.  ii-.l,   7023. 

Federal    Elnctlon    Law    recommended. 
'.  C562,   5766. 


Federal 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Federal  Farm  Loan  Act.  (See  Farm 
Loon  Act.) 

Federal  Inspection  ami  control  of  in- 
terstate coms  ■  I.  7II74, 
7087,  7130.     (Sec  aluo   I  »m,) 

Federal     Jurladlctlon     inadequate     to 

enforce      treaty      obligations      witlnn 

ktea,  705  j. 
Federal  Reserve  Banking  Law.  (See  Bo- 

bitvo  Banking  System.) 
Federal  Reserve  Banks.     (See  Currency 

Laws  and  Beaorva  Banning  System.) 
Federal  Reserve  Board.     (Soo  Reserve 

Hanking  System.. I 
Federal  Supervision  of  Corporations  in- 

lant  to  tax  on  incomes  of,  T.'t'.M. 
Federal  Trade  Commission.     (See  Trado 

Commies 
Federal  White  Slave  Act.     (See  White 

BlKVa  Law.) 
Federalist  Party.— Tin-  Ont  political  • 

llaed   In    the    l' lilted    Sintei    nfter    the 

.m-Iiii'v.  in.  tit   i.f   lndp| lone*.      Its   leaden 

wit.'  Washington,   Adams,   Hamilton    Joy, 

Marshall,  and  others  of  high  rank  and  nbll- 
lly.    During  the  French  Revolution  the  Fed. 

hived  nrli  h  ICnglnnd  i 
thuo  with  t lie  Red  Republicans  of  France. 
At  thin  lime  Jefferson.  Uurr.  and  oihers  or- 
esnlsed  lie  Republican  pnriy.  whose  dis- 
til. 1 1 1 c  feature*  were  to  Intensify  the  feel- 
ing of  hostlllly  townrd  Koglnnd,  Tbcy 
accused    [h  itc    of    being    encuilei 

ot  the  mnssns  of  ibe  people  and  of  favor- 
ing aristocratic  governm*  ■• 

The  ioo»cne«fi   of  the    Union   BBder  the 

Articles  of  Confederation  had  unsettled 
business,  nnd  nil  cltlsen*  that  were  Injured 
I'v  llil-.  state  »f  ii flairs  were  In  favor  of  a 
•nl.  Mi-iKiv.r,  tfie  fccl- 
Ing  Hint  thus  only  could  we  become  a  no- 
tlon  nmotig  nation)  had  much  weight  In 
Inclining  the-  more  thoughtful  to  favor  the 
ronstltntlon.  Wnshlngtou,  Jefferson,  Mndl- 
.-.i   tad    Randolph    were   all  .r«   In 

irller  nnd  wider  meaning  of  the  term. 
The  adoption  of  the  Constitution  left  the 
antl-Fcdcrallsts  without  a  cause,  and  the 
Federal  party  wcnl  Into  power  with  Wash- 
ington el  Ira  head  practically  unopposed, 
ihirlnx  the  first  *c.slnn  of  I'mitr™  the  de- 
partments Of  the  government  were  or- 
ganized. At  the  seeond  session  Alexander 
Hamilton  lnlrodui-.il  his  financial  men 

The  fori-itrn  debt   was  t"  be  paid  in  full. 
tin-  continental  debt  was  to  be  paid  at  pur. 
and   the    debts   of    the   several    States 
to  ho  assumed.     To  tin-  second  Of  these  prop- 
osition nil  it  eras  need 

t  In-  !.•  ■  !  Iilnl     :l  i-iiii  ■(  .1     .-nor- 

moos  opposition,  and  It  was  hotly  debated 
both  In  and  out  of  t'oamn.  After  one 
defeat  It  was  reintroduced  and  carried  by 
means  of  a  bargain.  At  the  third  session 
n  I. Ill  levins  distilled  spirits  «:is  passed 
and  the  Dank  of  the  United  States  •• 
Tliese  measures  Jeffersni 
Randolph    opposed.      "1  i  ■  -    party    had    t'-u* 

ad  con«truc- 
H. in    ehrw  of  the    ('.ni  id  at- 

talned  real  principles  nnd  | 

'Pile  I     isblut'liin     -nd 

John  Adam*.  Hamilton's  flnnnclnl  meas- 
ures had  been  aeieptulile  to  those  who  de- 
.in.l  strong  government— (be  commercial 
elns'es—  nnd   those   who  wished    to  see    the 

Dnlon   drawn   still    re     i ly    together 

In   the  direction   of  centrnllsatloo   and   na- 


tional consolidation,    la  1707  the  majority 
of    the    party    favored    war   with    ft 
The   following  year  they  passed   the  Allen 
and    Scdlrlon    Laws    Iq.    v.).    and    In    l&Ot^ 
their  Ptnckoey, 

.1    lij    Jefferson  and    Hnrr  for    i 

resident,  respectively.  The 
unpatriotic  course  of  the  party  In  the  War 
of    1812    and    ih-    oiiiii.n  iy    the 

Ibirtford   Coovcutlon    In.  v.)   destroyed   It 
entirely. 

Federalist,  The.— A  series  of  essay*. 
I  Bee  in  number,  In  favor  of  the  new 
Constitution  of  the  United  States,  orig- 
inally published  In  the  /firfeprmfcnt  Jour- 
■m.i  of  Nih  York,  between  ocl  87,  I 
and    April    3  -    outbora    were 

Aleiandi-r    Hamilton     I  who    wrote    fifty-one 

of  the  *ft»ay*j,  Jo ■    Mndl-ou    I  wtiii  wrote 

■  I  John  Jay  (who  wrote 
flvei.  who  addressed  the  public  over  the 
common  slsuaimv  of  -rublliia."  The 
pox*  or  in.-  letter*  *««  to  create  In  the 
minds  of  the  people  n  sentiment  favorable 
to  the  new  Federal  •  ■  . 
by  lbs  Convention  "f  Kept,  17,  1787.  Ttteee 
essays  were  gathered  Into  two  volumes  In 
17S8.  and  nave  been  reprinted  la  many 
editions. 

Fee  System,  abolition  of,  as  applicable 
to    certain     Fcilcrnl    officers,     dls- 
i-u-m,-,i.  (in;i. 
Recommended,  -1030,  5879,  5968. 
Felonies,     limitation*     npon     right     in 
felony  cases   to  review   by   Supreme 
Court  recommended,  5632,  5890. 
FeUcrw-Oonntryman.— A  person  belonging 
to  the  same  country  a»  the  user  of  the  term. 
Fenians.— An  org.iulr.-il Ion   of   Irish-Amer- 
icans and  Irish  revolutionists,  whose  object 
was  tin-  forcible  Jeparatlon  of  Ireland  from 
Hi.  ni   Britain  and  the  establishment  of  an 
Irish    Republic.      The    Fenian    Brotherhood 
waa    founded     In     New     Turk    In      lfvIT    by 
wnilam  It.  Roberta.  John 
tl'Mahony.   and    Michael   Corcoran,    the  last 
earned  u-ing  afterward!  a  brigadier  s<neisl 
In  the  L'nlled  States  Army.    About  the  same 
time    a    similar    organization,    eilMlng    In 
Ireland  under  the  name  ed  the  piueuis  Hoci- 

efy.     was     developed    by     Jatne- 
who  came  to  the  United  Stairs  In  lsStl  and 
.  .1   (in   inn.llniiiii 

SMlOWerS  in  In- land  (1'Mahony  was  thi- 
rst president  of  the  American  organisation 
Nov.  3.  I  Mill.  I  he  nmt  national  congress  of 
Fenians  met  in  Chicago,  representing  so  en 
rolled  membership  of  15.000.  one-half  *' 
whom  wen-  In  the  Union  Army.  Thl 
vi  n. i, ni    <li-riiii.il     Ireland     10    he    an    lnde 

ei-iid,  nt   on  i inn   with  James  Stenhens  at  It 
cad.      When    Ihii    second     Fenian    i-ongrr 
assembled    SI    I'liirlunafl    In    Janiisrv,    1SU 
the    circles    had    Incrcnaed    flvefold.        Tl. 
fourth    Fenian    c.  New    Yor_ 

ml.  when   an  Invnslon  of  Canada 

was  decided  upon.    Military  ration*)  «»re 

conducted   by  i:.u    Thomsa   W.   Sweeney,  a 
former  officer  of  the  t'nlon  Armv.     In  May. 

the   United   Mm.-   nuihorli 
7BO  stand  of  arma  at   ITnafnort,   Me.,  nbour 
i  tOO   stand   al    Rouses    Point    N".   v..    and 
1.000  atsnd  .it  St.  Albans,  VI  .  all  Ini 
for   the    Fenian    Invasion    of    i':,nndn.      May 
31.   IKOtj,  sliout   1.300   Fcnlana  under 
O'Neill,   crossed   the   Niagara   River  at 
fslo  and   occnol  Krle,   whence  the 

were  driven  two  days  later.     Oi 
they    were    Intercepted    by    United    State 
force*  and   paroled    under   promise  to  go 
bona*       similar   arrests  were 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Fillmore 


on  the  Vermont  Hop.     United  Btatsa  troops 

under  Geo.  .Mijdc  kept  clone  waicti  on  Hin 
i  anadlaa   r  i  lent   Johnson   ls- 

suid  a  proi-luiiiail.m  warning  cltlxuna  of  the 
Voiced   Slates  again*  n.e 

unlawful  piocccdlngs  i.Jii^li.  The  Fenian 
leader*  were  arrested,  but  afterward*  tt- 
kurd.  Several  outbi'nL.  were  KiippreMcd 
In      Inland,     ami     dimensions     »oon     arose 

among    the    leaders    ol    i  -      ..urn!.      A 

...f    Canada    w««   pre 
bat  the  vlgllsuce  "'  Uir   luloil  Blair*  an- 
Ikotlllc*  prevented  Its  necotupllshtocut       la 
1SU7.    tin  m»    Mope    sailed 

from  New  York  with  anna,  ammunition,  and 
osVci*  for  u  hricndc.  trot  was  onabl*  to 
land    I  Ini    1807    a   num- 

ber of  Fenian  riot*  occurred  I"  Ireland,   bal 
all    were   quelled    and    many   of   tin' 
wera   Iraflrlsosvd   or  hansed        Mmr   ..f  the 
wrongi   for   wttlrli    tin-   Fmlans  s.uclit   re- 
ntal  bare  been  OOrttCttd   I  ..    I»jl  latlon. 

Fenians: 

Release  of.  4114. 

Resolution     urging,     referred     to, 

Trial  of,  in  Canada  referred  to,  3T1S. 
Unlawful    axpaditioni   of,    discussed, 
3640,  3<; 
Proclamation    ajjaiii-t     .'•!>"•  II. 

Fenix.  The.  provision  for  captives  of, 

led,  1097. 
Fernandina,  Fla.,  blockade  of  port  of, 
removed  by  proclamation,  3-131. 
m -ti    U),    3-140. 

Farxoearrilea  da  Porto  Rico,  Compalna 

do  los,  courrssinin  to,  6933,  6934. 
Farrolaua,    TfJ«,    Anericaa    vcasel    at- 
tacked by,  2969,  2976. 
Fev«r.     (See  Contagious  Disease*;  Yel- 
low Fever.) 
Flat  Money.— A    tam    slieu    to    Irredeem- 
able  p*(>er    riirr-r-.ry    ihiriug    the    greenback 
■  Cltatlnii    following    the    Civil    Wnr    to 
railed  8tate«.   The  srccnbiieU  party  claimed 
rnment    could    It- 
self give  value  to  n  circulating   medium  of 
nu  lntrlns!  I   not   even  containing 

*  promlsa  i"  pa;  state 

with  the  tinre  a-xcrtlon  of  I"  Identity  with 
true  money.    The  I.*iln  word  "Oat"  means 

"Let   It   l».'   done."      (Sec   '" il i  !.!!■->.  i 

Flald     Product!.        (See      Agricultural 

Products,  also  Crop  V»! 
"Fifty-four  Forty  or  FlgDt."  —  A  cam- 
paign cry  of  the  Democrat*  in  1*44.  Tlila 
was  during  the  northwestern  boundary  dlx- 
ruHlon.  The  treaty  with  Spuln  lu  1  s  1  !i 
fixed  the  parallel  ■  .r  42°  as  i!: 
limit  of  that  country'*  possession  In  I 
lea.  Between  that  purullcl  and  "•4"  40'  lay 
the  territory  of  Oregon,  Clalmod  hj  both 
America  and  Foglnnd.  To  avoid  rlnvlien  a 
joint  occupation  of  the  whole  ten 
west  of  tin-  Rocky  Mountains  was  agreed 
upon  in  1618.  lo  hut  for  t»n  years.  A  new 
convention  in  the  year  ]y-'7  decided  to 
continue  Joint  occapatlon  Ind.fioltclv.  This 
arrangement  created  much  dissatisfaction  : 
American*  had  made  surveys)  as  far  DOrtb 
an  40°  ned  settlements  were  springing  op. 
had  passed  south  of 
that  lln".  and  for  a  tlino  war  nvtncil  In 
rvltahle  :  hut  n  treaty  was  arranged  In  1840 
Using  the  boundary  at  Int.  4»»  north,  rt 
wna  during  'he  presidential  camoxlcn  that 
tb«  cry   "Fifty-four  Forty  or  Final"  ortf- 


Inated.    Tho  supporters  Of  Mr.  Polk  In  I  tint 
Isa    llguivusly     proclaimed    tiist    the 
ooiibwesiciu    boundary    line    r-huud    bs 
lahlklud   as   far   uoiih   as   04"    4(i'    or    (he 

.1   Slates  kIi.iii.iI    iii.-.!       :t   wan   during 
but  adtululstrntlon    that    the    line  win    DZM 
at    4«".      When    crlllelsed    by    111*    poll 
oppuin-nts  fur  the  fallui  be  llt>» 

in   B4°  •»!)'  be  excused  ami  Jmnn.-U  til*  ad- 

■intlou   by   stating   that   "all  confllc 
ing  tit. i-   I"   tin-   llrvRuii   T.rrli.: 
tin-   fiutyilllllh    il  - ;  1 1 1    Itttl   M 

lug  nil  is  insisted   upon  by  any   of 

my  '■.      tiss      been      adjusted" 

i  ■-■  I  -•  i  - . 
ary.l 

FIJI  Islands,   report   of  agent  to,  for 
investigation     of     claim     of     fc. 
ry  and  others,  0098. 
Filibuster.— From  tbi  s.  .  ,i   nu- 

bualcro,    meaning    "ft  or   "bucca- 

la   1649-1831   the  term  was  ap 
by  the  Cubans  to  KarcUo  Lopex  and  bis  ful 
lower*,  and  from  atnc  a  com- 

iry    adveni 
fitted  out  expeditious  against   the  Spuui-li 
American    count  i:  Objact    at 

(.f      Ibrae      Iihlill.TIK     liaa      tie.  n      \ 

ii-Anierlcan  countries  from  their  I 
penn   rulers.     After  I.  atnuiis 

lillllll-l  V    ill..':        v.li.i 

In  l ■>.■•"• 
ok   pouiesslon   of  Nicaragua   and   was 
elected    president.      He   did    not    long 

iixilneilnn.   fur  "lie  wm  soon   compelled 
i.  ndcr    to    the    force  <    of    the    I 
H    escaped   punishment      In    i- 
ie-  arsjanixed   a  m   to   Mrs 

isjua,    but    was  mpelied    lo 

to    (he    I'nlted    Sli  nmtnt. 

Iiment     a     ..nmil     tune,     lu 

••  d    an    expedition   against 

the  Government  i.f  Hondurn*.  hut  wan  cap 

tu.-ed    and,    by    order    of    the    in .  -blent    of 

liondiiraK.  shot,      lu    tbe   I  lilted   BlBtei  the 

term  filibuster,   when   used  In  n   laatalatlTo 

or  political  sense,   means  that   uietluid   por- 

med   hy    Hi  v   of  a 

who  seek   to  delay  or  de 

•he    odoptlon    of    measures    obnoxious 

t.i  them  hy  obstriietlve  and  dliai- 

meh   a»  r.  in-ill. . I  in,., I. -n-   ii.  adjiiiini.   for  a 

r-ccsa.    call*    for    the    yeas    sod    nays.    etc. 

(Sec  Illustration  opposite  1*760.) 

Fillmore.  Millard. -Julv  10,  1850-Uardi 
4,  1853. 

Rlxieeiiih  Admlnlstratlou    (continued) — 

v.  his, 

pttxuieni  I  ;  .•/,.•  SaaOsa — 

v.  I. nam  It.  Klnif. 
Secretary  af  Male— 

r  re  1 1. 
Storetoty  nl  the  Treasury — 

Thomas  Cotwln. 
Secretary  of  War — 

thai  mil 

Secretary   of    f/ie    Xary — 

William   A,   Qiaham. 

John  P.  Kennedy. 
Secretary  of  the  Intnior — 

James  A.    Tea  roe. 

Alex.   II.   II.   Stuart 
Poif  mm 'cr-ae/fra! — 

v  re.  nan. 

Samuel  D.  Hubbard. 
Sttoiney  General  — 

John  J.  Crittenden. 
Flllnii.r.i  neefadld    to  the  presidency  on 

rhe    death    Of   /..rli.ire   Ti,vP,,|-,    ,Iu]r   O.    fflMO. 

Opposition.  — Ni.nilim-.  .1    In   the   VI.-,    1-i-eM- 

dfn.-y  hy  tlm  Whlu  National  Convention    be 

was  opposed  by  William  ft  Butler,  af  KaB- 

tocky. 


Encyclopedic  h 


Fillra 


ore 


r»lr  loral  vol*  stood  :  Fillmore, 

1«3:    BuUrr.    IS1        Fllluiore  *ri 

rrcsldcnt     which     the    Stute    of 

(•II. -.1      ili'l     tin- 
woctfd  lo  the  1'rpaldrnrv  lhionch  D)i    deatb 
of  the  President.    HI*  sucrcsaloo  occurred  ai 

•  an»i  critical  time  Id  the  history  of  the 
tolled  Slates, 

Parly  Agination.— riWeaotf'H  political  c»- 
rrar  I*  contcinporancuu*  with  t li . -  hlith  nod 
death  of  tin:  tt'UiB  party.      I 
Ulatar  'i    in.-    i. in 

■bolkbiog  impri-u.ru. i.  in   for  debl 
1831      Id   Congre*.   bo   win    the   nut! 
lb*    tariff   bill    Of     I-  ;-  .    ii  let   <■( 

tin.    Mm.     ol     "-,  •  w     fori       1847l     hi 
rated  a   noil.tfi.il    Imnt   wlib   en 
aeciired  by  I'nltcd  Sm.'4  stocks — a  principle 
wUI.-li  Ik   -:;  I    the  present   no 

tank    -  i>  Tay- 

Uic   Whig  lick.  Ided    In   toe 

during  a   *evcn  mon  "vers/ 

.(.mum;  •  i  h  que*  loos  a>  California'*  ad.. 
■int.. :.  inrrlioiina,  mir- 

rcndei  of  fugitive  slaves,  and  Cltur'i  "om- 
nibus bill." 

Tariff.— In     his     Flrat     Annual     Mcswigc 

lmm-e    -li  ■ 

the  tariff  nud  advocate*  \   un  form,   i 

neat,   aptrdflc   tsilff.     lie  »oy*  :   "Tlic  power 

to   !«.-  lie*   1»  unquestionable,   and 

:.,   i.f   Doara*     to   replenish 

th.-  Trcarary.      Hut  If  In  doing  ihu    in    In- 

rldi-ninl    advantage    may    be   sained    by   en- 

couraciiiK     '  ■'•'   own  .-liken*. 

It    In    nor    duly    lo    atall    ..-  :    (lint 

■  .inre.  ...   a  bi  ■  in  n>". .1   I... 

permanent.     It  wl  m  mid 

will  ba  changed.      It  exclude*  competition. 

.    .    .    Wh.ii  r    want*  l«   unl- 

f  .rmlti    -ii 

confident  that  he  M  n..t  lo  be  rvlBM  by 
•nniiii  I    valorem    ( 

i  in-    prl'i-    and    offer 
temptntlons  lo  fraud  and  perjury.      .•■':■ 

oa     Mi.-     eontmXT,     ni-     equal     and 
iiolforin    in   all    port*    and   at   all    times,   and 

offer  a  •ironit  Inducctncol    to   the  Importer 
lo  bring  the  best  article,  os  he  pnyi  DO 
date   upon  that    than  upon  one  of  Inferior 

I  In  i  ■    .IT    re. 

I      lit    ■ " .  :  J  - . .  —       until    111-    ■•-!    <.'    IS.*iT. 
In   hit  Third   Annual   Mnaam    (pane 

lent  again  call*   the  attention  of 

lonci. the    '■■    ad    0-1    .1    :  I  I  ■  lion    "f    the 

tariff  and  adda  an.-iii.  r   rcaeoQ    for   It*,  e-.u- 

•  Idi-rni    -n  .   Tint  th.    ,  |   irT  In 

linpoaea  a  higher  duty  upou  the 
ruw    material    Imported    than    upon    Mi.-   ar 

nantifaci or  -i  from  li    tin-   ■ 
of  which  ii  iiini   tii-  .lull-  opera)  .i   lo  me 
f  the  foreigner  and  ti 

MOMCtBUM  li*." 

Foi.  Hey    of    hi*    ad- 

mlnU'ratl.'i  -.1*.  In  hi* 

Annua      M  To     maintain     a 

In    foreign  war*,  to  eitltl- 

rsi»  frli-inl.  ...  ale  .-eery 

and    generous    act,     ami     to    perform 

Iiuncluolly  and  ■;■  treaty  ob- 

n  ill---  ii.-  ilntler-  which  we  owe  to 
other  State*."  ...  In  hi*  Second  An 
mini    M  speaking  i 

Invasion   .-'  Cuba,   the   rrc*id.-nt   *sy In 

liming  and  adhering  bo  the 
ii-iiiiulii  \   mid   iionlntnrTviitl.it!.   th*   United 
sian--  i     lead  "f  other 

elTiiir-<i  nations;  Ihej   hare  taken   tit*  lead 
-lrca    and    hav.-    b.-en     followed     by 
In     hi.     Third     Annual     Message 
ipagc  2700  ,-•;-..   ih,.  addition  •  I 

('aba  to   th*    t  iil.-t.   In    tl word*:    "Were 

till-.    Island    ci.mnoraili  Itutc    of   In- 

hahltanta  n  n    kindred   race.  I 

■hoald  regard  It.  If  voluntarily  ceded  by 
Spain,  at  a  mo*t  desirable  acquliltlnn  Rut 
under  existing  circumstances,  1  ahonld  look 


upon    It*    Incorpotatliui    loin    our    I'nlon    a* 

•   baaartfon*  meaaure      li  woald  bring 
i  ni-  a  population  ol 

forent  national  *to.-k.  apciklag  a  different 
Inngtiaite.  and  n-t  likely  to  barmonlao  with 
the  other  Da.anbf.tf*. 

Itiiuiiiii  /wij.ir,.  rmi-nti— I'mdili-nt  Fill- 
more had  no  douiit  ..'  Uha  power  of  COBr 
trew  to  make  appropriation*  for  the  mak- 
U|  Of  Intemal  tmprovementa  In  hi* 
i  ii. i  i  aaaat    ipa«.    2826)    h»  ar- 

fun  ni.-  qaeatlon  "i  the  conatltutloti 
of  »uch  act*.  "Thl*  authority  I  supi  ■ 
badrtiv-d    lii.ily  from  th*  powei  ..f  rajrolat- 

lllj;        .-(illlllier  ce        lillJi        fur-l/ll        lllllldliv        II 11  ■  1 

amonif  Hie  Btatca  anil  tt>«  power  .if  Ixy- 
liut  and  collecting  toi>.-  ;"  Ughtbouic*. 
wliaiv.-.,  beacon*,  buoy*,  breakwater*,  and 
in-ii  liec.iiuc  n.-.-e.klll.'n  to  »ueh 
in-  ncci  no  more  n aaoo  f»r  r»- 
flMlns  appropriation*  for  nnilgnble  rlTer* 
than  for  »ea  coon  ImproTemcnt*.  11*  cite* 
an  Important  gciutaphleal  fact  In  thi-ae 
word"  -   "I    Bay  mewhat    remark- 

able, that  among  all  tbe  Iblrly-nne  stale* 
there  1*  none  that  1*  not  to  a  greater  or 
■  item  bounded  ra  tn*  ...  .on.  or  the 
Gull  of  Mexico,  ot  ene  uf  the  gn-nt  Uk.-k, 
or  *ome  navigable  rln 

M.i i  ( ../— Hy  *lgnlng  the  fugitive  slave  act 

and  il Ihi  i  eotnpi  itnlas  tnvaani  ■ 

.-e  loal  tti-  friendship  and 
Hie  support  "f  a  large  number  of  hi*  party 
In  the  North,  lie  wa*  influenced  by  the 
written  .ii.ltib.n  of  the  Attorney-General  on 
th.-  rooetltnttoaatltj  «f  the  Kugiiii.- 
act.  and  al«..  i.t  ih.-  concurrence  of  hi"  able 
Cabinet.  In  hi*  First  Annual  Message 
Ipago   -.'iv.-n    th  dlarussei 

compromise*  and  rnya:  "The  aarlea  of  meaa- 
nrea  in   (raid)    I    ft»T«  alluded  arc  regarded 
by    me    a*    n    *ettlement    In    principle    and 
rabManc*     a  final  aettlatoanl  of  Ihi   dangvi 
mi.    and    eieiung   •iibjecl*   which    ih.y    .-m 
brnced.    .   .  .   By  that    udluatnietit   we  hare 
been    rescned   from    tin-   wide   and  hnundleaa 
agltatliin    that   surrounded    iih.    an  I    h:i-      n 
Arm,    dlstlni  i.    and    l.-cni    ft  rnntl    to 
upon.*'     In  a  special  me*»age    (|iog>- 
he  ill>icn*»e*  the  dlstOrhancM  attending   ili- 
1  in.  ur    of    Iheke    law*    and    aninniiici-'* 
his  Intention  to  «.-  tiie  ia«-«  enrnrc  il      iiy 
proclamation  of  Feb.   18.   1S51    Ipnge  2tl4H> 
aapport  of  the  law*  by    tin-   cltlatn*  .-f  the 

country  la  called  for.    in  hia  Recond  Annua! 
Message    ipagi-   26741    Ihe    President 
"Looking    at     the    lnler.-st*    of     the     whole 
count rv.   I   felt    it   to  be  my  duty    in  atria* 

ni ihi.  compromise  m  the  beat  that  could 

he    obtained    amid    conflicting:    Interests   and 
il    ni". I'   it   ai    ti   final     ■tilement.  to 
Inered   to  bv  all   who  value   the 

ami   •?)  If  are   of    I'm-    eolllili.' 

nilmore,  Millard: 

Annual  mo*sairc»  of,  2813,  2840,  261)9. 
Appointing  power  of  Prcaddant  <H*- 
■OtMd  by,  2616. 

keteb  of,  2599. 
Cul.a— 

Acijuisition  of.  discussed  l.y.  8701, 
Affairs  of,  diacuaaed  by,  ! 
Iiicfirfioralinii    of,    into    Union    not 
>-d.  2701. 
Death  of.   nnnounceil,  ami   honors  to 

In-  pni'l  memory  of,  4236. 
Death  of  President  Taylor  announce! 
to,  ntid  reply  of,  2589. 

Oommnnicn! I'.  to  Sennte.  L'V'O. 

Km raaaed  by.  2593,  26uo.  86T8, 
Financea    discussed    by,    2619,    265S, 
2704. 


Fillmore 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Foreign   Policy    discussed   by,   2614, 

2856,  2701,  mS. 
Information    regarding    negotiations 
Grout    Britain,    Co*U    Bica, 
and  Nicaragua  refused  by,  2690. 
Information  regarding  proposition  to 
annex    Hawaiian    Islands    refused 
by,  8691,   2055. 
Internal   improvements  discussed   by, 

2626. 
Oath  of  office,  time  and  place  of  tak- 
ing, mentioned,  £590. 
Portrait  of,  2308. 
Powers  of  Federal  and  8tato  Oo- 

meat*  discussed  by,  2628. 
Proclamations  of — 

Discriminating  daties  08  vessels  of 

i  I,, |,.    .„.,,..,„ led,   2612. 
Extraordinary    session    of   Senate, 

2646,  2727. 
Military  axpadltlM  to — 
Onto,  1047 
Mexico.  2648. 
Texas  boundar;,   Us*,  1643. 

■  ful   combinations   in   Boston, 
2645. 
State    of    the    Union    disausscd     by, 

System  of  government  discussed   by, 

881 

Tariff  discussed  by,  2619,  2659,  2661, 

2705. 

Finances.— The  flrst   financial   measure   of 

ill.-    Continental    Congress   wn*   a    lonn    of 

£0,000.  in  t"::..  urged  tha  Con- 

{resa  to  contlnuo  to  ratio  money  by  loan*, 
tha  majority  favored  the  Issue  of  paper 
One  delegate  >oM .  "IJu  vou  Itilnk. 
otlemen,   thai    l    will  consent  to  load  my 
■  in.  in.  v.nli  (axe*  alien  wo 
•  mr  printer  nnd  get  a  wngon  toad  of  money, 
ooo  noire  of  whli  for  the  whole;" 

Previous    10    17  70  $8,000,000  In    paper    hiul 
i,.  .mi  lile    |-i    four  yoiu 

f;iunina  with  1788.    nbaeqaent  isnnn  dnr- 
iik    the    Revolutli  •    Increased    this 

■mm  to  mure  linn  vjiii'.OOOOOO  niKl  II  I 
ly  tleprecluted    timil    In    1781    " 

Can  as  money.  Bjr  1783  the  loans  of  the 
nlted  Stan  I  iiin..imtod  to  $42,000,000,  of 
which  87.HH5.08a  wen-  ..l.ulncd  ol.roail 
Homo  creditor*  received  no  In 
■  inn.-  nf  them  sold  their  claims  for  ns  low 
as  10  per  cent  i  lu«      Aftei 

idoptlon    "l    tli<      federal     constitution 

liilins  were  paid  In  f'  nd<  - 

il.iiiiilii.ii.  whli. •  Secretary  of  the  Tienaury. 

HiK     bos  had 

i ii  made  Superintendent  of  PlBauce.     He 

nonces,     Improved     the 

foreign  credit  mid  established  a  bank    When 

i..   borrow   money  on    the   rtedlt  of 

i»i..  government  ho  used  bis  own  money  and 

his  own  credit  on  behalf  of  the  nation. 

I  rorlaj  llntnllte.tr".  ■  hi  Id 
nf  Mi..  Treaaurr  Department  he  established 
the  public  creall  on  ■  arm  b»«i».  Albert 
Osllntla  was  aniuiin'ed  Secretary  ..f  the 
Treasury  by  Jciu-rsnn.  nml  daring  bis 
service  of  tweU-  reduced  the  pah- 
He  debt  fr.>m  $8:1, In    I1-"!    t"  about 

iflO.OOO  In  1813.  b.      '       pi" 
fi.r    the    nnrili:i^i     ..f    [..nii-lrinn    nud    tb. 

peases  nf  rne  War  ..r  1813. 

fn   1S3G  nnd  V  nntrj-  was  prsc 

tlestly  out  of  debt,  and  nearly  $4ii.OO«,000 


was  readied  from  the  anl*  of  public  land*. 
Congresa  toted  ti  •  all  Ibe  surplus 

. is  of  s:..00u.000  among  to*   i 
but    before  this  bod  been  acccn 

gov- 
.  the  verge  of  UaDkruptcy. 
At    i  Ing  of   the   ctvtl   war  Sal- 

mon 1*.  Chase  wos  Secretary  of  the  1 
ttry.     Congress  authorised  a  loan  nf  $.:.u.- 

, I   i"   It-year  " 

ii  i. ..mi-,  n-itii  interest  not  to  exceed 
7  pet  cent,  nnd  In  lieu  of  a  portion  of  said 
loan  the  Secretary  wus  authorised  to  pay 
■  -  or  to  exchange  for 
coin  n on  interest  bearing  treasury  notes  pay- 
m  demand  and  r.  i  •. :it>  for  alt  public 
dues,  to  ti,  .  :  $00,000,000      Secre- 

-.i-lnlned  on  ndvance  of  $30,000,- 
000  from  Hie   banks  ..f  Nov  :>aton 

nnd     I'hlhidelnhi  i  >tl  mi  IbxiIii  nrt 

tin  n  opened  In  nil  the  Iot.iI  cttt»s  and  the 
public  took  about  $13,000,000  of  the  3-yrar 
notes.     Till  >aaks 

nnd  they  advaaeed  anotoci  l 
Hie   inn, |   attempt   failed,  and  Congress  su- 
ae of  $150,000,000  of  legal 
notes.       (See    Curreaey.)      Three    of 
«ere  made  agcregattng  $450.- 

100.     Within  the  year  1863  gold 

Bte< twee*  $138  and  $100.     la  J8«  tt» 

r  Act  was  passed  establish- 
ing n  uniform  currency,  and  the  Issue  of 
bonds  bccaiij.    t  :  .  i  r  1- - . .  treas- 

ury.    Tlie  ng  points  In  {Secretary 

Chase's  policy  were  moderate  Interest,  gee- 
■  nil   iti'irlbiitlon.   future  controllability  nui 
ntul   utility. 
The  moat  Irnportnnt  flnnnclal  measure*  if 
recent  times  have  been  the 
Aldrh  li-Vrei.lniid  Inw  and  the  HegtOBal  It*- 
imnk  Inir.  both  "'  which  aim  to  stsU- 
ilre  the  money  market  by  the  l«mr  of  turp 
geney  currency  baaed  on  collateral  secatiDs* 

Finances: 
Act— 

••■ting  coinago  of  silver  bnUita 
in  Treat  MS. 

Directing   payment   of   surplus  la 
Treasury  on  pubJI  weal 

for  applying  pocket  veto  to.  ! 
To  authoring  coinage  of  tlaaJari 
silver  dollars,  etc..  vetoed.  -Iv3i 
To  facilitato  refunding  of  nation! 

•..  t.M.i,    i 
To    fix    amount    of   T'nited 

notes   nnd   eireulation  of  nal'oa- 
nl  kinks  vetoi 
Author!  rotary  of  Trvavtury 

to    accumulate    pold    for   final  re- 

ptiOB    r >ir.iniT!i':eil,  4MB. 

Bank   deposits,   discussed.      (See  D*" 

poaitl   Public,  -^tnt.;   Banks.) 
Bltin  1  Allil  OB  Act— 

DSscttMcd  by  President— 
Arthur,  463:i.  -.HO. 

Olcvemnd,   1927,  8097,  5371 
Harrison,  Benj..  5475. 
li:.-.   -.  4511,    ' 
Vetoed  by  President  Hares,  44 J 

.  commended,  41>** 
Condition  of  the  TratMt 

Con!  rovlded  for  in  srt        , 

authorize  coinage  of  silver  3^,. 
tars,  etc.,  appropriation  for,  r«^ 
ommendod,  4438. 


Encyclopedic  Index                             Finances 

FroixciAL  Osoirra  or  th*  Cocxtbt  »xp  thk  rnwi.8  sixes  1800.  a*  Rbtostsd  si  ins 
Dtpautmcsi  or  Couuxnn 

Year 

Are* 

Fopulv.iuo 

JllMl  > 

1'  .j,i, 

Ulloo 

P  1 

Wo»lU)« 

PttbDi  ii'lu.  l'«s  mb  in 
TrrMnry  Julv   1 

ToUl 

P.r 

<si>iu 

Tout* 

fa 

Mpm 

883.136 

1 .743.133, 

I.79J.J3J 
2.007,119 
2.99/.1  I!> 

3.024.7W 
3,028.730 
J02B.JW 

3. (474.789 
1.024769 

3,024.789 
3  036.780 
:•  DM,716 

1  06,710 
ljQM.no 

ijOM.780 

uaH,7ao 
mm,* 

ijOM,7H 

j :..'.,, r-v 
.i.ii.1'.,:-' 

I,0M,7S0 

1.0S0.JM) 

3.070.7(0 

i,om  no 

l,Q26,TM 
1.0M.7H 

1  i  (8,731 

.1.026.7-.. 
1,026,71* 
jjOl/.lM 

3AMJH 
3,096, 7M) 

s'otVtw 

9.0Hl78B 
I.0M.7SS 
I.0M.TW 

1,030.759 
lOSSJIBB 

s.o;«.7w 

J0JI  ■  • 

S30M63 
7:».--i 
•,638,463 

i;,ooMu 

23.J0l.67u 
2i.-o::.i'.. 
23,618,000 
30,433,000 
77.256  £CO 
33.067UD0 
SS.OI6.um 

(0,606  i«m 
31. 443.3'.'  1 

6.  "1 

4  TO 

1 

I  g 

S8I 
8.  SO 
«  16 
3.44 

9  72 
10.01 

10.20 

11)  74 
11.00 

II  22 
11  43 

■ 
II  03 
17   IS 

1!  00 

■ 

It  30 

13  03 

14  "1 

ii    g 
u  ,•• 

IS.  so 
16  00 
10  43 
13  U 
17.24 
IT  (15 

18.48 

13  30 

20  17 
30  31 

21  47 

5  H 

22  31 
22  ?4 

21    H 

H  i 

24  07 

21   'ill 

30.04 
27  U 

M   H 

■  H 

30  43 

,MI  M 

31  51 

■  a 

33.M 

352,076.201.35 
43,173.217.42 

4.H.5I  ■ 
3,571 

63,442.773.55 
60,100 

117  7(1 
42,242.72:42 
U/UfUM 
10.U66.9&3.0I 

37.UOO.10I.72 
33.404.234  10 
IM6V3D101 

2,l-74,M.' 

j.u6jinn,i67JM 

- .  1  1-1.7  ii 

2,I05,402,OCO.;S 
2.104,11  i 
:.i«i,ini.i7oi:i 
V340.15 
2.010.27 

i.oi9,:i:i..7i7  7-, 

1.310.640,111. 23 
1,1     . 
IAJ8.781.s25.13 
1.-.38.S1 

1,178,10 

l.ni.7.1"l.-il7 
»;5,OJO,7MI.22 
Kuo,;,14^70J3 
831.013 
841,520,463.(0 
833,069.475.75 

MyBMMteO  11 

■ 
1.107,711 
1.041,739.110.07 

iii,ii.i.',7.:'ii  m 

1.7717* 
■ 
t84\U3,<B8J3 

93»,U2,40«3K 

1.0|I,,4IM.I>.',', 

I,028J6I  053  U 

1  I'm  I44JIMJM 

IIS .63 
7.34 

0  44 
3.77 

.31 
2.74 
3.07 
2.33 
1.80 

1  31 
1    14 

W 
1.61 
1.01 
1  01 
j  74 
1,1  45 
33.31 

74  1)8 
74  31 

'"  M 

67.10 
i,l   It 
■  ii  U 
34.31 

62.08 
60. 6J 
40  17 
47  53 
45  68 
43  56 

*.'  Ill 

40  83 
38  27 
34  44 
31   91 
13.88 
26  20 
H  .-,11 
23  34 

10  n 
17-72 

14  18 

11  M 

12  W 
12  IA 

!;;;; 

I ;  60 

14  63 
13.44 
12.24 
11  44 

11   77 
11.24 
10  04 

10  33 

11  11 
11.35 
m  ,i 

. 
10.60 
10.41 
111  i! 
0  64 

JK 

ir,iis,7»o.ooo 

1307. 60 

8::: 

W4 

as.. 

"'Veuiw 

•= 

33.204jOOO 

(iOMAH 

34.748JJU) 

II   |..i.. 

36,971,000 

n  mfm 
tuturi 
ttjmim 
mttan 

41.077  JOOO 

IfjMljOOO 

H,'-'J.»JJ 
47.43V0O0 

51316.000 
42.495.000 

SO.  1 40.000 
47,404.000 
W.8SO.O00 

61 .2*0,000 

63,844,000 

UMosm 

10J54JO) 

njttjon 
:i  sia.ooa 

»  H4JT0 

hjiumo 

70330  JM 
80.844,437 
81,466.531 

BBS 

87,830,338 

njnsjsi 

80,116,921 

W.7«J,W.i 
05,410,50) 

01.440,41)1 

102.43 IJJOO 

HI 

IO.00.J1S.IO3 

■ 

un  .. 

cif. 

| 

SB-:::. 

.001.000 

1034  37 

77,000.000,009 

i.u:  in 

mMWJm 

I2I2J0OO 

»i 

u 

!i: 

lo7.730.071.O0O 

i 

,  _,',ftific»r«»rd»!»loroMitirnt»l  Unital  .tun*.   •Forothxf  tlus  onira  JTtHl  prior  to  1SS0.  tfctSfunairafnr  July  I 
r»  Icum  »f»  U*«l  upio  tt>»  laod  im  of  tool  inonul  Uoilel  Suu*  toil  upon  population  ucirin  ic. 
J""x  ' True  nlualiou  it  ml  u,  i  fwnoul  propttty:  tfu  6<urn  art  Uwm  of  (ho  Uwwi  c,(  th?  Cxm.  Dntwtistiil  of 
4^"|H>.  w*»*t  to  contliwoul  L'liiiol  bun,  and  carer  com  rm  ■  1»C0  to  1 J5S.  ouuuodins  pnncipal  ol  ibc  public 

Finances 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


<    i  Bxnco  .ii  cs  SO,  I'-Mrti.  to  1*15.  Etc. 

■  amm*  **it  tmkiii  M>ntcm 


loorai 

inn 

101 1 

101? 

1013 

1911 

itis 

101* 

Cntbmt  rmoiw 

luicfnal  rr«rtiiur 
MatullanoouavBct).- 

• 

314,407,071 

an.wi.en 

3.'I,MJJD0 

«n^u.^ft» 

tnaajnt 

■ 
a  nun 

JW.JMW7J1 

4IJ.44e.44*. 

72.4H.O04 

3Il.«l*Jta1 
W.77M7. 

Or.linary  raawpla 
fublic-debl  roottpu 

mtu.'it 

3I.''74  2M 

;m  itxm 

IK11,:7\4M 

HTM  W 

;.'» 111..M 

.in.-,'  i-.r 
S3.M1.3B 

2.\«4f.,iiU 

77*.k»U«i 

Toul  rawtpta.  »a- 

.lu.iv"  of  IJoaUl 
TlKUl  ItfTWIUi 

707,IM,f«17 

;vi.-o;.ioo 

;-i;.x;n.«.'( 

~\-  5H3.J14 
246,744.016 

747.s12.oao 
MUlMtf 

7B7.694.JSt) 
2*7.ttl4.S«8 

nufr.ni 

»7Jt«.1« 

1I3.M7.4M 

Toul   ractlpl*.  Id- 

clllJillK  piatai . 

93!.31i,6f,3 

097.JS6.024 

•MJ41I.W) 

1.0I4.131.J06 

IMMWM 

IC07.44J,»4S 

i.m.iit.w 

i  Included    Pikiiinii:i  Omul    r«ccilit».   pro.-.  ertM  .if  bond!  ami   •XC4M4J  of  deposit!  to 
retire  national  hank  notes  over  redemptions. 


Ohjm 

I'JKI 

Diaat'l 
1011 

aumrra  am 
lull 

taxut  oajac-n 
1011 

> 

1114 

1013 

1014 

13,616,406 

i ;.  MAI 

12.779.030 

13291.811 

IS.4(.\'> 

UJ77JM 

ii..|>".- 

Kuaitin.  f*0f«r. . 

520,708 
S7.42S.7M 

iu,iru6i 

10,117  107 

1.0I0.4U 

2.323.7V.I 
11,840,4117 

HUM 

4.002,173 
87.7ls.810 
IO.3S7.10I 

1,117.504 
17,088.228 

■  MMta 

1473.S30 

2,555.974 
U  .'.yon 

•i      iiT'J 
4  Jl  1.47.1 

•.-.v.-  m 

191.04S.S08 

331V 
107  : 

in. in  mi 

M.IW..WK 

ijltui) 

2.1S3.7I7 
IS.US0.S42 

■MM 

«.V7M,M0 
8S.013.OM 
189.407.013 

I34IM2.4I.' 

1  104.710 

auaajua 
lutusi 

M47JW 
UMJM 

3,878,820 

I2A4I.21I 

1    1        ! 

IJM.0IJ 

43,003.813 

ir-,.:;.j.-:i 

I40.S4  1 .039 

MMum 

KIDS.  1*1 

I0.04MU 

J,7M,U<« 

IMM 

J,2».1M 

i:,:v.,o:i 

3fl4».vd 

4.0OS.B0T 
MJ010.IBI 

I1.4W.0W 
1?W,»I3 

'...<•-  n 

3,71*774 

turn 

4.444M4 

.25i3! 

Itt.9l3.7t* 

»l.»7»«l 

7i70.71» 

»j031>4» 

11403.773 

3.431  144 

i  mm 

IMJ  1 

ii 

Ntr, 
Port  Office. 

1  .1.., 

JlUlHT 

lodepoudrnt   bu- 

rntu  and  nffim 

DltUKtolColunihu 

Total  KkouI'ivc 

837.402.7oO 

832.034.000 

613,403^70 

aarumja 

675,136.083 

70S.»»,8I4 

7I3^40,IH 

>,vm,.i.V. 

3,115,131 

-.  IS'  ri7 

XWIO.IAI 

•  100  510 

4.44W.744 

4I57.01 

Ordinary    ctiaburar- 
atobla 
Panama     Canal    dta> 

inirarmrola 
Publkxlabl  dtoburar- 

M0,7O5.301 
33,011,873 

nvw 

454.137,008 

i7MHn 

35223,337 

1554.553,063 
33,327.371 
28,648,328 

41.741.1H 
24.101,610 

N  ■■  KM 
statin 

w  mat 

7».187.DU 

irt.m 

I7J44X773 

94.MBM4 

Total  racluartr  of 
puaUl  paid  ff'.tn 

j«<Mi.l  I 

Poatal  iliabumnuatB . 

nuBw 

224.128.868 

TJMMrff 

B7,H0,7U 

71MJ0.8W 
346,744.018 

744.703,574 
202.105,875 

762.042.7M 

n  HMU 

777>41X«B 
J«7J4»48» 

7»4«4S.«4» 

i  Qui 

T"ital<li«t>urarm<T>t- 

MUM,  ii 

904.0*5,333 

O05,J73,«78 

1.010.81 3.440 

IMMOOIM 

UMIi  -M"; 

1/77UMJM 

KINANClAf.  8TATKMEST  OF  THK  irNITEO  !»TATg8  430VSRS 

IFortucrl)  aauxl  <•  "Sufnvnt  of  tlw  1'uWio  l>bi") 
n  EH  31,  1010 
catn  aralUBL*  tu  far  iuTvu.tg  oiuoanoMa 


Ualanw  Laid  by  itir  Twnw  of  lb*  t.'nilml 
Sut*a  a*  per  daily  troaaury  tutwur Qt  for 
■  >■  !..4kt  31.  1916..  

A.  1,1 

'..  t  exeim  of  rKvipta  ovrr  payrDeota  in 
Uotobtr  rrporu  pubarquftiUy  nr«i>rd 


Rnivdbtlan*. 


1153.937.002.02 
4BJ97.17 


ll.VI,'.""'.''""" 


Ml.  ri..  i,i  ^  .,r..i,l».  1  WHjIIH  mil  rl,^-L. 
oulalaudinc: 
Trcaaury  warrant*. 
Maiumlcoupona. 
Intrran  cfeHB. . , 
Hutiunlncoltioan1 
Baknc. 


Ca\SSI.7IUt 

uags 

mjmmJB 


Ii 


auum  DtaT 
D*bl  }tmr'w$  t»o  mlarnit . . 
0*bt  go  wbirfi  inun«t  haa 
lotcrM-braruif  <kbt 


I24S.2873H.TI 
1.400 

Ii7;'.|i','i."«i'-i 


|i..'iii.":,,.'.i'.r,'  ».: 


Cn-  d.U  foppoatV) 
DHUM    • 
llalaBM  aradabl*  lo  pay  rualurtaj 


oblicatiotia  (aac  I 
Netdabt 


lUIOJMJaVjtl 

:>• ,- :4 '::.-:  " 


ummM 


Encyclopedic  Judex 


uuiees 


Dvbt  Btfarfns  bo   Intvrrai.                                  D»hton  whlrt>  \nt***u  ■«*C1mm4  •!■»**«>  Marnrfu. 
Fap*h)«  on  prw«Mnintioii  1                                                         iPafwu*oapN>BU4lloa.l 

OU'acfcliofiJ  roiuimi   lu  be  rr'md   «bru 
rvcbmvd: 

•1  Rftti*  N'ofcv 
Urn  *oW  racrv* 

P4A.IKI.iil«'i» 

FttuM  Loss  or  1891.  <uatlni»d  •<  I  (*r 
ttnLnlMfarrcI' 
InlmMnwil  Auj.-v.  11,  190D    . 

Funrif.1  Low  of  ml.  ouiu/wl  fctpMntar 

..   . 
Iimu  of  1(101.  m*lural  February  9.  I0M 

.    mslurrd/ub 
KWuiuliai  Ctrtifinlm.  natural  Julv  1. 

Old  Ifc-bi  matured  *t  vwiouad  ties  prior  U» 
Jaouary  1.  1861.  ftod  other  i'x-nu  of  debt 
matured  at    *»ruiuj  dalm  subptquonl  la 
January  1,  1X01 

Total 

UWI.W 
MjMMO 

iJXJJXI 
IIJSSO.IH) 

ki  no  u 

Ktonn  of  notes  onr  rwn  . 
Ohliotuiu  ih*i  will  U  rvtind  on  [rwnU- 
QOQ. 

OM  demnd  not** 

Ni.ion&Uank    ooUa    awumej    bv    ibc 
i"oit#d  Sum   on   4tf*»it   of  lawful 

lU.ni.9M17 

44^K«  .977.00 

SJW7.77n.9U 

ToUl 

tMSjST^M.77 

»I.4»^10M 

Constitutional  treasury  recommended 
by   PntidOBt  Pelt  --•'•*• 

Baeeenfal  operation  of,  discussed, 

2406.   2498. 

lit   of   the   United   States,  7682. 
Gnrrawjr    legislation,    plan    of,    la 

dorscd   bv    President    Clevcbin  I. 

6985. 
Di-.-uwed,  6993,  6000,   807*  6091, 

Discussed    bv   President — 

Adams.   .John.    22\    243,   252.   203, 

281,  807. 
Adam.,  .1.  Q.,  S«H.  083.  ».'.».  !177. 
Arthur.  4632.  -1719.  476.1.  48! 
Bnehanai.  988,   3019,    3058, 

8078,  BUM,  3179. 
Cleveland.   4924.   5098,   5097.  5165. 

L  6098! 
6072.  6091.  6155.  617:,. 
Fillmore,  2619,  2658,  2704. 
Garneld.  4600. 

183,  3091,  4081,  4101,  4146, 
4197,  4838,  4247,  4268,  4301,  4354, 
1370. 
Harrison.   Bcnj..   5472,   5548.   5628, 

Hayes,  #307,  4413,  4422,  4449,  4509, 

4523,  4566. 
JaeksoB,     1014,    1088,     1118,    1180, 

1224,  1848,  1880,  1870,   1468. 
JafferaoB,  816,  '.  848,  354, 

361.     366.     375,     382,    396,    417, 

443. 
Johnson,  3562.  3648,  3769.  3872. 
Lincoln,    3248,    3330,    3350,    3384, 

3447. 
McKinlcv,   6236,  6242,   6244,  6339, 

6437,  8408. 
KsdUoB,    455,    461.    472,    480,    504, 

"1  :i.  888,  535,  549,  563. 
Monroe,   884,   613.   629.  646,  675, 

756,   761,  780,  785,  822. 
Pierce,  2746.  2817,  2870.  2940. 
Polk.  2252,  2346,  2401.  2406,  2441, 

24!K5. 
Roosevelt,   6645,   6654,   6715,   6787, 

7082,  7198. 


Taylor.  2555. 

Taft,  7681. 

Tyler,   1806,   1916,  1934,  1955,  1959. 

2052,  2057,  2079,  2117,  2119. 
Van  Buret..  1841,   1596,  1686,  1706, 
1751,  1787,  1780,  1822. 

iiington,  75,   98,   121,  133,   159, 
1". 
Efficiency     and     economy     in      the 

■nry    1  i.-|i:irf  mi.Tit,    7683. 

Elastlcitv  of   IBRMH  needed.  6911. 

6989. 
Exchequer,    plan    of,    recommended. 

20.*,:,  silo, 

Extraordinary  session  of  Congress  to 
consider  condition  of,  convened, 

Special  '(■■siiin  i age,  5833. 

irnlil  :ii-.-u in nl:it ion  for  final  redemp- 
tion authorized.  4303. 

Gold  i-rri  commendations  re- 

gard of,  4633. 

9oM  raaarra  diicussed  and  recom- 
mendations regarding,  6036,  6088, 
6008,  5000,  8078,  15090. 

Gold  standard,  effects  of,  6654. 
•cussed,    6078. 
l;w  irement  of,  recommended,  607S, 
8176, 

International  monetary  c  inferences. 
(See  Gold  and  Silver;  Internatioaal 
Monetary  Conference.) 

Le(f»lteiider  act,  repeal  of  portion 
of.  recommended,  43 

Legal-tender  notes,  redemption  of, 
recommended,  4303,  43/9,  I  I]  ., 
4887. 

Monetary  Ctanaltaleii,  7683. 

Monetary  Beiorm,  7683. 

OntlftBlldtllg  arrears  ilue  Government 
referred  to,  2747. 

Paper  currency  discussed.     (Sei    i  m 
rency.) 

Power  of  Federal  Government  over 
collection  and  disbursement  of.  .li< 
cussed.  1459. 

I'ulilie   deposits   discussed.     (See   De 
I-">-<its,  Public;  State  Banks,) 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Fine  Arts 


Relations  with  Mexico,  China,  aad 
other     gold     standard     countru-. 
6825. 
Revenue  laws,  need  for  readjustment, 

i;s)ss. 
Scigniorugo  discussed,   5875. 
Sherman   Act — 
leuaed,  6W 
Repeal  of  purchasing;  clause  of,  dis- 
cussed, 5873,  6073,  6074. 
Recommended,  08! 
Silver  certificates — 
Discussed,  3474. 

Repeal  of  act  for  issuance  of,  rec- 
ommended, 4633.   i 
Suspension   of   issuance   of,  recom- 
■■•led,  4830. 
Silver  purchase  clause  of  act  of  1S0O, 
repeal  of,  discussed,   5S75,   6073, 
6074 
Recommended,  5833. 
Sinking  fund   law,   repeal   of,   recom- 

mendi 

8pecie     payments     discussed.       (See 

Specie  l'nymcnts.) 
8nbtreasurv  cussed.     (Seo 

Subtrcasury   System.) 

Trade   dollars  discussed,  4767,   4831. 

Treasury      notes.  (Seo     Treasury 

Notes'.) 

Finances,  Collection  of.— The  expense  of 

coiiveiiiiK   the  onstozos  niui   Internal   rev- 

tBnes  of  tlie  foiled  State*  Induil' 

startea  of  clerks,  In  sectors,  rev- 
suae  serai 

era.  s|,  :■  fur  printing  Internal 

ng  and  piinlKhlnjc 
rlelattoni  of  revenue  lawn,     rmtifsmn 
be    added    traveling    expenses    of 
agent*,  weighing,  measuring  snd  ■ppm 

oda,  as  «   ii  as  rents  for  build 

R  111'*!  tiV  (llr  "M.rr.MIIt'lll.  Main- 
tenance of  custom  lion :  aad  OtbeT  hand- 
ings owned  b>  las  government  l<  paid  0*1 
of  specific  appropriations  foe  thoic  pin 

Toe   *»peiim'    ot    eollscttni    Hie   Internal 
revenue    M  '  ded     '   pi  I 

ISPS,  wlille  In  1X71  collection  expenses  were 
mora  than  5  per  cant  The  custom*  revenue 
cost*  something   more   than    3   per   cent    to 

S  licet,  ami  varies,  uf  ronrae.  with  the  tariff. 
Itb  the   lowering  tariff  rates  si 
creased   imports   tin'   coat   of  collectloo  ad- 
vances.    In  1918  It  cost  4.4U'  per  cent  to  col- 
|i  ii   ill.)  customs. 

Finances,  Superintendent  of.— On  Feb. 
T,  1781.  the  Continental  Congress  passed  an 
aci  eMabiixtiluK  the  office  of  Superintendent 

of  finance.  Itobcrt  Morris  was  annotated 
to  the  poalttoa  Previous  la  this  the  Com- 
mittee of  Claims  ami  tlie  Treasury  Office  of 
Accounts  were  combined  In  what  *>• 

ee  Tressmy  Hoard.  consisting  of  five  tneni- 
rs  of  Congress.    This  boa  i   with 

ippotntxoenl  'if  Iforrli  He  was  au- 
thorised to  examine  Into  the  state  of  the 
country's  finances,  report  plana  for  Improve- 
ment, direct  the  execution  of  orders  re- 
specting revenue  and  expenditure,  snd  con- 
trol the  public  accounts.  Morris  resigned 
In  1784  and  the  ilnun.-c*  nf  the  tinveriiiuent 
were  placed  under  a  board  of  three  com- 
missioners, where  they  continued  ontll 
1739,  at  which  time,  the  first  Congress  es- 
tablished tUt  present  Treasury  Department 
(a,  v.). 


The  following  table  shows  th«  amount  of 
customs  and  Internal  revenue  receipts  for 
recent  peats,  and  tbu  expenses  of  collecting 
the  same : 


iNTtnxir-itntrxct. 

Year 

June 
30— 

Revenue 

Expenses  of 
etnas, 

Dalian. 

Df/Uart. 

I'tr 
Cent. 

ISO? 

issj>:i 

SJ!  70,0X2.31 

o    }•> 

4.141 

i'jti 

18U4 

it;. in 

I  Ml.', 

143.421,1 

li     ■ 

l  10.702.81*1.? 1 

::,-  u;  xx7  :..". 

■  fi 

1 

Uit.4WS.074  211 

'-•  17 

J73.437.101.61 

4.300,043.0.1 

1.30 

11100 

■ 

1.51 

307.1X0 

•l.ini.'i-i,  us 

l  i:-. 

i  :  l  t.(i7 

l  on 

1   M    • 

:30.S10.124  IT 

1.90 

10CM 

:  ::  904  1  lii  i 

.  -i;t  s:1. 

l.OI 

181.70 

1.85 

GOO  ' 

1001   . . . 

i  772.V, 

LfS 

•-'.•.1.7I1 

0411  KB 

i  so 

1 .. 

4,: r.47 

I  p 

.  m  i  i,-, 

101.7" 

1.73 

lull . . 

1    .  ".'J' 

R7I.R0 

IMS, ..  . 

"   '.7 

•  1 

..ICi. 

1.00 

"Ail  ii4i  on;  ::u 

0.0  4'.' 

i.n: 

. 

i  .,ii 

1016.... 

0.250.047.07 

t3n 

H  ItOKI  Bit  •' 


i  Mia 

I  flit* 

■  sua 

i  wm 

■  

i 

1003 

mod 

1007. . . 

ldiiti.  .  . 

1010  . . 

1011  .. 

1018... 

line.  . 


!77.r,J 

2  :::  :ci 
•nx.oxo 

:«i  70s 

"00.201 

■ 

'.(lO.TIl 
311.321. 


,064  II 
01473 

osii.tt: 
017.45 
701.07 
120.05 

V7I  1(3 
708.11) 

440.03 

072  27 

ui  i  :  I 
.s.1',  S3 


n.04«.: 

.  V'.ID.l.H 
ll.T.'.C. 

7.237  i 

7,070 

7,102 

■     H7.i 
7.713.418.  S2 

s. >;.,.■.  i;::n  37 
Ml" 

fl   131! 

Ill  nil,  ,;:.   .  , 
10.005,770.12 

10  .2X0,  1113,00 
.771.73 

0.O74.47I.95I 


5.74 

3.32 

.•,.l,-i 
4.43 
4,02 
•I  111 
4.78 
3.07 

:i.:  . 

2.0s 
3.32 
3,48 

::  00 

B.3S 

3.41 

;;  M 

3.47 
3.23 

4  42 
4.20 


Fine  Arts  Commission. —  The  Fine  Arts 
n  was  established  In  1010  hy  art 
to  ;:ive  advice  and   i" 
asatast  in  the  selection  uml  location  of  I 

DpervlaloD  of  the 
rnmeot  :  and  olio  to  belp  In  the  i-Inilee 
of  arllxi-  and  "f  models  lu  that  connection. 
i.    which   consists  of  seven 
memi,,  Prealdeat  for  a 

term  of  four  renrs,  must  approve  all  plans 
for  public  buildings  erected  In  Washington, 
and  In  a  general  way  slso  gives  advice  to 

i  '.ovcrnmcat  on  all  i 
country. 


inatUrs  of  art  lu  Hie 


Fine  Arts,  International  Exhibition  of, 
to  be  held  at  Munich,  Bavaria,  S193. 


Fines 


Messages 


Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Fine*: 

Imposed   upon   CJeu.    -lack-son,   minis- 
of,   recommend.  3, 
I:,  milt   '1    by    Executive,    i u  ■  j u  i  r  i •  ■  1 
into,  037. 

Flngal.  The,  engagement  with  the  We* 
hateken   referred   to,  3892. 

Finland.      (Soo  Russia.) 

Fir*  Engines  r.-fcrr.  ,<  to    itm. 

First  Assistant  Postmaster-General.  (8oe 
,\>-«i*t»iit   Postmastera  General.) 

"First  Liberty  Congress."     (8ne  Im- 
perialism.) 

First  United  States  Volunteer  Roglmont 
Of  Cavalry,  mentioned,  6637. 

Fiscal   Bank    of   United   Stat**— After 

•h.    repeal  "f  th*  tubtreasnry  set  in  IM1, 

Mm  WbI|  majority  la  Congress  passed   an 

M.  i   i'li  i  n-TliiE  the  Fiscal  Ilnnk  of  the  lull 
.lea.       TUlN    Wll*    vrtn..|    by    IT. 

i  \  I.  r.     A   lilll   "11-   ill.  ii   |m .1   chartering 

mi-     Fiscal     Corporation     •  •(     the     ' 
States,    which   It    was    thought    would    meet 

iiIn  opproeai,  i»n  ikU  »i»"  ana  reload. 
Fiscal  Bank  of  United  States,  act   to 

incorporate    IBbecrilicti     in, 

lUft 
Fiscal    Corporation    of    United   States, 

bill   to   incorporate,   M-tued,    1021. 
Fiscal  Policy.      (See  Finances.) 
Fiscal  Tear,  change  in  termination  of, 
2117. 

IV.  .mi mended,  1611. 
Fish  Commission.     (See  Commerce  and 

Labor,  Department  of.) 
Fish  Lake  Forest  Reserve  (1'tahi,  pro 

'!.'•  1 1 i,   6M4 

Fisheries, —The  right  to  eatefa  n«h  en  Ik* 

IiIkIi    sens   Ik   open    to  nil:    but    by    liit.-rnn- 

ilniinl   law.  SH  rh n   for  n   inn rlnc  lean* 

1*    under    the    Juil-.ll etlon    of    the    BOl 
ol    ill.    adjoining    In  ml.    nn    one  <nn    Bi 
■  nil     ..  iii.t.     uitii.iui     express    permission 
given  by  Isw  or  treaty.    After  lac   H 
Hun    ihi.    people    of    Canada    disputed    tbe 
right   ..I    cltlsena   of   •  ii--    I'nlted   Rutea    to 
■•   tin.  banks  o(  Labrador.  Newfound 
land,   and    the    Culf  of  St.    Lawrence.       Ht 
Hi.,  (r.aty  Willi  Great   Britain   In    17*3  cltl- 
X"HK   of    Hi"    Lulled    SI  n    the 

right  (0  ink",  .in.-,  nnd  dry  fish  09  the 
.-•■»»t«,    bays,    and    crcekn    of    any    tin-- 

iiritixii    possessions      Permission   wan  also 

given  tlicm  to  take  fl«h  ivliliout  coring  or 
drying  in.  in.  on  th.  resets  of  N.-wfoumlland. 
<ui  Hi.-  roasts,  nays  and  erwas  <.f  rfova 
Scotls.  Magdalen  Islnnd*.  and  Labrador, 
after  th.-i'  vh.iuld  become  Battled,  the  right 
to    Isl. I      n"    ll*!l    wn-    given    only    m  llh 

inaent  of  Hi"  Inli  I  |.i..['rletora 

>.f    ih"    uround.      American    nsgunnSB    «.(.■ 

:.iw  to  take  advantage  ..f   the  opportn- 

'    hi   iiii.  treaty,  nmi  Cane- 

tmeut  became  more  pronoun. -.'.I. 
ih"  War  ..r  ISIS  dissolved  tnu  treaty,  and 
in  Hi"  treat]  el  i  lb.  ai   [q.  ■  I  bo  'si »    Ih* 

ii rtlon    ..f    ti-herr   right*   wa»    nel    nee 

ii -.1    thni  vlittiiilly  ullonlnc  the  old  rlghta 

to      t  ii  ml 

In  1818  a  convention  of  th*  Catted  state* 
nn. i  Rngland  decided  thai  the  eltlaena  of 
the  former  Khould  have  the  perpetual   right 


h  on   th"  winters  and  northern  coasts 

Kfoundlaud    wltliUi   crtaln    limits.  *» 
the  sin  rest  ol    in.    Magdalen  Inland*,  and  <* 
•  r    Labrador   from    Mouol   J..|y   rant- 
watd    and    northward.      The    rigbt    of    dry- 
ing   and    curing    Bab    an    tin-    western    so* 

...llllliY.'.l.Ttl     coasts     < 

■■ntt  of  Ijibrador  was  granted  • 
n    tb*j    remained   unsettled,    Inn   afterward* 
..ii  ;•/    «  ii  n    ih"    .(.ii"  hi    of    t  lie    ; 
This   agreement,   however.    <IM    n 
the  al tuatlon  on  account  of  the  varlon*  la 
Riven      lo  i !  i.-.-mlk 

limit."     Between    l*.".-4  and   )S>H!  a   reel 
Ii-     treaty,    virtually  inada    ami 

in.     I  nil. .I    State*,    permitted    il"     elttien* 
ol  th"  nut"!  to  fish   .n  all  Hi-   Britain  pos- 
session*  except    Newfoundland,    won 
right    win.  denied.     From    lHiWi   t...   1S7I 

eondltlona  or  Mm  treaty  «.f  isis  prw. 

By    Ibe    treaty    of    Washington    In     I^"t 
I'nnndlaii   fl»hennen  were  permitted   t" 
any  I.  lanii 

In  the  watera  of  the  I'nlt.-d  State*  aa  far 
....mi   ii.    lal  I  Slti  I    Slat. a   fluhrmwn 

to   have    the   aame    privllega    In    i-audlaa 
water*.     The   retin.ll.. 
that  the  conce«»lon»  to  t"nlt-d    Siatrt  fnh. 

.ii were    far    luurv    laliiatile   lha;i 

award.-. I     tl  IS.        I  ..  tunc     lta» 

•  iiiirage*.)  A*  a  result  of  till*  contention 
a  Joint  eouimlwlon  «.*»  appolutn]  lo  d«- 
Icrmln.  -<t    advanta;* 

.  United  Mtatea  ami  ih"  amount  to 
i."  iml.1  therefor.  is..-  Halifax  Com- 
mlaalon.l 

Jane    so,    IRBB,    th.  n  ■    of    'be 

treaty    of    Wa<lilnirton    relating    to   lUlwrle* 

•  J  'o  i peniiiir.  afn  ilea  **j 

in.    liilid  Stat.-*.     Thl*  abrogation  r 
the   pravlaloai    ol    Ibe    ronventloe    el 
.I..11,    nlil.li    were   u..t    <»tltf«it..ry    to  • 
party.    In  May.  18»fJ.  lln-  /»uii.I  7.   .Idarni. 
..   I  nlled  st»t"«  iNhliig  ichooaer,  was  »el*e4 
on  tbc  chatg"  of  having  purchased  bait  oa 
forbidden    coasts.      Bowral    otaer    aetoirra 
u.'i       ni.'i.l.'.     i-sii»lng    gnat     ■  ..!.    uo.nl     I- 
the    Villi. .1    stui"«    and    I'annda.      March  a. 
18S7,  Cong-reu  puv-d  a  i.tnllstk.n  act.  pt*- 
riding    Ibat    srhenever   Hi"   pr»«iiUot    nli*l 
be    «Btl«tled    that    our    Hilling    rwarls    are 
lll.rnlly.   tiiijustly.   or  vexalloualy  restrleted 
or  hara»ed  In  i  . 

..i  denied  Ibe  prlvHege*  accorded  to  ta» 
vessels  of  the  most  favored  nation  la  re- 
r  or  trading  by  lh»  aathoe- 
ltl"i  of  'Ii"  ltrltli.li  North  Ami-rlrnn  detnla- 
lons  he  may  by  proclamation  clow  our  porta 
and  watera  against  tbe  vessel*  aud  pruducta 
of  nil  or  nuy  part  of  >ald  H.-litxh  donilo- 
lona.       I'  i.    liiKlet.il   of  ei- 

ereUlng  this  posrer,  moved  for  a  ceaniBls- 
►  Inn   to  amicably   adlu-t    Ih  if   dl» 

fine     under     the     conrentloo     of     IxosdMk 
homaa    K.    Bayard.    William    U    Putaava. 
and  James  B.  Angel  I  were  bdeetrd  to  reprr- 
nent   Hi-   i  nlled   suit. •-.   and   JoaeM  i 
berlaln.    Sir    Lionel    SackvllloWeat    ai  . 
Charles  Tiipper  represented   Orcnt    Brltala 
i.i.    i'..   IMS'    ii  Ireaty  was  signed  and  lat- 
medlatelr  Inld  before   the  two  <i. 
for   ratification,     tlreat    Britain   abav  ' 
lier   elnltn   thni    the  tli'.»  mile  II 
.  .|    from    Ii.  n. lion. I    to   headland,   nnd  agreed 
that,   except   In    ca«e«   specially    m*e 
of  Lo  ii  in  ten  mile*  «l.l*.  the  mi 

rlin-    Icflgilf    should    be    measured     imlssnl 
from  a  Tine  drawn  across  rt»yn    and 
agreed    that   the    ltilted    States  fishing  vea- 
aels  should    iniv"   Mi"  »ame  rlghta    In  Cans, 
dlan  pons  as  I'bi  -xcept  that 

the  purchase  of  bnlt  was  forbidden.  Tbe 
treaty  also  contained  a  reciprocity  clause. 
Ii  was  rejected  by  the  Senate  Aug.  SI, 
1>ks.  Since  that  period  good  relation*  here 
bem  maintained  by  virtue  of  a  nests* 
iirrn.fi     terminable     at     will.        In     1**» 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Fisheries 


farada  raited  ttaii  mo.f«e  rltrnK  to  Ik* 
atataa  of  a  law  of  tbe  Dominion. 

At    ■    meeting    of    conferred    of    Um    two 

■    held  st    Watblngtun   la   11*7.   1808. 

It  »<»•  agreed  to  aubnitt  ibe  aeration  of  ike 

n-iiTir».    among    other*,    to   a    Jolat    blab 

ceanmlutoa. 

TbU  coaarolaaioa  aaaemfeled  at  Quebec  Id 
Aor--  id  adioejraed  to  Wa»h 

la  tb»  winter  following,  knl  arrived  at  do 
agreement  I  hereon. 

dlfferencce  Wurtn  tbe  Fnlted  Stalea 
and  ilrcat  UriialD  regarding  t »•••  liit.-rprcta- 
Don  of  Ike  Treaty  of  IMS  w.-r*  -uiimttled 
to  The  llacu-  Tribunal  la  September.  IVIO. 
The  Itanca  mar  be  presented  Id  th«  form 
of  the  following  aeven 

Uuat  any  reasonable  regulation* 
made  by  Ureal  Britain,  Canada  aud  New- 
fowndlacd.  Id  lbx  forra  of  municipal  lam., 
ordlnaacea.  or  rutm  ir-v-rnlng  the  time  or 
tapteaMDia  for  Ortilng  be  (abject  to  to* 
content    of    tbe  Itatea'     Second : 

Hare  lnbahiiant.  of  Hi-  i  ntied  Stair,  a 
right  to  employ  In  rrewa  Othlng  OD  treaty 
coaatt.  ptnaat  not  Inhabitant,  of  tbe  1'nlt- 
Sbtlea?     Third:      ran   Americana,    . 

th»tr    right    to    lake.    dry.    and    care 
on    treat/   <x««t«.   be 
eaaesti  of  rattom-fcoua*  entry  or  report, 
payment  of  diica.  or  any   similar  ...n.n 
wlthotil    la*   content    of    the    United 
«?       Fourth :       Can    the    treaty    right* 
tain  bara  or  harbor*  fnr  ■  . 
'  ■».    wood,    and    water    be    made    coodl- 
_l  opoo  ibe  payment  lo  cuatomi  official! 
_    light,    harbor,  or  other  iIihk   or  -Imllar 
Fifth:     From  wb'n-  mint   b* 
•  mred     Ibe    Ibree    marine    mllca    wllhln 
American,    ma.  ,-n.tti 

tli.     !  i-  ■  i  y    give    Americana   rlfbl 
to    the    bay*,    harbora.    and    creek*  of 
.md'tod  aa  Id   I.abraib  S.  ..ntl.  . 

Are  American  flabcrtnen  operating  on  treaty 
coaita  lo  bare  tbe  commercial  privilege,  ac- 
corded  generally   to  American    trading  rc-a- 

Tba  Hague  Tribunal  decided  Ibe  tlrat  and 
nfth    qaeaitona    In    favor    of    Great    Britain 
aad  tbe    remainder   In    favor  of   the    1 
■tale*.      Tbe    folio*  leg     Judgca    beard     Uu 
<*«r  :       Ummi«r&.    of    Vienna    Irtrealil.-ni  . 

llray.  of  Delaaan- :  Chief  Joatleo 
Fltinatrlrk.   of   Canada:    I>r.    Hrago  of   Ar- 

Erntlna  ;   aod  llr.    Snvarin  l-ohtuan.  of  Hoi- 
IDd 

With  regard  lo  tbe  Drat  question  It  mi 

nt    Ilrltalu'a    rlKlit    to 

wltbniit  tbe  .-.)D».-nt  of  lb* 

I  Statei  la  lobrrrot  la  her  aoTerelBDty. 

!»t  »h*  moat  not  violate  the  treaty  of 

1*18  "r   glee    i.iral  fHbrrtri'-n   an  advantage 

oter   American*.      The    award    flintier    pro 

vtded    that    cilatlag    regulatl houbl    i«. 

examined  a.   lo   II  Ice  aad  proprletv 

by   a   committee  coropoacd  of  two  cv 
od*   from   each   country,    together   with    lir 
Fanlua    II...  -   adrlacr   to   Holland: 

it     If     they     report     onantmouoly.    The 
ue  Tribunal  aball  Incorporate  ao.-b  tin.! 
in    It.   award      and    thai    If    Hot    full 
..  nl    regulation"   will  bo 
aatlnrd    by     tbe    Tilbnoal     Itaelf.  Tho 

award  decreed  rbat  future  Amlo-Amerlcan 
daaptlUrt  regarding  fi.herle.  •ball  Ik-  coo 
aldered  by  the  committee  lieaib-d  by  llr 
Htek. 

Tt>»  aacceaaful  claim  of  Ureal  Britain 
regarding  tin-  fifth  tmlnt  ni  that  the  three 
ourlD--  mil.-,  with  Id  which  Ibe  ratted 
Htale*  had  agreed  Dot  lo  tale  fl«b  ahoold 
W  meaeitrei)  from  an  line  drawn 

■I UM  Ike  mouth  of  a  bay.  no  mutter  bow 
•  Mr.  from  headland  to  headland,  thf  IiiIt 
■  -Ir.      on     Hi,,     ollior     hand        unl    ndi  .1 
the     alntloaltlea 

of  the  ooa  :    iiiha  pcnnltttag  Amerlraoa  to 


n>ii  la  bays,  prorMUog  loey  malotalD  three 
marine  roll**  of  water  between  tbaruaalTea 
aod  the  Deareat  eoaMT. 

Tbe  declalon  on  other  |>olnta  made  It  tjd- 
oeceatary  for  American   flobrrmeo  to  report 
to  pay   light  harbor. 


to   cuatom?  hou-ca  or 

meat    . 

Nevt-fonnitliindera  on  American  Dahtog  Tea- 
ael».  and  glvea  American  tlablng  »c«*el>  the 
right  to  pun-haw  auppUra  and  to  enjoy 
olhi  r  comitu  n  ml  prl>  llegrja. 

iii.  i|...  i-.i.ui  baa  been  recelred  wllb 
mixed  Mllafactioa  by  the  herring  fl.b.iy 
latereala  of  both  niuntrlea.  One  of  Ihe 
remarkable  IncldcnM  of  the  care  waa  that 
the  I'aoadlao  tlilcf  Joatlea,  Fltipattlck. 
BrltalB    oa    the    fiv» 

SRlatee,  and 
ndge  (iray.  of  Delaware,  roted  against  Ihe 
tailed  State*  od  the  two  point.  c<-: 
Knclatiil  Senator  Kllnti  Uim>i  nk-u  . 
eao-e  of  11.  lal  -  Only  one  ludge. 
1  the  American  contention 
that  ihe  three-mile  harrier  abould  follow 
Ho-    alnuo.lll...    of    li mat. 

FlalMrlM  (see  aluo  rivrinf  Sea  >' 

ies:  Fortune  fiav  OntraKca;  Geneva 
Trilmnal;      Jlalifnx      CommUaion; 
Hklifaz,  \"v:i  Bootte): 
CkurtaVO    »nd   detention   of   American 
flahermen,   833,  855,  4068. 
o:n    -i.ii    on    subject    of,   recocn- 
.  4757,  4817,  5)14. 
Com  to    be    organized,    2807, 

Corrcspondcnco  regarding,  with — 
France,   3233. 

18,  6121,  5193. 
nilllimill    by    President — 

Adam-.  John.  Ml, 
Jefferxim.  334. 
Wtatlngum,  "7. 

i   ral  control  of  iotersUte    re-com- 
l«d,  7229. 
Joint     eommiwion    between     United 
States    mi. I   Groftt    Britain   relktllg 
to  pretn^rvation  of.  D 

I        h  i/li       eommijaion        between 

Tim  Hud    (freal    BrIUta 

on  aubject  of,  to  sit  at  Washington, 
4075. 
Outrages     cotmiiitted     on     American 

Ckfaannan,   CMS,  4558. 
Paperii  for  j.r.it.ction  of    TCtMll  en- 
gaged in,  referred  to,  1774. 
Quealiona  growing  out  of.  with  Great 
Krithin     (eee     also    Bering    8«a 
Fisheries:  Fortune  Bay  Outrage*;; 
Geneva  Tribunal;    Halifax  Com- 
nii-xlon:     Halifax,     Nova     8co- 
tia)- 
Diaeuxaed  by  President — 
Clevelimd.  .I'.'l'i.  1111*4.  5114.518a, 

5205,  5213.  53«4.  5384. 
Fillmore,  2675,  2694,  2699,  87M, 

278* 
Grant.    4012.    4056,    4068,    4075, 

•iiniT.  ;m. 
Har  i  j„  5469. 

■lohuauii.  3881.  3888. 
I'ct  761,  2867. 

Tyl,  ,    • 


Fisheries 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Referred  to,  3W5,  3001. 
Regulations  of  Oreat  Britain,  Franco, 
and   Gonnanr   respecting,   referred 

In,     | 

Treaty  with  Great  Britain  regarding, 
.  8T80,  E810.  SM4,  4164,  4807, 
6188.  (See  also  Oenevn  i 
Acts  pawed  to  gire  eHect  to,  pas- 
sage of,  proclaimed,  •!  1 7*>. 

of  commissioners  referred 
to. 
Rejection  of,  discussed,  5205,  5.1(14. 
Ternimntion    of,    discussed,     •IT.'.r, 
4016. 
rrn.-lnimed,  4867. 
Unfriendly    treatment   of    American 
hi.  u  by  Canadians,  4012,  4056, 
5114. 
Vessels  sent  to  protect  American  fish- 
ermen, 8694 
Fisheries,    Bnrcan    of.-  ■•? 

Commerci  I  ■■   roit  ••(  •  I ■  ■  -  Bureau  of 

i  Mll|ll  lai'a     {ll     III"     lil.ilMKallOM    Of 

Darrol   nod   u  '.■      nirsadMg   loumiit.   oy«- 

ters   and    other    »bclin»b.    nod    llielr    distri- 
bution to  aulisble  water* :   <2)   I  he  Inquiry 

iw"  of  derrease  of  food  »«l 
Hie    Iskn*.    rivers  nod    coast    waters  of   the 
i  nii.d  State*,  the  study  of  the  water*  of 
Uh     i.>a«t    aod    li 

ulture.   ami  'the 

Cable*   grounds  of   the   Atlantic.    Gulf    and 
Pacific  coin*,   with   Hi-   view   ol 
lug    I 

i.i.  hi  of  the  commercial  fisheries:  13)  the 
collection  and  compilation  of  the  slails-il-a 
i  lei  noil  the  study  of  their  meth- 
od, end  ii'lailoov  The  burvau  alio  bsi 
JuiUdlotlon  over  the  fur-sral  heida  and   tb« 

salmon  BtbtrlM  of  Ain-i<n, 

An   Idea   of  the  extcnl   of   'lie   fl'hlng    In- 
duitry  of  the  country   may   be  G 
the  wide  nt   tin.  bottom  ■  >(  ihla   | 
piled  by  i  h  ii  of  Comiuvrce  from 

reports  of  1908. 

Fisheries  Exhibition,  International,  at 

1,1.11  : 
Fishermon,  American: 

Capture   and   detention   of,   W3,  835, 
(088, 

Outrages  committed  on,  4542,  4538. 

Unfriendlv    treatment    of,   by   Cana- 
dians, 4012,  4059,  6114. 

Vessels  sent  to  protect,  2<»4. 
Fishere  Hill  (Va.),  Battle  of.— Bartr*! 

retreat    from    Hie  Opotunu  ofter   Ihe   battlo 


of  Sept  19,  1884.  did  not  atop  at  Winches. 
id  to  rlsbtrs  HIM,  eo-atb 
of  Winchester  and  about  li  miles  froe*.  the 
of  the  battle  of  Opcqunn  Creek. 
iL  re  i":uiv  rallied  bis  forces.  To  drive  him 
from  i.Un    di«p*tcb«d 

Torbert   with  2  divisions  of  cavalry  by  a 
i-ii. -nitons    routs    to   the   Confederate   rear, 

evening  of  Sept.  2a  the 
and    Nineteenth    Corps   engaged    Early    la 
front,   while  Torbert'i  forces  fell  npon  Um 

foliow-fd    theni   i 

Suunton.  nod  I  he  gape  In  Ibe  Mine  Ktdge 

--rldnst  then   devnstnted   Ike 

W  u  to  render  It  Dutenntde  for  Con 

federate    troops.      At    riiaers    Hill    he  C*S- 

tared    1.100   prisoners   and    10   suns. 

Fishery  Commission*.      (See  Fisheries 

and  Bering  Sea  Fisheries.) 

Five-cent  Piece.— In    ITM  Congrats)  as- 

-d  tbo  coinage  of  a  silver  half  dime 

of  20  8  grains  in  weight-    Thla  was  tin  first 

Hid  Rial**  Mint,     la 

i  ho  weight  was  i 

were  no  Usuei  of  this  coin   In  1TM. 

J.       la 

ihe  nickel  &-rent  piece  wns  amborifd 

and     the    legal-tender    value    reduced    frees 

$.%  to  3ft  r.  Data  of  the  sliver  half 

•van  dlscontlii".  .1   In   1873. 
Five    CiTilUed    Tribe*.      (See    Indiaa 

Tribes.) 
Five  Fork*  (Va.),  Battle  of.— Mare*,  27. 

O  cavalry, 
returned  whh  bis  raid  through  the  S»re- 
nndonb  Valley  and  rejoined  the  Army  of 
i  .r..  Hli-btaond.  On  tb» 
20th  Grant  begun  a  movement  to  torn 
tb«  Confederate  rlelit  or  di 

with  t be  Klfa 
Corps,  under  Uen.  Warren.  Bad  aboal 
11,000  cavalry,  crossed  Hatchers  Ran  tad 
riled  I.)  n»r  of  tbe  Bo/rfti-n  plank 
road  tomiril  Dinwiddle  Court-llousc.  War- 
iunil  Hi-  I'linfi-ili-rates  In  force  on  tbe 
While    Oiik    raid,      si 

wlddle.    lumed    north.      Lee    nsd    sen:    a 

.  1. 1. -fly    tbe    divisions)    of 

ad    Pickett,  to   meet  the  threat- 

Ada    to   bis    rear. 

Mnrch    31    this    eolomo    met    and    uefeated 

Warren    nnd    then    attacked    Sheridan    at 

and    drove   blm   back    toward 

Dinwiddle,      The    ncsl    moraine.    April    I, 

Shcildnn    mlvnuccd    with    hi*   cavalry   and 

fin  Corp*,   nhont    12.000  (Iron; 
2  p.   «.   tbe  Confederate*  bsd  i 
their  mnln   works.     Ayr**,  on   the   !•  ' 

ifih  Corps,  mode  a  charge,  carrying 
nil  before  him.  and  taking  l.nno  pel*«e>- 
,i  (irtfTIn  cnptnrwl  i  lie  work*  In  bis  front, 
taking    1,000    prisoners;    Crawford    seised 


•taction* 

Vaaacui  Kunorsn 

Pa  on 

1   l;.,,|...,.-.| 

Capital 
Invested 

V«|M  of 

Ne 

Ton* 

PradiMW 

634 

S.11S 
1/03 

310 
3h 

•'il 

5,020 
13.0U 

<.-.,:•  j 

44, 2W 

4.IW 

171 

l.',.l,IK 

HS.-.7S 

17.961 
IS^87 

W.If.7 

*  m 

us:", 

■ 

m3B 

KJ34JXX 
3.001,0(10 

'curao 

43U.0OC. 
1.4«0.0ta> 

*-*4a»\i 
3S.30J.467 

H.rtti.cm 

■i  ■-.••.  -I 

1SV1R2XC0 

1S,I»,«30 

;  i.7^oo 
Ci: 

18.8774*9 

tan 

2?7,«.S0 

I..-.M: 

SJO.2S4.45T 

*7s,sauM 

PaeiHr  y»»*»no.i«,»  (January.  1013.  laud  *»tloi*i*  of  Pacifle  coaat  flneludiaa  Alaska)  tain-*«i  wl: 
pack  in  I01J:  Cbuouks  sad  king.  340.001  ease*:  soebeys  and  A-     ' 


af*8  pound. 


Aln.U  rod.  2.O00.O73  raa*a:  *ohor«,  aUvsr- 
|   pii.lL.  and  chum..  ;.060.a)0  caaea:  ateclbrad..  7.UHJ  oasss.     Total,  4.900.377  i 


UBERTV    TQEE 


>  atma 


AN  APPEAL^^TO    COO 


AN  APPEAL  TO  COO 


OOt>T  ratAO  Om    me 


S 


EARLY  AMhKlCAN  FLAGS 


J 


M  M  M  M  M  M 


^  ^  -K  ^  M  M 


MMMMMM 


M  *  MM  M  M 


MMMMMM 
MMMMMM 
M MM M MM 


Encyclopedic  Index 


be    Ford    rood   Is   the   Confederate    I 
Merrill'*   cavalry   mad*  a   charge,  uud   the 
ilny   wa*  WOO.   lint  Dot   wHIi.mm 
retlatance.     Lee'*  army  win  virtually  ov»r- 
whelraed.      For  U    miles   It   f.  II    hack    along 
Hi.'  WblM  10  prlv 

oner»   n«re    Ink.ll.    with    •■   (I    .-    nnrl    1.1   COl- 

om      Sheridan  *  Ion*  was    o >i     I.uu 

wtum  <M4  were  of  n'lmn'i  Corps. 
FlTa-Fortlns.  — B«ndn    redeemable    fcy    the 
Government  after  flee  years,  but  pay' 
(all  at  the  roil  of  forty  fear*. 
Five-Twenties.— floods   redeemable  by   the 
Government  after  In  year*,  tiut 
foil  at  lt>c  end  of  twenty  year*. 
Flag.— A     banarr    or  someiirues 

called  colon.  During  the  early  daya  of 
the  Involution  the  colonial*  made  n»c  of 
various  device*  for  flaga.  no  leu  tbjin  ball 
•  doteo  distinct  banner*  being  preserved. 
la  threa  of  these  the  combined  rrns»e*  of 
■  org*  and  St.  Andrrn  form  Hi.-  union. 
TtM  fBTOtltc  la  New  irnglnml  wi 
tree  die  consia  lag  of  a  green  pine  tree  Id 
a  avid  of  while.  ThU  was  aim  uatd  aa 
the  uoloa  of  a  fins  "I"'  "  red  Held  Tba 
mttle.oalce  Has  conflated  of  13  piece*  of 
a    rattlesnake    tuaikcd    "I'll    the    initials  of 

doah-a  ami   eli.-   legend      J.  In  or  die. 
Aaoth*r  snake  slandaid  con  alter. 

nate  red  and  while  bar*  wliti  Ibe  design  of 
a    a&akv    and    tin,    l< trend    "Don't    trend,    on 

the  atrlpr* 
or  a  troop  or   r 
aby.    TbU  atlll  reinlm-d  tba  British  union. 

An  Interesting,  but  hnrdlv  verifiable  legend 
la    connect. -!    wli'i    the  design    of    Ibi 
AOrertcan  flac      Th»  »t"rj  tuu»  that  In  June, 
i   -a,  consisting  uf 
Gears  i    11.  ItoUrt  XIorrN.  ond  Col- 

ooel  Oeoere  Id's*,  waited  upon  tin-  widow 
af  Colonel  Ro-s'«  nephew  In   Iter  upln 

li  I-hltndilphln.  and  naked  for  assist- 
ant eoarer  new  One  to 
1*  adopted  by  the  Cengres«  Tl 
lad  already  pl-inscd  it  Dag  coniUIIntr  of 
tMrtccn  •tara  and  thirteen  atripe*,  but  the 
star*  were  alx-polnt'd  ttien  i  •  y  Itoaa 
advised,  bnwcv<r.  (lvc-polnted  .|.r  and 
•  conld  be  cut  with  but  one 
clip  ot  h*r  sebisors,    I 

her  suggestion.  It  Is  anld  Hint  It  was  W.ish 
■niton  who  oaKge* t«d  tbal  no  stars  bo 
arranged  In  a  circle.  In  order  lo  t''ow  Hint 
tea  were  equal,  and  tl  nt  uo  one 
of  tbem  was  entitled  i  e  orer 

•ay  of'er.    T'  e  tnifc  Ii>  wblrli  I 
teetered  la  loco" 
dctnbli,  a-  'lay  Itoaa  House. 

Jane    14.    1777.    the    fins    of    Die    I 
States   had    ll>    slsiulory    heelnnlng   In    Ihn 
following    ref.-.lullon:      ••Jbraolved.    Ibat    the 
tag  of  Ibe  I  nltrd  Ststcs  bo  thirteen  stripes. 
alternate   red  aud  white  .  thai   Ibe  union  bo 
^Hro  atara.  white  In   n 
t»Otlt>C    a    new    eOMTcl.m 
of  the  I'cl  Is  .-umntonlr  atinpospd 

la    bare   1- 

roat-Of-araa.     It  woa  Drat  dlsnlavrd     

battle  of  Uracil}  nine.   Bent     11     17TT       Do 
■  be    admlsalon    of    Vermont    and    Ki  i 
In    17-.it.    two   more    dan  moro 

atrip-  Vcrll  4.   IMS.  Ibi 

wai  d     with     Hi  i  lecn 

representing  tin-  thirteen  original  states, 
and  twmtv  aura,  one  star  fnr  -nli  Dear 
atale  admit 'e<l  to  be  added  lo  the  tins  on 
tba  4th  of  Jilr  succeeding,   men    idm 

Tho  olBelal  fag  nf  it.  taloa  hears 

eight   a'nra    arrnnged    In    al«    ro' 
tlehl  ttan  each.    The  gnrrlaon  fine  of  the 
Army    la    asatle    r.f    i.nnilni;     tl.. 
By  and  twenty  feet  holit:  thirteen  alrlpv*. 


and  In  the  upper  quarter,  DaTt  stilt.  U  to* 
or    "uulon"    or    atar*.    equal    Co    lb* 

number   or  atntea.    on   blue  nelu.    orer   one- 

ililnl    langtb    "t   tbo    llJC    itnudlui;   to   104 

lower  ho   fooiTb   I 

p.     The  norm  tlnz  I*  twenty  reel  by 

I.  u    fail,    and    |M    rverulllnR   flflj;    Din  a    (.-.•[ 

nine  tocnea  by  four 

"Aroerlean    Jack"    la    the    'union"    or    bill  ■ 

lb-Id    or     the    tint;.  Marin* 

"  lla»,  atiihorlred  by  BCI  nf  <'..uKr*aa, 

Match  3,   1700.  waa  otlglnolly  ptcsnli. 

•'e«n»;  i.ular  airlpea,  n  1 

.1    nnd    whlt...    Iba    union    "t    the 

i     bearing    'he    aims     or    the     i 

.    1  V.llite    li.lil  "      Thi- 
ll..'  ii.i.iiber  of 
atates    vbleb    htnl    beca    ndmlit  .1    la    n t . . - 
1  i.li.u    nt    that  DO    change    bal 

t n  madi 

nf  the  adoption  or  the  Hag    l<  celebrated  at 
nag  Day  In  a  large  part  of  the  l'nlou. 

Mlllt.it/.  but  ii  regiila 

Hon*,  demand   tl,  .  .■  of  tba  f"ll"»- 

lng  ceremonlca  concerning  the  Dag : 

It    ihouM  i    li.f.ue    kunrlan 

nor  allowed  to  remain  up  after  aunsei. 
At    "relreat."    aunact.    clrlllun    tpecll 
aliottld    atntid    at    "nttcnllon"    and    unootei 
lug   i . r   i  lie   "Star  Spangled 
banner."      Military    «! 

illation   to  aland  at  -attention"  aud 

When  ilie  Nnilonnl  color*  arc  paaalng  on 

r.ainili-.    or   lii    i •  •  t'.r  altuuld, 

r    walking,   halt,   and   if   all  Ing,   arise  and 
aland   at    nilenilon   and    un 

Wh.n    the   Hag   la   tlonn    nt   half  ataft*   a* 
a  tlgn  or  mourning  li  ad   t'< 

tnff  nt   ih'   ronelualon  nf  the  ruucral. 
lu  placing  Un-  Hj«  ni  hair  stair,  n   ibonld 
first  be  hoi  of  ibe  ataT  Bad 

ilirn    lowered    10    poaltlon,    and    |ir<  lluiluary 
lo    lowering   from    half    itotr.    It    should    be 

111-. .  tin-    tup. 

On  Mi  mortal  Uny.  May  Sl>.  the  flax  ll Id 

lly  at   hn:r  alarr  from   lunil":   to  noon  and 
full  alnT  rn>m  noon  to  »ttti»ct. 

Jack  bn*  forty- 
eight  Blars  lu  a  blue  Oeld  ;  I 

nnant,    for    man  .it-war,    ihlrteen 

/round  next  the  atatf. 

■■  ruoludei   or  the  pcnnnnl  being  red  and 

the    l'nlted 

Arms  |n   '  the  flag  of  the 

tary   of    the   Nary   baa   a   chain   and 

anchor  in   a   blue   III  Id,  Burroundrd  i>j   four 

;   Admiral,    t.'nlicd  State*  Navy, 

four  white   atatx   In  a   bin-   ground!   Vlea- 

AdmlraL  Ibrao  i 

il.    two    wlille    atari    In    a    blue 

md  :  l'nlted  State*  XbtbI  IHapateli 

roaaea  potent  In  a  whll.    around,  ana 

...i  one  in  the  c*ntei     I  nit 

talea   Naval   Convoy,   white   triangular 

Oag,    two    fri*    aldea    having    r.d    bordi  r : 

lnltrd      States     Rereuue     Service.     »l 

tlnr,    alternating    red    and    white 
i,    tho    upper   qu  it     tn    stair 

Itm-lrig    In    white    ground    a    blue    ea^l 

twren    tcol-clr  le  ol    thirteen    Mm    man: 

■  i  ■-.■•;.'.     irlann- 

lar    flag    with     blue     llgluhoitae     In     white 

K.'.und,   all    aide*   of   the   flag   having    red 
plnln      yellow : 
d  Rfatea   Yarltl   Rnslgn,   Ihlrteen  borl- 

Z"n'nl    altemotlng    red    nnd    white 

with  anchor  and  chain  aurroiradad  tiy  ihii- 

i. ■■  -i    "i  ih     .  .,i.    in    i, In,,   gniiind.    In   itpixir 
|»f"  bnn.l  ..vii'i'  next  In  atnir, 
Sec  llloatrntlona  opposite. 

Flags: 

Confederate,  captured,  to  bo  present- 
ed to  Congress,  3309. 


Union  and  Confederate,  return  of,  to 
respective   States   recommended, 

Proposition    withdrawn,   5164. 
Flathead  Indians.    (See  Indian  Tribes.) 

Treaty  with.  2913. 
Fleet. — Several  ships,  particularly  warships, 
under  lbs  >ini»  crniniiinllni:  ulto  r 

Fleet  Naval  Beservo.     (8ce  Naval  Re- 

eerve.) 
Flogging.—  a  eftutteBiat  i.y  beating;  or 

whipping.     II  was  a  punishment  Infll'  h 
Ihe    I'lilled    Slatra    Navy    unill    1850.    When 
hi.mUhIi.cI      in  16U1  It  wax  prohibited 
In  the  A rm j 

Florida.    On    Of    the   sMtlMm    arnnp    of 
slates;  nickname.    Th*   RrtTgUdi 
motto,  "In  God  We  Trust."    It  lies  b(l 
lit.  Sl»  and  24!  ?.•:•  north  1  taam    T0«  48* 

an.)  s;°  B8<  treat,  nn  area  of  Bft.ttm}  sonare 

mile*  It  Is  bounded  on  tbe  north  t.v 
<it-cr«la   and    Alabama,   on   tin-  «»«t    by   thv 

Atlstitl,-    n. ..mi.    ..ii    tl .nib    by    Florida 

Strait  nnd  the  liulf  of  Mexico,  and  on  th" 
wost  by  rbe  Oolf  of  Mexico  and   Alabama 

J  separated    from    tin'    laitiT  by   the    Prrdldo 
Ivrri.     Th  m»l   ..r   tui<  Rials  eon 

talna  many  favorite  winter  resorts  for 
tonrlst*. 

IL.rlda  win  discovered  by  Juan  I'on.  ib' 
Leon  on  Kaalcr  Sunday  In  loin.  It  »«« 
named,  aotne  a»y.  from  the  profualon  of 
flower*  In  bloom  at  lb.  Mm.  ,,r  It*  discov- 
ery; other*,  from  the  day  of  li«  dlarovery. 
which  In  Spanli.li  I*  called  I'oiciio  Dorlda, 
or  Flowery  Raater.  Rxp  dltlon  .  titled  out 
»t  tuba  and  l*iicrto  HI...  t.v  Spaniard*  mnd.- 
futile  attempt*  at  aettlement  between    K.liJ 

ai«l    l.VIII        the    |.  relirll     A.lllllrilt     lie    CollfB* 

aenl  three  colonlea  of  lluem-nm*  from 
France  to  settle  the  country,  but  tbey  were 
maaaaer.  ■!  b)  the  Spaniard*,  and  In  1808  St. 
AuBtiKllne  wan  permanently  established  by 
tho  Spanish  under  M.-ininl.-x.  The  territory* 
wa»  .-eil. I  |n  1, real  Britain  In  1703  and  re- 
turned to  Spain  In  :ts::  in  February. 
1810.  En«t  and  Writ  Florida  were  reded  to 
the  Polled  Sulci..  Spain  r.-e.l  i  liif  1 
for  fS.'Nio.iMHi.  The  territory  na«  the  ieein- 
t.f    the   Seminole   war.      It    tr»  admitted    to 

the     I'lllull     111     ISI.'i.     Seceded     .tail.     1"      :  1 1 1 . 

and  wa«  roridmlitcd  by  art  of  Tonicreaa 
June  2G.  1808.  The  prevent  conalltulloa 
*ui   ad..|.(.d    In    tin.   latter  year. 

Stallatlca  of  agriculture  collected  for  tin- 
laat  Federal  ecu. us  place  the  number  of 
farms  la  the  Slate  al  AO.OIO,  .-.luii-rlslng; 
8,103.639  acres.  Tallied,  with  stock  and  Im- 

pi la,  at  IM3.1H8.IS3.     The  averagn 

value  of  all  land  par  nere  wa«  117  81. 
acalnst   17.00   In    moo.      The   vain.  .1.. 

Siestlr  anlmala,  live  .lock,  ponltry.  etc..  wu 
2H.5H1  1S7.    In.-i-.  i»8  cattle,   val- 

ued   at    I0.2B2.2H2  :   45.040   boru-s.   S I 
•  ;'.ei  :     2.1.33S     mob-..      $3,545,821  I     RIO.OOO 

ll.84S.73I  :    113.7111    --I p.    (251 

and  poultry.  $073,814.     The  yield  and  value 
of  the  field  rropa  In  1011  »»<:     Corn 
000    acre*.    0.280,000    bustle)*.    $7,420,000: 
oal«,   4."., into  ■«!«•,    580.001.  I438y- 

rice.   700  acres.    18.000  bushel*.   $14.- 

000;      potato,  m.ooo     acre*.      000.000 

la,  $1,306,000:  hay.  ts.ooo  acre!  23,- 
OOO  ion*.  1420.000 :  tobacco.  2,000  acre*. 
MM.0OO  ,,  1.320.  and  cotton.  73,- 

000  balea.  The  chief  mineral  product  la 
phosphate,  which  was  produced  to  tbe  ex- 
tent of  $9,503,084  in  1013.  The  tobacco 
manufactories  of  Key  West  and  Tamp* 
compete  ultti  Havana,  Cuba.  In  tbe  manu- 
facture of  fine  cigars.  Beside*  lumber  ami 
timber,  tho  forcita  produced,  In  1008,   12,- 


872.800  gallon*  of  turpentine  and  1.445,002 
barrels  of  rosin,  riorld*  l«  tr»e  premier 
slate  In  th*  production  of  Fuller's  earth.  * 
variety  of  clay  used  r  r  altering  and  clari- 


fying  animal,   mineral,   nnd   vegetable   oil*. 
Tbe  harbor  of  Penoaoola  la  no  •   feet 

.1  .  |.    at    low    tide.      The    government    bna 


deepened    and    I  ic    harbors    and 

channels  of  Jacksonville  ninl  K.  J 

1012  there  wore  4  so>  ..teom  rail- 

way  snd  150  mill  ■:<•  railway.     The 

I'lorlds   nnd  Kast  Const    Knllwsy   exleusloa 

to  Key  West  was  open. 

population  In  1010  was  751.139. 

Florida  (see  also  Confederate  State*): 
Acquisition  of,  liv  United  State* — 
Discussed,  624.  672,  929,  956,  1029. 
Effect  of,  div 

Treaty     regarding.       (See    Spain, 

treaty   with,  discussed  by  Presi. 

dent  Monroe.) 

Archives     of,     to     be     delivered     to 

l  lilted   .States.   1156,   1243.   1317. 

Contravention  of  treaty  regarding, 

discussed,  678. 
Portion   of.  delivered.    1369. 
Army  in,  called   into  action  only   on 
written    requisition    of    officer's    of 

Territory,  696. 

Bonds  of,  referred  to,  1807,  1808,1844. 

Boundary  line  with.     (See  Spain.) 

Boundary  line  with  Georgia,  die- 
cussed,  895,  1161,  1124,   l 

Canal  routee  In,  survey  of, 

Cedar  Keys,  Interference  with  col- 
lector of  customs  at,  8507. 

Change  of  possession  of,  front  Spain 
to  other  power  objected  to,  473. 
(See  also  Monroe  Doctrine.) 

Claims  arising  out  of  invasion  of- 
(See   East   Florida  Claims.) 

Constitution  of,  transmitted,  3832. 

Courts  of  United  States  in,  obstruc- 
tions to  execution  of  process  of, 
USB. 

Depredations  of  Indians,  1645    2007, 

aoa 

Expeditions  njrainst,  582,  890,  592. 
601,  609,  620.  (8ee  also  Expedi- 
tions Against  Foreign  Power*.) 

FUheriea  on  coast  of,  '.' 

Fourteenth  Amendment  to  Constitu- 
tion ratified  by,  referred  to,  3954. 

•Government  should  be  eatabllahed  in, 
674. 
Referred  to,  696. 

Governor  and  other  officers  appointed 
for,  673. 

Inability  of  Spain  to  check  Indian 
movements  in,  600,  609. 

Tn. Man  depredations  in,  1645.  9007, 
20S2. 

Indians  in — 
Authority  to  use  certain  funds  in 

furchaae  of  lands  for,  bill  for, 
107. 
Hostile  acts  of.  1433,  2007. 
Referred  to,  2128. 


Removal  of.  dlscoased,  2383,  2707. 

1720.     (See  also  lodiana,  removal 

of.) 

Indian    Wars    in    (ace    alto    Indian 

Wan)— 

Brevet  Dominations  for   army   ofli- 

services  in.  coo*. 
Correspondence  regarding,  referred 

to,  1706. 
Diaeuaoed,  2007,  2051. 
Disposition  of  Indian*  to  treat  for 

peace,    1647. 
Referred  to,  COO.  1784,  1833,  1933, 
8007.  2052. 
Insorreetlon  in,  proclamation  regard- 
ing. 3217. 
Interference    with    collector    of   cus- 
toms in  Cedar  Keys  »«"'  action  of 
Government    dlMUMdi   5507. 
Land*  granted  to.  in  aid  of  railroad* 

referred  to,  3580. 
Land*  la — 

Title*  to,  803,  OT3. 

Treaty  regarding  »eeurity  of,  re- 
ferred   • 
Legislative  council  of — 
.•rial  from 
meot,  ete.,  for,  7«». 

Resolution*  of,   r.-t.-rn.!    to.  8073. 
Maj.On.    Jackson '»    entranen    into, 
discussed.  611. 

Coart-imartial  of  Arliuthnot  and 
Ambri»tie  [Arabri*ter|  referred 
to.  I 

Idea  of  hostility  toward  Spain  not 
entertained.  tflS. 

Not  an  aaerosehaat  upon  right* 
of  8pain.  611. 

Order*  to  Oen.  Matthew*.  Ool  Mr- 

Kee,    on-l  M  itcliell,    ro- 

lling possession  of,  191. 
Poaaoasioa  of,  transferred  from  Spain 

to  another  power  objtxUd  '".  473. 
Power  to  use    rertain   fund*    for  the 

Enrchase  of   land*  for   Indian*   In, 
107. 
Progress    in.    cheeked    by    malady   at 

Pensncoln. 
Property  owner*   in,   *honld  be  com- 

:or  losses  sustain,  d 
Pre. i-i'.:  i.i   govarnor    for,   appointed 
and  restoration  of,  into  Union  din- 
Railroad*,  lands  for,  3580. 
SmngKliiii'   practiced   by   citizen*  of. 

Boggling.) 
Spanish  authoritv  in.  almost  ••■ctinet, 

000. 
Svstera  of  buccaneering  orgnnired  in. 

Territorial     government     . -t«l>li  !  •  ! 
in,  756. 
Laws  of,  referred  to,  766. 


Territorial  judges  in,  authority  of,  to 
aet  ax  Federal  judge*,  referred  to, 

Transmission  of  Constitution  of,  3832. 

lawful  combination*  in,  ilnji, 

Florida,  Tho. — A  Confederate  cruiser  titled 

out    la    England     iiii.I.t    Hi*    name    of    the 

two  year*  »hc  did  much  dam- 

i  cau*c.     After  havlnir  i     D 

lit  Ice       BW(|       and       having       twice      escaped 

from  tbe  Federal  crul»ers,  her  nauio  waa 
changed  to  I  lo.  da  Oct  7.  1 
harbor  of  lljlil.i.  llrnill.  In  violation  of 
tbe  rights  of  neutral*  ami  under  lbs  grin* 
of  the  Bratlllnn  corvette,  she  was  cap- 
i  ired  by   the   »  .i.-nv.  I  n* 

urge),    coininsnde.l   be  ■ ' . . t ■ ' •    Napoleon 

SlltlKij  II      tO 

Hampton  Bonds  lad  tank  In  a  collision. 
Florist*,   Society  of  American,  act  in- 
corporating, vetoed,  6010. 

Flour,  duty  on,  referred  to,  1115. 
Flour-Mill    and    Orist-MUl    Industry.— 
[Kroni  a  report  of  the  ctntas  boronn,  April 

•    i  '  i  ii ■  rapoi  i  -.ii  Mi.-  Industry  dis- 

■bes  three  classes  of  mill*  :    |]i    Mer- 

etinnt    culiU    who...    chief    products    »r*    In- 

!   for   human   consumption:    ('.'>   mer- 

cbaol    mill*  whose  chief  product*  ars  those 

cntnuionlr  us*d   *•  f.-.i  SJM 

i:ii    null*    engaged    exclusively    in    custom 

grinding.      Mill*  reporting   the   (.nr.-hnae  of 

'f   the   grain    Which    they    RlBd  nr» 

els*»ln.-il  **  merchant   mills,  even  though  a 

large  part  of  their  buslne**  may  ronalat  In 

:u    grinding.     Custom    mlil..,    ... 

i  »r,.  11k.. i.  engaged  ei.-|n«lvely 
in  ration)  grinding,  whether  f..r  toll  or  for 
a  stipulated  chare*,  in.lii.1lin:  those  where 
grain  already  ground  I*  nometlmes  a°lven  In 
eaehatiKr     for     the     grain     to     bo     grc 

I  leal  If  all  of  th»  cotton)  mill*  »"  eat}) 
•mall,  and  «o  also  are  n  considerable  mini 
bet  ...  hunt  mill*. 

or  the  23.852  mill*  eaneasaid  for  ifini>, 

more  than  half  (11.001  .  were  custom  mill*, 
lull    of   Hie    i. .ml    value 

>*     only  $'.  or  5.0  per  cent- 

was  contributed  hy  tbl*  elaaa  of  mllla  More 
tb«n    three  f.nirtli»   of    the    merchant    mill* 

n  ,|  ,  hlefly   in  the 
wheat    flour    and    other    products    Intended 

f..r  tui in jui   consumption,   sod   thi    ral ' 

lb*  pmdtieiH  of  thru-  mill*  iron  $H32  T'.m. 
::•;«.  or  M.7  per  cent,  of  the  total  for  all 
mill*  combined. 

The  lb, in  mill  and  irrist  mill  Industry  Is 
one  In  which  the  cost  of  material*  conatl- 
tntci  a  ret-)-  large  proportion  of  the  vslue 
of  product*,  the  process  of  insnufaeinre  II 
*rlf  heliiK  relatively  simple  and  Inexpensive 
The  rout  of  the  material*  used  hy  all  mllla 
In  lJinn  waa  IM3.nrM.Ss7  which  wa«  equal 
to  about  seven-eighths  (86.1  per  cent.)  of 
Hi.-  ratal  of  product*,  while  the  value  added 
hy  manufacture  I  that  I*,  the  value  of  prod- 
nets  leas   the  coal   of   iu*terial*i    *»  only 

gl2l.80S.8ll. 

The  lb. or  mill*  and  grist  mllla  of  sll 
classes  combined  gave  eiiipli.yiucut  In  IfinO 
i..  nn  average  of  88.810  persona,  of  whom 
i.'.  |flT  were  wage  earners,  and  paid  out 
$3ft, 107.003     In     snlarle*     and     mn      The 

tlty  of  grain  ground  waa   R 
bushels,   the  greater  part   being  wheat   and 
ri 

Minnesota   l»  by   far   the   most    Important 

in    tbe   floor-mill  ami  grim  mill  Indus. 

i-nnkliig    tlr-t    ot    the    censuaes  of  both 

1000   .mil    1004    In    tbe   average    numl r 

wage  earners    employed    In    rcl mill*, 

In  value  of  products,  and  In  value  ad.i 
manufacture.      During      llK'H,      101.0I2.IW0 


Flour-Mill 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


bushels  of  wheat  and  12.340.1G7  bushels  of 
other  grains  er*re  u*  il  i"  Hi'1  merchant 
mult  of  that  Bin'.-.  ■  <l  22  lerrela 

of  wheat  floor  vnn  produced  or  nwrt  than 
•cp-nriii  of  ib«  total  ('  i  iii  state* 

The   numb  !  "■<!   in 

th-  mortbant  mills  "f  ibai  sini"  inn 

7  7  per  cent.  during  the  ijeeadc  end.ust 
with  1000,  and  II.-  fsjnl  Of  pioducta  07.7 
per  cm 

In  .New  York,  which  ranked  second  among 
the  aretes,  i  iM.im  u»ed  SO.Uiil,- 

407  buebola  of  wl  Q  271,988  buabcla 

ii   liiu'.i      Wore  ""ii    back- 

■  heat  aud  oats  were  ground  In  New  link 
than  In  any  other  Hate.  Lancer  pereco- 
Uges  of  InereniK  from  1800  to  1000  are 
■town  for  New  York  t linn  for  Minnesota. 
Kansm  ranked  third  in  nine  of  products 
and  In  vnluo  added  by  manufacture  In  100V. 
nf    -Ii,'    Bint    Htnt.'j    ii 

value  of  products.  Kst,»a»  shows  the  most 
rapid  development  In  the  in  mix  Induetrr 
during   'In-  I      ■    1009.    1 1 . .- 

Dumber  nf  Ina  99   pejr 

rent,  ard  tin-  ralui  oi  products  ."-'i  i  par 
cent.  SUM  higher  percentages  of  lucrcnsc. 
however.  are  shown  for  some  of  the  notes 
lu    which     Hi"    Industry    Ii;ih    nll.-iiiud     lm- 

B>rtnnee  only  during  recent  years.  IUI 
klahoma.   Idaho,   Louisiana,   Wyornkg  nnd 
Nevada. 

In  ll'OO.  of  the  number  of  rocrrhnni 
reported  for  the  flour. null  and  urlst-mlll  In- 
dustry, 104  per  retil  iiorate 
ownership,  ns  compnred  with  IT  'i  par  cent. 
In  llio  I.  While  corporations  thus  con- 
trolled less  than  SO*  flfth  Of  the  number  of 
ratabllahuiert*.  the  nine,  .if  i ti •■  products 
of  these  establishments  reprei 
per  ee-t.  of  the  value  of  products  for  all 
morcbant   mills  snguged  lu  the  Industry. 

In  1000.  of  the  number  of  wngc-cnmeni 
reported  for  men-hum  mills,  6,083,  jr  22.0 
per  cent  .  were  employed  In  establish: 
HI  il'T  Individual  ownership:  7.4S8.  or  10 
per  cert..  In  those  under  Arm  ownership: 
aid  22.012.  or  68.1  par  CUt,  I"  Ui"«" 
owrcd  by  corporations. 

Tben   araj   considerable  variation    In   the 
relative   Importance    of    the    establishments 

.  .1    l.v   Individuals,  flrtiis  nnd  en 
tlons.   n   pectl   el)     In   the   dlffei 
Thus  la  Minnesota,    the  principal   flnurpro- 
duclpg    state,   establishments   controll- 

ratlooj  constitute.)   SSJ   pei    caul    ox 
the  number  of  eetebllsbnieele.  gave  era) 
ment  to  BB.3  per  cent,  of  the  wnge  enrners. 
s'd    reported    87.2   per    rent,    of    tbo    total 
rtllM  "f  product*,     lu  reiinsylvnnla,  on  tne 


band,  corporations  controlled  only 
4  per  cent,  of  the  establishments,  and 
tbij-'  catuoi.abmenta  cave  employment  to 
only  20.2  per  cent,  of  the  wage  earner*,  and 
etn.li  27.4  per  cent,  of  the  value 

M   I'l'iducta 

of  ih*  l  i  aaat  nulls  reported  for 

I0OB,    138,   or  1.3  per  cent,   manufactured 
pi'  ducts  valued  at  »1.0uo.«j00  or  on 

I,  the  small  establish- 
ments—that  is.  those  manufacturing  prod- 
ucts valued  at  lias  than  -  .-oiiatl- 
tuted  more  than  one-l  r»-r  cen:  » 
of  ill"  number  of  merchant  m.lls.  Tbe 
great  balk  Of  the  output  of  the  merchant 
mills  was  turned  out  by  ealabllshmeuta  hav- 
ing p  d  il  over. 
Ishmenta  reporting  72.0  percent 
cf   the  value  of  products. 

•  itmiitltjr  of  grain  during  1009,  872.- 

reprreented  an  Increase  of 
,.11S  bnsbrls.  or  4.5  per  cent.,  over 
the  amount  reported  for  1H09.  The  mer- 
chant mills  diluted  primarily  to  tbe  cune 
Iio  inre  of  products  intended  for  human 
consumption    used    84.3    per    cent,    of    the 

quantity   reported  for    I 

lug  mainly  feed  for  live  stock   s  per 

and  the  mills  engaged  exclusively  in  custom 

grlrdlng  7.fJ  per  cent 

'I  he  miIiic  of  breakfast  foods  mannfar- 
turcd  In  1609  and  Included  wltb  "food 
preparations"    approximated    337.0O0.0O0. 

">f  the  total  quantity  ground  In  nicrchaat 
in  lis,  wheal  con  I  •.  per  cent.,  com 

formed  20    per    cent,    and  oata   formed  8.3 
per  cent. 

•  inanity  of  wheat  flour  reported  foe 

fll  barrels,  represents  an  la- 
rreaso  of  3.684.307  barrels,  or  3  .1  p»r 
over  1800,  On  the  li.-ns  of  the  quantity 
of  wheat  nnd  wheat  flour  reported,  an  aver- 
age of  (.7  bushels  of  wheat  waa  used  to 
produce  a  barrel  of  Amir. 

Minnesota,  thn  most  Important  flour-pro- 
ilin  tag  slate,  shows  a  decrease  of  OS  In  the 
number  of  wheat  flour  mills,  and  a  decrease 

I  .       Ibuu  II      fol      '  Ml  11     "f     ill"      lit.-      daaVM     "f 

mills  except  l bus-  pro< 
barrels,     Decreases  In  tho  miBber  of  mills 
which  produced  wheat  flour  took  place  also 
In    New   York.   Ohio   and   Missouri,    whirl 
ranked   third,    fifth  and    sixth,    reepr--- 
In    r tic    production    of    such    flour    In    1900, 
but    tho  number  Incressed   slightly   Id  Kan- 
sas and  Illlno'a,   which  ranked  second  sad 
vely. 
Summaries    giving    general    statistics,   for 
lb-     Hour-mill    aid    grlst-niMI    Industry    for 
1000  ore  presented  In  tbe  following  table: 


Number  of  rsUMishmenU 

Peraooj  toi  up  i  >"  the  Industry 
Proprietors  sod  (Inn  members  .. 

Salaried  employees 

Wsgs-ttiniers  {average  num!  er) 
r  horsepower 


M.lte-iil»         

MSesaJaWaani 

Vs'uo  of  rrwlueis 

Value     acldnd     by     innuufariur- 
(value  ol  products  leas  east  of 

Grass  ground,  t.uthela 


Fu>cn-Mn.u  xxo  Ckist-Mim-s,  MeecnA.vr  a*d  Crsrosi 


.Merchant  Mills 


ManurV 

Chiefly  lor  Hu- 
man Consumption 


1 1 ,303 

II 

I  -?'■'. r,.-.|.t.-;0 

1731,974,133 

813.0.1.1     I 

rao.oi] 

3724.204.404 
•91,017,337 

3*X\7B0.3o4 


«irM.4a5,*rra 

730.01J.SS1 


"mhiIi. 
Chief!} 

'"I  I  :.'•  Si  "'I'. 


5363 

?..:'"■• 
053 

am 

7.340 

IH.1S7 

31.01S.042 
340S.GCO 

«!.»  23,030 
N.1.'.- 

«I,lM7..W'() 
3.V1.7U4.041 


yr.iis.nMi 
70,334^80 


OssVao) 


11,981 

i",r.M 

147 
7.014 

272.703 

I 

14  7.828 
*I.I3S.7I3 

I..NIW 

3000.187 
|56,1ULS63 


7aaO0.A8S 
««.702,783 


IVjIeJ 


23.851 


1J.I7 
4^487 

838.187493 

JI2.'*440» 

a  fit* 

••1.347 

770,57^874 

maMm 


•K 


n 


(J)  locludod  La  toleavl  Sot  iuoicIjaui  fti'lti* 


Encyclopedic  Index 


fad 


Flowery  SUM,- Alternative  nickname  for 
Florida.  (See  IJrerglade  Slate.) 
Food  Adulteration,  discussed,  53S4. 
Food  tad  Drugs  Act.— Tbc  Pure  Food 
act,  approved  June  30.  Il>08,  for  preventing 
tbe  manufacture,  sale  or  transportation  of 
adulterated  or  mitJ.raoded  or  polaonous  or 
deatlerloas  foods,  drug*,  medicines  and 
llqsors,  and  for  regulating  traffic  therein, 
and  for  other  purposes  took  effect  Jan.  1, 
MOT. 

Tbe  first  eertlnn  of  the  art  makes  It  on- 
lawfai  for  any  person  to  manufacture  «lth- 
ln  tbe  District   of   Columbia   or   any   'I 
lory,  any  article  of  food  or  drns  "!l' 
adulterated  or  m-ibrandcd.  under  a  pennlty 
aot  to  exceed   1500.   or  one    year' a    hi 
onav    I  :    at   the  d  aeretlon    el 

court  for  the  ftr  rid  not  to  exceed 

fl.OOO    and    nw    rear's    Iniprlaonment.    or 
both,   for  each   eubsequcut    offence 

The  aacoatd  section  of  the  set  tnnkea  It 
applicant*  to  food  or  drug*  Intrudu ■••  d  Into 
any  atate  from  any  other  state,  and  from 
Of  to  any  foe-clgw  coontry. 

Tbe  eismlnatlooi  of  aprclmena  of  food 
im]   drug*  are   to   be   made   In   the    Hi 

■latry   of  '   Agrl- 

redtare,   or  under  the   i  ind   super* 

alaloa  of  men  bureau,  for  the 
determining       from       loch        '  - 
whether    sure    articles    sre    adulterated    or 
mlthrsodrd  within  the  meaning  of  itila  net  : 
and  If  it  shall  appear  from  any  «iuh  i 
tssllon  that  any  of  •uch  ■prrlmen*  la  aoul- 

•  I   OT   mlabrandert   wiihlu   tin-   tnea  ling 
of    thla    act,    the    Serretnrr    of 

notice    thereof   to  be    all 
the    party  ii    Mich    sample    was 

obtained.      After  Judgment  •  it.  bo- 

all  be  given  '>)  publication  In  such 
manner  aa  assy  be  pres-rllied  by  the  niles 
snd  regulation  aforesaid. 

Tbe  lenn  ~drng."  aa  na»d  In  thla  act. 
Includes  all  medicine*  and  prepa rations, 
reeottnlied    In    the    United  arsaa. 

•rial  Formulary  for  Internal 
'rrnnl  use.  and  any  sabatancc  or  mil- 
iar* of  substance.  Intended  to  be  nvd  for 
the    cure.   mltlg«tlon  or   prevention   of  d's- 
eaa*  of  either  man  or  other  en'mnln 

id,"   aa  used  herein,   shnll   Include 

all    artlclea    uaed    fur    food,    dr'.nk.    eonfec- 

it    or    condiment    by    nun    or    otbar 

animals,    whether    simple,    mixed    or    com- 

pr.il-ilt 

F..r  tbe  purpose*  of  this  act  an  article 
Sbsll  he  deemed  to  be  adulterated:  — 

In  .n-.-  of  drugs— If.  whin  a  druis  la 
sold  under  or  by  n  nnme  recognised  In 
the  I'n't.d  Star,  >  I'harmaropoela  •: 
llocal  Formulary.  It  differs  from  tbe  etard- 
srd  of  strength,  quality  or  purity,  aa  de- 
termlbed  by  the  teat  laid  down  In  Ibe 
■tea  Pharmacopoeia  or  Nat'nral 
Formuln'T  officii!  at  the  time  of  l»v»it'gi. 
Prorlded.  That  no  dnig  defined  In 
tin-  run  d  Ktatca  Pharmacopoeia,  or  Na- 
t'o*>al  Formulary  shall  b  A  -med  to  he 
adulterated  and*.'  thJe  provlalnn  If  lbs 
.■■igth.  quality  or  purltv  be 
plalrly  itated  upon  the  iHiItle.  box.  or 
container  th-reof.  olthouell  til"  atnndnrd 
may  differ  from  that  determined  hv  lbs 
teat  laid  down  lo  Iba  Omtrd  Btatea  I'hnr- 
■aropnela  or  Nathvnl  Formulary,  and  If 
Ib's  atrenrth  or  pnrltv  fall  below  the  pro- 
feaaed  atandard  or  qunllty  under  whvh  It  Is 
sold 

!„•  easa  of  con  feet  loner  r  — If  It  eon- 
tslo  terra  attis.  bnrytea.  talc.  chrotn«  yellow. 
or   other    mineral    sohnsne*   or    po', 

or   flavor,    or  other   Ingredient    d»ie- 

•  or   detrlmentnl    to    hentih,    or  any 
i    taalt  or  an'rltuons  liquor  or  eotn- 

posnd  or  narcotic  drug. 


In  the  rasa  of  food— If  any  substance  has 
'     '  -i    i..  -.     I    :.i  .1    p  icksd    With    I!    M    ai    u 

••.  or  lower,  or  Injuriously  affect  Iti 
quality  or  strength.  If  any  subatanca  baa 
nb.dtuled  wholly  or  In  pari  fur  Ih. 
article.  If  any  valuable  conatltuent  of  tbe 
article  hn»  been  wholly  or  In  part  extracted. 
If  II  i 

stained    In    a    manner    wbervhr    damage    or 
la  concealed.      If  It  contain   nny 
added  pouoooai  or  other  added  delcterloui 
Inge  <l*r   aueh   article 

Injurii.n.  to  health;  Provided,  Thai  when 
In  the  preparation  el  food  products  for 
shipment  they  art  preserved  by  any  exter- 
nal appllm'  r  that 
tbe  preservative  la  necessarily  removed 
ine.htii.l.illy,  or  by  maceration  In  water,  or 

■a  I  Me,    and    dlrerltort    for    the    remuval 
of  ssl  shall    be    i 

the  corericg  of  the  package,  the  provision! 
of   th'.a  set   abnll  be  ronattucd  na  applying 

when  said  products  ana  ready  fur  con 

If  it  i-oiikIhI  In  whole  or  In  part  of  a 
fllthv  ill    or 

rentable  jubilance,  or  any  portion  of  an 
animal    unfit     fur    food,    whether    maaafac- 
'i-   If    it    la    i  of  a 

diseased  animal,  or  one  thst  has  died 
other-nine   tbau    by   slaughter. 

i  be     term     "mlabrsnded."     used     herein, 
aball  apply  to  all  drugs,  or  art'elca.  or  food. 
or  artlefra  which  enter  Into 
Of  fa  kag*  or  lebel 

i"  .ii  any  atatement.  design  ir  device  re- 
gnrdlrg  aucb  article,  or  the  logrcdlenta  or 
»uh»tatice«  ronta  In  v  hl.-h  xhull  be 

f«lite  or   miileadiiig   In   mil  jmrl l.-nlnr.   and 
to  any  food  or  drug  product  which  la  false- 
ly  branded    aa    to    the    atnii     territory    or 
try    in   which    it    in   lunnufactarM   or 

For   t in-  purpnaea  of  thla  act.   an   article 

med  to  be  mlahranded  I — 

In    ca»;  of  drugs     If   It    b*  an   Imitation 

ine  of 
another  article  "t  if  the  contents  of  tbe 
package  an  originally  put  up  aha II  have 
been    removed.    In    wbole    or   In    part,    and 

other  irssj   In 

ox  ir  the  package  fall  to 
bear  a  atatement  on  the  laoel  of  the  quan- 
tity or  proportion  of  nuy  alcohol,  morphine. 

Or    beta    eu- 

cnlne.    chloroform,   rannnbla   Indlen.    chloral 

tr  or  ae-tanllldc,  or  any  derivative  or 

E repartition    of    any    aucb    aubatancea    con- 
nlccd  therein. 
In  caM  Of  fond— If  It  be  an  Imitation  of 
or    offend     f.  x    Bale    under    the    dlallnctlvs 
usme  of  another  an  Ii 

If  It  be  labelled  or  bra-ded  eo  as  lo  de- 
ceive or  mlelead  the  pnrchoaer.  or  purport 
to  be  a  fore  t-n   product   when  not   *>.  or  If 

oDtcnli  of  the  pMkaga  at  originally 

put  up  hhnll  bave  b-en  removed  In  whole 
or  In  part  and  other  omenta  abnll  bove 
i.  Ii  paekage.  or  If  It  fall  to 
bear  a  statement  on  tbe  label  of  tbe  qnau- 
t'tv  or  proportion  of  any  morphine  oplnm, 
coenlne.  heroin,  alpha  or  beta  eucalne.  chlo- 
roform, ennnablx  linlleu.  chloral  hydrate,  or 
a  retail  y  derivative  or  i 

:  y  hin  Ii  nihil -me*  contained  therein. 

If  m  paekan  form,  a-d  the  cootenta  are 
stated  In  terms  of  welsh  I  or  meaanre.  they 
ore  rot  plainly  or  correctly  stated  on  the 
oiitxM"  nt"  Hi-  package. 

If  the  pneMge   eontn'nlng  It  or  Ita  label 

shall  b-*r  any  atatement.   dea'gn   or  device 

regarding  the  legred'ents  or  the  aubatanees 

i.    which   alatement.   dealgn 

..r  d-vi. ■..  ihall  b    fa' r  mialeadlng.  In  any 

particular-  Provided.  That  an  article  of 
fc.ori  which  doea  not  contain  any  added 
polaonoua   or   deleterious    lngrtdlenta   aball 


Food 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


not  be  deemed  lo  b«  adulteiated  or  mm 
brnml--d    In   Ikl   following    'oaea: 

Id    tho    cn«o    of    mixtures   or   compounds 

which   may   bt   now  or  from  Urn*  to  time 

i   mi   articles  uf  fond,   under 

thi'lr    own    distinctive    nntnee.    and    not    an 

tloD  of  or  offered  for  mile  under  their 
..v.ii  IhKlnctlW  •miii.'K.  Hiirl  not  an  Imitation 
of  or  offered  fur  sale  under  the  distinctly* 
name   of    another    article.    If    the    name    be 

accompanied   mi    Hie    -i label   or   brand 

■  lib  u  statement  nr  tha  plat*  where  «»ld 
article  linn  been  inaiiiifiictiued  or  produced. 
In  llif  CtM  of  artlclel  I  .Im.ii.i1.  branded 
or  tngged  no  aa  to  plainly  indicate  that 
tlinr  nre  compounds,  Imitation*  or  blend*, 
and  tlir  noril  of  "roinp..iiiul," 
..•  "blCDd."  aa  the  raae  mny  be.  la  plainly 
stated  on  the  package  In  which  It  la  offered 
foraaii'.  Provided.  Thai  tha  term  bland  aa 
used   herein   shall  be  eon  aimed  Co  mean   a 

ire  of  like  substances  not  excluding 
barmleaa  coloring  or  flavoring  Ingrcillcute 
used  for  Mi.,  purpose  «>f  rolorliiK  *nd  flavor- 
ing only  :  And  provided  further.  That  uolbi- 
Ing    In    till*   net    aball    he   ronatrued    na    ro 

Joirlnit  or  compelling  proprietor,  or  menu- 
iclnrcra  nf  proprlclnrv  foodl  iviiieh  ..eitaln 
unwholesome  added  Ingredients  to  dlacloae 
Ihelr  trad*  formula*,  except  In  ao  far  aa 
lovixionn  .if  ili.n  in -i  may  r«|Ulrv  to 
eecure  freedom  from  adulteration  or  mis- 
branding. 

No    dealer    allnll     lie     prosecuted     miller    the 

[ir.ivlslone  of  thin  net.  when  lie  rnn  e«lnl>. 
lull  a  guaranty  altrned  by  the  wholesaler, 
tobbar,  manufacturer  or  other  |ini I v  li 
ng  In  Hie  linlled  Klntca,  from  wli.nn  li" 
Em.  hnaea  aurh  arllelea.  to  the  elTeet  thai 
he  nnmo  la  not  adulterated  or  mlsbranded 
wlihln  the  meaning  of  thin  act.  designating 

Tha  remaining  prorlalona  of  the  net  pro. 

Tide  Hi-'  iiiiHIkhIk  of  pr.iaeentliur  offender* 
and  destroying  good*  Imported  or  offered 
for  Import  which  are  adulterated  or  falarly 
label 

Hie  Inapcellon  force  of  tbe  lturenu  of 
rhemlatry.  Dr.  Harvey  W.  Wiley.  Chair- 
man.  In  lull  collected  B.BOO  official  samples 
of  foods  and  drugs,  nnd  2.noo  additional 
anmplca  for  Investigating  purposes  relating 
to    tile    •  iifor.-.iiii'iir    ..f    Mo-    law. 

Three  hundred  and  twelve  aelaurea  were 
iii:ni.  and  fin-  rarpnrta  from  ihe  twenty-oH« 
branch  laboratories  Indicate  that  S.MO  in- 
terstate aamplea  were  legal  and  3.113  mla- 
branded or  adulterated.  Ill  addition 
imported  fnoda  iiuil  drugs  were  aim: 
of  which  8.0«S  -ere  adludged  adulterated 
and  mlsbrnndcd:  by  ndilluir  1"  these  S,«72 
domratl"  iiml  l.'fiiL'  Imported  samples  exani- 
in.  ti  ii  the  Ivaihlnjtoo  okkc  n  total  of 
I  anmplca.  examined  In  the  count  of 
the    Inspection    work  alone,   la  obtained. 

rood  and  Drugs  Inspection.  Board  of. — 

A    Federal    board   under   the   jurisdiction   of 

the  Departmtnt  at  Agriculture  which  coo- 

«l<1er«.  In  conjunction  with  itnte  offlclala.  all 

Sanations  relating  to  the  inforeement  of  the 
i  ""I   nnd  druga  act. 
If    bad    long    1 ii    reeornlned    Hint    Incon- 
sistencies   between    the     Federal     food    and 
drug*  net  nnil  t»ie  food,  drag,  nnd  dairy  Invra 
of    the   ■!  I  IT.  relit  well    na   lnck  of 

uniformity  In  atale  legislation,  hnvo  grcntlr 

Ee  prevention  of  fraud,  adultera- 
n  and  mlabrandlng  of  food  nnd  drug*,  and 
re  made  It   dltTienlt   in   Induce   mnnufac- 

their  prodneta. 
To  avoid  tho  wnate  occasioned  by  dnpllcei- 
tlon  of  the  work  of  Federal  and  slnte  offl- 
clala the  Secretary  of  AjrrieaTtUN  cnlleii  a 
conference  of  atatc  food  and  drug  official-  to 
meet  in  Washington  Nor.  IS  and  14.  1618, 
to   MMRDtBI    triyl    nnd    means    of   bringing 


aliout  rotter  coordination  of  functloDa  and 

closer  i [M-ratlon. 

Agreements  were  renclicd  at  this  confer- 
ence to  establish  In  tbe  Department  ol 
culture  a  launrd  to  prevent  duplication  of 
■ft  and  Investigation  and  to  make  food 
and  drug  control  more  effective.  The  rown- 
trj  mi  dltlded  Into  aeveral  general  tnape-r- 
II- .ii  district*,  each  In  chnrge  of  a  competent 
onlclnl.  und  all  laboratorlea  and  lnai 
working    In    thai  put    under    tbe 

aamc  lmUcdlute  ill r •-■  tlou. 

Force  BLU.— 8e-vcrnl  bill*  Introduced  Into 
Congreu  have  been  given  tbla  nana*.  When 
the  South  Carolina  nulllBera  attempted  to 
prevent  the  execution  of  the  tariff  act  et 
UB8|  It  became  nccciaarr  to  enact  apectal 
lawa  for  carrying  out  Ha  prorlalona  i 
force  collect lona  under   It       March   2.   18.13, 

the    "I  B It    bill"    waa  en 

acted  for  (tils  purpoae.  The  trouble  waa 
adjuated  later  by  a  eompromla*.  A  bill  to 
.'  the  fourteenth  and  fifteenth  amend- 
wlilch  naaacd  Concreaa  May  31. 
11170.  waa  alao  known  aa  the  •  l-Vre.  bill." 
aa  win  an  act  paaaad  Hi"  follewltuj  i.nr  on 

the    urn*    rubjeel      (Nee    Kn-Klax-Klaa.) 

iii.    name  waa  applied    luter  by    man] 

aotn    to    the  oil    which    »»a 

dllivd      |||      111,.      Il.inae      t,y      Mr        I^Mig-.         f 

Miikniii  linafit-.  during  the  riftynri- 
greaa.  "to  amend  and  supplement  the  elec- 
tion im  of  the  I  mi.!  .-.':ii  ■..  and  in  pro- 
vide for  their  more  eill.-leui  enforcement-" 
Th la  hill  waa  paaaed  by  the  Ilouae,  bat 
waa  defeated  In  tbe  Bel 

Force  BiU.  (So,  Fodtnl  El«.ctio«i  Lnw.) 

^or«f«tller>,  Day.— The  anniversary  of 
Hi.,  landing  of  the  nig-rlm  Katbera  at  Ply- 
mouth. Maaa..  Dec.  21,  1020.  They  t" 
abore  on  Monday,  Dec.  11th.  old-style  caVtnv 
di"  In  I i.i ember.  17*10.  the  Old  Colony 
Club  wua  formed  by  aa-vrn  rttlteua  of  Ity- 
niouth    tu    o'lehrnle    I 

woith.i    nnd a  in   thla  place."      In  order 

to  accommodate  tbe  date  tu  tbe  new  atylt 
or  Gregorian  calendar,  tha  obi  i 
thlnkiug  Hint  !■  ■  ••M  i.  •.  ii  i  la  cerre- 
aponded  to  Dei  llth  old  nvle.  eatabllthed 
tho  annlveraary  on  Dec.  22d  Inaleed  of  Dec. 
21at.  New  Kugland  uicletlea  bare  been  ee- 
tnlilialied  In  many  «tnte«  of  the  t'nlon  ana 
tbe  celebration  of  Forefathera'  Day  la  be- 
coming more  general.  The  calibration*  are 
held  In  December  the  date  Of  lh«  pre 
llmlnnrv  landing,  rather  than  In  the  Janu- 
ary following,  when  tbe  landing  for  aettle- 
ii, i m   tool  place. 

Foreign  Affairs: 
Expciittea   incurrecl   in.  not  provided 
for  by  law  referred  to.  108. 

Report  on,  trauamitted,  5200. 
Foreign  Affairs.  Secretary  of.— Jan.  in. 
17N1.  tbe  Continental  Congreaa  created  tba 
..HI,-,-  of  Secretary  of  Foreign  Affair*  at  tbe 

aollrltntlon  of  repreaentntlvea  In  other 
trlea.     Itohcri    R.  1.1  v li 
waa  the  ili«t   Incumbent   of  the  office      Ilia 
dutli-i    nlao   comprehended    tbe   adjnatnwnt 

Of  a  (fill  re    li 

"in.,,  waa  hi  1.  ii  enlarged  by  reorganUatloo 
In  1  ?•■'.'  John  J.iv  ... . -upled  the  poaltaM 
between  17S4  and  lTBO.  Jul.i  ^T  ITtO,  the 
two  Department!  of  Home  hi  r  i  and 
elgn  Affnlra  ner-  combined  In  the  Depart- 
ment of  State.  (See  also  State.  Depart- 
ment of.) 

Foreign  tad  Domestic  Commerce.  Bu- 
reau of.  (Sec  Bureau  of  Foreign  and 
Domestic  Commerce.) 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Foreign 


_  I  BUL— A  bin  of  exchange  drawn  on 
a  pvnon  or  Bra  In  mother  country. 
Foreignbuilt    Ships,    admission    of,    to 
American  registry,  8006. 

Foreign  Coins: 

Amr  (I  '  to,  935. 

Ceased  to  be  legal  tender,  239. 
Counterfeiting  of,  should  be  made  a 
(Tine,  1136,  1268. 

of  gold  in,  1845. 
to,  2407. 
Spanish   milled   dollar*   legal   tender, 

'•_;:■ 
Spanish  allied  doubloons  referred  to, 

304. 
Value   of   Alfomino  and  Louis  fixed 
by  order,  6416. 
Foreign  Commissions,  Visit*  of.     (See 
t*  of  Foreign  Commissions.) 
_j  Criminals,  Introduction  of,  Into 
DalUd  BtatM  referred  in.  -368,  4588. 
Foreign  Import  Dutiea  (aee  also  Ves- 
sels, Foreign,  tonnage  on): 
Imposed     upon    American     products, 

en-. 

By  Colombia,  5672. 

Retaliatory  measure*  proclaimed, 

Bv  Haiti,  retaliatory  measure*  pro- 

Bv  Venezuela,  5072. 
Retaliatory  measures  proclaimed, 
5703. 
Modifications  of  tariff  law* — 

usaed,   5615.   5747,    5066,   6058, 
6239,  6fi.',2,  6713,  7189,  7393. 
Briatnee  of,  proclaimed — 
ria  Hungary,   8718. 
Brazil.    nS76. 
British  Ouinna,  5688. 
British   West   Indies,   6686. 
Cuba    and     Puerto     Rico,    5583, 

iSflfl  98»& 
Dominican  Republic  (See  Santo 

Domingo,  pott.) 
Germany,   5693. 

Groat      Britain.        (Sen     Briti«h 
(luiana;    British    West   Indies, 
an: 
Guatemala,  5716. 
Honduras,  5714. 
Nicaragua,  5698. 
8a  164,  5800. 

Santo   Domingo,   558? 

Cuba    and    Puerto 
Rico,  onfe.) 
Vessels   refuted    clearance   by   Haiti 
discussed,  5869. 
Foreign   Intercourse: 

Action  recommended  on  the  publica- 
tion of  confidential  items.  2281. 
Appropriations  for,  100,  448. 
liscussed,  4356. 
Unexpended,   referred  to,  S828. 


Contingent  expenses — 

Funds     on     deposit     with     Baring 
Brothers  A  Co.  for,  rsforred  to, 

assa 

Public  Interests  demand  that  con- 
fidential Items  be  not  ; 
MO. 

Funds  on  deposit  with  Baring  Broth- 
ers *  Co.,  3828. 
Pro  vision  for,  recommended,  58,  190. 
Requests  of  House  and  Senate  for  in- 
formation     regarding,      refuted, 
186,  2281,  LUC,  2462,  2690,  : 
2696,  6101. 
Referred   to,   2529. 
Foreign  Mall  Service,  Department  of. 
— Tbl»  deportment  of  the  postal  service  Is 
tinder  |h«  direction  nf  t>,e  second  assistant 
puatnisater-ceneral    (■).    v.).      It*    Iota]    0OSI 
1n    1016    was   IS.287 .000.73 :   Snd    tlio    e«tl- 
mated  spproprlstlon*  for  1917  are  1X800.- 
«00.     In  1018,  the  mall  transported  : 
foreign    mall    service    wplcjhed    20,241. "m 
pound*.      The    CC  ivlce   for   forclrn 

mnlln  applies  to  five  rout's,  snd  Its  eost  In 
1010  was  Sl.090,1  ign  malls  carried 

ov«r    the    other    routes    arc    carried    on    a 
weight  basis  of  payment.      TIi.t-    sre    reel- 

trocal  domestic  rates  on  letters  i 
nlted    States    nnd    Canada.    Cula.    Uszlco, 
Pannma.   the  Bahama*:   rUrt>ndo.»   Inland*. 
Hrltl.h      Guiana:      Itrltlth      Honduras,      the 
I  "inch   West   lodles  :    the   Leeward    Inlands: 
'Newfoundland   and    New   V. 
application  of  the  reciprocal  mall  sen 
apply  to  all  countries  of  the  Western  II 
phcre  was  prevented  hy  v..  n   War. 
The   t'nit'-l   states  bos  parcel  post  conven- 
tions with   53  inln                       oil**.      (See 

"mc«  I»epnrioi.iii  •  i'."i;  i  Uerrlec:  I'os- 
■     loaTcntlon*  ;  Mall  Matter.) 

Foreign    Mail    Service,    unsatisfactory 
condition  of,  7109. 
To  South  American  countries,  subsidy 
recommended,  7109. 
Foreign  Malls,  transmission  of,  through 
United  States  referred  to,  21 
also    Postal   Service.) 
Foreign  Ministers.     (Sec  Ministers.) 
Foreign  Paupers: 
Introduction   of.   into  United  States, 
1686,  2368. 
Legislation  respecting,  rr-miimiii.; 
ed,  4757. 

jest  of  President  to  withdraw 
articles  regarding,  from  consider 
ation  of  House,  1602. 
Involuntary  deportation  nf  SOBvleta, 
idiots,  insane  persons,  and,  to  Unit- 
ed States  referred  to,  4219,  4588. 
Foreign  Policy  of  United   States   (see 
Annexation    for   policy   as  applica- 
ble to  various  countries): 
Discussed  by  President — 
Adams,  John,  228, 
Adams.  J.  Q„  862,  868,  884.   895, 

903,  922,  950. 
Buchanan.   2068,  2998.   3037, 
3066,  3089,  3092,  3173,  3177. 


Foreign 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Cleveland,   4912,   5867,   5871.  5S73, 

5802,  6955,  5903,  0064,  0068,  00S7, 

9148. 
Fill.  ii,  £701.  £71.'.. 

1006,  40 IB.  401-1 

4053,  4082.  4101.  4143,  4176,  4102, 

1248,  42M,  486 
Harrison,   Benj,,   S445,  G61S,   5730, 

S 

Harmon.  W.  H„  1873. 
Hayea,  4418,  4 
Jackson,     11SB,     1222,     1324,    1370, 

1378,  1466,  1484,  1600. 
Jefferson,  311,  340.  340. 
Johnson,    3564,    3581,    3777,    38S0, 

8888. 
Lincoln.   3248,   8865,    3327,   3444. 
MeKInlev.  8241,   0848,  6281,  6205, 

6307 
Madison,  452,  473. 
Monroo,  .•,;.•!.  r,-  ',672, 

685,762.  .  I,  S17.  BSf>. 

Pierce.  2731.  274").  8807,  8864,  2004. 
Polk.  822*.  8286,  2248,  8276 

•■6,  2431.  2137,  2444, 

Roosevelt,      0921.6826,      69906998, 

7I1H. 
Tnft,  7402.  7656. 
Tnvlor.  81 
Tyler  1890    8049,  2064,  2160,  8169", 

2171,  8176,  2100,  2193,  2206. 
Von  Buren,  1590,  1702,  1748,  1819. 
Washington,  ISO,  213. 
Wilson,  7H77.  788  I,  7907,  7929,  7933. 

7934,  7969,  7970,  7978,  7982,  798 1 . 

rorelgn  Postal  Arrangements.        (Sec 

Postal  Bi  '••  !'■'.•.) 
rcrclgn  Power*.  (See  Powers,  Porcij.ii  ) 
Foreign  Relation*: 
American  ■    '••  a   nt  corona- 

tion of  King  "f  Bbun,  7667. 
Arbitration,  7650. 

Arbitration  between  Panama  and 
Post  a    Rica,    Colombia    nn.l    Haiti, 

Buenos    Aires     convent  inn     ratified, 

Central  America-Honduras  nnd  Nica- 
ragua treaties  proposed  bj  Prc«i- 
dent  Taft,  761 

Chambers  of  foreign  commerce.  Buxf- 
ge»te.l,  7674. 

Chnmiral  bonndnry  question  not  sat- 
'658. 

Chinese  loans,  7664. 

Claim  of  AlBon  &  Co.  settled.  7057. 

Com res  v.'tii  tin.  ttax  Bait,  7007. 

Coronntinn  of  Slag  Goorjre  V.,  7068. 
Europe  and  the  Eft  ''.67. 

Extension   of   American   banking;  to 

foreign      countries      recommended, 

7674. 
Fur  seal  treaty  (North  Pacific)  con- 


cluded with  Great  Britain,  Japan 

and  Russia,  7670. 
Improvement     in     foreign     service 

noted,  7676. 
Int.  opium  commission,  7671. 

International  rt,  7070. 

Latin      America. — Venezuela,      100th 

anniversary   of   independence  cele- 
brated, 7658. 
Liberia;  loan  to  ameliorate  conditions 

in,  7669. 
Need  for  American  merchant  marines, 

7074. 
Neutral  advisor  proposed  for  China 

in  matter  of  foreign  loans,  8046. 
Panama,  7664. 
Pnn-Amcrican  Union,  7661. 
Presentation  to  Germany  of  replica 

of  Von 
Protection     of     Industrial     property 

union,  "671. 
Recognition  of  Portuguese  ropo 

Russia,   concerning    trcatv    of    1832, 
7668, 

8ottl.-m.-nt    of  long  standing  differ- 
ences with  Great  Britain,  7668. 

Boll  islands,  7670, 

Trade  with  other  countries,  7672. 

Treaty   of  commerce  and   navigation 
with  Japan,  7666. 

United  States  army  nnd  navy  forces 
mobilized   on  bonier  of  Moa 
protect  American  interests,  7658. 
Foreign  Service,  improvement  in,  noted, 

"t>7"i, 

Foreign  Trade.    (See  Commerce  of  For- 
eign Powers.) 
Foreign  Vessels.  tSeo  Vessels.  Foreljtn.) 
Foreigners    In    United    StaUs.      (See 

Aliens;   Naturalized   Citizens.) 
Forest,   Belle,  The,  destruction  of,   in 

Base  waters,  4464. 
Forort  Fires,    (See  illustration  opposite 

5199.) 
Forest    Preservation    disrnwed,    0656, 

G657  6660,  6908-6911,  7005,  7218. 
Forest  Reserve.— Jnijr  i,   ioo3.   the  <ot> 

r  |h«  national  forest  rsservr*  tn:: 
with  crerytlilne  pertaining  to  the  o»e.  rsre 
nnd  development  of  the  timber,  water.  graa- 
li'R.    etc.    paised   from    the    Drpartn. 
Hi-    Ininrlnr    to  ARfl- 

ciillnre.      In    1008    about    fonr -fifths   of   the 

total  v. led  area  of  the  country  was  la  the 

<■'  private  owners,  and  the  resaaliinW 
In  coarse  of  Forest  Service.  Tfee  connusp- 
tlon  of  timber  In  .1  Slates  In  1008 

was  ilu-....    inn.,   ti.n   annual    Increment. 

Dec    .'1.    1008.    there    were   145    N'sll.iosl 
Forests,    embracing    l«8.HSi.03!>    acrei    In 

! 

Alaska  and  I'orto  Hlco.      During  19ns  sever* 

lib   visited    many   parts  of   the 
try  artf  forest   fires  wi<re   frcjui-nt   and  de- 
Bi.'.i.-iivi      ilm    .•.•ini.-.d-.l    Inn    due    to    Ore 
belric    SSOOOO.OnO.     Th*    most     aerloiis    Of 
these  fires  were  In  Mlnnisnta.  Mi 
Wisconsin,   as  well  as  New  Tors    ivnnsrt- 
rams  and  Montana.     During;  tbls  time  ta* 
Vitinnal    Forests  suffered   little    Inn.   , 
to   the   system  of  patrol,   by   which   many 


Encyclopedic  Index 


■Bailor  Orea  arc  extinguished  btfortt  galn- 
—  dewtrottlTe  headway 
_  rcrlowa  to  IIKii  the  Hunan  of  Foreatry 
merely   gate   expert   adtlee.    on    renocat.    lo 

'-partawat  of  th*  Interior  cone, 
tbe    application    of    foreajry    ti> 
narrrea.     Tb»  cbaojr-  rom  "forest 

reaarrear    '•  ;\i    f areata"    vrai   mad* 

In  1000,  In  order  to  corte  I  aslon 

the  foresta  w»re.  a>    -rea»TTt»V'  with- 


that 
drawn 


from 


be   I  •  real  SerTlcrt 


T»e  rewti-. 
fly    ITealdewt 


took  charge  of  then  tha  fundamental  aim 
baa  bct-n  to  opes  tbera  to  the  widest  oae 
t   with  tbelr  proper  pnite. 

•••i   n«lii..-  sran    ,n  (ollowa: 

_    llarrlaon.    13.410.710    aet-ea; 
by    ITeeldeat    Clcreln 
by  Dreald.  ..  T.OlO.OOn  acrea:  by 

-at       ICnnaeYclt.       14V  aOML 

Dunns  the  administration  of  President  Taft 
3.S01.S0O  acrea  bare  been  eliminated  from 
tbe  national  foreata.  making  their  area  at 
lose  or  tbe  fl.nl  year  mil.  100.B08.. 
>I3  acrea.  Tbe  elimination*  tbrvw  out  land 
wbleb    waa   found   to   be   better    auited    for 

icrlewllural   and   other   purposes   tban   for 
orestry.      An    act    <.r    ■  •.ingreaa.    passed    In 
ItlO",  prohibits  any  addition*  by  thu   I 
dent  to   the   not  »:•  n    in    Waab- 

laaaaHi  Oregon,   Idaho.  Montana,  Wyoming 
Colorado, 
pursuance  of  tbe  polley  that  the  for- 
I 


s 


fh*  uw  of 


• 


r  restriction*,  erasing  prirllegea.  tlm- 

ting,  baying  and  other  smaller  prlv- 

lagaa  are  let  under  guTsrnment  auperrlniou. 


■     I 
foreraalai  10 :  timber  aaka, 

(840.027  24:  apeeial  oat-s.  I30.ISS.33:  total 
from  all  soiiro  ■*.  (l.«l  IT  inter  tba 

law  2S  per  rent  of  I  he  groaa  rerentiea  goea 
to  the  itate  wherein  tin.-  rraerratlon  la 
•floated,  to  b#  applied  for  aobool  and  road 
and    the   balance    to   tbe 


Tbe  expenditure*  on  the  national 
I  IMS    war* 


foraata    for    1008'   were    $.1.11H  j  .;  ji 
excess  of  about  (1,200,000  orer  the  receipt*. 
In    addition    to    the    prirllegea   for    which 

eargea  are  mad*  the  free  uae  of  a»m. 
r  and  aom*  paaturag*  la  granted  i.. 
aettler*  near  tbe  foresta.  no  charge  or  per- 
mit being  required  for  pasturing  a  limited 
•umber  of  *to«-k.  The  entire  cost  of  man- 
ag'.rg  tbe  National  Foresta  la  leal  than  two 
eerta  per  acre  p»r  year. 

Location,  date  loteat  proclamation  eu>.-. 

Ilre.  acil  araa   of  tu#  Xxtlonal   Fon    I 
oar  .  JRotirct?:    Re- 


porta  of  tbe  Forest   Service-.  Department  of 
Arrli'iiirara.1 

Stale  sad  fcnat 

UlMt 

jr.. Mpti  o 
effcoirn. 

Net  area. 

Araau: 

:  7.1914 

July    1, 1910 

1,1911 

i.  ioij 

;  i,  ma 

in.  mi 
.    loin 

July    1.1910 

Feb.  23.  1U4 

(,  1014 

Acres. 

I.IM.Ml 
MS.  IM 

80",  103 

W 

I7.6S0 

ijon.tro 

I.U4.I42 
tftM 

1  1 1  ■  •  I 

I1.7WOJ 

Map 

Arkansas 
Caark 

Total 

«34J»J 

391  91(1 
916919 

I  Hi  n,i ;...-  -I 


CalLVeuia 

Crater1  ... 

I  l.l..-,.!..'  . 


Msdr* 

■' • 

Moatarty 

I'luma. 
Stats  Barbara 

:  ■-;'l..,. 

:■'■ 

Waabatui 

Tah«' 

Trinil) 


Total. 


Colorado: 
Annaa 

i 

CotbeloiM. 
Ci^Klo    .... 
Durwao 

MmlMana  ... 

Emm 


!$!■?:::: 

i  n  iMjiaaiaBi 

While  Itivw. 

Tolil 
FI«iJx: 

Florida 


Boim 

Cad-' 

Chilli. 
Clearwater — 

Kmi'ii1 
Loobi. 


rayeU*. 
ealmoo    .... 


TMal 


liiSiiao 


Superior 

Total 


I,-. I.  | 
i.,..,i,,.,,ij  g 

cdeetiro. 


Aug.  43.1016 

OtL  13.  1910 

1.1916 

; '.  1915 

Feb.  43. 1911 

Aug.  ».  1910 
Vtr.  43.  1910 

tag,    b.ltu 

July      : 

Apr.  37. 19IS 
May  *.  I»l« 
Apr.  11,  l«|0 

' 
June  7,1011 


J»b.  26,  I01S 
Mar.    I,  1011 

Jan.  20, 101S 

lull     1.1011 

I     19IJ 

I,  ioio 

Dei    1 15,1010 
J.  1014 

Mar     3.1913 
IJ,  1010 

Au«.  20.  1011 

■ 

July    1,1011 
Dr.     I 
Apr,    i 
June  IS.  1014 


July    1,1011 

IS,  1914 

May  21,  I'll  I 

July    1. 1011 

I,  1911 

Mar.  43, 1013 

May    i,  1010 

I'l   1911 

Jan.  ;'i 

July     1.1(11 

I.  1011) 

'.   1016 

May    6.  1010 

Say  10 
ay  10, 1013 

July     I 

:    1016 
Jul)'     I,  1911 


July    1.1915 


May  43,  KM 

8tpt.2i.1012 


Forest 


Ntt  area. 


.l<re«. 

Hl.UO 

46,9fO 

.149,  im 
i  M  m 

011.147 

Nll.fi 

I.I46.MS 

I 

S'',ir,7 

MjW 

MO^TO 


(M  |  ,i 

ma  in 

„..'.  is 

■,..,ir. 

aaatj, 

rfi  Si 

.  i„.',-.i 

tH  Igl 

i 

m  in 

*4».U7 

isjaiAU 

300,M4 

Iii.m.iii: 
OM3I0 

i  tn,v» 

■ 
(Km 

■ 

1(0  190 

1 1",;  ,u 

MOjUOJ 

:  rn.i  i 

V7JM 

S.Ji'l 

mm 

I  •'-.•1.477 

1JOV&M 

1«0»,I71 

094^73 

HB.74B 

17.7vJ.2J? 


'"  466 


I"?  n 

•-,7   '.".II 
1.04  J,  I  S3 


•  National   Corral  eiteodlDS   Into  two   Statea. 


Forest 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Stale  and  foteat 

Uieil 

proclamation 

eSeetlre. 

Net  area. 

Monuana-- 
AUaaroka 
Beartontb 
Bearorhead 
lllturroot 
' 
Cabinet.         .  . 
Culler           

tear 

Oalleiin 

June  19. 1013 
Ai.r    19.  1913 
May  10.  1011 
Apr.  30,  lull' 
June  IV.  1012 
Apr.  30.  1013 
Juno  10.  1011 
July     1,  1010 
June  10, 1012 
Sept  4. 1012 
Srpt  4. 1012 
Sept  3*.  1(14 
June  10. 1013 
June  10.  1012 
Apr.  30,  1012 
Sept  VI 
Sept.  34.  1012 
May   1.1013 

143.443 

m  •■•■ 
ijjjivin 

1.047,1*03 
-73.4II 
el  1,404 
IU0.143 
1*34.700 
IJMBJMI 
564 575 

muni 

1 .042  S 13 
l,:i,,  Ml 

(11  ■,-•: 

Mil  -.a,-, 
■60,110 

una  in 

0*,W» 

U««  uid  Clark 

I6.0M.IX6 

Nebraeka 

Dec    1.1015 

May  10. 1015 
luly  ».  I0IO 
June  10. 101 ; 
Keb.33.IOII 
June*,  lull 
Oct.  ;■■ 
June  10.  1013 
Noy.  3,1011 
July  2».  1010 
May  10.  1916 

30HO74 

Nereda; 

... 

I'.M<  irn-},  >' 

RIM 
400 

mi  rn 

n  -i7 

313,  ISJ 

J7u\071 

14.0KJ 

1,007*41 

twu  lea 

IJMMO 

NewMraloo: 

■  abut' 

Apr.   3.1016 
Jan.  14.  1014 
lab    1.1010 
July    8. 1016 
May  0.  IOI0 
Apr.    1    1019 
fept.10. 1014 
July    1,1015 

610,520 
H4M9 

136.474 
2.671.706 
1,4:1', 14? 

7.'.:.  Ml 

i.:;'„'..i,:i 

MSJMIO 

North  Dakota: 

Nov.  24. 1008 
OcC  13, 1010 

July    1.1911 
July  16. 1011 
July  U,  1013 

June  21.  1912 
July     1.  1011 
l.  lull 
July    1.1011 
Ocv  11.1012 
July     1 .  toil 
May  4.1014 
July    1. 1908 
July    1. 1911 
luly     0,1014 
lily    1.1911 
Mar.    B,  1916 
July     I.  IUII 

July     1,1015 
Apr.  39.1012 
May   3,1013 

'-  HI 

Oklahoma: 

01.480 

Odwn 

1.018.509 

;-r  i  ,t 

l  UTAH 

SSS.S87 
3.901 

i.ii  ■?,*■  i 

IN  i,i  j 

713,482 
L  •■11  901 

60(1,776 

Mijtso 

4Nfl.Hl 

1  nil  417 

003,181 

42530* 

fcT7  Sft4 

Total 

South  Dakota" 

"UekUUli 

13.127,590 

4&J.7-4J 
553,220 

75  M4 

1,115AM 

Suw  and  f ■m. 

tM<*> 

ttOdkBaUfttoVtV. 

.Hectiva. 

Net  ins. 

I'tah; 

Oft.    7.1014) 

Apr.  21.  191 S 

J  toe  17.  1013 

>,  1014 

July    1,  KM 

.  1014 

.  1(11 

1014 
Jose  30. 1014 

Mar.' 3.  KM 
July    1,  101M 
May 

May   tXKIO 
July    1 
Mar.  3 
Mar  7 

IV..  21.  1911 
July    1,  1041 

July     1,  1010 

■  C". 

i 

mm 

4/1  (■» 

.      . 

310,644 

•0.4M 

TJO.f.14 

<•  T.TiJ 

Tolal 

7.447.74J 

tVeiluofWai 
CUM 

•77.3S* 
776,4*0 

-.■■■■■: 

3*6.77* 

Mtrjk 

14*4  mm 

ll.im.r 
Saoqualrole 

1.1HMJ 
4+5  Ml 

Wmahe'      . 

JI3.4M 

•J7.444 

Total 

*.«7.*7» 

Wyomini: 

Ort.    7.1010 

July     2,  IIM 
July     i 
July     1,  101* 
Apr.  l«.  KM 

July     1 
July    1.1010 
July     1,  1004 
Apr.  21 
Au«.  16.  1014 
July     1.101* 
July    1.100* 

*M 

HajJan' 

104  llow 
Fiila.de' 

4S9.7W 

1.019.47* 

VTeahal  il 

1  m  it: 

Altai*: 

Aug.  0.  KM 
Keb.  16.  100* 

•  BUM 

ataaMi 

Porto  Wcv 

Luquillo 

Jan.  If,  1*03 

1ZJM 

(lrand  total  of   165 
n.tKioalfareum, 

uh  mm 

■  National  (ureal  utttulinc  Lots  ten 

Forest  Reserves.  (Sen  alto  Land*,  Pub- 
lic, set  npart.) 

Dividing  adminittratire  site  in  Ore- 
gon, 7989. 

Lookout  Station  eMntilithcti  on  Twin 
Sisters  Mountain,  7969. 

Banger  Statiou  established  for,  7990. 

Forest     Reservation*. — Morch     l . 

m  gars  content  to  each  of  tbe  atrcnl 
Btntvt  of  the  I'nlon  to  enter  Into  toy 
agreement  or  ronpaet,  »"t  '"  «iiifli<t  »ub 
anjr  law  of  tlie  I'lilled  Slate*,  irtlti  «»y 
other  Stat*  or  state*  for  Hi.- 
conserving  the  for  -i*  snd  the  traleff  a»»p- 
ply  of  the  ilatct  catering  Into  »uuu  af"*- 


Forest 


ment  or  compart.  The  ..m  of  $200,000 
was  appropriated  and  made  available,  until 

•  ed.  lo  enable  the  Secretary  of  Aa;rl. 
cuhure  lo  cooperate  with  any  atate  or 
croup  erf  atate*.  when  requested  to  do  an. 
In  the  protection  frntn  Are  of  the  fo mated 
watershed*  of  navigable,  streams:  and  tbe 
Secretary  of  Agriculture  la  authorlxed.  and 
■  ns  aa  he  derma  wlae.  to 
eilpalate  and  agree  with  an;  atate  or 
group  of  states  to  eo-operat«  Id  the  organl- 

ii  and  malnii  i  lyeten)  of  Bra 

Eon    nnjr    private  or    atate    tart  It 
mda  within  such  »tale  or  states  and  sltn- 
at»d    upon    lb*    watershed    of    a    navigable 

I.  Th.it  nn  Klli-h  atlpul 
or  agreement  than  be  made  with  007  itate 
which  baa  not  provided  by  law  for  a  system 
nl  for**!  lira  protection:  Provided  further. 
That  in  110  --aa*  shall  (br  amount  expended 
In  any  ttate  exceed  In  any  fjscnl  year  tbe 
amount  appropriated  by  that  state  for  tbo 
I'oNt  diirlnir  III*  same  rlsenl  year. 
There     w*s    appropriated    for    the    Ducal 

11111    of    II,- 

000.000b  and  for  each  (Ural  year  thereafter 
■  Him  no:  10  exceed  #2.000.000.  for  uae  Id 
tbe  exatnlnolloti.  sun  |  ilrrtnont  of 

land*   ioraled   01  iwaters   of   navi- 

gable atreama  or  thoae  whirl)  are  being 
or  arblcb  cay  be  developed  for  navigable 
purpoors:  Provided,  llial  lb*  provlalona  of 
tins  wcilon  shall  expire  by  limitation  on 
tb*  90lb  day  of  J  one, 

It  also  provided  that  a  rommlaalon.  to 
be  known  aa  the  National  Forest  Itcacrve- 
llon  Commlcaloo.  consisting  of  the  .Secretary 
of  War.  tbe  Secretary  of  the  Interior,  tbe 
Secretary  of  Agriculture  and  two  member* 
"i-leeted  by  lb*  Pmsl- 
dent   or    tbr    Senate,    and   two   member*   of 

Sa»  II.  iireaeDtntlvca.  to  be  scl 

y  the  Speaker,  he  created  and  authorised 
to  eoiwtorr  and  pan  upon  »»«  lands  »t 
may  b«  recommended  for  purchase  and  lo 
fix  tbe  price*  at  which  neb  land*  may 
be  purcbaatd.  and  no  purchnaea  ahall  be 
made  of  any  landa  until  aucb  landa  have 
been    duly    approval    fOJ    purrbaar    by    aald 

IS     u:  llsfl  Inn 

Tba   Secretary   of  Agriculture   la  author- 

and 
ircnasraond  for  purchase  aucb  landa  aa 
In  hla  Judgment  may  be  nerriaary  to  the 
rvgxi!   ■ 

said  to  report  1  •  I  be  Nat  lonal  1 
vatlon  Cosamlsalon  the  results  of  such  oitn- 
I  nations:  Provided,  Tliat  before  any  landa 
are  purchased  by  the  National  Korea!  Rater- 
■n  Comin'nlnn  aald  Sands  sbnlt  be  exam- 
ined by  tbe  Geological  Survey  and  a  report 
aaad*  to  tbe  Secretary  of  Agriculture,  allow- 
ing tbat  tte  control  of  aucb  landa  will 
promote  or  protect  tbe  navigation  ..r 
streams  on  whoae  waterabeda  they  lie. 
The  Secretary  of  Agriculture  l»  authorised 

to    purchase.    In    tbe    nn  1 1    tb"    Doited 

States,    such    land*   n*   have  been    app 
for  purchase  by  tbe  National   Forest    Reset 
ratios,  loii   at    tbe   prlecu    flinl    by 

■aid  It  h   acquisition   may  In 

any  esse  ba»  condltloueil  upon  the  exception 
■nil  reservation  to  In*  owotr  from  whom 
till*  piran  to  tbe  I'nlted  Slates  of  th-  inln 
era  la  and  of  the  merchantable  Umber,  or 
either  or  mir  part  of  tbcru.  within  or  upon 
sue*  laud-  1*  of  the  ■ 

but  la  every  rnae  aucb  exception  nnd  reser 
vaifcjo  and  the  time  within  which  aucb 
timber  ahall  be  removed  and  the  rnlea  and 
regulation,  nndrr  which  the  cutting  nnd  re- 
moval of  aucb  timber  nnd  the  mining  and 
removal  of  such  minerals  -bull  <<•■  done  >lnlt 
be  expressed  In  tne  written  Instrument  of 
conveyance,  god  thereafter  t he  mining,  cut- 
ting  and  removal  of  rhc  minerals  and  tim- 
ber go  excepted  and  reserved  shall  bo  dona 


nolr  under  and  la  obedience,  to  the  mien 
ami  regulations  ao  expressed.  (See  National 
Forests.) 

Forest  landa  acquired   under  the  Weeks 
Uw:    A  reus,  June  SO,  1015.    (Source:   He- 
.   Department  of 
Agriculture. J 


Areas  under  proieetiee. 

State  and  ana. 

Acquinsl 

Anditionsl 
smgnd 

chase. 

Total. 

Croorrii: 

Georgia 

bso-srinih  Intk 

Acres. 

11  jiti 

A.riv 

Bin 

•.i.-..'i 

Acne. 
58,447 

36  5W 

Total 

M  |H 

Ualne: 
White  Mountain 
(part) 

3I,«5 

u.aa 

New  rTmnrahire: 
While  Muuiilaln. . 

105.216 

u.ru 

HMM 

North  Carolins: 

U.030 

37,132 
3.133 
30.WS 

i:.2T- 

■  M 

Mount  Mitchell 

Nuiishsla 

hhtaa 

8a»«nnsh  louruj. 

MJiii 

31,711 

•9.704 
IC.AT'i 

63.160 
34,133 
JDJM 

14  161 

Total 

in.ui 

IM.IM 

•rtvraa 

South  Csrolios: 
Saiuwah  Uouth, 

17.370 

17,570 

Tennessee: 

I'mU      .    . 
While  Top  (part).. 

73.4M 

""trim 

oO.OJ3 
ii. '.(■■> 
10.13fl 

11I.S00 
UMt 

47.134 

ti«i. .-t; 

mm 

BUM 

Virginia: 
Ms—nultso.    . 
■ml  Bridge  , 
1  .>i..msn  [part) 
Bhensnduxa  (part). 
Wbilo  Top  Ipart). 

33,212 

30,733 
84,378 

33,320 

wins 

1M56 

20.301 

70S 

56,132 
hiiii-7 
37.I7S 
10i,7«0 
13,141 

Total 

17 1.93S 

110.684 

Mi.eu 

Wast  Vnginis: 

MnnogshcU 
Pntoois*  Ipart) 
tibrusududi  tpsrt  1. 

23,810 
37.611 

itju 

2s.2ra 
0,300 
1,118 

81,073 
36.711 
14,436 

Total 

m,tm 

JH..M1 

losjjo 

Orssd  Total. . 

70«,97» 

o7S,763 

1  2M.728 

1  I  Ml 

1  Bt.'ral 

Diflrrenre 

( .:.'.'! 

Forest   Sorvlcu.— one   of   tbe  bBMin  of 

tbe  Department  of  Agriculture  It  baa 
charge  of  the  administration  and  protection 
of  the  national  foreats  and  nlao  promotes 
th..  practice  of  forestry  through  Investiga- 
tions and  tbr  diffusion  of  Information. 

■roril  of  Hie  Government  In  forestry 
was  Initiated  by  tbe  appointment  of  Dr. 
Franklin  II.  Hough  In  J8"«  as  special  agent 
In  the  Department  of  Agrlo-ltur*.     In  1881 


Forest 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


a  division  of  forestry  wae  crested  In  (hat 
<l-lK.rlm.-ir  lii  100 1  this  dlTliloa  became 
the  Bureau  of  Forestry,  and  lo  1005.  wlien 
th*  car*  of  lb*  national   forest*  waa  given 

Stbts  bureau.  Ita  name  became  th*  WsSaat 
rrlc*. 

Frevlously  th*  car*  of  tb»  national  for- 
•ala  bad  b*»n  In  lb*  hands  of  lb*  Depart- 
DM91  ..i    in..   Intt 

.\   law  authorising  tba  prrftdent   to 

spar!    forest    reserves   was  pass-il    In 

I. mi    no    proi     lun    i    :  ...ilnlstratlon 

am]  use  km  mail.'  until   I 

-  ,n.| 

forraM  ii...  i0  ."iiHiOO  acres, 

irth   of  Iho    felted    S 

rib   of 

privately 

ills   of    the 

►  iiinrtiiiK      Umber      The      timber      privately 

d   la  not  only   f..nr  limes  ilint   publicly 

UKD.lL   bill   II  1h 

i  BtatM 

:•    III    quantity    ami     « 

far  0*7000  mot  upon  any  other  nre*  of 
almll.-.  vcred 

R.'i.OO : wilb  a  hi  and  of  not    Iras 

el    ...f   iii.r- 
.2      :..      pi 
Hinii.lni'ilH     .i     u  .i 
f..i...t    region*      ih..   n. . i [hem 
Ih*   central.   Hi..  .niiiiln    and    Cbe 

I'll'    i! 

i  be  present  rate  of  cutting  I*  three  I 
tli»   annual  growth    of    lbs    f..r.  ••»   of   th* 

1   mint    StatM       The    grelit    pineries 

nre     nearsug     eTlinustton     and 
li.'iirr    lun.niU    have    been    made    upon    the 
j     of    vnlual.ii'    Umber    throughout     all 
part*  nf  H. 

■    demand*  for  timber  hare  been 
i  pinning  the  urenl  centre*  of  lumber 

ry     t..«iir.l     the 
ipienee,    tbn    State   ..(     I' 
ifii  tor  several  year*  in  lumber  pr..dn 
now  followed  Id  order  by  Louisiana.  Mlsala- 
■...nil  i  nrollnn  ami  Oregon.      In  1012 
pine      I' 
amount.'d   lo   fourteen   and   one-half  ' 

Ho'  Douglas  tir  ..r  tba  Bortbwoal  held 

-I     place,     w.lh 

rii-r     billion      feet  :     while     whit' 

rnakrd  third,  though  le*a  waa  produced 
Ibnn  In  the  preceding  year:  onk  came  lint 
among  Ihe  hardwoods  •  -  . t  I ■  four  and  one- 
nud  »i-i  fnllnwH  In  order 
by  maple,  red  turn,  tulip,  poplar,  chestnut, 
beech  and  blrcfl 

W*  take  from  our  forests  yenrly.  Includ- 
ing w.i-.'..   In    logging    ami    In    innnuf  . 

■  '■ ilbti 

at   about   jl  .878,000,000, 

We  hoc  lo  i  th 
of    firewood,     loni.ii.i-. 

U  000  ■ 

!   r.r 

veueer.    ot.t    1 .1ii,(M>0,  flOO    nets   of   bendlr.ee. 

oi)    barret    linnpn. 

.-.ir.lH     of     native    pulp    Brood.     186,0 00 

feet    or    r.  nearly 

I  .r    dlntlll 

slid  r.cirly 
iraph  and  (■  Ii  phniia  pole*. 

IB     11)12    hi '     1.331  la   of    wood 

were  u-  -T  In   Ihe  manufacture  Of  pnper,  of 

.      Imported 

from  CjiiwJa,     The    i  '  pnlp 

I  Mi.,  aprticr  for- 
est*, winch  furnlah  In  principal  supply, 
though  n   number  of  other  wood*,   such    a* 

a ilar.  hemlock,  pine  and  bal»»m.   nre  now 
ng  ii  iimntlll**-     Tho 

1'oren! 

of  Agriculture  la  conducting   I" 
ration*    In    deterailne    what    other    • 
b*k*j  aa  acrob  pin.-,  while  Or.  tupelo  and  th* 
like,  can  be  aucreaafully  used. 


A  larger  drain  ror»*t  resources 

I*    in  demand    (or   railroad    tie*. 

White  oak,  hilbcito  th*  <bl*f  source  of 
r;pply,  :»  noc  plentiful  enough  to  meet 
th  a  dema:  il  naoy  part* 

i*  supply  of  chestnut,  cedar 
and  cypres*  I*  dwindling-  however,  method* 
of  treating  wood*  with  preservative  solu- 
tion* are  being  u*ed.  and  In  thla  way 
r  and  more  plentiful  wood*,  ouch  a* 
Southern  pine.  Doug)**  Mr,  tamarack  asd 
hemlock,  are  coming  Into  demand.  A  great 
anting  haa  been  effected  In  the  naval  etore* 
Industry,  alto  largely  through  th*  work  of 

th*  ao-raltta  "cop"  aj-itcin*  of  turpentining 
In  place  of  the  old  d  itractrv*  ayatee  of 
"boxing."     Th*  now  ayatem*  inan 

i     of    1..I-.  i  rd    prolong    (be 

life  of  the  long-leaf  pine  forewt*  upon  which 
Ihe  Induatry  deprnifa. 

Th*   |ot*|    appropriation    for   th*    For*** 

Srrrlrc   In   the    Dual  year   1014    la   t 

•  ■:■.  ...  a:;. I:  .     t  ■::;::  hi:.  I  ..-  I'M  :.   with  a 

in  of  j'.'Mnntw  BTBllable  for 

"K  and  prerrntltig  forest  aire*  In  casta 

of  extraordinary  i 

gTBilBT  recelMa  for  1013  were  paid 
by   the   holder*  ol  «   to  gTsre 

n..r>..«   ai-d    ln>g«.    ami    of 
grar*  T.f'. 
goal*.     The  receipts  from  timber  sale*  wcr* 
I       I     by    approxluiatelT    5JM     '. 
who     cut     the     r-qiiWafent 
board    feet    of   timber      The    recclpta    from 

Social    uses    were    paid    by    th*    hotdtr* 
approximately      6.000       permit*  la 

oiIit  word*,  these  receipt*  i 
able   use  of  the  forest*  by  at   least   3H.O00 

iluita   or   concerns.    To    tba    <m 
■-. h.ii   payment   mi  r   be  ado*d 

the  hcuvy  free  use  of  the  forests  by  th* 
public. 

in    Issuing    permit*    for    n-wrvolra.    con- 
duit*,  powcr-bonsc*  and   Iransralas^m  II' t* 
•i  ml  power  development  lb. 
rice  ha*  steadfastly  Insisted  on  con- 
ditions  designed   to    prevent    Hp...-iii«tl*e   or 
Srrpniiinl    holding*   m.  ire    the    fall 

i-i.i.iii     of    n vn ilnl.lt-     power    and    th* 
payment  of  reasonable  charge*   for  the  »*• 
of  land.     Tlie  total  aland  of  timber 
national    forest*   u  tatlmated   nt   nearly  *lx 
hundred  billions  board  feet. 

The  following  table  shows  the  tonal  cot 
of  ilmlHtr  In  board  tocl  from  the  national 
r-.n  m  iii  the  (ls:al  year  1V13: 


Bute 


Montana    .  . .  . 

■ 

Artie*  . 

Oregon 

so. 

. !,,!  „ 

Wa«hin«lou. .  . 
Arkanaa*  .  .  . 
N'«w  M 

»..    .. 
Mionnou  ... 


Toialr 


Cut  rndcrCnl    fndei    Tj.lrul 
S.I*  I.  -ibICbI 


Bwjftf/'nrf 

,      IWI.HCO 
6S,5W,000 

a  iio.ooo 

- 

3J.S3S.0TO 
?>.  140,000 

I    lll.UI.il 

(ll,'"l 

laiino 


B.sirJ  Fft 

4.4JO.OO0 
0,16  ZS 

•:...i.,...i..-i 
II. 001.000 

•»\r-- 

2.111,' 
14, 011.000 


f»'..IKKI 

12.000 

232.000 

42,000 


It-m^rm 


OI.ST2JO0 


so  jg  Loo 

IS 


f/o/IVOOO  I21M6M^^^^H 


Th»  value  of  the  puMic  prapcrty  i ilinlslstslll 
ly  lb*  Fom*i  Serrioa  is  astiosaMd  at  or»*  !■* 
bllUoB  dollars. 


_ 


Forest  Service.    (See  Agriculture,  De- 
partment of.) 
Forestry,    report   of    Commissioner    of 
Ajrrkulture     on,     transmitted,    4432, 
4462,  4535. 
Forestry.  Bureau  of,  work  of,  6658. 
Forestry  System: 

Inauguration  of,  di«euated,  0346,(5390. 
Plan*  for,  to  bo  formulated  by  com- 
mission, 6167. 
Forests.     (See  Lat'K  Tinker.) 
Formosa    Island,    ihip'a    company    of 
American  bark   Rorer  murdered   by 
inhabitants  of,  3529. 
Fort.— An  textoaed  place  armed  sad  manned 

i*  protection  of  a  city,  a  I  nrlK.r.  etc. 
Fort  Berthold  Reservation.  V.  Dak.: 
Agreement  for  cession  of  portion  of, 

nlted  State*,  51 18. 
Allotment    of    lands    in    severalty    to 

inns  on,  referred  to.  478S. 
Portion  of,  opened  to  settlement,  pro- 
claimed. 5579. 
Tort  Bliss,  Tex.: 
Title   of   I'nited   States   to,   referred 

MB,  4736. 
Troop*  ..  referred  to.  4991. 

Fort  Brllter.  Idaho,  treat r  of,  6087. 
Fort  Brown  (Tex.),  Attack  on.—  : 
•rqu'i  annexation  of   Texas  the 

Department,     apprehending     trouble 
with  Mrilco.  mci  all  the  available  i 
■.     (to 
rritnrx  between  tbe  Naecra  and  Klo 
il«  Riser*  was  claimed  by  both  Teus 
■  in!  Me»U»-     Geo    Zarlnry  Taylor  collected 
an  army  of  4.000  mm   a.   Corpus  •'hrlsll. 
nor  lb*  mouth  of  tbe   Noeee*.  In   Novem- 
ber.  is«s      Jsa    13.  was  ordered 
to  advance  to  a  position  on  the  Klo  (iran.te. 
ana  on  March  Ci  he  occupied  I'nlnt   label, 
on  the  const   of  tbe   Golf  of   Mexico.    Inst 
of  the  asoutb  of  the   riser.      Dtirlog 
April  Gen.   Taylor  uad  advanced  his  army 
■a    tbe    Rto   Grande    to   a    point    opposite 
aUtamoras.    wblcb    was    occupied    by    ilie 
;iu    army    under    Gen.    Arista.       Here 
•  allt   a    fort    under    tbe  di- 
rection  of   Major    Brown    and    nimwl    U    In 
bl»  honor.     Learning  that  bodtes  of  M-xl 
cans  had  crossed  the  river  both  shore  and 
below    hltn   wltb   tb- 

him  off  from    bli  supplies  si    Pont    Isabel. 
Taylor   fell   bock    toward    tbe    latter   plnce 

Ky  1.  Learning  of  bis  departure,  the 
_BM  on  May  3  iiegan  a  honey  bom- 
barumeot  of  Fort  llmirn,  which   »n  eon- 

»**a  at  Interrnli  cn'll  tin-   l«b.     It   w»s 
lastly    defended    be    MnJ.    Brown    and 
plain*  nnirkln»  and  Mansfield.    The  for- 
mer   wss    killed    during    ibe    eagneetnrnt. 
eie  only  o»ber  fatilirv  was  tint   of  Rent. 
rl«rt.    Thirteen  prlrates  were  wounded. 
Fort   Cameron  Reservation,  Utah,  dis- 
posal of,  recommended,  4740. 
Fort  Delaware,  Del.,  title  to  island  on 
which    it   stand*   referred    to,   1090, 
1125. 
Fort  Dodgo  Military  Reservation,  Iowa. 

Disposal  of.  referred  to.  4690. 
Fort   DonaUon    (.Term.).   Capture   of.— 
After  tbe   taking  of  Port  Hesry    the   next 
locleal   more  jgnln't   tbe  Coofedemie  line 

f'lice  la  the  West  w*s  the  re.l 
of  Fort  Doaelaoa.     Tbl*  was  a  large  aeld- 


run*. 
victors,     linmt's 


work  of  100  seres,  on  a  bluff  100  feet  high. 
near  the  town  of  Dover,  Term.,  on  tb* 
rambeusud  UIt.t.  *t*.ut  «:t  tnllcs  fr..m 
Nashville.  It  nmunied  Ol  tuns  sad  *«> 
garrisoned  ' 

Feb.  12.  ISoi  Brig.  Gen.  Grant  with 
men  a   lb*  work*  hy   n:iy  of  (be 

rondu    leading    from    Port     deary.      While 
Grant    was    plnclng   bit    forces    In    p 
Commodore  Foot*  arrived   i  . 

Hi.    fori    nllh  s  Srvt   of  6  gunboat*. 
4  of  them  Imnclad.    On  the  liiii 
Are.     In  a  desperate  attaek   3  of  tb* 
•els  were  disabled  and  the  others  withdrew 
after  a   lo««  of  54  ova.      i  ■•-   Ibe 

blaff  were  too  high  to  he  *lleni- ■■■ 
water  level.     On  tbe  day  of  tin- 
ful    attack    by   tbe   gunboats   Gen.    Wallace 
arrived       with       reenforcetneala.       swelling 
<:;anr'a  command   t»  37.0<» 
Floyd   made  *n  attempt    to   force  bis  way 
through     tb*     surrounding     Fcl. 
Flighting    eoallsneil    nil    day    during    moat 
Intensely    coM    we*t«»r       When    al*    I 
upon   Donelson  the  Confederate^ 
their  works.     Durlct:  the  nlgbt    i 
r. 'Mr.-i  hi.   I-. and  to  Pillow  ina  h-  to 

Buckr.er.     Tbe  two  foenwr  escaped  lor    way 

of    the    river   during 

morning  Kuckner  «nrreadered  the  fort  an- 

luiiully    to    Grant. 
17.«W    sm  ill     triiix.    and 
fell  Into  tbe  hand*  of  the 
losses   w*re    2.SS2    In    «l  l^d.    won 
Uhssini?  rratea    lost    2.3O0    In 

killed  and  wounded. 
Fort   Erie    (Canada).   Battle   at— June 

1.  lull.  MrJ.  Gen.  Brown  established  bead- 
quarters  at  Bn-a"o  with  tbe  Intention  of 
retaking    tl  ml*    of   Panada. 

try,  commanded  by  Generals  Scott  anil 
ley,  respective!/,  and  to  c«ch  were  added 
a  train  of  artllirry  sad  a  »<|iind  of  cavalry. 
There  was  nlw  a  hrlgnd^  of  1.1  imi  New 
York  and  Frnnsylvnnln  volunteers  *nd 
Indian*.  July  S  (be  Am. than  Army 
crossed    tbe    S'lagam 

•nrrender   i  i.rltlsh 

poart  on  tbe  Canada  side.  MnJ.  llnrk.  wim 
the  garrison  of  170  men.  yielded  without 
s  gtrumtl*  Aog.  5  Geo  Galnra  arrived 
at  Fort  Erie  to  take  command  of  tbe 
American  army  of  2.5<X>.  wblcb  had  re- 
lo  tbe  southward  after  th"  hut  tie 
Here  be  w. 
by  Lieut. -Col.  l»rumm.>nd  with  .1.000  mew. 
The  latter  subjected  tbe  fort  to  a  heavy 
haasbardment  all  day  Anu.  14  and  on  Ibe 
midnight  and  dawn,  made 
a  aeries  of  desperate  assaults,  •howla*  no 
quarter  to  Amrrlenns  wb»  fell  lnt> 
pow*r.  Tba  British  were  driven  off.  wltb  a 
teas  of  231    killed.    174   wounded   and    10«I 

Ertsoncrs.  Tbe  American  loas  was  17  kill.-.!. 
S  wounded,  and  11  missing.  After  this 
repels*  tbo  British  kept  up  n  constant 
boabirdaent  of  Um  fort  for  several  weeks 
Gen.  Gaines  was  seriously  Injsred.  and 
r.fo.  Brown  resumed  command,  though  In 
III  health  and  suffering;  from  wounds  re- 
ceived at  r.nadvs  Lane.  Sept.  17  ■  sortie 
wa*  made  by  about  1.000  retmlars  sod  tbe 
ism*  nnmber  of  mllltla  upon  tbe  British 
Outpost*,  and  all  their  batteries  were  cap 
tnred  or  destroyed.  This  saved  Buffalo  and 
perhaps  all  of  western  New  York  and  s*r1- 
•male  crippled  the  enemy.    Tbe  lots  to  tbe 

■b  during  tbe  sortie  was  S00 
wounded,  and  mtsalag.  »nd  38."i  prisoners. 
Th*  American  loss  was  70  killed  and  Jlfl 
wemnd.d  Aft.-r  this  disaster  Drnmmond 
retired  preetp'tn'^'r  and  tbe  Americana 
■  bondoned  and  destroyed  Fort  Erie. 
Fort  Erie,  Canada,  reduction  of,  by 
American  anna,  524. 


Fort  Fisher  Mrs-sages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Fort  ruber    (N.   0.),   Capture   of.— in 

NoT«ml>cr,  1SU4,  no  expcdltlou  wai  planned 

■  catimt  Fort  FUhcr,  N.  C  This  fort  oc- 
cupies a  peulnauln  on  the  aoutli  enaat  of 
North  Carolina,  between  the  nnnili  of  Ilia 
Cape  Fear  Blver  and  the  Atlantic  Occun, 
about  is  mil*!  from  Wilmington.  It 
formed  the  principal  defi  a  city, 
which  •m  the  iuo»t  linpnrtiinl  M 
through    which    tba   Southern    Confedcrncr 

i|    foreign  i  ml    from    which 

i-  runnera  ladm  with  eet- 

too   and  other  product*  of   the   Mouth.       It 

tt»»    »i>"    deemed    a    point    of    conaldorable 

lc  Importance  Perl  Fiaber  ami  Ita 
connected    work-  The 

annaim-nt  of  the  worka  guarding  the  ap- 
proach**   t"    YYllmlngi  atom    160 

gun*.     Including     aoine     160-ponnder     Aim 
strong  Bona.     The  gnrrUoti  of  the  fori 
outwork*    con»l«tcd    of    tfiOO    men.      l>ec. 

i:t,    ism    ii..'  npi'iiiiLiii  amrti'd.     it   wi» 

composed  of  n   fieri  of  ill  rraael*.  can 
066  gun*,  aome  of  them  of  '   cali- 

ber, and  a  land  force  of  0,600  men  under 

■  .-it  It. .tier  The  expedition  wna  accom- 
panied by  n  bout  loaded  with  SIB  tone  of 
gunpowder,  which  It  win  designed  (0  a* 
plod*  In  the  vicinity  of  the  fort,  with  tne 
objerl  of  Igniting  nnil  iplodlug  I  hi  inaga- 
•  Inea.  Thla  proved  n  failure,  Iiec.  24  the 
fort  waa  bombarded  by  the  fleet  for  an 
hmir   and    a    half.      The    next    day.  after    n 

rccoonaleaancc  by  the  laud  troopa.  But- 
ler ordered  Ihelr  rvctnbnrkatlon  and  re 
turn.  Butler  waa  relieved  of  'he  command 
ami  anperaeded  hj  Hen  Terry,  with  the 
adillilnii  of  1.600  im  ii  .mil  a  amall  alrire 
train.  Jan.  13,  lhtlj.  the  fori 
attacked.      The   troopa    were   landed    nml»r 

the    proteell r    I-..rter"a    gun*,      tin    'he 

Hth  a  aninl:  advance  work  wna  taken  by 
the  Federal*.  The  ahlpa  reopened  lira  on 
the    15th.      At    .1    P.    M.    a    general    assault 

waa   made,   1    for   B**    BOON    ■   desperate 

band-to  hand     encounter     wna     uinltiiiilix-il 

Net  until  10  P-  M.  wn«  realatiii BOM  and 

the     gin  in    aurti'tider.       Two 

thousand    and    »lghty-thr»»    prlaonera    were 
taken,    Including    Gen     whiting    ana    Ool 
Lamp.      Tba    Federal    low    wna    II" 
and     •  :'"    wounded.      The   Confederate   lorn 

In  killed  nnd  wounded  waa  I t  600      The 

next  morning  be  the  accidental  explosion  of 
a  macailsa  BOO  men  were  killed  and  100 
wound. -ii. 

Fort  Oalnes  (Ala.),  Reduction  of.  (See 
Mobile  Bay  (Ala.),  Battle  of.) 

Fort  Gained,  Ala.,  rclm-lion  of,  and 
order*  regarding  celebration  of,  3439. 

Fort   George    (Canada).   Captor*   of.  - 

After  the  occupation  of  Toronto,  April  27, 
ini:;,  i be  Auiei  li'un*  turned  their  attention 
in    in  fort*   along    the    Niagara 

Hirer.      On   the  west  aide  of  the  rlt.  | 

near    Ita   mouth    Mood    Fort    .-..-c     which 

waa  held  by  about  l.MHi  regular*,  360  ml- 
I  It  In.  and  00  Indians,  under  Itrlg.-Ocn  Vin- 
cent  and  Colonels  llnrvrv  nnd  Merer*, 
oalte  Fort  (loorge  waa  the  Aroer- 
Ican  I  '"■  t  Slagnrs,  In  and  abonl  which 
tuiil   been   collected   sooac   4j000   troop*   un- 

lill     of     lien.      Ili-nrlinrn,         Acting 

under  him  were  Mai.  <.en  Morgan  Lewis. 
Oenenila  llovd,   Winder,  and  chandler,  nnd 

COl.  Wllifleld  Sen,  Mnv  ST.  1819,  «n 
attack     wna    made    on     Pan    Qeorg*,      The 

nrmy  waa  tr.iiu I  to  the  Canadian  noil 

by    the    Beet    odder   Coi lore   cimunoey 

and  Cant.    Perry,     .\ft*r   ■    wrtn   battle 

of  'j(i  minute*  the  Brltlah  fled  In  ronfualon 
toward  Hearer  llama.  18  mllea  distant,  to 
rcndcfxmi*  At  the  end  of  3  hour*  Fort 
George  and  It*  dependenclea,  with  the  til- 


lage of  Newark,   were  In  the  hand*  of  the 

Ami. I.  an.-        Their      lo»«      waa     abou- 

100  wound.. I.      Tl       loss  of  the 
British    regular*    waa    61     killed     am: 
wounded,     mi  aalngj.     and     prisoner*.       The 
number  of  Canadian    mllltla   nude  prlaon- 
era waa  60*.  making   I  i.rttl.h  loss 
803.    aa   well   aa  large  quantities  of  ai 
Billon    and    alor>  I,    a   party 
of  -tn    Aiiieiir.ni>,  ..ml,  .:r.  lu 
attempting  to  drlre  off  a  anvil!  .1 
of  Brltlah  nnd  Indiana  who  bad  approached 
to  within  n  couple  of  aril**  of  Furt  Qcorge. 
were    amino 

bird,    and  '    the    party    escaped. 

The    wounded    and    pilaouera    were    maaaa- 

Fort  George,  Canada,  reduction  of,  by 

Amerirnn    nrrns,    I 

Fort   Origwold    (Conn.).   Capture   of. 

Sept.  . 

had  accureil  New   l-ondon.  tbey  carried  by 

aaaault   Fort  Urltwold.  on  the  oppouli 

of     the    ilvcr.       I  in- 

■tubborn  rvalatance 

160     men     73    were     killed,     including    Cat 

Ledyard.     tba>    1 1 

wounded,  many  after  i..nu..-  >. 
Fort   Hall   Reservation,    Idaho,    ■ 

1 1  ii  n  a   for  disposal  of 
on.  for  u»c  of  railroad.  4635, 

477:".   .Ms: 
'""!     to     Hi-tllcinent,    6(197,    68*3, 

toes, 

Fort  Harrison  (Ind-).  Attack  on. 

(aflerwarda  fienvrnl  and  Presided  i  7*o*. 
ary    Taylor,    Sepi      «. 

enforcement*  reached  blm.  n  blockhouse  «■ 
the  Wabash  Biter,  Ind..  with  a  garrlao*  •*" 

50      linn,       III      or      .-.  -n V :.  I.--.-1  TIjT      f  r.  -Ill 

agalnat    a    tierce   aiuault    of    Indian*.     The 
aavagei   act    flrn    to   tha   blockhouse, 
lor'i   bias   was  3   killed   and  :i    wounded. 

Fort  Henry   (Tenn.),   Captor*  of.— Th* 

main    Hoc    of   Confederate    defense    In    tha 

in     Ji  in.. ...-       I 
i  olumbut,     Kv.     on    the    Mlwilsalppl    Rlrer, 
to    the    Cumberland    Mniininlns,    lu    > 
Tcnnemcc.      On    thl*  Vnae    wer« 

Forta  ii  in.-  and  [>onel*on,  I*  the  north- 
rrn  pari  .r  T.  nu.-  :..-.  Ihu  former  en  tit 
eaatern   bonk   of   the   Tcnm-aare    Itln  i 

la  i.  i     ..ti     iii.      \". ■  >i ,-t-ii     r*uk    of    tha 
rland.    about    12    mllea    apart. 
Ilalleck,     commander    of    tha     l".<i-arlatrat 
of    Mlaaourl.    determlni 

tack  on    Fori    Henry,    whlrh   wa*   near  tba 
center  of  Ibe  line      Jan    90   au  ex^- 
•nt    out    from    Cairo,    onal.'ln. 
gunboat*.   *   of  them   Ironclad,    uudei 

maud    of    Conn lore    Poote.    and    •    land 

Tim- t    :  niauded   by    Bi 

Gen.   tin. ni       i>u    the   night   of  FcV  6 
infantry     were    landed    i   mllr«     from     - 
fort.     'I  he  gunboats  anchored  abn-an 
10    o'clock    the    next    morning,    when    thff 
began    to    advance.      !•"■"    Henry     w 


17  gun*  and 

under     command     of 


a*  gartlaoned  t-\ 

d    of     Brtg.-Cen.     Ttlghmaa 
The    at  tuck    wna    to    hnvc    been    made    by 
the  gunboat  a,  acconded  by  the  land   forcea. 
Fnnte   began    the    hotuburdn 
arrival    of   Oen.    iln.r.t.    who**    march    waa 
I      br     muddy      rnadt     aDd      awnllas 
atream*.      Tllghman    anawered    the    Are   (at 
•lie    gunboat*    for    I    hnm 
and    theu    mirrendered    unenodltlonally.    tha 
greater     part    of    hla    garrbtoo     having    al 
ready    eacaped     to    Fort    Donelaon.       Grant 
arrived  half  an   hour  after   the   battle 
the  fort  wa*  turned  orer  to  him.    The  part 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Fort  Mifflin 


of  tbc  garrison  that  surrendered  consisted 
of  about  &«  ablc-bodleo  mm  and  80  In 
vallds.  Tllghtuau'*  loss  was  '.'t  killed.  end 
»'iill!llll4.      Tbc    Federal   loss    was    *«• 

Tort  Henry.  Term.,  thank*  of  President 

lu    forces    capturing,   3305. 
Fort  Jackson,  Ala.,  treaty  with  Indian* 

concluded  at,  884). 
Fort  Leavenworth.  Kans.: 

Kstimates   for   barrack*  at,  referred 

to.  4iiti«,  tin*. 

Military  prison  at,  nao  of,  as  Govern- 
ment     penitentiary,      discussed, 

016L 

Recommended,  5989. 
Fort  Lewis,    Colo,  estimate*  for  post 

•t,  4(177. 
Fort  McAllister  (Oa.).  Capture  Of,  and 
Fall    of    Savannah.— After    th»   d>*truc- 

ei.in  at  AOasU  »n<l  U*  railroad  connection* 
i.  :i  Sherman  took  up  bl»  march  toward 
Savannah.      Ill*  army  wax  composed  of  tbc 

Fourteenth.     Fifteenth,     Be'   I nth,     and 

leth  Corp*.     Oan.  Howard  commanded 
th*    right    wing   and   <!»n.    Slocurn    the    left. 
The    cavalry    won    under    tb*    direction    of 
lien.  Kllpatrlck.     Sherman  passed  down  tha 
1/,-nlri'Mila  between  tbo  Ogeccbco  and  Snv*»- 
mid  about   the   middle  of  Decem- 
ber ap|K»n'd  before  Savaiiimli.   lu-lil  by  tha 
■  derate    Ueneral    Mardee    with     l.%,0nO 
■  uih    of    Savannah,   on    tbo 
Itgi-echM     River,     aiand*     Fort     McAllister, 
which    had    i      •■■I'd    ::'»ny  *tt»eV»    fi.nu   tint 
•ea  and  effectually  prevented  tat  MCMI   SI 
the    river    by    the    Federal    gunboats.      Tha 
di  f  >n*e*  of  the  fort  wet*  Weak  to  the  land- 
ward and  a  garrlaon  of  tea*   Mian  800  DMB 
held    the  works.      Kort    McAllister  mounted 
23  (una  In  barbette  and  1  mortar.     Iiec.  13, 
IBM.  fl-u    liaseu'i  division  of  the  Fifteenth 
t'orpa   crossed   the    rtver  and    assaulted   tha 
f.it  from  the  rear.     The  garrison  wax  over- 
powered  and    In    15   minutes   *fter   the    bu- 
gle sounded  "Forward"  tha  fort  was  taken. 
nnlcatloa  «»  now  open  Ko  I  mlilKren'a 
fleet,  lying  In  the  harbor,      Siege  guns  wera 
brought   from    Hilton    Head,   and    when    the 
rural     of     Savannah     was     completed 
■  iiu    demanded   Ha   surrender.      I!.': 
d.   but  on  the  night  of  Dec.   20,    when 
all    the   arrangements    for    the   assault    had 
been  completed,   he  evacuated    the  city.      It 
was  occupied  nail  day  hi  Sherman'*  army. 
Two  hundred  guns  and  35.000  ba!i>*  of  rot- 
ton    fell    in t.-.    Federal   hand*.      Tbu*    ended 
Sherman's  mareb  from  Atlanta  to  the  sea.  a 
distance   of   morf    than   SOU   miles.      Out   of 
entire    army    of    60,000    men    63    were 
killed,  "-15  wounded,  and  L'UO  were  captured 
OB   i he  march,  which  consumed  27  days. 

Fort  McHenry  (Md.),  Bombardment  of. 

In    September.    1814,    the  British   planned 

to  take  Baltl in  by  a  combined  land  and 

sen  attack.  The  night  nfler  the  battle  of 
•■'.nil  rim  tin.  I'.r  itlxh  remained  on  the 
Held,  The  following  morning.  Sept.  13. 
ISM.  the  British  fleet,  consisting  of  14) 
heavy  vessels,  6  of  them  bomb  ships,  began 
the  attack  on  Fort  McUenry,  3  miles  south 
east  of  the  elty.  The  fort  was  defended 
by  MaJ.  Armlatend  with  about  BOO 
The  homhaniiuf nt  continued  25  hours  Tim 
American  loas  was  <  killed  and  24  wounded. 
It  was  during  this  bombardment  that  Fran- 
el»  Scott  Key  wrote  "The  Riar-Su*tigli'<l 
Banner."  The  British  withdrew  after  loo- 
Iner  2   vessels  and   a    la  re  number  of  men. 

Fort  McKtnnty  (Wyo.).  estimates  for 
completion  of  post  at,  4680. 


Fort  Mackinaw  (Mick.),  Capture  of.— 
The  War  of  1812  waa  proclnltu.il  June 
18  t«07).  The  British  In  Canada  learned 
of  It  sooner  than  their  adversaries  serosa 
the  lakes.  July  17  a  Com  of  Dim)  British 
and  Indians  under  (.'apt.  Huberts  sut  p 
and  capuited  the  garrison  of  61  iiBIiti 
no  n  under  l.lelll  llnurk*  *l  )'ori  Ml.hlli- 
macklnac.  or  Mackinaw.  An  attempt  to  re- 
capture It  In   1M«  was  unmccesiful. 

Fort  Mackinaw.  Mick.,  attempted  re- 
duction of,  referred  to,  534. 
Fort  Madison  (Iowa),  Defense  of. — 
Sept.  5.  1812,  about  von  Winnebago  Indi- 
ana attacked  Fort  Madison,  on  the  Missis- 
sippi  River    above   St.    I-oul*.  and    *T*1 

I  after  3  days'  fighting  Tha  garrison 
consisted  of  a  small  detachment  under 
Lieutenant*  Hamilton  and  Vasqucs.  The 
Americans    lost    one    man. 

Fort  Maglnals,  Mont.,  estimate*  for  post 

at,  4687. 
Fort  Maiden.  Canada,  reduction  of,  by 

American  amis,  524. 
Fort  Marcy,  Military  Reservation  (New 

Hex.),  disposed  of,  6872. 
Fort  Meigs  (Ohio),  Bombardment  of.— 
In  April,  1813,  Col.  I'roctor.  with  a  force 
of  1,000  British  regains  ami  Canada  mili- 
tia and  1.500  Indian*,  set  out  on  an  ex- 
pedition against  Port  M- Igs,  on  the  Mau- 
mt-e  Itlver,  about  1-  mllel  from  ll«  (DoUlb. 
Ben  Harrison  was  there  with  about  1.100 
effective  men.  May  1  the  British,  having 
•'.  batteries  at  Manatee  ■  it\.  oppo- 
site   the    fort,    opened     Hre.     wlllrh     tiler     l.i  ;.t 

up   for  5   dnys   with    slight   Injury   to   fort 
or      garrison.        Meantime      Harrison      was 
reeoforced   by   Oen.   Ci»y   and    l.ioo   Keu- 
tii.-fcl.-in>        Eight    hundred    of    these,    under 
Oil.    Dudley,   were  detached  with  orders    to 
attack  the  British  rear.     They  wt 
fill    at    Ur*t.    hat     Instead    of    obeying    Ihc 
order  to  return  they  pursued  the  living  f't-- 
Into  the  Wood*  and   fell   into  an  Itnllan  am 
bu»h.       Of  the   800    In    Du.i 
only  170  escaped.     After  the  fruitless  bom- 
Lu rilui.  hi,  the  Indians  deserting  I'roctor,  ba 
abandoned   the  expedition. 

Fort  Meigs,  Ohio,  British  attack  on,  re- 
pulsed, 524. 
Fort  Mercer  fK.  J.),  Attack  on  — 
Though  tbc  British  force*  under  Ucn.  Howe 
had  occupied  Philadelphia  In  September, 
177T.  Waahlagfna'a  army  In  the  Imoi. 
vicinity  controlled  the  navigation  of  tha 
Delaware  and  BcbnylkDl  rivers.  Just  be- 
low the  mouth  of  the  latter  stream,  and  on 
the  opposite  side  of  the  Delaware,  at  Bad 
Bsnk.    N.    J.,    was    Fort    M   ret  r.     In    eoa- 

lllliud    of   Col,    OtfejMl     Willi    ■    fitree    ,,r    n!in!|. 

•loo  men.  Admiral  Lord  Howe  hnvlne  ar 
rived  at  Newcastle  with  hla  fleet  early  In 
October,  the  necessity  of  opening  the  river 
to  British  navigation  became  urgent.  Oct 
22.  en  attack  was  mad*  on  Fort  M 
by  the  British  ships  and  some  1,200  lle»- 
►  lan  troops.  The  assailants  were  repulsed 
with  a  loss  of  400.  On«  of  tbc  shin*  ground- 
ed and  2  other*  were  burned.  The  Ameri- 
can   easualtle*    were    ft, 

Fort  Mifflin  (Pa.),  Attack  on.-One  of 

the  principal  defers,  v  of  the  Iielauare  Hirer 
after  the  occupation  of  Philadelphia  In 
September.  177i,  was  Fort  MIITIIn,  Just  be- 
low the  mouth  of  Ihe  Behuylkin.  On  the 
arrival  of  Admiral  Howe  with  hi*  fleet  off 
Newi-axtle  Del.  early  in  netobcr,  H  be- 
c»me  neresaary  to  open  the  river  to  Brit 
lab   navigation.      Tort   Mifflin   was  In  com- 


Fort  Mifflin  Messages  and  Papers  of  (he  Presidents 


ninnd  of  Lieut. -CoL  Smith,  of  Rn'tlmore. 
with  a  rirtlnon  of  about  4ilO  men,  trailing 
dl'»>iruu.l7     at     I  .-r.    the    Urlil-.li 

I  to  fort  Miniln.  A  combined  attack 
by  Uic  land  and  water  betterlc*,  Iwguu  on 
i  Hi"  retreat  of  the 
American  earrlsnn  to  Fort  Mercer  on  tho 
night  of  Not.  10.  1777,  with  th*  Iom  i 
men.  Tli.'  nrxt  day  th.'  Ilo-ral  Cuanta  05. 
copied  Hi.-  works.     The  ltrltlsh  Iom  wa»  87. 

Fort    Mima    (Ala.)    Manner*.— In    the 

ir   of    1813    th«    Inhabitant!   of   Ala- 

lioma.  frightened  by  tho  hostile  actions  of 

Creek    Indiana,    took    refuge    at    Fort 

EMTJi     Ala..     10    mile* 

above    the   Junction    of    the    Totablgbee    and 

Alabama   river*.     Th*  place  «*»  garrisoned 

by    1H    regular*    and   about   240 

<.t  noon,  a  13.  about  1.000  In 

under  TVeathersford  and  the  prophet  Francl* 

surprised     the    fort       Of    the    650    persona 

than    300    of    whom    were    1 
and  children  I  who  at  the  time  were  nt  Fort 
Mlm*.    400    were    mosaacrcd.    Including     all 
the  »    >  11      The  whit**  realat- 

ed  dc  [icra'ely  Th.-  iiexrOM  were  made  slave* 
to  the  Indian*.  Twelve  men  of  the  garrl- 
•on    Heaped    into    the   swamp. 

Fort  Morgan  (Ala.),  Redaction  of.  (8eo 
Mobile.  Buy    (Ala.),  Buttle  of.) 
Orders  regarding  celebration  of,  3439. 
Fort  Moultrie,  Charleston   (8.  0.).  De- 
fense of.— la   ITTC  mrscd 

with  holding  the  Southern  Colonic*  and 
■  'iimwallli  was  »ent  to  h'.»  aid  with 
troop*  under  convoy  of  sir  Patar  1'arker'a 
fleet.  Clmilc-  l<e  cc-mmnnded  the  Ameri- 
can* In  the  vicinity  of  Charleston.  Will- 
iam Moultrie  was  In  charge  of  a  little  fort 
of  palmetto  lag*  on  Sulllvnna  Inland.  S.  C. 
le  fleet  appeared  and  on  th* 

I'.imboiil'-d    Iron  Clinton'* 

troopa  had  already  landed  on  tan*-  laland. 

-Inierleanx  fired  with  precision  nnd 
effect,  nod  one  ahlp  was  abandoned.  Clin- 
ton'l  forcea  failed  to  attack,  and  In  a  few 
days   the  Ilrlil.  h  rlcan 

luiu   waa   i:   killed   and   24   wounded.      The 

ii  Iom  waa  205,  anil  eal]  ant  »f 
tli.-lr  veatela  remained  seaworthy      An  lad- 

SOf    ml*    battle    wan    the    rvnlaclns    by 
••rut    Jasper  of  a  flag  which  had  been  allot 
from  the  bastion.     This  fort  was  abate: 
I1.1     ilm   Federals  under   Ma).    Robert    Ander- 
-"ii    III  1)11.   and   was   aelxed    by    the 

Confederates,  who  served  a  but'ery  from  It 
during  the  bombardment  of  Fort  Sumter, 
April    12-14.   IRf.l. 

Fort  Myar,  Va.,  meteorological  obaerr- 
atorv  at,  establishment  of,  recom- 
mended,  4702. 

Fort  Niagara  (N.  Y.l.  Bombardment  of. 

— Nov.  21,  1812,  Furl  Klafiara  sustained  a 
bombardment  at  the  hands  of  the 
British  artillery  at  Forts  George  and  New- 
ark, on  the  Canadian  aide  Ot  IB*  Nlasjara 
Itlver.  The  Americans  returned  the  Are 
and  silenced  the  hatterlea  of  the  enemy. 
The  loas  to  the  American*  was  B ;  British 
Iom  waa  not   known. 

Fort  Omaha  Military  Reservation, 
Nobr.,  art  to  provide  for  lease  of,  to 
Nebraska,  vetoed,  8119. 
Fort  Pillow  (Tenn.),  Capture)  of.— Thi* 
fort  waa  located  on  the  Chickasaw  BluiT, 
In    the    Mississippi    River.    40    miles    above 

I  built  by  the  Confederates 

II  War  ii  v.-.i .  go  > ■  1  ■  1  •-<! 
by  it  ne  &.  IMS,  its 
evacuation    having   been    compelled    by    tho 


n    of   the   Confederate    flotilla  on 

*  set 

Ions  afterwards  abandoned  It  la  ronavejneare 

of  operations  on  the  Tennessee  River.     April 

12.    1SU4,    the    fort    wo*   gntrlson.-d    by    19 

.km  Army, 
abont  one-half  of  whom  srere  negro  troops. 
On  thnt  d.'  est  with  Confederate 

cavalry   assaulted   and   captured    lt_ 

Fort  Polk,   Tex.,  removal  of,  referred 

to,  2603. 
Fort  Powell  (Ala.),  Redaction  of.    (See 
Mobile  I  .  Battle  of.) 

Orders  regarding  celebration  of,  3439. 
Fort  Preble  Military  Bssaerratlon,  Me, 
al    land    for,    recomm.  : 
4777. 
Fort  Riley,  Kami.,  bridge  over  Rcpnhli- 
can  River  at,  recoiintrueiiin 
ommended,   4777. 
Fort     Ripley     Military      Reaerratloo. 
Minn.,    Indian    school    at,    establish- 
mm!  of.  reierrod  to,  468.1. 
Fort  St.  PhtUp  (La.),  Bombardment  of. 
—Jan.  0.  r-  Milah  were  barr- 

ing ili.lr  di»d  before  New  <>r',-nna.  a  portloa 
fleet  attacked  without  aucce-s*  Fort 
:-t     l  hlllp    in    a    bend    In    the    Mi 
«."■  ml\-s  below  tbi    ell]       Ir  cuutalned 

rtosm.     Tae 

:    five  d*r»- 

Two  American*  were  killed  and  T  wonauV-4. 

Fort  Selden,  N.  Mex.,  estimate-*  for  post 

at,  referred  '••.  '■'' 
Fort    8borman    Military    Be*ver»atioo 

(Idaho),  disposition  of,  A937,  68 
Fort  Sill   Indian  Sab-Agency,  referred 

to,' 
Fort  Smith,  Paris  and  DardaaeUe  Rail' 

way,  act  granting  right  of  way  to, 

etc..  vetoed,  5278. 
Fort  Stedman  (Va.),  Assault  on.— Wae* 
In  March,   1805,  It  became  apparent  to  l/tt 
that  Im  must  evacuate  Richmond,  be  pUnnc* 
an    assault    on    I  .an.    oo    Grant'* 

.lug   the   *>«ault    tangstreet  aai 
lllll    were  to  retire   to   the    south,    folloeei 
by   the  assaulting  column,  and    , 
lea,      'ih.    aaaaull  March    2J 

The  batierlcs  were  cai  no  prl-soaert 

captured       The  Confederate!  were  rathere* 
work*   they    hod    taken.      March  IT 
the  suri'iiuiidlna  artillery  of  the  T'nl-.n  erwt 
wa*   br«u-hi    I..  i    ••    |K.<ltlna.  *al 

1.900  of  the  Confederate*  (urrendcrcd.    The 
il   loss  wa*  010. 

Fort  Stephenson  (Ohio),  Attack  ©av- 
In  July,  1S13.  MaJ.  Croatian  waa  seat  wlO 
160  men    to  enrrlson   Fort    Stephenson,  er 

!'ro<tef. 
h    resular*  aad  *■" 
hi  .I    Indians,    while  Tocumaeh,    with   2.09* 

M  the  mads  leadlnic  to  the 
ao  as  to  cut  of  i  The  flrlajc 

waa    maintained    all    nlarht    from    Pro 

Sunboat*  and  from  bowl-jers  landed  by  ike 
1  «><  n>a«-. 
whleh  the  «-«n-l«oa  r>— nl"il  e-lth  ibe  loss 
of  1  limn  killed  nnd  7  sllchttr  wwnd'd. 
The  British  lo*i  ami  120.  The  Indian*  kept 
out  of  barm's  way. 

Fort  Snlllvan,  Me.,  legislation  to  ao- 
thnrize  Bale  of  post  at,  recommended, 
4783. 


Lower  Sandusky,  dow  Fremont,  ' 
20  mlli'»  :  lu  ky  Bay. 

attacked     Aiibt. 
iO  Brfl 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Forts 


Fort  BmoUr  (8.  C.)  Fired  oo.-At  »:80 

o'clock  OS  tbe  Bsornlnf  Of  April  12.  1861. 
On-  Beauregard,  in  command  of  the  Con- 
federate troop*  In  and  aroand  Charleston, 

deosended  tb*  surrender  of  Fort  Sum- 
ter. In  Charleston  Harbor,  (boat  3W  miles 
from  the  citj.  The  tort  was  garrisoned 
s.j  Maj.  Andersoa  with  70  care.  Beauregard 
•  of  7.000  MM.  Anderson  bar. 
la«  refased  to  aorreodrr.  at  4  :30  a.  u.  th* 
bsenharrtsaiat  was  begun.  Tb«  firing  wa* 
kept  up  until  dark  and  renewed  on  the 
oorolna-  of  the  laih.  Lal'-dlnga  in  tba  fort 
■♦re  several  Umes  set  on  Ore.  Anderson 
eras  only  abla  ta  mora  a  feeble  Ore.  and 
It  wa*  impossible  to  furnish  bla  with  tbo 
Bomber  of  reinforcement*  oeeessarT  (o  bold 
tbr  fort.    Accordlogly.  oa  April  14  be  evaeu- 

lie    worka     lowering   tbc  Oac   wltb   a 
and  wim  it..'  gartlsoa  sailed  aorth. 
Tbl»  was  the  On!  coo  It  let  of  tbe 
There  wet*  ao  cnsunltles  on  either 

Fort  Sumter,  8.  O,  assault  upon,  and  re- 
daction of,  discussed,  3222,  3278. 
Flag  floating  over,  at  time  of,  to  bo 
raised  on  ruins  of,  by  Gen.  Ander- 
son. 
Fort   Thornburg.   TJtah.   estimate*   for 
construction   of  post  at,  referred  to, 
4670. 
Fort  Wagner  (S.  0.).  Battle  of.— in  or- 
I    test    lb*   efficacy   of    monitor*   and 
Ironclads  as  against  land  forttncsllou*.  Ad- 
miral  Dnpoot   attempted    to   force  tbo   dc~ 
frtiaea   of   Charleston    Harbor   tilth   a   fleet 
I.   Ttaaela.     April  7.  1843.  be  started 
to  attack  Fort  Sumter.      Ill*  fleet  consisted 
sea    monitors,    tbo    frigate    /roa- 
»*Jr*.   partially    liouclad,    and    th-    Keokuk, 
a     frailer     Ironclad.       Tbe     opposing     forts 
•••  guua.    Th.-  <ipedltlon  signally 
nor*  waa  placed 
ka   romtaand  of  an   expedition  arsl-.nt   th* 
•am*  fort   wltb    1 1  500  men.  66  gun*,  and 
30  mortars.      Admit  al    Dsblgren  waa  to  co- 
n«  wltb  blm  wltb  the  frlgatr  frnartdc* 
and  <l  monitors,     (illlmore'a  intention   wa* 
to  eapture  Fort  Warner,  on  Morrla  Uland, 
toeced  *g*ln*t  Fort  Sumter.     Ju'.y 
10,  1043.  a  combined  attack  by  sea  and  Una 
wa*    made    oa    tbat    fortification.       lie    ad- 
vanced within  mruket  rang*  of  Fort  Wagner, 

■lay, 
when  It  was  repotted  In  these  operation* 
Glllsnore  tost  about  150  men.  the  t  .,nfid- 
crates  300.  July  18  another  attempt  waa 
mad*  to  reduce  the  p'ace.  but  It  was 
completely  ri-pulced.  wltb  a  lost  of  1.300. 
Olllaaor*  now  determined  to  approach  the 
fort  by  a  aerie*  of  parallel  trenches.  The 
•rat  waa  opened  July  34  and  the  third 
An*.  B.  Beauregard  was  in  command  of 
Poet  Sornter  Aug  17  flillmorc  opened  on 
tbat  fi  !  Sumter  wa>  ha 

lo  rales.  Addlt local  parallel*  a 
toward  Fort  Wagner.  Final  opciatlou*  be- 
OB  Sept.  B,  with  17  siege  and  i 
mortars.  13  Parrott  rlflr*.  and  the  11-tnch 
shells  of  the  fronspfee.  An  n"ntilt  ni  to 
Bar*  been  made  Sept.  7.  b>it  durlns  the  pro- 
statas night  the  rsrrl«"ti  eraeiiated  the  place. 
Tho'iah  192.1100  pound*  of  mnfnl  were 
thrown  arali«t  tbc  work,  tbe  bombproof! 
were,  fouad  Intact. 

Fort  Wagner,  S.  0.,  Indian  agency  at, 

remoral  of,  067. 
Fort     Wallace     Military    Reservation 

(Kan*.),  net  to   provide  for  disposal 
vetoed,  .'.308. 
Fort  Washington  (N.  Y.).  Capture  of.— 
One   of    tba   most   serloos  disasters    to    tbe 


American*  of  tbe  eerie  days  of  the  Hero- 
lutlon.  Uowe  tent  an  expedition  to  dislodge 
tb*  American*  from  Fort*  Lee  and  Washing- 
ton, tb*  principal  defeases  of  tbe  Hudson, 
which  Congress  bad  decided,  asaln.t  tbe  ad- 
Tlce  of  Waablngtoe,  should  be  held.  Tbe 
garrison  wlthdtew  from  Fort  Lee  In  safety 
Fort  Washington  waa  carried  by  alotrr 
18.  1770,  after  a  acTcre  snaggle.  3.000  men 
and  all  the  munition*  of  aar  falling  Into  tho 
hand*  of  tbe  Itrlllah.  Th*  American  loss 
lo  killed  and  wounded  did  not  exceed  1:10. 
while  the  loss  of  the  combined  Urttlab  and 
Hessian  troops  amounted  to  about  450. 
Fort  Yum*  Military  Reservation  (Ariz.) 

disposed  of,  6704,  6705. 
Fortification.— Any  kind  of  eonatr-nctlon 
artificially  made  or  adopted  to  prevent  rap- 
in.-.-  or  defeat  by  enemy. 
FULtim.— A  fortified  place. 
Forts  Clinton  and  Montgomery  (N.  Y.), 
Logs  of.— Forts  Clinton  and  Montgomery 
were  situated  on  the  west  aide  of  tin-  llud- 
aon  Rlrer,  about  6  miles  below  West  Point 
Fort  Montgomery  was  n  large,  unfinished 
work  norlb  of  i*oploi>en  Creek,  It*  garrison 
consisting:  of  one  cvinrany  of  artillery,  a  few 
regulars,  snd  some  half-armed  mllltla  under 
CoL  Lamb.  Perl  Clinton  was  south  of 
the  mouth  of  the  ci.-ek.  thoroughly  built. 
and  garrisoned  l»y  a  few  regular*  and  mllltla 
James  Clinton.  Oct.  rS, 
1177,  these  forts  were  stormed  and  carried 
by  the  British  under  Oeo_  Henry  Clinton. 
The    Americana  300    In    killed, 

wounded,  and  mixing,  betides  10O  cannon 
and  laigc  quantities  of  ammunition.  The 
British  loss  was  about  200  killed  and 
wounded. 

FortTr»8  Monroe,  Va.: 
Artillery  schools  of  practice  at,  MO; 
Estimate*  for  liarraeks  and  quarters 
at,  referred  to,  4666. 
Forts. — Strictly  apeoklng  a  fort  Is  a  perma- 
"troogly  li-  :-x«iire  wllb 

mounted   g-nns,   capable  of  Indi 
feoae.  and  manned  by  an  organised  military 
A  fortrea*  la  a  fort  of  rtpeclal  site 
and  strengtli.     Tbe  only  apnileailon  of  tli- 
lnttcr  teim  In  America  was  lo  Fort  M- 
Va.     I:  It  an    used  for  the  defense  of 
.  -  the  entrance  lo  imriior*.    a  fortification 
I*  a  aciie*  of  dcf"iiil'c  work*,   tumpornry 

Qiuiieni     ■i--tlng  of  n  pnrnpet   and 

ie  of  earth  or  mnsonrr.  A 
pott  is  a  permanent  military  camp,  with  or 
without  defensive  fortifications.  Tbe  mili- 
tary pott*  of  the  western  part  of  the  I'nlled 
States   were  orlglnnli-  against    Bl- 

uets by   Inillciin.     There  nre  ion  fori*  sud 
Eriiaoned    nosla   in    th*   rnlted  Srates. 
Irtms^ — Three  mile*  from   Newport,  R,  I. 
Aiulrews— Nine  miles  from  Boston,   HI 

tulles  from  Holbrook.  Aria 
icnd— liight    mile*    from    Baltimore, 

M.I. 
Arni»trong— Honolnln.   H.   T. 
Army     and     KttVJ      Oeneral     HosplUl— Hot 

Sprlnct.    Ark 
Autrustn   Artenal—  Three  miles  from  Angus- 

Bsi  -  r— roan  rnllca  fr  .m  San  rranelai  ..  cat 
Bank*— Two  miles  from  Boston.  Mass. 
Barrancas— Eight    miles    from    Penaacola, 

Fin.  _^ 

Barry — Seven  miles  from   Fort  Bnker,  C*L 
Rtvnrd — Two   mile*   from   Bayard.  N,   Hex. 
Benleln  Arseosl— Arnir  Point.  Cat 
Benjamin   Hnrtlson — Ten   miles   from   lodl- 

stap.MN.  |nd. 
Bllna— Fort    ill  Is*.   Tex. 


Porta 


ifessages  and  Papers  of  Ik 


Bolso    Barracks—  Two    mile*    from    Bote*. 

Idaho, 
i i'    ""•    I. tran   Moll  Ma    lUita, 

:    Zono — ennui   Zone. 

im  Fort  Btevrat,  Or*. 

lit    miles    from    Baltimore,    Ma. 
«  nillrt  from  Port   Town- 

-.nil,      \Vu*li. 

II — Two  miles  from   Soutliport.  N.  C. 
.         li.  nry  Barrack*. 

tiotYord   Junction, 

i  olumbla-  -Four   mile*   from    Kort    Stevens, 

■ 
Columbus   llnri.n-k« — On.,   mil.,  from  Oolum- 

Itutlon— Three  miles  from  Portsmouth. 
il. 

li    'Jnlvestoo,  T«x. 
Crook— Nebraska. 

Dodo— Thin  j  m 1 1 ■— »   from  Tampa,  Fla. 

log. 
li.ii  i*     Some.   Al 

Do  Ruaar— Foul  mllca  from  Honolulu.  II.  T. 
■■!■■! iii-s — FIto  uillea  from   Don   Moines. 

liiTT, I 

I  iilrlvfour   allien    (run 

l  i.i. 
liiiiiKln* —  !»iiiiirl»«.   Aria. 
Ii.iiitl.ii— Four  mile*  from   Snll   loike  City. 

t'  lull. 
I  in    r. ml—  Two  miles  from   Delaware  City, 

i„.i 
1  '■!,  Ii  -lc   1'iu,  Tex. 

I'.ilmu    Allen      '. .  .mi. hi. 
Flatter  ll«l    Ii.iiii     Port     Toivusend. 

V,  ii  .  Illusion. 

■   miles   from   Portsmouth.  N.   n. 

nil—  Ona  -h-iir     mile     from 

llrl.l,  .lnir„-.     Til. 

Kremout— Tn-i'l'.i'      BtllM      from      Iwufuri. 
S.    C. 

OoJn<  .— Thirty  irilW-o  (mmi  lloMla,  Ala. 

Halve-:  .   inn    Ti  X. 

.    Writ-lit  -Koui    inllcs  from  Spoknnc, 
Wii-Ii 

•  ;    tty— five    miles    from    Newport.    It.    1. 

■  ill i,    Alaska. 

ion  I  -i:ii..i     .-. .    I  ..!  i  Jny,  N.  T. 
in  .-    ml  lei    '  1 1,    It.    1. 

Il.imlliou-   Seven  miles  from  Brooklyn,  N.  x. 

Hun. -oek— Six   miles  from    lllghliind*.   W.  J. 

lii'inii  -  iiir quartan  of  ■  n  Hlgh- 

iiin.li.    Muss. 

Henry    Hnrrncka— Cayey.   P.    11 

ii    . ;    \\  rU'ln — Eight  miles  from  New  Lon- 
don.    

Howard    Baaeotaan  bum    from  MRlBMra, 

Md. 

IIiiii.Imii  ,i  from      Huachuca 

SI. Hi..-      All/ 

Hunt— Fifteen     miles     from     Washington. 

i.  C, 
Juck«on     Bnrrneks— Six     miles     from     tiew 

Orleans,    I.s. 
Jny— GofWaor*  Mund,  New  York  City. 
Jefferson   rial  :*,rraeka,  Mo. 

Kamebameha — Honolulu,    ii    T 
Kay  Waal  i .  PI  i 

I   i ...  i..|i— Two   miles   from    1  Dtl  rinv.    Wash. 
I.eiiveiiwoirli— l.enven worth.    Kan. 

La Bworln— Fort    I  o,   Kim. 

I.eveii  — I'.nir    lull."    fr..m    Purtlnnd,    Me. 
I. in.  ..In     lour     miles     from     Bismarck.     N. 

Uacnm— -Three    miles    from    Port    Valdex. 

Alaska. 
Lognn— Colorado 

n    H.    Root* — Four  mile*  from   Llttls 

It... 
Lyon— Four    tidies  from    Portlnnl.    Me, 
McDowell— Serea  mlle«  from  Sou  Francisco, 

.'.il 
M.-lnio.li— One  mile  fn.m  Laredo,  TtX. 
•i         ,  •       -i  in,,,  mil.  -I-.. .in  Sberldao,  W  to. 
MeKlnley— Five  mile,    from   Portland.  Me. 


McPhereon— Four  miles  from   Atlanta.  da. 
MeKee— Ten  miles  from  I'ensneola.  Fla. 
Madl.-,  •.— Sieketu  Harbor.  K,   Y 

from   W, ..i.:. 
Meade — Two  mi.. 
Ml. In.  miles    from    Sot    Lottdon. 



Six  miles  from  San  Francis*" 
MlMimiM    -I  "■■:   miles  from  Mlasonta,  Mont. 

■  •■—  I  ,.rt     Monroe,     Vs. 
Mores  n— Thirty 

Moll     8lx    milt  i  l  -'.    N-   J. 

Moultrie    Six  mi  S.  C. 

Four   miles  from   V\ 

miles  from  Lew 
n  mile,  front  ChntUBOoca. 

Ti  Dflh 

Omaha— Five  miles  from  Omaha,  Neb. 

irlo—Oawtgo,   N.  T. 
Piuii|.    Kearui     i  from   Sauoderx- 

n.     It.     I. 

i  —Manila.  P.  I. 
i  Via. 

Plkttabnrjl  llnr  nicks—  Mni  Y. 

.Ilea  from    Buffalo.    N.    T. 
I.  —  Thr*e  miles   from    Portland.    Me. 
Presidio  "f  Monterey— Two  nillea  frutu  Mo* 

i  hi  , 

Prsaldl.-  Of  Sun  Francisco — Five  miles  frosa 
Csl. 

i.i.i-Ull.riiilll  On. 
Hosp.   Cal. 

im.  mi  utcr      mile      from      Stoay 

li ii.    Sl 

Riley— Fort    itller.   Kan. 
Robinson     Fort   Bobtnaee,    Neb. 

•nsl— One  mllo  from  Bock 
Island.   Ill 

in— Four   miles   from   New    BeOfors, 

Rosecrans— Six  miles  from  Rao   Diego,  Cat 
Racer — 81x  miles  from  llnnolul 
Hi.  Michael— Fort  St.  Michael.   Alaska. 
St.  Philip     sir.  ml  lea  from  Itnras,  La. 
Sum   Houston — Two  miles  from  Sao   Ant» 

nln,     i 

Bandy    Hook    Proving    tito'ind— fflx    ■»•••■ 

from    HI  ■     J. 

Ron  Jin-iiiio— linlveston.  Tex. 
Sin  Juan — San  Jnnn,    P.  K. 
Sebofleld      Borracks — Twelve      t 

Honolulu.    H 

.     from     V. 

k|  .  i  i.-ii      v     -i 
Screven-  Fort    Screven.   Oa. 
Shatter— Thn      mllei    I  om   lionoliiln,  H.  T. 
Mi..:.  Idan,   111 

Sill     Fori     Sill.    <>k1«. 
SI.. .uiii    -Two    miles    from     New     Ki> 

Emallwood     Kleren    mile,    from   I  initiators. 

M.l. 
Snelllnc— Seven  i.iil.-  frnra  Ri.    Paul.  Mlaa. 

Man*, 
from   Boston.    Ma—. 
rtamoutb.  N    II. 
Stevens— Fort    Stevens.    Ore. 
Strom'     I  Ire    miles    from    Boston.    Mass. 
Sumter—  Six    mile,    from    Charb 
Terry— Thirteen    miles   from   New    Londoe. 

«'..nn. 
i      u  Cltv— Texas  City.  Tex. 
Thomas—  New-port.    Ky. 

•i  -Two  miles  from  Wbltrstorje,  N.  Y. 
tOB,    Tex. 
1'     s     Military    Prison— Fort    Leavenworth. 

Knn. 
TJ.  S.  Mllltnry  Prison— Four  mllea  from  S*n 

Franelaco.    Cal. 
Vancouver   Hnrrneks— Vancouver,   Walk. 
Wadaxrortb   dtowbank,    v- 
Walter  Heed   <:. 

from  WasiilnKiou.    I 
Ward      Eleven    miles    from    Reolfl*.    Was% 
.1  -Seven    mllea    from    Boston.    Mass. 
.lingtoo   Barracka—  Washlnatoa,    D.  C 


Watfclaftop — TklrtMn     miles     from     Wash- 

legion.   l>.  <". 
Wotcrtown    Arsenal — Six    mil"   from    Dot- 
too.    Mill*. 

Aracnal—  Oiii'    mile    from    Troy. 

Warn* — Year  mile*  from    l>  :r..it.    Mii-ti 

•West    Point.    .N     V 
Wefbetlll— Two  uilli'i    frou  It.   I. 

urn      in. I.'     from     l're«- 
co«t.   Arts. 

i. in— Twelve   miles  from  Mount    >er- 

Omi.      Wn-h 

i    Inn..    Alaska. 

.Mi-,  fr 

iflil    S.  ..II.    caL 
...      nil  «ew   York,   N.    Y. 

i  fly-one     miles      from     Seattle, 
I 

..—Fit*     nill-a     from    Rat. 

Toscaulte — Fifteen  nillcs  from  i:i  Portal 

Fortt  and  Fortification*  (sec  also  Army, 
I  Wen***,  Put  i 
Appropriations  for — 
li.ll  for.  defeated,   1388. 
Rcvoranumded,   8».'.,   471,  814,  688, 
!.    13SH,  2711,   -JS!).-..  30W. 
4  7'fS,  4833. 
Armaments  for,  "70. 
Appropriation     for,     n 

Cm6.  4798. 
Re*ommrnd«d.  4271. 
Board    of    Ordnance    and    Kortiflca- 
i...i  ■   <li*cassed,  5878. 
ucted  with  view  to  permanence, 
830. 
Construction    of,    progress    made    in 
835,  847.  677.  68§.  800,  083,  1251. 
Defense  of,  mum 

for.  835.  907,  9<I3. 
In  Lawrence.  Knn  !  to.  3894. 

Ret.  rr.    I  to,  99,    111]     I  ,' \  S.\'\  •.".•7.31$, 

614.  TSO,   H9I.    1788,    1ft 
Requisite  on  sencoasts.  588,688,  1901. 
Sale,  of,  oa  Staten  Island  to  United 

■  tea  proposed,  934. 
Sites  for.  referred  to.  435. 
Fortune    Bay    Outrages.— The    treaty   of 
Wa.lnncii.il  <q.  v.  >  rittlled  In  1871.  granted 
uerlcao    fishermen    tbe    rictit    to   take 

ji»  flab  ot.    .in  ,  and 

the  Halifax  Communion  Iq  M  determined 
:.  .»[l.ii  in  be  m.i.l.-  f-r  such 
,-■  .  'in..  Newfoundlanders,  however, 
centlBUKd  to  regard  Aim-flemn  llahertnen 
as  Intruders  and  In  January,  : 
Itant.  ne   May.   Newfoundland 

l  ■osas  Hioievater  fishermen  who  were 
taking   on    cargoes   of    frown    herring,    col 

their  nets  and  drnre  away  the  er Tim 

iimllacd  people  asscn 
!»■  were  being  Tlolnted.  The  Itrltlsh 
:  ,m-at,  however,  derided  t h at  these 
ewald  not  stand  In  cnnfltrl  with  the  treaty. 
Tbe  Injured  n.liermen  rlalroed  damage* 
amounting  t..  I10&.30S,  of  which  the  Krltlsb 

I     *l '     S7.1.O00.      During 

I'resldent     i>n-i:inil,«     Drsl     •  dinliilsl  ration 
tkere    was    a    renewal    -.f    the 
Dabery  dltfintea  at   Fortune  Bay  and 

m,  along   the    Canadian    coast      For   a 
feeling  rail  high   In  tbi 
retaliatory  laws  were  enacted  In  ISM. 
a    ei'.itu.     Hrcadi    was    agreed     upon, 
alto  Fisheries.  > 


Fortune  Bay  Outrar.es,  discussed,  451S, 
45-12,  4Y 

out  of,  paid,  4625. 

"rorty-KlneTe."— Name     by     which     the 

Cn  hf..rnln   gold  seekers   were,  known.      (8es 

opponlte  2488.) 

Foundry.  National,  for  cannon  to  be 
common  to  both  Army  and  Navy  of 
the  United  BtSYtea,  In  order  to  reg- 
ulate quality  and  Maim  uniformity, 
l  tiou  of, recommended,  10i>7,  KM. 

Four  Years'  Law.— in   Kay,    ItM 

grew  passed  n  law  making  the  term  of  cer- 

t*ln    posimasier*    and    revenue    collectors 

foot    years      Though    lc    was    claimed    that 

'  ii-    bill    Wit    '...    have 

submitted    for    Inapeellon 

.'.Hir  years,   its  effect   was  to  greatly 

increase     the    power    of     the    president     In 

nuking  appointments. 

Fourth    Assistant    Postmaster-General. 
•    Assistant  Postmasters-General.) 
Fourth    of   July.      (So©    Independence 
Day.) 

Fonrth  of  July,  oration   by  President 

■Wilson,  7952. 
Fourth    of    July    Accident*.— in 

years  much  progress  baa  been  made  toward 

iiiB   a    sane    and    rational    •■••i"l>ratlon 

of    the   Fourth   of  July.      A   few   cltlea  like 

Trenton.  X.  J. :  Cleveland.  Ohio  :  Washing 

Ii.      I"  ,     nnil     :: 
adopted  ordinances  prohibiting  the  si 
ate   of    fireworks,    and    In    Xew    York,    CBl 

Toledo,   Ohio,   and  a   few   other 
M  ii-     I.  i  -.  "forks    has    been 

Injuries  and  fatalities  due  to  the  discharge 

..(    txplotive i he    i1.. iii-i|i    ..f   July   are, 

bowever,  still   far  too  numerous. 

I'mru  records  kept  by  the  Juurmil  of  Iht 
.1 '.-.in     y...'i.-<i/     I.....I.I/I.HI    II     In    IbOWU 

,that   the  averse*   number  ot  eaeualtl 

twi   ii    I'". i    and    1910    arete    it.,   person* 

killed  and    iilnn  lujui  year  prei  .-.I 

lojt   Hi.,  -.i wi n>:  .if  this  average   Hie  m 

■>r   persona   klihii   was  486,   and 

after  repented  CSDtloa   and    Hie   nasingc  of 
Judicious  ..nly  67  persona 

wr-rr    reported  killed    and    some     1400    IB 
lured. 

Fourth   of   July   Claims.— This   name   |h 

given  to  a  class  of  claims  arising  during 
the  Civil  Wor.  The  clolms  were  for  qntr- 
terrnoster  nnd  commissary  ttorct  Snd 
.  from  loyal  citizens  In  • 
territory  named  for  Che  use  of  end  actually 
used  by  the  ITnlan  armlet.  The  rtrxt  act  of 
i  .Mi_-:  ding  for  the  ;.nTin''in  ..f  toes* 

clalma  was  pnased  July  4.  Isu4,  from  which 
i  lie  name  arose. 

rourth  of  July  Claims  (ae«  also  War 
Claii: 

Payment  of,  referred  t...   II  H. 

Transfi-r  of,  to  Southern  Claims  Com- 
mission   re.-i-iiniii-n.le.l,    4361,    4422. 

Fox   Reservation.      (See  Sac  and  Fox 
Reservation.) 

Fox    River,    Wis.,    art    regarding    im- 
provement of,   vetoed,  4336. 
Fractional  Currency,  -rn per  money  issued 
during   the  civil    Wsr   In   denominations  Of 
less  than  a  dollar. 


France 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


France.— ttt ta  the  moat  westerly  state 

Of  Central  Europe-,  extending  from  42'  £0' 
to  51*  6"  N.  latltudo  and  from  T  46'  B. 
to  4*  45'  W.  longitude.  It  Is  bounded 
northwest  by  Hi-  North  Sea.  Straits  of 
Dover  nud  Hie  English  Chuuucl;  SrSSJI  by 
the  Atlautlc  Ocean  ;  southwest  and  south 
by  Spain;  southeast  by  the  Mediterranean: 

*n»t    by    li  i   and    ' I 

aud  northern!  by  llelglum.  Tbe  greatest 
length  from  north  to  aoutb  la  COO  miles ; 
tbe  greatest  btviullb  from  east  to  west  030 
mile*-  Ita  3,300  mllea  of  boundary  arc 
nearly  two  thirds  water.  400  mllea  being 
Mrdltctrjuoan,  700  North  8*«,  <1C.  aud 
IKKI  Allauilc. 

leal  /cafurrj—Tbe  Pyrenees,  wlilch 
divide     Frntieo     1  In,    extend    from 

toe  Atlantic  to  tbe  tlulf  of  Lyon*,  tbe 
hlgbeet  point  In  French  territory  being 
the  Vlgncnulo  IIO.SOO  feel)  In  the  center 
of  tint  range.  The  Alp*  form 
frontier  of  Franc*,  tli.-lr  hlgli-H|  pnlut  <tbe 
highest  summit  of  Uuropel  being  Mont 
Itiuoc  (lS.soo  feet)  near  the.  juii.-tion  of 
the  Franeo-Swla*-ltaltnn  frontier.  Tbe 
nnrrow  Rhone  rallej  separates  till  Alps 
from  the  mountalnoua  region  of  aoutb  con 
trnl  France  -i  He  Rhone  rlaei  In  Mmil  St. 
< ;..r tin r<l  (SwIUcrlnndl.  and  at  l.roua  la 
Joined  by  the  Soon.-  funn  ill  •-.   end 

Vokgi-a.     Tho  Oaronn  a   UN  span- 

Nh  Pyrenees,  flowa  Into  the  Atlantic  n« 
Ibe  I'.lronde.  Tbe  Cbnrentc  rlaeii  In  Ilnutc 
Vienna,  nud  flown  Into  the  Atlantic  near 
Rocbefort,  Tbe  Loire  rlaea  in  tbe  v-.vnral* 
MuuntnlDs  and  flows  Into  the  Atlantic  nt 
Si.   Nuialre.     Tb--   Batn*   rise*.   In   tin-  r.nn- 

ffCH  plateau,  nnd  Hows  Into  tin-  llnj.ll.h 
irl  nt  Havre.  The  Rhine  n-ul  tbe 
Mrusc  both  rlae  In  French  territory  (In  tbe 
norths***.),  but  their  main  course  la  In 
tiermany  and   llelglum. 

<ti»u  and  Population. — Continental  Trainee 
hn*  an  area  of  207,076  square  miles,  nnd 
Is  divided   politically   Into    -Ightji  tcven   de- 

Snrtmenls,  containing  n  total  population  of 
P.t'.n2,268  i irdlng  lo  the  census  of  I'M! 

UUIorv — The  *U 

overthrown  by  the  French  Revolution 
<17»u-17lt3).   which  established  n    Republic 

during  tl losing  yean  -if  the  elshlecn'h 

century  In  INiM  Napoleon  founded  the 
"Fl ret    Empire,"    (rhlch    care    pine*    to    n 

i .-. t .. I  :r  1 1. .:>      ■. r      (lie      II.iilrl».n       OynnatJ       In 

J8I4-1K15  nniii  in.-  "Second  Empire'1  tin. 
der  Napoleon  III.  1S«8  MS52)  1870, 
Since  1870  France  hna  i-njoycd  prospcr- 
lly    Uliil.r    Hie    third    Republic. 

In  AuguM.  '"'4-  when  Germany  de- 
clared war  ngalnat  Ruaala,  nu  ally  of 
France    proparntlo  made   lo  reputa*. 

ii  Int-nalon  trhlch  rollowien  liv 
•iKlnm  The  Oermnni  find 
advanced  to  within  a  dny'*  march  of  Pnrl* 

by  Sept.    I,    when    will aid    of   English 

troop*  they  were  checked. 

rjorcrnmvnf.— Since  1870  Franco  haa  en- 
joyed an  I  lie  renting  security  under  the 
Third  Republic.  The  head  nf  tbe  RcpuWIi- 
I*  Ibe  President,  elected  for  seven  ve-nri 
by  the  two  Houiea  of  Legislature  iSen- 
nte    ami    I',  pull... i    In    Join:     ..       :.,n    as     Hi.- 

National    Assembly.      All    French    cltlEena 
are    eligible    for    tbe    olllcc    of    Preti tl 
except  nii-iiibi-ra  of  any  roynl  family  which 

Prc-dil    til 

(Feb.  18  101  •  18  '"  U.  Raymond  Poln- 
ear*,  born  at  Bnr-le-Iluc  iMctise),  Aug. 
2o.    1860.  .i 

The  Executive  la  vested  In  the  President 
nnd  la  exercised  by  n  Cabinet  of  R. 
►  lid-  Ministers,  Ibe  eblef  of  whom  Is  *e- 
Iccied  by  the  President  of  the  RrpuMIc 
from  one  of  tbe  principal  political  par- 
tlea  of  the  legislature. 


The  Problem  la  aided  In  determining  con- 

•tltiiil.in.il  and  admlolitratlve  questions  by 

a  Comieii  d'Etnt,  which  constats  of  twenty- 

Ona    •■'.•iiricllloia.    tbln j-f.-tea    Maltra    d<« 

..'tea  nod   forty   Auditor*. 

i  he  lowest  Court*  are  those  of  tbe  Jure* 
de  l'elx  la  each  of  tbe  3.003  cancocut, 
where  minor  civil  and  criminal  case*  are 
determined.  More  serious  charge*  are 
with  by  tb*  trthunoux  de  premiere 
lu.tonce  In  each  nf  the  877  Brroodlw- 
r  trlbnuauz  de  commerce 
dealing  with  in-.>rcantll»  case*.  Appeal*  from 
the  tribunal!  are  beard  In  twenty  vii  i 
of   appeal,    throughout    the 

are  alio  bcld  periodiciliy  In  each 
department,  with  Jnrtea.  whose-  verdict  4t- 
peod*  on  n  mere  majority.  The  highest 
tribunal  Ik  the  Cour  de  (.'natation  at  Farts. 
In  criminal  cotes  a  preliminary  laqalry 
I*  held  In  *ecret  by  a  judge  d'lssti 
who  may  dismiss  the  accused  or  rsuasod 
Ibe  case  for  pro«<uilon  by  s  procurenr 
All  lodge*  are 
anpolntei  by  tbe  President  o«  the  Repub- 
lic. Tranaportatlon  to  a  penal  ■ 
(New  Caledonia  or  Uuliinii  It  In  force  for 
-  uodemned  to  hard  Ui 

For  the  French  army  n-.d  nary,  tee 
Ariule*  of  tbe  World  aud  Narte*  of  tbe 
World. 

I ■iliicaffon—  Tbe    cdoeatloual    ayatetB   of 
Fiance    U    highly   developed       The    <  . 
Ailminb.tratlon    compil-e,    (a I     Mini*-, 
lubllc    Inniueiioii:    n.i     Bupsttot    i 
tlonal  i  ..linen,  rhaiged  with  (he  setae!  M- 
inlnUtrntlon  ;    (c  i.'omualnee 

jadvlwry)  :    (d|    Educational    Uun-aox   and 
luknectlng  Slalfa,  whose  head*  report  direct 
to  the  MlnUier,     Ity  the  Iji«   of  July, 
all    congiegnilonlst    tnalliutlr.ui    are     to    be 
■  nppr.  .  ...i  wiibin  ten  yeui-«.  and  many  w«r» 
at   once  elox-d.      Prlmaty    Educa 
ular.eompuli.ory  and  fr.-e.     Age  rt-13.     Spc 
rial  School*  are  numerous,  many  public  ib- 
>liiulloiM     being     dependent     on     mini 
other  (ban  that  of  I"ubllc  Insttu 

le»  n.-nux  Art*    I  he  i\u:..-iratolre  de 
Mo  i. in  ■  .1    l>e(lnmatlon  at    Part*.    BB..I 
Srhool   of  Foreitry    at    Naney    being   Justly 

In   addition    to    IMria    Univ. 
there  ore   Uuhenltle*  nt    A 
gera,  Boi'deaux.  Cnen.  Clei-rooat,  lnjon 

!',' •    '-I'le.    l-yon     Maraelllea.    Moataut«o. 

.Mon  poller.  Nancy.  Nantes,  Poitiers,  Renos*, 
nnd  Touloune. 

Production    and    /n.luifry. — Of    tbs   total 

■"'   ":'      =S nere.)  three  w«r.rTn  I9ld 

1  10  1,07 '.      en  ■   under  ctop*  a  . 

coaxii  support  a  large  fishing  t> 
lion      over    lr.O.StlO    p..-nions    bolog    Jlrretly 
employed.     'ITie  principal  foreata.  Ardeose*. 

t  Olllpli  | 

My  of  oak  birch,  plDe,  beech, 
out,  and  ihe  rork-tre*  In  Ike 
•putb.  Fruit  trees  abound  and  are  prodoc- 
live,  the  principal  M.-u.g  the  ollte.  chestxtut. 
iiniiiui.  almond,  apple,  pear,  citron.  Ox. 
pluiti.  etc, 

ii     mineral  resource*  of  France  are  main- 
ly coal  and  lion,   but  copper,   lead,  aUT»r. 
ay.  nnd  anil  a.e  alio  producei 
The  most  Important  Industrie*  are  Bet*'*, 
wnlcbes.  Jewel ty.  cabinet  work,  earring  tut 
glass,  i  In  uilcn:..  dyeing,  papsrr  rnaalBg 
woolen*,  carpels,    linen,    silk,  and  lace    aul 
leather  work,   the   clothing   and   text.: 

i    gem-rally    ctuplojlng    close    oo    X- 
000.000  hands, 

Finnn.-r  — Tbe  rcrenae.  Inctnslre  of  less*. 
I  amounted  to  4.7S8..1S-.-.438  fi 
and  ihe  expi-ndlturea  nearly  a*  morb.  The 
national  debt  I*  the  heav-lot  Inmrred  M 
any  nailon  and  was  stated  In  l»tl  a*  more 
than   rtili-tylbrec  billion   franc*,  carried  It 

o^tl^'i"  taat   ,"*,w,   la  181*  *■  >•«•*• 
fcbj.ooo  franca. 


III.'U 

nu 


Encyclopedic  Index 


France 


Cltln.— rarta.  Ike  capital.  bM  *  popuia- 
lloa  Of  2.640,060,  tod  there  are  some  l"HT 
cities  with  population  In  excess  of  SO.000. 

TVorfe  ir<fA  rrv  VnUtd  Stale*.— The  value 

of   mrribnQd'-«c  Imported   Into   Fun«   fr.>m 

altrd   States   for   the    Tear    1013   was 

:  ik>.201.   a»d   toodi    to   the   value   of 

^^BTT.trXi  wrrr   fal   thlihcr— ■   balance 

of  S9.333.311  la  favor  of  the  United  Stale*. 

FKMXCn  COIAXIEB.—Th*  Colonial  pos- 

Marions  of  the  Fr»ncb  Republic  nave  ■ 

are*    of    10.3H6.778    square    kilometre*    (4.- 

Mi, 403    aqua  re    miles  i.     Including    Aljferla 

I  which  la  aa  integral  part  of  Franc  i   and 

Morocco.  In  which  country  French  Influence 

»«    nrcdornlnant.      The    following   Table    ex- 

alMta   tbe   area    and   populnttou    of    French 

territory  outside  of  Europe : 

Area        Estimated 
l™i  MM  Rquare     Population 

Am*—  191  1 

frsswh  India M  283.473 

French  lado-Caina 310,000      16.t00.229 

ToulAaa  810.300      17.372.701 

AlgerU  ■       331.947       r.,v«.«n 

Morocco 103.WX)  6.000.000 

Tunu                                           40.300  1.956.783 

teh■■^•r>  44  1,000 

13  ll.Aii  u;.i 

rnaeb  Equatorial  Africa..      560.913  9/100.000 

fiwh  Eul  AHm         .    -        «43M  SfKVOSI 

Madagascar.  «4c. 224,414  3.347406 

Manxce  and  Coinora  Wland*         Kvl 

OW  177.677 

ToSal  Africa 3.72».l»      30,948.390 

bland*  ef   Kerguel**.  St. 
Paidaad amwito. . .  1.353  

8a.  PuwrTarvd  Mkwalon...  03  4.100 

Goadaloupe.  «I-  HI  IvftSTs 

Martin  que..  380  18MH 

Franco  Cniaaa 34.1M  MOW 

Total  Amarioa 3M.»  OMTt 

New  Caladoeia.  ete. . . .  .  7.194  J0.W0 

Socieaj-  laUad,  He I.U3  30,463 

Total  Ocean* 8J7S     "        11,06. 

Grand  Total 4.084.4 10      54.730.030 

AMeKIC.W  POMBS  •  pos- 

ee*ae*  two  small  groups  of  lalnmla  off 
.  -»l  cnaal  of  Newfoundland,  of 
which  Si.  ricrre  and  Mlquclou  are  tbe 
largest  respectively:  their  combined  aren  It 
•boat  OS  so/nare  milts,  with  a  tucn!  popu- 
lalloa  In  1007  of  4.7fl9.  aud  they  form  an 
lent  bail*   for   the    Frcm-h  cod   Duller*. 

In  tte  Want  Indies  two  of  tbe  moat  fer- 
tile of  the  Leaser  Anlllle*  belong  to  France, 
Hi..    Martinique    (capital    P  incei. 

area  about  380  aquare  rollei :  population  In 
1010  of  184.004  ;  and  Guadeloupe  and  Baaae 
Terr*  (capital  Folnte-a-Pltrei,  area  037 
•auare  Dallea,  population  100.273  In   ll'OO. 

In  Sontb  America.  Cayenne  or  French 
r.ulana  haa  an  area  of  3.1  S80  aquare  miles, 
and  an  estimated  population  of  about  39,- 
llf  to  100O. 

Trad*  Kith  fh«  United  Slates— Tbe  value 
of  merchandise  Imported  Into  the  I 
Wall  Indl-'t  from  the  I'nltcd  Stntes  for 
lb*  rear  1013  was  1 1.733 JM,  and  rood* 
to  tbe  value  of  S70.73U  wore  aent  tbltCcr — 
a  balance  of  S1.643.3SS  la  favor  of  tbe 
4  EtAtea. 

The-  mine  of  tnercbnndl«*  Imported  Into 
rrtoeb  Oolana  from  the  United  titatca  for 
tba  year  1913  ira*  #337.714.  uud  goode  to 
I  sent  thither— « 
htlien  of  S2A1.3ZS  In  favor  of  tbe  United 
Httjga, 


France  (aeo  also  Arcaehon;  Paris): 
American  citizens  in- 
Impressed  into  military  service  of. 

(See  Naturalised  Citizens.) 
Outrages  committed  on,  490. 
Passports    used    by,    referred    to, 

IMS, 
Presented  at  court  of,  3265. 
Amity   and   friendship    expressed   in 
address  to  the  people  of  tho  United 
States.  181. 
Arbitration,     resolution     of     French 
Chambers  favoring  troaty  of,  re- 
ferred to,  6060. 
Army  of  persons  to  servo  in,  must 

be  citizens   of,  3171. 
Attempt*  to  draw  United  States  into 
its  contest  with  Great  Britain.  4.17. 
Claim  of  W.  II.  Frear  againut,  5194. 
Claims  of — 
Against    United   States,    406,  5<M, 
591,     696,     2585,     2905,     3399, 
Oft 
Appropriation  for,  reeomnun •>■  d, 

4799. 
Convention  regarding.  4534,  4559, 

4743. 
Payment  of,  4916. 
Requeued,  144,  6345. 
Against   Venezuela,  4761. 
Growing   out  of   war  between   the 

States  paid,  41 
To    persona    in    United   States    for 
;!nry  service,  3715. 
Claims  of  United  8tates  against,  and 
relations  with  (see  also  Vessels, 
United  States,  seized)— 
Aet— 

Making        appropriations 
French    spoliation    claims 
toed,  6115. 
Providing  for  ascertainment  and 
satisfaction  of  French  spolia- 
tion claims  vetoed,  2316. 
Providing    for   ascertainment   of 
French    spoliation    claims    ve- 
toed, 2840. 
Admitted  but  not  paid,  1320.  1371. 
Amicablo  settlement  of,  1446,  16ML 
Appropriations  for,  discussed,  1322, 

1371. 
Awards  of  commissioners  roferred 

to,   4960. 
Commission    for     adjudication    of, 
4743,  4757,  4807,  4852,  4864,  4S65. 
Convention  regarding,  4334,  4559, 

4743. 
Correspondence  regarding,  273,  834, 
1348,  1354,  1397,  1411 
Referred  to,  1407. 
Discussed  by  President- 
Adams,    John,    and    replies    of 
Boos*   and   Sonata,    224,    230, 
232,    238,   234,   840,   245,   247, 
252,   254,   255,   256,    260,    268, 


for 

VI- 


France 


Messages  and  Pipers  of  the  Presidents 


286,    267,    288.    270,    £71.    272, 
274,   280,    283,   284.    287,  296, 

Adam*,  J.  Q..  887.  913,  949.  :>7I. 
1      fill,   n:r., 
1239,    1319,    1871,    H07,    1446 
Johnson,  3634. 
V:i, !,.„,,.  *7fl. 
Monroe,  778,  818. 
Van  Bnreo.  1592. 
Washington,      and      replies      of 
House    and    B«llSt*i    137,    168, 
198,  198,  199.  201, 
Grrora    in    report    of.    referred    to, 
1443. 

installment  of,  not  paid,  1240. 
List    of    papers    touching    unpaid 
spoliation      claim*      trnnimltted, 
4972. 
Mediation    offered   by    Great   Brit- 
ain for  adjustment  of  dispute 
regarding,   1432,   1434. 
Accepted  by  I'nited  States,  1432. 

"■<•    regarding,     I 
Rendered    unnecessar        I  186. 
Minister   of  Franer   recalled.    1878. 
Minister    of  United    States,  given 
passports,    1870,    1410. 

tcr  of  1'nitod  Slate*  instruct- 
ed  to  quit  France  if  not    -.-t  i  r. -.1 . 
13.14. 
f'Avin.nt    of,    1448. 

Pledges  mnde  liv.  for  payment  of, 

DM    t WBMd,    1891,    I 

Referred  to,  871,  8807. 

Reference    to    convention,    regard- 
ing, 4743. 

Report    on    •>!'■  m    ro- 

ferr.  4982, 

BS81. 

Battlement     of.    France    expresses 

readme**  to  make.  1440. 
Trniiv  i,,r  u  ttlement  of.  808,  80S, 

Hi  ! 

Treaty  in  regard  to,  must  be  e*e- 
I -nte.1  by  France.  1411. 

lialo    Should     lie 

authorized   by   Oongreas,    1885, 

B)     to    b labll  >h*d    liv.    from 

coast  of  Africa.  8018. 

Baited  Slates 

through    iininHier   of.   on    tin     I 
sion  of  the  presentation  of  an  ad- 
bj    the  Committer  of  Public 
8af.  ■!  181. 

i    Mild  free  trade,  letter  fnim 

BapWOl  "I     regarding,  referred  to, 

3112. 

ncnmWM    (Ml    United   8tale*.    Berlin 

and      Milan  affecting, 

dlacaased  by  President — 

Jefferson.   409,   415,   430,  432,   434, 

411.  446. 
afaduuni     M7.   474.   470.   608, 

888,    0280,    6267,    8270,     6271, 
8348. 


Proclamationa      regarding,      4S7, 
466. 
Commercial   relations  with.   170.  346. 
409.  460,  467.  645,  669,  917,  961, 
1069,  1911.  2976,  8330. 
Reciprocal    modifications    in    tariff 
on  certain  commodities  specified 
and   announced  by  proclamation, 
6479. 
Restraints    en,    removed    and    dis- 
457,   488, 
:»I7. 
So*p>  n-  i  ii  .i! 
Complaint  of,  against  commerce  be- 
tween  United  State*  and   San  Do- 
mingo, 1 
Confederate  envoy*  aeot  to.        (See 

Mason  and  Slidell.) 
Congratulations  of  the  people  of  the 
I'nited  States  to.  on  the  eats. 
ment  of  a  republican  form  of  gor- 
nt.  2455. 
Constitution  of,  accepted  by  King  of, 

109. 
Consular   convention   with,    49,   272* 

Referred  to,  7,V 
Consuls  of,  to  I'nited  States— 

Compulsory      attendance      of,      is 
court,  complaint*  regarding 
Ml.  2835. 
I    between   authorities  i* 
i  alifornie   and,   2835. 
Satisfactorily  settled,  2888. 
iiiafur*  to.  revoked,  280. 
ConsuU  of  United  8Utee  in,  165,  it* 
::-h. 

Convention  wit!  Be.  818,  887, 

1187 

Alleged    violation     of,    by     i 
Slate*    regarding     the"  Partob, 

1 1 72. 

of   correspondence   from   (W 
Minister  of,  to  the   Halted  State* 
referred  to,  2436. 
Ratification  of.  772,  4898. 
Copyright     privilege     oxtended,    by 
I ' r . . .  lamation.   5582. 
Referred  to,  8( 
Correspondence   with,   concerning  la- 
juries   sustained  bv  American  citi- 
zens. 834. 
Dauphin,   death    of  the,    referred   to, 

Difference*    of    Belgium    and,    with 
Venexuola  discussed,  flOTll. 

Difforonee*    of,   with    Hawaiian   1*1 
and*,  265* 

Differences  with,  correspondence 
garding.        (See     Claims      agaiast, 
(i  «rc.) 

Diplomatic   intercourse   with,  suspen- 
sion of,  260,  1375,  1410. 
umed,   1455.  2548. 

Fanre,  President,  deaih  of,  r 
to  by  President  McKinley,  I 


a 


J 


Fisheries  of.  referred  to,  1127. 
Fugitive   criminals,   convention  with, 
for  surrender  .168.  2219, 

3012. 
Referred  to,  M». 
Greytown    1-ombardment    and    claim* 
arming    out    of.      (See    Greytown, 
ewtgsA.) 

tile  disposition  of,  toward  United 
States,  138,  202,  260,  207,  208,  476. 
Imperial  decree  of.  not  to  affect  com- 
merce of  Unite.)  state*,  400. 
Importation    of    American     products 
into,     restrictions      upon,     4963, 

am,  <tso,um,  5545. 

Decree*     regarding,     referred     to, 
17,  0)01). 
Imprisonment    of   American    citlxeaa 

by,  6080,  6008. 
Indiana    should    be    restrained    by, 
from  committed  hostilities  against 
In. ted  States,  800. 
Individuals       bearing       commissions 
granted    by    enemies    of,    to    bo 
treated  aa  pirates,  271. 
Instruction   to   Minister,  1354. 
Internationa]    expositions    in.      (See 

achon;  Paris.) 
King  of — 

10P. 
Loiter  from,  complimenting  Jeffer- 

son,  81. 
Referred  to.  1064. 
Salute  fired  by  the   Puffed   Btatet 
in  honor  of  birthday  <>f,  aool 
Bt  caused  I 
Compensation   to   injure.]   rccom- 
mended.  | 
Lands    purchased    by    United    state* 
from,    Ji56.      (8cc    also   Loui 

won 

Letter  of  Emperor  of,  regarding  com- 
merce and  freo   trade  referr.-.i    •.,,. 
31  ;• 
Louisiana,  cession  of — 

1  to,  331,  338. 
To  United  States  disenawd  and  re- 
ferred    to,    340,   348,   360,   669, 
853,  0*9  834(1 

Effect  of,  discussed.  2878. 
Mexican   porta  blockaded   by.     (See 

Blockades.) 
Mlni.ler  of,  tc  United  States— 
Appointment  of,  discussed,   138. 
Claim  of  Capt.   Bes.u-r*    presented 
by,  19*7. 

m   of  Lafltto  *   Co,,   memorial 
relating  to,  presented  by,  1648. 
Correspondence    with,   referred    to, 

2436. 
Letter   of.   covering   address    front 
Committee      of      Public      8afcty 
traasmitted    on    the   occasion    of 
presentation  of  colors  to,  181. 
Passports   requested    by,    1420. 


Recall  of,  1375. 

Requested,    142 
Received,  4718. 

Title     of     ambassador     conferred 
upon,  5874. 
Minister   of    United   States    to,    50, 
147.   148,  221.  235,  272,  274, 
296,  3.19,  429,  II 5. 
Death  of,  roferr-  ,1   to.  513. 
CaatrueUona  to,  to  quit  Fran...  U 
■una     of     the      Tint. 
against  Prance  are  not  settled, 

I'lt.-r ir«e   suspended,   1375,   1410. 

Paaspuri-.  gives.  1375,  1416. 

taction  of,  for  North  Germans 

in    France,    revoke. I,    4050. 
Recall    •>{,    requested,    1-47. 
Refused,   224.  266. 
Relations    with.       (See    Claims 
aganiM.'i 
Sent    to   press  payment  of   claims. 
1241. 

of     ambassador     conferred 
HMD,  5S74. 
v..   Jm    •  "lurni-.K.iie.l    when   France 
IMS  intl       mini  >ttw      to      United 
I  149. 
Will  not  be  sent  unless  respected. 
858,  269. 

Minister   of    Unite, 1    States    t..    Spain 

i  passage  Mir  •  u»»ed, 

National  Assembly  of — 
Decree  of— 

Mahii  u-  enemy's  goods  In  friend- 
ly vessel*  lawful  pi 
Responding  to  resolution  of  Con- 
grMti     tandarlnjj     congratala- 
tions  to  Franco,  2455. 
Letter  of  President  of,  aud  i 
of,  respecting  death  of  Beni.-. 
Franklin,  87,  6237. 
!»— 
1  iii.rincl  lawful  prize  by,  432. 
Laden    with    English    merchandise 
daeUrad    lawful   prim    by,  253, 
8348. 

[tnllty  of  United   Btatos   in   war 
with— 
Germany,  7969. 

■  i.v Hungary,  7977. 
Ocean    cable*,    convention    with,   for 
protection  of.     (See  Ocean  Cables.) 
Orders  and  decrees  of,  violating  com- 
an. I  neutral  rights  of  I 
State.    174. 

n  of  reaaela,  relief  of,  64R. 
Peace    convention     with,     regarding, 
303.   308, 
£xpet>se*  of,  322. 
Political  nffnirs  of,  referred  to,  2679. 
Postal i •  u t  r ■  •  11  with,  4250. 

..  nt      of — 

Arbiter    in    case    of    the    Qtneral 
Armstrong,  2855. 


France 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Award  of  Emperor,  2722, 
Assassination  of,  5010. 
Resolutions  of  Senate  and  Room 
on,   transmitted  to  widow   of, 
5957. 
Privateer*    of,    must    not    interfere 
with     vessels     within     waters     of 
United  State*,  252,  490. 
Proclamation    suspending    duties    on 
Is,  752,  2371,  3711,  3909,  3973, 
■1182. 
Protectorate  over  districts  in  Africa 
proclaimed  by.  and  action  of  Unit- 
ed States  discussed.  B7B1,  '962. 
Relations    of,    with     Vcnozuela    dis- 
cussed, 4629. 
Relations  with.     (See  Claims  against, 

ante.) 
Republican  form  of  government   es- 
tablished in,  I 
Congratulations  of  American  people 

on,  responded  to,  2455. 
President    Polk's   message   regard- 
ing, 2129. 

lalilislmienf  of,  discussed,  MM 
Referred  to,  2436,  2480. 
Revolution   in,  referred   to,   2737. 
Spoliations   committed   on   commerce 
of  United    8tato»    by    vessels    of. 
(See  Claims  against,  ante.) 
Statno   of   Liberty   Enlightening   the 
World  presented  to  United  State* 
by   .iti.iiis  of.      (See  Liberty   En- 
lightening   the   World.) 
8toaii'''i"i>  dm    batwaa    Havre   and 
New  York  referred  to.  2011,  8178. 
Trademarks,  troaty  with,  regarding, 

3967. 
Treaty  of,  with — 
Allied  powers,  185. 
Nicaragua,  3121. 
Treaty    with,    transmitted    and     dis- 
cussed  by  President — 
Adams,  John.  241,  245,  247,  262, 
266.    268,    272,    2S0,    2S4,    303, 
305. 
Buchanan,  3012. 
Grant,  3967. 
Jackson,    1111,   1121,   1125,   1127, 

1320,   1345,  1442. 
Jefferson,  320,  434. 
Johnson,  3722. 
Monroe,  645,  755,  764,  818, 
Tyler,   2123,  2166.  2219. 
Washington,  198,   199. 
Decree  of  Franco  contravening,  226. 
Disregarded,  266.  268. 
Execution  of,  refusal  of,  to  make 
provision  for,  1345. 
Letter  of  John  Forsyth  regard- 
ing,  1345. 
Ratification  of,  772. 
Referred  to,  0869. 
Troops  of,  la  Mexico.     (See  Mexico.) 


Vessels  of— 
Collision      with      United      States 

steamer,  3343. 
Discriminating   dutiea   on— 
Modification    in    law    regarding, 

recommended,  2135. 
Representation   of    charg6    d  'af- 
faire* regaM 
Suspended  by   proclamation, 
2371,  8711,  8969,  ::■ 
Referred  to.  755,  1668. 
Suspension  terminated  by  proc 
tarnation,  4132. 
Embargo  on,  removed,  466. 

Discussed,  485. 
Entitled    to   same   right*  as   moat 

favored  nations,  669. 
Entry  of,  to  ports  of  United  State* 

should  be  prohibitcJ.  1411. 
Interfered  with  by  United  State*. 

(See  La  Manche,  The.) 
Owners  ignorant  of  duties  on,  re- 
lieved, 645. 
Repayment    of   duties    on,    recom- 
mended, 1770. 
Vessels,  neutral: 

Deemed  lawful  prise,  136. 
Laden    with    English    merchandise 
declared  lawful  prize  by,  253. 
Vessels  of  United  States — 
Seized  or  interfered  with  by  TO—ctil 
of,  138,  243,  232,  387,  490.    (Seo 
also  Claim*  against,  mte.) 
War    of    Great    Britain    and.    with 
China,  neutrality  of  United  State* 

in.  3037, 308'.'.  nrt 

War  with,  preparation  f 

States  recommended,  262,  269,  279, 

War   with— 
I  Una,  4S23. 
Germany — 

Corretpondonce   regarding,  4068, 

4434. 
Diplomatic  relations  resumed,  If 

fenrred   to,  4098. 
Neutrality  of  United  State*  la, 
4050. 
Proclaimed,  4040,  4043,  4045. 
Suspension  of  hostilities  recom- 
mended   by    President    Graat, 
4055. 
Great   Britain,  ete.,   neutrality  *f 

United  States  in,  proclaim.-  i 
Santo  Domingo  and  United  State*, 
commerce     between,     complaints 
about,  379. 
War  with   Spain — 

Privatoers,  commissions  not  Kraal- 

ed  to,   779. 
Referred   to,  821. 
Wines,   duty  on,  importod    into   the 
I  states,  modified  by  recipro- 
cal   trade    relations,    proclamation 
concerning,  6479. 


Wines  Imported  into  United  Slat**, 
treaty  regarding  duty  on,  1321. 
Franc*.  Treaties  with-— tb»  ba*i*  of 
diplomatic  relation!  of  tbc  United 
with  France  m  the  treaty  of  amity  and 
*©ma»erec  of  1778,  abrogated  by  Congress 
on  Joly  7.  1798.  In  thu  abrogation  ttu 
alio  Included  lb«  Ireatj  of  n.un,.-  with 
(i   hi    »  t   Brit- 

ain.    In   17*.'  an  a,--  U  made  to 

repay   la    twelve   vijuul   annua!    InKiulimcnia 
"OO.OOO  Here*,  ii  laeaa  of  18,- 

000.000  Here*   to  the  ling  of  1'rance ;  and 

Be  loan  of  lu.000.out)  llvres  to  the  king  of 
olland.     In   ITU.  »  new  luau  of  ti.iiu.i.tXHI 
llvres  wa*  ueguti»t,<i  md  it* 

repayment  provided  for  by  treaty  of  that 
year.  A  conanlar  convention  of  1TSS  »ii 
abtogatod  by  the  act  of  17W.  Toe  treaty 
•f  aaaliy,  peace  and  commerce,  of  1800,  ex- 
plred   by  It*  ova    Umlintlon*    In    1800. 

The  treaty  of  180.1  ceded  l.uuNlana 
to  the  United  Sum  In  viliai  L  now  knowo 
aa  i he  t.i.iiuiaea  I'urcbnur,  and  la  of  his- 
torical Importance  at  defining  tbc  . 
•f  tl»e  evasion.  Tl,  com  <■  ion  of  1803 
provided  for  the  money  of  I/jiiWI- 

ana  oot  of  $11,300,000  «lx  per  cent  atock 
la  anneal  payaicot*  of  not  leu  tuno  f  3,000.. 
Olio,  to  comaaem.    aftei    tin  ■  ii 

'ale  of    raiLnralliiii    o(    the    tree  |        a 
(talma  coov.  n ■■.mi  of   l-u::  in  . ■  i . i . .  1    : 
payment  of  clalaas  of  I'nlled  State*  cliliena 
against    France,    not    to    exceed,    0O,t»> 
franca. 

The    convention   of    nnvlcatlon    and    com- 
aaerce  of  1823  prorld  il   Hint  Cnltcd  ;■ 

Cud>  American 

■ii Id  pay  twenty  per  cent 
duty  than  when  carried  In  Frem-h  hot- 
IMH  Good*  of  French  ninnufaem..  prod 
•c*.  or  growth.  Imp-.rted  into  the  United 
States  •hould  pay  an  excess  duty  not  to 
exceed    »;;  m    of   mercli  i 

fbat  ettarged  upon  Hlinllar  Bpoas  when  car- 
ried In  American  bottom*  Tticae  excess  du- 
ll** abjall  tot  apply  to  goods  of  either  coun- 
try   import,  d    for    lb* 

re-exportation,    however    carried       To    fwll- 
Itate  Ike  eitlmatlon   of  a    I 
dlae  not  amally  »o  com'iuted,  iiiinniMe*  of 
certain    clatM-a    of    good*    are    apeelil.-d    a* 
staking  a    ton  ihan 

(hose  alter,  d  nail  never  exceed, 
oat  Tailed  State*  Vessel*  la  Franc 
fraar*  per  ton,  ranpnted  on  II*  American 
register,  and  for  French  vmcln  In  the 
United  Si-.  i  four  cent*  pei  too, 
computed  on  tha  »i  utel'  Ft  m  h  passport. 
lea  l«  made  for  the  mi, .1.  t. -import, 
and  ponlibment  of  deserting  or  mutinous 
■  a  I  Iota  wben  In  the  country  of  tbc  i 
The  life  of  the  treaty  wa*  specified  a*  two 
year*,  aed  failing  not)  n  to  ter- 

minate by  either  porty  nl   II 
that  dale,    to  continue   In    force   until   «uch 
aotlre  «h--  i  >       If  no  audi   notice 

he   given    within  d,    H    wn»  agreed 

Mat  tbc  ex.-    ■   dalle*  In   the 

Br*t  section*  of  the  treaty 
by  on.  ii  whole  amount   y<  m 

by   year  ontll  exllngu    :„.!       ii 
tradition    treaty    of    1513.    tee    Fxtradltlon 
Treatle*.  ,n»tilar   convention    of 

^^Kaee   Con.ihi: 
trademark  convention  of  1800,   lee    ' 
Karl:  -  n*.  i 

A  reciprocal  agreement  of  1808  specified 
that    rniitu  rati       ft 

dalle*  on  certain  clatw*  of  good*  he  made 
by  es'ti  country  to  he  continued  riurlne  <ho 
plettnire  of  the  two  couirartlnr  partlaa. 
By  an  anxndT-cot.  ramie  In  Wos  It  waa 
•greed  that  th»  provision*  of  thl*  agrre- 
oeot  #x»eod  to  Algeria  and   Porto  Itleo. 

In  1004  tbc  rnl ted  State.*  renounced  the 


right  of  Invoking  In  Tunl*  tho  *tlpalallon* 
of    the    treatlei    made  g    the    United 

Btatea  ami  lb*  Bes  or  iunii  in  August. 
lTOi,  and  February,  1824.  In  return  for 
n  hi-  Ii  the  French  government  assured  to  tha 
consuls   and    cltlivn*  of    Ibi  state* 

In  Tunl*  the  s*mt>  right*  accorded  them  In 
Franee,  Mutual  pr.uccllon  of  trademark* 
In  China  was  agreed  to  In  1005.  The  re- 
ciprocal trade  o.  ,'.  1008  wa*  |tr- 
mlnated  uml.  i   IM  mrnr  act  of   i;iii',i. 

An   arbitration   agreement  In   accordance 
with   the   provision*  of  The   Hague   col 
tlon  of  1S00  wa*  algned  Feb.  lu.   Him-.    :,,„i 
renewed  In  1000. 

Franchises  of  street  railway  and  simi- 

lnr    corporation*,    tax    upon,     i m 

mended,  7*12. 
Francis  and  Ellis,  Tlie,  indemnification 

asked  for  by  owners  of,   1258. 
Frnnco-Prnatlan  War.  (See  Wars,  For- 
eign) 
Frankford.  Fa,  arsenal  at,  referred  to, 

40C1. 
Frankfort,  exequatur  issued  consul  of, 

revoked,  8709, 
Franking  Privilege.— A  right  enjoyed  by 
Government  officials  of  sending  letter*  and 
package*  free  by  mall.  It  win  tlnit  grant- 
ed by  Congress  in  January,  1TT8,  to  private 
•olillers  actually  In  service,  aud  wa*  grtid- 


u.illy  ixieinleil  la  no  Vleo-Presl- 

iliers  of  Congress, 
bureau  official*.  po*ltiiii«ters.  etc.  Tbo 
franking  privilege  .-.,..  i,.i  letter*,  new*. 
paper*,  execnllra  pipers,  dorumcnl*.  and 
printed    matter.       Jinny    abuse*    grew     up 

under    the    system,    ami    PoMmaiter-43tn 

crni     Crciwell.      In     bl*     report.     In     1871', 
ntlmated     that      the     franked      matter.      If 

Csld    for.    would    yield    a    revenue    of    SS.- 
0O.O0O.      Jan.    31,    !-  •-.    passed 

prlillege. 
Certain  feature*  have   since  been  restored. 
I  no.  23,  1811   and  Ma 

Int.").   ii   ■  .•  1 1...  ami  hi lered  printed   tor 

cm  were  admitted  for  free 
iu    through    the    until    tad    lbs 
prlillege    w;i*    restored    lo    i  .  Vice- 

lent  and  Cabinet   officii   with    regard 
lo  their  tiuVinl  eorrtapondouce       By  *|wclal 
■  lie  privilege  t tended  to  wid- 

ow*  of    Fresldent*.      TUe    net   of    Jan.    13, 
given    to  f    Fiingri'M    tha 

rltflit   to   frank   through  the  mall*   nil   cor- 
ropondence    not    exceeding    one   ounce    In 
on    official    and    departmental    liusl- 
I 

Franking  Privilege: 
Ullon  of — 
Proposed  Us  dblllUMJ.  2560.  2W3. 
Rocommcndcvl.  ;  1094,    IMS,  4I.'2. 
Abuses  of.  referred  to.  1886,  2123. 
Expenses  for  trnimportation  of  Blat- 
ter lioforo  nliolition  of,  reforred  to, 
4216. 
Bceommendnticinx  regnrding,  referred 

to,   262$.   4063. 
Sul'-titule  for,  recommended,  3056. 
Franklin  at  Frenrh  Court.     (See  illus- 
tration opposite  98.) 
Franklin  or  Franklaud,—  The   first   eon- 
stltutlon    of   North    Cvrollnn    mnde    provi- 
sions for  a  future  stntc   within  her  limits 
.,n     the    western    side    of    the    Alleghany 
Mountains.      In   May,    1704.   North  Carolina 


Franklin 


Itssagts  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


ceil**    to   Ihi     i 

■    .'hllllle*,    l.tuVldcl    lull 
VMMllll         " 

opinion     . ne    Hi-    '■ 

nf     III, if     I.  IN     ( U 11 1     II     ' 

tbcy    were 

yeata,    mi'     being    iiiidi  i     iln  Ion    of 

be    I  ii. i.  ii 

of  Hir  -i r   Ncnrl ii  Carolina, 

not    i  i  nod  eonld 

for  ilie  date  bad   aaibjectcd    tii.-in   to    tot 

it  uf   IWI  to  the   lulled   Stilt.- 

hi      I  luring  "il-  peril  ■' 

[I"'    lui 

:■!    i"    tba   ill blent 

II  nun  -In  I    n.l.r     I  I ll.'UIU- 

profilc  within    tli- 
ii  ii  Hon 
and    organise    ii    Mate   .it    i  bait    oa  n.      Tbla 

i'l    lo  -I",  and  called  a  col 
lion,     which     met     hi     Join    horu    Aug.     2X. 

I  ,  ■•  I         I  ..  ;  i     i    ..i.i    |i,.rllou* 

ad    ipj Ii  'i  ■  comml  itn 

in   con  condition.      Tbe   conrcn- 

:  mi  nddreaa  to 
'ii-     people, 

III      the      follnwhii;      November      T  lie 

!  milled    'i    Join  iliiim.       I  Ins 

1,1   ool  »n,  but  I  ro 

in   confiialoo  id    that    tu 

i  Ii  i  ■       i  .  nil       re- 

1  "  I      11.    I  ~>  I. 

: tin  i    nil In  Ii  d    it    J" riboro 

.in. I   n-jiii i    i    riin^tl  I  ul  Ion   o  iii'ti    a 

■in.-.l    or    i  onei  mi. hi 

.    lo    meet     II1 

in   -ii.-   meantime    i   general   aaaunvbly    waa 

. - 1 . .  i . - . j .    wblcb    i    in    iir,...nviiii.   tart*   in 

i    t'ic    lioicrnot 
and   ■  i  ii"    oaw    ii 

tttampted   ihnc  to  create  waa   n 

in     honor  I  I.'niiik.lii,     mill     U 

il,M,  r  M  i  ■  ii U II ii  mill    Ml 

i  runkland.      Il    :     um    pel  f  ctlj    clear  that 
,n     iii-i     Invar     people     Intended     Hie     new 

Mats   t..  in roe  pan    nf   tin-   rnbm      one 

,if  ill.-  In  ibelr  propoaed  form  of 

ill. Mil      mi-      I  h   II     "1   Ii'      lllbfl     .1  T:I  lit  ••    Vw  lib- 
Ill    i !»•  -    Innlta  of   ibe    i  itat*   agrae 

i  ..hi.  i   t  .  form  toMuaelrei  into  n 
ovcTelgn,  and  Independi  >.'  hod}  i 

r  Hi..  Commonwealth 

of   i    anklln   '      Latai    tboj    i -holed  Ihejr 

1. 1    •■   k    idntlarion   ti.  ill"   Union,        I 

illbglj     tli'-y    Hindi'    nn    effort    to    linve 
•  i  ..„•  1,1 .-..-    III.-    new    »i 

Tin-  li. .mi. Inn    Mil  •  ..f    1 1 ■  --    propoMd   »tlte 
Iboa    Hi  ii   it  Included  ntmt   are  now  Bflrvn 

...in -  ..r    I'll    Inln     ■  i  ..f   Waal    Virginia. 

..(..-  i  Mi  .1  ..f  Kcntnckj     hilt  ..f  T.-nnc*. 

■k,    two  third*    <.f    Alnhiiinn.    and 
one-fourth    ..f    '■■  Itory    " 

rich   In   mineral    wealth       'flier*  N  pmhtibly 

i «■  Iron  and  ooa]  In  it  thou  can  i». 

inn  ebwwben   In   the   United 
Tbe  <...tiv.Mitl.iii    in.  •    in    On  'ii  <  I  lie 

in    N int..  i.    17^'..    lo   idopt    i    ponatllu- 

llon,    i. mi     i  in  ii    Hi.     ci mi  •tltntl'Mi    propoMd 
wiin  mbtnltted  it   *■■  rejected  and  in    lieu 
thereof  the  conatltnaon  of  Norn. 
wiin   adopted 

■|  I.I  .    "  u   t Ii.-    beginning    of    Hi"    1 1 
« lii.  h  rndi  d  In  tbe  i  row  of  Ibc 

The  or    leglalntiire    of    tin'    atute 

continued    to    i I    for   aereral    ycara,    dnt 

tug    wiii.'ii    tinn    dual    gorernmenti   earJatM 

In    rfl"    t'-rrltoty.       I'onrl.    were    It.-lil    In     the 

i  lea    di  •   i  'i  ml  im   and 

other    under    •  ti ••    North    Carolina    roe- 

111       Hi"     nun.'    a  i  d     "Mt 

appointed  by  each  «o vernm*nt: 

■I      hj       II Ill».ll"<     "f     Imlh 

:  Hi,..  w<t"  laid  by  authority  nf  tioth 

liul      i-    ill.     people    mi  1-1     they     did 

not  know   which,  eorvrnmenl   had  the  right 


I.  d  the  eaaf 

ii    •  f    •...>  in ±    I.. 

Iinrlng     In     ■  .fbera 

.1  to  the  authority  of  North  Carolina 

A.i  -  r    oew 

Hi.     ..ii"    ildo    being   aurpaaacd    In    tbe    wajr 
•  f     r.  till     greater    pr. 

tfon    oa    'in-    atber,      Ii 

i     waa  arreatcd    and   earned    to    North 

rty  bating  been 

attached   In   Jannarr   or  V  Chat 

■    itrreet    the    grave  ra- 

in. -nf    i.r    i 

Carolina    [ui<*i-d    an  n     aod 

ilng     ber     authority     orcr 
laa  |nw«l 
a   second    act  ceding   the    i- 
Inn...  i.  Amc    7.     ITW).     l'real- 

<1"tit    '.' 

I    ibc    -     rl 

i.-nii": r,n.    aoon    thereafter    organixed 

..mi    ..i 

Franklin   (Tenn.),  Battle  of. 

-  of  drawlug  Shcrman'a  army  out  of 

,.  i.m    1 1 ..... t  i  uirimt-il  Atlanta  early 

and     marched    north, 

i    wllh 

hi.  bl 

lib  ab.Mit  :i.V"00  It.fBBlry  and   I 

.  .*  at 
mi.niHi    ;;,  pi     ^n  .      III.  nrmy  ■-*,> 

.|.  r  Ch.  atlwini.  St»w»rt.  anil 
Ijv;    tbe  cavalry  nuder   1"..  rman 

I  hi.tuaa    to    Natbrllla    aad 
placed  under  hN  n  iiiiuaud  ii     i.  Stanley  wllh 

Id    wllh   the 

.I,    and     mo«t    of     Wllv>n"a    ra»- 

Inc.  according  to  Fed- 

ernl  iccoonta.  37.000  i  "Id  w»<  In 

eomniniiil  n(  the   ti.-lil.  and 

ranee   be    fell    hark    toward    Naabvllle.      By 

:  I'raDk- 
lin   .mi  ill"  -..utli  Link  of  the  llarnelb  Hirer. 

e.  '..Ml       IS     i,  :.     .if     Nml.vllle.         lliejd 

I"d    liltn        UN   t.r>t    hloai    fell 

two    In  .ul. ■>    ..f    Wngner'a   dlrlalou.    whlrh 
i   ..in-.!.!"  Hi.-  tiaallly  erected 
work.       'il"     I  nl 

In   tin-  attack.  line  waa  brokeo 

and    defeat     veined    Imminent,     when    Geo 
.11"  of   SVaxtiei 

'  irar"    and   avel 
ill"    day.      The    Confederatea    rule    aereral 
if  which  waa  rcpulaed  arllh 
Schofl  d     In   Ret- 

ting hla   troop"  over    llntT-"!i    Hirer   In   re- 
treat, and  by  daylight  be  wa«    well  oa  hla 
wai     lO     'mi-Iu-III...       The    Pederal     Ha- 
of  loaKei  In  tliti  l.nttl.- 

1SD  killed.   1.1X1.7  wounded,  nn.l    1.1'M  Be- 
lli",   a    total    of    2. :!■.''".  nie«.    l.TKI 

i    »nd  7i«  prhaMii 
total  - 

Praaer,    Trenholm    Co.,   apenta    of  Cca 
federate  iM.vornment,  aulta 
In  Englinh  eourla  againtit,  3661. 

Tnj.     A  Oeht  between  helllcerent-i.— KM  of 
■  nt  Imiiorlance  !■  '  »   Imttlr. 

Prayer's  Farm    (Va).   Battle   of.— On* 

of  the  i    ' '  I  le«  before  RleluaoaWl 

.1  nn.-    30.    1802.    I»ng»(rect   and.  A-    P.    HIT 

,i  itv  rhlckahomlny  in  pur»" 
McClelltn'a  retienrlng  nrmy.  linger  and 
Magrinb-r  marched  arouad  tb-  v 
Swamp  to  opemte  .>n  hla  flank,  and  a  bri- 
gade waa  brought  orer  tbe  Jaanea  Hlier 
imk  At  t  o'cbxfc  In  lb* 
afternoon    I  nid  Hill  made  the  at- 

tack.    Hugir  and  Magrudrr  failed  lo  arrlr*. 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Free-Soil 


Tke  n«"htlnc  wa«  (annua  anil  the  advantage 
*lih    the    i  oofroVrati  t.      Xnnj 

■  'alt'a  dlvUton.  U|K>a  wIi.-td   t ti •  ■  mra.-V 

Um   i..u     l-ryiir.    of    tin-    Fifth    Rrlgai 
Loot"  .-.-aib, 

Alabama   RrxlDrcr  n»arir  aaalhilai-,:      "  »r 
Ike    1  ■  Ht>    Blinm   he  crvxnod    Iho 

•  'hkkalinmlnr    June   21.   SCO   ha-) 

date 
rr*d»rie*strorf    (Va.).    Battlo    of.— Af- 

the  l-attlr  of  Anttetam  (or  81m 
<icrap[«d  llarj-n  Kerr*  » 

•    waa  relieved  of  hit  torn- 
!■-.     l^-e'a  ii*iii j  vii  at 
t     '!«•«    at    Culiafier    and     T.,-.i«ard    of 
Ridge    Mountain 
•  ray.     r.'.»-    iimntx-rioif    about 
-i  e»e»,  loto  three  grand   il 
Iwo  rorp.  each.      By  Nov.   IT  be  liars 
thi*  arur  down  IW  lift  kai  lappa 

hanaock    tu   Falmmitb.   oppoalie   Frederick. 
Hit*  Ike  advan.v  v,».  .Vlarcd.  aaalt- 
tka    pontoon     trnla    from    UfMulmi. 
In  the   iDiAiiinu.'    lee  Il«<I  .  i.n.-,nir»t.d  the 

i'„af.<1-iat.     »r  o    la    the 

bill"  behind  Fiwdrrtckaburg       Dee    II,   1843, 
the  pontoona   vara    laid, 

Fv«n>  i         i  ii,      Inlim 

■  Bed    Willi    rnnkllfi    I 
i 
Knmnf  r  a    on     the     rich'.      The    ha 'He    wai 
apeaed  by   Kranklln  on  thr  m-. ml  nit  of  Ik* 
ISifc.  and  eootinixd  In  a  aarli 

d     and     im«n<,v«.fnl 
ToBfroVraii'  «>.rk.  until  nlitlii      <in  the  1  I'll 
an.)    I  i  ,ii.^|  bi    I  In 

Ir  dud.     On  ii,, 
In*  of  llii-  la-r.  •  .la'.    Ilu-v    retired  aci 

afrdrrate*  again  occupied 
\<tm*    were 
killed,  B.flOO  winded,  and  I.Ti" 

In*-  .i  '.  i.  tii,    ri.nf.  ii 

I  l in  wounded,  and 

tared  nr  at— lue  -a    total   ■■<   B.i  ,. 
In   ir..  ...ni    into 

il>    and   J  I' 

IMS,  BuraaMe  vat  relieved  of  ih uiinn.l 

•  f  bit  own 

before   the  I'iidii,  ii     i  ..ii. In,  i 

War    i 

Ute  of  Kye4*rlek*burg.      i',,l     Wal- 
irr  II     Tavlof     l»i»-  adjoin  .f  the 

Ar»i  n  Vlnrlnla.  atai.-d  I  hi 

I**    had   »rlli„ly   ragl 
than   20.000 

Frtdarickabtir*.    Va..    tmttle    of,    dla- 

raaacd,   .1360. 
Fret     and     Unlimited     Colnagt. 

BQn 
Free  Banking  8yat«n.-Aprii   n 

Ik*   N<  i .  i  —  - 1    i  In-    free- 

bank    act,    under    t lie    proTl '    uhleh 

an;    pernio    t,r    patMG 

tiank  t,y  dcpoallln 

Dpi  mi   ►  ■  itlng    note*. 

Tlitii  law   ■  »•   nfterwnnlv  amended 

log   at     I.  ,i-i     linn    ,.r    Ihi     •    ■     • b« 

New    York    *:,ite   atocka,  a    the 

KS»ir 
itk  r»i«rt<.r«   n»rp   art  •«■■  1 1 1   mi 

■      !»ul»liiliif»    hi 

■  m   oftrri 
-  i'lr  r.inlul.      TI 
not*  holdrra.      Thi  f    ih» 

N>»  York   >«cl«lntiir»  win  fnlintt.-il  kr  that 

nr*l    wm 
batata  of  thr   natlooal  banking  act   of   1803. 

Fr»«-Booter.    fSc^  Hinilit,  al«o  P! 
Trt*  Oojnag*   of   8Uvcr  Silver 

i»XC,    umlrr   Coiol  niid   Coiuaga.) 


Fr^-Dollrery   8yatom   («•«  Poat-Offlco, 
Department,  of) : 

Diti-u*i,fd    and    rn-onii  rn- 

49S7, 

Ex' ,  to  towai  a  popu- 

lation  r 
[nadoqnoto    f.i  .xU-nilod   rural 

dir-i.  :,  MSI. 

Fraa  Oood8, -X'H  iiii'.'iiMi-    admlrtad    into 
mport  wltli.  Icn  ot 

cuatoma  taxca. 

rre*  IAa>  uport   Ti  ,; 

I*rce  NcgTOca 
■ 
fr»a    colored    popntailon,    of    ti 

half    *»r-    In    tbc    aontbarp    inim. 
'ari  that  it 
jwroiia  .i.-i  ma   n  1   '..   a 

■ 

in    tin. 
|.i..i 
wtr,  ,i«a, 

Frea  Negreas.  (Sec  >*.-groe».) 
Free   Ships,   rre*   Good*.— ti., 

tl.lll  M  ■      I  lliil      '    r  I 

auodt  In  •ii.iiiI,.>'  ah  n 
-!i  ni  Dlraband  of  war, 

ka  Ih     ! 

IStatrn    r.-fil-.l    In 
|«rl\»ii»rliiK,  il 

la    tke 
conduct  of  war.     fii     i    ...  Int.     i 

In  time  of  war  .  n    . 

Ins    lo  ',•    if 

nipt- 
*'«l  fi,    □ 
eOQCrabnnil    nf    war.       I'-irln^    thf 

nil,,.]     - 
i  Im-i  -,'.  , 

itilni,    ib>.  .  ...    arai 

i  .-ii. ni. ii  v    .  iii-      .if   ih,-    \v,i,     ,r 
•  'Ii..     treat;     ..I    li 

".II.  I     II-       III        > 

i        ■  jil.ll- 

tlou  01  0  III''  Ninj, 

Froo  SUvcr. 

Free-Soil  Party.  TH*  aou  i    kn  of 

!"•   i  •'■! ratio   pari  i  pm 

vent  Hi--    in. iiiln.,  : ■ . i -ii 

t-.r   in.,   preai  loncj  ion   ■■< 

I  s  1 1       Till  ,   an 

the    vi. i.-    o 

ueeeainrr      to      Di  TIivm       I 

:»rtr. 
ik    XI ate.    ■ 

Van    I'.nr.n    fui-tlon    i ■•■    kimmi    aa    the 

llnrnburnera  au.l  n.n.«  r  I .  -  ■  lluuli- 

r«,      Al    Hi'    national  nn    In    IM8 

i  Itiren'a  followet  -  j-.ih.-.i  ii»<-  t-  tnn 

of    the     II, 
Koll      |, 

ima 
The     plnlforni     am     a      >.ir,itic     protMl 
araltn  i   con 

"A 
free    a'.ll    '■  peopla.'      tad     "Con- 

en-Mi  baa  no  more  iiowi-i    lo  make  n 
linn, 

o-«a  Van  Bll 

■  ml     Ail  nn  I  'I  i  I  lei ni(  I 

I.210.0U2-.    i  ',  in 

Burcn    ree*lve4    n  a.      Again 


Free-Soa 


Messages  and  Papers  of 


In  18S2  tbo  party  nominated  »  prcaldcn- 
tlal  ticket  1*4  oy  Joan  I*.  Dale  and  Oeorae 
W.  Julian,  but  obtained  do  electoral  rote* 
and  a  le»«  popular  vote  than  In  IMS.  Dur- 
ing It*  existence  the  party  alway»  had  train 
nftccn    to    tweni;  0    Con- 

frcai.  among  them  (.'buries  Sumner.  Salmon 
.    CMM   ami    David    Wllmot.      h     uiposttd 
the    l.  irnakn    Mil.      It    dually    be- 

came part   of  the   Republican   party. 
Free-SolleTS).— That  ooe  of  tht  aull  •lnt»ry 
poll' leal  partlea  whleh   ramc  Into  existence 
la  1848.      It   waa  composed  of  Hie   Liberty 
party,   the    Itiirnburur-r    Hi  New 

York,    and    n    inn  Hi  in    Whig*, 

who   fin  it.-iI    Hi.-    Wil  mil 
approiirlinli.il  l.ill  t"  com-lide  'he  ; .' ■  •  1 1 y  of 
peace  with  Mexico.     Wllmot'a   amendment 

protltli'il     that     then      should     

In  the  territory  acquired  nndei    l  nc   appro- 

Srlatlon.  It  passed  the  Home,  but  wna 
pleated  In  tin'  Semite  I"  il"'  Beit  aes- 
alOD  It  foiled  to  pnss  either  House,  Iteso- 
lutloim  of  the  ►  ii  lb*  'ivilinot 

a  wen  Introduced  in  i  in-  wiits.  and 

Deinocrntlc  contcntliins  of  1846.  but  were 
rejected,     Upon   ihui   man)    proi 

of     New     Vi  i  nil     "Mo 

withdrew   a  oil    formed   the   l-"n-r  8oll   pnrly. 

laltalo  in  1848  i nted  Uai  tin 

■.  ..ii  Ban  n  nnd  I  barb  ■  i  ranel«  vdorus  f..r 
Prealdent  and  Vice  rrc«ldciil.  These  eon- 
i'.IiIiiI.--  received  m  eleciornl  vole*  and 
only  '."."l.'.'ii.'l  popular  vol.  «.  At  l'limliiire 
In  1802  they  imiuliiuied  John  I'.  Ilnlo  und 
tieursje  W.  Julian,  but  tntif  rot*  only 
reached   15(1. 1 4S>.      lu    IBM  tht   I'ree-Sotlem 

iniui'ii   Hi.-  Republican   party. 

Free  Trade. — lu  politico  this  term  la  used 

to  ilcnlfy  an  exchnnsc  of  merchnndlae  be- 

two.-ll      llir     | ....  | .  I.-      ,,f     illlTen-ul      I'OUUlrloa 
wltboiil    t In-   lni|in»!il.in   of  nny    tn*    by   the 
sovernmcur.      A   iiirlO    i.ix    Imposed    by  tbo 
.nil-lit  for  II  .ii  ,.r  home  mrui- 

BXBCturea  l«  held   by   the  advocate*  of  free 

to  lie  contrary  ti>  i nd  pi-iaeipiea  of 

political  economy  and   nnjuM   to  tbo  coa- 

aumera  of    the   arllclca  so    taxed. 

Free  Zone.     (Soo  Zona  Libre.) 
Freedman's  8avlngs  and  Trust  Co..  af- 
fairs of,  discussed  and   reeoram. 
lions  regarding,  5113. 
Freedmen  (see  also  Civil  Rights): 
Act  to  protnet  nil  persona  in  United 
States   in    their   civil   rights'   nnd 
furnish  mean*  of  vindication  ve- 
toed, 3603. 
Violations  of  net  referred  to,  3066. 
Appropriations   for  »ett|.  -tueiit    unjer 
treaties  of,  and  descendants  upon 
lands   in   Oklahoma    recommendod, 
4788. 
Ooloniution  of.    (See  Negroes.) 
Condition  of.  discussed,  5490. 
Education    of.   recommendations    re- 
garding.  3905.   5489. 
Elective   frnnchiso   to,  discussed   by 
President — 
Onrfleld.  4598. 
Hayes,  4445,  4863. 
Johnson,  oG57. 
Emigration    of.      ("See   Negroes.) 
Freo  exercise  of  right  of  suffrage  by, 
discussed  and  rocomtnandationt  re- 
garding. 5400.  556*.  5643. 


Memorial  from,  in  Alabama  a*king 
for   righta   of   citizenship,    4258. 

Protection  of  rights  and  privilege*  of, 
discussed,  4395,  4412.  5400. 

Provisions   in  amended   constitutions 
of  Southern  Mates   regarding,  re- 
ferred to,  3.' 
Freedmeu's     Aid    Societies,    letter    to 

i  resident  from,  referred  to,  8M 
Freedmen '»  Bureau.— Ao  ofllce  of  the  War 

Department,   created  dnrlnr.  tbe  Civil    War. 
to  protect  the  inlereau  of  necroex  art 

treed    Its  farther  purpose  was  to  loss 
tfter  the  education  of  refugees. 
Freedinen'a  Bureau: 

Abandoned  lands,  etc.,  to  bo  turned 
over    to,    order    regarding,    8690, 

Act— 
For  discontinuance  of,  vetoed,  3852. 
To  continue,  and  to  amend  act  to 

establish,  vetoed.  3620. 
To  establish,  vetoed,  3596. 
Continuation  of,  vetoed,  3620. 
Commissioner  of — 

Ordered  to  settle  questions  arising 

from  lands  set  apart  for  benedt 

of  refugees  and   freedmen.  354». 

Report  of.   rcfi  -:56!>,  8571. 

Establishment  of,  3 

Lands     abandoned,     ordered     to     be 

turned  over  to,  3538.  3547. 
Operations  of,  referred  to,  3586. 
Property   in    Alabama    to   be    traai- 

ferred  to,  order  regarding,  3550. 
Reports    of    assistant    commissioners 

of,  referred  to,  3.j7". 
Transfer  of,  War  Department,  4147. 
TransxortaUOJI  required  by,  order  re- 
■ion  for,  3547. 
Freedmen  "a  HoxpitaL- T  b  I  a  iasUtutloa 
was  established  In  WsthlOKtoo  as  a  contin- 
untl.. ii    of    I  rlalon    for    ulrk 

treedmen,      Every  »,-ar  It  adntlnljter*  treat- 
ment to  some  3,r,00  pat  ten  ta.   nnd   It  con- 
ducts a  tialnlnr  school  for  nursci       '. 
ment    Miperrlslnn    Is   exercised    tbroofih   tbe 

Interior  Depsi  tax  dI 

Freeholders,  number  of  taxable  inhabi- 
tants who  are  not,  referred  to,  MIS, 
990. 

French-American.— An  American  of  French 
birth  or  extraction. 

French  Cable.  Co.,  stipulations  with,  re- 
ferred to.  4738.  4744. 
French  Exhibit  and  Representation  at 
tbo  World's  Fair,  Chicago,  in   1893, 
a  reason  for  the  United  States  par- 
ticipating largely  at  Paris,  6276. 
Froocb   Revolution,    claims   of    United 
States  against  Franco  growing  out 
of  (see  also  France,  Claims  against)  i 
Referred  to,  2808. 
French  Spoliation  Claims.— To  Jnty.  17M, 
the  Directory  of  tbo  Republic  of  rranoe  an 
nonnead  to  the  wnrld  (hat   French   ernlears 
and  prhatecre   bad  beeo  ordered    to   treat 


Encyclopedic  fade* 


Fruit 


vessels  of  central  and  allied  powers,  either 
*•  to  search,  scliure.  or  conllscutloti,  la 
lb*    mdm  u    tbey    •  s ii •■    neutral 

or  allied  powers)   should  suffer  tbc   Engllib 

■  al  tbem.  Ii  «n  •  it  tin' 
.1  Sutra  did  nol  exercise  close  enough 
nc*    over    Ibe    belligerent    rights    end 

ticity  stipulate  .  i  and 

Ibe    wurrfng     Kuropcin    power*.       England 
claimed  tbc  right  to  telle  goods  codh 
of  war  oudvr  any  flog,     'll.ie-.-ii 
States  disputed  tbls  clnlm,   lbs  <; •■>•  rum. 'in 
did   not    feel   Justified   In    going    to   ilic   ex- 
imw  lengths  d<  '..  Gov- 

ernment to  enforce  Ihefr  promts  Am.  r- 
le«n  commerce  thereupon  became  a  prey  to 

twern 
tbe  Called  Slates  and  l-'rouce  ratified  In 
1B01     Ibe    dllfe.  -.•    adjuated.    and 

the  Uolled  Stat.*  sr) 
cltlii-tia   for  damage*  sustained,  aroon 
l*>    »20.0uti,Ouo.       trance    mod.-    a    euimter 
claim    many    limes    sh    great    for    damage* 
ausialned    by   her    clilscns    retailing 
f.iilure  of  the   United   Mates  to  keep  their 
trealy  obligation*-      The  re.ull  of  tin 
section    »i   a    mutual   surrender   of    i  li*--..- 
clslm*.     Tli..  Ii.  rnmenl.   U 

Is    claimed,  become    responsible   to   lt»    eltl- 
aeaa  for  Indi-mriincitlon.     The  claims  were 
•  ngreu,   mid    the 

•object   h»«  engaged   tbe  atlentl 

of  oar  ablest  lawyers  nnd  statesmen.     Hills 

:  .lymeut  erer*  v. ■! i  b]   Preatdent 

Polk     In     IMd        1310).     and     I.J 

■  In  ISM  <2MOi.  Jin  20,  1888 
cress  passed  an  aei  authorising  ibe  claim- 
ants to  apply  to  Ibe  Court  of  Clulmt  fur 
adjudication  of  their  claims  Tbli  art  era! 
approved  by  I'rc.ldcnt  Arthur.  Tbe  court 
has    reported    to   Congr»««    f.-iiorsl.ly    oo    a 

number  of  these  clalrav  l  he 
nrw  Congress  passed  an  act  appropriating 
something  more  than  II.iwo.oihi  t<.  p 
of  tbe  culms  a«  hud  been  reported  favor- 
ably by  Uist  court  I"  which  was 
approved  by  President  Ben].  Ilarrl»«n.  A 
simitar  bill,  carrying  over  9I.0OQ.ouo  for 
their  paii  »■•!»•  .1  by  President 
rieseland  June  0.    1880   (0110         March  1 

red  nn  act 
to  poy  over  «'.  ••-  claims. 

French    Spoliation    Claim*    («uo    also 
France,   Claims   n-p 
Act   Baking   appropriations    for,   ve- 
toed, 6115. 
Act  providing  for— 
Aaeertainmcnt  nnd  satisfaction  of, 
vetoed,  2316. 

A$cer::iiM nt    of.   vetoed,   2840. 

Report*  on,  transmitted,  4916,   4056, 

4972,  4982,  0189. 

Frrahtovrn    (Mich.).   Battle    of.-on. 

laofl  hating  succeeded  Hull  In  command 

...    Araay    of    tbc    Northnest.    resolved 

to  regain  what  Ibat  un 

bad  Tost,      lie   dl      -  ",  inoheater 

v.. iti  2,000  men   lo  Del  roll 
cross    the    river    !f    opportunity    offered    und 
■  eie    Korl    Madd  n    his    camp    tat 

iic   llfi    Winchester  oo   Jan.   17.    ISl 

,  to  advance 
.  now  Moor..- 
Raisin.     I.ewl«  arrived  on 
a.v]  the  British  garrison,  ninthtlng  of  200 
c  aaadlaa    mllltt*    and    4  no    Indians,    were 
-  the  *nod«.     Tlie  Amvlcsn*  l"»t 
12  slllid  si  inded      Tin-  lost*  lo  the 

•Jernblc  and  occurred  chiefly 
In    the    r..r^st. 

Friars'    Lands   In    Philippine    Island*, 
-jxttitlon  of,  10W. 


Friendly  Islands.    (See  Tonga  Island*.) 
rxtenda.  Society  of.     (See  Society  of 

Friends.) 
Frigates.    (Sno  VcmU.) 
'•Frolic' '-The  Brlcb.li  Sloop  of  War  cop- 
tq   •  l  bj  v,'".|r'  in  command  of  Cap- 
tain Jones  In  tbc  War  of  1812.     (See  V. 
Tbe.i 

Frolic,  The,  engagement  with  tho  iVasp, 
506. 

Frontitz*  (see  also  Indiana;  Militia): 
Affairs  on  southeastern  frontier,  2909. 
Posts   should   be  established  for  pro 

in   of,  614. 
Protection  of— 

Nceewity   of,  76,  86,   87,   96,    101, 

:,  166,  551,  1817,  2S19,  3447. 
Sufficient,  648. 
BttftUTOd   to,  Itt,  398,  824. 
Fruit  Growing  and  Preserving.— Horn 

.-..iiure  ai  a  distinct  branch  of  farming   Is 
nf  recent  growth  In  tba  United  8latc» 
early  settlers  found  grow  lug  wild  In  Amer- 
ica   many    of    the   nun I    fruits    familiar 

to    thotn    In    Kurope,       Bcsldex    cultivating; 
tln-y    Imported    other    rarieilct   and 
srafru  from  their  former  hornet.     The  early 
eirortH    of    Ibe    colonists    were    limited    to 
-  enough    fruit    for    tbc    family,    with 
thought  of  commerce,  though  an  or- 
chard   of    2. '.oil   apple    ii    ■       i.    ■     il    i... 

.1  In  Virginia  in   lOSfl      In  N.  a 
line I.    100,    lut;-.    apple    orchards    wen-    nol 
i  in-.. mm. .ii.  hut  th.-ir  products  were  mostly 

fur    ranking    elder.      There   arc   about 

of  fruits  grown  In  Ibe   United 

State*,  ranging  from  the  plomi  I  apple* 

of  tbe  north  to  tbe  Ogs.  oratiget,  lemons  and 
tropical  trulls  of  l-'lorlds  ami  Callfor 
nln.      Tbey    arc    classlflcd    for   convcnlenen 
nit. i    Iron    fruits,    tins    frnlts,    small    frulu 
With     the      i  nt  h     In 

trri asportation  and   packing  came 
inc-nt    of  tropical    fruits    to    northern    mar- 
kets. 

Scientific  brccdlug  and  cross-breeding  of 
native  species  has  developed  sou. 

let  stilted  to  tbe  requirement!  of  tho 
i..      Ploneen  lu  this  line  were  Mun- 
son  of  Texae,   Bnrbank  of  ('uiifuniia.   and 
Webb.  i  epnrtmenl  of  Agrleultnr.. 

r.  .in   1800  '..   fJUO   Iboat  tbe  only  fruit 
ed   Km  an  occasional  bunch  of  ban- 
anas.    In  the  latter  year  J.  V.  T.  Pearsall 
,  r    (few    for*   l.mu^bt    In   s  cargo  Of  1.000 
lies.      In    18-1J   n   cargo  of  oranges  or- 
rlved  from   Sicily,  and  for  tbe  next  thirty 
Italian    fruits    Ii  id  1    po*. 

-i ... i. in  ,.f   tiie  Aoericon   marketa,  .luriuij 

ivl.l.h   time  much  speculation  was  In.: 
In  nnd  tbe  auction  system  of  marketing  was 
!      Some  of  the  early  dealers  wer* 
Di  1 1 m  *  Rote;  Chamberlain,  rin-lps  *  Co.. 
J iimes    K..1.111  i.n    .-.    •  Giles  A 

COi.of  New  York  :  Unnlel  Draper  ft  Co.,  and 
Coaant  *  Co.,  Boaton:  I'll  *  Wllklns,  B.il- 
■■o.l  A  Co.,  and  Isaac 
Jeones    ft    Co.,    rtilladclpbla. 

The  first  green  frnll  shipped  ncrots  the 
continent  from  California  arrived  In  New 
Y'.rk    lu     ISO".      This    shipment    proi.-.l    a 

■  ..f  Tokay 
grnpes  nnd  three  ears  of  peart  from  Call- 
aligned  to  N  It.  I»e,  Sew  York, 
arrived  In  good  order  nnd  brought  IS. Ml 
to  $0  a  box  for  Ibe  peers  and  $10  to  tlS 
per  40-pound  crntc  for  Ibe  grapet.  Thou- 
■ande  Of  carloads  of  fruit  are  now  shipped 
crery  yenr.  tbe  refrlgernlor-'-nr  eervlc*  of 
the    railroads    facilitating    tho    transport*' 


Fruit 


Messages  and  Pafvrs  of  ti 


i  he  frt  it-ii'  rat     .'■" 

ilny- 

.      .  I  III'      IlllllRP     I-  II. I 

i  llll    In    %     ..    >,,,  i 

•  ij.l   s.-ll      III  ili.T   limn  i  ii.-  .:'.... 
fottlla    Had    l-'l".  <  ' 

..  and 

I'niir  .1  a   of 

,.    ii    viur    i ml    Florid  I  Nn 

II)  i IMJ  '  '"Ml    wr-rlll 

nf   lime*,      I'ur 

if   l|>p|o«,    win.  h    .-.t ni    10 

I    I.    rllD. 
nil  and  /  nrc  2,789 

,      United    Btatea    .  n 

re&*etah«e*.     Thi  i.ii  '  i- 

li.-.l    .u     107  .    ami    employ     iT.-H* 

in  ■-.    iii.-iii.i! ..-.-    inn.     I. 

.•Illll.  i  i.  .1    .ill.  .11.1;.  Ml-  I'll. 

of  Ihi  141,   of 

.1     .:      I  ii.-     |iru 

'  ■  Inc. 
I'lillfnrnln    I-   h 
iliili-    In    Hi--    .  nuolui 

'Mm- 

ill       I    .ill  f..l  Mill       llli.     ..II       I  hn 

■  ■••• ii   lunter   itiBn 

i 

.  I  III-    il.iul.l- 

.iii.-  i-i  i  in-  grow  Iruj  ni    in. i 

i.  i  >    iiinl  I  ho  nuiiil..-r  nf 

.lui 
Inic   Hi.-  .1                                    'i    I  DOS,    I. ni    iii.- 
'i mod    i "ii ..    per 

H        ,-  *.    v.iik  malted  aeeond  »uil  Mary- 
land third 
in   in.    in. ..in-  r  ■■ 

I  tlC    I I  111  '    Yi.K.'l«li|i.-,    Mm.  Inn. I 

a»l   thirty 

.    ii         imriloK    '"  '•'  |M  r (  -In'  total 

mm!,    l'.-l:iwarr. 
termer,    Indiana,    Virginia    ami    fall- 
r..rti i.i  —  i_.ii  ii   :  parted   more   than  .i   million 
iMlura1  woi in  .f  ■  .mi.  -i    nni. i 

•  illf..rnli  pun  up  eighty  per  ■••m  •■'  the 
c-iiiiii.  I  i . .  ...  - 1 1  -  ..  pi.u-i  iiii.I  aprlcote  as  wall 
n«  dried    fiulla. 

Frulta,  American,  reatrictieaa  upon  5m- 

I'tirtiitii i .      i-iUi     liiTiiuinv     ami 

Swit2.'rliini|.  1 
Fugitive  Criminals.    (8ee  Bxttadlttofl  ) 

Laiv.   regarding,   .iiiim n. Iiin-nl.    .if,   rcc- 
JO,  fj        : 

Opinion  of  A  il   regard- 

ing   fight    of 

I run.'    ii    I'liiuiniUi-il 

out  of  United  Slut.'-,  I 
Report*    of    International    Ann  i 

Oonfaraned  on  8ur>j<"''  of,  roferrwl 

to,  5514. 
Surrender  of — 

Aahl.tirlon    Ir.'iilv .|i» 

By  GMta  Id. 

I   inn  i-ulinn    ri  curding,   with — 
AlJKlT 

Ra.l. 

I'.:i 

Belgium,   2724,   4129,  4218.    4247, 

IBB.  ins. 

CratTU   Amt'ri'-a.    I 
chile.  2912. 
Columbia,  4887,  5200. 
n.nniark,    failure    to    negotiate, 
4561- 


I 
.389. 
<Ii 

-  A. 
-t    Britain.    2016,  4989,   547ft 
lvmanda    made    under,    :»!. 

2211 
Diai  17 

Qui  under,   4  ' 

Referred 
'■i'ii*nl  of,  toroni|.lv  with,  ilia 
1,  4:168. 
Guatemala.     4067      518 

h»i         m 

Donduran,  4161,  4210. 

It:.  Ii,  41M& 

.Tnpan,    I: 

I  Id         :.:    -.  i 

Mi  :.   4867. 

made   under,    ■• 
Extension    of    time  of    rat;> 

.intended. 
Questions  arising   undt  I 

6333. 
Report  of  Serretary   of  8ta!' 
regarding,  £r*0. 

ode,    2910,    2958,    2994 
4512,  4562,  517*1. 
Withdrawn  from  8011 

■ragua,  4tW,  4100. 
Pern,  4064  «34. 

Termination    of,  |    to. 

4910. 

Prussia.  2207.  2689.  27 

Ralifleatioo   of.    refused.   2450. 

Balrodoi  1818,  4247. 

<Ju«tionn  in  5ML 

Santo  Domingo.  3669. 

s,,,l-..  JS70. 

Spain,  4376.   4699,  4738. 
Referred 

Sweden  and  Norway,  3114, 

Swiaa   Confederation,    : 

Turkey.  4258.  4296. 

Venezuela,  2917.  3185. 
DUcuaeod 
Convention*       regarding,        recopv 

ii.i-n.li-.l,   ."868. 
Fugitive-Slave  Laws.—  \rtlrle  |V..  lection 
2.     of      the      Conitltuilou      prOTldet : 
person  hold  to  nervlee  ..r  lnt.-.r  to  oar  state. 
tinder   the  lawa    thereof,   eeenplng   Into   as- 
..Hi. -r    Hliiill,    In   ei  my    law  «rt 

reguliilk.il  iii.r-ln.  I.. 

aortic*  or  labor,  but  (ball  be  delivered  mv 
..ii  claim  "f   Iho  party   to   u  In  .in 

oi  labor  mm  i  •■  doe."  fa  nureuaaee 
-.f  i'iU  provlalon  Concrete  In  1793  naaaed 
tln»  flrxt  fiidtlYoalav*  law,  prarldlnc  that 
on  the  .1"  n.  i<  riving  proof  .>f  iKovrvblp 
before  a  mnclntrate  of  the  locality  where 
Hi..  hImw  wua  (-1111.1  Hi.,  innclatrai*  ehoajd 
order  the  alnre  to  I...  .1:  lv-r.nl  i 
owner   without    trial    by    Jury.      1 1  In. lulus 


Furniture 


or    harboring    a    ftrlilTe    alare    xni 
tbte  iif  ■  anc  of  jr.iMf.     in  lsso.  u* 

•  p»it  of  tbc  coaiprcuiiT  iii.'n-ui..  .,:  ii.  ii 

ii  law  who  pawd  providing  for  I 
e4  Stale*  couauilnlonrre  to  aid  in 

istocwmtiit    of    tb.  r    of 

Ideality  and  l«o    veil  f  ,i    ,,f 

■■   were  all   Ihal    I 
deuce.     The  a**: 

hat*  Ji  Ionics    lawa 

bad   beea   paaaed  proildlns    fur    the 
of  fugitive  alavr*.     Tin  •  - :  •  int  Con 

federation  of  | IMS  hod  provided   for  mi 
-•trail.  .      .         i  .•ri.m 

B filial 

■  ■  ■!    ii... 
In     tbe    caac    of    I'rlgi;     \a.     IN 

■ 
esecvUoti  of  Ibc  law  i  upon 

federal    aulrK>rltlr»    alnuc  :    tbat 
tborlilea  eotl 
real    -i  iiade    action   by 

.  mclnl*.      The    art    of    IHSO    n I 

■ 
ilti»rly"    Urrn    were    p ..-.  ,,.,i    ii,    many 
r  hi m t<"f*.  »on:*-  of  tln-in  -  wtih 

1'ederal    1».  nut,     (ha 

rtl  Jfce  Civil  War  •  il  I 
th»  whole  matter,  and  tb*  lawa  were  re- 
pealed. 

rujitJT*  SUree: 

'-.  puwii  to  'Jefeial  law*  r<-|(ari 

Da    of    lawa    for    return    of, 
terribly  resisted  at  Bo«l 

:. 

I'ni.Un 

Legislation  roBafoiaa  restoration  of. 
recommend.. i 
•  illation*  with  Oreet   Hritain  ro-  . 
rding  aurrci 
state  law*  regard  ii 

BnrrcnnVr  of,  n-fi  rr.-.l  t..,  : ■-• 
Fundamental  Constitutions  of  Carolina. 
— to  lne59  John   Locfcc,  Kng- 

lUh  phlloanphi-r.  drear  up  bo  -  lal 

•  tlliillnll    for    tin     •  pro- 
tldlag    tor  At 


day  It   1»  nf  in  aa  a 

aaanple    of    early    eoiniliuiW.in    Hod    in    at- 
irt.pt  to  miibll'li  on  AniTli'nn  u  rlitocntcy. 


i  grand  hi  "f 

llinni'iit  if  Inmlcrntea 
and    ruiil'inri    bailo*    entailed    cntBtea. 

Furlough.-    II  •niiiury  duty  by 

content  of  authority:  nl.o  In  the  nnvy  ulir- 
nlfrlng  abaence  from  duty  on  half-nay.  ■ 

.-'a   cam   rcpiem.   or  n-   mild   punUh- 
aaent  for  a  petty  uffei 

Furniture  Manufacture.— r"ionini   fu  mi- 
ni re.  nil.  r*tood  today.  «■«« 

unknown    to    tin'    Ann  ili    lonlM*.      In 

■  he  early  "truffle*   for  nblim  i 

nai    it     i  Inclli  v 

ml.  I 
III.-     in.-.-.  .      1. 1.,  unlit 

Kb  tin  in  ••!  I-  i.i.i.in, .  .1  from  im  in. .1.1 
■  >-  were  al>tc  with  tin-  rude. 

ml     lln-lr     (itMilll'  f  l-iln 

..lih   -..-i.-ri-   line*    iinl    I      Ii 

Ii-      -.null.  Ill      plnnf.  I  -      !in- 

and 
KraDCi'    In    the    atvlc    of  i    nn-l 

i      In    Kiurlnnd    urn!    ii--     II 
.-.  hllf    III-    I  lllti  h    -in 
tlera  of  New  York  brought  ih.-lr  Myle 
i nil  and  II"-  OrlMit. 


In   177i     'Im  bODe  <>f  n   well-to-do  -'•' 

up  in  aliout  the  mine  atyle 
nn  Kugllshuiau  or  tin-  >nu  ao- 
i.il    ntaiullug.      i  Iiii-i  - 
ngue.  with  piecra  In  the  On- 

Vrom   t  ii--   k.'i-io  ii 
.-  -  .inn-   n.  i  in ti.-j.-i n.. 

dp]  lion 

Tin-  w.-n-     Ilk.      I    i 

secondhand    ti-palr    (bop      W    b      found    la 
nil    the    lane    clllen    todnj         I  In-      ni.in.-i 

niHk.-i  *   ronttt il    i iir  ..in  i    tin 

laiporti-d   (i  -in   Ruropa  and   Ihoae  long 
on 

milking    them*«-lv*a    felt    all    otci     I 
■  I   t.-  America,  and   tin-  (bap 

and  more  pr<  lenllous,  mnhogany  be- 

IllK    tlK   it    al;  ..f    B«l- 

mulK  ■•  .  gun- 

ernl  f.-ntui.  .      i  abln   t-inaki  ra   n   .  b 

ihelr  li  i 'in  a  debaai 

which  ilni  not  h  tgaaea 

or  ebaractrr  o(  Ibo  lamia  KV,  imt  ~.i 

.   in   whii-ii 
the  main  Idea  aeema  to  hn  ii-play. 

Al i  iii.iil.-    in    pi 

furnlf  u  i.  Imt   tin-  ! 

.     t  r  n  In  in  it  <  mok- 

nliu'n!     lull,    illi'l     tin- 

i.-r  ninny  yeam. 
mill. 

tiirr    maklnK.    brlnalng    Inimr-tarina  "1. 

inin  rot    iiwr,    and    enabllni:    tln- 
tiiann: 

m>-  demand       In  IClchardaoo    --f 

rhiiiul.  iphla,    Intro 

and    Taylor.    Rl--h    &  ili-t 

maho-.-n-o    mill    in     \n.  -   n    ti ii t ii !•■  r 

I     iry    fiirnr 

anlll   now   hod  born   quit*   plain,   In-zin   lo 

ornament*,  ao  eaully   produeM  by  the  new 

nf  the  furnltuie 
in  i   in    i  -  .-  -    ni   about   llfv 

l»,    nod    i  lie   IrnlM.i  rr   mi.- 

•nn'    people     ...it    of    o    population    in 

..mi 

i  ii    in    HiU    time    the    furniture   Indunlry 

lied    t-     tlii  -i»t.-i. 

i-i  niii|.:i  li-      iii    and    arouad     Hi- -Inn.     tmi     I 

number   "f   fnetorlea   •• 

the    W'  0    fin -I..I  |.-:.,    .■.1ui|.|..il    with 

n»W     "ni.  -hlli.-i-j     mill     ii-Iiij:     lln      n^tl>.-     f-n 

I,    -nalliut.    el.-.    Tilth    Which 

...-I-.-    anrrouoded.   produced   a    n 

Erode  of  furniture,   in   arblcb  art   >"•. 
.i  -.         I  .  Id.  h     nil- 

■I  nn-  inn  i "i  the  rapidly  Im 

nn  po]  i   tin-  in-"  I)   di  raloplnfl  ter- 

ritory.       Trade     k.  |it      I  n.-r .  -i  -l  tiK-     with      ili" 

-ii   wenlib.   and    by    1*00   Ihe   produe 

ti-'ii  bad  i-  i  tin-  li'im 

nn ii    employed    In    the    In 
0    lui[ir. i-i. .in.  n(i    In    iiio.  Iiln 
.  i  v.     bad    de  lln-  .1     to     V  •'•"'       The 
Intlon  '  nl  then  n  ...  hi  d  d  • 
\r   lln-  fun.   nil  Industry   i- -    ivil  n 
■    tin-  •  ml   "iir. 
after  tin-  war  .-non-  n  movement  In  faeoi 
of   nore   perfect   eooatruetloi  -    laae 

of  »tr  -  became  (eneral, 

iltf    apparvii  i.-n.-ved    hy    on 

iiii'iiiil-int    ii  - 1    "f    i     b         ■  I- Im II-- ■-.   f-irtilnfTv 
.  .1   ii..-   manu  faetoi   i 

|0    •!.'    I  hi     ::'    m.  i-   pari    of   the   w.irk    li>-    inn 
ililln-fT.      for      V.I  I'll 

adapted.     The  awakened   public 

furniture    ilereloped    the    I  g    nn 

liti  il   III  .1 11 II .  I,    I  hi     I'lnilil.  linn   fur    1870 
In-ltlK  •'!,      t ml      :i      hlllf      I 

ihal  of  im;i>     The  nun 

nt    thl«    Miii-  ' 

Inc    .',.".. .snu.     nut    ..I    ii     population    ol 

mil 

inn.  In)     «!■- 1 . i    •     Il 


Furniture 


Messages  and  Papers  of  tht  Presidents 


1  ">73  the  tusloc».i  allowed  ■til>K(»nilnl  RHlna 
between    !•  .  "In  the  lnti-T  )•  «r 

•  •f  tuo  output  vti  jTr.s-is.oou. 

About    this     time    Mr.     H.     II.     Ki.rlm 
brought    Ollt    aeVi  ll'lklllg 

I  rice. una  of  rlaulc 
»tilch  won  general  odtnltailou.  lie  revived 
Hi.'  Ip.  only  '.(  the  Old  RctMUMIQa*  dc.M.  a- 
ulaptcd  lo  in  .I  ii  Idem  end  mi  di  i 
needs.  Soon  the  liomam-iqiie  nnd  riyiaatlnc 
pit-vallcd  ovcijiibc-ii — -In  houses,  fun 

Irjr,  and  ll  bid  rail  to  bv» 
come  the  national  -tile  It  wu  soon  cheap- 
ened,   however,  and    worked  to  death. 

nnivei.ai    ■ematbiM    leal     radaty    ctxrecJ, 

palled   upnn    the    public   lastc. 

Many  of  i  in-  ixtlcloa  now  menufectured 
•  re  dhtlnctlvcly  American.  The  bureau  la 
■  eomblnatlon  of  the  old  chc.t  of  diawr>ra 
and  Ihe  dtr»-liig  table,  having  the  drawer 
room  of  the  one  and  the  swinging  minor 
and  table  top  of  the  other.  Tbia  baa  been 
liultalrd  In  KUrOM  to  a  llmll'd  i  il.-nt.  In 
the  inoduriion  of  v.  hot  I*  known  • 
Kngllab  dr.---.lDB  table,  Aa  mad--  hen 
lnif.au   I.   ana  of  the  moat  pr-aetli-al   otcrt'i 

traitor*,     The    rocking   rhalr,   i 

entirely    unknown    In    lluropc.    la    found    In 
Ameilenn  home,  yet  lt«  origin  It.  veiled 
In  iiiy«tcry.  No  uu-iitli.ii  •■'  II  1*  made  In  «Je- 
tlon   of   furniture   In    the   lait   O'ntntr. 
The  earlleit   patent  for  an  Improvement    In 
ocklng  chair  was  bulled  in  is:;n    The 
i'i  link-  bid.    Ill   Hi.-  tliattf-  of  a  nofa  wlib    a 
001    seat    for    bedding,    hna    been    used     In 
I'm.. lie    for    over     a     hundred     years.    h>nt 
America  can  claim  tin-  raiding  bed  In  Other 
forma,  neb  o»  the  wardrobe,  cabinet,  man- 
t.-l    and    oimblnallon :    aome    of   the*.-   date 
ba-k    to    1S47.   and  h:i  limax 

n(   their   popularity   and   are  now   allowing 
a    material    decrease. 

The  amount  of  bui-lneM  done  In  IS90  was 
ii. ii  ..jiuil  to  the  Increase  In  population.  The 
value    of    ihe    oatiuit    for    that    year     «■». 

|8d.302.fiR&,  nn  incraa*  o(  eleven  pet  etui 
over   iksii,   but    tb..   amonnt   per  capita   of 
population    dropned    to   11 SH    as    comr.ared 
Witt    »1.08   In    18*0,   and  *1.77   In    Ii 

The  wooda  il-cd  lo  fiirnltun-  are  aid 
to   fr-.| .i.- .. i    t-baogca       itsrly   In    the   lttth 
century   mahogany,  maple,   and   black   wal- 


Cue  were  la  favor;  then  chert/  and  Mb 
i-camc  fa»hlonab!e ;  toward  lo*0.  oak.  ao 
Ivan  forgotten,  look  a  prominent  place. 
AI  the  eud  of  the  century  we  And  l>:aek 
valnut  almost  out  of  tine.  Cnk  bar  ht/t 
cue  fur  the  ball,  the  library  and  the 
dl  mi  i  ton,  Hal  a  ■»,  .  m  v  birch,  and 
maple   are  d :    all    of 

them   for   the   bedroom  and   mahogany   for 
din  ng  room   nnd   the  drawiug-ioom  la 

o(     !•<    ii   ■ 
The   change*  In   furniture  covering*  have 
[••at  and  radical  than  thoa* 

i I        Haircloth  and  oi 

Ins*  In  use  fifty  year*  ago  bare  beta  super- 
seded by  materials  moro  raited  in  texture 
and  color.  The**  ahow,  perhaps  more  than 
the  architectural  style  or  the  wood  u»»d. 
tbo  i hitting  faror  of  the  public  or  the  ad- 
vance In  oi-flatlc  toate.  Tba  ceatera  of 
the     fornll  try     are.     with     one 

exception,    the   largest   cities,    which,   with 
di  n   .       |  ovulation      oad      lieu      sub- 
urb*,   offer    targe    maiketM.      Kow     Y  .-» 

and  Chicago  bend  the  nn  Grand  Rapid- 
Mich,,  occupies  a  unlqae  petition  la  the 
f  urn  ii  uj-      It  has  grown  to  be  tba 

rhlef  producing  center,  and  eihtbltloos  aad 
i-ales  ore   held  In   January  aad  J  n't 
each   -,  ■  •  attended  by  dealer* 

and   mali-'r*  from  all  •  >-jtry 

The  furniture  Industry  of  the  l'Bltcd 
States  ha>  reached  a  rnasaltade  aokaosra 
elsewhere,  and  the  perfect  ..i.:lpm»t»t  and 
orcanliatlon  of  our  marnmnth  fnctos.es. 
capable  of  an  enormoua  production,  nuke 
It  liniM-rntivi.  that  aome  outlet  should  b* 
f..iiinl  t  .i  ii  .  -  -  s  i  - 1  ■  t --  Hi"  li.inc  drmaitd. 
Inr.-llle.-nt  efforts  arc  being  made  lo  IbU 
i. .ii  by  a  number  of  manufacturer., 
arid  there  I*  every  proapo''  •  ■' 
able  eventually  lo  n.-eiire  a  large  foreign 
trade. 

Fur  8eala.    (See  Bering  Sea.) 
Fur  Seal  Treaty  (North  Paeifle)   eon- 
eluded  with  Oreut  Britain,  Japan  and 
Rua.ni.i,  7670. 
Fur   Trade,   persona    killed   while    en- 
gaged in,  referred  to,  1128. 


Gadsden  Purchase. — ihu  i<ro  u  ap- 
plied to  a  tract  of  land  consisting  of  <*».- 
CAli  square  tnlles  la  Ailxouo  and  Mf  Mex- 
ico, eneeUioj  from  (he  Gila  Ulw  to  tbe 
MciIclb  boondnrr.  It  wot  acquired  from 
Mtxlco   by   a   treaty   neg..  i 

l)«C.  30.  183X    The  United  .stntea 

CM  Mexico  Ilo.OUO.ooO  fur   the   : :i n.I .  l.at 
r»K.>      r.-l:n.;.if«  lied      .lulu,.      tEHlOII       Co- 
.1  State*  for  d.itnngea  for  Indian  dep- 
reJnikms  amounting   lo    from   *).'i,ono,ouO 
i   ii   iiiln  transacltoo  Santa 
i .  1'rr-iMcnt  of  Mexico,  was  buoiahcd  is 
a.    irjliur. 

Gadsden  Purchase,  treaty  with  Mexico 

respecting,  2762. 
Oaf-Law.— A   parliamentary   rale   for    the 
purpose  of  eliminating  or  abutting  off  ilc- 

Prom   1S10   to  1844   «   rule    ! 
Ilea*  of  Kepcientattvr*  exited  mm 
lo  a  deolal  of  tbe  o>Ditltutloul  right  of 
liberal  <I,-1>kci-.     John  Qulucy  Adams  effected 
tbe  repeal  of  tbe  rule. 
Qag  Rule.— Moy  20.  1830.  Congress  pawed 
•  nwluilvo  providing  llwi  tlu-uct-forth  all 

BrtlHca*.     memorial*.     IMOlutlOOBj     P-- 
on*,    or    fa  per*    r.-lntlu*    In    nnjr    mix    '" 
object   of   idatery   or    Ibo  nbollllon   of 
y   tV.ii Id   lie   upon    tbe   tabic   « 

1.       Jobn    (Julu.-y 
AiUcnn   led   n    •troag  and    hltlci 

la  Infringement  upon  tbe  right  --r  pell- 

of      'gag   rule"    was    raised 

la   ihc   norlh   and   served    to   locreaat   tbe 

spirit  of  petition   In   that  section.      Dec.   3, 

I,  the  rale  w:i«  abolished. 
Oaines  MU1   (Va.).   BatUe  of.-Onc  of 
»f  engageim-nts  which  look  place 
Jobi  39  to  Joly  1,  1SC2.  before  lllchtnond. 
commonly  knows  »«    I  Ways'  Bat- 

tle*.    June  It,  the  day  afivr  lb 
Jje.-haul-v  John    l"orter   retired   to 

■    Mill  llel.-hi*.  about   .'.  miles  east  of 
lil«  former  r»*ltlon. 

shortly  ef'er  noon  by  A.  I'.  Hill's  corps. 
s<l  «-uai'»  division  m.  awl  lo  reesfora  for* 
t»r.  increasing  hit  army  to  35,00*  1  linr- 
Inr   Ihc  afternoon    Js.-l-.m    ]oln>-d    lllll   and 

LoacstreeL  iwolUna  the  Confederate  rorcea 

to  ahonl    80,000.      Severe  ngbilug   wa 

llaned  ontll   dark.      I'orter    me Ii-d 

fettling  Ibe  bridges  arrota  the  Clikknhom- 
Iny  allowing  ibe  heavy  suns  and  wagon 
ualn  lo  pass  Ib  «f.  r.  n.    t  .  Ibo 

Jamc      lmrlng  the  night  he  hlm—lf  rrotaeil 
!       -oylnf    the   bridle*.      Tli--    1 

Kl. -rates    was    reported    at    3.284. 
Jfl4  men  killed.  3.107  mm. 
and    2.8SG    mlf*lTitr.    a    total    of   O.S.'IT.      lie 
also    lost   22    eannoo. 

Gslnesville.   McAIester  and   St.  Louis 

Railway  Col,  act  regarding  grant  of 
'it  of  way  tn,  tlirough  Indian  Ter- 
ry   returned,   6090. 
Gallantry.— in  1  rlaac*.  brare,  on- 

dauatcd  action  and  beating  on  t'10  part  of 
soldiers,  either  singly  or  en  nines*. 
Gallantry,  instances  of.  rowaHod: 

Brrtholf,  Ellsworth   P..   I 

C.  II.   Di    Bu  DM]   J     I 

Dewey,  George,  62if6. 

Parragut.  David  O.,   34<0. 

Grant,  Ulysses  8..  3305. 

itor.son,  Richmond  P..  6308. 

Jar  vis,  David  H.,  • 

Merritt.  Wesley,  6491 

Sampson.  William  T.,  6573. 


Garfield 

OaHaudet  College.    (See  Columbian  In- 
stitution for  the  Deaf.) 
Galveston,  Tex.: 

upmost  of  privateers  al,  must  be 
suppressed,  d 
Illicit  introduction  of  » In •.  c*  through, 

mu*i    be  "ii]  <?. 

Referred  to,  5a&,  592. 
Oame,  Big,  preservation  of,  6764,  7186, 

Garden     City     Forest     Reserve,     pro- 
claimed, 7289, 
Garden  State.— a  ntokaumt  for  Kansas  (q. 

v.i.       iSte    also    States):  .    also 

nicknamed  tbe  Sunflower  State. 
Garfield,  James  A.— March  4.  1881-Sept. 
19,  1881. 

Twenty  fourth     Admlnl.'trntlon— Republican. 

■  1    A.  Anbur. 
A'eerefurp  of  .sinte— 

James  <■ 
Bccre'n'M  0/  tin   Trtaturu — 

Wihlaio   Wlndi  . 
Secretary  of   H'ur — 

Rol<.  "In 

O'ccrefary  of  Iht  Interior — 

Hamuul  J.  Klrknuod. 
Secretary    of    ilir    .Sueu — 

Will  .11. 

/•oitMio,r<i  .,  ,. 

Thomas  I..  James. 
Xtl"  ul — 

waj  iitb. 

Nomination. — tiurfleld's  nomination  at  tbe 

Republican    t'onrenl al    riiteacoh    June 

urljed  a*  one  of 
the  gn  iilcnl  slructl'i 

In  American  history.     He  wan  accepted  s* 
Hie  eandldnte     between     Ibe 

tirunt    ond    lllulne   fuctlous   on    tbe    tblrty- 
slath  ballot. 

/'falform.— Tbe    Republlcnn    platform    of 
1880  Icvlewed  tbe  work  of  tbe  part)   ■ 
H<    twenty    years    of    pollib-nl    anccndi  u. 
cnnmetailnx   aruooK    li«   ai 
auppreaxlnn  of  Ibe  rebellion,  the  i-iifrancblac- 
in.  ur    of    4.IHKMM.IO   negroe*.   supprestlon    of 
!'•     luBltlre  Slave  biw.   the   ralaloi  of  tli 
mi  lue  1    '",1  (nenaaed 

:  1    in   1  blrt]  one   (houaand  ml 

iimn     elcbiy-mo    tbonrand 
miles   In    1879:  Increased^  foreign   trade     B 
duced  ilu-  public  debt,  and  broiifiht  |n 
Hy  t'-  ir.      If  nil"-  I  11 

teknowledced    the   supremacy   of    (be 
Constitution  :  ad 
••f  popnbu 

lanlsm ;    repealed   l'«   conrlrmntlnn   oi 
enue  tor  tnrlff  and   tof   protection: 

reatrtetlon  of  Chinese  Innnlsrstl. ul 

the  sdiniiiUtrarli'ii  'if  rro*ldenl    Hayes;  ar- 
iy  :  and  amrmi-d 
ii..    l-itoiotlon  of  harmony  to  tin    DdI 

Oppo«flloa.— Tlie       Drroorrallr       Natl 
Convention,  at  Cincinnati,  June  ::U';t.  l.ssii. 
ill   Hancock.     Th--   Nallonal 
il.aek    porty.    at    1  '.'  1 1, 

■  ■     Jiiiii.h     ||  'III.- 

parly,  al  Cleveland,  on  Juu.-  17, 
nominated  Seal  Dow. 
I'ofe.— The  popular  vote  tarn  by  thlrty- 
elchl  Rtalr«  nav-  Carlle'il  -4 .  I '. « . 4 1  'i :  Han- 
cork.  4  444. 93'.':  Wean  -  with  10. 
303  acntterlnc.  Tbe  electoral  rote,  esnnted 
oa  Fob.  0.  1881.  jts*-  Garfield  214,  and 
Hancock, 

J'o'tu  .IffTliflon.— flarfleld  seoma  never 
fo  hove  voted  before  lf>."ir..  when  he  ea*t 
iilol  for  Kreinnnt.  Hie  tlr«t  candidate 
Of  the  llepiibllenn  parry.  The  leadlna  part 
ihnt  be  plaved  la  Congrress  for  twenty 
years  as  chairman  of  most  Important  com- 


raw  the  rendering  nf  faithful  and 
:    aerYlee    to    i 
March.   1S»WI,  hx  continued  hU  Rggrcn- 
Of  proatotlac  the  reiijtnpii'.u    of 
1r  payecst.     He  w»«   tin'  reprcw-ntatlTe 
•tigress  of  the  "Hound  Mete 
pie. 

•  .ii   Jobssen,     In   the 

Kortjr-afih  «"■■!!£''»'<■.  "■•  leader  of  the  oppo- 

trlhuted   atoatly 

HE    Ihe    l>   mod  ill  le    I 

mtkr   the   appropriation*    which   » li«-v    were 

in  tariff  com- 

Blwkui  in  April,   •••mi,  (aalrmd  btm  as  a 

Ana  belteter  la  tbc  policy  of  protection. 

nf   Ihc   fir-  CinrOcId    was   Hie 

r'BioYRl  of  Ocn.   1'dwln  A.  Merrltt  ftrnu  Ihc. 
position  of  -ii   nf   Sew 

York  iisil  Hi 

without  con nu  It  teg  lb''   New    tort   Snatnra. 
IVtmutrr  Hrncral      James     and      Senators 
d    I'latt    protest. d.    hut   y\ 

■  v»u  a  hi  I..I.IIIU 

bulb  Senators. 

PolfM  it  Comttlrrio*  of  Conprtn.  -In  the 

. 

ate.    of   71   wv«-miicr».    yin-  of  XX 

Itepulilli  ana.     I     American. 

as*)   1    Reodjuster  :   and   the    II 

ueashsra.   was  made   up 

J  oil    Kepahllcan*.  9   National*,   iiml    .    i 
■tier*.        la      Hi  - ti t  !■      t-..iiur 

I18MM-V.I     Hie    S.  u:i:e.    (if    70    member*. 
lip    Of    3'«     I  »•-■«*' •  -  r.ir  •     .»  ml      to 

UepohllcRB* :  »n<l  tin-  lion  mem 

l*rs.  wi»*  iiiriIi'  up  of  .'mi  Democrats,  III* 

■I     Independents      nnd 
Ho* 

ice. — to  hl«    Inaugural   Addre«* 
aid  :   ••The 

Ptorj    BBRM    until    ll     Ii    reinilRted    Iit 

Km.      Tor    the    good    of    Ibi  1 1. ..If. 

ho  Bn    en 
»d  ultB   the  appointing   power   •imm-t    tin 

sreste  of   tiro.-  rimI    n betrui  - 

public    bu'lni-s*    ratiRed    by    the    Inordinate 

pnRROf.     for    place,    nn-t    f..r    tbi 

of   iBoamiient"   ri 

I  shall  at  Hie  proper  time  n«k  i "iiniii • 

lit   it*   tenure  of   Hi"   dIboi    ..in.-.-:.  ..f   Uw 

aerera!  Kt-.-uth  ■ 

leb   reiaori  la   -111111   be 
made   d-jrlng    Hi'  ot    which    lha    In 

rum  Wat.  bBTe  tvoen  0|  It  wit«  In 

connection    m-lfl)    ihc    civil    sej-vlca    nn.l    Hie 
making  of  apoolnliii'  of-  that  tn. 
straggle   orer    the   patronage   of    New 
occurred.    1  n    lb*   resignation 

Mini;   and    Plait. 
rinamrr. — tn  hlF  fnangurnf  A .lifr--.-  (ptgB 
dOOOl    President   Hatfield  said.   "By   II 

riammereUI    nations    In   all  ages 
lm»    been    found    thai    znld   and    1 
afford  the  only  safe  foundation  for  n  mone 

lary    system.      ronfu*lun    hn«    recently    1 D 

.1    by    variation.    In    Hie    relittlre    value 
of   Hie  two  oi.i»l«.  hut  I  ennflilently  h 
tbRt  arrangements  eon  he  made  between  the 
leadlne   comae-i.  111   bo* 

■ 
hi  '    .'Mir    2,    IMI. 
n-i.l    l"i.|  hi 

mil    died    Sept      111    f..l 
lowing  s(  Elberon.  N,  J. 

Garfield,  James  A.: 

Mrraphica]   aketch  ol 

discussed  by.   (See  al«o 
D  Service.)    4601. 
Death  of- 

■  n  of  Congre«  on,  4815. 
Action   of  Senator*   anil   Keprespn- 
tativc*  in  Washington  on,  46(.'S, 


Announcement  of,  to  Vice  President 

and  reply  to,  M04 
Announcements  of,  and   honor*   to 

bo   paid   memory  of,   4603,   4604, 

ii".'..  4006,  4901. 
Condolence  od,  of — 

Guatemala,  4627. 

Russia,  -i' ■-'. 
Day  of  humiliation  and  mon 

in  memory  of,  appointed,  4621. 
Discussed.  4620.  4624. 
Official     bulletin     of     autopsy     00 

lo.ly,  4614. 
Pli  oaaed  by,  4800. 

Funeral  of — 

AnnniiM.-.  in, 'iit      ot,     and     arr»nee 

inctitH  for,  4610. 
Orders  of    hcai  ■  ulive    D«" 

parttnenls   relating  to,  4608. 
Inaugural   addrexs  of,   4596. 

Slatuo  of,  to  be  erected  in  Washing 
t"ti,    a]ipropriatiou     for,     NUMB. 
I7M, 
t'nveilinis  ceretuoniea,  order  regard- 

Oarland  Cam.     In  IR'io  An«u«»us  II.  Oar- 

lulid  •,.  I    In  practice  lO    Hie   t'nlteil 

ifter 

■  if    \ I u  11 11   I 

Ion   In  liiil   bo  was  scat  to  IU. 
fi  -  - 1 « - 1  .i  '-•    I'uncreM,    where    be    served    until 

ii'uil.-i    nf    Hen.    !.•■•■    I"     1868.       II'- 

»-iiH   I  ii.  luded    In   '  in-   general    , ■  .    ,  , 

i. ml.  .1  in  rltlienj  of  the  aoutoani  ntntes. 
Juis  l'.  It>6.,  Congrena  enRcted  ;i  lnw  re- 
qiilring  nil  for  office  to  take  nn 
oath   Hun    the)   had   "-i   encased   in  h"» 

fllllli'-     .Hallux!     111-       I    nn     .1     RI     I-  Rnd     "ii 

i  i-    required   of 

admitted  t"  Lh<  bar  ■•(  anj  clreoli 

i  rtel    ■  nut i    ■  -f   i  be    t  nil.  ii    tytacei   or 

I'.uitt    of  Claims.      Hurliind    refused    to  take 

— ••    Ibsd    oath   mi    Hi'-    ti id    Hint    It 

ti-iik  unconstitutional  nnd   villi  as  n(Ti'rtm>r 

bis    statu*    in    lit,    ind    tbnt    If    It    were 

conmltutlonRl  hi 

i  ,   iii|.IIiiii.  ,      -.-.  1 1  ti     Ii         TI mi      Mi'tiilned 

him   In   his   contention   on   the  ground    Hist 

the   Irw   wrr   ex   | i    facto,     Jnatlce   Field. 

ill  Ion  uld  i  "  1 1  Ik  not  with" 
in  the  constitutional  powi-r  of  Comma 
tluiH  to  intll.-t  pualRhmenl  beyond  Ibo  reach 
of  KxecutlYc  .-!•  .1.  ii.-y . •■  Chief  JiiRtles 
t'bRRe  and  Justices  Miller.  BWByne,  ml 
IMrlR    dlsseulcd. 

Oarrlson.— The  tnldlers  realdlnc  for  defen 
aire  purposes  In  a  fort  or  fortrew. 

Qxa,    niumlnatljiK    and    Heating.    Tbd 

hNtory  of  the  gai  Ind-  OBlj  of  ttli 

ITnlted  llttli 

more    that]  rhi     i Itdllt]     nj 

mnlclnggni  for  Ughtlng  pnrpoaee  "»-  Ii 
tlgnted   »lmultaneou«lT   In    PrahCI  nnd 

I  in. i   in   the   latter  nnit   of  the  etghteenth 
.  .  iitnrv     In    rn ■:iiiti.l   i.v    William    Mm 
and  In  France  by  Philippe   l.e  BOO-    tnd   I' 
Im  an  open  nnealfon   i  •  i  •  ••  blch  of  '  bi 

les  In  entitled   la   (he   credit  of  dis- 
covery. 

Tag  Rtory  of  the  mannfaeture  of  coal 
ra»  In  ilili  eountrr  date*  from  l-oii  when 
harld  ewport,   K     I.,   ilciit.-d 

tils  premises  with  gas,  wlilefi  ha  made 
thereon.     Thla  wa«  nine  years  after  Uur- 


Gas 


^afrrs  of  the  Prcsidettts 


dock'*    exncrlmvnt*.      Melville   parmti-d    lili 
proeeu    In    ISIS,    and    SB  after 

■  WW*   lighted  by  tv 
117   li   uiii  tiKi]  Id  ■   llzbtbouie.     Id 
1516   a    company    »u    chnrtorcd    In    R.n'.tl- 
mot*.    Mil.,    fiillnitcil   by    Ihe    establish 

•.    New  Vo'l:.  >:> 

1823,   Bro..i.  V      nuil    Bristol.   K.  L, 

■    Orleans  In    : 

The   i   ■■■      process  of  njahlnir  water  fn« 

wn»    established  nlxrlllc.    Pa.,    In 

Ity    this    procea*    hydrogen   am) 
oxide"   of  carbon,   produced   by  the  action 
ii   upon      ii  i". ii   nt  a  hVb  tempera- 

ill.  .1      Willi 

'■■■   from  pe- 
troleum, thus  producing  the  porrcr  of  lii'i- 
mi.      vi   i  i  nt  "f  water 

nt  of  the  entire  qusn- 
tllr  inniinf  1  inured. 

Return*  ivod    by    the    ivpnrt.. 

i ii  ■- 1 ■  i    of    r in.  in-    from    l  £84    estaMlsti- 

meats  In    lint,  the  total  i - r. •«! i. - 
fur   n  "_'i).»:.T.7M. 

Of  these  1,281  establishments,  fi'i 
carbureted    water    r»»:    274,    >!  might    coal 
ga* ;  IfIS,  mixed  coal  nod  woi 

oil  cn»:  and 
lflfi,    ii'  ii>  lene.  iilui't    of 

...   l  12   in 

her      ■.'     .       -  i-..lln.  I  lie     1   .o     n 

Plant*    Included  lured 

uatscfa  a    produced 

nil   i  ho    HI  i  ■    iihiuia   lu.-l ii.l.-i  1 

hleh   rtWtrlbi 

I  aoartod  o/  £■.•  ■  if  Hi-  i.'.'S4 

■  ni«  n-iHirieil   f  .r   I'll  I.   1 .11   were 
located    In  113  In    1   ■•  »,   wi  in 

.   in    1 1 1 1  ii.  .1  - .   IIP,   In   i ' 

i9 
In  Michigan.  18  In  Nebraska,  17  MCh  la 
Mlnno»uU   and    Wisconsin,    i:i    In    New  Jcr- 

1 1>  ut 

23  in  Ohio,  -'-'  m  *  hi'iiiln.  M  la 

V.i  iii  Carolina1    i  ii  In  Mary- 

llll      Illl.l.lll, 

14    ench    In    Alabnail  and    New 

Hampshire,  13  each  In  Kentucky  nnd  Weill- 

12    .ii.  Ii    In    K 

iiml    T    inn'    -■•■.  Arizona,    . 

Dakota,   Oregon,   anil    Vermont,   8   each   in 
Colorado,  Delaware,  and  Mississippi,  6  each 
i    and    Hlinili-    Island,    •'■    each   In 
Oklahoma    ainl    I  lulu,    4    eoeh    In 

Idaho,   Lonl«lntiu.   nnd   Utah.  3  •■. 
District  of  Columbia  and  Nevada,  3  In  New 
M.  il.o,  ami  1  each  In  Arkansaa  und  Wjoni- 
log. 

Gangers.  (See  Weigher*  and  Ganger*.) 
Oayhead,  Mass.,  land  designated  at,  for 

lighthouse,  1221. 
"Gazette"  Articles.— A  aerie*  of  article* 
written   by   John  Adam*,  and  published   In 
1788   In   the   Coaton   "Gssette"  anppoitliis: 
the  refusal  of  the  Colonial*  to  ine  «i 
a*  required  by  the  Stamp  Act  (q.  v.).   The-* 
articles    act    forth    Vt   argument*   agalnat 
taxation  without  rcprcBcatatlon  In  convinc- 
ing  stylo,   and   t'-erefora   wero    helpful    in 
fronting  the  public  sentiment  which  led  to 
f'c  Declaration  of  Independence. 
Geary    Law,    sustained    by    Supreme 

Court,  discussed,  6868. 
Gem  of  the  Mountains.— a  nickname  for 
Idaho  rn.  t.).     (See  also  Statea.) 
General.— Formerly  highest    rant   la    tbs 
Called  Stataa  Army,  conferred  In  recogni- 
tion, of  distinguished  military  aerrlccs.     It 
was  flrat  created  by  act  of  Congrcu  March 
2.  1700,  and  conferr-d  upon  George  Wash- 
ington; wa»  nboll'lied  In  1802.  hut  wn»  re- 
vived Jnly  2.*..  1800.  for  TJIyases  8.  Crant. 
William  T.  Sherman  sneei 
March  4,  1800,  Grant  baring  become  Presi- 


dent, and  held  It  until  hi*  retirement,  reh. 

B,    1SR4.      Tho    .: 

1839.    for    i  rMiertdan,    who    held 


It  until  hi*  death.  Aug.  6  of  lint  yeor. 
It   ceased   to   cxis«.     Th»   rink 
wi*  nl«o  highest  In  lbs  Confederal*  Army. 
I  See   Army., 

Ceacral  Allotment  Act,  mentioned,  6671. 
General  Armstrong,  Toe: 

Claims   of   owner*   of,  against   Portu- 
gal, 9268,  2; 
Distribution  of  fund  appropriated  for 
relief  of  owner*  and  crow  of,  re- 
ferred to,  4M7. 
Pre^iJent  of  France  selected  as  ar- 
biter in  ease  of,  26 
Award  of  Emperor  of  Prance,  2K2, 
General  Deficiency  Bill.— a  bin  pa*aed  i>y 

Concrete  to  prverlrlc  appropriation*  oollt-'d 
frvj  : 

General   Grant  National   Park. 

Parks,  Katlooal,) 
General  Land  Office.    (See  Interior,  De- 
partment of.) 
General  Land  Office: 
.  r — 
IMimaloa  of,  aubmittcd,  4877, 
ommended,  1433. 
Business   of,    suspension    of,    re-coan- 

mended,   1433. 
Creation    of    new    office*    in,    rocosa- 

Piscuased,   5638. 

i    1 1  mates  of  appropriations  rctjuired 
for,  »uhmittea\  4877. 

InereaM  in  elorical  force  of,  recant- 
led,  4603. 

Improvement*  in,  recommended,  I 

Surveyor  p.. n. nil  *i   district    fvr   Jlis- 
sourl  | nd  Arkansaa  ahoald 

bo  divided.  1131. 

Work  of,  6850. 
General  Land  Office,  Commissioner  of: 

BUI  to  increaso  salary  of,  4668. 

I  urta  of,  0o6,  1098,213a 
General  8upply  Committco.— Tbc  Gen- 
ei-al  Supply  Committee  was  created  la  lleo 
of  the  board  (Eoord  of  Awardal  prorlde4 
for  In  section  3T0D  of  Iho  H- 
titea  a*  amended,  and  Is  composed  of  ©di- 
cer*, oo*  from  each  of  tho  ozeetitlre  de- 
piriment*.  deilgnatod  by  the  bead  there- 
of. Ii m  ilutl-«  are  to  make  an  anaual 
schedule  of  required  mlaccllaaeoos  auigHn 
for  tho  use  of  each  of  aald  department  and 
other  Government  establUhmcnt*  In  Waib- 
lagton,  to  atandardlze  inch  aapfilles,  ell  ml- 
nallag  all  nnnecesaary  grade*  and  varl< 
and  to  aollclt  bids  based  npoa  formula*  and 
specifications  drawn  up  by  sach  expert*  la 
the  service  of  the  Government  as  the  com- 
mittee may  »ee  fit  to  call  upon,  who  shall 
rendor  whatever  ssslst.-.ace  they  mny  re- 
oulro.  Provided,  that  the  articles  Icttnded 
to  bo  purchased  In  this  ru.vnaer  *hn'l  b* 
ihoxo  In  common  use  by  or  (citable  to  the 
•■■rdlnary  nc«d*  of  two  or  more  aitea  d*> 
parrmcau  or  esubllshncBt*.  r.verr  p-  r- 
ehaaa  or  drawing  of  such  aiippUf*  from  the 
contractor  la  Immediately  reported  to  aald 
commltto*.  No  dl>bnr«lne  ottcer  naay  be  a 
member  of  the  coauujttee. 


ral  Urrca,  The,  capture  off  tlio 
coast  of  Texas  of,  by  the  Xatchc*  and 
restoration  of,  referred  to,  1C17. 
liva,  Convention.— An  agreement  en- 
tered Into  at  Ceoer*.  Bwltterlaud.  Aug.  22, 
.  by  representatives  of  Krance,  Bel- 
glum,  8wltx«rlnnd,  Portugal.  Holland,  Italy. 
Spain,  Denmark,  Baden,  and  Prussia.  It 
kaa  sine*  been  agreed  to  by  all  trie  military 

Kiwcr*  of  Europe  and  of  Ajnerl 
raslL  Of  Ailatlc  countries  Persia  has 
alio  consented  to  be  governed  by  Ita  pro- 
vision*. The  contention  provide*  for  tim 
•entrant?  of  ambulances,  no  distinction  of 
aitloanllty  to  be  made  In  curing  fa]  th* 
•iek  and  wounded.  Natives  of 
eocntry  who  bring  aid  to  iick  and  wounded 
■tell  be  free  and  respected.  If  they  re- 
eeleo  tbt  wounded  la    i  louse*,   they 

nt  frotn  military  contribu- 
tion* and  quartering  of  troops.  Hospitals 
and   tkelr  attaches,  nded   by  • 

Bllllai  lie  recognised  aa  neu- 

tr«L  Nurses,  surgeon*,  physicians,  and 
those  in  ctijrgi  nf  administration  ami  trans- 
portation •ball  fa  i  l>y  n  distinctive 
lax  or  arm  badge,  conslnlng  of  n  red  cross 
on  ■  wnli*  ground.  Tin-  tick  ai  1  wo 
Ttbo  .'  ahull, 
cored,  be  returned  to  tbclr  own 
country.  If  Incapable  of  aervlce  .  otherwise 
tbsy  ah  ill    li.    paroled. 

■  second  convention  at  Genera 
extended  the  operations  of  the  system  to 
a.ival  warfare  ao  far  uh  possible.  Influ- 
enced by  the  agreement  between  nalloDs. 
many  Kcd  Crosa  societies  have  I 
bed  by  humane  civilians,  wtR»c  work  Inn 
dine  naui'b  Co  nllevtnie  the  horrors  of  war. 
Tb«  credit   of  originating   lh«   Idea   of  nen- 

la  due  10 

two  Swim  gentlemen,    llelnrlch    lnimont.  a 

pbr«lctin.  and  bis  friend.  •  lornler. 

Society   of   1'ubllc   Utility. 

Geneva     Convention,     for    relief    of 

iroaadei]    in    war   referred    to,   4631, 

4603,    4070. 

Ocn:v»  Tribunal.— Tbe  settlement  of  tbe 

lalma  Tia»  referred  by  tbe  Traaty 

of    Washington    to    Die    arbitrators,    to    be 

appointed    by    the    President   of 

i,    tbe    Qui  at    Britain,    the 

of  Italy,    :  ill   ■■'   the   Hwlsa 

deration  and    tbe    Emperor  of   BnsIL 
■  rulers.  In  tbo  above  order,    nimcd  ns 
•    Adatas.    Lord 
tl  <     sir     Alexandi  r 
Count      I'ederlgo      Bclopls,      Mr.      Januca 
Btoeasnfll  nnd   Baron   Itiiliiba.     J.   C.   Baa- 
croft    IJntU   and    Lord   Tcoterdeo.    respec- 
nted    na    n sent  a    tbe    I 

.:bunnl 

net   at   Geneva.   Bwltierlar.d.   on    D        IS, 

Is^i  ureal- 

oment     aubmlt'.cd      Ha 

R roofs    and    argument*,    whleh    wcro    care- 
iiltrcd   by  tbe  nrbltratort.     The 
tea   claimed    i]   wage*    both   for 
•ra,   and  (Of    In- 
)  lies  occnslnsMd  by   thirteen    vfi-els.     Tbe 
low  only  direct  losses 
canted    by    tbe    Ftorttln    and    lh»    Alabama, 
wlib    tbclr   tenders,    and    by    tbo   fiheno*. 
g  part  of  tbclr  eralse.      Various 
i  law  were  laid  down 
[■ported   most   of   tbe  contentions 
of   our   government.      It    was   decided    that 
lb*  rxpesx  ig  the  cruis- 

ers  i  <spcctlve   earnings   of   the 

destnved   merchant    vessels    sbonld   not    bo 
led  In   tbo  award:    tbot    n.-t,   and   not 
gross,  freights  should  he  nllowd.  and  tint 
reasonable  Interest  should  bo  Included.    PI- 


sally,  on  Sept.  14.  1872.  the  tribunal 
"n warded  to  the  United  Mates  a  sura  of 
•  15.S00.DOO  in  gold  as  tbe  Indemnity  to  be 

by  CJreat  Britain  to  the 
as  tbo  satisfaction  «r  all  tbi  i 

to  tba  consideration  of  th  '     The 

•  h    representatives   cast    tbo  on! 
•entlng    rote,    but    Great    B 
the  decision    and    paid    tbe  nwnrd  within  a 
year.     (See  also  Alabama  Claims.) 

Geneva    Tribunal    (goo    also    Halifax, 
Nova  Scotia): 
For  settlement  of   questions  pending 
between  Unite.]  States  aM  t'.rvut 

Br.  ngaeJ,  4097,  41S8. 

Award  of,  4138. 
Commissioner*  to  report  on  dis- 
tfibottOfl    of,   appointment   of, 
recommended,   4130,   4190. 
raymenl  of,  4  I'm. 
Case  of  United  States  nnd  rnnntor 
caso  referred  to,  41]   .  I  I  !  -    *  1 1  •». 
Difference*   of    opinion    regarding 

power*  of,  4120,  t 
Lcfi.iation     in     connpii 

urged,  4104. 
Kefcrrc.l  to,  4161. 
Geodetic  Aasociatlon,  InUrnattongl,  in- 
ritation  to  United  States  to  become 
a  party  to,  5102. 
OeogTapher  of  United    State*.— By    no 
act  passed  May  20,   1785.  Congress  created 
a   national  II    traa 

to  supervise  and  submit  plats  to  the  Treas- 
ury Department.  The  1  all  Coast 
a  nd  Geodetic  Survey  now  has  control  of 
this  work. 

Geographic  Board.— By  an  Executive  Or- 
der of  Aug.  li).  1800.  the  omcUl  tlile  of 
tbe  Untied  States  Board  on  Geographic 
Names  waa  changed   to   I  alted   il  it* 

Kaphle  Ituiir.1,  and  ll«  duties  enlarged.    The 
3    passea    on    nil  ;    question* 

csjncernlna  gcogrnpble  names  which  orlne 
In  the  dap* i  is  well  as  determining, 

i".-.  nnd  living  pi. i. 
tlie  L'nlied  Stale-  ana  li<  ln-nlnr  po**e» 
alont,  .'mil  all  names  hereafter  suggested  by 
any  officer  of  the  GovemineM'  anal]  in-  re- 
ferred to  tho  Board  before  publication, 
The  decision-  of  (he  Board  arc  to  he  ac- 
cepted by  all  deportments  of  tbi 
incut     aa     standard     authority         ,\,i 

:»  were  granted  the  Board  concerning 

the  prepnrntlon  of  mnps  couipllnl.  01   i 

compiled.    In    tho   various    oali-r-s   nnd    bu- 

nf    the   Gorrrnmcnt,    with    a    S| 
view  to  tbe  avoidance  of   uuneee  du 

rllcntlon  of  work:  ami   for  Ho-  unlOciitlon 
nnd    lmprovnn.nl    of    the    scales   of    maps, 
It  symbols  and  conven  opon 

them,  and  of  tbe  uielbmla  of  rep^e^enllng 
relief.  Hereafter,  nil  such  projecta  aa  are 
of  Importance  shall  be  submitted  t.>  thl* 
Hoard  for  adrlcti   before  being  undertaken. 

Geo^-aphic  Names,  Board  on,  Bxecativo 

order  constitutinfr.  5017,  6401. 
Geographical  Consreaa  of  Venice,  46261 
Geographical  Survey,  practicability  of 
consolidating  with  Geological  Sur- 
vey discussed,  4218. 
Gceloskal  Explorations.  diacu*acd,4307. 
O:cl0glCal  Survey.— Cxpedlllona  for  the 
special  purpose  of  making  geological  In- 
quiry have  been  provided  for  by  the  Gen- 


Geological  Messages  and  Papers  <■/  the  Pres- 


erst    Government    »rrt    by    nearly    all    1  In- 
flate*,    beginning     with     North    Carolina, 
whose    legislature-    authorised    a    wrv 
the  atate   In    IttS.      BOOB    work  enrr; 
by   Hip   Federal   Government   la   under    t  bi 
1. 1 1. 1.  u  I  .if  I  bo  lute. 
United    States  at   first   an 
gcologUts  to  exploring  parties,  but  In  1884 
il  survey    under 
IV    I""  ■!  ■  '■•lib  1111:11.  Kim  tl.i  r  ev.p.-illtlir|is 

act    forth   In    IS30.    1 

..,'  !■'.  1.  11  ...  .1.  11  w  a  ■  mil  hoi  ijed  to 
surrey  Nr'irnskp.  extending  hla  work  later 
Into  other  territories.  In  1871  J.  W.  Povr. 
rll  <r»  commissioned  In  survey  tlie  conn- 
try  iK.nl.ring  upon  tho  Colorado  Hirer,  and 
<i.  M.  Wii..lif  was  put  Id  charge  of  •  topo- 
■  al   surrey. 

1,   1870.  tho  United  Stnte«   I 
I    Survey    was    .  -i ..  .ll«bcd       nul     the 
Haydn      1     well.    1:1.1    v.  In  . 
aolldnted  ultb  It.     The  five  branch?*  of  the 

.   Geo. 
logic,   Inrluilll  .f  tbi    _• 

map    nnO    the   atmlr    of    eeoi  -^KTi 

topographic.   Including  the  making   of 
the  ImkIi'  tnpograj  •  which  ha*  been 

extended  over  '-I  per  eeol  of  the  urea  of 
i  State*:  <4>  llydmgraphlc.  In- 
cluding the  Reclamation  Sorrier  wblch 
haa  Irrlgntlon  lq.  r-i  uork  In  charge  and 
which    detertnlnca    the    flow    and    dticbnrge 

8f    river.;    (S|    Pni. 11.  nil. .11    Branch.      The 
Urector*    »f    tin-    1;.  •!  ■     - .    •.     hava 

been    <-;,{,■ King.     Ik7"l«$l;    Major    .1. 

W.  I.  ».ll.  1BSIIWH:  Charles  l>.  Wol- 
eott.  1864-1M0;  George  Oil.  Bnltb.  Tha 
flrat  appropriation  for  the  work  4 1819 1 
waa  SimMWO.  <**♦»  I'l'inirtiiiont  of  1 1.. 
Int.-rlor.) 

Geological  Survey.  (See  nl«o  under  In- 
terior I  'I'lmrt rrn- 11 1 .  '1 

Practicability  of  consolidating  with 
Geographic  Survey  discussed,  -I21S. 

Report  of  Director  of,  discussed,  4577, 

m& 

Georges  Shoals,  survey  of,  completed, 

1610. 
Oeorgetown,  D.  0.: 

Act  transferring  duties  of  trustees  of 

colored  school"  In  WualngtOD  nud, 

vetoed.  3903. 

Water  amply   for,  referred  to,  2698, 

2725,  8700. 

Oeorgla.— One    of    Lot    thirteen    ortitanl 

slat":  nickname,  "The  Kmplie  Slate  of 
the  South":  motto.  "Wisdom.  Juatlcc,  Mod- 
eration." It  Ilex  hotwwn  lat.  30*  20*  and 
3o»  north  and  Ion*  80»  40/  and  84°  38' 
we»t.  an  »na  of  S0.2OT-  aquare  miles.  It  I* 
booml.il  OB  UM  north  by  Tennessee  and 
Korth  Carolina,  on  the  em»t  by  South  1 

1  ted    by    the    Savannah     River  I 

•    -  A ni'-  Ocean,  oa  tha  aonth  by 

Florida,    and    on    Hi-    w.-rt    by    Alabama 
In    part   br    the   Chattahoochee 
Itlvirl.       .  I.  hjtel   In  the  aonth. 

rolling  In  the  center,  and  niounialnout  In 
Hi,,  north.  1: ■  ■■ngla  waa  settled  br  Kngtlah 
colonl-i      11:1.1.  r   1  i;:i,.ih..ri..    Iii    17:;:.      It    la 

of    tho    Lading    State*    In    tin     p 

tlon    of    cottaa      L bar.    rice,    gold,    Iron, 

and  coal  are  also  produced.  The  uianiifac 
ior..  ..f   ...tton  and  woolen   good*  and   the 

trod11ctlr.11    of    lr..n    are    Industries    which 
ave  rapidly  developed  I"   ri  *nt  years. 
Stnilntl-i  of  agrleultnre  collected  for  the 
but    K..i].-inl    Census,    plsce    Mi.-    numb 

ii    In    the    Stat*    at    20,027.   comprint  ni 
:..!.  Il.'i    acres.    Tallied    with    a  leek    and 


fnnil 

8*V.»! 


Unpexrrcmcats  at  l580.5tO.3Sl.  Tlut  ar-r. 
age  value  of  land  per  acre  an  $1,174 
again*!  «-•.•.'.-.  In  1W»>.   Tho  value  . 

OetMta    marble    ha*    a    high    reputation 

throughout    the   country. 

......I.  .1  •!.  I  I   a 11  red  lo  17.0. 

ID   1900.      Til.-   »--u-».cd    vnluallon   of 
erty  mi  t.  uel|»l    i~.it 

la   Savannah,    which    haa    lately 
toed  and  Improved  by  the  goverri. 

Ueorcla  jmnmi]  an  ordinance  of  aereaalon 
Jan.    10.    1R411.        It    waa    . 
r nl.ru   by   <.i  ..f   fongrrai 

Topulatlon     (1010).    2.O00.1J1. 
Phi  1   manufacturing  eaUbUaa- 

menta  In  Ueorcla  having  an  am 
valued  ni  •  ore  at  ttw  beglanlu  of 

capital  la 
vented    wi»    *-.''.  giving    emplay. 

1.1    1  ■    11-  '.T      i-ruu,   walng    malarial 

..    1.1    810(1  ■ 
Bnlahed  gooda  worth  tm.nQfiOO.     Salarlea 
and  wage*  paid  amounted  •  -on, 

OeorjEi*    (aee>    «lao    AtlanU;    AagUtU; 
o federate  Hinted): 
Act  of  UgUtotura  ratlfrlng  rewilulioa 

of  Coiirrcn*.  referred  U 
African*  landed  on  coast  of,  referrm! 

to,   :i065,   306S,  3088. 
Arsenal  in.      (See  Augu*t*.) 
Articles    of    mgrenmeiit    nnd    eowion 

with  United  8t«tes  referred  to,  9ML 
Boundnrv   In.  n— 

la  »nd.   siT,.  061,    1 
rd  States,  and,  329. 
Branch    mint    in,    reforrc]    to,     ' 

1405. 
Campaign  in,  diicuased.     (See  ' 

War.) 
(  it!.-.,  ii.    of,  must   not  trespaaa   apon 

Indian  lands,  936. 
Claim*  of,  ajtainat  Creek  Indian- 
Colored  memWra  In  leu  f,oa- 

seated,  .lisctiaaed,  SI 
Constitution  of,  referre  I   t... 
Depoadta   of  provisions    at 

eontnot    .-.■.:n  1 
Fourteenth    amendment 

lion   ratified    by,   proclamation   an- 
nouncing 3858. 
Indian  depredation*  in,   1 
Indian    t  i/unhmrnt  of, 

referred     U),     treaty     for,     recom- 
mended, 637. 
Indians  attempt  to  establish  govern. 

ment  In,  1020. 
Interoal-i   renne  tax  dne  front. 

<in    of  collection   of   r 0.1  nested, 

Lani     lonated  to.  for  benefit  of  eo). 
leges  and  mechanic  arts,  accepted. 
:',r,x7, 
Lands  In — 
Compact  with  United  States  regard 

ing,   803,   830,   936,   101 
Conflicting  claim*  recardlng.  of— 
Indians  and  State,  936,  989.  941. 
oc». 

I"n.!.il  State*  and  State,  290. 


tlbpedic  Index 


Germany 


Extinguishment  pf  Indian  titlo  to, 
TflO,  771. 

'it mended,  837. 
Treat  >■  for,  referred  to,  S3*. 
SbJo  of,  act  for.  167. 
Military    authorities   in,   not   vested 
with    authority    to    intiTf.ro    with 
contract*   between    individual;,  or- 
der regarding,   3548, 
Pa\  amount  due  citizen*  of, 

under  troatv  with  Creeks  referred 
to,  Jrflfl. 
Payment  of  amount  due,  from  United 

State*  re-corn  'IS. 

Politic*]  and   civil  condition   of,   ra 

ferrr.l  to,  3908. 
Property  owunra  in,  should  bo  com- 
pensated for  lone*  sustained,  1474. 
Provisional   (tovomor  for,  appoii 
and  restoration  of  into  Unfa 
cuascd,  3516. 

■i  of,  referred  to,  4002. 
Georgia,  The.— A  Confederate  crulwr 
hulH    at   Glasgow.    Scotland,   and    arm 

f  opoa   the  romnnrfc  of  the  United 

II    Wnr.     The  OVorolo 

•ailed  cow  In  April.   1808, 

tbo  oan>e  mi*,  and   destroyed  a 

auml-  i  al  merchant  vessels  off  the 

coa»t   of    Franiv.      All  13,   she  waa 

.Vtepura.     Ctpt 

a.  and  taken  to  England. 

Oeoruiana,  The.  of,  by  8pnnish 

or  Cuban  authorities,  referred  to, 

Claims   arUing   out  of,  referred   to, 

1,  SflOO. 

Convention      with      Peru     regarding 

claims   aristae   out    of   capture   of, 

3353. 

OtiuaB-Atnertcana.— Ain.ri..ui..it  German 

Mrtb  or  descent.    Soon  after  tlic  outbreak  of 

the  European  Wnr.  the  tern  bctanio  npi>llcd 

'  d  State*  to  rmsn-Amer- 

Iraaa  who  were  fnlthful  to  tbclr  fnttierlaud, 

-;  rates, 
in    were    il  l  it     of 

nutcd-Amerlcanlsm"  m.  v.  i.  Munyof 
Ibe   persons   falling   wlthlti    (Mo    latter   re- 

d  nw  of  the  term  endeavored  to  cauno 
strikes    tn    munition    factories,    prevent    by 

I    rnettotla    the   exportation    of 
States  mods,  aad  In  other  wirs  enilarrasa 
the  United  States  In  order  to  help  deni 

-    iiop*tr!<iii  i'i*««r,  as 

I'reslnVot     V 

rlarcd,  formed  but  a  soaall  percentage  of  th» 
entire  gro  .: 

6..  •     Imvr     liiimUrateo     to     the     I 
tales  fr  .in  (Jcrmnny  than  from  any  other 
i—  see      Iminlirr  i   ■■■<.  ■■   .-      the 

i  Btatat  formally  rec.-n  l7e,j  the  eylst. 
enee  of  a  state  of  war  with  Orrmsny.  trouble 
*»n*  feared  from  Hi"  .mailer  group  04  Gee- 
Bjae-ABserlraii>    whoa  I.    t.) 

■  •llTltles    hnd    I  'i    tbo 

larger  croup  of  Herman  Amerlcnn*.  but  such 
fears  were  discovered  to  lie  groundless. 

German  Efficiency.— A  term  used  in   id- 

■ilrat 

tine  method"  uf  the  Germans,  and  In  di 

10  caaraeterlM  the  complete  efflctency  of  the 

Imperial  German  iiceornplbvh- 

log  It*  ends  regardle.i  o(  mi 


German  Frightful***.— A  tsrm  of  oppro- 
brium i!i»  Inhume  < 
duct  of  the  Imperial  ( . 

Use  l<:<:ropean  War.— especially  tbo  sinking 
of    merchant     *hlp»    and    passinger    vessel* 

Use  of  poison  ens  lu  Che  trenches. 

Oerman  Insurance  Companies. — Because 

of  the  uncertainty  of  tbe  status  of  lam 

corn i'  •  rporattsa  under  tbe   law*  of 

I ilre  Imc  doing  buslnesa  la 

'   States,  during  tin-  wnr  between 

i    "i  April  •;,  1917,  I-  ■  laron- 

tlon  on  tbe  subje.-t.     *ne  proclamation  an- 

i  inn ii    Insarana 

■  were  allowed  i"  continue  their  bust- 

<ncb  s  stnte 

of   war  did   not  exist,   provided   that   funds 

belonging    to   or    held    hy    such    cmnanUa 

id  not  bo  sent  out 
or  used  a*  a  hauls  (or  the  rstsbllehment  of 
aoy  credit  for  nn  enemy  of  lb*  United  State* 
or  tor  any  allies  of  such  enemy. 

Germanic  Association  of  Customs  and 
Commerce: 
Establishment    and    growth    of,    ro- 
f.rr-.l  to.  -'113. 

ft  al     iritn,  regarding  Juty  on  agrl- 

ural  products,  :. 
Oermantown     (Pa.),    Battle    of.— After 
Hi-    American  defeat  at   Urandywlnc   I 

and  i  occupation  "f  Philadelphia, 

Waabl  il  to  allark  th.-  malli 

boily  of  Ho 

mautuwn.  a  suburb  of  I'hllodclplns. 
Tbe  American  army  »«.*  eucamixsJ  at  Skip- 
pock  i  from     Philadelphia, 

and  consisted  of  about    mono  men 
ttro-thlrd*  of  tbea     undei  Qenerala  Sullivan 
and  Wayne.  »iun  manlown  on  the 

evening   of  Oct.    3,    1777.      Washington   ac- 
companied   Sullltao'*   division.      The    battle 
:    .i  "'ill    7    A.    >l     on    Hi.-    4th.      'I'Iim    St- 
tack    foiled   on    n 
understanding    among    tbe    ottlcers 

Hfl    of   severe    fighting    the    Am. -i 
.lillged  to  retrvst   with  a  loaa  0 
killed  and  wouuded  and  some  4W  prisoner* 
The   British   loss   ami  al    vi.Y    In 

eluding    (Jen.    .'.    ■  IHrd. 

v  t . . .  -.  i  >  - 1 1  Mini  In  ilii  .ht.-.I  to  be  ■•!  miin  approil- 
male  tlgure.  Waahmgton  rel  red  to  hii 
I i.-r    camp    and    Q  0      Hove    return..!    to 

Germany.— The  German   Umpire  Is  a    Fed. 

eration    of   Central    European   amies,   ex- 

tending  from  the  Alp*  on  the  souih  to  Ibe 
Bolllc  on    I .  Km;. It.,   ll-s  be- 

tween   47'   in-  :.:.     .-.»'    North    latitude  aod 

pound 
adj  ..ii  in.-  paat  by  Bnaala,  oa   the  *oi 

..   1. 1. -.in.- In,    in. I  Sn  Itierlsnd,  on 

the  west   by   I  i  ■  i-.-lnm. 

no*,    and  i  irtn   by 

lie  murk  snd  the  North  nnd  Baltic  Seas. 

Pnyivil    fVufsn-e.-     I  In      *   or   Was- 

«au    v'  i  . nit   Moun- 

tains   <l{!ilnc   I'alsrlnBtei,   the  Rcl 
or  lilaek  I  ■ 

liwatilirher  Jura    I Wiirttembcr,- 

1  lei,     Klstor    and 
Kn    '.■ 

|.-li.-  and  BOhmer  Wald  (Easl  Itavarlal  are 
t1"-    t.rlin -it.nl    i ntatn*    of    ibe    southern 

rlateau,      In   the  nor'  i  in   are  the 

rsrt;    Mountalaa    fCeatral    Prussia I.    with 

Mill    the    '. 

IHnnthera    l'ms*la>. 

iirlnclpol  iln.r.  .^f  Norlhern  Germany 
are    th«    M.-lnel    or    M.-iu,-.,.     |  -  ','l.lnl* 

and  Oilrr.  *nd   the  Elbe,   Weser  and 


_ 


Germany 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


The  great  rtrera  of  Southern  (Sermany  are 
the  Hbluc  and  tli.  The  Ubluv 

,    fioiu    l.akc  Coiutauce  10  Basel    (120 

in rj    h  nli   8s  l.ierhiud. 

It  In  navigable  throughout   in  en 

In  th-  The   L>nnuhc   11.7&0  miles) 

rises  In   the   Si'lin-uniwalil    (Baden).      Ouly 

terrl- 
.0.1   li    la  navigable  fur  220    tullo    to 

arte). 
Ins    i  •    the      m  "t    and   diversity   of 
(be   land  aurface   there   l>  a  great   vsrlcty 
In    th.-    clln  I  on         .  B4    i:  (ir    la 

fur    uavliiailiiii 
severe  winter)     iin.l  ill.-  Vl«tnln   la  generally 
Icebound  lor   some  months  every  year. 

jlOXJl  irrn  NPCMTTtOX 

A  ita  in       Population 
States  and  Capital*         Ivnuli.i. 

K,  ■„, I  *■*"-  ,9l° 

Bavuia  (Mum-I.l  .    29.202  BJ* 

Prussia  (Berlin)  .  134.8.8  40, 1 1 

(Dresden),  .-..n»         Sw" 

Warn-  , iicin).. .      7.531  2,: 

Gfmtt  Ou"\\ 
llatlen  (KarUnihel.    ...  4.82.1  111 

Hesse  <l>  it  ■■■<  idl  I,  -0,041 

!■  iilwrg-Sehvie/lo 

.',.(».  -.  |  WJ)  H 

i  .--Hle-liU    (Ni 

lit!)  1.131  IOff.442 

"!.].  Mhurb....  2.182  483,042 

Saia-Wuiurar  (Weiuinr) MSI  417.149 

PnaMaa 

'    Dessau) 8*8  SSl.t* 

tMuBMlck  fUrunswIek) . . . .  1,418  804338 

Bsjs-Alteubur*  lAllooburti  611  2IO.I2.H 
NuavCofaunt-tioiha  (Coburg 

latha)  704  817.177 

!>BM-Meloingen  (Meiningca.)  963  278,7&t 

/' .;-...'.  I  l«r— 

I  u-i-  489 

123 
Ke.ua — Yon  era  I        310  IS3.7S1 

Scha.:  icko- 

bnnj  .  .       isi  ii..1-.- 

.■*-l.*ar»l>.ire-U.iilril.i»dl 

luUl    II)  303  100,701 

6ehw*Tibur(;'fHjiulcr»liQUMm 

m         ■•'.•'-- 

Waldaok  tArolaanJ 433  9,101 

ffawa-Tawia 

Bremen 00  KMM 

Hamburg 100  i 

ak us  no.ioo 

AJaaeo- Lorraine  (Klnusburg)     o,«04  I.87I.OI4 

Total 208,780        64.92S.9W 

nrsanous    of    r.rnn.tyr.— miasaa 

i  .  ■■  lli-  larger  pori  toe  i  '  many. 
and  conalala  of  thirteen  proi 
government  la  that  of  a  cuiixi liutl, -nn"  mon- 
archy, in.-  frown  In  In  lh.; 
Rule  line  li..-  executive  la  rested  In  th.- 
King,  aided  by  a  Council  of  Mlnlalera. 
Kins.  William  II.,  i,  rman  Rtuporor.  Cap- 
lial.  Berlin,  Tin-  l"nrllnmeut  i  I. milling)  eoa- 
..-■    II.  ii,  -nli.  1. 1  -    ■  -;    ITHi 

nppolnl'  -11 
life   member",   on.l    r-  in.  u-inatlvee  of   uul- 

.  and  towns:  su.l  the  AiiL-.-oni.. 
haua.  or  >  hamber    n    i  ■  mm        -  ...  >•■■■ 

tiers  erected  Indirectly  for  a  maximum  of 
Dve   yean. 

•iria. — The    ancond    Kingdom    In   stio 
and  population  of  the  Empire. 

di-.Biy    In    the 
line  ;   iho  ■ 

ili.-n.  mm  acts  through  a  responsible  mlnla- 
try  or  Stnnurut.  Kins,  l.udwlg  111.,  b. 
JUL  7.  1845.  proclaimed  King  Nov,  .'.  1913. 
cspltnl.  Munich.  ih.-i.-  la  u  ruiiiam.-ut 
of  two  houses,  the  Chamber  of  Itclcharltc — 


■  illiarr  noble*  and  nemhers 
appointed  for  life,  or  by  vlrtoe  of  their  odkc, 
and  U.i-  (  liouil-  r  of  Abgeoidnetea  <  lUpre- 
acotBM  .    for  all  yewr*. 

.-sunny.—  Third  in  Importance  and  popta- 
lallon  of  the  Herman  kingdoms  The  Cirnt 
la  hereditary  la  the  male  (and  ev.-imiaiiy 
the  female)  line. 

Iho  King,  aided  by  a  Ministry  of  State. 
1'redo/le    Auguaiua    III.,    b.    Ma.i 

".  1904.  Capital.  l>re»dcn, 
The  leclalalure  (StlmdeTerMunralung)  eon- 
tlaia  of  two  co-ordinate  houtci.  of  which 
the  fl'»t  la  made  tin  of  rrlnro*.  landed 
il  and  apnotnlrd  msav 
bera :  and  the  aecond  of  91  meaobera.  elected 
.)    by   tha   people   for  »lx   Teaia. 

H'Uil|emtier(7  In  a  Klne  bun  of 
many,  mainly  belweeii  tMrarta  and  lladen. 
The  Crown  la  hereditary  and  tbe  monarchy 
conatltutlonal.  the  executive  being  rested 
In  :i  Mini. try  of  State.  King  William  II.. 
;,     I  vi      .  .     l  -.    • 

cnplial.  Stnttgnrt.     There  It  a    l^ndatOadf 
of  two  ettatea.  the  Drat  etam'^r    iStaudea- 
I.,  n,  n      being    --(    princely,    nobl 
torlal  rank,   with  rat  tain  olDelal  and  notab 
naied  member*:    the  ;.-nrdar-ten- 

banal    eouaUta  >> 
.li  it    aeeret    l^llot    for  atx    ye«M 

ale  of 
tin-   i;  alttaara    In 

wealern  pnrt      The  RIiIiib  fortu.»   lt»  »outh- 
crn    and    we«tern    bo"  nig    It 

from   Swltieilatid  and    AWare.      There  1»  a 
"f  two  nem-'v      A  gr--at  r«rt  o« 
:ii.-    anrfare    In    < 

the    Illnnlt    Koreat    anil    •■di-im    Id 
Im'  r.   I    -  ,1.  ih  1;  II,,  b.  Julr  '•    1857  : 

s,  in.  28,   r.'n7.     capital.   Karlsrwbe. 

Iltttr.—A  ee-i  In   the   west  o* 

-  i  Inr  two  dlieos 

rlt-rl-K    n.-ni  It    r.jiinl     |-,    altn.      Tliere    U    a 

bleomeral  l.-Ri»lature.     <>rand  V 

3i<l    March 

Hal,    Harm 

J/Vetreitbi-  -   .— Comprtaea  an  ares 

r.f  8,130  square   ml  .-«  on   tbe   Haiti.-,   wits 

a   population    of  0.'U>.958.     The    ■ 

power    I*   veated    In    reprewmtBtlrea   of    the 

he   Knights'  astalaa.    tiraad 

I  '...-I!    ». 

I    April    10.    189- 
S.hoertn. 

UceHruburp  KlrtUli.—CoDMiU  of  two  de- 
inchrd  tmriH  I  St  relit  j     • 
aisled   by    ' 
a  diet  of  two  etlatci.. 
I.and«.hnfi       tir*t:d  Duke.  :"rl  d 

San  ■  nach.  —  The      15-.ni-! 

I'tichr  con  r*e  detached  di- 

and   24   scattered  enclave*  tbe  popalatton 
bring  tuatuly  I.utherana.     Th.  i.-  I,  a  i. 

End  Ati-i  rU-nn  chun  h  at  the  cnpltal,     Tlstrs 
i  an  executive  minl'try  and  a  single  chaa- 
-lli-t    of    38    m<-mber«.    e'eeted    for    atx 

5.ara.      Grand    fJiikr.    William    Rraai 
<<rded    Jan.    f-.    1901. 
Capital.   Weimar. 

r/li/rabi'i-tr  l«  altunte  on  the-  North  8ea 
and  the  Weser,  betw.-eu  the  i.-a  and  Han 
with  ih.-  ,1,-taehid  I'rliiciiialltlra. 
More  than  80  per  cent,  of  the  InhaNtania 
aro  Protcstantav  There  It  ai 
mlnlatty  and  a  alnglo  chamber  1 1-s.udtaci  of 
...  .mil 

:    aucceded    Ji:i 
1000.  Capital.  Oldcntmrr,  ll>pulstJon.  . 

DUCHIES.— .Inhatl.— X  Oochy  of  Corral 
Germany,  la  two  principal  portions.  «ur- 
roundid  by  rruaalan  Saxony,  conislnlif 
t'Otl  ayuare  ml:ea  and  a  population  cf  331.- 
128.      Single  chamber 

1  for  six  years.    r>nke.  Krledtlch 
Aug-     10,    1850:    •ucctcded    Jan.    21     1904. 
capital.   Drataig. 


nnuutclct. — A    Stmt*   of    Northern    Or- 
taaay.  eoeslttlng  talrfly  of  thn»  ■»• 
part*.     Dui  Uirimtui.  I 

1887.  married  daughter  of  tbc  Gcrmnn  i;m 

Efior:   proclaimed   .Not.   3.   1013.    capl-al, 
iun>»  Irk. 

Svrt  Mltmbmrg.—  Dakc.    Ernrat,    b.     Ang. 
31.  1ST1;  »octtv.l  ,1    I    i.    7,   1906.     Capital. 

*..'f  •  t'obiira  -  Golf,*.— A  Stale  mnaMInK 
of    t«ro    piloripal    sod    acre; a  I    small. 
i*i)m>1    poftlofaL     t'vburx  tias  a  dirt   of   11 
and  ((oitu  of  19  members.     The  dint  meet 
lo  }olot  ».  Doke, 

■  II     It.  II.  Duke  of  Albany), 
b.   July    IS.    1884 

The       single       chamhi  r 

dlii    r.o«  ?4  member*,  elected  for  «lx  rear*. 
Pwke.  George  II..  li.  April  2.  1826:  aueeoed- 
rd   Fopt-    2*.    ISflfi.      fanltal.    M'iulngvn. 
Trie   Prlrtelnnlltiea   are: 
I.  ii.  !■  .1.1 

-Prince,      Henry 

•■it  tifipr  —  Rrlgntog    Prince. 

,  ;»•  —  Reigning     Prince. 

-arlzlurg  nuJolilaiH.—rriacr,       Gun- 

•arionro  •  Son..'-  —   Prince 

-Prince.    Frederick,    rrlnee    of 
>•  ik-Pytmoin  of    Rappi 

u&d  Uerolils.ik.  Wus- 

.--.— The  free  Unnse  Town* 
eoaapiK-      I  he      tliive     tin-  .Ub  ck, 

llreni'ii.    iml   n..   ib   is 

heir   novrielKiiiT 
like    I  In-    "Hi.  r 

In  Hie   Noi  h   of 

l,ul*ck 

I"     >■■'  tin-     li.llh-.     Illi'l     ! 

•■.    wlih    Ihe    i:il).'    hj  I'ravn 

<  seal  :    lia    eon  with 

ilk.     N.ii ,.  a   il     liusala. 

,  ■ 

oob.  and  only    nl  i      rotnaierrtal   Imp  n- 

auec  to  HauihuiK      I  rail- 

way    wish     ihe    outport    of    Uieo.iijaT.ii. 
iliirtj  n>i-   atlki  Jl  iinat,   d   ■  on   u 

very   extensive   American    I  ndc        II    n 

nor,  ami  li 
•Ixtynve  mlli«  fniin  CuxIioiiii.  to  which 
port    It   la   eunni'i.-ti-d    by    mllway. 

"RE  '<."— Al*are-I.orralne      (in- 

i.  Ml.     i..i«    anni-ied    by 
•  from  the  old  G  rman 

■■   '  ■  ' 

Irhliic  and  the  V«;-      n-   I     tretche 
Iheaw  :i»  far  a»  Luicmhutg.    Win.-. 

lobar  .  .rnimg; 

ii*.  nod   the  rottmi    In- 
v    la    sao»(     i!      H-hlng.       There     la    a 
l.anillxy    Of     !«'■  I,     Of     Which     the 

first     consist*    of     reprecenraMrps     of     the 
ehurvlics,  ualrerslty  towns  and   i 
cUnci,   and    the   *»coud   of   CO   member*. 
I      ■■•  are  ret  biili.it 
principal  towna,  litraaabutx.  MQhlhnuicn, 
UcU,   and   Coin 

I.«nT*cgt  aid  KeHylon. — While  the  taat 
bmJo  i  i..r'»  mbjoctt  are  tier- 

:  C   people  It   la   notable   that   a 
idhere  tr.  tin-  Tcmacu- 
lar  of  their  original  sorerclanfy      A  rrcrnt 
laacuofe  cenatia  glees  (be  fn'lowltr:  'i 
Getevan.  .751; 

{LBbb,    141.0P.I  .    C*»eh, 
O'.Z--  hen.  »«.- 

TJie   generally   »o-.  ,.t..l    ■   Ilk-Ion    of    the 
profile    la    Lutheran,    l.ui     their    nte    many 


congregation*  of  Carbolic*  and  other*.     The 
eec-.u.)    of    1010    allowed  :    l'io(-*t*ul*.    »».• 

inni.  3S3.(Hll:  Jrn-«    C1S.021  .  Otln-ri 
D    ivllitlona.!,   214,i;.2. 
OEtlUdH  CULO.XIES.—Atta  and  popula- 
Hon. 

Ana  in     luitimaUd 
Colony  i  ..p.  i» 

AMo—                             8"»,U"  *• 

E*JtA:r             »1.070  7.W4.000 

lfo.t..-Ac,t  Aliira -'-■  ll»  ^I^H 

Ci  ..ri-.  i                                         ■-.. .i.ki  3.500,000 

TofMBSd                                         33,030  1.000,000 

Total,  Alriea. l.03o,0»0  12,205,000 

.At— 

New  Uulooa BOflOO       403,300 

SoIomoo  IsUnda 4.200         XifiiuO 

Manhall  IiUnda ItM  IS 

E«Ur:i  Cor:lin*a. 1  onn  ,,,„,. 

W«t«r.,  O«olio** /         80°        n-vn 

Samoan  I4a-nli 1.0M         31.500 

Total,  I'uciSo W.210       819,050 

r'lC — 

ICiaoOai 103        190.000 

Bphcro  of  lateroit 2.750         bt,-MO 

Total.  Aaiakie 9.944       274,000 

Grand  Total I.134.239  13.158,950 

l/i'lum.— The 

;h  century  n.  •:.    Tin-  German  llo- 
•    aai    founded   b>    I'har.rmaene 
a.  o.  HUO  and  thla  dynatty  m<  extlunul  li.  .1 
about   Oil  n    ..f    mi,,,    wbli  h 

inllnwiil    shortly    i0Jt;-»77    i  hi,    wu    the 
most  aueooofiii    or    ih.-    Miil.ll>-   Ab-i       i  in 
woe  followed  bj  i    ihe    11  n 

dynaaly    i  ■.   ;,  i.      )h- 

l  mi  ci  sal   power   wni  rratrlet.-d    tiy    the 
toia  1800V       Nai 

orerthiew  I  i  many 

under    the    confederation    .r    in.      Ithm-    lu 
...I   In    IJH13,  and  an 
alliance  made  aril  in  1815.  ai 

li    German    confederatlun    »a«    formed 
.li     I-    i         I'i'uMla    waa    the    li-axllnu    factor 

In    thi.    ii.ui. ...  li in    war  ..f   1870-71     in 

wlih  ti  ahc  *«<  |..n.  .1  i 

m    I  .    Kins  ••'    Prnaaln,   waa  rlei  ted 
Gorman    Kmnetar    In   tin- 

lull  |M  '  IT,-   nf  nil    I  be    1.  lirullij.-    I ..  .  iiimii    inliir.i 

In   »«1 

Aux.  I,  1014.  noon  learning,  "f  the  m-  bill- 

• 
which   araa   tin-n   at   wnr   ••  I    Ger- 

many  declnr\-d  war  ocnln-tt  Ku-^hi.  and  up-.n 
ilon    of    boailllth-a    t«riw.-,-n     the 
two  counl  rl  u   to  pi  ■  [tare   f.-i 

the  Inerltnblc  Inraalon  of  her  territory  with- 
ii   of   war.      <:.iniun    force* 

Itart'-d  f-r  tin-  I'rench  border  by  way  of 
•l»l>\  Belgium  !'■  lalum  pm  •  ••-!!  niralnut 
the  vlolaii.  ii  of  ber  territory  and  nup'-alcd 
to  Gr.-at  B'lialn  for  pro  I  rtlon.  I.neland 
wni    pledfcd     la    bbl  .teetlon    of 

illty  of  I'-.IkIiiui.  and 
wtii-n  on  An;  ^.  1914,  ••vrmnny  declared 
war  on  il    Ilrhalu  rvnlled  wlih 

a  declaration  of  war  upun  Germany 

OoiT'iniir nf  —Tin.  nir    to 

the  Cunatltullon  of  April  16,  1871.  I*  a 
derate  l/rneue.  hearing  the  name  Ger- 
man Kmpltr- — Deuiaeli.M  Iti  r  the 
itary  nre»lil.nuhi|i  ,.f  tin-  King  of 
Pnmia.  win.  hold*  rhe  tub-  of  German 
rmpcror— Deutieber  KaMer     anil  whose  eld- 

.11  li  styled   Bit,   lmi il 

IIIjtinoa>.     The  Kmneror  aa  ain'b  represents 

inplre  In  all  matn-rn  nrr.-.-i|ne  Interna- 

tl-jiiol   law:   In   lbs  nam.-  of  the   K.roplre  b* 

declares  war  and  makes  peace,  conclude*  al- 


, 


Germany 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Dance*    ami    trratlc*    with    foreign    8tate». 

■  tnl  accridlla  and  receive*  Arutautador* 
i  t  •  ,'t   to  repel  >n  m  :  i  lory 

■  ■'  Hi.'  coa»t*  of  it*  La-ague,  the  Kmperor 
« axiuut  dorian-  wiir  without   the  caaMI 

Ill*  Federal  Council.  Buodcaral.  whlrh  rep- 
reaenta  Iho  aoTcrvlgntr  of  the  I'.-ilcrated 
state*  of  tbe  Kmplr*.  Th«   Rundcarat,  with 

to  din 
aolrt;  the  Kelchttag  th#  mattrra 

belonging   |..  ih-  :  mplrc 

ar*  all   tlina-    that  i  •     the  army  and 

nan  .  tlir  .-urn 'ii.. ii.  cml  and  p.gal  law  of 
iln     Kmplr*:   poM»  and   telegraph 

Ing  Bavaria  I.  inland   Darlnl -1.11111; 

welg-ho  and    in.  Bauret      coinage;    t'nnfclnjr; 
■lit  :  foreign  trade;  the  Grr- 
man  mercantile   morlm- .    tb»    Prma; 
ililnit  relating    1  -  .  ■   cor- 

iiuib'Iuii*:   poller  :  aanliaiio  .ition, 

<if    the    Kcdcrol    Council    and 
Kclchatag  l<    neccaaary.  and  al«o  audi. 

■■■  vtlldlty  of  a  law.  The  la»>  uf 
the  r.rnjilr.'  ink.-  pi  -  .i-  ■!■•••  uf  the  law* 
.if  1  hi-  Federated  Siatra  within  the  aeon* 
I'niMtliiiilnn  of  it..-  Btnpln!  thi-jr 
arc  rompulaory  on  all  1;  .  mim-iii*  of  th* 
Kmr.li. 

r,    Ilia  Immrlal   Mainly  William   II.. 
German   Emn»Mr,    Imiik  of  1'rum.la.  born  at 

'Hie    IrglalBilvc    power    of   tin-    Kmplre   la 
fieri  laed  within  cvn  iln  |    1  -it*  by 

Ki.  Rundearai  (or  Federal  Council  I  ana  tt>» 
■!•■»■•  I  II11111I.  -1111  .1    .-( 

•  .1   |i-  nip. .i.-ini, Hi.--    11 luted  b)    ■>■■■  !■-■■'■■ 

ri-anii-iil-i  of  Hi-  Slatra  Hhlrh  f..rtn  the  Kav 

;..rarla   (H>.  8**- 

uny  and  Wtlrltcmbii         1  , n  ami  llpu« 

i3i.    Mecklotiim  in  .wick 

'Ing    Jitat.-*    and    the    three 

llanae  Towna  il  onehi.  and  Alaace  1  ..rroln.i 

,:    del. mi..    1  Willi    llmlii'd    v  .Hnx   nuworai. 

ii..-  Rdchata*  It  rnmpoacd  of  ■'■'■'•  OrpuileM. 

I    I.v    nnlrnnall    aufTrag..    f..r    a    mail- 

■I    '  ..1111. -II 

!  tag   miiHi    l».  .iiiinm.ii  il 

irrrjr  year. 

'Ilir  .Supreme  I'miri  of  Nil   Ktiiplro  I*  the 

Kr-lrhaci-rli-ht     til-h    11     I Idcnt     and    100 

1    11)    llli     I   .    i-     .,1     Willi    Ilia 
Mill  lr»  ..(   the   Itundcarnt.     Thli  la  a 
..r   appeal  I  .hleh 

1    and    malnialniil.    the 
li'ical  ajratim  being  Identical  in  MCb. 

\<my    onif    .Vary.— The    rmpernr    la    tba 
11     or    r.ii-  1  '  I    1  »>iu:iiari>t.r  In 
1  iii.  1  ■■'  the  ■-•-  In  It  1  -.- in    I   mj      In  time 

of  war  Ii.-   Q<  an. I      In    1  Inn- 

il..-  King    ..1   Ratal  iy,  and 

Wnrttcuiborg    retain    Iln  Ii-    iiirerelgn    1 
a*  bead*  i.r  in.  ir  trmlea,    I  In 

1. Hi,  1    iiniid,    ih'-   German    Nnvy    la   Imperial 

1  kalacrllcht,    and    rhr    Kn rot    n*    rin-b   la 

ipremo  Admiral  In  1  ommand  ..r  1 
p.  rlnl  i;.  riiuiii  Navy  in  paace  n^  wall  :i«  war. 
Service  Id  thp  Army  la  unit,  i-.nl  ami  com. 

Boa    all    German     inhjectl     h-twecn 
K  age*  of   IT  and    '■        ■  1  ,  -      - 
ai  the  a iv  Of     0       I  I  or  loe  army  ■■iiahllah. 
mrnt  are  Arml.  -  ..f  Ihe   World  and  for   I  Ii  -  - 
uary  a.n  Navlea  of  the  World  I 

).'i/ai-iif(o». — The  German  educational  *T«- 
lem  la  remarknl'li-  foi   Ihe  -a...  wlih  wlnrb 

It     meet  a     Iln-     |...|llll.- Ills-     ..|     .. 

<•!«■«.  Ita  enVli'n.  v  1-  i..-t  rirmpilflrd  by 
il..-  nnnual  mllltnry  n-cnililni:  atoiNrlca, 
which  in  l»"7  . 1 1  ■  1  - .  1  1  proportion  of 
1. nl.i  OS  "  r  •  .  Bl  .1  1  Ii.  rate  n  .  rulta.  It 
I-.  morroTrr,  prarlleatlv  hoti  In  all 

hrancbea  ihroiiein.nt  I  hi  1  b  ■■  Proa. 

linn  ndmlnlatrati.ni  mi]    1.  rpleal. 

rlalne  a  ceneral  •'■■nlrnl  bi  thi  Ulnlater 
..r  I'nMI.-  in.  ir.uilnn  ..err  all  *ilui-Ttll..nal 
ealahli  public    of    nrivii..    » 

vlu-'lal  orffinl/nil-.n  .TiftrKcd  with  mannrc. 
mrnt  of  public  •icincniary  acboola,  and  Spr- 


elal    Protlnelal    Boarda   eliar»e<l    with    the 
uanaayneni      of     *  ■  ondary     and     Normal 
iU,     th'lr     eiirrlcwla,     aam.^ 
era.    and    learlnR    .  i»nilnjil..n- 
mary    la    Comnalaory    and    free.    a«-e    «H 
Aternav   attendance,  la.-,  per  cent.     Krrtiloc 
continuation  acbooU  for  cblldr.-n  of  worklaaj 
claah-a  (partly  eiiBtpnlaoryi  :  city  tatermccu- 
ate  achoola  In  two  grade* :  cymnaala  praMrw 
Inir   for    unlveralty   mid    ka< 
with    a   nlne-yeara*  courae. 
are  nnmeroa*  tlirouirln ■■  1    t !■•■   Kiuplre,  ape 
clal  attention  belne  d.-..  |.,|   1., 

mi.  ;..■!•.  i-  in  in..-    I. •.-.-. iv  »r.|  amaal         I  ai 

tvraltliw.  Siat'-maln'n 

are:  Berlin,  Bonn.   15 1 

burg-,  .nlniterL  UevU 

lUldi'llx-iK,  J.-na.  Kl.-l.  K.ini|.-.t»-rK.  I^lfnar. 

>Iar!.iir«.       Mllm  In  n.       VI-  ■.,  1 

Ktr»««liurir  liutg- 

A'i <■•-  .ire  Ii 

di'i-lT.-d    mainly    from    C'lat.inia  and    I: 
atamp".  po»H  and  lelejrrapiiv   mil-.a. 

iln-  i-  ■  (.-..111  -  .  rials  •  lalH  »  I'll  ■  »'  rl 
lnii-9  on  the  conatltuent  fltntra  of  t'. 
pltv,    and    lalnce    in: 

.033.- 
TOO    marlia.    and    tb.-  .-    wa-    tb< 

■ame  amount      The  debt   at    the   li.-gtnBlac 
of  the  v.»r   1013  waa  4J83,:i'.'.0tKi  marka 
r'.ir   nnlinnry   oniipuioHona   fire  aaarka  are 
ned  at  e<iunl  to  one  dollar  of  trnlud 
-1  money. 

The  lin;-rltl  War  Treasure  atorcd  In  tbe 
JiiIiiih    T.i'A.  r  at  sramlnn  aoaounted.  March 
If    in:  ■     to   I30k000.0<)0   marka    «»'.': 
0001.     liiil'T  the  law  :.la  amoami 

la   to   he   doubled,    and    In   ad.lhmn  a 
rpaerre  created  amounting  to  an  addition*] 
100.000  marka. 

Pension*, — The  German   netware  of  aoekO 
b'Clilntlon   glret  all 

nera    In    tli.      Kmpl  Kbit    to    pe- 

cuniar-.  ..niivi -in  l.ii   Brben  nutitt  .' 
through    Klekneia,    an 

flrinlly.   or  old   age.      Inaurancc   la  coaamil- 
aory.     The   .National   Inaurancc  |>   |*i,y|  an 
mutual    Inaurancc    and    a»lf  adminUi 
The      111   1  r  an  nir-       A. -1      .-nine     lata 

for  •  Jan.  1.  aanrtd  include  all 

peraona    working    for    wagiM    or    aalary    »• 
.  In  ho  far  s*  tin 

Sceed  ilk.  2.O0O— Including  fbr*i*nera  wort- 
g     In     GVrmany    under    «..-■■•    catr,- 

na  for  premature  Infirmity  are  gli.-n 
to  Inaurrd  pi-rautia  wloii  ut.nl  for  work  .  •  -I rl 
age  p.  il   iv  1  ton  a  oe  at- 

taining tbe  age  of  TO.    though  atlll  i-apmhM 
of  work. 

fro. (notion  oaif  /mJmirii—  In    1 

Err  cent,  of  tbe  population   arorr  rappartrd 
y   agriculture.    ST    p.  . 
and  mining,  and  IIS|:  •    trndr  and 

Iramc.     The  approximate  nn  -rwaa 

engaged    In    agricultural    and    f- 
rulta     (rieliialTi.    ..f  •  .     la 

100T  waa  a,T80,'»00 :   In  raining 
trlea^   I1.2.10.00U;    In    trad*   and    e-irn merer. 
1.IH10:   and  In  domeatlc   and  other  »»r- 
I.TS0.000. 
of    ih..    total    area    In    1B.-T.     . 
acrea  were  eultli  iT,»14 

aerea    aiablci    and    aW.a7a.HI     acre* 
tvooo  lb*, 

Pruaala  rontalua  tin-  prlarlpal  mining  dla 
Irlna    (In    sil-Kin,    lihlncland   atul 

lignite,  nn.l 
du.vd  :  the  I :■■! ■■  Ii  - :.» ml 

coal    ami    1  ind    He-    llnrta    moan 

tslna   -.I'M   capper  and  Bill 

mny   la    lH-ronilng  more    nnd    more  a 
mauufariiirlna  count  I  ■ 

(.■ring  r I   il ol  ninl  I 

ularlr  In    i'rutaln     Ihe   IM-  ivarta, 

and  rtaxony.  I"  11    la  (Iron    iinent.  glaaa. 

.     .:.,-.    are 


I:\dex 


Germany 


.••IBB.    Coloim*.     All 

ininnd     MiMrtmrc   and    i'iwI.    while 
rid   K---n    in 

malls,  tbo  machln 

Lelpaljr.  Tie  v.  nit  llie 
-I>r»»  !  In 

irarla    anil    lb-  nml 

and   to  atrDMt  all   the  kingdoms  and 
.  brrnln*     lintho  eootalni   ilir  lant- 

Elmtly    famnin    leoirrai  I 
rillolrj    In    the    K'lrlil     The    lex  1 1  io   h 
trtra   lnrrenae  annually   In    Importance   ami 
ewitrr   la  On-Old,    Klberfeld-Barmeu. 

«o»B.    Cherno.il «     and     lb*    provinces    of 
relptolla  and  Silesia 

Sea)   Bab    to   the  Titlin-  «.f  marly   7r.  000,- 
000   marks    wi-r-    oonaiimed    In 
uwiuul  In  ng  vnln-d  a'  iii.iinu  mm 

nark*.   About  35,000  persons  wen-  employed 
to  the  flabortee. 

Itmllirart.   etc. —  In    1912   there   Ml    M 

Ml  kiiemeii-         .  -mi  atlioa  .,r  Btate  mil 

ways 

of   prlTBte  llnca     Willi   2.2111   kllorn.-iTc«   of 

narrow    imiib--    lln.-       The    number  of 

*lt»»  aad  motor  cycle*  un    1st 

Jan  .  ma,  «. 

IB    BiWilliiO    to    •null-    (1.000    mill-*    Of    UT- 

bfabt  1  miles  of 

ranal«  and     1,000     mil,.-    ,  r     thlp    canala. 

Leoajtb  of     trlejrrapb     lln.-v    S7K."ino    ill.. 

metre*  (lenKtti    of     .                               1    kilo 

nvtr-  187      le-li  i-inph  of- 

pbonr  rail  ■  •  Thi    num 

•*rvlee  of  poata,  ti'lrxrapba 
ao-d  l*li-j*i>nea  wo-  810 

HMptilmg.—4tn  Jan.  1.  1013.  the  Mcrcaa- 

-  .1 -coins 
steamers  of  17  r.."i  n-el-t' r  cm*  anil  up 
wanla  I4.3S0.348  too«  (.toss  register  1.  ami 
of  2.420  «j 

reclstcr)  :  ii*uiwt  of  ataman,  TT.748  Qer 
many  now  ranks  «^.v.iiil  In  it'  iui  uf  mari- 
time cniintrli-«.  !Ti»r<-  wrTQ  completed  In 
1BI2  ar    i>nnan    ytinl  -       ninn    firms, 

O-'iO   aea  «"lcc  ahtps  n  tona   tr»M, 

and  a  (  tier  man  yards  fur  fun-In  flrma.  124 
era-going    ablpa    of    .11.2:18    1. 

T-iv«i  —  fn-iinl    of    the   Herman    Rm 

■ 
-  .-.  1      1910,    with  Hi    -  i- 

ceedlDC   II- 

TV-  rain*  t»  lb*  marl   of  100 

nOeii.  mark    !•    equal    lo    f 

rolled  States  money,  line  dollar  t'nUcd 
Stave  money  la  espial  lo  4  marka  81  pfan 
Olse. 

,'ii  Ilir  Fnltrtl  Mate*  —  The  value 

1   Into  >•     mui.y  f  1  -  -  m 

US    wan 

.if 

i.i     Ihlthel    -a   halanro 

of     1142.721. 141     lu     l.mr    ..f     tb«     I 

sia;..- 

Oermany  ('■■  ■■  *Uo  Berlin;  Hamburg): 
Otmllao  Ialaj 

regarding,  •»fllfl.   ' 
Commer.-inl  relations,  with,  .".lilT,  6061, 

Compulsory  insurance  of  working 

■rM2. 
Consular       1  1 142. 

Copyright      privilege    extended,    by 
."-713. 
Referred   ti 
Diplomatic  relation*  with,  dlacnased, 
2549L 


Bnrporw  of— 

'  rni..r   in   northwestern  b< 

ary  ■lapllto,  4097. 
Awnr.i   of.  4  : 
Thai  ETnitca    Btafoa   tern- 

<U-r.i|,    1 : 

Death  of.  B867. 
Kxpnlaioo  of  Julius  Haumcr  from,  re- 
terrar]  tu.   M8Q. 

Fruits.    Ainrrii-ini,     ri'xtrirtiurw    upon 
importation     of,      into, 

in.-   eriuitnal*,  convrntion   with, 
1  nr  rarronder  of,  2689. 
,:l. 
OovMsmmi     of    Dnitod    Stat«    of 

Nnrili    lo-rnian.    r.i-  rn-d   to,   3780. 
Immigration  trcnty  with,  4419. 
Importation    of    Am-.-rii-uu    products 
■..us  ii|ii)ii,  di  —  ussc-d. 

47M,  4789,  4916,  DM7,  Bfiil.  '-:^. 
6429, 

Deri  nig,  6100. 

Insuran..     eomfouuigo,   American,    *x- 

•  Indod  Iran.  0061,  I I  .  6188. 

Miui.tiT   .r    iiiiiuburg,  receivod    ia 

(iiii.-ii  Btati  • 
Miu  i  if  J  States,  title  of 

anil...  

Miniate*  "i   I  nlted  fltateo  to — 

Boeoiled 

Sfilnry      .ii.      i  ii.-  r  .-:<  -..  ■      in.      r m 

meiidril,  4074, 
Tit  I.-  hi  amboaMdor  oonferrod  upon, 
S874. 
Kotaralizotlon     treaty     with.     8888, 
3829,  38 
C^ui-stioiis    arising    undi-r,    n-fi-rn-d 
to.   44  III.   4B80,   402.*.,   4910,    .'.084, 
frl,  5809. 
Neutrality  of  United  States  in  war 
with— 
Rusaia,  7969. 

Qroat  Ilrltaln,  7974. 

Belgium,  7970. 

Italy,  BI42, 

Japan,  7976. 

ltniimniiia,  8142. 

Portugal,  si 41. 
p«l 

To  the  ■  188. 

Reply  of  Entente  aiii.  .  to,  8188. 
' ■•  ■iiiiiiuy'B  reply  to,  8187, 
r.iliti.-al  (|iie«tion»  in,  4017, 
Poatal   convention   with,   3775,   3783. 

4203. 
fiamoan   affairs  fHilWlfrd.      (Sea   8a- 

moan  I»l»nl-  i 
8bippiuv   intereite  of,  report  of  eon- 

Mll-ge-neral  on,  referred  to,  4878, 


Germany 


Messages  and  Papers  of  tl  fatft 


Tariff  laws  of,  evidence  of,  modifi- 
cations  of.  proclaimed,  • 
Discussed,  .'."4". 
Tariff  laws  of  United  State*,  protest 
against  provisions  of,  Impoalug  <1  is- 
criminating  An 
Tobacco  imported  into  (100  also  Agri- 
cultural  Product;) — 
Duties  on,  referred   to.  C900. 
•%■  ragsvdinft  HOT. 
Trade  marks,  treaty  with,  rcgardiug, 

4114,  414U. 
Tr.ar.-  oi  United  state*  with — 
Baa  i,  11680. 

State*    composing    the    Zollvcrcin, 
9 
(Togo) i:itimiH  ngvdlac,  and  re- 
lon  of.  di 
Tran-iuittad    and    d  2CS9, 

t'nion  of  States  vl  d,  -1071. 

Vessels  of— 
Claim*  of,  to  Interact  on  dues  Ille- 
gally exacted,  8084,  E307. 
Destroyed  at  Samonn  I  eland- . 
Dutiea  on,  suspended  by  proclama- 
tion, 5328. 
Proclamation   rcvolinrr,   G1C0. 
VeucU  of  Hamburg,  a;  a  Cor 

lit*  Mjcudincj 
Discriminating     duties     on,     sua- 
poaded,  607. 
Wai  with  France — 
Correspondence,    regarding,     4008, 

4434. 
Diplomatic   relatione  rc.'.umcd,  to- 

forred  to,  4009. 
Neutrality    of    United    States    in, 
4090. 
Proclaimed,  4040,  4043.  40-13. 
Suspension    of     bostilitiis     rccom- 
miinded  by  President  Grant,  40C5. 
Onrmnn  Empire^  Trcatlea  witlj-— ^ 

.  raxan  Kmplro  was  formed  In  l'Ti. 
ties  •"  Bores  wiiii  too  itniiviiiu.il 
•  ic  abrogated;  men/, 
however,  remained  In  force  nnd  oro  to  to 
f.jimil  mull  Hi.-  headings  of  Baden.  Ea- 
..n in  i..i«.le.  Saxony,  etc.  A  consular 
eonvcnllon   was  concluded  lu   1071, 

In  1800  a  reciprocal  commercial  arrange- 
nii'til  was  mad*  with  Germany.     It  euntslns 
certain    concessions   of   Import  dullrs   urton 
specified  clasics  of  goods  coming  from  Ger- 
many :   nnd   Germany   makes   compensating 
concessions  unon  daises  of  Roods  coin, 
Germany.       This     agreement     wss     ra   ■: 
sulijret   to   three   months'   notice  of  In  .<->• 
inlnaie   and   was   denounced    l.v 
is  ay    to    take   effect    Feb.   28.    loco. 
Agreements  were  effected  by  the  exchance 
irs    for    Uio    reciprocal    protection    of 
mill.,  ui'irki    In    Morocco   In    lOOl    and    la 
China   in    1000      a   reclororal    Irade  o 

was  entered  Into  In   1900,  and  super- 

II  1007.    and    till 

term! i       d  n   l.)   lbs  United 

8'av»   under   direction   of  the  tarlf  r-t    of 

patent   convention   of   1000   Is 

•tl  I    ' 

Hn--.nn     '■  .iii.Ii- In    1889  a    penirnl  ji-t 
provldlne    for    rhc    neutrality    in 

mens  government   ef   iti"   ssmein   I'to'-Ms 

was  concluded   between  sljo  I'nltcd   States. 


Germany    and    Gnat    Britain.      Tbls    pro- 
ut   of  a   nupmmc 
r  the  .-onflrmeti 

to    lands.      Inteifcreoec    In    p-jlltkal    strug- 

In  the,  Ulsada  In  1890  by  eoaoi  - 
cf   llrlilsh   snd   Americas   warship*   result- 
.  .1  In  ibo  appointment  of  a  court  of  claim'. 
King   Osear  a   was   agreed 

si  arbitrator,     Hi    6V 

States  and  Great  Britain  respoeiihlc  for  »ll 
damages   esused    by   unwarranted    m 

Ions  in    I  he  IMand*.     By  a  conventtoa 
of  Dee    '•'.   ISSw.  the  general  art  and  treaties 
i<  la  Ins  to  Samoa  were  annulled  nnd  a  turn 
intl.li.  was  signed   by   the  three  powers  la 
t.-st  Brliala  rcaoanre 
ror    of    ii"'    i  tSflr 

claims    to    Tntulla    nml     nil     ■•Hit     Islands 

;•    Ssmoaa    croup,    ui 
antes  rennn  n  y  all  clahaa  t* 

Islands    of    I 
Islands  west  of  lone.   171"  west.     (See  Stso 
Sumom  Island*:  Tutulln.) 
Osrryniandcr. — Aa   arbitrary  arrangement 
of    Hie    legislative    or    Congressional 
iil.tM  of  a  state  regardless  of  gec.firspM.-il 

■nlty    and    compactness,     wlicrcby    a 

rliy  of  the  rel  at  ■••  parly  m»y 
be  so  grouped  as  to  elect  all  or  ■  majority 
of    tli--    repi  or   s 

leglslutun  -.as    coined 

la  lsll  from  the  name  of   I 
tiIio  as   gowrnor  of  MauacliateUa  slgs*a 
a   bill  pasted  by   the   D» mo.-ralVo   majority 
of    the    lezUlnluro    grouping    tfco    a«rUoas) 

U    CU"   tl"'    I 

Istrlct,  nllh  a  ranch  .1  rewublaaca  to 
a  salamander. 

Gerrymander,  discaaied,  5843. 
Cot-Elch  Qulclc— A  term  opprohrloasly  an- 
(o  the  class  of  Americans  wbo  bar* 
cade   money   on   a   very   large    scale,   and 
r.ulckly.  occasionally   where   the  for: 

: ..J  to  1  aro  InuO  accumulated  by  quel- 
le means. 
Gettysburg  Address.—  immediately  afire 
the  battle  of  Gettysburg.  Congress  set  asJds 
the  bnttleQeld  ns  a  national  burlal-nesmrt 
f^r  soldiers  ■  and  It  was  at  the  it- 
1  i-  1 1.. •.-.-  uncoil. ii  ecmeten  on  N  ramose  10, 

that   Lincoln   delivered    t: 
Witch  has  forever  afterward*  been  culled  »r 
fie  name  of  the  little  town  In  rcDatylrnnla. 

Is  some  dispute  as  to  tha  man 
wjic-!  tie  address  was  prepared,  one  Itftsd 
running  that  l.incnln  wrote  It  In  n  few  mla- 
utes  on  the  back  of  an  official  GoT.-raui.-iit 
envelope  w:  lie  on  the  spei 
w.is  eoareylag  Mm  to  the  dedication  ctrt- 
T'-c  consensus  of  Tslld  oplalin. 
however.  Indlcntes  that  the  addrrs*  ws 

S3  red  with  great  csr. 
3rs  before  It  was  delivered,  oltlicue 
tola   moy   have  saiititly   revls<^l 
evening  befcr*  or  tS*  day  of  tb?    I 

Macnlo  held  n  srrittea  cop/  of  M» 
r-tn  irks  In  h-s  band  when  be  rose  to  irprak 

Eftcr   tie  two  hours'  odilreaa  •• 
verett.     whoso     sonorous     and     p  ' 
■  i  had   mightily  moved  t*»o   a. 
Mb      T"e  f.'wn 
of  Lincoln's  lmnortal  w^rds.  aft<r  Br. 

:.i  peroration,  could  not  but  «9gnr* 
tiem  lneol  bly  on  f  .•  inlmh  of  those  srto 
were  privileged  to  hear  them. 

Tho  speech  stands  out  as  aa  ackoowtMrcd 
elak  le, — away   «>■'  olors  pr- 
greatest  short  Speech  ever  delivered, 
coin  mado  >"-versl  sutoeraph  copies.  ' 
for  differ  ti  nsls  and  pr,- 

'tlotv.      Various  sllcht  alter.nlriis  si. 
rear  In  the  various  reproductions,  and  It  Is 
not   ecrlsl-i    wMch   of   tve   msnu«<vl| 
it-..-I-  Potwcen  Xrtl  and 

v..  lumo  VIII,   appears  a   facsimU*   at  om 


manascrtpt.     We  ojoote  below  the  full  text 

!if  •   fse.lroll*  of  another  osanuicrtp: ;   tho 
:     t*lBg    IB*    00?    fooad    10    Nlcol.1T    and 

llny'a  life  of  Lincoln,  which  doe*  not  par- 
pott  to  b*  tbe  original,  bat  li  n  copy  made 
tiy   LlaceJn  especially  for  the  8< 
Bailor*  Fair  at  Baltlicorc  In  1 

'Tnc  orrrvaaoao  uiBtui. 

Fourscore  and  tcvcn  rear*  ago  our  father* 
continent  n  new  na- 
tion, coocelr/d  In  liberty,  and  a 
lit  preposition   that   all   men  are  created 
aq  inf. 

NOW  wo  are  engaged  In  ft  swat  civil  war. 
testing  whether  i  ■  «.  or  nor  ': 

so  conceived  and  »o  dcdlritcd.  can  long  en- 
i el  on  a  great  tattle-Held  of 
Cat  war.      We  hive  come  to  dedicate 
tton  of  ttat  D-  Id.  a*  a  ODal  resting-place  for 

n   might   ttv»,      It    I* 
and  proper  that  w«  ilioold  do  this. 

In   a    Unrer  sense,    we  cannot   deal 
cate. — we  i    te. — we    cannot 

hallow  ell  cround.     The  brave  men.  living 
and    iteod.   who   strorcltd   here  have    conse- 
crated   It.    fnr  al  power   to   ail. I    "r 
detrs                     ind  will  little  nod    n..r  lonjr 
inaitaber,    whnt    we    soy    here,    but    It    enn 
el  wIimi  they  ill.)  I  . -i...     li  la  for 
• 
lilc'i  they  wlio  I 
th,u*  far  m  nobly  advanced.     It 
•  r  u  to  be  here  dedicated  to  the 

ftaak  retsalolng  before  us. — thai 
>.!>.. red]  dead  we  tale  increased  devo- 
t  cause  for  w' Ich  they  en. 
i.ifl  a»enaure  of  devotion- -Hint  we  net* 
llgal.  that    t'ese    dead    sbn 

have  i  iln, — t ti ii t  Mi-  ii" 

a  new  birth  of 
•nd  that  govcrwment  of  tl 
.   for  the  i 
rlV  BUI  US'  OUt." 

Gettjnbuxr  (Pa.).  Battlo  of.-Afi 

liable  sneer**  of  I  he  <  arm* 

at  rhancellorsTllle,  and  In  response  to  a. 
resets!  demand  of  the  people  of  the  Con- 
JrdViary.  Ota.  Le*  determined  upon  an  In- 
vasion of  tbo  Northern  Suit".  In  tbe  early 
dsjs  of  June.  1-  ted  hl«  army  on 

lortunrd     ni*reli    Idio     lvun»'lianla. 
Itaalnu'    .;•   Hi.    Slwnandcah   Valley   bjr   way 
i. it    which    latter   place   bo 
defca;  *.000  nrls- 

ooi-ia  and  '.^  .-si! nun  I.  he  ■ 
niar     ni     U  iliiiuisnort    and     Shcpnrdstown. 
a.  ilrl  Id.,  with  a   force 

Tcctlvc*.  »e.-or. :. 

■  id   '.'•  ii   gun*. 

line  io  some   Federal  account*.    Ilook- 

misjlrfrfd  almost  SO.OOO.     By  Juno 

Lee   bad    reached    Clmn 

with    Kongstrcet's   and    IIIH'a   corn*     Rwi-ll 

g   ncahed   on   a*   far  as  Carllale  and 

Uiiii..   the   Confederate*   moved   np 

the  weit  aid*  of  tbe  Uluc   Hldw   Mouaialtia 

Hooker  marched  along  tbe  east  tide.  >e*p- 

Ing  alway*  between  hi*  adversary  and  Wash- 

log-ton,    Tb»  morement  of  tbo  Confedeiatea 

towaid     tbe    e»-;     through    Chamlwrsbur*; 

tbrcaltced   Harriibarg   and   Columbia,   and 

cvrntually  Baltimore.     Hooker  asltod  to  be 

■  d    of    command,    which    rcquot    waa 

immediate' v  granted,  and  he  was  aucreed-d 
iy   C-en.   George   G.    Meade,   who  atsnased 
-.04   Joe*   2S.      Mead©   wa*   now    re- 
enforced    by    15.000    men    from    Washington 
'100  from  :  n»nart mem  and 

a-ranted  tbe  prlvtlcg*  of  calling  opon  the 
11.000  at  lis  intra  Ferry.  Baking  tbo  two 
armies  thus  advancing  to  hattl"  on  Nnrth- 
e>rn  *oll  cnmerirally  equil.  mccordiog  to 
■atemenn. 
I,*e.  learning  en  .Tune  IS  thei  t  Meade  waa 
Joji  aero**  tbe  South   Moon  lain,  and  frssr- 


Ing  the  latter  might  attempt  to  cut  on"  hl« 

unlrailona   wlih    the    l'otomac  by   an 

adtanec  tbruujjh    the  mountain  gap*  In  bla 

a  movement. 
\I«o<i  Ibai    I'.'   would  ailempt  a 

.tent  aoutb  on  tbe  ca*t  «ldc  of  the 
South  Mountain,  nnd  prcpiied  to  meet  him 
and  give  battle  at  Mm  t  tw  k,  near  Taney- 
m*n.  Xld.,  IS  utllek  wiiiheati  »f  tirliyabuig. 
The    left    wing  iB 

tilting  of   the   Flrat,    r-:icrentb.   and   Third 
wa*   aent    forwanl    to    Cettyibuig   to 
nu<k    i 

On  tbe  morning  of  July  1.  1SU3.  Boford'a 

cnvaliy.  wbleb  had  moved  we*t  of  Uettya- 

i  .ad,  enoonnteredl 

i     inn    ami 

lleth    and    were    driven    back    to    Seminary 

Uldge,    we«t  of    t In-   town.     The  corn*   were 

In  line  of  battle  when  (ien. 

Iteynold*    wan    inmuily    wounded    and    Ibe 

command   of   the  He  d   devolved  upon    How- 

lie    wa*  later   In    the   day  «upcrsrded 

by    flen.    Ilnnrmk.       Iuirlng    the    afternoon 

it'   of    Mill  *   re- 

cnf.ircecl    i In-    i  onfederate*  and   drove    Hey- 

»nd    Uownid'a    eorpa    to    Om 
II  111,    3(iu!)i    ..r  iuni.-tltiK    u|M«n 

.     Iliftfii)    men    ami     10 

gun«  Ovn.  l-.-t-  ordered  cCwell  lo  pre«*  for- 
ward   and   take    the    lill        Kwell    failed    to 

po»h  on,    on  adi  lea  of  Han 

tuoi.il  log  i In.  night  and 

oexuph-il  Cemetery  II 111  l<c'»  army  waa 
pojtid  along   Ceininaiy    Illdge.   wc»t  of   tho 

lu'y   2  :    nf    li.itli    n 

wa*  directed  toward  ••  •  m  ing  good  ponliioim. 
the  Confederates  raining  In  two  or  tlneo 
Bilranee  movi-menl*  and  eapltirlnc  *ome  tro. 

Tbr  allarU    mi 
trry  Hill,   while  nearly   Bnecewful,   wan  dl»- 
jolnrrd.  Hie  Conf.  d> '-atei  retiring  with  lle-lr 
prisoners.     The    Colon    loaa    iln-  »eeond   day 
vras  i  -Ing  half  of  bit  men. 

Tbe  Confederate  losses  were  also  great. 
July    3.    tbe   day   of   the    decisive    action, 

■  I  with  alight  kklriahblng.     Afte 
a  heavy  cannonade  n-o*  kept  up  between  tho 
two  atml,"  f. .r  'J  bonra,     Almut  3  o'clock  In 
the  afternoon  tin  .lev  under  Pick- 

ell.  nude  a  grand  a»»ault.  They  went  for- 
ward In  the  fare  of  a  terrible  Ore  and 
met  with  almost  complete  destruction. 
Hay'*  division  look  3.000  prisoner*  and  15 
colon:  Gibbon'*  division  took  2.000  prom 
era  and  12  color*  Tbe  charge  on  the  left 
was  under  l'lit'erea-  and  was  made  with 
tbe  same  de*per»te  valor.  The  entire  Fed- 
eral loss**  at  Gettysburg  were  SIM  killed, 
14,520  wounded  and  5  .tr.5  missing— «  total 
of  2-7.04D.  The  Confederate  loste*  footed 
no.  according  to  official  reports,  a  to 
20,461  of  whom  2  592  were  kll 
woundrd.  in  pr1»nner».     Thla 

report  does  not  Inrlude  the  artllleev  lo«ses_ 
burg  was  probably   rhe  crm  lal   hattlo 
of  the  Civil  War.     (Seo  Illustration  oppo- 
site 3*05.) 

Gettysburg  Battlefield,  work  of  locat- 
intr  and  preserving  lines  of  battle  at, 

68m 

Qheat,     Treaty    of,    between    TJniUd 
State*  and  Great  Britain,  837,  810. 
CommiaetonerB— 
Copy    of   journal   of,   transmit  tad. 

1026. 
Dirafrreo  in  opinion*  on,  777,  819. 
ErpenMB  of,  referred  to,  850. 
To  conclude,  communication*  from 

and  instruction*  to,  636,  637. 
To    make   international    boundary 

in  Passamaquoddy  Bay  according 

to  description  of,  6063. 


tcssagcs  and  I'apers  of  the  Presidents 


CoDHtnirtioa  of.  referred  to  Emperor 

nf    Ku^Mii   fur  arbitration   and 

1 
Decision  of.  738. 
fi;.:i  i. .11    oj     Attoi  n*a  '  lenwrnl   on, 

968. 
Ratification  of,  707. 
Convention  for  payment  of  cUiinutitn 

iiili.t.  '.'5a. 

•y    of    journal*    hi     the     i  inti-il 
Coma        ■  BCTB     I",     trnna- 
mitt.-.l.    1036. 
KxpwMt'h  Insured  uii.ier, referred  to, 

uf  slnvi-a  by  Great  Brit- 
ain in    violation  of,  629. 
Proclaimed,    M& 

Baf«TMd  tn.  88L  Ml.  .'.ft7,  8S0.  672, 
813,   888,  898,  SU: 
1006. 
Restitution  of  slaves  referred  to,  SO  1, 

617. 
Settlement    of   boundaries  under   At- 
I  IV,    1. 1,    r.  i,  rred   to,  081, 
Gibbons    T8.    Ogdcn.— An    Important    B« 

Sreme   Coturl    easi    denying    tha   right    of    a 
tat*  to  Bran t  tbi  privilege  of  nav- 

iKntliik*  lb  mtcra  of  the  State 

»  •  I  ■ 

iii:.i,i,  bi  i  obtained  through  aeatfininen 

rxclualve  right  to  navigate  f"r  Ihti 

utili   b  >elle4  by   Ore  or  itceni,   the 

ollhlll  the  liirl.ill.lli.il  .,. 
.if  New  York.  In  IBOfi  tha  New  IToti  ...mi 
,.r  chancers  granted  an  Injunction  forbid- 
dlnK  Tbomai  llthbonfl  from  inninne  lU'SflQ. 
tKinfs  betwe*  o  N.n  York.  Kllaabethtown,  ami 
other    place*   Id    New    Jersey.      Gibbons  sp- 

Ci.ii  null  i he  n.u-  v..rk  .-..nil  of  arrow 
■Ins   mi«ialned    the    elian. 

rendered   Jndsioeiii    fur    Hie 
Haul    i.iiiI.i.hh   on   the   ground   that    the 
Brantiiiu  ol  n   of  waters 

-  I'hln  'hi.  State 

Sl«l«tm...    attending    t intwlne    i 
b  an. .Hot   State,    waa    repugnant    to 
elanae    of    the    '  onttitutlon    of    the    I  tilhed 
Smii-"     nuitioiWiiik'     < 

rammer   ■    and   "i     void.     Ogdcn"i  hill  «»< 
,.il.    in.,  decree  ..i   r I ■  York 

courta  having  been  annnlletl      ti «»e  oo 

240   page*   of  a   large   rolut 

Supreme     •  'OH  I  i      II    ' Daniel     N 

Sipcnred   for  ihi   " Ilanl      Chief  Juatlo* 
nrthall  delivered  n 1.I11I.01. 

Gila  Bend  Reservation.  Ariz., 

of  Indiana  on,  bill   for,  tranttmitt.   I. 
M09. 

Giia  Valley.  Globe  and  Northern  Rail- 
way,  m-t    granting  right  of   way   to, 
tlirc.u«li      Sun      I'nrlos      Reservation, 
.  vetoed, 

OUsonlte,  disposition  of  land*  in   Utah 
rontnininj;.   dincuimed,  616B. 

Olactor    National    Park.      (8co  Parke, 

National.) 
OUaa-Owen  Act.--*''    pr.  ,.i     l 

.■r.il  lt..«.TVe  llanka.     (Bel  I'urr.-ney  iMfn, — 

l  Bank*.) 
Olen.  The,  appropriation  for  illegal  ■  ttp- 
of,  reeoin  :iM6l 

Olobe.    Congressional.      (8co    Congree- 
atonal  Globe.) 


OiOUceeter.   The.    mentioned,    6318. 
Ood   Reigns   and    the   Government    at 
Washington  Still  Lives.-- The**  n. 

.:  word*  of  a    brief   addreaa  mu 

.1  '  111.-!.      .\        II. Mil.  Id,      ■    II  D 

lii  Cougrem,  to  a  large  aaaetah; 

■     New    York,  on  •'..   ia» 

fter  the  at-  i  lajnkln. 

Tha  rmwit    wan  about   to   i.  .0   at 

tack  on  the  Won. I    n. 

had    '  lolaotli     <f\ ulaoela.     sm 

Id'a    voire    win    heard    to   calm    thrlr 

priMlini".         !!.■    »|Mike    l.rl'fly     - 

uw  ellli.'ti«!     '  ]....'-   nod  dnrkne«  or- 
;    abort     Hltn.       Hl«    pavilion     Ih    .lurk 
nml    llllel 
tl<-e    .mil    Judgment    nr»    tl 
of   lilt  thro  i    and    trtnii    kin 

Ilia     faec.       Palliin 
mi. I    Mi, 
Mill     HrvB.- 

Gold  and  Sliver  Money.  la  f»r 

dco  and  China, 

Gold    Standard,    effect    of,    on    jmhlle 

lit,  6854. 
Gold. — The    moat    raltiable    of 
In   sencrul   u»e   nmons   elillltnd  or    twrlui- 
ona  nation*,   both    In   anclaot   aod    D 
tltuen.      lta   ejrlh-t    u»e    waa    pi- 
ll    wan 

,  ill   by   lln    nii.-iitnl   ii.iii.  hi 
111..    Illii.ln 

mi  the  I*cmln 
wj»  naed    lo    lln 

satora    I    meri'hanla    o(    n  I 

I  llielr   teoiplec  iu.1 
ornament*  fur  lb.  wiia 

ll.      Neither    waa    sold    In  dm    it 

an   early    day   Id  Bom  ■>    wooer 

waa    not    coined    ao   early    . 

m»    lllnil.'   ioIiik  i.f 
h.id  li.-^n  In  eorller  u^e  In  ihe  .luiir 
nf    rlliKH,    r.'.l  •.    .■(•■.,    In    tbii    il:. 
i  'hnl'li'iuiK  .i  n,l    ii 

i  ,..       'I'M,,    i.i.l  •  |    h  i  .    '..     •;    '  1 

ibundantly   In  S 
Africa,    ini'l 

mtiiea  of  ICaralo  were  reopciii'.l  In 
thoae    .if    tin-    l'l.il    '.i 
1 n    tli 

rmiinunox  nr  onto  J*  ramm  »r»Tf  >  rx  r>u>*ka 

Tfi»  111  S. 


StaUaaod 
TrrribaHw 


Al.l«in»  . 

AUala 

Aria>ru 
nil 

Coheadu  .... 

Orarti*     ... 


NcMnios.... 

North  Cweliaa. 


IWne  bland 

PDrtoKiw  

fioulhWieu 

Tmnaan'    

Tni. 

Wa4iin(ioa 

sfparfai 


JlatH 


<)imr». 


•41 

>".  Hfl 

:    -i 

&*,<!» 

3404JI 

M  m 

M 

IT4 

V» 

CT 

Ut  i. 

M 

».WI 

*n 


t 

l«.7»aeo» 

«i&s.«o* 

:■  .".i.-.. . 

MM* 

l.im.es* 

ii5£m 

i.ii 

IMT.IOtl 


709 


1AC0MD 

<■■■'■' 

u.-m 


ijWeW    $iuiias.7o* 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Gold 


ttokl  1b  said  to  have  been  first  (Uncovered 
In  Peru  and  Mexico  In  the  slxteeuth  cen- 
tury by  the  Spaniards.  It  vn  found  In 
Malacca  hi  1*31,  In  Nnevn  Anduluclu  in 
1785.  In  Ceylon  In  18(H).  In  New  Zealand 
In  1842,  lb  California  In  1848.  In  Australia 
Id  1851,  In  British  Colombia  In  18.V1,  In 
Nora  Scot  i  i  In  1861,  In  the  Transvaal  In 
1868.  In  the  Bendlgo  gold  flelds.  Western 
Australia.  In  187(>.  and  In  the  Klondike 
region  of  the  Yukon  in  1800. 
oolo    raoDTjenos  raoM   hike*  nv  tb»   uwrtxn 

states:  1792to  1815 
(From    Reports   of    the   Director  of   the    Mint. 

Treasury  Department.; 


Calendar  Year 

Fine  ounees 

(troy) 

Value              1 

Apr.  2,   1792-July  31. 

1834 

July  31,  1834-Dee.  31, 

077,250 

22,278.670 
2.600.625 
2.418,750 
2.418.750 
2.225.250 

2.0S0.125 
1.890 .300 
1.935.000 
2,230,087 
2.374.759 
2.588.062 
2,502,196 
2.322,000 
2.394,302 
2.418,750 

2,101,312 
1,741.500 
1,741.500 
1.020,122 
1.619,009 
1.031,575 
2.288.002 
2.477,109 
1.881.787 
1,741,500 

1,678.012 
1,572,187 
1,451,250 
1,489.950 
1 ,538,373 
1,680,788 
1,003,049 
1,604,478 
1.504,775 
1.588,877 

1.004.840 
1,5117,098 
1,739.323 
1,010,813 
2.254.760 
2,508.132 
2.774 ,935 
3.118.398 
3.437,210 
3.829,897 

3.870.000 
3,500,000 
3.892.180 
4,205.742 
4.505,333 
4,374,827 
4.574.340 
4.821.700 
4.057.017 

4,087.053 
4,520.719 
4.271,502 
4.572,970 
4.887.1104 

S14.000.000          t 
400,537,000          ' 

55.000,000 

1858 

60.000,000          £ 
50.000.000          i 

46.000,000          , 

1801 

43,000.000          < 
39.200,000 

40,000,000 

46,100,000 

53.225,000 

I860 

1887 

1868 

53,500.000 
51,725.000 
48,000.000 

49,500.000 

1870 

50,000.000 

43.500.000 

36,000.000 

30,000.000 

33,490.000 

33,407,900 

39,929.200 

46.897.400 

1878 

61.206.400 

38.900.000 

30,000,000 

34,700,000 

32,500,000 

30,000.000 

30,800.000 

31.801,000 

34389,000 

1887 

33,130.000 

33,167,500 

32.967,000 

32,845,000 

33,175,000 

33.015.000 

1803 

35.955,000 

39,500.000 

46,610,000 

53,088.000 

1897 

57,303.000 

1888 

1899 

64,403.000 
71,053.400 

1900 

79,171.000 

78,066.700 
80,000.(KX> 

1903 

73,591,700 

1904 

80.404.700 

88,180,700 

94.373.800 

1907                 

90.435.700 

01.560,0110 

99,073.400 

96.269,100 

06.890,000 

1912 

03,451.500 
88.301,023 

1914 

1915 

94.531.800 
101 .035,700 

The  production  of  sold  lius  been  steadily 
Increasing  In  recent  years  by  reuson  not 
only  of  now  discoveries  hut  of  the  Im- 
proved scientific  methods  of  mining  ami  of 
extracting  the  pure  metal  from  the  ore. 
The  estimated  value  of  all  the  gold  In  tho 
world  In  1848  was  $2,500.(100.000.  In  187."> 
the  amount  had  probably  doubled.  There 
nns  a  large  Increase  In  the  world's  pro- 
duction of  gold  lii  1807.  the  output  for 
that  year  being  twice  that  of  1800.  More 
than  00  per  cent  of  the  supply  was  fur- 
nished by  seven  countries,  viz.,  the  United 
States,  the  Transvaal,  Australia,  Kussla 
(Siberia),  British  Indlu,  Canada,  and  Mex- 
ico. 

The  world's  output  Is  worth  about  a 
million  and  u  quarter  dollars  a  day.  The 
Bank  of  iCngland  under  n  Inw  passed  In 
1866  la  bound  to  buy  all  the  gold  offered 
to  It  at  the  rate  of  $10.05  per  ounce  of 
itnndnnl  Oneness,  pure  gold  being  credited 
it  $20.81  per  ounce.  The  greatest  hoard  of 
{Old  In  the  world  Is  stored  lu  the  vuults  of 
:he  Unhid  States  Treasury.  The  Director 
of  the  Mint  reported  more  than  500  tons  on 
band  in  November,  1014.  (See  illustration 
opposite  4344.) 

Gold  and  Silver: 

Adoption  of,  as  standard  of  value 
discussed,   1465. 

Coinage  of.  (See  Coins  and  Coinage.) 

Depreciation  in  price  of  silver  dis- 
cussed, S548,  5628. 

Discovery  of — 

Gold  discussed,  2486,  3451,  4355. 
Silver  discussed,   3451. 

Export  of,  discussed,  5875,  5964, 
6156. 

Imports  of,  discussed,  5964. 

International  action  for  restoration 
of  silver  to  full  use  as  money  re- 
ferred  to,  4587. 

International  agreement  for  free  use 
of  silver  as  a  coin  metal  discussed, 
5548. 

International  conference  at  Brussels, 
Belgium,  in  1892  to  consider  en- 
larged use  of  silver,  5752. 
Postponement  of,  discussed,  5876. 
Report  of,   transmitted,  5784. 

International  conference  for  adopting 
ratio    between,    discussed,    4447, 
4464,  4474,  4510. 
Appropriation    for,    recommended, 
4438. 

International  conference  to  consider 
free  coinage  of  silver,  information 
regarding,   refused,  5673. 

International  ratio  of,  establishment 
of,  referred   to,  4929,  4955. 

Price  of  silver,  depreciation  of,  dis- 
cussed, 5548,  562S. 

Production  of,  discussed,  3771,  3879, 
5876,  5965,  6156. 

Production  of  gold  in  California  dis- 
cussed, 2660. 

Silver-purchase  clause  of  act  of  1890, 
repeal  of,  discussed,  5875,  6073. 
Recommended,  5833. 

Use  of,  as  medium  of  exchange.  (See 
Medium   of   Exchange.) 


Icssagcs  and  Paf 


'residents 


Vnluo  of  gold  compare"!  nasi 

currency   discussed,   ftOfllj   1)02. 

Gold  Certificate*.  (800  Currency  Laws.) 

Oold  Certificates,  recommendations  re- 
garding issue  of,  4033, 

Gold  Democrats.  (See  8ound  Money 
Democrat*.) 

Oold  Mine*.    (Seo  Mines.) 

Gold  Hescrve  discussed,  and  recommen- 
dations regarding,  5S3o,  59S5,  5903. 
5990,   6073,  60 

Golden  Circle,  Knights  of.  (Soo  Knights 
of  the  Golden  Circle.) 

Golden  Stat*.— A  nickname  for  California 

iii    vi.     (See  slM  States)  :  sometime*  alxo 

nicknamed  Kl  Dorado. 

Oood  Betura,  The: 
Protocol  relative  to  claim  on  Chile  in 

case  of.  transmitted,  4214, 
Reparation  made  by  Chile  In  cam  of, 

Su 

Gopher  State.— A  nickname  for  Minnesota 
<q.  t.),  <8ce  olio  States)  :  sometimes  also 
nicknamed  Nnrtli  star  Stntc. 

Gordon,  Ironsides  and  Faros  Company, 

reimbut  - •- in. ■  11 1.  of,  6857. 
Gosport,  Va.,  sitn  for  docks  nt,  93 1. 
Government.      (See  United  States.) 
Government  Bonds.    (Sco  Bonds;  Debt, 

Public.) 

Government  Contracts,  recommenda- 
tions  regarding,   3180. 

Government  Creditors,  payment  of,  In 
de|>ri.'i'i.-it.'.|  i     to, 

1777,  1808,  1807,  1808,   1810. 

Oovemment  Drafts,  sale  or  exchange 
of,  for  bull  BOtH  and  payment  of 
Government  creditors  in  depreoial  d 
currency,  1777, 1806, 1S07, 1808,   1810. 

Oovornment  Employees.    (See  also  OOi- 
BONl  Public) : 
Ofllclal    conduct    of,    complimented, 

2714. 
Order  permitting,  to— 
Participate  in  public  exercises,  and 
ceremonies,  4879,  6590,  0595. 661 1. 
Participnto   in  d- •  "f  Wash- 

ington   M .  .11 11 111  -nt .  4879, 
Witness  inauguration  of  President 
Cleveland.   !--i. 
Ordered    to   organize  into   companies 

for  defense  of  Washington 
Partisan  iiit.-rf.-T.-n.-.    in  election*  by. 

(See   Election 
Gendering  honors  to  rebel  living  or 

dcai  -,  8691. 

Wages  of,  not  to  be  affected  by  re- 
duction   in   hours    of   labor,   3969, 
4131. 
Government  Hospital  for  the  Insane. — 
Tills  Institution  was  established  t. v  act  of 
Congress   approved   March   3,   1S5J.     It   Is 


sometimes  called    Rt.    Elltnbstb's    Hospital. 
Id    asu.il    population    Is    above    3  .Of 
which  It  cares  In  t  is  moit  approved  11 

!li»  Insane,  nt  au  normal  expend- 

Oi   about    SbtX'.OW.      ThS    Hospital    u 
under   tlio   supervision    of    1  r   IV- 

partnietit.     The  District  of  ColumbU  Is  rep- 

ted  more  lai  state 

or  territory  In  lit  number  of  Insaat 

rovlalon  for  the  admittance 
of  Inmates  from  otber  «1- 

Govsniment  Hospital  for  Insane: 

Appropriation   for,   270S. 

Construction  of,  discus- 

of,  recommended,  1621,  2*04. 

Estimate    for    deficiency    sppropria- 
D   for,  4477. 
Government,  local.    (Sec  Local  Govern 

ment.) 
Government  Notes,  may  become  < 

eary  to  isbue,  1  in  of  exchange. 

551. 
Government  Panltentiarie*.    (Seo  Pent 

Government  Printing   Office.— Tbe  Puis. 
He   I'rl  u.r   has   charge  of  all  business  re- 

I  nine   lo    Hit-   public  printing-  and    blo-llsy 

I   Ibc  officers   nml   ctuploj. 
llie    Government    Printing    Offlco.    ami 

nil      IH  o 

icrlnl 

of  nil  bleb  l»  t.> 

lions  ;     the     document.     Job.     spe 

■  id 

room*,  as   well  ->*  ih» 

.11  x    hi 

una  ir--ner.il    anpi 
m  nf  all  public  dn. 
is     prlnti  -l   foi 

•■  l>f 
p  11  iin.i  -         11      i)   rcsjulresl  ire  a 

comprehensive   bides   "f   p-blic    i)-„-iimt«ts 
and    consolidated 

and    Is    aetborlxed     1.1    sell    si 

onr   pnblle  doci-i  «rg*. 

tbo  dlsirttn.-il.iu  <if  which  Is  not  speclftoilly 

following    nt.-     th>-    •>9el«l 

of  tin-  sfcrai  depart  meats ;   PoliOc 

r.    Cornelle  to   the 

l<  r,   .1 |-h    P.    OU.11*;   IVputr 

Printer,   Henry  T.    1  «rrs- 

slonnl     Record     Clerk.     Wlllin-n     .-. 
Superintendent    of   Work.    D.    V.    CMal 

itcmlcot    of    Documents,    Joslob    U 
Drinker. 

See  Illustration  opposite  0567. 
Government  Printing  Office: 

I    service    extended    over,    6046, 
6055. 
Order  permitting  employee*  of,   to— 
Participate  in  decoration  of  grn 
of  soldiers,  47^:i.  4818,  4S09. 
6350,  6463,  5540,  5609,  5832,  6!>4B, 
6046, 

pate  la  dedication  of  Wash. 
mgton  Monumcn 
Transfer    to    Department    of   Com- 

uded, 

Witness  inauguration  of  President 
Cleveland,  4881. 
Overproduction  of,  0728,  6014, 
Government  Senrlco: 
Abolitiou  of  local  offices,  7703. 


incydoptdic  lr.de* 


Grand  Army 


Accounting  and  reporting,  7711. 

Auditing  office*,  consolidation  of,  rec- 
ommended, 7741. 

Badge;  (the)  as  an  annual  pro- 
gramme, 7711. 

Business  methods  In,  7706. 

Character  of  accounts  required,  7712. 

CitiMDs'  iatere»t  ia  expenditures, 
1715. 

Classification  of  local  officers,  7704. 

Constructive  results  obtained  by  In- 
vestigation, 7713. 

Documents,  distribution  of,  7744. 

Economy  and  efficiency  in,  76*9.  7736. 

Efficiency  of  personnel,  7700. 

Excessive  cost  of  travel,  7710. 

First  complete  investigation  into, 
7700. 

General  technical  service*.  7703. 

Lack  of  specifications,  7709. 

LigbtkoOM  and  lifesaving  services, 
consolidation      of,       '■ 

Local  pa  hould  be  included 

in   classified   service,    '■ 
Magnitude  of  inquiry  into,  7tM>9. 
Merit   *v»tetn.   legislation   needed   to 

establish.  7739. 
Met  hols  of  purchasing,  7711. 

cations  recommended.  7713. 
Need  for  labor  saving  d  ~<)B, 

les  of  organisation,  I 

ios,  shou!  ded 

in  alansfll  ee,  7738. 

Plan  of  inv. -ligation  of,  7700. 
Plan  for  baqoii 

Prosecution  of  ito,  7717. 

Public  welfare  questions,  771 
Reasons  for  inquiry  into,  76P!>. 
Reports  on  particular  service.  7702. 
Reports  required  by  Congress.  7713. 
■  t  Service,  abolition  of 
reeon  77  in. 

Subsistence,  storage,  communication, 

expenses,  7711. 
Soperannuatlon,  770(5. 
I'niformity      in      classification      and 
methods,  7712. 
'necessary  cost  of  in   copy   work, 

7708. 
Handling  and  filing  correspondence, 

7707. 
Insurance,  7709. 
Waste   iu   the  distribution   of  public 

documents,  7708. 
Wasteful  u«e  of  properties  and  equip- 
ment, 7709. 
Governor. — Tht    executive    hend    of   each 
of    the    nates    Of    1li»    Union.       Win  n    tbe 
Slrst  s»ttli-ments  were  mnilc  In  Aim-rlcs  tbe 
tens    sover&or    wns    mod    In    England    to 
designs!*   the   hend   of   lure   trinllnir   cor- 
porations   like    the     K.i«t     India     Cun  | 
Masaachusetta   Bay   Company,  etc.      In   the 
CotSolet.   '  operated    nuder 

ehnrlers    HiulUr   to   the    Innlln  ; 

i>-eul>Te    bend   became    known    ns   the 
forsroor.      lo    to*   roysl   Colonies   he   wsa 


appointed  by  the  Crown.  In  tin-  proprietary 

proprietor*,   snil   hi    II 
inland.   Connecticut,  and  most  of  the  time 
In   Massachusetts   he    wns    chosen   by    the 

fmijiii'.     Alii:  i iin   RerelnUen    t t»o  const!- 
utloin  of  the  stutci  provided  for  a  single 
head,  to  ho  called  tbe  governor.     Terms  of 
Ihe  governors  of  the  states  vary  from  ono 
to  four  ypara,  and  the  salaries  from  Jl.nuii 
to>  $1".0W.      To   them   Is    Intrusted    the  ex- 
Ion   of  tb*   laws,   and   they   are  usually 
liiKKir.l  wlih  the  v^to  nnd  pardoning  pow- 
ers.    Iu  our  curly  history  tbe  governors  of 
mnny    of   thu   states    srera   cboeea    iiy   the 
i  of      At    present    the   unl- 
ri.mi   practice  Is    to  elect    the   governor  hy 
lar   vote. 

Governors  Island,  N.  Y.,  appropriation 
for  sea  wall  on,  recommended,  4744. 
Governors,    Provisional.     (Soo    Provi- 
sional  Governors.) 
Graduated     Inheritance     Tax,     recom- 
mended, 7370,  7390. 
Graft. — Illegal    gains   obtained  hr  • 
practice,  particularly  on  the  psrt  of  i 
officials  or  politicians. 

Grain  Statistics. —The  Rtirvnn  of  Statis- 
tics of  the  Department  of  Agriculture  makes 
a  cni.'ful  estlnmte  of  the  amount  of  grain 
>»«n  n'li  rear  and  report*  th»  condition 
nf  the  erept  mental]  until  harvest,  and 
then  publishes  a  hullelln  of  Ihe  yield 
i he  average  price  received  Iu  lending  mar- 
.    Agrieaitaxtl   Products.) 

Granada,  The,  seizure  of,  by  t'nnadlu 
.utter  nt  Port  llood,  Nova 

Scotia,  4070. 
Granadlan    Confederation,    convention 

v.uii.  referred  to,  3268. 
Granby    Token. — An    anthorttad    coin   Is- 
sued iiy  John    iiigiey.  of  Gran] 

In  1737.  It  wns  made  of  IMppei  nod  on 
ibverte  bore  s  deer  with  the  words. 
"Value  me  as  you  please."  tbe  Itoinnn  nii- 
toerula  III,  ana  a  crescent.  Tin-  ileilgn  on 
lUe  reverse  codkIhi.-iI   i  mmim-i       <m 

a  lrlingiil.ir  flald.  escb  hearing  a  t-rnwn. 
Tlie  legend   wn,   "I   am  good  copper." 

Grand  Army  of  the  Republic.— a  frater- 
nal, charitable,  lad  pmrlntic  organization 
vely  of  ex-soldier*  nnd  »x- 
nlon  Army.  Navy,  mid  M.i- 
rlne  Corps  who  served  during  the 
War    and    were    honorably  id.      It 

mis  planned  by  Dr.   i  beo  on,  ex- 

surgeon  "i  Ihe  fourteenth  Illinois  Infantry. 
The  first  post  was  orgnuln-il  at  Decatur, 
III..     April     11,     IBM,     mnl     tin-    i) 

ntlon  was  beld  at  Indlonnpolls.  Ind.. 
Nov,  20,  1800.  Korty  posta  were  renr.  lent 
eil.  and  den.  8.  A.  llnrlliiil.  of  till 
n:m  iin,..'ii  commnndcMii  <  iik-f.  Tbe  or- 
giulxntlon  now  bns  brunches  In  nil  parts 
of  the  ridcii.      It*  nil  .    to  lulng  to- 

i-  In  n  spirit  of  friendship   nil   former 
soldiers   snd    sailors  In    Cn*    Civil    V. 
care  for  the  widows  and  orphans  of  their 
ed  comrndes.  to  cultivate  a  spirit  of 
devotion   to   the   Union,  and   to  perpetuate 
of  their  dead.     There  are  forty- 
focr  departments,   aud    the    Commander. In- 
.mllner.      A I 

Ulcb       J  a.    i      IBIS     there    were    o.tl*t 

posts,  with  s  membership  of  180.^13. 
'  -Ions    yenr 

11.338.     Auxiliary   to  the  Grand   Army  l» 
'.  ..men's  Relief  Corps,  an  organisation 


Grand  Army       Messages  and  Papers  of  Ike  Presidents 


11  '  >i   'inilnir   '!li'   mine  ohjecta  ««  the 
Grand  Army  uuil  uiiuIm-.-ihl'   i" 

DMSb 

Oraad  Army  of  the  Republic: 

Addressee  to,  8073.  M7& 

Appropriation   for  g  and  en- 

tertainment of.  in  Washington  rec- 
ommended, 56 

Decoration  of  grnvp*  by,  41^7.  41S4. 

1'arade   of.   in    \\  nshington  discussed, 

pemlttini    manbote;    em- 

|ii  | ■.•(!   in  public  service  to  par- 

Grand    Canyon    of   the    Colorado,   pro- 
posed a»  Nsiimii'i  I'nti..  ::o3. 

Orand  Canyon  Forest  Reserve,  bound- 
uric  i  of,  U04. 
Orand   Jury.— A   Jnry    whose   duty   It   Is 

10    lii'i'ilr.     Into   .hill*.  D and  tO 

in'    i\i,.'iii.i     Indictments    shnll     be 
ii    *Knlu>l    alleged    criminal*    lu  any 
i-i..m«  of  ihe  Federal  anil  atate 
eonatltntloni    prohibit    tbe    crtmltml    proae- 
CUtlOU    of    niiv    pel 

i I    oi    Indictment   by  *   grand   !"•< 

'  i  i,i   the  less  «riuii»  crimes  or  mls- 

r    iittiii.tr ,    or    naval    of!   o 

'Mi.-  cuatom  b  very  ancient  and  baa  been 
acrupnloualj    guard  fecuurd  ><(  chll 

•I hi  Rthelred,    mi 

uni'ii    kin.-    uf     'In-    ninth     i'1'iiiiiry. 

,vi   common  law  [anil  neaslly  by  nati 
Up'   grxnd   Jury   ooiulata   of   doI    leae   tbun 

i  bau    i  v..  Mi'.  :  I 
I  '  i        mil   III,-  concurrence  of  twelve  ll 

to    iiir    itnillnjc    of    an    ludlctmont. 
Tliey  nil  In  ni.-iihi'.-  »ei  ■  uinj   •■iih.-r 

9'IBN    UIMill     bllhl     (in Ill"  i!     hi      til" 

Brer  of   tfie   Mate  or  apon   prosent- 
by  one  uf  their  own   camber, 
before  them  "f  any 
violation  i.r  i.m      Toe  proi Hug*  are  exi- 

tllely     i-<    pnrte         Wll h,  .    r..r    the    prow 

cation  mil."  ii"'  examined  if  lbs  requisite 
number  of  jur..r»  are  nstlsfled  from  'lie 
evidence    pi  of    the    troth    of    the 

linn,  in..  '..I-  man  of  [lie  in I  Jury 

writes  .hi   the   Im.'k  of  the   Inillel ul    Hi" 

bill*"    *lcn«    hla    nnme    na 
i     i  be  'in''   of  the  find 

lull     If      l!i  ■      evl  ll  II  ,.l..i".      II... 

endorsement  i«  "No!  »  true  bill."    After  all 

the    lni1l.lriH.nli    hi-..'     beeS     CODsMfrtd     the 

work   of   the   grand    Jury   l»  ended   "'"1    the 

r,.  turned  over  to  the  court  anil  i>.-i t e 

Jury    for    trial. 

Orande  Ronde  Reservations,  Oreg.,  re- 

lief  of  Indians  on,  bill  for. 
Orange. — A    farmers'    organisation     Insti- 
tuted f ..r  the  mntnnl  benefit  of  lt»  mem 
Grangers.  >•'    f"1'    'hi 

troua    of    Husbandry,    a    Been  laUOSI 

r..r  iii.'  promotion  of  igrteattnml  Inteteeta. 

The  society  lin.l  In  origin  In   tbi    .1.  |.n .1 

condition   of   nKririiiinr^   Immedlstel)    suc- 
ceeding the  riiii   War.     In  "hi 
redrna    the    griavancee    'if     Hi. 
nirnlnat    Hi.-    iiild.ll.ineu    ii ml    nllrosd    I 
pnulea.     The  plan  of  organisation  embraces 

■  ■  -i  rituni.    ii   was  en  rsnlstid  in  n 
l  lee.   i    l  M7i  by  en  I  tbe 

I i.'i'.u tmenr  of  A  In    i  m  wilfealo 

I  i... i  in  lsTI  the  ol.hM'i*  of  the  Crniib-em 
■  re    declared    10    I"'    "to    develop    ■    better 


i; 


an.!    higher    manhood    SDd    womsnbo" 

..'      .nr     '..,.  .. 

Klaoe   Don  mate 

-  in,    the    f 
tern.  i    tends  to 

prodigality  aud  '  Tboitg: 

ill.    Hi"  order  baa  ei< 
i'  la  various  state  l*gi«i.i":re»   ami  lu 

lone. 
Granite  State.-  A  ulrknsmc  (or  New  Bamn- 

"-•«  alio  St.. ' 
Grant,  Ulysses  H.— 1869.1877. 
(rissr  nan.   '.- 
Tweniy-rtrat  Adalnlst ratlin  -Itetmt.liran 
I    ■  S.-huyl-r    loirat 

£eevt'M'v  «t  Slnlf 

<   Is    "unburn. 

Ihuii.il..,,    . 
geevrrnry    of    (*<•    rrro.yry— 

go  S.    iloutwell. 
Becrrtary  of    It'ur— 
J- .tin     \      Kaolins. 
William   T.    Sherman. 
William  ap. 

Uterrlary  ot  |A<  .Vary— 
Adolpb    K.    Boris 

•on. 
i tew  of  fie  lntertor~ 

Jaeol     ■   ■    • 

I'olumhui    H.'lano. 
I'atlmmlrr  'Jem,, 

John  A.  J.  nrvHwi'tl. 
Atlornry  ' 

■od   Hoar. 

.'.ii.  mao. 

Oeorge  II.  WlllUma. 

XomtnaHo*. — <lrant    wan    elected    by    the 

It--  nt 

nominated    nt    tin-    Nitlonnl  ,n,  at 

■  In. ■•.-...    Uaj    •-"•-•!     lho>.  by  a  iinualnioua 
vote  Of  the  090  deletratex. 

Pli(/nrm.—  The  platform   of   the    Rep 
eao   party  endoraed  tbe  r<- 

-i<v-:  den- 
repudiation       . 
taxation :    sdvlwd    tbe    extetan.. 

'in f    p 

a    fah 

il.'iiili  of    Lincoln  nnd  ■!. miiin.-,.!    i-r.  «liieut 

.  on  a  level  ..f  . 
Ii 
•<  and   sailor*    in    Ihe  i  .vil    W  I 
and  easi'i 
fplrlt    ..r    Ibe    Sontbern   people    In    th'lr  a« 
alKinnce  In  reeonairueth.ii. 

Opposition.—  The       I»emorTslle      Natloatsl 
Conyei  In    New    York.  July 

l:-'--       :.'.  'I      Floral  in     s. ■■•■■.>..■  r,'     «firr 

""     '     '  I    '•■  -'I"'.    "VI     I'   ii. t.       ,n 

Hendrlrks,   snd    Hsni 

rote.— The     popular    vote    of    tblrtv.four 
State.,     Iii.'lmllnit     tin  '  i\n      ttrt 

rirsnt    8.015.071:    nnd    Reyi r.    ".T.ro  ftta 

The  electoral  »©( 

:  east 

no  vol  i' 

laofiesi    -In    1ST:!,    rrraiilnet    (Iraat 

»'«»  renominated  enthn 

nuitlon    at     tbe    Repnhllcsn     NntUmil    C«a 

rentlon.  at   1-hllsd  Iphla,  J 

lai-  1873  1877  . 

Twenty  » ml   Aflmlnlatrallon— UeputiUr.n. 

in1 

lore — 
Hamilton  Kith    'eon Hound). 
HtCTTtaru    o/     Ihr     Treurur.. 

William  A.  Rlriinni.  ..ii 

lli'li  i.'iiuli,     II.     H'l.toW. 

'    fne   ;nf,'i<«r— 

I'nl   iiilliin      |>.  Intl.. 

Itsrlsh  < 'handler. 


Eitcyehpcdi 


Grant 


-    War— 

On  :    (iBII.dl 

•il  I — 

1      i     I  <i   .ntlnocdi. 

Jam.-*   W.   Mai    : 

Je  i  rwr. 

ilama. 
IMwi.J. 

#r<  ri/— oppoaid  oppo- 

nent*  of    the    i..  uixl'-r 

Hi-    mi :  ii.- 

I872\     NOll 

I  ''-III'. 
era  11.    igtmlicbt  Out  I   f '.juv.nl  Inn    .,. 

Vllle.     K...    Sept.    :i.     1ST'-'.    B..IIIIII.I 

(Ki'oim-  .f  \.  ■  ITork  Mi'  I  . ii..r  Be- 
fore*     <  onvrutk.u.      at      dluiubiix, 

il      I  mi  I.I      1  -  . .  -.  I  «  . 

The    Prohibit u.    K    rnlui 

22.      is;.'      ,i„(„l      i.-.l      i. .„„■■, 
Black. 

ro*e.— Tar    popular   vote   of    (Mrtt 
••■at  In  November  nave  <li 

ai.-l     Black.     :.."*i*. 

IL'.  1*73.  r»vc  Uraot  2Sfl : 
l.'ka,     I.':     I  >:    J.iiVln- 

»vl«.   I;  in.)  not   rotlaf,    IT.     The   death 
■  I   or.  Sot    39,  1«7_',  caueed 
and     Liberal     I: 

•...I.  .    t'.r  .,1  nera. 
I"*rtt  4  filiation  —  i ;.  ti.r.il  r.r.n 

■.    Iit    tbi.   Republican 
.    Derer  «i«t   ■   Hi  vole  nolll 

Ilia  Icraa  of  onVe  expired,      lie 
rr    i.iiin    aa    active    part    la    politic*. 
voted  but  once  for  a  Prraldi  at,  1    nn 

i nan,    tbe    Democratic  ••    in 

•    earlier  awoclntlona    bml 
n    with    tbc    Wale    party.      Thoiik'b    up 
at   ibU   election   by   Detsorrntlc 
IHIrUim  and  nrced  to  |h  mo- 

llis   nomlnntlnn.    be    decllioil    IBa    offer, 
or  at  heart  be  was  more  of  ■   Republican 
■  n  aaylhl  i  oDOl 

inkloc    *y»tem.     ■     protective    tnrlf.    In 
ul   lmr.rovear.cnr*.  and  equity  of  lawa. 
PnHHml  Cemplrriun  r,f  rwitrtt  —In    tba 
r*W    (184*  I»71l    Ihc 
ale.   of  74    member*,   wua   coiupoacl   of   II 
DfBvenH,     111     Republican*.     • 
■BCtea:  and  Ibe   flonac,  of   243    men 
araa    nude    np   of    73    Demoerata    nnd    170 
•.       In    iho    Forty-eceoed    Con- 
area*   (MT1-187S)   lha  (   ante  of  71  mee*- 
v.aa  eoropoacd    of   17    Iiemor-r;"    and 
Republic*:.*  :    and    the    Hum.',    ..f   213 
ml-  >de  op  of   I*i4    !••  in.. 

In   the  Forty  third 
ite.    of    74 
aaeaatier-a.    w««  comr»nei|  of   1  !• 

Sua.    with   1    vacancy :  ami   the 
I   2«  member*,   waa  tnad-- 
,      WWO       1 
In     Hi-     V.. ri,    f..urll|     i  .     (WH 
D    tbe    Senile,    -f    7<i    dv 
w»»    coaapoacd    of    29    Den  16    Re. 

nr-<l  the  ii 
i  lite    np    nf     )vi 
r-.'«.    in?    K«  iniMlrin*.    3    In-:.  : 
1 1  2  vaeaae-lr*. 
ro'ff— Tbe  tariff  act  of  Jnlr  14.    I 

•lnce  leternnl  rave*.  ar-1  for  other 
-e-»."  reduced  tbe  duttea  on  aeveral 
•a     aanwd     imI     at...  rl     lit* 

free  II. i  Itr  the  act  of  Mar  I.  1871.  th* 
duty  on  lea  and  coffee  waa  repealed. 
Tain    on    Import*    were     i  r... 

dared  t.v  the  aet  nf  June  <i.  IST2.  and  thla 
latter  act  waa  amended  by  the  tariff  act 


•  f    Kaita    9,    1879       Tw indUu   aria 

pawd    In     WIS,     thai     ii     Ml 

: 
■ml    iiihcr    -in.  I.-  In    In 

Annual    Vliwm.-    (puce    *WH»     I  he 

-1'  nl     atM  ■       i  ha    [at    colli  cted    fr 

P'e  bnii  bwn   reduced    niort    Hun   ISO. 

•"•<•■> par  .inniiiii.     i.j-  itcndlncaa  U r 

nl   courac  tlicrc  la  uo  reaaon   why   In 
u    few    abort    your*    the    nntlonnl   la* 
crcr  may   n»t    dl.-ip-ienr  from    tbc   do 
ell  Uni  almoin  entirely.     Wit] 

•i in-    alamp    dltpi'i:  •  .1     by     ; Hat  era    In 

every   command),    tin    upon    Minora   of  all 
aorta,    and    tobacco   In   all   It*   form- 
by  a  wtaa  adjuaiment  of  the  tariff,  which 
will    ;nit    u    <lnty   only    upon    thcae  an 
which    wo  eoulj  dlapenac    with,    kimnu   a* 

luxurlaa,  ai  ..•  which  w*  ant  m 

nf  t tm r>   we  prodoee,  rerenua  «noiii;b  mov 
i-fl  nfter  a  few  year*  of  pence  and 
cuoaeqiii'iit    redaction    of   Inilcbti-iin.i...    t<> 
fulilll   nil   nnr   obUgatlona.      A   furtbei 
.in.  Hon  'if  rxpenaea.  In  adillibin  to  n  : 

ion   of  Intereol   account,   may   be  re- 
lied on   to   make  UiIh   practlcabln.      Rev* 
form,  If  it  mean*  thl*.  ban  my  hearty 
■il." 
H)t"nth     Amtnimcnt.— TJie      Hft.-ntb 
Amendment  to  thr  Ci 

-.1  Feb  20,  1800,  raittled  by  tho  renulMlt* 
tLrei-.fuurtha  of  the  State*,  ami  il-rhiwl 
in    I  a   rch   30     l 

ii    bad  reciuiin.ii. '.rii   ink   meaaurc  and 
When  b.-  procktll  led  |r«  adoption  he  «nt  a 
:  in".,  i       I..  «'  oi.-i, -.a  I  pin 

Ii-     aald    that     tbl*     r'l*    Indeed    a 
mennure   of  jrnml.  r    I'nportancc    than    any 
i  ■•  kind  from  th*  f 

'■  our  fr lorernmanl  to  the  pi 

Acala    he  mjn   Hint    -the   a-1'.p<|.,u 

>.f  the  Fifteenth  nt  to  the  Coaatl- 

.  (be  crrntcxt   civil   chnnge 

nnd  conatliiiii--.    th*   moat    Important   ev.Mit 

•  ■■   oconrn  d  nni  •-  tha  nation 

I  nl'.    :. 

flrtl  ^rr«4ce.— Jn  hla  Second  Annual  Me*- 
■n«*    <paa:e    4fl02)    Pre>i.l-ni    (irant    advo- 

"refpnn  In   the  civil  aervlca   ., 
rr       I    would    hare  It    K" 
mere  fliliiff  of  the  tenure  of  . .(Tl- 
and  employee*.  ...  I    wvnld    bnvo  It    gov- 
ern,   not    th*   tenure,    but    the   manner   .,f 
ninkln*  all   appulntrncnt*.    .  .    .   The   pre*- 
'  "'   •  be*t  men. 

b-vatlon  and  pni  .  i 

Hervlce  of  the   fiowrammt    will    bo   i 
""a  approval   by   the  whole   people  of  th* 
i  nlii.i  fttatea."     In  hi.  Third  Annual  Me«- 
«nire    (pien    4I00i     thr    r  reimri* 

the  api  :    by  hlra  of  a  boar.l 

vl**-    rale*   and    rrrnlnili.n«   to    ■■<*.■■> 

:  reforma.     In  hi*  Fifth  Ann  u  I 
•an  (P*«*  42W)    the   Frealdent   «Mk« 
arreaaj  to  appoint  a  committee  lo  -onfer  with 
hla     rivll-!4erT|ee.|b%iril     tvranlln«    proper 
recog-nltlon  of  the  rule*  formulated 

HftJ  /V6f.— Tbc  pabllc  debt  of  the 
rnlte.1  State*,  dnrlns  tbo  admluUlratlnn 
..f  I'mldent  tlrant  ato  Iowa:  July 

1, ,  IRC.Ii,  j2.4--2.771.873.no:  IR7"  $ 
l*».wi.'..2i  :  IS7I,  Kt.34C.BM.008.CT: 
HM4ti 

I2.104.141i  >(i.04i> 

170  |3:    |S7rt.   .'  • 

In  hla  Flrat  A  .»e  (pace  30931 

i         lent  i 
of    the    nation,    both    developed    and    i 

;rbt  to  make  our  ere.li 
no  earth.     With  a  l***j  burden  of  taxatloa 
than  the  rtllten  hav  endnred  fa*  alt   v-nr* 
il   c^ld   be   paid 
la  ten  year*.     Bnt   It   l>  not  dealraM* 
lh«  people  ahr-il.)  1^  taxed  to  pay  It  In  that 
time.     V»ar  by  yrnr  the  abllliv  to  pnv  in 
erea»ea  In   a    rapid   ratio."     Th. 
adrocatca  the  payment  of  Ibe  Interett  and 


tna  funitlM  of  the  pnMIc  debt.  On  pin 
JW1.  to*  Prcalduut  highly  eoaanicuds  ihc 
action    of    C'ouzrvu    In    pu»Uu;    Hi"    Joint 

■!>:  i>e  paid, 

leotb  principal  nn.I   luiptcst  In  cola. 

Ftwtner.— la    bis   l"lr»t    Annual    Metang* 
(page  3083)    111*    I*r«l«H-ot    Bald:    "Among 

the      CTllS      BT01»!  |       !l]i.      rob 

and    not    ;  ■'    !■>.    i-    Uttl    of   an 

IrmlffnuHr  currency.  It  It  an  ctII  that 
I     hope    wD 

tloe.  It  It  a  doty  and  n: 
dot  lea  of  •JoTpramcnt  to  seenre  to  the 
cltlx-a  a  mrilluin  of  urtinoie  of  fixed,  un- 
varying valae.  i  :»tnrn  to  a 
•  nnit  do  nil •  ■-- 1 1 ■  1 1<-  for  It  can 
rll  id  I  earnestly  i.l  I  ■■ 
jrou  then  »nch  legislation  n»  will  aeciira 
tb»  gradual  retire  to  specie  pn< 
put  *a  Inicedi.itc  »top  to  diictaatlons  Id 
the  valne  of  currency."  When,  Id  1874. 
I'Mfn-M  pa»a»d  the  -Intlntlnn  Dill 
CTtaatng  the  piper  cjrrenrv  of  tbe  coun- 
try IlOO.OOO.OUO.  ib*  President  vrtonl  It 
(pate  4-"-3 1  and  listed  tb»t  the  opin- 
ion* fornaerly  rxprr««d  by  him  had  un- 
dergone no  chance.  The  hill  vit  not 
paxrd  orer  hl«  veto  and  the  wSol*  coon- 
try  aiMialtiril  hla  action.  Writing  on  June 
4.    1»74.     IT..    I.  Pi   Cl       I    I  I  111         'I    believe 

It  ■  bleb  nuil  plila  duty  to  return  to  a 
speel*  haul*  at  ta*  earliest  iir- 
aot  only  In  enmr-llatiec.  with  I'.-I»lntlve  and 
party  plnlgc*.  i»>t  a»  a  men  IndlsnenriMc 
to  national  laatlng  prosperity."  t'unrre«B 
»•  a    i  ■  :ie    Prratdcnl  a  earneatno.a 

and     nnan«wrrn».l»     argument     pamnl     lb* 
"    la    I8T5       The  fmnrlnl 
rnulta    of    PrcaloVai    Grant's    ndBlalatrn- 
«r  !►»  si-maa-d  op-  ' 

Ike  taxes    orer  «4M>.ooo,0<>0  In  the  public 
«rH.  over  M*>.Ol*i mvi  la  if-  Infer**!,   nml 
a  efcatcc  from  gl.Vi  MO  000   „f   null 
trade  -ealnst    tb»  country   to  that   amount 
la  lla  faeor. 

Grant.  TJlystea  &: 
Advancement   nn.I  progrea*  made  by 

'd   State*  dUeuwd  by.  4*«fJ. 
Annexation    of    Santo    Donvngo   dis- 
cussed by.      (Sec  Santo  Domingo.) 
Anni!»l  me'r-agea  of,  3981.  4050,  4096, 

4138,  «»,  4239,  4286,  1393, 
Biograpbiral   sketch   of,   3957. 
Brigadier  general,    thanks    of    Presi- 
dent   toi 
Captain  -general     of    Amav,    appoint- 
ment of,  a«,  r-.-or  1871 
Clril  Set                  oaaed  by.  4083,  4109, 
4159.  4177,   4Cns.  4217.     (Soe  also 
Civil  Service.  1     4254. 
Congress  requested   by,   to   postpone 

adjournment,    4034. 
Constitutional      amendment     regard- 
ing— 
Approval  of  scparato  items  of  bill 
and  veto  of  others  recommended 
by,  4198. 
Election    of   President    and    Vieo- 
President    referred   to   by,    4198. 
LegUlation  during  last  24  boots  of 
Congreas  revommeaded  by,  4198. 
Legislation  In  extra  see*  Ion  of  Cob- 
greaa  recommended  by,  4190. 
Cuban    insurrection    and    policy    of 
United    State*    regarding,     dis- 


cussed by,  3985,  4018,  4051,  4103, 
4  J  43,   4249,  4290. 
Referred  to  by  President  McKinley. 
6259,  62S8,  BOX, 
Death   of,   announcod   and   honors    to 
bo  paid  memory  of,  4S»3.  4900,  4901. 
.  and  illustration  opposite  4927. 
Executive  acts  performed  during  ab- 
sence   of    President    from    seat    of 
Government  discussed  by,  IB 
Exequatur  issued  vice-consul  of  Por- 
tugal revoked  by,  4038. 
Finances    discussed    by,    3983.    3991, 
4001.  4101,  4140,  4197,   4238,  4247, 
4268.    4301,    4354.   4379. 
first   lieutenant   by    brevet,    nomina- 
tion of  and  reasons  therefor,  2520. 
foreign    poliey    discussed    bv.    3985, 
4-XitJ,  4010,  4018,  4050,  4053,  4082, 
4101.  4143,  4178,  4192,  4245,  4890, 
4365. 
General  of  United  States  Array— 
Nomination  of,  3.' 

inatioa    of,   upon    retired   list, 
4887. 
-otnmended,  4858. 
neqnested    to   proceed   to   Mexican 
frontter  and  com.munleate  with 
American  minister,  3641. 
Relieved   from    doty.    3641. 
//it''  r,  writ  or,  suspended  In 

8ouih  Carolina  by,  4090,  4093. 
Revoked  as  to  Marion  County,  4092. 
Inaugural    address   of — 

First.  MWj  Second,  4175. 
Legislation  ia  last  24  hours  of  Coa- 

s.  4829. 
Lieutenant,  first,  by  brevet,  nomina- 
n«on*  therefor,  2520. 
Lieutenant  -general — 

Commander   of    armies   of   United 
State*  assigned   to,  3435. 

•.iations    for   and   correspond 
enco     regarding     restoration     of 
peaco,  3481. 
Nomination  of,  3400. 
Report  of.  referred  to,  3471. 
Major-general,    thanks    of    Congress 
tendered,  and  gold  modal  presented 
to.  3432. 
Monroe  doetrlno  reasserted  by,  4015, 

4054.  4083. 
Oficial  and  civil  career  of,  discussed 

by.  4353. 
Pension  to,  recommended,  4840. 
Pocket   veto  of.  4274. 
Portrait  of,  3956. 

Powors   of  Federal   and   Stat*   Gov. 
ernments  discussed  by,  3992,  4126. 
4170,  4198,  4259. 
Proclamation   of— 

Admission  of  Colorado,  4346. 
Alabama  Claims,  extending  time  of 

Commission  of.  4278. 
American  citizens  in  Ottoman  do- 
minions, rights  of,  4231,  4344. 


Grant 


Messages  and  Paffrs  of  the  Presidents 


Centennial   Exposition  nt   Philadel- 
phia,  1181,     iSm  illustration  oppo- 

••■  4376.) 
Consulnr  jurisdiction  over  crews  of 
foreign     veeaele     Id 
wntcrs,   I03S.  4129. 
Day  for  submitting  constitution  to 
voter*    of — 
Mississippi,  3970. 
Texas,  3971. 
Virginia,  3967. 
Directing    discontinuance    of    pm- 
.-.■.-.  j  i  ii  i_-  ■  b  paraou  from 

office,   '130. 

mi  mating  duties  suspended  on 
vessel*  of— 
Franco.   3969.  3973,   4182. 
Revoked.  4132, 
hi      1131. 
tugal  4080. 

.Spam.  -II2V 
Knfori -iTiu'iit   of  fourteenth  amend- 
ment, 4088. 
Bxequatw  "i   rice-eoaral  of  Porta- 

gni  revoked,  4038. 
Extraordinary    teuton    of    Senate, 
-.'  1171.    1278,  4390. 
Facsimile  of,  opposite  3976. 
Military  expedition  to  Canada, 
Neutrality  in  Franeo-Qermaii  War. 

404". 
Recommending   filing  of   historical 

aketchei  of  eonantf  and  u 

4345. 
Reduction  in  hours  of  labor  not  to 

affect    wages  of  Government   cm- 

ploycce,  3969,  4129. 

ikaffivlng,    3972,     4046,     4092, 

4188,  1188,  toll  *"••  ****•  *&*■ 
Treaty   with — 

Great  Britain,  acta  to  give  effect 

to,    4179.   422T. 
Hawaiian  Islands,  4348. 

I'niawfui  combination*  in— 

Arkansas,  4226. 
Louisiana.  4177,  4830. 
Mississippi.    4276. 
Booth  I  .irolina,  4086,  4089,  43SCI. 
//flora*  rnrniM  napi-ndcd,  40911, 
4093. 
Revoked  as  to  Marion  Coun- 
ty, 4092. 
Reconstruction     of    Southern     S! 

•  llf.ir     ■  •  •        I.l        ..■■■-:■:  •     ." 

Reccrmmeodatlona  regarding,  8986, 

Roforred  to,  4354. 
Removals    from    office    discussed    l>y, 

3992. 
Report  of,  on  condition  of  South-  ra 

States,  3-r.71. 
Restoration  of  Southern  Stati ••  NCODJI 

mended  by.  8988, 
Socretary  of  War.  authorised  to  set 
«»,  ad  iiifirim,  871 1.  M81 


Oerreapandeneo      with      lv 
Johnson    regarding    vacation    of 
office  of,  385o. 
State  of  the  I'nioa  discussed  by, . 
4060,  4l!i,  1859,  4888, 

4353. 
Swords  and  to)  I  to 

government   liv   lira,   i.ranv 
ommendation   roga 
Bchedola  ol 
Tariff  disci  •--,  39S4,  4061,   l 

. 
TamlBfeUon  of  official  eareor  of,  re- 
ferred to,  4887. 
Thnnksgiving  proclamation* 

4046,  4098.  4132,  4182,   4231,   427;'. 
4840,  4851 
Tomb     of.    m«    illustration    oppoafU 
4848. 

mils— got  of — 
Abolishing  police  board 

olumbia,  4 
Advertising   of   Ex  »  ]  'ejiart 

Dts,  1888 

-l-ii.  n!    lu 

of  Fox  and  Wisconsin  rivers, 

Argentine 
RopablL     Uld    Pretoria. 
Equalizing 

war,  rca«ou»  for  applying  |  o 

Fixing  salary  of  President,  4334. 

Hon,  stead    en 

Indian  trust  fun. Is, 

New  trials  in  ' 

Paving  P<  la  aveam 

to 

i  lami  r,  Bl  la  Jute,  ::i38. 
Crawford,  Richard 

lln 

Montgomery,  Mary  Ann,  4126L 

Ryan.  Abigail     111 
Placing  I1-  s  name  on 

muster   n 
Post-office    statutes,    4836. 
I! - 

ol    '  orojnbia,  4335. 
Relief  of— 

:,   J.    Milton,   4126. 
Brock.   Michl 

ii.   Vlexand 
Children  of  John  M.  Hal 
1  on  tractor*  fur  ««  h 
i  noper,  Charh  -   »n  I  oth 

of  bond.    : 
Denniaton,  Wllliani  H.,  4222. 

Hanks,  John   ' 

Ulle.     -I-'.I A    .      I 

Johnston,  Jen  -     T.,  4  12.'.. 

.TuKsen.    1 
Inland,   Kilv.., 

illah.    Jai A.. 

Owners  of  salt  works. 
Kpeneer  ami  Mead.  48 
Tiffany.  Nelson,  4337. 


Encyclopedic  Indct 


Great  Britain 


Turner,  Junius  T.,  4343. 

Objections   to   bill   withdrawn, 
4343. 
Tyler   anil    Luckctt    (assignees), 

4334. 
Wallace,  Thomas   B.,  4127. 
White,   Bollin,  4034. 
Willman,   Henry,  4070. 
Removal    of    charge    of    desertion 
from  record  of  Alfred   Bouland, 
4387. 
Restoration  of  Edward  S.  Meyer's 

name  to  army  list,  4339. 
Sale  of  Indian  lands,  4341. 

President    requests    that   bill   be 
returned  for  approval,  4342. 
Request   denied,   4342. 
Union  troops  in  Alabama  and  Flor- 
ida, fixing  status  of,  4035. 
United   States   notes   and   national 
bank  circulation,  4222. 
Grant's  Tomb.     (See  illustration  oppo- 
site 4943.) 
Graphophoue.     (See  Phonograph.) 
Greaser. — A  name  given  to  Mexicans  In  the 
United    States,    particularly    la    tue    border 
state*. 
Great  Britain.    (See  British  Empire  for 

History  and  Description.) 
Great  Britain  (see  also  British  Empire, 
Canada,  Dominion  of;  London): 
Action  of  United  States  in  Boer  War 
to  preserve  neutrality  and  to  pro- 
duce peace,  6371. 
Aid  to  American  interests  in  Spanish 
jurisdictions    rendered    by   consuls 
of,  6331. 
American  citizens — 

Attacked  by  force  from,  discussed, 
1618. 
Militia   called   forth   to    protect, 
1620. 
Claims  of,  against,  6858. 
Illegally  taken  by,  485. 
Treatment  of,  referred  to,  3718. 
Unlawfully   put   to    death    in,   and 
retaliatory     measures    discussed, 
522. 
American  interests  in  Spanish  juris- 
diction confided  to  consuls  of.  6331. 
Arbitration,  negotiations  with  United 

States  for.     (See  Arbitration.) 
Attempted  occupation   of  portion   of 
Alaska  by  Canada  and,  referred  to, 
6097. 
Attempts  of  Canada  and.  to  establish 
post  routes  in  Alaska  referred  to, 
5501. 
Attempts   of,  to  draw  recruits   from 
States  during  war  with  Russia  dis- 
cussed, 2864. 
Attempts  to  draw  United  States  into 

its  contest  with  France,  437. 
Bering  Sea  questions  discussed.  (See 
Bering  Sea  Fisheries.) 


Blockade  declared  by,  without  pres- 
ence of  adequate  force,  486. 
Boundary   dispute   of,   with   Liberia, 

4716,  4762. 
Boundary  dispute  of,  with  Venezuela 
regarding  British   Guiana,   5204, 
5471,  5616,  5873,  5958,  6064,  6087, 
6154,  6380. 

Arbitration  of — 
Discussed,  6337. 
Recommended       by       President 

Cleveland,      6064. 
Treaty   regarding,    6154. 

Monroe  doctrine  reasserted  and  at- 
titude of  United  States  respect- 
ing, discussed  by  President  Cleve- 
land, 6064,  6087. 
Boundary  line  with  (see  also  Alaska; 
Ghent,  Treaty  of;  Northeastern 
Boundary;  Northwestern  Bound- 
ary)— 

Commission  for  determining,  dis- 
solved, 3989. 

Commission  to  settle,  recommended, 
4056,  4141. 

Commission  selected  referred  to, 
4191. 

Expenses  of  commission  referred 
to,  3899. 

Referred  to,  965,  3112,  3117,  4098, 
4191. 

Settlement  of,  4138,  4357. 

Treaty  regarding,  referred  to,  3894, 
3956. 
Canal  navigation  in  Canada  discussed. 

(See  Canada,  Dominion  of.) 
Central    America,    relations    between 

United  States  and,  regarding.  (See 

Central  America.) 
Cession  of  keys  on  Bahama  Banks  to 

United  States,  negotiations  regard- 
ing, 913. 
Claims  of,  against  United  States,  242, 
621,  1125,  1258,  2995,  3247,  3580, 
4191,  4243,  4975,  5662.    (See  also 
Lord  Xehon,  The.) 

Agreement  to  discharge,  329. 

Award  of  commission,  4191. 
Payment  of,  4243. 

Commission  for  adjustment  of,  2741. 

Convention   regarding,   2726,   3894, 
6097. 
Claims   of,  growing  out  of  War  be- 
tween the  States,  4191. 
Claims  of  United  States  against  (see 
also  Alabama  Claims;  Fisheries; 
Fortune   Bay  Outrages;   Vessels, 
United  States,  seized) — 

Arising  from  injuries  to  United 
States  during  War  between  the 
States.      (See   Alabama  Claims.) 

Commission     for     adjustment     of, 
2741,   2917. 
Recommended,  4056. 

Convention  regarding,  932,  935, 
2726,  3894,  3956. 


Great  Britain      Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Correspondence   regarding.   | 
Discussed  and  referred  to  by  pros 
idem— 

Adams,  John,  Hi,  BS8. 

Adams,  J.  Q.,  86f>,  8M»,  010,  931 

Grant,   390-1,  3905,  3987,  4191. 

Jackson.   11"!',   1208. 

Jefferson,  3S3,  411,  433. 

John.on,   3565,  3655,  3777,  3890. 

Madtton,  458. 

Trier.  2111.  2112.  2191,  2810. 

Vnn    Bsi  1784. 

W,  SO,  145,  140 
D  to  be  allowed. 
Letter  from  minister  regarding   it, 

;>■•:. 
Payment  of,  MS,  935,  945.  086,  4625. 
Treaty  regarding,  rejected  by  Sen- 
ate, 398.. 
Colonial  trade  of  United  State*  with— 
Prohibited    bv    proclamation,    '.'»'., 

947. 
Proposition  made  to  Great  Britain 

in    regard     to,    1U43,     [064,    1134, 

U36. 

Referred   to,  M0,  I  1109, 

USB,  -i: 
Commerce  of  United  State*— 

I  loetOOJ  affecting.   (See  Berlin  and 

Milan    Decrees.) 
Restrictions  placed  upon  by,  during 

South  African  w 
Spoliation!    committed1    on.     (See 

Claim*  against,  anfe.) 
Commercial     reciprocal      conventions 
concluded  with,  on  behalf  of  colo- 
nics, tan. 

<'.  BUB  -n-inl  n-latlons  of  I 'nil.-.  I  States 
with     colonics     of.      (Seo    1:' 
Colonic*.) 
Commercial  relations  with,  and  ques- 
tion* regarding — 
Convention  in  regard  to,   548,  554, 
916. 
Proclamation     regarding,     trans- 
mitted,  555. 
Discussed,  by   President — 
Adams,  Joan 
Adams,  J.  Q.,  910,  933.  941,  067, 

974. 
Jackson.    1043,    1004.    111.".. 
Madison,  4.-9. 

Monroe.  608,   628,  615,  669.  818. 
Polk,  2428. 

Tavlnr. 

Washington.    88,    114,    138,    175, 
184.  191).  191,  45S,  476.941,948. 
Renewal  of,  453.  457. 
Suspension   of.   458,   47«".,   041,   948. 

Commissioners'  nwar.l   in   tli.-  ClaiBU 
of  United   States   against.   6276. 

Conduct  of,  ti  rates  be- 

fore War  of  1812.  discussed.  484. 

Confederate  envoys  sent  to.  (See  Ma- 
son  and  Slidell.) 


Confederate  State*,  aid  furnished  to, 
nd  claims  of    United    State* 
•rising    out    of.       (Sco    Alabama 
Claims.) 
Consuls  of,  to  United  States,  exequa- 
turs  to,  revoked,  292 ; 
Convention  with — 

Proposition  to  refer  difference-;  re 

gnrding,  to  arblt 
Referred  to,  771,  935,  958,  969,  2763. 
m«,  •-•90S,  2917. 
Conventional   regulations   of  passage 
of  Chinese  laborers  across  An 
■  :m  frontier  proposed  to,  5544. 
Copyright      prlviUCt     extended,     by 
j  reclamation,  5582. 
to,    5625. 
Disvti  .f  Blackburn, 

]>'. •  f erred  to,  3358. 
e* — 

aim*   of,  for  return  of,  settled, 
2296. 

■!  to  citir.ens  of  United 
States  by  recommendations  re- 
garding, 568. 

just,  4S7. 
Export  dutio.,  return  of.  to  American 
merchant*  demanded,  2] 
ins  regarding,  settled,  2296. 
Financial   policy   of,   discussed,   2504. 
Fisheries,    controversy    with    U» 
states  regarding.    (Sco  Bering  8ea 
Fisheries.) 

rich  .if,  referred  to,  1127. 
Flag  of,  i  .-.,  by 

Army  and  Kavy  forces  at    1 
town,  40 

rred  to,  4028, 
Fortification*  of,  on  northern  fro- 
nt" t ■  n it .-.'.  Stati 
Gen.    Macomb's  •ardinff. 

1     n    Sc.it '.<  letter  regarding,  1804. 

itive  criminals,  convention  -. 

for  surrender 
Demand*  made  nnder,  2131,  2213. 

-1,    4017. 
Qui 

liefi  rred  to,  4! 

Refusal  with,  4351. 

B4,  4368. 

Fngit laro*   in.        (See   Fugi: 

cs.) 
Oreytown  •    and    e'n 

arising    out    of.      (See    (ireytown, 

iiinn  of.  toward  On 
■S4. 
rt  duties  collected  in  contrt 
'i     nf     treaty     b  I  United 

M.  BST4,  2296. 
Importation  of  America-.  .  f^, 

•ipon,   disc 
57i 
Importation*   of,   suspension    of  act 
prohibiting,    recommended,    399. 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Great  Britain 


Imposition  of  commercial  restriction* 
u{ioo    tho    product*   and    manufac- 
ture* of  tho   United  States  sought 
to  be  introduced  into,  4519,  6764, 
CITS. 
Imprisonment  of   American  citizens 
.-.utborities  of,  963,  969,  990, 
I.  1575,  1622,  1687, 1S0I>.  1988, 
5521,  3718,  3827,  3897,  4005,  4602, 
4674,  6101. 
Correspondence    regarding.      (See 

Orteir,  Ebcncxer  8.) 
Released.  1110. 

Trtal  and  conviction  of,  390O,  3827, 
3833,  3834,  4782. 
Imprisonment     of     citizens     of,     by 
t-.l  States,  1840. 
rred  to.  1S94,  1927,  2296.  2303. 
Improper  publication  regarding  prop- 
osition to  adjust  claims  discussed, 
M9L 
In  stato  of  war  with  United  States 
while  latter  remains   in  state   of 
peace,  489. 
Intprfcrence  with  cargoes  in  neutral 
bottoms  during  Boer  War  by 

ision     of    northern    frontier    of 
United    States    bv    troops   of,    dis- 
cesscd.  1618,  1676,  1605,  1840,  1920. 
Island  if  Tigre,  forcible  seinire 
occupancy  of,  by,  referred  to,  2570, 
MM 
Lease  of  station  by  Hawaii  to,  for 
submarine  telegraph   cabVs.   recom- 
mendations   regarding, 
Licenses  of,  acceptance  of,  prohibited. 

(See  License*.) 
Light-house  dues  of.  referred  to,  4117. 
Mediation  offered  by,  in  dispute  bo- 
twees  United  States  and  Prance, 
143:.',  1434. 
Accepted  by  United  State*,  1432. 
Correspondence  in  regard  to.  1436. 
Rendered  unnecessary,  1435. 
Military  operations  of,  against  China 

.lottted  by  treaty,  2066. 
Military  preparations  of,  referred  to, 

1803,  1815,  1817. 
Minister  of,  to  United  States- 
Intercourse    with,    terminated    by 
President  Pierce,  2908. 
Resumed,  2972. 
Interference  of.  in  political  affairs 
of  United  States  and  action  of 
I     Cleveland    regarding, 
5365,  5306. 
Recalled,  459. 
Received,  2972. 

Title     of     ambassador    conferred 
open,  5874. 

liter  of  United  States  to— 
•spondence  of,  transmitted,  463. 
Letter  of,  transmitted,  6254. 
Nomination  of,  146. 
14 


Pretoria  protects  British  and  other 

Interests,  6371. 
Recall  of,  referred  to,  4070. 
Title  of  ambassador  conferred  upon, 
6S74. 
Monetary    disturbances   in,  referred 

to,  5549,  5856. 
Naturaliration     treaty    with,    8894, 

3956,  4014,  4056,  4077. 
Naval    forco    on    Lakes,    agreement 
with,  regarding.    5S1,  602,  605, 
1805,    1817,   5768. 
Desire  of  Great  Britain  to  annul, 

1818. 
Proclamation  regarding,  605. 
Navigation    acts  of,   alterations    In, 
Itfitml  to,  L'548. 

ition    with,    referred    to,    831, 
!>00,  2548. 
Negotiations  with,  843,  913. 
Transmission     of    Information     re- 
garding, refused,  2690. 
Neutral  rights  of  United  States  dis- 
regarded by,  486. 

ral    trade    between    ports    uu- 
i.lly    to,    interdicted    by,   415. 
\i  ii- ratify,  alleged  violation  of,  by, 

referred  to,  1738. 
Neutrality  of  United  States  in  war 
with  - 
Austria-Hungary,  7975. 
Oermnny,  7074. 
Turkey,  8014. 
tilMMgoa,  authority  and  aggressions 
of,   in,   discussed,  2571. 

astern  boundary  lino  with 
United  States.  (Sco  Northeastern 
Boundary.) 
Northwestern  boundary  line  with 
Tinted  States.  (See  Northwestern 
Boundary.) 
Officers   of,   misbehavior  of,  toward 

American  vessels  of  war,  271. 
Operations  against  China  terminated 

by   treaty,  2066. 
Oregon  Territory  dispute  with  United 
States     regarding     boundary     of. 
(Sco  Northwestern  Boundary.) 
Payment  of  duties  duo,  568. 
Postal    arrangements    to    bo     mado 
with,  2* 
Referred  to,  2175,  242S. 
Postal   convention  with,   2528,  2560, 

B7M  TO.  3833,  3883. 

Ramsden,  Prod  W-  Consul   at  San- 
tiago de  Cuba,  death  of,  referred 
to,  6331. 
Refusal    of,   to   abide   by  action    of 

minister  to  United  States,  458. 
Relations    with,  discussed,  147,  251, 
S28,   .120.  434,   437,   778,  1617, 

2690,  am,  4024. 

Restrictions  upon  products,  4519. 
Renounces     rights     undor      Clayton- 
Bulwor  treaty,  0849. 


Jritain     Messages  and  of  Ike  Presid 


l(Biit:in  :      .     .  loa  "i'li   Hoc- 

■ng,    295ft. 

■  i.  (See  8«- 
moan    •    n 

Ban    Juan    Island,    ■  In i  ited 

States   an-t,    to.               g  .San   Joan 

I-I;iimI    ) 

Satisfaction  demanded  from,  for  0 
nge*  coniiintt.  of,  H  14. 

by,   referred    to,  383,    #30. 
Account   Hi    J     B.  I  utting   for  ex- 
passu  hi  iii  aratlafc  108. 

h.  right    i".  claii i   b; 

id  i  I    .Stat**, 

i-l, 
Mutual  righl   :  10  18. 

8ocrot  agi  at  bj .  to  ram 

disaffeel m   i  oil  ;,  483, 

488. 

tna.    pursuit    of     hostile 
liamin  of,   rafi    r.  .1 
Slave     truilc,  on      v.  iili.      fur 

suppression  of.  (See  African  Slave 
Tra.l.'.  i 

Sla>>     ''  port    11    .  '■"  ■■ '■■'■  rati  on 

of   treaty  of   Ghent,   629,   Sj 
Botdien  CQllsted  within  United  States 
by,    disensnd,    2864,    2*95,    

n *  imiiiii'.i  .hi  oonswrca 

of  doited  BtatM  by.  (Nee  Claim* 
•nust,  ante.) 

T;inir  .mi  prodaetfoBi  of.  ntend  to, 
•jr."  i 

Tariff  system  of,  dlseasssd,  2350. 

Territorial    relntious    with,    referred 

■   ::  I.    K  IK 
Treae-marks,  treaty  iritt  rwafdl&K 

4408,  4  I 
Treaty:.  ..!  lotm  w ith,  regard- 



Canal*.       (See     Nicaragua    Canal; 

Panama  I 'anal.) 

Tehnantepee  roan.     (8es  Tehuan- 
tepec,    Isthmus   of.) 
Tnnlj)  nf  poaee  with,  Coramiastonere 

All.,  rt    i  lull  .-in.   John   '.niiuey 
Adams  ami   -In ni  ml. 

\|  painted   in    tins .   1813. 

I'mclninalioii    i  5*5. 

Tran*mr' 
Treaty  of.  with — 
I  [ondnree,  reft  rred  to,  3170. 
Nicaragua,  H68, 
Treaty     with,    transmitted    and    di»- 
rmssnfl    by   President — 
Adams,  John,  251,  880,  282,  288, 

BM 
Adam*,  John  Q.,  fl.12.  03.'.. 
Cleveland,    4917.   4989. 

iimoro,  2602.  "Jill  7. 
Gnat,  4055,  40H0.   4007,   4161. 
Ilnrrison,   Rcnj..  5470. 
Jefferson,  327.  329,  409.  433. 


Johnson, 

-..  8*01. 
Maui  554. 

Monro..,  60.*,,   618,  619,  707,   764, 

r,  Ik,  2 

Tayli 

Tyler.    8016,    2047,    8068,    2085, 

ton,    SS,    143,    144,    170, 
175,  is*.  i'.i7. 

Clarton-Bulwcr  Trea' 
va 

and    Haj  Pauu  ■  efote  Treat 
Act*  to  give  off*  t  i...  paaa 

;•:•■    la   ....    I       '■:■'.      f,-j7. 

Referred   to.   1243. 
Ashburton.  (So.-  Ash  In  Moo  Treaty,) 
imiaaioaera  to  conclude — 
Communi.  ati.ni     from     anil     in 
ni  to,  536,  587, 

C mnnicationa     received 

«ar<I   to. 

•' traction    "',    d  (See 

Claytou-Buiwer    Treaty;     G 
Treaty  of.) 

ror  of   Russia  construe 
766. 
Proclamation  regarding,  by  Pre*!- 
ii.-iit  — 
Arthur,  4867. 
Madison.  545. 

lvr.-e,  ::■ 
Rat,  dent  ion  of,  767. 

Iff,   946,    2760,    *D4t, 

Regarding — 
Brili-h  North  American  fisheries. 

(8co  Fishori. 
Don  oion  ores  Geatral  Amcri.-a. 

i    nirul  Amei 
Property  anil  slaves  taken  in  rio- 
latiou  of  treat v  ..  3J2. 

Trade  with  Canada,  4220. 
ejected  by  Senate,  3982. 
Signed     at    Ghent.      (See    Ghent. 

Treaty  of.) 
Tcnniiinlion   of,   proclaimed,   4867. 
Tribunal   nt  flenevu  to  settle  qam- 
••    pending     between     llnited 
State*   and.     (8m  Geneva  Tri- 
bunal.) 
Troop*  of — 

About  to  encroach  upon   territory 

of  United  State*.    1  it. 
Landed  in  Nicaragua  referred  to, 

eli  of — 

Committing  depredation*  shall 
reenter  watera  of  I'nited  State*. 
800,  410,  419. 

Contraband   on.  for  a»e  of    Ameri- 
can in*urgent*  dl*eu»*ed,  3352. 


1,  468,  476. 
ITiiiimimI. 
Intercourse  with,    forbidden.  410. 
Interfered   with  hv  United  8tates. 
(See    AlbUjit,    The:    Otah    Ths; 
Prrthshirr,  The;   Niov',  The.) 
Porta  of  United  St  a  ton  openod  to, 
by  proclamation.  753,  1060. 
Batumi  to,  735. 
Prevented  to  Darted  Si»(f».     (8m 
Lady  Franklin  Bay  Kxpclition. ) 
Reatrictlona  on,  removed,  603,  60S. 
Seixed  in  Oregon,  2636. 
To  he  restored  to,  2053,  4856. 
Violate    American    tJajr,   485. 
Veaaeb  of    Halted  fltetes 

In  Great  Lakes   granted    facilities 

for  returning,  0331. 
Mutual  right  to  seared,  «li«.-tiM*d, 

1043. 
Queatlon    amicably    acttled,    3038, 

3171. 
Restricted  in  South  Afriea.  6420. 
Bight  to  search,  claimed  by, 

StatM,     484,     LM0, 
9048,  2082. 

to,  2280, 
Seized  or   interfered   with   by,  ills- 
Ceased  bv  President — 
Adam*,  Ji  J64,  271. 

Bnrbauaa,  3062. 

.•land,    49H0.   5108. 
Fillmore.  2603,  2673.  2680. 
Grant,  !'"•«*.  4070,  4114. 
Jefferson,  410,  414,  420,  433,  ML 
Madison.  464,  J7S,  481. 
P»U  "JO?. 

Tyler,     1000,    1020,     1920,    2016, 

6,  2111,  2215.  2210. 
Van    Be  1605, 

1732,    1784,    1S06,    1830,    1840, 
1857. 
Washington,  118. 
(S*«  »1m>  CMMjMot*,   The;  War 
of   1812  discussed.) 
War    of    Franco    and,    with    China, 
aentrallty    of    United    States    in, 
3037,  3080,  3174. 
Wsr     with     France,     neutrality     of 
t r ntt.-.l   States  in,  proclatascd,    148. 
Wsr  with    Russia — 

mpta  of  Great  Britain  to  draw 
•uita     from     United     State*, 
BM4L 

rallty    of    United    States    ia, 
ISM 
Wars  with  United  States.    (Sec  I 
olutionary  Wsr;  War  of  1812.) 
Welisnd    Canal,   navigation    of,   and 
rioas    growing    out    of.      (Seo 
Wclland  Canal.) 
Workiegmen     in.     correspondence     of 
President    Liacoln    with,   transmit- 
ted. 3338. 


Oraat  Britain.  Traatlw  with.— Msnj  of 
the  treaties  mule  bstwsta  (as  United  States 
snd  Great  Britain  list-  born  slrher  nbro- 
Laird  by  ware  ei  D  superseded  t.y 

fa  tor  treaties.      All  are.   howe/rer,  of  great 
Ic   importance  on   acouul  of  the  part 
ther  played  In  i  ih>-    bOOl    I 

uialoc    '*"■    relation*    of    lb-:    two 

i*rotpeo4   Ending   Htcolution.—Tbf   ;■. 
alonal  treaty  of  pea.-,  of  i:m'  wn 
at     Paris.     Nov.    .;<). 
Britain   acknowledged    the   Indcp-ndn 

the    Lulled    SUt.  nil    clalBM. 

and    » t - •  •  i r i .  •  1     1 1, .•     lH.imrlr.rir.    lo-tsreen    the 

:  States  snd  I'aiiadn  It  wn  the 
vagueness   of    the    boundary    description    of 

ut    mat    1--.1    in  with 

<  anad 

treaty.     Fishery  rights  were  conferred 

sod    contlii.  atcs   In  all 

pan*  in  wiiirh  Ha  people  bad  been  aceua 

timed    to    nsb.      Tfcr  of    debts 

was  facllltsti-d :  recommendations  wee*  insdr 

for   lb*   mtltutloa  of  confiscated   estates: 

roafUratlon*     snd      persecution*      wrre      to 

cease  ;  prisoners  of  war  on  both  sides  were 

to  be  liberated  :  and   Great   Britain   was   to 

withdraw    al!     nirtaa.     snd     to     restore    all 

statn    record*,  archive*,   de.-dr.   a 

which   hnd    fallen    Into    the    bands  of   any 

British  <ifflcersL     The  navl<s'i  .n  of   the  Ml. 

•  lsali.pl  was  to  be  open  to  the  rli 

of  the  t'nlted  States  sod  Great    Britain. 

lrmUlice,—  There  win  signed  at  Ver- 
sailles oo  Jan.  20.  I'M!,  an  srclsllce  rVr- 
rlarlcg  a  r.  which 

tbe    sercrni  ■(     the    preceding 

treaty   went    lot..    of 

Peace. — The  drflnlilte  tr.sly  of  peace 
be-t»,  IrlUIn  and 

was  signed  at   ParH  .::.     n 

was  Is  cl.it  a  i  in  sud 

Amtly  Cam  metre  and  Sarlgatlnn  {Jitv 
Trrvln'.-  '!  of   amity,    eomraene. 

ami  natlKsilor.  of  17'.n)  l»  known  »k  the  Jay 
treaty,  a  }>»rt  <.r  it  expired  hy  limn 
In  lfliVT.  snd  the  rest  of  It  wns  ini 
by  the  Wsr  of  1812.  It  contained  more 
definite  location  of  tbe  St.  Croix  river— a 
pari  of  the  eastern  boundary  :  snd  provided 
for  the  adjustment  of  claims  on  bo«h  sides. 

J*etn-r   and    Amity    (Treoty    of   flaw  ■ 
The    treety    of    pence    snd    atnliy    of 
known  as  the  Tresty  of  Ghent,  closed   the 
war  of    1812.      It    was  slimed  at  Ghent  on 
Is..-.  24      isil        II   declared    |i.-»<v  between 
the  lure  countries,  pr  rhe  restora- 

tion of  territory  and  of  archives  j  proc|aim>d 
a   cessation  snd  order.  I 

release   of    prisoner* 

lUlllliaaStllll  boainixsry  was  determined  snd 
laid  down,  the  northern  bonadsry  from  th» 
8t.   Crolj    lo   the   si     Lawrence,   aad    taa 

ra  houednry  from  the  St.  iJlwr. 
Ijike  riapertor.   and  tbcacr  from  lake  lln 
ron    to  the    Lake   of    tha   Woesti     s?sn    de 
flrod      It  defloed  the  power-  -.idsry 

commission.  The  railed  Sr«ie«  oMIssted 
Itself    to    pat  an    en.l 

Indians  :  ar-d  slave  trad*  •*  »•  sbollshed  T" 
this  iresty  wen-  ap|n-nded  many  annotating* 
and  eipiai.  the  tmiiodsrles  between 

the    (felted     Suns    and    Canada. 

I        iiicrre. — The  cceivenllon    of  commerce 
and  navigation  of  17!>»  la  i.i 
by  tbe  treaties  of   1816  and   1818   ■ 
deflnltcK    extended    bj     Mo-    conrentloa    of 
IM27.      li    iiun.d    to    fnvdoin    nl 
and  nm  leu  I 

bolb  provided      i  qi  ItsHe 

Lne    of    Iraports,     taxes,    and    tolls.      It 

»i«  s|1|imUi.-iI   that  trade  with   the    Hrltl.l. 

Ic<1|e«     »nd     Willi     Brlrl.li      \i 
should    sot    Is    any    drsr-s-    i»-    ssTectrd    by 
this  treaty.    Trade  with  these  patts  of  the 


Great  Britain      .\fessages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Brltltb  Empire  was  opened  by  the  procla- 

fmiiuu  or  t'rcaldvni  la a,  on  ucl  S. 
(Cage  1UUU.)  Tin-  t.»dc  of  Hi' 
Clint  Bilii.u  pun>  of  the.  l.a»t  ludltt  wa* 
lli. u'.  11  oyi-u  Ui  til*  Luurd  Main,  but  nil 
limited  to  direct  trade  from  a  ItrliUb  to  an 
An.. -i  |l     li                                twlic    trade    Wl  ■ 

eluded  fiotn  tbc  ptovlilon*.     Uotb  com 
**re   permitted    to   appoint  consular    rspre- 
ml  port*  10  Mfvgt.ia.iil 
their  il     Intercut*,      A    derlnialluo 

wa*   appcr  treaty    >o    Ibe 

Hint  an  the  bland  of  Hi  li.  lena  was  to  be 
Hie  abode  of  elite  of  .Napoleon  Bonaparte. 
American  veaacts  were  excluded  Ohm,  : 

it    Poire    oh    tin-    Great    t-ukc: — In 
191"    «n  nnaiigetnvnt  wn«  effected  between 
Hi.-   two   countries    whUb    limned  an,i 
•rrlbed   Ibe  arm  Mt  each  country 

■bould  mniuuln  on  the  Gnat  Lake*.  (Ha* 
!•:■>.  ..iinnil'iii   page  0<i„i 

htriM    Boundary  mnf   tht   /restoration 
-The  convention  of  1Mb  re* 
lug    Ilili-ilMi.    bouudntlc*.    nml    Um    tvstora- 

HuO     Of     »l.'l\.  ll|"ill     llin     I    nil     .1 

Sl«l'«  I  In-  pi  li  liege  of  IskSng  fl«h  on  the 
■ooihern.  *«*tcrn.  and  northern  coaat*  of 
Newfoundland,  acd  upon  ibe  southern  contt 
of     I^brador.       Tbo     CnHed     8iai«*     r.  in 

il    the   right  to  lake   or   < 
wlihln  throe  mile*  of  the  roa»t  In  any  otlier 
port*  of   tin     Drill   i>    d   uilnl.'iua,      rilvllcje 
>m»  cxlcndtcl  to  Ihe   I 

port*,  creek*,  harbor*,  or  bay*,  In  any  other 
pint  only  for  Ibe  purpo*c  of  procuring. 
*at.r  tcllOO 

frnrn   *lrcsa  of  wiail" 
the    rcgtouii    from     Lake    of    Ibe    Wooi 
Hi.    Stony  Mountain*  and  ibene*  wo«c  of  tbo 
Stony  Mountain*,  m.  defined,      i 
relation*    wi  nded     fur    *    period     Of 

ten  year*.  In  term*  of  ibe  trnity  of  1815. 
■  •  .,.,!>.  n  iiii.n  f.u  -,iie  raaoCDtua  "i  dam 
we*  alto  prorlded   for. 

/B</r«nilfi'-oHon     for    shirtt.— In     18-2    a 

convention  was  agreed  to  for  effect- 

l hi:    Ibe    compensation    for    *ueb    *lave*    a* 

.ri    carried  away   by    Itiltlih  tioaria 

Indemnity  to  the  amount  of  st.Sot.QiiO  was 

awarded    for    this    purpose    by    the    conven- 

..f  is-Ja. 

Onunilartrt     Su«nrn>lnn   of   Start   Traitt 

and  Krfadlffon  (  We6»ferJ,««6u'fon). — The 

"Hon  of    1812   a*   to   boundaries.   *op- 

Sreaslnn  nf  •In.'  im.li'    and  eitindlilon,  de- 
ned  the  nortbeaBleru  boundary,  the 
era  boundary  from  Lake  Huron  to  Lake   of 
r.i.     Wood*,  and  opened  the   river  St.  John. 
In    New    ltrnn»wlrk.    10  lag.      Prtor 

grants  of  land  within  the  d'.iputcd  len 
weie    mummed,     the    "UI     'Uted    Territory 
Knad"  was  presided  to  defray  wienie*  nml 
to  pay  claim*  arising  from 
■>ry.    A  eommUjlon  *> 

Stle    the    Dortbea*tern    boundary    d' 
nnnel"  In  the  8t.  Lnwren  and 

St.  Clair  riser*  were  dccla  n  oa»- 

Igatlon  by  both   parties      Tor  Ibi 

nf  Ibe  alae*  tr»de  on  tbo  coa*ti  of 
Africa,  It  waa  agreed  to  aunnort  a  naral 
fore*  of  ■ufflelcnt  stren^ih.  Rcmonatraneaa 
with  otbnr  powera  were  decided  upon  to 
b'lr»  soppre**  the  trado  In  »Inves.  I'ro- 
\nlon  was  mad*  for  the  extradition  of  fugl. 
tie*  criminal*  charged  wltb  the  oofomlu-lon 
of  Um  mora  •arlooa  erltnca. 

VorttMettt  Bo*m4*ni.—The  boundary  of 
the  country  weal  of  the  Itoelrr  Mmintatna 
sraa  established  hy  the  tre«ry  of  1846.  Tb* 
navigation  of  the  Colombia  Rltwr  *u  free 
and  open  to  both  r>«-fle«  and  the  Punwe. 
Rnar>4  Agricultural  Company  woa  confirmed 
to   Ira   nomailoaa. 

Itlhmtait  Cartel  (C1itvton-Hu1>r*r\  — The 
ee,nr»nt1on  e,f  ISSft  known  »<  ib»  Clarton. 
Bulw»r  trears.  dealt  with  rhe  «hlp  eanal 
eonn*ctlog    the    Atlrmrl.-    and    tb*    Pad  tie 


ocean*.     It  was  tuperieded  by  Um  eon  Tea- 
Uon  of  !ML 

t'r«/nisr  tlortt-S*</e  Bet!—  llorvcSboa 
Beef  In  tbe  Mug*. a  Kleer  was  ceded  to  ibe 
Lolttd  biatea  by  nioiuevl  of  l*re.  *>.   18i* 

"  ultra    am4 

-A   r«lpi'  '    wa*  roa- 

cluded  la  1001  to  «cvt.c  by  commUsloa  tbe 

Sueition  of  n»beika.  duties  an]  uavlxatka 
ii  Hrlii.li  North  America.     'I  he  work  of  the 
coamlBilon   wa*  nearly  coocloded  w  in 
IHtMi  the   Cnlted  Mtaic*  excrctwd  lis  right 
to  terminal,    tb*  ii"*(y. 

fu.ijiiri.inn  of  ,l/ik-ui>  stai*  Tntile. — A 
treaty  for  the  (Uppreesloo  of  the  »lave  tia*k 
wa*  concluded  In  184Z.  by  which  war  tea- 
■■I*   were  I    to  Meaieb   for  alas** 

on  •u»p.Ti»j  ablpa  other  luan  those  of  ibf 
■  f  the  two  coo' :  .ei».     Thl* 

right  thnll   be  exereiied  In   a  manner 

1    by    the    lively    ot.il  In    a 

nee    of    twn 
cua*t  of  Africa.      In  caw.'*  of  Illegal  «<».co 
and  wrongful  Octentk-n.   the  g..veitini 
tbe  Country  whose  Ti-»».l  im  at 

be    rrspooalble    for    the    pa> i    .1    i 

ludemoliy.      Courta  I     at 

blerra  Leone,  cape  of  V.o<.«l  Hope,  aud  S'* 
fork,   for   the  consr.'; 

tnent  of  caaea.      i  »i  :.nnla«.   aa4 

•uipiille*.  which  may  be  regardi-d  o>  e*l 
deuce  of  frrjllc.  are  *pceldvd  In  tbe  treaty. 
Ollll     tllelr    (HI  •!  Di  »b*ll 

).  .ui  no 
iwoer* 
of  aucb  seuel.  Vrsfvls  engajird  In  avrh 
name  shall  be  <!< 

•  r    ill.  may  be   purelia«ed   by   ellker 

of  the  twntracllng  posrer*.  The  officer*  and 
ciew  of  *ucb  condemned  Tesarl  .ball  b* 
..J  In  aci-oidiiutv  with  In*  law*  •! 
their  native  eoiinlry  or  that  to  wbb 
retael  belong*,  slave*  taken  from  *arb  ve« 
roIi   are    to    ho    »«'t    nt    HlK-ny    and 

.  iranievd  by  th"  iklo* 

the  capluie.  The  treaty  was  further  ran- 
■t  an  agreement  of  1M13.  and 
anotbei  In  1810,  when  mixed  eoorta  were 
abol l«hed  and  tbe  raactslnery  of  Ibr  oi- 
dlnary  courta  of  coanlrlea  Mbtolltcd  taere- 
for. 

Alabama    Claim*,    rithrry    Jttonf*. 

(aflon  and  Hcun.Urr  -The  treaty  of 
nown  a*  the  Tn-aty  of  Waiblngroa.  wa* 
di»wn  ep  for  the  settlement  of  all  eaii»e» 
of  difference  between  the  two  countries 
The  article*  which  referred  to  tbe  Alabama 
calms,  the  Civil  War  claims  cotamuulon 
nml    il  are    no    longer   *»"• 

•J  he  Blver  St.  Lawrence  In  that  cart  wholly 
within    tb*    Dominion   of   Canada    la    own 

.•    navigation ;  the   Y> 
and    Stlklne    river*   are   alio  open    to    frr* 
navigation  hy  both  partlc*.      Recloro--n 
of  the    Wetland.    St.    Lawrence,   and   other 
canal*  of  Canada,  and  of  Hie   Ria'e    r*na« 
In   tbe  Called   State*.   I*  urged    nnon  both 

Svernment*.  Lumber  cut  In  tbe  Sir' 
tine  upon  tb*  bend  water*  of  tbe  Hit,  r 
fit.  John,  may  be  floated  down  ibe  river 
lo  II*  mouth,  and  there  ablpoed  free  of  duty 
In  1872.  tbo  Kmoeror  of  C.ermany.  to 
whom  waa  referred  Ibe  n 
northncttcrn  bonndary.  Dade  an  award  of 
the  island  of  San  Junn  to  the  rnlted  State*. 
By  protocol  of  1B73.  the  matter  of  ths 
norrhweiiern  boundary  waa  Bkotc  fully  **> 
taMlBbod. 

Fur  float*  In  8*rino  St*—  Tb*  eooeesr 
Hon  of  180Z  relating  to  for-eeal*  In  Bee* 
Ing  g«a.  c<tnMI«h*d  a  trihunal  ot  arbltro 
tlon  crin*l*tlne  of  eeven  membero  two 
namitd  by  the  fnltod  State*,  tsee.  by  Great 
I'rttsin.  one  each  b»  <he  ne»«iii»nt  of 
rran-e  tho  king  of  Iraly.  and  rb»  ktaii 
of  Sweden  and  Noewae.  All  der*t'«  for 
the  me-rlor  and  eerdn'*  of  Ui»  tribnaal 
were    laid    down,    tbelr   dalle*,    tbe    point* 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Great  Britain 


of 


for  tbelr  decision,   and    tbe  matter  of   i ti •  • 
adjustment  of  tbe  expense*  ine  all  clearly 
i   .li.     To*  n,.:ii<!    of    tbo   tribunal  wa* 
made  on  Aug.  ):  .it*  the  «J. 

"   the   tribunal   wa*  pending  a   modus    i  (- 
""  declared  Uiai  all  cltlxcn*  of  tor-  i 
I    and    all    subject!    of    Great    Brltalu 
prohibited    frnui    killing    fur-*e*ls    In 
eastern   part  of  Bering  Sea.      The   tri- 
ll  recommended   that  both  covert 

.     killing    of    fur-seal*    within   a 

t  of  *lxtr  geographic   mile*  of  Prlbllo* 

Uland*.  or.  during  the  season  from  Mny 
lit  to  July  3!*t  In  each  year  anywhere 
north  of  the  Sots  degrr*  of  north  latitude. 
and  east  of  tbe  180th  meridian  of  longitude. 
Sailing  vessels  are  allowed  to  take  part  In 
ntd  lues*  muat  boar  a  certificate 
from  their  homo  government  and  earry  a 
diatlnaTDkthlBf  Dag  of  tbclr  nation.  The  re- 
sult aa  to  number  and  arx  of  the  catch, 
and  the  totality  ashed  In  during  each  day. 
mast  be  entered  In  the  veaaela  log.  Net*. 
Hrrarnn.  or  exploalTea  muat  not  be  u»ed. 
Men  engaged  l>  aeal  fishing  muit  giro  to 
their    respective    goc  ice.    of 

tbetr    aklll    In    '  Th« 

regulations  do   not  apply   to   Indian*  dwcll- 
>u    tbe   eoaala    aim    fish    for    food    rind 
livelihood    by    the    «:■  ....in*.      Th« 

rcgulatlc-Ds  to  remain  In  force  until  roper- 
amled  by  a  satisfactory  agrceacst  between 
tbe    two   oxantrle*. 

For  tbe  extradition  treaty  of  1SB0,  it* 
Extradition    Treatlea. 

UtK'timg  Sraaen. — lly  a  treaty  of  1893, 
deserting  sr-aiucn  may  be  arrested  In  port* 
by  tbe  <"-•-■•■. i  of  the  country  from  aliotc 
vessel*  tbey  hare  deacrlcd.  h  d.  - 

svsilng  seamen  be  cltlzvna  or  subjects  of  tbe 
country  Id  wbleU  he  d' 

Italian    /tnsndars/. — By  a   convention  of 
in  made   for  tin-  appoint- 
t   nf  a  commission   t»  conduct  lb 

i  germination  of  the  Alaskan 
boundary    heiwr-n   i  anniln    arid    i 
Matt*.     Alto    for   a    ommlMlon    to    mark 
uodnry   In    Pnanmnqiioddy  Buy.      Ity 
•  convention  of  ISM  tbo  l»rm  of  the  Alss- 
tan    eomaalsslon    wa*    extended    uut.l     1806, 
■    ilimeu'tT    of    tbe    «a»k. 
In  accordance  with   lb*    I'lMon  of  tbe  trl- 
luteal.    Iowa    auatnlned    by    tbe    seizure    of 
li  vctnei*  b:,-  the  United  8tl 
a    with    Ibe    aeal    flsbcrle*    were    paid 
t.r     a      claim*     <•onv.-ull.ni     commission     of 
1806.     Tbe  award  wa*  *s73.1M.2>>  against 
tbe    mitrd    Btatea. 

Aiiaoafflnn  of  /•■■o,itrtu  of  Decnueit  Prr- 
««*•.- -A    treaty   of    IS*li  provide*    for  the 
disposition    of   the   real   and   per 
erty  of  cttlseo*  of  one  country  within  tho 
doaualon*  of  tbe  other,  both  aa  to  the  hold- 
Ins,   tbe  sale,   and  the   i»" ■••Inn   and   In- 
heritance, ai  w.ll  aa  the  administration  of 
tbe  affair*  of   deceased    owner*.     Th.- 
«ular  oBJccm  may  personally,  or  by  delega- 
tion to  otter*,  act   tor  belra  until   the*  bo 
l.      ThI*    treaty    wa*    oncoed    to 
acccssloa  by  colon!*!*  of  Great  Britain,  ex- 
<*«t  Canada,  and  nearly  all  acceded  to  Ita 
ions. 
4'aiAsrs      Boundary — ,\     motlur     I 
fixed  a  tetaporsry  boundary  between  Alaska 
and    Ca-*dn    lu    1899.   without  pi 
ir.a   ot  owner*. 
lilhr..  Inn     r.i.inl     t  JluyPiiuneetote  i.— Tbe 
1901.  known  a*  the   llay-Paunce- 
.  reaty.  was  coneludod  to  facilitate  tbe 
<c*l*tn)ctloo   of    a    »blp   canal.      It    suncr- 

«,*ly  uf  1850,  or  Clavton- 
[wer  Treaty.  Tbe  conatrnetlon  of  tua 
canal  I*  provided  for  under  the  auipb-ri 
of  tb*  United  State*  Government.  Tho 
canal  la  to  bo  fres  and  open  to  veeael*  of 
commerce  and  war  of  all  nation*,  on  i 
bl*  condition*  and  charge*  for  traffle.  It  shall 


conn 


never  be  blockaded,  nor  aball  any  »  '  ■'■ 
war  or  boalllliy  occur  within  It.  A  belli*;- 
erent  may  uot  revlctual  or  take  on  other 
than  atiietly  necessary  More*  within  tba 
canal,  nor  aball  tbe  passage  of  *nrb  veiael* 
through  the  canal  be  unuecc»anrlly  delayed. 
Prate*  filin.ll  conform  to  rule*  juat  a*  do  th* 
Tewaela   of    tbe    b  Troop* 

mny  not  be  embarked  or  dlxmbarked.  nor 
•  boll  munition*  of  war  be  loaded  or  tin- 
iln  the  canal,  except  In  caao  ot 
accident.  Tbe  limit*  of  the  canal  aball  ex- 
tend a  distance  of  three  marine  mile*  be- 
yood  r-arb  and.  BXeapt  In  caaea  of  dla- 
veaavl*  of  war  of  a  belligerent  power 
■  ball  not  remain  within  tbe  canal  longer 
than  twantj  four  hour*,  and  a  r«**il  of 
war  of  one  belligerent  aball  not  depart 
In  twenty-four  hour*  of  tbe  departure 
of  a  rcasel  of  war  of  another.  All  tho 
building*,  plant,  and  i-qulpuieut  of  the  canal. 
shall  be  regarded  a*  a  part  thereof,  and 
aball  enjoy  entire  Immunity,  from  Injury 
and  attack  at  all  time*.  (Slaa  i 
opposite  7T02.J 

Impart  ItulUt,  r.iffhl  and  Jjarbor  Dnf 
or  Zortjfoor. — A  treaty  of  19011  Hied  tbe 
Import  duties  nt  the  port  of  Zanxlbar  at  a 
sum  not  to  exceed  ten  per  cent  of  the  valun 
of  tbe  Modi  nt  the  port  of  Import*! I. ni. 
All  ot  tbe  right*,  privilege*  and  Imtnunllle* 
of  commerce  arc  extended  to  tho  United 
Klati*    In    tba    conduct    of    trade    with    the 

J.-.  ..!  [MS  "Jed  Ihei 
IkM  nud  barber  due*  at  Zanxlbnr  at  ono 
anna  per  registered  ton  for  light  and  ono 
anna  per  registered  ton  for  bnrbor  dura 
on  all  veaaela  of  tbe  United  State*  entering 
ports  on  the  Ulands  of  Zanzibar  and  Pemba. 
The  paymeut  of  the**  din«  i»  mndltlonal 
rorUlon  of  adeipjate  light*  and 
buoy*.  ICxtrnterrltorlnl  right*  In  Zanzibar 
were  relinquished  by  treaty  of  11)05. 
Alaikan  Boundary. — Tbn  convention  a*  to 

Sho    Alrukan    boundary    was    concluded    on 
an.  H.   1003.     It  provided  for  tbe  estnb 
llsbnient   of    a    tribunal    of    tbrto    members 
I'r.    Idi  nt   of    rbe    United 
and    three   by   the  king  of    I'ngiand 
The  detail*  of  procednro,   tba  l!*t  of  que»- 
tinna  to   be.   i!  ■•.III.  il.    tin.   time  of  meeting. 
aat)  the  rendering  of  the  derlalon,  were  all 
provided    for   In    tho    convention.      Th«    de- 
elalon  waa  rendered  Oct.  20,   1903.      It  wa* 
alrned    by     Barnn    Alvemtone    for    Rnglnnd 
■no  Canadian  member*  not  fully  con- 
curring In  all  of  tbn  dcel»!oni  and  answer*). 
and    by    Ellltu    Boot.    Henry    Cabot    Lodga, 
and  i  ier,   for  the   United  State*. 

The  Bgrcernent  was  effected  by  exebang*) 
of    noti  i    March   25.    1005. 

Canadian  floundarir. — Aorll  11,  1908.  a 
trraly  wa*  concluded  providing  for  tb*  ap- 
pointment of  commissioner*  to  define  tba 
•ntlre  boundary  line  between  Canada  and 
tbo  United  State*  from  Paaaamaquoddy  Bay 
to    the    Pacific    Ocean. 

rutitritJt. — A  inoilu*  vttnull  between  tbe 
I  State*  and  Great  Britain  waa  effect- 
ed In  September,  1007.  in  regard  to  Inshore 
i    the   treaty   conit  of   Newfound- 
land.   Went*  of  coast  fishermen  formed  tb» 
i    hi.  •  of  1908  and  1909. 
.trMfr-a'ioa.— Differences  of  a  Ircal  natura 
or  at  to  tbe  Interpretation  of  treaties  lm- 

Cii»slbl#  of  settltment  b.v  diplomacy  are  to 
e  referred  to  the  Permanent  Court  of  Ar- 
bitration nt  Tbe  Hague  according  to  a 
convention  signed  at  Washington.  April  4, 
1908.  and  In  1900  the  whole  ma'tcr  of  tb* 
.Mln'itle  co*tt  fliherle*  wa*  *ubmlt- 
ted  to  the  Permanent  Court  of  Arbitration, 
sn.l    an    agreement    wa*    affected    Sept.    8. 

10«  10. 

Further  stipulation*  for  the  »ubml>i«lon 
of  difference*  to  arbitration  are-  contained 
In    tbo    following    treaty,    which    la    glvaa 


Jreat  Britain  s  and  Pafvrs  of  the  Presidents 


In    fnr  Ike  reason  that  I'  I 
Hi.-  g  .>  nod  form  of  all  arbltra 

nestles    growing   out   i>f    Hi.-    Hague. 

Aug.  '■'■■  It'll,  a  genern]  arbitration  lr 
In  the  InteraM  of  pe*i 

mill    Great    lirnnln,    was    •ur.n.sl    at 
Un<|iiinrt«n    by    rhllnncl.r    (\    Knnx, 
tary    of  Stale    on    behalf      .f    Ihi      I  sited 
Stat.*,  ami  James   Ri  b   Am- 

idor.  on  behalf  of  Great  Britain. 
■  ■ii    Hi.-  MB* 

.--tales  and 
l-'runce  vat  signed  In  Washington  by  I'hll 
JUil.-r  C  Klin,  rWcrotary  -.1  .Hint  ,  DD  In  • 
hall   of  Hi'     i  •  and  In   I'nrl*  by 

Jinn   Jules  Jiwoerand,   French  Ambassador, 
i m if  of  Kraucr. 
riii-   two  trestles  are  alike  except  aa  to. 
i"ivssary    dtfftraasw     in    phraseotogj 
pertsdBlsi  to  iiir-  respective  names  of  dm 

i«»    Countries    nint    the    persons    who    aro 
to    the    agreement*. 
I  in-   following  I*  l lie  text  of  tbc  Drill 'h 

!■: 
The    United    Stnles   of   America   and    bla 
Msjratj     ill'-    King   «.f   tlir    I'nii.il    Kluudum 

i.r  <;r.»t   iti-iuiii  and    I  i  land  and 

British    Domlnlona    Beyond    the    Sea*.    Klo- 
of  India,   being,   equally   desirous   of 
tuatliiK   Hi''    pear*,    which    him  happily 
existed   bei--  two   nation*,  xm  enlsb- 

lUbed  In  l»H  by  tb.  Treat]  of  about, 
unit   Ii«k   in iti  i  rropted    by 

an  a|i|»'»l  to  arum,  mill  which  In.  been 
.onllrmed  and  •.tieiigni.-iicd  In  recent  years 
bj  n  Dumber  of  Ireatlaa  whsrtby  pending 
controversies  have  bean  adluated  by  sgrec- 
ini  hi  or  Settled  bj  in  hi  I  ra  I  Ion  or  otherwise 
provided  for,  »o  Hint  now  for  tlic  tint  time 
iini,  --Uona  of  differ 

.  in-i-  outxiiiuillnu  between  ihi-in.  anil  being 
resolved  that  no  fulnre  differences  shall 
tie  a  etna*  of  tj.i~.risi -  •  u   iln-ra  or 

Interrupt    their    k<hh1    rclatlmix   n ml    friend- 
ship! 
The  blub  contracting  part  lea  hare,  III 

mined,    In    furtherance    or    these 

:n     ei.ll.'lllile     :i      treaty      eltelllllllg     tho 

and  obllpiii.inn  of   the.  policy  of  ar- 

bltintlon   ndopteil    In    their   iire.eni    nri.it  ru- 
nt April   i,   mo*.  «o  as  to  ex- 

■  -hi.le    ..mi xi    pIlOQI    contained    ill    that 

treaty  and  to  provide  ine»ii»  f..r  the  pi 

lilllnll    Of    all    questions    of    dllTercueii 

which  ii  shall  i»-  round  Impossible  In  future 
to  acttlc  by  dlploi 

All   Ul  IT  en -i.i      hi    rafter    arising  between 

He-   hL-ii   contracting  parties,  which  It   baa 

mil   lei-n   poaalblc  ■  .    by   diplomacy 

iik    l»   International    matter*    In    whi -h 

He-  high  contracting  partita  art  concerned 
by  virtue  of  a  clal  bl  made  bj   mm 

ngnlnnt    the    other,    under    treaty    or   otlu  r- 
n.i  which  are  justifiable  In  their  Da- 
tum by  reason   '>r   helni;   susceptible   of  de- 
by   the  nppllcaih  n  of   the   principles 
<>f  law  or  equity,  shall  be  submitted  to  the 

----- r ■ :   i  1  uf  Arbltii  I 

at  The  Hague  i>v  Ibe  coOTentlon  of  Metober 
1007.    or    to    aome    other    nriiltml    trl- 
bunal.   na   may   he  deehbd   In    each   ca»e   by 
special  agreement,  which  spi  uicnt 

■ball    provide   for   the  nnranlxiiiloii   .if  such 
tribunal    If   necessary,    define   tbi 
Die  pot  •    srhllrstors.  the  qtn 

or  qucitlonn  nt    l«ne.  ami   settle  the   terraf 
.    «D,1   the  Ihcrrnndi  r. 

provisions  ..f  Articles  XXXVII  b 
Inclusive,   of  the  convention   i'>r  the  paclQc 
..-iil.-iiii-tit    of    Internatlnnal    disputes    con- 
,i    »t    Hie    secon.'i  Bl    I    0c«    at 

Die   llocue  mi   Oct,    IS,   IBOT.  "'  fnr  *«  sp- 
pllcablo.    •hull    sm-erii    Ibe    arbitration    pro- 
llop    I"  !»•  takes    iinib-r    ihi»    i:-.-niy. 

Ini-li     .-eiilrsetlDf     parties     further 
«rr.e    to    luitltnt'.    ax   occasion   arises,   and 


I 


s»  hereinafter  provided,  a  Joint  111Kb  Cosa- 
mlulon  of  lie;  i.i...   10  wlucti  >n 

.1  for 
iuajisrilnl  and  rr<u»clcntloiu  Inioil.  i 
any  controversy  between  the  parties  within 
the  scope  of  Article  I  before  web  coi 
vi-r»y  lian  been  »uhiiilit>d  to  arbitration,  and 
Blao  any  other  controver.y  hereafter  aris- 
ing between  them.  ..  -  are  nut 
/  Hint  II  fnllK  within  the  acope  of 
Artlcls  I;  provided,  however,  that  such 
reference   may    be   poatponed    until    tfti 

'Irallon  uf  • >"»r  ntlir  the  date  of    IBS 

'ormal  requesl  Iherefor.  lo  order  to  afford 
an  opportunity  for  diplomatic  dlacuxsloa 
Slid  adjustment   ■■!  lie 

reray.  If  either  party  desires  such  postpone- 
ment. 

Whenever  a  question  or  matter  of  0 
ence  I«  referred  to  the  Joint  lllsh  I'unamla- 
alon    of    Inquiry,    in    In  .-■  In  eacb 

uf  the   b.irli  i-uiiiractlns;  pnrtlea  shall  deals; 

nate  tbr t  lu   nationals  to  set  s> 

bers  of  the  ComcDjasloa  ol   I  r  the 

tin*  commis- 
sion  may    t tbcrwlse  constituted   In    any 

partbuinr  case   by   the  tarmi   ..t    i-f 
the  memberahlp  uf  the  ennunlasloo  nnd   the 
term»  i.r  reference  t'.  he  determined  In  each 
cam?  by  an  exebans*  of  h' ■: 

The    Jiilnt    111  Ion    of    Inquiry 

l«  axttnortaed  to  exnmlni-  Into  and  report 
upon    the    partleiilar 

•I  to  It,    fur    :in    purpoae  of  farlllrat- 

Ixut  the  aolutjon  .*r  .1  <  luciditine 

the  facts,  and  to  dellne  tie  ui.  I 

by  such  question,  and  nla.-  iu  lt< 

report    roeb    recotB ndattoos   and    coucla- 

stonn    an    may    h.-   spprnprla'e. 

8ec  Uluatratlon  oiiposlte   ffl 

Fur  gealt  Prcarrrattoa, — The  nnnl  treaty 
for  the  preservailou  of  fur  seals  was  safned 

July  7,  1011.  hj  r   1  ■ 

States.  i;reat    Itrimln,   Husda  and  Japan. 

Vfrteking.  S'ii<  egr  ami  :':■  • 
of  /'iitunn'K — Reciprocal  rlifhiK  In  the  mat- 
ters of  eon  v..  nil.-,  of  prisoners,  nnd  wreck 
lng  nnd  salvage  fur  the  1'olted  States  ami 
t'anadn  wore  provided  foi  In  a  treaty  roa- 
cluded   May    l\    IMS 

Ortat  Eartarn.     (Sec  illustration  oppo- 
site 8M20 
Groat  Falls  Land  Out,  opinion  of  Judgp 

Bran  mi  to.  3072. 

Great  Lakes     Pits  larr    bodies  of  fresh 
water  on  the   nortoawa   Hue  at   Dm   PoIimI 
Stale*.    They  are  Soparlor,  M!.-hir>".   Bn 
rou,   I  to.     Lake   Superior  Is 

the    Inrgcst    abort    of    fresh    srater    In    the 

iilluli    :il '"ii     |..."l.    nlKJII 

leiurih,    iiiiiiui    :',70  miles;  nren.  about 
12.000    square    miles.      Lake    Miehlran    ih 

nbuiit    .llli    111II1-    luiiK    and    lm%    . 

Sill      feel  ;  iliore     Ses      level 

feet:  area,  over  U2.OU0  sqnai  Lafea 

Huron   hsa   a    length   uf    270    miles;   depth. 
from  S00  t,i  1.8OO  feet;  •■levntion  above  sea 
level,   u»l    feet:  area,  about    23^800  squarx 
.     .e  In  1  he  HoiiHiernmost    sod 
..■■•I   ..r  Hi.-   lakes,   mill   11  abont  260 
miles   long;  elevation  ahov<- 
foet ;  area.  9.600   aquar*   mil .  ...      Lake 
tiirlo   i»    the   sniallesl    and   easternmost   of 
■  he  lakes,  nnd  Is  100  miles  long.        intlon 
above  sen  level,  234  feet;  area,  ahum 
square   ml! 

Great    Lakes     (sec    also    tho    several 
lnkos): 
Canal   from,  to  Atlantic  Ocean,  com- 
mission to  consider  construction  of. 

nn. 

PortiflcatiouM  of,  referred  to,  3281. 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Greece 


Jurisdictions  of   Unltad   State*   and 
Canada  in,  discussed,  6064. 

Naval  force  on — 
Agreements  with  Great  Britain  re- 
garding,  581,  602,    ISO.'..    1*17, 

traa 

r-  ;f  Qttai  Britain  to  anno!, 
1818. 
Proclamation   regarding,  605. 
Arrangement  limiting;,  referred  to, 

Necessity  for  increasing,  discussed, 
3447. 

Regulation*  with  regard  to  rescue 
and  savings  of  life  and  proporti- 
on, referred  to.  4516,  5306. 

Veaael*  of  United  States  in,  granted 

facilities  for  r niag,  6331. 

Oraat  Miami  Hirer,  lands  purchased  on, 

Oraat    Osage    Indian*.      (See    Indian 
THUav) 

Oreat  8ionx  Beiervation.     (See  8ioux 

Reservation.) 
Oreater  BepubUc  of  Central  America, 

establishment     of,     discussed,     6264, 

6328. 

Ort«ce. — <Jr*rcv  Is  a  maritime  kingdom 
of  eoutliratlern  Karone.  tin?  mainland  and 
Kntxra  lying  between  35'  5Cf-41'  N.  Int. 
mil     lt»-     W-if    IS*    K-    long-,    and    oecu- 

Bins   the   southern    portion   of   the   Balkan 
nknsnln.   wllb   certain    Ulanda  In  tte 
iliac  sea«.     In  I91S-1:: 
Id  «   •u.-(^««ful  war  of  the  Balkan   League 
Ml  recce.   Bulgsrts.  BervU  and   Montenegro  i 
against   Turkey,    iralned    a    great   eitenslon 
"r.oird.  and  ..-Ixcd  many  of 
•jean    bland*,      la    July,    lin.t.    war 
krakn   ont   between    Greece    »ii<l    Hervla    on 
ii-    »lile    and    Bulgaria    ""    ""    other, 
■  ml  ngsln-t   the  laat  named  Rumania  threw 
weight  of  >n  uiietlmun.il  army.    By 
■  aty  of  lluchar-  .. -Bulgarian 

froatler  was  nxwl  to  mart  from  Ine  new 
Serb©  Bulgarian  on    the    east    of 

the  Belaibltia  Bans*  t"  terminate  at  the 
esoiith  of  th*  river  Mrsta.  on  the  .Kgean, 
leaving  Scrres.  Drama  and  CavalbJ  to 
Oreeee.  who  lbn«  ln.-nu.id  her  acquisitions 
nee  of  Bulgaria  An  Irregular 
lei  on  lb.-  north  scpnrnl. 
kingdom  from  Albania.  S.-rvia  and  Bulgaria. 
ana on    the   we  ••<   are  the 

ile  nsd  Ionian.  •    ■  >■  and 

the   .♦'g'-an    K»a-  I  inland  romprluc* 

"eloponnean*    (Unrern.    Joined    Mr    the 
narrow     ■  •tnmas    of     <v>r1nth     to 
northern  territory,  which  extend*  over  pot 
of    Albania    and  ola    wrvated 

from    Turkey    In    the    war  In 

the   western  sea  are   the   Innlnn    Mands  of 
Leiicas      iihaea.     Ophalonla     and 
Xante;     In     the     Mediterranean     are    I 

Kgean  the 
.m    8porsde».    t)  -.   and    tho 

Islands  of  Saroothrncc.  Is-omn*.  Strati. 
Mltylene.    rears  ilkarta.   Tnrmlns 

Sam..  n*  captured 

from  the  Turku  In   101 

pftjiatoal  .'  •  I'd.-  klngilom  la 

wbrrr    monatalnmiM,      file    principal 

ill.     Knho-a.     M  —•cnla, 
i,  aad  Marath-.n.   the   last    n 
ili<   Allien)  t*ln,  ol    battle  ol   I    i 

4'jti,    In  wlileli    III  I    Platraiw 

.tef.ni'. I    tin.  armlea    of    r  rsla       Macedonia 
da  three  prom 


the   .Kgean.  and   the  easternmost   of 

Gnlnsulaa     U    known     as    Moant     A 
oant   Athos  Is  a  sccnl-ln  ' 
tsry  state  with   a   loin!  nr.a   uf   :,;... tit  90O 
•nriaro  miles,  belonging  to  twenty  Cbrlitlan 
monaster  I,.*,    an>l    l«    ruled    by    an    el. 

Utce  of  twenty  members,  who  appoint 
>n  executive  council  The  population  ti 
close  on  8.000  :.0Ot)  are  monks 

and    Ibe   remainder   lay    brot] 

aaca  xmo  ruroi-trui-v 

Arm  In    PopuUtiou 

I  Mil  •            I'."  .' 
Amraanla  and  Aeie.Ua  (.Mi*. 

eoloaghij . . .  .  3,007          141,408 

Ath»»  iP»irwi  l.p.i 

llaa)  I.Oc; 
,.i      . 

ArbstArta) 

■Athra.)....  1.3117 

.  ll-iTadia, 1,1;,,. 

Cepo»lonia(Argo.i-jlii.      .    .  2l»>           7I.2W 

Corfu  .i  {,(1 

Corintli  [Corinth,  mi            71,229 
1,043          HO.X78 

.  .    .  »7S          i 

'»»■  '.'•■■ 

.      ■  ', K^rP"'""  I  ^'" 

Kaxdit-.  fn,arrlit»,l  1.032  92.1141 

Laoadeinnn  (Span*..  .       1.200  W.lOrj 

'In. 111, 1  pel  «H,522 

tar.»»  (l.iliWl l.Mtl  95,000 

177  4I.IHS 

K788  102,712 

aasr'  . ...  «4.', 

.       .  .Mil 

I.77.'.  1 

ikkak)  1.17s 

617 
Zant.  100  42^03 

34422      2.AII.0A2 

1  .in- 

::    ■■■       . 
1 -Una.  4.500         000,000 

Total  in  11113 4&A23     "jjMO.OOO 

iky     Tin-    i-iiiii-ii.nl    races    are 

the    I:  Albanians  and  the  Vlach<. 

In  which  Turku  pre- 

p  imlei  .1 

■ 
AlluniniiH    are    dcKe^nded    from    t-  mm 
•■r    Immlgrania    from    the    north 
Vlaihs    ar  1.1   be   dcscciiilnni-i    of 

Hi"    l!.>mnn   rolonUts  and  owe    their   name 
Ir  runt  Icily  i  ba^m  The 

Orthodox  iliurch  Is  the  otnclal   religion  .if 
the    kingdom. 

!CO    formed  part    nf   tl. 
Ionian    Kmpln    from   Iris    mldrlli 

•  jki-nlng  .if   the 
i\|     spirit     led     1  1.     War     ..f 

II    -J!>      which     eulml 

In     the    Treaty  1 

1639).   whereby  an   Indcpi  arehy 

•  lenre     wan 
con  Armed    1  invanttoa    of    1 

fMny     7.     INS2I      nuil     a     lUvarlim     prince 

ion  wiik  granted  In  1814. 
In  1803  »  revolution 

:  .    1  in    Ti  July 

dyiiany  ■■ 

i-elllg  aivvnted  l.v    I'rln 

-onderborg 

e.il    -.ii  ■■!   King   i'!nl«tlan 

IX.   of  Denmark  1,  while  t r.  iiindx 

Ith  was  transferr«l  to  the  new 

ml     war>    In     19 

agalati    .mi.       ,,n,t  Bulgaria  IncrMaei 

dominion      both    on    llic    malnlaud 
anil  In   the  .4Cg»an. 

upon 
ii'tilsl    law  of   Not.   =h.    1S04.  the 


Greece 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


crown  being  bcivcllurj  In  the  mole  Jaad 
eventually  In  tin?  female)  line  of  King 
George  L.  who  rolgocd  from  l&ti31813. 
Kins  "f  the  Hellenes :  Hit  Uaje.ty  Coustan. 
tlne  born  »t  Atheii"  July  it  I  Auk.  3), 
1808:  *uccecdcd  to  the  throne  (on  the  ns- 
snsiluailnn  of  his  father.  King  G  cor  go) 
March  18. 

The  Kxccuttvc  anlhnrlty  la  vetted  In  tba 
■ovorcigu,  who  govern*  through  a  Council 
0(  Minuter*,  appointed  by  tilmself,  but  re- 
sponsibly- to  it"  Chamber, 

There  I*  a  single-chamber  legislature  of 
1T7  deputies,  elected  for  4  ycara  by  tbe 
direct  roto  of  all  males  oyer  the  age  of 
11  No  law  enn  he  im»s..l  without  a  elenr 
ninlnrlty  of  t'lie  llnuv?.  and  no  sitting  U 
valid  unlets  cue-third  of  the  total  number 
art?   preient. 

Justin)    In    aduilnlitcred    by    correctional 
trlbunnla     and     Justices    of    the     Pel 
minor  enncs  with  20  courts  of  first  Instance, 
6  Court  ■.  ••!  Appoa!  and  a  Conrt  of  Cassa- 
tion nt   atbam 

The  land  and  sea  forces  am  In  proeens 
of  reorganisation.  (For  the  detail*  see 
Armies  of  the  World  nnd  Nsvlc*  of  tUo 
World.) 

IM      and      /ndiufrv, — Agriculture 
conducted  by  prlmltlTe  methods  Is  the  prtn- 

industry  of  the  kingdom,  nnd  am 
about   heir   IM   population,      About    10.000 
persons  are  employed   In    tin  mlnoi 

and  quarries.  The  Industrial  populntlun 
dors  DOt  exceed  30,000   hands, 

—The  revenue  Is  chiefly  iV 
from  customs  nnd  dlrrrl  tsxet  and  mcrnopo- 
11m;   on.-   quarter  of  tho   ordinary  expendi- 
ture Is  for  debt  SMTlC*. 

January    I,    IMS,    the   public   Gold    Debt 
of   Urecre   amounted    to   $17».-*:i 
the    Currency    Debt    to    S3 
total  debt  charge*  In   11)13  were  c»tlmnt.-d 
at  •T.M'7,800 

of  the  debt  was  Intrusted  to  an  Interna. 
Clonal  CoramUilnn.  »ltflri!f  at  Athens,  con- 
sisting of  repr-  of  the  Gorem- 
of  cn-nt  I'.iiioln,  France.  'W-rtnanjr. 
llussla.  Aiialrl*-lluiignty.  nnd  Italy.  To 
them  arc  assigned  llw  revenues  from  nil 
h  nnd  proportional  payments  are 
made. 

tfMppfnry. — The  mercantile  marine  Of 
In  101'i  consisted  of  238  steamer* 
and  110  sailing  vesaela,  all  Teasel*  of  UK) 
Ions  and  upwards  with  many  -mailer  ve*- 
Mucn  of  the  trade  of  tbe  Ottoman 
I'uiplrc  -•  carried  in  Greek  vessels.  A  Ship 
Canal  through  the  l-tlmum  of  ''.. 
was    opened    for    traffic    in  '        Ml     ii« 

u«e    Is    mainly   confined   to   Greek   v- 
owing     to     the     higher     rate    of     dues    on 
foreign  shipping      Tin    principal   harbor*  uf 

cue  the  Plnea*  ftbc  port  of  At'-' 
8yr«.    l"alrns,    \-  orftL 

Capital,  Atlu-iix  In  IB*  southeast 
of  Attica,  n  modern  canllnl.  occiioylnt*  an 
i-xtenalvn  area  around  tbe  site  nnd  reinnln* 
of  Ibc  clnralcnl  city.  There  were,  la  1913, 
25  town*  with  n  population  •  i  illng  0 
000.  Tbe  unit  of  value  Is  the  gold  drachma 
equal  to  $0.10. :!   United    Mates    mon 

TVartV  irfflr  the  Vtrttti  fffafe*.— Tn*  valuo 
of  merchandise  Imported  Into  Greece  from 
il-.-    United    Slates   for    the   year   1013    was 

!-.  105,   and   goods   to  the  valne  of  ».t.- 
T0.S10    were    sent    thither— a    balance   of 
$1,063,814  la  favor  of  Grccet. 

Greece: 
Commercial  relation*  with.  1647. 
Condition    of    Greekl    referrod    to. 

m, 

Currants  from.  duties  Imposed  tipon, 
diaeussed.   M 


Difference*    with,    amicably    settled, 

mt, 

Diplomatic  relation*  with,  recom- 
mendations regarding,  3656,  4520, 
4630,  4718. 

Expulsion  of  Greek*  from — 
Constantinople,  2774. 


Egypt,  232S." 
idapontu 


Independence  of,  hope  for,  manifested 
by    United   8t*tcs,    762,    788,    783, 

Ruwia  furnished  aid  to,  950. 
Sv-mpsthy   of   American  people  for, 
acknowledged    by,    in    letter*    of 
thanks,  950. 
Treaty  with,  1647,  1708. 
Vessel*  of,  discriminating  duties  on, 

repealed    by   proclamation,    I 
War   with   Turkey,    hope    for    inde- 
pendence of  Greece  manifested  by 
I'nited   State*,  762,  788,   828,   $75, 
950. 
Greece,  Treaties  with. — A  treaty  of  com- 
merce and   navigation   was  concluded   Dee. 
29,   1837,  which  conferred  freedom  of  com- 
merce,   with    attendant    right*,    privileges, 
protection,  and  soemlty  la  all  river*,  porta, 
and  place*  where  foreign  comm  - 
within     (ho    two    count: 
treaty    provides    for   the   customary    cqulta 
ble  tonnage  dullea  and  ges:  ov**l 

rights   .if   Imports   luto   tbe   two   eon- 
la  vessels  of  cither  nation  ;  and  of  extorts 
the   two   <  co  far  as 

coastwise   trade   Is   conrcrncd.  and   pa***** 
DC  pact  in  Hi-  n  r  port 

In  tho  »nmo  nation  which-  I*  not  permitted, 
f  tbe  Import  of  tli*  prod- 
uct* of  one  country  Into  the  other  skill 
ever  be  made.  A  v***el  may  enter  a  port 
of  the  other  tuition,  and  It  it  I*  not  desir- 
able to  hrvak  cargo,  may  proceed  on  Its 
voyage  without  incurring  any  charge*  other 
than  those  of  pilotage.  »horfagc,  and  light, 
so  long  a*  all  rtgtilatlons  ore  conformed 
to.  It  only  a  part  of  a  cargo  b 
nt  a  port  tho  charge*  to  Ik?  levied  at  that 
■  hall  bo  pm  rata  for  that  port  only. 
Charge,,  due  upon  n  vessel  at  one  port  are 
to  be  paid  at  the  first  port  of  entry  and 
not  again  at  another  port   visited. 

No   quarantine  shall   be  Imposed   oa  res- 
uming directly  to  a  port  from  a  port 
within    Its  own   dominion*   and   possessing 
a  clean  bill  of  health,  to  long  as   there  It 

Malignant  disease  on  the  vessel,  nor  sat!! 

have  been  since  leaving  the  home  port 
Should  n  port  bo  blockaded  wltbln  either 
of  tin-  countries,  no  merchant  vessel  sfcsll 
be  subject  to  capture  for  making  a  ar*t 
attempt  to  enter  a  port,  hut  may  be  so 
If.  after  ono  warning,  the  attempt  be  re- 
peated. The  treaty  wss  made  to  roi 
(■ear*  from  date,  with  a  year's  notice  of 
Hon  to  terminate.  Jan.  30  lsoo.  a 
Iirotocol  was  Signed  explaining  and  clarify- 
ng  certain  clause*  of  Use  treaty  of  1837. 
(Be*  also  Consular  convention*.)  There 
are  no  extradition  treaties  with  Gr- 
Green  Bay,  cession  of  lands  at,  for 
benefit  of  New  York  Indians,  1127. 
Greenback  Party.— Opposition  to  the  re- 
-nni|. i|. in  of  specie  payments  ceased  a  po- 
litical party  to  be  organised  at  Indianapo- 
lis, Ind..  Nor.  25,  1074.  called  the-  Green- 
bock  party.  The  platform  adopted  advo- 
cated   the    withdrawal    of  nil    nation*!    snd 

Rute  bank  currency  sad  the  sobwtltntlo* 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Guadalupe 


.^.nfor  of  paper  currency,  or  greenbacks, 
whlrb  sbwutd  lie  ei-.-buuge.ible  for  Intercon- 
vertible bonds  bearing  Tuierenl  *umelently 
high  to  keep  them  at  fax  Will  fold,  and 
tu-st  coin  sbould  only  lie  u«e<I  la  payment 
of  Intern!   on  the  national  debt. 

In   IsJrJ  tbe  (•reeuljuck  party   nominated 
I'eter  Cooper,  or  New  lurk,  for 
lie  recelred  81. 740  rotes,  mostly  from  tbc 
Western    State*.      In    18T8    the    II 
party  nulled  wltb  tbe  Labor  Reform  thirty, 
the     two     forming     tbc     orcenbnek  i 
party.     Tbo  new  party.  In  tbt-lr  platform 

-d  at  ToU'i 
tbe   demand*   of    tbe    orl/nni 
party,    and    Id    addltlou    declared    for    on 
sight-hour  law.    prululinl.  a   of   'Imii.w  Im- 
migration.  *un*mge  without   regard    to  *cx. 
astd  against  crania  of  land  to  rallronds  and 
special    grants    to    corporations.      Foil 
mensbers  of  Confrea*  were  elected  on  tbla 
platform.      June  U.    18*0.  at   their  ti 
convention    held    at    Chicago,    they 
skated  Geo.  Jnmes  It.  Weaver,  of  lows,    f ■  -r 
rrealdeot.    and    B.  J.   Cfcnmlier- 
for     Vtce-Prealdent.       Their    popnlnr 
reached  307.740.     In  1884.  with  Oen.  B.   P. 
M  t ti .-l r  caodlJ   i".  they  polled  only 
133.8'.'5  races.    Tbc  puny  baa  now  become 
extinct. 

Greenbacks.— The  common  name  for  tba 
legal-tender  Treasury  note*  printed  on 
one  aide  In  rreen  In:  y  tbe  Oov- 

ernment  during  tbc  Clrll  Wir.  'II in  right 
of  Ibe  Oo'crcioient  to  Iwnr  bills  of  credit 
wna  disputed  by  many  tin  teamen  and  (Inn  ti- 

elers,  bat  lb*  exl;.  m-l I 

to  remdrr  *nme  such  measure  necewni 
the  Supreme  Court  finally  established  their 
rj.      Issues  of  »  •  i    h  were 

authorised  by  the  laws  <pf  I-" •  ■  t » .  28  nml  July 
11.    1802.  and   Mnreh  3.    18«3.      The   result 
vra*    that,    as    compared 
gold  waa  held  at  an  ovemec  of  220  through. 
hi. t  nt  une  lime  actually  rose  to 
I   lid  n..t  again  touch  par  wit  h 
tiacka   till    Dec.    17.    1878.   nearly  seventeen 
years  after  tbo  last    prerioM  sale  of  cold 
at   par.     Iiy  tbe  specie  r. 
Jiio,  14.   1875.   It    was  ordered   tint    on  nnd 
after   Jan.    1.    1879,    all    legal-loath  r    note* 

(reseated   to  tbe  nn-Utnnt    treasurer  of   th« 
Inlted    8tnt«a    at    bis   olllce   In    New    York 
■  ■  in.  .1     i  .    ml  The    term 

■•sTTvenbaek"     has    l>een    applied     to 
form*  of   rolled   Stoic*   securities   printed 
la  men  Ink.     (See  Currency.) 
Greenbacks: 

Diseurscd.  6073. 

Betlrement    of,    recommended,    0078, 

Green  Mountain  State. -a    nieknom*  for 
Vermont  tcj  T.J.     (fee  also  Stal 
Greenwich,  Meridian  of,  starting  point 

for   computing  longitude,   -IS27. 
Oroor  Connty: 

Boundary    dispute    regarding,    4002, 

Proclamation    against    wiling    lands 
involved   in,   .'.. 

Proclamation   dcrlnring   lands    in,   in 
atate  of  imi  tation,  01 
O  Canada.   Island   of,   duties   on    vessels 

from,     suspended     by     proclamation. 

BM9. 
Granada.— As    ezploslrc    charge,    not    so 
l*r«  aa  a  bomb,  which  may  be  burled  from  a 
cannon,  or  by  catapult,  or  by  hand.     Oreo- 
ad**    ax*    mad*    of    Iron.    In    boll-ibaue. — 


:h  la  former  times  they  were  made  of 
various  oi'.«  metal..,  and  even  of  wood  and 
glass. 

Oreytown,  Nicaragua  (%"0  also  Central 
Amen. ia  :n  I   .Nicaragua  and  Ulna- 
t  rut  ion  opposite  28170 
Bon.  it  of,  and  reasons   there- 

for, 281  I. 

-  out  of,  2995,  3040. 
Complaint*  of  foreign  power*  re- 
vs 17. 

•  luties  on,  suspended  by 
proclamatii  n.  4BT& 
Grterson's  Baid.— In  tb*  spring  of  1883 
QorUinrt,    wlli   the  approval  of  (Jen. 
G:ont.  ordered  Col.  It.  II-  Orlerson  to  pro- 
ceed from  La  Orange,  Tenn..  with  the  Slitb 
it*    (til*   own    reclmeoti,   tbe   Seventh 
ii.   and  tbe  Second   Iowa,   by   war   of 
l»nt,otuc,    In    ibe  noiili.-iu    pan  t    uf    Missis 
to     Italon     Kouge.    I.a .    cm  line    tbe 
•  in    railroad*    and    destroying    bridges 
on   ih.-  way.     April  17.  1803,  the  expedition 
19th   tin.  Second   losra 
lied   below    I'onlotoc  and   the   two 
Illinois  regiments  proceeded  to  Haton  Kouge. 
where,  they  entered  the  Dnloa  lines  May  :.'. 
•ii...  . iiilnn    are    thru 

summed  up  In  Gricrson's  report:  About  100 
of  the  enemy  killed  and  wounded :  500 
prisoners  luiany  of  tbem  officers!  captured 
and  paroled  ;  between  Ml  nnd  60  miles  of 
railroad  and  telegraph  destroyed  ;  more  than 
3,000  stand  of  arma  and  other  stores  cap- 
!  snd  dratrov  i  and  1.000  horses  and 
mules    scl:  killed,     7 

wounded,  5  left  sick  on  tbc  route,  and  V 
missing. 

OTiflon,  Tha,  seizure  of,  by  Brazilian 

authoritie*,  2770. 
Groa     Ventre     Indians.      (Soo  Indian 

Tribes.) 
Orovcton   (Va.),  Battle  of.  or  Second 
Battle     of     Manassas. — After     ilndlna 
I'ope'a  army   and   destroying   the   military 
at    llrlscow    Station   and    Manasiaa. 
ii   ictlrtd   acroaa   tbe   bat- 
nun  and  awaited  reenforej. 
l^jngitreet     nrilved     on    Aug.    20, 
sr.-e.llnt;    the    numbeis    of    the    Confederal* 
army    to   40,000.      I'ope'a    n.my    numbered 
about  -tiiiM.il.     mi  toe  erenlng  ..r  lb*  Uth 
ny    had    driven    the    Confederal    r<«r 
guaid  out  of  CeutitTllli-    and  I*one,   f..  II  ns 
sure  of   eniKiiUig   Lougxtrect   and   Ja 

.  .1  an  attack  to  lie  made  at  daylight 
next  morning.  Slgcl  began  ibe  ntiuck.  wbleh 
soon  became  general.  McDowell's  corps  ar- 
rived .  «c»n«  of  battle  late  In  the 
afternoon.  Klts-Jobn  l'orter  nercr  came 
Into  action,  though  ordered  up  by  Pope. 
Tor  alleged   disobedience   of  order*    In    this 

on    charge*    t.  -alnit 

l'orter    by  t    night    both    armies 

ii  on  the  Odd.     Tbe  next  day.  Aug.  110, 

iitln  was  renewed.     The   ilereest  llghl- 

ace  about  6  o'clock  in  Ibe 
nnd  on  tbe  ground  where  tbe  battle  of 
I  nil    Run    had    been   fought    July   21,    IBM. 
■i  he   result  waa  a   rtctorj    f..i    Ibe  tv.nfed- 

iii.. i   in.. 
army.     Tbe  losa  of  the  Federal*  wa*  about 
15,000,     that     of     tba     Confederates     about 
8,100.      Tim   linitle   n   nlio   called   tbc   Sec- 
ond Uattlc  of  Manassas, 
Ouadalupe  Hidalgo,  Treaty  of, — Named 

from  the  Mexican  vl'lni-e  where  Nicholas 
r  Mat,  on  behalf  of  Iho  I'nlted  SUtes, 
Feb.  2.   ISIS,  signed  tbo  treaty  with  Mvx- 


Guadalupe  sages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


ln>    (Zt-'Ui.    terminating,    the    war    and  crd 

v  oow  cum 
mo*t  of  Arlxniin.  ■  large  |inrl  of  New      I 

.lorndo   and    Wyoming,   and 
•  ii     of    Call 

■  ail  »  m.aad- 

lw<  .-ci  Mexico  .i  t .  ■  1    I    -  i         ii'-  I 

Slate*    agreed     tO     IJi)      M    IlCO    HG.OOO, 

.  i    and    in   ii     urn.     i In'    elalia*    of 
mien*    a«-*ln»t    Mejleo    arlilng    i 
ihc  treaty.     Mexican*  Id  Up  illorjr 

...i.     allowed    M    ramam    at    their   option 
and    ' 
|Mm    -'I    •    M'-iioj.   Trtatlc*   wlib  I 

Guadalupe  Hidalgo,  Treaty  of: 

abrogation  of  i  Ii  ventfe.  article  of,  to- 

ferroil  In.  .771. 

i 'in    ii     to,  diacunacd,  '. 
Glaimi  ariaisg  out  of,  S036,  2771. 

■ 
fraudulent  claim*  arlalng  under,  2683. 
I'm--  In  unit  iuii    r.'j.';ir.|in  g,    .'177. 
Kntia.ationa  of,  exchanged  at  C^uer*- 

taro,  2437. 
Referred    to,   2545,    255 

2623,  2636,  2665,  8705,  2744, 
"7>; 
Guadeloupe: 

iraor.lmary   commUaion   of,   apply 
to  Congress  for  Bid,   MS, 
Tonnage  on  American  ve*»el»  at,  re- 
ferred to,   1123. 
Vea*elB  of,  Julie*  on,  suspended   ty 
proclamation,  5327. 
Guam. — The   laland   of   Guam,   tbc  larg,*t 
of  tht  Marlnna  arcblpelago,  «a»  ceded  by 

Spain    in    tin-    United    Suite*   by    Article    II 

•it  (in-  Treaty  of  iv«.  led  at  Pari* 

ID.   18DK.      It  I  lei  In  o  >li ii' 

San  i  i  mi i  outbern  part  of  tbc 

mill    I-    .',,044    mile*    from    San 

'i.j  mi. I   1.806  mil",  from   Manila.      It 
I*    ati.nit    80   mil.-*    Ionic    ami    100    mil.  •    I" 

liferent*,     nn.l     hn.*     u     p.,|nilnilon     of 
12,517.      1 1. .-  lobabltai  "«tly  linml- 

,   or  descendant-    ol    imninrninia  from 

in.     I'bllltii)  Inal    ri >t   'ii" 

living  nearly  extinct.     lal 

,  Hog    language    '  Hpanli.b 

hamorro  arc  alao    poki  n       Mm 
i.r   Hi.'   Mmii.I.'i  •   ran   read  and  write,     The 
laland  I*  thickly  wooded,  w.'ll  watered,  and 
fertile,   and   po«*cwc*  an  excellent    ha 
,  ,.    |,i..,iii.ii.'ir.  ii ■  .•  tropical  tmlta    i  »■  ••■-. 

lol and       ifiu    cane.      The 

laland  of  tinam  «i*  discovered  by  II.  inando 
tgnllanc*  on 
III.  I      captured  b«    the  V.  8.   8. 

Char  ilti    ii.  mm    <ila»»  command- 

21     1806,  Hi"  A rlean  Hair  rained 

ny.'r  Port  Santa  I'rui.  and  n  »nltite  Hint, 
ljiter  the  laland  wa*  mad.  n  naval  *tatlon. 
and    Comnini")   r  1C.    I>.   'I'n  the    IT. 

«.  nnlnpfon.    took    po«*e«-l 
l-'i'.i       in.,  i.,,...  mot   !  •  n   naval  ofBci  r.  nml 
the    utnnd    lin*  a    marine  garrUon    a*   aroll 
»-  a  ►tatlou  ship. 

During    the    year   ending    Jon.    80,    1011. 
. :  ,  ■!    ■,'....   p     folio* 
Prom   li.i-il    Biati       ti'HliaW:   linn 

la,    (17,400.10:    Philippine*.    I810.T1 ; 

Ralpan,     ta.iiri.Tfl: 

Oreat   Britain.    $1,088.80:   Oermany,    »11»7.- 

«$!    total    Import*.   *i  i"  ...■.;  n--       icxpnrt*. 
■i.ra  to  Japan,  »:.i,or,8.so. 

Guam,  xjand   Of,   cable   rnmmiiiiicatioa 

wltli,  r, .    nii:  1854. 

Beleaie  of  x*ncr*<ws  on,  8786. 


Ouaoi 

Claim    of   American    citkzra*    to,    on 

Alia  Vela  1*1.. 
Depot.it"  of,  oi.  "1679. 

Discovery    of,   in    .far-.  aker 

laland*,   r-  t    r  r-    I    to,    S  117, 

Importation  of,   from    Porn — 
Deaired,  261!' 

i  re  J   to,   8018,  3068. 
Guantanamo    (Cuba),  Battle  of.— a*  a 

preliminary    »lep    to  tl»  «...                   sajitl. 

■BO,  Jim.'   10,    IBM,  a  fore*  of  000  Avuil 

can   marine*,   under  Ih                 ma   d'»  ol 

the   n  •.;'.•..    If..  .i,    ranter, 

d  *t 

ioatb    coa*t   nf 

:is   mile*  can   of  8notiag.>.    win 

bad    be.  u   d.  eld.  .1    to  e»ta  ..     h    a   naval   *ta- 

lloo.  an.  taken  after 

luiinnlniint.  and    tt-e  position  ao 

won  waa  held  by  tbc  mailoca.  a**l*t> 

.:■.-,.  '.  apt* 

:i  Anierlci.: 

In*  Surg    .i  .1*1   were  killed  aod 

n  w.nindrd.  and  U  Cuban*  v.  »nd  * 

wound. <i   wbll*  holding  Guantanamo 

■ 

being     loft     "Ii     !  S.  .elt.-ru 

■  i  .  were   laki  n      Afl  naval 
demonstration*  ""  the 

nn.l   r.nto  III.-. .  It  lieeamc  ■-rldeut  tba: 

■  I  l»nd  operation-  we 

to    the    reduetlon   of    Ih.  ■  .:inxlj 

II    III II. I 

\V     ii     Sbafter.   aalled    fr.ia   Tampa. 
Jim.-    II.    aod    by    the    Vltb    had    lauded    at 
1  >*  lip:  i  ridlXX 

wan  n        Irr]  .     i     i  ,ar<U. 

l.lttle  realatanco  «a»  encouut.-;«l    from  the 

Bpuuaro*, 

Guantanamo    Bay,    Cuba,    lauding    of 

American     marlni  •     ani  iaent 

flglil  d,  6317. 

Guatemala. — Tba    ltcpubilc    l.    the    meae 
northerly  of  rba  Central   American   81 
ami  Ih  »!itia|e.l   belweea    18"  -ia--17'   4\f  S 
lat.   and  Ss      m  w,    ioag. 

.    Hi.,  wi  >t  arid  • 
..ii  ih.    north'  ant   by  llrltlth  Ho:   I 
by    the    Kepubllc  of    lloudur-a*.    and    ■ 
eaat   by   the   Rapublle   -l   salvailnr.   with  a 
■  "•:  I    lint  I  nt  by  t\>: 

•  ■r    llondura*    i.Mlantlo   and   on   ta«  weet 
and  a.intli   by    the    I'aelfle  rn 

i'/ip.leul    Ptatum  —  The     M.-rra     Madre 

from    we«t    to    eaat, 

and  form*  a  pre  Ipltoua  lm  i 

narr.iw  |.lnlii»  of  I  he  .1   the 

n»t  of  tli.    ruin.  maintain  barrier 

qnnk-»  an  fri  nni 

are     Paeana     tii.tnM'n  -i^.i.    t«i«- 

ii.  Atltldn. 
and  Paraya,  rill  .  v..|.t  the  Ural  num-l  b*ln» 
dormaut   or  active   vulranora.     Oo   tl 

rra   Madre   are  hlab- 
i.  :v>   en    tmrallel   rancea. 
There    are  nnineinu*    river*    In    K-mthern 
mala.     In     a.Iilltlnn     tn     t: 
flowing    from   the   Sierra    Madre  «o    t'.. 

or  Motaroa  ha*  a 
total  length  of  2S0  mile*  froe*  Iti  aouree 
.:i   tli 

■.r      II. .11, In 

A  northern  exten*lon  -.f  tbe  r,.,.-ir.|i, 
Hi.-  Blerra  tie  CI 

■ 
Klitn  r.r    ih-   great    Plain    of    ivteti.    »|!t,    a 
total  area  of  nearly  10,000  aqure  nllea. 


Htttoii. — iluatemnla    w»»     rnnnuered    by 
U»«    Spaniard*    ucdrr    INylro    do     Alvaradu 

early  In    Hi'  li  century,  nod  formed 

fin  of  to*  Sue    >  udiII 

S'JI,  '  aptalnry-i;  ni-naL  In  which 

Il  wa- 
Independence,      la  IS.  'I 

part  of  a  larger    repu  i     nil  il   A r 

Ira.  frocn  a  and     In' 

that  year  II   baa  been  an   Independent  re- 

KIMKMrafkw. — Guatemala  has  an  arc*  of 
47.424    i:u»-ll-ii   .-.jo  ih  an   »»U- 

jnnloj  population  of  J.00O.IKMI      .  if   ttic  peo- 
ple akor*  tban  balf  are  put' 
malnlj    of  Ibr  Maya  and  Quiche  ttock,   the 
r-inamdrr   being    lart  half- 

riiii'    Sponlah    Indiana.    «lth    a    proportion 
panlarda,  deaceudauta  •  f    iln-    ■  ",'onlata 
"f    Hie  alateralli 

foreign    e^asent.    ratlmated    at     I.'. 

■'if.na   and  other   Kuro- 

prana,   and   saauy   Jiul.li    Immigrant,   fmui 

the    United    Btafas,      The    langting?    of    the 

y  t*  Spanlrh.  nod  the  mojoiliy  of  the 

Inhabitant*  are  itoman  Call 

Uciermmfnl — The  government  li  that  of 

a    .  .uiialit.-d    republic,    with   a  constitution 

nnd    amend.. i    In 

:    ■   ".        n       ■       Id'  hi   '     . 

ay  direct  rote  of  th.  if  alx  years. 

1 0 1 1 . 

n»»l   Mtrada  fal.rern     horn    Nut. 

i  10U4 

dent   la  a««l«ted   by  a   cabinet 
arte*  of  State. 

..f   Stale 
■I    A**cmMy, 
..f   K 
eil  by   the  Assembly  and  pnrtly   nominated 

for  4  years 

by   iiiii<---.ni   hiioM    male   itiffn 

Tb-    '  ■l>re» 

lK'p»-  •  ii    under    >    •  • 

into   dl«trl.t»   and    munlcl- 

pallt:  ibI   councils  mo 

an   ilrald 

i    rote    nf   the    In  ti  ii.itnnf 

in    tin'    army    !«    unlv.r«nl    and 

nm  of   1*1 10,   with   a    further   term   of   SO 
year*   In    il;  The    P    WC    Effective 

'  amy  1.  ai 
30,000     Tb*  permanent  ri -r. .•  niimiiera  about 
"  In   reiMlar    service. 
I:  '.mrallon—  Primary  education  l»  free  and 

nominally  n '    Hi 

llllely 

Illiterate,    l.nrci-  planter!  are  compelled  to 

fi       il'  iiiiimIiiIIi'II 
i.r   their   employ/*    children   ( f   ro 

toe  f  ' 

XI    nnd    Imltul'v — Coffee,    la    the 
prts-:i|mi    en  manna,    tobacco, 

i,  Indigo,  rubber,  vnnllln,  irralu.  sweet 
potat'rrt  ami  beans  are  alio  gtovn.  The 
workers  on   the  |»    In- 

dlaas.   and   many  of   them   are  attach. 

S.  11    by    the    burden    of    undischarged 

of  wages  paid  In   advance       The  cofw  pro- 
dB'ed  lover  7o.i>i>ii.iHi«i  li,-    In  1 : ■  1  ■_•  ■  Ih  of  the 
finest    quality,   ami    Ibe    industry    l»   i 
m  the  KatiiN  of  German  .tilers     Tie 
r*t  produce  Include*  eednr.    mahnrnnv    ana 
"•d*.  rubber  nnd  iIt  -  ■ 
i    and    (liver    ara    found,    and    linv* 
t>e*n  worked  for  There  are 

n'    lead,    t;n.    ennpei 
•  alimony,   coat   Mlt   and  sulphur,   hut   Hie 
elleol    and   value    of    <  i-    an     no 

known.     Two  strong  mining  companies  have 
need   oiieratlona   In    the    liopnrtmciits 
of  llucbncienaugo  and  Cbiquimula. 


iV.iliH-uyi.--In  1011  there  wen 
of  railway   In  operation,   tfai     iue«  creatine 
Atlantic  i  I'ueito  llarrlosf 
to    1'aciOi'    (San    Joaei    via    Ibo  capital,  and 
'llutf  alunK    tbe    pacific   eoaai    between 
in  -Itwe  and  i  I  The 

-    for    1012    nmounliO    to    l.".,15d^38 
more    tin.  Ilia    l.i  Inn    ■ 

■  ••xii:  i    metnla,   and   i 

I  i  ill,, |   Siaim  nnd    ^3   per   cent    ft  out   Oer- 
mnny. 

Kaf. — Capital.  Muateroala    iiluatcmnlal 

Hon     i  mi.' i    about    oo.ooo 

townaare:  IJiie«altenniia;o.  '. ,  i.  m.  <i;>.mii    i  ,, 
bun   n 

■nine    I.    the    MM    of    100 
rentavoa    ol 
IO.07    trail 

:   in   value 
1  ••.    f'nlted    Btati 

/■"Oi<inie.—  II venui      and     ■  •. y,  ndltiire 

for    the    dve  yea 

»l»iii'.|    In    i  i  r.r     the    valu 

which  eee  "Currency"  at  «ud  of  anlclej  aa 
follow* : 
Vcar  Ttevrnue     EapendUure. 

I0OH-  * I7.3Jo.000      <«.tt)0.000 

I  i. -'13,000       70,.. 

;i,  ,;  i  ho 
leii-ii ra.047,0011     en, 1 1 

l»ia-l:  71,0H,r-Jl.       4».970.483 

The  revenue  I*  mainly  derUoi!   from  rtW- 
•  r   ibe   debt 
::tx    for    inor-    than    half    of    il: 
pi' ml  i 

'Hie  amount  ..f  oiii»linilln«:  Indebtcdneaa 
.  wni  mm  .-il  io  be: 

17,414,000 

UMliI 

13.000,000 
Arrean  ol  inlere-i  ...     «.f>Vi,O0O 

:  ir.ht 
(M.78WJ00  paper  pe«,)— about .     5,000/»0 
-   a   total   IndebtedneM   •■< 

rinded  wlili  Ho    fori  inn  |.oi    i  ,,  May, 

1913,    thi     lovers in    pnii]    I,,    ih.  i 

due   on    Ibe    loan    for    the 

I  year  July  I  e  S'l.  1914 

In*  rhc  inonili  ,.f  Jul,.    Tli'Mc  paynivnta  are 

made  annually 

Trode   villi   Ihr   VMtfA  SHIm.- The  titlue 

of    tuorvhiii  " lemala 

Hi.,  i  nii'-.i  ■  r  the  year   101.1 

»n.  *:i.i:.".,s  ."i«T.   nnd  e '•  to  th»  raliie  of 

S3. 100,001    were  l*Bl   ihlther     n    Imlxii 
BSI.OOO  In  favor  of  thi 

Otiatomala: 

Bounrlnrv  dlipvt«  with  M.  xi.i.,  4497, 

47ii-.,  4mi;:, 

ti  of.  aubmitti'il  to  Tnitfiil 
r,    "ii'OfJ,    6205. 
"matlc   relationn    with.    4aW& 
[itkVa    .riiiiiiiiiN.   convention    I 

eireii'ier  „i.  1067,  '!.•::.  B17», 

Mni'ier  of  Trniter1  Stntea  to,  action 
of,  njrarilini;  H'ljiurei  of  Oen. 
Rarrumlia  on  the  Attpulta  an.1 
»iil.«cqiiciit    recall    of.    daWOMed, 

.-..-.II. 
Pspeni        reganling,       trnnnniiftcil 

tns. 

Political  affsirn  of,  refcrrcl  to,  5870. 

Relations  with,  -I' 

Tariff  Inwa  of.  .•  modifloar 

lions    of,    I'r.'ilnillle.l.    571ft 

Discussed,  5747. 


Guatemala  Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Treaty  with,  transmitted  nnd  dis- 
cussed, 2372,  4007,  5128,  CUO, 
B10O, 

Extension   of  tim«  for  ratification 
of,  recommended,  2686. 
War  in   Central   America  caused  bjr, 

discussed,  Ifllt 
War   v.uii   Salvador,  6548. 
Guatemala,  Treaties  with. — \    (ratty  of 
peace,    friendship,    cotnmcice.    and    naviga- 
tion mi  signed  March  ::.  1840;  i  ro  claloai 

conv.  mi. i,    ami    a 

trademark  agreement  In  11)01.  A  conven- 
tion of  1001  provides  for  the  tenure  and 
disposition  of  personal  and  leal  p.operty. 
A    I"  it    ex- 

tended If  necessary.  Is  given  to  tboio  who 
•  re  by  the  laws  of  the  country  dlsonall 
fled  from  holding  Inherited  p.upert]  within 
country  n  dispose  of  lbs  property 
to  advastogc  nnd  to  close  up  their  affairs. 
I'nli  power  Is  Riven  for  I  ha  disposal  by 
ante,  testament,  gift  or  otherwise  by  ill  I 
tens  of  one  coun.rv  within  ibe  dominions 
of  the  other,  on  terms  Identical  with  those 
of  native  c.llnns.  The  consu'nr  office  is 
eui|Hiirvrrd  'o  act  either  dlrectlj  or  by  dele 
gallon  for  dli'nnt  hell"  ol  n  decc 
until    tiny    may    be    proper  y    r 

D   Treaties,  and  Trade- 
Mark    Conventional 

Guatemala  also  became  a  parly  lo  the 
CODTentloD  between  Ihe  ITnll  ■!  -  ntes  and 
the  several  repabllos  of  South  no.i  Central 
America  for  the  arbitration  of  pecuniary 
claim*  and  the  protection  ol  Inventli  as,  etc., 
which  was  signed  In  Dnenoi  Air.  ■  In  lfltO 
and  proclaimed  in  Washington.  July  I'D. 
1914.  (See  South  and  Central  .\mcrlca, 
Troslles  with.) 
Querrltre,  TJie,  capture  and  destruction 

of,  by  Uio  Coruififufiun,  502. 


Guiana,  British.  (See  British  Ouians.) 
Oaif  of  Mexico.  (Seo  Mexico,  Gulf  of.) 
Oulf  State— Alternative  nlcknaoio  for  Flor- 

Ida,      (Sao  Everglade  State.) 

Guilford  Court-Houso  (N.  0.),  Battle 
Of. — The  American  army,  when  arranged 
for  bailie  at  Guilford  Court-ltous*.  N.  C. 
March  15.  1781.  coatlatcd  of  4.401 
lacludlDf  I.4DO  regit  ar  Infantry  and  101 
cavalrymen,  im.hr  command  Ol  •■•».  ijmat. 
The  remainder  weie  raw  oilllila.  I 
v.allls's  army  was  not  more  than  2.SUO 
strong.  The  conflict  lasted  two  hours,  and 
IM  were  repulsed  after  having; 
tilled   or   srouaded   n.mi.    one-third  of  the 

It  army,      t  i:nl    Leslie  tree* 

ihe  onl7   British  general  o!'.<  I  .und- 

id.      The    exact    number    of    Brlilah    killed 
and  wounded  was  officially  reported  ai 
i  he  total  American  c»»unlilc»  were  reported 
hi   1,811.     Lord   I  relreated  after 

i ith-  to  ihc  coast    l'ltt  and  other  great 
In    Great    Ililinln    regarded  Uils  en- 
casement as  Ihc  precursor  of  ruin    to  Urlt- 
lah  supremacy  In  the  South. 

Gnn  Factory  for  Army,  establishment 
of,  at  Wutervliet  Arsenal,  N.  V.,  dis- 
cussed, 5374. 
Gun-Foundry  Board: 

Appointed  in    ISi'O,  report  of,  trans- 
it! it  led,  556G. 
cussed,  4"!)7,  181 
rred  to,  47' S,  4819. 
Gun  Manufactory,  erection  of,  recora- 
lad,  1608,  171-1. 

Gunboats.  (See  Vessels,  United  States.) 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Hague 


aoapen 

mm 

leas  w 


Habeas  Corpus.— In  law  a  writ  Usocd  by 

•  Judge  or  court  requiring  the  body  of  A 
persoa  restrained  of  liberty  to  bo  brought 
before    Uio    Jndf*  or    In!"     tin-    WOtt 

the  lawfulness  of  the  restraint  tnny  be  In- 
eeetlgnted  and  determined.  The  writ  of 
habeas  oorp-ss  la  one  of  tbe  chief  bulwnrki 
of  civil  Ulxrty.  bring  peruana  the  beat  ac- 
rarity  against  the  ciuuit  form  of  tyranny 

lit    foundation    la    In    tbe 

Magna  Chart*  of  England.  The  power  to 
auapend  It  I*  naturally  a  subject  uf  the 
iMjrtnaee.  The  Constltnii" 
Called  Ktnten,  Article  I.,  section  0, 
vldos :  "T&e  privilege  of  the  writ  of 
beaa  corpus  shall  not  be  «" 
if  when,  la  eases  of  rebellion  or  Invasion, 
the  public  aafety  taay  require  It."  The 
writ  tin*  beta  suspended  many  time*  la 
England.  It  wna  suspended  In  Itbodc  It 
sand   by   slats  autbm 

alllon.      July    6.    1811.  *«l 

ites    gave    an    opinion    In     favor    of    the 
President's     power     la  tb»     writ. 

March  3,  IStla.  Congrcm  apppxed  Ibis  opin- 
►so.     aad     thereafter     many     arrets 
auds  for  dlatoynl  pracll  •  ■      Si  p 
la*   suspension  of  tbe  nrtt    was  made  gen- 
sral  so  far  as  it  couci-rncd  persons  at: 
hy  military  oHcers  for  dMojultj      h 
la  the  case  of  Mllllgnn.  arretted  In  Indlann 
la  1S04.  and  acol  tenth  by  n  mili- 

tary  trthiiial,    t: 

Seen    appealed    to.    decided    tbot    the   prlvl- 
inn  of  DM  H  rll   could   ii-jI 
districts  when  tbe  action  of  lb   eft  II  courts 
waa   not    Interrapted.   except    that    military 
eorpmlaa loners  might  be   given  Jurl»i 

bclllous  stales,  prison- 
ers of  war.  and  persons  In  the  military  and 
naval  services  MHIIfan,  being  a  civilian, 
wna  exempt  from  the  Inns  of  wur.  and 
'  ooly  be  tried  by  a  Jnry.  (o>o  also 
Mrrryinaa  coso:    Mllllgnn   Cane.) 

Habeas  Corpus: 

Authority    given    by    President    Lin- 
coln   to   suspend   writ   of,   3217, 
8,     8218,     3220,    3240,     3300, 
3313.  3322. 
Referred  to,  3225. 
Suspension    of    writ,    by    President 
Lincoln,  3299,  3371.  3420. 
Revolted    as    to   certain    States  by 
Prosldeut  Johnson,  3C.29,  3531. 
Suspension  of  writ,  in  8ooth  Carolina 
by   Presidont  Grant,  4090,   4093. 
Revoked    as    to    Marion    County, 
4092. 
Hague  Peace  Conference.— May  is.  UN, 

•  her*  assembled  at  Tbe  Hague  an  tntcrnn- 
iloc.il  conference  of  delegates  fi-m  the  prin- 
cipal countries  of  Ik*  eWlllxed  world. 

cntatlvci  met  in    response  to  an  In- 
vitation of  the  Cmr  of  Russia,  and  that* 
■objects  were  to  secure  concerted  action  for 
the    maintenance    of   a   general 
tween  nations  and   the  amelioration  of  tbo 
hardships  of  war.  as  well  as  the  rtdi 
of    the   aival    and    mint . r i    armaments   of 
the    world       One    hundred   delegates    were 
present     reprcicntlng     lb*     I'nltetl     Rtatea, 
Mexico,    Chin*.    Japan.     Persia.    Slara    a-d 
twenty-one  Enropean  powers.     No  delegate* 
from    Booth   or   Central  America  at'. 
Tbe  aeasloos   were  presided  oeer   by    I 
de    Stnnl,    of    lloula,    and    continued    from 
Sdny  IS  in  July  8P, 

To  facilitate  the  work  of  tbe  conference 
threo  grand  commltteca  w«r*  former 


lour  respectively  with  the  three  aabjeeta  of 

dlxfuM-lcin,  via.:  Aruimneuia  and  engine* 
of  sles'rui-iliiu  ;  humane  regulations  la  war- 
fare; and  mediation  and  arbitration.  Each 
St     the    powers    waa 

comrolllce  and  each  bod  one  vote  on  every 
proposal  submitted  to  the  conference.     The 

iklon*  uf  Hi*  eonferi-n 
led  la  a  nnal  set  slgue.i  July  20  by  all  tbe 
stales  represented.  This  net  consists  of 
three  runienlions,  tin..'  declani lions,  and 
six  r  ill  convention*  relnte  to 
the  pacific  adjustment  of  International  dle- 
pQt»e  aud  with  ths  laws  and  images  of  w:ir 
ci  lull.'.  :  nd  proi Idc  for  i be  adaptation 
of  the  rnlca  of  maritime  warfare  to  the 
principles  of  the  (iciiern  Convention  of 
18*4  (q.  v.)  The  three  declarations  pro- 
hibit i r  icrojecllleaor  explosives  from 

•  a  period  of  live  year*  lad 

iiouuly*  :    the    employment    of  projec- 
tiles   which    diffuse   asphyxiating  or   other 

by   England 

Dlted   states);  son   the  up*  of 

bullets  which  expand  or  flatten  easily  In 
the  human  body.     In  Hie  six  resolutions  the 

•  •«se»  the  opinion  that  the 
military  b aniens  which  now  welch  so  heav- 
ily an  the  world  Bay  be  II  ihlrued,  iii  tli- 
lnter  md  niaf.'rliil  well  be- 
ing of  humanity    (unanimously  agreed  tot  ; 

i  of  ucutrala,  (be  lurloLa- 
Mini  uf  private  p- «pcrly  In  uurlitine  wnr- 
fnrc.  and  the  question  of  the  bombardment 
of  (owns  should  be  referred  to  a  future 
conference,  and  that  the  qeeatlous  of  th» 
and  calibers  of  marine  artillery  and 
I  arm*  and  the  itg*  0*  navel  suit  mili- 
tary budgets  sbec  lied  wllh  a  slew 
to  establishing  uniformity  In  the  former 
and   a   reduction  of  the  lal 

The  nrst  convention,  wbl<b  relates  to 
tbe  parlflc  adjustment  of  lutei  national  dla- 

Eulea.  proved  the  DOM  I v 1 1 1 •  •-■  r  nnt  work  of 
ic  conference.  According  to  this  conven- 
tion (he  algnatoi  ag.ve  to  - 
to  mediation  la  cases  of  aei  Ion*  iniTnn- 
tlounl  dliputes.  nnd  agree  that  mediatory 
advances  br  a  third  party  shall  not  be 
considered  by  Ihe  dl»iiutnnl«  as  an  on- 
friendly  act  :  where  neither  honor  nor  es- 
aenlUl    In:                         rned    a   corneals- 

of  Ininlry  is  presided  for. 

/sfrrnatlonal  Courl  of  .trtltration. — Witi 
a  view  to  the  settlement  of  ditputea  be- 
tween  cooaUlea  by  arbitration  a  rermun-  at 
Court  of  Arbitration  waa  <reate<l.  This 
nol  Is  eomposeil  of  peraou*  eminent  In 
ntlonal  law  chosen  by  the  parties  to  a 
dispute  from  a  permanent  list  of  arbitrators 
nominated  by  t!u>  signatory  powers.  Enc"i 
poaer  u  allowed  to  nominate  four  member* 
for  a  term  of  six  years. 

The  following  powers  are  members  of  the 
coutt:  Argentine  Republic.  Auntrln-IIuu- 
gsrr,  Belgium,  Bolivia.  Hrazll,  Ituignrln. 
Chill,    China.    Colombia,    Cuba,    Denmark, 

III  nuMIe,    I : i ■ : I : i •  n ■  I  .    I  . 

ninii  lituplre,  Urent  Britain,  Greece,  ijuaie- 
mnla,  Hnltl.  Itnly,  Japan.  Luxemburg.  Mex- 
ico. Jl  Netherlands,  Nicaragua, 
rsln,  l"erti,  Portugal. 
Itcmonla.    Kussln.    Salvador,    Servla,    81am, 

Sweden,  Bsrinerland,  Turkey,  Cnited 

i,    I'rugn.-iv  and   Venesneln. 
I  of  ArlAlraUon.— Oct.  SI.   I0IM.   tho 
I  *  second  Peace  Con- 
ference for  tl"c  purpofc  of  granting  Jurisdic- 
tion to  Tl'»  Hague  Tribunal  ibrough  t 
of  arbitration,  sod  for  other  purposes.    ThI* 
second  conference  convened   In  tho    Hall   of 
lit*,    The    Hague.     June    IS.    100T.      ll 
wna  pre.Ul.-cl  nier  try   M.   Nelldoff,  and  th» 
alttlnes   con'lnned    from    June    IS    to   Oct 
IS,    laOT.      The    permanent   Court  of   Arid- 

perfected   lit   mnltlng  It   r 
slat  of  Dfteen  Judges,  eight  of  whom  should 


Bafoe 


d  I'apcrs  of  the  /' residents 


il    by    tan-   als    great    Km  : 

■ 

In   In1      i 

Flo  -ii   iii  ■  In*  i  g 

hi    inarlt!  nice    uf    the 

■r  tod  the 

In    .'In;...-    In  I  iv.  in    Mini    ovrat     ni.l     II 

rliiuln  II      ..     -     ini. ill'      .!•■• 

ihni    iio   military   action    waa   10   be 
lakru  umll  n  foi  it  Inn  of  wur  will 

■ 
navnl    w.irfure    It   waa   decided    i 
bombardlniOl      frniii      tin-      «.•»      ilun      outlc* 

would  be  given  neutxali  : . 1 1 . 1  in.ti  i-iiuilmt- 
■ut*. 

Th..  power*    ngrccd   "t»  tukc   DO   military 

nr   naval    actl npi  i    tin 

uf    dehta    until    mi    ..rr.T    uf    iirl.lti 

lijr    the  cri'il'.lur    .mil    reititteo     »t 

I.  fi    in.  M ..-..[.  .,i    tiy    tat    debtor,    of    until 

■  itlun   him   taken   pine I   Hi.    a.i.i,  ii 

II  fill  Ml     l.l     III.'     ll, 

siren." 

na  arrived  rent 

question  of  the  dlaarinntncnt  of  untlooi. 

The     actua      bit pllahiucnia     .if     The 

Hill! D  ire   as    follow*-    II    cab 

lied     lui.    Inviolability     .,f     Dltttral 
ill,,,  •,    :,,,,!    lln-    rlgbl    ,.f   ftl '  linn    In    i  Ii. 

rttory     toi    prisoners    of    war;    prohibited 
rents  from  ■■Hiitl>lli>blnc  Blrdc*- 

El    i-li    Itnllnn*    In    in  -in:  ,1    I .  i :  1 1 . .  i ..   .    f..l 
riilarrriMit   -iiiji«  of  wnr  la  tat i    fuel 

I      In       UCIIt  ill:  iil.-.l 

ties   nhall   in it    hcfln    "(tin. ut    ii 

■  -  i .- » «  :  ■  I  1 . .  I .     .   |     ..  ||  ■     i.iil.. I...' 

neutral  powcra  be  notllb.il  of  a  Hate  of 
»ur  .    r.  il.  -il    il..  .ii    hml 

lapsed   in    t'.'iu,    vis,      iit.iiiiiiiiiiui    to   drop 
projectile*  from  bnlloonn.   to  dltfute  deadly 
stikvi.    or    lo    iim>    btillcta    of    an    unuainilly 
in.  I  |. in. I  ;  required  '.nilr-iorililintion  by  any 
i.  ut   who  violate*  any  of  il 

<l    of   grace 

■  llow.in  ••  la  belligerent  i  .ii  In 
the  encoiy'a  lnirbom  at  the  beginning  of 
uoatllltlca :  |in.iiii,n.,ii  ti >«  .,f  aubmarlae 

■  ocborrd  ti .rpedoca  f..r  the  pOTDOM  nf  re- 
•irl.-tiiia;    commercial    nnvlgntton:    nnd    the 

n»i.  of  Boa!  i"   bmu la 

ao  an  in  I. in.'   Inn. uii   •   -.-.- 1 1 1 ■  1 1 1   mi   Boor 

after   having    pn»cd    beyond    biimnn   con- 

ii.  -in J     iiIaii     til.-     OKI'     "f     biii-Iiii 

lecome  hnrmlrm   after  thi*y 

hive  broken  their  i rlnca:  prohibited  the 

i iiiiii'iiiio  nt   of  mi. i.'f.-n.i.  .|  places;  IiibIhi- 

nvlolablllty  of  Dabrai  i 

o*  the  poatnl  Berries;   ratified   the  bumanl 

grlou  t nn  in  ml  '!!■  on  "f  Hi.'  Qemivi  It.  .1 
-ox*  CoBTenllon  -  itabllataed  the 
Itifi'iinilomil  prize  court:  agreed  to  the 
American    inlnptntlou    of     lln      In  I.',    1 

trine,   namely,  that  one   nation   «h.iii    do) 

lit    to   collect    b]  I  .lined 

Htlxena  from  tin    government  of  nn- 
nation  unleaa  the  nm  •tlmi   ol  Indl  lit- 
ii  be  Orat   aubmlttcd    to  arbitration. 
Rtirrvation      6|/      VMtei      Moles. — ltoth 
i    .-..niootloni  w.  i  ,   Hi"  i'l'  ill- 

Ulrica     "f  d     Htntes 

itlon    of    ti".    following    declaration 
"Not:. i  ied  in  tbla  convention 

be   bo    conirnji-il    ai    to    requlr.-    the 

..f    s . . i . - 1 1 . -;■   to  'I.  pari   fi  .nn   It.-  triwll 
ttonal  nolle;  of  nm  Intruding  upon,  Inb 
log  with,  "i  line  luelf  in  th"  i" 

Sai  -t]i.n  ,   of   i  ■  ■  •  1 1  -  -  -.-  ..r   inti-rnal   admin!  ■'■-  .i 
on   of   any   foreign   itnte :   rmr   vtmli  hit- 

thins   .  intal I   In   the  laid   ronvonOon   be 

ii.n-tnied  to  Imply  a  relinquishment  h*  th- 
I'nlt'd  States  of  America  of  Ita  traditional 
attltiuli.  toward  i  tlona." 

In  ratifying  anil  Blgolfylna  American  ad- 
■■•■ond  Hague  convention,  the 
siennt.  luded    Artie!*    XXIII 

thereof  concerning  the  rights  and  ilntl...  of 


In   nnval   war,   whl 

■ 
r   may   all, 

or  uot  i«  In 

imk  the  .Jeclalon  of  a  (Mrhw 
It  tuny  have  the  prlxe  taken   to  aa 
other  of  It*  porta.      If  the  prlxe  to  convoyed 
by   n    war    snip,    the    p  nay  go  oa 

Umrd   th*   convoying   nbln.      If  the  prlxe  at 

■nvoy.  tbe  prizv  crew  are  Ii 
mieny." 

It  wnx  further  raaolved  bj  th    Senate  that 

Hi,  I    nil,  ,1 

tluti    with   the    uudi-rkUndlnic    t!.»t    tl. 

iiil.l..   Ill   hsMlea  tbe  daty  Ma 
neutral  power  to  make  the  demand  tb 

'.ned  for  V,  a  «hlji  eapi 

within     tb.     ii.-utr.ii  and    ao 

longer    within    that    Ju 
111       u  inn  ii  »hlp  111!  - 
territorial    waters  of  a   neutral    power, 
power    mud    employ.    If   tb.-    prtie    la   .tin 
within  It,   |,i 

poaal  to  releoae  Uie  pnae  with  lt»  offlrera 
and  CT*W,  nod  to  Intei  ...      If 

i.-e  [a    not  In   Uu   Ju 
n  'Mi  i     i r.    On     i  ,t.    on 

run  ml  of  that  iwwer.  m 
prlxe  with  lt>  omcer*  . 

HagTi*  Conference,  first  pence  em 
once,  666-1. 
V.1-.  ii'  la,  7118. 

OoHi'iiuii   i.v  goronraeati  of 

dni»  their  eitixeng,  from  other  conn 
trlp»,  by  force  of  Arnn,  rrfi 

InatrnmenUl    in    maintaining    peace. 

between  nations,  7 
Proposal  for  .uii'. eiiing  a  second  con- 

Haeue,    The,    International    Statistical 

1  oagreM  at,  referred  to,  -l 
Hague   Tribunal,    Arbitration   of    Ven- 
exuelan  ease*  BML 

■  ii  :iu  disputes  referred  to,  6718. 
Hall  Columbia.— A   popular  oatlODal  vmt 
written    hv    Judge    Jmepb    llooklnaon,    of 
i.      ii.      lTlis.     when     war     with 
I'l.uii'i      .     in .'.1  i th tn tn    -it.     '1  b      alt    t'.   which 

Hopklnaon  a   »-orda  are   Kiinr.   and   In. 
deed  for  which  they  were  expressly  a: 
wna  first  known  aa  "Ooneral   Waahloi 
March"     and    lnttvr    »«    -The     i 

it     was    comnoaed    by    l*iof«»wr 
Keylea,   lender  of  the  orcb.-vtrn  of  th 
Street    Theater,    New    York.    In    178».   anal 
played  when  u  .uhlngt. 

to  be  Inniigmralecl  rrealdent  Tbe  »-.ng  waa 
rr*t  suns  by  an  actor  named  fox  In  a 
I'll  Mad  leater,  and   laiaanllatelr   be- 

- 
Haiti.— Haiti    (or    Bai  ft,    or    Hla 

panlola  i  la  tbe  aecond  largeat  of  I 
Antilles.  In  the  "Weal  .  and 

Ilea   between    IT  10'  N.    Ut  I 

68*    8C7*'    28'    V.    I,,ii2.       T- 
the  lni.mii  form  I  '.c  (ej. 

v.).   tb..   wotei-n    tblnl    between 
X.  lat.  and  70"   W-U  i.na;,  being 

the  Itepubll 

lllttoni.— The  Inland  wai  vlalt.al  In  fV,- 
fl,  1«!C.  by  rbrlntopher  Colambua.  who 
named  It  1  ■nngoola.  (be  na  t—lug 

Haiti    frj ntalnoual    .,-    Qul-ii-ilea     tvaati 

The     Spaniard)     explnn-d     ibe     lalam)     and 
Blmoat    ettermlnared    th*    '.''XX.' 
Indiana,   whom    they    replaced    with    African 
if*.     Uy  tbe  Trtatty  of  Kyswlek  <  16871 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Halifax 


tha  western  portion  of  the  Island  was  ced- 

>'r*ace,  and  In  180S  the  territory  wu 

abandoned  bj    the   Kretich.  ass]  a   republic 

was   piuclaluicd   under  the  aboriginal  MOM 

taltL 

Inirlug  lu  existence  the  so-called  republic 

baa  Ma   cwcni<  ■,    tt'   mi. 

num  bars  died  at  the  bands  of  then 
eosuiles  before  111..  -  i|ili»:iuu  of  the  Kriui 
(or  which  i  "Wcu4     Aug.  H,  JIM'.-. 

t'miditu  ilaclnaaiu*  Lecente  was  killed  by 
an  explosion   which  destroyed   ibc   national 
iikmI   at    Port    an    1'rtnce.    and    Tan 
Auguste  succeeded  bin.      II.-   «u  succeeded 
May    «.    1913,    bjr    M  •  I"    July. 

ITcsldrnt  tiullauae  aai  murdered  by 
a    mob.    and.    amid    the   disorder    following 
urines  were  landed  by   Ad- 
miral Caserlon,   Julj  American 
protection    Ijea.    Karllgueiiavo    *«■    e 

•at  Aug  14.  and  tbe  foiled  8tat*a 
■tamed  a  protectorate  over  Uic  republic. 

Haiti: 

Claims    of     United    BttlM    against, 
1«7,     8067,     2760,     4W5.     471$ 
4918,  61  SO,  53$9,  6009,  8100. 
Award  referred  to.  5123. 
Settlement  of,  8332. 
Correspondence      witb,      transmitted, 

5907, 
Diplomatic    intercourse    with,    provi- 
sion  for,  recommended,  4718. 
t   Dispute  with  Colombia  aettled  by  ar- 
I  ration,  7057. 
Untie*  imposed  upon  American  prod- 
.    retaliatory  measure*  pro- 
rlaimed,  5703. 
Fnv  inala,  convention  with. 

of,  3459. 
Imprisonment    of    American    eltixorai 
..829,    4685.   4918,    5020,    5123, 
5309,  5S69,  6099. 
Ivaea  of,   recognition    of,  br 
il  States   recommended.  3249. 
Instruction*  to  naval  officer*  in  com- 
mand   on    coast    of,    referred    to, 
cms. 
Insurrection*      in.     discussed,      4824, 
4918,  6388,  5471. 
Mission   to,  elevation  of,  recommend- 
ed. JM«8. 
Naval    force  nt,  referred    to.  383 
■  ignition  of.  by  United  States  w 
•rod  to,  5471. 

!,.    discussed.    3886. 
i al   condition    of,   •'■  -MS. 

transmitted    and    di«- 
enaied.  3329,  3459. 
Vciaselp    of  United    States    seized    or 
-fered    with    by,    26S0,    5368, 
5380. 

■ela    refused    clearance    by,    dia- 
cussed.   ' 
Haiti.   Tr«atio«   with.— A    trenty    of    nro- 
■  •ramorr-,    nnilgatlun.   snd   extradition 
waa   concluded    Nov.  3.    1W14.   and   provide* 
favored     natlcin     treatment.     Im- 
munity of  the  rltlseni  luatry 
.  or   tbo   other   In    tl> 
i  tii>.  two  rotmtrtta  and  of  their 
f  r    ,i     perlr.il    ..f    »lt     month  •    nft»r 
i  nr.    together    ■  lib    esemp 
taoa  If                        ...'  cu. .r    ..    debta  or  Bbarc*. 


The  cltltcn*  of  the  one  country  aball  bo  #x- 
rroro  lullltoty  srrvlc*  ami  fut.-«d  Liana 
or  exactions  and  shall  not  pay  auy  blglur 
contrlbutluus  than  th. 

di    of    th"  luniry.      r 

freedom  In  the  conduct  of  trade  is  a<- 
to  ill  in    a-uat  .  y   may   le- 

gally elect.    The  books,  paper*,  or  accounts 
ut  clili.na  of  cither  counuy  residing  . 
U>e   jurisdiction    of   the    other,    may    be    ei- 
acnlned  only  u|hii>  the  order  of  a  coui;. 
Judicial   authority       Liberty    of 
and  pi    I  f  the  dead  la  feci 

erty  may  be  dl»pu»ed  of  by  Kale,   testatum!, 
or  gift.    ■Ith  fall   liberty   and    orltb.ni 

bsuraaament 

Importation     ami  .     of     .;  .  .  |. 

may  I ulm  i.  .'.   ,. 

gardlcm    of    the   nationality    or    the    ti'wli 
so  encased.     Th- 

.    H'l.'l    In    till*    agreement  I'.lon 

of    duties    mi     prvducls    of    Loth    eon 

"    ''"   msm  fur  each  a*  far  the  good* 

of   other    countrl.    .    and    e...    tir.ililhlilon   of 
tbe  Impi.ti  nf  the  nrniluci  conn- 

try  Into  the  other  shall  bo.  made 
Is  made  for  oii.-n>icm  .if  liumani-  trval 
t.»   tlr  ...  il    ..ii    tin 

countries.     Vessels  of  either  natloualltv  nt 
r  a   bl.iekaded  port   ox    Uu 
other    'lull    ti"t    bo    caiit'i  first 

attempt,   but   on, 

pealed  or  |iersl«led   I"  mclple   that 

free    ships    make    frra    c-ods    Is    rerognlxM 
by   both    parties,   and    that    the  prop. 
neutrals  on   »n   enemy's   vessel    Is  not   sub- 
to     conOaeaMon      unless      eontrahand. 
Arms,  munitions  uf  »ar.  and  mllltai; 
in.  in   ..f  ail   kinds  form   *  ."ntrs- 

band   of  war.      Provision    I*    mnd     to    fn  III 
tat*  the  examination  of  ships'   paper*  and 

■  nrrh  during  war  a»  well  a>  Ih 
poHltli.ti  "f  rapltin  'I  n  >  In  and  good- 
customary    .  tra    e»- 

labllshmeni 

ally  described  In  consular  convention*.     Tlie 
..f   extradition   reeltetl    In    the    treaty 
to  be  found  under  t  ^  i  adll  i 
Tbe  terra  of  the  treaty   »ti  orlrlnatly  for 
elj:ht    years,    wleh    renewal,    sotu. 
)e«r'j     n.itleo     ..f     Int.mlt.n     to     terml 
(1(0    NnliirnllM< 
Haiti  also  been  me  a  party  to  th*  eonven- 
'    .  and  i  in-  »-v- 
.  of  Smith  and  t'entral  America 
for  the  arbitration  of  pecuniary  claims  and 
Hon     nf     In  hleh 

arasa    ■licn.d    In    Ituenos    Aires   In    1K10  and 
proclaimed    In    Washlncton.   July    29,     1014 
(See   South   and    leiilral    America,   Trestles 
with  I 
*  'Half  -Breeds,  "--fn   poUtlotJ   parlance,  a 

nimi'    ii-.. 1    In    derision 

tlxans  who  fator  d  Uw  withdrawal 
from  Font1  ;u  support  of  the  ac- 

tion of  I'retldent  Hsyi-.  ;  ami  who  also  urged 
Civil    Bcrvlce  reform   In   the  matter  of  ap- 

ments.      Th*  partltana   ••pposlni.- 
rl'n  rami.  In  be  mown  .11  "Ktslwarts*'   (q. 
r.).     (See  also  ttvi; 

Half  ■  Holiday      for      government      em- 
ployees    in     anmrner     KCOnmeBded, 

ink 

Halifax  CommlnioiL— a 

slating    of     repr»»»iitntlves    of     the     V 
Stat-a    and    Great    Britain    wnjcfe    ■ 
I8TT    at    the  city  of    [lallfai,    S 
to   decide  what  amount    k|.  j  by 

the  foi  mei  -  th«  Dabltuj  pr  . 

S ranted  Ita  rltlums  by  the  treit»  ••' 
llrltaln     '•"!    the    I'Qlteil    :■ 

mimed  "ii.-  ..r   ihe  rommlasloners  and   ihs 
araii    named    by    An*.trla.     Thi    I 
Insisted  that  tho  conclusions  granted 


Halifax 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the 


to  the  cltlaen*  of  th«  Culled  States  «>y  Hint 
»*re   much  muie  valuable  ihoa 
those  obtained  bj  tuamaclTei  In  the  rci 
enl  privilege*  g.vou   them  by  II.     The  com- 

Hint      111. 
Government  nlmuld  pny  Hip  sum  ■ 
000,  and  4'ougrc**  appropriated  ilm  omou    t 
with    lbi>   |iriivi*u   that    tb*    article*    I 
treaty    misting    to    n  i-ht    to   be 

terminated  at  tbc  earliest  p.-ricil  consistent 

wit!    alhei    provl  iloni  o(   i i trcoi  v. 

led  on  July  1, 
1685.  and  three  year*  later  a  new  treaty 
wis    negutotcd    but    w»s    rejected    by    tlie 

Snlteil    .-■:.  .>n    Aug.    21, 

|j than   IDC  no«itlOB   has  been  la  abcy- 

■dcc  under   »  modus    liictiii'. 

Halifax.  Nova  Scotia: 

American  prisoners  of  war  in,  507. 
Fishery    Commission    held    nt.   under 
treaty    of    Washington    referred 
to,  4419.  4435,  4437.  4438. 
Award   of   commission   and   appro- 
priation     for,      disrusr.oj,      4448. 

(See  alto  Geneva  T 
Hall  of  Fame.- M:i"ii  •".  woo,  i&«  cotm- 

ell    Of    N'-v.  !    I   s'.ft 

of  $100,000,  afterward  lncreaied  to 
000.  from  a  donor,  whan-  nnuio  wan  v,  :li 
held,  for  tbe  erection  o;i  ru.vrr»:ty  Ilolghts. 
New  York  City,  of  a  bulld.es  to  be  i 

"iii-  Hull  of  Pane  for  Great  Americana.'' 

A    atrui'im.  Ill     in    Hi--    ("iiii    uf    a 

■eml-clrel*.    170   fi   l     connecting   tli« 

rersity   Hull   of   n »c.pby   with   the.   Hall 

of   Language*.     On   tbe  ground    Bee  t   I*    a 
miiaeum  200  feet  long  by  40  feet  wide,  ron- 
*  atlug  of  a  corridor  and  six  balls  t.. 
tain    memento*  of   tbe  name*   that   are    In- 

Berthed  above.    To*  colonaadi  over  this  i« 

400  fret  lung  with  provision  tor  10O  panel*, 
each  about  II  not  by  0  feet  cn.-h  to  bear 
tbe  namo  of  n   fannm*   American. 

Only  person*  who  ahnll  hove  been  dead 
tin  nr  more  year*  are  eligible  to  be  chosen. 
Fifteen  class-*  of  cltlxens  were  rvrom- 
mended  for  con*ld..r.iiu.ii  to  *rlt:  Author* 
and    editor*.    buslne*- 

ven tor*,  missionaries  and  explorer*,  philan- 
tbron    ti    and     n  foi  n  u  her*    ard 

.ii  .1  ii r .  h  I- 
teeiM  htW7eTI  nd  judge*  tnu*lctara 
pnlnter*  and  sculptors,  physicians  nnd 
■nreeona,  mlera  and  statesmen,  aold  ra  and 
aillora,  tllnllngiilshcd    man   »"•! 

M   nhnvc  classes.      I'lfty  names  were 
to   be    Inscribed  on   tbe    tablet*   at    Hie   lir- 


I Inning,    und   il-  nal    name*   every 

fth  year   i  until  tbe  rear  2,011  I, 

when    tbe     130    Inscriptions    will    be    com- 


pleted.    In   ca«c   of  failure   tu   All   all    the 

S.    niiiiii.il.    Hi.-    Mi-.inclea   are    to   bo 
llta    l»    s    fnliiiwlng  year. 
ICvery  romlnnllon  accorded  by  n  member 
of  the  university  senate  la  (Ubm'tted  la  an 
1. 1    nne    liundi    rl 
■il    hy    Ibe     Unlversl: 
number  of  name*  submitted  to  tti  ?  elector- 
al.- for  Ural  ballot  *rai  -"•-.    <>f  these  cncii 
Judge  returned  a  vote  fir  fifty.     The  rule 
required    that    no    card  date    receiving    bss 
than  flfty-ono  vote*  could  be.  accepted. 
return*  (bowed  that  but  twenty-uliie  c 
date*  received  tbc  required  i 

m.  Thcs->  were  as  follows:  George 
Washington,  Abraham  Lincoln.  Dnulel  Web- 
■ter.  llcnjamln  Krnnkllii.  IMvw-s  8.  0 
Jehu  Marshall,  Thomas  Jeflctson.  Ilalpb 
.  F.meraon.  Henry  W.  Longfellow.  Kon> 
.  Jonathan 
Edward*.  Samuel  t  11.  Moi  I  Darld  I 
Farragut.     Hi-nry    Clsv.     Nsthai 

ndy,    Rnbei  I    E.    Leo. 
Peter  Cooper,  Ell  Whitney.  John  3.   Audu- 


bon. Horace  Mann,  Henry  Ward  Hee-cher. 
James  Kent,  Joseph  Story.  John  Adams. 
v.ni.aui  !■:.  Chanu.ug.  Gilbert  Btuart,  Aaa 
1. 1. 1. 

lu  October.  J  no.' .  aadn  the  rule*  named 

above,  tbe  senate  received  the  ballots  of  t»J 

I  of  101  appolnteu.  of  wlum  ouiy 

the     names    of 

i  omen      A  majority  of  M   was  demanded, 

but  In   the  case  of  the   name*  of   women, 

a  majority  of  only  47.     The   following  per- 

'•"    duly    chosen  :  Joan 

.    Adr.mi.   BO:   James    t!iisj?ll    Lowell, 

:  man,  68  :  James 

Alexander  Hamilton.  US;  Louis  Agsss  r.  83; 
John    Paul    Jones,    .".  I      Mary    Lyon 
Emma  Wiilatd.  BO:  Maria  Mitchell.  48 

ball  w»»  dedicated  May  SO.  1901. 
when  twenty-ove  or  more  national  aaaoda- 
tlons  each  unveiled  one  of  the  bronia  raa- 
Irts  In  the  colonnade,  and  oa  May  SO,  1907. 
the  eh  is  were   on-  • 

■ton*  belna  given  by  the  governors  of  New 
Voik  and  Mnasaohusctts. 

-   the  deed  of  sift  was  amended  U 

admit    Demorlala    o>    fsmnua    foretga    bora 

lean*,    tin-    roll    of   erectors   lias   been 

amended  In  like  manner.      Mr.  Andrew  Tar 

n    nailre   • 
Hi.,  place  "f  ex-President  Orover  Clcev&nd, 
deceased. 

In   October,   ifHO.   tbe   next   ballot   was 
tbo  uumbcr  cast   bclne  07   anxl 


Hired  for  ojt  51.    Tbe 

following  person  -.-qulslte  nuoVr 

!i.-r  Stowe,  7  I  :  Oliver 


Wendell  Holmes,  fill  •   Edgar  Al'.i 
r  Wlllhimr.   1. 1       i 

iirooks  00:  William  . 
Ilrynnt.    69:    France*    B.    Wlllard.    M 
draw    JaeVaon.    r.S :    Oenrge    Bsncm* 
J-lin   I»lhrop  Motley,  61.    There  we; 
nominees 

Hamburg  ( sec  nlno  Oermnn  v )  i 

International  Agricultural  Exhibition 
to   lio   bcld    in,   referred    to,    3348, 

nea 

Intcrnntionnl    CatUo    Exhibition    at, 

4714, 
International   Folar  CoDgres*  at. 

ferreil  to.  4.'i35. 
Mlnihtor     of,     received     la      United 

8tatea.  P40. 
Treaty  with,  S88,  901,  26S«. 
Vessels  of — 

ApplioatSoa    for   rights    regarding, 
621. 

Discriminating  duties  on,  »uspond- 

..i.  m. 

Hambnrg,  8.  0.,  alaughtcr  of  American 
eitii-cna   in,  referred   to,   4329. 

Hampton  Normal  Agricultural  Inctl- 
tute.       Indians   to   be   educated   at, 

Hampton  Roads  (Va.),  Battle  of.— o»* 
of  i lu>  most  celebrated  ma.-l.lme  confil.-tt 
known  to  history.  Aside  from  tbc  dramclc 
Interest  that  surrounds  tbo  battle  of  Hamp- 
ton Road*.  It  Is  Important  from  the  fsrt 
I  hat  It  marks  tbe  transition  from  Ibe  old 
to  the  new  style  of  naval  warfare,  iho  pasts- 
Ira:  of  the  ancient  wooden  frlcate  and  lb* 
odri-nt  of  the  tandem  nary.  When  tbi  • 
yard  at  Nnrfiilk  wa«  Krlred  hr  the  Coofrd- 
crate*  In  April.  ISiJI.  thev  found  the  steam 
frlrato  Jferrimao  f  10  cims)  scuttled  and 
sunk.     She  was  afterwards  raised  and  bar 


covered  with  ■  slanting  roof  made  of 
laytit  of  lion,  each  lw  Inches  thick. 
ThU  aimor  extended  2  feet  below  tin.  water 
lloe  omj  r»i«  10  feet  Shore.  'I  he  how  was 
prorlded  with  ■  ram.  Ucr  »r miairnt  consist- 
ed  of  eight    U-Lncb  guns,    4   oo    each 

•  ad  a  100-poonder  rifted  Armstrong  gun  at 
cs  ii  end.  She  ra  then  named  the  Fir- 
glass.  About  i  .  B,  [gili.  ab« 
mm*  down  the  I  tlrnbcili  hirer  under  com- 
ma od  "f  i  "  v.  tooilor*  Franklin  Buchanan, 
who  bid  bora  au  officer  In  the  I  nltrd 
States  Nary  'Ilic  »li-op  of  war  Cvniorrfand, 
2»  guns  and  3711  taen.  stood  athwart  her 
coaree  and  opened  Or*.  Tbo  projectllea  of 
the  Cumberland  from  thlrtora  9  and  10-Inch 
auni  ttruek  ill-  oncoming  monster  and 
gl.iu--cd  from  her  armor.  AdTanelng  with 
all  her  speed  In  the  face  of  6  or  8  broad- 
side*, the  masslrc  hulk  of  Iron  rammed  brr 

fiow  Into  Ihe  Cumberland  Just  forwnrd  of 
tie  mala  cb»tn»  and  Imtantlr  opened  Are 
crerr  fan  that  could  be  brought  to 
bear.  The  «?M*i&erlu»d  aank  In  .'.4  feet  of 
water,  her  Sag  "ring,  and  gaa*  drlng  aa  ahe 
wear.  down,  taking  with  h«r  orcr  100  dead. 
sick,  and  ■  raw.     The  ilrrri- 

asoe  (V(rirlmoi  then  t  inied  her  attention 
to  I)  one  shot  killed  IT  men  at 

ooc  of  the  latter'*  gitna.     Wl ha  flag  of 

»itr trader  was  run  up  only  21*  anrelreo  of 

*  crew  of  4":i  7  o'clock  In  the 
ereslog  the  Iron-clad  mired  t,.-ln n.l 
Point.  Next  morning  i Similar.  March  9\ 
she  anproarhrd  the  If(»nr..,in.  which  bad 
gronneJed  oo  a  bar.  Before  getting  near 
enough  to  administer  •  »bot  a  strange  look. 
Ing  rraieL  called  tho  Monitor,  commanded 
br  Urof.  John  I..  U'orden.  atood  acr- 
rath.  The  itcrrlmtc  proceeded  and  acnt  a 
•bell  toward  the  Minnesota.  The  answer 
<n  2  shot*  from  ti  guns  In  Ibe 
revolving  "cheev-box."  which  the  turret  of 
Ihe  Moaffor  rrtembled.     Tin-  til 

was  to  attract  the  mull.  :.t  i  itttntloo  of 
'.rtimii,-.  Ui.Ing  only  10  feet  out  of 
the  water,  the  Monitor  wa*  not  a  tempting 
mark,  and  tho  ahot  that  did  strike  glanced 
o#  harmlessly.     Kor  II  part  the  iibo? 

»w  otiu-  the  low  deck.  Fire  timer  tho 
rrrrmoc  tried  to  run  down  the  Monitor 
and  at  each  attempt  received  Ihe  fire  of 
her  11 -Inch  guo»  at  cloae  quartern.  After 
baring  been  twice  aground  and  receiving  2 
broadildra  from  tho  Minnesota,  tha  Mrrrl- 
moc  withdrew  from  the  conflict 
■  tiled  aril  alxnott  antnnnngcahlc  On  the 
Urrrimoe  2  men  were  killed  and  10  wound- 
ed. Lieut.  Warden  wn  In  lured.  <8»e  also 
Umimae,  The  ;  Monitor.  The.) 

Hampton  Roods,  Va.: 

ice   at,   di-eurscd    and   eorro- 
apondenco  regnrjitif;  reiteration  of 

'Jcrrimac   naval   engagement 
".13. 
Tercentenary  of  aeltlement  at  .Tnmes- 
tosvn,    to    bo    cnlobratod    at.    0913, 
09S2,  7006. 
Hand-Oreoada.— A  grenade  suitable  to  be 
thrown  by  band.     (See  Gn  Bld<  i 
Hanging  Bock   (S.  C),  Battle  of.— On 

. -vniliig  of  Aug.   (1,    17S0,    Col. 
with  a  for  men.  attacked  the  Drll 

l»b  port  at  llnoglng  Kock.  •  large  bowlder 

rig  oat  from  the  blgh  hnnk  Of  Lbs 
fiUnM  Hirer,  In  South  Carolina,  11  mile* 
froo  Rocky  Mount.  A  body  of  North  Caro- 
lina refugee*  under  Col.  Bryan  fled  upon 
ibe  approach  Pf  Sumter,  but  tin-  Prince 
■  lea  Regiment  defended  the  pott  for 
4    noun  and   was   almost   annihilated,   the 


Brltlib   losi  aggregating   208.      The   Ameri- 
can lots  was  19  killed  and  41  wounded. 

Hanover: 
Exequatur  issued  conral  of,  rovoked, 

F^igltSv.-  m,  convention  with, 

fi  r  surrender  of,  2934. 
Stale  ■  1  - 1 - ■ — .  treaty  with,  for  abolition 
of,  8260,  3205. 
Referred  to,  3328. 
Troatr    with,    transmitted    and    dis- 
cuaaed,    1811,    2303,  2470,   2834, 
3260,  3265. 
Referred  to,  1S21,  3328. 
Vessels  of,  dlaerimlnal  -  on, 

suspended   by  proclamation,  970. 
Hanover  Gourt-House  (Va.),  Battle  of. 

— Mny  21.  1M2,  while  Mcl'lellan's  army 
«a*  adranclng  up  the  peninsula  toward 
FI  It- John  porter  waa  sent 
with  12,000  men  to  llnimi.-r  rotiri-ll 
17  mlln  aortb  of  Richmond,  to  meet  and 
fne.lllt.iti-  the  advance  of  McDowell's  corps, 
alil'h  »si  to  join  McClrllan  by  way  of 
rleosborg,     ll.n     Mny  £7.  Porter  met 

nfidera under   (Jen. 

Brnnch.      The    I'ederal    low    waa  1ST  i    tlisi 
Of    the   Confederate*   between    200   and     IO0 

'»ken   prisoners.      Mel' 
»«i    recnlled    and     I'-.n.r    returned    to    bis 
former  camp   at  Calm-i  MIIL 
Bans,  The,  appropriation  to  ownera  for 
•    intion     of,    rocommendod,     6208, 
6336,  6157. 
Hanaeatlc  Republics,  Treaties  with.— 

comprise     Bremen,     Hamburg,     and 
Lubcrk.    and    >.  ..rated     Into     tl  • 

North  tJerniaii  Union  «."  Jul;   t,  IM1     Tha 
treaty  of  1H27  on  friendship,  com. 
navigation  prorl-l."-   foi   oquallty  of  d 
import  mi, i  export •duttae.     Bapei 

alon  Is  made  for  conditions  nrlalog  from  Ihe 
small  |...|.i!l:ii:  .-n  and  ar>-a  which  the 
towns  poineas.  and  the  three  towns  »i 
tlderrd  an  entity  In  the  elenrance  of  ships. 
u»  may  poa»c*s  and  dispose  of  prop- 
erty br  sale,  testam.-tn,  Or  Othenrlat,  and 
have  full  privileges  of  wlndlug  up  estates 
ai<l  n"nli>  In   every  respect  a*  do  cltliens 

lUo  1^-  rmany,  Treaties  irlth.) 
Harbor  Island,  roforred  to,  6701. 
Harbors.    (Sec  Hirers  and  Harbors.) 
Hard  Older  Campaign,    (tiee  Log  Cabin 

and  Hard  Cider  Campaign.) 
Harlem  Heights   (N.  Y.),  Battle  of.— 

Afcer    Washington    had    successfully    with 
drawn  D      trOOpt     tTOB     I*ng 

Island     ho     procd.-d     to     strengthen     and 
In.  lines  "I   Kings  Bridge,  on  Harlem 
;.:...:  iblne 

In    the  K.-ist    Hirer    landed  a  small   force  at 
Kip*  Bay.  and  on  tho  ltltb  Oen.  How. 

I  men  I    and   two  battalions    of   Infant  r  y 
lodge  lb*  Americana,      fbi    Brill   h  were 
d-lTen  bnck   wpu  a   loss  of  nearly   8)0  m 
killed  and  wound,  d 

Harlem  River,  V.  Y.,  navigation  of,  re- 
port  of   const  atirvcy    on    tho   po»ai- 
Dillty  and  expense  of  rendering  navi- 
gable for  commercial  purposes,  3120. 
Harpers    Perry    (Va.),    Capture    of.- 
After  Stonewall  .Tacli-on  was  detached  from 
Lee's  army   In   Maryland   be   recreated   tbc 
Potomac   at   Wllllamsnort   Sept.   12.    IMS. 


Ebnltafl 


■  ■■I    p*.ict»uV»d    dowa    the    Virginia    aide   of 

I 
oc*wil*«1    London    Height*,     meeting    with 
t*st  llirle  oit-uililoa.     on   th*  night  uf    the 

i.noml 
Ik*    rlvrr    i  .n  federate 

JtcktuB   opened    lire   on    tbo 

garrt**n  oo  lb*  cti  nlng  of  ibe  Mile  ami  eon 

i.h     -i     .11  ng   of   the   IStfc   until 

il*-  wounded.  *ur- 

->en.  73  guo»,   13.1100  .null 

. unities  of 

I    »imI    wounded    01 
Paloo    side    nnmtM-ml    217.    while    111. 
f.-uVr»tr»  milllcil  bo  Ion. 

Harpers  Ptrry,  V*.,  insurrection  nt,  dis- 

ruatanl,    . 

Hsrrtsburg  ConrenUon.— To*  high  -taitf 

'i  Mil  of  1827  puml  loo  Houte  of 
Rrrircaenlatlrc*,  but  wan  rejeetod  la  tho 
Sen*  ■■aallnic    »■■  Vice- 

Jent.      Tbe      protectionists     then 
•  nlk'i  ion  tu  m«et  at   tlirrlalnirc. 

I'*,    the    i  rear.     Tlila    body    woi 

mail?  up  iimIbIj  «  from  the  NW 

Kng1ar.il   an  II    presented 

l    :..    Hi.     people    and 

•  •It    f.ir    ■•  :     duly     ill". n 

triMiivei  and  *:»«>  ip-m  other  tnanufsetured 

it.     The   activity  of    the   delegnte.1    I" 

iind   th*  arntlm-ni    n 

resiled  la  tb*  posting*  of  the   high  -tariff 

law  ..r    lw»,    wlni  iv    lt«  enemies  nicknamed 

.in  ..(  abominations." 
HarrUon,  Benjamin.     1889189a. 

r  sixth    Administration — Republican, 
i.cvl  I",  »i. 

i  i,       •.     i.i,, 

»f«ru  •/  l«»    . 

' 
Charles  I'otier. 
je — 

Prnetor. 

Ktept-,,    II.    HUBS. 

LB.  Miller. 
ilrnrial— 

J,.t-r.   Wuiiauiiikar. 

u- 

■  ■or— 

ll    '.|     Until 
.V*,  ii:n-r!-.iii     arna    elected     by 

lb-    Republican    piirty    nl  in    ■■< 

li»S8. 

th*   ll»ib   ..r   .1 !•'••!    ...hi.    'mi 

work  of  Ibe  eonyentloo  mi-  delayed  nwnll 

lltC     tl  I"     >'■"- 

.  mi  tin. 

withdrawal  .,f  hit   name,  the  leading  fundi 

dates  arete   Shei  ii. i:      On  r,   mi, I 

lltr.-  miiii    I.  il    f'.r    Hie    flrat    "It 

..-nth  tin-  Domination 

■<rrm.—  TIic    platform    of    1*88    paid 
.-«     in     c  1j ■  ■  ■    of    the    grenl 

■.:ir:.     ol    lb-    pul  : 
i     in,  i 

.■••  party  uncomprotnltlngty  to  Ibe 
>pp<xwd  foreign  cheap 
... 

■    in.  i  - 
iblle  Innda  to  svttlcrs"  uae:  confirmed 

otMMttlutlnnul    cntKi'i nl    bj     lh«    T.-rrlto- 

.,1  I.I- 

ii.        favored  poitago  reduction:  rn- 

ii  iiit  i- 
,•   t  -  nil.-,  mi  marine  :    faeoi   d   In. 

crease    of    the    nnvr  :    advocated    i :# 

-•*0iia  foreign  poller:  condemned  the 
Ueeaw-railc   pnrty    and   Ibe    Republican  dv- 


aertore  of  IS-M  :  urged  greater  pension    re 

tn  hi. 

iippo'litm.— The  Democratic  party  to 
convi-mlou  at  81.  Louis,  on  Jnno  S,  ISSB, 
naanlmoual)    reuomlm 

lon-l.      Two    Labor   pnrtlc  laela 

imtl  on  Mny  1G.  1588.  The  Union  Labor 
party  nominated  Andrew  J.  Streator;  and 
ii..  i  nitcd  Labor  party  put  forward  Robert 
»!.  fowdrey. 

I'nfiiii.ir  Volt. — The  popular  Tote  on  Not. 
B.  1888,  -mw  Cleveland  5^86,242:  Harrl- 
aon,    .-..44".ji>s  -.     streator,     Mil.K.ld 

|-|"k    (l-i 
The    elector.il    Tote,    counted    on    Feb.    13. 
I88»,  gni 

i  'i,/i..  i  nn. — Itenbiiiiin      Uarrlaon'a 

E.lli|."il  .-iiner  begin  with  tbe  birth 
In  I860  ha  heciiue  eon- 
iik  in   Indiana  i>y  i  thorough  convaaa 
of    Ibe    Slate    when    a    candidal.'    I 
omco  of   reporter   of   tbe   Supreme  Court. 
By   oversight   of  th'  iiwlgn 

In     .,  i.i  idrlcka 

were  cnat  to  vpenk  at  Itockrllle  oo  tbe 
umc  day.  and  by  agreement   dlTldeil   Ul* 

lime    I,.  Iwaeo    1 1 [Inrrlnon     acipi 

te  In  .hi  amaatoglT  credit 
nl.le  war.  from  that  time.  Harrlaon  waa 
actlTa    In    etery    cainpulvu    In 

ii    f.ir    ill-    inti  rraptloo    by    bU    Cli  II 
^\  II  career,      I'or  bla  support  In  the  com- 

falgn    of    1SS0.    Pr..il.lciii    riarfleld    offere.1 
larrlaon   ■ 
ale  be-  waa  a  alronc  parti  '   "if 

a.lminlatratlon  of  Cleveland,  lila  accent 
ability  to  what  were  rocarded  "«  duubifnl 
8inl#»  decided  bin  nominntloo  for  I'renl- 
.1.  nt    In    I».s. 

folillcul  Complixioa  of  ronprew.— In 

nnil    Congrea*.    (1880  1- I, 

ate,    of  M   membera,   waa   rompoaed   of   81 
rail    mi, I    41    Itejiubll,  .in-  :    and    the 
llmiMi.   of  .ISO   membera,   wna   made    up  of 
n-.mocrnt*.   1T3  Itfpnbllcana.  and  1  In. 
de-pendent.      In  lb*   Flfty-ncfi.iiil   t'onareaa 
of    88    membera. 
waa  -  - 1 1 1 . i -.i  ..f  ::'•  Dei rata,   it   Repub- 
licans, and  i'   Alliance;  and   lb*   ii. ..f 

332  member«,  wa*  made  up  of  T.lo  Deoo- 
crala.  88  Republlcona.  and  0  Alliance. 

ills    UrM.— The    public    debt    of    tbe 

rolled    Btntea    during    the    admlnlxirntlon 

of     I'n.l.i.iit     Il,irri->n    «too«l    a*    follow*: 

July  I.  1888,  88  i-itMl,  88*1,- 

:     1HD1.    8SSl.912.751.7S; 

In    hla    Second    Annual    Heaaace    (page 
atlrlbulcs    the 
(real  .f  the  public  dc  i.i   In 

i-ITort*    of    the    Secretary    t..    Im 
vii  lue  of  money   in   circulation   b»   lapping 
iiry   nurplus   to    til*   loweit 
That   tlii*  anbatantlal   and 
:  glTen  to  comui" 
an  enormotn.   rednctlon  of  the  pobtlc  debt 

an  l  ...  ii :, I, -iii  inti-reat  charge  Is  a  mut- 

ler   of    in.  r,  m.-iI   satisfaction.     Ther.-   b. 

been  i  March 

I.    I8B0|   •<   mid   *t  per  cent,  bond*  to  tbe 

»2l  1.832.450  it  a  coat  of  82tfl,- 

■  mi    reduction   <.f  th* 

annual    Inien  -i  in    ana 

f  iniereat  of  S51.S78,706." 

Fortlgn     I'ollru. — lu     bin     Tin 

Maasace  (pate  6817)   to*   President  make* 

auggeatlons   regarding  tbe   rights  of 

ilomlclli-d  In  the  Unit*  n  g  deduc 

Hon  fi Hi"    lynching  In   New  Orleans  uf 

ecTcrnl  llnllnn  subjects.    In  tht  affair  with 

nt  of  Phil*  ibe  President  was 

I  In  bis  demands  wlileh 
nfier  ,i  display  of  great  pstlene*.  heenme 
peremptory  nnd  wen-  mllKfartorlly  com- 
piled   with.      The  onus  of  the   Bering   Sen 


Harrison 


Messages  and  Papers  of  lite  Presidents 


adjoatment  was  thrown  upon  the  President 
by  tlic  Illness  of  Secretary  Ulalue.  nuil 
Ic  nit*  Dot  long  sum  treaty  adjustment 
wnii  made.  There  W  no  doubt  mat  the 
presentation    of    Hi"  »]***    upon 

which  the  arbitrators  were  naked  to  arbl- 
wa*  the  work  of  IV  rrlson 

mil  tire  *  good  Illustration  Of  hla  legal 
acumen. 

CfeM  fiertice.— In  hU  First  Annual   ftltaV 
»ag*  (nan*  b4S8i    the   President  acquaint* 
the   coi  uiry    wlili    the    fan    ili.il 
■  f   eligible*  In    the   linuda  of    the    OODUUla- 
>lon    la    now    opon    for    Inspection    nnd    no 

longer    ri'i        -"lliu    r.vi     was     the 

source  of  much  »»  pi>.loti  i  ".i  innnj  charges 
..f  favoritism  In  tlio  administration  of  the 
law." 

Tariff. — President  Ilarrlwii  was  an  nnt- 
.mil  ..nt  proiei  louUt.  In  his  First  Au- 
iiunl  Momge  (page  M73)  he  Kalil  '  I  i.  B. 
oromi  ml  i  revision  of  niir  tariff  lnw  both 
In  lt»  admlulilratlre  feature*  and   In   the 

Khedlllcs,     .    .    .       Tim      iiii'i| unlit I.'.    In     LlM 
w    .In. i.       I. 

live    principle    ibonld    be  I    and 

fairly  applied  to  tin    product*  of  oi:r  fnrio* 

an     well     n-     Of     Otir     Shop*.    .    .   .    Tin-     (uc 

n  wit  ■  ifely  bi  '■**  plnclng 

ii   article*   thnt   do   not   offer   liijiiri- 

competition   to  such  domestic  product  a 

n«   imr    li.n.u.   I.ilior   (tab    Supply.   ...    If  Nilfe 

provision  ngulusi  I.    Hie 

tux    upon    spirit*    u- 
'  in-  in  lanuracturei   would  also  of- 

,   ntaoi ■  )•■■-! i. -ii.i i>li-  tin id  of  reili 

tbe  surplus,  lu  speaking  of  the  MeKlo- 
lej    t. .mi    n   r   of  :   An- 

nual •    -  In'    I"  •■  Ill i  nt 

sold  wlille  I  lie  ait  hi'l  In.  □  In  force  nt  tbo 
tlino  of  *pcak!ug  only  sixty  day*.  "It  la 
curious  t"  '-I  lhal  advance  In  price*  of 
article*  wholly  unnffected  by  Ibe  tariff  act 
wa»  be  many  hastily 
"So  bill   ii  iiui'ii,  i  supppae, 

In  till  of  Ita  rate*  nnd  classifications  b'ld 
the  full  approval  of  oven  a  party  eaucu*. 
Sii.-h  Itglalatloo  la  always  the  product  of 
compromise  ss  la  detail*,  nn.i  tin-  pi-eaeut 
law  Is  no  exception."  In  his  Third  Annual 
i  pm-i  r.i.JT  i  tin-  I'r. ..hli-nt  said  : 
"I  tliliii.-  Hi.  ..-  evidence 

Hi-  new  tariff  has  created  several  great 
lu.lmtrles,  which  will  within  a  few  year* 
git-  employment  to  several  hundred  thou- 
sand American  -..  >i  and  women. 
In  bis  Fourth  Annual  Message  (page  07 «4) 
the  Pi  Id:  "I  believe  the  prolec- 
tlvc  system,  which  tin*  now  for  aotnttblna. 
more  than  thirty  years  continuously  pre- 
railed  in  out  lecUlatlon   bai  bwi  •  mighty 

II  lent     t..r    til"    ilevelnpliielil     ..f    nnr     11  I- 

tlonul  wealth  nnd  a  uiont  powerful  acency 
In  protecting  the  homes  of  our  working- 
men  from  the  Invasion  of  want.  I  hrtve 
felt  u  most  solicitous  Interest  to  pre*erve 
to  •■up  working  people  rates  of  wages  that 

nol   only  itlve  dally  bread,   bill 
ply   a   comfortable    unrein    for  these  home 
attractions    nnd    family   comforts   and    en- 
Joymenta    without    which    life    Ik    neither 

le    nor  sweet."     11-  expressed    re- 
gret   that    tbo    results   of    the    i tu 

II. .us  linlleiite  a  change  of  tarlrr  policy 
nml   the  n  -  dlsniptlon  of  trod* 

i.lltlons  which    nnivrtnlnty  In  tariff   leg- 

iNlattoa    Invariably    tilings. 

Harrison,  BcnJ-.mln: 

Annual  mrsatigc*  of,  5-167,  5543,  CO  15, 
6741. 

Arbitrator  Id  boundary  dlspoto  be- 
tween Argentine  Republic  and  Bra- 
cil.  (Soo  Cleveland,  Orover,  arbi- 
trator.) 


Biographical  sketch  of,  543*. 
BI«nd-AlU»on  Act  discussed  by,  5475. 
i  i  -.  il     8crvice     discussed     by,     54S7, 

5555,  5042,  5700.     (See  also 

Service.) 
Centennial    celebration    of   Washisg- 

ton 'a  inauguration,  5371. 
Commercial   and   industrial   interest* 

of    United    State*    discussed    by. 

5741. 
Constitutional  amendment  regarding 

selection    of    Presidential    elector* 

rucin  ■'};  5644. 

Finances    discussed    by,    5472,    55tS, 

5623,  5753. 
Foreign    policy    discussed    by,    5*45, 

5618,  5750,  5783. 
Inaugural  addroas  of,   5440. 
Inlcroccanic  canal  construction  begun 

by  an  Amcrcian  company,  5470. 
Member    of    Mississippi  'Kiver    Im- 
provement Commission,  rosigoatioa 

of.  referred  to,  4589. 
Portrait  of,  MOT. 

Power*  of  Federal  and  8tato  Gov- 
ernments, discussed  by,  5489,  5562, 

•n'lili. 

Proclamations  of— 

Admission  of— 
Montana,  5459. 
North  Dakota,  5455. 
South  Dakota,  5457. 
Washington,  5460. 

Agreemont  with  Great  Britain  for 
nioifH*  vWmdl  in  relation  to  Ber- 
ing Sea  fisheries,  5581. 

Anniversary  of  discovery  of  Amer- 
ica. 5724. 

Centennial  celebration  of  inaugura- 
tion of  Washington,  5453. 

Collisions  at  »ea,  5537. 

Contracts  for  grating  on  Cherokee 
Outlet  declared  void.  5532. 
Time  for  removing  stock  extend- 
ed, 

Copyright  privilege  to — 
Belgium,  France,  Great  Britain, 

and  Switzerland,  5582. 
Germanr,  5713. 
Italy,  5736. 

Diviaion  of  portion  of  Sioux  Reser- 
vation, 5529. 

Duties  on  vessels  from  Tobago  sus- 
pended, 5598. 

Duties  upon  imports  from — 
Colombia,  5700. 
Haiti,  5708. 
VencKuelo,  5703. 

Extraordinary    session    of    Senate, 

but, 

Indian  titles  to  lands  In  Nebraska 

extinguished,  5535. 
Insurrection  in  Idaho,  5723. 
Lands — 

Opened  to  settlement.  5450  55TIL 
6591,  5707,  5710,  5727. 


Harrison 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Set  apart  as  public  reservation, 
5577,    5500,    5505,   5686,   5*05, 
5719.   .-.::•-',   8788,  57M, 
5705,    5707,    5804,   5810. 

5814,   68)5. 

Pardons  to  potygamists,  5803. 

D.I   i -vd  rrniuntion  of  uals   in 

Bering    Sea,     5440,    5533,    5578, 

6581,  5607. 
Tariff  laws  of — 

Austria- Hungary,   0718. 

Brazil,  5576. 

British  West  Indies,  5688. 

Cuba  and  Pu. 1  "'583. 

Dominican   Republic,  5588. 

Germany,  5603. 

Guatemala,  5710. 

Honduras,   5714. 

Nicaragua,  5608. 
Tluiiiksgiviag,     B454,     B536, 

5736. 
Tolls  upon  Canadian  vessels,  5725. 

ft  rok»d,  3812. 
Unlawful  combinations  in — 

Idaho,   6723. 

Wyoming,   5725. 
World 's      Columbian      Exposition, 

Ramoun  Islands,  treaty  with  Germany 

concerning,  5469. 
Sherman  Act  di*cu**ed  by,  6848,  6628. 
State   of    tli"    Union    discussed    by, 

5467.  5542,  5741. 
Tariff  discussed  by,  5473,  5556,  56C6, 

Thanksgiving  proclamation*  of,  5454, 

17,  57M 
Veto  messages  of — 

Authorizing  Ogdcn,  Utah,  to  as- 
sume Increased  indebtedness, 
5518. 

Authorizing  Oklahoma  City  to  is- 
sue bonds  to  provide  right  of 
way  for  raOroi 

Bookmnking     and      poolselling     in 
EHatriot  <>r  OohumMft,  66M, 
Referred  to,  5551. 

Changing  boundaries  of  Uncotn- 
pahgro  Resorption,  51 

Declaring  retirement  of  C.  B-  Pti. 
vers  from  Army   legal,  SBSft 

Establishing  circuit  courts  of  ap- 
peal* nn.l  regulating  jurisdiction 
of  United  State*  court*,  5670. 

Establishing  Record  and  Pension 
Offlco  of  War  Dcpnrtraont,  5573. 

Extending  time  to  purchaser*  of 
Indian   lands  in   Nebraska,  5525. 

Isiunnco  of  rnilroad  bonds  by  Mar- 
ii  opn    i  run  i 

Number  of  district  attorneys  and 

marshal*  in  Alabama,  5785. 
Public    building   at — 

Bar  Harbor,  Me.,  6671 
Dallas,  Tex.,  5510. 


Hudson,  -ZX. 

Tuscaloosa,   Ala.,   5521. 
Relief  of— 

inintratrix   of   estate   of   G. 
W.    Lawrence.    B874> 

Chal  >aa,  5528,  8115. 

nap*  .y,  51 
Submitting  claim  of    William   Me- 
Garrahan    to    Court    of    Pri\*l« 
Land   Claims,   5680. 
Suits  against  tatee,  5688. 

Washington'*    inauguration,    celebra- 
tion i'iiuI  of,  5371. 
Harrison,    William    Henry.— March    t. 
1841-April  4.  1841. 
Fourteenth   Admtolstratlua— Whlc 
-Joba  Tyler. 
8terttarn  t>/  Hi  at, 

Stcrttary    of    l*«    Tnaiury — 

..lllg. 

iVcfrfuiy  of   War — 

John 

Ketrrt'irv  nf  MM  .Vary— 

cc   K.    Badger. 
/•oitma.l*r-r;<n«r«t— 
Krancls  Granger, 
•illume*  -i.\ 

John  j.  Critbtndea. 

Nomination.     Willi.,  u.      Bean 
was  fleeted  by   Ill  irty  Id 

mo.    of    1841         ii.     •  .i 

■  .1  Whig  ronTrn 
rlsburg     Pa.,    IV.       I  V,     is 
i  he     laliu*  of  >.  Is  for  th*  ■•*■> 

a,  especially  tliirr'.wn.  Clay.  and  SssU. 
So  platform  was  adopted  by  u 

OpOOSUtOIL— Th"      lie erutS     Ul.-t       U     CSO- 

l-«u,    atd 
Dominated    Mnrtln    Van    I-  reelec- 

Hon,    I. ut    ctlOM    no    ViiN-l>ri»)dentlal    caa- 
dldate. 

Platform.— For  the  first   time  In  eli«ka 
ii     "iy.     a     national     party     platform     sn« 
adopted.     It   set    forth    strict  construct!**. 
I  r  der  Juts  deMa: 

opposed    Federal  ,f  nop    Indsurr 

i"  the  exelu  Ion  oi   neglci   of  another-.  aa4 

ni "»l     hanks;     strongly     asserted     State 

rights:     si-paiatlon    of    Kovrrara*at    Done; 
from    banking    Ii  :..rM>l 

l  In      pi  lie  I  pirn    of     JclTcr«..u      m 
in    tin  Hon    of    liidi 

Liberty   parly    mei    In  „    „t    War- 

saw.  N    r.,   and,   later,  at   Albany,   .-. 

mi    April    I,    1MII.    mid    in. in. 

f     on     a     pin  I  form     at     - 
slavery.      The  party  thus   formed    was  tW 
nlng  of  (he  modern  fi  iirty. 

•  impnlgn    of    IB40    «  nf    tlx 

k:it. I,.    In   I  he    p.. I 
ni'- -d    States.       It    was    Ibe    Srst    In 
which    nil    of    the 

i.  men-       Tbi    ntiempi.  m 

■  •   1 1  .rrlsori  on  accoun 

origin    were  tnken    up  as  catch- words,  and 
lbs      'Hard     Cider    ind     I.-.rfabln"    eam- 
pni.-ii    heeiiroe    the    '"political    b 
I    ■ 
Popular  Tiilf—  Tlie  pop.rl*T  vote   a 

n  of  Nov.  S  l.v   tireetv-alx  S'v. 
stood  :    Harrison 
1  12R.702  ;    and    fllrner.    7  i 

rave 
Harrison  2.14   votes,  and  Vao  Huron,  »W. 

Perry  40HaHoa.—  The  great  iwrvliv-. 
made    IMrrlwMi    «o    popultr    were    p-,l 

i     I  ban    political        Ills    Br» 
] lion   for  the   Presidency   was  In    1H.V,  ev  • 
Whig  convention      Thi 
In  1830.   was  by  a  convention  composed  of 


National     RrpnMleaai,     anil     Aotl- 
-.mm.      Ill-    fmlt: i 

■■  larrel..                     Be  fact   that   tbi 
■rata  of    V4ii    I(cir«j    jn.l  Jack' 

rarljr     man.       Ill     lit*     Inaugural     AJOkm 
page   lMIi    be  ■  party  111 

irtlr*  Id  a    rriwiillr  are    m 

■  '-it**  ofvlgllanco   atUDcicol   !•■ 
keep     ■  wlililu    tbe 

bontsda  of  taw  ami  <luiy.  el  thai  polnl 
Ibelr    ascfatnet*    ■•n«l»."      And    Bg.lti  I  - 

ro*  II   «»n«  p-i  ■  Inter- 

*st  of  id*  country  requires  thnt  tin-  v|..- 
lene*  of  It'  spirit  by  which  these  parties 
are  nl  ihli  lions  governed  miml  bo  rrcatly 
mitigated.  If  not  entirely  ••■» i incnU!"  ■ 
.  ..o»r<iu*sc*s  will  ensue  which  arc  appall- 
ing > 

■«.— In   the 
T«    nit  SCV1  >-.;     ,|*|1    IM3I     tbe 

up   of 

pcodeats :    and    House,    of    '.'43   members. 
.-empot*d     .if     103     I  Vim  M-ni  I  s.      I3'J 
•.    6     lixlrprnit'ola.    ami     I     Tin 
lb*     Twenty  .-'.•litli      ''-nc  -■      I 
of    •::   i  ,(  ::. 

op  of  531  farasoi-rars  and  38  Whigs;  and 
•  li«-  llo«fe.  nf  223  member*,  oral  com- 
posed of    1 U   ivumornts  end   81    Whigs- 

Forrlpa    f'oliev — In     his     Inaugural    Ad' 

4reas   Ipapi    l>Tti    tin-    I'n  ,  ullm-a 

ha*  i-   l.-v   in   ifcew-   words:      !.'•_•  iin    i» 

r  of  aar  rosiutry's  rlarli r-»  In   lb*  Bald, 

I    trast    I'  I'ow-Htlarn*    will    nut 

see  In  my  earnest   desire  to  preserve  pMc* 

lowora   any   Indication   Ibat 

rtffct*    will   »v.  r    lw   .acrinceil   or  tb* 

honnr  of  the  nation  tarnished  tiv  unv  otnli- 

m    'In-   pari   of   llielt   I  blef  Magistrate 

itiy  of  their  former  glory." 

HarrUen,  William  Henry: 
Biographical  sketch  of,  IBM. 
Death  of— 

Announcements  of,  1877. 

tlcate  of. 

Day  of  fastinj:  and   prayer  recom- 
mended in  consoqueoro  of,  1887. 
Honor*  to  bo  paid  memory  of.  1879. 
Report  of  physician*  on,   l^1"1!, 

Resolution   of   Coogreaa   on.   1!>0S. 
Foreign  policy  discussed   by,   1873. 

soe- 
eeaa  of  troops   under  command  of, 

Innug-urat  address  of.  I860. 
Major  ifrneral.    military    talents    of, 
romineutt'd  on,  SSO. 

of,    unacted    on,   with- 
drawn by,  181 
Portrait  of,  1887. 
I"ri  a  of,  convening  i-xtraor- 

ry  session  of  Congress,  1876. 
Pro'  or    family    of,    for    ex- 

pense*   incurred    in    removing    to 
Washington  recommended. 
Remains    of.    removal    of,    to   North 
Rend.  Ohio,  for  interment.   1007, 
Oorrwpoi..  rarding,    1906. 

Hartford   Convention.— Hartfe r.i.    Cons.. 

has  been  lh«  scene  of  two  historic  conven- 
tions with  almost  oppoalt*  purpose*.  In 
tbe  aotama  of  I  itea  from  all  the 

rra  States   assembled    th-r»   tn   devise 
mesa*  to  itn-ngthcu  tbe  financial  system  of 


Federal  Government  and   lo  rsls 

".  for  the  |>i hi  i.iii 

■  i    Independence.      A  second  convention  »«• 

held  there  Dee.   15.   ISHJan.  B, 

had  for  its  obJiK-t   th  r    the 

war    w.th    Great    llrllaln.      It    constated    of 

delegates  from    MnsM.hjactts.    Cuuncctlcut, 

i  Hampablre  and  Vermont, 

and    was    held    behind    closed    doors     The 

New    Knglnnd    Federalists    vmh     mueh       |. 

powd    to   tin'    W*J    nf    [SIS,    n«   It    wmuicht 

lUmsKe  lo  th<-lr  commercial  Interests. 

i'bey  denounced  th*  policy  of  tbo  llovera- 

in    drafting    u»n    fur   the    Army    anil 

detnaml.  il  r.  forms  In  the  direction  of  state's 

rlehls      IIsvlTiir  been  secuard  of  an  attempt 

tO    dll.i  iMl.'llti    'II     .1.   II'.   ll 

i  i  -x.  ni  Intrntlon  to  ilissolv*  th* 
rnlon."  but  admitted  that  "If  a  dissolution 
should  become  necessary  by  reason  of  the 
ibtiB»«  of  bad  administration  it 
should.  If  possible,  be  the  work  of  peaceable 
tlmea  and  dullh.  i  l,   im<l  duwu 

th*  general  principle  that  "It  Is  as  mm  I 
duty  of  the  state  authorities  to  watch  over 
th*)  right*  raaarved  .,«  of  lh»  I  lilted  States 
to  exercise  tin-  power*  that   are  deleft! 
The  resolutions  of  the  o-.nveutluo  were  en. 
dorsed    by    tbe    leglslsturv«   of    Connecticut 

lasusrhusetls  and  |in».«.,1  upon  b] 
rress    No  attention  was  there  pan!  to 
They   are  of   Intereat    aa   showing   that   se- 
caslnn   wss  coin,  nip  ■    England 

at  an  early  dlte  In  oai  btatorj,  TO* 
strength  of  the  Federalist  parly  In  the 
«tat»)i   where   It    had 

to  wane  after  the  holding  of  ibis  convention. 

Hatchers   Bun    (Va.),   Battle   of. -Oct 

27,  lflds.  In  an  attempt  to  mum  the 

Side  BaJIroed  and  get  nearer  Richmond,  tbe 

ind   r  Hancock,  and 

Fifth   Corps  forced  a  pa.*- 

Ilun.    th*    t.-iuilnailon  of 

Ihi.i    Con     .1'    .i  ••    works    on    the    right,    and 

•■   south    aide    ol    ii    10    iin. 

point  where  the  run  la  crosted  br  the  Uoyd- 
ton  plank    rood.      In    support   ol    tbi 
in  -  :ii    Butler  made  s  dsmonstratlon  on   lb* 
north     ui,  ..r  tn.     ■  i it  and  attacked 

the  Confederate*  on  both  the  Williamsburg 
ami  v  railroads    The  Confederates 

i '    irhei      Run    i  od    oiadc   .t 
ut tack  upon  Hancock,  but  ■• 
back  Into  their  wurU«.   I  lining  tin  night   Han- 
retired  to  hln  old  position,  bavtni  toil 
1.900  men.  one-ihiiri  of  whonj  were  m 

ant  made  nnoth.-r  attempt 
line*  at    Elatoh,  , 
Itun.      The   only  gain    wn«   an   extension    to 
tin-  westward  of  tl 

attompl    ..  .■,•.■   2  •bio  '.„    ■ 
and  about    I  ufederat*  aid*. 

Hatt*ras  ExpetUUoo.— Aug  20.  1801. 
.n  .xi„.litloii  against  Forts  Hatteras  and 
Clark  im  seal  oul  from  gortreaj  tf< 
under  Commodore  Strlngham  and  ton.  Uut- 
I.  r  The  naval  force  con»l«ted  of  the  Vis- 
»mt  four  l«  and  transports 

and  the  land  force  about  HiHi  m*a  **ort 
t'lark  son  oeeuplod  en  th*  I'Tih  without 
■erlous  npposltlon.  On  the  morning  of  In* 
28th  bombs  nl, •!..  nt  •■'  Fori  llstb 
and  on  thr  SOlh  at  eleven  o'clock,  the  f..,t 
mletvil.  Bull  i  ...  apled  to*  work* 
with   his    land  ""   and 

013  prisoners  were  sent  north   nn   Hie  llng- 
Twenty-flte   pli-ees  of   or- 
tlllery,    1,000    Hand*    of  arms,    and   s   Isrge 

Juantlty  of  i 
o  tbe  hands  of  the  v).  I 

Hattera*  Caso.  (8n«  I-oowe  v.  Lawlor.) 
Havana,  Cuh*  (see  also  Cuba) : 

Destruction  of  the  Jf'iia*  in  harbor 
of,  6277,  CSOO,  6305. 


Havana 


Icssagcs  and  1'apcrs  of  the  ['residents 


Finding*  of   court   of   inquiry   dir 
cnu«d,  0277,  6290. 

Number  of  Uvea  loit  in,  6206. 

Proposition  of  Spain  to  investigate 
causes  of,  referred  to,  €390. 
Hawaii.— A  dependent  territory  of  ttao 
United  Btates  consisting  of  •  group  of 
twelve  Islands  (four  of  which  ere  ontn. 
habited),  lying  near  the  middle  of  the  P 
Ocean,  between  18"  54'  and  22'  i"  north 
latitude  :i ti-i  batweea  18ft*  inn!  loi*  west 
longitude.     Prom  i lonololo,  lalrn, 

to  Mn  Francisco  Hie  distance  i>  . 
to  Yokohama,  3,4  tu  mile*,  to   Bona   Kong, 
4.803  niUc.      1 1. 

their   discoverer.   Sandwich    I  lands, 
In  tumor  of  tbe  Earl  of  Sandwich,  tint   lord 

■  f  Hi"  Hrltltb  admiralty  at  lh«  III ■<  tbelr 

dl« .nv.   bat   ■'■■■  a  thern  the 

lliwniinn   l*lnnds   and   that    t«m   I«   now 
officially   recognised.     The   eight    principal 
IMuuda    are    If n wnll.     Haul,    Oa 
[.anal,     Knhuliul.     Moloknl,     and     Nllbnu. 

They    aro    monula ■    mill    loUuulc.      Tbo 

total  mn  of  the  group  i*  t  <hh  -iiinr*  mile*, 
"f  wbii  i  i  Lad  of  liuwiiii. 

Uittorti.— DurliiR-  the  r   Hi- 

nineteenth  century  toe  Islands  formed  on 
Independent  kingdom.  Jan.  17.  1893,  Queen 
Lllluokalnul  wna  depot  Ions] 

foeeramenl    w«n   formed,   with    gnnford    U. 
>Oje    lit    the   bend;    and    annexation  to   the 
United   Slates  usLed.     A   treat  j   "f  ani 
tlnti  waa  ronelnded  nin,  r'n    Idi  nl  llai 

•fore  It  could  be  ratified  by  tbe  Scnntc 
President  Cleveland  waa  InniiKuratcd  ;  be 
ii  once  withdrew  it  and  seal  James  ll. 
Hlounl  as  special  commlKsloncr  to  Invest  I. 
gate  the  affair*  of  tin  lalaada.  The  re». 
Ion  of  iii''  Queen  waa  attempted  bat 
failed,  mainly  because  abe  refused  to  grnnt 
.hi  in iaty.     iin  jniv   i,   ism.  a   Republic 

»'■"   ( ■  r . . ■  t .- 1 1 1 t i . - . I    wild    Mr.    Pole    II    Itl 

dent      During    Prealdent    MKinlcy's    tlrat 
tern,  anotnei  treat]  of  annexation  waa sent 
Senate,   i, m    pcndln  Idera- 

Hon.  a  joint  resolution  passed  Congress  an- 
nexing the  Island*.     Tbo  resolution  waa  up- 
I  on  July  7,  1808,  and  the.  f. .r m:i I  ci ii- 

> M  f.      1  lie  Inland*  were  eonatltuted  the  Ter- 

.  I  Hawaii  in  June    moo   and  by  act 

nf  April  SO  <if  tin  "  cltlscnsl 

the  United  State*  wn*  bestowed  on  nil  elt- 

"f   th"   fi"  illc   of    Hinall; 

rial  franchise,  has  own  glten  to  tboae 

who  bad  been   resident  In   ibo  territory  fur 

led    Hi   >    v. '  ■   rend 

and    write   the    Kngllan   or    Hawaiian    Inn- 

gnage.     The  government   rests  In  a   leglila- 

ture  of  two  houses— n  aennle  of  fifteen  mem- 

lionac 
of  representatives  of  thirty  member*  (clecti 
ad  for  two  year*),      i  if  nnd  eee- 

:< r .-  ii|i|i"ln'.'l  for  four  year*  by  the 
denl    "i    ""     United    State*.      The 
rltory  I*  represented   In   '  be   i  nlti  il 
Houm   of    U.  I'lCHtntntlrea    by    a   delegate 
elei  ted  bli  nnlally, 

Ih"    tlr.c     I'ulted    State*    census    of    the 
Island*  wn*  taken  In   UiOO  Willi  the  follow- 
ing result  :     Hawaii   lalnnd  Kauai 
Ml'J  :    Mlhno    I»lnnd.    IT:1:    Mnnl 
Island.   28,418;   M. dotal   Island  nnd   l.ntinl 
I*lnod,    .   '"'I      On  lie    Island,  5ft. 504,      Total 
.  Itorv.   l .'•4.001,     The   nopal  itlon 
Honolulu  wn*  39,300.     The 
population  of  Hawaii  according  to  tbe  1010 
census,  made  bv  tbe  L'ntted   State*  Crnnus 
Honolulu  City  hav- 
ing a  population  of  81 

Trade  ioMM/m  r  stterf  r?rafd — Tin-  export* 

from   Ilawnll  to  the   Cnlled   State*  In  the 

itiiha  endlne  June  30.   1011,  wore 

rained   at   S4l.isu.ia5.     The  import*  Into 


Hawaii  from  the  United  State*  for  tbe  aaaae 
period    were    valued    ll    (J  Tbe 

Imports  from  forelcu  countries  for  the  aatae 
period  were  16.190,449,  esp  MX 

Sugar    nuil   rice  are    the   staple   product*. 

but  coffee,  hides,  sisal,  banana*,  pineapple* 

end  wool  ate  exported.    The  augar  crop  ef 

1008   amounted   to  521,128    tons.      For    the 

year   cn-jed   June.    IMS.   the  InaporU  froa 

ii    eotintiUa    amounted    to    $4.C- 

"I   i  io  foreign  countries,  9887/ 

040.     Tbe  shlpmenta  of  doni.  »;l.-   on 

■lite    from    the    I  ate*    to     Hawaii 

nmoi'iii.il    in    Ji  nnd    tboae    from 

Hawaii  to  the  United  SUtea  to  141.040  818. 

Several    liar*   of   steamer*    run    regularly 

between    Hawaii    and    the    United    State*. 


Canada.    Australia,   the    I'blllppln 


and  Japan.      Tbero  are  aeveaieea  (teamen 

plying  between  i  -i  \,  -■■  ■ 

mile*  of  railway  ond  «HM>  (nl 

line.      Tbe  city   of   Honolulu   baa   electric 

light*  and  electric  street  railway*. 

Ih"   total   i"'io:ltttlon   wna   found   by   tbe 
census,  of  1910  to  be  101.900.      (See  Ula*. 
tratlon  opposite  COST.) 
Hawaiian  Islands: 
American   policy  in,  0660,  6799.  0921. 

701S,  7061,  7231. 
Annexation     of,     to     United    States, 
G332,   6299.     (Soo    also    Control 
over,  po«f.) 
Action    of    American    nainUt 

p-arding,   discussed   by   President 
Cleveland,  6873,  M98. 
Discussed  by  President — 
Harrison,   Bonj.,   5783. 
MrK.iilev,  I'.. 

Dispatch   of  llcary   A.   Pierce  re- 
garding, 40S5. 
Information     regarding,      refused, 

2691,  26!>5. 
Pearl     Harbor,     improvement     of, 

urged,  7: 
Shipping  interests  between  Pacific 

mainland  and,  discussed,  7.' 
Treaty   for,    I  resi- 

dent Benj.  Harrison,  5783. 
"''•  itlulrnrm   by   President  CltTa- 

)ind.  ."- 
Discussed,  S873,  5S92. 
Cable    communication    wiUi.    recom- 

6354,  6449,  6661,  6719. 

Surveys    for,    in    progress,    5623, 
5663,  5679. 
Commission  to  report  upon  legislation 

concerning,  6333. 
Control  over- 
Must  not  pass  to  foreign  powers, 
2064,  2555.  2650,  3- 

Not  sought  by  -•  a  tea,  £0*4, 

Customs  relations  with  foreign  row 

ers  after  annexation  to  the  United 

States  discussed.  6333. 
Differences  of,  with  France  referred 

to,  2656. 
Discussed  by  President — 

Cleveland,  5085.  887$.   889*. 

Fillmore,  2056,  2691,  2695. 

Harrison,  Benj.,  5783. 

Johnson,  3887. 


Encyclopedic  Index  Hay 

MeKlnley.  0399,  6433.  Special  commissioner  sent  to,  report 

Taylor,  i  of,  discussed  by  Presidont  Clovo- 

Tvlcx,  2064.  land,  5873,  6892. 

08  wrongfully  levied,  5345.  Transfer  of,  to  United  States,  6264, 

Efforts  of,  to  aock  replonithmont  of  S3 '•■". 

population  discussed,  4030.  Treaty    with,    transmitted    and    dis- 

Government  of—  cussed,    2563,    2619,    2870,   2884, 

Change    in,    and    Interference    of  3399,    3064,    3721.    3891.    3996, 

American  minister  in,   discussed,  4272,  4259,  4206,  4338,  4842,  6783. 

6873,  S892.  Extension  of,  recommended,  5058. 

Proposed  change  referred  to,  5181.  Proposition  regarding,  4805,  4824. 

Troopi  landed  under  direction  of  Referred  to,  0308. 

American      minister      in,      dis-  Modification  of,  4716, 4761. 

enated,   5873.  5892.  Proclaimed,  4348. 

Recognition  of,  by  United  States,  Recommended,  3882. 

1121,  G782. 
idepcndcncc  of —  Withdrawn,  5S23. 

Desired    by    United   States,    2064,  Discussed,  5873,  5891 

".  2656y  3887.  Vessels  of,  discriminating  duties  on, 

First  recognized  by  United  States,  suspended  by  proclamation,  3713. 

8886  Hawkey*  Stat*.— A  nickname  tor  Iowa  <q. 

Lxsitnetleu  to  diplomatic  and  naval  r,>.  o  Bute*.) 

n  tentative*  of  United  States  in,  H»y.—  The  boy  crop  of  the  United  States 

traeimittrd.  5904.  Is  Important  sod  profitable.  Its  annual  Talue 

Tntiirrr'tlnn  in smomil  ..■>•-•  In  1815  to  more  I  linn  ! inHH.ni 

.....    moo  dollars     The  yield   Is  something  lesn   than 

Report  on,  transmitted,  5998.  ,ao  loni  pcr  nrre,  „„,,  tnc  vrlrt  tranced 

Treatment     of  a  rears  from  18  per  ton  <.-.  $15  per  t"n, 

and  action  of  United  States  Gov-  *«*£»*«  "'  «•"•  D'"a  nu  **' 

Tlie    mtlmiit*!    iicrosi-e.    prodoetton,    and 

Invitation  to.  to  it.rnational  T»'u«.0'  thc  hir.  "°P-  lno.8  ">  1,,M-  "n(l  la 

'  '  '    .    ,,..  l. ,„_    _„,  .„  I>y  state*  fat  sliown  In   :  11   table  here- 

conferencc   at   Wa«hington,   cxtcn-  wltn  .  ..i«  or  the  U 

sloo  of  recommended,  6-168.  or  igiUmtaxt.) 

ling  Of— ;  Tw,  4oBU,  F»,mVslus 

-^nation  of.  discussed,  4701.  bsa.1 

Death  of.  1  States  5623.  | 

It   of.  to  United  States,  4630.  im  \\  Sftjsptt  ;.:>,-.. 

Ihss.0  of  station  to  Great  Britain  by,  j»j.  j  •  -7.000 

for  submarine  telegraph  cable,  rcc-  iota 

mendation  regarding,  5991.  ivu   ...  sh.hs.ooo  77B.OSM0O 

Lighthouse  establishment   In,  C497.  gals 

terof.toT,  i,  recall  JJ^STv.-  $Z  \$%& 

.  1,  .liscussed,  6065.  MP*"  mm  Mmooo 

Mini-ti-r  of  Lniteil  Stat**  to —  Sonsk  070.000 

Instructions    to,    and    correspond-  i  i»rm  »,»«i,ooo 

*£i  *£&  TSsr*^  Eft  §5^  ass     i$S 

5906,     5907,     5908,     6909,     5910,  Owrxb...  100.000  5.!i0floo 

5911    6000  '  •""■noo 

SUl,  WW".  IBhols...  .  39,017. nno 

Letter  of  Sanford  B.  Dolo  to,  re-  |B.jua» ;.  M,wo,ooo 

f erred  to,  G906,  .*.:  gsssTT...  i.oojooo  S4UJ9 

Provisional  <;..  recognised  Kntw&Y.'.'.'.'.'.'.      '.'.'.'.'.      mm  Vi'wsm 

by.  discussed  by  President  Clove-  Uuunni.   ..  t.su.ooo 

Bssm .   ijis.000  tSjutm 

Mir,  SOOflOO  J.SSS.OOO 

Mission   to,  elovation  of,  recommend-  M«»vhwit* sTuono  i»,.v, 

<"••■•--•  MianaoU..  .    t^SOjOOO  Mmm 

Queen  of—  M-u-ippi.  ..     SM«0 

Referred  to,  B623.  Masni:..,  **55S5 

Restoration     of,     to    throne     dis-  «•*«£;; ,'^  >^;(X0 

CL--.I.  5788,  XnwU tUjOOO  &HUM 

8^Ln^r5901Mrer°ignty  ^  ^  fcST;  :      iSUSS  ggSS 

NU*M,    ...il. ...  XjuMbIw.  301XWJ  3M0.CCO 

Question*   between   Japan   and,   set-  Kw  T«k.  ..   4/.00.000  oi.i 

S5^4a        r  M      ^  iSSfe  ■       «» 

Belations  with,  referred  to.  6784.  ohi»  2.912^00 


Hay 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Year 
SUM  Aosags  Fira  Value 

rttahama. WOjOOa  ■.''•..•■' 

uojooo  i7.7ts.mo 

rwuwrlranis  J.lOOiOan  67.7O4.0W 

RbMCfabfrJ  ..  .  »?«»  I^MJJ 

South  Cardial WJ  4I..M1 

.Vnultalute       aiOjODO  McWXM 

TsnaaaN*  ftMjOOO  M.IM.000 

Teia.        .  I  6j«4J»0 

luh  JvsjOOO 

Vracot »70jlW»  »*».•» 

Vs-gu»*  70»jOM  ll,«'>,um 

Vashiaiioo.  SlSjMO  XHKLCOO 

lV.,i\,ra,ai. 7MM 

rinmn UK  " 

Wjooung .       MO.OCO  y.lSMBO 

toul  i»u wxnm      t»i4».ooo 

Hay  Herran    Treaty,    terms    of,    C002, 
6903.   (Ho*    Colombia,    Treaties    I 
nnder  Ship  Canal.) 
HayPauncefoto  Treaty,  Una  of.  «K»02. 
I  I    in   opposition   to  control  of 

Panama 
(8oe  Great  Britain.  Tp 
der  Istl  mlan  Canal,  i 
Hayes,  Butu«rford  B-— 1877-1881. 

idmlnlstratl  llean. 

V{tr-Pr€*l-lf nl— William   A.    WL, 
Stcrelaru  07  Slo'. 

William  si.  Brarta.    . 

Herniary  of  tin-  TrKaiury— 
Jobn    Sherman, 
hwy  o/  "or — 

M. -entry. 
Alev  :»ey. 

Stcrii'ini  •>!  Ine  s<"v — 

bard  w.  Thompson. 

ii    Rolf     Jr. 
Bttntary   of   tne    /"irWor — 
Car!   Sehur*. 

POatinOJl'-r  fimrrdl — 

David   Mi  K    R>/. 

AH**nrii  ',  •  urn  / 

Cbnrlea   Devon*. 
.Yomfn<wio"i.  -Have*    iraa    nomlnaied    by 

the  Republlenu  National  Convention  ->t  On- 

.-I ii ii.-i ;  I.   Jon*    I4-1S,    1^7"!.  mi    ill %  .hi  r j 

ha  Hot,  after  a  mod   *xdtla|  contest   with 
.Linn-    <;     I '. i : 1 1 1 1 1 • 

oi  n.      i  hi    i:  publican    platform    of 
18T0    pledged    Ibe    party    lo   the   con 
pnelfleatlon   of   the    South    and    the  protec- 
lion   -f    III.    :..-..[.!■- .    a.  iii-iiiil.-il    apod! 
koiijIii  nl     in    lb< 

service:         recommended         Don  sectarian 
school* :  advocated   tariff  for  rcvune  and 
Used    protection:    opposed    grama    of 

land*     to     COrpnrntfnOH     nml     :rionop 
olio:      advocated      naturalisation      tn 
wllb  foreign  powers:  questioned  the  mornl 
and  mntcrlnl  effect  of  Chines*  Immigration; 

Stnputh licil  with  equal  right «   '■■ 
uoru:  ' '1    DOlygany:     renewed    pledges   to 
•     anil    sailor.  :     deproCBtad    sectl 
feeling:   nnil    severely   criticised   the    Deino- 
party  and  lt<  administrations. 
" i- 1- ■  ■  -  ,:""      The      Democratic      National 
Convention  nt   St.  Loult.  June  27-29.   1876. 
nominated   Raronel  J.   TUdan.     Tin-  Groen- 
heck  < ■..nv.nl i-  ii   ■)    Indianapolis,   kfay   17. 

form    npposlus  mi  nt.      The    Pro 

tili.ltli.i     Poovrol  -  :.  rrland    XI  |f    17. 

ni, iiiiniit.il    • :  i .  .  - 1 1    ilnv    Smith.      The 

AiinTlcaD      pnrty      nominated      Jamea      B. 

fob  Il\.-  popular  rote  of  tblr- 
tv-*cvcn  State*  on  Iba  elaetlon  on  Nov.  7, 
1874  gave  TU*  n   I  284,797;  B«T«  <   •'  08S  - 


».-.( i  :     Cooper,     81.7-10;     am!      i.hth      Clay 

Smith,   8.522.      'Ihe   popular   ewe    In 

Ma  and  Louisiana  »u  la  dispute  between 

■ 
act   creating   an    Eleci  uUkIou    »» 

i   of  fust  re«on  to  settle  the  alsparte. 
of   &   t.i  ulaelon   4e- 

.-Meil    lu    fnvnr  of   ll:iye«  n»d   the  electoral 
vote    wn«  declared    on    March    '«'.    1877.    to 
an.!    IS  I    for   "• 
rtf     Mill  im  <    early     career. 

r  ■.-.    .  v.  i,  .- 

in    1S4I.   Taylor  la    18*8. 

•     --II      III      IS   ■-'.         I   nil 

acll-aUrery     feellngn,     be    Joined     lb*     Ke- 
n     party     on     lt»     orcanlaat*»n     and 

aappori'il    I'n ;n     In  I    I.larolB 

SO.      ti.-ii.-r-!  I    ll.iyea    *m   lo   the   Held 

wli.-n    he    wna    rjomlnaied   for    Congress    la 

t.y   a    Republican   convention   at 

inii.ill.      To    a     frl.ad    win.    auggekie4    Ibat 

ka    leave   of   absence  to  go   bonar    to 

caavaas.     General     Unyea     replied :     "  »'«»nr 

aatggesllon    abonl  a    farloii, 

iniip  wan  cerlalaly  anade  wlik- 
out  rellccllon.  An  offlcer  Ot  for  doty  who 
at   thl»   ctl»l»    uoulil    abandon    bis   past   to 

•     iiir«c»   be   voted  with 
hi*  party  on  reconstruction.  Toted  against 

-  .1   for  tli-    ueneacbei'-: 
Prealdeni    Johnson; 

Ice  reform.      In   his   career  na   three   lines 
tlovernor  of  bla   State,   he  strongly  ■dra- 
in   bis 
of    accept-  ■    -i I     Hayes    laid 

especial    stress    upon   civil    service    reform. 
tin-  enrraney,  and  psclncatlon  uf  the  South, 
f'o/i/jciil  ComplrrloH  of  <"oneT«a.--In   the 
Forly-nrni    •  lj     lb*    Seat- 

ate,  of  7B  members,  was  tv.mpn~-d  of  36 
Democrat*.  80  Republicans,  nnd  1  Inde- 
iHnii.ni  urn  -in  Bona*,  el  888  members, 
wss  made  up  of  150  Iiemorraia  and  1J7 
Republicans.  In  the  Forty  *lxth  rongraw 
41870-lSSli  the  Senate,  of  78  menil>ers, 
was  rnmpnaed  of  4.".  In  i...i.t»  and  38 
Republican*:  nnd  the  House,  of  SOI  mem- 
bers, was  made  up  of  IM  Democrats.  128 
Republicans.  It  Nationals,  and  l  vacancy. 
CtrfJ  ..,  r.  I..  |n  bis  letter  of  acceptance. 
General  Hayes  sold  "that  public  otwcarw 
should    owe     their     n-huh-  -.     tbc 

•  in.  in  im. I  tn  tbe  people,"  and  that 
"the  oncer  should  be  seen  re  In  his  tmure 
so  long  as  his  personal  character  remained 
untarnished,  soil  lh»  i  rfnrmaBC*  of  hi. 
dm  If  rural  Ad- 

(par  489d  tin  nsked  for  "a  rvform 
that  shall  be  thorougti.   radical,   and 

He     points     mil     thai     reform     was 
I  |     both    great    political    parties 

firlor    '  •    thi     ■  '--.'ilon.    a    dcmoaitrati.iu    ,.f 
i      ■  1 1  y .      I  u  hla  Flrat    I 

aaya  :    "I   have  rodce> 
to  r.-i  number   of  ehnr.r--«   In  sub- 

ordltuitc  places  uaunlly   made  upon  Chang* 
of    Hi. 

heartily  cooperate  uliti  t'oogreMS  In 
Ihe  tni i. r  svslem.-iHzlng  of  such  methods 
nnd  rules  of  admission  to   f  wtt 

im 1    of    promotion     within    It    as    may 
in    making 
Iborough   oonrpetency.  emclency.  and  ckar- 
ne«er  Ihe  decisive  le»ts  In  thesr   i  in 
Tli-     ri-iMiiiiiiendnllou*     of     Ihe      I':. 
were   n-.i   n.Hii   iipoti   hv   Otigren  and   aw 

Kproprlntton     was     made     for     the     civil 
rvlee   Cominls«l    i.. 
mi. I    iiingre  di.satlsllnl    wltl 

elTiirl-  .  -tlo» 

n ml    great   opposition    a i[>i-rlen«ed. 

nitft. — The  President  favored  the 
onlnnge    of    sllvi-r     nul     only     In     moderate 

7nantliy        In    hla    Third    Annual    Message 
page  tMl  i    he   sild:   "I    would, 
airongl  I      igreaa    the    In 

i. in.      ,-f  niiihorlslng   Ihe   Secretary  of  th« 


Hayes 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Treaaury  to  *uipend  tlio  eolnngo  of  silver 
dollar*  upon  lb*  pr*MOi  legal  ratio.  The 
niuifcct  value  of  the  allvvr  dollar  I 
uullunuly  una  largely  less  than  the  nurfcrc 
value  of  lb*  ROM  dollar,  It  la  obfluusly 
le  tci  umlmuiu  Hi.  in  mi  p.ir  wi.li 
«och  oilier  If  both  ire  mined  without 
limit."  In  Ills  Fourth  Annual  Xlcssaec 
ip.iic    4&U4)    the    President     ,a\,\        n    it 

ma    Ihiit    the    legislation    of    UM 
Congress    In    retard    to    sliver,    no    far   oa 
limed  on  patea  rise  la   lb* 

valu*  of  silver  at  a   remit   i>f  that   l< 
Hud.   has  failed  to  produce  the  effect    tlien 

ircdlctcd.     The  longer  the  law  rem.H' 
ore*.  requiring  u«  li   dor*   the  coinage  of 
■  nominal  dollar  which  In  reality  I*  out  a 
dollar,    the    greater    become*    the    danger 

ih.it    till*  country  will   be  forced   to  ai 
a    single   metal   a*   tin-   nob' 
of  value  Id  clrculatl-m.  and  this  n  stand  ird 
of  l>n  Talue  thnn  It  purport*  to  be  worth 
In    the    rr. 

He    urge*    tbnl     the    r.uuage   of   *llver    ■!- >* - 

Inn  coutnlulng  only  412J    grain*  of  *llvcr 

b*     stopped     Bad     that     sliver     duliara     be 

the   equivalent    of   sold 

Puttie     Debt.— The     public    debt    of     the 

d     Rtntes    during    the  iuIIoo 

i.f  it.  nldenl   II  M  •  ■  »l i  .'  Jely 

I.     1*77.     $'.•  I  (I     lllfl,- 

382,2*0  IS:  187B.   *T,U'.M.41  V-'urnOS  ;   lftSO, 

m  am  :..-.  7i; ;  s. 

In  III     i    ;        '.    m     I  M 
the    |'ti'<)dent    udvocnted    the    refunding   of 
the  public  d*DI   bo  us  in  redact  (be  Intercut 

...  third  and  (be  r-i.i) me nt  nf  tiir  debl 

In  cold.  He  si  hi:  "During  'be  lime  of 
these  iMiic*  the  only  dollnr  that  could  be 
or  ira*  reeeleed  bi  the  ii-ivi-rutm-nt  i 

rhnnfie   fur  »    t  !><•   gold    dol- 

lar.      To    require    the    public    credltni  i    to 

I 
roerclal  TBloe  would   be  regarded  h»  I  hem 

a*    a    repudiation    of    the    full    obll 

ii  il        It    la    far    better    to    pay    the«e 

bond*    In    Hint    n    Id  in    i a    10    '  ike 

ndvnntngc  of   the  unforeseen  fall    In 
biilllnii  to  pa j'  In  a  DOW  III f  silver  coin 

tbiia  nude  •••  much  leea  ralnable.    It  em 

the  grent  merll."  he  wild,  "of  the  Id  "f 
March,  mno.  In  eirenr'betiiiu.'  the  nubile 
credit,  that  it   removed  ail  doohl  ri*  la  Ibe 

Iiiirpose  of  the   L'nlted   Bute*  to  pay   tbclr 
londcd   debt    lu   aots. 

Hayes,  Rutherford  B.: 

Annual  measngei  of,  4410,  4444,  4509, 
4658. 

Arbitrator  in   boundary  eucstion   bc- 
ii  Argentine  Ilcp'ublie  and  Par- 
aguay. 44  ID. 

Biographical   sketch   of,  4301. 

Binml-Allisnn  Act- 
Discussed   bv.   4511,  4508. 
Vetoed  by,  4438. 

Civil  service  discussed  by.  4.'>P6,  4417, 
4501,  4502,  4507.  4618,  4666.  (Soo 
also  Civil  Service.) 

Constitutional   amendment   repardlng 

election  of  President  r mini   ii.ii  . I 

by,  4307. 

Cuban  insurrection  and  policy  of 
United  State*  regarding,  discussed 
by.  4438,  4448. 

Death  of,  announced  and  honor*  to  bo 
paid  memory  of.  58 IS. 

Election  of,  awerjuod  by.  4398. 

Finance*  discussed  by.  4307.  4413, 
4422,  4450.  4509.  4523,  4568. 


Foreign    policy    discussed    by,  4411, 

441M. 
Inaugural  addresa  of,  4394. 
Portrait  of,  4390. 

Power*  of  Federal  and  State  Govern, 
motits    discussed    by,    4445,   4464, 
4475,  4484,  44SS,  441*3,   4497,  4512, 
4243,  4544,  4553. 
Proclamations   of — 
Discriminating  dutiea  on  rcaaela  of 

China  suspenr 
Extraordinary   session   of — 
Congress,  4399,  4472. 
Senate,  4591. 
Thanksgiving,    4409,    4442,    4901, 

4551. 
Unauthorized  occupancy  of  Indlaa 

Territory,  ii1 
Unlawful   combination*   in  — 

Maryland,    4400.      (Seo   illuitra- 

a   4470.) 
Now  Mexico,  4441. 
Pennsylvania,  440L 
West  Virginia.  4309. 
Rocomit ruction    of    Southern    State* 
diccussed  by,  4394,  4410,  4  J 

..il    session    message*    of, 
4472. 
State  of  the  Union  dUeueaed  by, 

4444,  4509,  4553. 
Tariff  discussed  by.  4422.  4511. 
Thank-giving  proclamations  of,  444*) 

1442,  4500,  4561. 
Veto  messages  of — 
Appropriations— 
For  judicial  expenses,  4 
For    legislative,    executive,    a&4 

judicial    expenses,   448S. 
For  support  of  Army,  i 
To   pay   fees  of   marshals, 

44*7. 
To  supply  doflelenelee,  etc.. 
Coinage  of  standard  tUrer  dollars, 

4438. 
Military  interference  at  olectlooi, 

4184. 
Mississippi   court*,   4440. 
Refunding  national  debt.  4589. 
Regulation*    of    pay    and    appoint- 
ment* of  deputy  marshals, 
Relief  of  Joseph  B.  Col"-- 
Restricting     Chinese     immigratio*, 

Haymarket  Blot.— A  riot  which  too'. 

at  (laymarbet  Square.  Chicago,  May  4. 
1886,  invoitlng  the  police  »-d  a  number  «4 
anarchist*.  An  open  air  meeting.  In  w*"c& 
certain  labor  trouble*  were  uudrr  • 
nrs  In  prorrea*  The  poller  attempted  le 
bteak  up  the  meeting  because  of  th-  b> 
flaramatory    utieraar**    of    aoate    or    tie 

sp-:ikers.  In  the  Hght  which  ensued  * 
bnmb  was  thrown  and  7  policemen  w»r* 
I  lied  and  60  w.  I  Ibert  It.  Pi 

August  Spies,  Adolph  Fischer.  George  Kegel 
»'-hnel  »-hwab.  I.oua  LIB**-.  SsnraH 
Fleldi-n  and  Ogcar  W.  Nccte.  prominent  a*- 
avhuta.  were  arrested  and  tried  for  coat- 
pllelty   In  the  outrage. 


incyclopedic  Index 


Helmet 


The  case  attracted  nBlversai  attention  nail 
resulted    la    tbe    bunging   of    tor    in-'     tout 
>T.    11.   1SST.      Llugg  escaped  the  cnlluns 
eommlttlug  suicide  Is  pilso-n.      I-'U-Mtn 
"    Schwab    were   ►eatenerd    to   Iud 


tot  at*  ntnl  Neebe  for  13  yean. 
i  pardoned  l.j  Govoruor  .Mi geld  la  18U3. 
tlou  opposite  4338.) 

HayTi.      (See   Haiti.) 

Haytlen  Bopablie,  Th«.  seizure  and  do- 
ry of,  referred  to,  5390. 

Health,  Board  of.  (Seo  National  Board 
of    Health.) 

Health,  Public  (Sec  Qoarastloo  Regu- 
lations.) 

Health  Service.— The  United  8tat«  tab 

Ue  Health  Service  la  n  bureau  of  tbc  "i 
ury  Department.     The  head  or  the  bureau  in 
Itupert  lilue.  a  commissioned  medical  officer, 
w.th     the  oernL     The 

work  of  thi  t  administered,  under 

dlrectloa  of  the  Surgeoa-Ueocral.  by  sjTcn 
burrau    ilr. 

Scientific     Hcocarrh,     .  aii.ar 

Quarantine,  Uomtatle  Oun  'iiurr 

tWporta  and  StntUtles.  Mnrlne  Hospitals  and 

Appoiutii.  in  arc  mode  to 

the  grade  of  Assistant  SarseoD.  after  sue- 
n-tafol   riamlDai.uii       yim  tup  ex- 

amlnatlou   fire  graduation  from  a  reputable 
al  college,  one  year's  boipltol  expert- 
e«c»  nr  t>..  i  ofeaatonal  work  after 

craduation.  aid  testimonials  from  rcsponsl- 
I    -.sons   aa    to   profeulunal    and    moral 
tt*rx  nil. .n  moat 

be   between    tbc   ogn   of  23    and  US  year*. 

Public     IK-nlih     Service     mnlnlnir.a 

j  two  1 1 1  .i  - 1 1 1 .    i."«plt«l«  nnd  125  other 
stations  ■     tbc    country, 

one  quarantine  nations  In  the  C 
Statu    and    twenty-die   station*    In    lit    In- 
•alar    no  aerations    are    alao    operate*! 
eighty -one  stations  for  the   medical    Intpcc- 

of  lta.mlgrni.is  Eighteen  ofuccia  are 
stationed  at  American  rgusulates  abroad 
to  mil  In  tbe  administration,  of  quaran- 
tine  and  tbc   Inspection   of   Immlcraota 

At  the  Hyjlenlc  Laboratory.  lurat<d  In 
tbe  city  of  \>  sHblnglon.  rea.-arrh  work  In 
connection  with  Invcitlcatlona  of  d  s.?aae, 
sanitation  and  water  pollution  la  carried  on. 
and  teats  are  mads  of  tho  purity  and  po- 
tency of  viruses,  serums  and  fxlns.  with 
the  supervision  of  tlic  monufacture  and  sale 

iilrh  the  Public  Health  Scrvlco  la 
ctsrtcd  by  taw. 

The  Public  Uealth  Service  cooperates 
with  state  sod  local  boards  of  Health  In 
the  erail. ration  of  epidemic  diseases.  »u<-h  a> 
plarce.  cholera,  yellow  fever,  typhus  fever, 
smallpox  and  leprosy.  Details  of  officers 
are  also  mads,  on  request  from  ststs  and 
municipal  tealtb  authorities,  to  assist  In 
the  suppression  of  typhoid  fever.  Infantile 
paralya's.  eerebrosolnal  menlnelt!»-  and 
other  disease*.  Tbe  Public  Health  Service 
baa   supervision    of  measures   for  tbc   pre- 

n  of  tho  spread  of  Infectious  and 
contagious  disease*  In  Interstate  traffic:  the 
administration  of  matters  In  relation  to  the 
Interstate  Quarantine  llerulatlons  regarding 
the  prevention  of  tbe  use  of  tbe  common 
towel  ard  common  drtoklng  enp  on  vei 
or  reeaels  operating  In  Interstate  traffic  nnrl 
tha  certification  ofwitsr  and  lr»  farn'ahed 


fir  eomeaen  carrier*  for  naeasnger*  In  inter- 
state traffic.  Among  the  aisnal  aehlnve- 
metita  of  tho  Serrlce  In  recent  years  In  the 
field  erf  nubile  hesltb  wort  bsv»  b*»-i  the 
eradication  of  bnbonle  rHatrua  1n  California 
ard  Porto  Woo  s-d  fhe  suppression  of 
rallow  fevwr  In  tha  Booth. 


In  addition  to  the  commissioned  medical 
corps,  tbe  services  of  mi  Actiug  As*  stsut 
Suigeoas  (pnyalclans  appointed  locs.ly  and 
not  subject  to  change  of  station i  were  re- 
I  to  conduct  the  operations  of  tbe 
Service  during  tbe  fiscal  jear  et-dii-.g  Jun» 
30.  101S.  During  Una  von-  f.i>.«0»  pntlcnts 
were  treated— 14.UU7  In  liuspltnls  and  3d.- 
jU7  at  dispensaries.  At  i)uniau:iu«  m- 
t  oris  7.&21  vesails.  carrying  {•'■•'■•■■>■■■■  pm- 
sengers  and  crews,  wero  Inspected  and  1.737 
vessels    dl  Immigrants     to     th» 

number  of  1,074,8"]  wore  Insperted  and 
88.509  certldcd  for  rejection  on  account  of 
physical  and  mental  deferts.      at   the  Uniiil- 

S!      - 
ucted  by  Service  otflcers  under  tbe  super- 
vision     of     Commlfaloner    of     In 
10.105  patients  were,  admitted  to  DMtBant, 

Health  Sarvica: 
Tranaforring   Daadmnn's    Iiland    to. 
7979. 

Hebrew-American. — An  American  of  He- 
brew  or  Jewish  descent 
Heldtrbarg    War.— Demonstrations    made 
at    Ti  Eircea    1*3I»    and    IMA, 

by  the  Anil -Ucnters  of  Albany.  Baxtaii 
Columbia,  Greene,  Delaware.  Scbohail 
Otsego   counlli-«,    N,    Y-,    and    iln     (ffort*   Of 

•  mi.-  gorernmcni  to  i  oppress  them. 
Large  tracts  of  Innd  In  these  counties  bad 
been  granted  by  the  fiovernment  of  Holland 

early  Dutch  settlers  or  pat  room.  Tbe 
patrouH  tablet  the  land  in  perpatnlti  t-. 
tenants  who  agreed  to  pay  tin-  ml  In 
•  tli  of  Stephen  Van 
Ucasivlacr  In  1»3»  his  tenants,  who  had 
llasatlsflcd,  refused  to  pay  his 
successor  the  rent.  Men  dixgulxed  as  In- 
dlaris  terrorlred  tbe  region.  A  sheriff  and 
pome  who  attempted  to  collect  Hie  rents 
s'fis  outnum -■  il  iiiul  iii-ir  efforts  proved 
fulllc  in  1844  Hi  i,-  was  again  armed 
"I'l"  "  I  - 1 •  ■  n  to  the  payment  of  rent.  In  1846 
aa  olll-.i-t  named  Steele  <•««  Khot  while  try- 
lOJ     10    COllcel     r.-nt     In     Delaware    t^ounty. 

nor  Wright  proclaimed  the  county  in 
a  state  of  Insurrection.  Two  persona  were 
convicted  and  sentenced  to  death  for  this 
murder,  liin  Hi.  i-  were  afterward  pardoned. 
The   court  of  appeals  la    1863   rendered   a 

ii  which  In  Hie  mnln  sustained  tbe 
t-  cifcius  and  practically  ended  tbc  movement 

Helena  (Ark.).  Assault  on.— To  strength- 
en  tuc  army   before    Vlcksburg,   Grant  had 
i.awn  troops  from  all  tbe  neighboring 

Kiats.  Helena,  Ark.,  was  left  In  charge  of 
BOO  men  under  Gen.  11.  M.  Prentiss.  June 
20  tbe  Confederate  Generals  T.  IL  Holmes 
and  Sterling  Price  left  Little  Hock  with 
about  8,000  men  to  surprise  and  raptui-r 
the  ptaca.  July  4.  18'33.  the  day  Vlcksburg 
surrendered,  they  made  an  assault  on  one  of 
the  batteries  with  3,000  men.  They  were 
repulsed  with  a  loss  of  1.111  men.  Four 
regiments  then  attacked  a  fort  on  Hlndmaa 
IIIU.  bat  wcro  defeated.  A  third  isiautt 
was  made  by  Marmadnke,  with  1.7S0  men. 
upon  a  fort  on  tbe  north  aide  of  the  place, 
bnt  was  likewise  repulsed  with  a  loss  of 
onc-flflh  of  tho  assailants.  Tbe  Confederate 
lo«i  was  officially  reported  as  173  killed. 
n87  wounded,  and  T76  missing— la  all,  1,63d. 
The  1-ederal  loot  did  not  exceed  260  in  alL 
Helmet. — Formerly  a  headdress  made  of 
metal  as  a  shield  from  tha  missiles  of  the 
enemy :  1n  modern  times  the  term  te  applied 
to  n  military  hat  someflmos  stiffened  with 
mntM  as  a  shield  ro  close  comhat :  tbe  term 
>«  n?«o  n>ed  looselv  as  deaerlptlTw  of  anv 
usual  military  baadgsar. 


Hemp 


Messages  and  F'afrrs  of 


Hdmts 


Hemp,   Banian,   import    duties    on,    re- 
form! to,  ;iviKX 
"  Kenning'*    Statutes,    at    Largo." — A 

tlon  of  Virginia  In,  In-forc  the  llev.i- 

Isrgcr  part  at  tin-   wort. 
Henrlek,  The,    indemnification    for  lo*s 
of  claimed,  344,  365,  t 

Henry  Crosby,  The.  fin'.!  upon  at  Am, 

Hiinln  DoauBgo,  6  9 
Henry  Document*.  — sir  laajai    H    I 
Hi.-  (ioTornor  of  nrltlih  North  America,   In 
January.    1800,    scut    *□    nlmilnni,    John 
ll.'iirj     bjr    ninnc     luin    the     ".•■■.      I  m'lniid 

to  report  the  feeling  of  ttint   m 
of  the  country  on  ths  question  of  secession 
from   the    ITnloti    and   p  •- 

Hi.'  dteroateM   alrendy  caused  among 

peopl •  ..linn,  l.'llll     llll.  I. 

hnrgo  Act  and  the   Non-late rae  tyatfta 

of  the  government,      railing  of   the   reward 
he  tough  I   from  the  British 

villi  to    I'l   •  donl    Uad  hi* 

Ki      ih   .mil-mill, 

and     tin  -'      papi  ra     I"  tin' 

Henry    d rtti      Madleon    *utiinnitd   the 

li-ll.i  •     iipil    rlalmcd    ill  i 

nil    Iii 
annex   the    N.  m     Knglnnd    8tal 
denee  of  the  documents  ira*  not  conelunlve. 

Henry  Btreet  Settlement.     (Sec  Social 

Si'll  i 

Hepburn   v».    Grlswold,— One  of  tl 
proms  Conn   aaaaa  involving  tbi 

■.»!.'.  l.-gal- 
<.      June    20.     I8IH1      Mi 

hum   |.ni|,i.H,.il  to  pay    Mr    lin-'i  ild    -li  '-'" 
mi    i     .  ,i    li,,.    fin. 

iii.   u.i     1 0 gal  i. -mi.. i      i 
the    I'nll.d    Mates    !>■  med    S  1  r.n.i •< 

Ill      nil! !•■  Ill      til 

i n-v    Iii    pj til    uf    all    ili'lit-     i-wlill.    ami 

iiln  Hi.-  iniiiil  Slate*.     Tlili  wai 

days  aftvi    i  due      lira. 

Hepburn    la    Uareh,    isiii     aftci    anil    im.l 

in .. n   in  ougbl     len  n  pay- 

iii'  nr.    anil    tltrv    wi-ii-    refna.  'I 

i i'ij   and   I .u i it    Int., 

I  "iil-i  il :.        K  .  "I  In-     I  mil  -villi'     i- I      .if 

■ 

i  ror*   and   appcali     re 

il        Judgment    inn)    ill- 

I    lilliil     N •       .->ii|ii  .  nil-     •   .  ..i  i-l      ..I      III.'      Il,'- 

,  ,-inii,  r  tii  in.  ItMIT.  affirmed  rhc  lull   ineni   uf 
i  h.   .  .-in  i  ■•(  '-,  i"t  -.  and  appi  a  i  illng 

....    1. 1    , .  ■  ■•     ,i        •       liilllla 
i  'hlef  .in-ill',,  i  ha  «i     i"  i 

erlng  n pinion  of  the  court  aald 

mn  m>t  doubt  that  a  law  nm   ninde  ID 
oi 
nnd    In    li-    ilir.    i    opera  I  Ion    im-wlr* 
Ih.'   oblliratloo  of  common.    I*   Inonti    I  t.  nt 

with   II  if   II ii  Hi. in  'ii  "       We 

are     obliged     I id.  Itldi         bi 

"that  an  art  ranking  mere  proml pay 

dollars  In  l.'L'nl   i.-ndei    In  payment  "I 

contracted     •••!•.    Incoo 
with   ihi'   -niiii  uf  iln    >  •  .ii-. 1 1 u i i«.i>. 
ami   tiioi    ii    l«  prohibited  by   i ii •-  i*on 
ilmi  '■     ,lu  mesa   Mill.  '  nud   Davla 

lied. 

Hermitage,  The.— The  Dana  given  b«  An- 
drew Jackson  to  hla  borne,  situated  about 

In    mi i. ...    fr.iiii    Nii.livill.'     T«un„    ucar   tbo 
Cumberland  River.     Ai  iiiix  plan  I*n  • 

I                                      I    .«    hurl., I  iiiIkoh 

•,"iii..ii  ,.|   In-  fintii  iinv,.  I mi'  Hi.' 

Eroperty    <'f   tbe    Btati  aeaate    and 

avc  been  convorted  lutu  a  state  liume  for 


aged.    Indigent    or    disabled    ex-Conted»r*t» 

soldiers. 

Hermitage,    Tha,    tendered    to    United 
States,  2954. 

Hennosa,  The,  slaves  taken  from  wrerk 
of,  and  libcTntcl.  rcf.-i 

Hero,  The,  seizure  of,  and  claims  ari»- 
I   out  of,  4114,  5198,   5547,  M 
It,  5962, 
Award  in  ease,  6*  • 
Hesse,  convention  with,  2161»,  2210. 
Hosao  Ciwal: 
Convention  with.  : 
Treaty  of,  with  France,    188. 
Heme,  Electorate  of  -sued 

eomrola  "(.  r 
Hlatt  &  Co.,  relief  of,  draft  0 

transmit! 
Hlcltey    Plot, -A    conspiracy    beaded    by 
Thomat   II!'  r    Waahlagtoert 

•  ntatnlnate    th"   (enseal  at    Sew 
in     1770.      The    plot    was    disco. 
»■««    haiijre.!    In    .1  •:.    and 

Im-ild   Matthew*,    mayor  Of   New    Vork.  wi. 

Impi 'I  for   h  in  with  II 

fair :    Uuvcrnor   Tryoa    was   also    suspc-ted 
nt    eompllclly. 

High  Llcanso.— A  term  generally  seed  te 
I    n  high   tax  on  Hie  retail 

'  .ra.      The  I    nick 

iii"  to   Increase   lbs   prlre   of   tino-r 

t..  some  extent,  -on,  .  u»s> 

Hpee 
cable  baala.  and   lo  - . . 1 1«-.  t   targv   amaat  of 

I I  ■    I"!   p  regal   atales 

bine    |.:i-.-..|    blgbllccnse    laws,    and    soe» 
communities   tune  in   s.ldln 
rvsti-l.-i  i,m>  ."I  iln   •rntnv  In  Intoxicants. 
Higher  Law.-  William   n    Seward,   wbis* 
making  an  antl  il  b  in  tbe  Halted 

Slate.  Bent  ",0.  In  refarnaf 

to   tbe   moral    law.   declared :    "There   U  a 
higher  law  than   the  ,,»/• 

Highlander,  The,  watch  to  he  presented 

to   .-I. nun  British    i  : 

inell  for  aei 
Hlghwajmiaa.     (See  Ban 
Highways.   (Seo  Tranacoi  ;ilgB- 

Hoax.     DeeepMot  by  n  facetlows  falaebeed. 
1'olltlcally  a  trick  played  In  a  political  ram 

H  oh  kirk  a    Hill     (8.    O).    Battle    of- 
'    Knwdon.    wltb  abaal 
■"'"   I'.tlllsh.  made  a  sudden   titlark  e,n  tbe 
Americana   undei 

two    miles   north    of   Camd<  Tbe 

Amerlean     force  mm 

drew   from   the  Held       ' Ilrltlah   lu- 
lu killed,  wounded  and  missing.     The  total 

casual! I.*  on  ihe  American  rJde  wen-  . 

Hockaday  tc  Leggtt,  act  for  relief  of, 

veto.'il,  B80L 
Holidays,    Legal.— There    la    no 
hnlldi  dy      Cas> 

greaa  has  at  varlmu  tin  etl  speWai 

holidays     in    the    second    eeastoa    of    ike 


I  ifyililril     Coacroaa     II      pa'a*d     an 
making  l-at»r  laay  a  public  8011(187  ■<<   ""• 
D4*4r  i.ognlard 

•he  eilatencr  of  rerlalo  daya  aa  Imlldnja 
oaaierelal  pwrposra,  ami.  with  the  ex- 
ception named.  llwr»  la  no  crucial  alatuCa 
•>n  tha  lolijeet.  Tie  proclainallou  of  t ti.- 
pmlibm  designating  a  dny  of  Thankaglrltur 
oatjr  make*  II  a  legal  hul  iil/t  «■  la  too  Dla- 
trlct of  Columbia  and  (bo  tarrllorlea. 

Every  Salurday  after  12  o'clock  rnmn  la  a 
legal  holiday  In  California  Id  public  office*. 
Illm.  or*    In- 

balrltani.l.  Maryland.  Michigan.  K>w  York. 
New  Jersey.  Ublo.  Finn«ylvar.lo.  Illiodc  la- 
laud.  Virginia,  lb.-  District  of  Columbia  (for 
banking    purpoawat,  tirli-nua, 

I.a  .  i"  :    In    I 

la   all    cltlra  exceeding    10.000    Inhabitant*; 
•outi  In  el  10,000  or  inor*  In- 

habltania.     in     I     ■*••**+,    for    atat*    and 
r-  officers,     and     In     Colorado     during 
Jan*.    July    and    Aoguat :    In    Indiana,    anil 
Saturday  In  Juna  tu  la.t  Rai  Octo- 

ber, n.luili'.  for  all  i 

flea  bating  a  cviioty-w  •»!  of  lc« p 

i>r»:   lu  New    llampabin-   In  atntc 

•  art  no  statutory"  holiday*  In  Mlsala- 
aJppl,  but  by  common  cmi«cm  the  Fourth  of 
rhanugirlng  and   Cbrlatraaa   art 

n  Mexico.  Wnsblagton'a 
Birthday.  Decoration  Hay.  Labor  Day.  Flag 
Pay  ijuae  111  nod  Arbor  Hay  an?  holiday* 
when  an  designated  by  the  Governor  In 
Koutb  Carolina.  Thursday  of  ralr  Week  la 
•  Ureal  bolidny. 

Arbor  I>ay   (*•    r.)    la  a   If  gal  holiday  In 

many  »t*tcs,  although  In  »uB*r  It  la  observed 

•Ig noted  by  the  Governor. 

Jan.   lat,   N. •»•   Year*  Day— In   all  ntl>a 

On.  lading  Dlflrkl  of  Columbia.  Porto  llln. 

and    AlaaVi  Arkanaaa   and    Mast* 

>     Main*  a  bank  holiday  only 

leva 

Jan  Btfa,  Annivnraary  of  the  Flattie  Of 
New  Orleans-    In  I.oiii«iiiii:i 

Jan.    l'.'lh.    Lee's    lllrthdir.-     to    Elorlda. 
Georgia.    North    Carolina,    South    Carolina. 
Virginia.  Alabaexa,  Mlaalaalppl   and  A 
mm 

Ma  nil -Or** — lo  tba  pariah  of  Orlcana, 
Louisiana. 

12th.  Georgia  Pay. — In  Georgia. 

Itlrtlnlay.- I*   Call- 
fornl  i  ware. 

Illie-oia.    loaa.    ;:nl  mi.    Kansas,     Mnhlgnn, 

"ta-y, 
No    .  linki.ia,  Oregon,  IVnnayl- 

iaiil.1  i  lab.     Waihlngtun. 

Weal    Virginia  and   Wyoming 

Feb.  22d.  Washington'*  ltlrthday  — In  all 
the  .  Porto  Blco 

and  Alaaka 

MardMirat  Day.  Khrore  Tncaday. — In 
Alabama  and  Florida  lln  countlra  having  a 
ra  valval). 

Marrb.  Kintt  Wcdneatlay  prior  lo  Spring 
elf-tlon  at  which  i 

attd  lo  couatlea  and  cities  ca  arc 

niled  at    Boring   aiacl    id    In    Mi-ingon, 

b  CThlrd  Toeadnyl.  Prltsiry  Election 
Day— (Kvery    Prraddi-ntlal    ysar)    In 
Pak-la. 

March    2d.    Anniversary  of  Texan    Inile- 

In  Trvis 
March    1th,     Inauguration    Day. — In    Dl»> 
n    yeara  when   a    I 
dent    of  the    I'nlted    Sltalea   la    Innugnratrd. 
March  Sail,  Kmaoclpntlon  Day.— lo  l"orto 

April    (FlraL  Monday  In   101ft  and  every 
7eara     traeraaitaar),     Praaadeutlal     Prl- 
In   Mlrhlcan. 
Good    Erlday— In    Alabama,    ronne. 
Dataware.    Florida.     l/>ulalana,     Varyland. 


Encydofvdic  ttuUi 


.illnocavta.  New  Jeraey,  |Von»y|»anla.  Porto 
Kleo.    i 

April  l'-'th.  Ilallfai  ladependanc*  Reaolu- 
tlooi  n  Camllua 

April  l.ttb.  Thuinar  Jefferaon'a  Birthday 

—  In   Alah.i 

b.  I'atrlota'  Day.— In  Main*  and 
Maaaachiiaetta 

April  21st,  Auulreraary  of  the  lUttle  of 
San  Jadnt.i — In  Texaa 

April  -■••in.  Confederate  Memorial  Day.— 
In    Alabama.    Florida,    (ieorgla    and    Mlaala* 

May  10th.  Cunfederaie  Manorial  I'ay. — 
In    Korth   Carolina  and   Bo  Una. 

Mny  i  Second  Friday),  Confederate  Day, — 
la  Tenuemc.-. 

May  aOth,  Aonlreraarr  of  Ihe  Signing  ..f 

tha    alacktanborg    I'^-larallon  of    Indcpeud- 

In  Noi  Hi  CavrotlBa. 

^nili     iie.-nritlon   Day.— In   all    the 

•tntca     land     Dlatrlrt       r     Columbia,     Fori.. 

Rico  and  Alaaka |  except  Arkatixaa.  I'lorlds. 

nn,    MlMlavlppl.    '■ 
Una,  Mouth  Carolina  aod  Texaa 

June  M,   Jefferaon  Davla'a  Itlrlhday.— In 

Florida,     tjeurgia,     Alabama,     Mlaali 

T-aaa,    Arkanaai  p       In 

'..n..an  aa  "t'onfederata  Memorial 
Day."      In    Virginia.    In    public    acboola. 

June  1Kb.  Kamebamelia  Day. — In  Ha 
wall. 

Jan*  K.ih,  IMoneer  Dxy.— In  Idaho. 

June  <Laat  Wedncoday).  Primary  Elec 
Uon   Day      In  ota, 

July  *th.  Ind.'iH'udenca  Hay.— In  all  th* 
alalra,  anil  Dlatrlct  of  Columbia.  Porto 
III io  and  Alaako. 

July  loth,  Ailinlaalnti  Day.— Iii  Wj.imlng. 
21th.  l'lonc<ra-  Day.      In  titan. 

July  '.'.'-!h.    Lauding  of  Amcrlroii    Troopa 

—  Porto  Klco. 

July  (Fourth  Saturday).  Primary  Bta 
(Ion  Day. — In  Texaa 

AutTuat.   Primary   Flection    Day.— In  Mia 
aourl.      In    Ulehlcan    i  i»nt    Tueadni    lu    An 
rn«t  preceding  erery  gcnornl  No. 
lion). 

Aug.  lat.  Colorado  Dor. — In  Colorado. 

Aug.  nirli.  Itennlncton  Rattle  Day.  - 
In  Vei 

Sept.  (Klnrt  Monday).  Labor  Day,— 
In  all  the  atatea  (and  Dlatrlct  of  Columbia 

and  AM. fciii.  lu  lxiulalana.  obarfTed  In 
Orlcana    I'arlab. 

Bant  .  Primary  Election  Day. — la  Wlacui- 
alri,  l''lrai  Tlieadar,      In  Orvguti    even  ycara. 
Bent.    (Third    Saturday),   Kcgntia  Hay- 
In  1  i    Hawaii. 

I    Oth,  A  In;  Hlon  Day      In  Caltfu 
it.     l'.lli.     "<)M    Defendera"    Day."— In 
Ilaliimor-     kid 

Sfpi  '    Monday  l .   Elect  Ion    Pay  - 

In  Arkanana.  Maine 

I  mil. u«    Day.  —  In    Air' 
Arkanana.  Callfornln    ■  1 1. m. 

Iielawore.    Idaho,   llllnola.   Indlnnn.   Rainai, 
Kentucky.  Maine.  Maryland.  Ma«aachuw>«. 
:  i  ana.     Nebraak. 

New 

Maxlco,  N. "    York    Ohio.  Oklahoma,   Penn- 
nla.  Rhml"   lalaud,  Vermont.  Washing- 
ton. 

Oct.  l»th,  Alnakn  Pay.— In  Alaalra. 

Oct.  .Ilat.  Admlaalon  Day.      In  NeeaiU. 

Nor.  l«t     All  SalnlH"  Day. — In  Loulalana 

KOT.     Ulr.r     Frldm  '".•        In 

Montana,  obaerved  In  public  acboola 

Not.  ad.  feenei  Hay— In   Ala- 

bama. Alaaka.  Arltona.  Cnllfcrnlii.  C 
Drlawnre.    1'i.i-i.ln     Mriho.    llllnola,   Indiana. 
Iowa.    Ixiulalann     Malm-     Maryland     Mi. hi 

San.  Mlnneanta,  Mlaaourl.  Montana  Nevada, 
ew  ll.imp>'i n  New  Jeraey.  New  Mexlro, 
New  York.  North  Carolina.  North  Dakota. 
Oblo  i  from  5.:o  a.  m.  to  9  a.  at.  only),  Okla- 


Holidays 


Messages  and  Papers  of  Ike  Presidents 


bona.  Oregon.   Pennsylvania.    Rhode   Island 

t biennially  Id  **en  yean),  Ib>otb  rn 
auth   Dakota.   Tennessee.  Texas.    \  Irglula, 
Waablrgtun,  Weat   V.rg.nln,  n  and 

Wyoming,  in  tb*  yearn  when  (lection*  are 
held  therein.  In  101*  In  itawa  holding 
euro  election*  lb*  da(*  li  November  3d. 

Not.  20.  1014.  Thankaglvlog  D»T  («•»• 
•Mr  the  l*«t  Thursday  In  November). — la 
obaerrM  in  nil  the  itnroi-  tod  in  ma  !>'«• 
of  Columbia.  Porto  Kleo  and  AI*«V*. 
iii.  ni'ii  in  torn*  ataUa  It  la  not  a  ititutory 
holiday. 

Dec.  23th.  Chrlitrani  Dev — In  all  the 
etatse  ard  District  of  Columbia,  rorto  Ilioo 
and  Alaska. 

Holland.     (See  Netherlands,) 

Holland  Company,  treaty  of,  with  Sen- 

Ml     In. linn,, 

Holland  Patent.— A  grant  of  load   rood* 

ISM  by  Governor  Dungan.  of  New  Tor*, 
to  6  Dutch  patenter*.     The  laud  wa> 
ated  In  what  la  now  Orange  County.  N     V  . 
and  waa   to  bo   held   In   free  and   common 
eocag  ■•II. 

Holstoin-Schlcswlg    War    referred    to, 

Holaton,  Treaty  of,  referred  to,  118. 
Home  Department.— a  name  given  for  a 

tan..  (,i  On  otnc*  of  Foreign  Affair*  («ee 
Foreign  Affair*.  Sec.  of)  which  afterward 
il.  , .  :..|n-d  into  tho  State  Department.  The 
Krai  BOOM  Depertxaent  waa  also  given  for 
a  time  to  the   interior  Department    (oj.    v.|. 

Homo  Rule  for  Ireland.— T:o  term  "Homo 
Rule"  waa  composed  and  first  nppt!"l  tO 
the  atrugglc  for  Irish  freedom  In  EtM  ycir 
IST.'I.  although  trial]  nationalist*  bad  been 
Mailug  the  trail  towards  Irish  independence 
for  Mint  years  previous  to  that  date.  The 
ntlve  nDlon  of  Ireland  with  Oreat 
iln  dote*  from  July,  1S00.  and  for  »ome 
rim*  afterward*  !'■■•  of  f  e 

mnsac*  In  one  country  no*  probably  n*  bad 
aa   that  of  thi>  li  i     • 

f'reat  reform  measures  Inaugurated  In  Fng- 
nnd  In  1832  were  reflected  but  sllc'clv  in 
Ireland,  however,  ns  the  economic  situation* 
Of  the  two  r.iiintrlea  were  becoming  more 
and  more  dlsalmllar.  The  misery  of  r  ■ 
Irl«h    people,    and    1  of    tbe 

m*n*uree  propoted  for  t'elr  relief  from  Lon- 
don flnnlly  gave  rite  to  a  feeling  In  Ireland 
that  *he  alone  wn*  abi>'  and  i  Icalrj  Insti- 
lled to  work  out  her  own  aalvation,  and  t>-at 
hence  the  legislative  anion  with  r.rent 
Flrllaln  should  be  abrogated.  In  t'-c  :. 
t'-l<  f.-rlinu-  .1.  v.  I  i  ..  ,|  under  tli"  leadTtiMp 
of  Daniel  O'Connelf,  wbo  obtnlncd  many  fof. 

tower*,  bat  no  *ucce»*.    An  eiiion 

broke  out  In  1S*>,  but  waa  noon  duelled 
tin-  next  twenty  yenr*  there  waa  llttl 
trouble,  althuii'.'b  the  Bre*  were  amonrdorlng 
under  the  atirf*  turn- 

nnco  wns  created  hv  t'  e  Fenians  fa.  \ 
organisation  of  Irli.li  nationalists  orgnnlied 
In  America. 

In  1  mis  London  began  attempt*  to  > 
late    nndertuiullncly    concerning:    the     Irl«'i 
qneatlon.  and  I'rlrre  Mini  |er  Gladstone  dl*- 
raubllahed    and    dlaendowcd    the    Anjrllcnn 
Church  la   Inland  in  i'nt  yenr.     in 
lh»  disturbance*  throughout  Ireland  !■ 

Sarllcularly  aevere.  and  Oladatone  curried 
firough  Parliament  hia  ao-cnlled  "tare*  F" 
mea«ure* — providing  for  Fair  (lent,  l-lil'r 
of  Tenure,  and  Free  Sale.  Id  1878  Csartee 
Btewart  Parncll  became  the  leader  • 
IrlaU  nationalist*:  and  London  waa  avowing 


greater  later.it  In  co-operating  to 
condition*  Id  Ireland  when  the  an 
of  Lord  Cavcndleh  brought  on  aevere  react* 
slve  meaaorea.  Caeeadleh.  cblof  Mcrcurr 
fee.  Ireland,  wa*  atatted  to  death.  Om 
with  a  deeply. bated  eaborduaat*.  to  Peewit 
F*rk.  Dublin,  on  May  0,  1852.  For  0* 
crime,  Ave  men  were  banged,  three  aenieantJ 
to  life  Imprlaonoaeat.  aad  otaer*  ree*»t« 
Jail  terma  of  varlon*  length.  T'e  Ira* 
rationalist  wbo  tarncd  atace'a  *Tldeac<  n 
trial  waa  later  murdered  la  8*tr» 
Africa,  and  hh  assassin  In  turn  waa  brow.1 
to  London  and  banged  for  the  rrla*. 
thelea*.  tbe  Irish  Nationalist  p*rtr  b*ev*t 
itronger  and  atronger.  aad  la  1SSS  aa«i? 
achieved  tbe  balance  of  power  la  tb*  Uoev 
of  Common*.  It  waa  on  April  «.  18M.  U»l 
i. tone  made  Ma  roomcotoa*  aaaoaMt- 
m*nt  that  he  bad  been  converted  to  near* 
and  Introduced  hi*  Hum*  tnl*  ML 
tver*by   dlanapi.  Id    I.ll>eni 

only  to  have  t> 

7,  1S80.     In   :  .n.  for  a  >«** 

time  introduced  a  none  Mole  meaav 
Parliament,     and     carried     It    auc<t*«W 
!  -0U-1.  only  \ȴt 
It  defeated  In  the  Mouao  of  Lord*. 

Tbe  I'  In!  and  aueceaaful  nose  Hoi*  IS 

wn*  Introduced  Into  Parllameat  by  PlrBW 

Aaqulth  In  Aprl  .  e  lloow  *f  Ur* 

in    Jaannrr.    1011,  •*! 

iltb  held  nn  nilvantug-  whith  CJaorM* 

not  enjoy.      For    In    tbe    veir*  b*t"« 

:  ad  1918.  tbe  veto  aware* 

of  Lord*  had  been  curbed  :  and  f*  BUI  *e 

tame  law  will-  -ot  of  tb*  flam 

of  Lordx  on    It*  third    pnia^e  tiroes*  M 

:  '.mi       •  f  Common  i  oi  :  I.  M  • 

11  to  274.     Tbe  inn  differ*  la**** 

Impoitant     features    from    riladitcoe'*  W*; 

ie«  an   Irish  Parllat 
Ids  memb.  a   House  of  Urds  8*  f 

i       II  i«    . 

•  f  Ireland  baa  the  power  to  veto  »*f  Wr*"- 

tlon  ..-  I.,  refer  It  for  approval  to  tie  Etr 

lUli    iTirllament.      Forty-two    Irls^  aseawn 

given  seat*  In  tbe  Kng!l*b  ParllueaL 

full  power  to  vote  upon  all  mil*" 

•ig  t'  e  measure* 

bo  decide ' 
Joint    Exi-bequer    Coard.    conitstlar  *f  **• 
inemhera     from     Ireland,     two    froa    <W] 
P.rltnln.  and  of  a  t-bnlrmaa  to  be  ag«*UM 
by  the  King,     nca.il.  |tr'.»t»'»l 

u  given  t   e  power  to  lerlsutc  npoaatlev* 
tlon*  inept  thoae  which  do  not  aertah  i» 
Ireland  :  except  certain  aMClfic  au»aXHa»,*>' 
i   for  treatment  exclusively  by  EWlaj 

Frrlil  government:  and  except  treasea  P* 
irelgn  ti  'i.itloaa,     Tbe  It**  f»- 

■  lament  la  olao  (  establlth.  f*e>*' 

or  to  Btafc*  preferential  resrolatlon*  c«a«»r»; 
Ing  any  religion;  nor  may  It  veto  anj  ie* 
:ii|«m    nasard  M  ■*) 
I  Parllami  irlah  rarlHav" 

la  also  without  tb*  power  to  kg! 

aae,    tax    collrctln*.   aad  r«" 

•    deal  with  old  age  *♦**•* 

eic'-nneea    and    varlo-j*   ac'ssaa  »" 

Kiivi-rniueiit  was    wltl'eU  *»™ 

i->l    with    tbe  ; 
until   1D18;  nn.l  the  right  to  d.-j]  airt  ■',; 

'    li 
i    i    1 1'      rial  0  nrernaaent  1*  to  ■ 
C  e    Irish    revenue,    r  '  ' 

eclrd    lot    iidr.'l 
frlsh  1'nrllament.    Tto  Irish  ParBiaitat" 
:  ind.  may  levy  taxea  «f  Its  JJ 
[rattoa  of  t*«  "*} 
receipt*  on  any  Intreas* 
taxea  of  more   t''«n   10*    mint  be  Wlm 
over  to  tbe  Imperial  Gorernaaeat 

I    In  the  application  of  t'e  Plll^i1 
ie  to  the  oi 
the  remainder  of  ir- 
almost  entirely    ladostnal    and 


rriie** 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Honduras 


and  objects  to  being  controlled  i>y  ths 
agnrlnn  and  Catholic  Irltb  majorltr.  In 
September.  1012.  under  tup  leaders'.lp  of 
81r  Blward  Careoo,  a  solemn  pledge  was 
signed  la  Hitter  to  refuse  to  abide  by  tie 
authority  of  any  act  estaMli'-lcg  Home  Rule. 
-  raited  a  volunteer  arniy  which  wss 
IT  reported  to  number  at  Wast  100.000 
men,  and  the  army  wis  recruited  and  dulled 
wlfi  tbe  grrafrtt  enrc.  A  provlilonnl  i"v- 
tmment  wan  planned,  nnnn  and  ammunition 
were  extensively  Imported,  nnd  other  prep- 
aration* for  civil  war  were  made,  of  10 
serious  a  nature  that  the  nt  de- 

layed Its  application  of  Home  Utile.  On 
July  2.8.  1014.  •  serious  struggle  broke  out 
In  th»  streets  of  Dubllu.  concerning,  tie 
smuggling  of  some  arms  Into  Ireland  for 
revolutionary  pu rpo*es.  and  tbe  proximity  of 
thl*  date  to  August  I.  1814.  0 
wMch  tbe  Great  European  War  broke  out. 

I  n  commented  anoo.  Oa  April  : 
HMO.  a  revolt  In  Dfblln  dl-rlo-ml  extensive 
preparation  n'leoeodcnre 
»y  force,  and  lt»  leader,  sir  Roger  caacment. 
was  executed  for  treason  on  Auxuat  2  of 
t*e  mo«  jeer.     Inter.-;!  In  Home  11 

ulted  States  bn->  not   been  confined  to 

Americana    of    IrBh    blrfi    or    decent,    and 

:i ft.  r    I    i     .-itrnnce   of    t*e    Italted 

State*  Into  the  great  Kviropesn  struggle  on 

■"..  1017.  a  i'  'l  i  '•  

two  hundred  members  of   O 

Ktchcd  to  onr  new  ill*.    Rn  'land,   r,inect- 
lly  reqiiettlir  ber  t>. 
wlthou  tloo    Ire- 

land under  Prltl- '     ' 

<m   Mnr   i?    •.•.M T.   Premier  Lli 
announce,]    tut    be   hod    submitted    to    t'  e 
Irish   Natlonnllati  pronmui  Imme 

date  applleMloa  or  I'oma  Rule,  with  the  *v- 
elmlon  of  Ulster.  T'is  exclusion  would  be 
r-i.--.-nv  iii.r.-.l  i,  Parliament  altera  soaes  of 
fro  years.     In  t'e  ac  inlwl  of  all 

Ireland  would  he  vented  In  a  ro'inrll  of  Ir  - 
•n'.loni  eauol  In 
nn^-her  from  t'-e  nationalist  nnd  t 
eluded  areas.  Thlt  proposal  meeting  wit"; 
little  f»Tor.  the  Premier  called  n  general 
Irla'i  convention.  repre»eotln-  all  faction*. 
t  i  anise  ;  lolotlons  of  tbe  Irlt"'  : 

Hose  Squadron,  proposed  extent  ion  of 

duties  of,  referred  to,  0l"0. 
Homestead-Exemption    law*.  —  t-eglala- 

tlon  enacted  BJ   mott  of  the  state*  to  S"-ura 
a  home  and  shelter  for  a  family  or   Indi- 
vidual  by  exempting,  under  certain   i 
tlona.  tbe  residence  oei  111*  family 

dividual  from  llahll  ty  to  be  told  for 
the  debt*  of  Its  owner  and  by  rent  rlet Inn  bit 
right  of  ?ro«  al'«ratlo-i.  Phi-  |iarpc.-*t  of 
the  bomcitcsd -exemption  Ian  nre  to  protect 
the  family,  terura  to  It  a  borne,  n-d  to 
provide  agalrat  lt»  m»mher»  being  deprived 
thereof  by  I  Improvidence,  i 

capacity  of  the  bend  of  the  family 
Ian*  exist  In  nearly  all  the  states,  varylrg 

In  i heir  i.  rcun  and  limitations.      In  1  r.  - 
mmcttcad-excrjptlon  It  part  of   the  mnatl- 
tutlon. 

Homestead  ijaw.— a  law  enacted  by  Con- 

May  20,    1803       11    provided  that  a- y 
n  might,  upon  payment  of  I) 
fee  of  *.'»  or  »I0.  enter  opon  and  hold  ary 
iproprlated  quarter  tertlon  of  the  pub. 

II  da  valued   at    M.25   per  sere  or  any 

12  SO  per  acre, 
ard  ai  r.'«  iloio-'-  become  lha  a-ile 

otrprr.  Th'n  meaaore  proved  of  great  value 
In  settllrg  the  ln-ds  of  the  West. 

Homestead  Lavs  (ten  nlxo  Land*,  Pub- 
lic, opened  to  settlement): 


Act— 
Granting  Indiana  privileges  of,  rec- 
ommended,   442*1,    4528. 
In    relation    to    proof  required   In 

homestead  entries  vetoed.  43S3. 
To  secuTo  homesteads  to  settlers  on 
pulilii:  domain  vetoed,  3139. 
Amendment    of,  recommended.  5107. 
Bill   to   allow    Indian    homestead   en- 
tries referred  to,  47S3. 
Confirmation   of  entries  in  Michigan 
referred  to,  4665. 

.   3560,   3651,   54  M. 
Working  of,  in  the  West,  871 
Honduras. — Honduras  It  the  middle  atate 
of   Central    America,   between    13"    10'-10* 
N.  lat.  and  83*  10/ -S*'  40'  W.  lonfc,  bound- 
ed on   the  Kuuth  by  Salvador,  on  tbe  aaal 
by  Nicaragua,  and  on  the  west  by  0 
mala. 

1'hyical  Pcalurn  ant  Climate— Close  to 
mill  in  I.., mi.;. ii j-  au  euttein  arm  of 
the  Siena  Madi-e  traveiaea  iln-  n<puhlle  from 
west  to  e»u  with  helglna  o(  lO.gtlO 
and  nlonjf  the  Atlantic  contt  the  Sierra  de 
I'lja    rites    to    a    considerable    height.     The 

if    lha  country  la  rear  rally    muiio 
ous,  with  Intervening  pTnl  n  the 

p:nlna  of  Comayaftu  and   l'lsncho  ai.      be 
moat    eauMctatik-       I'iie    la.-g,-ai    rlTfl 
iii.     I1M    I   inn,    Hi..   01 
iii     K.itiniii,  ill..  Negro,  and  the  Aguan. 
1010    i he    1'neine    llotv    the    (ionteoion.    the 
Nacome  and  the  Cholui  .  i      Ttw  wtl  aeaaon 
from    liny    to    No  I       i.       h 

(Date  Of  Ike   lOWtaoda  or  Ihe  Atlantic  eontl 
l<     opi'tcrlve.     hut     Hie    elevated    plateaus 
r:f  the  Inu-tlor  ore  salubrious  and  ten 
ate. 

Iliiiorn .—  Chrlatophcr  Columbns  landed  at 
nat    In    1002.   and    In    1    -I    Lho 
o:untry  aas  totthd  I  nlarda.     la 

1B20    Hernando    Corle*    founded    tli-- 
of  Ilsrrto  Cortes,  and   from    loOO    to    1S21 
the  countrj  formed  pan  of  the  Camnlncy- 
flci      i.ii.-i       i  he    i  public   was 

!  Confederation  of  Central  Amcr 

IU,  bin  since  that  date 
h.it  been  Indepeudeut.  rolltlcully  the  eouu 
try   la  divided   Into   • 

I'll*        Conatllntlon        r.-na 
upon  a  charter  pi  i  -.u 

aud  re-lnvnkrd  In  September.  r.uiT.  Tlo- 
(iorernment  Is  that  of  a  centrallted  repob' 
lie.  with  a  Preahl.iu  elected  for  «  years  ^y 

lha  direct  rote  or  nil  niale  rablecti  of  21 
yeora  (or  married  eltlxrns  nf  18  who  can 
read  and  write).  The  I'reildent  1»  eligible, 
for  one  sucresslvc  iinu.  President  or  the 
i mil,    Dr.    Don    I'runclsco    ller- 

i  rendi 

The  President  la  aided  by  six  Secretaries 
of  srsto. 

Congieei    rnn«l«t«    of    one    house    of    42 
let.   elected    for  4    years    by    universal 
odult  male  suffrage. 

The  Sup! Court  at  tbe  capital  conslata 

of  five  Judges  elc  led  bj  Ihe  people,  and 
there  are  four  Courts     .r  Aiip.nl. 

/   aaal    '..IV      Berries   In   the   Army 

il    and    compulsory    lMt»..n    the 

nges  of  21  nnd  3.1.  with  n  further  liability 

The  permanent 

force  It  limited  to  about  2.000  of  all  ranks, 

the  effective  wnr  strength  axceedlDg  00,000 

Tlie    Navy    mntlsts  of    the   armed    cuttvr 
General  Barabona. 

ii.o  ..ni  i  Ihnographt  -  Tbe  nrea  of  the 
republic    Is   given    as    42.058    aqua 
with  a  population  of  B03.000  sk  nacerlnlned 
by  the  last  census      Politically  the  country 


Honduras 


Papers  of  ll  Mtitis 


In  •llilil.il    ll  n   depart  n 

•borlslnal     luilUua    Include    \m«iv<    and 

.•ml  t'nrlb* 

I*    th 

la  the  Bar  lalaic 
: 

al   I  lie  •  lull  I'  rath  .  "iitnrr. 
The  mn»l  tii'im  i 

api-aklue  hnlf-cnate  or  mcatlsn.  wiiii--  In  toe 
!:•     nlxi  'I    Indian- 

m   "•"'   /« II      l  H'-   i.'inMpol 

mil*.  coff.  .-,   Indigo    iod 

■  N.  rnhln  i.  sugar  and  co>*t>n  arc  al«o  i: 

Tlir   f". ■ .. l-i.-i -   [ncludi  I   and 

other  cabinet    11 i".   and  dye   wood*      The 

inlncrnl     w«n  H  li. 
Hold  InJtn. 

.  |i'*il  nntiiiM'ii'  nickel,  lM»ii  and 
ronl.  and  til t rn t .-  depot)  ts  ">■  believed  to 
In-  fohly  [•li'iiilful  mid  awnlt  developmenl 
.Mini'- 1  nil  ■;,.-  i'"iniii.in  nocrsMrlc*  of  life 
mporled,  In-  hnlliig  prorl»lc.U".  textiles 
and  iii-lol,  and  hardware,  I  hi!  only  Imal 
Industries  being  the  pinltlng  of  straw  hata, 

li(t,   nnd   It! -k    ninklnit. 

—  I'rll |       'liicallon     In     free. 

wrulni     and    eompult  irj .     and     there    are 

in       ablll l  ■ 
ami   writ"1  li  tin'  nnn'incntl  finu- 

There    are    > .".  -i  amenl     aei  osdl  fT 
.  hi i  i'    :in. i    training   eolle 

.  hunt     -if      l!ir!-|'!Ui|i'lii*«     at 
.'liinn,  and  a  central  InnlUul'  nn. I  UOl 
I'llnl 
Plume*       I  In-    •■'•!"  '"I. nil'  "    ''■"' n    marly 
v 1 1 ti  Hi.'  rorenuea,  which  riveraco 
•■    annually      Th.        I 

.ill, II,-      .1.-1.1       ,,f      .'.I    HUH. "Ml 
.  «l    ll'JII.  ("Mil,     . 1 1 .. .i I     V. 

■  .     i    |,  ■  ,,l  n    li    equal 

Stotei 

Ue  H  li-    wlih    ilii-    I'nlted 

I  In-    Imports  generally  exceeding  the 
The  principal  export    i*  harm 

lulu.:     nttta,   coffee     hldi  •.    rnn- 

luT  and  iliiilii-i  .  Hi.-  I.' 

'.  ittlee,    wiiii    metal     mil  nn.i 

[revisions     The  capital  ii  Tegucigalpa  and 
h<re  are  wmt  hair  a   doien   towns  with  a 

population    ■  el    li 

',    i.  ,f.i   ih.  The  vain,- 

nf   mcrrhundlne    Imported    from    tin.    i 
Stale    Into    ll..ndiira>    tor    the    year     IS    : 
««■<    *.\HIR,762.    and    Rood*    to    tin-     value 
•  if  sVt.ilOO.SOl    were   acnl    Ihlthi  r     >    halamv 
.if   j.ii.S'.Mi    In    favor   of    Hoodaraj 

Honduras: 

Diplomatic  relations  with,  discussed, 

H08. 
Fogil  r.i'    .riniinftl*,   convention    with, 

for    nmndtt  of,  4161.  I 
I m pi  i> . . I. !■■■■  nt    of    Ami-ri'  ;in    .iii.'.'iH 

•  !  n.nv.'nlinii  ■  ilh,  ,":!77. 

l(..fii»ftl    of,    to    receive 

.  ..nMinT.-ml    ■goat, 
I;.  |i,,rt    nf    Tl    ■  Ii'.'vii'.lils    on 

condition  end  eommcrco  of,  trans- 
mitt .  .i.  .in>;. 

I.'imt :in    ll.'ind,    convention    of,    with 

i    regarding.  " 
TnrifT  Itiw*  of,  evidence  of  modifies- 
ll   of,   proclaimed,   5714. 
Discussed,  .'747. 
Treat?    of,    With    Great    Britain    re- 

f«rr.  .1   l".  .1170. 
Trent  v    with.    trnn«mittc<l     and    die- 
OOWed,  3116,  34.-.$,  4101,  4210. 


RognritiriK    Honduraa    Into 
Railway. 

.is  nf  United  State*— 
lir.-d  upon  by  act  f,  as* 

uvonal   of   art    l»v.    disetutei, 
.*,8«9. 

•'d  and  used  l>y  insure,  i 
qoeationa  regarding,  5$W. 
Hondnraa  and  Nicaragua  Treaties  jp> 

poeed  by  at  Toft,  766J. 

Honduraa,   Treaties  with.— A   trm-  d 
.    and    natt/aike  of 
IBM     prOTtdM    for    freedom    of    fMM 

i    in    iln-  Kimtlng  t/nih-.    »lta  the  «■> 
.     other.    •• 
dlnrrlmlnailng    •  .«!»■ 

tloaa.     The  Imriurtatlofl  and   eiporu 

upon    equal    to  mi  >f 
Her   natliinalli)-.     fttlana  tf 
proiecied  In  all   eondllloDt,  and  aad 

nuiiian<«»    have    th*    »aroe    rUbU  IM 

prlvllegi*    ax     Hi I     l be    domuUoai  « 

nn.-ll    ..f    1 1.  ■  ■••  ■ 

death  of  a   L-UUcn  of  one  eouutry  re«MIM 

in  II ther  ili>.  aduilulmratlon  vf  bl'  - 

and  iln-  protection 

leted    bj     eoaaular    nath^ni 
In    Hi,.    DM    "f    iln-    llondnrn 
R  illwaj  nf  arroribsl  tu  lie  l"alw 
DJ    thl<    treaty. 
\    natiirallxatloa    Ireely    w««    atfoeJ  ■ 

oarcatM 
lu     I'mil.       !|..ii.'  |«n7 

lo  ii nventlon  lu  i««n  the  t'altoi  *•■* 

.iii.l     tin  bllee    of    Sontl  «a» 

ml    Amerleii    foi  utluO  if  P 

.  - 1 1 1 1 1 :  i  r  y     Clfllm     and     Ibl      |,r«.te<-1U0    •»! 


ventlona,   .i.-     whlrh  wna  "»iirn»d  lu  . 

linn  lend    la    •"•«»- 

191 
i  America,  Tn-atlm  arlin  i 

"Honest  Abe."-  a    bMdbum 

Abrahaiu  l.iini.ln. 

Hongkong,    consulate    nt,    referrt.l  «'. 

4534. 
Hooaler  State.— a    Dlcteane  fo*  lodi»*» 

(q.  T.).     (Seu  ol»o  State*.) 
Hops.— The  hup  plnnt   can  be  frewa  !*»■ 
erally  ll    the    United   State*.  J* 

up   to   the    preaent    lt<  no    In  « 

iner.-lal  i|iiantltii  «  ha.  h.-»n  .-onfinid  t»  £•" 

Aiui-rlean  nopa  find  ready  aale  in  63, 
land     wh»r»   lb*    o>naumptlon   la  atnul    5J. 

in i ii  p.  Hilda  .•tnnuall)'  aiptlear  a  Pr»*S1, 

A  machine     a« 

nirmted  whloh   In  capable  of  P*e"5_fl», 

liiiniiii    p.,  inula   •■<    h.'pa    a    day.     Kor  l*y 
when    ■  computatlen  waa  mi-S*?"-.,; 

the    IVpurlment    of    i'omaaer.-*    and    \.»T\\ 

«d  »mi...    The  yield  wna  «i 

I ii  nt  f~  *n.m.  »e>  lneraaae 

..ii..    in  ten  v.-iira. 

Homct,     The.— An     American     iloop 
war  carrjlng  18  gntw,  romaaaoded  by  <~  ■ 
l^iwrciiee  durlnir  the  War  i 
1*13,  Dear  the  month  of  the  i>i-mrrata  Bti. 
ahc  attacked  ill"  Brlllah  brig  I'taeoek.  tf^  n 
.ii-*   «aa  aniiB  In  a  ilo** '^ 
.  i.nillili.ii.  nnil   atru.-k    In  ''     m ,| 

wounded   could  he  removed  the  ■ 
■  in  i.  In-  ....  in.  h.'i  <i  HrlM.h  and  a  Ataera*^ 

ti,       March    ' 

tin;    //orn.t    raptured    aod   »*'. 

the  Brltlth  brig  Penffulm,  »!«..  ot  1»  ««'"* 
the  latt.  r  Io.Iiik  her  eommaader  In  the  f? 
rarement.      Shortlv    al  battle  J 

Hornet    was   chased   by    the    UrltU*  frfcfaW 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Hosiery 


.  7  i  jriiD*.  am)  i-nty  <  «r»t»4  cap- 
tarontog  ber  guu*  and  heavy  atom 

Tha.  Britinu  sloop  of  war  do. 
513. 

B)0«    Bund    (Ala.),   Battle  of.— 
.    Ja.'kaou    «a»    Informed    of    the 
■    la   cenSd.rablf  Busatx-re 
i»a   I'viualy  be  rewired   i«   ■ 
Mow.     Hi'  ai-nt  hit  atom 

.ib»r  In  Sai- 
p4    ma 

Indiana.      March    27.     18H 

KU     Be  hall"!  arltbla  •  trit 
r  hn-a«iwnrk>  at   ir-.r   I. 
a*  TailaiMM,.»  River,  when 

III  'b    .-f     » 

real  macW.-a 

aj|ii.- 

Imtian  nllli  •  aooD  au 

!,,.         I  . 

r»  al<r-  ■-.<■■    with   • 

Bad  III"  torfh  wu  nppll'-'l  I  •  ■'      i 
•Ml  all  da». 

,■   r\,n\t.f   :■  .,    I  Mil."    u. 

.1    mhlle    HTlnz    to    wapc. 
I,,  v.,  ivaa   ::?.   kii 

*-<1      The  (I 

:i     mill 

II  II 

liana     wa«     br«ik»a     hy     ilil«     ha  I  lie, 
•ford,  la*  chief,  appeared  im  r-mail)' 
n.    Jackac-n    anil     ofT.  n.1     i 
|r  wa-  to  go   frei 

ace  annum  hln  dcjeel  •!  fulloi 

Board.  —A      federal      board 
JiirtadlctloO  of  It-  Deparlm. 

the  admin- 
i  at  tin.  lawe  for  ln«p>rllun  and  iinnr- 

in    inf^i.-.i  '  "i 

' 

trtrta.     The 

.*««    of    KB' 

ml  iMuiirv  anil  lb«  i  • 
[Vpaiin  \crtruliiiiv 

>t-OaV>  irlli  ill- 

r •   .  i    i'  ■         •  '-r.il   >»tnte*. 

•i        ,|in.r  in-    |  I"  •  ii 

ii 
n.  I  Aala. 

In    *nrl     uf    p.i 

E«iro-f«»iin    eowntrt 

,  a  a- 1  Hi.'  pink  '"II  cotton  worn  of 

irentlnea  tare  a' 

I,  rl«  ■  agnii 

Dfnii     frill!     fly     In     Minn 

-  gland. 
Im    ami.'    In*'  ■      Irtaaaa,    rail- 

i  .  and  ii"-  pink  boll 
-ill. 

Y  and   Knit   Goods.— ti»    tfl    of 
U  aald   to  have  been   bareoted   in 

.'ittd    to 
unit    Ha    n.iy    from 
luvnuii'  a  ri u 1 1 1 .•  •  - < I  Induvtl 

a   knll  >    I  I- 

iMlce   trade,    end 
■>..    nbl  lot*   l>r>-n    an 

An  apnnratiia  for  rll-l-l nt  wne  In- 

Si  inn     :n     IT---       The 

M-flft     lim'tlleil    III 

i   n  .ii. i  i  .i   meet   «  >'■   • 

It    baa 

ill  .,   rlili-f  ,.f  abli-h 

iiiaihW  or    Imrb    aeedle   Invented 

7i".    Aim-rlcaa*. 

ilal  ami    Alinct    Raid,    by    their  fx- 


nllia    Bdd*>d     10     tin-     pr.l  -lint     .ali:.-    .,f    the 
ng  machine       Sotttngtiam  and    I 

nilualry    In 

In    a ii.  aula, 

ami    Miik-.i  ui   pro- 

dupllim. 

'I  In.  growth  of  the  liu-lii.--  .  in  Hi.-  1 

i        • 

'i.l    an 
.  iln   ami    >  i 

I  I'J 

III      *i 
nf    win 

I,-, 
I 

:      ll   IN 

lllfl.i 

- 

ml  |...| 
rial!  v 

-I    l.v     111,.    I  Ii 

iii    tin.    iiiiini i-  •.-   and 

knit   gnmlx   In    I'M  I 

A  a    '  f    iih-    Im! 

- 

raruera     and    m.ikii.g    good*    to    iln-    voluo 

- 
-;  -  In  Hi"  \    lui' 17.130.- 

Il|>        I  I,.  I    ,  .  -         ..      ■     I 

low  III  ii.    I"  in"  i    »l*tc 

In  i in'  i.ii 
mi l pin                             number*  given,  no  w- 
i : •  t  i     with  »1 1 

nt  *'•  'i-    .800,  •■  ii,-  •:■'   I  priiii  i 

limn'.    I'll  i 
and  knit  good, 
aa  aiibeldlary  producta. 
In     tin-    underwear    I 

lehlDi 
mil    arum 
ally    bore    than   In   all   olh- .-, 

I  -lin-il.        I-.  "A-.il 

than     -  They     nr 

a   .-.fT'.ci)   i 

gap  ■  i ' *   In    n n 

mill-*.      'I'll.- 
i  •■.  Illilli 

■ 

I-  "f  iiiiili-rwrar  mtnu 
-i  ,. 
12    Hi-    knitting    of    mrk«    and 
atorklnga    rumnlin  ild   In 

..hi,  li 

Mi.        liini-l:    ;  01       *««li.|       frni 

iif--       iii    t lint    year    Kcbert    Kgbefti 
plied    ih«'    prloclpal   cf 
I lua:   by    powr-r  at    I'ohoi        *-■      s        ii: 

■'an  «lror-l'- 
of    William    LM  S'ln 
Hint    adnpinili.n    <  m    HP 

had     prrv      : 
w tirilly    of  tlanni'l.    fa»li1opr<3  and   arw«*i1    at 

i to    Ihi      I  ml  -.  i. In. i : 

I  radii 
ally,   aa    liiT,-ntloti    aftir-r   lti*,-ui! 

all    Ol  mi  Igttl       I"  r!i-,-l.  ,1    III.     knll 

ting    N 

win   fnlrlj  nml   tlrmli  >l   It  apread 

wllli   aiiiaalnc   rapldliy.      In    I  no  daeadi     I" 
Own     ■  Of    kirn 

gooda  mlll»  ii.-iiiii.  il.  and   Iho   ml I   lln- 

annual     prodm  i     |nmp.  il     frmu    (20,107,221 
to  (0T.341 

'I  be     PI lionUry     ba     18H 

l,3'.T,T0t  dozen  pulra.  Valued 


Hosiery 


fessages  and  Papers  of 


'residents 


at  108,130.205.  The  output  of  sweaters  In- 
creased from  ?.3'.'1.410.  valued  at  82-\430.- 
517.  in  1UOD.  to  2.2IU.142.  valued  at 
120,103.002.  lo  1014.     Of  hoods,  scarfs,  etc.. 

She  production  In  1U14  amounted  to  0S7.178 
oicn.  valued  at  l3.t00.3ZO. 

The  great  variety  of  goods  made  facili- 
tate* tup  tendency,  peculiar  to  this  In- 
dustry, toward  the  building  of  compara- 
tively small  mills,  requiring  but  modviate 
capital :  and  It  happons  In  consequence-  that 
tbeie  mills  spring  up  all  over  to*  country, 
and  can  now  be  found  In  thirty-eight  On  Bio 
forty-eight  nnt<».  Many  or  than  employ 
only  cotton  an  a  raw  material  other*  use 
chiefly  wool :  and  itl'l  other*  manufacture 
«b*t  arc  known  a*  meilno  knit  or  mixed 
good* — cotton  mlscd  with  wool  In  propor- 
tion! varying  from  flfty  tn  seventy  live  and 
nln>'iy  pot  east  of  cotton,  according  to  tbc 
particular  market  nought-  The  tendency  to 
tbo  larger  oh  of  cotton  in  these  goods  I* 
perceptible      not      necessarily      because      of 

{rcstcr  chc*pn«s*  or  a  desire  to  mluli 
ut    because    of    the    liability    of    Mss]    M 
•brink,     and     Its     excessive     warmth,     lend 
many  to  prefer  undergarment*  In  ■blctt  cot- 
ton  ■*  an  equal  or  predominating   umteiial. 

in  issfl  v..  r.  Kllbourne  invented  a  urn- 

chine  for  automatically  knitting  full  fa«h- 
loncd  underwear,  and  tin-  machine  has 
gindually  wrought  a  second  revolution  In 
•-.v.  The  amount  of  band  labor 
now  done  Is  reduced  t.,  the  minima) — to 
the  mere  sewing  on  of  buttons,  eu  to  apeak. 
In  1000  the  t"t:il  ihiihIii  t  of  knlttlua  ma- 
chine" reported  M  establishments  m  tl 
dtistry  was  113.010.  as  icnntl  00. MIT  In 
1R90.    ati    Increase   of    43,072,    or    OO.fl    per 

---lit         ilier    ill',    t'.r    ,-..rl|      ,,r    .-ill     I  tir-    knitting 

machines  In  limit  were  power  machine*. 
There  wo*  an  lncr»n*e  of  8.HW  01  3 1  B 
per  cent.  In  the  number  of  spring  beard 
needle    mneblne*    between    1B0O    and     1000. 

l.-'it.-h  n He  maehlnas  constituted  •>  i  8  per 

<.-nt    ■  g|  number  of  maculae     tn 

lUOO.     Circular  hosiery  automatic  machines 
(1   80.7  per  cut.   of    the   total    uu tuber 
In   1S0K 

toco  I  Inn  of  BltohlUhmentB. — Of  the  1,047 
establishments  reported  for  1014.  1.835.  or 
over  80  per  ci  Bl  sd  in  the  7  Mate* 

of  Pennsylvania.  New  York,  Ma**achu  etr*. 
North  I'arollun,  Wisconsin.  New  Jersey,  and 

Illinois,  In  the  order  In  which  named,     in 

IBOO   iii ported   1  113  eataultlb- 

—about  the  same  proportion  as  In 
•  ii  The  i. '".lining  322  establish. 
In  1014  were  distributed  among  27  si 
the  number  In  ench  ranging  front  I  e-.icb  In 
ii  -t.-ii.  -  to  89  la  Oh!'  In  1014  Pennsyl- 
vania and  New  York  together  reported  980 
establishments,  as  compared  with  8.'17  In 
1000.  Of  the  153  new  factories  shown  for 
the  later  year,  128  were,  located  in  Srw 
Tort 

Hospitals.  (Soo  Marine  Hospitals.) 
Hostage.— A  person  held  by  the  enemy,  with 
or  without  b!»  consent,  as  a  means  of  en- 
forcing the  fulfillment  of  a  promise  qr  com- 
pelling tbo  performance  of  an  Involuntary 
act. 
Hot  Springs,  exploration  party  ascends 

Washita  Elver,  3S7. 
Hot     Springs     Commission     discussed, 

4456. 
Hot  Spring!   Reservation.    Ark.      (see 
also  Parks,  National): 

Appropriation    for    Improvement    of, 
recommended.    4661. 


to, 

: 

.  _dU- 

_ 


Bath  houses  and  bath-hoaae  sites  si, 

granting    lease*    of,    referred   to, 

47S7. 
Condition,  occupancy,  and  are*  of, 

farred  to,  3665. 
Payment  of  dnmages  to  penoB* 
I.  4668. 
Hough,  Jndge.   opinion  cited  in  anti 

trust  decision,  "131. 
Hours  of  Labor: 
Referred  to,  6348. 
Uniform    course    regarding, 

Bt  adad,  1S19. 
Wages  of  Government  employees 

to  bo  affect  ci  uob  in,  pco- 

t da  i  mod,  3969,  4129. 

House  of  Representatives.— Tbe  low» 
house  of  the  Congrea*  of  tbe  United  State- 
The  Constitution  provides  (Article  1..  *e* 
tions  1  and  2)  that  "all  legislative  powe* 
■  lull  be  vested  la  *  Col 
gresa    of    the     United     Stai  i    sb» 

consist   of  a   Senate   i  -  of  Bean 

seutatlvea.     Tlie    Hon  |     ,  reeentallvs 

shall  be  composed  of  members  cbosec  ev*r 
second  year  by  the  people  of  tbe  seven 
states.  •  •  •  No  person  shall  be  a  retires*! 
iiiiim  who  shall  not  hove  attained  to  It 
age  of  twenty-Ove  year*  and  been  seve 
years  a  eitlsen  of  tbe   Oi  -s.   SB 

who  shall   not.   Kbi'n  an  Inhnts 

Hint    of    [lint    Mate    In    whl.-h    he    shsll    C 
chosen.        Member*  of  the  House  of   I 
tentative!  are  apportioned   among  tbe  *r" 

n  as  show 
at  eo.ii  decennial  censu*.  sod  are  elect* 
bv  a  direct  tote  of  tbo  people 

Sl    districts    fixed    by    stair 
original    proportion    was    1    to    30.000:    s 
present  It  Is  1  to  212.407.      Each  organise 

■  ■  i i-.v    Is   entitled    to    I    delegate    iii    •■■ 
[louse    of    Keprevntatlve*.     Delegate*  ma 

fnrtlclpatc    In   debate,   but   may   Bot   v,.a 
be  sole  |>ower  of  Impeachment  1«  gives 
tin'    Boose  »f  Representatives,   and   In   lbs 
I  orlginnte  all  general  apptoprsj 
tlon    bill*    and    bills    for    rnls'ng    r> 
Member*  of  the  House  receive  a  salary 
87.BO0  a   year,  beside*  mileage.     Tfcey   *■ 

ftlvlleged  from  arrest  during  attends*** 
be  sessions  of  tbo  House  and  In  going 
ling  from  the  bbbm,  and  may  na 
be   questioned    In    nnv    other   place   f- 
speech  or  debnte  In   the   House      Tbr 

"f  4 
reprr  nnd   two  delegates  »nd  t»u™ 

re*tdeut    ,-.,  rs.       (See    11]u*t. 

Vol,    XIV.)      (S*»    alto   Appa 
tionmeoti  Congress:  Gerrymander.) 

House  of  Representatives.     (See  Co* 

gross.) 
Houston.  Jamea,  district  judge,  noaln 

tion  of,  390. 
Howard  University.— This  institut 
located  In   Washington,  and  exist*  fee  C 
bUber   education  of   the   colored   race. 
was  Incorporated  by  act  of  Coagrssa  dau 
Mircb  2.  1807.  for  tb*  "edocaUon  of  yea 
In  tbo  liberal  arts  and  selencee."     In  19U 
Its   register  contained    1.462  students  froi 
80  state*  snd  0  fe.je.lgn  countries,  and  2* 
students  wore  graduated  at  It*  ontiisl  nil 
menoetnetit.     Tbo  Unlvendtr  1*  divided  Is 
tbo  COIIeg*  of  Arts  and  Sciences  •  Te*c^*t 
col!e«n:  School  of  M*nu*l  Art«  and  Apptw 
rrntorr  of  Music;  School  • 
Theology     (undenominational!  ;     School 


Encyclopedic 


Huns 


I  ranked  ti  TUw  AC   School   of 

I  the  two  divisions  of  Uc  aceoudnry 

■dp  Academy  and  tb*  Cauuncr- 

It  w»i  Br»t  given  Ooveromcnt 

1803.  and  at  the  present  time  the 

at    ftirnlsbc*    about    half    of    It* 

%t.  which  U  slightly  above 
vernment  supervision  of  tho 
ough  the  Interior  Department. 
tl»  (Mexico),  Battle  of.— Geo. 
I  in  about  the  lit 
IT,  1*47.  with  U.OOO  men  to  re- 
JO  garrison*  Ih  In  to  there  ouil  the 
Uexlco.  San  I  a  Anna,  learning  of 
iproacb  to  Pu.-uia,  ict  out  to  Inter- 
with  4,000  m.  ii  and  ill  nbtcr*  of 
"ii  lb*  night  of  Oct.  8.  1847. 
ran*  wcrr  encamped  to  the  city  of 
la  and  I'api.  Walker  ni  aeut  for- 
h  a  company  of  cavalry  to  civ* 
lie.  Walker"*  cavalry  fought  oe»- 
IB  Hi"  fare  of  superior  number* 
arrival  of  tho  Infantry  put  the 
to  night,  with  a  lt.i*  ft  t:.r».  Capt. 
n«  killed  In  tfce  fight  and  of  bit 
■if  76  men  only  17  were  able  to 
aaddlu  at  the  cloao  of  the  engage- 

Iton     (Vt).    Battle    of.-Vpon 

>  advance  lon-nid  Albany.  July  0, 
8t.   Clair,    whom    Schuyler   bad 

nd  at  Tlcondcroga.  being  hard 

the   enemy   under   the   H«Mlan 

aVaet.   began   a   retreat   toward 

I   wing  of  the  llrltl«h  army. 

.   Piacer.  pursued  the  Americans. 

afternoon  of  Mr  7th  came  upon 

Warner,   Francta.  and   Hair,   with 

effective  men,  m  irdton    Vt. 

•o  force  was  olllclnllv   ii-irai'tnl   u 

be     American*     maintain  >l     tool! 

I  y.   out    Ihc 
Uledcscl    forced    them    to    i 
a    wa*    killed    and    Col.    Warner 
Rutland.     The  Anwrl.-an  riminl- 
3tlO        The     Urltlsh    loan 
1S3.  Including  Moj.  Grant. 
IK 
of,  by  British  authorities  re- 
ed to,  411*. 

>  of  Congrew  to  officers  sn.l 
of,  for  rescuing  the  Winslotc  at 
enas,  Cuba,  recommended   t 

N.  Y,  bill  for  creetion  of  pub- 
Iding  at,  vetoed,  5521. 
Elver,  act  to  authorial  Now 
and  New  Jersey  Bridge  Com- 
'  to  construct  bridge  across,  at 
fork,  vetoed,  5912. 

Bay  Company.— A  trading  cor- 
chartered  by  Charles  It,  In  1670 
I  Ilupert  and  other  noblemon,  to 
a  n«w  psauge  to  the  Smith  Rr« 
:r*de  In  the  product*  of  Urtcisb 
merles-  The  original  charter  «c- 
I'rlnr*  Rupert  and  hi*  ass 
lite  proprietorship,  (nbordlnste  atyf- 
and  exclusive  trntnc  of  an  uode- 
r"tory  which,  under  the  name  of 
Land,  cr.mprlted  all  the  region* 
d  nr  to  be  d'scovcred  within  the 
of  Iludion  Strait.  The  company 
ililned    with    the    Northwest 

a eil  tierame  a  form'dsbl*  rival 
ITnlted  JStntrs  In  dittoing  tho 
tern  portion  of  America.  Notwlth- 
tli-  r»et  Hint  th»  treaty  of  17H3 
e  right  tn  r*rin\n  te'-r'torv  In  the 
twos,  the  Hudson*  Bay  Company 
In  making  acttlemcuta  therein  and 


f»rt»  to  bold  Oregon  by  fore*  almost  re- 
sulted In  a  war  with  England,  but  tb* 
boundary    was   finally   settled   la  1840. 

Hudson*  Bay  Company: 
Claim    mi,    u*uilt    United    Stat**, 
38  88. 
Award  of  commission  referred  to 
and    appropriation    for,    re«om- 
I  oil,  3089. 
Encroachments    of    agents    of,    upon 
trade  nnd  territory  of  Alaska,  8898. 
Extinguishment  of  rights  of,  in  Ore- 

Territory,  referred  to,  2453. 
Fur  trndo  of,  referred  to,  1097. 
Lands    In   Oregon   Territory   granted 
to,  tiy  British  Government,  2073. 
tion  of,  4056. 
Rlgbtl  of,   in  Oregon,  2833. 
Rights  of.  to  navigation  of  Columbia 

River,  2811. 
Treaty  with  Great  Britain  regarding, 
3305,  3401. 
Commissioners     appointed     nnder, 
3447. 
Value    of   possessory   rights   of,  re- 
ferred to,  2866. 
Hush  McCulloch,  The: 
ntioned,  6297. 
Recognition  of  services  of  command- 
er  of,    in    battle    of   Manila   Bay, 
Philippine.     Islands,     recommenda- 
tions regarding,  6303. 
Huguenot  8odety  of  America.— This  So 
elety  waa  organlrcd  April  13,  IBM,  and  ha* 
It*   ofllec    In    New    York    at    No.    103    Kail 
Tnenty-aeeaad  Street.    Deieent  from  Hugue- 
not ann-atom  u  the  <ju*llllcatlon  nece*«ary 
for  membership 

null  Houae.  (Sec  Social  Settlements.) 
Hundred.— An  ancient  Kngtisli  subdivision 
of  a  county.  It  wn«  u»ed  to  a  limited  ex- 
tent  In  the  American  colonic*,  notably 
li.lnnore.  Maryland  and  Virginia.  Th* 
chief  ofllrer  oi  BIS  band  red  mi  Hie  con- 
■tnble.  It  correspond*  roughly  to  the  pre*, 
i  ni  township. 

Hungary    (see   also   Austria-Hungary): 
Agent  of  United  State*  sent  to,  dur- 
ing war  with  Austria,  referred  to, 
2550,  2579,  8882, 
Exiles  from,  report  on,  2612. 
Kossuth    liberated.      (8ee    Kossuth, 

Louis.) 
War  of,  with  Austria,  sympathy  of 
American  Government  with  Hun- 
gary, 2550,  2579. 
Hunkers. — A  name  applied  to  n  faction 
of  the  Democratic  party  of  New  York  and 
inter  to  the  conservative  element  of  that 
party  In  oilier  states  The  name  rame  Into 
use  In  18IL  The  Hunkers  in  New  Ton 
opposed  the  LoiiifniTu,  the  Barnburner*  and 
Hie  Itndlcals.  <8«e  tt.-iriilniriii-rk  I 
Hiinlcpnpa  Indiana.  (Sec  Indian  Trihes.) 
Hum.— Originally  one  of  t'c  barbarian 
tribe*  which  overran  f  e  .Roman  Empire's 
Province  of  flnul  around  330  A.  D_  com- 
pelling lt»  fen  bnrhnrlan  occupants  to 
migrate   Into   Italy  itself.     Tho  origin  and 


Huns 


kftssogtt  and  /  V/v/.«  of  the  Prisidtnts 


Hi.'     I                                                        iiri..-rlJln.     hut 
■  .-li     il     Vfnlli!'    II 

i  lent  a  nam* 

irarirrlitlc    willed   led    innuy 
ii-..n,  In  t r . . - 1 1-  haired  o(  the  German 
■  .  in  apply  the  Dime  "Hans"  to  tbcm 
in  tin-  European  War. 

Huntings. — A  apoukcr'a  pUtfonn,  cap. 
where  poll tu  ii  I  ant  ilona  lire  dlaeBPMdL     In 

A I'lniM    politics    t in-    word    lia»   come   to 

the  place   01  when  t  i" 

eainpniira  m  m«i    Ttnw,  .1  mail  nndc-rtak- 

•aid  to  so 
buatlnga. 

Hyde  vs.  Continental  Trust  Co.  (Sea 
Income  Tax  CfttM,  aK-i  Pollock  vs. 
Pan; 

Hydrographic  Commission  of  the  Ama- 
zon,  •  in  1  in  -   Hi    : than  of,  SgUIDSt 

■ 

Hydographic  Oftco._Tin«  noice  i>  ante 
:  lurcau    "f    Nai  1.  .  1    -if   the 

1    1  ij.  v  1    nnil  in-..-,  ii.'-   Hi.. 
1    Ntatet    Nil  1  ■     1  'i     vi    and    Men 
Marine  Iq.  v.)  »  maps,  and  sail- 

ing   dlrectlona    eo  r    the 

11  mirk  In  innklnv  n-'W  eur- 
Tern  la  continuous  on  It  Km  puMK-ni 

ceoeral  mariin'  data,  such  as  mov 

lot  liersa  and  let  n- M-.  n  (stats  ■!"  1 1  y 
racmorandn  fur  toe  DM  of  navigator*,  and 
malniuliiM  an  Ice  patrol  la  tbv  Notts  Alt 
1  mil,-  1  irean 

Hydrographic    Office,    transfer    of,    to 
Navv       I  »>■]  in  r  t  in  1  ■  nt       roconimcnJijjl, 
5973. 
Hygienic  Congress  at  Turin,  4626. 
Hylton   vs.  United   State*.—  Tbla  wna  a 

••»».•    lint    comliiK    til-Oil.-    1I11'    C  nll.d    Slnt--« 
: '■•HI  I     III     III"     Mm      h  1  1 

TolTlns    the   guentluu   of   direct    M      n-ln-.i 


I 

cult 

It-fualns   i"  pay   ■  I  ■  •  1  v  1 1 1  ••  ■  0  i'1-iaia  <arn 

Srlrat*    Di  »»•    attaint!  ikt 

ifriiituni      >\  lii  11  -h..  .-....■  rame  MfMK  ta- 
iln    anrumeDl    mixes  spa 
the  quenllon  of   the    lax   1. 
direct.      1  id    ibrir  estaha* 

•«<   aSiroed  for  *> 
fendoni  lion  briefly  stated  Ifct' 

li In  Id    i !■•■  •  iiii'iliiiiliiBallrj   of  the  Ur 

of  ITM     'mil'  r  which  the  en»»  a  roar.    TV 
other    |if<il  I  In  Ibelr  Ineiiteot  tf 

the    law.   wh-ihi-r   to  deny   Ita  couUtatlaa 
alliy  In  expreaa  terma  or  not.     ^S^*  Isow 

:«»ea.i 
Hyphenate.  —  A     p-r«on     domioitrd    b> 
liTin  a  :  lanl-m   (<J    T  1 

Hyphenated. — Ttw  terra  cnoc  Into  peril 
ow   wllh    in.-  War  aa  aa  of«e» 

hrlou  i'lrallaatcln 

led    ■  !    -!•      at  allcxlaace  ' 

iinilv..  ii-iiiiirj  than  to  A rtca,  »•  r-mat 

nateil-AaMt 
ennl-am.  > 

HyphenatedAraerlcanlsTn.    —A    t#f" 
wined1   i.v   it  ■■  ,ii. ut   ',vn..'ii   aoofl  after  lit 
k  of  tin-  Baropeao  War,  to  eexrV 
the   Spirit    Which  CO   animate  ta« 

persona    of    torelm    deactJil    Urine   It  I 

who    sen    ..|i.'.fjviirln«    lo   aaJH 
their    native    counter    In    th.-    war    it  <* 

phruni-  ar-iae  from   the  fact  that  aunj  "«• 
SI  lad    DOl      U     Alil'T'i  UK 

■       ■      :  ■ 


Inntanc- 

the     Implications 


of     I'realdeal 


.     WUaea* 

two    worda    which,    wbea   <*•»<***• 
niponnd  wero  *> 

which  "I      lb«nwlw, 

11  ■    ».ir.l  riw 
(.!.-.-  .1.  <i  ill.  ".-Hi  "American." 


iope&U  Index 


DUnois 


Idaho.— On«  of  the  treateru  (rasp of  atatra; 
nickname,  "Gem  of  the  Mountain* :" 
mono,  "E»to  parpetua"  C'Uay  It  l»rt  for- 
»T»r-).  It  Ilea  between  lit.  42«  aod  40* 
north,  and  loaf.  Ill*  and  117°  XV  weat. 
•ft*  la  83.88*  muare  ml!e«.  It  !« 
founded  on  the  aortti  h,  Brltlah  Columbia 
and  Momaca:  on   I  Ik  '  .ntaaa  and 

vtyonilng-.  on  the  aoutli   bjr    Utah   aad 
Tada.  aod  on    Ihi  Washington  and 

•ii.     The  in  and  lloek)    Moun- 

tain*   form    the    oaatern    border         It    *!»<> 
iMiin    Itlver   Mountains.      It 
was    a    part    of    lb*     LoolaUna    run-haw 
I-«l«r  It   fo  ■   of  Oregon   Territory 

and    wan   ajM    nl    OOa    time   |ierl   of   Wart 
Ington   Territory  with 

tlir  praaial   Montana  and  part  "t  Wi-mlnc. 
Ii  «h  ntmnliKl  n»  i  ry.     It 

wm    admitted    an    a    Stat*    In    1*90 

The  Stat"  ha*  fiiiatriieced  3.7S9  mile*  of 
li-riifHtiriR  dltcbea  to  rrrlalm  the  arid  land* 
and  tbr  fij  -rol  g-m-rnaicnt  haa  ■ 

k   Willi  ::(«i  mil.  ..      In  thla  way 
3.340,3*0  arr.x  have  h  .  n    rrndernd   prodac 
lire  and   tbo   reelamath-n    of   40 
mora  bj  iibiIit  «.»y.     Wheat  l>  tin-  moat  lm- 
portani  -  .000  a.-iT»   iv-lug  ».ag  to 

ihln    cereal    In    1008,    tbo    yield    amountlng 
to  n.0tl0,00l  .alu^d  at  I5.1SO.0UU 

Other  brrad«iiiir»   immuod   tin- 

2.1:12.000 

lnmliclx  <-f  barley,  rxvilde*  potato,-*  aud  hay 
n    i  .tih  of  i >•■■  •  r   anaar  am 

In    190*  ported   WBI 

I    wool    waa    clipped,    rained    at    *:;.- 
707.000. 

The  Ktato  lia«  alxmt   -'<  000. 000  *i-rei  of 
timber    landa.    which    supply    the    raw     Bl 
tcrlal  for  8U0  ■■■.  at 

1'otlatch.  having  •  enpn.  In    of  750.tK.iO  fr»t 
dally,  the  larxcsl  In  the  world. 

Htutli.il-->  of  axrteolture  collected  foi 
laxf    I  I  amber   of 

farms  In   the  State  at 
v.  1 1 ti    17.171    In    1000. 

and  rained,   with  atork  aad  Improro 
tncnta.  at  fj 

.-  animal*,   poultry,  clc.   wo*  fth. 

i>7    cattle,     rallied    at 
l  i  s:iv.4v:i . 
..      4. ii.ii.   mule*  i         -In-.  *I 

17.102.      In 

11)11.    1S.SU I)    I."  -Ii- -Ii   of    wheal      rained 

at    fIO.4UH.000.    waa    prod"  •  I       .    B17.Q0U 
irm  ;    l  l   .<:*.■•'•<>   bnabi  I-    of   oat*.   »". 
..ii  311.000  X3O.000  bit 

-.r  eon,   1380,000   on   1 1,000  d 

The    mlti-rnl    product    of    chief    ralue    I" 

!■•  ih      I'nlted   Stnt.-*  Oeo 

i-   |ra4,    ml-  about 

,-.  in  ..(  in,,  itate'i  in  ■    i 

duetkm.   having  woirv  ttiao  twice 

ilue   of    Idaho'!   -! i-» ■■  i  which 

rank*-    Hcvnnd    among    Ibe     -'.it    S     mineral 

la.      The  total    ralue   of   the    mini  ill 

Sroduct*  -if    Mai  .I  from  ill. 

BO,   in   i:u:',   to  f2«..M:..  .--■;    in   l 
In    1913    the    rccov.rabln    lead   content  of 
id.,  orra  iniii.'il  In   Idaho  amounl  »i  t->   I5S 

lona,     rained     «t     *l... -m;  :'i.i.. 
•  gainst   113.0011  ahorl  tun*,  rained  at  (IS 
:si..   .:..     m     Itl3       Idaho     rank" 
among  the   Mates  In  the  production  of  lend 
its   output  of  rlil--   product    being  ex- 
- . ni.  ii   hj    that   ->f   Mlaaoarl,     The   rca 
able    allrcr    eont-  min.il    In 

Idaho    In    1013    n«    mined    at    > 
i  fS.101.2a!)  In  IW12    ■ 

.  in  xlcnlrlenDl  'innntl- 
Ilea  In  Idaho,  the  ontput  of  each  barlnie  n 
value  of  oi.r  »l  ' .In  IRIX.    The  total 

ralllc    .>f    I  he    uiilaN    <nnl»ln.-.|    In    the    OTea 
mined  In  Idaho  In  lOlS  M  f21.1US  "; 


tt[i"  Iha  tmal  mineral  prndtictlon. 

•■'.lie  prod- 
ucta—  coal  illimlt.-i.  gem  mut4.rlal>.  clay>. 
Ilmc.  ..imir    rock.   Kill.    *»ud   and 

{rarel.     hi.  — wa* 

1ST.      s Tr.ni i    i)iM!i",iilr«    of    Iron    and 
lungttm  orea  are  al.o  prod  itaU, 

The  n.  t-.*t  nrom- 

lae  la  plimpliaie  rock,  cxtcoilre  depoaiu  of 
which  lie  ui  the  aoutbraatrrn  luirt  of  the 
atale   aod    vitn  J  .  rn     Utah 

and  •outhwotern  Wyoailnt  As  the  agrlcul- 
tnral   indutttlea  of    II  lea   arc 

>l<    '..       I|M      I    ttllM    I' 

ni. mi  :  bould  become  one 

of  the  moat  Important  Itcma  la  the  mineral 
of  liUho. 

Idaho: 

A.)mi»ion   of.   Into  Union   diaeusoed, 

r,  .    ■ 
Ooicrnor  of.  removal  of.  referred  to, 

Tft*urrection  iu.  proclamation  ngainat, 

5723. 
I.uti.l»  in — 

Opened  to  aettloment,  602$. 

Set    apart    n«    public    ro«erv»lion, 

fi2i3,  cant,  mr. 

Partial   organization  of.  referred   to, 

Town  aitca  reacrved  in,  0874. 

nbiuations  in,  proclama- 
tions a(rain»t,  B7SI 
Identic    Nu'.p.  t.-rm     oied     In     dlplo- 

miim    to    dMlcnntc    a    copy   of  a 
treaty  or  ntber  asreennni  batwi    n  two  conn- 
which  la  acnt  to  noroe  other  country 
or  the  pur- 
pose of  warning  or  ndmouuiih.i- 

trr  r«c<-[vliic  tin 

Iklalma   Island.   Japan,   Japaneao   anb- 
jecta    in,    injured    bj-    target    praeti.e 
Of  American  vcawl,  meoanruendationa 
rcpir-lin:-.    I  111.     '.::m.;, 
Hloxal  Combinations   (see  also   Amelia 
-  u;    Arknn*aj>;    Boe- 
Ilnrr,   AaVOBj   Ctllifornia,;  Col- 
orado:   Doi  Ixpodl- 
tliniK  Aniial  Forcijrn  Power*;  llar- 
pera    l-'errv.    \                    ,■    Illinois; 
Kans.'is;    Ku  KliiT-Klan;  Loui»iann; 
Maryland:    Miuiaaippi;    Montaaa; 
N4r»l                                  York.    North 
ta;  »un«ylvanin-.  Hifle  I 
i     Lodmaj    Booth    i  m 

I'tn'h  '.  ir^iuia; 

:   Wroming) : 
Diacnaaed,  icT,  41.13. 
LoRialation    for   »uppre»ion   of,   rec- 

•d,  4640. 
rrnelamation  Bf;aiii«t.,  438w 
Illlnota.— One  of  the  middle  weatera  amiip 
i;    ni.Unaen*.     "Prairie    Slate."    or 
'  SiK-ker    S-ale":    motto.    "J  ilmi ; 

State  Sorer.-licnty."  It  l«  tioundcd  on  the 
uorlh  :■•■    i1. 1-.  ..mln  and  l.al  i.  on 

the  n  hlgan  and   Indiana,  cm 

ih--   aonth   i 
tHilo  lllrerl.  and   on    the   «■■  -I    I...    Ml 

i    by    ih.-    " 

It  hn«   an    area   < 

mllea    The  it   i, 

one  of  tliii  I-hiIIiik  atn'e«  in  ihe  production 

•■f    wheat,    corn    and    onU.  Tlu.uxli    It    la 


itcttagts  axd  Pafrrs  ef  the  President 


matolr  aa  aajrlexUttrral  eta" 
tWnrtahinc'  Minfimrfi    fAkta*?  tbfr* 


are  slat 
Iron  fc 


•UKl      It* 


tor*  of  general  and  uilfilnni  marbrnctT. 
Il  l>  tbe  tecosd  Seal*  >a  the  Cnloa  Is  l»* 
t  of  it*  railway*  ud  ike  taUd  la  p*s*»- 
latloo 

lllloott  was  settled  by  tbe  French  In 
1083:  was  aM  to  Great  Biltala  In 
and  to  lb*  railed  State*  la  KM.  It  la- 
race*  part  of  tbe  Northwest  Territory  to 
1787  and  pan  of  Indiana  Territory  In  1800. 
Il  >ii  tatd-  a  separate  Territory  In  1800 
aad  admitted  Into  tbe  t'aloo  la   . 

mat  lit  lot  of  agriculture  collected  for  tbe 
la«t  Federal  cetuam  place  the  number  of 
fame  to  tbe  State  at  221.(72.  a  decrease 
of  4-0  per  cent,  cotonered  w|tf> 
tamilllslng  S2.S22.1W7  acre*,  valued,  with 
•lock  an^laaproeemeat*.  at  S3.9OS.321.075. 
MtoCTeaae  of  fl.Ml.0M.17S.  The  ae.r- 
•ft  ralu*  of  land  per  acre  was  $95.02.  Tbe 
value  of  domeotle  animal*,  poeltry.  etc_ 
wa»       $30e  ling       2  410677 

cattle,     rained     at     $7X454.745:     1.4328S7 
berse*,  $163.StW.4O0:    147.^ 

ij  1.- 
059»4«i  sbeep.  $4,843,730,  In  Mil,  334.- 
OSn.CiOO  btubels  of  rota  wu  produced  oa 

»n.|     wit    valued    It    »1SI.. 

221000:  121J30.000  bushel*  of  o»r. 
045.000.     on     020,000     aeree:     42.000.000 

Is  of  •beet.  S37.3SO.000,  oa  2.025.. 
000  acres:  0.900.  Ono  bushels  of  potatora, 
in  210.000.  od  ln&ooo  aetea:  J.O4SO0O 
tons  of  bar,  SX3.11C.O0O.  on  2.376.000 
acres. 

Tbe  mineral  product*,  eoostatlsg  of  coal 
and  petroleum  la  1910.  were  rained  at  $141.- 

.'I,  a  decrraie  frucs  tbe  preTlou*  year. 
Tbe  production  of  coal  In  the  Stale  In  1910 
waa  42.000,24)0  short  tons.  a*  ulucd  at 
M  airalnst  3d 004.990  ton*  lo 
1003.  Tbe  State  was  the  scene  of  a  strike 
af  i he  atla*  worker*  which  began  Apill  1. 
1910.  and  tPd  up  tbe  Industry  In  mo»t  of 
the  mining  districts  for  nearly  ilx  m< 
A«  a  remit  of  tbe  *irlbe  Illln.il*  lost  to 
West  Virginia  second  place  »«  a  producer 
of  coal.  During  tbe  rear  07.218  men  out 
of  a  tolal  of  72.204  talne  operators  wcic 
Idle  an  average  of   136  day*. 

Kot  the  biennial  period  ending  Repl.  SO, 
1010.  tbe  »tate  treasurer  reported  receipt* 
of  J2M11I  010,  aad  dlshurs.-m.-nM.  S21.04U- 
•72,   balance  la   treasury,  $4,424 

'I   debt  of  the  State  outstanding 
1,    1010,    was   $17,500,   consisting  of   bond* 
which  hare  been  called  In  by  the  got 
and  bar*  ceased  to  draw  Interest,  but  bare 
not    been    surrendered.      The    tax    Icry    for 
a*  183.200,806. 

■ngn.  next  to  New  York,  lite  largest 
city  In  tho  I'nltcd  States,  and  one  of  UU 

Sreatest    In  Id,    1*  a    pott   on    I.Ake 

:i'lii£*n,     and     bin    an  Iradu 

through  the  great  lake*. 

Tho  population,  by  rh»  odlelal  Doltod 
Slates  cenxu*  of  M10.  waa  8.0*8.00] 

The  number  of  manufacturer 
taenia  In  IlllnnU  having  an  nnnunl  otltpot 
rained  at  $300  or  more  at  tbe  beginning  of 
loir.  w«»  is. ::8s.  Tbe  amount  of  capital 
Invested  waa  111148,830.000,  |Mag  tm- 
ploymcot  to  06.130  paraona,  using  mate- 
rial  roliied  at  $1.340.1S3.ti0n  and  lurnlng 
out  finished  good*  worth  $2.2 
Nni.iri.a  nnd  wage*  paid  amounted  to 
$4flO,388,0O0. 

Ullnoia   (sr-o  also  Chicago): 
Admission  of,  into  Union,  Clo. 
Bill  relating  to  division  of,  into  judi- 
cial districts,  etc.,  returned,  5122. 


By 


Canal  is,  TirifiadatiOtsa  regard. c£ 
tSM. 

Decisjoar*  of  Sapreaae  Court  reqaestrxl 
by  Ut rsiatnre  cat,  8212. 

Defamation  af  caCcer*  ia.  Ml. 

niiaob  aad  MicUgaa  Caaal  te-sdered 
Uaited  Sutea  b.r,  4 

Land*  in,  coded  to  United  Statra  by 
Indians    < 

Mineral  lands  in,  referred  to,  2218. 

Unlawful  coanbiaations  its — 
DiaesMed.  41. 
Proclamation    against.    593L 

Vo!or.tc*r*  from,  thaaxs  of  Preaideat 
tehdered.  5442. 
HUoois  aad  Mldtlfati  Canal   tendered 

failed  States  by  Illinois,  4783. 
Illinois  Central  Railroad,  transportatioa 

of  mails  ©»er,  referred  to.  2596. 
nUnotS  Indians,  treaty  with.  127. 
Immigration.— n»  offleiai  auti.'i- .  nf 
mlrratloo  were  kept  prerlooa  to  1S2Q. 
tbe  act  of  Congreaa  of  March  2.  1S10. 
lector*  of  custom*  were  required  to  keep 
a  record  and  make  a  retard  to  the  Tn-aAiiry 
rirpartnirtit  of  all  paxaerrera  arrlrltic  In 
tbelr  reapectlre  dislrVta  from  foreign  porta. 
Aa  early  aa  1700  large  number*  ef 
nana  from  tbe  district*  aloaat  the  Rhine 
eaalarated  to  Aaserlca.  moat  of  theaa  aettliBg 
In  I'encnlranla.  Some  5.000  are  said  to 
bar*  arrlred  to  ltnnsylranla  froea  Oar- 
many  In  172*. 

Tbe  outbreak  of  tbe  Rerolatlon  of  cowrae 
retarded  Immigration  for  a  time.  Then  the 
breaking  out  of  the  EBroeeaa  war*  and 
their  continuance  until  1815  absorbed  near- 
ly all  the  surplus  population  for  about  forty 

yeera 

Virion*  eatlaaatea  hare  beta  made  of  tbe 
pnmber  of  ImaalgTact*  coming  to  the  United 
Slates  prior  to  1S20.  Tbeae  range  from 
aa  arerage  of  4.000  to  7.800  a  year,  aoane 
of  Hi'  r;|.  u'.M.ir*,  hoarerer.  basing 
estimate*  on  return*  for  only  a  part  of  tbe 
L>r.     I»rlng.    of    tb-  state* 

Statistical   Bureau,   calculate*  thst  230.000 
leamlgmiita  earn*   in  tbe  Called  Stale*   be- 
in  average 
100  per  year       In  fjnt  year 

nt  record,   thoro  were  8.SS5   arrlral*.      Tbe 
.lira  (bowed  a   atea'1 
IV"  4.  when  die  number  rvacheii 
Mmost  every  year's  fagurea  (bow   an 
Increaae  orer  thot»   of   the   preceding 
After    1134    then-   rra*  a   gnilu.il    falllag   nf. 
lint  rear  of  tbe  Clrll  War 
tbe    iiumbcr    wm    reduced     to    t)0.72l — but 
llltta  enoro  thnn  li^lf  the  number  of  arrlra'a 
for  ili-  nrv'ed  nit  year      The  followleg  year 

I1S021  ■'■■■■ I  Knt  oD.207.  but  thl-   r.i 

waa  n  -d  the  next  year,  notwltb- 

ng  ihe   result    of  the  war   was  3 
ilnubl.      After  Ihs  war   Iha  tide  of  Iminnri- 
•iiiir..*  and    in 
leal*  reached  7887S92. 
Tho  total  Imm'siatlon  from  Jan.  1.  1S20. 
of  I  SOS  was  buk  than  20 
000.    Tlila  large  Influx  r.f  for.  ii;rer«  k>  dla- 
tuibed    the   exlatlng   social    condition*    that 
remedial   legislation  was  demanded.      By   aa 
n,i    ,.f   Confreaa    In    1SS2    a    head   tax   mi 
laid     upon    every    Immigrant     by    sea.    and 
ilaslonera   were    appointed    to    Inspect 
entering  Ainerlesn  ports,  who  alum  Id 
hare    I 

any  ••convict,  lunatic,  ld'ot.  or  person  likely 
■  ..me  n  public  iliaree."  Such  pcranne 
were  t-i  be  returned  to  the  port  from  which 
tliev  came  at  tho  cost  of  thi  owner*  of  tb* 
reasel*  bringing  them  to  thia  ;?untry.     A 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Immigration 


further  law.  passed  !n  1885,  make*  It  un- 
lawful to  pay  the  transportation  or  to  *n- 
murage  In  any  war  toe  Immigration  of 
allena  under  contract  or  agreement  to  per- 
form labor  or  acrvlce  Id  the  United  State*. 
The  penalties  attached  to  thla  art  are 
81.000  nne  iipim  t lie  P6T80P  M  cnTiurag- 
Ing  auch  Immigrant  ana  8500  upon  the  cap- 
tain of  a  veaaol  who  knowingly  trauspoi-t* 
tin    laborer*. 

Th*  Immigration  lawa  were  amended  In 
18ST.  1888  1801  am)  I  $93  in  the  direction 
of  protecting-  American  worklngmcn  from 
the  ruinous  competition  wltn  foreign  pauper 
labor.  Theac  lawa  have  served  to  radaca 
the  number  **  well  aa  to  Improve  the  clas* 
of  arrival*.  Itetweeu  ltHM  and  1901  the 
tide  of  Immigration  again  ran  low.  falling 
below  the  half  million  mark.  In  1905  more 
than  a  mm  ion  arrival*  wero  recorded  aid 
thla  number  baa  been  frequently  exceeded 
alnce 

Th*  problem  of  Immigration  U  one  of 
much  concern  to  the  public  mind  because 
of  the  accretion  to  our  population  of  many 

ll  isiI.-m  i  !i  !.(<  element*  In  l-|l. I"  of  'tinting 
mulcting  Inwa.  In  his  fourth  annual  mi-u- 
sage (l>ec.  ti.  19041.  1-rcnldent  Kooserelt 
made  a  plen  for  the  better  ivciil-ttlon  of  tbc 
serilce.  While  then-  Ix  no  danger  of  having 
too  many  Immigrant*  of  th*-  riirht  kind,  b* 
•old.  In  effect,  "we  ahnuld  not  admit  inane* 
of  men  whose  standard*  of  living  and 
whose  peraunnl  customs  and  habit*  are  such 
that  they  Mod  to  In-.vi-r  tin-  lev.-  nf  the 
American  wage-worker,  and  above  all  we 
ahould  not  admit  ony  man  of  an  unworthy 
type,  any  man  concerning  whom  we  can 
aay  thai  he  will  blmx-ir  be  a  bad  i 
or  that  hit  children  and  grandchildren  will 
detract  from  Instead  of  add  to  the  *nm  of 
tha  good  rltlxenahlp  of  the  com 
(Page  0910.1 

uhuoutio*  ar  codxtus*  n  1015. 

Aiwtris-HunRarY  1S.M1 

Belgium  7.39V 

beamati                                           3.312 

Francs,  iaehiding  Contra 4.81 1 

Csrraso  !  ■.„„„  r.rmi 

Orese*  12.JW 

llilv.  m-lijint  Sicily  and  Sardinia 49.MS 

Netherlaads 3.144 

Nurwiv                                                ...  7,088 

Portug»l.  inrlwling  0>r»  Verts  sod  Awes  Islsods  M07 

Roumtai*  4»l 

o  sad  Finlsnil. .                         .  26.187 

Spain,  including  C'«nsr>  slid  BsWio  Islands    . .  2.762 

Sndso 6.5H4 

S.iUwWn.1  |,74J 

Turker  lo  Europs 7.411 

EoslsnJ MJM 

IrtUnd 14.183 

f«itl»nd    ...  4.CM 

Wiles                                             ...........  1.O07 

Total  Europe 197,019 

Chios.              sjwSi 

indis IBI 

*p»o U13 

TurkryinAsi. 3.441 

OUWAsis  SJ4 

Total  Asia  13.111 

British  North  America 32.213 

Mesico 12  MO 

Caatral  America  1,233 

Wart Mies sod Bermuda  ..  1I*W 

South  Aincric*   3*01 

Total  America 111-308 

Total  Arani*  ~ijS 

TnulAfiica      (04 

All  other  tountrica . .  31 

Total  unmigraoti  326.700 

Immlgranta  arriving  In  tha  United  Ststca 

In  lOio  iniinhereil  1.04 1 .670.      Report*  above 

Italy    to   have    been    the    prevloua    home    of 

th*   majority.   182,582   arriving   from   that 


country  and  tha  adjacent  l*Iand*  of  SIdlj 
and  Sardinia   In  I 

The  Itm'inn  Empire  and  Finland  con- 
ed 15S.72I  In  1011.     Austria  and  Hungary 
each  averaged  mora  than  100,000  i  74 
Iba   two  years      Arrivals   c-f  Jews   are 
reported  na  such,   but   are  credited  to  the 
country  whenco   they   embark    for  Arm-rli-a, 
Chinese  to  ih«  number  of  5.107   arrived   In 
1911,  and  4. 2*.  J  During  the 

year  110  7.".3  persons  left  the  rmted  Slatea 
for  Cannd.i.  i *?n  ie  10S.B12  .-migrated  from 
Canndn   to  -In-  Doited  stale*. 

Of    the   whole   number   of   Immlgranta   In 
the  fjj.nl  yeai   ending  June  3i>.    I 
f,.'3    r.-ime   through    I  he    custom*  dlMrli 
New    York,  liolllmore,    •'■•!,- 

740  thr-.-ui.-l>  Uos  ,   through   l"hila- 

dt'lphln.    '.  :..".  1    through    Snn    Francisco  and 
47,822    through    other    port  -  ;    alt 
through  Canadian  porta 

Ibe   reported  occupation*  of   Immlgranta 
arriving  during  tin-  Sacal  rear  1913  *we  «* 
-.  -  :    laborer*.    320.9113;    aervanta.    HO.- 
218:    farm    Isborera.    320.103;    tallon 
934;   marchanta   and   dealer*,    13.019:   cm 

r  inters  and  [olnera,  tS,03fi  shoemaker*, 
8:  clerks  and  accountant*,  14,02ft; 
mariner*.  4.079:  miner*.  S.5IO.  The  nmn 
tftnlonal  Immigrant*  I  including 
tin  actor*,  1,911  engineer*,  1.254  musician* 
.k  i  waa  I3.4W;  of  Hkilled 
laborers,  100.108  ;  other  miscellaneous  iln- 
clnd  in  unskllledl.  14.3IHI:  no  occupntloa 
(lneloalna  woman  and  eh  idran     291  188 

The  follnwlng  tntite  (onwt  the  Immlgrn- 
llOB  into  the  l.'nlted  States  from  1824  to 
1013: 

Tntsl  Alien 
FaK  Passenger* 

IS7I 321.350 

,41 
'■• 
1874]..  .113,330 

227.40* 
IIH'.'.lHo 

1877  .  141,837 

1878  l*x.4lM> 
1870 177.»2o 

•i... 
,., 

78.S.OT2 

ISSS 803.322 

&1K.302 

834.30) 

1887 400.109 

i 

444.437 

l-'in 

1S02 023,081 

1S03 BO 

l-ii  114.467 

i'70.048 

1890 31 

IS07 331 

IS08  220,209 

811,718 

1000 448.672 

1901 4S7.018 

1002 f.1 

H57.1I4I1 
1904  I  i 

1908 1.0 

1.100.735 

190» 7^1.780 

1010 1.041.470 

1911 878^87 

838.173 

.  I.ID7JWI 

1014 1,218.499 

1918 821 

mill  23K.N28 

Total. 32,062,960 


Total 

Vi.-.r                 Passeogers 
17S9  to  1S22  sat.  20O.O3S 

1835 10,19! 

:     S8S 

.:  i 

32.571) 
23.322 

183t 

1835 

.     |fl 

08,009 

1813 

83.490 

IBIS    .... 

.    .       2 

1841 

1S62 

1953 

1-  .i 
1 

1867 

:i 
...     :i 
3 
383,818 

,    .       1 

.    .      210.915 

S:::::: 

1881 

1883 

1888 

1S87 

. . .      103.504 
3981987 

1809 

Immigration       Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presid-nts 


Allen*  d-barreil   and   .h-pnrtrd   1003-1015: 
Xeu  Batted  Total  De-  D»- 

June  30  lnimi«r»'.ion    barrod       DMM 

UM3  MT.CMH         K.789  W7 

loo.-.    .  '.■  >•■  1.499      11,379        ws 

1908 1.100.735        12.133  «78 

1.2*5,349        13,064  MS 

N&870        H'.'*»  2,000 

111  3,124 

1910                           1,041.670       24.270  2.0115 

1911 878.RS7       22.340  2.770 

2,446 

1,197493        IIM'SH  U.4-H 

1914                                1.216,4m        33,041  4.010 

101 5                                  326,700       21.111  2.504 

,      SUS.7HA       1M«7  2.7SI 

•  rilins:  to  rarea.  tbe  following  ■howB 
the  amount  of  money  brought  by  Immi- 
grant*. «n<l  the  numb,  r  .  1. •  I . ., .- i-.-.l  In  tti«  fl»- 

V*         fas,    »*— 

RW.678  410 

fafUah . . . . .  :::>2,m  I.*"* 

French i      'lit 

German 4,021,023 

Habraw...  i  MJ.I4S  2.506 

: 

JiWiM 343,308  2TJ 

Poiub ajiio«r        i 

Rummi                                   i.'"i 

Boandinav.,,,                          11,378  in 

ioowb 1.829,827  008 

Chlncae  areklnic  admlatlou   to  tbc  United 

glabra  for  tba  year  anded  J  "14: 

Ctaaacs  Admitted        Deported 

United  Sute.  ciliiena.       ..      2,»1  I ..'' 
Wivwi     of      1'nitod     flUla 
citilena 

l.UXI  7 

ulng  »  hanla 851  20 

(i!h.  M  ISO  7 

Member,  ,.i  i,„  r"li«j>u'  f»m- 

807  130 

Bludant* 338  5 

Traveller. 20  3 

T.«eh.ra 17 

Offiotaie 

Miaeeilaucoua 88  07 

Totau 6,773  UO 

DeremlH-r  15.  1013.  by  ■  rut*  of  more 
than  two  to  one.  tbc  llouac  Immigration 
Committee  favorably  reported  tbe  Burnett 
ImailKiatlitii    hill,    with    lt»  MrlniEcnt    prorl- 

(|i>ni    burring    from   entry    Into   tb»    I 
intra    all    Aaletlca,    militant    an rfraspi ><■<•• 

advocate*  of  eabotage  I  nnarchlita      The 

literary  inat.  requiring  alien*  to  read  or 
write  one  language,  waa  nl«'>  Included.  The 
bill   waa   paaacd   by   both    the    llouac    nnd 

Si,-     Reaab        but     Via     vetoed     by      Prval- 
rnt  Taft.  and  the  attempt  to  paaa  th-  Mil 
over  hit  veto  failed  by  a  narrow  margin  to 

Obtain    th*    n nary    tw"  third*    vot,-       1 

almllar  bill  wna  pax.cd  In  IT.  -lil.nl  Wllann'a 
flrat  admlnlatntlon,  but  could  not  lie  pai.cd 
:.  T,',i  In  bla  ai'cnnd  admlnlatratlon. 
however,  tbe  bill  wna  pnaacd  ever  bU  veto 
on    Fehninry   fl,    1017. 

Th,-  bin  pTOttdaa,  In  addition  to  prtyvlowi 
regulation*,  that  on  nnd  after  May  5.  1017. 
no  alien  over  10  yearn  ,,f  igr   pliyuleally  able 

Si>  read,  almll  l„  idi  Itted  to  tbc  United 
itatea  If  be  cannot  read  Rngllkb.  or  aotnc 
oth-r  language  or  dlnle--t.  Including  HWirew 
and  Tlddlah,  Exception  to  thl«  ml.-  la 
made  In  favor  of  th»  fatber  or  grandfather 
nge.  the  wife  t'ic  mother 
the  grandmother,  of  tin-  nnmnrrled  or  wid- 
owed daughter.  If  othcrwlae  ndmlaalhlr.  of 
anT  cltlaen  of  tbe  Dotted  State*,  or  of  any 
alien  previously  or  afterward*  adtnlM'-.t 
Rjcptlon  la  made  tin  In  favor  0(  all  per- 
■OBI  fleeing  from  religion*  DtrwOaltlOO. 
tidier   by   governmental   lawa   or   by   overt 


Tbc    literacy    teat    wblch   moat  4* 
paaaed   conalata  of   reading   between  ibrtt 
and    fnrty    w>rd<a.    In    ord  n 
language  or  dialect  wblch  the  apnlle.v 
arimlMuea  chooaea,  printed  In  legible  typt* 
allpa  of  uniform  aire. 

CMtOBATIOM    r*0M    CSITSD    «TiTTJ» 

Year  ended  Emigrui  F.mir^t     T— 

Juno  30  '*• 

nOI  30RX)73      319.7U     - 

1009  aujua    i74j»   40un 

1910 302,4311      I7:'»j     jie»T| 

nil  pa.oa«i     •.•;. 

. .  333.303  383,0»  «l>30 

WIS                        ...  308.100  303.714  SUM 

1014 303.138  330,447  UUU 

.  1«7.0M  4W.40J  3JI*« 

Itia                            .  120.783  111.043  3*X»* 

Immigration: 

At  to  amend  lawa,  vetoed,  61S9. 
AiiifiuliiiontB  recommended,  T008. 

Act  to  execnti»  certain  tTM'. 

olatioot, 
Acta  rcjrarrlin  .  UW,  fflt. 

Conventional  rejftllatloo  of  jaauyt 

of    laborers   acroaa    border)  p»- 

poted  to  Mexico  and  Grca'.  I 

ain,  5844, 
DUeuwil  b*  Preal  la  i  — 

Arthur,  4^16. 

ao-.rii,:i.i.  Mid.  4E»I».  ' 
5104,  BW5,  .'.MB. 

Grant.  4240,   4309. 

IlnrTiaon.  Benj..  5409,  54W,l«Jt 

Hayoe,  4.VJ1,   i 

(0. 

Rooacvolt,  t50.ll.  C6S1,  1018, ' 

Taft  7878,  r^43. 

Execution  of  acts  Majai 
Head  tax  collected  froai  Chli 

entering  Canada.  .'.470,  56tt 
BcKiatratron    of    Cniaesa  hosem 
luired — 

Kxtenaion     of     titan     fo»,   5W. 

Law  regardiog,  tm»tai«*d  bj  *• 
prumc  Court.  ."I8fl8- 
Report*  on,  referred  to, 
Througfc    ''^unda  and    ' 

(i.    S476.    563t. 
Treatv  regarding,  4561,  4541, 51*5- 
5Pi 
Diacuaaed,  462D.  4523,  51K  ?* 
Referred  to,  46  '3*, 

Rejected     i  v     CI  laa,    diauH»"i 
S367,  53S6.  5S87,  5469. 
Viola 

■..■■I  nnd    rccommcadatlO*  " 
gar.! 
Convention    for    proteetioa   of  /•* 
gTant  pasaeagorf  pn.po»e4,  *»** 
Diacaased    l  v   Proaiaoal — 
Clereland    B370,  B877.  6157, 
Lincoln.  3383.  3447. 
Roowivelt.  67S5.  6H«2.  1 
Inland  paaaage  tickets  for  emifrUB 
referted  to,  3001. 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Impeachment 


Involuntary  deportation  of  convicta, 
Idieta,  and  paupers  to  United  States 
MUMBa,  IS1»    l>v 

Un>,  amendment    of.  recommended, 
6«49,   6MS,   71!  K..    ,046,   7386, 

I,-iri«lr.tioD    for    protection    of    ii. 
grants    recommended,    41  OH,    4120, 

Measure*    for    health    and   eafetv   of 
Immigrant*.  877%  87TB,  4120. 

Of  citiseMof  I  d  ted  states  into  Tur- 
key referred  to,  3661. 
Diaaat    died      citizens     of      United 
!,  .  int.!  Mexico,  8571. 
Laborers    and     pod""" 

Mormons,  laws  to  prevent,  4947. 
Pardons,    granted    foreigners    on    con- 
ilttion    "T    emigration    to    United 
States  discussed,  3653. 
Pam-i-i-       . mT r.i.l n.  •-.!       into      United 
Statea  discussed.  1686,  '.' 
Legislation  respecting,  rceornmend- 
(797. 
l«rt   of  President  to  withdraw 
articles  regarding,  from  consider- 
ation of    House,   1692. 
Questions    with     Switzerland     regard- 

i  ao,  -tfl;;. 

To  Southern  Statea  encouraged,  7007. 
Treaties    regarding,    iBforaatioo    ra- 
ting    conflict      of     ck'oatu     bill 
with.  IM  '    '768. 

Treatr  regarding,  wit* — 
Bavaria,  3834. 

China.     (See  Chinese,  on''  i 
Germany  and  claims  arising  under, 

discussed.   4419. 
Pms»ia.   3827. 
Veto  of  bill  to  regulate,  8043. 
Immigration,  Superintendent  of,  report 

of,  discussed,  5877, 
Immurement. — The    art    Dl    enclosing    and 

—having     ••-.perlol     referen- 
large    Imdlrs    of   persons   when    held    1-y    UM 
In  time  of  war.     (8co  Beconcrntra- 
dos.) 
Impeachment.— The  ofcWUra  •'  ■ '■ 

of  maladministration  against  a  clrll  officer 

:ii  irlbonal.     In  the  ' 
Btat<  i  'he  I iiinHf  of  RepreeentettTss  bas  the 

•  if  Impeach:  president, 

rlce-presldanl     and    all    civil   officers   of    the 
Called    States.     Tbs    Senate   has    the    sole 

Sower  to  fry  all   lnitiexcliriieata.     The  Chief 
ustlcc  presides  at  the  trial  of  ■  president. 
A   two-thirds  vote  Is  necessary  to  convict- 
have  similar  regulations  regard 

ing    Impeachment      This   l-    i>f    trial    of 

public  officials  comes  to  im  tr-nn   Bktaland, 
where  Impeachments  are  made  by  the     I 

•  uimona    and    tried    by    the    House    of 
Lords 
The  Constitution   of    the    i  alted    Mats*, 

Aril  :|S    II  i-rovldcj    tbllt    ClTll 

officers  of  Hi--  [tailed  Slate*  ma>  ! 

from  office  on   Impeachment    snd   rlctlon 

I  .  ,ii.  bribery  or  other  high  rrlm 
■  meanors :  that  the  House    if   II 
in  vi  •  hSH  the  mil-  powei   of  lin: 

and  the  Benatt  the  sol;  power  to  iry  im- 

pi-nchments ;    that    the    Vlee-1'resldeut   shall 


not  guilty  :  .  crdlci    ico.i 

:  i      lltinii 
trl'-t    Court    of    toe    Cr 


preside    St    impeachments  except    when    tbe 

t  tried,  whe  f  Justice  of 

he  Supreme  C'oun   shall   i  I  that 

two-thirds  -if  the  members  present  must 
rotS)  for  conviction  before  a  person  im- 
peacned  «'inli  be  deemed  guilty. 

Siersoiis  hav.-  i n  Imp  :■  -lo-d  Mini  i  -led  he- 
art- iin-  Renal  and  oolj  three  of  them 
bats  been  convh  record  is  as  fol- 

lows: 

William  tl  Bator  from  Tennessee; 

linpeaehi-d    July    V      KUT.    tor    ransplrll 
*««•    war    tiiiIi    Spain    In    favor    of    - 

In.    to    excite    tbs    Chen  ntisos 

sgalnat    Spain,    and    to    rrsal      dlaafl 
milling     Hi.-     Iii--||:i:ih     toward     tbe     l'nlted 

:    trial    Iteeembei    17.    17B8,   tc 
nry  1  I.  1790  :  VMS,  1 1  guilty,  14  not  guilty  , 
verdict,  acquittal. 

John  I'l -k.r.iiif  Judge  of  the  lHstrlet 
Court  of  the  l'nlted  States  for  the  District 
ol  New  Hampshire.  Impeached  1803  for 
drunkenness  and  dl»r  be  terms  of 

the  ststuti  -in  ..    to   March    13. 

1808  ;  ,,,i,..  Mi  guilty.  7  not  guilty:  verdict, 
guilty  :  punishm.-iit    removal  from  oSt 

Humoi-I  Chaise,  Associate-  Just  lee  of  the 
Supreme  Coon  of  tbe  I  nlted  States:  im 
peached    1*01    for   misconduct    at    trials   of 

C-rsons  charged  wlih  breach  ->r  th«  Bedltlon 
80,    1804    lo   March 
i.   1806;  vote.  »  guilty.  80  not  guilty,  and 
15  guilty.  10  not  guilty,  on  dilferetit  .-ounts; 
acquittal 

James    Pick.  Judge  of  the  District   Court 

if   tbs   Bolted   Btatss   tor   tbs   District   of 
Missouri:    Impeached    for   tyrannous 
ment    of    rannssl,    1830;    trljl.    M»v    11    to 
May  SO,  1830,  and  from  December  13.  1H30. 
■    J  31      1831       rote,    -1    guilty.    22 

nCQ.ll 

fol  tbs  nil 
nlted   States  for  the 
District  of  Tennessee  ;  impeached    186 

supporting  fin-  .• -salnn  movement  and  un- 

liiwfully  acting  iik  Judge  of  the  i  in '-derate 
l-isiriii  Courfj  (rial  May  22  to  June  26. 
lsi;'.--.  rote,  S3  guilty,  i  nol  guilty,  ami 
"■«  guilty  :  vi-i.li.-i,  guilty  ;  punishment,  re- 
moval  from   omee 

Andrew  Johnson,  President  of  tbs  l'nlted 

■i]    for    usurpation    of    the 

isw.  corrupt  nss  .if  tbs  reto  power,  Inter- 

ttoOS    and    ti  gfa    rrlines    and 
misdemeanors-    trial.   March  SO  to   Ml 
1 808:   vote.  35  guilty.    10   not   gnlltj  :    ret 
.lin     acquittal        ,  i •,:•,.    ::-.  Illns- 

tratlon   opposite  3814.1 

wiilinni  w    I'.eiknnp.  Secretary  of  War  of 
ilo-  Coltcd  States:  Impeached  for  a'-ci-i 
bribes:   trial.   April  .'.   to    August    I,    1876: 

Tote.  6  guilty.  25  not   guilty;    verdict     acquit- 

Charles  Swnyne.  Judge  of  the  District 
Court  of  tba  United  States  for  the  District 
of  I  lorlda  Impesrbed  1005  for  misconduct 
In  olli  !  .-b.  0  to  Feb.  7.  1005  :  vote. 

55  guilty.  37  not  guilty:   verdict,  acquittal. 

Robert  W.  Arclibalil,  Assm-lnte  Juil.-,-  ■■! 
Culled  states  Commerce  Court,  was  Im- 
peached July  ii.  1912,  on  thirteen  articles 
charging  blin  with  corrupt  collusion  with 
coal  mine  owners  and  railroad  omVluW  while 
in  office,  i:  Sensts  began  hi«  trial  Do- 
anil  ended  January  13. 
11'I3.      Verdict  guilty:   removed  from  OSes. 

Following  are  tbe  Oovernors  of  states 
bare   faced    Impeach at    pro'-edinmi 

in    tin-  pnxl,   with   the   result*   thai    f-.llowed: 

•ii.    s'otbcll     colony    of    North    Carolina. 

D.W,    r.-in-- v.-il 
ChsrU-s  ICiililnaiin,   Kansas,   1802.   (CDQltted 

Plorlda,     1868      ehargea 

'Iroppi  i| 
William   W.  Holden.   North   Carolina.    1870, 

re red 

Powell    iioytoo.    Arkansas.    1871.    charge* 
dropped. 


Impeachment   Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


David   liiiiinr    NVhrnaka.  1ST!,  reeaovj-d. 
Henry   C.    Varmotb.   l-aalalana.    1S72.    term 

cipired  and  proretdlnci  dropped. 
AdHbrrt    Aei*a,   1!  .».»»•  ppl.   1%T0.  reilfned. 
..   iois.   reairrad. 

Impeachment  of  President  Johnson: 
Articles  of,  exhibited   by   House  of 
retentatirea.  3907. 
Answer   of   President,   3926. 

■  i :.ui  ion  of  House  of  Repre- 
sentatives, 3951. 
Qommlttoe  on,  photograph  of,  oppo- 
site 3914. 
Latter   of   Ohltf  Justice   Chase  re- 
specting proper  mode  of  procedure, 

me, 

Proceedings    of    Senate    sitting    for 

trial  of.  3918. 
Verdict  of  acquittal  3935. 
Imperial  Mexican  Express  Co,  organi- 
sation of,  referred  to.  8 
Imperialism. — A    policy    of   i'  rrltorlal  ex- 
'"       The   elianr?    of  n    has 

been  nade  against  various  iniuiini. (rations 
from   Was'  Ingtna   down   t  i-spo- 

clally  In  tin-    poclu  ol  (Tailed  State*  bUtory 
Di  t   ]..'•  !i  acquired,     "Impo- 
rlallxni"  v,  >  bllcan  party 

ly  orjrad  iiy 
Wtlllmn  .!■ 

P] b«  .   nnd  finally  <ompllcd  llicm  Into  a 

book  entitled  'Bennbllf  oi  Emi  Irel"  In 
wlilrli  h«  a»nlled  ih.'  action  'if  t"  mliolnla- 
tratlon  In  Mkln/  .  i .  r  t  .  PMllpplnei  nnd 
Porto  Woo.  A  National  Anil  Iiupi-rlnlixtlc 
wag    formed,    and    held    what 

termed  the  "Find  Liberty  Concrew"  nt  In- 

dlannpi.lU  In    WOO.  wan   inadu 

mi  tarselj  "f  Bound  Mont]    I  wbo 

were   oppoaed    to   tin*   so-called    Imperialism. 
Afti'r    i«" 
adopted    r'ttiili'iiinllitf    \l<  Klnlry   nnil   fAVOrllUI 

liryon.     A   rump  conrentton   resulted  from 
thin  mactlnc,  nnd  »«•■    ab  eqnentlj   held  in 
I  ■•:  u.  and  i  .i  Party  resulted 

therefrom.      (&  il    Party.) 

Imperialism.      (See    Expansion,  Terri- 
torial.) 
Import  Duties  (see  also  Tariff;  Bovenne, 
Public) : 
Act- 
In  relation  to  immediate  transpor- 
tation    of     dutiable     goods     re- 
turned. 6608, 
Regulating  duties  on   copper,  ve- 
toed, 3903. 
To  extend  for  limited  period  pres- 
ent laws  for  laying  and  collect- 
ing, vetoed,  £033. 
To  provide  revenue  from  Import* 
etc.,  vetoed,  2036. 
Protest      of     President      Tyler 
against    action    of    Hoi 
adopting  report  assailing  his 
conduct  regarding,  2043. 
Ad*  calortt*  duties — 
Offer  strong  temptations  to  fraud, 

2620,  2662,  2700. 
Recommended.  629,  067,  757,  670, 
923,  952,  VfT. 
Amount  of,  and  etatement  in  regard 
bo,  1150,  1246,  1805,  4633. 


Change  of  rate  of,  cause  halt  in  busi- 
ness, 7360. 

Collected  by  Great  Britain  and 
United  States  in  contravention  of 
treaty  discussed,  596,  2274,  2296. 

Commercial  tariff  should  be  regu- 
lated, 470. 

Commission  to  revise,  recommended, 
463(1,  4788. 

Complaints  of  Spain  and  Portugal 
against  operations  of  revenue  act, 
l :  66. 

Compromise  act.  diminution  of  dn- 
t.o  udcr,  referred  to,  1955. 

Constitutionality  of  tariff  questioned, 
1080. 

Correspondence  with  foreign  govern- 
ments regarding  laws  of,  2086. 

Discussed  by  President— 
Adams,  J.  Q., 

Arthur,  1636,   IT-'I.  4839. 

banan,  296  818L 

Cleveland.   4026,   5093,   5169,   5359, 

6890,  5984,  6173. 
Fillmore,  2619,  2659.  2661,  2705. 
Grant,  3984,  1061,  4102,  4201,  4247, 

■i:.h:i. 
Harrison,    Benj.,    5473,  5556,    5626, 

Bftym  4488,  4611 

Ja  112,    10S6,    1119,    U60, 

1247,  13S0.  1470. 
Jefferson,  397. 

Mil:  18.  C240,  6439.  6465. 

Madison,  470. 
Monroe,  678,  160,  784. 

1871,  2941. 
Polk,  2253.  2301,  2348,  2366,  240r., 

2497,  8606. 
Taylor,  2556. 
Tyler,  i  184.  1966,  1961,  £033,  2036 

2053.  2110. 
Van  Buren,  1752. 

Effect  of,  on  treaties  with  foreign 
powers,  2086. 

Fraud*  in  importation  of  foreign  mer- 
chandise, discussed,  989,  4797. 

Free  List — 
Increase    in,    reeommendod,    410 

4247,  4723.  5474. 
Sugar  placed  on,  discussed,  5626. 

Imposition  of,  as  war  measure,  pro- 
posed, 2352,  2366. 

Increase  in,  recommended,  760,  1961. 

Laws  levying,  repealed.  (See  Vessels, 
Foreign,  tonnage  on.) 

Moderate  schedule  of,  recommended, 
2054,  2620,  2662. 

On- 
American    x-eeaela.      (See    Veeeela, 
United  States.) 


Encyclopedic  Index 


risonment 


British  vcwli  returned-  (See  Great 
Britain.) 

Cotton  from  Britisb   North  Ameri- 
can colonies,  996. 

Distilled    spirit*.      (See     Distilled 
Spirits.) 

Flour,  1115. 

Foreign  mail  matter,  rocommemled, 
4527. 

French  vessels.    (8co  France.) 

Hawaiian    scnWBOuttM   wrongfully 
levied,  discussed,  5545. 

Luxuries  discussed.  .''.07. 

Rice    discussed,    12*3,    1931,   2112, 
2181,  2274. 

B  mil        Hi  .up.    ami    treaty    obli- 
gations regarding,  3990. 

Salt  discussed.  397,  1470. 

Tea   and   coffee — 

Recommended  by  President — 
Grant,  4303. 
Hayes.  4428,  KOI 

Polk,  SMK,  '.Mii;.. 
Repeal  of,  recommended.  4002. 
Toutam     repealed.    (See  Vessels, 

Foreign.) 
Wines,  1131,  1321,  2127,  2880. 
Wools  discussed.  1247,  4247. 
Works  of  foreign  artists  discussed. 
4794,  4824,  4984,  5091. 
Payment  of  amount  due  Great  Brit- 

fi/.-oiriroended,  688, 
Protest  of  Germany  against  discrim- 
inating duty  on   sugar,  recommen- 
dations regarding, 
Reduction  in,  1707,  1752,  8349,  8487, 
4765. 
Kiinmmended  by  President — 
Cleveland,  4928.  5003,  5165,  5359. 

Grant.   4102.  4247. 
Harrison,  Benj..  5473. 
Jackson,  1013,  1119. 
Johnson, 

i.  -717,  2871,2941. 
Poll  8801.  ' 

Taft,  7369,  7898,  7395,  7399,  7400, 
74S8,  7501,  7618. 
Revision     of      Dingloy     act     recom- 
mended, 7369. 
Salt,    rice   and    luxuries    on,    consid- 
er.'il  and  discussed, 
Specific    duties    reeotnm   ruled,    2.'>"<i, 
£('.20,  2661,  2706,  3052,  3181,  4422. 
Tariff  discussed — 
Of   1816.  760. 

1842,  2254,  2301,  2349,  2402,  2497. 
1846,   2402,  2497,  30S1. 
1«P0,  5556,  5-: 
1894,  6984,  59P8. 
1909,  7393,  7403,  7625.  7631. 
Tariff  unsatisfactory,  980,  1013,  1961, 

2253,  2301. 
War«hou«in?  *v«fem  discutsod,   1016, 
2053,  2119,  2405. 


Import  Duties,  Foreign.     (See  Foreign 

Import  Dutn. 
Imported  Goods,  misbranding  of,  7228. 
Imports: 

Duties  on.    (8c«  Import  Duties;  Ves- 
sels, Foreign,  tonnage  on.) 

From  France  referred  to,  768. 

Increase,  in,  1 155. 

Into   Cuba,   •  in   of   laws  re 

Sardiog,  8889, 
omnity  for.  discussed,  2869. 
Prohibition  on — 

I'rurl.imation  removing,  6025. 

■inn.  ndatious    regarding,    399, 
527. 
Reduction  in.  1707. 
Restrictions  upon.    (See  Animals  and 

Animal  Products.) 
Value  of,  for  year  coding  .lune — 

1845,  2252.  1885, 

1846,  2346. 

1847,  2401.  1891,  5626. 

1848,  2»96.  1892.  5713. 

1851,  26G8.  1898,  6878. 

1852,  2705.  1894,  5964. 
is  7  7,  4422.  1898,  6155. 
1881,  4633.  1890,  8387. 
1884,  4830.                1900,  6439. 

Imposts. — Taxes  upon  Imported  food*. 

Impressment.— Tii*  set  <>f  compelling  per- 
sons to  cuter  tbe  puhil.-  Mrrlcs  initially 
applied  to  the  scixurc  of  stllors  for  service 
i.u  uavul  ii  has  nlwity» 

claimed  tbe  right  to  levy  laud  and  naval 
forces  in  rime  of  war  bjr  compulsory  pnetsa, 

Th  ■    ini-iluiil   linn   : n    Inn  ■    rsw 

of  land  forces  to  times  of  actual  Invasion  ; 
but  that  country  still  claims  tbe  right  t.> 
impress  British  imimii  im<  lervlrs  niter- 
ever  Ihoy  nay  M  fouod.  Tbi  ixerdss  i>' 
stun  claim  WSJ  mining  the  causes  that  led 
to  tbe  War  of  1818,  Orsst  I'-illulii  refused 
In  Sjloa  the  right  ft  ii   r<i  lining" 

tln-lr  nlleglam-n  by  itiiiiirnllxntKin  and 
claimed  the  right  to  search  neutral  vessels 
snd  decide  by  her  visiting  oltleen  who 
among  the  crew  nf  SOcb  itcnir.-il  teasels 
•r»r»  flrltlKli  milijcclii  Many  American 
willnrs    were    In    this    way    wrongfully    Im 

Ercsard    Into    the    Brltlsb    navy.      Alilumgli 
y   the   treaty   of   Rhcnl    Gi  In    did 

rut  rellnqolsn  tbli  claim,  It  has  been  aban- 
doned so  far  as  United  Xintc*  vessels  am 
coocerricd.      She  hns  acceded  to  I 
of   Webster   thai    In   nvsra    rciulsrly   A 
■ 

fate  It  will  find  protection  In  the  flag  wblch 
never  them.     (Sec  also  Ot  17  of.) 

Impressment.      (See   Naturalized  < "iti 

zens;  Seamen,  American.) 
Imprisonment: 
Citizens  of  United  Stntos  and  claims 
arising  out  of.  in — 
Algiers.  80,  90,   115,   HO,   169,  192, 

197,  199,  539. 
Argentine  Republic,  632. 
Austria.  2712.  2-889. 
Brazil.  970,  2779. 
Colombia,  4798. 


Imprisonment     Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Cuba,  320,  2538,  2078,  2677,  2765, 

i'    6068,  eioo, 

6181,  6182,  6184,  6345.      (8eo 
•Jto  8pn> 
Tenons  claiming  to  bo  American 

citizens,  6180,  6183. 
Released,  6367. 
Ecuador.  4866. 
Released,  4915.  4990. 
Treaty  to  settle  claim  regarding, 
5369. 
Franco,  6060. 

Great  Britain.  063,  969,  990,  1123, 
1678,  le&L  1687,  1909,  IMS, 
2521,  3590,  3718,  3827.  8897, 
4005,  4602,  4674,  4078,  4679, 
4«i>3,  4699,  6101. 
Colonics   of.      (Soo   tho   separate 

British   Colonies.) 
Correspondence  regarding.     (See 
Grecly.  S.) 

BdMMd,  ii in. 

Trial  anil  conviction  of,  referred 

to,  3800,  3827,  3833.  3934,  4782. 

Haiti.  3829,  4665,  4918,  5120,  5123, 

S369,  5869,  6099. 
Honduras,  5825. 

Ireland,    2521,    3590,    4678,    4679, 
4693,  4699. 
Released.  3902,  4713. 
Trial  and  conviction  of,  referred 
to,  B7.  3833. 

Mexico,    2720,    2834,    2837,    4376, 
4672,     4078,     4892,     4690,     4S02, 
4991,  5088. 
New  Brunswick,  963, 969, 990,  1575, 

1622,  1087. 
Paraguay,  3884,  8898. 
Peru,  5988,  0092,  C335. 
Portugal,  3884. 
Prussia,  1136. 
Russia,  4162,  4789,  4793. 
Santo  Domingo,  4004,   4013. 
Spain.  594.  2643,  4116,  6905.     (See 
also  Cuba.) 
Pardon  of,  discussed,  2689,  2692. 
Release,  6367. 
Tripoli,  liberated,  373. 
Venezuela,  4789,  4803,  .'.198. 
For  debt.       (See  Imprisonment   for 

Debt.) 
Jnils,    use    of,    grauted    to    United 

States,  103. 
Of  loval  citizens  by  forces  in  rebel- 
lion, 3235. 
Prisoners — 

Duties  of  sheriff*  regarding,  67. 
Provision  for,  recommended,  183. 
Imprisonment  for  Debt: 

Abolition  of.  except  m  case  of  fraud, 

recommended,  1017,  1119. 
Referred  to,  2.">1. 
Improvements,  Internal.    (Seo  Internal 
Improvements.) 


Inaugural  Addressed  of  President— 
ms,  John,  818. 

Adams,  J.  Q.,  S60. 

Arthur,  4020. 

Buchanan.  2961. 

Cleveland,  4884,  SS21. 

Gnrfleld,   4898. 

Grant,  3960,  4175. 

Harrison,  Beni.,  5140. 

Harrison,  W.  11. ,  i860. 

Hayee,  4396. 

Jackson,  999.  1222. 

Jefferson,  309,  366. 

Johnson.  3503. 

Lincoln, '3206.  3177. 

MKtnlay.  6836,  6486. 
451,  509. 

Monroe.   573,  655. 

Pierce,  2730. 

Polk.  2223. 

Roosevelt,  6930. 

Taft,  7368. 

Taylor,  2542. 

Tyler,  1889. 

Van  Buren,  1530. 
hixurtOB,  48,  130. 

Wilson,  786$,  8221. 
Inauguration  Day.— Aft  or  toe  mi 

of    tbe    Constitution    by    the    irfml  **«•• 


in-   ■  Hi.- 


iMItMW 


upon  tin-  nrxi  iv*,!ui.>itiiy  in  Jsnuarf,  ITB*. 
r..r  tin.  choice  of  electors,  the  lire!  ««*" 
day  la  February  for  the  voting  of  lbs  "fe- 
tors, and  tbe  first  Wednesday  In  Uirrs  Isr 
the  Inauguration  of  tbe  president.  Tb»  Ut- 
ter day  fell  on  tbe  4th  In  tbat  year.  » 
tbe  twelfth  ii   i..  |hs  ''casUUJjjg 

settled  npon  no*  bm  tbe  irK,ii  ., 
hate    !••■••  ri    frequently    Introduced  la  »J 
Mouses  of  Congress  to  change  laiscsitUM 
Dsy  from  Msreb    oh  to  various  date*,  v** 
aa  late  ss  April  30th       There  has  slat* 


some  agitation  to  make  tbe  dste  i 
ration  considerably  earlier,  tbe  sArcnHS 
of  this  proposition  claiming  that  the  raor- 
vsl  between  election  and  Inaugurallcs  ■ 
dangcro'ialy  long-, 

Inauguration    of    Washington,    Cut- 

inonies  initiatory  to,  ?. ! 
Incendiary  Speeches  and   niob  violent* 

discussed     by     President      Rooeevdt, 

7032. 
Income  Tax.— A  form  of  direct  tax  ism 
annual  Incomes  In  excess  of  a  specified  soa 
According  to  the  do.  : 
"tho  subje.tj,  nf  every  state  oacut  to  ess- 
tribute  in  the  support  of  tbe  rovernsvtt 
ss  nearly  as  possible  In  proportion  to  tbtsr 
respective  sbllitl«s— that  is,  In  proportu* 
to    tie  they     reapectlrtlr 

enjoy    under  tbe    protection    of  the   stst« 
In    pursuance  of  this  principle  sll    In 
should    be,    taxed,    but    It    Is   general'- 
ceded  among   the  advocate*  of  such    a   tat 
tlnit  Incomes  below  a  certain  amount  shouH 
be  exempt. 

Aug.  !i.  IRfll,  Congress,  to  secure  funds 
to  suppress  tbe  rebellion,  authorised  a  hi 
of  3  per  cent,  on  all  Incomes  over  $M0 
per  annum.  July  1.  1963,  an  act  «*• 
passed    taxing  sll    Incomes  voder    $5,000  i 

E.vlth  sn  exemption  of  8600  sod 
ouso  rent  actually  paid.  Income*  of  ernes 
than  |5,000  and  lest  than  810.000  «erv 
taxed  2f  per  pent,  n.ldi  i  |.:nal.  and  on  la- 
comes  of  more  than  sio.ooo  S  per  eesL 
additional   with  no  exemption*.     A   tax     ' 


: 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Income  Tax 


S  prr  cwnt.  on  Income*  of  Americana  1 1 v I n c 
■broad  and  of  1)  per  cent 

.1   State*   avcurltles  w.ia    Icrlcd.   explr- 
ii.it    In    1846.     In    ISAI    a  »t I al    If. 

Kwot.    wn  Impntnd    on    all    Income*  be- 
een    |«oo    nc.il  nd    10    per   cent, 

on  iDCDiirt  of  mora  Ihon  lo.ooo.     Tbla  law 
aaa  repealed  in  1RT2     The  aiuuunt  collected 
IS        III     Auicuat. 
lbfi*.   the  Yvilaon  InrllT   Inw   Impoaed  a  tax 


of  2  per  r»nt.  on  all  Income*  In  exoria  of 
*4.0n<V  The  Supreme  Court  In  isur.  de- 
clared thla  law  unconstitutional.  (Hoc  In- 
come-Tax Caeca.  I 

Income  taxee  bare  been  collected  In  Kng- 

lond  line*    1700,    when    Mr.    I'ltt   carried  a 

nil. hi  through   Parliament   fur  a  crad- 

mx   on    all   Incomea   In   e»cr«n  ..f   tilft 

rr  annum.      In  1S03  the  rate  woa  nxed  at 
per  cut  ou  all  Incomes  above  £1G0.     Sir 

TVe  feOewtac  table,  fian  a  retort  of  the  Onuaaaioner  "f  'ntamal  Tte>rmie,  Trranorr  Department,  ancwa  th«  rer. 
*  aatt  income  nluraa  of  paraane  rapBrtlDg  aca  income  to  axoaai  of  txjQOO  f  or  the  y**r  coded  Dee,  31,  Witt,  by  etatca. 


3  3 

S 


in 

a 

HI 

412 


IV 
.'I 
M 
HI 


IT 
II 

HI 


I: 


•I 


i  w    I  M 


X3ia.nl  Oaramlu 


n 

l.T. 
all 


i?o 

in 
ii..- 


S*  120 

0,JW  l,7i< 

MM  M 

2.610  730 


»5      »r 


16 

•  ;•! 


M      :  I 

1 

I' 

22 

41" 


II' 
I. Ml 

J*. 


137 

in 


12.1      6.1 

JlKi     240 

I.        4. 


Kma  Jeraey. . 

rk 

KwaCaeaiaM 
KonkUaLut. 


OUe. 


OrefP* 

ItokaayWuiia 
She**  lalend 


175 

Ml 

I.6W 

m 
un 

H| 
71 

m 

■ 

1,17' 

1.710 

tit 

IK 

M 
IjMI 
*S 

361 

3,4? 

I  .1 

II,  ."I 

«<M 

61 

UN 

H 
m 

111 

116 
64 

I    ' 

MM 

I-- 

104 

Ml 

I  315 

44; 

1W. 
149 


I    ' 

m: 

SMI 

UK 
MM 

•17 

Hi 
un 

JI.U 

I  •/" 
161 
I'.'l 

I  o-'l 
HI 

f.i- 

63 
lit 

MM 

l«l 

U7I 

3-.I 
let 

un 

}f«1 
401 

:  Ml 
all 

230 
:<• 
i.i. 
1,477 
171 

14! 

644 
IM 

378 

in- 


I. IV       »l 

a  g 

in  ub  ua 


1.471 


I.  iv      M 
l.."r       HO 


mm 

3.0 1  I 

|,TW 

:  ii 

3,631 

Mi 

MM 

ini 
sail 

MM 

IS.001 

412 
|  H  • 

stn 

7SS 
12.141 

MM 

413 

HI 

371 

m 

I  Kt 
711 
I  I 

im 


.•'..• 


..    I 

SW 
lull 

M 

164 

2»l 

a 
IK 

i  n 

61 
1,111 

17" 

m. 

MM 

1 41 

IM 

1,711 

'.'■, 

02 
77 
I    I 

7'.' 
06 

r.- 
3v 

316 
104 
ft 

r.-. 


i.-.  i 


117 
46 

M 

311 

311 

80 
104 

:•■•■ 
••■' 

IM 
MM 

IM 
171 

IN 

a 
... 
UM 
j 

44 
M 


■  ■ . 


M 

Ml 

..i 

40 

m 

••' 
■ 

MT] 

1411 

;.i 
2J 
141 
36.1 
47 

» 

I" 
II- 

»; 

261 

I  I 


KM 

K 

'■■ 

34 

8 

T'i- 
lon 

113 

3" 
711 
KJ 
14 

IM 

K) 
U 

S' 

.111 

-'I 

: 

1 

I' 

m 

•11 

.-.' 
1 

4r 

n 

11 

m 

IK 

•J' 
II 
',- 

IM 

Jl 

21 

1.- 
41 

IM 


K 

t 

'.Ml 

I. 

r.- 

.'• 
'. 

i 
-.• 

:•: 

7 
M'l 


. 

-■1 
H 

;.! 

II 
IB 

ui 

111:1 
a 

171 

M 

:;: 


2',  I 
I 


14 


n ' 
■ 

1U1 
61 

H 

u 

H 

8 

Ms 
f.l 

•  I 
.'I 
41 
711 
44 

II. 

a 

I'M 

m 

1  • 

IOT 

17 

41 

1 

7 

32? 

I  1 


Ml 

M 

II 
H 


11 
H 
I 

41 

D 

7 

-". 
.... 

■ 

H 
;,,.. 
M 
■j 

•' 

IH 

11 

10 

II 

III 

■1 


4 

4 
I  i 

.'I. 

:•" 
:- 
'• 

I 

U 

•- 
;i'H 

fe 

:in 

11 

M 

I 

M 

i" 

121 

-1 

6 

I'H 
I" 

a 


1-1 
1 


1   1 


I  -.,'   IJTI  I.Ii'M.ia- 
lu 


n 
1: 

M 
:"' 
It 

MJ 

i.'i 


'J 

l> 

101 

1: 

i: 
4' 

I.i 
SI 

•' 


15 
U 

314 
2« 
11 

... 


0 
i> 

a 
ixl 
r 

21 
I  J 
4 
•.I 
I  > 
II 


I 

: 

n 

•.•1 
n 

HI 
4- 

3 

.1 
I- 
1.7 


II 

n 

a 
11 


ii 
u 

M 

|v- 

... 
--. 
I 

II 

"j 


III 


■ 
If 

Ml 
M 


41 


IS      0 


1', 


11-,.  m 


K.i  III-. 


7,1 
Ii 

.; 
i" 
.' 


:■ 


1 
n    3 


I.701 

100 

TO 

Ul» 

I  -  KM 

1.120 
7  IM 
I  IM 
4  004 
I. Ola 

MM 
ra 

60S 

6,407 

0.711 
3,101 
MM 

3.TJ0 
2,060 

6,039 
I0..K5I 
v  HI 
4  IH 
MH 

10.647 
1,360 

■ 

IflflW 

73  400 

1  -.'i 

hi 

tc.mi 

1.161 
31.160 

1.131 

p.21 

3.166 

MIT 

060 

3.403 

4.130 

1.006 

0,710 

040 


Total W.U46M,»4012n.4n2;|4.  in;  11.473  0,707 M007W..I.|n(i  1. 701 1  2  0111  1, 708  721  34*.  216  2,11  12lM.-0W1.IIH 

Of  U»  tntal  outnbw  of  tiinat  nturoinc  UMit.  300.163  w»ra  married  and  47,641  vara  aingla  men  and  22,016  won  linula 
Btav    Ml*  wan  aunlad  wuoion  nuluat  acpanw  relutua. 


Income  Tax         Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Robert  IVf-l'i  bill,  paaard  In  1912.  Imposed 
■  (ax  n(  7d.  per  pound  on  annual  Income* 
of  1100  anil  upward,  for  three  year*.  Thin 
law  ha*  ilnco  boon  extended  at  each  period 
i'f  lt»  expiration,  and  the  rata  and  exemp- 
iinn«  frequentl]  ebtntM  DPI  ihe  lew  re- 
main* otsentlally  the  nine  In  principle  to- 
day a*  p*si.-d  In  the  early  fori  in.  The 
has  varied  from  4d  th*  pound  (In 
117-70)  !•>  la.  th*  pound  (In  1004): 
yielded  n  revewn-  m.-i.tnlnr  Irregularly 
from  £571, 055  In  1812,  to  138.800.000  In 
IMS,   and   falling  back   to  £Sl.H60,0mi   In 

Won.     Tin.   inn Ilnlo   »ffwt   of  Sir   Robert 

measure  nai  to  cause  Ihe  repeal  of 
obout  £12,000.000  of  direct  tnie*. 

Ily  vlrtiK  .if  th*  powei  granted  under 
the  sixteenth  imendment  to  Hi-  i '..iii.i  iiu 
r  1. .ii  the  Sixty-third  Congress  pn*«cd  an 
In... on-  tax  mrneure  ■«  Iran  of  tin'  tnrliT 
law  of  1818,  Thin  provided  for  a  normal 
tax  of  one  per  cent,  on  all  Incline*  la  »x- 
■'<-Na  of  $3,000  for  unmarried  men  And 
women,  »nd  In  nmu  ..f  14.000  op  to  $20,- 
iioii  fur  innrrled  person*  living  together  a* 
man  and  wife,  but  only  $1,000  of  the  ag- 
gregate Income  of  man  and  wife  living 
together   i»  *i  imptsd.     An    additional    one 

. -lit    i*   gsseswd   upon   Ihe   n unt  by 

which  the  total  net  Income  cxcecdi  $2(>.on(» 
up   to    180,000 1    two    per   (••nt.    upon    the 

mil   area*  of  $50,000  up  to  175.000: 

litre.*  per  r-.'ne .  up. in  t!n>  .- 1 1 1 ... 1 1 ii t  In  exce** 
of  $75,000  up  to  ■lOaOOO;  Coot  par  seal 
upon  the  amount  In  exce«a  of  Jinn. nun  op 
to  J2.10.00o ;   five  per  eenl     on    Hie  nmniint 

In   execs*  of  $250,000   up  in    •; I     and 

alx  per  cent,  upon  the  amount  In  *XO*M  of 
J.-.oo.oOO  Knrly  In  1917  the  normal  tax 
mi  rained  to  2  per  cent  and  the  aur-tnxe* 
on  large  Income*  wen-  heavily  increased,  *0 
that  on  Julie  1.  1017,  the  rate*  stood  a* 
folio  wa: 

On  lncnmn  under  $20,000  (see  prevlou* 
paragraph  for  exemption  limit* I.  a  tin  of 
2%  ;  on  Income*  la-tween  $20,000  nnd  $>40.- 
000.  an  adilnii'iiui  1-;  with  mi  additional 
11    for  each    (20.000.    until   nu    Income   bt> 

iw f ho. ooo   and   ikmiooo   la    reached, 

when    the   tux    1»   nn   additional  4  " 


After 

till       of 


thl*  point,  there  l»  nn  ndillllnui 
1-.  for  each  180.000.  until  Income*  no- 
tween  «2.".o.ooo  and  j.'iooooo  *vi-  r  iclied, 
upon  wblcfa  there  I*  nn  niMitiimnl  i 
8%.  Income*  between  $300,000  nod  $800.- 
(100  pay  on  nddltlonnl  tax  of  W-  nnd  In- 
.  i. in.  h.-twef  ii  $500,000  nnd  $l.ooo.nno 
in  hi  ulilltlonnl  In  of  10-/.,  or  V2"-  In 
total.  There  I*  then  an  nddltlonnl  tnx  Of 
1%  for  each  $500,000.  until  Income*  In 
exce**  of  $2,000,000  yearly  pay  an  addi- 
tional  tax   of  13%,  or  a   total  income   tax 

of    15%. 

For     1010,     the    totnl     Income    tax     wa* 

$fi7.fi43,5f>4,    n     goln    of    $20,800,000    from 

,-iir<"»    of    1015       ThU    amount    wag 

Kid    by    3S0.OS2     person*.       Of    tbt*    num- 
r    .•  re  married  and  4T.3R3  were 

■Ingle  men  mid  .  !,01fl    ln«l»  worn  n.     Per- 
*on*  residing  in  or  around  New   tori 
paid  almoit  one-half  of   the  totnl   tax. 

War  rnmmr  Tar — The  rate*  on  Income* 
were  lnerenfi-d  Tiy  provision  of  the  so-culli-d 
"War  Tax  mil."'  slirnwl  by  President  wil 
aon   on  October  5.  1017.   «*   follow*: 

fThe  tax  l«  to  he  levied  onlv  for  (he 
duration  -.f  tb*  wnr  Two  t>.nn«»nd  dollar« 
1-  Uie  exemption  nmonnf  for  m»rrled  tier- 
*on*.  $1,000  for  nnmnrrled  per»ona.  T»-»r* 
1*  nllow.'d  nn  addition*!  ••xemptlon  of  $200 
for    each    dependent   child.) 

The  former  normal  tax  on  the  exce««  over 
tho  fonnet  exemption  allowed  ($4  000  f..r 
married  person*  and  *a.0on  for  unmarried 
per*on«)  I*  2%.  and  b»  retained.  T''o  new 
normal  tax  oo  the  egcea*  over  the  new 
exemption*   Is  an   additional  2*.     Thu«  a 


: 


married  man  with  an  Income  of  »"  000  r*i 
2*  on  $1,000  and  2«  oo  $8,000,  or  » 
tola  I  normal  tax  of  $80. 

Th*  former  surtaxes   (*ee  above)  art  «• 
..I.    with    additional    surtax**   i 
low*: 

1%    on  amount  above   $5,000  and  MbM 
ITJJOO, 

2%   on   amount  above   $7,500  tot  bdrv 
$10,000. 

3r.  on  amount  above  $10,000  aid  tea* 

4*   on  amount  above  $12,300  and  brio* 
$i.-,.ooo. 

6%  on  amount  above  $15,000  and  beVnt 
$20,000. 

:•-.    nn  amount  above  $20,000  and  b*» 
$40,000. 

10%  oa  amount  above  $40,000  aad  te*» 
$eo.O00. 

imoiint  above  $00,000  and  btw 
$80,000. 

18%  on  amount  above  fSO.OOO  and  be* 
$100,000. 

on    amount  above  $100,000  gad  be- 
low    $150,000. 

25%   on   amount  above  $150,000  aad  bv 

30%   on  amount  nbovo  $200,000  and  >f 
low  $250,000. 

nut  above  $250,000  tad  w- 
low   J300.000. 

87%  on  amount  above  $300,000  and  be- 
low $500,000. 

40%   on   the  amount  above  $500,000  e»J 
bclnw   $730 

45%   nn  the  amount  above  $780,000  U* 

50%  on   the  amount  above  $1,000,000. 

In    addition,    there    I*    a    Oat    tax  Of  M 
on    Income*  above  $0,000. 

Accordingly,  on  a  murrled  man  wltb  I 
net  Income  of  $10,000,  there  wonld  be  *» 
following  Income  taxes;  $120  old  nortul 
tax:  $100  new  normal  tax:  old  law  agn 
t»x_  non.-:  new  law  Mtrtax.  (1%  on  $8.0M> 
$7,500    and 

nnl  8%  tax,  $320 — or  a  total  lnceaw 
tax  of  $075. 

A  married  man  with  an  Income  of  $5.0fO 
Is  oiscRsed  a  totil  tnx  of  $S0:  with  en  In- 

of  $20,000.  a  totnl   tax  of  $3.00 
$40,000.  a  tax  of  art.SOO;  of  »100.IVK>  a  tax 

."":   ■  ■    ■  .' 

of  $500,000,  a  tax  of  $Z$2,2»o  ;  of  f 

000,    a    totnl    in  TOO;    of    $3,000. 

000,  a  total  tax  of  *2 

The  above  figure*  are  o»  toe  baal*  of  a 
married   man   having   no  children,      .s 

.1  above,  th,  «l  On*) 

lower     for     unmnrrleil     persons     and     $200 
higher   for  each  dependent   child. 

(For  the  "War  Corporation  Income  Tax." 
*ee  Corporation  Tox.l 

The   provision*   of  the  Mil   da  not    apply 
rto  RICO  Or  th*  Philippine  Island*,  the 
legislature*  of  which  are  given  the  right  to 
bmci*  Income  tax**  to  cover  tbelr  ow  D 
rltorv. 

Contribution*    or    gift*     actually     mad* 
within    the   vrar  to  corporation*  r>r  ***oci». 
linn*  orgnnlred  and  operated  exclusively  for 
religion*,     ehnrltalvln.     scientific, 
tb.nal  |iiirr>n»»N.  ..r  to  socletle*  f   • 

i  of  rruelt*  to  children  or  nnlmtla, 
no  part  of  tve  net  Incom*  of  <rhl 
to  !•"•  lieneflt  of  any  private  stockholder 
or  Individual,  to  an  arnnuat  not  In  exce** 
of  fifteen  per  centum  of  the  tax-psvee'ii  hj. 
ahlo  net  Income  at  computed  without  t»>* 
benefit  of  this  osrsrrsph  may  be  decocted 
from   the  Income  to  he  taxed. 

Income  I*  defined  a*  all  profit*  or  cale* 
from  aalarle*.  wage*  eomne-«.-*ti<,n  fnr  per- 
*on«l  *ervlce  or  from  profession*,  trad*. 
commerce  or  **le»  or  dealing*  In  real  estate 
or  personal  property,  latere*!,  rent,  except- 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Incorporation 


By  states,  the  eolleetlnn 
for  the  fl-cn!  year  ending 
sras  **  follow*: 

Individual 


.1 


Slate. 
Alabama 
Al«»k*  . . . 
Arlmns  .. 
Arknnsns  . . 
California  . 
Colorado    . . 

ConnecMcat 

Delaware  . 
of  Col. 
da   .. 

fleorela  . . . 
Hawaii    ... 

■    

Illinois     ... 

Indiana 

I  nwa     

Knoiin  ... 
Kentucky  _ 
T.oulalana    . 



Mnrrlnnd   .. 

Mix 

Mich  lean  .. 
Minn'  ■■■'•> 

Mhwuii 
Montana    . . 
ha    .  . 
Nevndn     . . . 
New     ilamp. 

Sew    -' 
w  Mexico 
New  York   . 
North    Car.. 
Oak. 
• 

Oklahoma  . 
Oregon  -  - . 
Pennsylvania 
i:!iim!i>  inland 

Houth  Dak. 
Tennessee  . 
Texas    ... 



Vermont  . . 
Vlrjtlnla    ... 

Wn«liln«tOO. 
West 

Wisconsin  . 
Wyoming    .. 


Income  Tax. 

20.TT2.0S 

200,330.73 
178,41847 

S  .S7fi.3H.24 
1,060.076.81 

::  ip  ,(]   >12  i») 

1.81(1.133.33 

•;  70.01 

i.    1   777  SO 

^SO./O 

17(1.711.07 

1152  41 

1.233 

555,247.21 

6fi8.lfl.fU 

303. 27  l.fi3 

813.542  12 

377.::. 

1.SM7.330.47 

.."84 .25 
1  Ml. 431  33 
1«7.4 

208  027.47 

710.07 

15  125  -■:: 

i05.28 

5.021.010.08 

82.TfiO.8T 

81.40:..: 

74.150.04 

"SS  77 

4.428  S12.32 

41S.<i«4.24 

17  mio.n  iris 

1.80H  i 

gl.8-4.2S 

a  184.3} 

2,7"!   . 
|ft1,344.0fl 

lion. 

021.507  M 
$55 
400 
1.17H 

66.301.72 


of  income  tax 
Jnnc  30.   1917. 

Corporation 
lacomnTax. 
8*7,000  92 
40.132    'l 
637. :■' 
300.310.84 
6.147.2S9  ll 
1.780,507  "4 
3.872.0:". -:.  IH 
067.73 

570. .-Ill  40 

827.055.04 
1.218 

000.818.58 

217' 
14.350,537.10 
2.281. 040.5* 
1.252. 

2.310,817.01 

1 85. 55 

1.209  :    i  '  ' 

815.75020 
1,401,084.27 

.  no.03 
ro:i  08 

4,018.404.70 

*,.-.'  6.170.8.1 
77«-..710.nO 

7  .423  08 

300,134.14 

051  SO 

'  000.13 

21S.77I.77 

103.13 

2,231.43618 

400.031.70 

200.36 

408.110.17 

2.011 
1   1!'  I 

184  . 
1,837.125.64 
1. 1 87.702.70 
1.4  ;n  008.07 
2.710 

184.001.47 


Total    ...$180,108,340.10  $179,572,887*6 


Calender  yesr  1016  Isct  of  Sent.  ft. 

Income  tax,  normal (  55.742 

Surtax  : 

Xet       Incomes      exceelPn* 
•20.000  and  not  more  than 

$40  (KM) 6.0IW 

J4O001    to    S00OO0 0.403 

tnn  ooi   to  *so  ooo 0.071 

Sao  ooi  to  xiooooo. .    . . 

100.001    to   Xl-o.noo 11.090. 

tir.n.ooi    to   *?ooooo..,,  8,189, 

*200.00l     to    *?',0  000.  ...  0.211 

S2t>o.ooi   to   io.no.noo 6.190. 

30O001     to    *500  0nn 12.000 

Jr.oooot    to    Jionoooo..  14.501 

1.000  ooi  to  M  r.nnono. .  T.n8«. 

81.500.001   to  J2.00nno0..  4,888 
Net    lnenm»«    exceeding 

$3-000.000    10,14.'. 

Offer*  In  compromise,  etc..  IB, 


1010 

,380.8 


051  71 
0*4.87 
405  1« 
,101  0-. 

::2i  -'7 

KM  '  •"' 

<i|>7  10 
87083 

"13  "I 
808.76 
040.10 

004.50 


Total     $167,787,089.80 


|ct  annultv  or  endowment  t>avmi»nf*  from 
!■'•  Ipsnrnnc*  eomnnnlea  Pes'd-s  th»  $8,- 
000  and  *  1.000  shove  mentioned,  there  1* 
etemnt  from  taxation  the  nare»«*rv  ex- 
penses of  carrying  on  business:  alt  Interest 


[iald  on  Indebtedness,  an  taxes,  bid  debt*. 
o»»i-»  hy  tin'  or  *r»rm  not.  corercd  by  In. 
■Bruce,  toil  nn  allowance  for  depreciation 
In  ralne.  interest  upon  obligations  of  a 
rtnte  nr  political  subdivision  thereof  and 
upon  obligation*  of  the  tinted  8l*t*a  or 
!!«  po**»*slons  la  also  exempt  from  taxation. 
In  the  case  of  corporations  the  snnia 
normal  tax  I*  payable  upon  the  net  Income, 
to  be  computed  up  to  to*  and  Of  any  cnlen- 
dnr  nioTiih  the  corporation  imiy  denlgoste, 
tbe  return  to  be  made  wltbin  sixty  day* 
after  the  closo  of  Ita  fiscal  year.  The  net 
Income  Is  ascertained  hy  Oeiloctlng  from  the 
receipt*  Of  corporations  all  the  ncrvasary 
■••%  of  operation.  Including  rentals; 
nil  Io»»m  by  fire  and  atorm  not  covered  by 
lnsiir.iiii-e :  depreciation  (In  the  rami  of 
mines  not  to  exceed  Or*  per  cent,  of  tho 
value  of  crocs  output)  :  the  amount  of  Inter- 
est accrued  nnd  tin  Id  within  the  year  upon 
ponds  or  other  Indebtedness:  In  the  cssa 
•  Us,  Interest  paid  during  the  year  to 
depositors,  or  on  money*  received  fox  ln- 
n  i  nnd  secured  by  Interest-bearing 
certificate*. 

I   ■.••motion    from    the   corporstlon   fax    la 
extended  to  partnetah  p*.  mutual  lonraoet 
anlea.     aici'lc'illural,     labor    ard    bene. 
fleisn  Atlonal,  religious  and 

scientific    associations    not    conducted    for 
profit, 

Persons.  firms,  companies,  etc.,  having 
the  payment  of  fixed  annual  or  periodic 
Ineoma  to  other  persona  subject  to  tax 
■ball  'n  Iwbaif  of  sorb  persons  deduct  an 
amount  eqnnl  to  Hi"  normal  Income  tax  and 
make  return  of  same  with  the  name  and  ad- 
dress of  *ueh   person. 

rtetm-nH  of  taiiililc  income  are  to  lie  made 
bv  Mnrrh  1.  and  payment  I*  to  be  mail"  bf 
Jure  30th  each  year  subject  to  a  penalty 
of  five  DOT  cent,  nnd  one  pot  ceut  6  mouth 
on  delinquents. 

Income  Tax: 

Amendment,  text  of,  see  Amendments. 

Constitutional   amendment   proposed. 
7390,  7301. 

Doubtful  constitutionality  of,  7390. 

Increase  in.  suggested,  8113. 

Power   to   lew   sought    by    constitu- 
tional amendment,  7390,  7391. 

Recommended  by — 
Grant,  3984. 
Roosevelt,  7044,  7093. 
Tnft,  7390. 

Upon   certain  corporate  InvcatmcnU 
discussed.  5892. 

Upon  consuls  to  United  States  dis- 
cussed, 8383. 

Upon  corporations,  7082. 
Income- Tax  Cases.— Famous  cases  Involv. 
Inr  tbe  Income-tax  provision  of  the  tariff 
laws  of  Aug.  38.  1894.  and  Oct.  A.  1913. 
Tho  flr»t  to  come  before  the  Supreme  Court 
w««  tbst  of  Pollork  VS.  Farmers'  Loan  end 
Trust  Co..  on  annesl  from  the  circuit  court 
of  the  Vn  I  ted  States  for  tbe  southern  dis- 
trict of  New  York.  April  8.  1895.  It  was 
d<v-Med  th«t  so  much  of  tbe  act  cited  ss 
nmrtded  for  t»T»ln«  taxes  upon  rents  or 
Incomes  derived  from  real  estate  or  from 
Interest  on  municipal  bond«  wa«  repnennnt 
to  the  Constitution  and  therefor*  Invalid. 
(ftee  nylton  t>».  United  Rtste.  i 
Incorporation  Act,  National,  recom- 
mended hy  President  Roosevelt,  7074. 
Incorporation,  Federal: 

Arguments  against,  refuted,  7456. 


Incorporation       Messages  and  Papers  of  Ike  Presidents 


GowUttitioaality  of,  Uwtatui,  "457. 
Discussed  and  recommended, 

ladepeodence  Day.-  Fourth   of   July,   bo- 

calh-d   became   nf   the   data  of  the   Declarn- 

lion    of    lad  July    ».    1770.      (See 

Declaration  of  iDdtp 

Independence  Day,  order  regarding  cele- 
bration of.  507''. 

Independence  Day  addreaMS  of  Presi- 
dent Wilson — 
At  GetUr-lunv.   7»sl. 
At  PhUatferpnUa,  ■ 

Independence,    Declaration    of. 
Declaration  of  Independence  | 

Independence  Party.— Tin.  party  *»*  ets- 

•  to!  largel)  b]  William  R.  Hearst  to  1008, 
■  nil  held  It*  convention  In  C'blnico  July  ST, 
II«ar-.t  declined  tbe  nomination  for  rival- 
dency.  and  tin-  choice  fell  on  Thorns*  L. 
M.  For  Vie,-  IT-  ■  ■ ! •  c  = '  .loha  Temple 
Uravcs  ni  oomlnntr-: 

the    plntform    rend:      "(mr    action    ■    based 
on  a  determtnntli  conduct  of 

affnirs  fri'tu  the  h*n<*  Inter- 

est*, political  trickster  '.oasee. 

and  mafei    the  Qoeernmenl   u   tbe  founder* 

Intended,  an  agency  foi   ; oinmon  good." 

The  platform  generally  favored  the  li> i 

..f  lal 

Independent  National  Party.  — A   party 

which  enmc  Into  existence   In   1870.    to   «p- 

peee   resumption   of   ipecle   payments,     in 

1880  H   Bergi-d    Into    the    •  ;r.-.nlKicJc    Party 
■  •!      v.i.       (See    also    Papuli-I     OT     PeOpte* 

Party.1 

Independent  Voter,   poww  of,  8081, 
India.— Tin  Indian  Bmptra  extend*  over  a 
territory  larger  tban  tbe  Continent  of  Kn- 
topi    •rltbonl    Uu»sln.     It  Is  oDIelally  kmmn 
mk  Hrillxh   1 

Indian    icmplrc   adjoin*    I'eml*    from 

ilia  ';-ii(  .if  Oman  i..  oaar  Zuinkar  •  •• 
llarrlrud ;   then  Ian    Empire  along 

ih-   frontier    laid    itowu    by    nj-i lent    la 

Li    fnr    a  >   the    ox  as    at    Kbamlnh; 

tlnn.-.i  along   tbe  •>»ii).   u|i  to  the   Victoria 
.ni,i   ip-iii  i  be     aai   .  mi  ,,f  ilmt  lake 

,',.,        I.  I.,  I  r .    I  • ,    I  ,       I  -."..      IIP      tO 

.    n-bere  three  empire* 
— tlic   llrlili.li.   ltua>iuti,   unil 
From    1 1 1 1  -.    point     lb*    frontlet   -la 

Furl*  not  yet  dearly   denned     toocbea  the 
'hiii.  ■  •    Empire    n  ilnly  n!..-ng  the  crests  "f 
ih,>   Moatafn  in  lit-.-  and   lb*    llliuiilayaa.  till 

the  limit*  or  !■- r •  - ■ . . ■  1 1  in-ii, ■••iiiiui  an  reached 

on   the   Vpper   Mekone,      The    Indian    fron- 
tier, mi  teavtna  the  He) ^.  adjoin*  Bram 

till   it   reaches   ih.-  .-.-.-I   at   victoria   Point, 
baifwuy  dowo   i1"-   M  Be- 

yond the  sea  tbe  in.llim  Umpire  Lnclndee 
ih..  Andaman  and  Nlcouar  Island*,  the 
.-.i.li-i-  lalaode,  Ail  n  and  IViliu.  liexldea 
protectorates  ot-r  Bocotra.  Bahrein,  -- » 1 1 •  t 
varlona  chlcfshlp*  along  the  const  from 
Aii-n  in  lb*  Persian  < : u fr.  Continental  In- 
dia, Itirlii.llug  Raluel  ichus  from 
8-  to  37"  N,  lutltude.  and  i  to  101* 

I-:,   hiiivitnii.-. 

Tin-  i-.|i.ii  ■ -!  death*  from  Hague  np  to 
the  end   of   Isl'J   »   re   «l  mo   In 

India    in    a     arbole.       About    "'■'■  ■ 
are  annually  killed  by  annkrs.     According 
to   the  census  .if    lull    there   were    110,000 

iepei  ■-. 

L'tAaoprupAi/.  — Resides  KngllMi  Ibe  fol- 
lowing languages  are  spoken :  Bcugnll, 
Western   Hindi,   H 

leru,    Marathl,    Punjabi,    Tamil,    Itaja.thntil, 
Kh nn rose.  Uujnrntbl.   Orlys,    Buroe 
Malayalam.      Tbe    religions    professed,    in 
the   order   of   their    aumerlcal   Importance, 


are  niados,  Muhammad***,  Bnddhlsls. 
Anlralst*.  Cbrlallaua.  Sikhs.  Jains.  Parsl*. 
Jew*. 

aaxi  ajm  i-orcukTio* 

Ana  ia  Population 

Pobtiral  Di-                          E=*tli*h.  IUI 

Mil  Cen.ua 

Madras  Presidency...      ...       I4I.7M  41.  i 

Bombay  Preaidsocy 123.0M  1».07?.*42 

rfa.ngalprwid.nrr ?«^»9  IA.4S3.077 

Agra.  ■*B44 

Ajmer  Meraara 2.711  U3\M% 

Andaman,  and  Kiaobara.. ..           3.113  J*.4Se 

Ai-am S3ni5  «.7IS.«3S 

(Ota 

Mtnar  and  Onssa   .  <  «Xt*H 

Burma 3W.VM  13.! 

r.niralProvinoaaodBm*.  KX&  1«.9I«J0S 

Coara.    1.6*3  17*.»7* 

657  MlJOt 

KrooUsr  Provtoee  :-:,i:s  3.l9A.-xa 

Punjab. Visa  10.07«.»S« 

TotalI1nt.i«hTerrii.,r,      l.ii'.i.-;...'TI  . 
N*Uv*8utetat.d  Aienoies.      7UO.I1*    JO,«*«,S»4 

Total  Indmu  B Ire...   1.S0J.IW  3IS.133.U7 

usnmnral,— ftider     Ibe     Klas-Kci: 
III*  Imperial    M  ry   •''   Sixt< 

r.u    India  t*  tbe  head  of  the  Indian  A 

lurid.  In  nil  matters  U»e 
Secretary  ,f  State  cat  Iropoee  his  orders 
on   tbe  Ooy  I    India,      Ni 

ture  from  the  reren f  India  Is  legal  on- 

le>a  an  ui-il.  id  a  majority  of 

his  COOaclL  The  l\lni;-l:uiiiei-iir  Is  Oeorge 
v..   who  »ucceeded   !•■  Kng- 

Innd  In  1B10.  proclaimed  Emperor  of  India 
:.i    I'elhl  lu   1911.      r  horlty 

in    lad  i    in    Hi-   ■  .-ueral 

In  Council,   subject  to  tbe  control  of   tbe 
Becretary  of  State   la   England.      Tbe   Git- 
Uein'ral's    r'nmn  I    of    **c«a 

member*,  aud.  since  March,  mod,  one  of 
iii<-*--   baa   beeo   a   native  of   India. 

Hrillxh    India    la    partitioned    into    proe- 
e"J"jl"C    rarlooe    degTeea    of    ln.te- 

tiendi  I'resldencle*    of    V.  - 

: day  and  Bengal  are  each  administered 

by  ii   governor  appointed  direct  frou. 

hm.l. 

Tbe  district*  (of  which  there  are  over 
2fi0  lu  Rtlilab  Territory)  are  tke  nd minis 
trailre  nint«  .if  lodla. 

Pteatdencl.      ol    Vladraa.  Itnrohay  ami 
Bengal,   and   olao    tb<-  lern    I'r.n- 

hav*    each    a    bl   !•    coon,    suprt-mo 
Im.Ui    hi    civil    and    criminal    bu   la*** 
an  ultimate  appeal  to  i  he  Indlei 
tec  of  tbe  privy  couiiell  la   Kngland 

eTd'acnflON.— A    Department     >t    Bdncatloaj 

has    liei'li    erealet],    anil    Im-re:i>,-i1     ;llli 

■ 
technical    education.      Tncre     ire    tl. 

Ilea,    via.,    those   of  t'alcuitn.    Madras, 
Bombay,    Allanabad,    ami    iho    i  ■ 

Armu. — The  Army  In  ludl  drat, 

■  ■I    l-ililsb   troops. 

...inllv.  of  native  ti-tuiiis  •  lurcelv  Miibnro* 
madanai,  atxnn    IflO.i lu  addition.   - 

He-eri-.-M    lllllllll 

mi. I    the    Imperial    Servlee   imops  furnish 
by  native  states  <  .0.  lacl 

Ing  cavalry.  I   suppc 

I'urili.-i-.    there    are    .:: 

i  m    volunteei         erUi   rntsi 

Prodnctloa     and     Indu'try.— Aboat      t«ro- 

thlrda  of  the  population  depend  on  ugrieul- 

Tlie     rnttllll      Ill.lllStl 

7.500,000  peraon*.  mure  than  two-thlMe 
of  whom  depend  on  hi  ml  wearing.  There 
are  fi.f.no.OOu-  person*  lii  (fovcrnintal  s«-rT- 
Ice.   civil    or    m  ■  la   tb* 

paramount  landlord  in  Indlu  and  Ike  land 
revenue  ;»  the  State'*  snai  -eat  of 

nil.     In  Brltlab  territory  In  1011-11*12. 
24!)  million  acre*  wvre    rr»pp«d.   of    arkf 


.  .-- 
barn- 

is 


Entycloffdic  Index 


Indian 


about    10   per    cent   were    under    win  ' 

per    c-ent    and*r   rice,   and  II    per  erui    SB* 
«l*r     «iiti»r    food-grains   and    p«l»es,     T    Pt 
inder  olNe<r<Ja.  iii.lf r 

cilioo,  Jute,  anil  other  flhera.  Owing  to 
the-  laereaalar  world  demand  for  raw  cot. 
rreat  rS./rt»  are  bring  mad*  to  culti- 
vate a  aoperlor  kmg-slaplcd  coltoa  la  la- 
Ol . 

Poppy   may  be  crown  only  la  parta  of 
He- aura  I  adl    t ti •  -ea    and    la 

llir   Central    Indian   nntlre  Slate..      Kirvpt 
lo    the—  tiutca  the  manufacture  la  a  Oor- 
erotneot     Dloa»poljr.       In     lull   : 
•.-beats  of   ltengil  "plum    -  fur  •*• 

port.  The  monthly  auction  aah-e  at  Cal- 
a-tltta  realised  I  i 

«>f    proaart  ■  •■  were  iij'.'.i  ■-■      m.>  ■ 

of     tbc    oplom    proi'.  ported     la 

Clilm  and  the  Ktralta  acttlcmeota.  Tbe 
cuHIt.ii:  .11  ■■!  •■pi  in  In  lodla  la  being  re- 
stricted) an  Ibe  exportation  lo  rtalna  baa 
been  cloard. 

The  ouipnl  nf  coal  Id  1011    waa   l-'Tir..- 

rl    ton*,    aloe  tenths  of  n 
iu     Bengal.      Tbc    production    of    crude 
hoi  In  lodla   (ebleny  Knrtoai  baa  In- 
crr>r  IB  IW»  to 

0  la    IDii.     Tb.  '   ninii- 

ngf  ."rat  yetira  baa  been  mucb 

Tncreaaed.    at»l    ibe   qmaiitlty    In    11)11     waa 
'mi   i  .ii.  ..f  salt- 
peter are  produced  annually   and    •  " 
The  yield  of  gold  (nearly  all  ftom  Mysore) 
waa  about  0*9.000  ounce.  In    1011. 

The  ancient  vllluge  bandlcrnft*  11111  sur- 
vive,    thoagb    Ibry    -utter 
from    Ibe    competition    of    mscblne-niada 
goods.     Cotton. weaving  l<  by   f'.r  tin-  moil 
Important    hand    lodaatry.       Power    mllla 

b»ve     iri.Hll      Dp     Uli'l 

bot    are    ton    larccly    owi  Lallres. 

The  358  coltoa   mllla  at    w.-rk   In    In.lln    In 
Ih    In    Bombay  and    Abme- 
•ahad..  coalaln  and 

•T.aWO  loom*. 

JrOUaraa*.—  Nearly  nil  the  rallwoya  la 
la-Ma  arc  owned  by  tbc  State  and  sdrj 
trr«d  by  a  Hallway  Rao  Ml.  though  many 
are  leaaed  to  and  worked  by  i-onjuinlev 
Tb»  mileage  open  for  traffic  on  December 
St,    1012.   waa  33. IS! 

HaImIm.— In  IIU.'-IIUS  tho  number  of 
Teasels  which  entered  from  nud  •  -leu  red  to 
foreign  c<innirlea  rose  to  8.737.  with  a  ton- 
nage of  17. dl. •->.:,  mas.  of  tfala  tonnage, 
ilmatrly  51  per  cent.  wu«  from  or 
to   Ibi  ;.ilu.!i    pos- 

session*: and  77  per  ■■"<  61  lb*  total 
trade  of  India  araa  under  the  Hrltlah  ting. 
The  chief  porta  nre  Caleuttu  nud  Bombay, 
which  together  do  about  10  per  Cent.  ■  •'  the 
foreign  trade. 

to*.  —  Capital.       Delhi.  Population 

..    ..f    rui 
there  were  20  town*  with   impuuilloiia   «x- 
ii*    100.000,    and     17    cltlra    en 

Ifuif'oe  araa  not  only   tin-  oldest  but   the 

moat  Important,  of  the  three  orlKlnal  Pres. 

■  :■  a   of    India    before    Olliea    conquest 

cf    |Ur.-.; 


Bei-ooy — The  laland  of  Bombay  waa  pari 
•  i  ibe  Infant*  of  Portugal 
ilf.U'j).  and  »ra-  lea   II 

to  th*  Kest  India  Company  In  ltirut.  The 
greater   part  of    I  rt    territory   waa 

obtained  by  annexations  from  Mi.,  lull- 
rattaa.  and  by  tbc  Inpae  of  the  Satan 
Blate. 

Btiv.il  waa  placed  tinder  a  I.lcutenant- 
Ooreroor  In  I8S4.  and  mi  created  a  Preal- 
deni-y.  iitider  a  Governor.  In  l.Hl  The 
I  Included  practically 
all  Northern  ami  Central  India,  but  tbe 
prevent  administration  eomprlaea  only  a 
part  of  Ha  former  limits. 


_^»>ro    a.d     Oadh,    .  all.-d       Northwestern 
I*r«'!'  iintll  1U0S.  form  Ihc 

DDsper    part    of   the  great    Uangra    pi 

•rest    of    Bi  lug    between    Ibe 

lllmalayaa  and  Ih*  hilly  bor.hr  of  ti. 

tral    plateau. 

r«B/.if.  PrarfauM  seeaplea  «i- 

era   angle    of   the   great    iw.i 
Inula,  and  tli  name  from  Ibe     ri..- 

Itlaera"  whlcb.  <l  rrom   Ih-   llhno- 

Uyoa,  traverse,  the  plain  and   unite  In    I  lie. 
In. 1. 1  . 

liurma  la  tbe  Iargeat  proiltue  ..f  Hi.     in 
dlan     Kmplre         Many      Inn 
frmn     Bengal,    Mndrua,    and    China.      It     la 
tblnly    peopled      but,   owing   to   rcranrkuMe 
ferity,     the    populntlou     baa    Increaatd 
nearly  15  per  cent.  In  leo  yearn. 

-Vu/ire  oi  v».  whoen  ehlefa 

art?  In  auhordlnate  allhui,-.  with,  or  uuder 
tbe  auxeralnty  "f,  tin.  Klng-Cmperar,  e,.m 
prlae  about  two-fiftba  of  tbe  area,  but  only 

of      the      p'Uiiilatlnu      of      India. 

Tbelr  Rilmlnlnratlon.  with  »   few  unlu r 

taut    eiceptlona.    la    not     under    the    direct 
:>  ..ill.  lala,  inn   II  la  aubjevt. 
10    varying  degree*,    to    tho  fliiprnuie    Oot- 
ertiment. 

laallan  Affaire,  Office  of.    (Sco  InterSor, 

Ilctinrtmcnt  of.  I 
Indian  Aflalm.  Bnreaa  of: 
DiactiMi'iJ  by  I'ruaident— 
Arthur,   l 

Cleveland,  5103,  .'.!I7T. 
Tiarrition,  Benj.,  5781. 
Einiiloyment  of  phyalclans  by,  68U. 
Syatpm  of,  ri'iiiiiiuieiiilnlion*  regard. 
18,    4641.    II 
IntlUn  Affairs,  ConunUaioner  of: 
Appointment  of,  01*19. 

I  nm •    in  perform  duties  of  Aa- 

aiatant    CoDUBlaaloiMT    and,    rocom- 
'I,    i)I08. 
Indian  Appropriation  BUI,  neceaaity  of 

pa  ilaaed,  4033,  8272. 

Indian  Oommiasion   to   perform  (totlM 
of  Aaaiatant  Comtnlaau>n«r  and  Com- 
roUaioner  of    Indian    Affaira,    recom- 
mended, 6168.     (Sec  Indiana.) 
Indian  Commissioners,  appointment  of 

6  rceomni.  u.l -.1,  M4J,  .>105. 
Indian  Commlasloneni,  Board  of: 
Appropriation  for  defrariug  expenses 

of,  recommended,  4656. 
Keport  of,   referred   to,   4076,   4314, 
4M0.  i7i ::.  4972. 
Indian    CommlsaioneT.     (See    Commis- 
sions,) 
Indian   Corn,   introduction   of  products 

of.  Into    !  seusBcd,  5761. 

Indian  Lands.     (See  Latvia,  Indian.) 
Indian  Massocr*.     (Bee  illustration  op- 
posite 1263.) 
Indian  Reservations: 

Allotment  of   lands   in  severalty    to 
•ins — 
Discumed,    5381,    5480,   6552,  M87, 

5761,   5976. 
Recommended,  561.  4523,  4576.  4643, 

4730,  4770,  47S3.  4068,  5106. 
Remonstratlons  against,  4669. 
8urrey  necessary  for,  4943. 


Indian 


Messages  and  Papers  of  tht  Presidents 


Chohalis,  allotment   of  lands  in 

I  v  to  Indian*  on,  referred  to, 
4779. 

Cheyenne  and  Arapaho — 
Opened  to  settlement  by  proclama- 
tion, 5710. 
Appropriation  for,  recommended, 
5638. 
Unauthorized  occupancy  of,  procla- 
mation against,  4892. 

Chippewa,  disposition  of  timber  on, 
referred  to.  5569. 

Choctaw,  right  of  way  for  railroads 
through,  4053)  4666. 

Colville,    agreement    for    cession    of 
lands  on,  SfttS. 

Crimea  coiniiiiiic. I  OB  statute,  for  pun- 
ishment of.  recommended,  4837. 

Crow,  opened  to  settlement  by  proc- 
lamation. G727. 

Crow  Creek.     (8co  Sioux.) 

Devils   Lake,  right   of  wav  for   raft 
roads  through,  bill  for, 

Disposition    of    damaged    timber    on, 
referred  to,  4663. 

C  -,  r : ,  r .  1 :  .  I .  I . . . "  1 1 1     of.    oppo'le,1.,    B483. 

Tort  Berthold — 

Agreements  for  cession  of  portion 

of,  5018. 
Allotment  of  lands  in  severalty  to 

Indians  on,  referred  to.  4783. 
Portion    of,    opened   to    settlement 
by  proclamation,   R57& 
Fort  Hall,  agreement   (;i  disposal  of 
landB  on,  46615,  .liv;. 
Compensation  not  paid  by  railroad, 
4953. 
Cila  Bend,  removal  of   Indians  on, 

bill  for.  5*09. 
Grande   Ronde,  bill   for  relief  of  In- 
diana en,  4380. 
Iowa,     bill     providing     for    sale    of 

•1039. 
Improvement  of  condition  of  Indians 

On,  referred  to,  4056. 
Jicarilla  payment    for    im- 

S'ovements  at,  recommended, 
e  Traverse — 
Agreenieiil  with  Sioux  for  purchase 

of  lands  on,  discussed,  5498. 
Opened  -ii  : .  -ttlement  by  proclama- 
tion, 6707. 
Right  of  way  for  railroad  through, 
referred  to.  1758.4054,5178. 
Lemhi,   agreement   for  sale   of  lands 

OB,  4775. 
Malheur,  referred  to,  4069. 
Mriiomince,   sale   of   timber    on,    re- 
ferred  to,   4659. 
Mescaloro,   payment   to   settler*  for 
••.veinents     on,     recommended, 
■i'.:s:.\ 
Old    Winnebago,    restoration    of,    to 
pnl  lit   domain,   order  regarding, 
declaring  void,  4890. 
Discussed,  4943. 


Otoe  and  Missouri* — 

Bight  of  way  for  railroad  thr 

referred  to,  4(581. 

Pale  of,  bill  for,  referred  to,  4656. 

Pawnee,    enlargement    of,    bill    for, 

■It;;*.-,. 
Proceeds   of,   bill   providing  for   e»* 

of,  for  Indians,  4973. 
Pyramid  Lake,  agreement  for  cession 

of  portion  of,  5649. 
Reduction  of — 
Bill  providing  for.  discussed,  618 
Discussed,  5552,  5637. 
Nogoli  ling,  .'180. 

Restoration  of,  to  public  domain,  or- 
der    regarding,     declared     void, 
4890. 
Discussed,  4943. 
Right  of  way  for  railroads  througb- 
Aet9  regarding,  vetoed,  5057,  0278, 

6003,  6008,  6012,  6014. 
Compensation    to   be  paid  for, 

f.rr.il    to,   :,178. 
Referred  to,  51 
Timber    depredations   on,   referr*d 

to,  4665,  4775. 
Unauthorised  occupancy  of,  procla- 
mation against,  4892. 
Round  Valley — 

Allotments    of   lands    in   severalty 

to  Indians  on,  bill  for,  4955. 
Payment  for  improvements  on,  rec- 
ommended,  41 

lion    of,   bill    for,   discussed, 
6178,  6494. 
Sac  and  Fox — 

Bill  providing  for  sale  of,  4959. 
Cession  of   portion   of,  to  United 

States  proclaimed,  5591, 
Referred  to,  4972. 
San  Carlos,  coal  lands  on,  referred 

to,  4683. 
Shoshone,  agreement  for  cession  of 

portion  of,  5649. 
Sioux — 

Division   of  portion   of,  into  sepa- 
rate   reservations,    otc,    pr 
claimed,  6629, 
Compensation   to   for  losses 
taincd  in,  5568. 
Purchase    Of    lands    from,    recom- 
mended, 4S37. 
Restoration   of,   to  public   domain, 
decl.i;  :890. 

Discussed,  4043. 
Right  of  way  through,  4775. 
Standing  Rock,  opened  to  settlement, 

8047. 
Uncoinpahgre.  act  to   change  bound- 
aries of,  veto 
Walker  River,  right  of  wav  for  rail- 
road    through,    4736,    4*78,     4953, 
.'.ITS. 

Yakima,  lands,  on,  to  be  used  b* 
Northern  Pacific  Railway.  4864, 
4954,  5178. 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Indian  Tribes 


Indian    8couta  empbyed   In    puwuing, 

hostile  Indians,  5501. 
Indian  Territory  (sec  also  Oklahoma.) 
Acta  of  United  States  marshals,  etc., 

in.  referred  to,  4122. 
Affray  at  court  house  in  Going  Snake 

district,  referred  to,  41 1!>. 
Boundary  line  with  Texas,  commis- 
sion to  mark,  4902,  4904. 
Proclamation  against  selling  lands 
in  dkpute,  ■ 
Constitution    adopted    by    tribes    in, 
and  government  of,  discussed,  4073. 
iimentsl  abuses  in,  (5938. 
Education    in.    recommendations    re- 
garding, 6346. 
Extension  of  laws  of  Arkansas  over, 

recommended,  4643. 
Federal     court      for,     recommended, 

Government  of,  dNcuxscd  and  recom- 
mendations regarding,  5482,  6346. 
Homestead    laws    for,   recommended, 

4254. 
Indian  hostilities  in,  discussed,  4933, 

Judicial  district  within,  recommend- 
ed, 4119. 
Lands  in- 
Acquired  by    treaty   of   1SQ6,    re- 
ferred to."  -M7l.  4S53. 
Issuance  of  patents  for,  referred  to, 

4779. 
Negotiations  regarding   cession   of 

Indian,  5500. 
Opened  to  settlement — 

Action  of  Creeks  regarding,  1855. 
Discussed,  4(559.  5392,  5482. 
Proclaimed.  5450. 
Questions  regarding,  4853. 
Survey  of,  referred  to,  i 
Population  of,  5482. 
Proposed     admission     to     Statehood, 

r<j90. 

Right  of  way  for  railroads  through, 
referred  to,  4653,  4688. 
Bill  granting,  referred  to,  4655. 
Territorial   government    for,   recom- 
mended,   4073,     4106,    4154,    4206, 
4254. 
Unauthorised  occupancy  or  invasion 
of.  referred  to,  4214,  4473,  4529, 
4832,  4933. 
Penalty  for,  recommended,  4742. 
Proclamations  against,  4499,  4550, 
4811,  4888. 
Indian  Treaties.  (See  Indians,  treaties 

with.) 
Indian  Tribe* : 

.<  'mow  or  Tatratrrn — A  confederacy  of 
tribes  of  the  Alconqiiinn  slock  of  Indiana, 
who  otlgloallT  Inhabited  Ibo  northeastern 
part    of    the-  coital    Slat's.    Including    tbn 

Iireacnt  Stat*  of  Main*,  and  nana  of  adjoin- 
as  states,  and  a  nortlon  of  Canada.  The 
Abnakl  !nclnd"d  too  rcnobseot.  the  l'«»«o- 
maouoddy.  and  fh«  Amallolt*.  tribes.  Tbr-y 
asslst'd  the  French  In  their  wars  with  the 
English  and  were  expatriated  by  the  latter. 


Tip  name  Is  Interpreted  as  meaning  "the 
whitening   sky  at  daybreak."   I.   »..    I'astvro 

ptopla, 

Absentee     Shawnee,    agreement    bo- 
tween  Cherokee  Commission  and. 
5514. 
Proclaimed,  5691. 
Alabama,  encouraced  to  reduce  them- 
selves to  fixed   habitation,   446. 

Aluumiuin — A  tribe  of  the  Algonqulan  stock 
of  Indians.  At  the  time  of  the  advent  of 
white  settlers  Into  Araeilea  tin-  Alguuqulan 
linguistic  division  nceiicded  by  far  the  larg- 
est area  of  any  of  the  Indian  nailonx  l  H 
name  tncani  those  on  the  other  side  of 
tli"  ilvii"  -that  la,  the  river  St.  Lawi.n.-.- 
They  were  spread  over  the  territory  from 
I. a  inn  it.  I.-  ic  the  llocky  Mountains  and  from 
liudion  lJay  to  1'nmllco  Sound.  Though  this 
tcrtltory  was  not  exclusively  peopled  by 
Algonqulari  Indiana,  miiiip  of  their  tribes 
red  to  the  went  and  south  through 
hostile  nations  and  established  their  fam- 
ily bi-yond  thi>  limits  nf  tin-  present  stork. 
'I he  Cheycnnca  and  Arapaboea  lind  stiaytx) 
vara  to  the  Illack  Hills  and  Dually 
Into  Colorado,  and  tin-  (Shawnee*  had  pene- 
1 1 nt.-il  lulu  Ron  li  1'arollna  and  Tenn. 
'i  here  wars  hundreds  of  divisions  of  inase  In- 
dian* into  Irlbca  nod  confede -ncles.  the  prin- 
cipal of  which   vara    BW    Algonquin    tribes. 

The  latter  nib*,  from  which  il ock  takes 

IIk  tin  il    the  tuivlii  of   llo'  M.    Law- 

nn...  sod  il  d  tributaries  in  Cana- 

da.   Tb,. i  silled  themselves  with  the  French 

in  the  early  wars. 

ipaca*  A  eonfederallen  of  the  Athapas- 
can itoek  of  North  American  Indians,  con- 
flating of  a  dof.cn  nr  iini:.-  tribes.  In  1508 
tiny  Inhabited  uoitbwcslern  New  Mexico, 
and  later  spread  over  the  valley  of  the 
« ilia   River.      I!y   1SOO  their  range   Ml   Bded 

fnnti  i lie  Colorado  Bleer  eastward  to  central 

Texas,  and  later  tbev  made  Incursions  Into 
Mexico  as  far  south  as  1  "rati  go.  They  were 
the  terror  of  the  early  Spanish  settlers,  and 
•loco  the  annexation  of  t  "lelr  territory  en 
the  Cnl.-cd  State*  they  had  given  the  Got. 
eminent  much  trouble  under  the  leodcrnhlp 
of  such  famous  braves  as  Cochise.  Mangus. 
Colorado,  and  n< iltao.  Whin  niiees  op- 
posed the  plan  of  the  Covprnnient  to 
remove  the  Apaches  to  a  reservation  In  New 
Mexico,  and  on  Aorll  30.  1871.  over  one 
hundred  of  the  Indians  were  massacred  ac 
II    'Jrant.  Arls. 

Apache — 

Agreement  between  Cherokee  Com- 
mission and,  5768. 
Appropriation  for  rupport  of,  etc., 

recommended,  4692. 

Imprisonment   of,   by    Government 

discussed    and    recommendations 

regarding,  5374,  5485,  5501,  5968. 

Suppression    of    hostilities    among, 

discussed,  4524,  4637,  4943,  5099, 

5374. 

Treaty  with,  2727,  2762,  3394,  3573, 

3796. 
War  with.   (8ee  Indinn  Wars.) 
Apalachicola,  treaty  with,  1256. 
Arartaho — A  tribe  of  tba  Algonqnlan  stock 
nf  Indians  living  oo  the  headwaters  of  tbn 
l'lstte    and    Arkansas    rivers,    also    ranging 
from   flic   Yellowstone   to  tht   Rio  CTande. 
Thn  name  Is  said  to  signify  "tattooed  peo- 
ple-"   They  are  at  present  divided  between 
two  reservations,  one  (the  Aranahni  la  In- 
dian  Territory,    and   the   other    (the   Sho- 
shone)   la    Wyoming. 


Indian  Tribes      Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Arupnho — 

Agreement  bet  rokco  Com- 

mission BBd,  WW, 
Land*  acquired  under,  opem 
settlement,  .1710. 

■  tlou     to,     recommended, 

■  I.   1848. 

Landl    set    apart     fur,    r.frrn,!    t  ,, 

I 

Troal 

Arii-l;iM>,    :i I  [■ .!  in.-  !i t    dl    l;ll.   ! 

crikitv  to,  refund  '".  #783. 

irfsrtu     or     i,f...      \     branch    "i     the 

Nahuatl    tturk    of    lndlan-i.    supposed    to    be 

I     Inhabitant*     uf     Mi-xlco. 

I)    ahull!     lllr 

middle   •■<    the    thirteenth   century,    and   ar» 

i  r.'l   for 

'■■"I  ...  at  •     li nqiirai  ,.(  Mexico  b 

1019    pi   I    .in    .in)    lo    I  In-    liow,-i     i>f    tin- 

confederacy  between  the  Axtccai    Tcxueana 

mill    tin-    Tccpanccani        Prom    nnalogy    of 
language    H    I"    probable    that    tin 
the  rai-lrtc  "levari   by   the  wnj  of   Ibe  Aleu- 
tian   l«iaml»   from    A<la.     Tfiere   ire,   bow 
rarloai    rheorlM   «*    to   theli    origin. 

Tlli'i       f.    nil.  (.-.!      Tllinilltltlllll      nil 

•Ire   of    Hi.-    •  II v    of    Mexico    -n     i  "-"■     ami 

riiii'il  iii  empire  ot  S0.OOO.OO0  i pie     Thi  i 

■'•-■■•I    In    iln-    iiii>    nn.' 
eocea,   a*   ik   evidenced   i>.»    i  He   remains   of 
.    Ida  nn, i  M  aterwai  - 

:i     -iiOU.OOO     pure-blooded     .'. 

left  in  ibe  mountain*  of  Mexico,    in  stature 

iih-v  are  *innii  and  somewhat  iceoabli     (• 

'inns. 

Bannock — 

mi,  nt.    with,    for    disposal    of 
laniN  for  UNI-  of  raJlroi 
4779. 
Treaty  m\ 

War  witli.    is.'.-  liniirin  Warn.) 
Iti-liuitKi-  Kton.      (Sir  .rc,\) 

mui  irarllka  1 1  Ibe  "f 
I.,  itkelks  t'onfrdcrntlon  of  ihc  Atgonnulen 
it  Indiana.  wtu-n  not  fighting  among; 
iii.ii,..].....  they  nro  generally  at  war  with 
in,  ii-  neighbors  Tli.-y  Formerly  beloni 
the  l< ■  ii n  tribe,  bnl  separated  from  tbecti 
and  vmiii.i.  I..1  up  the  Mlaaourl  Hirer  Thf 
sihannpa.  nn  Independent  i  ii"-.  under  tbc 
leadership  of  John  Grass,  was  *l*o  known 
a*    the    Blaekfom    .,r    Blaekfeei    Indians. 

Blackfeet.    treaty   will.  BBS. 

Mo — 
Memorial  from,  regarding  claims  to 

:.•,.,, i      in   lilJnln.iiin,  3071. 
Trenty   with,   MOT 
•  :i In, I. in.  treaty  with,  616. 
'  :i!iiiihii:i,    tn-nty   with.   2836. 

.1.— A  powerful  and  warlike  tribe  of 
Indiana  who  occupied  lb*  porlbcro  part  of 
South   America  and  itie  windward  nr  Carl 

i I  'land*,,      f'nlumbua    encountered    them 

n!  (Suni  nil  tind  n  lintrir  irith   them 

in   Santa  I'm*  in   Mas      After  man*  die- 

i.   nam  o-iiii    ii,      Knropcaas  and   be 

Ins   mixed   with    fugitive   negro 

were    transported    to   the    vli-lnli,    of 

llondursa,      where     thi  idnnta,     th.- 

Black    ('a  rib*,   now    live. 

<'nnnnncb.ee.  trenty  with.  1407. 

.•in— a   muni!    tribe   of   Ibe    IroqaoTa 

i-deracy  of  Indian*  lilirn  called  the  Six 
Natluna).     They  originally  luhahlteil  tin-  ill"- 


Of  Osyoga  l.ake. 
Iinrlng  ii-.,-  It.vnliiiinii   they  ;..  ned  the  Brit 
lf.li   In   making  war  on  trie  colonist*.      Tbcy 
annoyed  ts«n.  i  Union  on  iil>-  march   lo  yoln 

an    In     ITTfi    nail    Hn-lr    illti 

destroy  "i      after  tiie  war  they  . 

nf    their    Inntla    to    the    State   of    New 

!     tin      ll 

totally  dlxanprared. 

i Iniii  In  Oklahoma.  Wisconsin,  and  (larartu. 

Canada.      Tli'-lt  number  l»  now  Inslgnlncaai. 

Cnyuse,  treaty    with,   2914. 
•36. 
run.-.      mag    I.  Ill  1 '" 

\ iportaat  irifn  of  tbi 

•julati  »tock  nf   Indiana      The   nauw    mean* 
"tiDland  field."     When   flrat   known   t- 
Ibe)     occupied     tli-     iiniiiiitin 
in   Virginia,  North  and   Booth   Cere 
Una.  tii-orglx.   Alabama,  and  Tent 

■  ileli 

■ml  permitted   lha  erection  of  forta  »lthln 
i-rrltorr.     .v.-  tin    cininlrj   a 

;i,-»teil 

ii.     of     their    territory     until    l>j-     the 
treaty  of    IIWR    Hi         old  oil   thi 

lr     ImnlK     mnl  f    the 

MlMl»«lppl   Itlver      The  i  h  iiler.il 

i-  to  Jnckton's  army    It 
I 

Cit  and  highly  drill*  i  okla 

r.ma. 

Cherokeo— 

\c.\    directing   payment   of   ■  - 

int.  i    of,    reason*    for   jq>i 

pocket  veto  to,  2182. 
AjfTvemnnt    with,    for    ee«inn    of 

Uada,  -.t'.n. 
Bill  for  payment  of  money  claimed 

|...    I;...  ii-rn.  1071. 
Bill  aeeuring  t".  i-roportion  of  pro 

Ida  of  public  lands,  4971. 
Boand*l7  line  with  I'mtoil  Statee. 

IM7, 
C'nnul  through  couutrr  of,  referred 

to, 

onship  solicitcii 
Commiaaion   to  negotiats  with,  re 
pardinu  claima   to  land*. 
i  be  rok<M  Coininl  -"ion.l 

i 'inniini-iiiiei  -  '    iicjiotiation*    with, 

in  tho  Indinn  Territory.  6371. 
i  oiiilu-r   In  ■!  \i  .in   P-'il.r.. 

okee  ■■oitrt-,  .' 
i  lonvenUon  w  itli.  reforrc 
• 
ulties  among,  °262.  22"».  2808. 
1748,  -I7i*. 
Knfor,,'iii.'iit   of  payment    of  taxes 
on  products  of,  referred  to,  4005. 
InvcMijrntion   of  alleged  fraud*   in 
affairs  of,  dlacnaaoil,  8073. 

Sj — 
Containing   iron    ore  relinquished 

to  in. I,-, i  State*,  -i.il. 
Gn&ted  to,  lrifi. 
Relinquished    to    United    States, 

108,    ST.-,.    384,    ««,    81 

1274,  1716. 
Legal    service*    rendered,    payment 
of,  recom nded,  46fl4. 

-.ii     lands,     treaty    regarding. 


Ent\<  \nitx 


Indiau  Tribes 


Xew  government  to  be  formed  by, 

"■-. 
Payment  of— 

Interest  due,  referred  to,  2832. 
Money  to.   1716,   1823. 

For  land*  reded  to  United 
8Ute«,  requested  by,  4670, 
•TIB, 

••d  to.  1030.  4743, 
Removal,,;  I  to,  1692.  1714. 

Town   of.   destroyed,   proclamation 

-tirilinp,    120. 
Treulr  with,  71,  98.  103.  118.   167. 
78.  385,3- 
566,  507,  5S9,  610,  81  I,  s:;i,  :„;-. 
MS,     1256,     1274,     1444.    1445 
1449.    1475,    1*23.    2307,   3592, 
8717. 
Appropriation    for,    referred    to, 
£431. 

:  under,  2073,  2410. 
Communication     and 
with  Comanche,   5768. 

Of,  ft  erred  to.  1094. 
Proclamation  regarding.  72. 
Trespasses   uynin   land*  of,  by  citi- 

-  of  Georgia,  1039. 
Troubles    apprehended    from,    pre- 

1 173. 
War  with.    (Sod  Indian  Wara.) 

■  *im»f — A     tribe     of    the     .Mf.mqulao 

to   «urt  iw«ii«     cue- 

■tee."  habited  jl  region 

In  and  ntout  the  Black  Hills  and  alone  the 

;   in  Nebraska  and  th*  t'beyenne 

I,    I    >i  ■,".        in     I  -.'.';  ■,.      \ 

■ad*  a   treaty  of  pence  with  them.     After 

I     .ml    while    tin- 

northern  baud  lorn-"<l  no  '"      .  miiriii-  Itlver 

Keservatton.    In    eastern    Montana,    and    r» 

malmsl   peaceable    numerous  encounter*  oc- 

■    iter-  and  Hi,     ■ 

and  the  sowtlwrn  aeetlon  of  the  tribe      Kall- 

I  il,  ii   treaty  obligations  led  to 

»ar  In  ■  lilln  negotiation*  for  pence 

were  twine  conducted   In    1RIH     I'ol    i  licvcn- 

tidy   Creek   village  and 

una*     a   Moody  cam- 

Bhm  i  hi  1805  Ibn  Indiana  ■ 

jo  -.n  a  rewrratlnu.  hut  the  le,g  Soldier*. 
rlilaip  w»i  boned  iir  (Sen.  Hancock 
In  1**I7.  kept  on  the  warfare  until  defeated 
itar  at  Washita, 
vnnno— 
Agreement  between  Cherokee  Com- 
ml«*inn  and,  5565. 
Landa  mi  opened  to 

aettlement,  5710 
Appropriation     to,      rncomne 

Authority  to  two  certain  fund*  for 
subsistence,      of,      recommended, 

Condition    of,    referred    to,    4951, 

5503. 
PUarmine  of,  d  4849. 

Disorderly    conduct    of.    discussed, 

4943. 
Land-    -ii    ii  part   for,   referred   to. 
MM, 


Title  to,  referred  to,  4778. 
Treaty   with,  SS7,  912,   3234,   8573, 

3796,  3835. 
War  with.     (Sea.  Indian  Wara.) 
Chickamauga,    depredations    eoinmlt- 

I  by,  118. 
rA(ct«Mie— A   tribe   of   the   Mu»kho«ean 
stock   of   Indiana,   originally   lnbaMf.i 

•  rn  portion  ,,f  tba  l  nitnJ  States,  most- 
1/  In  the  present  Stair*  ot  I  and 

renocaaea.     in  ih,-  •'■»■> t--<ri ■  ti  century  Ihelr 
villas*  wen>  abi 
»n<t   their  principal   lii 

reaty    of    178*1    IH..I    their    iiorlhern 
boundary  at   the  Ohio  Kli-er,  and  as  early 
a*    180ft  a    part    of    tho    tribe    mlgrn 
Arkanxa*.      In  the  early  ivlonlal  war 

the  part   ol  i    Hi,' 

ii.   and  In   1780  entered  Into   friendly 

"n«    w-ltn    <;.n.    ngli-thorpe.      Iu 

they  m.-t  tli,-  rhoetawM  and  white*  at   tto- 

l,llr>    and    entered    lata    friendly    trude    r.-ln- 

1 1- tih       i  .mine    the    Indian    war*    generally 

-ontlnui-d  peaceful    sldlug    the    white* 

a  mind  thr  Cr.ek*  In   lTfM.      Ry  tr<*tle.  of 

8,   n-.il    IMS    (hey    ceded  all    tie  lr 

land*  raat  ,,r  the  Mlaatnlpi  ^  and 

I0S4     tier    .•.•del    He-     remainder    ,,r    their 

Innds  ami  went  t,-  live  *r1th   the  Choctaws, 

Whom    they   dwelt    i,, i  mill 

when    tie ■•.  i  I       I.Mirlnii 

the  early  day*  of  tb«  "Mill   War   they  aided 
with  t 

Oiieltaaaw — 

Agreement  with  Choctaws  referred 
to,   : 

Appropriation  to  pay  claim  of.  for 
lilMI  ceded,  recommendation*  re- 
garding, 5637,  5664.  5761. 

Boundary  lite-  with.  Choctaws,  3888 

Claima  of,  refer,,  ,1   t,,,  2286,  2297. 

Com,  to    treat    with,   for 

ceuaion  of  111  BMed,  6271. 

Deed  for  ratal  by,  of  land*,  dia- 
cnaaed,  5637,  5664,  5761. 

fundi  of,  to  ha  mvaafcad,  1406, 
2719,  2726,  2736,  2808,  2828.  I 

Land*  ceded  to,  108. 

Lands  ceded  to  United  State;,  bv, 
375. 

Laudit  of.  aold,   1810. 

Removal  of,  1710. 

Stock  of,  to  bo  tnoutorad  fa  i  i,,,, 
taws,  referred  to.  1887.  8871. 

BobaWn to  b«  miitM,  1725. 

Treaty  with,  380,  378,  385,  560,567. 
814,  818,  1170,  UW,  1-71.  1490, 
2692,  2855,  3583. 
Proclamation    regarding,  72. 
chipjicwa — A    trttM    of    (he    AlBonqalan 

«tn«-k  of  Indiana,  al~i  known  an  the  OJIbwa. 
They  lived   on    th  of  Laket    Huron 

and  Superior  and  extended  westward  to 
S.irlh  Dakota.  I  h,  i  :,n...i  ii.  m  slrM  aith 
Hi.  British  ilntlue  the  Kevolullon.  but  niade 
peace  In  178.".  and  17v  The  ivnfecleiaey 
formed  by  tba  OJIbwaa.  the  Ottawa*,  and 
I'nttawottnrnl*  wa«  cnlled  Iho  Three  ; 
I  In  vine  |olned  In  the  Miami  u|irl>lii|[  and 
been  •ubJuKated  nr  fi«n.  Wayne,  ihey  acaln 
made  peace  In  I.n.'-  Tin  v  renewed  lee, 
Hliile*  In   1813   bul   araln  earn*  t,.  i-rm*  In 

iiulahlnic  all   Ihelr  lands  In 
Otber  treatla*  redlDf  l*ml»  were  mnde.  and 
by  1851  mo«t  of  the  trllie  had  moved  bryoud 
th*  Ultslulppl  Hlvrr. 


Indian  Tribes      Messages  and  Papers  of  Ike  Presidents 


Chippewa — 
Agreement    with,    for   cession    of 

land*,  5731. 
Agreements  with,  referred  to,  5323. 
Allotment  of  lands  in  severalty  to, 

bill  for,  4778. 
Commission  to  negotiate  with,  5S00. 
Disposition  of  bonds  and  funds  of, 

referred  to,  4680. 
Negotiations  with,  for  improvement 

of  condition  of,  4056. 
Outbreak  among,  6346. 

anient  of  agreement  with 
Ottawa*,  referred  to,  3900. 
Hiinovol   of,   l 

Treaty  with,  378,  422,  554,  566,  667. 
590,  616,  635.  650,  913.  931,  P40, 
961,  903.  9851,  996,  1027.  1029, 
1257.  1545.  1H*.  i  i 
1612,  1622,  1646,  17*3.  2063, 
2304,    2414,    282'.'.  S38, 

£884,    2054,   3110,    3363,   8397, 
3400,    3103.    3411,    3460,   3B81, 
3718,  3835,  3900,  6286. 
Instruction-,  to  .-nmmisiionors  ne- 
gotiating, 6271. 
Transmitted  for  exorcise  of  pow- 
ers  for  fulfilling,   IVJ71. 
Chippeway.      (See   CI  p]     iva.) 
Chobah-sh-bish,  treaty  with,   2912. 
Choctaw — A     tribe    of     the     MusklioRcaa 
Stock  of  Indians,  originally  ncc"pyln»- 

along  Mm  < ; ii i r  el  Wexteo.    Tbej 

crally  considered  n  friendly  tribe,  liailng 
ai  kiwwleiltfeil  ttii'  soveieluntv  of  tlic  lulled 
**  early  *•  ITSil.  They  ■erred  In 
the  war  ajr»ln»t  Hug  ami  ami  In  tin-  Creek 
War.  In  lS'JO  tlmv  reded  pnrt  of  tnelr 
land*  to  the  Oovernment  for  territory  went 

ol   Lrkanaa*      In    1830  they  ceded  the-  re- 

molnd'-i'    ol    t  licl r    Innd*    and    moved    we»t. 
:.i   Ditnined   control   of   their  lond»   la 
the    l  -it     granting   ilicm   right*  a<  ell 
New   treaties   were  made   In   1800.      Their 
descendants  now  live   In  Oklahoma. 
Choctaw — 

Agreement    with     Cbickasnwa     re- 
ferred to,  2835. 
Appropriation  to  pay  claim  of,  for 
I.'umIm  ceiled,  recommendations  re- 
garding, 5637,  6664,  5761. 
Balance   remaining  from  sales  of 

orphan  reservations  of,  2910. 
Boundarv  lino   with — 
Chickasaw*,   2838. 
United  States,  331,  338. 
Claim  of,  to  Oreor  County,  6122. 
Claim*  of,  referred   to,   1348,   1333, 
1013,  2286,  4463. 
Opinion  of  Attorney-General  re- 
garding, referred  to,  2133. 
Commissioners   to   treat    with,    for 

cession  of  lands,  discussed.  I 
Deed  tor  release  ''>'•  °'  lauds,  dis- 
cussed, 5637,  5664,  5761. 
Lands  of,  proposition  regarding  ccs- 

■foil  of,  422. 
Memorial    from,   regarding  alleged 
violation    of   treaty   by    United 
States,  2003. 


Proceedings  of  commission  ro'trttj 

to,  2129. 
Proceeds  of  sales  of  lands  to  be  I 

vestod  for,  1406. 
Referred   to,   1123. 
Removal  of,  1715. 
Stock  of  Chickasaw*  to  be  trw* 

ferred  to,  referrod  to,  1*37.  . 
Treaty    with,    326,    3.V 

566,   567,    650,    770,   &! 
936,  989,  1092,  1095,  1105,  ]<»», 
2885,  3GS3. 
Advice      of      Senate      regv 
treaty  for  cession  of  laadiMK 
of  Mississippi,  requested 
President     declines     to    a; 

commission  to  conclude,  9w. 
Pro.  •,   7*. 

Referred  to,   1093. 
Transmitted  for  exercise  of  j**- 
crs  for  fulfilling,  SI 
Christian— 
t Halms  of,  against  United  Stttw. 

m:n. 
Treaty  v.  3110,  3400,  JUS- 

Cciir     d'Alrne— A     »mnll      trltK-     "f    ■*• 

si i.  of  IndUni  new  ililsar  l»  !•' 

ho  in 

MUuwisb.     Pan  of  the  tnbt  br 
UostllltlN     In  as    toMinJ™ 

and  became  peaceful       I  ^rrtO"* 

was  n't   npnit    for    thi 

i    hand    In    :  w* 

..in  The/  uun>e»* 

only  about  1*7  In  189S. 

Cnur   d 'Aline,   couimi"ii>n   to  ***»" 
tiate  with,   for  purchase  of  Utn*. 
5493. 
Cohnawaga,  treaty  with,  referred  », 
ISO. 


fommtrjir — A  »av»Bi>   tribe  of  tb*  _. 

noenn    stock   of    ludinnt.    who   were  e»t;T 

entaged  In  dUasttoti*  wars  with  tbe  S|*t- 

ii  1724  they  were  on  the  Co- 

(ansa*  Hlver  and  later  »*rc  aoulh  ol 
the  lied  Itlvcr.  In  Texas.  Their  . nl  trr- 
tltory  wa»  the  extensive  plains  Ire**  Ike 
llccky  Moiintaliis  eastward  Into  tba  India* 
Territory  and  Texas.  and  they  rald.-d  tbr 
country   from   Kann*  southward   ■•  far  a* 

ngo,  Mexico.  They  were  expelled  fees 
Texas  and  became  bitter  enesalea  of  that 
Sinte  Arier  harassing  the  •-ttb-rs  i 
Southwest  for  some  time  tbey  were  eoan< 
located  In  the  western  pnrt  of  Oklahoma. 
In  IS08  they  numbered  about  I'.COO. 
Comanche— 

Agreement  between  Cherokee  Coaa- 
mission  and,  5768. 

Claim  of,  discussed,   5762. 

Treaty  with,  2304,  2762,  3391. 
3796. 
Creek—  A    powerful    confederacy    of    thr 
MtikklmReaa  stock  of  Indlai  In  thr 

ent-ly    days    ol    Anierh  nabtted 

.Mtibntna.  Georgia,  and  part  r>f  Mnrld*.     At 
the    Instigation    of    Scmi  lards    the    Yam*<l 
(ribs  made  several  attacks  upon 
tin. -In  tliev    *td*d 

the   IlrltiBh    In   the   War  of   Ibe    I 
a' tacking    On.    Wayne    In    ITS'.'        In    IT*) 
they    signed    a    treaty    of    friendship,    Hit 
broke  It  two  year*  later.    In  1802  and  IMS 


Encyclopedic  Indt 


Indian  Tribes 


ceded  lands  to  tae  whites.  Tbey 
Jt.lord  the  BiKi.b  in  lb«  War  of  1S12.  and 
Aug.  SO.  1*13.  they  Sitscki-d  Fort  Mlmi 
and  mastered  400  people.  March  21 
thev  were  completely  subjugated  by  aeo. 
Jaekaon.  and  ci<1.i!  the  greaui  part  of 
their  laod  to  Hie  white*.  The  Si-inlnnl.-s 
('1  v.i  a  renegade  body  of  Creek*,  mod.- 
war   ur...->n  tie-    i  >   from   IMS   to 

1813.  Tart  of  the  Orerk*  movid  to  Louisi- 
ana and  part  to  Tex*  Ijiier  Oca  Scott 
subjugated  them,  and  they  were  removed 
to  a  reservation  between  the  Canadian  and 
Arkansas  Rivera.  In  IBOfl  tiny  e«ded  a 
large  tract  of  land  to  the  Goreromenl 
The  Creeks  now  occupy  land*  In  fiklnhoms. 
are  well  organised,  and  have  a   population, 

Indadroj   wnd   blood*,   of  i8.7oa 
Crook- 
Charges     against     United     States 

agent  for,  referred  to,  905. 
Commerce  with,  69. 
Commissioners   to    treat    with,   for 
ccmion  of  land*,  discussed,  6271. 
Conflicting  claims  of  Georgia  and, 

to  lands.      (See  Georgia.) 
Convention  with,  378. 
Court  of   inquiry  relative  to   cam- 
paign against,  l.v  I 
Opinion   of.  disapproved,  1508. 
Proceedings   of,   transmitted   for 
action  toereon 
Difficulties  of,  with  Seminole*,  2828, 

Difficulties  with,  143. 

Frauds    practiced     upon,    in     land 

sales,  1622,  1697. 
Hostilities   of,    in. i, a,    U78,   1*73. 

Referred  to,  1499. 
Lands- 
Ceded   to  United  States  bv,  331, 
303.  S75.  900,  5450. 
Amount  of  cession,  5*81. 
Proposition     regarding,    4859, 
5392. 
Opened  to  settlement  by  procla- 
mation, 5450. 
Purchased    for    Seminole*  from. 

Additional  proposition  regard- 
ing, .'.505. 
Purchased    from,    title    to,    dis- 
cussed, 4S53. 
Murdered  by  outlaws,  143. 
Proposition  of,  to  cede  lands  in  In 
dian  Territory,  4659,  0392. 
Ceaslon  of.  5450. 
Protection  for  lands  of,  invoked, 

030. 
Removal  of,  referred  to,  1274,  1332, 

171.-.. 
Sales  of  reservations  of  deceased, 

1733. 
Tronic  with,  transmitted  and  dis- 
cussed, 62.  08,  70,  71,  103,  169, 
167,  191,  202.  388.  539.  654.  856, 
I  i  890,  900.  JfiO,  964, 

8,  I07S,  1132.  12.-0,  1733, 
2214,  2775,  2916,  3394,  3591, 
3900,  5392. 


Correspondence   regarding,  8S6. 

Proclamation   regarding,   72. 

Ratified  by  proclamation,  0690. 

nights  of,  under,  936. 
War  with.    (8oo  Indian   Wars.) 
Crow— 

Agreoment  with — 

For  sale  of  railroads,  4657. 

Regarding  individual  allotments. 

Appropriation  for  supplies  for,  roc.- 
U;il,  47.il. 

Treaty  with,  913.  3835. 
Crow  i  r«i  k..     (8oe  I'mpqua.) 
Dakota.     (See  Sioux.) 

Drluien/e — A  confrdcraey  of  the  Algou- 
onian  stock  of  Indian*.  They  called  them- 
•elves  the  Lcnnl  Lcnape  ('-original  men-"  or 
"preemlneni   men"|    and    ihs   Krenen   called 

thrill    L«OUDS    (WOlvCS)  William     I'-i-ii     I ill 

Ihem  dwelling  peneeably  In  ibe  volley  of 
the  Dclawnic.  lie  eultlvot'-il  friendly  r. 
latinos  with  them  and  pun-hn»rd  much  Of 
their  I. mil  Theli  cllli  f  i-  iiinill  : 
on  the  site  of  the  present  city  of  I'hlla 
delphla.  In  1720  they  refnsed  to  loin  DM 
ioI*  In  a  ««r  again*!  lbs  English  and 
'ttrninit7.-il  n-  "women."  l-afrr  thi-y 
be«am-  quits  wnrllke.  but  were  driven  be- 
yond the  All'-fihoiih  *.  Near  the  close  of 
the  Revolution  n  in.---.-  number  •■(  Chris 
tiHu  Drjtwarttj  wars  uia  iri  a  '.  Ameri- 
cana, The  remnants  of  tbe  tribe  dwelt 
■rarlly  In  Ohio,  and  In  1818  migrated 
I  .    .MNsourl,    In    I&20,    to    Kanna*.    ami    In 

i<h:h    e    Indian    Territory    (now   Ok. 

lahomai.  where  they  live  among  the  Cnero- 
kees    and    art    Well    elilllsrd, 
lVlawnre— 

Lands   ceded  to  United   States  bv, 

360,  362,  1093. 
Lands    to    be   conveyed   to    Wvan- 

dottes,  2129. 
Payment  of  amount,  of  trust    fund 

to.  recommended,  5117. 
Treaty  with.  351.  361.  365,  378,  385, 
463.    464,    539,    ,  01«, 

1027,    1028,    10SJI,    1173,    2773, 
3127,  3233.  3413,  3592. 
Agreement   with,   for  abrogation 
of  nrtn-li-  ..l.  : 

t,  treaty  with,  2912. 
Eel  River — 

Pavment   to,  in   lieu    of  annuities. 

5115. 
Treaty    with,   851,    378,    3S5,    463, 

Fi-.  <•  civilized  tribes — 
Discussed,  6270,   6346. 
Relation  of.  to  United  States  41a- 

d,  5637,  0107. 
Repr  n  in  Congress  recom- 

liiended,  5U37. 

Flathead— 

Agreement  with,  for  solo  of  land*. 

-1740.  4779. 

Treaty  with,  291". 

Fa*—  A    tribe   of    tbe    Algooqnlan    stock 

of  Indians.     They  followed  the  czamnlo  of 

many   other    red    men    In    Joining    with    the 

during     16  I  'nary 

War       In    1S04   thev   mode   a   treaty  ceding 

valuable    lands   of   tbe    Government.      They 


Indian  Tribes      Hfcssagcs  and  Papers  of  Ihe  Presidents 


red     Mi.ir    alliance     wlrh     the    British 

Vi.      In    is;!    and     1030    ibey    ceded 

(ibi-i»     of     Intnl.     biuI     af(er     taking 

Dart   In   the   Blnrk  Hawk   War    <q.   T.)    w»r- 

compelled    to   cede   n>«te    ..(    ih.lr    territory 

by   a    treaty    niad-   with    On     Matt      They 

I""'     i 'ii-.-nMlrely    driven    from    one 

lo  anolher  until  the  i.tnalndor  of 
the  i ill.. ■  now  occupies  a  uninll  »ni  i  ol 
Oklahoma.  They  wen-  Incorporated  «t  an 
•all]  date  with  the  Sac  Irll 

Fox— 

Bmani  I roltee  Com- 

mltnlm   ami.  55)0. 
I'm,  iH.iied,  5591. 
Hostile  aggression  of,  1261. 
Treaty  w,f„,  3*3,  365,  554.  752,  888, 
818,     1106.     117ft     1484,    l»9$, 

ieiL\  goes,  em,  siog,  .1274. 

i'JOO. 
:.|r;inn.    «001. 

War  with.     (8m  I  ml  inn  Wars.) 
K>-ekakln,  1  ,ih,  2836. 

Qnat  Otag*.    (Sfu  Osage.) 

Oroi     Vrntrr—  Two     separate     tribes,     of 
wnuderlnc    Indiana.      The    Gros    Ventres    of 

tiw  piairie  claim  t..  ban  separated    from 

1  ne    Irapaboci       Attn  1 1 1 ■  •  I  r  seporstlun   the/ 
joined    fir.'    ona    tribe    and    Ufa    another, 
and     bocauso     of     ihelr     Iniht-inj      u, 
many    In. Mile  aiin.-k«  from    Ihelr 
In    1874    iher    settled    with    Ihe    lllaekfeet. 
IIM   Milk    River.      Their  ar.-«t..i    chief 
waa   Sliilni!    8i|iiaw.      Treaties   were    mads 
win,  I  hem   In   1>M,   1 .«.-.:;.   1858,   1808.   and 
1888.      In    l*Tii    Ibey    irere    i  .t..,-.i    i.v    their 
kindred,    ihe    Arsiish.tcs.    and   are   now   oc- 
•  uiivltic  a  iwrtliiti   "f   Hie   liliiekre«t  Reser- 
vation In  Montana. 
Oron  Ventre— 

Allotmeni  of  laVadl  ta  *>evur&ltjr  to, 

referred  to,  1788. 

Treaty  with. 
Iliinkimini.  l»f!ilv   with,  referred  to, 

Illinois,  treuty  with,  127. 
Iowa — 

Agreement  between  Cherokee  Com- 
mission an.l,  5.'  II. 
Proclaimed.   :..,-' I 
Trei.tv  will,.  913.  1484,  1612,   1729, 
,1,  .11100. 
Withdrawn,  4001. 
/rooaoia— -line    ..f    rjU    rival    famine*    at 
American      Indiana      (formerly      sometime* 
called    the    Lone    Ilonsc.    the    l-'lve    Nnihms 
and    later    the    Six    Nations),    e,mi|>i>»e<l    of 
tunny  trlhea  H|H-nklnK 

inun     mnl.       M,,-t     ,,f     ihe     Iroquois    tribes 
dwelt   in    enrly    colonial   days  In    the   region 

Of      (he      flntl      l.aUi   -,      III      "hill      lite      in m        II, 

i  anadlan   l*rovlnoei    ef  Ontario  ami  Qnebce 
and     the    States    of    New    York    and    Pens 

Slvanla.       A    small    croup    of    tin  in      nii„ 
isearuraa,  rid    occur  Itooot 

the     bend      WBler.      .if      the      lEiianokC,      NCOS*, 

and   branches  of  the  Cape   Fear  Rivera,   In 

SOI  lh     i  in,, IIiim     iiii.I     YIi  i-lnlii.        Inl.  Ill 
ally  and  phyalrallt    they    arere   Ihe   foremost 
of    American    Indiana.      Thev    were    nlmoat 
constantly   nt   wor   with    Ih.lr  tielehhora  or 
tin-  whites,     in  ihe   rtrnfcls  fer   Am. 

r.leliee       neurit       .-,11       ef       the       Iroilliols 

aided   niih  Great   r.ntnin.     They  no»  have 
■'eserTBilona    In    the    Dominion    of    Canada. 
The   iineldna   and   Tusraroras  are  now 
tied  on  reservation*  In   New  York,   IVnosyl- 
vanla,   and    Wisconsin. 


53,   014. 

IM     ' 


Kansas— 
Lands  of,  accounts  for  sdi 

sale  of,  4664. 
Treaty    with,   883,   889,  #12, 

:::iti.v 
Withdrawn,  4001. 
Kaakaskia— 

Linda  ceded  to,  B 

Lands   ceded  to  United  Slat**  by. 

347, 
Treaty    with.    347.    351,   353,  414. 
.,  3270,  81 
K:i-tn  ka.   treaty  w.th.  1012. 
Kaw.     (See  Kansas.) 
Woo    A    tni.e    or    tbi 

i.    of    Indians,   who   early    li 
talleys    of    the 

The  name  was  used   ».y    the    Indians  lode 
scribe  am.  it*    river*    srUnvm 

Ida,      In    lTTIi 

leans  against  the  BrltUb.  tart 
lat»r  turned  ami  fought  the  new  rertra 
iii-iii  until  ih,  y  were  inMnoated  tj  »W 
In    IT'.i.'i.    when  i.-dT  part  *t  •*•* 

land*    !..    th.-    rrnlbM.      In    lSitt.    l*nj.  »»4 

ls"l    th-    Kl.-kai ceded    mo- 

ih,..     i,,in,.i    i,  .iiin-,. h   and  fiyarai  aialasl 

the 

unlfd     aim    the    Bilil.h    In     th,     War  »< 

1812.  but   wei„   badly  defeated      By 

In    inn. I.     iii    1815,     |8io    and   1819  nary 

•  ,l,  il     Kllll     more     ,,( 

(Ions  of  tb.-iu   b  ribs  hand*     tkas* 

of    them    wars    removed    to    Kansas.  ss4 

af(.rward«  a   por(h>n  of  the  tribe  mlfrWH 

1,  Mexico,  arbenoi  abonl  100  am 

relnrn.il    by    tl  meat    and    o*e>< 

upon  b  reaervaltoo  In  the  Indian  T-r, 
In    ISK4   ih.lr  number  In  Ihe  Itiited  SMV* 
and  Mexico  was  estimated  nt  '. 

Kickapoo— 

■'Oment  l"i  rokee  Co»- 

mission  and,   M 
•-'ettleiu, nt   Of   estates  of    deer 

referred   to,  4657,  477fi, 
Treaty    with,    351,    4«4,    554,   SOI, 

507.    835,    650,    (i.-.«.    1173, 

3284,  3710. 

i  Ulna,  treaty  with.  2918. 

■,a — 
Agrrnment  between  Oierokee  Coan- 

miHsion  and,  576S. 
Claim  of.  discussed, 
Treaty  with,  1612,  2702,  33M,  31 

A*far»ntA-<A    tribe   of    Indiana    numbering 
some  000.  dl.«trli.iii.ii  among  eleven  - 

Keaervall, 
iron         i  I,,  s     formerlj     .•.-,  ipled     a     ra- 
Callfcrnln.    bill    [he   Inllm   ..f   whli 
trouble  In   IH5I.      IVaes  >>•  soon   rwit.ir^l 
In    l>--.4    Ihey    ceded    larjre    tract,    of   Ias4 
to  the  Uovcrnment  and  swttl.,1   ,%n   a   - 
vatlon. 

Klamath,  treaty  with,  3470. 
Kootcnay— 

Agreement  with,  for  salo  of  lands. 
4740,  4779. 
Treaty  with.  2913. 
Little  Osase.      (8ce  Osaec.) 
Lower  Brule,  selliiig  at;.!  trgdil  ■ 

anntiitr  ({nods  by,  4'"7l 
Maha,  treaty  with,  050,  888,  913. 


.-  <  ici, 

: 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Indian  Tribes 


jjfuAfeoa-A  trloe  of  the  Aleonniilaa  fanv 
ill    .,<    UiIUum       The    Dire*    U    latori 
both  ««  "wolf"  and  "»easlib'  paopl*  '    w  bi  n 

kn'.*»      to      th-     win  1 

IkiHi     banks    of     Hi.-     llndo.n     River. 
:  iii-   from  near  Albany  to  I,*ke  fham- 

Blaln.  "faey  wrn-  a  itMiuef  tribe  from  tbc 
[obegana  of  th<-  Connection!  Hirer.  Tho 
two  irilii*  are  r.-n.-isMT  confounded  under 
.  illan*.  Tin-  MahKana 
Wire  frtenrllv  to  tin-  l.nirll.5.  dilrhij;  Ihe 
Kr.-ofli  and  British  atrocities  for  s.ipnov 
air  In  Atm-rlea.  Th-y  « 
hi  it  during  i lie  Revolution.  Afterwards 
wmr  of  tbem  became  rltlxma. 

Mmkah,  treaty  with.  sins. 

Wdn.l.in — A    tribe    iif    ill.-    SI. niiin    family 

initial- 

ed  by  «mall|>..x  In  1  con- 

-in.iiii. -d.   And   now  occupy   Ylllni:<-»    .n   oois- 

m.in   nlih   the    lli.',.i'-:i  ami  Arlkarn.  on  the 

Hcrthold     Il«ser*n1lini      Iii     \'<trlh     I'a 

koto.    They  are  of  a  llirbt  oaBDleXtOa, 

Mandac — 

Allotment  of  land  in  severally   to. 

rrcl   to.    I* 
Treaty  with.  8S8,  913. 
!/«.-  ',    iiil,,-  .if   the  Aleonqulan 

■  tocfc    or      Itnlin:-..     fnr.-r.frly     iDtuihltlnc     the 

eastern    i 

.MaaurhuM-tt*   arid    tin-    basins    of    the    Nt- 

i    atil   flu  In   10]  I 

•err*      .  .H.-..I      by 

•    Indian"    In    1H.V)    were    Bath- 

:;iaces   of   tin'    I"raylnc    In- 

,1>aii»  ami    lnai    Ulrlr  tribal    Identity.     Tb.-y 

ajwaji    trteodl*   tn   in,-   oiiiira. 

uVhowiIm'c     A    tribe    of    the    AlfOOAOaaD 

fa:iilly   Of    Indiana,    wklrli    tin..-.-   It    tli 

ithlle*     h:i 
land*    In    Wisconsin    and    upper     Mi.nlgan. 
n-.-    1 1..-  Menominee   Hirer  oi 
Hay.     and     pal 

f.    i in-   Kca    IUtbi   n  to   iii  - 

slppl.      Tli-    nam-    menus    "wild    tie- 

men  "  from   ths-li    principal  article  -.f  food. 

■i  in-     I'ri-ii.-h     transit  niuin-     Into 

"Kolles     At   'Inc  "     by     wlil 

ar»  •.inn-'  a      In   tli-  early 

Indian   wan    they   aided   with   the   British. 
Meaominee. — 
Lands   wiled  •■• 

2501. 
Bafaned  to,  :-::- 
Sale   of   timber  « n   reservation   of, 

rred   to,  -1659. 
Treaty    wftk    -so.    MJ     963,   096. 
1104.     1199,     H!>1,     8601, 

■•:r.t,  2*96. 

|fg -src-inia-jruilfh,  treaty  with,  2912. 
Miami — 

Distribution   of  money  to  W 
band  of,  44580. 

Fundi  of — 

I'.ill    authorizing    application    of, 
iiecestaltle*  of,  -1038. 
Consolidation  of,  4861. 
Pa/mat  to,  hi  Hon  of  unnitiM 

recommended,  .".I !  5. 
Treaty  with,  351.  378,  838,  M 

639,    654.    616.    931,   940,    904, 
970,    1588,     1721.     I'll.     2775, 
8718. 
Correspondence  regarding,  184L 
imia,  treaty  with,  616. 
Mi  mi  .Mar**,  treaty  with,  913. 


Mission— 

''ommip to  treat  with,  S66I. 

.MinMiuria— 

Night  of  way  of  railroad   through 

lands  of,  referred  to,  41 
Treaty  with,  913,  1286,  i  «S4. 
2763,  2830.  3274,  8801, 
Withdrawn,  4001, 
.ifmifie — a  tribe  of  tin.  Lntnalaa  raialli 

'.f    liiiiiiui".   will. -ii.   «lth   th-   Klamath",  foi 

occupied    the   region   of   ihe   Klnmalh 
i.nk-s    and 

i    southward    boto    fallfomin 
l» -iraii   attacks    on    the    whlt-s   as    early   as 
IMT.       Hoatllltl  until     IM4. 

when  .  .i    lb,  Ii    land*    and    :  ■ :-- 1  ■  -  -  •  t 

tn   go    mi    a    r-K.-rrnii 

eame  notorious  through  theli  cunfllcl  with 
the  CoTernm.-ul  -  fuard 

.  -     in  no  to  lliii  Klamath    Ibwrvattou. 

oatead   look    n|. 
anions  tn  the  lava  bed<  neai   Fort  Klamath. 

iiiiiid-i,  .1 
faulty  and  fomui  iiux    u.   aim  had 

l»-.n  H»n!   i  '  -  -in    to  ».•"   lo  ii- 

erratloit.     Win  followed,  and  soon  the  Got- 

hi  troops  eomitelb-il  lit-  Indiana  lo 
anrnadvr.  faptaln  Ja<-k.  their  leader,  and 
rtro  ■aaodalea  wen-  rsernted  ami  aaoul 
ebrhty    of    bis    followers    were    RBOTtd 

•I  T-rrltory.  The  remainder  reatdc  on 
Hi-    Lower   f.,lnrad.i   llli-'i.    In    Artinna. 

Mii.loe- - 

-|.i>ii.|,  mi.    i-nrinj:    war    with, 
Ti-f-rred    to,    4818. 
Tn-:.  .470. 

i;  .;  .in      A    tribe   .if   lb-    Yiiinnn    In.: 
Tfcey  Hi-  alutiK  the  Ixtwei   Colorado 
In    Ai  .lit    a    third    of    I  hem    are 

ion    K<'"iind. 
if'-'liairk — A   tribe  of  llm   Irotiuola   family 

nf    ::nllilli»  111-    nam-    la   aald    ti>   lie  derlvi'd 

fr.ini  the  Aixnni|uiati  word     maqoa"  m 

lull  bears       I   .  i 

pylns  the  territory  now  Included  In 
\..:k  Slulr.  extending  from  Ihe  St.  Ijiw- 
Rlvrr  to  Ibr  In-laiaan.  KItit  water- 
shed and  from  the  fat«klllt  tn  l.ak-  Krlr 
Tl-lr  vlllag-s  wen  alonjc  the  Mohaak 
Rlrer.     Th»y   wen.   knosto   aa   one      f    in- 

I   I.         NrIIiiiix,     ii     ■  Ihe     flr't     tribe     ■■! 

:ii.-  r-clon  to  obtain  Brrarm*.  Tae  Mo 
hawka   were  alll-a  of    the    Kiusllah    In  their 

Ml.  with  III-  li-li-li  ---ii')  Vim  .tii-ans.  In 
17*4,     miliar     llrant.     ttey     rellml     In     I'pfHT 

Canada. 

Mohawk,  tr.-alv  with,  256. 

Mehegan—A     tribe    of    the    Algoniiulan 

family  of  Indiana.     They  once  Head  Chiefly 

on  the  Tli  rimes  Hirer.  In  Connertleut.     Tin- 

I'tliti.-.J    |.  rrllorT    ejl-udllijr  ea«t- 

ward  Into  Maaaachuactla  nn.i  i:  mdc  island. 
After    tin-   deatrnetloo    "f    lha    r-nui>ts.    in 

.     |       The 
il.itli  ..f  King  Tblllp,  In  IBTfl,  left  lb. 
only    Impurtam    DOdj   Of    Indiana    In    Booth 
»rn    New     Kiisluml.       They     finally    b. 
aeatte  Joining  the   Ilrotherton    In- 

dians In  New  York.  The  Mohejrana  are 
..ft. mi  confounded  «liii  the  Mehlcana  and 
called  Itlrer  Indiana. 

hilla-las   Ireatv    with.   2914. 
Mo-lel.     (S»...  Mo-lul-la-Iaa.) 
BfOei|iii'n  I'li-lence    resardinjf 

territory    claimed   bv.   referred  to, 
8722,  2o94. 


Indian  Tribes      Utssages  one 


Munsco,  treaty  with,  378,  385,  I486, 
1648,  1683,  1773,  2896,  3716,   3835, 

3900. 
Muscogee,     (Seo  Creek.) 
Xarragaiuet — A  tribe  of  the  Aljronqulsn 
family    of    Indiana    which    orlglnnlly    occu- 

Iiled  a  part  of  Ktiodo  Island.  The;  were 
i  loudly  toward  the  early  colonials,  tln-lr 
wars  being  waged  mostly  agal 
lilln*.  I'anoiilrii*.  their  prln.lpnl  chief. 
gave  Roger  \vi;ilnin«  a  Inree  tniei  of  Innd 
ihm]  ntuci  vrlfic  befriended  hlin.  I'nrionleui 
died  In  1017.  and  King  I  bill;.,  ol  Hi- 
]  ■«■. I ii. .1  -^    Induced    tin'    Niirrngnu 

la  a  raid  on  tbo  white  settlements  In 
violation  of  tbclr  treaty.  King  Philip 
but  allies,  having  ruvu/.d  Hik  tnli- 
Hi.,  ii.iiiii-ril.iii  In  in,;.  ,. nil  I  ■ ; .-  •  -.  i.'inninl 
u>  the  land  of  the  Karragansets,  where  tbc 
women  and  children  of  the  tiiiiea  bud  been 
quartered  and   where 

ter   hint    ii    collected,      tbm    were   >nr- 

rounded    by    the    wbliei    and    tnelr   villages 

were  bonird.     Many  of  tbc  Indian*  po 

lo   the   Homes.     Cnnoii'h"'.    ill"   laal    chief 

of    iln>    Karragansets,    wan    captured    i 

killed.  The  few  surviving  Karragansets 
intermrtrrlcd  with  tbo  colon  lata  and  became 
clvlllud. 

"lo — An  Irotiiirliint  r i- II..-  .if  the  south- 
era  division  of  tbc  Athapascan  atock  of 
Indiana.  From  tbo  lime  of  Heir  .mil. -it 
dlacuVery    by    Hie   Willie"    (li. 

hi     ' iry   alnng  and   south   of   the   nil 

.limn  Hirer,  lo  northern  New  Meilro  anil 
Arlrona,  nnd  extending  Into  Colorado  and 
I  tab.  Tliey  were  aur rounded  Uy  Dm 
Apache    Irlbca  except    nn    the    DOrtb,    Where 

Iboabonea  wen  tiu-ir  neighbor*      Too 

Navajos  are  at  present  confined  to  the  Nava- 
jo Innervations  In  Utah,  Now  Mexico,  and 
Arliona. 

Navajo— 
Practicability  of  restrnirinp;,  with- 
in  present  reservation,  etc-,  re- 
ports  on,  5788. 
Trent v  with.  2571.   383.1. 
Nesqunlly,  treaty  with, 
New  York — 

Cession    of    lands    for    benefit    of, 

1187. 
Removal  of,  discussed,  1771. 
Treaty  with,  1496.  1684,  1729,  1778, 
3394,  3896,  3897. 
Withdrawn,  30G7. 
We*  Perc/—T\\-  leading  tribe  of  the"  Sha- 
haptlan    aturk    of    Indians.      Tbey   sic  alto 
l.ii'.ivn   as   Ihe   Choiiunnlab.    Komapu.    tstia- 
bapton,   and   Salmnilo.     Tin  v    men    found 
pi    I.ewla    nnd    Clark    In    ISO*    Inhabiting 
toe    country    now    comprised    In     we  leru 
Idohn.  noriheavi''  n,  and  sout*ica«t- 

.-m  Washington,  and  along  Hie  Columbia 
sud  Snake  Rlvsra.  They  were  good  t»or»e- 
nico.  but  1  -new  unfiling  of  if:  b-ultui'e.  The 
Net  rcrcca  were  always  warlike.  Tbey  de- 
rive their  nnuie  from  their  et  Itonl  Of  plere- 
Ing  the  ib-.li  nf  tbo  nose  for  the  reception  of 
rings  and  ornaments.  In  IS""  the  Noi 
I'.iees  went    to    war  with    the   whiles   In  a 

attempt    t.i    defend    their    p 
I  luring*   fils    wsr   t'hiei  und    White 

Bird  gave  orders  to  tbelr  people  not  lo 
molest  concomittants.  Including  women  and 
children.  October  1,  Jocph  and  S'»>  nf 
hla     followers      Wer nihil.  .1      by      I'ult'd 

Stotea  soldiers.     They  now  occupy  rho  Ne» 
r      ''  Ueiervatlon.  In   Idaho. 
Net  Perce— 

Campnign  against,  referred  to,  4424. 


Relief  of,  bill  for,  4737,  4780. 

Treaty  with,  2914,  3403,  3893. 

War  with.     (See  Indian  Wan.) 

Xlprnnc— A  general   name  for  It-  IndUm 

ef  several   tribes   luhablilng  In  early  cms 

nlol  days  aoutb  Maaaacacsttts  aal 

iidlug   Into    «    . nn.  ell.  it    ami    !:.■■£/  I« 

land.      The    majmitj 

ool  at  iii-t  join  l'hiilp  in  his  war  aniaa 
the   colonl-.!*,    hut    were   active  agalial  tW 

11 truecle  to  Cos: 

in  1078  In  January.  ICTrt,  the  rrasBaali 
of  Philip's  trlbi  •vtiTracsiwi.  nV 

Vuaboag.    ami     Hlver     Indians.     Wi4  0» 
Mpniue.,   ami   on    (be  defeat  of   Philip  M 
north  and  weal.     I: ■:■ 
Bible  Is  in  the  Katie  ibe  NIpbsx 

language.  The  won)  Mptnuc  cartas  "fress- 
woter  tlahlug  place." 

Noowhfih.1,  treaty  with,  88 
Nool:  .  treaty  w>ta,S*lJ, 

Northern  Cheyenne.     (8eeCh. 
NXJueiitlma  rui-li.  treaty  with,  Ml 
Ogallala,  treat y  with,  : 
Ojfbiru  or  Cnipecsro— A  lama  tribe  aftW 
Algontpilao    stock   of   Indlaoa      In  tb»  ctrif 
hist'  -  bunting  rrvss* 

wcie  along  the  shores  of  lj»»  Haras  sad 

Slip,  i  :ttU 

Into  Hie  lo  atav 

means  "A  puckering  np  '  and  Is  wb&l 
contended     o    refer   to   a   pm  "ilag  »f  lb* 

Up*  in  a  ap.-aking  or  drinking,  a  psrssar 
seam  in  the  moccasin,  smI  the  ajptanaw 
of  the  tle<h  of  r>  imi.     TsV* 

known    by    Ibe   early    •••..•neb   axplrr-: 
c-niii'  ..pie    of   (be    falls"  I.  litl»» 

llrai    met    nlili  'InU 

•nicy  were  connected  In  a  loos*  eMftaVnw? 
with  i he  tirtnaai  and  I'oiuwa looks  a* 
known  as  tbe    i  ier  VsraW 

the   use   of   Hi  iM 

th.-lr         :ni.  Iit    sU'-.ca>f.j|    inrjnx 

the  Bliuix.  Foxes,  and  IroqoeH  TVr 
lolne.l    rontlae  nnd  werv.  allies  of  RogBM 

I"    Hie    I! lib.n  i  narntlss1"' 

In  the  Miami  uprMog.  TIM  OIPVsnM  epari 
and!  on  Lake  ICrle  In  1803,  Thry  stats 
tooke  out  Into   I 

the    peace    of    18IC    r.  ill  r>-t- 

Isrds  In  OIJ-.  and  retreated  weatwsrc  1 
isr.l  the  rernnlndor  of  the  Irlhe  In  IV 
I  rilt.-il   stni.-j    wns  v.  Minlia^H 

I'i'.r.     Tbey   now  Dumber  - 
fanadn   and    Ibe    United  Slates,  ateut  •"■ 
hnif  lo  curb. 

Old  Settler.    (Soo  Cherokee.) 

Omat\a— A  tribe  of  the  Pbeglha  dlTlsW 
or  confederacy  of  tbe  Sbinan  strxt  «  W 
illana.  The  name  meana  ■•Thn«c  who  »»s. 
n-alott  Ihe  current"  in 
ther  ccdrd  lands  nt  Council  111 u ft  to  * 
white*.     In  1823  am  ,  autt  •♦» 

liar  trratlea  In  1S34  they  cave  op  as" 
ot  their  landi  snd  remcired  to  a  rtsftss- 
tlon  In  northeastern  Nebraska.  Tkrf  *** 
ber  about    I 

Omaha- 
Act  to  extend  tine  of  pajrovtrt  w 
purchases    of    land    of,  Ttteti 
BS8& 
Claims    of,    against    WinBroaiv* 

4M1. 
Relief  of.  bill  for,  4972. 
Trenty  with,  1484,  1695,  1729,  STA 
3574. 
Oneida — A  tribe  *|  the  IrootMds  sssckst 
Indiana    Tbey  formerly  occupied 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Indian  Tribes 


of  Oneida  Lake,  N.  T..  and  the  head  waters 
of  the.  Sii>()ii.'hann»  Illvcr  to  the  south. 
The  name  moana  "Standlug  stone."  or  "Peo- 
ple of  stone."  Tin-y  u*uni:y  acted  Inde- 
pendently of   the  or.-er   lioo.uola  and    wero 

not    j. i    inln  Dl  lii i.  il.-rm-y.       Th* 

early  French  set i lorn,  with  whom  they  wero 

illy     fileudly.     cull,  d    lli.-m      on 
They    luoli   port    with    th«    Oolonlea    In    tho 

■ 
their   niitnges.      fey   a   treaty   In    17U4   the 
Government    made    compensation    for    their 
Iosve*.      In   ITS',  and    I  .  land* 

to  New  York  Kiate-  them 

rroovi.l    ••.    <••  .!i    Bay,     ''  they 

(till  r«inal->.  and  other*  went  to  Canada. 
They  Dumber  about  3.000. 

Oneiiln — 

Lands  of,  proposition  to  sell,  250, 

326. 
Treaty  with,  335,  1684. 
Oawfirfffffii — The  leading  tribe  of    Hie   Iro- 
quois stock  of  India--     Toed  original  boat 
Ins  grounds  were  along   the   shuns   of  tho 
- ■  ■; -I    lake   In   New    York   which   bear 

ttll-ll     M I  Ik  s     Claimed     ..I     ll mintry 

between   i  aki  and  the  giixqoebanna 

Hirer.      The    name    In    t rnri-l.\t.cl    to 
•"ll     the    tup    of    th.  "       In    the 

.  mint-It*    .i r    Hi.     lroi|iiol»    •  iej    they 

were  rnllril  by  a  name  hi  ■  who 

keep  the  council  Brc."     They   fought  on  the 
aide   of   the    Ilrltlsh   lu    Hi.-    It.  >  ilutlon  and 
In    the   I"i-a<h  wars,      in    17SS   they 
all   their   in  d   to  me  Stat-  of  New  tort 

except  a  amall  portion,  which  they  still 
hold. 

Oregon,  tr.-aty  with,  2: 

Oiagc — A    tribe    of    the    Dheglha    confed- 
eracy of  the  Sloimn  MoiU  of  In. lian- 
are    diviiied    Into    Ibi  Highland 
linage    and    I.ltt'e    or    Lowland    fleers     i. 
apectlwly    referring    In    the    native    tongue 

to     tl trbc    camped     ttt     th.-     I.;.     ■ 

hill,    n  i  he    font    of 

th-  MIL  nnracf"  In  the  Simian  Inngunge 
denoting  a  comp  on  a  hill.  This  ha*  been 
rorrnnted  Into  Osaire,  Through  wan  with 
nnd  In. linn  trlbel  of  ih.-lr  own 
stock  thev  were  driven  soirhwa'-d  Into  Ar- 
kansas.    In   18"  ,   it,.- 

le     further    .-        ;..iik     lii 

beginning  of  the  Oil!  War  about  1.000  of 
iln-iii  wi  nt  tu  the  Indian  Territory,  ami  in 
18118  and  ISIS  tread.*  were  made  l<w>ltlnt 
to  the  removal  of  the  remainder  of  the 
trlli.-.  Tho  l»»t  of  their  land*  wn« 
In  1870  to  tin-  f.  .\---rnmrnt  and  they  went 
to  their  rescnailoa  In  Oklahoma. 
Osage — 

Decline    to    accede    to    term*    re- 
ducing price   of  lands,   4873. 
Lauds     relinquished      to     United 

States  by,   1693. 
Payment  of  interest  due,  referred 

to,  4601. 
Treaty    with,   464,   474,    654,  614, 
616,  767,   883.   889.   912,   1040, 
3393,  3578,  3833,  3843. 
Referred   to,  3578. 
Withdrawn,  4001. 
Osette,  rewards  to,  for  roncning  crew 
of     tho      VmnMUi      Tecommondod, 
4803. 
Otoe— 
Bight  of  way  of  railroad  through 
lands  of,  referred  to.  4681. 


Treaty  with,  5S9,  888,  913,   1258, 
1484,   1095,    1729,   8768,  2830, 
3001. 
Withdrawn,   4001. 

0 liana— A  trlba  of  tho  Algonqulan  itock 
of  Indiana.  The  riitnwu*  .v.,.  Aral  found 
along  the  Upper  Ottawa  Hirer,   In   Canada. 

««re  Mcad'asc  a. lies  of  Hi 
In  1040  tbcj  in'-,  nil  detent  nt  the  hnud« 
of  the  Iroquoli  and  (vera  driven  westward 
along  the  southern  shore  ol  Lake  Bnpeilor. 
In  Hie  early  tart  of  the  clglit.-.  m  •  n 
tury  the  I'ttnwBB  established  themselves 
about  the  alt*  of  the  prrauat  eliy  of  «'hl- 
c.igo.  w>im»  they  spread  In  all  directions. 
In   l*u::   tl 

In    the  South  nnd   West  In  an   unsuccessful 
move  against  the  English.    During  the  Iteio- 

lutlon   Ihej    aided   ItrltUh       I 

in -in.  -.  in  i;-.  and  1789.  but  Joined  In  tb« 
Miami  ii     afietwnrda.       They 

again  mo.l  Numeral! 

Ilea  ceding  i.-rrltory  to  the  I'nl 
followed,  and  a  part  of  the  tribe  went 
south  uf  the  MWaoiirl  and  aoon  lost  tli.'lr 
Identltv.  Some  of  Iboae  living  In  Ohio  ml- 
grnt.-.l  to  the  Osage  count t>  m  i>  ''.  in 
the  win.  m-iii  i he  Michigan  <<itnw»-. 
all  Hi  ntlooa.    In  1S70 

lontbweal    wen;   colli. i-tiil    In 
iidlrin  Teniiory, 

Ottawa- 
Disposition  of  bonds  and  funds  of, 

referred1  to,  4660. 
Relinquishment  of  agreement  with 

•  referred  to,  3900. 
Removal   of,   1710, 
Trcntv  with,  378,  38.*,,  48S,  PJ7.  448, 
I.    S66,    567.    500.    616,    888, 
989,    991,     1017,     1029.     11 S4. 
1199,    1J57,    1345,    1444,   2304, 
i.  3283,  3716,  RJTL 
Instructions      to      commissioners 

negotiating.  6271. 
Transmitted  for  exorcise  of  pow- 
ers  fur    fullilliug,   6271. 
Pa*#n  in  aquoddy — 

ht    fot    liberty    of    American 
people,  1026. 

■  rial    of,    presenti'J    to    Con- 
gress in  behalf  of,  1026. 

Paicnee— A   confederacy  of   tribes  of  U»e 
an   stock   of   Indiana.      They    formerly 
rilalua    of     Kaunas    and     Ki 
braska  and  ihe  banks  of  the  Plnite  and  Ita- 
puWIean    Id  vers.       This    confederation 
alwny»  been  friendly  to  the  Amsrlcani       Bj 
a  treaty  In  1833  Uiey  sold  their  !»nd»  aotitb 
I  hey  were  eftetnard  at- 
h.r  the  sioox  and  the  remainder  ot 
their  bunting  grounds  was  ilev.-iitnt.:,!.      In 
1837  the  Pawnee*  *old  more  of  their  lands. 
and.    the    depredations    of    tho    BIOM 
Hulling,    the   remnants  of  the   Pawnee  000 
federation  were  removed  to  a  reservation  In 
Oklahoma.     Tiny  are  now  divided  Into  f-.ur 
tribe*— die  Teawl  or  Grand  Pawnee,  the  llt- 
at  or  Tapage,  the  Republican  Pawnoe. 
and   the   fikldl   or  Pawnee   Loup. 

Pawne<>— 

Agreement  between  Cherokoe  Com- 

mip'ion  end.  6768. 
Aid  for,  roeommended,  4314. 
Tr.-aty   with,   616,   888.   913,    1256, 

2521,   2996. 


Indian  Tribes      Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Peoria,  treaty  with,  016,  1173,  : 
J9,   3716. 

/Vv  of  the 

u  mock  of  Indians.     The  name  I* 

trarnlni.il  "d«atroy«ra"  <>r  "rafami  •  "    Tiny 

were   ili»*   in"  i    ii  pad*  tit*-   Hiniiii- 

Sea    Kogland    Indiana       v.  inn    nr»i 

ii    io   llu'   >■  I'pquoiN   formed 

i  lt»i     Willi     Hi.'     Uobegana     ii  ml.-  r      8a. 

MCOa.    I'll!  drd    Mini'  r     I   u.-n»    anil 

■  ■*•  »trlp  "l  roaal   In 
•■rn    •"••nil.',  ii.  in     from     tat    Mantle     liber 

l:h"il"  ( :- 1 = i  - 1  - 1  i lorj       The]    neTer 

led  :;  uOO      in  '■'.:; .  - 1 .-  s  -  nti  rvd  Into  a 
-.-.  nli  Hi.-  .  m,  I •  i •. i  fall- 

i  ..'I-  i  in-  i'i-'h  ,-.  I  Ap'-iilrinnn  were  Hen! 
aenlii-i  them  and  i'"'  In  turn  at  lacked 
v>  i  Hi-  i    Hi  i'i    and  tier*. 

In  lii.-T  ttiey  wen'  tnrprlxed  at  a  foil  near 
tin-  preaent  ■It'*  "(  On  loo.  rnun..  and  In 
iin-  iiuiile  « i»ii-ii  anaued  and  qaonc 

oat»t  i  imii. 'M  Bwamr  the  tribe  iraj  u.-arly 

iinnilillnt  il        Many    .if    iliiiii    trer id   a» 

alnvea    and    the   other*    were,    •entered. 

Pinnkcibaw — 

l.iin.1-   .-.   l.-.l   to  United  Stnle*  by, 

375. 
Treotv    with,  -     3S9, 

.-.ii.  117!  to.  .i;m. 

Pitgas,  .nt    of    Col.    Baker 

v.  iih,   n  i.  i  in I   to,   4004. 

Pt-TJte,  agreement  with,  for  right  of 
way  for  railroad,   4736,   4770. 

u — 
i  mnmisaion    appointed    to   invest!- 
HHie  I'liinlitMin,  etc.,  of,  and  raj- 
port  of,  dim  ii-   • 
Tretl  3263. 

Pourarar,  treaty  with,  589. 

ri'llmrnlrimle — A  trllie  of  Ihp  Algon- 

if  Indian-  Whan  llrai  known  (about 
1 1170 1.    t Ii.- v    lli.d    ..ii    Hi.-    Koquel    I. land*. 

in   creen   flay.   «'l<      Al    the   • f   the 

KTcateenih  eentury  tln-r  were  i.iabllahed 
•  ii  Hi.'  Milwaukee  Klver.  at  lliteago.  and  on 
Hi.'  si.  .in.i'i'ii  Kli.r.  Al  tin-  beginning  nf 
the  nln.  i.-.  nih  renin rj  llu  i  p —  ■■■'  ■•  1 1  th, 
country  .ir.niiiil  Hi.-  h.-nil  of  Ijike  Ml.  M  in 
lln-  Milwaukee  Hirer.  Win.  in  the 
lirnnd  Klver,  Mirh,  .n.-iidlng  aouth  Into 
liliiinM  nnd  In  Indiana  lo  Ibi  ''.  ibaati  l\ 
iliiT    iixilc   n   prominent   imii    In    Pan 

A  .1'    iiinl     lii     Hi.      War    nf    Hie     K.viilNtl.m. 

"Inn    they    f  might    00    III"    Ilrllli.li    J.1,1,-.    »» 

I-...     did     during     Hn-      tt'nr     "f      1812. 

Mi.     iifiuie    I'i.i  imvBtomle  algnlflr*  "llromak- 

"'•'!■      i"   iheli   s ilon 

ill,.  Ollbwal   "ml  inukliiK  lir.<  fur 
•rlvea.    A  lnrire  trurt  wni  aaalgned  I  i  Hn  in 
..n   ihe  Mlatonrl      In   1867.   1   '    rhett 

ii'iiiini'  clttMO*,  Inn  tht  l'l.ilil''  Hn  ml  con- 
in I  under  the  linlinii   In  pa i  iiiii  ni. 

Pottawatomie)— 

Agreement,  between  Cherokee  Com- 
miaxion  ami.   ""II. 

PrO.'lllillieil.    tStL 

Location  nt  lnntla  ceded  to  Imlinna 
by,   1098. 

Removal   of,   1715. 

Treaty  with.  351.  378.  38(5.  422. 
•127,  448.  463,  554.  - 
690.  8JA  MS.  MS,  981,  940, 
961.  988,  989,  091,  896,  1087, 
1029,  1170,  1287,  1345,  1.154, 
1440,  1491,  1498,  2304,  3202, 
3356.  3580,  3717. 


Complaint*   regarding,   3265. 
Instruction*  to  commiauoncm 

gotii  .."1. 

Trannnltl  j  fur  exrreUe  of  jo«- 

era  for  fulfilling,  6*271. 

Pur  Mo— a  e..mraon  nam*  for  •eryr*.!  41i 

tln.-l   Mom  and   iiatl-.-na  of   Indian*  ocnw- 

lag-  western  w.om.  fall-* 

hua,     T>-xa*    ami    the    vallrya    ol    lb>   In 

Grands   and    I    lorado    Itlveia.     Ttr  IO 

llllHlt.lt         III,-        I. lie. 

They  ti  .  in-ii  .liaeawm! 

I'.'     Hn     Kpan  ocenpVd  atrra  »tt 

lagto.  known  aa  lln  Ulea  of  ftVU 

on  thi-  llu  -il  'mi-  "f  v\  (b#  pe«» 

bio  of   Kufll      The   Tillona  arei> 
'  .<-k  of  ladlaw  u4 
romprlrte  «.>reinl  trlbea  of  ckoaely  allM4U 
leel*.      The    Tuaajan    l<    a    .-..iif.-4Ti'J  <" 
iilin-.  iBhaMtlng  ooribeaaiern  ArlM 

'.i'    alaava    been    frhMti 
lared     (hem    rlltSrti 

In   IM«.      r;.  -,»   *i»o  appiw  »• 

Spaniard"  in    Ihe  early   rolooh't  eatikltM 

In    i'nllf->rni  i    by    anlboiity    of    Phltb  M 

1'neMo  I  if  pjMJl 

ttary  rlKhl  In  Ihelmllvli  anuka. 

in*  ••  rllln* 

ilonlata.      Tlie  llrM    aeilleni  wm  •!«• 

allowed   money  nml      ni  •  :     .and  peralll'4 

to  eleil  ,l»a  IW 

-lil.-r   ..  i>   i  Up  nl.-alde.     They  were  aalM 

,-niiiin.iii  .•  rrMfrW 

U   'ii"   Crown   ouiilue  the  pueblo  rruis 

I'uynllup — 

Commiaaion  to  treat  with,  SOO. 
Trotj    With,  2936. 
Qnapaw,  treatv   with,  616,  - 
28S9,  3716. 
ntii  .-It,   treaty  with, 
Quit  leli  lite.   I 
Rienra,  treaty  with,  888 
River  Crow,  treaty  with,  ;: 
Rogue  River,  treaty  with.  -  ' 

fur — A    Irlhe  of  the  Algonqulan  «l«*  ■* 
who  fortu- 
ne tin-  Ottawa  River  and  along  II 

!  Tlli->'      Wit,'     <lr 

Iroquol  t  i;r--.-T 

They  allied   tbemaelre*  with   tin    I 

AImuiI     17115    Hi.-    Saea    took    i.  ..•radooa 

land  on   both   -Idea  of   ihe   MlwI—lpi'l.  »» 

they  bad  eonanered  from  tin-  lUlBOn    >"" 

ilil.  nine  their  hlnorj  !•  lh»  anif  H* 

..r    it. 

i mi  ii  large  territory  In   wi  . 

Iowa,    nnd    MI«*ourl.      Tliey  aided  r"*'"/; 

nml    during    the    Itevnlutlun    ant 

Kogllab       Tlii'V    fniiirh'    ukh  n 

Stntea  In  l"  :  a  s.»it  nf 

inl   by   nim-k   Hawk.    i< 

«  i"  re    ■■ i   nl    th.    remain. 

atlll    lire.     The   Dam 
i-iiitl.ni   of    tin    Indian   word  "oaagt"  f 
Iiik    "Pvoplc    at    ihe    m..iith    of    lb*  ' 
and   ref.-ra  to  their  early   hn 
M.m— 

Agreement  l>etw«*n  Cherokee 
miaaion   and,  5510. 
Proelainn 
Annniti.  i  propoaod  to,  363. 
Hostile    iii'nT.-i-ion    of,    I 
Tn 

767,     5113,     II  OS,     1170 

3271.  3281,   839  I,  :t669,  "f"r~ 


. 


lopcdic  Index 


Indian  Tribes 


Withdrawn,  i 
War  with.    (Sec  Indian  Wan.) 
ijrinaw.   treaty   with,   1489, 
Ci-heh-waniish,  treaty  with,  2838. 
nh  ku  mchn,  treaty  with,  2912. 
Regia.  treaty  with.  1684. 
n  Umiak,  in  •  •■■■  p 
cotan,  treaty  with,  2836. 

Remlnotv—A     tribe    of    the    Mtiskbogean 
stock  of  Indians.     Tbe  tribal  nam*  I*  trnu* 

paiatl'l 
and   r.  r  i  ■   lo 

the    <  .l-racy    during    (lie    li 

pari  ..(  ihr  Ishtranth  and  the  early  pari 
ur  ihr  nliu'iiviitli  ivnlury  »ml  —  til-d  hi 
Florida.      H  W«r  nf  1812  the  Rrll 

Ish  were  materially  ald-d  by  the  Senii- 
ami   in    I81T-M   tf>- y   nadir  many  depreda- 
i       m.nta  sf  (ieorgfa  ami  Ala- 
hams       |ty   a    treaty   nitin-.l    In 
ceded  all  rbrlr  lands  In  the  art  of 

tbe  rmi.s]   States  to   the   General  OoTern- 
.iuil    ai.Tr.xl    tn    move    to    the    Indian 
Territory       Their    refusal    10    nuiiply    with 

:■  ami 

;      nor.      iSee  Hcmlnole  Wnrs:  i"r 

.. ■•ihIh  r  uf  Seminole*,  finally  removed  In 

..a.  official  I  They 

became    00«    •  •'    lb*    BT«    .1.  lilxetl    InttfcMia    of 

iillnn  Terrlt.-ry. 

Seminole — 

ority  to  U*o  ecrtnin  funds   in 
purchase    of    Ian. Is    for.    Neon 

nii|iti r v   relative   to  cam- 
paign against.    1511. 
DlfflenlUea  with  (  reelu,  282S,  2S97. 
Hostilities    of.    14*..     1  •»  it,     1478, 

1883,  (883. 
Land* — 

Purchased    for.   4786,    5450. 
Additional   proposition  regard- 
ing. 5505. 
Purchaser!  from — 

Op.  nod     'i  •  -•tlemnnt  by  proc- 
lamation, 6460. 
Title  to.  disenssed,  4853. 
To    be     r»liii<|in»!iH(l     by,    propo- 
sition regarding,  5592,  5396. 
Cession  of,  5450,  5482. 
Renioml     nf.    arrangement*    made 

for,   1332,  2583,  270T,  I 
Separation  of  from  Creeks  referred 

787. 
Retting  apart  ot  land  for,  suggest- 
•  I 

Treniy  with,  im  use.  bsm,  »ie, 

War  with.    (See  Srminole  War.) 

.'.,.<-u--A    Mho   of   lh»    Iroquola  confed 

rracT  of   Indian..      The   nam  

the  language  of  tbe  tribe,  and  la  pr.ii.al.lv 
a  corruption  of  ■  word  meaning  "red 
paint."     They  called  themselves  by  a 

ilng  "ncopbi  of  the   mountain "      When 
known    Ihey    occupied    i  atern 

«>twcen  (Seneca  r  "'•:.•  ami  .;-ne»ee 

Thej     kilted    tf.-m-.lves   with    Fog 

iln.-,  destroyed   Venango,  attacked   Port  Nl- 

njrnrn      .....'        ii     ...n    an    miiit    train    near 

•  In  1703.  They  were  ronsplCO- 
ona  tn  Ike  wars  west  of  Lake  Krlc.  On 
I  be    .1  he    Rl  It   ar,.l    N.  ut-i    1rll.es 

rticjr  took  possession  of  the  territory  we»t- 


ward  to  I-ake  Erie  and  aontharanl  alone 
rhe  Allegheny  River  luto  i>uany]raala  ra 
•-elvltig  by  adoption  many  of  tbe  coon 
which  act  made  them  the  la 
tribe  (if  the  Iroquois  .-■n.'.il.  ra.->.  They 
aided  wiib  ih-  liili-n  iii  the  lievoiiitlnnarr 
War  nnd  tb  vnstated  by 

with  them 
In     1784,       I"     Ih*    War    nf     ISIS    the    tribe 

.li.  i, i.. i.  in.—  In  New  fork  lawn*  i>«r»  v,nii 

tbe    American*    and    those    In    iiiiI.i    joining 

tbe  ln.Kille  WeaUrn  tribes.     These  were  re 

I    tn    the    ladl  II.   tbe 

i.1ly  trlbea   remaining  In    New    York. 

Seneca — 

.  cvanco  made  by,  040. 

from,  referred  to,  2278. 
Money  held  in  trust  for,  1019. 
in rt  ion   of,  opposed   to   treaty    of 

Buffalo.   1784. 
Remonstrance  of,  against  allotment 

of  Inn  N   in  mm  rriill'.    tn.    IM" 
Treaty  witl  808,  849,  386,  •"»."<!»,  554, 
.  818,   U0»,  1124,  1198,  2010, 
28«i.  871* 

i>n   NatiDtiH.      See  Cohnawac*.) 
Shawane**,       tr.-.itv       with       l.'oitod 
8tate»,  3717. 

-A  tribe  of  the  Algonipilan 
atock  of  Indiana.  From  tbelr  wanderings 
and  the  dilHiiiltlia  of  Identlflentlon  Ih.lr 
real   habitat    l«   Daecrtaln,      They   »r<'tii   t.> 

hare  wanilen-d  fa uth  tbao  am 

of  the  AleonQUlan   trltaM   ond  to  hare  t.—n 

.Id.. -ii     v.-stwurd    by    the    trorinola.        The 

l«  tranalated   la  bb<  m         lurberoera." 

nttt  early  knowo   la  Ihe  t'umbi 

'.     lev.   iii  nnd  along  lha  L'pper 

aaranmiii  RItm    hi  Routb  Carolina      M i 

ih-  middle  '.f  the  rlriiirentb  ci-ntnry  they 
:l.»  Valley  nnd  were  alni..»t 
constantly  at  war  with  the  whites.  At  tlr.t 
they  aided  Ihe  Vr  ii-li,  '..it  srrre  w.>n  ..vrr 
by  the  Cngllsh.  The  Shawnees  J..I-  .1  I'on 
tlac.  and  from  time  to  tlrse  contlnncd  boa- 
tllltles   until   ih-  prm-r  nf   1  TSf.,     They  took 

Start    In    lli-     Minim    uprUliie.    1'itt    wen 
Meed  by  Uea    U'arna  and  submitted  under 
tbe    treaty    of    1,05.      in    1  - 1"      iiniln    the 
leadei  hit   i  h,  ibla  n  lb*  Join. 

ti  li;  ih-lr  war  aitalrivt  the  Am-rlrans. 
roc    scattered,    and    " 

th-li    lon.l  ..    the   flhlo 

band    la    IS  '!        Thr   mala   hand  ended  th.lr 
ttltial    relations    In    Kaci»n»   In    : 

Shawnee; — 

Diftribottan  of  nomsyt  '..  baad  of, 

rrf.rre.l    to.    rl 

is  of.  treaty  with.  f"r  r.urchaoe 

Of.  1  7!I7. 

Treatv  with,  881,  378.  441.  688,  680, 

616,  883.   1124.   112.*..   11!>7.   1707, 

8775,  2829,  3402,  3,'.79.  3T1C,  3717. 

Sheepeater — 

Agreement  with,  for  aale  of  land*, 

Treaty  witii,  :;-:- 

S'Homaniah,  treaty  with,  2S36. 

■sVinaAonr— The  most  northerly  ronfedera 
t|r.n  of  the  Shi.slii.nran  stock  of  Indians. 
They  are  ...m.tiin-.  known  aa  SuaVe  Indi- 
ana There  are  aom-  sown  trlhr* 
of  BhsMboni  1 1 vision  formerly  occu- 
pied atoatera  Wyoinlnc  part  of  central  and 
s'.nrh-rn  Idaho,  part  ..f  ekatern  tire«on, 
western  and  central  Nevada,  and  a  atrip  of 


J.  tab  *ni  of  the  Great  Salt  Lake.  Tno 
Baake  Itlver  region  or  Idaho  wm  their  prin- 
cipal bunting  ground.  Iii  1803  ihrjr  were  on 
the  head  water*  or  the  Missouri  lo  western 
Montana,  but  thej  had  earlier  ranged  far- 
ther cast  on  the  plalna.  whence  they  bad 
been  d:  In-ii  in  to  tb«  Itc.i.  v  Mountains, 
Some  or  the  hands  near  Great 
began  hostilities  In  1S1D.  In  1802  Califor- 
nia     TOlim:  Itcl  initiated      OB* 

tribe-  rrentlei  were  mode  with  various 
trlbi-s  later.  They  ore  at  fort  Untl  Agency 
and  Lt-nihl  Agency,  Idaho. 

Shoshone — 

Agreement   with,    for  disposal    of 
land*,  4655,  4779. 

Treaty  with,  3397,  3398. 
Siouue,  treaty  with,  812. 

Sfowx  or  Onl-ofo— The  principal  division 
.*r  Megan      dock     of     Indian*       Tat 

name  l<  translated  to  mean  "Tin  BMkellka 

i    It     li.lili.t     nf     the     I 

family   liii-tnded   pari   of    Brlttfh    lm 
and    the    following    Stntct        M-mtona,    Wy- 
oming, the  Dakota*.  Minnesota,   Iowa.  WW- 
cousin,    KebraakS  ..nil,    Okla- 

homa Mississippi,  K  ntuekr.  the  Carolina*, 
and  Virginia.  The  Dakota*,  generally 
known  a«  the  KI..iu.  bar*  always,  been  the 
taoal  arsrlllu  <■<  tha  Slock.  They  ban 
boslllc  not  only  to  whl'e*  and  to  the  Indian* 
or  other  stocks,  but  al«o  to  tribe*  or  their 
own  Hoik  liial  dlrUlna*  or  tile 

family  are  the  Dakota.  Dh.-gilia  Tclwetv. 
Winnebago.  Mandan,  Uldaua.  Tutelo.  111- 
li.il    ami  Kataba. 

iii,  Blonx  proper,  or  Dakota*,  are  di- 
vided Into  seven  council  fire*,  and  they 
are  sometime*  knnwn  by  an  Indian  name 
•hrnlfylng  that  fait  They  aided  the  I"ng- 
Il«h  In  1812.  In  1S37  the!  ceded  all  OtU 
lands  '*•.!  of  th»  Ml«-l--l|i/il  b..  the  Civ- 
eminent  and  In  ISM  made  further  grant*. 
In  IUI  they  engaged  In  war  agaln-t  the 
white*,  hut  were  subjugated  In  1S00.  In 
1803  *  general  Blow  uprising  occurred.  In 
which  many  white*  and  Indian*  wera 
killed.  They  were  defeated  and  scattered 
by  Government  troops,  and  a  treaty  »n 
made  with  them  roan  in  isc.8. 

Nevrrth-tes*.  Kilting  Uoll  and  ■nine  »f  the 
other  ehleftalna  wero  unreconciled.  June 
28,  D*7C.  lien  Cusier  and  27G  men  were 
MK'.tlsed  bv  n  force  of  9 "00  Sloui  on  the 
l.lttl..  Itlir   Horn   Rival  I,   and   mns- 

sarrcd,     (8eo  also  Custer  >ia*«acn 

I  heir  eh    f    win  killed  nenr  fort  Yal««. 
N.  Dak.,  In  18IX),  while  re*l*ting  arrccL 

Sioux — 
Agreement  with,  for  purchase   of 
lands,   discussed,   KM. 

Proclaimed.  5707. 
Commission  to  in-.it  with,  for — 

Cession  of  land*,  54  HO,  6496, 

Modifications  of  treaties,  57*2. 
Concessions  obtained  from,  referred 

to,  4368. 
Hostile  demonstrations  of,  referred 

to.  <m 
Lands  of — 

Opening  of,  to  settlement  refused 
by,  I 

Belintraisaed    to   United    States, 
6480. 
Outbreak  nmnnp.  discussed,  5636. 
Pursuit   of   hostile   bands   of.   into 

Hudsons  Bay  territories,  rofcrrcd 

to.  3399. 


Indian  Tribes       Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Removal  of,  to- 
Indian  Territory,  4367. 
Nebraska,  3587. 
Report  on  condition  of,  referred  to, 

3897. 
Bight  of  way  for  railroad  through 

reservation   of,  4.7*3,  4780. 
Sioux  expedition,  referred  to,  2912. 
Treaty    with,   887,   888,   913,    1484, 
1499,    1612,   1912,    2005,    2564, 
2707,  3016,   3064,   3573,  3698, 
3901. 
Reasons  for  concluding,  1912. 
War  with.    (Sec  Indian  Wars.) 
Sissoton,  treaty  with, 

«£»  .Yd  Moss— A  conr.xleratii.il  of  the  la 
dlau  tribe*  of  the  lluroolroouoi*  family. 
They  wire  also  known  as  Lone  House- 
Tn»J  originally  occupied  tlir  territory  now 
Included  In  New  York  State  and  southern 
Tha  Hie  original  nation*  wee* 
'luhawk*.  Seneca*.  Cayuga*.  Oneida*, 
and  Onondaga*.  In  1718  the  Tunrarara*. 
a  branch  of  the  Iroquois  living  In  Xortb 
Carolina,  returned  northward  after  their 
defeat    by    tie-    .  il.t*    and    Joined 

I  heir    kindred       The  confederation    tn*n   be- 
came  known  as  the  Six  Nation*. 

Six  Nations- 
Conference  with,  103,  166.  65L 
Depredations  of,  57,  60,  61,  74,  76, 
78. 

diations  with,  326. 
Opinion      of      Sonate      cone 

treaty   with,   requested,   54. 
Referred  to,   117. 
Treaty  with,  54,  98,  159. 

Skagit,  treaty  with,  2912. 

Ska:  v.iui  tni-:ii,  treaty  with.  2912. 

BTCaBams,   treaty   with,   2913. 

Skopc  lihmifch,  treaty  with,  2912. 

Bk-tafa  le  jam,  treaty  with,  2912. 

Sk-tahl-mish,  treaty  with,   2912. 

Smalkamiab,  treaty  with,  2912. 

Snake,  treaty  with,  3579. 

Sno  ho  mish,  treaty  with,   2912. 

Snoquilmoo,  treaty  with,  2912. 

Soc,  treaty  with,  888. 

Southern— 

Commissioner*  to,  recall,  263. 
Negotiations  with,  63. 
Treaty  with,  President  meets  Sen- 
ate for  discussion  of,  53. 

Squawksin,  treaty  with,  2836. 

Squi -aitl,  treaty  with,  2S36. 

S.,uiii  tih  mitih,  treaty  with,  2912. 

Sto 'h-chass,  treaty  with.  ?•• 

Steilaeoom,  treaty  with,  6836, 

St-krih-mn-ti,  treaty  with.  6918. 

Slock  bridge — 

Proceedings  for  relief  of,  referred 

to,  I 
Treaty  with,  1496,  1646,  1683,  1T7.". 
I     2S1MS.    3716. 
Stoluck-whu-mish,  treaty  with,  2912. 
8uquaniish,  2912. 


Encytlopedic  Index 


Indian  Tribes 


Hutturkonna  or  Conftloon— A  tribe  of 
the  lioquolaa  Hook  of  Indian*  now  tx- 
Tbcy  formerly  Herd  In  lVnnsylTanla 
tad  Mat  eland  alouK  the  8nsqu«hanna  Hirer 
and  at  the  'h«<ld  of  ihc  i 
Toot  wore  close  allies  of  the  Dutch  and 
acuerou*  In  Ihelr  dealings 
with  the  Bxuttleb.  The  Susquehanna*  were 
overthrown  by  it«  Iroquois  In  1<!"5.  1 
a  aeipi-uiu'  struggle.  A  remnant  of  tho 
tribe  was  massacred  by  white*  at  Lancas- 
ter. Pa..  In 

Swiu-imiah,   treaty   with,  2012. 
Tanurois,   treaty  with,   616. 
Ta-wa-ka  ro,   treaty  with,   1612. 
Teton,  treaty  with,  912. 
Tonawaada,  treaty  with,  3014. 
Tonkaws,  agreement  botweyip  Chero- 
kee Commirsioa  and,  5638,  5640. 
Tun  I.-  Mountain — 

Agreement    with,    for    cessloa    of 

lands,  578L 
Referral  to,  6382. 
Tw*rarora — A  tribe  of  the  Iroquois  stock 
of  Indlaats.      Their  nam:-  means      Tuwllliag 
to  bo  *lib   ntlip 1-..-      They  early   eepo 
from    the    pareot    stock   and    emigrated    to 
the  South.     TWt  wer  i  En- 

K.IB-ina  on  11*  Notiw  nivi-r.  In  N 
IBBI      Id   1711  tber  n' tucked  tiio  srhitei  aid 
ncre   almost    annihilated.      The   survivor* 
returned  iu  tin-   Itomiolt  In  Near  York  and 

f   Ibe  BIX   v>  I 

ra,  treaty  a 
Umatilla,  treaty  with,  2914. 
Umpqua,  treat;  with,  8788,  2S36. 
Upper  1'-  11I  <i  'Oreille — 
Agreement  with,  for  sale  of  lands, 
•i  1 1 ".  i  i  7ft. 

-013. 

1  t i'n-A   division 

of  Ihc  Shoshone  mi  family  of  Indian*.     Tbcjl 

formerly   led   the  central    nsd  wetlern 

rrheaatera 

EOS  of    I  Uli  n'ls  are  dl.  S    I 

10  about  fifteen  tribes  and  bare  been  gro- 
rtally  fil-ndK  to  Ibe  rhltoa.  Some  dl* 
■urbane**   i.  n    Hirni   nt<l   the 

I'oak.      In    l»''ij   Hict  ceded   large   tracts  of 

lead  le  I  .uient. 

Utah,   treaty  with,   2571,  3303,   3577, 
8063 
Agreement  with,  referred  to,  4538, 

-.76. 
Appropriation  for  Ute  Commission 

recommended,  4672. 
Negotiation*     with,     referred     to, 

4464.  4465. 
Pavments    to,    referred     to,    4434, 

Removal   of,  4637. 

Suppression    of    hostilities    among. 

m 

Treaty  with.  3887. 
Wnbnsh — 

dittos!  against,   164,  107,  118, 
18ft 

Treaty  with,  127. 

Inxtriirtion*   to   eommininnor    in 
concluding  with    Indians.   11271. 
Troop*    mnxt    He    called    forth    to 
BUppreM,   .'i3.   71. 
16 


Wnhp.-ton.  treaty  with,  3068. 
Walla  Walla,  treaty  with,  2513,  2514. 
TTooiponoao — A  tribe  of  th«  Atgonqulan 
stock  of  Indian*.  Their  early  tmMiaiina 
was  the  country  to  the  west  of  >an»t*u 
sett  Boy.  They  also  ruled  tho  country 
fi-out  Ihc  hay  to  the  Atlantic  Including 
the  Itlaad  o(  Uartba'a  Vineyard,  Th* 
name  mean*  "Eastern  land-  1  be  wampa- 
nonfis  weto  aomctlmes  styled  I'okanoketa. 
aftsr  1   were  at 

first     very     kindly      disposed      toward      the 
In     1G21      rncy     entered     Into    a 
frl.ndly   compact   with   th»    riymoutb   set- 
tler*, and  Masxamli,  Ik*  chief  of  the 
was  on    rood    terms    with    linger    \Wllimrm. 
They  resisted  all  attempts  to  eonvert  tbom 
10  chr;>:uuity.      I'hlllti.   the  son  of  Mossa- 
1    a    war    a^sluxt    tin'    while*    la 
prhlcb,  after  great  Iok*  to  the  white*, 
teiulted   in  the  eitermlnatloa   of  the  tribe. 
Wnteoe,   treatr  with,  2513. 
a— 
1  ■invention  with,  463,  464. 
Treaty    with,    M6,    567,    616,    650, 

116. 
Treat  land*  of,  referred   to,  3400. 
Wichita— 
Agreement  between  Cherokee  Com- 

misxion  and,  5838,  8648,  567 1. 
Lands  ot,  title  to,  referred  to,  4778. 

hrisjnctiuyo— A  tribe  of  the  Slouan  xi.uk 
of  Indians.  The  name  Is  n  corruption  of  a 
void   I  eel   I  "      riey    called 

i  hem  parent 

i   "l  ly   In    Hie   blato 

llory    the   Winncbiigoe,   mlgintcd 

eastward,   tint    were    forced  back    to  tho  vl- 

.  icon  lJay,  Wis.     They  were  near- 

Inated   tiuough   *«r»  with  neigh- 

.;      trlli.x      In      the     WVeil 

Ittey    aided    the    r  •  nob.    In    the   wa: 

id    I  upland  and  were  allies 

r   the    British   during    both  intlon 

and    t  nnxOM 

were  active  In   the   Indian   war   of   l":«:i»4 

and    were    subdU'd    III     flea,    wayne.      A 

with    ihein   la 

7     treaties 

fixing  the  boundaries  of  their  hunt- 
i  I  lu     1820    they    ceded    largo 

ol  land  bo  the  O rui  Government. 

aid    after    several    res  f    were    In 

18110  B*l|lrd  uiion  reservations  In  Nebraska 

and  Wteooaata 
Winnebago— 

Agent   for,  recommended,  4959. 
Claim   of  Omahaa   againnt.   4951. 
Treaty  with,  913.  961.  963,  9«9.  091, 
m*.  '     'I.  1170,  1618, 

I0>,  IB74 

Wi/oarfof— A  tribe  of  the  Iroquolaa 
family  of    Indians       When    Or»l    knonn    to 

idles  ihey  uerupN-d  a  carrow  strip  of 
land    In    Ontario,     hut    betWeM     1616    and 

ihey  were  nlmcit  ekterralnatcd  In  war 
with  Heighten  lni:  trlbee.     They  Joined   with 

another   irsoo  -  ig   ibe 

.    nnd    w.-»t  '  Iks    Pi  to  and 

The  Wy- 
andou  sided  wlili  ihe  French  ■  til 
■■  War  nnd  o'ded  t^e 
Ihc  "nr  of  1811  The  wold  "Wy- 
ainliit"  neaua  "ealf  of  the  1,-jf '"  and  re- 
fers to  itie  manner  In  wbld  the*  cut  ihelr 
meat.     Tney  were  called   "1  c    the 

nit  of  tin'  arrangement  of 
Ihelr  fcalr,  wblcb  raaeinhlcd  the  hrlxtlea  ot 
a  wild  boar. 


Indian  Tribes  ,\-i  s  of  i  'dtttii 


il— 

■  Iivrvcl  to,  by   r>oi»- 

T.-ial 

MH,    039,    584,    S9".    t-,  1(1.     I 

1446, 

Opinion  of  Senate  roiiivrnirii      re 

queite.!.    54. 
Reft  S37. 

Troi  pow- 

•M  for  fulfilling.  ' 
Yakamti.  I 
lam  Lty   with.  B 

imi  ;   ,   t.eiitv   with,  912. 
Indian  Wars.— I- i"i"  in*  i 

hl»rory  dlnViiltlr-  Imi  lanlljr 

ink:     nl'li      the     Indiana     within     our 
border*.     Only   one   •  •.    Ihi  d   any 

special  political  .l.nlii.  uii  . .  und  but  a 
brief  reference  t"  ton I  ttM  piincipal  In- 
dian wnr*  will  t.r  attempted 

Outbreak       In      bo    autumn    of 
l»'K->"  at- 

,      Hi.  |r      vl. 

to    Mexico    by 
Suit. ■.■.  • . i . - r    Vi.  tori*  wan 

kin..)  and  inured 

...r  Li 

A  band  ■-•i  Ami  ..nlmo 

■  ml    Natch  a    lei  i    Arl- 

■OOa   In   the  (ttrliiK  of  I88S  ami  I 
lrrrg.ii  .  pi.    I. 

d    the    banal,    bat 
Ihiv    . -—.-!•  r ■«-«!    I"    a  '  roi  V    waa 

•itpcT'i.l  .1    by    'in.    Mile         In    the   i" 
art   Hi-   ladlani   Capt.   Crawford    »«■   killed 
ty    Mexican  .1    iiil-iakc, 

and    Ihi  'd    thcl  i    deprcda* 

ii  iii.y  »uf- 
r. mi.  red    under    plrdjte*    wbli  ii     pn 
trial  fur  uiurder.     Th.  m  ■ftei   re 

in. .ii  d   iii  ll.nl.ln,  win  iv    in.  n    I 

kept 

Attain.    In    I860,    the    BlaUS    becan    their 

war  1 1 

joint  .1   Li    ..i her  ii     Mllw    i- 

command  In  iwicmn.  and  «tn«  (oloed  hy 
Gen.    Ilriiiik   and  •  ..I.    >V     V.   '     'Iv    I  RillTalo 

■     I  --'."I,   hullun  camp  mi 

-  II. I    In     III..     •::  I'll;:.-!.-    Sill  |ng    llllll,     llll 

■on  i  niul  other*  were  ki! :  .1 

Afl, 

tder,   bill   Chief   We  Foot  nml  ii   i.nmi 

'.r  ahum    HlO  warrior*  from    the   Ch. •• 
i  ill  to  Hi..  Und   I  niul  i  ..f  1 1 

I  I"  >'    •■■■  •  fl     met    m     V ndi  ii    Km       I'reek. 

i '  ■••      i.i      I  ii  hi      II  i "  ilmmc    with     Hi.- 

Seventh  I'lunl  ;.  nn.l  Mn|.  Whl|i»ld»'a  ar- 
tiller}'.  In  the  ■  ■  < •  1 1 in  ■•  il  iiiiiul  la  linrnl  Unlit 
in.,    in. ii. i-..  .1,    in- 

.  lading      ■'in..     _■ i 

Capt.  Wallace,   I    ■        ■  I   and   Mann 

unit    .i'v.niI    11MI1...1 r-.  ,..n.  .1    olllcera   and 

,  .•«  were  killed. 

IV*   Hue— In  1881   and  1833  Ibe 
s*.'.a.  Korea  and  WlnncbaRoci   led  hj    Ithiek 

iinwk,  refuted  to  lear*  innd<  which  ther 
1.11.1  reded  >■  .  hnl  tin    lilack 

Hawk    War.  dieliirlta  nee   l» 

••ailed,  «n«  "111111  ended  nmi  the  leader  cap- 
tured. 

In  1838  and  183T  Ihere  were  inin..r  dla- 
iiiiiinm  -  in  the  Si.uiii  "iih  the  Creek*  and 
t  blcnpcea.     -  i     with     their     remoral 

We»t    nf    Ihe     Ml     -I       mpl 

'I..  n-.ir.. — In    1S13    and     HI  4 

Oeneral    Andrew    Jarkton   condui 
Horn  nifHlnii  the  Creek*  In  the  aonth.  who 
arm     brought     tu     terrnn     hy     ilcfnrf.-*     at 

Taiiii'inii.  m...    Talladem    and    ihe     Mor«e 

8hoo  Bend  of  the  Tallnpoo»a  Hirer. 


Me.  TW      II 

W'rat   formed  a   eoaaptracy  at. 

r   1. 1  umvli  and   Utt«»«i 

•'.  *Dd  »rt« 
in      is  !  ]     n'      l'l|  ,.,  ,ii... 
lUirlf.n.        HuiIiik'     Ihe    war    ol 

ii.IUih  ). ilmd  tlwlr  for 
the  RrltUh  and  jave  in  ranch  nvi' 
together  with    •  1 

1813  i  i  iiarrtwa,  tac 

XIMml  (v..  Kr..JB   ITM 

a   war  «-a«  waged  Miami  row 

In.,    ami    n..|xhl»rlaS    UeTaXat. 
■ 
MlaoiMa,     Wyand 
..nil.  >,    rihai 

!•    llnrmnr    and    Si.    >'lalr   avi  *l'l 
..ml    Ware*  eruaM  uv 

e  War.— Id  1S73  ttw  Modoc  ladaM 

rn-..i  i..  ;■■  ii:. .ii  *  dnlpub* 

rr*er*u  'r.oted     befen    iW 

■ale   rcKloa  know*  ii  u> 

In  v*li..!  i  jurna     » 

teacc  .  i vm  la  Afl 

SIS.    »•■  broken    mi.    by    their  tftartKnu 
of  il.-neral   t'anhy  and  T>r.  Tboaat 
About    the   tlr*t   of  June,    ».  . 

I'avl*    I ,1    Hi.  in     •,,    turreodrr. 

Jack.       the:  and      otbtn     ox' 

executed. 

Pert*     O*l0f*t— In     1ST*   in*** 
'.villi    111 

lief    Joatph,     .-atac    to  I  Ml 
(feneral    Howard    anu    aent    acaloat  awa 

"her   •••: ii   hemmed   In.  and  Ii 

were  completetj    deO  -• 

l-lm  K.<loe  I'.-  the  U*  (a»« 

daj»  ,. 

of  January,    1891.     Major  f. 
In   the    Plm    la.lk-.-  r.,.. 

I- mil  BrOIM.      r  v.ero  reputard  *al  an 

mild'   I  ^«ad  b> 

Indian 

•  paftn 

llanlion  and  Bern  Is 

Mem  fa  ola*,-   In     lsi7  ihe     Scbuk**  » 

i   and  Alabama  ...  <rf  «*» 

Hilly.  i   lUa  » 

em     in-    ,  ii, 

icoiira«ed    the     In. I. hi        i 
Florida      then    a     Bganlih    {"*•"*• 

■ ..i.'n.-i    si     alarka 

I  men.  Arl'iilhiini  and 


1 1 1 .  il  i  i*ar»f  ■* 

Indiana.   1  ,  laf'*" 

■   Hie. I.        lie  '«    Of   IV**'" 

und  capturi  .i    I  rv  **" 

•  i    in.    i  in    Rfti  r  a   allcht    i. 

eve.-lllloll      .,■ 

nil. id  IB    I  «UI.  "• 
anillle  llireateonl      (Hit    Ik*    »* 

ll«li    nilnUtrj 

"i        '  iromlMM" 

'n.are.  Ml '« 

liody     and     the     president     aupe-irt"!   ►*■ 

Spain  nl«o  eoniplali  i.r..rer*l*  •*■ 

wllhiilll     elT.-.-l, 

11«n     the    SeaBi4M  » 

da,   led   by   <h»oeolA.    wer*  ts  ira*.  *" 

fmlnit   to    remore  n    rnrrra'l*' 

In     |i...  mil.,  r      is::..      Mnjor     |i,,t 

of   orer  a   hundred    awa    f--: 

H    .1  n  b    and   all   bur    four   of   la*   "«•»»• 

|       ■.    i  ■    I  '.':,    |.  ,, 

the    InrlUriK   prolonged    Hie   war  atwot  "* 
•wampr  of  Florida  f  .r  m.v.o  v.ti- 
Zachory  Tn;.  ««m  " 

..ur  troopa.      J'lnallr.  after  ih*  ei|«*iTinr' 
nf  many  men  nnd  miu-li 
Indiana  were  removed  to  Hie 

Ktoit*   f.prlHnp.— lo    i 
dlan*  g-are  trouble  In  the  Black  llllli 


die  Index 


adiana 


no  the  borders  of  Montana  and  Wyoming. 
A  larjy  force  of  regulars  wna  wot  atnui-i 
them  under  <;.<nnr*la  Terry.  Crook.  Cuater 
tad    B  '•     tb»    two 

latter  attacked  at  different  points  a  larg* 
Indian    villi  d   on    loo   Little   Big 

Horn     Rlrcr.       i  »aa    killed 

with  201  men  of   rue  Seventh    ('aralr' 

wo    war*    wounded.      Reno    held    hl« 

5  -.Ti  (il   bj  Ad- 

Ittonal  troopa  wew  *"n  lo  ibc  apoi  and 
Indiana    were    defeated    In    several    entaite- 
inpnta,   :i ml   in   Iha   hecjonli  ;   the 

Indian  chief,  Biding  Pull.  ricaped  lo 
Canada. 

I  If    rrnuMei.— In    1879   ao    .iiitlu-eak    Of 
tin-   I'lr   lndinn<   coat  the  llrcs  of  the  «0T- 
hi    ajcent,    Major    Thornbuifh.    and    a 
"T  of  soldiers  before  It  w»»  <|iie!lid. 

Indian  Wars: 

Apache,   discussed,  -1524.  5099. 
Bannock,   discussed,   445C 
i  hecoh  t,  •  !  »eus»ed,  1488,  14TJ. 
t'hevenncs,    threatening    attitude    of, 

Chippewa   outbreak    dilCM—d,    6346. 

DUeuSAfl,  HM,  1478. 

Probability  of.  14S. 
Discussed  by  President — 
-,  J.   Q.,  983. 
Arthur.   4025.   47*8,   47*". 
CJov.  land.  4038,  4943,  5099. 
Fillmore,  2623.  2668. 
I'.rant,   4360. 
llarriaon,  Benj..  5638. 
Hare»,  4424  -1,4528. 

Jackann,  1.     1453,     1472, 

1608,  ir.n. 

Johnson.  3774. 
Lincoln,  3333. 

kladl  584,  .MS. 

-.1,  „rue.  6ii0.  6]ll,  nil,  617.  78L 

Polk.  2110.  2494. 

H.  BOOT, 

Van  Baren,  U 

Washing!...  •-.   96,    107,    126, 

148,   159,   177. 
Fox— 

Discussed.  1166. 

Xi  ruination  -if".  1251, 
Oon.   Gainee'   requisition  for  volun- 
teer*   in,    not   approved   by    Pwat- 

i.i.t,   1488. 
Instruction*  to  Gen.  St,  Clair  author- 
linn  mi  1788  to  wnploy  militia 

against  the  Webaah  and  niinoi*. 
Beferred  to,   1483,   1488,   1847,  881 1, 

.  4004.  42)5.  4433,  4433,  4436. 

Requisition  for  vowuilow  in,  by  Gen. 

Gaines  not  approved,   I 
Statement  of  number  OS   Wulitn,  In- 

dinns,  ete.,   killed   in.   transmitted!, 

Surrender     of     Geronimo     divuxwd, 

8088. 
Surrender   r,f  Sitting  Bull   discussed, 

402:'. 

'I'r mi  -in-rv     nf    Indiana    referred     to, 
1434. 


Troop*    in,    should    be    compensated, 

1454. 
Modoc,  correspondence  regal 
1  erred   to,   1818. 

Per**— 
Dteeneeed,  4484, 
Bi  ferred  to.  4433. 
Nor   :  v.'iin.  .   di  :  154. 

engagement     of    OoJL    Baker 

frith,  rexerred  to, 

Uicnroe,  di---u»-.  I.  7-1. 
Sa. 

Piaawwd.  i 
Termination   of,  1231. 
moll — 

D    for<««    in.    a: 
commanding,       discussed.       611. 
•  '-3. 
lion    for 

ted,  1 173. 
Brevet    rank   for   officer*   ot  Army 

parti 
Bdacoaaed.  600.  611.  817.  I  I"'.  1472. 
J051. 
ij.  i)ade> 

Origin  of,  referred  lo.  it'll. 
Spain    fun 

Terminal  In   o 

I      re 

i.  nod  to 
Troops  under  Gen. -i-  aferred 

to,  811. 

Si'.|:\.     .1-     Q 

Wabaah,  trooa  moat  be  called  for  to 

auppr.  .;.   74. 

Indiana — One  of  the  middle  antetam  eroop 
iiiuk.  "Tli*  Hooatsr  State." 

ii  ami 
Lake  Michigan,  on  tbe  cast  by  Ohio,  oi 
ky  (separated  b  i 

.    atrial    .in  y    ||llnol». 

capital  i .  Indiana 

Indiana    wai     ■'III.    I 
Vlnceooeai   In  1702  and  waa  ceded 
llrliain    In    1 70S  and    t..   the    laii-.i   Stales 
in  i: -  .«.'«t 

Territ-.rj  In    17*7  nud  was  modi-  ■  MparatC 
Tenllory  In  ISOO.  and  wa»  lo  x : .  -  - 

i  in, -ii  Dw.    !  I.   I8H1 

About  5'4  per  cent,  of  the  total  area 
..f  tin-  Btat*  ■■■  dCToti  .1   in  fan 

Statistic*    nf    ayrlculturi  r]     fnr 

the  last  rei  :'-   number 

of   farms    In    tie-    Stat--    al  a    .1 

a  1:   and    In) 
provemenu.    ut 

The 

etc..   ass   (17.1.fMIU.101.    In<  lu.lln 

v.-il 1      hi      *.19  ltit,4!«u  .      si:i  i.i  i 

horses.   887,118.41  -   mulin.   »U 

014;   ,1.613.000  swine.   *23.73tl,.',-..      ! 
1H17  .lini»,  j:,!iOs*nil.     In  lull.  I74.«l> 
bushels  of  corn  was  produced  on    I  RSO.000 
aud  win  valued  at   : 
Ofl    linaliels   nf    v.  K),    mi 

■HM.I  aere<  ;  -t7.iHIN.iiOO  bushels  of  oats, 
120,230,0001    on    1,640  HO.000 

bnsb.la  of  rye,  »80O,ow,  on  73.000  acree; 


fessagcs  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


6.182.000  bushel*  of  potatoes,  J4.49I.0O0. 
on  60.000  acres  I  .:■  .mi)  tons  of  bay, 
•2D.182.000.    on    1.5IS.000    acres.    and    TO 

MO 000  peudi  of  tooiei ■•.  |1  Ml,0QO\  oa 

Si'.OOO  acre*. 

Tbe  mineral  products,  consisting  of  coal. 
Ilmi      cement      item*,    clay    product*,    and 
in-irnleom,   produced   In    10 
al    |50  Of    v.  III.  Ii    <..'ii.M3.8uO  was 

c.*l  Only  about  60  pel  cent  •<  tbe  mln*ra 
were   affected    by    tbe    conl   strike    of    1010. 

Sjil    Hi.-..'    ivi'i,     |.||.    .inly    tlilriy.four   days. 
iarly    balf    the   coal   was   mined   by    uia- 
Tnn   average   production  per   man 
i-  II   i. hi* i   ua«  tin.  greatest  of  any  of  tbe 
i  ..(luring  "tales. 
•Hi.-   population,  according  to  the  census 
of  1 010. 
The  number  of  manufacturing  eat' 

.i  having  an  annunl  output 

mined  nt  $SO0  or  more  al    the  i»'Clnnlug  of 

I'M',    i-         s.n    '      The  .ininnrn  of  csiilt  .|  Id- 

i  v.  ii-  amis  Sf.3.000.  giving  employment 

material   rained 

at    »4'.,.1.S."T.00O.    nnd    turning    nut    flulslcd 

goods     worth     *730.705.000.       S«lnrle*    and 

paid  niuuuiiti-d  to  $1B5,SS4,000- 

Indiana: 

I'.nitnliiries  of,  referred  to,  I 

Lamia  granted  to,  in  aid  of  Wnbnsh 

ami  Brit  CnnaJ  diaeuaw 
Lands  in,  referred  to,  332. 
Lan-H  of,  tnaamltted)  z\i. 

I I   mines  in,  359, 

Locution  of  land*  ceded  to,  by  Pot- 

tawattnmies,   1008. 
Sale  of  lands   in,   suspension   of,   re 

Volunteers  from,  national  thank*  tm- 
dared,  34-12. 

Indians.— When  Europeans  flf«l  earno  to 
this  hemisphere  they  called  the  natives  In- 
dians on  the  supposition  Hint  the  land  was 
India.  Th  s  was  soon  found  to  bo  an  rrror. 
I. hi  'In.  nam-  hi.ll.iiis  li.-i*  continued  I"  be 
applied  to  tbe  people  of  both  North  -""I 
South  America.  As  Urn  Indians  were  moat- 
ly    liai-bari.il-.  and  as   tho»«   who 

fed  possessed  no  written  records 
or  r.-llabln  ti-aditl-.n.  th-lr  origin  and  bis- 
tury  bocomt)  a  prvblem  for  rt>.-  ethnologist. 
ton  makes  two  grand  division*  of  the 
Smith  American  Indiana— tbe  Toltecan  na- 
tions, who  war*  civilised,  and  tho  I 
..ii-.  irli..-,  Hi.-  former  embracing  the  si. 
Mexicans  and  Peruvians  and  the  latter  nil 
Hi.,  mi.  u ■in.-..  .1  tribe*.  Tb..  Maya*  of  Yn-  a- 
tan  built  pyramids  aud  had  a  liter 
Some  ethnologist*  claim  that  the  American 
Indian  Is  a  distinct  type  of  the  human  race, 
U  In.llKcnous  to  tola  continent  aa  Its  fauna 
and  Horn,  and  as  having  subsisted  as  such 
from  the  #»rllest  ages  of  the  world.  Others 
r.-.-nrd  iii.ui  as  a  branch  of  tbe  Mongolian 
race  which,  at  a  remote  period  of  tb.-lr  bli- 
. i.- 1 I'd  from  Asia  to  tho  American 
.-•uilnent,  and  there  remained  for  thou- 
sands of  years  separated  from  tho  rest  of 
mankind  and  pasalng  through  various  stages 
of  progress  or  rvtrogresHou.  Dr.  Robert 
Brown  says  in  his  1-Rec«s  of  Mankind": 
"Not  only  arc  tho  western   Indiana  In  ap- 

Beareoce  very  like  thslr  nearest  neighbors. 
io  northeastern  Asiatics,   but  In   language 
and  tradl'lon  It  Is  confidently  afBrmcil 
Is  a  blending  of  tho  people.    Tb..  Ksklmo  on 
rbe   Ameriraii    nnd    tn.  tcbln   no    the 

Asiatic  side  undcrstnud  ench  other  perfect- 
ly." Antbropologlsts  alio  admit  that  be 
rweeo  the  ration*  tribe*  from  'be  Arctic 
R*a   to   Capo   Born    there   Is   greater   uni- 


formity of  physical  structure  and 
chAiacccrlMlcs    than    la   tern   In  say  oi 
quarter    of    the    globe.       I  bough   tat 
turn    of    Cana.la    differ     In    msny    Mspsrsi 
fmm    the    nanderlng   tJuinnl*  of   Pings*! 
and    both    from    tbe    Ait. -a   of 
txblblt  si  i 

same    gn.-at    branch    of    lb 
notwithstanding      tbe      wl<  :r    «l 

language.    Generally  the  pbyrlral  era 

are  a  low  broad   fm 
back  of  beod  flattened  :  poirciful  Ja* 
lips:    proinlneiu  „■»;  dart,  ores  1/ 

set  eyes  :   hair    long   ami    « 
copper-colored    skin  :    erect   and  slrodcr  if- 
ure  :  about  the  avcrag 

In  Mexico  and  Peru  lb...  i.'-.rlglosl  s> 
hobltanta  were  a  rich,  powerful,  tad  UgU 
civilised  people  dwelling  In  wallrd  Hu«» 
liny  bad  Uxed  laws  and 
with  some  of  the  higher  arts  aid  iV 
Tnklng  similarity  of  Utiltsgt  la 
a  basis  of  gron  Indians  rf  Sorts 

America 
UllKllUllr    stork  ...    .,,,  e»s> 

d   of   many   trU...  ng  fliMi 

and  tribe*  som.  ;>or*nJj  tn 

■■ •'  "  tense  or  del  as*  Qua  rat  I  i 

..ii*.  Tho  most  Important  if  us*» 
stocks  wero  tin-  r.-l.inuiuo.  Atluresct* 
.Mg.juqiiUu,    Slams  .no.    Sslisss* 


ihoxean.  Caddoaa, 
I'lnian.    .SaJisntlnn,    KU-wan.    mid   Ttossss- 
r.jn.      Tb..  dllTercnl    tribes    with   < 

i  *   have  bsd  deallag*  arc  at! 

I   r  separate 
The  total  number  of  Indians  In  ibtTsM 
of   Alaska,   oa  Jit*  » 
1010,  was  J04.0.-.0.  of  wbnui  more  thu  IN. 
<»>0  are  members  oi  llud  lr*«» 

of  Cbcrokoea,  rhlckasaws,  t 
I. reeks  and  Seminole*.  Ilrlng  oa  tklt  «ti 
l.*tnH  In  Oklahoma  and  are  prsctlrsllf  *'<> 
supporting.  AlKiut  one-third  tin  sisssc 
wear  rli  lien's  drea*  and  ons-foorlh  o»  ras- 
ber  read,  wrlto  and  coevsrse  ss  tajlUL 

The  acllrlty  of  tho  Burran  of  ItsHu  i* 
fairs  bas  alway*  been  directed  t 
i  .'in  -  ml      -  h-  nnproT  ■  Mil  ■<:  tb.  M  I  I ' 
h-sltli   and    bis   educ-tl..o   la   wlf-siffecv 
lug  sctlvlly.     In  i  i nm* 

vnilnns  demoiiHtrntlnn   fsrms  bare  teas  *► 
labllxb.-.l  for  tbe  ibt  liaHast,sM 

In  some  places  tb*  slat  -Uit«»» 

oiwrated  with   Ibe  Federal  borcaii  It  b*i 
Ing.     In    tb.-    Ysi  ration  lfJy*a 

hi    raised     • 

thers  ralard  alfalfa.     Ainon«atV 
luaska  Wlanebagoes  the  rarnc  of Tbt  «"• 

for    1011    v 'ilrosied  at   |1tft(»»     T* 

the   education   of  chlh.  unl  ** 

t    in    iii-iiiit  ilna   2SJ   day   schools,  wsssf' 
i, .in-  botn.llnti   .-hooli   on   reserratlaM 
■ 


s» 


irollment  fur  1010  was  SOM  <J^ 
IHIe  (Pa.)  aud  Hampton  <Va.)  lee*" 
schools  are  tbe  largest. 


These  grouping*  proved  to  be  nrltasf  £ 
nor  permsnen;.  aa  tribes  fmotslj 
I  Into  several  parts  and  eltt:: 
tl)emselr>!S  with  existing  tribes  or  f»r»4 
u«w  on-,  and  tbe  simple  Isaguage  «f  •»? 
on«  erai  easily  acnulr<il  by  the  rscrsto 
from  another  branch  or  family  Eicb  trn* 
railed  liM-lf  by  a  name  In  its  own  lair>*Bl 
which  often  was  tnutn-.horlcal.  and  rur* 
from  tlmo  to  tlmo.  Then.  too.  Its  s*iw»l 
neighbor*  called  It  In  their  languages  i' 
other  nsini-s,  which,  according  to  0 
Istlng  relation*,  might  bo  terms  of  ostaqs' 
frlend»blp  or  of  ajmplo  topograr" 
ncrlptloo-       Tho      attempts      of 

li.   Dutcti  and  Spaab.v 
nntlv*  tongu*  addWI    to  the  roofs 
wtea   attempts    »ee»   made   to    wr!-.. 
names  fu  rtber  discrepancies  appeared. 
It     Is     customary     te.     refer     to    the 


_L 


incycloptdic  Index 


iana 


dlan  as  ft»t  becoming  extinct,  flrore*  com- 
piled  by  lb*  Bureau  of  Indian  Affair.  >li.,w 
»i  increase  from  ihe  no.uoo  to  80  '.»»>  ■  •<- 
tlmatrd  In  coloulal  times  to  more  than 
380.000  In  1913.  Thl»  li  due  to  I 
marriage,  adnpilnn  of  white*  and  blacks 
and   to   the   fosti  e   of   the   tcdi  ral 

government  which   provides   rations,   i 
lug.   school*   ainl   ante   seppllo*  at   n  coit 
of   tome   $20  ihmi.Wmi  a   yea:   and    support* 
the    tltlea    to   nearly   40.yi.in  wo   acre*    of 
land,  tepidly   Increasing  la  value. 

I-'aily  sioiipliigs  n:ni  location  of  tribe* 
and  the  nnmhora  at  the  present  lime  are 
shown  In   th«  tables  on   the  next  p:iit«  : 

The  names  arid  location  of  'In-  pnn 
tribe*    of    i he    eight    Bicnt    families    In    the 

n't    Of 

the  Mississippi  at  the  time  of  the  llr«t  set- 
tlements  were  a*  follow*: 

I.  Ali/anquin    Ml 

Mlcmncs—  Fast  of  the  state  of  M 
Ktchemln*  or  Coaoemcn— Muinr. 
I   rnakla— Ne«    llamn  hire  and    Maine. 
Nllii.  and    I ViU.-inoli.'* k    oi    Warn- 

B  moans—  t  "a  (tern     Massachusetts     and 
hod*   laland. 
I'm Centra]       Massachusetts      and 

Rhode  lali 
Mohcgnns— Western     Massachusetts    and 

Conn*  ilrui. 
Dolawai-ex  nr  I.imnl   I.,  n  ip* — New  Jersey. 

tin-  valley,  of  the  Dclawar. 

kill. 
Nam  pokes—  Eastern  ahorei  of  Chesapeake 

Powhatan  Confederacy— F.a«l«m  Virginia 

and    Maryland. 
Coreea—Fsatcro    North    Cnrollna. 
Bbawncea— Soulli    of    the    uhlo.    western 

■  itckr.  and  Tenor 
Miami*-  Southern   Michigan,    '■ 

ami  northwestern  "hio. 

llllr...  in     HilnoU    and    Indlana. 

Kk-kntwios— Northern  and  cm  i  it  I   Illinois. 
pnHnu  atomic*— Northern    Illinois. 
Ottawa* — Michigan. 
Sues  and   Foxes  -Northern  Wisconsin. 
Mciiomonoc*  and  Chippewa*  or  ojlhway* 
— Southern  ahnre  of  iJIke  Superior. 

II.  \\  vtmilut   or   Huron! 'roquoU   tribe*: 
(llaroo     or    u'vandoi  1  toluol*)  — 

Southern  above  of  I.nke  Kris 
Aadastt*.  i  Union  or  Wjnndot  Iroquois  I — 

Menrl-wnter*   of   tlie   fTnfo 
Wyandot*    (Huron    or    Wvandnt-lrnQUOls) 

— Territory    north   of    Lak< 

Ontario, 
genccn*    ilrmiiiolx  proper)— Western  New 

York.  bona  Bonac 
Cayugns  and  onondogns  (Iroqnol*  proper) 

—Central    New     YnlU 

Oneldas  ami  Mohawk*  i  In.'!  mis.  proper) — 
Eastern   New  Vork. 

Tuacarorn.*  (Iroquois  proper)—  Southwest- 
ern i  irollna.  Join 
the   Iroqnol*  Ot   New    Vork.   1713. 

Chowan*.  Metiertlna  and  Nottnwar*  din- 
ma  or  Wyandot-Iroquola)— Southern 
Virginia. 

III.  rnfiirofin»; 

Western    North   and   South  Carolina. 

IV.  Cherokee*: 

Mountainous  region*  of  Tennessee,  Geor- 
gia. North  and  South   Carolina. 

v.  r,  i 

About   Augusta,  On. 

VI     Weber: 

Northwestern  Mississippi. 
V  M      IfoMfton    or   S'HxKtiwjera: 
Chickasaw* — Western       Tennessee      and 

north  alpnl. 

Citnrtawn— i-miern  Mississippi  and  west- 
ern Alabama. 
Creeks     or     Muskbogccs— Alabama     and 
wonta. 

Bemlnole*  -Florida. 


VIII.    H'<nneoaooe«: 

About  Oreen    Hay.   Wisconsin 
The   principal    tribes   went   of   tho   Missis 
rlpul  between   1800  and  1S30  were: 

Dakotni      <  Sioux  i— Wisconsin,      w«at     to 

Itoeky     Mounts 
Arapahoe* — Wyoming,       headwater!       Of 
Hlatte. 

uor* — Wyoming  and  Nebraska. 
Kansas — Kansas,  *•■ 
a  —Dakota. 
■  i to  -    Nebraska. 
Man.:  nana. 

lolbolni — Montana  and  Dakota. 
Mlnnetaiies    (tiros   Ventresi — Montana- 
Missouri*— Lower  Missouri, 
lot  as — Iowa, 
tiaagc*— Kansas,  west. 
Crow* — Diikoia. 
Kan :  -  Kansas. 

Pawnees— Kansas  uml  Ni-bra«ka. 
«"addu«— Bed    Hirer    and    Arkai. 
Sho-hooes  or  Snakes — Kansas  to  Urrfoo. 
Kiowa*— Kansas.  Wi 
I  i.  ■  —  nab   and   i  olo 

— Texas  and  New  Mexico. 
Apache'— New   Mexico  nnd  Arizona. 
Navajos  and  Moinul* — Atlzonn. 
Vinm.— Arizona   red  rallfui-ula. 

^e«-ada  aiwl    '  -       U   (to 
rimas — Arlioon. 

-Idaho  ond  Oregon. 
jii-i   '-.■•z  IVrcto— Nevada  and  Or- 

Flaihiada — California,  Oregon,  and  Ne- 
vada. 

Klauiotlis — Oregon  and  northern  Callfor- 
nla. 

Indian  Pepulatloa  "f  tlie  United  Stnte«.  Kx- 

rtnati  mie. 

complli  d  fronj  reports  of  Indian 

upplemontcd    by 

im  irmatton  from   1010  census  for  localities 

in  srblct   im   lot!  entatlre  Is 

located.)  .«___- 

i    Total    ...  835.7J3 

i  .         i         i/.d    Tribes.     Including 
linen      snd      Intermarried 

whites      101,510 

I   TS'BSr. 

1 1  lage 

I  r linrn I3.S00 

Bxeluaifa  ■<  Pin  arttbaO  Trlota    23«.23« 

nrnuw  sorruTio'i  »t  bt'tts  zan  raanoarss 
Alnhnmn    ...         »0!)       Montana    ...    )1.4'0 

, .    i  i.i  9      Nebraska    . .     3J41 

Arkaiixa*  ..  4110  Ncvnds  ....  7,915 
California  .  15.???  [*si»  Harnp..  3* 
Colorado  ...  80$  New  Jentey.  Itl8 
Coonecthut..  1^2  New  Mexico  20.819 
Delaware    ..  6       New  York  ..      <}.24!> 

Di-T    of  CoL  CS       North  Car.   .      8.0t>0 

Florida    578       North    Doa_.     eVSBt 

Oeorgl*     ...  t>5       OMo     .  12? 

Idaho     4.HV.J       Oklahoma   .*118.0M 

li    188        Oregon    0.514 

Indiana     ...         17!)        rtbodi    :-l»nd         2R4 

losra    303        South    Car..         331 

Kansas    1,41.'.       South   Dak..   81.237 

Kentucky    ..        884      Tennessee  ..        210 

Lr.nfa.1aaa    ..         7«0       Texas     _702 

Main-    8P2       Utah    3J15 

Mnrvland    ..            '•'■       Vermont    ...  30 

husctta  fljW  Virginia  ...  530 
Michigan  ..  7.1)14  Wnshlnrton.  11.438 
V  nnmnta     -    11.7'S        West    Va...  8r) 

Ml«l«li>pl    .     1,3119        Wl.eoiiHln     .      9.107 
ri    ...         3U       Wyoming     ..      l.«84 
•Include*  23,405  f| dm.  n  and  2.582  Inter- 
married   whltea. 
f'nejr  Sa«i'.i    Work    I  mono  the  Indiana  — 
A   tremendous  amount  of  time,  money  and 
attention   la  «pent  by   Uncle   S?«m    upon  bis 
Indiana.      Tim    official    care    of    more    than 
800.000    Indiana    u    something,   more    than 
mere    child's    play,    eaneclnlly    when    It    la 
remembered   that   hundreds   of   millions  of 


Eodtai  ■ 


Messages  and 


dollar*'    W"t  tli    -.f    in 

■  ii   ■  .       in    i   .    in. ii  ii i-i  '■■in'.t. 

in     |"  r 

.  Iii-.Ii'    r r  1 1 ■»  •• 
■  i-    in.. 

HKin-  Chan 
S4M7.0OO  hae  been  colli 

lit    t.llnU    In-IuiiiiIiiiC  to 

tin.  i'i uw  nini  riilcknaa« 

1(114    mill     I'll..  I        hi 

■  II   iiiiii. .ii    nf    llll  i.l  I     iCTce    <.f    lnn.l    w»r» 

were  »ol«l 
for    ii..-    bencfll    "f    ellottw*,    i  ..     amount 

i) 

I...  i. -.I    u     riivnHi.-.    of    In.lWl.hinl    ImllnUK 
ii  ..in     oil     prod  iced     .hi     n  itrlctcd    «^ i ' 
■ 
['iciiv    l,.-lni;    (ut    in.-    year    1»14. 

ill  V rlirliml  iir.a   allotted  to  member* 

i'ri'  -■".  amounting  to 
iivi-i    l.VUUii.OOO  acre*,  r.  .ttktl..n«  mi    I 
1 1 - ■  i ■  liiv*  I.,    ii  removed    ...   "ii.i.iilou  of  law, 
I    ■      Interior     ..ii     .iv.  r 
'■  '  "H'l.'lOo  acre*. 

tnlno.l  liy  only  , .  -  i".l    hull 

ii    i"i'  'Hi.*.-.'!    enrolled   mem- 

AgV  i 

I""       1  111  111     Mil    Otlli-l     01 

i-ii  Inn-lit .    "f    in,      In. ill:'.    •  •  ill ■  -.-        Iu    time 

tllll-   ' 

iiuiil.-.  embracing  mnro  timn  U.'.'ivl.onO  artnl 

tli.-    r  m    Pock    It'-KcrTBtloo  In  Mmiuiin  ho» 

opened  i"    -.-in.  iii.-iit :   tin-  •  <i»-riluc  of 

.    ili  l:.-  .  i  ..in.,  ii    in    Hi.-    m.ii      ..r 

t  -r     home 

-I.-nil      "I    ■     ••" '    l 

i.f     TiHV     bunk,.  I  -iiIKiii 

>■«  *»  ni:aln»t    ISO   banka   I"    101S,   wl'li 

uiiimiiita  n-.  in.  r.-  (Iiiiii 

Thore    Iiim    nl«o   been    (be    v.  lilnlr.iy,  al    ..f 
In   Arizona   fur    the    Papain    Inillann  : 
run  Una    of    new    ■ 

■i  nil. hi,    iiklnlmma.    on    the 
■•xplrntlon    of    the    KOater  »  urine 

bonue   vnlii.-   for   tlio  trll ••   *'!,'J.  : 

...Villi:      i  '  "1"     '      '       l'-r  '••  "Iiiiii 

to  10  -I  p.  r  ..  i. mm  on 

oil.  nnd  'ii  i  •iiiiint.-il  In.  i, •:.-.-  in  royalty 
on  in  ■    ii  "."••«■  |i.-i  .-.  ut  ii 

annum!    pair)    in    the   old    form  ••'   I. -;.».',    which 
■I     M     i.-l,     I'.       |    110 

Competency  eommlaelona  have  been  ap- 
pointed  to  l>na«  on  qiiallilentliui-  "f  Indiana 
i. .     liiilMilni.lly     Imiiill.'    tli.'lr    afl'.ilr*     anil 

II •  i-'.minl.  ,|..iik  ,.r..  ill    Burl;   In    [no   Smith 

weal,   tin  -li-  Intlnni  wi   fur  baring 

rcaultcd  In  the  f- 

ii. .-!•  -in-    placing    "iiiiin    the    taxing 

:  .      ...     Mnnlana. 

.   .nut   S.. ml. 

Imki'i.      .'I.  ..I.  i 'i    ly     over     two    mi. I     one 

half  mllllooa  ..<  dolun     worth  "i   property. 

i    three 

I n   f.w-   patrnti    I  to    It  Ktntea   «Mt 

>.f    til.'  

i.v  nddlnc  over  HO.OOO.onO  unrth  of  prop- 
erty aubjci  I  tu  Mai.  la)  I  total 
number  of  fee  lo  Indl  i  Idual 
In. Mini"    nnil    wlillc    piirrhnacr*    dining    the 

I  mat    three   yearn   won   7M.OOO  Mm    siu\   a 
nlr,    ronrerratlve    valuation     thereof,     null 

I.,    tnxntioti    in     Pfeatera    sum,   la 

•  i     

I'lillnw  Irii:  n- 1  tbl  I'nmraUaloneni  of  In- 
ill^u   Affair-    i.|- .il    ulnce    1HSO: 


Ap- 
pointed 

i:    r    Trow 

lllrnm   Price        lbSl 

1    I) 
John  ll  "i 

T    .1      Mai.-an 


Ap- 
pointed 
D,     M.     Br.. 

in,-  mort 

■ 

l-i.    i      r-eupn      lutH 
It.  0     Valen. 

lln..  .  .10119 

,.,     1V13 


Act— 
Mak  Ib  ut  Kutce.  anil 

applicable   to   reoemlxei 
IfMJ. 

To  establish    peace  with,  retirird 

to,  3780. 
To  tranil  tab 

...f,  retoed,  4838. 

Action 

?.    Delaware    and    A1 
'annda.  to  attorn!   Exposition  ' 
at  Omaha,  Neb.,  8304. 
Act  to  refer  claimi   for  dcprrdUiMi 
by,    to    Court    of    Claiau.  mete, 
tH62. 
\i  iii  Mai  troopa  for  Indian  reuiiTf 

rei  -  '10. 

A(f.  ii.ii'«     a]i].oiiited.       (Seaj    Iafiu 

AgtnU.) 
Agents  aniong.     (See  Indian   '. 
Agricaltural        and.      mannf  - 
among,  flmuld   bo  coeo-angrt.  JK 
HIT,    ! 
Allotment   of   land*   la   •evcrally  U 
rrcommonded.        (See     Land'.  I* 
dian.) 
Annunl    nllowancea    siven,    : ! 
8,   1081,   181 

'..    who    foi 
Crent  Britain  againat  X" 
referred   tn,    1  Kll. 
Anna  and  ammunition  furnitaei,  •*• 
il.-r.  ,-in.l  iiroelamatloB  prol. 

Attempts    to    aliennte    affectiou 
ilinruMfd,  841,  Ut 
iaena,  number  of  Indian    I 
iip   of,  dl»eu8»e<l,  73S4. 
i  ivili/ntion   of — 
Approprtat ..  n  fur,  133 1. 
DiseuMed  and  referred  lo,  111,  1 
M7,  415,  4C0.  i 
8JS,  830,  1020,   1717,  SOO,  !«l. 
•i  in.. 
Claimi  of,  again 5 1  tTnlted  BtMM 
alao  the  aeveral 
Appropriation    for,    rceomxw» 

1031. 

S.'ttl.  uictit  of,  referred  to,  84 W 
Colonization   oi  '.  fl 

Commerce  a-tth,  :»">.  181,  l»s,  i: 
322,  347. 
More    enpital   should   1>*   emrlef™ 
Wh 

Met  ef  dB" 
enees  with,  recommend.  < 
Condition  of— 

Bill  providing  for  improveow*? * 

referred  to,  4654. 
Diecutsed  br  Preeideat— 
Adama,  J.  <}., 
Arthur.  4« 

CI,.-  ,-';,:., I.  4S40,  BIOS, 
5885,  5078,  61*7. 


i 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Indians 


Grant,  3992,  4106,  4206. 
Harrison,  Benj.,  5480. 
Hayes,  4427,  4454,  4528,  4575. 
Jackson,  1020,  1082,  1117. 
Monroe,  648. 
Van  Bnren,  1715. 
In  Florida  referred  to,  894. 
Report  on,  transmitted,  2609. 

Control  of  Government  over,  must  be 
complete,   615. 

Conventions  with.  (See  Treaties  with, 
post.) 

Corps  of  Indian  auxiliaries  recom- 
mended, 4454. 

Crimes  of — 
Trial  and  punishment  for,  referred 

to,  4955. 
Trial  in   United  States  courts  rec- 
ommended,  2279. 

Debts  due  by,  payment  of,  should  be 
limited,  1446. 

Depredations  of,  referred   to,  74,  87, 
96,  118,  122,  163,  1645,  2410. 
Abuses    in    prosecution    of    claim, 
5885. 

Difficulties  with,  reports  on,  referred 
to,  4012. 

Disarming  of,  law  for,  and  compensa- 
tion to,  for  weapons  taken  recom- 
mended, 4849. 

Education  of  (see  also  Indian 
Schools),  6674,  7014. 

Employed   by   Great   Britain   in   war 
against  United  States,  500,  520. 
Tribes    receiving    annuities     after 
war  referred  to,  1131. 

Enlistment  and  organization  of,  into 
companies  discussed,  5631. 

Enslaved    in    New   Mexico,   3540. 

Exhibition  at  Omaha,  6304. 

Expeditions  among,  2898. 

Expenditures  for.  (See  Indian  Af- 
fairs, Bureau   of.) 

Farm  lands  for,  recommendations  re- 
garding, 4528. 

Frontiers  must  be  protected  from. 
(See  Frontiers.) 

General  allotment  Act,  6674. 

Gospel  propaganda  among,  981. 

Government  established  by,  within 
States  would  not  be  recognized, 
1020. 

Government  for,  council  at  Ocmulgee 
for,  4073. 

nistory  and  condition  of,  investi- 
gated,   2609. 

Homestead  entries  for.  (See  Home- 
stead  Laws.) 

Hostile  attitude  of  Creeks,  1472,  1473. 
Hunkpapa  treaty  with,  912. 

Hostile  disposition  of,  128,  143,  3774. 

Hostilities  against  United  States, 
should  be  restrained  by  France 
from  committing,  600. 

Hostilities  of.    (See  Indian  Wars.) 


Hostility  of,  to  United  States  due  to 
influence  of  British  Government, 
489,  500. 

Hunting,  should  be  encouraged  to 
abandon,   340. 

Husbandry,  practice  of,  introduced 
among,  314. 

Intermeddling  of  foreign  powers 
with,  referred  to,  1728,  1806. 

Lands — 
Ceded  to  United  States  by.     (See 
Lands,      Indian;      the      several 
tribes.) 
Donated  to   Jackson  and  Hawkins 

by,  as  mark  of  gratitude,  555. 
Granted  to,  by  United  States.    (See 
Indian   Reservations;  Lands,  In- 
dian; the  several  tribes.) 

Lands  to  be  reserved  for,  3881,  4576. 

Lands,  tribal,  6674,  6875. 

Laws  regarding,  modifications  in,  rec- 
ommended, 2279. 

Legal  services  for,  rendered,  payment 
of,  recommended,  4694. 

Liquors,   prohibition   of  sale  of — 
To  allottees,  recommended,  6167. 
To,  requested  by,  322. 

Management  of,  committed  to  So- 
ciety of  Friends,  3992,  4063,  4106, 
4154,  4206,  4254,  4306. 

Military  execution,  death  by,  pre- 
ferred to  hanging,  322. 

Military  post  among — 

Increase     in,     recommended,    1475, 

1940. 
To  be  established,  436. 

Militia  sent  to  suppress.  (See  Indian 
Wars.) 

Money  invested  for,  249. 

Moral   improvement  of,  981. 
Arrangements   made   for,   1391. 

Neutral  lands,  treaty  regarding,  3717. 

Number  of,  in  United  States,  2991, 
4940,  5885,  6167. 

Pacific   relations  with,  desired,   1332. 

Paper  from  Society  of  Friends  on  af- 
fairs  of,   referred   to,   4075. 

Peace  among,  attempts  made  to  pre- 
serve,   2117. 

Peace  policy,  appropriation  to  carry 
out,  recommended,  4106. 

Persons  charged  with  murder  con- 
victed by,  442. 

Police  force  of,  organized,  4575. 

Population  of,  2940,  2991,  5885,  6167. 
Increased  by  enlargement  of  bound- 
aries, 2623,  2664. 

Presents  to,  from  Great  Britain,  re- 
ferred  to,   2129. 

Proceeds  of  reservations,  bill  provid- 
ing for  use  of,  for  relief  of,  4973. 

Progress  of,  slow,  6911,  6912. 

Public  lands  must  be  protected  from. 
(See  Frontiers.) 


Indians 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the 


Referred   to,   9*3,   100,   103,    107,    114, 
117,    US.    123.   187,    198,    IM 
163,    ITS,   170,  346,   380, 

874.  IM.  896,  800,  Ml,  823,  1082, 
:,8. 
Removal    of,    to    lands    lying    west- 
ward— 
Army  engaged  in,  1883. 
Progress   made   in,   discussed. 

17,  1332,  1300,  1478,  1476,  1008, 
1714,  1983,  88*1,  2335,  2410,3388, 
3087. 
Recommended  bjf  President — 
Fillmore.  8710,   - 
Jnckson,  1081,   1089.  1082,  1104, 
UlTj   1132,    1107,     1251,   1 
1890. 
Monroe,  759,  849. 
Poll  .03. 

Tyler,  80 

Vnn    Boron.    1608,    1692,    1714, 
1724,  K 
Referred    to,   4307. 
Treaty  regarding,  1251,  1475. 
Right*  "of,   citizens   infringing,    i- 
be    lunched,    120,    177,   IM,    937, 
1099. 
Schools  provided  for.     (Sco  Indian 

School-  ) 
Supplies    for,   incrcaso   of    items    for 
transportation     of,     rocoramondod, 
4680. 
Teachers  sent  among,  5375.  (8oc  also 

Indian  8chools.) 
Territorial    government    for.    recom- 
mended,   4073,    4100,    4134,    4206, 
4254. 
Trade  with.  773,  1099. 

Act  to  r  icuMcd,  1099. 

Trading   cita  ■   among,    766, 

ref,  sin. 

Recommended,  340.  848,   847,    436. 

Treaties   with    (see   nlio   W    *■■•■■•  r*l 
1501,    SCSI, 
< 
I00& 

Appr»|ri:ilhHi     for    fulfillment     of, 

I Lffll  WIS. 

Obligation  of  Congress  to  B 
.  md  to.  Ii 
Appropriation  mado  for  concluding, 

Compensation  paid  person*  for  ne- 
gotiating, refi 

Discussion  of,  in  ev 
referred  to,  4006. 

Exclusion  of  reservations  from,  dis- 
cussed, 17H 

In-trnctions  to  commlwloner*  nego- 
tiating within   Indian   Terrr 
0271. 

Irregularities  in,  discussed.  1901. 

Laws    regarding,    modifications  In, 
reconiiinii.il'. I,  2832. 

Most   ha   ratified    by   finvernment. 
88. 


Pence  CommUaion  of  18*7  rtfrm-t 
to,  4003. 
Apr'  to  carry  oat stilt; 

of,  recommended,  i 
Persons    violating,    shall   lit  pin- 

Uhed.93,  241 

Printed  conies  of,  rcfem 
Rejected    l.v   Senate,   refcrree  t*. 

2707. 
Transmitted   for  exercise  of  pav- 
ers for  fulfilling,  285. 
War  between  the  States,  tttltsii 

of  tr.bee  ia.     (See  i 
Wars  with.     (Seo  Indian  Wei 
Indigent  Insane,  act  making  gnat  *l 
lands  to  State*  for  benefit  of,  nttcd, 

IndtiBtrlal  Cong-rone  Party.— to  Mi  a* 

epticmcral   political    party    oomtastri  Ce> 

rltt    Smith    fpr    1'rolVot    ami   WUVm  1 

•   for   Vic  at   OiOtratlJO  O 

Industrial  Condition*,  6645,  6447. 
Industrial  Education,  report  on,  tnti 
mlf 
Discussed    by    President    BoomiA 

Ind-.wtrl.il    Exhibition*.      (See  ExilU- 
tions.) 

Induatrlal  Peace  Cotamltte«.-"n»  e» 
mlttco  of  t be  Norwegian  Storthing  tturrstxt 
■  III    Ifca    -llilrlbutlon    of    tho    NoUl  fT-» 
money  In  10W  swarded  to  Pre- 
v. -It    that    ii  itcd    tr,    (b«  strsri 

be  n»o»:  to  preeKO*  pf»* 
and  fraternity  amour;  naclutia.  TV  n°J 
nf  tin-  prize  «•.»  ■..■  -M!?t 

dent  expressed  a  wish  that  this  *•»•!«  •" 
made  the  nm-leua  of   n  '*♦  *2 

ii  uf  uMiiktrlal  peace  at  bt*s«.  s 
runrrces  passed  an  act  which  be  iWy*? 
March    3,  •!■*   FtosMKa 

flic      Pro-noil >f      Til*  latrtol    iss* 

This  law  provided  tbat  tbc  I 

itcd   States,  the   fWcretary  tt  V": 
cultnr*.  and  iirfff»SSJ 

Labor,   and   tbelr   successors   la  aOtt.  tr 
tether  with  a  rcprcsentstlvs  of  UVM  ellj 
i-iitstlTs    of    capital    nnrl   tw-s  f 
present   'he  nneral   pukll 
nolnteil    by    llie    rres'dfiK     nf 

be  crested  trustees  of  11 

'tii-.il  of  Indostrlsl  P-" 

•i   ••  plan  r  lied  and  tin-  mont  r  » ■>»  NM 

Induetrtal  Property,  international  e» 
ntioa   at   Paris   for  protective  ••« 
4560,  4794,  4SC7,  5118. 
Industrial   Relations    Commlardoa— 7V> 

fiequent   interrapllou   of  peaceful   r»i 
lietwern   employers  sod   waTC-worters,  «* 
pcelally  on  transportation  lines  and  la  On 
supply  of  cotumriilltlck  In  k-- steal  ■"** 
the  consequent   lots  u  ■  .  IV 

public,  lias  been  tbc  subject  of  presMsallal 
i  n  In  recent  years,  and  toe  atteotlos 
of  Congress  bss  been  called  to  the  occessllf 
'.f  federal  ii  .il. hi  liy  PrrOdeots  MeKlaV. 
Itooserelt  and  Taft.    'I  a  tils  nvrv 

•ace  of  February  2.  i&Vl   <ps«e  77C5i.  r«- 
ornmeot'd    that   a   Oiam!-" 

loijolrs  Into  tea  qnsniioo   with 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Inheritance 


view  of  ascertaining  eh*  underlying  nw 
of  such  disturbance*.     Congress  nceordlnsly 
retard   ■    law    In    Aucu«t.    1912.    ey 
Midi   a  commission,  charged   with  tbe  fol- 
lowing ditties  : 

Thnt    the    comtnls«lon    shall    Inquire.   Into 
the  general  condition  of  labor  Id  the 
clpal  liuliisrrli-s    of    the    Cnlced    8tat«.    la- 
;  agrleultnre,  ai  iy  la  those 

Thlch   fir*  carried   on   In    corporal*  K 
Into  existing  rotations   between   eropi"vem 
anil  employee*:  lm<.  Ibi  '  Iml   «trlnl 

eondlllonx   on    politic  10  the 

right*  and  powers  of  the  omniiinlty  to 
0«a|  therewith  :  Into  the  conditions  of  snnl- 
tnilon  and  safely  if  employee*  and  Iho  pro- 
visions for  protecting  the  life.  iinii>  and 
health  of  th*  cm.,  h  of 

axoclailniix  of  i-ii  mil  of  wage 

*r«    and    the  effect   of    neB    iseeeletlan*. 
npon  the  relations  between  employe 
employe* ;    Into  lbs  extent    and   result!  of 
methods  of  collective  bargaining:  Into  any 
method*  which  hare  heeo  trio!  la 
or  In  foreign  fur  maintaining  ton- 

timlly  satisfactory  relations  between  em- 
ployee* and  employer*:  Into  method*  for 
avoiding  or  auSJimtliis  labor  dl«pute»  thn 
peseefm  and  cootillntory  uicdlailuu  nnd  ne- 
gotiation*: Into  the  SOSpi  nnd 
resources  of  existing  bureaus  of  laboi 
Into  possible  wsy*  of  Increasing  their  DM* 
fulness;  loto  the  .iue»tlon  of  smuggling  or 
other  lllcgnl  entry  of  A-dallc*  Into  Ilia 
I felted  Slate*  or  It*  Insular  po*«e«sl»iix.  ami 
Of  I  In-  ini'thmla  by  WBli  latia  tMTt 
rained  and  arc  u.unlnz  snob  adinlaalon.  and 
■hall  report  to  Congrc*s  us  speedily  n*  pot- 
alUle    t.ni.                       .inmendntlou    a»    mM 

1    ililnl.    propel     to    pi 

auch     smuggling    and     111*1*1     entry.       The 
commission  »hnll  seek   to   dtwovcr    Ibe      li- 
ma eanae*  of  ilWotlafnctlon  In  lb*  in 
diistrtat  *ltiintlon  and  report  Ita  conclusions 

thereon. 

The  CommlMlon  appointed  consisted  of 
Frank  P.  Walsh,  Cbnlrman.  K  is 
Mo,:  Prof.  Jobs  l:  >  onimons  of  Madl*oo. 
Wit  i  Mr*  J.  Borden  tlurrlmnn.  New  York 
City:  Hsrrl*  Wrlnstock.  8aer»mento.  I 
8.  Thurston  Ballard.  I,oul*v|ll*.  Ky  :  John 
B.  Lcnnott.  Blooiulugton.  HI- :  Janiev  O'Con- 
nell.     Waiblngtou.     D.    C,    and    AuiUn    B. 

i. inn.  Cedar  Rapid*,  Iowa. 

Industrial   Relations,  ConunUaiona    on, 

7725. 
Industries,   importnneo   of,   during   war 

with  Germany,  B860. 
Industrial  Workers  of  the  World.    (See 

Socinlism.) 
Industrial  System,  limitations  of,  7860. 
Industry,   Captains   of,  personal   c-qua- 

tion  of,  factor  of  success,  6546. 
Infant     Mortality.       (8ee     Children's 

Bureau,  j 
Infantile  Paralysis.  (Sec  Poliomyelitis.) 
Inflation  Bill.—  This    bill    was   passed    by 
Congress    la   16*4,   and   wu   calculated   to 
make    possible   a   rrrat    Increaxc    In 
currency.     Tbe   bill   was   vetoed   by    Presi- 
dent   Crnnt    a*    repugnant    to    Ibe   bunlnes* 
Intcrrita    of    the    country    because    of    Its 
delayal  of  specie  payments. 
Information  Bureau.  State  Department. 

— The  Division  of  Information  in  tKe  r«e- 
pnrtment  of  Stat.-  trax  fat  il  10  1009  by 
Becr.Ury  of  State  Y.  C.  Knox.  It  falls 
wider  tbe  superrUlon  of  the  Counselor  to 


I 


ini.-.it    (r     v  )  i    nnd    ha* 
charge  of  the  "preparation  ami  distribution 

■  foreign    service   ..f   diplomatic     C   CO- 
al  nod  other  correspondence  and 

mentx  Imporunt  to  tbelr  Information  npon 
forelen  relatjotn."    Tl. 

also  edits  the  department'*  publication 
oiled    Fnrtign  Relations.     (See  State   Dc- 

Informatlon,  International  Bureau  of, 
e8Ublishrnent  of.  at  Washington  rec- 
ommended   by    international    Ameri- 
can Conference,  5508. 
"In    Ood    We    Trust."— "!o    God    We 
Tiust"   Ui-*c   appeared   on   the  copper   two- 
'14.  and  mas  the  hut   use 
word  "Ood"  In  any  • 
The  Sentence  wu*  Introduced  by  James  Tub 
..■r    ut    tbe    Mliu,    wild    the    ap- 
nival   u!   ibe   Becirtary   of   the   Treasury, 
It  appeared  on  the  1800 

■  >f  the  double  eagle,  eagle.   Iiufvagla. 
.   dollar,  hill  dolla 

it  ng  motto  of 

•  i:    I'lui  t.ii-*  I  Hum."      In  the  Trade   Dollar 
Issue    (15731    both    mottoes    wer*    r»t:> 
"lu  God  Wo  Truat"  appearing  on  tbe  ob- 

I 
Some  of  tb*  coinage  of  100T   appearing 

•  III.  Ml      (he     r  :■  '  i  rltl 

*jj   irmivii    and   Congress   ou    May 
008,    passed  ii,c  a.t.    restor- 

ing the  motto  i<.  ill*  coins  i  acted 

i :  ntatlTva 

of  the  I  nlted  Stntce  .  v:iei» 

assembled.    Thnt    tbe    aiotto,    "In    Ood    We 

■ 
::'iiu  nallona   of    ih*   ai'id   and   silver  coin* 
of  tb*  United  Sttate*  «!  Ami  I  here- 

after  be   Inacrlbed   upon    nil   auch   gold   and 

t.  iv.r  coin*  of  «:ini  denominations  ss  hereto- 
fore. 

Inheritance  Tax.— A  l*x  upon  the  **tnie 
of  n  deesssted  person  has  always  been  eon- 
Sldared  s  :'i'>:«-i  sad  li  (Illmata  form  of  pnb- 

.i-nuc.      Tb'  has  Inn  enjoyed 

•  lection  of  the  Stat*  during  life,  and 
dying  wlib  the  BMuraare  tlu.i  ibe  stall 
carry  out  his   hut    wishes     li   nndei   some 
obligation  to  the  rotnmunlty,  while  Ibe  bene- 
flclaiy  will  not   feel   the  "li^bt   di 

iraey  fakea  by  the  power  that  guaran- 
tee* lis  legal  Iran 

/VttVr.T!    fi  Tnr. — Tbe    nntl""al 

goeettimi-nl    baa   Imposed    Inhorllane*   taxes 

'silly  on  three  dlffereol  oecsslona 
Tin-  tint  was  In  17'iT.  when  war  with 
France    lb  res  l    oed      again    In    1808,    durlog 

i-.li  war.  and  lb*  "did  llin*  daring 
the  Snnnlsh-Ameilean  war  of  18U8.  IVesf 
dint   i:  uggested   It   t"  Congress  as 

manenl  ware*  ol  la  hi<  •ixth 

snnml  me>inri.  tpar*  70*3).  and  repeat* 
million  In  bin  seventh  annual 
mewoge  und  cite*  In  aunnorl  of  hi*  argu- 
ment the  fact  tkat  England.  Prance  and 
(iermany  collet  such  i»v  (fsgr  . 
President   Tnft   a'to   reosmnienileil   a  gradn- 

lanc*   tax  as  a  means  of  I 
I  ni:  a   ovrlrienee    In    the   revnaua*.     (Fagea 

lie    t''c  r*Teniie   bill*  SpprOTcd    MarCb    a, 
ini7.    and    Septrmhei  npon    Hie 

-  of  ill  persons  djing  In  la*  fnlted 
Ktotes,    whether    r  nldeuts    or   nni 

Il   placed  n    t.tx  of  1  '■■        .r    ti t 

•tifnte   of  si  ut   which   amounts   to 

less     than     s.mi.i ;     .:•:      n(     tin-     amount 

by    w'  L50.0O0    but 

.ni) :    414**    on     e  t.-t,  •     between 

1     and     S'iAo.nOO:    fl--     on     »>.Utes 

between   sao.OOO   and   HS0.O00;    T»«   on 


Inheritance  Messages  and  Papas  of  the  Prey, 


aetata   between   $130/100   mi. I   M.Of" 
ling   ai    *   rate 

i'l 

a     tox    Of    15%     I*    I         'i     -■•     *H    estate* 

ato*  ib,oo< 

The     tax     applies    nl»o    to    partner 

oration*    nml   asaorlatlu 
Ttic  value  of  the  estate  "f  a  dm  1,  i.I  In- 
ill  Hi,-  .  ulna  »t  tbo  time  ni 
of  all    M«   property,   tutiglhlv   ,,r    IniuntlM". 

real    or    |iet il,  Any 

tr*n*f»r  of  any  of  tin 

Inesa  trani- 
acilnn-,   *rll  iln    two   fi  a     ol    111*  death,   la 

li  ,|    In    toe  I.U"  Tvlilrll 

I  •■-< I ii •- 1 1 ■  > li »     (TOO     tin'    IllflOUIlt    "f    the    *■• 
tnxxl     in- in, !•■    Hi- 

pi f    tin-   '  rut  Inn 

if     settling      tti 

•.paid   mortgage*   upon 

it.    loaaca    incurred    during    t m 

of   tin-   estate    (iiuch   u»    i  or 

and    other    crm 

id  "li  n Tlmt 

la   to  »ay,  catntes  of   ItM  groan  vslue    tlian 
$50,000   are   not    nu 

i.ii v  in.  ii t    ,,f    lb*    lax    la    duo    one 
year  aftrr  the  death   ol   lb*  owow  of  MM 

ami    titer*    nr.  a 

,  -,,iii  ii  i",1.  nun' 

rt   nr   "ft,  i  nink- 

Inn   fill".'   stateim 

la   :i    penalty   of  a   nm-  ,,f   not    nor* 

than   > i    not  mom  than  urn-  year  In 

Jull   .,r   botBi 

War  Inheritance  Tax — Ity  provlaloaa  of 
ii,,-  Revenue  Bill  approved  i  ■    1017. 

the  following  nr.'  the  net  taxes  levied 

.     under     >.  '     HMI.    exet!l|ll  ; 
$2.-..OO0.S.V0.(KI0,        1  >.,ii.iHiii  iiui.iiiio. 

IV,-'.        |  : $200,000, 

"10,     4U«;    jXiMi.niMi -.; in 

." 1111,1    <l    II  ,I)IHN),       .  "  IL'.- 

<i-.iii.mi,  •,       ..  ■ ,,     ■  (ir.d.ooo.  H'H*: 

■3,030.000  $*.0r.li, ■  "  ■"  ihhi- 

$.-.,(130,000,     l:iU      ;     »r,,u: •■-,'. , 

i  i>..l>,000$i0.030,ooo.     17';  :     ei'O,- 

0.111,00   and  above,   M 

Mala      Inheritance     Tax.— Moat     of     tho 
•latea    tax    Inherlianrea    and    ni     the    aanie 
i.i'uvlde  for   the   payment    ol 

M ..(  the  deceased  and  the  prompt 

and  efficient   settlement  of  the  ■ 

lli"  following  l«  n  synopsis  of  several  of 
the  lav*  of  the  various  Itate*  alT.etluB  rho 
admlnNtralluo   of  the  rataie  of  a  dlOBMafl 

pela.,11 

i  svho  to  Admlnlaler  —  lai  ir  il,,-  ,],• 
ceased  lenves  a  mil,  Hi,-  dutj  of  inlmlnW- 
tratlon  full*  upon  the  executor.  If  do 
executor  In  nam.  il.  iii  iii  :  lii  ..ni  of  tie- 
dentil  or  rcfu-.nl  of  the  executor  ti 
Court    will   grant   admlnUttntlnn  under    the 

will  to  aomi  roltahii  morally  *o- 

lecled   from   Ihoae    mo 

under   the    provlainn*   of  the   will,    icticb    a* 

ni-    ,.1,11,'.   legate**,  if  nuy.     tbi  if  the 

deceased    died    iiil.-l.il    .    I.  lie:.    ,,i    mln 

tratlon  arc  grouted    to   the   following;   per- 
son* In  iinieti  uily  all  the  lUjtaa: 

Klrnt — To     the     surviving    husband     or 

■  IdoW. 

Second — To  one  or  mora  of  the  nert  of 
kin  entitled  to  -.hare  In   the  estate. 

Third— If  none  of  the  above  eOBSHU  W 
act,  to  ooo  of  tho  creditors  of  the  estate, 
sxivpt  lo  localltl-*  where  (hart  U  provided 
by  law  a  Public  Administrator,  who  l«  i»i<- 
ferrcd  to  creditor*.  In  practically  all  lb* 
state*  an  administrator  I*  required  to  glvo 
bond   for  the  faithful   performance  of  hi* 

dutle*  In  double  tbc  value  of  the  vstalw  to 
be  administered. 


In  moat  i  ..  If  ao  asovidsl  I 

tbe  will,  no  bond  la  required  ot  •• 
except  that  In  a  an  rxeeattr  ■ 

required  to  fir*  a  hoc  ,i 

In  practically  all  the  mate*.  In  the  dam- 
llou      -f    III, 

•  i  may  he  required  to  cite  a  l-fct 

'.  etal    "latea    III    I 

claim*  acalnci  ih,  .  i  t.-  i..  .  ,.:-^.-- 
ably.      in    tho    majoi  i  iam  IV 

catixr     la     rrettii* 
promptly  to  give  : 

tent  their  claims  to  bin.  ud  If 
creditor*  are  required  ao  lo  prrorol  IVU 
elaliuK  hi    aBMarlt 

aamc  are    juatly   due    and    owl**; 
eatate,  above  any  offsets  or  muster  rMbK 
Within    ■    p.  <d    gearrs 

month*  or  a  year  The  law  of  e*<k  «tn» 
should  be  con»ult<d  for  niute  •peenk  *• 
tulla.  dlry<t  »  *«*l 

clodog    of    tbe    eM*te    by    Ibe   execUK  « 
admlnl.tiatof     ultbln    a    year    or    clrklR* 
.   after   fala   apiK.lntnuot,   tbeaja  Bt 

'i Hi  by  Ibe  Pnaw 

Court  It  eondlilon*  rvqulre  It. 

X  Anal)  uw«   of   ti 

statin,    .oveilug   tbe    Inherltaue 

rat*     law*,     la»t    wilt,    or     ti>    jiP.  <f 
i   at  *■»!» 
excepting    legncle*   for    religious.    ibinitIA* 
or    fduealli.ual     purpoM*.     whleb    air    i*> 
i   In  ino.t  of  lie  Mate*      la  tke  tf*Z^ 
Ity  ..'  i  he  state*  no  dlstkv 
tux   la  made  between   real  eiitatc  sad  "*C 
i.jiial  pronorty : 


Alabama.— No   laherltance   lax. 


»»r.  »i.«rf.    - 


Arlitimt — To    sratidfalber,     grraa    _ 
pareun.  buaband.  wife,  child,  In 
i  law,   or  dxngbter  In-lsw,    • 

,  1,11,1       1      per     '■  :  lipt 

lary  above  named.    Ratals*  I™  tbia 
$10,000  exempt.      To    unci 

:int    thereof,    'i    per    ceal ; 

Sa.000   exeinivt  rflelarT    named. 

:»tate  ka*  than  nipt.     To  otaVn, 

tt« 
..■nu   from  $30l- 
Dim)  to  f  -.(i.tioo ;  tl  per  cent  abof*  $$0,000. 
$500  exuiipi 

.trtoniKK.— On  amount*  n-.l  exeeedln*;  $5i- 
ooti  i he  rat*  i,.  l  p.r  '.'in  to  i-ar.ot*.  bua- 
band or  wlfi 

.  »onln  law  or  daughter  In  law.  T* 
all  otbi'i*  Hie  rat  on  Ihi  :»n:.-  a*>ouat  I* 
9    p.  i  .mm)    |a«"liig    lo    widow    o« 

elilld  «Dd  SI.'Kmi  putting  to  tfc. 
Immediate    ii-latlvet    mentioned    l»    .x 
Tho    niempth.n    ...    oiherx 

i  m  smouni  'i  ni  tbe 

primary    rate*    (1   per  rent   and   3  p»: 

Prom   < •■'"  hm>,   ta  Ire    tbe  prlmsry 

rates:     fiotn     $10,000    to 
time"   tbe    primary    taiea  : 

00,    I  air    tli 
live  $5tia000.     six 

time*.  $500,000  to  $1,000,000.  »ev.o  tiSM; 
a  bo  v. 

CaHfomto.     (n  i    To    hiiKlmiul.    wife,   da— 
sei'udant.     n 

Ihcli    i>«ue.  the   tax   K   l       up   i. 
!M»    between    $23,000   and   $40>(ni       i 
twscn       $30,000     and      $100,000;      7%     ke- 

tKMI  IHIII  ... 

12%     b>r*na*t 

-mi  nml   h.ih.ii.ikmi;  an.]  wt  W1  |,,vr- 

'l»Mf 

child.    J'.'-l  OOO   In  exempt   fruei    i 

other*.  $10,000.     ibl  To  bcothfr,  atatar  « 


ft 


Incycloptdic  Index 


Inheritance 


tuclr  descendants,  or  son-in-law  or  dsugh. 
to  (25.000:  upon  tl 

er..i>.:.      nm.-.im.     In     l.ic     preeed'lu:     pnrn- 
nr.pl.  the  n 

iml    iM,      (2.000   exempt    from    tax.      (e) 

TO   uiiiim.  ■iiqu.   or  their  doseeoilnnt-s,  <'A> 

ii  ,  ,n    r ti.-    Mm*    hn-.-caalng 

i"         15%, 

20  ..    .".        .  -,,i    .  ,.    .      11,000    arm 

ramoia   in  Mood.  3% 

IIP    to    f'.'.'.nOO;     II..'     r.il    ■■     ItiercOSS    »»    abOTC 

20%, 
and  33%.  abovo  (500,000  the  rote  is  30*. 

(000    el.  IlipttoO. 

'••rata. — To  parents,  husband  or  wife, 
.-Ii! hi,   broth  ,   widow  of 

HOII,   hoxllltll 

•  pled  child  the  rate  l»  2  pw  •-■■■it  wllli 
(10.000  exempt.  To  unrlc.  aunt.  nephew 
or  in-.--'  or  iinir  descendants,  :'.  per  cent. 
To  all  other*  above  jmiic     nn  (500  in  (10,- 

I  ,     ■  o.ooo, 

eent :  120.000  to  (50.000.  5  per 

!(K>    i,,    .•:,'" '.in n>,    0    p«r    cent;    above 
>0,   10  pw 

Connecticut. — To   parent*,   husband,   wife. 
•_'i.iiii![..r,'iii -,    adopted    pun  ndant 

adopted    child    or    descendant     ' 
lN-to.,  „     |ll    'idii     mil  'tween 

I.   twill 

anil   $1    "'■•  i 

■ 
ii     lid.     aoD'ln  in"      "r      daughter 

.uoo    and    ■  It 

Iw.vn  ;    .'.        Ilcai'i'ii 

ll'I'.M'.'ll 
'I tOd     M.IMMI.iMMl;     S'i  l.r.v,-    (1.000.000, 

To   ■  [hers,    6       between   (500  and  (50.000: 

6*    between     S.Ml.dOO    III  nO  J    7%    tat- 

Iwecn    (750.000    and    *l,0O0,oOO;    and   8* 

i.  .mi,  .in  in. 

Htlairare. — I'xcmpt     to     parent*,     grand- 
patt'iita.       tiuxband.        wife.        descendants. 

adopted    ii t iii       iii  .,1  i   iii  i.'ioo 

and    taxable    on    car.  Uoira:       To 

acra.     listen    or     tliolr    descendants.     1 
nt .  to  unties,  aunt»  or  their  descend- 
aniK.    it    p,  ;  I.,    great-uu.  lex.    tivii- 

■UDta    or    tbelr    il.uc.  i.iln-.i-      ::    pw    ..-i';    In 

those  more  remote  la  blood.  6  per  cent. 

District,     of     Columbia.— No     Inheritance 
tax. 

Florida.— No  Inheritance  lax. 

Stnroio. — To      parents,      hu>band,      wife. 
il.      adopted      chllil       line*       il 
brother      -I  ter     or  i     • 

(5.000  U  exempt.      To  all  ,i 

I'lnhn— Tax  on  estai-s  hM  than  118,000 
at  following  rate*:     isi  To  husband  Of  Witt, 
lineal  buna  or  allocator.  1  per  rem  :  exempt 
to  widow  or  tiiliinr  chllil.  (10,000:  to  •• 
of  Class  A.  exempt.  s-t.n<Mi      .  in  To  brother 

1 1 •  r .  or  Ifcwr  descendant*,  or  wif.    ot 

widow  of  ton.  or  husband  ot  daughter,  Hi 

,  i»mpt,  (2,000.     i  -  ■    ro  ui 

sunt*  or  di  :i    per    cent  .   ■  ■■■ 

81. ■•"(>.      Idi  To  great  uncles,  great  aunt*  or 
esrmdants.    4    Ml    e    ill    rxwnpt    (1.000. 
era  or   hi  range  r« 
In    blood.    5    per   cent  :    exempt.    (51)0       '  m 
larger  estates  than  (25,000  the  above  rates 
are  uultlplled  na  follow:   (20,000  to  (So.. 

I',  ft     I  mill    ti,    J1IHI.IHH). 

2    time*   above:    t  KM  to    1500.000 

tlmea  above  ;  (500.000  and  upward,  3  times 

above. 

MmoU. — To    pa  :  band.    wife,    de- 

scendant,   adopted    child,     brother,     auter, 
wife     ot     •00,     husband     of     daughter,     un 


•mounta  froaa  (20,000  to  1 100.000  the  rule 

■•eat : 
exempt  below  f.'i'."im  To  uncle  aunt, 
niece.  nepnosi  or  tln-ir  descendants  the  rale 
In  S  p  I  than  (20.000; 

-4    per    ,'i'Hi    .in    ,i; iota    In 

000:  •  ■      To   all 

■  h*   rate.,    ears    nlth  amounts    a 
I  p  ia 
Oimi.   4  pu  .-"lit:   (20.IUMI  to   (511.000, 

100,000.  ii  i"  (  ■  onl  .  above 

(100,000,    l'J  per   ii  in  .  '   »500. 

Indiana.— On  amounts  not  exccedlnc 
00",    the  primal  ■ 
bond,    wile,   ancestor.    de»e 
etlld,   '  impl   (10.000  to 

and    .-. 

•  'hex.  "liter  or  Ih 
or    to     son-lu  law     or    dam-  IH 

aunt 
.'t     [hrr    cenl  ;     *  t*  m|it 

thelt  descendants,   I  per  cent:  ex 

, ,  ui.     i  'ii 

:  II,'    prlnju  »     :ul,  .    an      tiull- 

follows:    1 1  i    irinii 
(60.000.    l'»    times:    {2)     from 

.   ii     (100  in" 

(500,000,  Z\k  U""e»:  (»i  abora  *..iki.oiio,  s 
tlmea. 

Iowa. — Prop»rly  parxlag  to  parent*,   hus- 
band   or    wife,    lineal    descendants,    ail 
■■Mill    or  issue    tlieteuf    i'    .  leapt.     T,  i.lhets 

1,'lX  above  (l.OOll.      To  alien 
reKldents  of  the  state  lax  I*  SO  per  cent    un- 
lets alien  la  brother  or  sister,  when  tax  Is 
10  par  cent 

Kanfu. — Property    passing    to    husband, 
wife.  iiiiilnnts.      lon-ln-law, 

>: -r-ln-liiw.    adopted    children    of    Hn'lr 
*■  mpt  ti  'in  t  . '.      To  broth 

: 
,,1100      I,,      , 

to    (50.000;    ;i  (loooini; 

lo't.   (loo.ooo   ti 

00.      .ii  ,  1:11  r-   nn in-  remota  ti ■■ 

up    In    S .'.',  'Mill,    iinil 
Ing    i'  i hove    the    rates    ore 

7^«,,    10%.   12Vs%.  and   IB*. 

Kentucky.— On     amonata    not    cxoecdSng 

'imiry    rut,--    BN!     I  ■• 

hipled 

100    '  lempf    to    widow    mid 

rill  hi.    in    others    In    thla    class 

mpt       iii)    To  brother,  sister,  or 

till  'ie 

.:.i      (7.00)1. 

J,r    their    o 
tempi     idi    To    great  ancle, 

greiit-nuni     nr    ih.lr    daacsOdantM.     I'.,    .v 

-1    (IIM>.         I 

0*:  exempt.  (500,     (m  Inrgrr  aroounta  tb" 
primary    rates   are    multiplied    at    the   same 
amounts  and  nitea  as  provided  l.y  tin 
ana    statute    (ah 

l.ouitiana.— Kxempt    to    (10.000    to    par- 
ents  or   lin.si   ancMtora,   child: 

-.  taxable  at  2  per  cent:  to 
others  5  per  cent. 

Maine.— To   ancestors,    parents,    hutland. 
wife,    descendants,    adoptM    cnild    a  I 

mi  of  dauKbur.  Ibc  rates  are  as 
follows.  I'p  I "  *oO  I.MIO,  I  per  cut:  (50,. 
000  to  (100  ui  ;  abovs  $100,- 

mni    -•  Ml  .-.-iii      110,000  exempt  lo  parents, 
bnaband,   wife,   chllil  '    -liflil.      To 

broth. -i.         (.(.    uncle,    aunt,    in-pli,,,.    nSrc« 
or  cousin.   Hi.-  r.  Ii  .  "(.    in.    .-ii,...','  at 
me  4  pel  eiui.  i'~  par  cent  a.--.i  0 
j.mmi  exempt,     To  others,  idles  ou  ih. 
omi.unt-  an-   5   per  cent.  U  per  cent  ami  7 
per  cent;  same  arsmptlott 


Inheritance         Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


B 


Maryland  —  nxempt  lo  riarenta,  husband 
or  wife  children,  or  lin-nl  descendant*:  to 
others,  8  per  tens  above  »5U0. 

Maittirhutrll: — To  husband,   wife,  ances- 
tor,   deacendnrt.    nip!   a    child    or    Its    de- 
■cendants,  adopted  pm.tn   or  H»  eneeniors, 
no  11  in  In  it.    dnueh|er-ln-law,    J    i 
to    $50,000;  2   r«T   cent    f&O.iMKi    to    f 280.- 

000;  3   Pit   cut  100  .   -I 

above     $1  00 ■     brother, 

.    neplnu    or    uleiv,    '.'    per   cent    up    l» 

$10.00".  !i  per  'en!   $10  000  lo  $2j.(hh>  :  a 

i  i  .  $5»,ooo  i  trio.. 

■  • I>;   v    pel   rem 

.000.000;    S    per    wot   »lioro    $1,000,000. 
0    other*.    0    per    cent    up    to    $50,000:    8 
nl   $5o,ooo   to   $2.10000;   ?   pei   cent 
"">   to   f  1  pi  r   cent  above 

II  000.000.  110.000  im»lnte  to  parent.  ho*- 
band  or  wife,  child,  ndupird  Child  or  adopt- 
ed pnrent  I"  evmpt.  To  other*  the  ex- 
emption la  Sl.OCM. 

Michigan  —  Taj    l«    1   per  rent    to   grand- 

C  areola,    pnrent-i,    husband    or    wife,    child, 
I. .(her     "I      >  i:er.     Wlf*     or     wd'.V     Of     »'"l, 

husband    of    dauirliter.     lln< 

adopted   child,   or   one    to 

■tond   In   lelntioti  of  parent,  cxemnt   to  82.. 

(nh>     To  oil  r  ci  in  »ter  $100.     l-x- 

euipilon  lo  widow  la  $3,000. 

Minni*nta.— rive  claaaea  of  b*neflclartaa 
are  rrrottnlxcd :  rii   wll  .  or  lineal  d 
nnl  :      ib>      husband,      nnrente.      a> in 
adopted    children     or     Issue     thereof;     fej 

brollii  r  or  ■  star  or  llu  Ir  ii i  ilnnta   son- 

In-law  or  daiurhUr  ln-l*»  (d  urn  let, 
■unta  or  their  des-crdnnts  :  (el  orher«  mora 
Tho  ratet  for  amoopts  not  exceed- 
ing $15. olio  (rnlh'it  the  primary  rnteat  for 
the  elatica  riven  above  are  respectively  X 
per  rent.  If  par  cent,  3  per  eer-t.  4  per 
cent  and  ■"•  per  rani  Ob  em, men  from 
fi. i.ooo  to  tSo.nno  the  primary  r.ii"«  nre 
multiplied   1J   tlmea:   from  $30  000    lo  ISO,- 

i  •"!,•  ■  from   $.10,000  to  $i. 

time*:  ami  above  1100,000,  :i  due'-.  Kxemp. 
tlona   are    to    rlascrt    (a)    and    (b>,    except 

ancestors,    $3,000:   to  class    (cj    |1  

clasa  Id)   $250  and  to  class  lei   J 100. 

IflnlMO'P' — No  Inheritance   tax. 

IflMDu.; — All  Inheritances  taxable  at  5 
per  cent  except  to  parenta.  hiis>.*"d  or 
wife,  nflnpr.il  child  or  lineal  descend  ml*. 
wblcb  arc  exempt 

Montana. — Tax  of  1  per  cent  to  parent*. 
tnmlm-d.  wife,  rhlUl.  brother,  sister,  do- 
aceedfint.  id  Id    snn-lnlaw.  dnucb- 

t»r  In-law.  $7,500  exempt.  To  all  otbofe, 
6  per  relit  over  $500. 

yebnuia.— Taxable  at  1  per  cent  to  par- 
ents husband  or  wife,  child,  brother  or 
■later,  wife  or  wjdow  of  son.  husbanl  of 
rlauxhter.  adopted  ehlld  and  lineal  dea-en<|. 
ante  In  lawful  wedlock,  exempt  to  $10,000. 
To  uncle,  annt,  nephew  or  nlcco.  or  de- 
a-endant*.  2  per  cent  t  exomnt  to  $2  oon. 
To  others,  «bove  $500  as  fnllowa:  $rW0 
to  $5,000.  2  n*r  cent:  M  ono  to  $10,000. 
*  ner  cent:  $10  000  to  $20  000.  4  par  cent: 
$"oono  to  $30,000,  5  per  ©eat;  above  $50,- 
000.  d  per  cent. 

VeenoV* — On  amonnti  not  ereeed'ne  $23- 
000  the  prlroarv  r*t»a  are-  111  To  h"«h«nd 
or  wife,  ancestor*  d»~-dant»  or  adonted 
ehlld.  1  par  rant-  $20  000  exempt  to  w'olow 
or  minor  ehlld:  to  other*  lust  named  $10.. 
000  examot.  (2)  To  brother.  e'ster.  nephew. 
nlec*  or  tbelr  descendant*  2  per  cent :  $10.- 
000  exempt-     (8)  To  unclee,  auote  or  tbelr 


descendant*.  8  per  cent,  $5,000  e*e*\_ 
(41  To  great  ancle*,  great  auoia  er  lanr 
descendants.  4  per  cent-     •  ■■item, 

6  per  cent,     0a  larxvr  amount*  tb«  p< 

[•lied  aa  follow; 
jr.iiimii.    twice   prlmarv    rntea:  $iO0M  to 
000,  3  time*:   I 

tinea:  above  $300,000,  0  time*. 

rramifSO  t*    ttnax 

biihli/jiul  or  wlf 

•later,  iiduptcd  child,  or  Issue  ibee»«f,T*» 
or  widow  of  »n,  husband  of  daucaitr.  I» 
all  other*.  &  per  cent. 

Jeriep. — To  parent*,  hrotker.  tlrW, 
eon-ln-lnw,  ami  diusliter-ln-isw,  tie  otej 
are  S.VOOO    to   $.10,000 ;  : 

$.10,000  to  :  Ht  $150,000  1; 

000;    4%    above    $2 
Bang.     To   in^Kml  or  wll 

.Inrendant  the  rates  I 

from     Ii. to  tH*   $J4«0f 

$130,000:    2*    I160.IH..I    (..    «..1O,0C»:  1* 
10.      «3.OO0    la   exetMl    ill 
.   Oft, 

VM   Mrrlco. — No   Inheritance   tat 

aft, — To      parents,      rosatend    K 

child,  adopted   i    lid   <$3.0«O  ewtajli. 

nnl  '  i-raptl.  I5n(» 

KM):  2*  on  the  next  $T5.ooO:  »  « 

"in  all  ■d«HW*» 

aotna.      To    brother,    sister,    son  lo-lsv.  * 

dnuchterln  law.    $300    exeaant :    2%  np  P» 

$23,000:   ,T..   .n  the   i  iOO;  (■>  e<V 

the    ii.  «t    *li ..  :     tbereafte.- 

ntore    remote.    $300  exempt;  5"4  BK 
n     t'e     B'Xt     $T 
7*   on   the  next  S100.000;  M4   tbertalter  ' 


XortH   Carolina.— Exempt    lo  both*' 
wife,     ill   7n  lineal   ancestor*,  or  descewt 

■  I,  n  oi    i  iKii    or  where  mutual     -• 
relntlon  of  ii'ir.-nta  and  ehlld  existed.  I  or? 
.of  b.-oth-r  or  - 
S)    I'nrles  or   aunt*,  or  de- 
nt*.    .1    per    cent.      (41    (treat  anrWa. 

¥ieotnunt»  or  il  ■«■•*'  il.ints.  4  per  cent, 
o  all  others.  $2000  to  $5'  ^ewl : 

I 7J  per  cent  :   $10  p.. 

00,    1    per    cent:    * 25  000    to    $50,000. 
12»    per    o-M  :    above    $50.IK-0.    15    per 

il   $2,000  iii  ill  raeea. 

'i  n.itoM  — To  hti  m  Ife  i$20.- 

OOO   etemntl.    fsth   r     moth-r.    <lrs.-e-  danr* 
adopted  child  or  Its  descendants    I    i 
up  to  a i no .oon  :  2  pn 

"000;  2J  per  cent.  12 

nt      above      $500,000      To 
brother    or    a'ster,    ion  Inlaw     or    daorb- 
ter-ln-law    i$.viu   exempt).   1|   per  r*t  ■ 
lo  $23  000.   21   per  cent   ft 
$30,000:  3  per  cent  from  $50,000  to  XIOO,. 
OOO;  Sj  per  cent  from  $100  000  to  I 
000 :  4i  p-r  cent  above  $500,000.      To  • 
aunt  or  tbelr  decceodonta.  3   p«r  cent   up 
to    $23  000;    4)    per  cent    frcn    $23  000  to 
$20,000:  6  per  cent  from  $30,000  to  $100.- 
OfO:  TJ  per  cent  from   1100.000  to  $300.- 
000 :  0  per  cent  above  $300,000.     To  others 
5  per  cent  vn  to  $23,000  :  o  per  cent  fron 
»25.nno  to  $30  000:  0  per  cent  from  $«).. 
ono  to  $ioo  ooo  ■  12  per  cent  from  $100,000 
to  $300,000:  15  per  cent  above  $300,000. 

flhtn  — Tiemnt  to  rxrent*  hnsbaad  •» 
wife,  lineal  descendant*  or  sdoptxl  rhlkt 
To  other*  8  par  east  abora  $500  exempt 

fUtohnma  — To  parents,  bneband  or  wife, 
ehlld.  brother,  sister,  aonlnlsw.   da. •: 
Inlaw,    adopted    child,    or     |lie«|    Jiscssiil 
ant.  1*  up  to  $23,000 :  2*.  38.000  to  I 


Encycloptdic  Index 


Inheritance  Tax 


OOO;  8*.   $50,000   M  $100,000;   4%   above       c»«t.  8}  per  wot.  10  per  rent  and  12  per 
$100,000.      $23,000    to    widow.    $10,000    I"        «"t.  $500  bclug  exempt. 


each  child,  and  $5,000  to  each  other 

mimed    ni.ivv    Ik    ete\i|>t.       To    Others    I 
remote,    $2,500    exempt :    tax    above    exemp- 
tion.   6%    up    to  •whim,    n 
$30,000;    H-4,    $30,000    to    $100,000;    10',i 
above  $100,000. 

Oregon. — (a)  Tax  of  1  per  cent  to  par- 
enta,  husband  or  wife,  child,  brother  or 
sister,    wife   or   widow   of  son,    husband   or 

daughter,  adopted  child,  lineal  dew lnnta 

or  ancestor*.  $3,000  exempt  to  each  person. 
Fstste  muil  axceed  J.  10.000.      lb  I  Tax  of  2 

Sit  cool  t»  iiii-i-.  aunt,  nieces  oepbcw  or 
escendnnts.  $2,000  exempt  to  each  peraon. 
Estate  ma«  exceed  $3,000.  In  nil 
<*«*«  above  $500.  Ifii'O  to  $10,000.  3  per 
$10,000  to  $20,000.  4  per  cent:  $30.- 
000  to  $30,000.  5  per  wot;  above  $30,000, 
«  per  cent. 

Pmntylvonta. — Estate*  tea*  than  1250 
exempt.  Kximpt  to  parent*,  hnshnwl  or 
wife,  children  or  lineal  descendants,  atep- 
cbllareu,   adopted  "if*  or   widow 

of  coo.     To  all  others,  5  per  rent 

IttplTn    lAlaii.t  -  -Batata*    mid.  r    ♦.5.000    till 

exempt.  To  crnndiinn ■«'  larent*  luxlstnd 
or  wife,  child,  or  ili- ■  ccndiint.  adopted  child. 

SI    >!!:.  r .     .1 
augliter-ln-law,    ».'3  0t.m   t<  exeinot.      II 
on   excess   nre:      V.«I    bclo* 
$50000    to    $250,000:     1  '...<■     S'.'-o  nop    to 
tSOOnOO;  J»,  J^OOOOh  to  $750,000:  2V4«*, 
1750.000   M   *1  000.000  I  .- 

000.  To  otDtfS  more  moot*  $1  ooo 

and  rates  on  <x<m»  are:  .*.';  up  to  *"".. 
inhi;    I-,'-..    $30,000    to  $250,000:  7".     $"50.- 

000  to  $1.000,000 :  8?c,  oboTc  $1,000,000. 

South  Carolina. — No  Inheritance  tax. 

Knmh  Dakota. — On  amounts  not  ax 
ln»  $15  nop  th"  primary  rates  of  tax  arc: 
{11  To  wife  or  Mnenl  issue.  1  per  cent. 
io  husband.  ancestor  or  adopted  CollQi 
1|  p.T  rent,  i.t)  To  brother,  alster  or  tbclr 
descendants,  to  »on-ln-lsw  or  daughter-ID- 
law.  3  per  cent.  Mi  To  ancles,  atn 
their  tl.'«'-e«(isnts.  4  pet  -ihera. 

1  per  e»«t  On  locrenicil  am ts  the  pri- 
on rv  rate  Is  multiplied  fmin  $15  000  to  $50.. 
OOO.  twice:  from  '.vinoo  to  «10o  coo  2J 
time*:  above  $100  000.  3  tlm»«.  $10.nc0  t. 
exempt  In  husband.  irtf*,  Issue  or  adopt-d 
child:  $3,000  ti  »wmrii  to  ancestor:  »l.ooo 
exempt  to  claas  13).  $250  to  class  (41  aud 
(100  to  class  (I 

Tennessee. — To  porenta.  husband,  wife. 
child  .ir  ili'H'-cinhinta  *5  000  I'T'mnt.  Upon 
excess  l  pet  r»t»t  up  to  *20.000 -.  l|  per 
cert  above  $20,000.  To  otbera.  5  per  cent 
above  $250. 

Trrat. — Fxemot  to  parents,  husband  or 
wire  or  descendant!  The  rate  of  taxation 
■  in  other  leu-acle*  varies  (above  such  rim 
■a  ts  exempt i  with  the  amount  of  the 
lecaev.  Six  divisions  »s  to  amount  ere. 
recn— l*»d:  (II  uptnSionon-  ft'  XI0O0O 
t«    *PltOO/>;     fSl     $23  000    (e.    *r>0  000  •     141 

j^oooo  to  aioooon-  rni  $100000  to  $soo- 

000:     <61     abOTa     $500  000.      To     ancestors, 

brothers,  slater*  or  the'r  deK-cndsnts.   the 

Sues  on  the  shove  amotiets  sre  2  ner  cent. 
»  ner  cent.  3  per  cent.  3»  per  cent.  4  per 
cent  and  5  per  rent:  *2O00  belnir  exemot. 
To  uncles,  aunt*  or  tbe'r  descendants  tho 
ratea  are  3  per  cent.  4  per  cent,  5  POT  rant. 
6  per  rent.  7  per  cent  and  8  per  cent.  $1,000 
being  exempt-  To  otbera  more  remote  tbe 
rates  are  4   per  cent.   M   per  cent,  7  per 


\  — Tax    of    5%    00    all    cstntcs    over 
$2.-.  000   except   f-st  estates   valued   at   no 
moro  than  $10,000  am  ex-mnt  aud  e 
betwMD.    $10,1X10    uud    $23,000    are    taxed 


Termonf. — Kxempt    to    parents,    husband 
fir      v.  descendants,      stepchild, 

adopted  child,  or  lineal  descendant  thereof, 
wife  or  widow  of  son,  husband  of  daughter. 
To  all  others,  6  per  ON  ' 

"fa. — Ou  amounts  not  exceeding  $50,- 
000  t  c  prlm.iry   i  In)  To  irraod- 

p.irent,   pari  nil  or  »I|. 

scendant,  broi  n  or  ilatar,  l"..    $i 
•■in pt.      (bi    To   others   more    remote.   0%. 
T?er   amc-snts    tt«  primary    rates   are 
mult!  i  i 

0.000,  twlc    ■    121  $230, to  .*!  oihi.. 

000.  3  times;  (3)  nbove  |l,00u. 

TTiuUfsyfoa. — (a)     Tat    of    1     per    cent 
above  iiixbana  or  wife 

lineal  doscendnnts.  adapted  child,  or  lineal 
deact-ndat't  thereof,  (b)  To  collaterals.  In- 
eluding   Hi--    Mm  I  itlonahln.   3 

Kr   ecu:    up   tn   $311,000.   4*   per  ceol    iron) 
iti.noo  to  $loo.u00.   ond  u  per  cent   ft.un 

$100.(iiii   up 

,<  ..o.lllin.     'J     per 

i|i    to   $100,000,    la   per   cent   above 
$100,000. 

•    Virginia.—  To   lineal   ancestor,   hus- 
band,   wife,   deaeendant.    :hc    rate    Is    1    per 

ts    up    to    $23,000  .    $2 
tn   $5ii,0nii,    ti    per  reel      $30,000   tn  $100,- 
000,  :•  mi, i  000   to  $500  000,  3t 

1500  ooo.  :i  per  cent.    Bx> 

euipt  uji  i<>  $10.1)00,  i  xrept  in  case  of  widow, 
where  $15  ooo  Is  exempt  To  brother  or 
alster  tbe  rate  la  3  per  cent  up  to  $25,000. 

s-d  fur  Hi--  earring  amempta  statao  above 

the   rate*  are   44    psjf  Bt,   7# 

per  cent  ord  9  per  cent.  To  others  moro 
remote  the  rates  nre  S  per  cent.  7}  per 
cent.  10  per  cent,  12)  per  cent  and  15 
per  ceot. 

liir-iiii.in.  — (1)    Tax    of    1    per    cent    to 

bnabaml.    wife.     |h rearrndanta,    lineal 

ancestors,  adopted  ch'lrj.  and  lineal  issue 
tli-'ri'..f .  (2"  la  briitherj  sisters  and  de- 
or  widow  nf  eon,  or  husband 
of  daughter.  1*  per  rent.  (3)  To  OBcl**, 
aunts  or  their  deaeendant*.  3  per  cent.  141 
To  v-r-.'it  uncle*,  great-aunts  and  their  de- 
scendnrix.  4  p.  r  .-.-iit  i.'i.  To  till  othi 
per  cert.  When  the  estate  li  nbove  f 
ilf  iibove  rates  ore  multiplied  as  follows: 
FJfl.OPfl  to  $'.0  000.  1*  tlmea  on  excess; 
■so 000  to  $100000,  -i  time*  on  excess; 
$100,000   to   $500,000,  5}   time*  on  excess; 

J«500,000.  3  time*  on  excess  Kiempt 
10  OOO  tn  widow  and  leiaer  amount*  to 
other  relatives,  down  to  $100  exemption*  to 
stranger*  In  blood. 

ITi/nni'-ir — Tax  of  2  per  cent  on  amount 
si.- -i-  no  ooo  to  parents   husband  or  wife, 

rh"d.  brother,  slater.  Ilnenl  dependents, 
•  ■  bt  wwlnw  of  son.  huslised  of  ilnnehter. 
edonfed  nr  scVnowIedeed  child  for  ten  veara. 
Rteepl  Tim t  t  ■  hnsbancl.  wife  or  child  real- 
d"-it  nf  the  «i»te  $23000  to  each  la  exempt. 
To  others  than  above,  tax  of  5  per  cent; 
$500  exempt. 

Preferrerf  flhllnnllnnt — In  most  states 
the  preferred  ohKeatlon*  are  f""eral  et- 
pontM,  admlnUt ration,  taxea,  Judgmenla  ID 
the  order  named. 


Encyclopedic  Index 


:i*:ive 


Inheritance!  Tax.  recommended  by  Pre*- 
Bt— 

Booacvelt,  7048,  TOSS. 

Tmft,  7370,  7390. 
Initiative,    Referendum    and    Recall. — 

Ibeeaj    t»rroa    are   comprised    eei-eral 
proposition,  for   bringing   tbo   entire   body 
•-r»  Into  closer  and  more  active  par- 
ticipation   In    making    ami    enforcing    lawa 
.'  many  puraoiiM  of  va 
si    faltha    these   ideas   comprehend    a 
■r    and    more    advanced    form    of    <»e- 
.iiii  la  most 
represi-iitatlve  gtn 

The  Initiative  give,  the  people  the  power 
•  clnatc  laws.      If  a  certain 

•is  lien  a  petltloi  ■  and 

file  II  with  tbe  proper  official  It  rauat  enroe 

legislative  body. 

lt«-'  mposcd  lowe  to  the  people 

for    ih.-ir    tloal    acceptance    or    reject  tun    i» 

n    j»    the    r*fer<-inSuao.     Tim    Initiative 

la  aluaya  coupl'd  with   the  referendum. 

n-rall  la  a  pronalon    for  the   recall 
of  an  elective  officer   before  the  expii 
of  bla  term  of  one*  by  pvtltlon  of  a  .■ 

S report  urn  of  those  who  vnte«J  for  blm  and 
nir.    another   election. 

of  the  referendum  hna  been 

1  Statm  aa  far  look 

aa  17i».  when  the  leg]  I  Maaaarbu- 

aetta  submitted  a  eonalttiitlnn  In  i'.:r  ■ ., 
requiring    a    liro-thlrda    majority     for     Ita 
.itfon.     Tela  failed  of  ottsexe  at   tbe 
bnnda  of  the  voter*.  a  popular 

■  Hi  taken  on  win  Hit  to  bold  a  con- 
atltull  ttJaj   proposal  car- 

'nd  a  convention  waa  called  which 
framed  a  new  conatltutlon  which  waa  lalur 
submitted  to  the  people  and  rati 

una  tare  been  referred  to  the  pcoplo 
for  ratification  bv  nearly  all  the  (tal 

Dm  broader  Idea  dI  the   referendum  as 

popularly  advorat.  u  in  the 

d   from   it.--  Swiw  republic    whence   it 
to     the     fourteenth     century. 
About   law   Interest    In   th.»   t  noi  of  law- 
making waa  aroused.      Ita 

■nd  'ater  of  the  lYoplos  party.  It 
woa  (bought  that  In  thla  way  legislation 
could   b*  taken  from  the  control  of   party 

South    Dakota    an   saaeadad    Ita 
eonalll 

r    r..:e   of  any   roeniu.ro  proposed   by 
Ion   of   five 

n   of  the  sat 
lag*  of  voters  nay  measure  enu 
h-glalature    woa  iltt.-d 

to  tbe  |.i   i  ich  uienaure  waa 

,,l    t in-    pnh 

of  the  government  or  Ita  < 
Ing   lnjtltut  a   ailoptlon 

■  i«  follow- 
ed by  Utah  In  1800  and  by  Oregon  In 

The  Pram — The     Oregon     plan 

Ri'.-mx  i..  have  hn»»  th*  m  ehlcb 

rtatee    formed    their    initiative    and 
•ndum  lawa      It  reqnires  that  an  Inltl 
petition   must  be  signed  by  eight  per 
real    of    Hn-   legal    voter*    aa   Shown    liy    Ihe 
vote  fur-  supreme  I  preceding 

Died   with   the  I 
of  Blats   Fear  months  befoi 
A   referendum    petit Im 

by  five  p-r  cent  of  the  voter*  and  Bled  w  "i 
retery  of  Mate  ninety  dare  after  tha 
i 

e   referendum   Is   de- 

mor-di-d.     The  legUlature  may  alto  refer  to 

uny  act  pasxed  by  It.     The  veto 

B  d   to 

referendum  measures  passed  on  by  popular 


vntc.  It  Is  also  provided  that  the  Secretary 
of  State  shall,  at  tin-  -ipen.se  of  tbe  state. 
mall    to    registered    voters   a   printed    pain- 

Sblet  rontatulng  a  true  copy  of  H 
eM  of  each  measure  in  t>»  voted  on.  and 
the  proponeuta  and  opponents  ire  per- 
mitted to  Insert  la  tbe  pamphlet,  at  the 
actual  cost  to  themselves  of  paper  and 
printing  only,  seen  ai 
aa  thej   dvelre   (<•  preecat,     The  Hep  l 

'rcgon  woa  direct  «1   by   the 
referendum 
a  Di  n  »te. 

The  '  pro- 

posed  sn  amendment   to  tbe  Constitution  of 
'ate  providing  for  Initiative  am!  R 
liilrmg  signatures  ..f  i.  o  :■ 
of  the  alvriora  ■■  ■  in  amcodiii 

0.    and    three    per    cent    of 
the  ejectors  for  a    Ki-ferenditm   : 
low.     The  amen.'mi  in  mihiultlrri  in  it 
pie  for  app 

12,  was  approved  by  vote  ofpeoi 
election  held  September  S,  1812.     Tin-  l.<.-:» 
lature   of    Ohio    In    1!>I3    patsec]    fqlli 
aa.'eiy  gnai 

pting  money  for  slgn- 
lug.  prohibited:  applicable  in  seen  plnn  of 
ergenlxallon      In      municipalities:      rising 

v    or    vslue    for    signing,     i 
printing      and      dlftrlbiit.-ri      of      puh 
pamphlets    relative    to    aaeaaur- ■■. 

■ 
dura:  provisions  for  Initiative  auil  Itef 
dam  In  municipal   corporations:   elate, 
allowing    payments    for    elreoln 

Oklahoma  waa  tbe  oral  state  to  embody 
the  initiative  and  referendum  in  Its  origin  il 
constitution.  Thirteen  stales  bun  adopted 
tbe    Initiative    and    referendum    -Ark.-i 

dges  I, 
Colorado,    Idaho,    Illlm  .    Mlssonrl, 

Uoutnun,  ■  nilum 

only).     i>kl.  South     Dakota 

anil    ftnh.       TIic    legislature   of    M»» 
setts    bna    rejected     Ilia    rel  The 

Ion    haa      I-  •    beef)     ■  •  .    1  in- 

Dakota.  Texas. 

In    Wyoming   and    Mlxil»ilpp!    Hi 

nnnahrr  of  tin  llnta  v.    - 

In  these  states  laws  hare  been  cnnefcil  for 

Ing   ii Ircnlatlorj  of  petition*. 

Tin-  inltliitlve  and  r«fer>-n-iiiu  l«  being 
largely   us  -l  In   cities,    town  -   and   coi 

I  (in   i,iiraf.li  i 
franchises,  liquor   trnlnc.  etc.     I.oa  Ani 
Cal..  adopted  a  form  of  Inlllatlt*  nml  i 

in    I'.iiej    au-1   uiai  v  other  California 
imve  foil..,  i rnple. 

1 ::    pmvlilea  that 

the   aheet  or  pampblel    cm  la 

tutlonal   anv-ndim-nta.  a*  «>--l   ••  am 
tlna.  i 

ailiutloD  to  he  submitted  to  the  | i 

either    Initiative    or    Rrfere»lu>. 
shsll    nl»>   riintnln    the   corresponding 

-Ion*  as  then  In  force,  so 
aa  to  tadltu  i :  Ison. 

An   i inlinent  to  tbe  Constitution  of  I 

orado  becum  .  n   Jan.   Tl 

providing   that  .-.  ,e   public  otHcer 

moy  l»  rei-ailrd  from  office  at  any  time  :  tha 

lie  Ing  a  i- 
algned    by    alectore    ewrjaj    in    uumber    to 
01   the  entire  vote  eaat 

Siill  eandl- 
tes  f  r.hl.-h  the  lur-m 

nought  «!       An  nmtad- 

nsent  lo 

Jan.  2-.'.   10  .UK   fur  in.-  rei 

Judicial  declalona 

irni  m  tbe  tall  l«l  re  aad  Keftrenduai 

meaaurea  sui  mill  il    i..   Monl 
the  eleiilon    in   .November.   191^ 


Initiative 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


that  several  of  them  were  carried  by  benvy 
mnjorlili".  They  provide  for  pony  nom- 
ination for  lime  obice*  by  direct  vote, 
limiting  the  campaign  expenditure*  of  candi- 
date* to  I  iho  office  (alary 
for  one  year,  and  providing  for  tot  direct 
I  Mate*  Senator*  and  for  a 
Pre»idnii  ml  primary. 

The  Supreme  r I    nf  (he   ["lilted  State* 

iI.mi    upon    II),.   rln  ni    nf    the    Pacific  State* 
Telephone   and  Telegraph   Cuiupany.  th»l  a 
l*x  apoa  It   Imposed  I'/   the  initiative  and 
....i      n     1 1  .  ii    im 

constitutional.    The  Court  decided  that  only 

Congress   and   not    tot    iapri  m 

the  Pnitnii  state*  may  objsei  to  the  initi- 
ative and  Referendum. 

InJunctlotJB.— Judli-lnl  writs  forbidding 
•perilled  peraona  doing  certain  thing*,   tho 

Mlon  or  continuance  of  which  * 
In   Hie  opinion  of  a  Judge,  work  Irrepar-ihln 
injury  before  the  complaint  could  be  i 
In    a    court    "f    ei|ii  ty    were    borrowed    by 
the  early   Lngllah  chancellor*  from   Roman 
law    In  ni    I  he   common   law  where 

Inadequate    to    nn-et     tin-    audi    Of    justice. 

Tho   *cope   nnd   Bppllcal «rlt», 

now  known  n»  lujuni-tlmi*  linve  b 
ened   until  to-day   llir   Injunction   Is  one   of 
the     mo*t    *  ld"ly     uacd    processes    of    tho 
court*  of  equity, 

Injunctions,  which  are  aiimmafy  proceed- 
ing*, sre  only  rightfully  Uiued  In  r**;* 
where  the  rem  dj  law  will  be  Inadequate 
In  give  a  party  who  1*  wrorged  the  ojni- 
p'eto  relief   to   s>b!eb  led      Pop- 

ular li  .'d  In  the  ■abject 

of  Injutictio-*  by  ttn-lr  employmeot  In  labor 
d!«putrf.  wlieie  labor  union  member*  and 
tbolr  frier d»  and  svinpnthliera  bars  been 
enjoined  from  lnlu.-ing  or  coercing  Other 
working  peopl*  I  ■!:,  thin  Influ-tlug 

damage  or  Injurs  to  ilodr  employers,  and 
thereby  forcing  the  employer*  to  grant  con- 
cessions demanded  by  the  labor  unloa  mom- 
be  r«. 

Injunction*  hare  also  been  granted  re- 
atraJalog  labor  union*  from  advising  mem- 
ber* of  their   own   or   allied  orgnnlintlons 

hdraw  tholr  profitable  patronage  or 
s;rvl«cs  from  employer*  ngnln»t  nhom  they 
hove  a  grievance     (See  i 

Trade  union*  hare  openly  expressed  ho*. 
tllliy  to  the  Injunction  in  applied  to  their 
iir'iiilii-ii il  have  hid  n  law  passed  pro- 
viding that  no  writ  lb 

Ing  any  per-on  from  terminating  employ- 
mini,  or  from  recommending  others  to  do 
*o:  or  from  peaceful  picketing:  or  from 
cca*lng  i"  patronlie  or  to  ■  party 

to  n  labor  ir  from  pcacefull 

■emhllng:    or   from   doing   nny   net   which 

El -iii   i  n-fully  be  dona  In  the  absence  of  a 
bor  dispute. 

n.-c.  IS.  1007,  IndM  Could,  of  the  Su- 
preme Court  of  the  District  of  Columb's. 
grarted  a  temporary  Injunrtion  nrnlr^t  the 
officer*  of  the  American  federation  of  La- 
bor, restraining  ,»hlng  tho 
r.smo  of  tho  duck'*  Strre  and  I: 

In  tli-'lr  pap-r.  Ttie  .1  merlcm  /order. 
attontrt.  urili-r  Hi"  liendlrir.  "Wa  Don't 
Patroolxe."  or  "Unfnlr  Lilt"  Tlil»  Injune. 
tlon  wrs  mad*  permanent  March  23.  IftOf, 
the  Judge  declaring  llmi.  although  Individ- 
ual* may  rcfrsr  to  patronize  a  firm,  tho 
Inciting  "'  "'her*  to  do  *•>  corctltutes  8 
conspiracy  In  restraint  of  trade.  It  ro- 
il Samuel  (Jumpers.  Jobi  M 
ard  frank  Morrison  frnm  "publlshlrg  or 
othrrwlse  circulating,  whether  In  writing  or 
orally,  nny  statement  or  notice  or  s-y  kind 
or  character  whatever  railing  the  attention 
nf  the  complainant'*  Co  I  Of  d-alcr* 

or  tradesmen,  or  tho  public,  to  noy  boycott 


against  tbe  complainant.  Ita  business  or  Its 
product   and    from   advising   any  oo- 
to   purchase   or   handle   the   cecopliiuui 
good*  or  by  any  other  form  of  repraraii 

or  statement  Interfering  wits  hl< 
nesa."  This  Injunction  was  violated  tail  tit 
defendant*  were  sentenced  by  Judge  I*s« 
Wright  to  imprisonment  for  on*  y«*i,  *uu 
in.,  ;hn  «nd  :,lx  month*.  resp.-rtlv.lj  Tin 
cn*e  was  II  •„  the  ttopreis*  Osarl 

late*.     Mesnwhlle  thereof 
at  loo  and  the  Bucks  I  id  cornet) 

nn    agreement      'Hi-    court,    therefore.  Is 
May,  the  .-rlglnal  Injun- 

suit    hroiiglii    by   the    company:  and.  stilt 
declaring   tho    semen 
cn»e  to  l«>  exec  ;  that  the  dittoes* 

of  the  Injunction  suit  did  not  prejudice  at 
right   of   the   ori  is; 

contempt    cumuli  i,.'         After    liireetlntVj* 
ppolnted  to  inquire  wl 

Coi npt      bad      been     commuted.     Justin 

Wright.    In   June.    1912.   ralinposed  the  Mo- 
und >ix  months.   Tbe 
case  was  then  taken  nciln  to  the  Com  of 

a  Is  of  the  DIstrlec  of  Columbia.  On 
y  o,  that  court,  In  n  divided  op 
talned  the  lower  court  In  nndlng  Messrs 
Gompers,  Mitchell  nnd  Morrison  guilty  «t 
npt.  but  modified  the  srmrneu  U 
ihtriy  day*  in  tail  for  Oooipero  at  i 
line  for  each  of  lie-  OtlseA. 

In  thl  latter  part  of  May.  1013,  conns*! 
for  I  he  three  defendant*  li  loo  la 

'  '•'■      ,;     I i   "< .1  ■      -f    lilt-    I    :-||r.|    glati        ! 

a  « ill  of  ■-.•rtlninrl  to  ol.i.iln  *  review  of  tl.r 
"• 'i    the  Kirnc   time  tho  8-. ; 

fetltlon  ntklng  the  ana onrt   to  rererve 
Inn  portloi                   ■  islon  of  the  Coi 
Appeals    wblcb    reduced    the    i-eualtl**   Im- 

: I       June   10.   the  petlilnr.    for  a    review 

of  tho  ease  era*  grunted,  anil  Mny  11. 

the  I'nltcd  States  Supremo  Court  illiiultssi 

the  case. 

In  IRfa  the  enrlreers  on  the  Toledo. 
Ann  Arbor  and  Michigan  Railroad  went  o<M 
on    strike.       Tli, 

lines  of  road  refused  to  handle  car*  « 
that  rond.  Ao  Injunrtion  was  granted  by 
Judge    Tnft     (Inter    1  forblddlDg 

the  employees  of   otbi  to   refuse  to 

Hi"  i-nri  of  the  Tntedo,    Ann 
ard    Michigan    road.     This    wn    (be    Brsc 

Judicial  decision  outllnlce  the  rights  »ml 
ut:e*  of  oiganltril  Inbor  In  Interstate  com' 
intire.  Th  *  opinion,  while  conceding  tbe 
right  of  tbe  engineer*  and  employees  of 
the  Toledo  Company  to  quit  work,  denied 
the  right  of  the  employer*  of  other  con 
psnlet  to  refn*e  to  handle  tbo  ears  m 
Toledo  Company  when  offered  thee*,  such 
refusal  being  deemed  psrt  of  ■  conspiracy 
In  restraint  of  Interstste  commerce. 

In  18W4  tho  American  Railway  Cnloa 
strurk  against  the  Pullman  Car  Company 
Members  of  sfflllated  unions  on  all  rsilways 
refused  to  handle  th*  Pnllmaa   car* 

onatl  Snuthern  Railway  li 
Its  employes  hauling  tbe  car*,  and  ss 
odlcer  of  the  union  wss  sentenced  to  Jail 
inlravorlng  to  Induce  the  men  not  t* 
handle  Pullman  ear*  nfur  an  injunction  bad 
been  granted  by  Judge  Tnft  forb'ddlng  auib 
refusal,  on  the  ground  of  Interference  with 
Interstate  frame. 

In  September,  lOOS.  Judge  Van  Deranter, 
of  the    l'n;tcd    Slate*  Circuit  Coi 
I  mils.    Mo.,    granted    the    Rl      Louie,     Iron 
Mountain  n  ,  :  road,  and  other 

roads  operating  In  Arkscsas,  an  Injur 
restraining  tho  Arkn'iss  State  Itn 
Commission  from  enforcing  the  two  , 
mile  rate  of  fore  law,  on  th*  srrou-d 
such   rrte   was   confiscatory   and   therefor* 

unconstitutional. 

In  1008  tho  Chicago  Typographical  ' 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Inspector 


waa  enjoined  by  the  Illinois  Supreme  Court 
not  to  practice  '  picketing. "  'ino  union  ap- 
pealed •  '-.•'  euulifflied  toe  pi 
complained  of.  The  violators  van  nued  by 
M..'  court,  who  hold  thai  a.i  appeal  doe*  tot 
Justify  the  violation  of  en  Injunction. 

Id  1B08  n  NOW  York  City  lluurt  Judge 
taeued  an  Injunction  restraining  tbe  pol.c* 
from  Interfering  with  eerta  D  theatrical  per- 
formances on  Sunday  <>  waa 

d   bj    the   Appellote  U.Tialon  ol 
Matt  Supreme  Court,  00  the  Broiled  that  an 
1    cannot   be  restrained  from  enforcing 
a  ratld  law. 

The  Delaware.  Lackawanna  and  W- 
Railroad  Company   sought.    In    15H18.   to  cu- 
ts switchmen  from  leaving  Ita  emptor 
In  vlnlatiiin  of  1111  alien  a  work 

under  certain  condition*  forn  specified  lime. 
il"  iiJuLcIlon  in  refused  on  tbe  gr. 
fhnr  no  violation  of  property  rights 
waa  shown,  and  that  member*  of  labor 
oiganlnatlone  may  peacefully  withdraw 
ma  employment,  even  though  filch  with- 
drawal involves  a  breach  of  contract. 

Many  Interesting  polnta  of  law  hare  been 
ralard    011    Hih    subject    .it 
they     hare     been     officially     d  >:uss:d     by 

Ideal  Roosevelt  and  1'rcaldcnt  Taft. 
Injunctions: 

Abuse    of.    in    labor    dirputcs,    men- 
tioned, TOM,  WW,  71*8,  7100.  1818. 

Dofcodod  by  PrMldnl  Tift, 

Disbursing  powers  of  courts  in,  7378. 
Inland  BID. — A  Mil  1  wn  la 

a  country  on  a  person  or  dm  In  t'ac  same 
country. 
Inland  Waterways,  improvements  reo- 

out:  -J22. 

Innocuous  Desuetude. — This  phrase  oc- 
curs  In  ■  message  of  President  Cleveland, 
March  1.  18*0  HOfiCi.  whrn  he  waa  d'.eeus- 
aIS|  laws  uo  the  subject  of  szspeasloea 
from  once.  Tbe  Senile  bad  esltrd  blra  for 
his  rcaaona  for  nispigd.cg  certain  officials. 

Insane  Asylum.    (See  Government  Boa. 

pitnl  for  Insane.) 
Inseno  Persons,   act  malt  in g  grant  of 

lands  to  BtattM  for  bi'uefit  ol>  vetoed, 

S I  Bi  L 
Insecticide    and    Fungicide    Board.— A 
ird  under  t' e  JurUdlctloa  of  the. 
Deportment  of  Agrlculi  .  kaa  c'urge. 

of  the  administration  .  I  f  :  e  laws  for  t":C 
Iiixih'i  linn  of  Insecticides  and  fungicide*. 
The  Insecticide  Act  of  1010  waa  designed  to 
regulate  tlm  Intn  and  to  pre- 

vent the  Importation  l- ■■■  •  I        I  11! 
of   ndultcrnted   and   mlr-brnndcxl    Insecticides 
and  fungicides,  and  nlio  to  control  tbe  Din- 
ufariurv   and      ill    of    inch   product*  In   tba 

Via  and  the  trrrltorl' 
Ita  provisions  fie  Pecr-.ory  of  the  Treas- 
ury, tbe  Secretary  cf  Agriculture,  an.l  :  I 
tnry  of  Commerce  and  Labor  am  au- 
thorized to  make  uniform  rules  for  Its  en- 
forcement, The  bnreaua  -f  Animal  and 
I'lant  Industry.  Chemistry  and  Cntoioology 
are  represented  on  t"  e  b?ard. 

Lain..  i  Held  I'limiimi-nta  bnv«  been 

continued    wrta    T-n  Ides.    eepe- 

clally  lime  and  •ulp'-ur  preparation*,  several 
arsenical*,  and  ether  toxic  substance*  as 
possible  substitute*  for  these  nicotine 
sprays,  distillate  emulsions,  etc.  Some  ex- 
periment* have  been  undertaken  to  drter- 
BUM  as  exactly  as  posalMe  the  Quantity 
"f  arsinate  of  lend  w'l-'i  should  be  en- 
ployed  satisfactorily  to  control  tbe  codling 
moth  and  plum  curcullo  on  apples  and 
peaches. 


Trial  gwla — In    military    dress    Insignia    are 
badges  in  tbe  form  of  medallions,  ribbons, 
or  t_e  ll^c.  signalizing  rank  or  diaUoct.ou. 
Insolvent  Debtors.     (See  Banlm.] 

Debtor*,  ln'"H  I'tit.j 
Inspection,  Office  of.  Agriculture  Do 
paz\iuciit. — Tim  ndeM]  mate  loapeetloa 
service  la  coming  to  be  recognized  as  the 
most  effective  existing  agency  for 
on  n  broad  scab-,  data  absolutely  m-eesaary 
to  C*  «ucc*»s  ef  any  extensive  program  for 
Use  eradication  from  tie  food  herds  of  tbe 
country  of  eneb  .11  ■•m.-s  a«  tuberculosis  and 
certain  arrloaa  parasitic  affections,  the  pre* 
rare  of  ■.  (be  living 

anl=-i  ley  do  Is  beyond 

ilj  and  th.    lo  suae  are  beyond 

pr^Tf =;!  >;i      'i   .■   eradles ot   material 

Ion.  of  these  diseases  will  enormoualy 
and  in  .1 
■ponding  mensnrs  remove  the  cause  or  tbe 
loases  fniiu  rondemnatlona  under  Inspection. 
"I'll.-  rulea  of  coodamnatloo  on  aeeounl  if 
dl«ense  have  '-en  prepared  by  sclcntllc  aod 
practical  experts,  ami  essentially  conform 
to  the  vlee  .1   1. 1    n   commission  of 

seven  men  oul  Idc  "f  tbe  department  con- 
vened in   1001  by  t: 

ture  to  stndy  tie  Kiifajcct  sad  give  Oplalnna 
as  to  the  dl»pn-,ii  of  carcasses  affected  with 
dlaeaae  me;  the  regu- 

latlona  are  lut'lllgently  smill-d  l»  loii. 
by  tbe  fact  tafli  all  condemnations  on    tba 
postmortem    Inspection    under    the    Federal 
d    by    graduated    Ti  let 

11s    and    Hen    only    after    the; 
rccelT  rlenl   apiill 

Ion    f'»    the 

BtfVtce  n-pectors,  stationed  In  mnny 

states.  <-.:  1..  actual  poat-morftu  sxamloa 
tloas  of  upward  of  151)  per  cent  of  the  cattle, 
a'jecp.  hots,  and  coats  slaughtered  foi 

'.ill     Hates.       ThM     lufurmatl 

utsed   In   conJinctl-.n   with   live   stock 

Sing  records   la  sufficient.  In  must  cad 
x    lie    1  n  tori      >r    origin,   am!    in   many 
etwee   Iced  to  t'le  farm   and  herds  whence 
the  .11     a   ,<  ■   1      la  bavi  come 

In   111117   a    Beard    Of   Pood  and  Drur   In- 
spection was  orcanlxcd  to  assist  the  Secre 
Ury   of  A;-.-:'  nil    re    1  , 
t'-e  Food  and   1  rup   Act,     Rome  ol   I 
portant    decisions    of   this    Iioard    prohibit..] 
ilea:    restrblcil    I 

orodui  1-  :   fi 
t!:e  use  of  chcmlca.1  preservntlv.ss  known  to 
he    harniful  :     in  ■hlhlted     [I 
Dour   with    nitrogen    peroxide,    the    use   of 
sCollae    for    coating   chocolates   and   other 

■  >f   aarer-arln    and   cup 

Cer     sulphate     In     foods.     Importation 
iterst.it.'    tr.iITle  In  absinthe,   the  ablpnietit 
■  ire,     artificially      colored 
ll     the    sab 
roods  containing  salts/of  tin.    These  ' 
were  later.   f-T  pur  poses  of  economy, 
blned  Into  the  Office  of  Inspection. 
Inspection.  Sanitary.    (See  Animal  In 

duxtry  disctisjioiL) 
Iiispwctor-aeiieraL     (See  War   Depart- 
ment and  Army.) 
Inspoctor-Oeneral  of  Amy,   bill  rela- 
tive to  department  of,  returned,  ■'■ 
Inspector  of  Onatotoa,— One    who    nam 
Ines  Imported  gooda  and  haggnge  to  foreatall 
tba  affect  if  fnl«e  declarations,  and  to  pro- 
rest  amufslitig. 

Inspector,  Beveane.    (Se*  Bevenne  In 
spec  tor.) 


Institutions  Messages  and  Papers  of  tlu  Presi 


Institutions  of  Learning.    (See  Educa- 
tion:   Military     A  National 
University;    Naval   Academy;   Si 
narieti    of    Learning.) 
Insular  Affairs,  Bureau  of.  War  Depart- 
ment*   "y  eel  of  J"i.v  i.  WOJi  At  Bi 

of   ln»nlar   Affair*  Is   charged  with   the   »d- 
xulnlatratlon    of    "all    matter*   of   civil   gor- 
nl     in    in,'    Islam  Of    the 

-:u<n  under  the  Jurisdiction  of  tl\.« 
War  Department."  ruder  this  head  are 
:  d  the  Philippines  (q,  v.),  Porto  Rico 
tq.  r.J,  nod  the  other  •<  i  i 
('.  I  nil  .1  Btatsa.  IMS  Wur  Department.) 
Insular  Possessions. — According  to  ■  re- 
port puiii mii.-.i  by  1st  National  Geographic 

l    m  June,    101 1    the.  I  sited 
owns   exactly    8.000    Islands,    supporting:   a 
population    of   10,000,000.     The    I 
the*    snows    thnt    the    commerce    of      hi 

mi. nun.   ,ii     nil, i.-    Hi. in 

liiiu  nf  Hi,-  lulled  State*  In  any  year  prior 

I 

Islands  aggregate*  approximately  M00.OO0,- 

'ill  frmn  them  there  I.     hipped  I  ,   Hie 

I    Stati-*   $100,000,000  worth  of   i I 

fear  Sao   the)    ink,'  In  ,v,lia«ign 
products  of  about  cqunl   value. 

The  feature  ,.f  the  report  i»  the  d.-. . 
meat  of  Porto  Klco,  Ilnuall  and  the  Philip- 
pins  lulond*.    It  allow*  that  when  Porto 
come  mi, l.r   American  rule  fifteen 
there    wn*   hut    one   nehool    IimUiI 
island,  while  today  there  are  1.U00.     Tti.-i... 
were  25.000  pupils  enrolled  Id  th*  first  year 
of  American  aamlnlst  ■    there  era 

'ii      Then    there    was  food 

road  of  forty  mile*:  now  there  are  about 
1.000  urlik  Production  of  sugar  ha*  grown 
from  00,000  torn  a  year  ' 

elen    commerca    wn«    about    «.: i.ooo    a 

year;   DO*   It   Ik  uenrly  $H»'  000 

llnn-nil    hn*    I "    extremely    nrogpi 

alnce  It  came  permanently  under  the  Araerl- 

rnii    tlni;    In     l'.iiin.      Tl  l    vnl ( 

the  sugar  crop  more  Ihsn  doubled,  deposits 
In  bank*  trebled  and  In  savings  bank*  quad- 
rupled.      Hawaii's   Irrigation   ayatem    I*    tho 

marvel    of    the   englti 'Ing   world,    and    the 

quantity   of    sugar    produced    per    acre    far 
my  other  apot  on  the  .globe. 

The    slsakan   i*inudK  and    mainland   cost 
ii*  $'.500,000,  an  expenditure  that  many  b*> 

i  to  be  uiijuatinahlu ;  yet  for  many 
year*  the  annual  value  Ol  seal  -Uiih  alona 
approximated  the  roal  of  tlie  entire  area. 
At  present   tho  valuo  of  tho  canned  salmon 

ns  from  Alaska  In  n  slnglo  year  la  twice 

a*  much  a*  ti "lot,  est 

Alaaka.  tlunm.   Ilnwn.l.   Puerto  Rlen,   r 
pine*.  Tutullu,   Wake  and   other  l«lund».) 

Ingalar  Possessions,   b.   S.,   mentioned, 
7019.  72-ti,  :r,si. 
Industrial  development  of,  7010. 
Insurance  Companies,  American: 

Exclusion  of.  from  I  •.•nun  in,  referred 

to,  0061,  (1099.  0 
I  h-.,'ii-M',|      iiv      IT-  - 1. lent      l.'iiii.i'vlt, 

6987,  7290. 
Federal  eontrol  of,  advocated,  6087. 

Trent  incut  of,   ill    Russia,  6961, 

Insurrection. — Hcbelllon  ngntnst  legal  au- 
thority, rspcclnlly  a  small  DBraalfll  within 
a  country  ot  lUle,  (Wee  Whiskey  Insurree- 
tlon.l 

Insurrections.  (See  Illegal Combinations.) 
Intercession.— A  voluntary  offer  to  mediate, 
especially  on  the  part  of  one  country  towards 


another.      It   aometlme*    takes    the    form  of 
fori,,,  ii.  in  the  case  of  it  r  latcrcctati 
the   part   nf   the 

i.Mba  and   Spain,   which  U4 
i,i    I..- 
lah-AmerKna  War.  and  In: 

Intercontinental  BaUroad: 

Connection  of   Mexican  railway  sy 

tern    with,    discussed,    'i 
Survey  for,  '•! 
To  connect  systems  of  North  Attic 
M   of    southern    eonl 
recommended,   5504. 
Intercourse),  Toielxn: 

recommended   on  the 

281. 
A]  |  r.-.]? nations   for,    100.    448. 
I Hon  Id,  discussed, 
|.  .1.  ::-;'- 
Contingent  expenses — 

mi     deposit     with     Bar, of 

Brothers  A  Co.  for,  3828. 

1'ul  I  -1  demand   that  cos- 

UddntlaJ  items  bo  not  published, 

228 1. 

Expenditure*    for.    to    be    paid    from 

fund*  on  1128. 

Provision  for.  recommended.  58 
Requests  of  House  an,:  I 
formation      n 
186,  228 1,  24H 
2695,   6 1 

rred  to,  2520. 
Interest  Laws.     (See  Statutes  of  Liasl- 
tutiona.) 

Interior,  Department  of  the).— An  exeru 

Intent    ,.f    ■ 
posed  of  a  number  of  bureaus  and  oeaoc* 
whose    duties    bait 
each  ether,  but   relate  ftm-mity   t., 

nnl   affairs.      It    wa*  ■  an    act  ■*! 

n    ibr 
original    law    It    «■••   raited    the    Uoi 


partmenl   (q.  v.).  the  name  being  »er 
.    act  <if   1840,  It  wai 
Jnrl-.ll,  Hon    over    pel.  n 


the  state  Department:   Indian  A*ali 

the  War  Ii 

..id  hy  the  War  and  ."• 
and  the  census,   formerly   under   the   Treat- 
nry ;    while     the     Oneral     I-»ml     uffl. 
transferred    to    It    from    the    Treaanr; 

Cher  ulrh  the  enie  of  certain  puL-.Me  b"j|ld 
and    ili..    ;.  oiin    aer 

The  •  '■  n.  'I-   Bureau  »ra«  traosterred  In 
to  tho  IH-oartment  of  CosBmcrew  and  Laaar 
(Q.  t.i,  kIiII,,  the  retli.alug  of  th»  aeeaaasO 
of  court!   and   marshali   i*  in   the  hand*  •< 
the  Department  ot  Justice  (q.  v 
oua  addition*   have  since   be.u    mad, 

i,  Including 
vey*.  the  suh.  iiltzed   rati    i 
Hon  nf  eei  ■  ii  ■  ii  |i\j  r  enl 

tent  now   .  Depart m 

Labor    (q.    v.  i.    territories,    oat  I 
and    th*  OTerstgbt  of  certain  eharlts' 
r.lltulloii.    In    lln 
nltlce  of  Assistant  Secretarj-  sras  crra' 

..ik-anlxatlon:  an  addltlos, 
..'it.i.ii  .  with  lh«  title  of  Fir-' 
was  created  I" 

Patent  Office  attends  to  the  granting  axsl 
mi     lUTeutlooa. 
pateol     law    was    ap|,r,,v..l    Apill     1 
1700.     (inlythr..  .er„grati'. 

first    year,     thirty-three    the     t 


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Interior 


ages  and  Papers  of  the  Preside 


eleven  th»  third.  In  1830  the  Patent  Office 
>u  burned,  vslrb  all  tli"  record*,  and  Con- 
(I'M  then  cuantl-li-d  Hi"  prc*ciit  -j-utiro.. 
Ing  I  he  earlier 
•  nice  «™»  created  aa  o  llurcnn  of  the 
Department  of  State,  tli"  chut  offlc  I  being 
tbi    C nli -l-ii.  i    nf   l'nt"iit«.      When    tho 

Il.'I.Ni  i.  :     a(|«l. 

la  IMP.,  the  l"at,-nt  Offlc*  wa*  mad*  a  bu- 
reau thereuf.  Tlic  Commltr-inticr  of  Patent* 
tnpervliM    « !■•■   laming   of   patmta  and    tor 

i   It  loll      nf      tr.nl.  -mark*.         Ill"     ll 

li    nnnl    In    ttir  ilBce    and    lie    bat 

appellate  Jul  diction    In    the  trial  of  Inter- 

can-*  ami  iincstlnn*  relating  to  tho 

Btentuhllltv  of  Invention*,     The  Offlc*  pub- 
be*  each   month  nn  official  (latette.  air- 
log   a    description   of   eneb   patent   iMucd. 
Patent*.) 

.hi. c  nf  pcntloiu  ha*  chart*  of 
matt''i'-     r  Intlng    to    pen  l..n»    and    I. 
land*,      under  lilni  nr>-   two  deputy  comnili- 

■  am]  a  chief  cl.-k,  ench  III  cho 
certain    dlsl>i..n.    ,,t    tli"     Bureau,       Dp     t> 
Istrllmtlen    •  '  pentlnni  had  t>e*a 
-. ii |..  rv I- .-. i   i.v   tho   War  and   Nary   Depart- 
ment*, each  for  in  own  pensioner*.    In  that 

u    Ba- 
.1     S     i  dwarda  In   charge. 
in.  li..  ii  the  but Ini  ■  i  hero- 

<i   by    ill"   Wa  r   i  lepai  'incnt, 
nuil   I-  •  .     ..:  ...      In    tli-' 

iimr  year  made  a  part  of 

Mi.,    i.  mi ;n. -lit.        (Sea   alio 

ivn  Ion*.] 

Orai  Mil    Inn./    Offer    hn«    charge    of    tho 

of  ptilitlc  li ni. I  1*12 

117    nf    tin-      i  it     at 

'    for   tho  wile   nf   public  land*.      After 
!'\""   ..r  f.  :  ..f   tin.   i;  . 

.    •  i  .  .1      tl       l.nnil    orDc* 

Bnn  'ii  of  Hi"  Treasury  Depart- 
ment  until   li    wo*  mode  a  part  of  the   In- 
•    ..iiiin.  ni    ni    i  inlxallon. 

Tht  'I" '  "'   in 'i.-ii    Iffain   hai   juris- 

ll     over     the     lrnllins    of    the    United 
UOcpl     ho»o  In  Alnskn.    uml   uinkc* 
i    i.'p.i  mi  ..ii. Ilii.. ii   uf  eneb 

tribe.  Pri  1 1 lo  1832  all  matter  i  relat- 
ing tn  the  iniiiniiK  had  been  transacted  by 
tin-    clerk*   ol    nn-    w'nr    I'.  Ily 

thiH  time,  however,  the  bi  iiinn* 

i i    the  Oovernmeut  ana  the   imiinn* 

hnd  inmn   to  sui-li   proportions  that  It  be 

■  - :i  !■>.  1  Of 

Imlliui    AITnlrK.  I)    .'.ingress    au- 

ihorUei]  the  l*re«ldi  nt  tn  tippolnl  n  Com- 
mlaslonor  who  ahotild  bar*  general 
liiti'tnli  in-",  under  Mi"  Bccrelory  of  Wnr.  of 
nil  Indian  affair*,  The  I  I  I  .niml-'loncr 
wo*  appointed  July  0,  1833.  It  remained 
a  pari     '  1849, 

when  It  sen*  transferred  tn  the  Department 
of  the  Interior.     (See  Indl u 

Ruiwiii  of  !  lural  .ii  wn«  originally 
**tnbllabcd  under  tli"  nnm*  of  the  ucpnri- 
iii. .nt  nf  Rdncotlon  In  r.ncccedlng 

jeiir  It  wn»  mnde  a  llurcau  of  the  Interior 
Deportment  lt«  bi«d  1«  the  OommlMloner 
nf  I  Mm-  -iii-iii.  Iii  duties  ore  to  collect 
such  Btntlstlcs  nml  fnrtl  n»  thnw  the  pros- 
r»»-*  of  education    tin.,   ghoul    the   country, 

ini.i  i  ■  it  her  Infor- 

mation   t*   -linil   old    In    i  ■  '    prog- 

ress.     He  nlto  li  icaglc-O 

uf  the  iiniiiiii"  in  Alaska,  and  admlnlftera 
ii...  endowment  fend  for  the  support  of 
agricultural    nml    nn-chonlcal    college*. 

The    ','.  ..:.  -     .-  ii-    mil. I.,    s    I-tit- 

rimn  nf   tin.   Interior   Department   lu    I 
although  gcologlcnl  nnd  topotrrnphlctil  expe- 
dition* Imil  been   >ei  i  out  before  tbnt   lime. 
It*    head,     the    nircct'ir    ..r    tli"    i;.-<i|o|rlcnl 
Surrey.    Ik    chnrKrd    rrlth    ll  -tlno. 

of  ni'lillc  hinds,  tielr  rxi.mlni'ilnn  na  lo 
geologic  structure,  mlm-riil  r.-iourcr*  and 
product*  nn.!  Hi.,  preparation  of  tomo- 
graphic and  geologic  mnp«  ;    he   makea   In- 


Teatlgatlona  aa  to  the  water  mrtfilT  t»l 
the  cjpnclty  of  atreaui* :  ond  ha*  clur»»f 
the   reclamation   of   arid   lao-ts   tpopiutlr 

ns    lrrlt>tl--«    wnrk  i 
dli!iir«rmcnf  of   the  rtctamaltan  .'•»<,  rie 
ntcd  hi  ■  I  Juat  IT.  IfC  rrnn  it* 

'   nrld    land*.      ISO*   Irrlgatloa:  »rt 
tj«ologlcnl    Surrey.! 

Following  la  a  Hat  of  the  wertbtfW*  *t 
the  Interior  tad  the  pretUeot*  tola 
whom   they  aerred : 

-a" 


Vuunor*... 


Piero*..... 

I'ii-N  inon 
Lincoln.. . . 

Johnaoo. .  *. 


Grant..... 

• 
Ilayae..'..'! 

Cirfiald... 

Ar-.h.i 

Cleveland.. 

• 

B.  Harrumn 

■ 

McKiziley.. 
ItootrrvU.. 

a 

TafL..,.".'. 


Vniaoo 


Thom*.  Eirlng.  Ohlr. 
JuiisA.  y<+M.  MarjUa-i 
Til  T.MeKcmuB.P«u*y>raci. 

\lx.   ll      II      . 

KWrt  McCbdlaml.  Mwhk<-- 
o~>  Tbo-n'»on.  M.ss-sippl..  h 

John  P.  rOicr.  ludiau.. . 


Jam**  INrlin.  Iowa. 

Orvflle  II.  Hm-niia.  niiaoi*. . . 

| 

Zach*rl»h  Chandler.  Mtehicaa. 
CartSchuri.  ilanuH.  . 
fhmunl  i.  Kirk-srood.  Iowa  .... 

r.ueiosli  I"  '  . ■■,  ,i.MliilM-;pl.. 
William  F.  %ihUL  W i*eutHio. .... 
Inhn  W.  NV  I-.  Mi. 

i-wgta..- 
Darldll    ru...  is.  Mraaow 
Cr.nu.Uu.  K.  nli«^  N.iv  ^ 
Rlhan  A.  Iliti-hnnck,  Mi«-ouri. 
■  • 

lame*  R.  Garfield.  Ohio. 
P.i.-Wd   A.  Ballmgrr,  Wasl.iug- 

l     I  uher.  IllirK.i. 


7ran-.lL-i  Ii.  Lano.  CaUIomi*.  .  . 


Land*.  Mineral. 

I.aad 

Iji-iiN.  Swi 

l.i'i.-..  Tin.',  rand 

■ie. 
Hurcan  of 
National   Moname* 
Potrat». 
I"enslons. 
Rtebt  'i 
Territories 


SeTTlr, 


For  more  detailed  Infonnntlon  **  to  tW 
•cope  of  the  act  I  title*  of  its—  Hcpirttnc-tt 
of  the  Inierinr  coaat'll  Hie  Inrtex  refereneea 
to  the  1'realdenta'  Me«snge*  atsd  Rncydtv 
pedlc   article*   under   the    followlag   bcid 

Bureau  of  Educa- 
tion 

Oecraoaynary  Inttl- 
tutloo* 

Ocner.il   Ijind  Office 

Heolo-lcal  Surrey. 

Indians. 

Und  Grantj. 

I.i nds,  ronnty. 

I   i-i.l  -.  Ii.    .-it. 

I.andi,  Itomeatead. 

Land*,  luil Ian. 

Interior,  Department  of  the: 

Additional  room  for  clerical  force  is, 
recommended,  4601. 

Affairs  of.  discussed,  5760. 

Appointment*  and  removal*  in,  re- 
ferred to,  3*M 

E«taMS«hmcBt   of,  referred  to,  2704. 

Fire  in,  discussed  and  recommend*- 
rcgnrding,  4; 

Fireproof  roof  for,  recommended, 
(690. 

Incromcd  number  of  law  clerk*  In, 
recommended,  467!). 

Librarie*  in,  conaolidation  of,  re- 
ferred to,  4738. 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Internal 


atent  Oflleo  from,  rc«- 
4165,  4206. 
Transfer  of— 
Pension  Bureau  from,  to  War  De- 
partment, recomincuded,  4000. 
Territorial  affairs   from   Statu   De- 
partment to,  xccommonded,  4000, 
4145. 
Internal  Improvements.— Tii ore  bring  no 

provision    In   the   Constitution    for   li.tcr-.sl 

the  ina'.t'.-r  tins  alway 
a  subject  of  dispute.  Since  Aug.  T,  lTb'.i. 
Congress  ha*  regularly  appropriated  money 
for  such  Improvements  as  l.e  strictly  within 
the  Fsdcrsl  Jurisdiction — harbor*,  l>. 
buoys,  tlsjliitiiiuMa.  piers,  etc.  Mun-h  20, 
1800.  Congress  authorised  the  pres.dcnt  to 
sppolnt  three  commissioner*  lo  lay  out  a  na- 

< KMia I    mad    from    (  in  I'ntn- 

inac.  to  the  Ohio  Kivcr.  nr.d  npproprlnted 
130,000  for  the  expcc*;s  (406).  1 1.  •  road 
was  tn  puM  through  *  inn!  Mint,'*.  A 
national  road  wns  also  projected  through 
Georgia,  with  New  Orleans  as  Its  proposed 
w«s««-:  March    3.    1817,    I'mal- 

dent   Mndlnon  vetoed  apart  the 

bonus  and  Government  dividends  of  the 
national  hank  sa  a  fund  "for  constructing 
mucin  and  canals  and  linnrnvlng  Hih  tavl- 
gntlon  of  water  courses,  on  the  ground 
that  Congress  had  no  constitutional    i 

to    rtt^ud     [nihil,-    r-'V I,     for    ailCB    purpOS** 

i  ■'■■■■!).  May  4.  1823,  PreatdcM  Monroe 
retocd  an  spproprlstloo  for  prcfctrvlng  and 

imberlaad  road,  <>»  the  same 
general  ground  i.ii..  Prtsidei 
also  retocd  several  bills  provldlne  for  Inter- 
nal Improvement,  fl04il.  1080,  1201  1337). 
March  11.  IMS.  the  House  of  ll-nresenta- 
tlvcs  passed  a  resolution  dcelarlri;  that 
Congress  had  tlin  [inner  to  appropi  al 
mnrirr  for  the  construction  of  roods  and 
canals  and  for  the  Improvement  of  water 
couracs.     M  I   approprl- 

ail.ui    fur   tin-    ItoproTtmeal    of 
harbors  passed   Congress.     In   April.   1824. 
(30,000    ■  »«    appropriated    for    tin- 

nf  ioefc  roadi  and  cam  i  aa  the  pre1 

should    deem    of    nntl.  . i •  ■  >  1 

the  act  of  Match  ,').  1825,  author! ted  the 
subscription  of  f.too.noo  to  the  stoeli  "f  the 

ipcake  and  Helnwnre  <"annl.  Since 
1SC1  the  question  of  Internal  Improvements 
baa  ceased  to  tm  a  party  one,   both   i 

alilng  i  lie  right  of  emigre**  to  appro- 
priate   money    for    pubt'e    lronmv.-rn'-n. 

River  and  Harbor  UMls.  Pac'fle  Rall- 
rwid*  and  Irrigation,  aud  Illustrations  0PPO- 
kttt  2185.  2920.) 

Djtemal  Dnprovementa  (sec  also  Rivers 
and  Harbor*): 
Arts  on  subject  of,  votoed  by  Presi- 
dent- 
Arthur.  4707. 
Discussed,  4724. 

Cleveland,  6109. 

Grant,   4338. 

Jackson,    1046,    1056,    1071,    1201, 
1337. 

Madison,  569. 

Monroe,  711. 

Pierce,  27S9,  2790,  2919,  2920.  292L 

Pollc,  2310,  2460. 

Tyler,  2183. 
Aid  for.  should  be  by  separate  bill*, 

■m 


Appropriation*  for,  1046. 

Applied,  872. 

On  the  Lakes  referred  to,  2957. 

Recommeudod,  955,  2627,  4646. 
Approval  of  bill  for,  explained,  1046. 

(Bee  also  Rivers  and   ffnrbi 
Board  of  Engineer*  for,  examination 

mn  i  .  873. 

Constitutional     u  relative 

to,  nijfj.,  -.  553,  587 

to,  7S6. 
Discussed  by  Pre  Ideal  — 

Adams,  j!  Q.,  954.  982. 

Arthur.  4646,  4707,  4724. 

Buchanan,  3130. 

Cleveland,   '">109. 

Fillmore.  2626. 

Grant,    ! 

JaiKnoii.    1014.     1016,     1071.    1104, 
1,   1337. 

•  roe,  587.  711.  713. 
Pierce,     81  .    9,     WW,     201ft, 

:i. 

Polk.  2310.  2460,  280ft 

Roosevelt.  7602. 

Taft,  7665. 

Tyler,  2183. 
Expenditures    for    public    works     m 

State*  and  Territories  referred  to. 

3591. 
Information    regarding    eoustmctinn 

of  road*,  tninsmitud,   194. 

I  .:md»  granted  in  aid   of,  1029,  3051, 
-100.1.   •!:: 

Referred  to,  872,  877,  879, 
093.  lono.  1770;  8867 

Survey*  for,  transmitted,   1027. 
Internal  Revenue.— That  part  ef  ttv 

if  a  conr-tij   BnlCb   la   derived   from 
duties  or  tax**   on   articles   manufactured 
or  grown  at  home,  on  licenses,  stamps.  In- 
come*, «.tr. — In   fact,   nil   r,v.i>u,     u,.(    col- 
lected >m  exports  or  Imi 
revenue    of    thl    Halted    Stntcs   Is   derived 
chl»fly    fmiu    intra   on    liquors  and   Cob 
anil  lu  eases  of  cmcrgvncj    iiihiii  rmnmi 
paper,  banl.  >n,  and  upon  Incomes. 

Tho    rervtpr*    from    these    various    sources 

••arlcd   from    $1,000,000,    win  li    i 
was  first  reached  In  1801, 
which  was  reached   luring  the  opcrnt;. 
:ir    tax     lo     1*00.      Later    tha     i 
settled  down  to  a  normal  basis  of  smoothing 
like    J130.COO.00O   a   y,ar.  ^ 

The  sources  of  Internal  revenue  and  the 
rate  of  taxation  are  aa  followa : 

ffpreiai   rues   rtnrf  Kofrs.— Rectifiers  of 
l»s»  thso  500  barrel*  a  year.  $100 
of  600  barrels  or  more  a  year,  12 

Wholesale    Honor    dealers.     $100:    retail 
liquor  dealers.  :- 

Wholesale  dealers   In    malt  Honors, 
retail  dealers  In  malt  liquors.  $20. 

Mnnufocturcr*    of    itllla,    s.'-O ;    and    for 

ssjiii  et  irorme,  DManfiMtared,  each    130 

Brewers:   Annual    manufacture    leei  ttinn 
.',00  barrels.   $50:   nnnnnJ   manufacture 
barrels  or  more.  $100. 

Manufacturers    of     filled     cheese.     MOO: 
.i    In    Oiled    rh»»*»,    $2.V>: 

retail  iin«i-r»  in  niicd  eneeee,  $12. 

Manufacturers    of    nleomorxarlne,    $800: 


term 


fessagcs  and  Papers  of 


'residents 


wholesale  dealer*  In  oleomargarine  arti- 
ficially oolo  *♦»»: 
•ale  dealers  In  oleomargnrine  free 
from  artlllclnl  coloration,  1200:  retail 
dcalrra  In  oleomargarine  artificially  colored 
lu  Imitation  ,.f  butter,  US;  retail  dealer* 
from  artificial  color- 
ation. 90. 

uiacturvra  of  adulterated  butter, 
SQ00:  ■  - 1 > ■  ■  i ■  - ■■  ■  i - •  d  adulterated    but- 

ter.    US":     retail     dealcre     In     mJulteratcd 
»IS  ;    n..  <■»   or 

ited      butter,       J.'.li ;       manufacturcra. 
r*  or  repaekera  of  mixed    Dour, 

i-mtllled     spirits 
per     callnn,     »!.l(l:     stamp*     for     di 
■pli  i.  Intended  foi  .  . 

when  affixed  Eo  packsc**'  rontnlnln*: 
two  or  more  ^gallon  cans  for  export.  S 
centa. 

'      le   atampa  fur  aplrlta  bottled    In   bond, 

<it* 
tnuft   liquor*  or  compound*  known   or 
denominated  j»  wine,  nnd  made  In  Imitation 

■irkllng    wl r    ill.  II     lint 

mad*    from    vrapea   gmwu    In    I  lie    i 
Stale*,  and   liquor*  not   made  from  grope*, 
curtain*,    rhubarb  or  berrlc*  giv 
I'nlted  Stat-*,    but    p  be  In*    reo- 

or    mixed    win  tpirita    or 

by  the  Infusion  of  any  matter  In  spirin, 
to  bo  aold  n«  nine,  or  aa  n  substitute  for 
wine,    In    !■■■  not     inure    Hull 

1  pint  par  bottle  II  I'ohici-.  1"  "ent«; 
aame.  In  buttlea.  cnntnltilug  more  than  1 
pint,  anil  DOl  more  limn  1  ipun-t.  per  bottlo 
or  packajrr,  20  rant*  'and  at  the  aalne 
rat-  for  any  larger  quantity  of  web  mer- 
clinnillao.  however  put  up  or  whatever  may 
In'  Hoi  package).  Crape  brandy  uacd  In 
tbc  roi  ol  pure,  aweet  win*  und*r 

■n  act  approved  June  T.  i'.Mtil  (to  b« 
aliened  I,  per  gallon.  3  cent*. 

Ftrmrnlti  JUfluOr*.— Fermented  llquora 
per    barrel,    containing;    not    mure    than    at 

Sallons.    »1     (nnd    at    ■    proportionate     rate 
nr    bale**,     tblrda,    quarter*,    sixth*    and 
linn    one    i 
of  31    gallons,   and  not    more    llinn  ri.1    gal- 
lon*.  In  une  package.  12. 

Toftocco,  Sauff.  Clgart  anil  I'inarrllr*. — 
Tobacco,  however  prepared,  munufni-tured 
and  Mild.  ..r  removed  fOI  consumption  or 
sale,  p,  r  ponnil,  B  rant*!  aim  If.  however 
prepared,  ed    »nd    told,    or    re- 

J  for  conaumptlon  or  aalc.  per  pi 
p  .  anta. 

Cigar*  of  all  tlearrltttloiiN  in 

or   any    labatltute    to  ntbrng 

more  than  3  pound*  per  thousand,  13; 
rlgara  of  "II  ib>"  i Hitlona  made  of  tobocco, 
or  nny  robetltut*  therefor.  »ml  weighing;  not 

DXOl  I   I  '"in   '■'•  t mix  1 1 . - 1  ill. 


!. 


cigarettes  weighing  more  than  a  r nd*  per 

nnd,     (3.00:     cigarette*    weighing     not 
in.  I     i  !< ii ii  ;:  r ml-  ;  ml.  f  1.25. 


'ii,,,„ ;ii,.;,..     i.ii./i-   afrd    Huiltt    and 

Process  or  Kenovalnl  Bulii-  iHeomaraar- 
Ine.  domeatlc,  artificially  colored  to  look  like 

r,  of  any  abade  of  yolluw,  per  po 
10  centa:  olcomnryirine,   free    fn 
Hon    that    causes   It    to   lonk    like   butter,  ..f 
any   ahadn  of  yellow,   pel   pound,    j    of    one 
cent:  oleomargarine    Imported  from  foreign 
countrlca.  per  pound.   I 

Adulterated  bu  lOUBd,    10  ennta: 

process  or  renovated  butter,  per  pound,  J 
of  one  i 

Mini  i  <•< ,  o        Filled  cher*e.  per  pound, 
:  inuie,  Imported,  per  pound,  8  esint*. 

Opi'Mm.— Prepared     smoking     opium,     per 

Bonnet,  »io. 

illicit  flour. — Mixed  tl   barrel  of 

100   pounds,   or    mora    tbaa    'IH   pounda,    * 

balf   barrel    nf   'is    | ink    or    more 

than  4I>  pound*.  2  centa:  quarter  barrel  of 
«U  ponnilH.  ur  more  than  24J  pounda.  1 
cent :  eighth  barrel  of  24,  pounda,  or  lea*. 


of  otie  'ed  fna 

Ion  to  laasct 
duties,  must  pay  lnterual  revenue  tu  a 
above.  > 

.if Ion    of    and    AV,f«    /'*4d  Oil  I* 
/fonts  and  Bin  .  .olatloo  !*•'. 

any  bank  i  «m  (except  a  sail***) 

.14.    tvrlwd 

per  motr 

riretil 
reeding  DO  p 
per  niniitb.  16  of  1  prt 

Itnnki,    etc..   on   amount    of  notes  of  ttj 
pernon.  state  bank,  or  »iat»  bank 
i  mi.  used  for  circulation  and  paid  ant.  1* 
per  • 

Itaiika,   etc..   bn 
amount  nf  nnte*  of  nny  to>- 
clpal  corporation  paid  out  by  then,  la 

livery    person,    flt-m.    neeoclatkia. 
tbsn  national  bank  atHorlallona,  at) 
corporation,    atat-    bunk,    or    »t4tr  tMXH 
association,    on    lb 
«o<««  used  for  circulation  and  paM  << 

Krery  such  person,  drnj.  asaoclaUot,  *■ 
poi.i'.lon,  (■'  batik,  ii  atatt  '..i-»  't  ••»■■ 
elation,  and  a>"  i : io*al  taauag  ss 

•oclntlon.  on  tbe  amount  of  notes  -.<  sil 
person.  Orm.  aseoeletlon.  olher  than  *  t»' 
flunal   banking  ■  or  of  say  « 

porstlon.  slate  bank  oi 
elation,  or  of  any   town.  . 
corporation,  uacd  for  circulation,  and  put 

Ottt     b.v     them,     10 

Playing  I'ordi.  I'layio*  card*,  per  p*A 
eontalulng  in 

.  lug  la  a 

I    no     I8»H     t        MIT      iurhUtlll 


Finl 
Vesni 


.-■• 
I-  o 

i  i 
iw 
i  —  i 

IKlS 

IM 

16*7 
1898. 
1RHI 
I'.iii 
1B0I. 
I9U 

1Kb 

IKH. 
1H» 

im 

]'■',• 
isoa 

1MB 

I'.III) 

1111... 

1'iij 

)"U 
1J1S... 

1910, 


Bpirils 


T"i..,.. 


:uu.3o« 

KJS»*B 

..IV.  ;.(..■;' 

wAtrjwo 

l.M.IW.OU 

15«.1J8,0M 

IIM.r'i'l 

laun.an 

IV.  I'll,  1-0 

itn.icii^Mj 

lSnOTJ.177 

i4*ju»,tn 

i.'M.-:  M 


rerastats*    U*W- 
Uqaaas      W« 


I   I.        m    III    "; 


m.outa 

■  :-■-.-  ; 
U,T»U)1 
tljUMM 

s*,T04,-.e* 


SI  •>>:.'.• 

«t«AI.K«l 

.-.«  '.1V1T 

ffjMMM 

rajoo,:*! 

nja?jn 
lotjoijn 


1SS 


■'.■»* 

)MN,li 
71.fM.MC   BJ»2 

KMOJIi 

^iijni 
7».u».»i«  wito.ni 

HIJN7.t*l!t2i«l» 


01  Iht  rwrlpt*  to  191J  ._ 
liS,(Oo.2W  a**  from  eiea*  Ui«.. 
from  pUyini  csrfa  an.1  H' 
clmlinrj  H 1  >.  1(10  from  aslsof  rotsrosl  rseasui  akMag*  sfcal 
'PUir  produoi*.  m  feo'vlBl  for  k*  sse  aatef  4sa*< 
6.  1W9.    'Not  u,.-l',.Im«  llJUlM7  fr. 


P*a  from  miird  Dour.  U4.I8*  boa  sdefeenlad  (•■* 
»i".3ll  Irora  proroa  <*  renovrtsd  twcKr.    t>**M*s  m 
rteeeipu  of  Ui  oo  I'ortK  I!m  in  peulwets— stHrils.  sl#«* 
su.J  ciciretM-yesr  rudel  June  J»,  I0U,  its  MS*  < 

«i*an  and  cuarriu.  from  PliiUppiass,  «!».* 


International 


■«  Sot  Peyatrlt  bp  Slampi. — Tax  oo 
deficiencies  Id  production  of  aplttlt — On  ex- 
ecs* of  material*  used  la  production  Of 
■ptrlte.  mi  cirrulnr inn  of  tmnkx  nml 
bankers;  on  notes  paid  out  by  banks  ami 
others:  on  brsndy  used  Id  the  f 
of  nlnr.  Penalties  uf  50  mid  100  pet  '••in. 
•■■  in  ..ii  cor- 
porations.   Joint    stock    companies.    ■ 

and    iBMrancc    companies    (Including 
50  par  «fnt   additional),    uiinxM-uwd  penal- 
ties, of  penalties  re- 
covered by  suits,  offers  In  cotnprorulK.  In- 
eosts,  fine*,  etc.  ilncludinit  duplicate 
n  U  In  •  inn,  ana  payments 
after   abatement!.     Kuie  of  ini  equivalent 
in    1    i                     I   net  Income  above  15.000, 
/  i.-r. — Tin-   Income   tai   for   tku 
year   1814                         i,710.1»T. 

Internal  Revenue.    (Sec  Revenue,  Pub. 

lie;    TaUCStlOfl.) 
InternalBerenue    Collection    Districts. 

roil  i.  .767. 

Internal  Bevenoe.  Commissioner  of,  of- 

den   of,    discussed    and    recommend  a- 

tier 
Internal-Bevenue    Stamps    referred  to, 

asox 

Intornal  Taxation.    (Sec.  Taxation.) 
International  African  Association.  (Sea 

Congo   Free   State.) 
International  American  Bank: 

Charter   d.r.   n.  ..immcnded  by  Preei- 

i   1:.  ii,    Harrison,  5S60. 
E*l  i    of,   reeomoMavM  by 

International   American    Confer- 
in.'.. 

5660, 
International    American    Conference.— 

i lie  Tnlted 

■  if.  react  of  rep- 

.  atlri  ■    fr..m    Hi       I  uli    .I 

seventeen     states    of    Central     and     South 

!  uliii?   Mexico  and   llnlfl. 

■  ■uferenee  Is 

i  lie  1'an  American  ConvteH'      TIM 

was  to   ndopt   some  plnn  of   nrbiirs- 

rlun  for  tin'  >'■'    I.  ni'i  »    of  illsputci  and  the 

Improvement    of     business     relations    and 

oun- 
trles.  Snnlu  liomlnco  vim  the  omly  state 
to  refi  ..■..•  Assembling 

as  a  cons-revs,  the  delegates  SN  re  laken  on  a 

lea  ii  f 
:l..-    .-ttcni    and    resntirfva    of    thi-     united 
.  mil)    miles    they 
rVaahlncton,      The    proceedings 
of    the    cong-reii.  Ins;    a 

kiion  .-.  lal   ttottia    il 

varum*  countrlei  sad  the  publication  of  an 
exler-.  iceed  nsrjt,    ! 

iiiiendotlon*       The       boilj        adjourned 

April  '    lourlean 

Idles    hi     v.l     was    cttnbltsbcd    at    the 

SltKECatlOD   Of   till'. 

International  American  Conference: 

At  Washington — 

i-brntion  of  dir 
of  America,  iwolatJoa  at,  regard- 

160,  M67,  o5«2. 
Extradition,  reports,  on  sul.jo.-t  of. 
adopted  by, 

.mi  exportation*,  ree- 
ommendatioiia  of,  0506. 


ii.i.  rcoatinental     railroad,    I 
of    route    for,    recommended    by, 

International    American    ban'. 

tubli.nhracnt    of,    recommended 

Diaenaaed,  5560. 
International    American    monetary 
union,   establishment    of,  recom- 
m  ended   tar, 

International    arbitration,    reports 
mi,  adopted  by.  6618, 
Referred   to,  5623,  8874. 
International    bureau    of    iufoima- 
tion    at     Wasbiugton,    establish- 
ment of,  n 
International  law, 

form  code  of,  recommended  by, 
6513. 

n   library,  est;' 
ment  of,  recomiin-ii.i.-.i  by,  5506. 
"mil   tnl.ii  :'e   Depart- 

ment   t" 
of,  erection  of,  rc«jmmended  by, 

Patents,     trade  fflauraua,     mid     copy- 
rights, report  of,  concerning  pro- 
SIS. 

Post  due*  and  consular  fees,  recom- 
mendations    of,     regarding 
form  -vsiiin  iii.  6614 

Postal    and    cable    communication, 

extil  nf       imp 

cilities     for,     recommended     by, 

6511. 
Public  health,  re. unendatfons  of, 

for  protection  of,  5513. 
Reciprocal  commercial  treaties  ree- 

i.iiiKii'Ti.l.'.i    h;.  ,    riSOif. 

Statemanl    ol    action   in    Panama 
Canal  matter,  I 

•tilblixlltlU'ril     nf 

id,     recommended    by,     5491. 

g  alao  .,ii  , 

Uta   and    m.-n-iuri-«,   report   of, 

nn.    6513. 

At  i  [re — 

Colled mu   l.v  government  of 

doe  tlirir  i-iM.'.i-iih.  from  other 
OOUBtrii  .  by  force  of  arms,  re- 
ferred  to  Hague  Conference,   by 

■  ■"■< i    Suiiiii    American 

BapubUea,  7060. 

Effective  work  of  bureau  of  Amer- 
ican Republic.-  in,  7188. 

International    American    Monetary 
Union.  incut      of,      recom- 

mended   by    International    Am« 
Conference,  6513. 

International  Arbitration: 

Attitude  of  Great  Britain  and   I'nit 
-  .1     States     r  -is*ed, 

"ATI.    15154,   6178. 
Failure    of    treaty    for,   referred    to, 
50C3. 


International        Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Report*    adopted    by    International 
American  Coafcrunce  regarding, 
transmitted,  5518. 
Referred  to,  .'.623,  8874. 
Resolution  of  French   Chamber*  fa- 
voring treaty  of,  referred  to,  6060. 
Treaty  with  Croat  Britain  retarding, 
discussed,  6178. 
International  Association  of  the  Congo. 

(Seo  Congo  Free  State.) 
International  Bureau  of  Exchanges,  es- 
tablishment   of,   recommended.    M8L 
(See  also  Exchanges  for  Official  Doc- 
uments.) 
International  Bureau   of  Information, 
establishment  of.  at  Washington,  rec- 
ommended   by    International   Ameri- 
can Conference,  5506. 
International     Cattle     Exhibition     at 

Bamboift  discussed    '• 
International  Conference  on  Ratio  be- 
tween Gold  and  8llver.      (8oo  Cold 
ar.) 
International  Congress  at  Brussola  for 
abolition     of     African     slave     trado, 
5471. 
International  Congress  of  Electricians 
at   Pari..,  disc  1714. 

(Sue    also    National    I  ■    of 

Electricians.) 
International  Conventions: 

Discretionary     authority     of     Presi- 
dent— 
To  iir.  its  tuitions  to  attend,  on  sub- 
ject of  coinngi*  recommendations 
regarding,  tail, 
To  send  delegates  to.  recommenda- 
tions regarding,  4617,  4763,  4827, 
6546. 
For  establishing   standards  of  meas- 
ure of  color,  piT.-ryticui,  and  ; i •  - 1 1 r ■- - 
ness  of  '.  Won,  recommendations  re- 
garding,  4780. 
For  protection  of  industrial  property, 

•I7IM. 
For  suppression  of  crime,  4115. 
International  Copyright  Convention: 

At  Hern.'.   ilisi 

Negotiations  for,  referred  to.  4623. 

International  Court  of  Arbitration.  (See 
Hague  Peace  Conference.) 

International  Exchange,  Commission  on, 
work  of,  6941. 

International  Exhibition  of  Fine  Arts, 
to  ho  liel.l  at  Munich,  discussed,  5193. 

International  Exhibitions.  (See  Exhibi- 
tions.) 

International  Exposition  of  Labor  at 
Barcelona,  diseuKsed,  5177. 

International  Fisheries  Exhibition  at 
London,  discussed    4688. 

International  Geodetic  Association,  in- 
vitation to  United  States  to  become 
a  party  to,  61981 

International  Inventions  Exhibition  at 
London,  discussed,  4827. 


:; 


International  Joint  Commission. 

Mexico.) 
International  Law: 

Claim    of   Great   Britain   to   forti! 
visit  American  vessels  oo  tb» 
not  sustained  by,  3039. 
Propositions  regarding,  tnbmiltcd  br 

United  States,  discussed,  2045. 
Uniform  code  of  adoption  of,  rettm 
mended  by  International  Aaeri 
Conference,   5513. 
International    Marino    Conference 
Washington,     discussed,    5190,   SMO, 
5468,  6493.  5408.  61 
International  Meridian  Conference 
At  Washington  discussed,  4718,  450*. 

4527.  4841.  5180. 
Invitation   of   Italian  Cover- 
ted  States  to  attend,  8 
International  Military  Encampment 
be  held  at  Chicago: 
During  World's  Fair  discussed, 
In    1897,    foreign    guests    a 
not  to  pay  duties  on  baggage,  SI 
International      Monetary      Confei 
(sen  also  Coins  and  Coinage; 
and  BUvar): 
At  Brussels  in  1892,  67 

Postponement    of,   discussed.  5874 
Reports   of,   transmitted,   57M. 
At  Paris  in— 

1867,  3776,   3792. 
Report    of    8.    B.    Rugglea 
4013. 
1878,  4447,  4464,  4474.  4 
Appropriation  for,  recoaaesM, 
4438. 
1881,  4625. 
1892,  4697. 
International  Money  Orders  <1 

5881,  5971. 
International    Obligations    of 
States,    removal    of   cases   I 
observance  and   oxeeution  of,  trim 
State    to    Federal    judiciary  rewsv 
mended,  ;928,  1956. 
International    Ocean     Telegraph   W. 
charges  made  by,  for  messages  » 
fcrred  to,  4069. 
International  Patent  Congress  st  V 
..  report  of  John  M.  Thacaer* 
i  red  to.  II 
International  Peace  Congress  st  VTui 
:on  discuwed,  4684,  4717. 
Invitation     extended     coun- 

North    and    South   America  to  at- 
tend. 4i. 
Postponement  of,  referred  to. 
International  Penitentiary  Congress  i" 

London,  referred  to,  4162. 
International  Polar  Congress  at  Bis- 

i. org  referred  to,  4535. 
International  Postal  Conference  at— 
Home,   4250. 
Lisbon,  4938. 


I 


.  Beat  i 
I  ON 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Interstate 


P»rif,   3387. 
Now  convention  adopted  by,  4453. 
International  Portal  Union,  convention 
for  establishment  of,  4250.    (See  also 
Universal  Postal    Union.) 
International  Prison  Congress  (see  also 
National  Prison  Congress): 
To  be  held  at — 
8t  Petersburg,  .1117. 
Stockholm,  i 

Proceedings  of,  referred  to,  4404. 
International  Sanitary  Conference  at— 
Rome,  4388,  491& 
Washington,  4564,  4622,  463L 
International  Statistical   Congress: 
At  St.  Petersburg,  4142,  4221. 

The  Hague,  40S2. 
Invitation  to  hold  meeting  in  United 
■tea  recommended,  4142. 
Internment. — Tin-    In  i    li.v    the 

authorities  of  a  country  of  foreign  dtliens 
within  Its  border*.  The  Imprisonment  I1 
not  Intruded  as  Individual  punishment,  and 
occurs  without  reference  to  t'.c  conduct  of 
the  Individual  foreigner ;  It  Is  n  precaution 
taken  against  possible  seditions  conduct, 
nod  the  Imprisonment  may  nmouot  to  hold- 
ing tbe  foreigner*  as  boituges  In  case  repris- 
als bco  lary.  Internment  differs 
from  liiiimi r ■■mi'ii t  n;  v  '•  in  that  Immure- 
ment Imprisons  all  nationalities  who  happen 
to   w   within    the   enclosure  used   tor  that 

purpose. 

Interoeeanlc  Canal  Co.,  i  .1470. 

Interparliamentary    Union    invited    to 

8t.  Louis,  6706,  6923. 
Interstate  Commerce.— Commercial  trans- 
aetloaa  and  Intercourse  between  reatdnta 
In  different  states  or  carried  on  by  lines  of 
transport  estendlng  into  more  tbsn  one 
state.  Power  to  regulate  commtra  between 
the  states  is  invested  In  Congress  by  tbe 
lltotlon  (18b  I'  i»  ui'iil  ihst  the  power 
to  regulate  commerce  of  necessity  Im 
tbe  power  to  regulate  tbe  means  by  nlilcli 
It  Is  earrled  on,  so  thst  the  scope  of  auihui- 
Ity  given  to  Congress  by  tins  clauSi 
la  ten  with  tbe  development  of  the  Indiie- 
of  tbe  country  sod  the  means  of 
rommonlcstloo.  Tn*  lataol  of  the  framera 
of  the  Constitution  was  to  prohibit  legisla- 
tion by  any  state  against  th.~  business 
Interests  of  another  state  by  tatstlon.  dla- 
•-rimlnstlon  or  otherwise-  ft  si 
also  ss  o  check  upon  the  arbitrary  power 
of  stale   legislatures  rather  than  upon  prl 

atlons  or  railroad 
With  the  development  of  tbe  great  rnl 
lines,  traversing  many  ststes  and  bringing 
daeers  Into  close  com- 
munlcatlon  with  tbe  srabosrd  markets,  rsttie 
lbs  necessity  for  regulating  the  rates  of 
transportation  by  a  moro  general  law  than 
It  was  wltbln  to»  power  of  any  state  to 
♦nsct. 

It  was  chorged  against  the  railroad*  that 
certain  firms,  or  ROM  In  certain  cities 
mads  contracts  by  which  their  nodi 
carried  over  long  dlstsures  si  lowor  rstes 
than  were  demanded  for  carrying  the  same 
roods  short  dlstonees  The  rail 
claimed  thai  rompetlt'nn  between  trunk 
lines  forced  th-m  to  tak-     i  iaom 

freight   st   nearlv   the   snrae  rules  as 
received  for  local    fi'Meht.  where   there  was 
oo  comnet't'on       It   w»*  asserted   that    the 
railroads  did  rot   reenlste  frelsht    rates  by 
cost  of  rarrylng.  but  by  what  the   huslness 

would  bear 


Tlie  first  attempts  to  regulste  Interstate 
commerce  began  In  18T3,  previous  to  ■• 
time  tb«  Oraagsrs  iiml  bad  state  laws  for 
regulation  of  railroad  charges  enaetrd  lu 
some  of  tbo  Western  States.  In  ISIS  John 
11.  Heagan,  of  Tush*,  Introduced  a  series 
of  bills  In  the  [louse,  which  culminated 
Feb.  4.  lrj!»7.  after  yearly  debates  on 
and  similar   bills.   In  to    r  rulal 

commerce.     This   law  established   an    Inter- 
state Commerce  Commission  of  five  to  i 
t.'gnte     complaints.      It     further!.: 
ab.ppers   the  nptuui   ol  Ing  !o  fins 

n  or  of  Ipstltutlng  nun-  |i 
Federal  courts:  prohibits  unjust  dlv-rlml 
nation  betwn-n  persons  and  pin. 
las;  of  special  rates,  etc,,  though  the  comtnls 
souers  may  suspend  this  rule  In  special 
esses:  requires  railroads  to  publish  rote« 
and  fidher»  to  them,  end  forbids  pooling 
Of  freight*  of  different  and  competing  rall- 
fMiln:  enforces  the  Safety  Appliance  Act 
of  1803.  and  requires  from  sll  common 
carriers    cluing  business    a 

monthly  report  of  all  accidents  both  to  pas- 
secgers   snd    employees.     The    chairman    of 

■immlsslon    la    directed    to    assi; 
i  ommlaslnner  of  I.shur  to  endsasor  to  nttl* 
.•in  dispute*  between  railway   ■omoanJes  and 
t'-.lr    rmoloyees.      (See    Assistant    to    the 
Atlorney-tieucral.) 

Interrtate  Commerco  Act.     (Soo  Assist- 
ant to  the  Attorney-General.): 
Discussed  bv  Presi-Icut — 
Arthur.  4732.  4772. 
Johnson,  3560. 
Booaeveit,  6650,  MM.  0655.  6902. 

7025,  7039.  7070,  7130.  1143. 
Taft,  7368,  7432,  7441,  7452. 
Interstate    commerce    rates    reduced, 
after   pnssngo   of    law    regulating, 
741!). 
New  York  Central  and  Iludson  1 
It.  B.  convicted  under,  opinion  and 
sentence  of  Judgo  Holt  quoted,  7405. 
Physical  examination  of  railways  rec- 
ommended, 7130. 

Interstate      Commerce      Commission.— 
Voder  -'An  act  to  regulate  commerce."  ap- 

(d   Feb.  4.   1887.  E  March 

IVh.    II),    1801.    Feb.    a     1888.    the 

••kiuum  let"   of  Feb.    to  A  the 

l>pn>ved  June  SIB,   10m. 
Interstate   Comu..  n  .     Commission    li 
posed   of  seven   members.      The   regulating 

II   common 
gaged  In  the  transportation  of  oil  or  other 
commodity.  ad     tcepl   nato- 

r.ii  or  ortlnelal  gas,  by  mean*  of  pipe  lines. 
or  partly  by  pipe  line  and  pan 
or  purity  by  pipe  line  anil  partly  b]   water, 
nnd   to   common    carriers    engaged    In   th» 
trim*;  '■.'    nesaaacera   or    pt  • 

wholly   by   railroad    tor   partly    by    railroad 

and  partly  by   •  o  ootb  ai 

under  a   common   control,   management,  or 

r  s  continuous  carrl.i 
thlptBenl  I.  The  stututes  apply  gem  rally  to 
late  traffic.  Including  import  snd  do- 
mestic IraSc,  m  la  enr- 
rl'd  wholly  wltbln  any  Territory  of  the 
ites.  Only  traffic  transported 
wholly  within  a  single  state  Is  excepted. 

The  commission  baa  jurisdiction  on  com- 
print and  nfter  fv.ll  hcnrlng  to  determine 
and  prescribe  reasonable  rates,  regulations. 
nnd  pmcttOM,  and  order  reparation  la  In- 
jured shippers;  to  require  nnr  carriers  to 
r«a«*  nnd  desist  from  unjust  discrimination 


Interstate 


Messages  and  ropers  of  the  Presidents 


or    undue   M  untile   preference,    and 

!•>     lUntllUt*     Oliil 

of    111*   Inw.     The 
umjr     i  re   Into   the    iiiiinaKefncnt   of 

(tie   liu»liii'>»   01  iod    ■  - 1  - 1 1   n    mb- 

10    the    prorUloii"    .if     Mil-    re-rulming 
r-titutei,  mill  It  uiny  preticrlbe  the  a-  • 

•  i«,    ami    meuiornud-i     which    .hull    be 

iupctt   til. 
nlc    •  tinuul     report*    with     thi 
■  lid    »u.-li    ..il..r    niiutln    a-    u  .1  \     from     lime 

llliin  tn  ale 
nod   publl»h    ill   rati 
gnlreu  ngag* 

•••    tnuxportiiHon    nrm 
alilc*  nr«'  provided   In   the   atatutc    for   fail- 
ure    Ull 

in   do  ■  tpcclncd    hi    the    i'  ill 

llobcil  urltTs. 

"Ill--    lullou  Inii.    Wl  re    Mi.'  i  Dliiml 
■ 
Chairman  ;  in  i  r  I —  .\.   I'ronlj    i  f   Vei 

< 
lln    K      I  .r    11. 

Meyer,    nf  Clark,  of 

loTt.i ;  jdiiirn  s.  Harlan,  of    llllnol 

■  i  n  ii- 
Klklim    lnn"j,    a    Court    of 
.   ...   »  lili  JurUdli 

'I  hi* 
I    Are  Judi:  led 

from  i  be ill 

.   ntld   I  In    .i  nil  mini. 'tn   eoutnlii" 

;i.  II  hi     nut    |.i...    .l»i r.-. 
Telegraph,   telephone.    iiii.J 
nre   runde  aiiblce!    i..   i  he   e  i  I  he 

Jurisdiction  oi   I  be  roiniul    k.n  I 
aa  to  through  route*  and  j..iiu  rui 

mlun,  .- v. :  i . ■  1 1   conueclloii*     l.itij;    ii:u1 

ebort    linulK.    Ming    i  a    ..f     rati 

acbednlea,    InTeMl.-mi «  i    motion, 

making  reasonable  rate*,  mapen 

poaed  rate*,  and  other  mnttern.     An  lmpor< 

taut  aecllon  mil 

ii.ilnl     0     -i""1"!    '  "' I««lnll    In 
■auance  of  rnllroml   stocks  .mil   hoods. 

The  mi   of   i ■■  b,   li.    1903  Hint 

Btnta   In   equity   brought    aodu   ItM   net   to 

-in    Hi.-     i  i ilted 

i.    complainant,    inn  ni  dlted 

ami  given  i « i- ■  ■  •  ■•■■l.-n  >■  oror  otbei   suita,   and 

•  i  the  elrcnll  court  Hi 
lo   Hi.  Court,     'rii'   ii. i    n(    i 

19.     1003,     common];     called     the     l'lk-in* 
law.     prohibit*     rebating,    allow*    pro 
Inge    In    the    court*    u>     Injiinrilonn    lo    r. 
i  from  p iii.lul.. -i)  rate*,  and 
lea  Hi  lit  ca»e*  pnw.eciiti'1  nn.lrr  tl 
ri-i-ll-.n  >>f   ■  he  Atdirii.'.    '  ■  •  '  •  ■     I  111  fill 

nf  'I nuiiN-lnn   shall   lie   1". 'In  I.. I   within 

the  ripisllilng  oct  of  Feb.   11.   1 90S. 

fnder  Hi.-   act  "f  Aug.   7.    I  --■>     all 
ernmcnl   i  Idi  d   i  illro  id  and   h  li  traph   com 
.i 
ontract*  «  hi.  thi  ud   h 

.  ..iiinii-  ilon'a  dutT  ■"  ileel.1i 
i.  Intlng  in  i he  ' 
tween  rach  Government  aid.  ' 

n  mil  mi.    col 

The    art     provide!    penalllea    for    Fallon     t" 

comply    Willi   Hie  act   or  the  orders  of   tbi 

eofnlni 

The  ii. l   ..f  March   I,  1888,  known  ii»  the 

I  npllnnr      .'.   i  '      i ii'  ■ 

rafale   cami 
iiiii-i  be  equipped   tcllb  automatic  eon 

draw-tiara    "f    »    .tanilnrd    helghl     foi 
frelrrtit  car*,  and   hnre  grnti  Iron-  01    band- 

in   lln    endi    and   »ldea  of h   tar; 

hi. i    Hi  ii    I moth '-'ii 

Ing   Intent  are    Iraflle    line  II    be    fitted   with 
a    power    drlvlng-whcel    brake    nnd 
linen  f..r  opera  lints  Ihe  I1.1I11  brake  ») 

1  d  11 '.111111I--1..11   in  lodge 

wlih     the    proper    1II1  I 

luatlnii   'I       .'ii    rlolatloni  •»«  may  come  to 


IU  knowledge.     The  net  of  Wnreh  i,  IMf. 

■  nieiiiled    tin*   act    «o    m*    to  stake  In  »n> 

vlalona   apply    in    1 . 1 .- ,  1  • . r l«*a   aad  to. 

trlct     of     I'ulni  »ll    caaea    •»» 

•  |.t»  of  wnnierer  deMga  are  bnofki 
<  her,  nnd  to  all  locoiu,  iirc-i.  an,  ml 

1   IM 

I    upon   etrert    rallweja:   i»l  R» 
liuiuui  number  of  alr-linM 
cara  In  trntna, 

Hf  act  of  April   H.   191D.  the  • 

pltanoe  Mti   •••■  ■  meoied  •»  •»  » 

:.    Ibrtr   can  tU 

■111    »tcp».    band    brake*,     ladder*.    t«a»a« 

ad  grnb  Iron*,  and  the  ronuahaM 

il    to    deatguat*    ibe   uaMa 

1 1  Ion.  ana  manuer  of  •!(,n. 

cation  of  applli.:.' 

.1    .if  Jim,  Vnnwa  «*  iht 

arbil  lln  Cta    ibe    ekalrtau  «« 

•  tale   Cooiii 
' 

,,inrtll»il:«. 

illwir  c*a> 

■  rniiiiged  In  lnt<-r*late  commerce  •»* 

.11  ci 
ii    «.    li'H,   an)  e*a> 

..r    nt    ib>- 

the  ehiilriiinii  nf   1 

lly   a.  rise  airt 

dent. report!   law   nan   repelled   aad  a  f 
•unite    named    cltlnc    more    jwwer  *»  Ik 

.'.. inn  'l.-nllllg     81-. 

1  11  inure  i-  iinpreh^n»lTe  than  Ike  fersrt 
law. 

Mtreh   t.    IftOT.  Bukea  «  OV 
duly  of  Hi.-    liiPTxlate  CoaBOMrce  l>«aa» 
•Ion  to  enforce    ihe   proTUtone 
wherein     It     I.  v.  fill    to    r*id» 

or    penult     *ui|  :   <•» 

nected     Willi     the    niovenii 
In.  ..ii  du  ,.ia  a   ipecltled  aaaaat 

of  hours  In   »n.i    tweii!}'f..ur 

•ilm  ni'i   ..f   -.In.  hr  aerttoa  I* 

thereof.     irWe«     the     Intenitat*     rootrnrrei 
11    1 1  lull  I'll 

rallromlM   la  1  In    11 

The    oct   of    May    SO,    Itais 
[ill.  r.lill.i    Cimiii 
reRulal  loon    f.  r    the    ■  ife    1 
iee»  by  common  ea.rn 

liil.tilii.'     i-.ii.i  inri'i  .        .V 
•.  i.l.'.l    fur 

Ilie  net  of   Miy  SO.    1908.    or,- 
duiy  uf   the    Inter*! 

.In.     li)     ..nf 

wherein    11    lc    1  bat    »firr    1 

ve    >hull    lie   »*e4  ■ 

not Ipped    "  H  h 

i[.i|.'d    orlthout   r--]iilf  \i:£  a  aaia  ta  ft 

•  mil    I"' 1. .11  •   1**" 

lid'  il   f..r   .  Inlatln 

Tulille  reaolntlon    So.    til.    Hpprured  It* 
.to.    uuirt.   ami    the   niiniln 
Hon   net   of    Mux   '.'T.    1!HIH.    direct   Itic  «♦•• 
ml<*lon    to    lnve<ilgnte    11  no    IV 

•nl       1 1       nf     :i|  '-«1    I* 

'■emlWi** 
The      11     I      nf      '.'  ,rlte- 

rat  ■ 
li.iokkeeping  for  l»»irl<t  of  ColttmMa  fM 
mi. 1    .  in 

Tl' 
diction  up.  1  to  ••r.torc*  e»»- 

il    e*e> 
.  in  .-.null  their  I ••!  ml' 

mill        .nll.ilil-       b  .|»tK*a 

1  li.rrlo. 

IntoraUte)  Commerce  Coa-malaattoa.    (See 
Aaaiatnnt    to    lh«    .\:i<irney-0«o*rBl) 
Int«i8tata   Commerce   Commlaiton: 
!   service   vJCWndecJ   lo,   6143. 


Encyclopedic  Index 


inv.i 


Legislation    for   protection    of   yard 
men    and   brake-men   against   arei- 
■    recommended,    5486,    5561, 
5W2,  5766. 

Railroad      transportation      discussed, 

Railroads,    proposal    to    pirn  • 
jurisdiction    of,    C!*7S,    087". 

Work  of,  6002. 
Interstate  National  Guard  Association. 
— Thl»    association    Is    composed    of    repre- 
sentatives of  (be  organised   rnllltla    of    the 


■■<  Hi.-   L'nloD    au.i  ii«  nurposi    : 

•TC       IllS       Intercuts      r,r      tll.lt       ImiiIt      of 

troop*. 

Intervention.— a  n™.  tn<  rl  non  in  the 

'I'll""  I  ' nt/;..     It  ma;  bat*  tlio 

form  ..r  protest  auiuu*t  ii.-  ei  i*r  country's 
•■or.  or  against  a   faction   within   Hih 

other   countrj    in    ease  of  Internal   trouble. 

Intervention     ii«nn  I  ly     prv«uppo*ca     armed 

iry.    to    mltl.-nt.     the    arils 

t  which  protest  Ik  made     Intervention 

Is.  therefore,  a  stronger  terra  than  Interccs- 

ehn.      <8ce   Intercession.) 

Intrigue.— a  sscrvt  plot  igajasl  authority. 

kali}  on  the  part  of  comparatively  few 

ns. 

Invasion. — A  hostile  catty  into  a  country 

by  the  armed  forces  of  another  i-niiitry. 
Inventions.     (Sec    Patent    Office;    Pat- 
ents.) 

Inventions,     American.— The 

:   iln    ti.  rhl  Ik  marked  by  Invcn- 

' i   "i":    ii: •.'uverlcs   which    dot    the   pnth 

from    barbirlsai    to    lln»     u  Its    of 

civilization.  While  Ins  firm  greet  Inveu- 
.f  gunpowder,  printing;  the  mariner's 
compass,  tli.-  barometer,  thermometer, 
steam  engine,  spinning  Jenny,  -i-..  vrerc 
brought  to  these  shores  by  tbe  earlier  set- 
tler*, the  V.  .  .  ! 
lea    f>  .  .iUi--i\  i-i  ,r- 

an   well    a-  lopmenl    ind   practh    I 

application  of   Ideus    from    abrond.      front 
the  day  >/f  the  sotting   no  ..f  lbs  prl 

f-rsss   an.!    the    drawing    <»f    ele.lrlelty    from 
lii-   p|  American   Inrenl 

has    oeen    active,    and,    encouraged    bf 

(iltani    fume   ami 
nanclel   rewards.   feoJnj  nag  rim   riot  In 
America, 

J.-:. -mlnh    Wilkinson's    mule    aplnner,    In- 

M -ii    .-.I     in      '  .       .  .;ikIk    of    the    nil- 

Is   Industrj    in    Sew    Kugland,    mid 

■   steamboat   of    John    l'lt-h    nnd    tbe 
iik.  In  1780 
and    1787.  w*»  And  Hi-  iin-len*  ..f  out 
'■hi    'I  I    the 

automobile    Industry.       i  in- 
chine    was   arumdy    Introduced    from 
land   tiiim   I  n   v.  bit dc]    ga 
Bin.     It    wns  nn    American,   John   Stevens, 
whi>   tir.t   applied    in.-   Idea    of   twin-screw 
propellers    in   sti  nllon   nnd    made 

possible    the    "•  ran 

The    breech-loading    shotirun    vm    pntentcd 
before  the  breaking  out  of 

:ir  ,,r  i«tt    'i '  ■•■  for 

-i  forms  »m  In-.  - i 

by     Thomas     lllnnclinrd.     so     American.    In 
.liilm    Walker   pnl  m  d   friction 
matches    In    lB'.'T.      !' 

t-leernph  In 
and  in  tii-  -.nn-  year  Baston  devised  the 
electro-magnetic  muchloe.  au.i  M.  \V.  Raid* 
win  built  "<Hd  Ironsides,"  iii-  Srst  great 
lotln  in  tbe  Doited  BU1  a,  and  two 
years    later   Obed    lluwey   and  Cyrus    Mc- 


Corsolck    gave   us   the  reaper  and   avowing 

IIMChlOe.        ttaoiuvl      •  "U  .e     re- 

miiri.-.i     in    arm     Id     I  S'M.     nud 
three    yc-jrs    Uler     Charles     Uood 

In-     vulcui 
Charles-  Thiirlii-r  had  11 

In      1S-H 

Mr.  Horace  well!  discorded  the  ns*  of 
nl!  i..i.« -ii  i«i-  gas  in.  nn  suatsthetlc,  sod 
two  )-  Ii        ii    used  ether  for 

tbe   some    purpose.      Hobert    floe's    .1- 

I-ili"'  —wing  urn- 

The  laying  of   the  Ami   Atlantic  telegraph 

vsl.i.-li     „:i.    conceived    -: 

•  i.i,  gars  an  Impel  oe  '  i  to- 
ld com- 
monlcatlon    unit    transportation,    and    «i» 
i      |    man)    In  elec 

Irlral  ir   brakes, 

printing,     photography,      farm 
etc.      Graham    Bell    had    the   telephone    In 

fn.i.  :  -hi  operation  In  i  MB,  and  i  he  <■■ 
ng  >.  completed  the  phiuuiiiraph, 
he  follow c.l  Immediately  with  the 
ii  electric  light  An  Idea  <>(  the 
iiiiiiiv  Inventions  In  toe  line  of  electrical 
nm  llaucca  may  tie  obtained  from  the  fact 
thai     Mr.     Kdlson    nloue, ruing    to    the 

..r  in-  riitent  inn  a  T4^ 

tltS      fur     -!-- 

and    19 un    Indication    thnt     I 

was  not  the  only  boss-  Inxnior.  It  may  be 

ime  period  some 

.  i ,  .i  from  dm  avowed  lo 

more  than  «li  hundred  patents  euch      The 

linotype  machine,  patented  bj  oihmir  kfej 

ller    I"     l--1-  I      v.  i-  nielli    mil  ti  v     ihaMj  . 

.    in-    printing    I 
and    the    rear  -drive    chain    safety    Mcycle. 

which    liefnr.     the    uiIm-iiI    ..f    the   Improved 

automoblli    held  »wny  a»  a  rsold  sod  --<- 

Domical   mods  Of  Indlrlduul   triiuapurt-illnn. 

'  n-    Invention   i  I  H  .    Karblc 

The  estrsi  'i"ii  -f  aim  i  the  msn- 

nfneture  of  .--iiient  ire  also  Importuui 
American    Inventions.      For   America's  con 

trlboilons  t..  the  aclen f  naelgatlng  the 

air.  Icle  entitled    Aeronautl 

this  volume.      It  is  not   the  purpose  of  tbli 
article   lo  enumerate   nil    II 
lions    f.ir    which  ni    lo 

thai   the 

encoursgem-nt  hjr  tbe  d  hns  stlm 

nlatod  genius  to  u  point  even  beyond  the 
foadeel  impea  of  the  early  promoisi  of 
the    patent   office.     (See   also    lltent   Of 

flee.) 

Invet  tions    Exhibition,    International. 

at  London  discussed,  4S27. 
Iowa. — Cine  ..r  Hi-  milt. Me   wsettTD  group 

of  states  :  nickname.  "The  Uawkeye  Slate" : 
motto.    -Our    liberties    w-    ml/.-    snd    em 
rights   we  will    maintain."      It    was    fi 
from  a  part  of  tin-  Umlalsna  tarrllor] 
chased    from    France.       Thi 
"Here     Is    the    place    to    dwell     lu     pel 
Iowa  U  bounded  on  the  north  by  Minnesota, 
on    the    east    by    Wisconsin    and     Illinois 
licparnted    by    th-     Ml     laalppi    Hirer),    on 
ntli  by  M  -  .hi   th-  »  ml   h. 

•*'    Ami   i  nth    Dakota,   and    im»   an 
area  of  3d.  147  sqi 

The    flot   wlili.  ;ii    Mi    made  si 

Dubuque  I..    Julian   l>u   Buqnt   In    1?s».      in 
^  was  made  a  part  of  Mich- 
lgau-      in    :  added   in    Wl« 

Terrlt'  In    I8S8    U  -y    of 

Iowa  wns  eifahll-dicd.      it  »n  admitted  to 

Kisieh.i.i.i   Dee,  S&    ism      law*  h  umeei 

nral    stale. 

Siatl-tl-'  of  agt'l-nii  :.-d  for  the 

Is«t        Fedel  place       the        nil 

nf  farmi  In  ttie  State  a'  217.IM-4  la  do- 
crvasc  of  11,378,  or  0.1  per  cent,  as  cons- 


fan 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


I»i  red    with    1000),    comprising    33,830.0=8 
seres,  VDluoil,  Willi  gii 

■  (  S3.#t0.»00.o44.  in  average  of  »S2.5S  per 
■ere,    as    compared    with      S3C.25    In    1000. 

The   value  of   domestic  animals,    poult tr. 

dr..   no*  S303.003.IOO.    Includlii 
cattle,    valued    at    SU8.804.130:     I  40 
hors*«.    $JTT.SKi!i.fJ«;     ...,..■■     mule*.     *T,- 
051. Ml*:   7.545.8.-.::   swine,   J09.0'.(;-..'.'is  :   l- 
145,540  sheep,  S5.74S.830.     In    1911   '. 
000  acres  ,.  : 

•■.•rii    valued  at  $101,830,000;  047.000  acres, 
li'-vj-j. nun  bushels  o(  wheat,  IIi.SIS.OOO:   I.. 
•■•.000  bushel"  "f   Mtl 
S51. 752,000:    30.000    acres    rye.    S4". 
171.000  srn-s.    I2.S7r..fifMl    Luvh.-lH  of    pota- 

toes,    80.300.000.    aud    3,24» MTC*    »,- 

BD3.000  tona  of  hay.  S32. 400.000. 

Toe  minora!  product*  for  1010.  consist- 
In*  of  coal.  lime,  clay 

water,  amounted  to  ;■'  Tlic  coal 

production  Increased  by   ITfl  at  a 

of  the  conl  strike  In  Illinois  and  In- 
diana.    Tlic   ccni-ral  strike   lotted   only    six 
weeks  In  Iowa.  wlillr  It  la-i.il  -l\   in 
Id  other  state*.     Tbei 

employed    In     the     Stste.    who    woik-J    an 
avi-nii-..  ..f   IIS  day*  .luring   tba  v. -si    I'.iln. 

Tin'   8ial«   has   no 
The  assessed   value  of  all  property   In 
waa    1767,330,270,    wh|i  h    I      om      ■     I  h    of 

ihe  actual  value.     Tlii'ie  wa 
revenue  fund  June  SO,  lull.  I1.2S3-- 
539,  with  outstanding  wariarits  ..f  1173,745, 
tin  a  net  balance  of  $1. 101 
There  are  0,011    inline  of  c.im   rnllnny 
In  tin-  Slat*  anil  BOO    nlli      of  electric   line. 
The    poputB  Mined    hv   the    i 

Finn  crusus   of   1900    wn  .    and 

tin-  Stat*  census  .if  1008  shov,  ■  .1  ..  .1 
in  2  21  he  rVderol  1010, 

however,    showed    a    slight   advance,    during 
the  in ■»!  rive  ycara  to  i 

The  number  of  manufacturing  establish- 
ments In  Iowa  ha>  In  Utpot 
valued  .it  MOO  or  ri)"i 

1015  waa  6,01.*.     The  amount  of  capital  In- 
.1  win  ♦233,373.000,  giving  emplo) 

■I  valued  at 
<.<8.000.  end  turning  out  fli. 

"I     vv«gw 
imi.l  amounted  to  $50,232' 

Iowa  (see  also  Cedar  Rapids): 

Acta  to  quiet  ntlo  of  •cttlerB  on  Dm 
Moines     River    lniitls     in,     veto.-.], 

ax 

•nitotion  of,  Into  Union,  memorinl 

from    legislature   requesting.    8130. 

Boun.hir.    line  v,  illi  Missouri,  dispute 

respect  hi",  1775,  1777,  1788. 

Appropriation   to   defray   expense? 

growing  out  of,  requested,  1053. 

Claims   of,   commissioners   to   be   ap- 

Jointed   to   examine,    referred    to, 
062. 
Constitution  of,  appropriation  to  cVo- 
fray    expense*   of   eonrention    for 
formation  of,  requested,  1953. 
Survey    of    northern     boundary     of, 

Volunteers  from,  thank*  of  President 
tendered,  34-12. 
Iowa  Indians.    (Sco  Indian  Trihei.) 
Iowa  Reservation: 

Cession    of    portion    of,    to    United 

States  proclaiming,  5591. 
Bale  of,  bill  for,  4950. 
loway  Indians.   (Sco  Iowa  Indians.) 


• — *■>  »■— ■ 
BUttMtsd 


Ireland.      (See    British    Empire,   ui 
Iloroo  Rnlo  for  Ireland,) 
Impri-oument    of    Americas 

in,  2521,  3590,  4678,  4679.  tit*, 

tm. 

Released  3902,  4713. 
Trial  and  conviction  of,  3906,31??, 
3838, 
Military  expedition  to  aid 
party    in.      (See   Fenians.) 
Iron: 

Report  relating  to  cost  of  prodo 
of,  etc..  transmitted,  5589. 
Iron  and  8teel  Industry.— impUnwnti  < 
iron  bavins  been  found  with  those  of  (taw 
and  bronxc  amid  prehistoric  ralas  af>*t 
conclusive  proof  of  tbu  aultqwltv  ol  OM 
the  aacWr 

Sol    Iron   on 
luietini  taken  fron.  >ld  «(  (lact 

■  •.••era  »***» 
<  Inl.t.     Awvrii.  tlana,  Ureeki  tat 

Indiana   used    iho   metal  mU 

weapon*  and   omasDenia   80O   to  400  Itsn 
i:  '         limine   tbe   prosperous  days  of  Q» 
Uouinti     CmpTre    tbe    one    of    Iroo    btejat 
i-ral     throughout     what     was    tbe»  OS 
•  d   world.      When    Julius   Caesar  k> 
1   lirltaln.  —Jl  the  at- 

tivc»    in    famlllai 

MW«n]«,   hook*  ii  i 

Although  one  of  tbn  most 
useful    of   m. 

tba  native  combined  with, 

and  other  element*  It  Is  ■ 
a«   *   coiixtllui'iit    of   ii  1.-1.K.   and  fora*  •»■ 

In     ro*r.y     parts    tt  t 
world.      Mineialt   from   which   Irea  »»  " 
extracted     for     commercial     purposes   Ktl 
Magnetite.  In  which  the  Iron  oecwr*  a*  •» 
n. •!!..'  oxide,  snd  contains,  when  sore,  ii 


per  cent    Ot   Iiy.ii  : 

iiid  speculur  liemotltcs  aa4  b1csMs*s 
ami    I  contalalng    at-. 

It,  or  brown  beaanm 
In  -linlinir  i  «,  aad  olhtv 

dinted   oxldi  i,  •  oi  laming  U  ■<  thai  M  r«- 
•f    tovtal ;  ii»l<  ■ 

uluif    clar  Mscvhsad 

other  or. •::.  with  ..at  «_21 

In   Hie   inii.il  States   mining  is  i****** 
hiiosiiie.     Ilroonlte    and    Dip"'' 
deposits,   which   earrj   from   DO  t»  tt  9 
if    Iron.       Hematlt-    e«atriUttet  M 
llftha   of    the    total    product  oo. 

Ssrt    of    this    ore    come*    frot" 
uperlnr    r.  ra    Isamens*   4*f* 

■ 
Cambrian  rocks.     Klveproducllve  be!»  * 
rangei,   ate    worked.      Tbe    )!asv£:ttc.  •* 
f  tbe  »>•«*»• 
1-eolnsuls.  i 
on  tin-   1 !   .    of  TV'laeOBsIn  and  tbt  tflf 

Sn.DKiils    of    Mlehlgsi-.  la  »•• 

r   In   Wl»coB«ln,  oats** 

uated  northwrn 

ncs»ta.  drat  worked  In   is 

are  foand  near  the  surface  and  are 

eatbered   up  by  steam  shovels   aed  da»*J* 

on     cars.      The    total 

In    10.13    am    .mi.  d    I 
W0.437  lonr  tons,   tsVen   f  om   til   maw* 
Ono    mine    alone   on    the 
Mini  3.457.008      tssss    *• 

hematite.  Tbe  general  average  prtea  w 
Iron  ora  U  |2.iu  per  too.  Tbe  aeatv' 
annroaeh  i  d  8t*taa  made  : 

other  country  In   tbe  neodnetUv, 

in  lintlng    the    P-ichy    of   L«tea> 
burg    with    nbe. 

th  Kome  17.000.000  t»0* 
The  iron  ore  mloed  la  the  Ualttd  Stttst 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Iron 


In  1513  reached  riS.32C.400  sroet  tow,  tbo 
grcacrat   output   made   in   noy   jnr   except 
1010   and    1013.      Too    eMpmcnU    In 
namelv.    ."iS.49S.10O   gri  valued    at 

•  101.2S&984.    were    ■    Uttl  n    lit 

?nnnil!.i     mlm.I.       Thn    quantity    mined    in 
918  wa*  an  Inrreaae  of  14.000.000  ton*  OTcr 
tuc  output  la  1914.    Tlic  i-s«-pi-imr-»  In  quan- 
tity   and    la    value    of    Iron    or«    iblppcd 
amounted  to  about  40  and  41  per  etnl 
*poctlvely.     Ta«t  average   value  per   r 
lOlfi    »i    11-83.    coop.iKd    wit".    Jl 
1014.     Thi  illntrlct  alone  in 

1910  will    p..-.i!,|r   bo  00.000,000   ton*,  uil 
Ultra  «l  l   probably  be  an  lncrenae  In 
»l  TO  tu  7i  iv^.L«  a  ton  for  tbl«  or*. 

Iron  ore  won  mined  In  23  State*  In  1015. 
A*  boa  been  iinnnl  durii,     recent   reai 

iiig  blgbctt  In  production  In 
1915    .  hisan,   Alilumu, 

■  titln.  anil  New  \ork. 

•Jlstrlct  mined  nearly 
S5  per  il  i. ii'  In  101 

ralngiijin  dl«trli-t  about   8.3  or  • 

more  than  orn-tentb  an  mucb. 

I"    T»- 

rloua    ores    of     i 

ami  rt»*p   preliminary   treatment,   ni 

r  am]  nlxlufc  Hi.'  piece*  nt  root,  null- 
ing a»*r   what   earthy   matter  can   lie   ie- 
I  by  water,  mulling  and  com.  collating 
isb  mogno- 
Irurnt  or  acreena  to  draw  the  or*  from 
lh«    bo  It    it 

aefompenlrd,   a;  a  iig   in   allow    ilio 

n    .f  «holc  and  aaJpbur 
i  nr  primitive  method  of  extracting  the 
ii, ,u  i  Imp  ■    mii(i  il.i  h  at 

to  the  mat*  and  collect  the  ilmpx  "f  mol  i  n 
■dean  btoomerv  we*  but  a 
:    the    carlli 

forge.    The  reeuitaui   product  wa»  wrvnghl 
Iron  or  atee).   a  i   th*   detail*   of 

Oie  procoa*. 

Til*  dlaliibutlon  of  lb*  ltnln»trv  I"  Hie 
rolled  State*  In  shown  by  tbo  following 
tabic   for   1013: 

Quantity  <n    Per  0MI 
si'jfr  ■   Ttma     0/  Total 

Mlnncaota    .. 

MUIiIkiiii     IZJULOH 

A -aim  ma      

N.-w  Vf.ik  ...      i  150  n  8.3Q 

W»eon»In     I  018.272  1.01 

WyomJoj  ■  ■■  ill  -87 

r.nntylvanla     ..    .  480.050  ~* 

ml*    183.1  l  I  ."« 

Tconctaec      .00 

Jcrtcy    ...  .54 

New    Mexico    104.OS5 

.1'5 

n   raiollua    ..  00.388 

MfHoiirl     89.304  .00 

lub      ..  14.«90  .02 

nilur    State*    13S.994  .19 

Total     Gl.0SO.4tf        100.00 

In  onler  to  prevent  the  great  wa«te  of 
Iron    canted    by    the  io    of    tha 

Sue  wllb  aomo  of  the  metal  It  waa 
iind  necensry  to  u»e  tome  aubatnnce  with 
which  the  alllca  of  the  gaojrue  will  readily 
unite  io  farm  »lag.  Limestone  !•  the  moat 
■rent rail;  uaed  for  thl*  nurnoa*.  All  aucb 
article*  added  aro  called  noxe*.  aod  their 
nto  constitute*  on*  of  tb»  moat  Imnor  ant 
dlacorarlaa  aver  Introduced  In  the  maoufiir, 
rora  of  Iron.  Cfcareoal  aarlv  bacame  gen- 
erally  n»ed  aa  fnel  foe  beatloc  tie  mat*. 
Tbo  high  tamneratuT*  nece**ary  to  fu*o 
llaa*  alas  re<,a.lreii  a  ehlnmey-«har««d  fu"iae» 
' .  anpllane**  for  forcing  a  draught  of  air 
neh  the  molten  md*.  The,  contrivance 
for  th1»  pnrpo»e  It  knrnra  a«  the  Ma*! 
It    waa    drat    oaed    In    the    ftblna 


K 


pTOTlnces  of  German;  about  tee,  middle  of 
th*  fourteenth  century.  Many  Impoitant 
change*   hare   been    nir  >  fur- 

nace, until  today  Hie  nuiput  of  euch  fun 

get  000  tona  of  pig  iron  In 
twenly-fmir    b 

prodoCtlOO    of    pi*    Iron.     Ini-ludlng 

feTroolloyt.    according    to    flgure»    pnlilMied 

ir-y  20.    lUia.  by   the  American   Iron 

213    crow* 

tona    la    191 

groaa  tona  In  1014.    The  pig  iron 
nf  f.  rniu  lnyx.  wild  or 
lag  to  report*  of   producera    to    the    I 
Geological    Snrrey.    waa 

ii  at   $401,«ul>.-iiu.   u   gain 
;iud  34  p-r 
In  value.    The  teerags  prlca  per  ton  nt  fur- 
ii 

I  C-:  i'.'  In  101  I.  ii"' 
ratio  of  pig  iron  protocol  to  Iron  ore  con- 
nimed  wax  vut,  compared  with 

Kill. 

Henry  Uet^emer  of 
London  obtain,  d  patent*  for  a  procea*  of 
■ 

ill    i'|.  r.t  'old  air  tbrough   t '.-- 
molten  lion,  but  h"t  InT.-nllon  wa 

i  umdlaVi!  by  Bobi'it   I 
who  nd-l.-il   to   the   molten   ateel.   after  the 
blant  had  b  at  quantity 

..f  ■•ili-g.  )«lwn   (an  alloy  of   lrrni  and   inan- 
the   oxide    of   Iron 
ranted  by  bloving  and  to  glre  Uu  iteal  Hi.- 

CIM     of     liardnrMB    ami     fluid  :r 
either    lte>»emer   nor   bin    American    rlral. 
William   K»ily  of  I'ltuburgh.  who 

anything  In  Aruertca  unill  ]*i\it.  vhen  tncy 
iheir    iiiiiIi.mI      with    iboae    of 
■  i  |be  Bral  iilaui 
In  commeiclnl  ijuantltl.-H  *rai  put  Into  tuc- 
tflon  hj    tin    Pi  n 
any  at  Stcclton,  near  llarrltburg,  Pa., 
In  Juii, ,  180T. 

"tatlc"  open-hearth  prorcu  of 

■  ■•  1  •        'I      llll'i      the       I    ' 

SlBte.  In    '  oegle.   Itlppt  .'. 

nt    Homestead.    I'n.      Tbla    procem    eon»Ut« 
iiiillniirr    opea-hearil  lined 

with  bo»le  material,  tu.-h  at  dolomite  lime 
atone  or  majraoalta.  Whan  p'g  Iron  iM.ntaln- 
lm   bo  render   it 

unfit  for  conwrtlon  Into  ttcel  by  any  other 
Belli  '1  in  ■■  in  Ii  a  (urnaen  llm 
baale  lining,  together  with  a  baalc  Hug 
which  la  added,  remove*  the  objectionable 
phosphorus    iml    make*   hN'i'I   equal    t.i   (lint 

B'     eil    in    the   old    open  heai  t ■  ■    fui  i 
y    thl*    nroee**    Immense    d.'potltt    of   Inn 

I     fill  I     ,-f     (ill". |  lioftiM    ii  -     In     ne     ii 

In  atoel  making  were  mnde  available  for  tha 
hlghi-it  kind  of  eonttnietlve  work.  Hl-h- 
grade  etracrora!  material  anch  »«  boiler 
and  thin  platea,  bridge  and  I  ulldlne  beam*, 
hlgh-arada  catting*,  etc..  I*  generally  open- 
brarlh  ateel.  for  the  reaaon  that  It  la  coo- 
tldered  more  uniform  In  quality  than  the 
tof'er  »ti"l  made  hy  Urn  Reajrmrr  pmce**. 
Tim  lint  t:.vl  rtil*  relied  In  Ibo  way  of 
regular  buelncae  warn  mad-  by  the  Cambria 
Iron  CorrnMny  of  Johnatown.  ra..  In  Au- 
rimt.  1M7,  from  Ingota  made  by  tli» 
Tenntylvanla  Ste«I  Company.  Toe  produc- 
tion of  Deearmer  ateel  In  1807  waa  only 
X.O0C  'on*,  wbllo  In  1013  It  bad  grown  to 
TOfl  toon.  Tbe  ranld  and  onormoo* 
development  of  tbo  Di  I   lndu*t'T 

In  thn  Unlled  State*  1»  attributable  chiefly 
'o  the  great  extension  of  our  rail.. 
Beatrmrr  afeal  U  al*o  card  for  ateel  bar*. 
merchant  nteeL  and  for  tin  platea.  Tb<- 
ba«'c  Br««emer.  or  Thom*«.  jire.e»<*  th'ngh 
nvd  In  Oermanv  to  nroduco  4.8Ssri,'i> 
Ii  1002,  hat  not  com*  Into  general  n«*  i» 
tola  country. 


Broo 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


•rami 
of  (.'ommi-rc*  from  *3il  c»ubll*bnicut- 
atlng  i       .1  ii. I     i  .      ■ 

cither  or  both.  In   Mil,   1 1 1 .•  total   pro 
of     which     for     tlm    yi*»r    worn     tbiih  • 

elanuted  Iron  an.  - !•  d.m- 

•  •■•iiiiiiI.  !"'■    t  '    ■  'i;  .;  I i  -   .  ■    flu  i .  1m.i1  r-  lln.l 

Srouurta  and  forcing*,    i  ilu'-d  nl 
:i.  Oj  rlnlati>Hl  i 

11 .  Mil 
in  i.i, i  ir-  ban    i k    bar.    tod   (cran   bar — 

valued 

unrolled    -i.il    in    [be    form    <■(    In;.. in    and 
I   M.  -I    It    M7..M7 

'i  b*  i-i-iii  .1  a  ported 

of    uiark-il    .1.  it.  ■■  ..ii     tin     pr... 

Iron   and    atcel    lu    Hut    year.   n»    ri- 


(Inin     Hi.. 

I    'ii    i-.i  .      Tin*   a  ua   f.  iifwod  by  a 

Iron     which.    nft"r  dropjplnx 
from    12 .." >i  f  of 

ii.  in   in  mhi. i  torn 

for    Hi.     0  Dd    to 

I7.HK2.422  ton*  dir  ii...  i... in.]   Imlf. 

i.  h    In 
MM  o  > 

-(Ml,    r .'i.r.'jfiiilit . 

with    1  I    •••nl 

in  quantity  and  of  |.v.ou:i..tt>7.  or  12 

•|  Ii.-    ill  .  1  .. ...!.  .    mi. I    rollltJ 
I.    pnn  Ij      In     'If 

Innrlc  and  cmt  north  •    i   Id 

tlii-    Panhandle    ..f    H 

'I'll.-  '.  •  nriil   roll  I  ii.-  mill  ImtiiMry 

comnrh    •    ' 

.,iii.,|..  ,     |iol  h   with  fi 
in nklng  ilecl  inn!   "It.   bol    roll"   fur  r-- •  1 11  iik 


i. hi    ii,. i     ..  ,iii    n. .i     rolli      and    (Sj 
equipped  wiHi  hoi   rolla  bill  b   ittel 


fiirii-i.  ■  •.      Moat     .f    Hi.,    laroeal    catabllab- 

111. 'Ml  •      I"       III  '■• 

(junta   op.  i  ited   In   conjunction   wlib 
iTiii  ulnfiod  aUo  wiili   rollto 

I.  1 1  ?  111.  l:  I  -.        I>ll     'I III.  T     Ii..  -mI       II"     ■ 

Ilahmenti   ■  •'  n rood   group   bate   blaal 

furnnci  i.    but   nil    bur   pin  *rrnp 

for  atoel  III  iiiiniii  ■*   .if    toa 

i tilnl   rfrtilip  In.!  i liming  tholr 

ill    In    Hi"    fnr '    lanin,    hi. 

alalia    or    mhi-r    ahnpei      pig-    Ir. .n    <<■• 

few  Independent 
bloomi  ■ 

P Imnln     in    1000    I'ontrllmted    over 

batf    i"  i    ■■•in  '    of   thi  ln«  of 

1     per 

rent! ;  illli  ila,  I  J  I-'  . ."      New  Tork.  4 

"I.I  .     i  :..l     I  1"  I 3.B  Of 

, 1 1 •  i --   i .i ■  ■■  i ii.  in.- 

Ill"      to      I  Ii"      IV<  "Ill      ,   I  oplTII  111       111 

abowa  tbe  hlchct   peroentngea  of  In- 
llfl  '.*   p.  i    f.-iii    lu    iiiiinli.'r  of   wnjre- 

mi. I  In.1-:  per  cent  In  ml Idtd  6)    uianu- 

fllrli 

The  nrrmife  number  "f  perann*  ••nongCQ' 
in   in.,  .ii.in-.ir.r   ;n   ioon   wim    :i 

wbotu  '.>.'  I   pet  ««fi- 



and   otHeliil 

I  mil .  Idiial     pi  oprlctoi »      nut      ilnn 
dnatry 
mainly    rnutrolM    b 
Of  tin-   iniiiili.'r  »:.f   wniri'-enrncM  In    IO01I. 
84,2  per  •■■  ill    n    n    in 

ii".    hour*    w    -•■   'lnv    per 
or    len    hour*    n    it  r.  a    tin- 

we.li,     i.  Iii:. 
Ii-Iiiii.  nl       "  Ii"n 

over    ilxi.r    per    week,    and     -'lb    per    ••cnt 
where  they  were  »iw-iit.v.tHO  per  week  and 


orer.     The  debt  bour  day  la  not 

nny  larce  extent,  only  9.3  par  ctat  it  ta 

•  I;.  niployid   to   latiaK 

la  where  tbe  prevailing  ho*r»  were  b*» 

than   Ofty  fur    per    week.      Tbe  preparoal 

lu   eatnblUI nti    in    which   tbe  prerUlaC 

»"  «  w** 
|i.  r    ne-k    irirn    eitpeiiiilly    bigb    la  llllnav 
.iiiln  and    liullnaj. 

"t<. — Of  tr*  *► 
l»l.li-  i    for    lUM,    178  »W> 

located  In    I'eiin  fit   In  Obi*.  S  ll 

lllliii.lv  2.1  In   New   Vi 

t    Vl.-illili. 
MnHHicbu'  js'.d.  *  la  Hlda- 

can,  7    in  i-i   Alahaox.  «  in 

rare,  *  in  • 

3  In    Maryland,  S  Id  Mb»onrl.  X  la  EK* 
I»I«n<l.  2  In   Virginia,   and   1   " 

in". In.  CcorcU.  Itvat. 
«ii,    Oreton.    TenoeaMc.   TeiaJ  »»4 
Waablm 

Til.  Inward     eosr«otntl»a  ai 

larje  i  .    marked  b  * 

There  la  no  other  lufVftlT 

In  wbleb  ao  many  plnnta  of  «ie»t  »l»  lt» 

at  av 

I  ilill.  lini.lilM     r    i  ■ 

I1.i»H'.(hii>   or    more    each-      Thl«  rroof  « 
ealabllnliiiii'iitu    In     l»«>9     Ii  rare- 

three,  wlili  jir..  ",ow- 

ii  i  .in.. 

hmenta  with  product*  vilwl  n 
»l.f oi  .r    f..ii.i"il    'M    p.  r  e«ol  « 

S'.ii  for  nil  e«tahIlahm«Bta  In  1100, ul 
at   of   tin  i    with  prooKti 

mined  at  »10.iXVi.ihh>  or  orar  eooatlUIrt 
43.2  per  cent  nf  ill"  total. 

In     '  in  I  Ion     of     tb'     1».2T«,3! 

inn.    . 

Inga  mill.-  by  «teel  work  and  minor  alfa 
In    u«iu.    among    tin-  isdat 

»Utev  I'll,  t  per  cut 

of  the  output  or  tbear  prodncta  In  1W». 
Ohio  Incremtid  lt»  proportion  of  tb»  ««i»tt 
In    in  l    per  cent  In  tl  <r.     In-iUnt 

nnd    llllnol*    rlii.wr-il    blrher   pererntacn  M 
ill   lu   run"  than  In  ilnn  :  bol  thaw* 

«i    by    NVw    York   and  Wad 
I'lrflnln    remained  about   tbe  aame. 

There  ba*  been  durlne  each  deeaile  i 
marked  loerrnae  both  In  tbe  abaolnte  a*d 
ri'lntlre  amount  ..f  up-n-b-.trtb  *tc«J  pea- 
dneed.     I».i 

1.3  per  c»nt  of  the  «tf»l  nr 
n «  ntnln*t  taw 

•"  " ii"  '  rund.  altbonrh  Ih 

put    Increased    K..1.8    ik-r    ■  ng   tftb 

period,  constituted  only  Rft  pr 
pr.Mlu.il   ii  in    i '"'•■.  aj  compared  wltb  8*.» 
III  in  188fl. 

Iron  and  SttMl,  manufacturer*  of. 
on  (Soho-lnlf  <'.  vflrwit.  7749. 
Tariff  rat«8  tomparesl.  7750. 
Irredenta.     (8**  Italia  Irredenta.) 
Irrepreasdbla  Conflict.  —  An 

Oral    im...l    b»    William    II.    .Scn-ard    In    1« 
'..    denote    tin-    -u.'rnlnfly    un^ndlns    reclra- 
rer«y  betwcee  fr««lotn  sod  »Ibt- 
IrdgaUon.— Tbe    ancient     pnctlca 
creaalne  tba  ]  of  the  aott  by 

iii":i  it  f    water  baa 

I .'.  tbe  arid  plain* 

nf    II,.  if    tliC    flu 

The    anbjeel    lie.  .*    and   lo>' 

portant    tin  ihe    leading    ixilltkal 

inrlli  lucnifa-li-r .  law* 

|. ...I; lug  to  the  reclainatlvn  of  arid  biaCa. 
I'p  I.i  tlil.  llmu  in. .mi  ..r  i tie  put, ii,-  irrtra- 
Hon   work    «n»  curried  on   iimla-r  tbr  ■ 

f   I^IM.  which  crniiied  t.>  racti  nf  Ik* 
/irl.l    «t«te«    I.ihhxooO  aer«i  r.f   deaert 
lamatloD. 


lopcdic  Index 


Irrigation 


1  ml.  r  thla  low  public  larde  are  with- 
drawn from  entry  on  application  of  the 
utate.  Ban*  Ibm  •  nlte  Into  ron- 

with  private  coapaali 
sullen  cnnala.  dll  .   the 

i  cr-  ■■! (it:  I •■  Mil  l)i'-  land  to  acttlcra 
who  have  contracted  wiiii  tba  canal  build' 
era  for  a  aupply  of  wal 

unci    »'ltb   Um    mate. 

Th»  number  of  pToJ«tx  noil  the  KB 
.•«!•.  nded    on    thcin     to    Jnn.     I,    11H5.    are 
ahowu  In  the  following  table: 

Service  Supply 
on  rum-      Juno  30. 
pletlou 
State    And    Ifoject  Acre* 

ArtMoa:   salt    Hirer..  KrljMB  101.048 

A rliona  California : 

...  128.000  5 

California:    itrinnd    -.  20.103  20.10:1 

c  .1.  :■  •  ■  1  •  > 

Id    Vail. ■}     S3 

ley     140,000  A5.000 

Minidoka    I20JWHI 

■  -.-.  UMTfl 

Montana :     Huntley      . .  .T2.»o5           32.005 

MUX    Hirer    SXQlOOO 

Sua     Hiier     174.022           1&322 

Montana-North   Dakota: 

lowatme..  00,110         42^00 

ltt«     120,881  121 

■h  Platte,  I 

" 

Nevada  "  Trnckce  Carnon     ■.""'•.IHHI 

Kan    Uczlco:    Cnrbbod      2  I  7'"'. 
Hondo  10  1.050 

Ha  ; 

rtio  r..iHn> 

■  |:l    I' 

Oklabomn  :    Lawton     ..  :.■••" 

Oregon:     I  tllla     30.301  10.000 

■n  I'.illfornla : 

142.71MS  47.000 

■  U  : 

Rellpfourrhe    07,01© 

Strawberry  Valley  ..      SO.ooo 

Wllahllilgnll  : 

Okanoimo    10.000  : 

Yakima     HtlfMH  120.740 

Wyoming : 

»l.o.b..a<     147.U05  i 

Indian  Projects  (under  todlao  Office*  : 
Montana:   lilaokfect    ..     122.500  40.IU0 

■  Lead     

Ck  I.V.'.IMKI  1 


Grand    Total     3.117,802      1.090.244 

June  1",  100'.'.  fougrcn  pnaacd  the  rco. 
tarnation  law.  which  provided  for  the  con- 
atmclloB  of  Irrlcatlou  workv  l,v  iba   Dolled 

unit.       The     in-.-. 

Ihe     pi-i-.  Iptl     from     C  II  r-     aalc     of    public 

in     aVrtoona.    California.    Colorado.     I 
i a,   Montana.   Nebraaka,   Nevada, 
Mexico,    Noi  iii   l  lakotu,    Okl  ibotnu,   Oti 

South    I  -  -  t; .  >  I .  ■      I    till.    M      -.lllllglrjli.    IIC    I     I 

mine,    for    Hi natrucllou     ,f    Irrl 

under  I  In'  il  lr-«l  l.in  of  i  in-  Si  r-tery 
of  Hi.-  I  ii  t.rinr  'I  I..'  i  i  of  that  work*  la 
to  be  repaid  by  the  aeitlcra.  who  uae  the 
water,  iu  t.n  annual  Inatallmenta.  and 
when  the  payment*  bare  hecr.  rniidV  f  a  I 
majority  of  tba  londa  Included  In  any  proj- 
ect tor  management  tod  operation  "f  >...ii 
project  are  to  be  i  n m.  >|  1*91  1  •  Kb< 
»r-,  ho  in*  maintained  nt  their  eiponae. 
The  recelpta  from  the  aala  of  land  and  the 

In    ftirill   :i     perpetual    refill- 

11  fund  Public  1.1  nit-*  included  in  rec- 
lamation projecta  may  be  acquired  only 
under  UM  tcrtoa  of  tbe  homestead  law,  and 


the  commutation  claoec  of  that   law 
not  apply  to  aueh  lam 

i:p  to  llKi»  the  Uovernmcnt  had  aelreted 

ulllloa 

.iir.'K  »l   an  ei,ilinnt.-d   coat  of  nenrly    WO,- 

■  ii.l   1-    the  Carey    act   Ike   atatea 

.■■ii  iiii.iilnn   .mil   bad  **• 

.lulv    1      1000     ;; 

eorb   hav- 
ing dl»je>»cd  of  the  1.000,000  acre*  allowed 
under     tbe     law,     were    granted     an 
additional  1.000.000  arret  for  tba  tarn*  nnr- 

!'•■-■■- 
Ttlr 

.  <    !»•- 

(mid  the  menna  of  tbe  reclamation  fund. 
11  now  law 
la  1010  authorising  the  Iwnancaj  of  certlfl- 
entea  of  Indebtedneaa  aanlnut 
mntluii  fiiml  in  the  amount  of  $30,000,000. 
in  r- 1 1  hi-  r  ■  '  Iptl  -if  tin'  fund, 
nil  Mutt*  d.im  In  New  Mexico. 
the  principal  atrartnre  of  the  lnternnlliui.il 
and  Intemtate  Klo  tirandc  Irr'.ratlou  projn-t. 
una  e.iijipli-tixl    t  imatlOD   »rr1ce 

00  Mar   l-t     1016.      I  Um  a-ti-ateat 

Ktiira  II  r   wnrlil. 

1    1 1   818   feat   hish.    1.074    teat   hma  on 
top.  and  in-ikTiiii  n  mnilon  tona.  and  look  flv» 

In    l.lllJil.        I  ill  hlllloll    :: 

<if    walrr    In    »    Ink.     15    mil.-    lolUJ    "HIi    BH 
avi'tnze  d  D    full, 

•ill   contain  «ilif   to  env'-r    Data- 

I  rep. 
Prealdent   Wllann  ».>nt  the  folluwlnc  tele- 
trnai    ,,t    i-onaratiilniiiniii    in    tiie    Iteclama- 
tl.ui   «mp|i-yea   who  were   In   charge   of   the 

'••  completion   of  the  Klefil' 
la  an    nclitcTemcnt   which   nrouaea  t'.e 
pntrlottia  of  all  true  Amerlrana.     It  »bowa 
what    1. ••  hni'iii   mill   hu»l!i.-»«   -kill   nnil   iii- 

'.rcuniplUh 
In  .  "Dibnt  with  the  force*  ->r  nature.  The 
country    oa  1  til  ul d    aj 

nun    and    the    women    WOO    baT« 

Palled  ill  tli. — r> t  l-r  .iiirlog  the  five  yeara  of 
•rt  to  proilucc  a  reauli  "f 
•lean    Nation    may    >.  • 

proud.  rODBOW    v 

The  •   tba  uio 

'    l"o«o.      It 
Ii   tbe  flfth  of  tba  noTemment'i  Ms  Irrlga 
tlon  projtxta.  and  will 
and  flood  of  the  river.      1 1    1 
•  ay   .  wide. 

I  ■  JI15  feet  thick, 
following;  table,  praparad  by  the  Cm- 
aua   liur.ni  D    i|.-tnll    Ihi 

for  Irrigation  la  the  fnlted  Statea  la  1010: 

Number  of  farma  ft)  1 .440422 

Apiireximati  laarl  arc*  (11.  acrta. . .  1.K.1 
•■    Ij.aaraa. 

-1  land  i=  farina  (II.  acr»«.   .  173.433.9A7 
N amber  of  (arau  impu-l 

Aereaati  irric  CO  U.7SM0I 
"'Iiriaca  wan  capable  of 

irn,'  10.334.007 

Aerrayp'  ineluderl  In  i  31,11 

Niimla                                         M.700 

Total'.                              milaa. 125401 

length  of  man  .■7.".'.,., 

length  of  Uteml  ditebea.  mllea  .  UjON 

Viinilwr  of  I  OtOIS 

Capacity  of  reaerrwra.  arra-fe»l. . . .         12.oSl.lW 
N'urnbre  of  pumping  plant*.  13.00(5 

Capacity   of    po»er   planta.    horat- 

aalwrr  "Cl.i:!.-, 

Coat  of  Irrigaiion  enurpriaea $307.8«JIJO 

Av.-rng>-  coal  pat  aora  (3)  (IS  92 

ATerage    annual    enat    of    operation 

and  maini-iian.N.  pat  aero (2)  $1  07 

I'lcaree   relate  to  entire  sraau  of  rtataa  lo- 
:i'l  In  1U<„>.      (J)  Itaaad  on 

ooat  to  July  t,  1910,  i,nd  aeraaca  ratarpnaaa  wora 
aanable  of  ungaung  In  1910. 


Irrigation 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  ['residents 


Tin-  prii-cuiagft  Of  '■■■■  twOCB    18S0 

»n<l   I  SUM  In    Hie  ntiml.ei    ol  'gated 

nil  moic  limn  double  tlwt  timing  ittc  suc- 
iml  i In-  ot»oluto  Increases 
during  the  two  decade*  *trt  ay, 
final.  Nebraska  showed  lbs  largest  par- 
rentage  of  Increase  during  the  former  pe- 
riod and  Texas  during  the  latirr  period,  hut 
in   noli  ner     lata        the  ai  lual   Dumber  of 

Irrigated  farms  lorgc.  In  Nebraska  and 
1'nU.iia  there  wcro  decreases  between 
1809  and  1909.  The  largest  absolute  In- 
crease In  uolb  decades  was  In  California, 
In  tho  period  1800  to  1008  the  next  Inrgcat 
Increase  wn  •  In  Colorado,  and  la  tho  period 
i  to  isuO  in  L'tab. 

In  total  acreage  Irritated  California 
ranked  Urat  In  18W».  Colorado  sernn.i,  nn.l 
Montana  ttltd.  In  both  1800  and  ltttil* 
Colorado      reported     the     Inigrsl     litigated 

■-...  while  California  mid   M 
second   nod   third,    re  Idaho   fol- 

lowed closely  In    1000.      Ki'om  1S90  to    llioa 
irnla   snowed   the   laryrsl 

followed    hy    Colorado,    Idaho,    and 

Montana  In    tho  order  named.      In   percent. 

t   Increase   for   this   decade,   however, 

i     ranked  on       .cond. 

Idaho  thlid.  and   New   Mexico  f" 

Cos*  of  Initiation.—  I  in    lotal  cost  of  lr- 

rigaii'in   aotorprlaei    Dp    to  1910, 

was    reported    ns    J307.80a.niK>.    whirl. 

1 1    an    IncrtBM    Hf    i240.ooi.oo i    ..r 

:...:■  -.    |„.:-    ..nt    ...    i    Hi  .  d    at 

the  censns  of  WOO.     In  no  state.  In  the  arid 
tvglon    was    the    Inei.  i    f..r    Ihij 

i|    le>«   than    loo  DOT   cent.   Hi- 

Krcentngc  of   Increase   being  In    North    Da- 
ta  aud   tho   lowt    i    In   Oklahoma.      With 

respect      to     Bhsol Inn  Iforllla 

ranked   first.    Colorado   I "ml     Idaho    third. 

and    Montana    fourth.      Tho  year    1D1<  ■ 
in   Urn  taldil   of  a   period   of  great  n. 
In  the  con; .1  ruction  of  Irrigation  works,  and 
on    J n  i-  of   works 

wen:    Incomplete       The    "estimated    iinai 

cost"  reporled.  1474.281,180,   Is  the  i 
t in-    coal    up    i"  July    1.    ami    thi 

M   Completing   these   unfinished   works. 

The  average  cost  per  acre  bnaod  0 
acreage  Irrigated  In  1000  was  $S 
thin   hated    ni  ii.  :  rises  whero 

capable   of  Irrigating  In    101O  wna  II 
and  lhal     ■      i  oi    ll  iated  total  cost 

snd   tho  acreage  included   In  projects   was 
flS-M, 

Value  of  Irrloattd  Crona.— The  report 
shows  for  nil  crops  reported  as  irrigated 
an  average  value  per  acre  of  $25.08,  Tho 
highest  average  value  per  acre  for  crona 
raised  on  Irrigated  land  Is  that  for  Wash- 
ington. 140.S2.  which  K  followed  by  that 
for   Texas,   S4.V43  .«  of  ricel,  and 

that      for      I'nllfornln.      143.80.        Wyoming 
showed  the   lowest  average   value  per 
112. i'l.     As   Is   to   be   . 

ratal  per  acre  Is  hlghot  In  the  »tat:s 
with  large  areas  of  fruits,  vegetable*,  and 
othi  r  .i«  clall.'.eil  crops  mNed  I" 
Irrigation,  while  In  those  where  forace 
crops  nnd  grains  preduiuinute  the  average 
la   lower. 

(Hoc  Illustration  opposite  "OH. I 

Irrigation: 

Policy  of  Oovemment  rcfrnn1ln|r.  Alt- 
eusse.l.    BM1,    S640,    6657,    <J660, 
6724,  7047,  701 
Importance   of   forest   reserves  to, 
8908, 
Storatjn   anil    use.  of  water*   of    Itio 
■  •  1  ••   for.   oiseui  -ni,  5069, 
Island    No.    10    (Tenn.).    Battle    of.- 
About    the    time    of    tho    capture   of    New 
Madrid.  Mc  Commodore  Toole  sailed  from 


",  III.,  with  a  float  of  scrao  (toads* 
enniioata.  one  wooden  gunboat,  art  tea 
mortar  boat*  to  asm  I  Pope  In  bit  sets* 
on  Island  No.  10.  March  10.  18C2.  r»«» 
began  a  bombardment,  wblch  be  kcot  sp«* 

»    days   without    effect  lo  its 

mean  lime    bad    dug    a    canal    across  its 
swampy   land  nbor*   New   Madrid,  so  Osc 
res*.-  .    eon  id    paxs   through-   to   Ikai 
wlihoul  passing  the  Island.     Karly  la  IsrO 
three  of  the  gunboats  inn  by  lbs  ss 
of   ihe   bland   under   cover   of 
April  7   ihe  Confederate*  foood  tbcBsrtfw 
surrounded    by    gunboat*    nnd    uaastam 
laden  with  troops.     Nothing  ramalard  bv.  1* 
Three   genera's.   2T3  IcM  «>4 
company  officer*.  ftTuo  private*.  1S3  besrf 
guns  and  33  Oeld  piece*,  all  of  tb«  Uwst 
pattern.  T.000  small  ami- 
in-  ii  of  rircrlilow  iM 

ammunition,  hundred*  of  horses,  oik*, 
wagons,  bnvness.  etc.,  were  raotwsd.  Om 
weio  no  casualties  In  lb*  Federal  annr. 

Island  Pond,  VL,  proclamatloa  grail- 

Ing  privilrgc*  of  other  poru  to.IiW, 

Islands.     (See  Insular  Posse**!***,  ts* 

Uta  Hvorol  Ulnnila.) 
IsUunion  Canal.    (Sec  Panama  Cual) 
Isthmlzn  Canal  Coaunlaflon,  wo>*  tf, 

i,  0S08,  6816,  6938. 
Italia  Irroicnta.— (Unredeemed 

I  portion  of  tho  p.<u there  Tyre) 
tluo)   .in,i  in-  hand*  of  Atstrk. 

but  Whose  In  nlltnnts  for  the  greater  *•» 
are  Italian  In  descent  and  laagoage.  loUr 
hru  long  il...lr..il  to  redeem  these  prarhew 
from  Austria,  and  t"-nt  fact  was  latMaM 
In    Italy's   dr.!  ...  t^ineeu 

of  the  l^iU-sto. 
Ittllan-Amcrican.— An  Amertcan  of  IU> 
Ian  blitJ  or  descent. 
Italian    Murder.      (8*x>    Kew  Ori*ui 

Maesaero.) 
Italy.— Italy   Is  a   mnrltlose  klafdw  * 
8ootli.ru   Europe  anil  consists  of  I  ***»> 
sola  and  several  lslanua,  tbe  wbok  kM 
sltualc  between  3C  OS1  ;:■■  ?  *■ 

and  C  30'-t8*  SO*  U.  loaeKs** 

Of  the  total  men  of  11  '■'•'+ "PH 

:?    »i|iiur<-  i*tliuai 

and   10  'igdox*  I*  l*?* 

ed  on  in.,  nonh  by  ihe  aip-*.  on  tktj! 
ami   south    tiy    the   Tyrrbeulan    Sea  0 
terraneon),  nnd  on  the  east  by  tbe  **S 
atlc.  :.  I*  close  »»  •*' 

Biiies.  :m. I  i  •  ix-twcan  the  **n> 

eastern    nnd    northwestern    bovnalP 
ceeds  350  miles,  nlti  peril***  " 

i    than    100  miles  acre*. 
fhiirlrnl  I'nlure*.— Norlh---.n  III  '  I"5 
compn»-sed  hy  tho  Alp*,    which  axtesi.  I 

r-iii  border  In  the  northeast  lo  '** 
l-"i  in. "  !':  i  II. i  ii  border  to  Iba  OMtharrtt.  <> 
Interranlnc  bring    eomawojj 

8wl(serlini|    nnd    ll    '.e.      The  aorthsa*'™ 
born    exiends    soutlin-nrd    and    for**  w 

Apennllie     Until*.,     which     *tr*'' 

i  iw    renter  of  tbe  penlnioln   to  C»n»  »*•, 

llmento,   In   the  rxtren  w»sl  « 

l«  a  chsln  ef  * 

runic  Ii.-i-Iim.  liieimiitie  ihe  c>ne  of  >•*• 
vies    f4.2O0    f" -t  i      '" 

n.-nr     ■  ' 
•tnnil    Hie    ruins    of    llereolnnenm,    rO***". 
nnd   Stnld-e.    nvern  h»-lttir.l   hy   an  rfT>'* 
',<    the    iole.it,.,    in    a   I  •!»»»«  Ik 

Alpn  nn.l  the   l.tgwrlsn-RtrMarnn   Apes«h"< 
Is  n   rrent  plnln,   f^rmlne   • 
rivet  "it.  r>.|i«er  of  tw  slila 

at   rtacensa.  tbe   VU  XmUU   < built  siiq 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Italy 


In  th*  second  century  B.C.)  ran*  anulb- 
•nut  10  Rimini  (Arlmiiilumi.  where  It  JolM 
the  Via  Plamlola  which  lendo  to  Rome. 
Tbc  ouly  great  rlTer  of  Italy  I*  the  Po, 
i-  bleb  rises  In  the  Alps  ami  flows  eastward 
Into  the  Adriatic.  Th*  Italian  lalaud* 
Dumber  «lxt v-«l*.  and  Include  the  large 
Islands  of  Sicily  and  Sardinia,  and  tfi.i 
smaller  Island  of  Elba,   wltb  t'upraln,  O.ir- 

Kna  l1.ino«a.  Monte  Crlsto.  Slcflj  ...mains 
e  highest  of  European  tnlcnnocs  In  Mount 
Etna  or  Moiiglbcllu  (10.870  feet)  lu  the 
aal.  Tb*  region*  of  Uin  nor  lb  bar* 
Imt  summer*  and  cold  winters,  while  cen- 
tral Italy  la  generally  sunny  and  genial, 
and  tin-  Noutbcrn  districts  almost  tropical. 

Italy  la  al<o  In  temporary  occupation  of 
a  group  of  Turkish  Islands  lying  between 
Crete  and  Asia  Minor  (Rhodes.  Carpathox. 
t'oa.  Astropalla,  (to.)  mull  xneb  time  aa 
the  oiifiiimii  troop*  bare  been  remoTed 
from  Tripoli  and  Bcnghsil. 

aaxa  xmi  i-  .i-  :  ami 

Area  in  Population 
CompartOMflU  Easdiab        1911 

Piedmont..  'llJW  3.1 

LigiirU  tm  1.1S0AS3 

Lombard}'...                   OJSO  4.7S6.907 

Venetia D.478  a,:-: 

Emilia                                  ....  T.t/67  7.607MO 

Tuarany                                      .    .  UJtH  :'.i, 

March**,....                   .    .      .  3.7GJ  LOSSES 

Vmbiia 3.718  685,042 

Rome 4,flaJ  129S.U2 

Abnuii  and  Molu*.  I., '.Ml  l.i».rMZ 

Campania..                             ....  «tfv< 

Apulia                                   ......  MM  V.12S.032 

'■at*. 3.845  I 

Calabria Sjilft  1.404,0m 

Sicily 0.U38  ftjSi 

Sardinia U,2M  M»,l»» 

Tuul IIO.UM  :M,i»f.,tW0 

History. — Tbc   Kingdom   of   Italy  Is  com- 
posed of  th-  formar  Btat«  of  SnuHnis  and 
the  two  Sicilies.   ib«  Punt  In 
Lomusiribi-Vrnctlnn    provinces   of    the 
trlnn    Empire,    the    '.rami    Uocby    of   Tus- 
cany, nnd  th*   Dnchlf  and   Mo- 
il na,    unit.-ii    1 1 1 1 ■  i . ■  r    Hi.-    Bon  ■•■     il    I 
after  a    heroic  struggle  between   tbc  years 
1818  ond  1S70.    Italian  unity  uj. 
la    I860,    when     ill..    AiKtrliiin    evacuated 
Lombardy.  nml  in  1*.7"  i>v  tb*  with.lr 
of   Kreneh  troop*  from   the   Papal   Mates. 
Id   1872  th..  King   (Vict oi    Emmanuel    II 

i  Rom*,  which  i 
Ital  of  Italy.     The  comportments  arc  sub- 
divided   Into    slxty-nlm-     provl 
Inhabitant*,   particularly    In    the  south,   are 
derived  from  a  mixture  of  racial  clem 
and    Hirre   la  evidence  of  the   ill 
origin   In    the   contrast    l».|  wi..n    Hi-   Indux- 
Irloua  our]   stable,  people,  '.f  Hi.-  north  and 
center  and    the   leas   Industrious  and    i 
excitable  southerner*. 

ii.  i*i. — The  government  Is  that  of 

a  constitutional  monarchy,  founded  upon 
tbc  ftl.italo  fondomentul,  d<  i  /.-.jno,  grant- 
ed lo  bli  on  March  I.  1818.  by 
Hi.'  Mug  of  Sardinia,  and  since  •atended 
to  the  whole  Kingdom  of  Italy.  Th*  i 
Is  hereditary  la  the  mule  line  i 
rrnliiim  or  tbn  Boom  of  Savoy,  founded 
in  1038  by  I'liii.ertus  I.  Present  ruler:  Ilia 
Majesty  Vlttorlo  Emmanuels  III.,  Mug  of 
Hal*  born  at  Naples,  Nov.  n.  ItHJp,  son 
Of  Sine  Humbert,  succeeded  to  tin-  ilwi.ii.-. 
Ji!..    j'.i,    IBOO. 

Th*  Legislature  i-.n~K|.  ,-,f  tiro  Houses. 
the  Senate  and  the  Chamber  of  Deputies. 
The  Senate  la  composed  of  Princes  of  lbs 
Eluoil  of  full  age  au.l  nf  memliera  noml- 
nat*d  f  .:  i  f*  i"  i he  Sovereign  from  twen- 
rjr-ODt  clRRies.  public  service  being  the 
principal  Qui.llrieutl.in:  the  tuiui  BMObvr- 
17 


afclp    In    1H12   wai   S70.      The   Cbam 
i -.put lea    contains    ftuh     in.'iubvi 
fur  siugl*   eouMiitueucies.   for  a   maximum 
of  rive  years,  by  the  direct  tote  of  all  mast 
Italians   aged   twenty-oo*   year*    who   nr» 
able    to    i.nd    and    Writs,    mid    pay   n   small 
iiiniiint   iinnnallr  lu  taxation;  and  all   illli 
crate  men  obove  thirty,  or  undar  thai 
provided    they    ha»*    served    lu    the    Arior 
Ka*T,   oi    M]    at    least   lire  ltf.bU  of  di- 
rect laxes  ii  year. 

ill..  MgtMM  <.vjurts  nro  the  COSTtf  of 
Cassation  at  Urn..  Palermo,    Turin 

nnd  Elore .ni.i   tweatr-four  Courts  of 

Appeal    Ihi  be    kingdom.       Lower 

courts  arc  the  10:'  dl.t.-lct  tribunals 

l.i  ili.l  i  lii'-n:  I.    nnd   thlrl-'ei.    innul.-lpnl    courts 
under  pntni ' 

Italy  la  a  meml..  r  ..f  Hi,.  Triple  Alliance 
(Gerniiniv.  An-irl.  llungnry,  Italy!  under 
n    treaty   signed    on    •  ..blch 

KroTldes  for  mutual  anpport  lu  case  of  at- 
ick  by  any  other  oatluo. 
l.ilu.iit.nn.— The    law    of   JulT.    1001.    Im- 
piisliiB  special  disabilities  an   IBJ   iliii.-nit*. 
hat  afforded  a  needed  stimulus      Prior   to 
that  date  I   tbo  population 

:..  of  twenty  were  thus  elusxed. 
I'riiiiir-.  e.lucntlou  la  malntnlne.l  liy  local 
tnxntioo.  with  State  g.-.n..  Pi  rate  eatab 
llshiueiii  -  iiiii.i  i-..nf..rn.  to  State  currl. 'il- 
ium ("tilversltl.'s  Hologna.  Casllni. 
tunlR,  Uenoa.  Macenta,  Me.sln.i,  Mud>-na 
Nnplea,  Pndun,  Palermsx  Parma,  I 
I'lso.  Rome,  Snaaarl,  Sleno.  nnd  Turin. 
Many  of  these  nre  of  idnda 

Hoa  (e.  g.i.  Bologuu  i.\  l>  i.imi,,  ram.. 
rino.  Ferrara,  Peruala,  i_  rblno, 

fratlurlum    *n.f     I  n..i- |i  ■/       i  ■!    tbc    total 

ureii    cultivated   In   l'>)i'     18.4l'l.r.'r.   acres 
were    under   corn    crops    (wtMaM    ll,S8> 

iO   aervK).   and  of    th* 
r.  in. mi  i.  r     il.Ein  icrcs    were    under 

5.781.: acre)  nuder  ollvi  - 

000  under   chestnuts,   and    1.188.000   uudet 
in.  lulling  RUgar  ii.'.-i. 

csx,  hemp,  melons,  toinii fruits 

and   mulbrrrj       Tb«   nroduci    ..r   thi    rlnes 

tbe  r«  crop  ...i-   I.'. 184.000  cwt.  In  1012. 

The    Lite    Stork    hi     1008    Incl  i.li  il    c 
»beep.  giiatx,  tilgw.  Iu.i'»wx.  a»>.  -.  ninl.'*.  ami 
bufrabieH.      The  chief  minerals  nr.-  •ul|>hur 

llclllan  mlnea  being  one  of  th*  prln 
clpnl    producing    c*Bter*    at    ti„.    v. 
Iron,    lend,    ami    sine ;    quIrkKllver   pud    tin 
are  also  found,  ami  stone,  marble  and  grtn 
Ite  are  quarried  la  large  qnantin 
are  numerous    nun.  ml    -|irlnv«   fnun   which 

in. I    walrra  arr    obh 
Ifannfacrarr*. — TIih  iiidu«lrlrs 

(sulphur.   Iron,  xirel  .-ml  -iiln  ritrfl  employ 

to  larye  numbers,  and   the    uianufue. 

.f  niiii'hliii-i.i  li:i-  nni.le  great  pnig- 
resa.  The  inoior-enr  Industry  nt  Turin 
1 1  iiiiirl.-a  Itiill.'iiiR  Autoinoblll  Torlnol  Is 
world-famous.      Textiles    ».•  Ing    lu 

luipurtanee,  silk,  wool,  fliu  tnd  I.  Dp  lie- 
lug  producrd  in  me  country  and  imported 
The  comlltlou  of  the  ludustrlnl  popula- 
tion   la    Improving  owing    to    the    aunli.iry 

tneaaoraa  aouVrtaken  by  tb(  Btal*.  i.nt  th* 

low     wiigea     (particularly     In    agricultural 

•  IhtrletM   drive  tbc  I i--r  cIdrics  to  other 

eouii  I  I  .-Ii  ■  r  l.i-U'-i millions. 

,i.-.-.<.  -The    average   annual    ran 

of  Italy  for  (lr»  years  past  was  :  

imiO     lire       ■  -.p.-iiiiiiiirvN    averaged 

000.000    lire       'I  debt   of  the 

country  In   IBIS   was  xiat.il  at    14,271  I 
Cll   lira.      The  Urn,  the  standard  of  ealne, 
l»    ..|nal    to    so  i-.i  :i.    Inltf.l    Stnt«    money. 
Identical  with   the  franc  of  France. 

Cffsrs.— I'npltal.  Rome,  on  the  Rleer  Ti- 
ber. Population  <lt»l*\.  5Tft,2*US.  Mnr* 
than    a    dosen     >  ■     |i.pnlatrac 

ranging  bctweeu  100.000  and  700.000. 


Italy 


Mtisages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


/ToUk-oh*.  —  In  lt>lU  tberr  were  10.798 
mile*  of  runway  open,  of  wh.ch  8,280 
mile*  ti 

Swlixrluuil.  Itmo  lue  Austrian  Tirol  an.J 
from  Ilic  Adrludc  couil  of  Austria.  Till 
' lulu  U  CO'ered  iir  a  network  of 
Mil  in,  iimi 
lire,  llnp*  dona  neb  const  to  the  r: 
■ouch,  ond  n  central  lino  tun*  from  Turin, 
Ml lun  niij    Venice  lo  Komi-. 

Trail*  tfir*  the  fulled  tfrolci. — Th*  vnluo 

of    uu-rchnndlao    Imported    Into    Italy    from 

roi      DC   •    U     LWf   w:i» 

'•  and  goods  to  tbc  value  of  tJ4.- 

104    were    tent    thlihcr— o.    balance    of 

f22.lTT.9l4:  10  favor  of  the  United  8i«i»«- 

l. —Tbc    Italian    colony,   on   the 

nortIica*t  ron»t  of  Africa  from  Itn*  Ka«nr, 

II  l  |ll]      III!     ItlllfH     Wllltil     -if      U '  III  U    II.      I 

Uutiiclrii.  In  111*  Htrtlt  of  llnli-el-Mnndeb, 
■  total  dlatancc  of  about  650  mllea.  ex> 
lead*  Inland  to  th*  border*  of  the  Anglo- 
Kcyplmu  Sudan  Abyaalul*  and  French  tto- 
inulilnnd. 
ir.it.uy  ttnitAUi.AXD  extend*  on  tin- 

m.rthrnat  ronat  of  Afrl.ii.  from  linndnr 
Zlyadn.  on  tbc  Oulf  of  Aden,  to  tbc  east- 
ern born  of  Africa  at  Capa  Gunrdnful,  and 
ili.'uco  southward  10  (he  Juha  Hirer  In  0* 
IS'  8.  latitude.  The  western  boundaries 
arc  Abyssinia  and  Urltlab  Soiuolllund.  and 
the  aoutbern  boundary  la  BrltUh  Kfl»t 
Africa.  The  Italian  portion  of  (h"  JmIhi 
Valley  oIko  contains  rich  land.  |T0M  . 
tie,  coffee,  cotton,  myrrh,  siiini  and  altlna 
arc  exported;  textile*  and  rlc*  aro  th* 
prUicipni  exports. 

TIBSTSIS  CO.VrTJJSff/OY-— After  the 
Amur  movement  in  Chip*  1 1000 1  OOd 
siege  anil  relief  of  the  Korclgn  Legation". 
the  Italian  Oovernnicnt  claimed  from  the 
t'hiu-'ur  a  concession  of  laud,  which  w*§ 
led  by  treaty  of  June  7,  IMS,  The 
convcislon  ha*  ■  total  area  of  twenty 
■q  mi  re  mile*  fronting  the  river  ivilm  on 
the  left  hunk,  wldi  a  total  population  of 
about   17,000  native*. 

l.YBIA  (TIM"  11.— 

In  Rcptember,  1911.  war  broke  out  between 
Italy  and  Turkey,  after  protracted  negotia- 
tion* In  connecilnn  ivlih  the  right*  and 
prlillogea  Of  Itnllun  miiIiJitI*  In  Tripoli. 
An  luillnn  nrtny  wni  landed  In  the  coun- 
try, and  the  capital  wa«  Immediately  occu- 
!>led.  On  November  5,  mi  i.  the  Italian  par- 
i.iu.ni  adopted  n  bill  annexing  Tripoli  to 
the  KlUEdom  of  Italy,  the  annexation  be- 
Iiik  roilflrd  by  Turkey  In  the  Treaty  of 
Oucby   negotiated  In    October.    Kill' 

Tripoli  I*  the  moat  eosterly  of  the  Bat* 
bory  state*  on  th*  northern  coa*t  of  Afrl- 

abelwiM-n  11*  4.0-35*  18"  K.  l.mgliu.le, 
1 1  I  tolal  nrea  of  close  on  023,000 
lt*h  equare  mile*,  and  n  population  estl- 
mated  at  1.000,000.  Tho  eoaal  lln*  la 
nl.i.ni  1,100  mile,  nml  the  liilnml  boundary 
i-  about  800  mile*  from  the  const,  llnrlcy. 
date*,  olive*,  orange*,  lemon*  ond  vegeta- 
ble* aro  produced,  and  the  principal  im- 
port* »re  metal*.  BrltUh  and  Other  Euro- 
pean manufacture*,  tea.  bead*,  wine  and 
»plrlt«.  Tripoli  bad  a  pi.pulitl.m  of  about 
40.000  In  1011  :  the  port  of  Tripoli  I*  now 
being  built  nnil  good  progrciM  hn«  been 
mnde  with  the  mnlii  breakwnti  r,  Jetties, 
and  quay*.  Ohndame*  la  the  center  of  a 
considerable  trade  In  ostrich  fenthcrs. 
akin*,  Ivory  and  ten  nml  tin*  n  popnlntlon 
Of  nh.mt  7  000.  The  town  Of  I'.i ■■■ 
has  a  population  consisting  of  Arnlu, 
Creek*.  Maltese  and  n  few  Lovantlney. 
There  lire  n  grlCull  ilrnl  colonics  ,.l  .  re!  in 
Moslem  refuge**  In  the  neighborhood  of 
ryrene  and  Apollonln.  The  nnclent  rnlne 
In  Cyrenalcn.   i.   e.,   at   Cyreno,   Ptolemal*. 


ond  ApoilonlB.  arc  Interesting  to  exp 
n*  well  a*  iboa*  at   Ucpi 
I*  clone   io  nr  seemly  oiUee 

the  city  of  Tripoli. 

TVtt&O  .'.  .1.'.'  i  ■:  U.IK.—Sent.  . 
Italy  eoat  uu  ultimatum  lo  ibe  Ttrlka 
govemin*«t  tooceming  key  right!  la  TiV 
poll.  staling  tbc  grlcisnccs  of  Italy  igtlui 
Turkish  mlarulo  In  (hat  province  and  rats- 
.-ours*  of  the  Porte  ■■  si* 
(He    U    legitimate    Italian    nctimr    i 

En il  and  Cyrenalcn;  drclartug  acr  Mif, 
ii  (h*  light  of  paai 
iiier  ne-, ,i union  wan  uielew.  and  dtsw**- 
lug  that  the  Porte  gtvo  oriWr*  pmsuilu 
Kalian  occupation  of  Tripoli  xal  Cyrrai- 
i  deaiuaded  aa  sai»tr 
within  twenty  four  boars  and  the  reply  *d 
the  Porte  bring  considered  unsstiitxfion. 
a  «tnte  of  war  btfan  8.  .   Ot 

that  d»y  three  Turkl»h  torpedo  totti  ««» 
Mink  oft  I'rcTeaa.  on  th*  coaat  of  Epu-A 
by  the  Italian  xjuadrorj  comcunOed  ly  u« 
Duke  of  th-  AbriKil. 

Sept.    17.  fought  near  Dtru, 

a   port   on    the   Mediterranean   coac 
mile*    northeast    of    Hi-iu-uxl,    one 
bloodleet  battle*  of  (he  tear.     The  lulliu 
loat   aorne    alxtr    killed    and    daub, 
number  wounded,  and  tho  Turk*  fled  ln«i»- 
order,  leaving  more  than  800 
Held  :  some  rvporl*  *ay  a  I  oo  in* 

name  day  II  wn*  unofflcinlly  aan.an>.! 
from  Oucby.  Swltictlaud,  that  eoT»*al**» 
ere  from  th*  two  countries  meeting  tkf* 
had  teniailvely  agreed  to  term*  for  «ol- 
log  the  wur.  The  itlpnlatlon*  wer*  ladef* 
nlte.  but  conceded  poa*»«*lon  of  the  TK*»> 
itun  coa«t  to  luiy.  The  outbreak  «f  U* 
Balkan  State*  put  in  end  to  aegotuU*' 
for  a  time.  The  protocol  w*a  •ignef  Oft 
li.  1012.      (See  alM>  Turkey.) 

May  28.  1916.  Italy 
ernl    Knropena    eontfl 
agalntt  Anuria.    Thv  Itallaa  o«(«J*rrt,l 
ever,  proved  IntljulflcatiL 

Italy: 

American     citizen*     improtaad 

service  of,  and  punished  bj,  ■ 
Axnerican    College  at   Rob*, 

oncd  conflscation  of,  by.  Oil 
American  aailor  alleseil  to  kavi  ear* 

killed  in   Genoa,  5709. 
Annexation  of  8<atcti  of  the  CkttA 

to,  referred  to,  401 
Claim*  of,  againat  Coloabia  anl  •*• 

bitration    of    Prexident   of  tailed 

States   in,   6328. 
Claims  of  United  State*  amis*  X>- 
ple*.   556,  508,  867,  1100,  lilt 

Extension    of    time    allowed  **•• 
tninionen  for  t.cttlcmcBt  ot»«e 
ommended,  1 
Confederate    envoy*    sent   to  Oft** 
Britain   and    France,    referred  t* 
(See  Mason  and  Slidell.) 
Consular  convention  with,  3800, 441*. 
444$,  4588,  4626. 
Expiration  of,  diacttated,  4418. 
Consular  jurisdiction,  treaty  rcJjet* 

Consul*  of  United  8Utos  in,  lntarfat- 
encc  of,  in  difficulty  in,  referrvl 
to,   3S26. 


aly  plunged  lut*ft«ie» 
unlet  by  doctartar  »" 
eaatta,***' 


Encyclopedic  Index 


I.W.W. 


Copyright     privilege     extended      by 

I  imatlon,  .'i7 3(5. 
Referred  to,  6758, 
loniatle  relations   xvitfa,  discussed, 

Fugitive-  criminals,  convention  with, 
for     surrender    of,    3S28,     3888, 
3800,  4808. 
Referred  to,  5546,  5959. 
International     meridian     conference, 
inviUtion  to  United  States   to  at- 
tend, 5546. 
Minister   of.   to   United   .State*,    titlo 
of     ambassador     conferred     upon, 

.1  States  to  Naples, 

ofiaiitt :t  of  United  States  to,  title  of 
amliissador  conferred  upon,  5874. 
Occupation  of  Rome  by  Kiug  of,  re- 
ferred to,  41  >■ 
Postal  convention  with,  3775. 
Revolution  in  Papal  States  of,  255 L 
Subjects  of,  lynched  in — 

Colorado  discussed  and  reoorumve- 

dations    regarding,  6065,  6006. 
New  Orloni!*. 
[ndesmltl    foi     i>aid  by   United 
States,  5751,  6450,  6461. 
Trade-marks,  treaty  with,  regarding, 

4788. 
Trcatv    with,    transmitted    and    dis- 
eussod,  3800,  3828,  3888,  3896,  4082, 
4098,  4806. 
y XI all  "i    'liscrimiaatlnp  duties  on, 
dominions  of  the   Pope   bujj" 
042, 
Italy,  Treaties  with.— (For  th*  exiradl- 
Oon  treaty  of  1S<18.  sec  I'.xtradltlon  Tr,«t- 
le»  i — A  treaty  of  commerce  and  navigation 
Of   1S71   provide*  fur  .   commerce 

end  navigation,  liberty  to  ttade  and   II 
and  secures  the  rights  and  privilege*  of  rno 
cltliens    of    the    one    cuuntry    within     the 
dominions  of  the  orc*r.     The   Importation, 
exportation  and   re-ni.orla.Uori   of  goods  U 

!v!'h'n  the  countries  upon  coital 
nrm»  regardless  of  the  nationality  of 
ttte  carrying  vessels,  and  without  the 
iilnotlng.  higher,  or 
ilmles  than  tbos.-  I m nosed  noon  other 
nations.  Tonnage,  anchorage,  and  clear- 
aneo  duties  siuill  Dot  he  levied  unoo  :  Ves- 
sel«  ent'rln»  and  leaving  a  pore  In  ballast; 
vessels  passing  from  one  to  another  |H>rt  of 


the   same  country   to  discharge  a  part  of 

i,   when   pioof  eon  be  furnished  that 

linrgr*  have  almady  be«.-n  paid  at  ono 

of  the  pons;  ivsjw4»  driven   t"  sMk 

In  port  by  stress  of  weather,  nod  which  do 

llscfcarga   the    whole   or  a  part  of  tbe 

csryi>  Belli   Is  to  he  sVCC"!'!'  'I 

in  cases  of  shipwreck. 

The  principle  Hint  In  time  of  war  free 
ships  tnske  free  goods.  Is  ob'tcrvi-d  b.-i 
the  nations.  In  case  of  the  Mm-kiding  of 
a  port  In  either  country  Is  Its*  of  war. 
a  vi.«x«l  of  the  other  nation  shall  not  he 
regarded  as  liable  to  inptuic  ou  Its  flrst 
attempt  to  enter,  hut  -hull  lie  If  the  »t 
rslmcd  In      Article*  used  In  war- 

Ti  land  and  sea,  munitions  of  war. 
arms,  and  mllliary  cuuipmcnt  are  contra- 
band of  war.  fii  rlklofl  IS  made  for  the 
eiamliiiiiluii  <.r  ship's  papen  nnd  search 
with  i  little  detention  and  embarrassment 
as  possible,     i  I '».-■- 1 1 : .   In   the   dominions   of 

her  have  all  rights  of  disposal  of 
property  by  xale.  irsiament.  gift,  or  other- 
wise,     tror   consular   convention   of    187&. 

-imilar    Conventions. I 
In   IflOO  a  reciprocal  commercial  arrange- 
ment was  made  by  which  concessions,  prin- 
cipally In  wines,  wine  products,  and  works 
of  art.  were  made  In   Import  duties  by   the 
lulled   States;  and  concessions,  principally 
In  cottonseed  oil.  fish,  machinery,  etc..  were 
made  by   Italy,  bj  which   loeret  import  dtt- 
'iiconragcment  of 
trade    In    these    articles    between    tbe    two 
rise.       Mutual     protection     of    trade- 
mark an    wiik  agreed    to 
tiv  exchange  of  notes  In  1803  and  1803  re- 
(8.:«  also  Extradition  Trcatlea) 

Itata.  The,  seizure  of,  by  United  B 
for  violation   of  neutrality   laws  dis- 
eus-sed,   5618.      (Sen    also    Baltimore, 
The.) 

Iukft    (MISS.).   BittlS   Of.-Tho   transfer 
Pope  to  Virginia  and  Gen.    Ilallcrk 

to  Washington  In   the  summer  of  ISCtf  left 

Oram  In  command  of  the  Army  of  th*  Ten- 
srlth    headquarters  at  Corinth.   MI»«. 

Ilallcrk   ordered   most  of  the   Army  of  the 

■-<•  in  in-  placed  under  Bueirs  eom- 
iiuiiii!   leaving  Ors  on  tbe  defensive 

end  harnsicd  by  the  Confederates  under  Van 

nnd  Price.  Bept.  13,  1802,  Pi  I 
rsneed  from  the  smith  nnd  seised  Ink*,  a 
tillage  In  northeast  Mississippi,  twenty-one 
•f  Corinth.  Van  flora  was  then 
nnlr  four  dare  off  to  the  southwest,  threat- 
ening Corinth.  flen.  Rosectnns.  with  0.000 
men.  was  ordered  t»  attsrk  Pile*  from  the 
Ord.  with  8.000.  was  to 
ottaek  from  the  north.  The  two  armies 
failed  to  eo-opernte,  and  Price  attacked 
Itnkocrans  Sept.  10.  The  latt»r  kept  his 
ground,  but  lost  a  hattery  of  artillery,  be- 
sides 730  men  killed  and  wounded.  Dark- 
ness pat  an  end  to  the  fight. 

X.  W.  W.     (Soc  Socialism  ) 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Jackson 


jMtoon.  Andyaw.— 182&-1837. 

Iran  Tina.  1820-1833). 

Admlulntra  i  I'm— Democratic. 
,  iVnul.nl- John  C    1/alhoun. 
Secretory    Of    Male — 
Martin  Van   lluren. 
t.ilward    LlTlngslon. 
Ucertlory  Of  Die  Ttiamry— 
Simucl    t>.    InghAiu. 
I.m.U    Mci.aue. 
Secretary  of   War — 
Jolia   II     Baton. 
Lewis    C'aea. 
Secrrtarv  of  the  Xory — 
John   Branch. 
Lerl    Woodbury. 
Attorn.  1/  ','.  hi  -at — 

John    Mel".   Berrien. 
Hogcr  It.  Taney. 
l-ut  t  mat  ler -General— 
William  T.  Barry. 
.Vominnflon  — Andrew  Jackson   was 
cd    by    tlie    Democrats    In    the    election    i.r 
l.v.s.      In  lila  con t CM    against  John   gulm-jr 
Adam*  in    1824,   Jackson  recehc.l   tp*.    pi" 
n.lliv    of    both    !!.•■    popular    nn.J 

,  and  ret  failed  of  election  b] 
House.  Ill*  frlcuds  were  much  .  m'-litcred 
by  the  result  and  began  to  work  for  hi* 
.  i.-.-tlon  llumedl-itrly  iifl»r  the  InmiKuralloo 
n!  l'rcildcnt  Adams.  Tii.-  Candida  I  ei  were 
ii  by  common  consent,  the  legisla- 
tures of  the  KStaa  hmlue  mad*  a  choice 
and  endorsed  t li .-  candidate*.  Jackaoo* 
inline   wa*   presented    by    'in-   legislature  of 

T.-nii.---.e.-.    and     V:,ll     I'.ur-'ll     brougl.l      I 

ford'a   friends  to   Ju.ks.ui  »  support.      Jobtl 
(,'uliicy    Adams   was    nominated   l.y   leglsla- 
and   mass-meetings,  and   lie   was  the 
candidate  of   the  National    HaptiMk.iiis. 

rote— Twenty-four  ttttM  look  part  In 
the  election,  which  wn  held  Nov.  4.  The 
popular  vole  gave  Jackson  017.231  roles, 
and  Adam*  BW.OB?.  "■<■  electoral  rote. 
eoiinieil    1.1.     II.    1820.   *ave   Jackson    178 

rotes,    and    Adams   83.      J C.    i 

n lvcd   171  elc  toral  rotea   'or  Vlce-Prea- 

l.l.iii   acilnat   83  for   Richard    Hush. 

ri/ii.i.«ii'in  —  At  II.  second  meellnit.  at 
Baltimore.  Sept.  2«.  1831.  !!..•  Ant!  Masonic 
party  wn«  attended  by  113  delegates 
nominated  William  ^\  Irt  for  I'mldeol  and 
Amos  Kiimnk.r  for  Vlee-Prealdenl  Tbi 
National    Kcpubllcat iTeotl 

Illllll.ie.n-.     Dec.     12,    1881,    With     151     'I'!' 

fit«a    sod   Dominated   Henry   Cloy   fo 
lency.      The    Dftnorratle    Ctinre-ntlOD 

mi  r  at  Baltimore.  March  2?. 
283  delegate*,  who  endorsed  Jackson-  •■:,„■ 
dldacy  iii.aiii.un.Miv  ami  nominated  Mar- 
tin Van  Buren  for  vice-1'rosl-Icni.  The 
two-third*  rule,  which  has  alwava  oh- 
tallied  :.i  Democratic  convention*,  was 
adopted   at    this   convention. 

(•MOOT  tkxm.    1833-1837). 
Twelfth     A.  1 1. .in  1st  ration— Democratic, 
lire  fnilifrnf  —  Martin    Van    Itur.-n. 
Secretary    of    Ktnte — 

I., )lllS      Ml'I.MIH' 

John    1'orsrth. 
Secretary  at  thr  Trea'ury — 

I. mils  Mcl.ane. 

William  J.    Dunne. 

linger  ii.  Taoej. 

Levi  Woodbury 
Secretary  of    "'or — 

Lewis    Cass. 
Secretary  of  the  \ary — 

Ij*tI  \v tbui  i . 

M : .  I . :  ■  >  1 1  Dlckenon. 

I'nHtmaitrr-t'irnrraX — 

wiiiiM.-,  t.   lurry, 
Amos  Kendall. 
A  ttornev-Orneral — 

Roger    It     Taney. 
Benjamin   V.    Butler. 


BKCOSD      THRU  —  Tote.  —  Twenty 
states  took  part  In  the  election,  which  wu» 
held     Nor.     0.     1*32        The     popular     vote 
stood:    Jackson,    68T.MI2 ;    and    Clny.    030.- 
189.     The  electoral  rote,  co  >■'■. 

1833.  ore  Jackson  811* !  day,  •'.' ;  Floyd. 
11  .   and  Wirt.   i. 

S-wtii  AtfMatlo*.— Jackson  wn»  to,- 
gle  representative  (o  Congress  from  Tcu- 
ncascc  upon  it ^  mliuixion  to  1  r HO.  As  a 
nuitive  he  steadfastly  opposed 
Washington's  tdmlelstratlon  and  the  Kcd- 
erallsta.      He  was     me     .f   11  who 

toted   against   the  adil  lojlon 

approving  of  iii»  administration;  i.-  .p 
posed  the   Jay    treat]  •  :    Hrlialt.: 

and   Hamilton's   Dnunctal   policy.      H-    ami 
i)   ns  u    I.emocrat  ana  this  naiu.'    »ns 
llren  In    the    l:<  imi.ikun  party  In   1828   by 
hi*  followers. 

Political  Completion  of  Conareei.— In  the 
Tneii!  i     nerval  (lH'jD-ix.iii  the  Ben 

in*-,  of  4x  membera,   was  composed  of  :ss 
Democrats  and  10  Whigs:  and  the  > 
nf    213    members,    wns    made    up    of    142 
in  mocrats  and   ■  nun 

■■•■•■ l    Congress    11831-18381    lot    Senate, 

of  48  members,  was  composed  of  35  Demo- 
crati  a  ml  It  Wblga;  and  Ibe  House,  of  213 
i.ii'ii.l.ers.  wns  made  up  of  180  I>i-uioerats 
and  S3  Whigs.      In   the    i  i'<m- 

Er.-ss    tis;iil  is:!.-.,    the  Senate,  of  48  nea 
itk.   was   i- poned    of  30   Democrats  aod 

18    Whigs:    an, I    the    House,    of 

beta,   wns  made  up  of  14T    Democrats   au.l 

(13  wblgs.     In  the  Twenty-fourth  Congrew 

I.      S.o.alr,     , 
vni    composed    of    33    Democrats    *• 
Wlilg«  :    .mil    the   House,   of  242    members. 

made  »i.  of    m*    DaniocraM  and   bs 

W  lllgS. 

nee — In  the  several  admlulsira. 
ttona  which  preceded  that  of  Jackson,  pub- 
lic office  wn»  regarded  ns  a  public  trust, 
■M  not  a  reward  for  political  or  party 
service.  The  totul  number  of  removals 
from    offics  tbl    yean    1788   and 

1820  were  only   seventy  four,      Kroin  March 

I,    1829,    n.    Mar.  b    "       1830,    I bnnges 

In  the  civil  service  numbered  about    '.'  1)00. 

rl.l.    policy    took    th-    inline   of   the    "spoils 

in    utterance   In   th.-   :-•■ 
In    1831.   bv    Senator   Marcy    of  New    H  ..rk 
to    the    effeel    that    "to    the   victors  belong 

ibe  spoils."     la  bit  Mm   *.nntial  Message 
Ipoge    10]  lent    Jackaon    dlacoaaea 

ii,-  ..m.-e  holder  and  says:  "OfBces  WWl 
n stabltsbad    Id    |t»a    support    to    par. 

Ini  in. -ii  ,ii  . In-  iiitt.li,-  eipeiiMi  N.. 
Individual  wrong  Is,  tnerefore.  done  by  re- 
i  Tin-  iiii-nuil --!it  beeume  au  ofhe-r 
with  a  view  to  public  h.-n.-uiK.  and  when 
require  bis  removal  U»|  in  DOJ 
to  be  v.u-rluecd  to  private  Interests,  It 
Is  the  people,  and  they  alone,  who  bnve 
a  right  to  complain  when  n  bad  officer  is 
aubstli  tiled  for  a  good  one.  He  who  Is 
relniiv.-.l     lias     •!.  i-  .:..-.    -.f     nbtalri 

Ing  a  living  that  nre  enjoyed  by  tlo-  mil 
Hon*  who  tti-vi-r  h.-l-l  office."  In  the  seme 
message,  the  President  recommend*  tbat 
the  tenure  of  office  be,  lliulted  10  EMU 
rears  In  a  greater  nutnlier  of  cases  than 
to*  lav.  in  that  effect  passed  In  1820 
red,  One  of  the  most  curious  ef- 
fects of  this  iTstem  was  th«-  struggle  for 
patrotiairi-  ti.-tw.-.-n  I'nlboun  and  Van  Buren 

'ill, IT.  .-.I, 

Tortlf.— The  tarllf  of  1828.  known  from 
It*  unfalrne**  a*  the  •tariff  of  abomlna 
lions."  was  tnoilln.-d  by  the  tariff  act  of 
1832.    which    '■'  :    •-    remedy    the 

Injustice  of  that  of  in2S.  It  failed,  bow 
ever,  to  satisfy  the  people  of  the  South. 
aod  for  some  time  there  was  talk  of  nulll- 
flcatlon.  Wblle  Jackson  was  on  principle 
ed  to  protective  tariffs,  he  was  most 
determined  to  preserve  the  union.     South 


Jackson 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Carolina    In   convention   of   lt«   citizens   at 
Columbia.  Nov.    111.    lb.i..   . i . . : ;. r . ■ .  1    i: 
lit    aaU  of    1828   and    1&32    null  ami 

•  ware  sworn  to  act  In  accordance 
with  thla  edict;  ami  thrsati  wore  uiade 
of    eoecaston    If    the  luthorlllee 

attempted  (0  enforce  tho  tariff  Iowa  la 
Hint  state.  <8ee  NullKlcallon.)  Thla  or- 
dinance  was   to  take   effect    Feb.    1,    1833, 

a  be  enforced.  If  necessary,  by  an 
appeal  to  arm*.  Dec.  16.  President  Jack- 
ton  Issued  Ills  famous  in 
»oge  (page  1173)  in  which  b*  reviews  at 
length  the  whole  iinvniluu  and  cloaca  a 
moat  forceful  exposition  of  Federal  and 
State  Itlgbla  with  these  words :".,.. 
and  I  fervently  pray  that  the  fltvat  Ruler 
of  Nations  may  so  gutd' 
tlona  and  our  Joint  measures  as  that  they 
max  prove  salutary  example*  not  only  to 
the   preient   but   to   fulurv  I    sol- 

rani)  proclaim  that  the  Constitution  and 
tin-  Intra  are  supreme  and  the  I'nlon  In- 
dlsaoluble."  Then  followed,  lire  10.  1B3.\ 
hla  equally  famous  nullification  ProrUnm- 
lion  in  which  (pas*  12001  he  says :  "I 
•r  th*B  lb*  pOWst  to  annul  a  law 
of  the  United  States  n*«un»">  Bj 
State.  Ineumpntlblo  with   the  existence  of 

the    Inn contradicted    expressly   by    the 

letter  of  to. 

Its  spirit  Inconsistent  with  every  principle 
upon  which  It  Is  fonnded,  aud  destructive 
of  the  great  object  for  which  It  was 
formed."  South  Carollnn  deferred  action  I 
and  the  tariff  act  of  March  2.  11*33, 
known  «*  the  "Clay's  Compromise  Act," 
was  passed.  It  provided  thai  In  all  cases 
where  the  tariff  on  Imported  goods  ex- 
.1  twenty  pel  renl  "f  the  vnlne  of 
such  goods,  a  gradual  reduction  should  be 
made  of  such  excess  In  the  r  .linwlnir  ratio 
and  manner:  une-tenth  of  such  excess  af- 
ter Uec.  31.  1S33:  another  tenth  after 
I'.,-  31  1838:  another  tenth  after 
31.  183.:  another  tenth  after  Dec.  81, 
1880 ;  one-halt  the  rcti.iue  of  siteU  ««• 
.ifi.  I  Dec.  81.  18*1 :  and  all  of  the  reslduo 
01  -neb.  excess  after  Dec.  31.  1812.  Speak- 
ing of  the  effect  of  tlilx  enmiirmnl-c  upon 
ihr  revenue  of  the  country,  the  President, 
In  his  Fifth  Ainmnl  M. ■■■'.,;■•■  |pag«  1247), 
snld :  '"The  changes  made  In  our  revenue 
system  by  the  acts  of  Congress  of 
unci  1833.  and  more  especially  by  the  WT> 
uior.  have  swelled  the  receipts  of  the  pres- 
ent  year    far    beyond    the    amount    to    be 

-M led   In   future  years  upon  the  reduced 

tnrlff  of  duties.  ....  I  cannot,  therefore, 
recommend    to  you    any    alteration   In   the 

8 resent  tariff  of  dntles :  the  rate  ns  now 
xed  br  Inw  on  the  various  articles  wos 
adopted  at  tho  last  session  of 
a*  a  matter  of  compromises,  with  unusual 
iiTinnlniltT.  and  unb-».«  li  In  found  to  nro- 
fines'  more  thon  the  necessities  of  the  Gov- 
-rinueiit  call  for.  there  would  seem  to  be 
no  reason  at  this  time  in  Justify  a  chance." 
In  bis  Fight b  Annual  Menage  (pare  1 450) 
President  Jackson  discusses  at  length  the 
revenue  aysttnl  nnd  the  various  means  of 
disposing  of  RiirnliiK  revi  -nor.  "The  safest 
and  best  mode."  he  says,  "of  obvlntlng 
all  of  the  difficulties  which  have  been  men- 
tioned,    la     10     Collect     Dllly      r    •  <  n, lOUgh 

to  meet  the  wants  of  the  Government,  nnd 
l.-t    the   people   keep    the   balance   of    their 

iiroperty  In  their  own  hands  to  be  used 
or  their  own  profit." 
PtiMto  Debt.— The  public  debt  of  the 
United  States  during  the  administration 
Of  President  Jackson  stood  a*  foil-own; 
Jan.    I,    1830.    •  i  "       1831,     MO.- 

103.1P1.Q8:  1832.  fit, 322  285  18 ;  1833. 
f!  urn  80S  '  !»*•    18SR, 

J  17,018.08;    1837.    *33G.fl,'.7,S3 ;     1838.    18,- 
D8.124.Of. 


In    his    Seventh   Annual   Message  (pi 
137k;    l-i. -1,1. -in   Jackson  said:  *-HDtt  i 
last  annual  communication  all  las 
of  tho  pni'  ire  been  reilsSBMS, 

money  has  been  placed  In  deposit  f»r  t 

.*r   tns  creditors  csoost  t» 
rccclvs    II.' 

Finance.— President  Jackson  as  a  strict 
constructionist  was  opposed  ts  aslltsU 
bank*.     In  his  First  -sage  t»*t» 

1025)  he  began  his  attack  upon  lot  Utll 
State*  Bank,  ami    1,  <>p  taost  ft* 

slslentty.     even     to    tte     length    of  veNUg 
bill  rrncwlug  its  charier  of  1*3".     B» 
said:    •  Iloth    the    :  .n«Ututionallty  and  US 
cxp.- ■'■  law   cM-Atlug   Ills  Uil 

ore  well  questioned  by  a   Ur,: 

'.■  ■Il.ju-i-ltiieiis.  and  it  oust  he  saaUtel 
by  all  runt  it  hna  failed  In  tb*  great  est 
of  .  ;   ■    uniform   and  Ssunl  ear- 

rency."  The  matter  was  drawn  1st*  pes- 
tles by  Clay  and  It  formed  an  Inputs* 
Issne  In  " 


In  the  elect!-  la  his  fUtt 

si  Message,  the  President  ln» 
casta  doubts  upon  tho  solvency  i 


hmI  suggests  tb*  appointment  of  ■  ins 
mlttec  to  Investigate.  Congress  Iwtttv 
gated  and  reported  favorably  to  the  toil 
as  a  safe  repotntnry  .  mm  tssfc 

Tli-  President  mads  up  bis  mind  that  Qw 
deposits  should  be  withdrawn.  8ecreti7 
i ue,  of  tho  Treasury,  wss  »*UbC 
to  give  the  order,  and  hs  eras  trsasftrrel 
to  tho  BUto  Department  and  Uf  shot 
was  filled  by  WlllUm  J.  Dunne,  rtt  *» 
satisfied  that  tb*  removal  of  the  ft** 
wns  neither  wise  nor  necessary.  sM  *r- 
fused  either  to   give   the  order  »us 

sign,      I waa   removed   la  SepUaaiv 

nnd   his   place  was  filled   during  reetsi  M 
Roger   B.   Taney,    who  ordered  that  sib* 
l    deiM.»lts    should    be    nude   Is  «r- 
•  i    In   tb*  Isfttl 
Stites    Bank.     A  recolatlon  of  tesitrt  * 
the    President  was.  after  long  debate,  fu- 
rled   by    Clay    In  Iml  s  tcj 
weeks  before  Jackson's  retlreotnt  ttta* 
in    was    expunged,     h  •»' 
Farewell    Address    (page  IUW 
he  devotes  n  great  deal  of  stteotlM  ♦»  ••» 
i-iineucy,     condemning     too    0*3*    of  f!"\ 
money.      He                   The    Conststnbss  * 
the  tfnlted  States  unqoestlonaNy  Isto*" 
to  secure,  to  the  people  *  ■ 
um  of  gold  and  silver.      Rat  th*  (ft*** 
mont  of  a  national  bank  by  Congress, »» 
tho   prlvll'g*  of   Issuing  paper  nucf  J 
hie    In    the    psymenl    of  poblH  4w 
and   the   unfortunate   course  of  legsssss* 
In   the   several  States   upon  the  as  s)  »s> 
drOTS    from    general    elrcsWtW i» 
constltntlonol  currency  and  labslltolM  *** 
of  paper  In  Its  place.** 

Forttvn  Polity  —The  President  •W'sif"' 
the    policy    of    iii-    i..iiuiuUtrat(M  «  ** 
Eh     Annnnl    Mesf.^ce     tpnge 
WOTds:    "f>ur  DM   wishes  on 
caslons.    our    good    office*    wb«n    rss»«w 
will  be  afforded  to  promote  the  dSaJMsl 
tranquillity    and    foreign    pesec   (,f   «n  sr 
tlona  wlih  whom  we  hive  any  Intetworss 
Any    Intervention    In    their    affairs    fe.rtVt 
than  this,   even   by  the   expresslea  of  »* 
official  calnlon.  l<  contrary  toon, 
of  Internntloonl  ■'.   will  always  ot 

avoided."  In  his  Second  Inaugural  Ad- 
he  says  :  "To  do  lat- 
tice to  all  and  to  submit  to  wr«ng  frees 
nono  baa  been  during  my  administrative 
Its  governing  mnxlm.  and  to  happy  hirs 
been  Its  result*  (hat  we  are  not  only  st 
pence  with  nil  the  world,  bat  here 
enses  of  controversy,  snd  these  of 
Impnrinnee  remnlnlm: 

II    wns  given   to  the  Jackson  sdi 
trni  Ion   f"r  the  eufnr  -be 

spoliation  claim*,  an  account  of 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Jackson 


given  In  the  President's  Seventh  Annual 
wai(e  (page  1371).  European  nations 
found  no  difficulty  In  settling  tbeir  claims 

Slinst  France  soon  after  the  peace  of 
15 ;  bat  the  claims  of  the  United  States 
were  treated  with  supercilious  silence.  A 
treaty  was  made  with  France  In  settle- 
ment of  these  In  1831,  by  which  France 
obligated  herself  to  par  S5.000.000  In  six 
annual  Instalments,  beclnnlng  Feo.  2.  1833. 


A  draft  was  presented  but  payment  wna 
refused,  on  the  plea  that  no  appropria- 
tion   had    been   made.      President    Jackson, 


m  a  message  to  Congress  In  December, 
1834,  advised  Congress  to  direct  that 
rrench  Tessels  to  the  value  of  the  amount 
be  captured.  The  French  government 
threatened  war  should  the  President  not 
apologize.  Great  Britain  Interposed  and 
■dTlsed  France  to  settle  quickly,  which 
■he  did.  The  moral  effect  of  the  course 
taken  by  President  Jackson  was  very 
rrent    In  demonstrating  that   the  time  had 

Knied   when   the   United   States  could   be 
raited    with    Impunity. 
Tackson,  Andrew: 

Annual  messages  of,  1005,  1063,  1107, 

1154,  1238,   1316,  1366,  1455. 
Attempted  assassination  of,  illustra- 
tion, 1455. 
Bank  of  United  States  discussed  by. 

(8ee  Bank  of  United  States.) 
Biographical  sketch  of,  998. 
Cartoons  on,  1202,  1456. 
Claims  against  France   discussed  by. 

(See  France,  claims  against.) 
Conduct   of,  when   entering  Florida 

discussed,  611. 
Constitutional  amendment  relative  to 

mode  of  election  of  President  and 

Vice-President,     recommended    bv, 

1010,   1081,  1120,   1168,   1253,  1336, 

1395,  1478. 
Death  of— 

Announced  and  honors  to  be  paid 
memory  of,  2233,  2234. 

Beferred  to,  2266. 
Discretionary    power    of    President 

over    nominations,    removals,    and 

other  acts  discussed  by,  1255,  1261, 

1272,   1346,   1351. 
Executive  nominations — 

Authority  of  Executive  regarding, 
discussed  by,  1261,  1272,  1346, 
1351. 

Unacted  on  withdrawn,  1002. 
Farewell  address  of,  1511. 
Finances,   discussed   by,    1014,   1088, 

1118,   1159,  1224,  1246,  1326,  1379, 

1458. 
Fine  imposed  upon  at  New  Orleans, 

remission  of,  recommended,  2062. 
Foreign  policy  discussed  by,  1159, 1222, 

1324,  1370,  1378,  1456,  1484,  1500. 
Home  of,  tendered  Government,  2954. 
Inaugural  address  of — 

First,   999. 

8econd,  1222. 
Instructions    to,    relating   to    treaty 

with  Creek  Indians,  886. 
Internal  improvements  discussed  by, 

1014,  1046,  1071,  1164,  1201. 


Lafayette- 
Death  of,  announced,  1313. 
Orders  homage  to  be  paid  memory 

of,  1314. 
Tribute  paid  memory  of,  by,  1314. 
Lands  donated  to,  by  Indians  as  mark 

of  gratitude,  555. 
Large  standing  army  unnecessary  in 

time  of  peace,  1389. 
Madison,  James — 
Death  of,  correspondence  with  Mrs. 

Madison  on,  1479. 
Writings  of,  on  constitutional  con- 
vention,     correspondence      with 
Mrs.  Madison  on,  1479,  1481. 
Major-general,  United  States  Army, 
521,  533,  611. 
Insults  offered  Spanish  officers  by, 
referred  to,  709. 
Medal  offered,  in  commemoration  of 
delivery    of    Colombian    President 
from  assassins,  declined  by,  1029. 
Medical   attendants   directed   to    ac- 
company, home,  1540. 
Meeting  of   Congress,  views  of,  on 

act  fixing  day  for,  1450. 
Military  achievements  of,  in  Indian 
wars,  discussed,  521,  533. 
Entrance  of,  into  Florida  discussed, 
611. 
Misunderstanding   with    Judge   Fro- 

mentin,  referred  to,   682. 
Nullification   message   of,   1173. 
Nullification  proclamation  of,  1203. 
Oath   of   office,   notifies   Congress   of 

time  and   place  of  taking,  999. 
Our  Government  supported  by  ballot 

box,  not  musket,  1390. 
Pardon  granted  deserters  by,  1062. 
Pocket  vetoes  of,  1071,  1200,   1201, 

1275.  1337,   1501. 
Portrait  of,  997. 

Powers  of  Federal  and  State  Govern- 
ments discussed  by,  1014,  1024, 
1046,  1071,  1077,  1082,  1120,  1141, 
1201,  1224,  1275,  1288,  1337,  1351, 
1395,  1450. 
Proclamations  of — 

Discriminating     duties     suspended 
on  vessels  of — 
Austria,   1004,  1005. 
Mecklenburg-Schwerin,    1365. 
Oldenburg,  1059. 
Tuscany,  1452. 
Extraordinary    session    of    Senate, 

1508. 
Facsimile  of,  opposite  1041. 
Lands  in  Louisiana,  sale  of,  1058. 
Nullification,  1203. 
Ports  opened  to  vessels  of  Great 

Britain,  1060. 
Unlawful      possession      of      public 
lands,  1057,  1106. 
Protest    of,    against,    resolutions    of 
Senate,  1258. 


Jackson 


itssagtt 


rs  of  tht  Presidents 


Additional     statement      regarding, 

i;ii2, 

Public   deposit*   discussed    by.      (Bee 

Banks,  State;  Deposita,  Pub  I: 
Refuses  to  make  further  nominations 

for  offices  in   Mississippi,   110(1. 
Iii'moruls   from   office,   discussed    bv, 

1881. 
Revenue  laws  opposed  in  South  Caro- 
lina, discussed  bv-  (8*4  South  Car- 
olina.) 
Bat  i  urn-  M^t.'m  . i i  - ■■  ii ■  -..-.)  i.v,  1458 
Santa  Anna,  correspondence  with,  re- 
garding   u.-ir    between    Texas    and 
:  193. 
Signature  of,  see  opposite  180L 
Stat"      bauli-  I      by.      (Sea 

Banks.  State.) 
State  of  Union  itiinnaaad  by,   1005, 

1063,  1107,  11.-4.  1366,  1611 
Surgeon-Ccnoral  of  Army  directed  to 

accompany,  home.  1540. 
.Surplus  revennc  discussed  by,  1015, 

1077,  1459. 
Tariff  discussed  bv.  1012,  10-S0,   1110, 

1160,  1247.   IS80,  1470. 
Taxaa,  relation*  with,  discussed  by, 

(Seo  Texas.) 
Treaty    with    Lndiani    oonefadod    by, 

589. 
Veto  message*  of — 

Appointing  da-  mg  of  Con- 

gress, 1450. 
Authorizing   sub>-cri|,to>n   of   stock 
in  Mavsville,  Washington,  Paris, 
nnil     Lexington    Turnpike    Road 
Co.,  1049, 
Authorizing   subscription   of  stock 
in   Washington    Turnpike     Uninl 
Co.,  1056. 
Compromise  of  claims  against   Sic- 
ily,   l 
Designating  and  limiting  f inula  re- 
ceivable for  revenue,  reasons  for 
applying  pocket  veto,  1501. 
Extension    of   charter  of    Hank    of 

United  States.  1139. 
Improvements    of   rivers   and   liar- 
bora,  reasons  for  apph  Ii 
veto,  1201. 
Light  houses,  reasons   for  applying 

pocket  veto,  1071. 
Louisville   and    Portland    Co.,    rea- 
sons   for   npplring   pocket    veto, 
1071. 
Navigation  of  Wabash  River,  rea- 
sons for  applying  pocket   veto, 
I :::::. 
Proceeds  of  land  sales,  reasons   for 

-t i-i'lyinjr  pocket  veto.  1875, 
Settlement  of  State  claims,  reasons 
for   applying  pocket   veto,    1200. 
War  between  Texas  and  Mexico,  dis- 
cussed by.     (See  Wars,  Foreign.) 
Warehousing    system    discussed    by, 
1015. 


Jackson  (Miss.),  Battle  of.- arm 

enjaj' iiii-ii t  ac  Itaimuod,  Mcl'bersoa'i  nt- 
umn  proceeded  toward  Jarksoo  by  w»r  rf 
rilatuo.  whore  It  destroyed  a  poruoa  of  u> 
rnllmad  to  prSTrut  Hie  sending  erf  sspsoti 
from  the  east  to  Vlcksfcnrg.  Shcraaa  awn* 
along  tlie  Raymond  ix-*d.  May  14. 
when  Within  two  miles  of  Jacks*.  *f* 
laws  ni*t  the  Confederates  wbhs  On 
Joseph  E.  Johnston  hsd  been  cellertng  ii 
order  to  ■  •»»* 

combined  corps  of  Sherman  sse  *•■ 
l-h,r,on  attacked  the  small  force  «f  Jtto 
ston  anil  drove  n  through  Jactaoa  at 
toward  Canton,  taking  some  nrssoaer*.  TV 
I'tii.in  loss  was  300.  The  Confederate  hst 
was  846V 

Jails.    (See  Imprisonment.) 

Jamestown  and  Northern  Railroad  C*. 

right  of  way  through  Indian  rattPS- 

tlon,  bill  for,  4952,  5177. 
Jamestown  (Va.),  Battle  of— Ear"  a 
I    Virginia  became  the  chWf  tbi- 

■'  Ibe  British  an.! 
iiiiiil.-s.      Benedict    Arnold,    haftag    ; 
trail. ,r  to  his  country,  w*  ■  lintc*. 

with    l.f.lM)   men.   lo   the  James    Itlr 
orders  to  lav  waste  the  country  an 

tores    at     Richmond.        Wasbll 

,       with    1.200    111 

to   rapture   Arnold.      Lafayette   - 

Richmond  April  2U.  Just  In   time  to  wltt* 

"f  itn-  i-ii.-aslVM  tohaees  s»» 

boose*  si  -.[iposltr  ■*)> 

or  the  river,  by  Gen.  rhllllpt,  who  b*4  m- 

■\    Arnold.       Phillips    had    ZOOS  art 

CornuallU  abandoned   hla  impr-jitsbk  tia- 

Iialgn   In   n  iss  and  reacJxd  r 

rare.  Va.,  Mar  i'o.  17*1.  harlag  ssjjlf 
8.000  men.  lAfaycttc.  realising  in  IntfUt; 
to  hold  Klehni<iint    aipilii«t    this  lars. 

ied  northward  to  the  ltanpabaaan. 
Here  he  »*.  Joined  June  7  by  <i*n.  win* 

■»lib   el i    mmi   rnnilamtals.      ketnnttt 

Lafayette  formed  a  Juncture  wlta  a**** 
June  18.  ancmcntlag  his  fore*  to  ahoat  U»* 
I'arleton'a  euonaait.  br  »*> 
sued  Corn  wsl  lis  hsck  toward  Khiwts* 
which  place  the  latter  evacuated  J«a»  J*. 
retiring    toward   Jamestown.      July  6 

El  i  Corawallls  near  fcws 
ptlngs.  within  a  few  miles  of  Jamrtters 
Lafayette  dlitlnjrnlihed  hlsaself  for  Te- 
nons I  brasery  iu  the  right,  bnt  was  feerei 
lo  retire  lo  Malvern  lllll.  The  AnvrWa 
casualties  were  reported  as  ll1-  l  •' 
wounded  and  missing.    The  British  la 

Jamestown,  Va„  tcrrentenary  of  foaa- 

datioa  of,  rOsiS  M&. 

Jamestown  Exposition,  commend. 

President  Roosevelt,  6913,  7006. 
Japan. — "Lund  of  the  Rtstaa-  Sao."  As 
empire  of  Asia  lying  In  the  Pactflc  Ocean. 
east  of  Chins,  Korea,  and  Siberia.  It  con- 
sists of  four  principal  Islands — else  aula 
Island  of  Hondo  or  Nippon.  Yeao.  gblksku. 
Klu  Sblu— and  about  4.000  smaller  IsUarfS, 
Including    tl  ■    and    Kurlle   grots* 

and  the  Island  of  Formosa,    which  wis  ae- 
aa  in  1806. 

rttyncal  Ftatvrt*.—  The  Islands  of  Japsa 
arc  traversed  by  a  range  of  monDlalat 
with  numerous  snara,  their  general  direc- 
tion being  parallel  to  ihe  coast  line.  The 
hlKhest  peak  is  Iu  the  main  Island  or 
do,  where  are  the  sirred  snow  capped 
cono  of  Fujiyama  f  1^370  feeti.  s  «* 
eann  dormant  since  1707,  and  Axama-ysau 
18.8O0  feet  1.  also  rolcanlc  and  liable  to 
eruption. 

The    numerous    streams,    like 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Japan 


New  Zealand  and  for  lb*  aamt  reason,  are 

short    and    generally    Impetuous,    rising    Id 

ih*  central  mountains  and  Dow  In*  10  lb* 

•I    point   of  the  coast.      Slight   earth- 

Soke*  arc  common  in  errtalu  district*  and 
e  Itlands  ere  frequently  the  canter  Of 
«ioriu«  or  typbooaa.  capeelally  lu  8cpt»n>- 
ber. 

Hiitory. — Authentic  history  begin*  about 
.'•« m i  a.  Ii  The  Portuguese  traded  aomo 
t.Hh  Japan  between  1540  and  1038. 
the  exception  of  a  limited  trade  with  tbe 
I'utcli,  Japan  held  no  commercial  relations 
with  ■ I  lha  world  tin  an  American 

expedition  under  Terry.  In  1853.  forced  » 
treaty  upon  her.  Tbla  nan  followed  by 
treaty  npon  her.  <SW  lllii«tratmn  op 
poaltc  3708.)  Tbla  waa  followed  by  trestle. 
»lth  other  countrl**.  In  1807-68  a  revo- 
lution mncferred  tot  power  from  e  f >  ••  Rho- 
gun,  the  hereditary  commander-la  i  Mef  of 
the  army,  who  had  held  it  for  500  year*. 
t.>  tin'  titular  Emperor,  Ihc  Mlkttdo.  In 
10  a  war  with  China,  the  latter  waa 
completely  defeated  on  land  and  sea.  The 
war  ended  In  1 80S  with  the  payment  of 
In.i.'iiiiiltv  by  China,  tin'  cession  of  Formosa. 
and  tbe  Uttfepcadeoce  of  Korea. 

The  estimated  population  of  Japan 
proper  (11)13)  *m  B2.yK5.iiOn.  The  reli- 
gion of  the  japnnesc  nntlon  I*  Shin 
and  BuddhNm.  bat  there  la  absolute  re- 
ligious freedom,  t'hrlatlftnlty  baa  not  made 
»ery  great  progress. 

MM  *-■»'"  rorixsTioN 

Arr»  in      Population 
I  nglish  1IKW 

Bo,Kflal 

Japan***  Emp»rr — 

ral                            38,692  19,044.478 

.,  Northern.                         S0,l»4  7.480,433 

20,1)7.1  IO.0iM.374 

r    llokliaidn 30,150  1. 1 

ISJjOD  7.748.7S2 

fbikoku.  i  mi     MtnVSlO 

Kuril*  Islandv  r.,lfio  '.<»>" 

l.ueliu  (iUu-kiu)   Islands    .    .  910  HAUtKI 

latntfa I.MQ        

H0.1»l  50.052,798 
Drp*nii*nci*i  — 

Korea  (Cho-wi) 71.000  13.125.000 

Formosa  (T»i-'».-  13.500  3.400.000 

ftaeadore*  !lloko-to)  88  6S.000 

Kvangtuof                         ...  1.380  •17ii,ihki 

Sakhalin  (Karafuto) 9.S21  40.000 

95.U05     17.090.000 

Orand  Total 338,880    07.142.798 

ihnrrnmrnt  —The  government    l»  that  "f 
a  constitutional  monarchy,  clul tin'l    ' 

10  be  boredltary  In  direct  line 
■luce  tin'  seventh  century  before  the  Chris- 
tlnn  cm.  IM  It  IBUI  tot  oldest  cooaeco- 
live  government  In  tbe  world.  In  tilt  rear 
1807    the    reins   of  government    wort    reoS' 

iu !    bj    'iif    Kmperor   after   a    lapse   of 

■boot    600    years    of    Imperial     apcloalon, 

dining    which    period    the   power    bod    I n 

■  iiri-lxed    by    a    Hhuguu     01  islmo, 

Who    WJIH    ilr    fiirtii     ruler,     itll  li"iil-li     inniilnn  !- 

ly  anblect  to  the  de  Jurr  Emperor,  In 
1871  the  Imperial  authority  was  further 
*tr*nrth«-ncd  by  the  gradual  tbaorptloo  of 
ih»  aamoral,  or  aword-bearlpj  warrior 
i'la«s.  In  the  body  of  the  nation,  ltnlcr. 
His  Imperial  Majesty  Yoshlhltn,  born  Aug. 
.  his  father  Ih*  Bui- 
eror  Mntsiihlto  July  SO  181  I  TIm  word 
dlkado  Is  an  archaic  word  seldom  beard 
In  Japan  of  doubtful  which  ap- 
pear* tn  mean  "Aognal  Oat*  '  and  waa 
lined  to  designate  tbe  Emperor.  It  being 
thought  disrespectful  to  refer  to  high  pal 
aonagea  by   nam*       Ii   i-  •    i 00 


Id    Japan    to    mention    persona    by    i 
'oiiuKci  I'll   u  .  t  than  tiy  OS 

The  i «' ■■■ 
peror.  who  Ii  advised  by  a  Cabinet  refpon- 
atbla   to   lil in.   Mm!   by    »   Pil.y   CoancU   of 
membert  selected  tiy  the  Emperor  fro: 
nubility     iiinl     ■  ..nlinmoutary    or    otherwise 
dlstliigulshcd  persona. 

The  Imperial  Diet  consists  of  two 
Homes.      The    Chamber   of    IVera    consists 

of  the  Imparts]  Prlncee,  god  Prlnet 

Mnrc|in'«Ki'K  of  twenty-flee  year*  of  age  Of 
I  representatives  of  the  remaining 
ranks  of  the  nobility  ;  of  lit*.-  member*  ap 
pointed  BJ  Hi-  F.nipemr;  and  of  repreaen- 
latlve*  rlected  fur  Keren  year*  by  the  fif- 
teen prlnclpul  Inhabitants  of  each  of  the 
forty-five  administrative  districts,  a  total 
numbei     Id    1012    at    381    member*,      The 

l  Ii-uiil.er  ■  -f    Uepr.-K;  hi 

nii'iniier*.    elected    for    four    years    by    the 
direct    vote  of  male  resident    tax  pa... 
each  elect  urn  I  din 

The    judicial    system    has    been    mo.l.i  D 
lird.   anil  eenalaia  »f  diatru-t  and  tul 
irl.t    court*  of  rlrKt   Instnu.-c  and  courts  of 
appeal,    with  Judgen  appointed    by  the  Bm- 

.ind    Irremovable   except    for    ml 
dnct.   A  court  of  caaaatloo  al  Tokyo,  ximliar 
a   of   Parle,   La  lb*  flu  court 

■  •  r  iln'    Empire, 

The  official  administrative  nnlt  I*  the 
Prefecture  i forty-three  In  nambcri  under 
n  Prefect  who  U  a  civil  official  iippulntad 
by  the  Emperor  and  direct ii  reaponalble  to 
the  Home  Minister. 

JVeducfaoa   ami    Iniiuntry. — The    area   of 

i    (exclusive   of  tbe    Dependencies!    la 

lH.50iJ.000   acres,    of    which   over   54.S   per 

■-■-ut  la  un.i.r  foi-.-j.iK.    Tba  crept  «r»  rIi-». 

wheat  and  liiuli')-.  M*  beau,  mulberry  ana 
millet. 

TtM  lire  stock  Includes  entile,  sheep, 
goats,  pigs,  anil  honta.     Oold  and  kii..t 

are  founil.  anil  Iron,  ropjier  nml  tiinuga- 
iieae  are  plentiful-  i 'on I  I*  raised  In  pro- 
greaslv*  quantities,  17,000,000  tons  being 
won    In     1  ■- 1 1  i .      Petroleum    la    bring    10c- 

C4>salvely  argplolttd  anil  Knlplnir  uilnea  nre 
worked  Iron  foundrlea  and  ship  building 
Industrie*  are  of  growing  Importance. 
Textile*   ci.  rlj     one  half    i    million 

peinons  (mainly  women),  ool  of  »  lolaJ  of 
.17,000  factory  operal  Idea  a  Isrec 

licr*    who    are    engaged    In 
thc«o  Industrie*  in  their  own   bomaa,   and 

tiaper.      n  a  in  In  uwurc       matting, 

•a  III.  rv.  oi  U    anil     laeipi.-!-    ware   lire   produced 

I    foreign   trade. 
fivooHon      Prlaun      Lower  grade,  com 

Sulaory.  and   free.      Age    six   to   ten.      Kin- 
'i.':irli'i.    tOO    schools    iiMiiieronK    and    well 

•Until  Soon-  3 

complete  Ibi  hlghei  prlmaty  oonni*,  age 
ten  to  font 

U)      Bill*       »en       Ik       re(|-i  irei) 

Special    s.-tio.iiK    .>f    in  commerce, 

und    ti-chtdcs     are    well     ntteml- 

.klo,  Kyol  -  lohoku.  and 
KIiikIiIii  .  M  .11.  in.  ninl  i:n  .-ihit:  in.-  mil]  . 
There  are  some  prlvute  lustltutlona  of  unl- 
verally  >;anillug. 

Tbe    nvernge    expenditure    for    the     let 

yaart  ending  wltk    r.ii    wat   M'.:t.iMio.7i;o 

yen,    aud    the    receipt*    for   the   *ame   time 
avernged  r.4l>.035,010  yen.     The  budget  for 
1014   called    fur  an   expenditure 
:.SS      veil  'I  lie     I   -III     debt      -lllleil      III      1019 

waa  3.4P3.1'7ii.o'Mi    ran.    or   81. 240.883 
The    leu.     Ih*    uult    of    value,    I*    equal    to 
10.40b,    i "riit ...l   siai.K  mooay 

/fn(/irap».  The  Japan.-*.,  railways  are 
atanoal  sntlrely  Rtate-owned.  4t  the  be- 
glnnlng  d(  1013  there  were  In  Jrinnn  proper 
5.000  miles  of  railway  open.  There  were 
alio  707  miles  open  In  Korea,  whllt 
Solllll    M:llielinrla-i    Itlllhvav    I  <    nailer   Jtpa- 


Japan 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


tine  control,  the  (loTernroent  being  •  large 
ahureholuVr.  In  lull  ibe  Auiuug-Uukdea 
i  10  crusd-gauge  trame,  con- 
necting tin  uurluu 
•;  stems,  and  making  It  possible  le  pro- 
ceed from  Toklo  to  Moscow  with  only  eight 
hours"  sea-passage.  Tlie  cost  of  coDitruc- 
tioo  of  tlic  Japanese  railway  system  U  *»U- 
nioted  at  £114,500.000.  or  shout  US.OOO 
per  toll*.     The  trow  receipts  for  paasen- 

Sera  and  goods  trollic  oo  all  .lupin 

>r    1812    was    iV.25O.U0O.    glilng    average 
D«t  earnings  per  train  mile  of  Is.   lOJd. 

In  I '10    poet   offlcM 

and    4,057    telegraph    offices,    with     - 
miles  of  line.     There  were  also  2,517  tele- 
phone office*.  Willi  5,2l)rt  ml:...  of  line. 

MMpi  ranillc  marine  consist- 

ed la  1U12  of  I  .DM  steamers  over  twt-nty 
tons,   and    1,817   sailing   vessels   ov. 

i  hi'  prin.'  hip  Hues  recclvo 

a  lioviTumcot  subsidy. 

CitUt. — The  capital  Is  Toklo  with  •  pop- 
i!  hit  In    i't    -j -ji  10,000    (In    10101    and    some 
lea  ulth  a  population  In  ax- 
cess  of  60,< 

Id  the  rr.itci  Slate:—  Tho  rn'oe 

i.'l   into   Japan   from 

the    United  States   fOI  IIS    was 

i57.7fl.SlS,    and    goods    to    the    valoe    of 
..",240   w*r*   sent   thliber— a   balance 
of  t33.»91.425  In  fnvr.r  or  J 

CBO  BSX.—Tht  peninsula  of  Korci,  wlilcli 
formed  the  tone  of  contention  In  the  Ja- 

Snn-Chlnn  war  of  1804-1600.  tttin  ►inr.n 
'  to  Japanese  Inlliicnce  by  Hh-  'I'i. 
!'.  SliluiouoK'kl  of  ISO.),  the  pussnsl.m  !"■• 
0g  secured  after  thn  Kus«o-Japancso  -war 
it  the  treaty  of  ll'US  and  by  tbe  Anglo- 
Jnpaneso  agreement  of  the  runt  year,  la 
1010  Korea    was  annexed   be    Ja- 

pan, the  Emperor  wn«  deponed,  and  the 
name  of  the  country  wis  changed  to  Cho- 
MS.  It  extends  southward  from  Manchuria 
from  43 •  34'    18  "lartfJB 

111"  30*-I30°  47'  i:.  longitude,  with  a  total 
length  of  about  OOO  miles,  aud  nn  extreme 

Sreadth   of   185   miles.     Tbe  peulnsuln   Is 
oanded  on  the  cast   i 
on   tba   west   hy   the   Yellow   Hen   ao.l    toe 
Yum    Rlvrr,    on    the    north    by    Manchuria 

and  on  tbe  extft DOIthMft   l.y  lh«  Coast 

Province   of   Huisinn   Siberia,      kmmd    the 
coast    arc  many  Islands,    the   Inrg^st    being 
Qiiilpart,   about    fifty    estlM    due    south,  of 
in    dotal  nren  nbont  550  ». 

miles,  popuiuti'.n  100,000),  formerly  a  m 
as  a  penal  settlement  by  the  Korean  gov- 
eminent. 

Tfie   nr.'.i    r,f    K   .  ml    7l,0l«l    ••■ 

miles.  Population  eitlmnted  nt  nbout  14.- 
000,000;  there  aro  about  210,000  Japanese 
In  the  country.  The  soil  Is  fertlln  bat 
mnunininiKis.  except  In  the  river  mil's*. 
II  4  500.000  acres  are  under  cultl'v 
tin  Hinplo  agrli-iiltm  III  products  being 
rice  nn  .  Iii.-ium,  cotton.  I 

co  and  hemp;   tbo  other   nnlur 
are    chiefly    gold    and    hides.       Ginseng,    a 
medicinal   root    CBtlCb   affected   hy    tbe   Chi- 
nese,  la  Inrgely  grown   under   Coven 
supervision    In   the  prorlnco    of    Pycng-An. 
and,    being  :i  ri'.v,  rn.in  nt  n-ruia 

a   rich   source  of    rerenue      Gold,    ■ 
coal.   Iron   and  other  minerals  ate  distrib- 
uted through. .nt  the  COMtf 

Oapli.il.  Seoul.     Population  <100©>.  21T- 
MO,     other   towns   aro   Cnong-Ju,   80,000: 

Pbyong-yniu:.   BO, :   lu    mi,   60,000-  ! 

do    (Kaf-Miigl.   27.000:    Oh 
Woman.    17.000. 

Trade  itith  Vie  Pnltft  £  tores. — The  mine 
of  merchani  n  i  Ko- 

rea I   from  i   glutei  for  tbe  rear 

1013  wis  ti.37'H.P20,  and  goods  to  tho 
TBlue  nf  SS.1S3  •>  <■■*  sent  thlllier— n  kSoJi 
MM  of  11,385,703  la  favor  of  tbe  United 
States. 


T*/W\4.V.—  The  Inland  of  Formosa,  bctvsej 
20'  Sr-25*  15'  N.  latitude  sad  IX 
K.  longitude  In  the  Wut  Pacific  Cots. 
wee  ceded  to  Japan  hy  China  after  !>t 
war  of  lt>94-l$0S.  The  name  ra  Un 
changed  to  Taiwan.  The  area  Is  about  UJW 
to  us  re  miles,  with  aa  estimated  foptUike 
vl  3.400,000.  Formosa  Is  a  volcsslc  Uiss* 
with  tbe  two  highest  peak*  Id  Mount  Ktr 
rlsson  (14.800  feet),  now  csltsd  ,S 
yams,  and  Mount  Sylvia  (12.M0  fceti. 
il  Sctsu-ian.  Sugar  and  rice  are  rtm 
In  largo  quantities.  Very  Unportsot  Is  o» 
pbor.  a  large  proportion  of  tbe  world! 
supply  coming  from  this  Island.  7ft  n 
grown,  and  exported  largely  to  tb*  CtM 


tote*.      The  ndrcl.  hss  beee  «• 

reformed   by   Japan,    and   edtcMa 

een   placed  upon  a  scientific  fcetlu 


tirely   reformed   by   Japan,    and  atlaeMUo 

has  been  placed  upon  a  ac 

while  railways,  roads  and  other  common 


cations  arc  being  de< eloped. 

BOKOTO.— Tho  Pescadores  (or  FJiblf  Is 
lands)— called  by  the  Japanese  HcU» 
—are  a  group  of  forty-eight  l»U*U  «! 
which  twenty-one  are  anlnhablted.  en  • 
totxl  area  of  about  elgbty-are  acaan 
miles  and  an  est1ni4ted  population  of  it*'* 
55,000.  mainly  Chinese.  A*  group  hirtaf 
been  ceded  by  China  nfier  the  war  of  IP* 
1S05.     The  Isla:.  :  ml  shom  • 

west    of    rnrnota   In    toe   typaese- 
swept  area  of  Formosa  Strait 

Japan: 

Ailvnnccmont     of,     dbKtused,     647], 
053. 

American  citizens  in,  legislation  for 
protection  of,  4000. 

American  citizen*  selcctivj  to  aefte 
in  office*  of  importanco  in  Govern- 
ment of,  4090. 

American  hostility  to  citizens  of, 
plorod,  7053. 

American  interest*  in,  measure*  for 
protection  of,  4006. 

American  shipmasters  warned  by 
proi  Inmation  not  to  anchor  at  ports 

Autonomy  a  n.l  independence,  claims  of. 
to.supportod  by  United  Statc«,80Sfl. 
Cable    communication    with,    recom- 
mended, 4565. 
Citizens  of,  in  China,  treatment  of, 
and  action  of  United  States  officers 
regarding,  inquired  into,  5002. 
Civil  war  in,   neutrality   of    United 
States  in,  3S88. 
Proclaimed,  3712. 
Claims  of  United  States  against,  3440, 
4S4& 
Indemnities  received,  discussed  and 
recommendations        regarding, 
3574,    4243,    4520,    4561,    4«M, 
4692,  4715. 
Returned,  4762. 
Propriety  of  applying  indemnity  to 
education  or  youths  in  Japanese 
language,  submitted,  4243. 
Commercial  relations  with.  8708,  2743. 
2769,  4060,  4242,   4448,  «3T3,   0431. 
Constitutional  government,  establish- 
ment of,   contemplated   by,  4630. 
New  constitution  promulgated  by, 
5471. 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Japan 


mm  aad  jurisdiction 
thereof,  discussed.  4072.  4830. 
Consuls  of  Uaited  States  in,  claim  of, 
to  exercise  judicial  powers  la  e*r- 
taia  ease*.  referred  to,  3692, 
Difficulties  of,  with  China,  iiaenmii, 
4242. 

re  criminals,  convention  with, 
for  surrender  of,  498T,  60S*, 
location    of    United   States   in,  land 
for.    offered    lir,    recommendations 
g,  4823,  4M2,  4923. 
Lew   Cbew   Islands,  controversy   be- 
:i  China  and.  regarding,  4521. 
Minister   of,    to   United    States,   re- 
ceived. 4719. 
Minister  of  United  States  to — 
Appropriation  for  support  of  Amer- 
ican youths  to  serve  as  part  of 
official   family  of,  recommended, 
4101,  41*8. 
Claim  of,  for  loss  of  house  by  (Ire, 

SftBt, 
Correspondence  with,   referred   to. 

Fireproof  building  for  dm  of  lega- 
tion  recommended,    4561. 
Naval  expedition   to.  discussed 
2712,  2743,  2769,  2S3X 

Successful  termination  of,  '.' 
Neutrality  of  United  States  in  war 
with— 

Auatria-Hungary,  7977. 

Germany,  7976. 
Postal  convention  with.  42QS, 
Questions  with,  settled,  6264,  6333. 
Referred  to,  3S32,  3836. 
Relation*  with,  2685,  3382,  5959.  6063, 

637  L 
Ships  of  war  built  in  United  Slate* 
for,  referred  to,  335-1. 

Orders     regarding     clearance     of, 
3443,  3444. 

Prohibition    of    departure    of,   re- 
moved, 3639. 
Shipwrecked      seamen,      convention 

with,  for  relief  of,  456L 
Shipwrecks,  convention  regarding  ex- 
penses incurred  in  consequence  of, 

4580. 
8pecial    provision    for    naturalizing 

eitirens  of,  in   United  States,  r*c- 

omaended,  7436. 
8nbjoet*  of,  is  Dclsima  Island  Injured 

by    target    practice    of    American 

reasel,  recommendations  regarding, 

3367,  »8«. 
Treaty  between  United  States.  Great 

Britain,  France,   Holland,  and,  re- 
ferred to.  8674.  3792. 
Treaty  of  Commorco  and  Navigation 

with,  8046. 
Treaty    with,    transmitted    and    dis- 
cussed by  President — 
Buchanan,  3012,  3037,  3061,  8174. 


Cleveland,  4987,  S09& 

Johnson,  3574,  3722. 
"6,  2812. 
Revision  of,  discussed,  4762,  4825, 
5086,  3367,  5i«d. 

Convention  regarding,  4460,  4320. 
Vessels  of,  discriminating  duties  on. 
suspended  by  proclamation,  4131. 
War  with  China- 
Action  of  United  States  regarding, 

6957,  aOfift 
Agent*  of  United  States  requested 

to  protect  subject*  of  contestants, 
r,  6059. 
Japan  Exposition: 
Tokyo,   1M12,  generous  provision  for, 

recommended,  7121. 
Postponed  to,  1917,  7234. 
Japan,  Treaties  with. — Dlploeaatte  ret*- 
Hues  with  Japan  began  with  the  treat;  of 
1SS4,  which,  wlib  several  later  oats,  was 
superseded  by  the  more  comprehensive  con- 
veatloa*  now  In  force.  the  convention 
for  reimbursing  shipwreck  expenses,  con- 
cluded la  I860,  provided  thai  all  expenses 
Incurred  by  the  government  of  the  < 
Htates  In  connection  with  rescue,  eJoibJug. 
and  asststtnt-  needy  Japanese  subject-  In 
case*  of  shipwreck  sbuuld  b»  paid  by  tbs 
Japaaea*  government,  If  ike  assisted  person* 
be  unable  (o  pay  them:  sod  reciprocally. 
I  ulted  States  government  sbsll  be  re- 
sponsible for  debts  and  expense*  Incurred 
by  Japan  In  rendering  like  assistance  to 
I  nlted  nistes  eltlieus.  This  provision  shall 
not    extend    to    expenses    i  «    ilia 

salvage  of  Ihe  vessels  or  cargo,  i 
be   s    charge  against   tbo    vessel   and   goods 
01     I  tie  oancis.      In    sueb    claims    lor   reins- 
bursenient,  th*  espouse*  of  government,  po- 
lice, and  other  ornrial*,  anil 

1  concipondcnce  Is  not  to  be  Included, 
'he  extradition  ".revisions  of  1»S0,  S*s 
extradition  Treatlei.i 

Ttw  treaty  of  commerce  and  oavlgstl'in 
of  1894  provided  for  mulusl  freedom  ef 
trsde.  trsvel  snd  residence:  free  access  to 
the  courts  In  pursuit  sud  defense  of  rluhia; 
possession  and  disposal  as  well  as  II; 
cession  to  property,  and  the  equitable  Im- 
position of  taxes  npon  tbe  subjects  or  eltl- 
sens  of  the  one  country  while  In  tbe 
dominions  of  the  other.  No  discriminating, 
bl.-bcr.  or  other  Uxcs  shall  be  levied  upon 
aliens  tbsn  upon  citizens;  nor  shall 
tsry.  naval  or  other  service  be  luii 
them.  Importation  and  exportation  of  goods 
shall  bo  free  from  prohibitory  or  embar- 
rassing restrictions,  regaidloM  of  ths  place 
whence  the  goods  arrive  or  the  nationality. 
of  Use  vessels  carrying  them :  but  tbs  asaal 
restrictions  of  coastwise  trade  obtain  lu  all 
cases.  Tbe  privilege*  of  loading  and  un- 
loading, and  all  other  privileges  of  navi- 
gation which  are  enjoyed  by  national  vns. 
srls  shall  be  granted  without  reurlcUoa  or 
discrimination  to  tbe  vowel  of  the  other 
country.  Ths  privilege*  of  visiting  two  or 
mora  ports  for  the  purpose  of  ileiivnrinc 
part*  of  a  cargo  are  extended  to  vessels,  sad 
In  such  case*  there  sball  b*  hut  one  Im- 
position of  legitimate  charges  uimn  the  ves- 
sel. Humane  treatment  N  to  be  extended 
to  vessels  of  all  sorts  In  distress,  and  means 
of  aatlttancs  and  alleviation  are  to  be 
freely  accorded  bv  both  na'lons  r .■  th 
fsrers  on  vessels  of  the  e.iher.  Pals**-  si.all 
In  all  cose*  b*  conducted  and  governed 
sccordlng    to    the   laws   ut   lbs   country    In 


tessagcs  and  Papers  of  the 


wbleb  the  salvage  Is  made,  floods  and  mer- 
chandise tared  from  a  wreck  »h»ll  not  be 
!i.i  Mi  1.  duties   unieaa  clcoi'ii   Cot 

consumption.     The  usual   terms  of  consular 
convention  are  included  In  thla  treaty.      The 
treaty    wan    to    have   endured    for   a    period 
of    twelve   year*    from    dale    of 
with   twelve   months'    privilege   of  notli 

lion    In    li  rlnln.ite    (puge   7BB61.       <Por 

Trade-Mark  regulation*,  ace  Trade-Mark*. 
Conventions.) 

A  ii"W  tr..*ty  of  trade  and  navigation 
between  the  United  Statca  and  Japan  waa 
ratified  by  the  Henale  Feb.  24.  Kill,  and 
liv  the  1'rlvy  Council  of  Japan  Marrh  JH 
fnl  In  wine.  The  algoatory  exchange  mi 
made  April   4. 

The  treaty  comprise*  eighteen  artli-|e«. 
Most  of  these  cover  subject*  already  treated 
In  the  "lining  convention,  though  In  many 
Instances  Hie  language  of  the  artlcli  I* 
I  t . .■  .- , .  ■  1 1  to  make  rhe  provisions  conform 
tn     modern    conditions. 

TliK  first  article  of  the  treaty  assert* 
the  right  of  cltlicna  or  subjects  of  tin- 
two  countries  to  enter,  travel  or  reside  In 
the  ti-rrltnties  of  the  Other  to  earry  on 
trade,  lease  houses  and  shops  and  residences 
and  generally  do  anything  Incident  to  trade. 

In  Article  VII  cnrpoiatlnns  are  dealt  with. 
It  permits  them  to  appear  In  courts  subject 
10  1  he  laws  of  each  country,  though  It  la 
•  tlpulated  thai  toe  p ■  rmlnlon  to  corpora- 
tlons  to  transact  business  must  remain 
■object   to   local   lows 

111  Aril. -I..  sill  It  la  provided  that  there 
shall  be  no  discrimination  between  the  ves 
aela  of  the  two  countries  In  ih.lr  right 
to  carry  Imports  without  being  liable  to 
other  or  higher  charges  of  duties  than  na- 
tions! Tiaull,  Tho  aame  rule  la  applied 
to  .iportallon  and  lo  lh"  Dayman]  of  *» 
port  duties,  bounties  and  drawbacks.  Ar 
tide  XIV  promises   Hint  any  trado  or  navl- 

fatlon  privilege  eirrtlit'-il  to  niliilhiT  .-oun 
ry  shall  be  iDjored  hv  the  slgnntorlea  to 
this  treaty.  Article  XV  ronfera  protection 
for  patents,  trademark*,  and  designs.  This 
treaty  supersede*  the  treaty  of  1804.  and 
became  operative  July  17.  Mil.  and  Is  to 
remain  In  force  twelvo  years.  At  the  end 
of  twelve  years  the  treaty  also  continue! 
operative  unless  sir  months'  notice  to  tbe 
contrary  Is  given. 

Itegardlng  Immigration  restrictions,  the 
following  statement  bv  Y.  ITchlda.  tho  Jap- 
anese Ambassador  at  waahlngton,  while  Dot 
a  part  of  the  treaty,  was  made  tn  connec- 
tion   with    It: 

"In  proceeding  thtf  day  to  the  signs  lure 
of  tbe  treaty  of  commerce  and  navigation 
bi'iwi-en  Jnpnn  and  tin  Clotted  States  the 
undersigned  Japanese  Ambassador  In  Wash- 
ington, duly  BUtborlrcd  by  his  Government 
has  the  honor  to  declare  that  the  Imperial 
Japanese  Government  Is  fully  prepared  to 
maintain  with  equal  crfecilveocM  the  llml- 
in  Hon    nod    control   which   It   baa   for    the 

fast  fhreo  year*  exercised  In  regulation  of 
h-   emigration   of   laborers   to   the    United 
Slate*." 

Japan  signed  with  the  I'nlted  States   the 

tea-era!    International   arbitration    treaty   In 
Otis,    and    conventions    protecting    trade- 
mark* In   Korea   and  China. 

An  exchange  of  note*  bet  ween  Secretary 
Hoot  and  Huron  Tnkahlrn.  the  Japanese  Am- 
1   1     dated  Nov.  30,  100R,  outlined 

I'liiiinion  poii'-v  of  lot  two  gorernmenta  in 

tbe  raelrlc  Ocean.  It  Is  declared  to  be  the 
N-i  ii  of  both  to  encourage  fro*  and  peaceful 

d'-velopineiit  of  i-oiiiiiiiTi-i- :  rhe  inalnteimm-e 
of  the  siiitiis  11110  In  China;  reelproeal  re- 
apecf  for  the  territorial  possessions  of  oaeU 
In  China,  and  the  support  of  Die  Integrity 
't  China  ami  ei|iial  trade  npporlnnlttes  for 
all   nation*   lu   that   country.     Should    any 


■ 


event  occur  threatening   the  ststos  4*M 
above  deacrlbcd  or   the  principle  of  e*. 
irtunltr  as  mutually   understio-'. 
M  for  tbe  two  government*  t*  cononat 
with  each  other  In  order  to  arrlt*  si  u 
i.ii'li-ixtsiiillng    as    to    what     BMaauas  tVt 
insider  It  useful  to  take. 

Java,  The,  capture,  and  destruction  «'• 

by  tho  Cnnttilullon,  507. 
Jay  Treaty. — A  treaty  of  pete  •»> 
friendship  between  the  I'nlted  Slate*  tni 
Oreat  Brllaln.  Decollated  In  1TP1  by  Join 
Jay.  on  tho  part  of  the  I'nlted  Statu.  *»l 
Ixird  Grenvllle.  representing  Ureat  Bi 
It  provided  for  an  evacuation,  of  tU  Brit 
•  te«.  fret  ev 
trnrelal  Intercourse  on    the  Americas  mi 

unrestricted       navigation      ef 
Mississippi   River,  Indemnity   to  r-.titeta 
each   country  for  damages  at   the  tst>l-  <f 
privateers  of  tbe  other,  and  a  limited  ttw 
between  this  country  and  the  Rrllk' 
Indies.     Tli*   lust  mentioned    rlaose  caisW 
tin-  treaty  10  be  vrry  unpopular  la  AaxvK* 
(See  Urcat  Britain.  Treaties  with.) 

Jayhawkara.— A  name  applied  to  te*4i 
of  marauders  who  kept  up  a  giKflttb 
warfare  In  eastern  Kansas  about  thr  btfr 
nlng  of  the  Civil  War.  The  Jayhaslro 
were  so  called  because  of  the  alleged  "la 
llsrlty  of  their  practical  to  thestt  of  a  »W 
with  thla  appellation. 

Jeannette  Polar  Expedition: 

Pailuro  and  abandonment  of.  47S4- 
linn  of  members  of,  removed  It 
fnited  States,  si  v. 

leet  extended  in  Russia  to  nr 
vivors  of,  recommendations  reran) 
1  ntr.  4853. 

ii.onia.la  of  Coairreaa  traniaiitie. 
to    Russian    subjects    who   lie's 
survivors  of,  4919,  6088. 
Report  on,  5120. 
Vessels  dispatched  for  relief  of,  4)T9* 
Recommended,  4589. 
Jefferson  Manual     f  See  Manual  of  Pit- 

linmentary  Practice.) 
Jefferson,  Thomia.— 1801-1809. 

(riasT  TUat.  18OM800.) 
Fourth    Administration— Democrat  lc- 

11.  m  b 

Vice. pm Weill— Aaron  Burr. 

S tertiary  of  A  (a  re— 
Jam**  Madison. 

fecrelary  of  the  Treersiry— 

Samuel    Dexter    <  continued  >- 

Albert  Gnllntln.   from  May  15.   1801. 

Stortlarg  of  war — 

I  limy    Dearboru. 
'try  of  the  \'a 

Renjnmln   Stoddert    leootlnuedi. 

Robert   Smith,   from   Jan 

Jacob   Crownlnsbieid.    from    March 
MOB. 
Mlomi-u  General — 

I.ovl   Lincoln. 

ItolH-rt    Smith,    from    March    2.    1840. 
rottmat  ler-  General— 

Joseph   Habersham    (< 

Gideon  Oral  B,   18M. 

.Vomlnoflon — There  were  no  conTenttoa* 
or  platforms,  hut  the  candidate*  were  aoav 
lusted  by  a  caucu*  of  memliers  of  Coacreaa 
Tho  Federalists  renomlnn'eri  Jnha  Adams, 
and  tbe  ItoraocratlC'RcpnfcUeana  cheat 
Thomas  Jefferson. 


: 


: 


1 


Encyclopedic  Jnc 


Icrson 


Elrcrfoak— The  close   race  for  the  Preal- 
'  which  Jefferson  gave  Adam*  lu  ITM, 
-_ad  lbs  affection  of  tlvi-  people  f.,r  tho 
man  who  drew  up  tin-  Declaration  of  l ml. - 
cadence.      The  election  of  Ailnms  In   tlmt 
•l.ujiltv     hli     unpopular     doctrine*, 
srked    Hi"    sateen    tad     lot*    which    tho 
iple  bad  for  Wiiahlugtoo — for   Wamiing- 

S.,-d  Adams.     Jefferson,  while  Vice- 
lent,     wa*     not     .on    nil. (I     liy     Adam* 
In     affairs     of     the     administration.        Ill* 
election  is  the  third  President  of  the  Vnlt 
.•.I   RUteS,    in   180  Ibuted  In  Hi'-  un- 

skillful politic*  of  Hamilton  sad  Hi"  political 
adroitness  of  Aaron  Burr,  In  New  York. 

Trlimlittiu     War. — Commodore:     Dole    was 

•"•tit  with  three  frigate*  ami  a  "loop  of  w»r 

to  protect  oar  commerce   on   the   Barbery 

COM,  inn]  It  wo*  found  Hint  Tripoli  had  dc- 

tear  agalruii  ih*  l  nlted  States. 

\\  hen     tin       Sev.  nr  Ii     [iiiu'r    "     mel     .leffcr- 

on   »ent    In  a    written    nnur!,    .--.t .■  l>i i -  ti- 
»g  the  custom  which  wn»  unbroken  nntll 
I'oodruw     Wilson     delivered    an    oral    ad- 
dress  lu    IS 

Fofr. — The  electoral  vote  wa»  counted 
Feb.  II.  1801  Mini  mowed  JetTenon, 
Burr.  78i  Adams,  <•,."•:  i"  C,  Plnekney.  04: 
and  John  Jar  1.  A*  no  one  bud  received 
a  majority  or  the  vote*,  tin-  House,  on  the 
same  day.  proceeded  in  .l.-.i  •  pi  sldenl 
and  a  *  lee-rri  Ident,  rli-.  balloting  ei 
ued  until  TnexdnT.  Feb  17.  1801,  when,  H 
tlie  thirty  sixth  ballot.  Jefferson  waa  elect- 
ed     President,      and     Burr,      Vice-President. 

,•  ihe  i  .  dai  allei  ■   sol  Inclodlaj  n  im- 

llton.  tried  to  elect  Burr  over  Jefferson,  and 
Burr  did  not  dlacountennner  their  action. 

:  SO.'.- ISO!).! 
Fifth    AdmlnlHtrailim  —  Democratic-Republi- 
can 
nce-frrairfrnf — (jeorgc   Clinton. 
Ftcrrtarj  of  Stale— 

.1  :iiii.  -     '  ladl  "ii     i  cnntlnned), 
Btvretam  nf  the   Tico»um — 

rt    (Jnllotln    (continued). 
Secrrtarv  of  far  Xavy  — 

Jacob    i-riiwuliinliii'ld.    froul     March    3, 
1808, 
Rterctary  of  War — 

Id  an   lniiii.i.ru    (continued). 

jlffomrv  '."rnr.nl — 

Robert    Kmlrh.   trim   March  3.   1805 
John  Breckinridge,  from  Dec.  25.  1803. 
Casta*  a    Rodney,  frum  Jan.  20,  1807. 

POMtmrtMlrr-ttrnrial — 

(Jldeon    Granger    (continued). 
8KC('\n       TBltil—  .VomlnolloM.— In       the 

■lection  nf   1804.  candidate*   were  choaen 

lir  CoiiKreaslnmil  1-11111*1111  for  Hie  posi- 
tion* of  President  and  vice-President.  »pe- 
•■Itlcally  In  order  to  prevent  a  repetition  of 
the  conditions  of  1800.  when  l In.  ■  I  niggle 
fur  I'r-'ldinr  in-cnrr..il  between  Jefferson 
and  Burr,  and  alio  of  the  anomalous  con- 
dition In  1780  when  Adam*  wan  a  Federalist 
lent  ami  Jefferaon  a  Republican  Vice- 
Preatdent.  Jefferaon  and  (Joorge  Clinton 
were  the  nominee*  of  the  Democratic-Repub- 
lican*. It  doe*  not  appear,  however,  that 
I'harlea  C,  Plnekney  and  Riifu*  King,  the 
Fcdcrnllaf  fiii:ill.l:iti.v  f.-.r  i  heae  office*,  were 
nominated  In  a  Federal  caucus.  The  atrong- 
eit  pony  contest*  occurred  In  Maaascbu- 
s*tt«  and  Connect  nm 

Voir. — Jefferaon  carried  Massachusetts 
arnlnct  the  Federalists  led  by  Adam*,  but 
falh-d  to  win  In  Connecticut.  The  electoral 
vote  waa  counted  Feb.  IS.  1805.  and  wa* 
conducted  In  accordance  with  the  Twelfth 
Amendment  to  the  Conatltutlnn  which  went 
un-  Bent.  25,  1804.  Jefferaon  bad 
1H2  vote*  against  14  for  Plnekney.  The 
apportionment  following  the  ccntua  of  1800, 
and  the  admission  of  Ohio  Id  1R02  ln- 
cr»aard  the  electoral  vote  to  17ft  and  the 
number  of  8'ate*  participating  to  17.     J«f. 


feraoo  waa   vlrtorloua   In   all  of    the   states 

.  \  cpt   ■'■  mill-  .-in  in   ii  ii.)    Delaware,   ami   iu 

Maryland,  where  the  vote  wn*  split  »  to  2. 
rarly  Affiliation  —  PrtM   to  hla  realdvnee 
In  Frai  17H4- 

1781);,  Jefferson  waa  a  Whig  of  Hie  lb 
Hon.  On  hla  return,  he  waa  a  Bcpubllcan- 
Democrat,  In  deepest  sympathy  wlib  ibn 
French  Kevolntlou.  lie  advocated  'tin.  will 
of  the  mnjorlir  to  be  the  natural  law  of 
every  eoclety  and  the  only  auiv  guardian  of 
the  rbtbia  n(  mini  The  <  ouKiltutlon  bad 
been  drawn  and  adopt <al  In  hla  abi 
and  althouga  on  lit*  niurn  he  expresaea 
himself  against  It.  he  later  modified  hla 
vbrwa  rexiiniing  II  ami  c*m«  to  ibluk  more 
favorably  or  It.  Ill*  neioclatc*  In  Wn 
ton'*  Cabinet,  notably  Hamilton  and  Knox, 
aipreaaed  themaeltea  in  favor  of  arla- 
tocrfttlc  nr  nonarcblea.1  foma  of  govern- 
ment, and  regarded  toe  Republlran  form  aa 
only  n  temporary  expedient.  This  «»i  »<> 
hateful  to  Jefferaon  that  lie  vehemently 
eaf.rr.ard  hla  grief  ami  :,  imir  biiiein,  and 
nely  realgoed  lua  Cabinet  otBoe,  II" 
found  blmaelf  oppcaed  to  the  whole  Feilernl- 
lat  iiollcy  and,  upon  his  retirement  from 
ofrtc*  m  IT'."'.,  he  and  bit  friends  took  the 
name  <>t  Republb-an>      Thus  Ibe  Hemocratlc 

fartv   wa*   formed,    wblch    In    1*.(mi    hi 
tie  majority  party  In  the  Fulled  Stniea.     It 
wna   known    aa    Ibe    It<  publb-an    party    unill 
Jackaon.   In    1824,    changed   Its  name   to   the 
Democratic  parlv 

Political  Completion  of  Congreu. — In  tbo 
rub    I'nngreaa    |180I-l80.1i    the    P 
I    member*,   waa    made    up    n 
erallti*  and   19  Demoerala:  and  the  llouae. 


nf  108  member*,  was  made  np  of  34  Fed- 
erallata  and  71  liemin-raia.  In  the  Klgbth 
Coorreaa     (liao.-!  1IS05i     tin-    HcoSMl     or      !l 


member*,    wn*    made   up    of    10    Federallat* 
and  24  Democrats;  and    the   House,  of   141 
era.  was  made  VI  rallaia  and 

103  Democrats.      During  the   aeeond  Jeffer- 
i.iii   adnilnlatratlon,    In    the    N'luHi    Congraaal 
18071   the  Senate,  of  ::  i.  waa 

up    of   17    Federnllits   and    17    Demo- 
crats :  and  the  House,  of  141  members,  was 
made  np  of  20   Federalist*  and    112  Dcmo- 
In    the  Tenth   Congr  sa    (1807-1809) 
■enate,  of  34  members,  was  made  op  sit 
7    Federalists   and    27    Democrats:   and   the 

Hoi >!    Ill    members,   was  mad*  up  of 

::i     y  derail  its    and     I  In    Democrats 

iMnHM  «/  Trrrlinrx/.— During  the  year 
1800  the  territory  of  Loulslnnn  was  learned 
to  have  been  secretly  ceded  by  Spain 
to  Prance.  Jefferson  opened  up  negotia- 
tion* with  Prance  to  acquire  n  port  of  de- 
rt  at  •.! iouiIi  nf  the  Miaalaslppl. 
Jnnii-irv.  1808,  he  sent  Jnmca  HoDTOS 
to  France  to  act  with  Robert  It,  Living- 
ston, our  minister  to  Hint  country. 
poison  was  burdened  wltb  debt  and  threat- 
an  English  war,  l.ivliigxtnu 
and  Monroe  negotiated  n  trentr  ,,r 
ehnae,  Bgreelnj  lu  nay  I15.000.000  fur  the 
province  of  Louisiana,  which  comprlasd, 
enat  of  the  .pi,  ibe  territory   touth 

of  tho  thirty-first  degree  of  north  latitude 
and  aa  fur  ,-:i»i  n k  Hie  Perdldo  Rivet  and, 
wcat  r.f  the  Mlaalaaippl  River,  the  whole 
of  the  prc*cnt  State  of  Louisiana,  Arkan- 
sas, Missouri,  low*.  Nebraska.  th»  Da- 
koiax.  Montana,  Idaho,  Oregon  and  Wash' 
ington.  thnt  part  of  Minnesota  west  of  the 

Mississippi  River.  Wyoming  and  Colorado 

east  of  ibe  Rin-kT  Mmminlna  and  north 
of  the  Arkiuia.ia  tilvcr.  nnd  nil  hut  n  small 
southwestern   section   of  Ksnaaa.    m. ., 

northwestern  part  of  Oklahoma, 
ia  of  American  eltlzena  against  France 
to  the  amount  of  83.7.10,000  were  I 
In  on  Hi.,  nurchaas  and  the  balance  wna 
paid  In  U  per  cent  bond*  pnynble  In  Dfteen 
year*.  Tno  Federalist*  claimed  <h»  i.nr 
chase    waa     unwarranted,     and     Jefferson 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Jefferson 


tfconght  a  coaiiltutloMl  amendment  iwm» 
Tbe  Senate,  however,  ratified  the 
treaty  Oct  19,  180%  und  the  House 
PUMd  a  resolution  to  tun  It  Into  effect 
by  a  vote  of  90  to  25,  lb*  Federalist* 
voting  In  tbe  minority. 

The  Ix>ui*hmn  Purchase  Increased  the 
area  of  the  United  State*  to  a  total  of 
1.980.775  square  mile*.  Jefferson  woe 
fully  alive  to  the  Importance  of  this  addi- 
tion. In  hli  Third  Annual  Moaau"  (peg* 
348)  be  aayi:  "Whilst  the  }.: 
aoverelgntjr  of  the  Mississippi  and  Ita  wa- 
ters secure  an  Independent  outlet  for  the 
produce  of  the  western  stales  and  an 
uncontrolled  navigation  through  tbrlr  whole 
course,  free  from  oolllalon  with  other  pow- 
era  and  the  danger*  to  our  ware  fmoi  tbat 
source,  the  fertility  of  the  country.  Ita 
climate  and  extent,  promise  la  due  season 
Important  aids  to  our  Treasury,  and  amp!* 
provision  for  onr  posterity,  and  a  tUt 
spread  for  rhe  blessings  of  freedom  aad 
equal  law»."  Napoleon.  In  speaking  of 
the  sale  of  tbc  territory,  said:  "Tid*  »r. 
ecaalon  strengthens  forever  the  power  of 
th-  fulled  BtatM,  stid  I  hire  Just  given  to 
-id  a  maritime  rival  that  will  aoooer 
or  later  humble  her  pride " 
aad  Clark  cxoedltlou.  which  formed  tbo 
basis  of  ihe  rlalm  of  the  t'olted  Slates  to 
rtbwestern  territory.  Is  described  In 
detail    bv     Jefferson     In    a  '"<age 

1 1>»««  .198)  and  In  his  Slx'h  Annual  Mrs- 
•  ■  :.  i; ■  ■■■  :::i>\)  he  an  "M  I-.  hut  ttutlca 
to  aay  that  Messrs  Lewis  and  Clnrk  and 
their  brat's  companions  hare  hy  ih'.s  ardu- 
ous service  deserved  well  of  their  coun-.rv  • 
■  'V — Jefferson's    sentiments    on    this 


subject  or*  well  expressed  In  bis  Sixth  Ao- 
nual    Message    (page   S9A)    in    these   a 
I   congratulate  you.  fellow-eltlxen*.  on  th« 


approach  of  tbe  period  at  which  ynu  may 
latrrnoae  your  aiithnrlty  constitution.; 
withdraw    II  of   Hie  rnlted  States 

from  all  further  participation  In  tbe«. 
latlons  of  human  rights  which  have  so  long 
continued    on    the    unoffending    inhabitant* 
of  Africa,  and  which  tbe  morality,  tbc  repu- 
tation, ond  the  best  Interests  of  our  country 
havo    Ions    been    eager    to    proscribe.      Al- 
ii no  law  you  may  pas.  ran  take  pro- 
l  ltd    MI    tbe    first   of    tbo    year 
1808.   yet  the  Intervening  period  la  not    loo 
lone  to  prevent  by  tlmily  nolle*  •xnedlfloD* 
which  can  not  be  completed  before  tbat  day." 
Turin. — In  his  Sixth  Annual  Message,  Jef- 
ferson  recommended   that   Hie  duly  on   tall. 
a  necessary  of  life,  he  aunnrrtaed      He  looks 
forward    to   the   accumulation   of  a   surplui 
of  revenue.  If  ocaee  continues,  and   In   dls- 
cnaslng    the    advisability    of    further   reduc- 
er    tariff    In     the     future,    says     (page 
" Snail    we  auppreis   tbe  Impost   and 
give  the  advantage  to  foreign  over  domestic 
manufactures?     On   a   few  articles  of   mora 
.     and    necessary    use   tbc   lun'wenlon 
Id  due  Mason  will  donbtlesa  b*  right,  but 
tbo  great  masa  of  the  articles  on  which  im- 
post la  paid  art  foreign  luturlea  rmrrhn«cd 
by    those  only   who  are   rich  enough   to   nf. 
ford    themselves    the    u«e    of    Dun.      Their 

fatrlotlsm  wonld  certainly  prefer  Ita  eon- 
l:n::iuci«  and  application  to  tbe  great 
purpose*  of  the  public  education,  road*,  rlr- 
era,  canals,  and  sneh  otbar  object*  of  pnb- 
|IC  Inorovemeot  as  It  mav  be  thought  proier 
to  add  to  the  constitutional  enumeration 
of  Federal  powers."  A  tariff  act  of  May 
1?.  JSOO.  made  slight  Increase*  la  torn* 
duties,  especially  rhoro  ODOtl  wine*.  Ma-eh 
2T.  1804.  there  waa  paused  an  act  "for  im- 
posing more  specific  duties  on  the  Iminrta- 
tton  of  certain  articles  ;  and  also  for  Wring 
and  collecting  light  money  on  foreten 
or  vessels,  and  for  other  rnirnose*."  While 
some  duties  wen-  lurrrasi-d  by   this  act,  \f 


placed  npna  tbe  free  list  rags  froao  cot- 
ton, llaea.  wool,  and  hemp  cloth,  regains 
Of  aatlmony.  unwrought  clay,  unwrouglit 
burr  stones,  and  the  hark  of  the  cork  tree. 
The  ace  of  March  4.  l.sus.  allowed  fie*  Im- 
portation of  old  copper.  saJtpvter.  and  »cil- 
phnr. 

Internal     /mprotvraseni*. — Jefferson     wai 
.  favor  of  tbe  application  of  i e*> 
couc  Kurplu*  to  Internal  Improv. 
he  did    not  recognlie  that   the  Conn.: 
eonf.  i;;Ut    of   making  siKb   upon 

the  Federal  Unvcrncncot.      in  hla  Sixth  An- 
Message  Ipn-.'  ;;0S )   be  says.  In  speak- 
ing of  each  •  i 
amendment                     ustltu'Ion. 
of  tbe  states,  necessary,  became  the  objecta 
now     recommended    are     not     among 
enumerated    by    tbe    i  m.    ot-d    to 
which    It    permit*    the    public    money    to    b* 
applied."      In    bli    Klghtn    Annual    Mi-ssage 

lit)   b*  «*y«: 
surplus)     lie    anproductlve     In     tbe     rublle 
vaults?    Shall  the  ret  luccd?    Or 

shall  It  not  rather  be  appropriated   to  the 

:it  of  roads,  eaaals,  rivers.  •■ 
(ion,  and  other  great  foundations  of  pros- 
perity and  union    under  the   powers  which 
Congress    mar    already     posset*    or    astrx) 

.  sa  may  be 
approved    bv    the    States?" 

.Vu-. y— The  navy  which  bad  been  created 
during  rbe  previous  administration  I 
eratlons  against  Frnncc.  was  rrduod  hy  J.f- 
ferton.  who  put  all  but   all   ol    lb*  vessel* 
ont    of   rommlsxlon.  Irst    Annual 

,«   (page  SIS)  he  explain!  that  theso 
Teasels    were    laid    no    In    navy    yardi    to 
reduce  expenses       "Whatever  annual 
ha  aay*.  "beyond  that  ynu  may  think 
to  apprnprlsle  to  naval  nrtfarntloni  would 

Sprhap*    be     better    employed    In 
low   articles   which   m»r  be   kepi  wl! 
waste  or  ci  i.   and  be  In  reodlneae 

wheu    any    exigency    enlU    them    Into 
In    hli    several    messv 
aires*   npoa    the   tdrMblUiy   of  pre- 
the    vessel*    of    tbo    navy    from    decay    nod 
Injury  when  not  In  acMve  use.    Id  a  >  i 
message  of  Feb.  10.   I 

feraon    (DM    fully    lab  ma    for    tb* 

Inert  >  navy  by  the  addition  of  a 

flotilla  of  gunboats  foe  the  protection  of 
the  harbor*.     Two  hundred  :e  ex- 

pecti-d    to   afford    the   d  >lr'd   protecllon.  of 
which  number  he  report*  tbat  73  ai 
or    arc   building,    and    flvet    the    rem 
127  v.  IHM  to  fsJOO.txW. 

In  his  Hlghrh  Anaual  Message  (page  4-42) 
be  reports  tbat:  "Of  the  gunboata  aotb«r- 
lied  by  tbc  act  of  nccemoer  la»t  It  has 
111  ueeesaary  to  build  only  IDA 
In   tbc  present   year." 

Cosaaieree  —  Je^eraon   did   not    lielleve    la 
the  paternal  foitctlnK 

Federal   Uovernment.      In 
his    Fie- 1    Annual    Message    (page   8181    ha 
says:  "Agriculture,  manufacturea.  cookm 
and  tavlrar  or  nll'sts  of  our  proa- 

pcrltj.  ore  th-  mo«t  thriving  when  left 
moat  free  to  individual  enterprise.  Pro- 
tection   from   eaounl   tmbarrassm 

Imei  be  seasonably  Inter- 
posed-"  In  speaking  of  the  ranld  growth 
of  the  conn  try.  he  *av*  In  hla  First  Annual 
Message  (pag*  ,111  •  ■  "I  lay  before  you  the 
reault  of  the  Census  lately  taken  of  our 
-ants,  to  a  conformity  with  which 
we  are  now  to  reduce  the  ensuing  ratio  of 
renreaenutlon  and  taxation.     Ton  will  p*r- 

I'hot  tbe  Increase  of  numbers  du 
the  last  ten  years,  orot-.-dlng  in  geometrical 
ratio,  promises  a  dunlle»ti.-.«i  in   il'il.-  atera 
than  tn-entv  tsro  years."    Tbe  number  was 
0.308.483  In 

Flsancr— JerT»r«on   outlined  the  financial 
of    hla   administration    In    his    First 


Jefferson 


.-.agts  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Annuo)  Mt»n»  l|«|i!  838)  J n  tbSM  *«nl< 
.  tlu-re  li  reasonable  ground  of  conn- 
that  we  may  now  uWy  dl»pru>,- 
Willi  nil  tin'  Internal  in™,  ...umiri!:.  i.lin,-. 
cxi Ire.  nlninpi.  aucilona,  license".  c*rrIag<K. 
»nd  refined  «uger*  to  which  the  postage  on 
ncwapapcr*  may  be  added,  to  faellltal 
progress  Of  Information  and  Mini  tin-  ri'iiul.  n- 
Ing  sources  of  revenue  will  be  aurnclcot  to 
provide  for  the  rapport  of  Government,  to 
pay  rhe  lnt«rem  on  the  public  debts,  am! 
10  dlarhsrg*  Uic  prim  Ipals  within  shorter 
period!  than  the  lsw«  or  the  general  expec- 
a  had  contemn  mrd.  War.  Indeed,  and 
untoward  o  change   im»   pi 

of  thing*  anil  .nil  for  eip  unci  which  the 
Impost*  e.inid  not  meet  :  but  Hound  princi- 
ple* will    Dol    tuatlf]    our  taxing  th»  Indti*- 

ii v    of    our    (>lIow-cltl«en«    ii)    secamnlsts 

treasure  for  war-  i.>  happen  «■'•■  know  not 
when,  and  which  might  not  perhapa  happen, 
hut  from  Qm  •••mpiatlon*  offen-d  by  that 
IrrSsin-    " 

I'ubHr  Hell.— The  debt  of  the  Called 
xtatc*  during  the  administration  of  Jot- 
fcrson  stood  n»  follows:  Jan.  1.  1S02,  JStJ,- 
712,(iri2.2.-. :  1R03,  *J7.n.'i-l.ilst!.3Q:  lftOi, 
fall.  42  I      I  *(MI, 

f  75.743,270.151; ;  l.vuT.  >''•'. .'IS, litis  i;«  ;  1S08. 
105.100.317.07:  1BO0.  157, 023.102.00. 

Foreign  Pollen.— fit  the  nix  vi-awlx  which 
Jpfr<-r></ii  r.t:i in.-.i  in  commission,  be 
four  to  the  Mediterranean  to  overawe  the 
Barbnry  plrntea  who  iron  attacking  the 
morcbanl  veanol*  of  the  (Inltad  state*. 
The  brilliance  and  efflency  of  the  effort k 
or  Decatnr  nnd  his  brave  comrade*  on 
that  occasion  nre  yet  romemberod  by  the 
American  people,  In  III*  llr.i  Inaugural 
Addre«»  (pure  ail)  he  speaks  of  the  coun- 
Kin.liy  separated  bj  nature  and  n 
wide  ocenti  from  the  ratcrinlii.-itlnK  havoc 
<>f  SOS  quarter  of  the  globe;  too  high- 
minded  to  endure  tin-  dsfradltlons  Of  In* 
oilier."  In  BneskhU  of  the  proper  atti- 
tude of  the  I'nltea  suite*  In  the  long 
struggle  between  Nnpoleon  and  tin-  allied 
power*,  he  »nya,  In  hl«  Third  Annual  Mes- 
sage (pane  .i4in-  -in  the  comae  of  this 

eoniiiet  let  it  be  our  endeavor,  a*  It  la 
our    Interest    and    our    desire,    to    cultivate 

tin-   friendship   of   th*   beltlaeregt    nation* 

i.v  (very  net  of  luxtlee  nnd  of  Innocent 
kindness:  to  rccrlve  ihelr  armed  vessel* 
with  hospitality  from  the  distresses  of  the 
***■  but  to  ailitiliiliifer  the  moans  of  sn- 
iioyiiiiei.-  to  none:  to  cstnbllah  In  our  bar 
bora  anch  a  police  a*  tuny  maintain  Inw 
and  order:  to  restrain  onr  r-lllsens  trpv 
imiI>:u kin^t  Individually  In  n  war  in  vrhlcn 
their  country  tnkea  no  pnrt :  to  punish 
acverely  theme  perNohv.  eltlssnl  or  alien, 
who  shall  uanrp  the  wwr  of  nut  Sl|  for 
vessels  not  .-milled  to  It.  Infecting  thereby 
with  suspicion  thoae  of  real  American* 
and  committing  ua  Into  controvert.-*  for 
the  rSdrSSS  of  S/rOna*  not  onr  own;  to 
CXSC]  from  every  ontlon  the  Observance  to- 
ward our  vessel*  and  clt  liens  of  thoae 
principled  and  prnrtlci*  which   nil  ell 

acknowledge  :  lo  merit  the  character 
of  n  «u*t  nation,  ami  tnnlntnln  that  of  an 
Independent    one.    profaning    overj 

3 nonce      1"      lOSUll       and       hiltiltilnl       VrrOIMJ  " 
peaking  of  the  attack  of  tin-   Uopari  on 
the  American   frigate  Chesapeake.   Jeffemon 

wrote  in  latei  yenro:  "I  bad  onll  i"  open 
my  hnini.  and  let  havoc  loom-  '•    to  proteel 

the  I'olted  State*  from  r.lmllar  attack*,  he 
Imued  il tnbarcp  of  ISO",  which  contin- 
ued miili  Hie  oii.l  of  liU  admllilHtnitlon  • 
but     the    condition*    were    too    aevere    for 

American  commerce  to  ohoorro,  and  it*  fre- 

ononl  rli  Intlon  defeated  Ita  pnrpoae.  Jef- 
fri-vou    nlwaya    maintained    that     had    the 

CRtrlotlam    of   the    people    rlaen    to    proper 
eight*,   this   course   would   have   obviated 


i  In-  war  of  1813.  and  have  accural  a  rcc- 
ognltlon  of  acntral  rlghta.  Jcfferauu  blm 
aelf  auffcred  from  th*  condition  of  the  em 
rbade  the  exportation  eif 
tobneco.  by  tbc  loaa  of  fully  two-thlrda  at 
his  Income. 

Jefferson,   Thomas: 
Annual    mcasagca   of,   314,   330,    345, 

307,  370,  393,  413,  439. 
Biographical  tkotch  of,  307. 
Constitutional  amendment  suggested 
by,   regarding — 

Kdu'cation.   397,  444. 

Internal  improvement*,  397,  444. 
Death  of,  announce!  and  honors  to  bo 
paid   memory   of,  913. 

Referred   to,  930. 
Station  of,  notification  of,  una  replv. 

308. 
Expedition    aero**   continent    rocotn- 

mcndcil  by,  341,  8S6. 
Extraordinary    xeaaion    of     Congrcaa 

•nd  of  the  Sonato  proclaimed,  345, 

OS,  449. 
Foreign  policy  discussed  by,  311,  S48, 

.MM 

Inaugural  address  of — 
First,  309. 
rWond,  366. 
Louisiana     Purchaao     diaouioied      by, 

345.  348,  350. 
Itlltiw  adopted  by.  instead  of  p*r- 

sonal  add  reus  to  Congress,  313. 
Militia  for  national  defense,  317. 
Minister  to  France,  granted  permis- 
sion to  return  noi 
Testimonial  of  services  from  K 
of   France,    81. 
Oath    of   office,   notifies   Congress   of 

lime  and   place   of  taking,  309. 
Pardon  granted  deserters  from  Amy 

by.  413. 
Portrait   of.  306. 
Proclamations  of — 

Attack    upon    American    vessel    bv 

Mntish   ship.   410. 
Collection    district   of  Mobile,  357. 
Erection  of  buildings  in  Washing- 
tun,  8U 
Extraordinary  session  of — 
Oongret*,  MS,  412. 
Senate,  449. 
Military  expedition  against  Span- 
ish  dominions,   392. 
Neutrality,  faolmila,  opposite,  4LI. 
Pardons  to  deserters.   I 
Unlawful     comlnnationa     in     Lake 

1  liixmplain.  438. 
Vessels     committing     depredation* 
in  United  States,  390. 
Retirement  of,  from  office  mentioned 

by,  444. 
Secretary  of  State,  7.1. 
Letters  to,  from  Mr,  Otto  regard- 
ing tonnage,   84,  85. 


Incychpeiik  Index 


Johnson 


military  expedition  against, 

Sluiuliiig  army  in  time  of  pence   uu 

necessary.  317. 
State  of  tho  I'n ion  discussed  bv 

334.  849,  878, 
Tariff  discussed  by,  397. 
Jefferson   Barracks,    Mo.,    construction 
of  dining  rooms,  etc.,  at,  referred  lo. 
Kli.i'.    I  tin'. 
Jemex  Forest  Reserve,  proclaimed,  ?848L 
Jicarflla  Afency.  N.   Max.,   appro]  ria 
tion    for    Apaches   on,   recommended, 
■1602. 
Jicarilla  Apache  Reservation,  N.  Mex.. 
appropriations    to    settlers    for    Im- 
provement*   on,    recommended.    4696. 
Jingoism. — A  political  term  borrowed  from 
the    English   ami  applied    to   that   style   of 
writing     or     oratory      usually      known      a* 
sprea.i  braggadocio.       The      mild 

oath    "by    jingo"    la    ■    corruption    of    "by 
lilnguu.       I.e..     by     8t-    Olngoulph.      Imrltiz 
:ir    lu    Bulgaria    bet  n  g    and 

Turkey  lo  I8TT  tbc  British  Coiisenmlies 
under  Lord  Bcsconstleld.  r  ti 
strongly  advocated  Hulls*)  Intervention  In 
behalf  of  Turkey.  The  Liberals,  node) 
•  iladttone.  were  equally  di  terminer!  lo 
avoid  trouble  and  urged  tbat  Turkey  be 
left    in    In  r..  If.       Popular    Interest    In     the 

discussion    grew    lo    iss    point    where    li 

found  expression  In  the  mualc  hnll- 
■•  lingo"  was  aoon  derlalvely  applied  to  tbs 
war    party,    and    Ibid    proudly    ■ 

The  term  baa  sine  i n  commonly  applied 

In    Rajtlaad    and    America    to    iiartlea 
I'Trravagnnily    eiithiiKliiMii.-     In     u 
national  honor. 

Johanna  Island: 

Coma] lence   of  Commodore  Sho- 

f.-Mt    regarding    condition    of,    rc- 
fcrreil    tn 
Treaty    witli    King   of. 

John    Adams,    The,    operation!    of.    re- 
t  - r r . ■  ■  I  •",  8909, 

John  Brown's  Raid.     (See  Brown's  lo- 
an TTeetion.) 

John  8-  Bryan,  The,  claim  of,  against 
Brazil  adjusted,   SI  16. 

Johnson.  Andrew. — April  15, 186r.-Maroh 
3.  1869. 

Twentieth  Admlnlst ration — Republican 
(eontlnueil  I. 
Secretary  of  Matt— 

William  H-  Seward  fenntluurdi. 
6'rcrriorv    of    the    Tnanrj — 

ll-igb    McCallocb    tcontlni; 
Secretary  of   War — 

Edwin    M.    Minton    1  continued i. 

I',      S      <;r.iiii 

Lorcnso    Thoniu*. 

John    M.    Kcboneld. 
Htcretary  of  the  Navy — 

Gideon    Welle*. 
Bfertiary  of  the  Interior— 

John    P 

James  Barun 

O.    H.    Browning. 
A  llorneu-flenrriil — 

J.mi. 

Henre    Stnnbrry. 

Willi:. m   If.   Kvnrta. 
Pottmntlrr  i/eneml— 

lam    Drnnlson. 

Alex.   W.  Randall 


.'"i'  i  -ideal   on   tbe  death 

BCOln,    April    lb,    ISO*.      He   was  Lin- 
coins  cuolea   f..i    VlcsvPrealdsni   I     (U 
trr'n  political   res- 

It   wa»  feu    in. ii   Johnson's  election 
would   bring    to  the  aupport   of  the   party 
u  large  body  of  War  Democrat*,    but  Otoe- 
would  II   prevent   tbe  recognition  of 
Confederacy    by    Great    Britain    and 
"   If  a  candidal  faun 

ihellloua  State   (Teouewevl 
in  iiie  bean  'if  ibe  Confedei 

/'"•I;/    Affiliation. — Johnson's    earliest    po- 

lltlesl     actlilty     mi    dlrceted     against     t lie 

government   iir  the  lurge  laod- 

holctera  of   Tennessee:    he  opposed  ths 

called  ••Internal  Improvement      policies,  and 

!     ilefent     by    reason     of 

Ihll    opposition,      lie    waa   tbe  only    nrdeni 

supportes  of  Hell  who  did  not  go  over  to 

tbc  Whig  party.     In  Congress   (lsj:i  isr,,fi 

laeksoo,    '  be   annexation   of 

Texas.  Polk's  sdmlnlatratlon ;   am 

'.ii    Improvenienta.      He   defandsd   tho 
power  of  lbs  Prealdenl   i  ml 
tin-    compromise    niswaurcs    of    i860,      us 
iled  then  and  Inter  the  homeateod  bill 

which  the  alave-boldlni  powei  of  ike  Booth 

■  li-l   not   favor.     He  occupied  an  Intertnsdl- 

ate    in  iv    holding    pro- 

>i  Ion    Ideas    which    slaveholders 

.Mil     in,:     appt.-'-l.'iii-.  nlslns 

klaven   sa  an  .'.-■.!•••  i <> i ■  guaranteed  by  ins 
.inn. in    Yblch     nude     blm     impupnlar 
with  :e«n».      He   never   bell 

thnt     any    attempt     at     disruption    of 

would  lie  mad*  :  Inil   I"  1880  ba  "".k 
positive  ground    against    secession    and 
I'lnred    In    bis    speech    in    Congress    on    Ibe 
ji.int    t  mi.  ndlng    I 

that    be    ".."III    stand    hy    nnd    SCI     IB    "'"I 
nnder    tbe    Constitution.    In    wren, 
when   ipeaklnn  of  tbs  secessionists,  he  dc 
I:    'i   would   have  them  arrested   and 
>i.  and.  If  convicted,  by  tbe 
i    i:.nl,    tlui    should    «u!Ter   the   pen- 
of  Hi.'  law  ^i   hi''   bandi  of  Iw 
mer  ' 
Taiirr.— The    chief    revenue    a.ts    In    the 
administration     -I    President    Johnson    were 
■  >r   July    is,    utilrt.    -to    protect    th» 
ma      for     other     purposes;"     Of 
March   'J.    1867.    ••to  provide   revenue  from 
Imported    imm.I      ind     ret      ithef    purposes ;" 

..i      .ii   of  I'  ■!.    ...    i  *•'■'■.   '  10  provldi 
tbe  exemptk  a  "f  cotton  from  Internal  tax  " 
Tin-    hitter    Oct    provided    that    cotton    Im- 

VI    from    furvlcn    countries    after    Nov. 
,  iao8,  -iii.ni.i  ih.  exesnpl  from  doty      in 

his  Third  Annual  Message.  President  John- 
■00  ■  !■;■(.-■-  ::TT'ii  urged  a  thorough  revision 
of    the    i.  ' 'iiur    Intern  ii 

revenue  Inwa  and  Impost  arsfern,"   be  a»l>l, 

-I Id    be   «o    adjusted    na    to   benr    mosl 

artJetM    of   luiiiry.    leaving   the 

neceesartee  of   1 1 r—   as  fr»o   from   taxation 

as  may  be  consistent  with   the  real   wants 

nf    the     '.  >veti  lino'      nomlcnlly    admln- 

latered."      II*  sdvi>ented    a    large    redu 
in    tbe   number   of    articles    soojeet    lp    bta 
aa    a    itieana    of    simplifying    and    reducing 
the    com    <>f    revenns   collet 

fllMlr      Dl  public     'l.'lit      of     the 

t'till«>l  Stntes  during  the  administration 
of  President  Johnson  stood  ns  follows : 
July  I,  l.Miii,  »j..,;;.'..03«,lA3.8s:  I'm:;  Jl'. 
008. 1 -M  I'll  68;    1808,    e'J.  : 

In  his  First  Annual  Message  (page  85881 

President     Johnson     snys :     "'Our     debt     Is 

doubly    aecurt. — first,    In    Ihi 

ond  tbe  still  greater  undeveloped  resources 

nir.v.  n ml.   n.'sl.  In  US  character 

nf  our  Inatltnttona.     The  mosl   loteiiigrnt 

observers   among   political  economists  hsre 

not  fall.il  to  r»tnark  thai  lbs  public  debt  of 

ntrr   la  safe  In  proportion    aa  a    neo- 

Elo  are   free;    that  tbe  debt  of  s  republic 
safest    of   sll." 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Johnson 


Otv«  Ssrrtee.— In  his  Third  Annual  Mes- 

r(p«te  8789)  President  Johnnou  n;i: 
la  not  the  theory  of  this  Government 
■t  public  offices  are  the  property  of 
see  who  hold  them.  They  are  given 
•rely  ■•  a  trust  for  the  public  benefit, 
metlmes  for  a  fixed  period,  sometimes 
ring  rood  behavior,  but  generally  they 
>  liable  to  be  terminated  at  the  pleasure 
tile  appointing-  power,  which  represents 
e  collective  majesty  and  speaks  the  will 
the  people.  The  forced  retention  In 
Ice  of  a  single  dishonest  person  may 
>rk  great  Injury  to  the  public  Interests." 

ibnaon,  Andrew: 

Acquisition    of    St    John    and    St 

Thomas  Islands    recomm  nded   by, 

3886. 
Act   containing  provisions   depriving 
of  command  of  Army,  protest  of, 
against,  3670. 

Bepeal  of,  recommended  by,  3871. 
Acta  to  provide  for  more  efficient  gov- 

eminent  of  rebel  States  discussed 

by.       (See   Reconstruction.) 
Amnesty— 

Authority    for    granting    discussed, 

3895. 
Circular  regarding,  3539. 
Persons  worth  more   than  $20,000 
to  whom  pardons  issued  referred 
to,  3583. 
Proclamations  of,  3508,  3745. 
Referred  to,  3659,  3669,  3722,  3779. 
Annual  messages  of,  3551,  3643,  3756, 

3870. 
Biographical   sketch   of,   3499. 
Constitutional     amendments    recom- 
mended by — 
Abolition   of  slavery,   3556. 

Ratification  of,  referred  to,  3570, 
3644. 
Designating  officer  to  succeed  Pres- 
ident  in  case  of  vacancy,   3837, 
3889. 
Election    of   President   and    Vice- 
President,  3837,  3889. 
Election  of  United  States  Senators, 

8840,  3889. 
Tenure   of   office   by  judiciary   of 
United  States,  3841,  3889. 
Correspondence  with  Gen.  Grant  re- 
garding vacation  of  War  Office  by 
latter,   3800. 
Death  of,  announced  and  honors  to 

be  paid  memory  of,  4283. 
Death    of     President     Lincoln    an- 
nounced to,  3485. 
Dominican    Republic    discussed    by. 

(See  Santo  Domingo.) 
Executive  orders  of,  3531, 3637,  3749, 

3859. 
Exequaturs  Tevoked  by.    (See  Procla- 
mations of,  post.) 
Finances   discussed    by,    3562,   3648, 

3769,  3872. 
Foreign    policy   discussed   by,    3564, 
3581,  3777,  3886,  3888. 


Home   of   Jackson   tendered   Govern- 
ment, communication  of,  regarding, 
2954. 
Impeachment  of— 
Articles  of,  exhibited  by  House  of 
Representatives,  3907. 
Answer  of  President,  3926. 
Beplication  of  House  of  Repre- 
sentatives,  3951. 
Letter  of  Chief  Justice  Chase  re- 
specting mode  of  procedure,  3916. 
Proceedings  of   Senate  sitting  for 

trial  of,  3918. 
Verdict  of  acquittal,  3955. 
Inaugural  address  of,  3503. 
Loyal   Senators   and   Representatives 
denied  seats  in  Congress,  discussed 
by,  3644. 
Missouri    troops   placed    on    footing 
with  others  as  to  bounties,  pocket 
veto,  3733. 
Oath  of  office  administered  to,  3486. 
Pocket  veto  of,  3733. 
Policy  of,  toward  Confederate  States, 

referred  to,  3667. 
Portrait  of,  3498. 

Powers  of  Federal  and  State  Govern- 
ments   discussed    by,    3551,    3570, 
3593,  3596,  3603,  3611,  3620,  3643, 
3670,  3681,   3687,  3690,  3696,  3729, 
3734,  3756,  3766,  3781,   3820,  3837, 
3844,  3846,  3848,  3849,  3870,  3889. 
Proclamations  of — 
Admission  of  Nebraska,  3714. 
Amnesty,  3508,  3745,  3853,  3906. 
Blockade    of    Southern    ports    re- 
moved, 3507,  3523. 
Commercial  restrictions  in  Southern 
States  removed,  3515,  3524,  3529. 
Day   of  mourning   in   memory   of 
President  Lincoln,  3504. 
Postponed,  3504. 
Declaring  blockade  established  by 

Maximilian   void,  3631. 
Discriminating  duties  suspended  on 
vessels  of — 
Prance,    3711. 
Hawaiian  Islands,  3713. 
Exequaturs  revoked — 
Consul  of — 
Chile,  3625. 
Frankfort,  3709. 
Hanover,  3709. 
Hesse,  3709. 
Nassau,  3709. 
Oldenburg,  3710. 
8weden  and  Norway,  3626. 
Bevocation   annulled,   3630. 
Vice-consul  of  Sweden  and  Nor- 
way, 3627. 
Revocation  annulled,  3630. 
Extraordinary    session    of    Senate, 

3719. 
Habeas  eorpui  previously  suspend- 
ed, revoked,  3529,  8531. 


Johnson 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Insurgent  cruiser*,    3506. 

Martial  law  in  Kentucky  remored, 

3529. 
Neutrality  in  war  in  Japan,  3712. 
Obstruction*  to  law*  in  North  mid 

South  Carolina,  8748. 
Ratification      of      the      fourteenth 

•mtndnnt     3854,    3835,     3856, 

3857,  8868. 
Restoration  into  Union  of — 

Alabama,  3521. 

Florida,  3587. 

Georgia.  3518. 

Mississippi.   3512. 

North  Carolina,  3510. 

South  Carolina,  3524. 

Texas,   35 IS". 
Rewards  for  arrest  of  instigator"  of 

assassination   of   President  Lin- 
coln, 3505. 
Termination   of  insurrection,   3515, 
3627,  3632. 

Correction   in    date   of.  3747. 
Thanksgi    ii    .  >.     3ii:iii,      :74S, 

3858.  (Sec   illustrntiou   opposite 
8680.) 

Protest  of,  against  act  depriving,  of 
command  of  ■i;vo. 

Repeal    of    act    recommended     by, 
3871. 

■ :  ■  •  i •  I  -    fr-.m    Killer    dtMUMd    br, 

2090,   3767,  3820. 
Republican  form  of  government  die- 

cussed  by,  3566. 

Restoration   policy   of,   diMBMftd    by, 

.  8670,  8698,  8848.  3781,  3S70. 

(See    also    Provisional    Governors j 

Reconstruction.) 

Right  of  States  to  representation  In 

Congress,  discussed  by,  3644. 
State  of  the  Union  discussed  by,  3551, 
3570,   3589,  3693,  3843.   3756,   3837, 
3871. 
Tariff  discussed  by.  3773. 
Thanksgiving  proclamations  of,  3330, 

8630,  3748,  3858. 
\  .in  messages  of — 
Admission  of — 
Arkansas.   3840. 
Certain   Southern  State*,  3748. 
Colorado,  3611.  3681. 
Nebraska.   36S7. 
Amending  judiciary  net,  3844. 
Civil-rights    bill.    3603. 
Continuation    of    Frocdmcn'a    Bu- 
reau, 3620. 
Discontinuance  of  Freedmen'e  Bu- 
reau, 3852. 
Duties  on  imported  copper  and  cop- 
per  ores,   8903. 
Elective    Iriincliise   In   District    of 

Columbia,  3670. 
Enabling   New  York  and  Montana 
Iron  Mining  and  Manufacturing 
Co.  to  purchase  lands,  3614. 


Establishing    Frccdmen '»    Barest, 
8696, 

Exclusion    of    electoral    votes  tt 

States  lately  in   rel>ellioa,  »tt 

Government  of  rebel   States,  MH, 

3743. 

Acts     supplementary    to,    37S9, 

3734. 

Pocket  veto  of  Mi**onri  volastecr 

bounty  bill,  3733. 
Surveying     district     of     Monnua, 

Tenure  of  civil  offices,  3090. 
Trustees  of  colored  schools  in  ▼«*•• 
ington  and  Georgetown,  39*3. 
War  between  the  State*,  termiutitt 
of,  proclaimed,  3515,  3827,  3G1 
Correction  in  date  of,  3447. 
Johnstown  Flood,     (See  illustration  cy 
posite  5295,  and  description  on  i 

Joint  Resolution.— A  resolution  (iswr4  M 
loth  the   It'iiv-  of  Representatives  SJ 
Bennt"    requiring    the    President's   sUaenrt 
lo  become  effectlfe. 

Jonathan,  or  Brother  Jonathan.— A  ten* 
used  to  denote   the  ij.-il.-sl   American 

origin   lis.    n   .  tplalned   In  severs!  «».••. 

inn    ilir  iinwt  nil  thst  ll 

Ircw  on  I   of  «v 
i  MiJ    and    adviser.    Jonathan     TiunbuiL 
governor   of   Connecticut. 

Jones,  The,  sum  accruing  from  sale  of, 

to  be  paid  owners  of,  2 
Jonesboro     (Oa.),    Battle    of.— Oa  lb? 

ullilit  of  Auk.  L!5.  ISG4,  GeB.  Shermaa  gat* 
up  Ibc  direct. Urge  of  Ailsnis  and  ati.mpi.d 
to  gain  possessloa  of  the  VUcoa  railroad  t» 
the  southward.  A  part  of  li'»  form  •*• 
moved  back  to  the  Chattahoochee  to  tb» 
northwest  sad  oiners  pui&rd  aoir. 
The  Army  of  Hi-  T>uu*»sr».  ander  Ilosratd. 
ha  vine  destroyed  the  road*  aootbtrrst  ul 
Atlanta,  moved  east  toward  JoaMtwm 
iw.mii*  inll.-x  south  of  Atlanta.  Hood,  lean 
tag  of  this  n<  HardWs  corn*  (* 

dof.Mid    Jone«lmro.      \Vb»n    Howard    resicasd 

tlo-    tov  fOBSSl 

llnrdee  lo  poweadon.  The.  latter  aitacsnl 
Howard  on  the  31st.  Alter  an  cocajfuaw 
of  two  liinir*  lb-  C.iufndc-rutr*  retired  »M* 
a  lo««  of  i  urn  kin. '.i  and  ■  Hurts* 

the  night   llsrdcc   retired   < 
In*    hfs    position    In    Atlanta    todcfeotlWe. 
on    Soot.    1.    blew    up    hi*    iuaga<loe- 
and  evacuated  the  eliy.  whleh  was  oceaaied 

Si. .u.    Slocum   wttb    the  Twentieth   Am; 
rps. 

Jorgen  I/orenteen,  The,  appropriation 

for  seixuro  of,  recommeaded,  8S1 
Josephine,  The,  referred  to,  1030. 
Journal*  of  Congress  — The  firoceedian 
of  Congress   from   1774   to  1788  were  first 
f.iiiiii.iHMi  *t  Phlladelpl 
13  octavo  volumes  and  were  completed  lo 
17SS.     Thl*  I*  the  only  record  of  tt 
Mn.iiial  Congress  and    that    or   the  Oottfel- 
eratlon  (except  the 

contains    no    di-'  Issm,    thst    tvi' 

being  without  legislative  powers,  eltbnos* 
It     sdopr.-d     msnjr     r<  solutions,    ordinances 


and  r-i-oromrnilailonn   lo  thl  states      These 

.nia   were   reprint  Msartea  fej 

is:::   m   4   t-ctavo   volume*.     "The  JsaneJ 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Judiciary 


Acf».    and    proceeding*   of    the    Convention 
. : i»i<-«i    »i    Philadelphia    which    framed 
ih«  ■  i  of  (be  I  "i  ■  ■'!  Bute*"  n»- 

published  at  Uostou  la  1810.  ram  were 
alto  (lUblUtiod  la   Button  In  1821,   four  vol- 

i   r,  i   Journal*  "'  Hi"  a i - 1 « 

and  Proceeding*  of  Congress  from  the  First 
meeting  Ibareof  to  the  Dissolution  of  the 
v  din  adoption  of  th»  Con- 
stitution of  the  1'nlted  8tatc»,"  Accord- 
ing lo  Ihe  requirement*  of  the  Constitu- 
tion,   tin-    Jonrna.il   of   Congress    have    Ik  ■. - 1 i 

printed     encii     ilno     «iucc     U«     adoption 

(See  Annnli  of  Congress;  Cong_  etc) 

Judge  Advocate  General,  Nary  Depart- 
ment.— Tbl»  olilccr  wo*  authorised  by  act 
of  Congrea*  of  June  8.  1880.  He  I*  ap- 
pointed by  the  president,  and  moat  be  an 
officer  of  either  the  Navy  or  the  M:i rinv 
Corp*.  He  holds  the  tllle  of  Captain  of 
the  Nary,  or,  If  be  be  appointed  from  the 
Marine  Corps,  the  title  ol  CoMaal  In  the 
Ino  Corps:  and  be  receive*  the  highest 
pa*  pertaining  to  these  office*.  The  Judge 
advocate  general  I*  the  leiral  officer  Of  the 
Navy  Department.  He  acta  a*  prosecuting 
onVcr  and  Irgal  advlxer  In  all  com 
rial,  nntl  receive".  revises;  and  record-  'ill 
eoin  t  martial  proceeding*.  He  nl*o  lnves 
tljratcH  the  regulation*  n.ncernlng  the  naval 
prison*,  and  renders  nil  other  legal  aid  re- 
quired by  the  department.  (See  Navy  I)e- 
pnrtment:  Justice  Department.) 

Judge  Advocate  General.   (800  War  De- 
partment.) 

Judge-Advocates,  Corp*  of,  recommen- 
dation  regarding,  -1570. 

Judfies,  Circuit: 
Inereaso  in  number  of,  recommended, 
4463,   4526,  4574,  4939,  5103,  5968. 
Inequality    in    amount    of    labor    as- 
signed "each,  discussed,  1756. 

Judges,  District,  increase  recommended 
in — 
Number  of,   4939,   5103. 
Salaries  of,  8478,  5561,  7589. 

Judicial  Salaries.       (Sec  Salaries,  Ju- 
dicial.) 

Judicial  Integrity  discussed   by   Preei- 
cloot  Etooeavalt,  i-'-l. 

Judiciary.— The  Federal  Jndlelury  ajratem 
was  modeled  after  thai  of  tircet  Britain. 
In  Ihv  varly  Malory  of  ICngland  and  of  the 
American  colonies  tbo  legislative  bodies  had 
Judicial  powers,  and  the  English  Parlia- 
ment I*  still  known  a*  the  High  Court  of 
Parliament,  and  the    Legislature  of  Mason- 

it*  a*  the  General  Court.  Most  of 
these  power*,  bowever,  were  soon  trans 
(erred  to  more  compact  bodies  having  *i 
ly  Judicial  functlona.  Almost  the 
only  Judicial  function  retained  by  legisla- 
tive bodies  la  tn»  power  of  Impeachi 
of  high  officers  Tbe  first  step  toward  ft 
Federal  Judiciary  were  the  commissions 
which  decided  land  case*  between  tie- 
states.     Comnlaalonera    of    appeal    decided 

cases,  and  lu  17*1.  under  the  Article* 
of  Confederation,  these  were  erected  late  I 
court.  The  Const Initios  "f  17S7  provided 
fnr  a  Supreme  Court  and  such  inferior 
courts  aa  Congress  might  i  ■  rhe 

loilielary    act   of    1T89    circuit    nnd   district 
conns   were  established.      In    1 81)1    the   eh 
cult    court    of    appeal*    was    aild'd    to     ihu 
syatrm.     The  Court  of  Claim*.   Ihe  Court  of 


Private  Land  Claim*,  and  a  system  of  Tcr- 
la  I  courts  have  also  been  established  by 

Cong-t  as,      The  d    th- 

several  states  Is  similar  In  a  genera]  way 
to  that  of  til*  United  State*.  (See  also 
Courts.) 

The  Justices  of  the  United  States  Su 
jir-'ii  ■■  i  -iirt  from  It*  establishment  to  tbo 
present  are: 

(H83DM  Of  lot  Chief  Justices  In  ll*llc*.» 


Name 


JoSn  Jn     N    V       

William  Cusliiug.  Mass.  . 

Jamta  WiUon,  Pa. 

John  Blair,  Va,   , 

II    llamson,  Md 

I,  N  C  .  .  . 
Thomas  Johnson,  Mel  .  . 
William  Patirrsnn,  N.  J. . . 
J.,h,.  : 

■  i  'base.  M<1 

Olif»r  Ktlncorih.  Ct 

Huslmxl  Washington,  Va. 
Alfred    Moor 

tf.ir.;W/   V* 

P-rock  Livingston,  N.  T... 
Thomas  Trxlil.  Ky 
M  i~ 

iel  Duval.  Md  .      . 
Smith  Thompson.  N.  T.. 
Robon  Irhnbla  Kjr 

John  Mrl-/an.  Ohio 

I  Said  win.  Pa 

Jame*  M.  Wayne,  Cla 

Koorr  B.   Tmry.  Mil 

P.  rWbour.  Va..., 

John  CatroQ.  Tenn 

John  McKiulcy,  Ala, 

Pi  ■■  i  V   DamaL  I  ■ 

Samuel    \,1-.. 

Levi  Woodbury,  N\  H... . 

KuIm-h  C  Qrlor,  Pa. 

Ban].  R.  Curtis,  Mas*..... 
John  \    i    .n,|,uil,  Mo.    . 

Nathan  Clifford.  Me 

Noah  H  Swsvne,  Ohio. . . 

Samuel  F.  Millar.  lima  .  . 

.  I  lama,  111      .,,.,., 

■  J   Meld.  C*l 

Snlrvm  t*.  Chat.  •  i 
William  Strong.  Pa 
Joanph    P     Bradley,  N.  J 
R    ITd    Bunt,    H      t 

MorriHm  R    H'uii'.  Ohio.. 
John  M.  Harlou,  K 
U,  illiam    B.  Won!*. 

.Stanley  Matthews,  i  ibio 

.  Mas* 

I  Blatekford,  N   V 
.     Q.  C.  I.runar.  Mia*. 

• 

.  3.  P-rewer.  Kan 

11.  Brown.  Mich. . 

George  fthiraa,  Jr..  Pa 

Howell  E  .Iruikinn,  Teno 
Edward  I)  White.  Ln  .. 
Rufus  W  Peekham.  N.  Y. 
Joseph  McKcana.  Col..  . 
"Mn.-r  W.  Holm™,  Mass 
Viillmm  II    I  lie,  Ohio 
William  II.  Moody.  Maas. 
Ihjn.cc  H    i.urtoo,  Tcnn 
<  Ic.rles  E.  Hugh.-.  N.  V 
\^  illi.-  Van  rvvaritjw.  Wyo 
Joseph  II   Lamsr,  Ua,... . 

HJwrd  D  What.  La. 

Million  I'ilnev.  N    1   . 
Jaa-C                           -  Tenn 
.i    u,„„.|..,.,  Mas* 
John  H  Clarke.  Ohio 


Slavics 
Term       £ 


IWri  Tlssd 


l.t 


it-.-,  ma 

I78B-179I 

iT-'i-t^m 

.T'.Ki  lVl.'.i 
:?'.u  1703 
1783-1800 

1706  1811 

1799-1804 

1801-1833 

im»;  i  -..-:; 

18I1-ISI& 
1811-1830 

l-.-i  ISO] 
1830   ISM 

1S36-1S4I 
1837  180a 

1-r,  1873 
IMJ  18.S1 
1844  1870 
1881-1887 

I8BS  1881 

Inl'll-lrtKI 
1803-1880 

1S03-UB7 

I -o I    1-7'. 

i  -vi  xi 

1833 
1871-1888 
U77-IVII 
1W0-1S87 

un-un 

1881-1802 

i-.-.  \W  .-. 

I8BB-U10  a 
l-.v,i  1810  31 
1800-1808 

ian-isM 


1804-1910  If, 


MM  IMQ 

180*-  . 

iSfi- 

1003--. 
1008   1010 

1810-ieie 

101O- 

loio-ioie 

1910-   ... 
1019-     . 

191-4-.... 
1916-.... 


1744  IS 


17*3 
173) 

17.13 


1 T  ill 
1741 
1740 


m 

l-j)0 
17'KI 
1700 
1819 


1745  1808 


II 


1««1 
1811 
1*0? 
1*39 
1810 
1834 
1834 
1833 
1820 
1848 
1844 

1 8  28 
1801 
184* 

ISM 
1841 

IMS 

1 843 

1800 

1703  ls7< 


I-.M 

1ST* 

i  a  i 


I?  so 
1704 

1811 
I8Q3 

I804|l884 


■Bia 

istw 

1811 

is  I.. 

IKU 
1834 

lv.' I 


1390 

M 

i  M 

Hill 
MSB 


1828  1003 
I -vi.  1803 
183il»93 


1833 
.  1837 
10  1838 
1832 
1833 
18*5 

1841 

1 -.."><! 

1857 

i*.:, 

1858 
1803 
1858 
1857 


1010 
1910 


1998 

iooo 


1014 


1910 


Judiciary 


Metsagts  and  Papers  of  Ihe  Presidents 


Judiciary    Systom    (see    alio    Jtutieo, 
Department  of): 
Act— 

Making    appropriation    for    certain 

judicial   expenses    votocd,   4493. 

Regarding    judiciary    act    votocd, 

Constitutional  amendment  regarding 
tenure  of  office  by  judiciary  of 
United  States,  recommended,  3841, 
M89L 

Extension    and    revision    of,    recom- 
mended  by    President — 
Adnraj.  John.  2T!>,  296. 
Adams,  J.   Q.,  880,  958. 
Arthur,  4729. 

n. -.  eland,   4939,   5103,  5879,    50OS. 
Jnckhon,    1024,     1121,    1168,    1336, 

1396. 
Jefferson,  319. 
Uneoln, 

Pierce,   2750,  2765,   M 
Washington,    U9,    1-'.',.    143. 

Judicial  districts,  iiic.roaso  in,  recom- 
mended, 4253. 

Misdemeanor*,  trial  of,  by  United 
Staten  commissioners,  recommend- 
ed, 4989,  5879. 

Modifications  in,  recommended,  1 

Witnesses'  and  jurors'  few,  referred 
10,  4730,   4770,  4S36. 

Juilllard  V».  Orocumaa.— One  of  several 
Important  legal-lender  cases.  Jullllarri  li»- 
Ins  contracted  a  sale  of  cotton  for 
$:..J'J"J.OO  to  Greenmnn.  the  Utter  paid 
(23.00  In  Win  (which  »»i  accepted)  and 
offered  payment  of  the  rteldua  In  I'nlted 
Juiiiianl  refused  to  accept 
the  notes,  demanding  gold  Of  "llv.i.  The 
case  came  before  the  circuit  court  for  the 
aoutbern  district  of  New  York,  which  found 
a  rcrdtct  fnr  Greenmnn  on  the  ground  Chat 
DOtM  Issued  by  the  United  State*  are  local 
tender  for  payment  of  any  debt,  The 
me  Court.  March  3,  188*.  the  case  bar- 
ing boon  appealed  to  that  tribunal  on  a 
writ  of  error,  affirmed  this  Judgment.  Lhua 
establishing  tho  conotltotlonallty  of  the 
lcgal-tcndor  act  ot  March  51.  1802.  George 
1"  lldmunda  and  Benjamin  I"  Uutlrr  np- 
ptared  as  cotmael  In  tbls  cane,  the  former 
for  plaintiff  In  error,  the  latter  for  defend- 
ant. Justice  Gray,  in  delivering  the  opinion. 
stated  that  the  prohibition  In  tho  Consti- 
tution Of  the  United  States  to  the  several 
States  to  coin  money,  emit  bills  of  credit, 
or  make  anything  but  gold  and  allr«r  coin 
a  lagal  tender  for  debts  doee  not  deny  to 
Congress  either  of  these  powers.  These  are 
powers  Incident  CO  sovereignty,  and  tho  Im- 
pressing upon  Treasory  notes  the  quality 
of  being  legal  tender  In  payment  of  private 
debts  ft  an  appropriate  moans,  conducive 
and  plainly  adapted  to  tha  execution  of  tho 
undoubted  Dowers  of  Congress,  consistent 
with  the  letter  and  spirit,  and  therefore 
within  the  meaning,  of  tha  Constli 
The  wisdom  and  expediency  of  such  meonlug 
Is  a  political  question  to  t>e  determlneri  t.y 
CongreM.  and  not  a  Judicial  question  to  be 
afterwards  passed  npon  by  the  courta.  Jus- 
tice Field  Died  a  dissenting  opinion. 


Jules    at    Mario,    Tho,    collision 

United   States   Steamer   San  Jacirtt, 

appropriation      to      former     retsuv 

mended,  3343. 

Junket.— A   word  spplleit   to  any  feast  w 

merry-making,    convivial    enter lalaewat,  st 

picnic,     l'ollilcally,  any   trip,  excarsloa.  et 

ilDtnrnt  by  an  official  at  pot 
pense  under  the  gutte  of  public  Merita 
Tha  form  of  a  Junket  la  usually  a  MgWs- 
1 1 v t-  Investigation  requiring  travel  to  n- 
rloua  points  and  large  hotel  hills. 
Jurisdiction.— 1.  The  dlvlsloa  or  district 
within  which  a  given  court  of  Justice  or 
other  body  has  authority  to  act  2.  Tha 
character  of  litigation  in  whkb  a 
court  has  authority  to  act 

Jurors,  fewa  of,  referred  to,  4730,  47 

4836. 
Jury.— A   certalo   number  of  men   selertet 

.llug  to  law  and  sworn  to  inquire  late 
or  to  determine  facts  concerning  a  cans*  or 
an  accusation  submitted  to  theaa  and  te 
declare  the  truth  according  to  the  evident* 
i  d.  The  custom  of  trying  aecaasd 
persona  before  a  Jury  as   practiced  In 

try    and    England    Is    ihe    natural  eat- 
meatary   forms  ot   trials  la 
among    our    Anglo-Saxon    ancestor* 
■|  he    anelent   Romans   also    bad    a    form   of 
trial    to  fore  a    pieslillng  Judge  and   a   body 
of  /srflnrs.     The  right  of  trial   by  Isjry  ks 
guaranteed    by    the    Constltutlun    In     all 
criminal  casra  and  at  common  law  In  cases 
where    the   amount   In  dispute  exceeds  (20\ 
A    petit    or    trial   Jury   couslits    of    13    men 
selected  by   lot  from  among  all   the  rlthevm 
residing     within     the     Jurisdiction     of     tb« 
Their    duty    Is    to    determine   qwrs- 
tlons  of  fact  In  aecordanee  with    the   weight 
-tlmony    pre»ent.-d    snd    report     their 
Uniting   to    ihe   presiding  Judge.      Aa  Impar- 
tial   fury    U    ae.uied    by    the    practice   ef 
drawing    by    lot    ami     ihen     giving    the    Be- 

i  ihe  light  to  dismiss  a  certain  nust- 
ber  without  reason  and  certain  ethers  fee 
good  causa.  Fach  of  the  Jurymen  avast 
certain  legal  requirements  as  to  ca- 
pacity In  general  snd  times,  for  the  par- 
ticular case  upon  which  be  Is  to  alt.  sad 
luuxt  take  an  oath  to  decide  without  peeK 
udlce  and  according  to  testimony  peseta  bat 
A  coroner's  Jury  or  Jury  of  inquest  Is  us- 
ually composm!  of  from  seven  to  ofteest  per- 
sons summoned  to  Inquire  Into  to*  cause  of 
sudden  or  unexplained  deaths-  (See 
On nd  Jury.) 

Jury  System  dlscaasod,  319. 
Justice,  lHp*rtm«wit  of.— The 
colonies,  following  the  custom  of  Eog- 
land,  had  their  attorncys-gtseral  froca  early 
tlmaa  By  the  Judiciary  Act  of  Sept.  34, 
1780.  the  first  Congress  under  the  CoOMj- 
t  ui  Ion  directed  tho  appointment  of  an  At- 
torney-Geueral  who  should  ct  aa  legal  ad- 
viser to  the  President  and  beads  ot  De- 
partments and  conduct  oases  In  the  So- 
preme  Court  In  which  the  United  ntatse 
was  conccrnod.  The  small  salary  of  (l.fOO 
a  year  which  Congress  eoted  was  flged 
on  the  supposition  that  the  Attorney -Gen- 
eral would  devote  only  a  part  ot  baa  tigs* 
to  his  offlelnl  duties.  Bdoand  Ssadolsb, 
however,  the  first  occupant  of  (be  oflke, 
deroted  bis  entire  time  to  questions  whleS 
arose  In  connection  with  the  orgaulaaUaa 
of   the  conrU  and    their   procedore.      The 

It    was  made   (8.00O.   equal  to   (best 
of  the  other  members  of  the  Cabinet.    " 
clerical   force  waa  provided,   however. 


ius»  of 

z 

aereraJ 


Justice 


Messages  and  Papers  of  Ih 


not   mull    ISIS,    during   the  attorncy-gencr- 

•  r  U'lllhun   win.  win  any  approprla- 

Hon    made    for    clerical    biro    or   office   cx- 

1ieu«e*.       Tin'    clerical     f<ir.'  diiallj 

.  .I  ni.i  il    .:  io«|  .i,.,i  of  nine 

•  veo*.    but    ih*    l"lr»t   Atalatiiot     ' 
•neral  waa  not  appointed  until  IS,MI. 
•~cu  la  Hi* 
on    of    ih.-     In  ptirtmcut    In    1801, 
flic  Attornct -General   wn*  given   con- 
trol ot»r  (lie  rnrlou*  dlitrlct  attorney*. 

Hy  mi  net  of  Coortchi  of  lSTi>  what  bad 
been  the  Attorney  General'*  office  wna  for- 
mally orcanlni'd  na  llm  lii-partiiieul  "f  Ju»- 
1 1 ■  •■-  I  mlrr  till*  net  the  oilier  nf  Solicitor- 
Ucnrnl  wa»  created:  two  Aanlstaot  Attor- 
ucva  tleneral  lirinc*  Increased  to  eljtbi  > 
.'  ■-:■■  r""'.l'l''l  for  and  t  li  ••  law  i.ill.  i  •  ..r 
III*  other  ln-pnriim-nts  were  placed  under 
the  Altorney  General"*  control.  Since  Ita 
orannlantlon  the  work  of  tbo  Depati  MM 
ami     I  he     number    of     ll«    etnpl" 

Illy     Incrcnried     until,     at     the    present 

1 1  in.-,  about  two  hundred  nnd  elxtjr  officer* 

.11    WaahtaftOB    and    nearly 

llilrl.iii  liillnlr.'il  111  viirWilMJ  part-  M  II"' 
i  nlied  State!  are  under  the  control  of  the 
I'l'iiiiiliiH'nt. 

Hi.-  Attornty-Oeueml,  ,l"'  ll":"1  *,f  'L* 
Department,    In    lli„    chief    legal    officer    .. r 

il uiry.      lie  In  and  has  beeu  from  the 

beginning,     a     member    of     the     Pr»*l.! 
Cabinet,  and   fJVM  hla  MTld   ind  OPlnloni 

when   i-nlied   by   ih"    l'rc*ldenl    or  Uenil* 

of    Kepnrlnient*.       lie   nlao    ■upenrlit-*    ih» 

work  of  th*  dlatrlct  attorney*  and  United 

■     tiuirahnla.       Opinion-    OB     Conailtu- 

ll.uial  nin-i from     Hi"     Al- 

t •  -in" v  i;. ■  ii.-r.i i  hiuoelf;  opinion*  on  other 
matter*    moy    be    given    by    hi*    imIhiuiI'. 

Trial*  In    which   the   Qot* i*Dt    II    later- 

•»i"i)    may ted    i>y   the   AH" 

ijenernl  or   Hi"  :; Il ■neral.    who    m'i« 

na  bin  naslatnnt  nnd  naaaniea  hla  dutlra  In 
hla  iitiwcticc. 

rii"    Aintitnut    to    the    Attorney  (Jen ernl. 

an    office   dlatlocl    from   tho*e   of   Assistant 

Ai t..tii.> >  i.i'ii.'i.ii.     Iuih    H|i..clnl    chare*    of 

em    arlnlng    out    of    the    .ml  mm    and 

Interstate    commerce    law*    (q.    v. I. 

Klcbt     A»»l*inut    Attorneya-Oenernl     and 
..ii..     Special     As.l-iaut     nld     Ihe    Attornej 
■  i    8ol  cltor-Oi  lien  .    i  on  ■    aal  ■ 
I nc  charge  of  *peclal  line*  of  bu 
na    the   defenso   of   caae*    In    the    Court    of 

iinliiia    (q.    t.)    mill    l»'f ihe    Spanish 

Treaty  Claim*  Commlatdon.  The  Op 
Anlltant  Attomry.Oriirnil  la  nt  the  head 
nf  (ho  Bureau  of  Insular  and  Territorial 
Affair*.  Bpeclal  attorneya  may  in-  ap- 
pointed when  ii".'i".-.iii'v  The  Attorney- 
'..  neral  nl«o  ha*  supervision  nnd  conlrol  of 
ihe  law  officer*  connected  with  the  vnrlou* 
l'*-pnrlineiit«,  that  I*  to  *ny  (lie  A«»Ul  rinl 
Aitorner*  -Uenernl  f'.r  tlw  Interior  and 
I'oal  i»ill"e  liepuriin.'iit*,  the  Solicitor*  of 
i  hi-  1  ■•[..  1 1 1 1  •  i  >  i  -  "1  Stat*  and  the  Tren«- 
Mi-v.  null  iii"  Solicitor  of  Internal  Reve- 
nue In  the  Treasury  IJepnn  tui-ni  'llmse 
act  a*  chief  law  offlcera  of  the  Department 
or    ufflne    with    ■•  ■  are    ivuiiiiH'ted. 

A  Oenernl  Agent  "f  tl"-  I  i.'pnriim'iii  lia> 
flinrire   of  I'ulleil   Slat...  Julia   and    prl*on». 

:i  ml     an     A muling     Wvlsliill     eXiliiih" 

a.'i'iuiiii"  ..f  United  SiiH.M  lil-iili-i  attor- 
ney* and  marabal*. 

The  table  In  the  next  column  la  n  Mat  of 
Attorney*  -General  nnd  the  1'rcaldent*  under 
v.l". in    lli")     MTTtd 

l'or  umre  deialleil  lufiiriniitlon  na  to  the 
•cope  nnd  oetlvli !••>.  .if  the,  Department  of 
Justice  consult  the  lode]  references  to  the 
President**  Mrwritii  and  RDcyClOpedJO  ar- 
ticles under  the  following  bending*: 

A*»l*tnnt   Attorney*-      AwUtant  to  the  At- 
General,  tome)  General. 


-y -General. 
Altorney    In    CUarge 

01  Title*. 
Bureau  Of  lureatlga- 

(v.iriiii.-rce  Court. 

Cow  of  CUlm*. 

Courti 

(mirt>  martial. 


msCoMt 

I  aii. 
Umd*tal 

i  ..r-ueaertl 
ivpiri 
menUL 


Pinmm 


Waahinui.m 

A.luin 

1  -00  .  . 

Modlwn. 

Munno*..., 

JackKn.... 

* 
Van  lluieu 


Harruion. . . 


Polk 


Tufa   . 

I'illn, 

llu.'l.doao. 
1.  int.  ill.. . 

• 

Johnson! .. 
Cram 


llaye* 

Oariteld 

Arthur 

I  I.  ..Iiinil 

h.  ii .. 

Cleveland. 
MeKinloy. 


RaoMNit. 


WiUon. 


\ 


(  Ai  Inmrr-Ooertl 


William  RracMm 
Ch«U.  Xm.  Vn 


Theonhllu*  Parsun*.  Msa*  . . . 
*Jn.  MlssirtiHa*<u. 
Itobart  Smuh,  Maryland 
John  llreeklnndre.  K<oiu<ki 
CiMar  A.  Kodocy.  DKavaie. . . 

William  Pinkney.   Marylaad!! 
Itirhani  |(u*h.  Paamayfraoaa. . 


I»a 
in* 
iru 
iw 
un 


WdUam   Wirt.  Virrwia. 

•  • 

John  MoP.  Lkrriea,  Gen 
Hater  11   T*o<y.  Marylaiel . 
Ueoiau.inK.Bullor.Ne- 

•  • 

Frlli  Omndy.  Tranfase* 
Henry  Ii  Clpln,  I'esswylvaas* 
John  J.CriUeoden.  Kealiseky. . 

Kuch  S.  \*gtn.  ' 
John  N. 

Jnlin  V     Mwn.  1 
Naihan  Clifforl  . 
Iaaae  Touory,  Cunnx-u. 

:.«m.  NUo'huki... 
';n«wod«o    i 
Caleb  Cuihiuc.  Mimrtuwu, 
Ji-remiah  S.  Black,  FtnssytvaaM 
Edwin 

-. 
TUIan  J   CoDey.  Ptuusylvania 
James  Speed,  Kentucky 


I;,! 

in: 


n.nry  Stanhery.  Okko. . 
WUIUm  M  Eeatta.  New  York . . 
Kbtnmsr  R.  Hoar.   Max. 
Amu*  T.  AcWrman,  Ceorcla. . . 

Edward*  Itcrrepoal.  New  York 

M|i!i..ijoT»Ii.  Ohio 

■  Devros,  MaaaacfauaetM 

Waaroe    MarVi*£h,    IVnu 

-stcr.  Paaai. 
Ancustoi  II  Ciartand, 
ttill.u'.,  II    II   Millar. 


I  >  llnay,  Maaaarlnarna. 
Judson  llarmnn,  Ohio.  . 

una.  California.  . . 
I   ■ 

Philander  CTKo»x.  Peaa 

I'hilxnder  C.    Knm,   I'rt.!. 
II     Mir-ody.  Mas. 
■  J.  Bonaparta.  Ma 

-■•rahar.    New  Vori 
Jiunrii  C  Mellaynokia. 
I'   tt    Crecory. 


ISS 

mi 
tin 

IsM. 

|isw 

I.K4 
IKi 
■M 

m 

:«• 

:•■! 
i'-i 

!»»• 

PUT 

IHJ4 

35 

i»u 


Justice,  Department  of  (tee  also  Jn41- 

clary  Brsttm)) 
Building  for,  recommended,  03i3. 
ni-^cnawd  by  President — 

Cleveland,  4938,  5578,  587!>,  59M 

(.runt.  4133. 

Harrison.    Hen;..   5550.    5932,  STO. 
Operations  of,  diacuaaavl,  752t. 
Reorj;nni7jition  of,    . 


Eneyxlofredic  Index 


Kansas 


Hermit — One  of  the  western  croup  of 
states;  nickname.  "The  0»nl.-o  State." 
"The  Sunflower  State."  lie  .  motto,  "Afl 
astra  per  aspera"  ("To  the  star*  IbrOOfl) 
i!ii!>.  uitlcV).  It  1»  situated  In  the  central 
part  of  the  I'nlon  and  extends  from  lat.  ST" 
(a       10*       iKirih      ami       from      Ions.       0*" 

in:     mat     IImw  i<  bounded  on 

north    tiy    Nelutuka.    on    the   east    by 

u rl   I  separated  ill  part  by  th*  Missouri 

Klven.  on  the  south  by  Oklahoma  and  an 

iiir   ui'mi   by  Colorado,  and  baa  an  area  of 

i     inllea.     It  itu  a  part  of  the 

Louisiana   Purchase  and  was  made  a  terrl- 

lury   in    IS.-.4. 

The  Topcka  constitution,  prohibiting 
slavery,  was  framed  la  1800  ami  tin- 
Lacotopton  constitution,  which  sanctioned 
slavery.  In  1807.  A  i  h  II  war  broke  out 
between  the  adherent*  of  tlic-  mo  consti- 
tutional i  Sit  illiiMratlon  opposite  2881.1 
i  •..,:!  th-  Wyandotte  constltu- 
tlon.  forbidding  slavery.  n<  ail. 

wa*  admitted  to  the   Union  Jan     19, 
im:i 

.statistics  of  »  ted  for  the 

last  Federal  cxnsus.  place  the  number  of 
farlDi  In  ilu-  State  at  177.8-tl.  comprising 
t3.oM.T9D  acres,  talm-d  with  utork  and  lm- 
proTement.  at  f;  (i:i!t..':sii,910.  an  Increac 
of  11.1  •  5-280.02 «  over  the  1000  report.  Tho 
ill  fntsu  land  per  acre  wan 
13,  M-.  compared  with  klS.TT  in  1900. 
Ih"    %  aim-    of    domettlc    animals,     imiii 

.7.    ln.lu.Hui:  3.079. -MW 

valued     in     >.mi,V,7  li:;,     1.1*7,050 

horses.    1112,70*108:   S08.4O9  $25.- 

118;      8.060,157      awlnc.      I1M.T08 
272,419   abees,   11,209,981.     Tin-   ytaM  and 
of   field   crops   for    1911    l»    irlveii    ax 
follow*:      Com,    ».7»C..noo  aerea.   120 
imhi   im-ii.:  I"      wheat-  4.810.000 

acre*.  51.387.000  bushels.  flfl.702,000 ; 
2,000,000  aires.  SO.uOaooO  bushel*, 
f  13.300.000:  rye.  18.000  acre*  108.000 
bushel*.  tlOO.OOO:  potatoes.  80,000  »(•««, 
hKi  bushels,  J1.8IW.000:  hay.  1.049,- 
000  ncrcs.    1.402.O0O   loot,   Jl.1,880,000. 

Tin'    mineral    I'  I    tli'-    State    for 

1910  were  valued  at  *2.«  304.1(11,  consisting 
::.  line,  lead,  clay  product*,  petrol 

id,  travel,  and  n..ii.-  i  m- 
Coal  production  for  1M10  «i\s  L921.4B1 
»lnnt  ion».  Talued  at  $7,914,709,  :i  decrease 
i.r    in  wo   iiillilun   tons   from   the 

amount  prodin-eil  the  previous  fear,  OB  »■ 
count  of  a  strike  among  th*  mine-worker*. 
i'.i.  number  of  men  employed  In  the  mlnei  ... 
tin-  sinie  during  1910  waa  13  B70.  of  whom 

10.340  were  Idle  more  than  half  lime. 

Kansas  lm»  8.600  mile,  nf  »uam  railway 
and  208  miles  of  electric  HneK  Th.-  popa- 
latlon    In    1310  was    1.H9O.B40. 

The    inimlicr    Of    mnriilfiiefurltiK    r.ta  lill-.li- 

ment-    In    i  muni   output 

valued  af   1300  or  more  nt  the  hr-glnnlng  «f 

1918  nn-  ;;  138     'I'll..  eatiiini  Id- 

i  Km  f  ir.r;. 7-.io.imhi.  giving  eiiii>l->rment 

032  persons,  uslnit  materia  I  valued  at 

$2111. 148.0110.  and  turning  out  finished  C 1< 

Inrlr*    and    wages 
paid  amounted  to  881,983,000. 

(8m  also    Lceompten   Coastltattoe ;  To- 

peka  <iin»tl(iuli>u ;  Wyandotte  Constitu- 
tion.! 

Kanaka: 
Act— 
For  «ule  of  Indian  reservation.  4658. 
To  provide  for  sale  of  New  York 

Indian   liiuli   in.   vetoed,  .'.238. 
Admission   of,   into   Union   discussed, 
2!)hw.  son-.:,  :-:o28. 
Recommended,  2893,  3000. 


Affair*  of,  referred    to,   2951,   2903, 
MM, 

Boundary  line  of,  survey  of,  recom- 
mended, 8878. 

Chief    justice    of,    functions   of,    re- 
ferred  to,  2958. 

Constitutional     convention     in,    dis- 
evsttd,  800ft  M80. 

Disorders    and    revolutions    in,    dis- 
cussed,   2878,    2885,    2913,    2937, 
•  28,  3177. 
Proclamation   against,   2923. 

Election   and    qualifications  for  elec- 
tors   discussed,    2885,    2980.    3002, 

ton,  3i77. 

Expenditures  for  persons  called   into 
Henrico   of   United  fitnte*   in,   £953, 
2934. 
Fortifications  In  Lawrence,  referred 

to,  3894. 
Government    organization     in,     dis- 
turbed,   2885,    2894,    2898,    2937, 
-:'.   3028,   317". 
Proclamation  against  unlawful  com- 
lini.'.li.nis,    2(123. 

Indian  refugees  in,  referred  to,  :;nn 

Joint  resolution  authorizing  grant  of 

lands  to,  for  benefit  of  agriculture. 

ete„  vetoed,  r>308. 

Meetings     in,     interfered     with     by 

•v.    2915. 
Memorial  from  citizens  of,  regarding 
creation  of  new  territory,  ate.,  MIL 
Military  forces  of  UnitedStates  sent 

to,  referred   to,  4013. 
Public  lands  of,  6706. 
I.'eln-f  for  suffering  people  in — 
Recommended, 
Referred   to,   4272. 
Slaver  v     in.     discussed,    £962,    2981, 

3002,  3028. 
BeUlen  employed  in,  to  arrest  vio- 
lators of  law,   referred  to.  2908. 
Troops  of,  treatment  of,  captured  by 

imurgents,  referred   to,  3398. 
Wca  trust  lands  in,  referred  to,  3400. 
Kansas  Aid  Society.— An  organisation  la 
aid    Immigration    Into    Kansas.       I'mbr   the 
provision*     of     the     Kansaa-NYhraxka     AcL 
passed  by  Concren  In  May.   1834.  the  que* 
Hon   of  slavery  In    Kansas  was  left   to   the 
"t«  of  the  »lnt.-  for  settlement,  cm  Hie 
principle  of    local    option  or  "squatter 
•rela-nty."      An    imtnlcrtant    aid    association. 
arhlch   had   been  already   formed   in   Maya- 
ns   for    the     purpose,     boron    »ei 
antl-<lav.-ry  settlers  Into  the  new  Territory 
to   forestall    Its  settlement    by   slaveholders. 
Similar    aodetUa    wen-    or-Kiinlzcd    In    Jul. 
in    New    York   and    I'liitiieetleiii       The 
settlers   were   provided    aits    ample   funds 
and    means  of  defense  acalnst    lb©   settlers 
in.-  MlnTehoidlnaT  slates  of  Hi..  Booth 
Meantime  slavery  advocates   from   Missouri 
were  passing  over   Ita   hue  and  preempting 
large  tracts  of  fertile  lands      For  four  rears 
the    c.mill.-t    for    supremacy    raged    between 
the     two    parties,     tho    antl-slsrery    party 
Bnally  prevailing. 


Kansas 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


I  Olty.  Tort  Scott  and  Oulf  Rati- 
way   Co.,   act    to  authomo    construc- 
tion of  railway  through  Indian 
ntorv  by,  returned,  4V80L 
Kansas    City.    Oklahoma    and    Pacific 
Railway    Co.,    act     authorising    con- 
struction   and    operation    of    railway 
bv,    through  Indian    reservations    ve- 
toed, 0008. 
Kansas  Indians.     (80*  Indian  Tribe-*.) 
Kansas-Nebraska  Act.— Ur   ii.c  Missouri 

irotnlM  of  1820  slavery  waa  proMt-lli-d 
la  ill  (be  rrclon  lying  north  of  Int.  W*  SO* 

•  Kb  tbe  exception  of  clini  lying  la  tb* 
Mat"  of  Mlnuurl.     As  a  n  Moll 

'■'•  «r    the    limit"    of    thi  Klale* 

•rer*  extended    fiom   th*  "'>-  'ti  mc- 

sreatward    in    i  .ind   south- 

ward to  lat  31*  'Mr   north  Kan- 

sas Nebraska  Act.  paeted  tor  Oongreee  la 
May.  i-,i  Kanaaa  and  Nebraska  van 
■vparatcd  and  organised  Into  two  d. 
let-rllorles.  and  tbe  question  of  alarery 
v>a«  left  to  tin1  people  for  settlement.  Aa 
both  these  lUIOI  "'  the  llu»  above 

•  huh    slavny   was    prohibited    by    the 
soutl  Compromise,    the   passage  of   tbc    bill 

practlcnllv      I.  -|i<-n  l.-.l      t  In.  I      in.-.  Tbe 

•talua  of  Nebraska  a<  a  free  slam  waa  aoon 
determined,  but  tbe  struggle  In  Kan -as  waa 
lone  and    blttei        It    disrupted    tbe    "•in* 

Band  led  to  the  eatabluhnipni  of   tbo 
epuhllt-an    partjr.    and    wna    an    Important 
link   in    Iba   chain   of  events   that    bi 
..n    tin-    il> II    War. 

Kansas-Nebraska  Act: 
l>i»ru»«cd,  2982. 
Referred  to,  3030. 
Kanso,    Straits   of,    vessels    of   United 
Mates  interfered  with  by  British  ves- 
sels in,  referred  to,  4068. 
Kaskaakia      Indians.        (8eo      Indian 

Tribe*.) 
Ka-ta-ka  Indians.    (8m  Inilinn  Tribes.) 
Kaw  Indians.     (See  Indian  Tribes.) 
Kearsarge,    The.— a    Doited    state*   cor- 
vette built   at    rortsmonth.   X.   II..  In 

■  fried  183  oOcers  and  ro.i 
pounder  and  one  38-poonder  pin*,  and 

11  in,  li  ride*.     She  was  commanded  lit  Opt. 
'.     winslow.     Her  iti'«t.-»t  • 
Inking  of  lh.  mte  eruU-i 

ofl   '  bel i'-'    1'rance,  Jun.    It     1804 

Til.-  1 1.. -..I,...;  Inn!  il.iii-  much  damage  to 
I  nlied  Btatei  commerei  and  the  K'artargt 
bad  ben  sent  to  sink  her  When  lb  ,V».i<- 
aiiepr  opened  fin  l.rltt  In  p'.lnt  of 

manugcrm-nt  and   runnery    was  at   one*  ap- 

1  hells  rul  .iff   the    II* 

loma'a    inlstvomaat.    and    an..tii- 
killing    bill  I8M,    the 

■  <rqe  sras   wrecked  on    Roneador   Reef. 
11     Caribbean  D    Alabama 

Claln 

Kearsargo,  Tho,  destruction  of  tho  .dta- 

611111a  by,  referred  to,  S457. 
Kenesaw  Mountain   (Oa.),  Battla  of.— 
Between    tbc    1st   and    Och   of    Junta    180*. 

Shermnn  gradually  moved   hla  army  so   aa 
to  cntelop  Atl/ifounn   ran,     Thla  conn 
Johnston    to    withdraw    bis    army    from    It* 
atrorn  ' •  ■•«!  positions  at    New    Hope 

i'Ihu.Ii  ami    \.  worth      Alln'ootia  raa*  wag 
tin 'ii  mail.,  a  depft  ..f  ->•■■'(•)  1  <  1. 
t;.-n      liialr    Joined     Sherman     with    two    di- 
visions of  tb»  Bt  p*  and  a  brigade 
of  cavalry,  raising  his  effective  force  to  Hs 


original    ki  M.O00.       JobostoBS 

fore*  was  02.000.     Sherman  then  advaacei 
toward  Kt-ocsaw  Mountain,  end  on  J10.  l« 
:■■  dusl  took   {.in 

■ral    I'olk    w*«    ! 
•U  and  17tb  of  Jane  the  Coatc-1 
retired  from  Pin*  Mountain  end  Lo*t  Moun- 
tain, and   thoriiiisi.lv    Inii.T.rhrd    tbraaaelTts 
■     Mountain.      June    37    two  aa. 
Hnll*    on     the     Confederate     position 
simultaneously   made,  on*   by   Tboma*  and 
Hi.     0tb*J    ej     M    I'lieraon        Botb    were    re- 

Eulaed.     Nothing  now  rem*loed  for  Sbcnnaa 
ut  to  turn  the  position.     July  2  tbe  wbels 
■rmy  waa  put  In  motion  toward 

• 
-■o   on   tbe   naountala 
and  retired  to  the  rlvi-r.     Sherman's  to**  al 

tho  attack  011  K.-n Mountain  aggregated 

'I'".  '.'.lax   Oeeerats    1 

MtCoofc      Tbe  Confederate  Iocs  was  t 

Kennebec  Purchaae.— In  1028  the  couo- 
.11  fur  New  England  granted  to  William 
Bradford  and  other  Plymouth  coloolats  a 
tract  of  territory  aloof  the  Kennebec  aad 
Cobblseecoole*    rlnrs  11  g    piarposa*. 

..a*  sold  la  1WI1  to  Tjng  and  otber*. 


ksosrn   aa   tbe   Kcana- 


snd  has   since  been 

i-arehase. 

Kentucky. — One  of  the  southern  trowp  of 
nickname.     "Tbe     Corn     Crocker 
stale  ;'•  motto,    "United    as*  »:at>d.   dlvlu» 
we  fall."    The  nam*  Is  said  to  mean  In  lbs 
language  of  tbe  Indians  "Instk  aesl  bloody 
id.        It  Ilea  btiwera  lat.  3d'  30*  aad 
«l*   «'    north   and   long.    &:•   aod   »•  Je,' 
west.     It  Is  bounded  on  tbe  Bortb  tr. 
Imllnna,  ami  llllmil.  lai  vara  ted  by  lb. 
1,  on  Ibe  fast  by   West  Virginia 
aratcd  by  the  Big  Sandy    Klt^ri    an. 
clula.   on  Ihe  south  tr  Tenneaaee.  and  o« 
the    west     by    Missouri    (separai 
Misslaslppl    Rlvsr).      Area.    40.6VS    squar* 
nilkM. 

A  vast  tract  of  land.   Including  what  la 
now   HViiiiirky,   »as  eidtd  I.  i.Hala 

i. .11  lmllsns  la  10S-I.  Kentucky 
waa  explored  by  Daniel  Boooe  In  17CQ.  aa*) 
Hi.,  iit.t  ».-itl»m.'rit  was  made  at  Uarroa> 
toirg  la  11T4.  It  waa  Bade  a 
Virginia  In  1770  and  adaaltted  to  the  laic 
Jinn-  1.  17P2.  It  took  a  dlsilngukabed  part 
in   in.'   Wat    of    1 

ilic    Civil     Wnr.       Altbongb    a    slave    slate, 
Kentucky    trUbed   m   1 

th"  nui.r  war.  Ksntocky  baa  abundaat 
natural  resource*  Is  tbe  shape  of  coal  and 
Iron  mines,  hard  wood  forest*,  fertile  aesl 
,,1,1  ;;n:ii  water  power  farllltle*.  T. 
corn  and  wheat  are  the  chief  agrl.i, 
producti-.  I.onlxvllle  being  tbe  largrat  laaf 
tobacco  market  la  the  world. 

statistics  of  agriculture  1 
Inst    Federal    census    plnco    thr 
farina   la   the  Htnle  at  S39.18.V   conn 
T.   180.131  aere*.  valued  with  stock  and  lav 
p.-.  amenta  at  : . 

value  "f  farm  land  «»«  si'l  88,  as  compen-d 
with  *ia  lit  In  191)0.     The  valu, 
animals,  poultry,  etc.,  was  tlt7,4Sfi.ildZ  hs- 

,-,71  .     II  .  n:il    hot„«.  M,.-,  1 

'.  .1  DM:  t.atia.ois  ah 

y It-Id  and  valu*  of  OeM   crops   for  1011  w 

sl»,'n    as   follows :       t'orn.    3,000,000 

780.000    serf..     0  06S.OOO    Iflshels.    !■'  '  ' 

' ;    nals      170,1  ■ 

*l.o«M.UO0i      rye.      i".'..hm>     o.tm.      J 
busliels.    1243.000;    potato**.    S2.O0n 

-■  n-'s 1  1  .  -«.■  is.  »i  170000    My,  ~ 

aeres      158.000    loos,    %:  «i 

2*3.000    acre*. 

STT.20O. 


The    principal     ml 
tueky  I*  coal..  the.  value  of.  which  const! 


I    product   of   Ken-       the  oaigrowtb   of  ■   feeling   ihst   the   red- 


lutes    sbou  .irtbH    uf   the    vali 

Hi'   Mate's  total   uilneml  output.      In 
according   to   the    I  nlted    States  neologies! 

.    •  . 
dsKtloa    Of    Kimii  uckj     »ii    about     J. 
■  f    whkb 

treass)  of  about 
t«.MMMHM»  In   value   of   tntnl   mlncrcU  pros). 
•ivrr  the  figures 
The  10001111  industi  .<    In  Iniporlsnr*/,  clay- 
working,  lantrr  13.  an 
lDcmi<r  of  II  70,030  i 

la<  lndusi:  In  the 

c   vnln.-cl  at 
84|tf0,2O&   *gnlnst   fl.B8.14fl    in    IU12. 

■  i lim  of  Kentucky  In- 
(MM  l» W4.M8  barrel!  lu    1012    ■    i 

lied  It    t*?4W~     to  52».r.rt>    i. 

valoed  at  S075.74S.  while  the   value 
uaiarsl  cat  prodocyd  decreased  frocu  i:.;':', 

..  ■  ockj  l»  one  of  the  tew  at n tea  In  which 
diionpar  l«  produced,   ami  In  ]ui;i   Ihi 
put  i.  in  quantity  and  lalue- 

that  of  1S1&      Other  mineral   product*  ure 
asphalt,  cement,  fcrro  alloys.  Iron  -.ic    lead, 
lime.     mineral    a 
BraTvl.  aam  rick,  and  ».:. 

'I  he   recel                                                         ■  ml 
lag    Jane    30.    1911,    wore    »7. '•■:■:  .".•--■       

'rea«ury  lialanre.  I.'IS'V'.'NU  The  bond- 
ed debt  of  the  Rial*  n:  lb*  i  ad  of  tU.-  fiscal 
year    «*»    $",:!! 

The    nniutu-r  of    manufacturing  ettnbllsb- 

kf  hating  nn  annual  ciitput 

or  more  at  the  beginning  of 

I'M  ■  SJBJ  4  1st      The  amount  of  capital  In- 

VMtcd  «s.  Sl(i:i,423.00O.  giving  etupluvment 

S,  7. MS  persons,  using  material  valued  at 
114.ti2Ii.000.  and  turning  out  tlolahed  good* 
worth    fSWjZiO.OQO.      SsUrlcs    and    wages 

[•aid  amounted  to  ffsUM, 

Tba  Ohio  and  Mississippi  rlrera  and  their 

tributarily  atTord  natural   mean*  of  transit. 

Of  •txaiu   railway  and  887 

roller   of   electric   line*    traverse    Ihe    State. 

Tbe  population  for  1010  waa  2.2SB.906. 

Kentncky  (see  also  Louisville): 

Admission  of.  into  Union,  referred 
to,  73.  76,  78. 

Amendment  to  Constitution,  applica- 
tion to  Coagresa  to  call  convention 
for  proposing,  3194. 

Am  :   rred  to,  3478. 

Constitution  adopted  by,  referred  to, 
ISO,   i- -J,  Itt, 

Constitution,  amendment  to,  applica- 
tion to  Congress  to  rail  convention 
for  proposing,  3194. 

Digest  of  decisions  of  Supreme  Court 
Mkod  for,   14(16. 

Martial  luw  e«tnbli«hod  in.  and  writ 
of    Aaoro*    corput    suspended    by 
proclamation,    3420. 
Proclamation  revoking,  3529. 

Militia    of.    commended    for    Indian 

•an 

Officers   of,   attempt  to   bring  Aaron 

Burr  to   justice,   403. 
Ratification  of  amendment  to  Federal 
Constitution   br,  referred   to,  249, 
230. 
Kentucky   Besolutlons.— Nine   resolutions 
prepared  by  Thorns*  JcftVrson  and  passed 
by      tbe     Kentucky      lrrlalaiure      In 
Tbes*  and    U>»    Vlrgluls    Resolutions    were 


eral  psrty,  In  passing  the  alien  sod  sedi- 
tion Isw*.  was  making  an  Illegitimate  use 
of    the    puwe-    (ran led    to    tbe    I 

' -iistltutlou.  The  resolutions  de- 
clared Ibst  tbe  Union  via  not  based  on 
toe  "principle   of   unlimited   submlsM- 

nl  Government ;"  tbsi  the  Con- 
slltullon  ws*  a  compact  to  which  encb 
slat*  was  a  party  as  related  to  Its  fellow 
states,  and   that    In  sll    eases   not    si" 

•  compact  escb  psrty  bad  a  right  to 
Judge  for  Itself.  as  well  of  Infraction*  a< 
of    iln'  mode  and  measure  of  redress, 

roeceded  to  set  foi  ih    Hie   mini 

tloiiBllty  of  Ihe  alien  and  se.Jlilou  law*  and 

lovltsd   other   >tat«s   t"   tola   in   declaring 

void,      A  tenth    resolution   ws*  ps**cd 
the  following  year  declaring   that   nun 
lion   of  a    Ki'di-rs]   law   M   a   stste  wss   the 
rightful    remedy    for    Federal    u- 

u'lty.      Upon    V-- 
bssvd  in  part  |h  inlllaeailoB 

ossd   D  .  tl  Hog 

Kernstown  (Vs.),  Battle  of.   (See  Win 

cheater  (Vs.),  Battles  of.) 
Kettle  Creek  (Ga.).  Battle  of.— Feb.  14. 
177».  Col  Andrew  FtekosUL  of  South  I 
Una.  stid  Col    Doolcy.  of  Cieorgla.  srlth  800 
men.    surprised    Col.    Boyd'*    provincial*  00 
the    north  aide  of   Kettle  Creek.    Ill    Wllks* 

ty.    c;a.      A    abort  skirmish    ensue 
which    Boyd's    lories    were    routed    with    In- 
considerable toss  on  either  side. 

Keweenaw,  The.    (Sea  flcrWmorr,  Tho.) 
Keystone  State.— A    nickname    for    Penn- 
sylvania (q.  v.).    <8ee  alio  States.  1 
Key  West,  Fls,: 

Blockade  of  port  of,  having  been  in- 
advertently  included  among  those 

which   were   uot   to   be   oj ■■!   to 

commerce,    removed    by    proclama- 
tion in  April,   1868,  3482. 
Fever  prevalent  at,  782. 
Health  of  squadron   at,   n  fcrroil    to, 
827. 
Kickapoo  Indians.  (See  Indian  Tribes.) 
Kidnapping  of  American  child  In  Mex- 
ico referred  to,  3572. 
Kiel    Canal,    encomiums    bestowed    am 
Americun  vessels  at  opening  of ,  6062. 
Klk-il-Uus      Indiana.        (See      Indian 

Tribes.) 
Kilboum  ts.  Thompson.— A  case  d..  1.1.1 
by  the  Supreme  Court  la  1880  denying 
me  right  of  the  Senate  or  Douse  of  Uep 
ressHltnlltes  to  punish  anyone  i-xcepi  their 
own  members  for  contempt  of  their  orders. 

11    was  suuntioued  a*  a   witness  Ue- 

:ie    llout*-  d    to 

answer  questions  n*  to  bis  private  bu*l> 
neaai  and  to  produce  cortsln  paper*.  Be 
rwfused,  whereupon  Sersen- 
TliouipKin  was  ordered  to  lmpn«oii  aim 
In  the  Jail  of  the  District  of  C'olumbln. 
He  leuinlued  In  prison  forty-five  duy*.     He 

was   1  lieu    releaaed   •>"   s    srrii    of    tiuA-u. 

corriur      lie  brought  suit  for  fnl»e  Imp' 
ment   sgilnst  Thouip*on   and   th«  member* 
i.f     tin   CODBlttM    who   enused    his   arrest. 
Th«?  court  decided   that   the  llouse   might 

Sualsb  Its  own  member*  for  dlsordcrl  | 
but  Hint  the  f'oiistltiitlou  did  not  give 
ehinr  if   Congress  general   null'  >r 

Ity  to  punish  for  contempt.  It  was  h/-ld. 
Jusllce  Miller  dellvMlng  the  opinion,  ihcit 
neichet  House  of  Congress  Is  s  part  of  ouy 
court    of    general    Jurisdiction.      Judgment 


Dn| 


Hfcssagts  and  Papers  of 


was  given  Kill". urn    nalch  *m  paid  by  aa 
iippruprliitbiii   tijr  Congress. 
Kins     Philip'*     War.     I'hmp.     ton      ot 
Meisasolt.    sachem    of    the    Wampanoag    In- 
diana ami  a  friend  to  the  early  settl- 
t'lyiuouth.  determined  to  drive  away  or  kill 
•II    Hi.'    F.utopean  settlers   In    Ma   territory, 
Ilia  camp  waa  at  Mount  HoM,  K.  I,  and  bit 
llr-t    blow    waa    »lru.-k    nt    Sunn".  :t     Maaa.. 
July  i    1 '...'.     Tho  settlers  took 
defenae  and  drove  tho  Indiana  to  tbe  more 

'■   iii-ii] 

but    tbc    Indiana      ' 
iiinnr     defeats    and     were     anally     subdued.' 
I'hirip  was  «li.it  In  a  swamp  by  a  tr.-a.  b 

ml  ti  1  >-  Iii-ad  wna  carried  In  triumph 
mouth       III-    null,  the  laal  • 
-III  Into  slavery  and  arnt  to  Bermuda. 

Kings  Mountain    (3.   C),   Battle   of.— 

Korly  In  October.  17*0.  Cornwallle  ml 
t'oloocls  Tarleton  and  Ferguson  from 
•.Inn  to  Invade  North  Carolina,  enroll 
local  mllltla.  and  eompel  the  allcglancei  of 
ihe  people,     .in    iii.    .in.    Ferguson,    Boding 

himself    hotly    inn   I    by    l£c    Americans. 

lOOl    up  a   strong  poaltlou   on    King*  Moun 

tain,  near  tbe  boundan   line  bol a  North 

and  Siiinii  Carolina,  Tue  next  day  big  aroiy, 
aiiiiiu  i  iOO  i  roni  ..  i  ■  ii  lai  I ■■•!  hi  »twmt 
ibe  Mime  number  of  American  tullltia  under 
I'liuiiiiuid  of  I'olon.-U  Shelby,  Campbell, 
Cleveland.  McDowell,  Se.ler.  and  Williams, 
After  a   desperate  atni 

In  which  Fentuaon  waa  killed,  the  British 
forco    aurrender'iL      The    caaualtlea  on 

Rriiiah  -I'l.  wan  Ml  unii-d  ..r  »..  i.a.iiy 
ided   mi  t..  be    I'-fi   tiihiii    tot   BoM   and 

jIii.ii:  1. 'J. "i  taken  prisoners.  The  Americana 
28  men  and  80  wmind.-d.      rift. -en   turn- 

drid   muaketa  mui  ntlier  irmi  f«ll   Into    the 

hand"  ot  the  Americana 

Kitchen  Cabinet.— a  pans  ippUoa  to  a 
certain  circle  of  Inllnini.-   Mdnoa  ..f  Prcal- 

\ndrcw  Jackson,     Thi 
aald  to  havo  mote  InOueOi     Witt  Uu  Presi- 
dent  than  hla  official   i  Hi-Hi' t       i:..    prtBd* 
pal   member   ..f   tbc    Kitchen    Cabinet    oral 

I  in  IT  Urocn.  of  BL  Louie,  who  established 
the    ncwapaprr.     rA«     r  ailed     ttatt*    T'U- 

lo  W'nahlnt-lnn,  Thla  painr  waa  tbe 
i'  I'Unt'a  oiitan  until  18.11,  when  ' 
siding  with  t'alhniin  aa.aln.1  Jarkaon,  in-i 
the  inttrr'a  confidence  r*«  iii^iir.  John 
<"  Itlvca  and  Francis  IV  lllnlr.  rdltora.  then 
thi      I:.    Idont'a    organ,     and     Hlalr 

a    member   of   hi*    Kitchen   Cabinet 

other  members  were  William  B.  Lewis,  of 
Nashville.  »bu  woa  nppolul.d  Second  Au- 
dltor  "f    thi  :    l«s»c  Hill,   t.r    "•■  ■ 

Hampshire,  who  •>■  mn.l.-  B  pond  Comp- 
t roller  "f  the  Treasury,  and  .Imm  Kendall. 
■  if  Ki'inui'ky,  who  woi  iiindc  Fourth  A.u.11- 
|OT     "f    i lie    Treasury    and    ilnnlli     In     18.15 

!i    the    official    Cabinet    n«     r 
lencral.      Tbe   term  baa   also    been    applied 

i itnln   adviser*  nf    Prealdmi    John   Ty- 

ler  ami  ..f  PreasdajDj  Andrew  Johnson,  but 
Jacksoo'e  Kitchen  Cabinet  la  meant  w/bsfl 
the  term  1»  need   without   ipinllllentloo. 

Klttery,  Me.,  dry  .In.  V.  at,  '.'HI. 
Klamath  Indians.  (8m  Indian  Tril..- a.) 
Knights  of  the  Ooldes  Circle. — A  secret 
organisation  of  active  s.mtii-rn  aympathli- 
|B  acme  Of  the  Northern  l-"tut."<-  espe- 
cially In  the  Central  West,  during  the  Civil 
Wa  r. 

Knlghta   of   Labor.— A  1st.  of 

worklnrm.-n.  founded  by  I'rlali  8.  Stea-eni 
In  I'lilladelphla  In  18l)V,  and  formally  or- 
ganised as  a  national  body,  with  dUlrlct 
and   local  aaecmullcs.  In   1871.     It  waa   DOC 


until   leSl  tbat  the  name  of  the  order  to 

At  t 
trades  were  represented.  Each  trod* 
formrd  a  district,  aa  nvatly  aa  poealMe. 
The  knights  are  aoveraed  or  a  grorral 
executive  board,  presided  over  by  a  gratral 
i  workman,  which  li»a  power  to  oraW 
»trlk.-«  and  lioycotla.    The  i 

.',   .-.•"..mbi  ,e  ordered  naaj 

•    among    coal    miners    and    rsDiosi 

operatlvsa.     IVrhaps  Ibe  a-n-at.-at  «lrlk«  etvt 

iinii.-i  laken  by  Ibe  general  aaaeaably  ot  Iks 

order  waa  rhat  on  the  Mlatosrl  Faclac  aya- 

al    alrlke 

district     composed     of     lel'grapkura     alas 
failed.        Tbe    ottloct     -f    Ih.    ordeJ    la  tke 
lilof   of  erorklag- 
haa  K'laerally  n««a  wafae- 
aeded  by  tbc  Federation  of  Labor. 
Know  Nothing*.    (BtC  American  T. 
Knoxyllle    (Tenn.).   Siege    of.—  9»»i.  X. 
Den    Dnroalde.  «Hh  the  Anny  of  th» 
Ohio,  occupied  Knoxvllle,  Tenn.      l.pon  hla 
odvanc*    the   Confederate   General    Bockatr 
evacuated     eaalem     Tonaesawo     and     Jobaed 
Rragg  at  Cbattanonga.      Kai  .eaastf 

LoBgatreet,  with  1C.000  nsta.  waa  detacasd 
from  BratTR'a  army  an  leealn  ■«•> 

aeaslon  of  Kn.iisilf"  Baraalde,  wltn  a  fseeo 
..r  12,000.  met  l^ngstreet  si 

aud  retarded  hla  ad- 
vance lonir  enough  to  ou*h>  blm  to  MB> 
reutr-  .lite.      I^aacatrert 

t tj. -ii  i  i  "-ii      N'ov    in  ana  SOW 

unsuccessful  I  v  aasaulted  the  K.-drtal  worts 
M.-auilme  Grant  bad  defeated  Riaff  al 
Chattanooga,    am  -'1,000 

men,    »-a«    •■•n'    to    the  naads 

heating  of  ra- 
npprnaeb  of  Sheiman.  raised  tbe  siege  aad 
retreated  toward  Virginia  Sherman 
upon  relnrned  lo  Hi"  line  of  tbe  Ulawassre. 
leavlnK  two  divlalona  under  (lea.  tiraogtr 
to  an 

Kootonay  Indians.  (See  Indian  Tribes.) 
Korea.     (Sco  ,Ia|-an,  Chottn.) 

•mulpo,  agreement    rcapcetin,: 
eipn    ••  ttl.-m.'Ut   .•.: 
Con  IfmniBSttaM    of, 

rccommoiirfr  i,  :ri. 

Rognlatlong  fi 
Diplomatic   relations   with,  discussed, 

4701,  401*,  saw. 
Legation  of  Doited  States,  at  prexi 

for,   discussed,    48S 
Military   inatroetora  dealr»d  br,  aad 
roeommer.ilatiuiis    yerardinr, 
4015. 
Miniater  and  party  aent  to  eoachast* 
treaty     with,     treacherooaly    at 
tftoki 
Result     of     expedition      diaCaiKsed, 
401*9. 
M  iaaion   from,  received,  SS87. 
Trent v    with,  MM. 

Referred  to,  4715.  I7«T,  4T«1. 
War  between   China   and   Japan  N 
garding.     (See  Want,  Porci 
Koroa,  Troatlos  with. — A  treaty  of  emit), 
commerce,  and  navigation  was  coaclmbd  at 
•    iierpetaal  peace  as4 
fi-l.  nil 'iii|i   betsreefl    tho   rulers   aad  eltlx»«e 
of  both  .-minirles      <"cu«ular  rvpreaeai.- 
are    to    be    appointed    and    acerrdlfd   ar- 
cording  to  the  rrgulallone  rocnnaonly  govtrt- 
Ing    eurb    matters.      Humane    treataveot   U 


Kupreanof 


to  be  extended  to  all  rewaels  In  distress*, 
•od  the  customary  provislnna  an  mad* 
I'd  St*ti"«  marls  con- 
ducting clandestine  Iran*  at  a  jiort  not 
omd  to  foreign  commerce  shall  be  coDfla- 
cated.  Cltlaeo*  arc  to  be  protected  within 
the  domlnlotui  of  the.  other  country,  la 
i-a«ca  of  controversy  between  clttien*  of  the 
on*  country  aod  swhyecta  of  the  other,  the 
trial  l»  lo  be  maile  before  a  Judg'  of  the 
nationality  of  tk*  defendant,  and  all  fa- 
cllltlc*  aball  rxt.nd  lo  Ibe  <- .uosel  of  the 
Plaintiff.  Tbln  condition  "hall  obtain  In 
icb  ilme  a*  Id  tbe  opinion 
ulii'lal  rondltlona 
and  administrate  Ice  In  that  mm 

try    •■  .in    lo   tbe   standard    of  (he 

1'nltfd    Mate*:    at    which    time 
■be    I'nli-d    iUIca    In    Korea    shall    become 
subject  to  the  native  autborltle*- 

Tbe    tariff  on    all    article*  of  dally   uae 
Imported     Into     Korea     <ball     never 
ten  per  cent-  of  tbe  ralue  of  aoch  goods: 
article*    of    liunry,    a*    foreign    wine*    and 
tobacco,    wat'lir*    »n.l    (Jean   shall    be    mob- 

i  an  Import  duly  not  hlrty 

per  cent-  of  ihr  value,  and  articles'  of  na- 
tive produce.  iIt.-  per  i  Tbe 
tonaaicr  duties  on  ships  entering  liori..>r. 
Man  aball  be  flvo  mace  per 
loo.  payable  once  every  three  m.inili*.  The 
holding  nf  land.  rnn»tru<  il. .11  ..r  i.n.l.llng.. 
while   freely  permitted  In  anv  of  tbe  porta 

!■•  tbrelgnei  .  la  reairfeted  ihat  the 
property  shall  always  be  under  the  larledlc- 
•  loo  of  tbe  anthr.rhi.  ...  and   that 

the   only   extraterritorial    iighi*    In   eonnec- 
tloo  with  the**  matter*  shall  be  those  con- 
ferred by  !bl>  treaty.     Tbe  trad     In  i 
aball    he    restricted    lo    die  open   ports   and 

ri«e     trade     by     tbe     rlrlxcna    of     the 
I'nltrd  States   la  prohibited.     Ti 
urn  between  the  two  muni  tie.  I-  a'.--' 

ildta       In    time*   of  threatened    famine 


iniaen.   the  emperor  may.  at  dl»-i 
the    .-in.  ii    ..f    foodaluCa:    the    .-i- 
pi .nation  of   rfce  and   nreadMnff*   from    rue 


open     port    of    Yin  i'hu.-n     I*    at    all     111 ■ 

Its  'i      Ginseng   may   not    be    eii 

any    port   ••'    iii.i-.n.     only    the    gnv- 

i-rameni    c-AVlal*    of   Chosen    mnv    purchase 

and   brine   In  arma  and  munition*  of   war. 

•-migration  and  Immigration  between 

tbe  two  countries  l«  permn  dent*. 

A    fuller   treaty  •hall  a    Hi" 

■  wo    ronu  tries    within  .     from    the 

date  of   mil.  Imlon   of  thl«   '.-illative   ngr.-e- 

Inter    tr.-u  imacd    opon 

the  axprrlcuci    ->r  ih.-  iwo  nation*  •>■'  exlat- 

indltlon*       Any   privilege*    which   may 

bereafter   he  a.  -  n    t->    other 

foreign    nation.  «li*:i  arcroa   CO  the  govcra- 

ot  of  tbe  foiled  State*. 


■ffMBMil  between  Japan  and  Korea 
of  1004  provides : 

'■The  (•uvi-rnuii'ut  of  Japan  undertakes  to 

sec     lo    the 

ally  existing  between  Korea  and  other  now- 
en  and  the  Government  of  Korea  engage* 
0  conclude  b.i.afi.r  au>  acl 
having  an  International  character  Bg- 
cept  through  the  medium  of  the  Government 
of  Japan. 

Krsjba,  Ind.  T.,  miners  killed  at,  5663. 
K.i-Klux  !"»" — A  secret  organization  In 
several    of    the    southern    states  soon    after 
tbe  Civil   War.      It.  exact  origin  was  never 
given.      II    v«n>   .-laliii.il    ilmi    ■■   COPJ    of   tbe 
constitution    (prearrlpt.   a-   It    was   t- 
of    the   order   was  obtained,    from    which   It 
was.    learned    that    their    lodge*    were  called 
dena;    the    masters,    cyclop*;    the   member*, 
gbonla.    A  county  was  called  a  province  and 
»•>    governed    by    a   grand    giant    and    four 
goblins.      A     Congressional    dlsirlri     was    a 
dominion,    governed   by    a   grand    titan    ami 
•  Is    furies.     A  state  wa*  a   realm,  governed 
by  a  grand  dragon  and  eight  hydra*.       i  b 
uhole    country    sras    the    empire,    got 
by  a  grand  wizard  and  tan  p  nil.     They  ap- 

Kircd  only  at  night  and  carried  banner*, 
fir  dress  was  a  covering  for  the  bead, 
descending  over  the  body,  holes  beli  . 
for  eyes  and  month,  the  covering  being 
decorated  In  any  startling  or  fantastic  man- 
n<-t        I:-  ••i.j--- 1   was  to  suppress  the  negro 

aa   a"  factor   in    politic*,   m    Bean*  of   in 

tlmldatlon  and  terrorlvatlon.  and.  for  a 
time,     many    of     the     most    prominent     and 

respectable   cltlxcn*  of    U)|    BMII sUtes 

belonged  to  It;  but  later  tin-  mure  ra- 
apeotal.r.-  .l.-m.-nt  withdrew  and  the  or- 
ganisation outran  lt>  original  purpose.  In 
msnv  localities  gros*  dlsoi-.l,  i  -  aM  .-rlmea 
were  committed  By  persons  in  disguise,  who 
wer»?  ellher  memliers  of  Ota  Klan  or  who 
were  u-lng  the  dligulse  and  methods  of 
the  order  for  evil  purpose*.  A  Congression- 
al Inv.-'tlgalion  followed,  aud  I'ri-ildent 
Grant  In  a  mo-sage  s  rlslailon  to 

suppress  the  order,  etc.  The  ho  Klux  act 
(are-  Pore..  Hill,  was  passed  In  1871.  The 
same  year  the  presid.n.  li  ncd  proclama- 
tlons  on  tho  subject,  and  aoon  thereafter 
the  Kliina  dhper>ed  and  ivased  tu  exlat. 
Baa    lllii-trntlon  opposite  4104.1 

Ku-Kituc  BUaa   (ae«   aUo   Rifle   Cluba; 

Wlutc  Leagues): 
Dl»cii-^.-,l,   11U4,   4117. 
Proclamalions    agiaitist,     408*3,    4088, 

1089,    I": 


Kupreanof  Ialand,  re.forre.el  to,  6735. 


La  Abra 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


La  Abra  Silver  Mining  Co.,  claim  of, 
against  Mexico,  46J7,  4760,  4032, 
,  5193,  5008,  6432,  (5679. 

La  Crowe,  Wis.,  bridge  over  Missis- 
sippi River  at,  4148. 

La  Mancho,  Tho,  appropriation  for 
claims  regarding'.  n- -i'im>n-uded,  3399. 

La  Fonsee,  The,  judicial  proceedings 
against,  referred  to,  706. 

La  Plata  River: 

TraMMtfona  ia  region  of,  affecting 

political    relations   with    utlur    |m.>« 
era   referred   to,   3890,   3898,   3899. 
Treaties     regarding     navigation     of, 

Labor  (nee  Commerce  and  Labor,  De- 
partment of): 
Compensated  plantation,  referred  to, 

3470. 
DjMSMOd  by  Prnaldent — 

land,  4979,  0095,  6111,  5359, 
Grant.  4255. 
Lincoln,  3258. 

Roosevelt.  6715,   6786,  6895.  6898, 

6973,  6983,  7035,  7089,  7205,  7210, 

7213. 

Principle,  of  arbitration  referred   to, 

6348,  7089. 

Labor  Agitator.  —Any  person  who  ngltstci 

r.ir    Hi"    latplMHIMM    of    the   eoodMnnK    n) 

iimrlnic  class.      Usually  used  cuntemp- 

funnily   to   describe   the   organisers   of    DM 

Am»rli  in    I '. •  ,1 . - r .i 1 1 . ■  n    of   LAbnr   or  nf   other 

trndc    unlnns     fq.     t  ).     tlie     Implication     of 

nn  In  thin  s.-nw  being  that  such    per. 

•on    I*    endeavoring    to   niaki-    workln^im  n 

discontented    without    Improving    tlirlr    con, 

HI.        (See    Agitator.) 

Labor.  Bureau  of,  enlargement  of,  by 
adding   power   of   arbitration    re<v 
(iinmi'iuled,   1970,  (111 
Work  of,  discussed,  6898. 
Labor,    Commission    Of.    establishment 
of,  with  power  of  arbitration  recom- 
mended, 4979,  5111. 
Labor,  Commissioner  of: 
Annual  report  of,  transmitted,  5502, 

5569,  5674,  5782,  5909. 
Reports  of,  on— 
Building     and     loan    associations, 

5909. 
Compulsory  Insurance  of  working 

men  in   Germany,  etc,  5782. 
Gothenburg   system    of   regulating 

liquor  traffic  6785. 
Housing  of  working  people,  6001. 
Industrial  education,   6782. 
Slums  of   cities,  591L 
Labor  Day.— The  first  Monday  In  Septem- 
ber has  been  mad*  a  holiday  by  thirty  »1i 
«iiie«  and  by  (he  United  Gtatct  In  tho  Dla- 
Met  of  Columbia.    It  waa  first  observed  In 
Colorado   In    1887.       Meetings    for    the    rtls- 
eimlon  of  labor  questions  are  held.     There 
»r«    wmnlly    parade*,    picnic*,    nod    dnncc*. 
In   tTiiropn  May   t   l»  celebrated  ■■  a  labor 
festival   and    there  are  demonstration*   by 
work  logmen. 


Labor,   Department  of.— in    response 

rfron     labor    organisations 
ride  unions  for  a  department  of  (b« 
to   look   after  their   Interrv 
Uureuu    of    Labor    was   established    la    U« 
I  run  lor    D«partin«ut    by    act   of   Cosgtiss 
of  Jon*   'J7.   18b  i       utter   an 

years  the  bureau  wai  railed  10  ibe 
illcnlty  of  a  depariiueut  Juoe  13,  IS*- 

il>  W  right  was  placed  at  Id  a«d 
m  roni  nil  "loner.  He  was  later  ssvccetdnl 
by  Clmrlei  P.  NellL  Wh.-ti  Coagrrsss*- 
luMlslwil  tb*   LVpnn  •  lad 

I,  the  activities  la  V- 


(ulf  of  labor  were  placed   under  the  Jot** 
ilbilun   of  trie  new  secretary.      (See  Con- 

in  in    i,f  i 


Ph«  Sixty  second  Congress,  on  the  tast 
day  of  lu  third  eeulon.  Msrch  4.  mi. 
eeparatod  the  [it-jmri  meat  ai  Comrowv 
mill    i  Coo- 

uierce  and  the  LXpartuicnt  of  Labor. 
The  Bnrtao  of  Labor  Stml.U.-i.  tte 
h'm  Hurvan  and  i U«-  Hunan*  of  Its 
migration  and  Naturalization  were  ttsess 
nnder  the  new  Secretary,  with  dlr«tkw 
to  luvestlgste  and  report  to  Congress  > 
plan   fur  Hi'-  <■ 

of  (be  present  bureaus,  commluloai  ltd 
depnrttnean  »«  fir  m  they  relate  to  libsf 
ami   li  uMm 

•ii"l    iiiiifr    •  ' I  he   m  •    »»• 

charged  with  the  duty  of  fostering,  proont- 
Ing,    and    -  the    well 

proving   their  working  coodltloos,  and  s«- 

vnneiug    tholr   oppoi  if    proatssls 

m.    He  hoi  power  under  the  law 

ns  niedln  :.pi»>lat  r**aak> 

sloncrs    of    conclllntlnn     In    Inbor    dlspatta 

•  er  In  hli  judgment  the  Inter- 

ragadre  It  t«  !•*  doot 
William     Itanehop 

-  as  from  fenniylianln.  who  bad  bess 
chairman  of  the  n  -  ' nominee  on  La- 
bor,   was    made   the    first    Secretary. 

Por     more     detailed     Inform*:  I- 
•cope  of  the  actlvlllei  of  the  Labor  thrpstt- 
m»nt.    eomult    the    Index    r 

dent's  Menugrn  arnl  I 
articles  under  the  followlnir  beartl 
Children t  Hurcsn.  -trot 

Commissioner  of  Natiirallia|i»D. 

Iininli.-intl.iri.  Immigration. 

ner  of 
l.nhor  Htatlstlea. 

Labor.  Hours  of: 

Referred  to,   6348,  6465. 
Uniform    ei  dim    regardlag 

mended,  1819. 

Wages      of     Government     employee* 

not  to  be  affected  by  redoctlon  in, 

proclaimed,   3969,   4129. 

Labor.  International  Exposition  of.  at 

Barcelona,     Spain,     discussed,     5177, 

5399. 

Labor,   Knighta  of.     (Be*  Knights  of 

Labor.) 
Labor  Partita.     (8m  the  several  par 

ties.) 
Labor  Question: 
Attitudo  of  leaders  toward  courts, 

7210. 
Child-labor,  6806.  6980,  6983,  7436. 
Discussed     by     President     Roosevelt, 
15895,  6898,  6899,   6980,  608), 
7089.  7805.  7. 
Hours    of  railroad    employees,   608% 

row 


H 

ro 

•o 

C/3 

B 

n 

~i 

o 

rr 

n 

3 

n 

o 

3 

ST 

&. 

X 

r 

H 

ia 

a- 
o 

Labor 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Power  of  court*  to  grant  injunctions 

in  labor  disputes,  6983. 
Relations  of  National  Government  to 

the,  6648,  6715,  6897. 
(See    also    Arbitration,    Labor,     and 

Strike  Commission.} 
labor  Reform  Party.  —  Tail    party     was 

organised  In  18T2,  and  In  Convention  at 
Columbus,  Oblo,  placed  In  nomination  David 
Davis  for  President,  and  Joel  Parser  for 
Vice  President,  adopting  a  platform  call- 
ing for  Just  distribution  of  the  frulta  of 
Isbor. 

Labor  Statistics.    (See  Commissioner  of 

Labor  Statistics.) 
Labor  Statistics,  Bureaus  of.— Many 
state*  and  Ihe  Polled  States  bave  bureaus 
of  labor  statistics.  Tbe  first  office  of  tbe 
kind  was  established  in  Masaactiaaetti  by 
an  art  of  June  2.'!,  I  MOO.  Others  wit.  estab- 
lished aa  follows:  In  Pennsylvania  In 
1872;  Connecticut  In  1R73  (abolished  in 
1B7S   and    r.-.  ■- :.-ii.i > . i..  .1    in     IMS  il.lo   la 

1877:  New  Jersey  In  |§78  Indians 
sourl  and  Illinois  In  1S70  California.  Wis- 
consin, New  York,  and  Michigan  In  INVi  . 
Maryland  and  Iowa  In  ism  Thirteen 
states  other  than  those  named  have  orgiu- 
lt.d  labor  bureaus. 

Labor  Statistics,  Bureau  of,  act  to  es- 
tablish, omissions  in,  rvterted  to, 
•1807. 

Compilation  of  labor  laws  of  various 
States,  recommended,  6898. 

Exemption    from    anti  trust    law,    of 
organizations  of,  7195. 

Principle  of  arbitration  referred    to, 
7036,  7089. 

8trikes  and  lockouts,  7088. 
Laborers,    Allen,   discussed,   6065,   6348, 

Laborers,      Government,      appointment 

of,  6707,  6781,  6804. 
Lady   Franklin  Bay  Expedition,   expe- 
dition fitted  out  for  relief  of,  4835. 
Board  to  consider   expedition   to  be 

sent,  4813. 
Offer  of  rewards  for  rescuers  of,  dis- 
cussed, 4795. 
Recommended,  4693,   4787. 
Vesael    presented    by    Great    Britain 
to  United  States  to  aid  In,  4-791. 
Return   of,   to  Great  Britain.  4817. 
Recommended,  4855. 
Lafayette,  Oeorge  W.,  Letters  from: 
Acknowledging  honors  to  father,  1344, 
Transmitting  bequest  from  father  to 
Congress    of    Declaration    of    Inde- 
pendence engraved  on  copper,  1342. 

Lafayette,    Ind.,    act    for   erection    of 

public   buildings  at,  vetoed,  5154. 
Lafayette,  Marquis  da: 

Denth  of,  announced,  1273. 
Honors  ordered  paid  to  memory  of, 

1818. 
Resolution*!  of  Congress  on,  1841 
Declaration     of     Independence      en- 
graved   on    copper    bequeathed    to 
Congress  by,  1342. 


Letters  from  son  of,  acknowledging 
honors  paid  to,  1344. 
La  rate   at  Co.,  memorial  from  trustees 

of,  presented,  1648. 
Lalsaex-fairt.  —  Meaning     "leave     also*" 
Hi.-   theory  that  the  Covcrutuent  shall  Mt 
Interfere  with  individual  par.nl u_     la  eve- 
iriiill-llut  linn    tu  pati-rnalUm 

Lake    Borgne    (La.).    Battle    of.— tw 

Urn  lib.  army,  repulsed  at  Baltimore,  retlrtd 
b*  Hi-   i-inud  of  Jamaica,     Being  th- 
in i   reed   I')-   a  sufficient  number   to  raaxe  a 
loial    of  above    .  Si    sailed   float 

Jamaica  Nov.  2(1,  1814,  In  Admiral  CsXfe- 
ranc's  snips,  with  ih><  ,  r  capturing 

New  Orleans,  and  tin;.  «■-.  urluc  poMceasoa 
of  the  Mississippi  Klver  and  lbs  T«Miory 
of  Louisiana.  )-*rlv  In  December  I«nlel  T. 
Paiterson,  cammaodlna  the  naval  station  at 
New  Tboinas 

Jones  with  seven  small  vesaela,  moustlag 
23  guns  and  carrying   ;  io  Intercept 

in       I'-rltlxh    Orel        The    British.    Dewornr 
14.    ISM.    manned   sixty    barges 
volunteers  from  ths  fleet,  omler  Capt  U*t- 
..n.l     sent     them    nut     to     destroy    the 
Am.  rlran  gunboata     The  battle  look  place 
on  Lake  Uorgne.  and  Is. ted  alrt, 
Kcvcinl  of  tin-  British  barge*  wei 
and    sunk    and    about    SOU    men    killed    atd 
wounded.     The   Americans  tost   only  6  n»s 
killed  and  35  wound.-d.     The  Am-rl.-sn  gun- 
boats were  captured,  which  gave  the  I 
control  of  Lake  llor> 

Lake  Champlaln,  Battle  of.— After  arriv- 
ing at  the  head  of  Lake  Champlaln.  Sept. 
(1.  1814,  Governor-General  Prevoat  awaited 
the  co-operation  of  the  British  fleet  oa  lb* 
lake.  8cpt_  11  Capt-  Down  lea  sqaadrse 
rounded  Cumberland  Mead  It  conslited  «* 
the  frigate  cestrMener.  brig  lAnnrt.  alow 
Chub  and  FlncA,  and  twelve  gunboats— la 
all.  sixteen  veasela,  of  about  2.4112  1  .ns.  with 
VA1  men  and  a  total  of  olnsty-two  guns. 
throwing  a  broadside  of  1,11(2  pounds  IB 
Cumberland  or  Plattshnrg  Way.  awaiting  the 
attack,  lay  the  American  squadron,  under 
Cap)  Thomas  Macdonongh.  then  only  28 
years  of  age.  It  consisted  of  the  ship 
Saialopa.  brig  Kuo-ir.  schooner  rtconrferofi. 
sloo|.  rtfhle.  and  ten  gunboats— la  all.  fear- 
lees  vcwcls.  of  •-•.211  tons  and  RS2  own. 
with  eighty  six  guas,  throwing  a  hroadaMV 
of  1.11)4  pound*.  Kneeling  beside  his  heav- 
ies! gnu.  surrounded  by  his  men.  the  yeoac 
captain  Invoked  dlvlns  protection  and  gnks- 
anee.  The  first  shot  from  the  tiaratof*  ■>• 
aimed  by  Mardnnougb  and  went  eatlrrlr 
through  the  flagship  of  the  British 
ron.  demolishing  ber  wheel  The  MUt 
raged  two  hours  an.)  twenty  minutes,  sibes 
every  Itnil  i  truck  tier  colors.    BX1 

squadrons  were  badly  erlpnl.  d       i 
loss  was  mote  than  2i 
Downle.     The    American   tow    was    110.  d 
whom  61  were  killed. 

Lake  Champlaln: 

Act     to     authorise     construction    of 

bridge   across   portion   of,   vetoes! 

6060, 
Insurgents  on,  proclamation  agsinri 

authorizing  militia  officers   ' 

pel  by  force,  438. 
Victory   of   American    sqnadroa    to. 

Lake  Erie.  Battle  of.— in  is  in  the  Aswr- 

lean*,  under  great  difficulties!.  cnnHrwcstd 
a  fleet  of  war  vessels  at  Prvwjor  1st-, 
now  Krle.  Pa.,  for  service  In  Ike  h 
Aug.  12.  1 8 1.1.  tbe  American  «)<aadroa.  I 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Lands 


•utlo*  of  th*  Ummtr,  Xif'i.  ClIlliH. 
Arttl,  **• tart    Ttfrt—.  Ocmtjiia.  ***rra*>la«, 

o**».  ud  rnVx.  bum)  by  Im  than  400 
oOWvr*  ud  aw*.  aoder  Cap*.  Ottver  M. 
Perry,  set  forth  la  MM  A  *f  B*re*av* 
Brliith  sauadroa  of  ala  iwtk,auvdV 
ante  ita«a  MO  men.  Sept  10  t>vry  "*  »**a- 
tut  sighted  lk«  enemy.  At  10  *'cMek  la  lb* 
■oralac  (a*  signal  far  aetata  *  a*  roa  as  to 
the  masthead  of  lb«  Hiram.  It  bar* 
tor  word*  of  tat  dying  Capt.  Lawrence,  of 
the  Che*******' :  Don  t  jrlv*  up  th-  ship." 
iMrtDi  lb*  «.-rloo  lb*  Lawrraei  ni  di*- 
•'•tcd  and  Perry  transferred  bis  flax  t*  th* 
.Yt*o*ra.  At  3  o'clock  In  Ibr  afumeoa  la* 
Bag  of  Ik*  Brttlab  flagship  ni  atrnck- 
I  ii-  n.-ioj  ceaaed  It  was  tb«  Oru  ttatr  aa 
American  feet  had  sact  a  Brlti.b  fleet  la 
regular  lh»  of  haul*.  Tb*  *ncac*tn*at  *u 
fought,  with  lb*  Aai'iicao*  al  ■  fjhv 
adTaoiag*.  aad  the  British  fleet  surrendered. 
IVtry  sent  word  to  G«n.  Harrison :  "W* 
bare  met  lb*  enemy  aad  they  are  our*." 
The  IlrHlib  Ion  Id  tbe  action  wa»  13*. 
41  of  wboa>  were  killed.  Tbe  Americana 
-7  of  whom  were  killed.  (Sec 
lllortratloa  opposite  4».| 

Lake  Erie: 

RUc  of  water*  of,  referred  to,  15*3. 
lory    of    American    sqttadron    on, 
519. 
Lake  MempurstnagOff,  practicability  of 
connecting    Connecticut    River   with, 
873. 
Lake    Michigan,    improvement    of    bar- 
don  and  riven  on,  2*64. 
Lake    of    the    Woods,    boundary    witb 
Great    Britain    regarding,    referred 
to.  4141,  4191,  4243,  4354. 
Final    report    of    commissioners    re- 
ferred   to,    4382. 
Lake    Ontario,    movement*    of    Ameri- 
1 1 1>  squadron  on,  520. 

Lake  8t*t*.— Altcrnstlre      nkkname       for 
Michigan.      (See  Wolverine  Stale.) 
Lake  Superior: 

Copper  mine-  on  shore-  of,  764. 

Mineral  land-  on,  tale  of,  recom- 
mended, 2304. 
Lake-to-the-Gulf  Deep  Waterway  Asso- 
ciation.— A  representative  body  of  men 
ork-aulced  for  the  development  of  a  deep- 
water  rat-are  between  the  Great  Lake*  and 
lb*  Ml**l*slppl  and  IU  branches  met  In 
ratro  In  1008.  In  1000.  a*  result  of  its 
•rtlvlty.  tlir  River  and  llnrhor  Approprln- 
tlon  Art  carried  With  It  Hie  creation  of  the 
National  Watcrwnyi  Commission  (q.  v.). 
I  See  Conservation  Communion.) 

Lake  Traverse  Reservation: 

Agreement  with  Sioux  for  purchase 
of  lands  in,  discussed,  5498. 

Opened  to  settlement  by  proclama- 
tion, 5707. 

Bight  of  veny  for  railroad  through, 
4788,  4054,  6178. 

Lakes,  Great.     (See  Great  Lakes;  tb* 

several  Lakes.) 
Lame-Duck. — A  term  applied  In  derision 
I  -i  lato*  -"bo  I-  Ineffective:  nnd 
gencmllv  to  n  polttldaa  a-ho  Im*  •'•een  bet- 
ter da-*,"  such  a*  on*  who  baa  failed  of 
re-election  to  office 
18 


Land  Grant*.— By  tbl*  nam*  U  known  th* 
grant  ot  land  is  roraoralMia  to  *ncoaragv 
aad  aid  iht  coa*trocil*n  of  railroad*  la 
portion*  of  tbe  cavalry  la  srnkfc  It  treald 
otherwise  b*  unprofitable.  The**  grant* 
ar»  uMially  raadV  directly  to  the  convpaatr*. 
BrCar*  IMS  they  v*-*  made  lo  the  aiatca 
la  order  to  eaabtt  theaa  to  extend  aid  to  cor- 
poratlans  wlthbi  their  borders.  To  every 
-t»ir.  at  lia  admlaalua.  Ccocrraa  ha*  graol- 
ed  ft  re  per  ceat  of  lb*  public  laadc  wlihla 
lu  limit*  «*j  condition  of  tbe  exemption  o( 
th*  remainder  from  -tat-  taxation,  la  1&30 
the  flret  grant  for  railroad  porposrs  •■< 
sat***.      It    consisted    of    abuwi 

Bctwa  -nul.il  lo  ill-  -late  -I  Illinois,  and 
It  was  used  lo  aid  tbe  I  ilm.-.i-.  Central  Kail 
road.  In  is>;  aboal  ; axio.0O0  acre- 
lo  Florid*,  a  »le»l!*r  aasoual  <*■  rerelred 
by  Arkanaaa,  vrnile  vartoo*  other  *i»tc«  re- 
ceived large  tract,  all  ator*  ot  lea*  u*rd 
lo  encouraxe  railroad  boltdkas.  Hut  tbe 
araal  of  conaaal  area*  brcan  wltb  lb* 
•uuctloe  of  the  l"a<iflc  Kallroail*.  Th* 
P»i-I£c  rv.-.ivtd  S.00O.0OO:  the 
Kiomii  l-aclftc  -i.«K".».wJ0 :  tbe  Ceatral  !-«• 
clllc  las  «ucce»or  of  tb*  We*t*ra  I'aiitlcl 
l.lOO.CaXI,  ami  00  Its  OH-IIB  llr*n<b  -,000.- 
OOO:  tbe  Oregoa  and  tallfornla  3,500.000: 
the  Soutbera  Paelne  6.000.000:  and  tbe 
Roatbern  raclflc  bltM  Has  3.500.000 
sxTa*.  A-aeaut  other*  that  rvcclved  taip 
rranu  were  tbe  Rurlloclon  aad  MlMmrl 
Klr«r  and  rbe  lUaalbal  and  .St.  Jowph. 
Bat  Ihe  BM*t  itupendona  grant*  ».  r, 
•  •f  47.00O.O0O  acre*  lo  tb*  Surtlwrn  I  ■ 
and  of  42.000,000  arre*  lo  the  Atlantic  and 
fariflc.  rroca  tbe*e  ceneroaa  a-raat*  a  re- 
vulsloa  ba*  set  In.  and  at  *v«ry  saatli 
Cencrea*  bill*  are  now  Introduced  and 
every  effort  1*  made  lo  forfeit  *ueh  por- 
tion* of  tb*  land  aa  are  not  earned  by  a 
Uriel    compliance    with     (he    term*    of    tbo 

Ernot.  thvs  savlnc  Ihe  Imul   for 
III*    revoking;   the  sram    of    land*    not    aa 
yet    earned    have    been    pasted:    amonc    th* 
principal    road*    »ff<ci.d    are    lb*    Atlauil.- 
and    iTiclfle.   Te»a»    Pacific  and    Ii 

:nln.    aiW  over  k'0.000    nrre*   have  tbua 

bees  recovered.      (Kee  Sub  tidies.) 
Land  of  Flowers, -A    nickname    for    Ala- 
bama  (•)    v.)      (Hre  also  8f.*|v*t  ;  sometime* 
alio  nicknamed  the  Cotton  Slate. 
Land  Office.  (See  General  Land  Office.) 
Land  Offices,  Public,  act  regarding  fatal 

ot  registers  nnd  receiver*  at,  vetoed, 

8107. 
Land  Sales.    (See  Lands.  Pablla.] 
Land    Titles.        (Seo    Lands,    Indian; 

Lands,  Publi 
Lands  ceded  to  1'iiitod  State*  l.y  North 

Carolina    referred    to,    W,    105.    167. 

(See  also  Franklin.) 
Lands,  Arid.— The  treat  Kotfa  American 
desert  posMsse*  all  Ihe  climatic,  geologic 
and  physiographic  feature*  of  Ihe  Desert 
of  Sahara.  In  Africa,  (hough  only  about 
ono-tblrd   as   large.     It  embraces  tbe    vsst 

strctche*    of    country     lying    lie n     lh« 

Bltrra  \i-vnda  Mountain*  of  California  and 
the  eastern  range*  of  tho  llocky  Mountain* 

In     the     l'nlicd     S[*te».     I     MtWMB     lb* 

Po.-inc  Ocean  and  the  Sierra  Mad  re  Moun- 
tains, In  Mexico,  an  area  of  1.050.000 
•q.  miles,  of  which  about  half  Ilea  In  Mexico 
nnd  th*  other  half  In  Ihe  l'nlt-,1  Sfnlea, 
Including  Nevada,  Ftan  eastern  and  south- 
ern <-nllfnrnla.  Arlrons.  New  Mexico,  and 
all  of  Texas  west  of  tb*  Pecos  In  general 
tb!*)  desert  Is  on*  of  barren,  stony  mountain 


Lands 


Messages  and  Papers  of  tkt  Presidents 


Mlsnnurl  r*norta  the  !en«t  nrcn  of  vacant 

navIng  l»"t  n-"2  acre*,  which  nre  sent- 

10     .MiM  ii...       Alnhama     haa 

SI mi.  •     n I.i  I 

.    MWsliwIppl    30   I    i 
in  S8  countli-.;  und  Ixmhduna  44.804 
*<rv«  In  57  counties. 

In  52  COUDtit*  "f  Michigan  m*y  1*  found 
00.510    »cf«.    while    30    cumulus    In     Win- 
II  t  5.873  ncrc*. 
hi      the     I'm-llli-     States.     California     nns 
.     acre,    of    vacant    la  ml  -    Oregon 
ind  Washington   1.132.571 
Lance  ares     oi   raeant  inmi  are  reported 
in     tin-    Southwestern    State*    an    folio 
Arfionn.     23.537  2t!>       N... 
New  M   ll.'c. 

Tin-  Inml   in    the    RikotiM  1«  r  m 
i..    iirlvntr  ownorahlp.  on!. 
n<Tf»    of    vncnnl     land     being     reported     I" 
l>akou,  and  3fl  109  si  n  •   In   North 
Dakota. 

Of  t>'<-  V"i  i'iwi ••t'Tii  Sutra,  Idaho  con- 
tain* IS.niO.001  acreo  of  vacant  bwd  ■■< 
wiilrh  8.0711,071  nrrn  nre  nnsarvcyed :  Mmi 
lann.  10,040.725  nori'n  with  7,420.571  mi 
aurnrvcil  :  IBd  Wyoming.  28.OU.4ft2  MrM 
with  I.OOOJSa  ncrea  unsurvcreit. 

Kan*a*'  vacant  ire*  lx  reported  a»  ."'.  "'  ■ 
acres,     while     Nebraska     conulna     I4( 
acres. 

In    Colorado.    over.    t«"    and    *    ounrter 
iiillllnii  sen  .lurliiir    the 

i     (reai  fi  ...  ri 

now  vacant     i>r  thi«    irw,  i.v>-i    :  doo.oiio 

aerea  are  iincarvevcd. 

The   total    ureu    of    unappropriated    land, 

I  ..I      .-mil     mi  .hi  '.  .  I  , ■.!.      In      till        I 

live     imhllc-liiud      Statia,      1h     reported     a* 
follow!  : 


M 

ACM  a* 

Utimm 

43.1m 

M..nttn*. . . . 

16*B,7M 

Ariaon* 

..  3  Ml?  ,219 

Nehrmka 

lin.iSil 

Arkmwa   .    . 

401,110 

Ner»«l% 

i  illforab 

90,n7A,OTii 

New  Moileo  . 

aun  tn 

North  Dakota 

3M.IM 

Florid* 

UJ.H7 

Oklihoma.... 

as  HO 

Orefnn 
eVimh  Dakota. 

3.SS3M& 

1 in....    . 

44,804 

1    1. 

S3,95MT! 

HJeUtan... 

80,610 

7O8.S04 

V.    .,1mm     1..., 

Wlwooun .... 

.    1.132.S71 

If]       .  -  -  1 T ,  i .  1 

J0.3Ta 

IMtipW 

Tolal  . 

■r.i  iis.s^o 

Lands,  Public: 
Acquired   from  Mexico,  referred   to, 

1275. 
Act- 
Appropriating  procoods  of  sales  of, 
reasons  for  applying  pocket  veto 
to,  2108. 
Making   grant   of,    to    States    for 
benefit  of  insane  persona  vetoed. 
2780. 
To  authorize  entry  of,  for  gravel 
pits  and  reservoir  purposes,  etc., 
vetoed,  6002. 
To  authorize  leasing  of,  for  educa- 
tional  purposes   in  Arizona,    ve- 
toed, 8102. 
Amount,  sales,  and  expenses  of,  etc., 

discussed,  1136. 
Appropriations   of  proceeds  of  sales 
of,  for  educational  purposes.    (See 
Education.) 
Attempts   made  to   keep    down  price 
of,  referred  to,  1744. 


Augmentation   in   value  of.  5S6. 
Ceded    to   Indiana,    108,    1716.      (See 
also    Indian    Tribee,    ander 
■  iib.) 
Early  settlement  of  coded  laad*  de- 
sired, 2832. 
Court  for  litigated  land  ease*  roeom- 

Depreilationa  on.    (See  Lamia,  Tim- 
ber.) 
Desert-land  laws.     (8eo  Lauds,  Dea- 

Diecussed,     586,    5974,    6166,    634*. 

6390,  6452. 
Disposition   of,   discussed    by   Presi- 
de ut — 

Buchanan.  2900. 

Cleveland,  4944.  5106.  6370.  5974. 

Grant,  4 1111$.  4206,  4309. 

mi. 

.Inokson,    1163. 
MeKiali  v.  6846,  6346,  6452. 
Roosevelt.  6790,  6800,  7096. 
Van  Burin.    I 

inlawfnl,  removal  of,  dir 

.-I    by    l.rii.lMiii.'i'.iiiii.  4S93. 

Discussed,  5107. 
Fraud*  in  purchase  of,  order  rnnr 

Fraudulent  acquisition  of,  6790,  6800. 
Fraudulent  occupation  of, 

6SM 
Granted    Canadian    volunteers,    555. 
Granted  person*  engaged   in  military 

service.    (See  Lands,  Bounty.) 
Grants  of— 
In  aid  of  education.    (So*  Edar* 

iion.) 
Legislation    to   remove    limitation 
of  time  for  bringing  suits  to  annul 
unlawful,  recommended,  6092. 
Referred  to,  4065,  4206,  681 
To    railroads.      (Bee   Pacific    Bail 

roads;    Kailroada.) 
To  State*,  referred  to,  4065,  4906, 
5380, 
Hom-jstoad    acta      (See    Homestead 

Laws.) 
Instructions  to  receiving:  or  disburse 
ing  officers  of  land  offices,  referrei 
to,  1346. 
Joint  resolution  authorizing  grant  of 
land*     to     Kansas,    etc.,    vetoed, 
5308. 
Law*  regarding1 — 
Amendment  and  change  ia,  recce- 
mended,  4944,  5362;   6790,  64C0, 
6947,  7004,  7096. 
Discussed,    5484. 

History  and   codification  of.  4581, 
Recommendations  regarding, 
4577. 
Violations  of,  referred  to.  474.1. 
Lumber  and  naval  stores  taken  fro**, 
referred  to,  4434. 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Lands 


Mineral     lands     referred     to.       (8e« 

!.nn<l»,  Mineral.) 
Opened  to  settlement— 

Appropriation     for,    recommended, 

jmd,  5482.  5637,  5761. 
Fraudulent      occupation      of,      dis- 

cussod,  5886. 
Proclaimed.  5450,  E 
5710,     5727,     583S. 
•020,    0026,    6486,    6306,     0525, 
0547,     6553,     658*.     6600.     6603, 
MIS,     6615,     6616,     66*7,     6873, 
I    . ■.'.,  6882,  6956. 
Patenting  of — 

In  execution  of  railroad  grant*  dis- 
cussed, 0166. 
To   settlers,   discussed,   5464,   5552, 
56M,  5761. 
Pat-meat*    for,    aliould    lie    made    in 

specie,  1468. 
Planting  of  forests,  recommendations 
regarding,  4158. 

ion     laws    dUcuwd.      (See 
Preemption    Laws.) 
Prices   of.   should   be  reduced,   2353, 

r,  mo. 

Purchase  and   cession   of,   to  United 
8tntos— 
Agreements  regarding.  146,  167, 182, 
.  266,  847,  860,  175,  422,  426, 
431.  585.  603,  803.  887.  031,  057, 
1029,     1257,     172!».     1618, 
5450,     5552,     5638,     5648,     5640, 
5671,  5768. 
Proclamations     regarding.        (8m 

Opened   to  settlement,   ante) 
Proposition   regarding,  4801. 
Purchasers  of — 

Indulgence   to,    recommended,    647, 

057,  086. 
Patent  of,  when  paid   for,  ennnot 
be  withheld  bv  President.  1098. 
Referred    to,    70, '80,    100,    105.   113, 
1.:.    188,    474,   686,   591,   599,   957, 
1136,  2768. 
Revenue*    derived    from    sales     of. 

(Bee  Sale  of,  po»t.) 
Rossiao  colony  to  emigrate  to  Unit- 
ed States  discussed,  4207. 
8a,le  of— 

Act    regarding    appropriation     of 
"«da  of— 
Reasons      for     applying     pocket 

reto  to,  1275. 
Vetoed,  2108. 
Discussed   by   President — 
ma,  J.  Q.,  871,  856. 
Buchanan.   2990. 
Cloveland,  5074. 
Fillmore,  S062,  2708. 
Grant.    3995,    4064,    4154,    4206, 

*ao7. 

Jackson,   1098.   1163,    1468. 

Jefferson,  317. 

Johnson,  3651,  3774.  3880. 


Lincoln,  3332.  33S7.  M51. 
MoKinl.  -  (ft   64  ■- 

l'„.r,r.    :/i\   2823,   2873,   21 
Polk,  22"  .0i5.2-JO-.c-nn. 

E80& 
Tyler.    8116, 
Van  Buren,  1601. 
Forfeitures     for     non-payment     of 
purchase    money    should    be    re- 
mitteil,    ! 

ftwuS*.  la,  1430. 
Proclamation  cf  President— 

Jackson  regarding,  1058. 

Monroe  regarding  lands  on  San- 
dusky River,  580. 
Referred  to,  040.  1136,  1268,  200.1. 
Revenue    derived    from,    discussed 
by  President — 
■  -us,  J.  Q.,  590,  086. 

Arthur,  4632,  4719,  4783. 

Fillmore,    2662. 

Grant,  3995. 4064. 4146, 4206,  4307. 

Jackson,  1089,  1246,   1381. 

Johnson,  3774,  3880. 

i la   8868,  3384,  3451. 

Kinley.   6424. 

Pierce,    5748,  2823,  2873,  8043 

t  It  ■'.  1806. 
Statement  of,  1807,8708,  8990,6876. 
Set  apart   as  public   reservation   by 

proclamation  of  President — 
Cleveland,   38.19,   5S64,   6122,   6805, 

6807,     6209,     6211,     6213,     6215, 

6216,     6218,     6219,     6881,     6888, 

6225,     6227. 
BuTfMB,   Benj.,   5577,   5590,   5595, 

5686,     5695,     5705,     5719,     5722. 

6766,     5798,     5795,     5797,    6804, 

5810,5811,5814,5815. 
McKinlcr.   6475,   6477,   6482,   6487, 

6406,   "6497,     6499.     6500,     6504, 

6505,     6514.     6516,     6510,     6523, 

6536,     0541,     0546,     6549,     6551, 

Roosevelt,  6697,  6872. 
Discussed,  6346. 

Set  apart  for  cultivation  of  vine  and 
olive,  599. 

Should    be    reserved    for   actual    set- 
tlers.   2990. 

Survey,     for.     recommendations     re- 
garding, 5975. 

Umber  culture    act.      (See    Timber- 
CoJtnrc  Art.) 

Timber  on.     (See  Lands,  Timber.) 

Title  to,  referred  to,   1605. 

Trespasses    upon,   referred  to,    1605, 
5177,  5380. 

Unlawful  Inelosuros  of,  proclamation 
regarding.   4893. 
Discussed,  5107. 

Unlawful    possession    of,    discussed, 
r,.->7.   1067,   lino.  5380. 
Proclamations  regarding,  557,  1057, 
1106. 


is 


Messages  and  Papers  of  lite  Presidents 


Lands.   Swamp.— In   1849   nod   1830  Coo- 

tma  pusscd  resolutions  grading  large 
traeia  of  land  to  (tie  various  iuih  for 
Ihclr  disposal.  Agents  uf  th*  states  se- 
ll Inndi  n»  were  udOI  for  cultiva- 
tion, nod  title  to  the  nine  was  conBrrnod 
in  the  states  by  an  aet  approved  .March  Jl, 

1807.      At     the    I  inn-  lit    It    «M 

est  Unit.  J    from    tl 

the   urgrop   land   would   nol 

000  n  rw      UlUlooi  "i  ii  re*  no< 

i    na    swamp    lamia.     Tliia    led    to    on 
lnt«atl|fiill<>n.    and    gross    frauds    we: 

rnder    tbe     various     arts     I  •  r.iti 

lieeD    grained  to   Alabama.   Arkaimna. 

California.   Florida,    Illinois,  Indiana,   Iowa. 

Missouri,     Oblo,     Oregon     and     Wisconsin. 
•  In    baa    rccclvtd    tbc    largest    abare — 
'.'■.•100.000  acre* — and  Ohio 

000  mi:,  ii.  many  laataoeea  the  states 
have  told  tbc  lands  to  rnllrood  companies. 

Lands,  Swamp,  discusnod,  5974. 

Lands,  Timber  and  stone.— Lands  which 

are  unlit  for  cultivation,  but  are  of  valuo 
for  their  standing  timber  or  atone,  mar  bo 
IimiI  (ivim  (lie  Government  hr  Individuals 
I.,  the  extent  of  100  acre*,  on  payment  of 
S2.C.0  an  acre. 

Lands,  Timber: 

Art  for  relief  of  purchasers  of  stono 
and,  vetoed,  5912. 

Agents  employed  for  preservation  of, 
referred  to,  2268. 

Commluion  to  formulate  pinna  for 
national  forestry  system,  0107. 

Depredations  committed  on,  and  ree- 
ommondationa  regarding,  M£8> 
4450,  4530.  4577,  4954,  6508,  507-1. 

Discussed,   4309. 

Fires  upon,  carelessly  kindled,  dis- 
cussed, 550S. 

M..  iiinrial  regarding  preservation  of, 
refer'  I.".  5495. 

Opened  to  settlement.  (Seo  Lands, 
Public.) 

Preservation  of,  legislation  regard- 
ing,  5106,   5668,  5886,  5974. 

Ttmber-eulture    act      (Soo    Timber- 
Culture  Act.) 
La*  Guaslmas   (Cuba),  Battle  of.  (Soo 

Santiago  (Cuba),  Hattlo  of.) 

Latimer  Case.— The  first  of  a  series  of 
fUgUlVS.  SlSTS    Irlnls    which    took    pin  en    In 

liostoa,     Oeorge    Laihnei  ■■•d    i» 

18I-  "Ithiuit  a  wurrnnt.  nnd  kept  lit  IBS 
custody  of  tbe  city  Jul  h-r  awaiting  evelein'c 
sk-nlnst  lilin.  A  writ  of  Ituoruf  corpus  was 
iletiled  A  writ  of  |.i'r.i>tml  replevin,  nslo-d 
f"i  under  the  net  of  1837.  securing  trial 
l.y  Jury,  was  also  denied,  this  acl  being 
<l"i  lured  void.  As  ii  t'onsi  |m<  iii-i'  of  the 
indignation  I  the  |..-bI». 

Inture  In  1813  passed  mi  net  forhlddlriL- 
suite  officer*  to  nid  lii  the  captors  o(  ta$\- 

1  It.-  slaves  mid   forbidding  tie    n 

(ii in  for  their  Imprtsotum  Dl  The  »nm  for- 
eltcd   for  violation    e,  i  ceiling  SI,- 

imhi  .i  Imprisonment  not  exceeding  on* 
year. 

Latin  American  and  Mexican  Divisions, 
Stato  Department. —These  divisions  with- 
in tho  Department  ..r  Otats  were  organized 
to  conttol  "diplomatic  and  consular  corre- 
spondence In  matter*  other  than  admlnlstra- 


.  Centril  America,  the  E*- 

(ui. II..-  of  I'tnomn.  South  America  and  the 
rail  under 
the  supervision  of  Ibe  ic-cond  nsalstant  sec- 
retory of  state  <q.  v..'  :-te  Depart- 
ment.) 

Latin-American  Library,  establishment 
of,  at  Washington  recommended  by 
international    American    Conference, 

Latin-American     Republics,     di«us*ed 

by  President  Booseveii 
Latin  Union.— The  ihum  given  tbe  saoae- 
tsrjr  alliance  of  Dclgium.  »"rnnce.  Italy  and 

•  rland,  formed  by  convention  D. 
1S05.     Ureece    Joined    th«    union    In    IOCS. 
The  object  waa  tie  msliitennoc*  sod 
1st  I. in    of    ii  '..insr.iMc    gold 

and    silver    coinage    based    on    tho    French 
franc,      r.clglwu    withdrew    I 

In   1880  sad  sdopted  tbe  slnjls  paid  ataaai 
ud 

Latin  Union.      (See  Monetary  Conven- 
tion of  Latin  Union.) 
Latter-Day      Saint*.         (See   Mormon 

Church;    Polygamy.) 
Lattimcr,  Pa.,  claims  of  Austria-Hun- 
gary arising  out  of  conflict   between 
era  and  sheriff  at,  discussed,  G324, 
63G3. 
Law  Clerk,  Stato  Department.— Tbe  ut 

Ilnrcnu  In  tbe  Department  of  Stale  was 
formed  in  1870,  simply  to  examine  legal 
una  referred  to  It.  Nbw  tlie  law  clerk 
edits  the  lawi  of  Congress  and  prepares 
them  for  puhlli-ntlon.  and  attends  to  other 
Icrnl  matters  of  Importance  lu  the  admin 
1st  rut  Ion  of  the  depart  ment.  Ths  othre  «-f 
Law  Clerk  was  <  In  1P03.  and  hi« 

present   salary    Is  (2.500.       (Seo    But' 
portiiu ut ;  Solicitor.  State  Departinen 

Lawrence,  Kan*.,  fortification*  at,  re- 
ferred to.  8894. 
Law*  of  United  States  (see  also  Re- 
vised BUtnb 
Newspaper*  selected  to  publish,  for 
Congress,   referred   to,  4110. 

Lead  Mine*.    (See  Mines.) 

League   Island.    Pa.    (situated    In   the 
Delaware    Kiver,  near   the    joc<  I 
with   the   Schuylkill),   bill   necej 
for  naval  purposes,  referred  to,  3649, 

Leander,     The.— a     British     war     ship. 

which,  while  lying  off  Sandy  Hook.  April  28. 

1S00.    fired   a   ahol    which   killed   a   oallor 

aboard  an   American  coaster.     Th 

of  New  York  lu  man  n. 


outrage  and  called  upon  the  I'resld  i 
better  protection.     Pn-sldant  JesTersoo  Isss**) 
a   proclamation    ordering    the    arrest   of   t«w 


.''•'«  captain  If  found  within  tbe  jnrts- 
diction  of  tbc  rolled  States  (See  safe  SOOi. 

Leandor,  The: 
American  citizen  murdered  by  shot 
from.  Bl 

Ordered    from    and    prohibited    froes 

reentering  waters  of  United  States, 

390. 

Leagne  to  Enforce  Pear*.— This    organ!- 

xatlon  was  formed  la  rilladelphla  on  Jos« 

17.  1916.    Its  president  Is  William  B. 


E>uy<lopedic  Index 


Leather 


lu  vie*  preslsksit.  Alton  B.  Parker.  and  Its 
<    inilusln   a    Urge   proporloa  of 
tb«  notable   m«a  and   won.  cooa- 

trj.  TD*  Leans  taken  no  attitude  toward! 
the  pr***at  aTeropean  War.  l.ut  nfur  la* 
conclusion  of  the  war  proposes  a  league  of 
nation  based  upon  the  following:  proposals : 

'T —All  Justiciable  qiwadoM  arUlax  ee- 
t»«»  tuc  signatory  powers,  oot  willed  by 
nacotiation.  shall,  subject  to  the  limitation* 
of  lr»ailr..  Ik-  submitted  to  a  Judicial  trlu- 
uaal  tor  hearing  and  Judgment,  botk  upon 
tfc*  merits  and  upon  any  lssoe  as  to  Its 
Jurisdiction  of  la*  qntaUea. 

'••■—All  oth«r  question*  arising  between 
the  signatories  and  nut  settled  by  negutU- 
lion,  shall  be  submitted  to  a  council  of 
cumulation  for  bearing,  consideration  and 
recoaameadatlon. 

"*. — The  signatory  powers  shall  jointly 
os*.  forthwith,  their  economic  forces  agalatt 
any  of  their  number  that  refuses  to  submit 
any  question  which  arUe*  to  an  I" 
Ureal  Judicial  tribunal  or  council  of  concil- 
ia! low  befcr*  threatening  war.  They  shall 
follow  ink  it  the  Joint  use  of  their  military 
forces  against  that  natloa  If  It  actually 
proceeds  to  make  war  or  Invade*  anotter* 
•ry  without  Brst  submitting,  or  offer- 
lag  to  aabmlt,  lbs  grlcvnnr,-  i  i  CM  court  or 
I  aforesaid  and  awaiting  1U  OOBgltl 
•ion. 

Conferences  between  tk*  signatory 
power,  •hail  be  held  from  tlm.-  !<i  time  to 
fonanlate  and  codify  rules  of  International 
law.  which.  unless  some  signatory  ihall  sig- 
nify II  i  ted  period,  shall 
ifter  govern  In  the  d  f  tho 
ill   tribunal  mentioned  In  article  one." 

I!  will  i>-  noticed  teat  tk*  League  does 
not  propose  to  end  all  *»r<.  endeavoring 
v  at  to*  present  staxr  of  human  devel- 
opment to  make  wnr  more  dtfilco 
docs  toe  League  propose  -entangling  alli- 
ances'- r  ,r  the  United  State,  or  for  any 
other  country,  any  more  than  It  propneea 
disarmament  It  will  be  noticed,  further- 
more.  that  the  l^-agne  doea  not  propose  to 
ewforce  te*  decrees  of  cither  Conrt  or  Coun- 
cil, but  depends  upon  public  opinion  In  the 
rim  to  aupport  soch  decrees, 
and  upon  rtelsy  In  preventing  the  final  set- 
tlement of  disputes  by  resort  to  arms.  The 
Learnt  takes  no  «tand,  finally,  upon  purely 
domestic  revolution!  or  disorder*. 

Learning.  Institution  of.    (Sec  Kduea- 
ibj     Military     Academy)     National 

D*ni vanity;    Niunl    Academy;   Semi- 

nnrici  of  Learning.) 
Leather   and   Shoe  Buslneaa.— The   first 

American   tannery    Is  said  to   have  been  ea- 
tnhll.brd  la  Virginia  as  early  aa  1(130,  but 
on*  or  two  years  luter  Francis  lugalli  es- 
tablished the  business  In  K-vauipseott  near 
Mn»v,    and   the   center  of   the  trade 
hat  hnvercd  about  that  vicinity  •  ■■•■•: 
<il     authorities 
■  •    by   forbidding    th*  exportation  of 
hide*    "r    ai  leather       Befon     :ii" 

her  wst  me  here 

than  In  Hngland.    In  1700  William  rdwariH 
isbert  a   tannery   In    Hampshire    Mas*. 
if    this   grew    tnc    llmupulitr.'    I 
M  mi  fni'lnrlng  f  Munich 


Hal    of    flOtXOOO       The    tanm-rt."    of    this 
ny  hud  a  capacity  for  bundling  i 

Maoy    other    wnneri**    fol- 
not    -1  the  cheap- 
nea*  of  lurk,  nnd  anon   th-  annual   • 

pounds.    The  vnlne  of  tildes 

slid  manufactured  skins  im  stated  hv  th* 

s  of    1810  to   have  been   $17,934,477. 


though  private  authorities  claimed  a>  high 
aa  l3u\VOO,IHM 

The  business  Increased  steadily  until  In 
1840  there  were  some  8.000  tanneries  lu  tbs 
L'nlied  State*,  employing  about  24,000 
hands  and  a  capita!  of  fui.ooo.nw.  In  I0O9 
there  were  010  establishments  reported  ai 
•■Wjrt  primarily    In  Unnlng,   currying  or 

flolahlng    leather.      They    g» 

to  an  avcrng*  of  67.100  persons,  of   a  bom 

-     «»re     m-age-carners.       The     n 
paid  In  salaries  and  wages  was  } 
The    value  of  products   for  the   year   waa 
I327.S74.IS1         lac    processes    of    tanning. 
carrying    and    finishing    are   compar* 
simple   and    the   coat   i  .rials  rep- 

reatata  the  greater  part  of  the  value  of 
ib.*  finished  gooda.  The  coat  of  naatciuu 
in  11IU0  was  S24H.278.033.  which  Is  *.,unl 
!■>    75.7   per  cent  of  th*  total  value  of  the 

troducts,     Th*  value  added  to  the  mn 
r  manufacture  was,  therefor*.  I7D.MI5.So4. 
rcnniyliinla   Is  now    th)   leading   mate   In 
. ,  followed  by  Maasacbasetta  and 
New  fort 

For  the  8»eal  year  ending  June  30.  1010, 

the  cxporta  of  h  id  «t  j:i7.- 

414. 17j.  au  ilng  partly 

In    process    of    manufactuiv,   Wit* 

JT.1^7.323. 

Tbere  were  tann.-.I  In    tl  -late* 

during  1014.   IZ-  nd  skins  of 

all   kinds.      This   number    repreaeatj    a    de- 
crease  of  5.3    per    cent    «  :    with 
10)00.     The  number  01                 ifalca   tanned 
decreased      from      18,013,034      In 
17.77C.55S  In  1014.  oi                      rent,  while 

.  .1    fi i  ' !    !()|]  M4    In 

the  earlier  year  to  1151. 000.541  In  the  later, 
or  by  23  per  •••■nt.  The  number  of  calfskins 
and  klpskln*  treated  decreased  from  1  I 
540  In  iDOii  to  10.001  703  In  1014,  or  by 
18.B  per  cent:  but  during  the  "ame  period 
th*  cost  of  these  tktna  Increased  tl.310.450. 
or  4.1  ptr  cent. 

The  fulling  off  to  the  use  of  goatskin*  waa 
very    marked.      Tbcr. 

such  skins  treated  In  1014,  at  against 
4S.103.1IH  lu  HKiii.  making  a  decree**  of 
Si  .7  per  cent.  Th.-  ik-crcaa*  In  coat  was 
i4.oi  1.054.  or  14.»  pat  mi 

"n  the  otber  hand,  abcetnalni  and  lnml.v 
sklna  show  a  Urge  Increase  over  U>09.  The 
namb.  ^ar  wna  2fl  177.- 

's    the   etn-i'.    f..r    I'm     . 
IO.304.P2d.  making  a  rain  of  54  :  pel   cant 
Th*  coat  Increased  by  $7,000,811.  or  57.0  per 

In  addition  to  the  foregoing    iin-re  wer* 
tanned  In  1014.  I.S5o     f.  I 
300  kaneai  and 

a   number  of  hog.  pig.   0etr,  badt.   "-«l    dog. 

alligator,  abork.  elk,  m< nnd  olhci  skins, 

the  total  vslue  of  which.  »^  U  1.120,  repre- 
aenta  an  Increase  of  I  l.ol  I  8S8  nr  121  ::  per 
cent,  over  the  value  reported  for  I 

laer  produced  in  low  wan 
*.'!«*"  [•presenting    an    In 

..II  l.o  ptr  .mi   ever  H  i  total 

value.   I3I2.571.S20,   reported  for 

'I'm   of   Kifttlthment: — Of  the  707 
esteiMI'hmonU  reporte,!    for   mis.    131 

d    In    Mn><snefm«Mts.    120   In    Pennsyl- 
vania,  100  In   Sew  York.  811  In  New  .1 
30  In  Illinois  20  each  In  i  allfornla  nm 

Vlrglnln.    .-0   eneb    In    Delaware 
Ctarollnn.   I  nln     13  In   M 

It  each  In  Kenteeky  nnd  Missouri.   10  ,-ai-b 
In    Indiana    and    Maryland,    B    In    T  Bti 
8  In  N  .  Iilre,  7  rn-  ectlcuf 

...    in    tlregon.    4   In    Mlnnesoiu, 
3   each  In  Rhode  Island  nnd   Waahlngtot 

in     Iowa,    Tolas    and    Vermont 
I     each     In     Alabama,     Louisiana.    Montnns. 

and  Wyoming. 


Leather 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Olvvrt  and  IflMen*  — In  the  father  glove 
and  mltirn  Industtr  there  were  877  estab- 
IWIunmu  reported  In  1000,  which  gave  em- 

8:>  i    [u   l'.'.MiO  perron*,  nod  paid  out 
i>."lti,872    In    Mimics    and    wages.      They 
made    goods    to    the    value    of    ji3.030.riUS, 
■•■Ulslug     f13.208.00l     worth     of     material. 
H  ark   If   Ibe   must   Important    Stale    In 
the  Industry,  doing  more  than  00  per  cent. 

of   t..ini    bu.Ui.'*>    In    1000 

oiannrartiirp  of  I<« tlirr  gloves  nnd 
mittens  ns  a  factory  Industry  was  first 
carried  on  In  the  United  Btatcs  In  Fultou 
■  ■■inn..  N.  Y  .  »nd  Dili  lorglil  .  linn  cr<  r 
been  the  center  ot  the  Industry  In 
Ameilra.  In  1000  41.1  mi  cent,  uf  the 
simps  In  the  Industry  111  tli"  United  Suites, 
and  54.7  per  cent,  of  the  nlna  of  the  goodi 

were    repoited    from    M t]        Of    Che 

person*   employed   In    tin-    in.iu.tiy   4R   per 

»re  males  and  N  pat  otM    fetoole*. 

e/ior-lfoKi'MO'. — Thotnos     Beard,     the     iilo- 

n.-.r  shoemaker  of  Ameiles.  Is  ..ilj  t,i  liny.. 

arrlred  on   tin-  ilav/l"""  In   1028,  and  for 

his   services    received   a   salary  of   lot)    per 

annum  and  a  grant  of  fitly  acres  of  land. 

1  yea  is  later  I'lilllp  K.  rtland  began  the 

manufacture   of   shoes   In    Lynn,   and   111    a 

few   more  years   Lynn   supplied   thii  Boston 

market. 

In    1808    the    Industry    win    r 

timlltnhly  In  1'hllailelphln  nnd  the  coloalul 
rglalntur*  of  Pennsylvania  In  1 71; I  passed 
an  net  1  ilatlni  tbc  Quality  and  prfota  of 
iii"  output,  Most  of  the  shoes  worn  by  the 
Continental  nruiv  were  mad!  In  .Mussacbu- 
selts.  In  170S  llieie  were  Iii  Lynn  200  111ns- 
■  ■  1. m.-ii  ami  mill  Jnunici  men.  who  pro- 
duced SlHi.000  pnlrs  of  Indies'  shoe- 
une  iiiiiniifiieturer  alone  tamed  oat  20,000 
pair*  .if  men's  •lmr«  In  seven  mouths  of 
thai  fear.  It  was  the  cuaiom  of  the  manu- 
facturer of  the  time   to  make  weekly  trips 

t..  Bolton  «nii  bone  and  wagon,  taking  hi* 

goods  along  In  basket  l«  anil   of- 

fering tbeni  to  Hi"  wimie-uie  tun!--. 

11    srai    urn     until    |S4.-.    Mini    mmhlnery 

into    use    In    Mi"    shoe  king    I 

Klrst  ram*  the  bather-rolling  machine,  Men 
Mi"    leather  -- r ■ 

! lower  i" -i  Blue,   "ml    M 1.  ud:  mil    m  1 
or  ctitiliiu  solos,  taps  and   heels.      In    I860 
1.   ■   ae«  Ini  machine    followed 
1"    Goodyear    lurnshoo    msehlne        In- 
ventions  followed    with   such    rapidity    that 

soon   nothing   «:i»  1  .-r  1   rot  tb*  skilled   ar- 

Labor  In  shoe  factories  today  con- 
slsta  chiefly  In  feeding  machines  and  carry- 
ing; au:iy  1  be  product:  and  reel  this  Is 
accomplished  by  mechanical  carriers  This 
has  led  to  the  adoption  of  shoe  making  as 
in  neenpnl  Ion  foi  com  lei  •  In  si 
In  1870.  before  Ih-  protests  of  trade  unions 

1  to  bo  needed,  cont  lets  In 
-tsi"      prisons      were     eiu|  loved      In     shoo- 
ing. 
In    the    boot    nnd    shot    Industry    there 
were    I.01S   .■•lalillsbments  reported   by   the 
..f   1010      The**  were  eapltallied   at 
1222,824.248,    gave    .  miilowin  nt    to   21 

itia,  and  produced  goods  to  tbc  talus 
of  >S13  :H7.'".I'-'  l\»iabll*hments  engaged 
chiefly    In     Mi"    manufn.-ture    Of    cut     stock 

formed  about  ono-elgbth  of  ti>"  total  noun- 

•nil  the  valii"  Of  Mnlr  products.  J4I,- 
001.407,  1  ■■'■'  anted  B.I  pel  foot  "f  'bo 
entire  Industry.  Boot  and  shoe  finding* 
■  ,\  mora  than  one-olgUi  of  tin-  above 
total.  Very  few  Industries  hare  been  more 
affected  I'.v  the  Introduction  of  ma.iii 
Hum  iii"  manufacture  .it  boots  and  shoes, 
nnd  in  Mils  fait  may  be  attributed  th" 
relatively  small  numb.  1  of 
wage-earners  during  the  thirty  year*  be- 
tween  1870  and   

The  total  output  ..f  Loots  nnd  shoes  In 
1014  amounted  to  252,510.003  pairs.     Men  s 


boots  and  shoes  numbered  08,081,144  pain, 

forming  3S.S  per  cent  of  Ui" 
boot*  and  *1hhm  cumbered  8V.010.230  pairs, 
"-•     per     cent     of     the     total. 
Misses'  and  children's  hoots  and  sho- 

or  10.1  pe: 
■  tb"  and  youths'  boots  and 
shoes  numb.  1.  I  22.sn5.710  pairs,  rrprsssjat- 
Ing  0.1    p.  r  .-.   it 

whirl.  .irately  In  IfMO, 

numbered   2.851, 100  pair*  a  I  alsx- 

teiith.  ol   1 

The   number  of  pairs  of  slippers,  r. 

g  Infants'  slippers  anil  slippers  suds 
from  felt  or  other  fiber,  reportiJ  for  ll»14 
was  1.    , 

In  the  extent  of  the  boot  nod  oboe 
ness  Massachusetts  easily  ranks  fir.- 
- .."  ng    out    8SM,:i> 

worth  of  good*.  40.1  per  ccuL  of  tbe  1 
followed  ot  some  dli.ian-.-o  by  llli 
aprodii.ti-  lbs  whole.    The  sum 

1  women  In  tbc  boot  and  shoe  industry 
la    Massachusetts    In   1000   was    : 
New   Vork 

Ud    In     Missouri    &.'•'"  number    *f 

"ti  under  10  In  Massachusetts  «•- 
3.335:  and  la  MImoiiiI.  1,303,  la  all  ot 
tli..  fin-lories  woraeu  formed  a  considerable 
proportion   ot  tbc   wage  earners. 

Exports     of     leather     boot*,     shoe*,     and 

fiscal   year    ending    Jose 

:n.    1870,    >nd    for  each  succeeding  year   1.1 

1010.  show  a  constant  Increase  from  *4l»,- 

012  in   the  forruur  year  to  $1. 

Locompton  ConstltnUoa.  —  Dune . 
struggle  In  Kansas  otor  the  question  of 
entering  tbc  Union  as  a  five  or  a  Slav* 
state,  the  pro-alavery  party  held  a  col 
lion  nt  Lccompton  Sept.  5.  1S.-.7.  and 
adopted  n  constitution  sanctioning  slsverr 
nnd  forbidding  the  enactment  of  emaaclpa- 
Mini    laws.      It   was  pi  .11    the  eoa- 

Ion  *•  a  whole  should  not  be  sub 
milled  I.,  the  people  of  the  territory,  the 
vote  being  taken  only  on  the  nam  question 
ot  a  const  1 1 11  Hon  with  slavery  or  a  cooatl 
tutlon    without     slat".  -*te    mle. 

ratea  refused  to  vote,  and  tbe  const  r 
mm  Honing  slavery  was  adopted.  . 
the  Territorial  legislature  ortlered  a 
on  tbc  constitution  aa  a  whole,  and.  the 
slave  state  settlers  abstaining  from  i 
It  failed  of  adoption.  (R*e  also  K.i 
T..t"'*  ConatltuUon;  Wyandotte  Co: 
Hon.  I 

Locompton  Constitution.  (8«o  Kaata*. 
Govommont  of.) 

Loo,  Th«.  demand  of  Oreat  rirttam 
for  surrender  ot  mutineer  in,  re- 
ferred to,  1808. 

Legal-Tender  Acta,  mollifications  ii, 
recommended,  4302. 

Legal -Tender  Cases.— Moring  tbe  fl- 
1  nry   caused   by   the   Civil   Wai 

greaa  In   1802  laaued  *150.0O0,o<H>  of  Treae 

ni  v   notes,    the    law  authorising   their   mm 

making    tbem    legal    ti 

inn)     public    dui". 

nil    I11I1  r.  -1    1111 

constitutionality     of     the     set     authorising 

these    notea    was    frequently     dl 

peelnllr  aa  to  Us  appli.  .1 1  :■  n    t..   .1.  Ms  cao- 

Its    passage,    and    tbi 
premo   Court    was    called    upon    In    ssswral 
eases  to  ileelde   th»  ipi.-Httim       State 
generally  maintained  the  conatltutloaallrTs' 
tin-  law      The  Supremo  O  ■  ill** 

burn     1  t,    Mrlswold,    q      v.  I     niau 

validity  or  the  law  only  la   so  r,sr  as  11 

did  not   affect   contracts  made    prim 
passage.     A    year    later    tbla    dorlstoa 


: 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Lexington 


overrated,  and  the  constitutionality  of  the 
liw  In  ||«  application  to  pie  ••xiaiine  debts 
waa  malm  i   In   tba   mean- 

Knil  undergone  a   change    m   H>  uicm- 
w  Judge*   li  n   ap- 
pelated.     <8«c     also    Jullltard     r».     Oreen- 

Legal-Tender    Notes,     redemption    of, 
recommended  by  President — 
Grnnt,   4303,    4870. 
11,  4567. 
Legate.     (See  Ambassador.) 
Legation.— Tin'  representative,  or  rvpreacn- 

all***.  »*nt  by  one  country  to   th-  i rt 

]  another  country  with  authority  to  act. 
be  legation  may  be  fur  a  specific  mlMloo, 
n  tba  i-iut  usually  refers  tu  an  nmbossa,- 
ori.i  liar  suite. 

Legation   Asylum,   notion   of   American 
minister  to  Chile   in   harboring  crim- 
inal*  discussed,  5867. 
Legations: 

Hllltaxy  nn.l  naval  attaches  at,  rec- 
ommended, 41123. 
Official    residences   for    ambassadors 
and  ministers  recommended,  6072, 
BUS 
Premises   for,   discussed.   4823,   4*25, 

ma,  tm. 

Appropriation      for      erection      of 
buildings  on,  recomm<  Bdsd.  .'494. 
Public  documents  or  libraries  in,  re- 
ferred   to,   4070. 
BserstarlM  at  large,  appointment  of, 
recommended,  4923. 
Legislature.— Tbe  body  of  men  In  a  state 
or  kingdom   Invested   frill)   power  '■>  maka 
and  repeal  law*.     Colonial  legislature*  vera 
led  after  the  llrltlah   Prirllo- 
ihe  Kings.  Lords  and  CoSMDOM   BB»- 
nr  their  ciiuiiii'ipai's  in  Ibe  governor,   Hie 
ounetl    appointed    by    biro,   and    Ihe    rcprc- 
Btatlve*    of     the    people.      Parliamentary 
nredure    waa  al*o    followed    cloarly.     The 
at   representative   legislature   In   America 
et  at  Jamestown,  v°s     la   nir.i.     Tbe  flrat 
repreaenlatlvea  were  elected  by  votcra  har- 
lug  a  property  quallfleatlon.      In  177*  Vir- 
ginia   suhsl  llufed    a    senate    for    Ita    upper 
council,  and  otber  stales  followed. 

Lemhi  Beservation,   Idaho,  agreement 
with  Indians  for  aalo  of  lands  on, 
iTTft 
Leopard,  The,  attack  of.  on  tho  Chetct- 

pOOfct     (Be*.   '"'"   'ipmkf,  The.) 
Letters,  Patent.    (8ee  Patents.) 
Letters  Rogatory,  report  regarding  exe- 
cution of,  transmitted,  5570. 
Levees  of  Mississippi  Elver,  proserva- 

i  >f,  r  .'iiiiimendations  regard 

3652,  4682,   4797. 
Lew  Chew   Islands: 
Compact  with,  for  securing  certain 
privileges     to     American     vessels, 
2820. 
Good    offices    of    United    States    t*Jn< 
•It-rod   GhlH   ami  Japan   for  settle- 
ment    of     controversy     regarding, 
4521. 


Lew-Chew,  Treaties  with.— A  compact  of 
friendship  and  commerce  au  eol 
fnnmiuilore   Perry  for   the 
1854.      Cltlicn*  of   th-    I'iiiici    Slates,    --a 
men.  anil  oihcra  are  permki.l   ti 
op    •  lie  Islands  to  pnrcban    or  sell  article*: 
sblpa  may  obtain  wimkI   and   water  on   par- 
hut    other    articles    may 
ft*  bought    for  them  only  at  Napa.      Sailors 
may  gi>  ashore  and  m-  |  with- 

out   molestation    ot    espionage,    so    long    as 
acta  are  peaceful   and  legal ;    for  III.-, 
ual   and    wrongful    acta   they  are  to   be   ar- 
icsted  by  tbe   lo.-ul  authorities  and  hi 

to  lbs  captain  ot  the  aulp  to  which 

belong,  for  punishment  by  him.  A 
burial  ground  for  cliiicu*  of  He  i 
I  at  Tuuial  I 
appointed  by  the  government  of  Lew-Chew, 
Min.ll  conduct  vessel*  In  and  out  of  Napa 
tor  »  pOotSd  m  of  S3.  Wood  l»  to  be 
•.iinpll.it  to  ships  al  Napn  at  a  telling 
price  of  3.000  copper  oath  for  a  rhotuaud 
catties,  and  water  at  the  rate  of  600  cop- 
cent*  i  for  a  tbouaand 
cattle*  (flu  barrels  of  thirty  L'nltiJ  States 
gallons  each). 

Lewis  and  Clark  Expedition.— A  party 
of  cltlicn*  and  soldiers  lent  under  command 
of  Captains  Meriwether  L*w|0  and  William 
Clark,  by  order  of  1'resldent  Jefferson,  to 
explore    tie  from    the     Ulaaourl 

Itlvi-r  to  He-  Paclfli  Oceou  They  aarc  fled 
Cbe  Missouri  Klver  to  Ita  sources.  Crossed 
the    Rocky     Mountains,    and,    finding    tba 

■our (   tl bta   rtlver,   ibmted  down 

tbni  »trei»m  to  It*  m.ni Hi  They  explored 
nearly  oil  the  territory  lying  south  of  tbe 
forty-ninth  parallel.     Thin  expedition  l»  lin- 

K riant   •*  forming   the  baala  of  our  claim 
Oregon. 

Lewis  and  Clark  Expedition  discussed, 
386,  396. 

Lewis  and  Clark  Centennial  Exposition 
at  Portland,  Ore.,  6798. 

Lcwlston,  N.  Y.— Proclamation  grant- 
ing privileges  of  other  ports  to, 
2319. 

Lexington   (Mass.),  Battle  of.— On  the 

night  of  April  18.  1775,  a  detachment  of 
"    I'.rltlsb   soldiers  miiuU   let! 

i' to  osptare  ot  deetros  sobh  nllltari 

which  i in-  Amarlcam  bad  collected 
and  *to«d  at  Concord.  MnJ.  Pltcalm.  who 
led  the  advance,  was  opposed  at  daybreuk 
at  Lexington  Green,  eleven  miles  northwest 
uf  Boston,  by  about  fifty  minute-men  under 
('apt.  Parker,  who  had  been  summoned  by 
l*aul  Itevere  In  bis  midnight  ride.  Pit- 
calrn'a  men  opened  fire  and  7  Americana 
were  killed  and  »  wouod<  d  This  was  tin 
first  blood  shed  In  the  Revolutionary  Wnr. 
The  Americans  returned  the  fire  and  re- 
treated, bat  rallied  and  pursued  tb*  Brltlab 
toward  Concord,  capturing  7  prisoner*,  rhe 
not  tsken  In  Ihe  war.  <>n  their  return  from 
Concord  the  IirltUh  were  reenforced  at  Lex- 
ington by  1,200  nieii  miller  Lord  Percy.  Tim 
Americans  bad  also  been  reenforced.  and 
kept  no  a  guerrilla  fire  upon  the  Rrltl<h. 
wlin  lied  in  Boar  on  In  disorder.  The  loss 
for  the  day  wa*  PS  Americana  killed,  wound- 
ed, and  mixing,  and  273  British.  (Sec  also 
Concord  (Mass. i,  Battle  of.) 

Lexington    <Mo.),    Battle   of.-6ept.    1, 

Im'.I.  Col.  Mulligan,  la  command  of  the 
"Irish  Brigade,"  stationed  at  Jefferson  City. 
Mo .  waa  ordered  by  General  Fremont,  who 
bad   recently   been   appointed   to   tbe   com- 


Lexington 


Messages  and  Papers  of  Ike  Presidents 


mend  of  the  Wwlpre  Department,  to  pro- 
ceed up  the  Mi-sour  i  Lexington, 
Mo..    lilO   miles   to   the   northw. -t.    aud    re- 

Chr  garrison   Ihere.      Mulligans   brt- 

nd*  reached  Uxl  s  the 

fore  to  2.780  men.  After  tbe  battle,  of 
Wilson's  Creek  <q.  ».)  tbo  Confederate  pe«- 
I'isl    rilto    marched    toward    t»*    northern 

ti.il  uf  Ibo  mate  wllb  a  constantly  Incnas- 
II..   arrived    In    the    I 
Islington  Sept    II  wllb  28,000  ni.u  and  13 
of    artillery.       Mulligan  •    Core*     wai 

well  liii.aeli.il  and  was  constantly  -i; I- 

|ng  r.  .  mi  from  St.  Lonl*     s.  v.  i-.il 

.-'fui  soorCf  v.-  lodge 

Hi.  :n.     The  garrison  "ii rr"r..(l    i.icil.l. 

i    sail    many   of    I  hi"    homes   and  raltl- 

.  il       <in    On.  'jmii    Price  advanced    his 

iy  behind  the  shelter  of  boles  of  hemp. 

lolled    slowly    h. 

as     tbey     approaebed     Mulligan's     redoubt. 

When   tbi>  •  ai   wllnln 

fifty  yards  of  his  lines,   no    rrenfonrmenu 

having    arrived.    Mulligan    surrender,  i 

onnily.  after  a  lo«a  .if  30  killed  and 
120  wounded.  Two  thousand  mi  hundred 
men.  ii  ■  Hiding  000  bonic  guard*.  i«i.i  .1  ■•  i 
arras.  The  Confederates  lost  1.400  In 
I II led  and  wounded.  Col  Mulligan  was 
twice  wounded. 

IJbby  Pftno.-A  famon*  Confederate 
military  prison  In  RK-hmond.  Va..  dining 
the  war  between  (bo  state*.  It  waa  orig- 
inally a  tobacco  warehouse  and  •  ahlp 
chandlery  and  wna  named  for  II*  owner. 
Ii  woo  token  down  In  1888  and  carried  to 
..  ami  Mi. tv  art  up  a*  a  war  museum. 

Llbby  Prison,  rent  for  os«  of  build- 
in  >■  known  as,  referred  to,  3998, 
Liberal  Republican  Party.— A  def. 
from  the  regular  Republican  organisation 
In  1870-1872  Tbli  partj  waa  opposed  to 
tho  strict  measures  of  coercion  adopted  hy 
ih..  Administration  to  maintain  the  newly 
granted  righto  to  the  freedmtn.  reconstruct 
the  Southern  States,  nnd  • 
.1,  r  In  the  South.  Uniting  with  the  Iiemo- 
crats  la  Missouri  In  187071.  It  advocated 
universal  suffrage,  unlveroal  atuneoly,  o 
reform  of  the  tiirlff.  and  a  '■eesootlon  of 
unconslltiitlonnl  laws  to  i  nr*  Ku-Klox  dls- 
orders."  At  a  nntlonnl  convention  ■■  - -■•  1  In 
Cincinnati   In    May.    1S72,    the    Liberal     R< 

(nibllcnrix    notnlnnted     Horace    Greeley     for 
•resident  nn.l  II.  Grots  lirnwn,  of  Mltaonrl, 
for     Vice-President.      The    ticket     was     dc- 

feuteil 

Liberator.— i.    The  name  of  an  antl-slsv- 

■  ry  poper  started  In  Boston  111  1831  by 
William  I.loyil  Gnrrlsoti.  2.  A  title  given. 
D>  common  consent,  to  Garrison.  3.  Tho 
nil.,  afterwards  npidled  also  lo  Abraham 
I  .Incoln. 

Liberia.— The  Negro  Republic  of  Liberia 
la  situated  on  the  West  Coast  of  Africa, 
from  French  Guinea  (8*  25'  N.  latitude) 
southward  to  the  coast  and  between  Ibe 
ItrltUh  Colouy  of  Sierra  Leone  and  tbe 
b  Ivory  Coast  Colony,  tb*  eastern 
boundary  being  partly  marked  by  the  right 
hank  of  the  Cavalla  River.  Tbe  extreme 
Ki'ograplilrnl  limits  are  11*  82'-7*  M 
longitude  nml  4*  2o'-8*  25'  N  latitude. 
The  area  la  about   40,000  square   miles. 

Phytlral  Prelum. — The  coastal  regions 
nre  marked  hy  nhrupt  hills  from  200  to 
1.000  feet  above  »ea  level,  with  low-lying 
land  in    whl.-h   nre  creeks   ana 

owoinpo  :  but  the  Interior  It  generally  hilly. 
and  the  hinterland  Is  believed  lo  contain 
mountains  exceeding  6.00O  feet   above    sen 

I.  rel. 


-.   atmsiea   07-   r  renca.   uerusaa  ana 

ndvlsers:   a    frontier    police    deal* 

Mod     by     Atnct.  1    to 

The    tint    llnaactal 


egroea     Included     la     ma     rndlg- 
of    about     3.000,000    of 
ro  tribes.      Tbe   Amerlco-Llberl- 
1    hi   of    Ibe 


The  Cavalla  River,  which  forms  tne  •sal- 
ty   with    l"reoch    territory    lot 
inovia,   I. 
wo*  eighty  miles  from   the  coast. 
j,'i, !...!». — ui„  mi     was     founded     towards 
the  end   of  tbe   ttrst  qourtcr  of  the  nit*. 
-17  t.y  the  influx  of  fired  negro 
slaves  from  the  United  States,  and  11 

ii:    te4oB]  i  rtan  1  It*  Ii  leoemdcac*  aa  tk* 

Repnhllc  of  Liberia.        After  prolonged  at- 

fotUtluus    It     was    stiBKioticed     h 
uierlcau  tlnaocltl 

1 11    approved    by    Ibo    United 

States,  Germany.  Great  Rrltaln  and  Fraace. 
whereby     the    United     Slates    aasum 
v    for    the    Internal    adral 
lion  of  lae  country.    An  A  eerie*  a  receiver 

Scneral    waa    placed    la    control    of    tbe 
by    Preach,    German  oad 
llrlilsh    ndvlsers: 

nat 

;re  wso  the  loan  of  £500.000.  seewred 
by  a   first   lien    on  all    Inn  1  xp*rt 

customs,    or    put.1  ,<t    bead     tn 

The  •  n    1908    was    £17 

1  ii-    in      .119    In    1010    were    £1 
porta,  £188.DOO:  custom*  ror*» 

n,otn "»>'».— Tbe  Inhabitants  eon.ltt  «f 
about    10,000    descendants    of    mu' 
American     negroes     Inrludrd     In     «n     todst- 

various  negro   ' 
nn    peoples    ni  . 

dlrenous  tribes  are  civilised  and  belong  t* 
the  Protextant  christian  fulth,  but  aaaar 
of     tic  irlbes    ore    Miit.srnras.lsiv 

while  cannibal  rite*  are  practiced  by  other 
tribes   In   th  Ungllth  la   tfcs  ofl- 

clal  language  of  the  Republic. 

ihe  government  Is  that  af 
a    centralised    Republic,    with    a    I'resMeal 

and   vi.  ..•  r 

President  i.lnn  1,  r.HlMT'Ulh  Haulcl  L'4- 
ward   Howard.     An  *|  waa  arrived 

at  In  1IH1   bet*  and  the   1 

Kist.t      <  Great      llrluln.      Germany,      sad 
•  approvlngi.    whereby  tbe  Amertfaa 
'   •■■  ■     i  1.  it    and  1 '  •  ■!:    te    reori  ial>.    . 

Onancea  and  to  develop  tb*  agricultural 
poMlbllltles  of  tho  country,  while  settlu* 
on    foot    a   defense    force   and    aegollaiUg 

the     ■ 

I  hit  scheme  there  Is  an  Araerli-.-i.    : 

Adviser  and   Re  .tonic 

■     GcraaaB    . 
♦r*  i  and  officers  of  the   l.'ultc.j  Slate*  art 
organlilug  a  defense  fi 

Congress  f  two  Houses:  a  Sea- 

ate  and  a   II. m-.  fbt 

Renal*  contain*  elgbt  members,  . 
six    rears:    the    House    of    Repre*entnth-« 
of     fourteen     members.     , 
yeors       Kleclora    must    be   of   negro   blosd 
nml   registered    owners   of  -re  Ii 

a    Huprrme    Court    at    Monrovia,    with   Ave 
of  quarter   «e«»lons.    courts  of  com- 
mon picas,   and  local  magistrate*. 

untt     are     kept     In 
Tbe     revenue    «t 
1011-1012   was  stated   to  be    *  i 
the    expenditure    t4"i  cereal 

■  I    1871    of   (100.000  bns   received  aa 
Interest   for  many  year*.     Ths   dnances  *f 
the  Republic  are  being  aatlsfnctoiilv 
ganlied   In   accordance  with   tbe  ngreem-ni 
with  Ibe  I'nltcl  State*. 

Prwturtlnn.  anil  Trtide.— The  wotl  Is  .5 
trnordlnarllv  fertile.  I«it  tb*  cotintry  I*  civ 
ered  with  dense  forest*  from  a  dlst«ii 
abont  twenty  miles  from  the  coast  to  tSe 
northern  bonndnrlea.  Oeenslnnal  cleartnc* 
have  been  made,  nud 
ton  are  grown.    The  forest  n 

■    and    psim-di.      M Ii  (,„• 

variety  are  helleved  to  ,t|sI,  laclndtM 
gold.  Iron,  copper,  and   sine.       Tb*  pHacT 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Library 


. 


pal  export*  are  coffee,  cocoa.  palm-k*r- 
.nels.  palra-oll.  Ivory,  plaseava.  robber,  end 
camwood :  the  orfncfpal  Itoporte  ore  cot- 
tona.  haberdashery.  *all.  rice,  provl- 
•loan,  arms  and  atntaunltun.  tobacco,  hard- 
ware, gta**  *od  cenhcnwarc.  mm.  sin. 
limber,  and  bead*.  Tba  total  value  of  ilie 
Import*  In  mil  was  about  $t,025,000.  and 
of  rinorta    $1175.000. 

There  are  no  railway*  and  few  roads. 
t>nt  motor  rondH  are  being  conatroctcd  to 
Halt  ip  tbe  Interior  with  the  navigable 
rltera. 

Trade  vHlh  fA»  Urttti  Stales  —The  Tain* 
of  but.  h  i  ■  i .1 ' -.'  Imported  Into  Liberia  from 
« t»-  fnliej  huim  for  the  year  1013  »u 
$•0,000,  aod  good,  to  the  value  of  1  :::<■• 
were  *rnt  tblthcr— »  luilntnv  of  $04,581 
lu  favor  of  tbe  United  State*. 
Liberia : 

French  encroachments  upon  territory 
of,  •ctloa  of  1'riitoil  Btntea  regard- 
i  uased.  6751,  0870. 
Independence   of,    recognition    of,   by 
United  Sutra,  recommended.  3218. 
Loan    Jo    ameliorate    condition*    ia, 
found     by    American     commission, 
MM. 
Removal    of    nogioc*    captured    on 
coast   of    Cuba    to,    recommended, 
MM 
Veatel    to,    presentation    of,    recom- 
mended. 3445,  5080. 
Weaknea*  of.  discuuod.  5086. 
berlo.  Treaty  With.— A  treaty  of  com- 
merce   nad    navigation    waa    concluded    la 
which  provides  for  freedom  of  com- 
merce and   navigation    lu    the    u.iual    ti-rma 

I  loon.  Trade  la  perr. 
wltbuut  nnncnal  rcetrlctlons ;  taxes  are  to 
be  equitable  and  uniform :  Importation  aod 
•tlou  are  In  no  «Ue  restricted  by 
dUi-rlninatlon  :  and  reran) leu  of  \^  na- 
tionality of  tbe  carrying  vessel ;  humane 
tr-atmeot  of  ahlp-wrecked  mariners  la  pro- 
Tided  for;  dispute*  an  .In*  regarding  sal- 
vage are  to  be  aettled  by  arbitration  :  priv- 
ilege* granted  hereafter  by  treaty  to  otber 
powers  are  to  be  aorordrd  to 
States  :  cotuils  for  the  protection  of  trade 
•  re  to  be  appointed  to  reside  within  tbe 
.ons  of  the  contracting  parlies:  the 
I'nlted  States  Is  not  to  Interfere  In  affairs 
«.f  mlmlslatratlon  In  Liberia,  hut  If  the  Li- 
bel Ian  government  St  any  time  Is  unnhlc 
to  control  tbe  aboriginal  Inhabitants  with- 
in Its  own  dominions  and  makes  requisition 
for  assistance  from  tbe  t'nlred  Stale*.  th«t 
power  pledge*  to  render  tbe  necessary  aid. 

Liberty  BolL— The  bell  oa  the  Pennsyl- 
•tatehooae  at  Philadelphia,  wbleb.  ae- 
eordlng  to  tradition,  wo*  rune  on  July  -4. 
IT'S,  to  announce  tb*  adopt  loo  of  tbe 
Declaration  of  Independence.  It  waa  cast 
In  London  and  aant  to  Philadelphia  In 
1752.  The  hell  waa  broken  up  and  rera.l 
In  April,  ar-d  again  In  Jnn«,  of  the  follow- 
tng  year.  It  waa  cracked  Inly  8.  ISSfi. 
whlls  bslng  rolled  In  memory  of  Thief 
Justice     Marshall       The     T.lherrv     hell     wss 

flaoed  on  exhibition  at  the  rcntenntsl  nt 
hilsdelphla  In  1S.7A.  and  sf  th*  Colombia 
Exposition  In  Chicago  In  1«0S.  It  bears 
tbe  motto,  "Proels'm  llhcrtv  throughout  the 
land  unto  all  tbe  Inhahlranra  thereof."  It 
la  now  In  Independence  flail.  Philadelphia. 
IJtoOTty  Loan,— The  term  applied  orig- 
in fie  $••  000,000,000  of  the  »7.000.. 
00  first  wnr  budget  voted  bv  Cnngr*** 
on  Anrll  14,  1017.  whleh  was  to  b*  met 
outside    of    taxation.      Soon,    however,    the 


term  wa*  applied  to  the  $2,000,000,000  ol 

the  ti.OOO.OXI.000  which  was  offered  to  pop. 

ular   subscription.      The   rat*   of   Interest   It 

Stile,   with    the    provision    that    It    will    he 

rsl»»d  equal  to  any  hljber  rate  of  Interest 

which  may  be  paid  on  later  loans.     Bearer 

bonds  were  offered  In  smounts  of  $S0.  $100. 

snd     $1.000 ;     and     registered     bond* 

from    denominations    of    $100    to    $100,000. 

1    nda  mature  In  30  year*  from  tli*  list* 

"'.  June  15.  1017.  but  are  redeemaNe 

la   whole  or  In  part,  at  tbe  option  of  tho 

rnltrd  States,  oa  or  after  IS  years,  at  par 

anal  accrued  laien  it  211   of  the  amount  of 

nda  waa  payable  on  application.  16% 

on   June  2S    20%  July  SO.  30%  Auguat  15, 

•nd    30C4    Auguat    30.      Interest    Is  payable 

oo  June  15  and  December  IS  of  each  Tear. 

Bonds  are  exempt   from    nil    Federal.    State 

snel      fetal       latltlh.il.      parenting      otntc      and 

Inheritance  tnxes.  When  subscriptions 
were  closed  on  Jun*  IB.  It  was  found  that 
tb*  loan  had  been  largely  OTer-eubtci 

Tli»    Second    Liberty    Loan    campaign     M 

rnplrd  most  of  the  month  of  October.   101". 

■    were   much    the  same  as   those 

•  •  PI  rut  Lot  ribed  above:  but 

the   rate  of  Interest   waa   4%,   thus   eutoois- 

v  making  the  rate  of  Interest  for  the 

I'li-it    Liberty    Bond*   Increase    to   this   rate. 

.'.nlmum    subscription    was    placed    at 

K  .000.000.000 :  and  It   wat   announced   that 
If  nf  ttie  »nh»cTlptlons   between   this  sum 
snd    *.'.,ih)ii,(hh>chmi    would    alio    be    Issued. 
Total  subscriptions  by  the  public  am.. 
to    $4,017,532,300  ■    so  that   the  amount    li- 
-n.-il  became  $3.808.7iif.  l.-.u      Nine  and  one. 
tin  If  million  persons  authorised. 
Liberty  Party.— A  party  organlied  In  1R40 
principally  for  the  purpose  of  opposing  slav 
ery.     It  was  the  outgrowth  of  the  Ni  I 
Antl  Slavery     Society     (q.     ».>.    nnd    finally 
became  the  Abolition  Party  (q.  v.). 
Liberty-.  Statu*,  of.— a  tironio  Image  of  * 
female  flgure  holding  aloft  a   lighted  torch, 
designed    by    M.    Bartholin    par    the    Franco 
Amen  ii    In    1H74,    at  an    estimated 

cotrt  of  $250,000.  It  was  paid  for  by  popu- 
lar subscription  in  Prance  and  presented  by 
th*  French  people  to  the  i'nlted  State*  as 
a  token  of  the  traditional  friendship  of  ths 
two  nations.  It  wss  mounted  upon  n  ped- 
estal  built  by  popular  subscription  In 
America  and  erected  on  Bcdloe't  Island  In 
Harbor,  In  IMA,  at  a  cost  of 
■DrtO.  The  lighted  torch  la  moln. 
talned  by  the  Vnltcd  State*  Lighthouse 
Rerv. 

The   height    from    the  water   level    to    tbo 
top  of  the  pedestal  Is  HO  feet  and  10  Inch**, 
nnd  the   height   nf  the  statue  proper  Is    181 
feet  5   Inches,  making  a  total  height  of  301 
fewt  3   Inches.     The   statue   welch*   450.001) 
pound*.      Korty   persons    mny    -land    within 
the  head,  and  twelve  within  the  torch. 
Liberty  EnllghUntag  tho  World,  status 
of,  erected    in   New  York    Hr.rhor, 
by  citizens  of  France,  4381,  4824, 
50S3. 
Oeremonieo      of     InauRuratlo'i      dis- 
cussed   and    roconimeodations    re- 
sardinr.  <W2. 
To  be  tilnced  under  superintendeneo 
of  Light-Howe  Board,  SOSO. 
Librnrlea.      (See   Interior  Department; 
Library     of     Congress;     Stat*     De- 
partment.) 
Library,    Latin    American,    establish- 
ment   of.    at    Washing-ton.   recom- 
mended by  International  American 
Conference,  6508. 


Library 


Messages  and  Papers  of  lt\c  Presidents 


Library  of  Congress.—  When  the  seat  of 
tloveruuieut  was  remuwi  to  >'•  nnblngton  In 
18ou,  tii.-  mIi-ji  of  a  Congressional  Library 
was  conceived.  In  December.  J.S01,  John 
Randolph  made  a  report  which  formed  tho 
basis  of  an  act  of  Congress  of  1809  oignn- 
Ixlug  tln>  library  BoQM  8,000  books  of 
refi  renee  were  accumulated,   when,   In   Au- 

Slat,  18H.  thi>  Ilrltlsb  nriny  burned  Ilia 
apltol  and  Hi-  Library  was  consumed, 
In  ISIS  Congress  purchased  the  private 
library  of  Tliomns  Jefferson,  consisting  of 
0.700  volume.,  for  »2::  lir.o.  An  annual  ap- 
propn  ng    made    for    the    purchase 

of  books,  the  Library  continued  to  crow 
imlll    111    1S.M    II    iiiiij, 

f>      24 lb  of  Ihsl   year  n   serond  •••mflagra- 
Hon    deal  roved    85,000    of    these    volumes. 
An  appropriation  of  tTs.noo  was  mad 
repairs,   and    ihs    Library   grew 

10,000  volume*  srers  transferred  from 
tho    Smithsonian    laatllutlou.      Tht    follow- 

mo.ooo 

the  ht«t.in.  ui         n 

very  rich   In  inn.     'l*hls  library  con- 

tained  nearly  60,i  pamphlets    ami 

iniiiiiisrrlpts.      1"     ISO*     Pr.-slilcnl      Lincoln 
appointed    Altisnortb    K.    spofford 
Librarian,    aid    he    was    succeeded    In    i  •'■ 
by  John  Unwell  Young,  who  dl  il   in 
and    Herbert     rmnnm    wan    appointed     his 
•iircesaor.    One  hundred  acta  of  tlovccnroent 

euhllratioaa  are  at  tlm  disposal      !   -ho   LI- 
roilan  of  Congress  for  exchange,   through 
ilic  Sin  ill  ;■  ii  •■   vernmenla, 

from    ibis    source    are    received    about 
volumes   annually. 
The  collection  Is  now  tbe  largest   00    the 
Western    II-  the    third    In    ili- 

srorld.      It     roniprlicd     ot     the    end    u(     tho 

flscnl    year    f Judo    80,    1018]    tl 2,128,- 

i.s  »ud  pamphlets  (Includ- 
ing the  law  library  of  188,111  v..|ume». 
which,    while   n  dlvlalon   of   lbs    I.llu. 

i.  •>   mill  remains  at  i 'ei  -    ■:  .  I  39 

223   maps    snd    ehai  -   pieces   of 

music,  and  800,404  photugrapha,  prints, 
engravings     ami     lithographs.      It      Ini 

vsrlor  ii  .'iniiicnt   In  their 

respective  fields. 
The  eoDaetioB  of  DtunaerlptSi   tpneblnf 

every  period  of  American  ulMorv.  Includes 
(he  papers  of  nine  of  tho  Presidents  and 
the  records  of  tho  Continental  Congress, 
with  nunivroim  oilier  Important  groii[is — 
political,  military,  naval  and  commercial. 

The  Smithsonian  deposll  Is  »trong  In 
scientific  works,  and  Includes  the  lorsjcst 
assemblage  of  the  transactions  of  learned 
societies   which   cxlsla  In   this  country, 

Of  the  printed  hooks,  probably  one-sixth 
are  duplicates  not  In  use. 

Tho  building  containing  the  Library  la 
an  enormous  structure  In  the  Italian 
Renaissance  style  of  architecture,  most    Irn- 

Stesslva  In  Its  lines  snd  beautiful  In  Its 
-lull.  It  la  In  tho  form  of  a  tpindrnnghi 
rn .inning  a  central  rolundn  eurmoum 
a  low  gilded  dome.  The  building  wa«  be- 
gun In  1880  and  completed  In  ISO",  at  tho 
cost  of  86.180.000.  it  u  pi 
nrnste  and  beautiful  llhrnrr  building  In 
the  world.  Tho  public  rending  room  oc- 
cupies the  rotunda.  It  consist*  of  an  oc- 
tagonal ball  one  hundred  feet  In  diameter, 
sumptuously  built  of  aoft- tinted  Niimldlan. 
Sienna  mid  Tennessee  marble  In  variegated 
buea.  In  the  decorations,  some  forty 
painters  and  acnlptora  are  reprei  :nted — sll 
American  citizens.  The  floor  space  Is  328,- 
lftfl  sij.  feet,  or  nearly  right  seres.  The 
book  stacks  contain  about  50  miles  of 
shelling,  affording  space  for  2,000,000 
ocliivn     volumes      The     reading    deaka     am 

trramred     In    concentric    circles    about    the 
lbrarlan'e  desk  In  the  center,  from  which 

easy   communication   la  bad  to  all   parts 


of  the  fireproof  Iron  book  testis. 
Library  of  Congress  baa  bean  sine*  IDS 
the  only  office  of  record  for  copyrtgsts,  u4 
Us  accessions  from  that  eoorce  art  verj 
large.  (See  Illustration,  frootlsplees,  Tel 
W .) 

Library  of  Congress: 

Arundel   nmnujcripU,   copy  of,  to  Vt 

placed  in,   li 
Building  for,  recommended  by  Pres- 
ident— 
Arthnr,   II 
i  bvcland,  4M9. 
Hayaa,  ii;ii,  4458,  4MI,  4879. 
Publications    pr>  referred 

to,  3347. 
8izo  of,  6676. 
Licenses  for  Vessels,  prohibitory  U 

in  regard  to,  480.  504,  508. 
Liechtenstein. — Liechtenstein   Is  an  Inde- 
nt  rrlnelpallty  on  the  right  bank  of 
ill.-  Lower  Khlne,  tonth  of  Lake 
mid    hetnfou    l  In-   SwIm   conloc .-- 
and  ("-raubOndcu  snd  the  Voralbert:  crown- 
land  of  tho  Austrian  rmplie.     The  v. 
Inry   Is    the    Rhine,    aad    tbe   so 
boundary    runs   along    tbe    Mimruits    of   Ike 
Nnnfuopf    r.ilkn  IS*,    lu 

tho  Rhatlk.'ii  It  .ii;--.     A    i 

vrlth  Btalloui  nt  Si  Iii  iii.   Nendeln.  and 
Scbannwnld    In    the 
hnhltnuis  uumliereil  in 

i    i»l    all    Hon 
Hi  I,      Agrl.  ultntc  Is  the  principal  Industry, 
corn,    wine    and    turf    being    pi 

nro  Ihe  forest  slopes: 
textiles  nnd    embroidery   are   locally    uaat- 
f:\ciuted.     The  revenue  In  1012  was  800,. 
ii.   and   the  expenditure   71)0,03* 
I    Kioii'-u      £|    . 
1»    no    debi        -i :,,-    I-rim-liisllty    forms   psrt 
of  the  Customs  Culon  of  Austria  aasf  re- 
ceives  a    minimum   contribution    of   10,' 
Kronen   annually    (the   payments   In   1' 
led   100,000  Kronen). 

Ooi'r/fini>iif.  The  gin  rnment  Is  that  .. 
a  constitutional  monarchy,  the  crown  be- 
ing   hereditary     (since    1.10)    In    lb. 

I I     lie   linn  -i-    -f   1.1.  •nr,  ii  -:,  ii  .      Rail  - 

Ills  Serene  [Ugliness  Prince  Johsnn  IL. 
1'rlnce  of  Liechtenstein,  Dnkc  of  Tropaas 
and  of  Jagerndorf,  born  Oct.  5,  18*0;  as*- 
eoeded  hi*  father  Prince  Aloyst' 

Member  of  the   Ilerrcnluus  ot  tdw 
Austrian    Kelchsrat. 

There  Is  a  Diet  of  fifteen  members  fof 
whom  three  arc  appointed  by  the  Prince 
and  twelve  elected  by  Indirect  > 
Ing  annually  in  October,  with  a  nxxtmiin 
duration  of  four  years.  Tbe  local  coons 
are  subject  to  a  Court  of  Appeal  at  Tlcnni, 
and  tin  supr. -me  Court  Is  the  Obertsndes- 
gcrlclu  at  Innsbruck. 

,  Blrfory.— From  !71!M«f>i  the  Principal- 
ity formed  part  of  tbe  Holy  Roman  Cat- 
nlre  and  from  1800-1815  of  tbe  Coafeders. 
Hon  of  the  Khlne.  From  1815-1808  It  was 
port  of  the  Oermanlc  Confederation  tmise 
the  hegemony  of  Austria,  but  since  1848 
the  Principality  has  been  Independent. 
although  closely  connected  by  treaties  wlta 
the  Anv(:!:in   Umpire. 

Lieutenant-General— In  the  United  Stst«s 
Army  tba  rank  next  below  that  of  genertl 
nnd  n. -xi  iiin.ro  that  of  major-general.  It 
Was  first  authorised  by  Congress  In  17M 
nnd  bestowed  upon  <i*orge  Washington.  It 
was  alniii.li.il  in  17(1!),  and  was  not  revived 
until  1855.  when  Wlnflebl  Scott  was 
brcvetred  lieutenant-gen. ral  At  bis  " 
It   again    Upaed.      la    1804    It    wis 


e»-» 
re- 


upon  Ulyeaee  8.  Grant,  on  niwae  promotion 
to  the  cradr  of  general.  July  20,  l**'-". 
created  in  In*  behalf.  William  T.  Sherman 
herannr  lieutenant-general  ;  ami  ou  bla  euc- 
cession    to    tlic    rank  March    4. 

1800.    I'hillp    II.    Sh-rlitiin     win 
to    bo    lieutenant  general.     On     the     retlre- 
ni-Dt   nf   Sherman,   la    1884,   the   erode   of 
al     «»t     discontinued     and 
merged    with    that   of   general,      Ily    an    art 
b.    r>.    1800.    It    woa   revived   and   Jobn 
U.    ScboDeld    appointed,    who   bold    It   until 
bis    retireimm.    s..pi      i".itli.    «.f    llml    year. 
•  >n    Juno   0,    1WIO.    Congrcaa   provided    (lint 
the    arnlor    major -general    command. tig    tbe 
army  .h.-.nld  have  tlie  rank  and  pay  of  the 
lieutenant  general,   the  net    affecting    Mojur- 
A.  Mile*,  who  retired  Auc 
(    1003       On  that  date  Samuel  B.  at  Young 
Ion    uf    h.-ut. -Hunt  gen- 
eral.  *nd  on   Jan.  ».    t'.mt,  It   wan  ply. n    to 
Adua  It.  Chaffee.    He  wna  succeeded  by  an- 
tral Arthur  MaeArtbur,  and  with  hi* 
retirement   June  2,    limit,    the   rank   bccauiu 
extinct. 

Ltfe-Savlng  McdaU,   government  jrrant 
of,  6S96. 

Life  8ivin|£  8errlce.— The  ocean  and  lake 
r**uts  of  to*  United  Stale*  are  picketed 
with  the  atotlona  of  tbe  Ufe-Savlng  Serrlee 
attained  to  the  t'nitvd  S:alc«  Treasury  De- 
partment, and  there  la  •  corps  of  Inspector*. 
superintendents,  slut. on  keepers  and  crews, 
line  over  tbe  entire  coast  Hue,  to- 
gether with  a  board  "n  life-saving  appli- 
ances, composed  of  expert*  selected  from 
the  Llf*-Sarlug  Serrlee.  the  Revenue  Cutter 
Service,  and  the  Doited  suite*  Coast  and 
Geodetic  .Surrey  ..ml  In  Army. 

At  the  eton  of  last  fiacnl  rear  the  life- 
saving  ntnblUhrncnt  embraced  285  atatlons, 
203  brine  on  the  Atlantic  and  Oulf  masts, 
n  the  take*.  19  on  the  Pacific  coast, 
and  1  at  the  rails  of  the  Ohio,  l.nularllle. 
Kr.  In  tbe  following;  table  are  the  Impor- 
tant atatlatlca  of  the  serrlee: 


Disaster* 

Value  property  inrolved 
Value  property  weed. .  , 
Value  pru(»rrty  lost 

as  involved- 

Peraon*  lint 
tUupwrrokad  rwreoo*  mo- 

cored  at  •teuooi 
Day*'  *ueeor  afforded. .    . 
Vassals  loal  oo  eosau 


Year 

Bodtaf. 

June  30, 
1013 


■n 

114,057^*0 

11,721 ,118 

5.787 
73 

437 
Ml 

00 


Since  Intro- 
duction of 
I.ite-^nvmg 
eb'stem  In 
1871,  to 
June  30. 
I'm:i 


1383 

8270 

Ml 


n,iM 

893.224 
088,031 

1.417 

M.754 
16MB 


In  addition  to  Ihe  number  of  disasters 
shown  for  1013,  thee  occurred  1,101  casual- 
ties to  amall  craft,  auch  as  launches,  anll- 
Imnts,  rowboot*.  etc.,  on  which  were  3.254 
persons,  of  wbom  14  were  lort  Tbe  cool 
'if  rhe  mnlntenonee  of  the  service  during 
-in-  rear  was  S2.30t.ii7t  mi.  In  January. 
1»15.  the  Life. Saving  Service  «TtS  (OB 
Wned  with  the  Revenue  Cnttee  Serrlee  to 
f ihe  COM  Oiisnl.    <8ee  Coast  Guard.) 

Llfo-Saving  Service 
Discussed,  4031,  6158. 
Pensions  In,  7018. 


Light-House  Board: 
Bexomd  to.  U747. 

Statue  of   i.iiieri',    En  a  tho 

I  lii  he  placed  under  Superin- 
tendence  of,  5080. 
Light- House*: 
Abuco   Island,  negotiations  with   Btt- 

liamo*  for  aito  on,  843. 
Act    muking  appropriation  for,  rea- 
sons  for  applying  pocket   veto   to, 
II 
OMBiotl   of,  to  United  States   act   of 
New     Hampshire    legislature     for, 

ioa 

nblisb-ment  of,  and  sites  for,  182; 
by  an  act  approve. I  .lune  17.  1010, 
roorgani/- .I    the  ee   and,  678, 

873,  955,  960,  1230,  2557. 
Lands  for — 

Di  -i„'nated  liv  proclamation,  1221, 

6701,  6702,  6705. 
Erection  of.  negotiation*   for  cee- 

Bion  of,  103,  845. 
Purchase   of,   1733. 
On  Bahamas,   1239, 
Oo  Sandy  Hook,  67,  80. 
Permanent   points   for,   on   coast*   of 
Oregon,  Washington,  and   Alaska, 

tsoa 

Soil   and   jurisdiction   for,   complete 

cession  of,  required,  142. 
BjstaD  m   improvement  In,  1683. 
Treaty     with     Morocco     concr 
maintenance  of,  on  Cape  Spartel, 
SS8S. 
Light  Home  Servlco.— Formerly  the  man- 
agement   ■■<    the    light  housca   wos    Intrusted 
to   a    light-house    board.    orgnnUe.l    in    ■-•■!■ 
foruilty  to  the    i  .,.««  of   Aug,  31. 

1863.     It    consisted    of    la*    head    of   tbe 

Treasury  Department  (later  of  tbe  Depart- 
ment of  Commerce  and  Labor  i.  three  officers 
of  the  army,  two  naval  ami  t  civilian 
member.  The  hem)  of  the  department  wo» 
ci-ofllclo  president  of  the  board,  and  the 
ranking  naval  officer  wn*  chairman.  There 
were  two  aecretsrle*.  one  a  naval  officer  and 
in  engineer  officer  of  the  anm  linn 
system  Inrolved  divided  responsibility,  and 
reaulted  In  much  friction  In  odmlnUtrotlon. 
Congress,  therefore,  by  an  act  approved 
Jane  IT.  1010  recognised  the  nervier;  and 
abolished  the  board  and  created  ■  Bureau 
of  I.lght-Ilousos  In  the  Department  of  Com- 
Mini   Labor,   with   :i  lei    In 

rtly   reaper.  III    Secretary 

romcrce   and   Labor. 
Tin-    Ituivau    l»    charged    with    the   estab- 
lishment   nnil   maintenance  of   light-bouse*. 
Meht  vessel*,  buoy*  and  other  aid*  to  nasi- 

!atIon    on    the    eoaota    and    rivers   of    th» 
'nir.-.i  si nt.'K    n»  authorised  hy  cngrea*. 

nn.l  with  the  dlre.tii.n  ,.f  the  oltlc^rs,  depots 
and  tenders  required  In  this  work. 

ii'ler  the  old  sjstem  there  were  sixteen 
light  house    district*,    each    In    charge    of 
an  nrmjr  or  navy  officer.    The  law  of 
provided   that   nineteen  districts   should   be 
created,   eoch   In   charge  of   a   civilian    In- 

M tor.    but    the    president    waa   authorised 

for  a  period  of  three  years,  from  July  1, 
1!>10.  to  assign  army  and  navy  officers  to 
act    as  dlatrlct  Inapector*. 

In  the  Hxc»l   Vear   Kllii  11    the  llghl  houae 
establishment  maintained  2.200  lighted  aids 


Light-House        Messages  and  Papers  of  ti\e  Presidents 


to    navigation,    Including    »l*tjr  three    lljrtit- 

Ttaavla,  amj  aboui  18,000  in.llghtiMl  ald>  and 
i  ighis. 

Tor   the  car*  anil   maintenance   of 
were    employed    3.137    kei 
annlHtniit     keepers    and    laborers    attending 
llgbta.    1.603   otnci-ra  ami   Kimon  on    h 

<..-..i»,  .  -.h  smptajaai  tol  Mmetlon  and 

r.  alao  Ofty-one  light-bouse  tsodera. 
amount    expended    to    innint.iin    Ibn 
establishment    In    1010  11    wn« 

louiinlasloncr.      George  am: 

licputjr  Commissioner.  Arthur  V.  Cnnorcr: 

itructltuj   Knglneer.  John   8    « '  ■■[> 

way.  Superintendent  of  Naval  Construction, 

LTrtDftOH 

Light  House  Service,  transfer  of,  from 
Treasury  to  Navy  Department  rec- 
ommended, 4787. 

Lillia,  Tha,  compensation  to  owner*  of, 
6730,  6824. 

Lincoln,  Abraham.— March  i.  1861- 
ApiU  16.  1865. 

(riaar  trum.   isoi-lSUB.) 

Nineteen  Hi    A'linl ill .trutlwii — Republican. 

lire-  rrraidesf— Hannibal    Hum!  in. 
aVerrfury  of  Stale — 

William  II    Howard. 
P'crttarv  of  tht  7'rcnmry 

Salmon  P.  Cbate. 

William    MM     I      --ti.il-  n 
Srcrtlaru  of  iro'— 

Klmou    Cameron. 

iMm  in  M     Bl union. 
S'\<rtart/  of  Mil*    Voi.-y — 

Gideon   Welles. 
SHrttitry  of  the  Interior — 

Caleb  B.  HmUh. 

Jobn    I*.   t'ahcr. 
/•otfmaafcr -Crncrul— 

Montgomerj    Blair. 

William    llraulson. 
.1  ir«iney-(7<nerol — 

Kdwanl    l:.i.  - 

T.   J.    COfftJ 

James   Speed. 
.Vomftiaflon     and     BIrcfinti.— Lincoln     mi 
find   elected  by  the   Republican  pnrty 
8,     1*10.      The    Republican    National    Con. 
i. nil. m  mi-t  al  Chicago.  May  1U.   18«0.  and 
hi  tin   third  ballot  nominated  Lincoln  over 
<ii.  Cumeron,  and  Clmse. 
rUMform.     The   platform   condemned   iJIs- 
anion;     inflated    on    stntea     night* 

nouncM    tin-    Democratic    ■■! i-mnion: 

censured  the  reckless  extravagance  of  lbs 
Democratic  Government;  pioelalnicd  the 
dogma  Unit  th«  Const  1 1  ill  Ion  carrion  shivery 
Into  nny  or  all  of  the  territories  to  he>  a 
dangerous   bereay :    asserted    Unit    the   Con- 

Ktitutioii  iioe«  not  countenance  slar»n 

•  him  Id  Congress  give  n  legnl  oxlatrnee  to  It : 
•il    upon   th#  admission   <if   Kansas   lo 
statehood  ;  recommended  carlfl  fo 
with     enconrngement     of     the     Imlualrlca : 

i    telling   public   land 
randy   occoplM    hy   settlers:   opposed    nnr 
I'lmngp  In  too  nnturallzntlmi  laws:  dcelnred 
rlVCT  nnd   liiirlinr  nppniprlnlluiiK  10  IM  I ■  ■  ■  i li 
desirable  nnd  constitutional  uided 

a   transcontinental   rnllruud. 

rirpo'UIOH.— The  Democratic  National 
ronrantlon  met.  for  the  nr«t  time  In  tb* 
fur  South,  at  Cbarlo«tnn.  8.  C.  After  many 
dnya  of  fruitless  balloting,  the  o.inrontloti 
illvhW  Into  two  acctlona.  KTentunlly,  the 
Northern  half  nominated  Hondas  nnd  the 
Southern  half  declarer]  for  Rrecklnrlo'srt. 
I  -I...  Constitutional  I'tilnn  I'nrtv  mi 
national  convention  at  Bnltlmnrc.  Mny  10. 
1800,  and  nominated  John    H"ll,  on  it  plat- 


form the  basis  of  which  tma  the  . 

..Iher    pOtHtOBl     : 

ibe  Constitution,  Union,  «:ui   tha  caiorce- 

lucut  of  Ian  a. 

ie  popular  vote  n«  cast  by  talr- 
tythn-e    Staua    gave     I.I  in  >.•!»; 

kinrWa*.  Ml 
innl     11.11.     S01.0UO,       The     electoral     vote. 

.    IWi. 
lii,..LiMil.i,  n.  11 

(SXcOMi    TKBX, 

Tw,  -.itloc— Republican, 

I  i. ■•■-I'roUenl— Andrew  Jobnsoa- 
Th-  only    change    In    the    cabinet    at   lh» 
beginning  of  l.lm-filu'H  second  term  na»  Ikf 

aubatluo  i I    llngh    ili  Culh 

ana.  for  Sreretary  of  tho  Treaaurj  to  aae- 
cccil  Mr.   I'nMendro. 

TrilM.— In      the      election     »l 

Lincoln    srai    renominated    l^y    the 

in i    licputillcjn   Nutluaal  Convention. 

ii.  :il  ..i..    on    Jan*    7.    1WJ* 

J'lu/form.      il,.  ,ii     platform    of 

1>'.I     ;,|.0_.i-il    ihc    party    to     y 

irotulM    wll 
ii  1 1 .  r    Bl    I 
rxtlrpntlon  of  nlavery  :  gratefully   atkuowl 
i  ibeaervlcenif  the  Army  ami  the  Navy 
l:i     I!. 

ii >f   Ulocoln:  advocated  toll  and  ample 

,  don  of  the  members  of  the  Arm} 
and  the  Navy  :  encouraged  Immigration . 
•  ly  construction  of  th-  trjoaeos- 
tlneninl  railroad;  urged  the  prsc 
rigid  economy  In  tbc  ripeudlturv  of 
•  ruiinut  fands  :  and  deptventeO  Rsropsaa 
Iniirference  or  offenalve  noii>  . 

OppoKKon.  —  Tlo        I;.,  Ileal       UepaiMlean 

party,  opponents  of  Lincoln,  met  at  ( 

laud   May    Ml    and   nominal!  i      Fr»- 

loii.    before   Ihe   election.    Kremonl 

urged  the  support    if  Lincoln  awl  «rltbdr*w. 

?he  ..rnlkm    St 

hlcngo,  ans;,  28,  I8i  I.  nominated  George 
H.  McClellan  on  a  platform  declaring  that 
the  Cuntlllulliin   hail    been   violated     . 

and  urged  tas 
ceamlloa  of  hostilities  and  the  compromise 
of  dimcultlei  ;   . 

l.rr.i.u,.  in  some  *late  elections:  symna- 
thlieil  wllli  prlinners  of  irsr :  condemned 
the  exercise  of  mortlnl  law:  and  .-i pressed 
sympathy    for    the   suffering   »■ 

to    whom    fiiiure    aid    and    rewars 
was  pronilard. 

I'nfe.—  The  popular  voto  cast  by  tweaty 
four    States   am 

MeClellnil     I  M  lie     cleclor*! 

1'eb.  8,  IBiJo,  give    ! 
and  McClellan  SI. 

/•nrfy  .irftJiotlon—  After   Lincoln's  nerrlee 
In    the    State     legislature    and     kla 
term  In   Congress    <  lSHMStSi.    he  bertisw 
of    iho    moat    Infl 
.  In   Illinois.      'I  lie  repeal  of  th 
Hotirl      Compromlw      (1S541  hi* 

back    Into    polltlea    v 

ery    ardor.       Win  n    the     l<.*publle*n    pory 
am  formed.  Lincoln  took  bis  place  ■ 
bend    of    that   party    In    bis    its'.         i 
the  Repnbllcan  Ponventlon  In  1V.">S  besnU: 
"A    I  led    against    Itself    eaaoeJ 

slnnd.      I    believe   tbl  ■ 

endure  half  ilavo  and  ban  free.  |  4* 
not    .•.:■,!     ibe    union    to    bo    dissolved: 

I  do  not  expect  the  hon»>-  hat  I 
do  expect  Unit  II  will  cnno  to  ;,..  divided, 
it  wlfl  become  nil  Ibe  one  thing  or  til  U>» 
other.     Kltber  the  opponents  of  alarery  will 

i    the    further   Spread    of    |r    jnd   plsef 

II  where  the  public   mind  sball   rest  I. 
belief  that   It   Is  In  cotirso  of  nltlma's  ex- 
tinction,   or    Ita    advocate*   will    pn-n    |t    for- 

on  Ml    It    shall    become    n 
In    nil    tbo   states,   old   as    well    aa   sew. 
North  na    well   na  Ron 


Lincoln 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Political  Completion  oj  Conorrtf  —  In  tbc 
.oventh    Cougrosa     (1&U1-1803>.     Hi" 
•.    of  Ml    member*,    «n«   composed   of 
11    Democrats,    31     Republicans,    *    Ameri- 
cans. J.uil  1  vacancy,  and  the  House,  of  17S 
icil-    up  of  42    Dcmocrato, 
1U0   Itcpiibilcmia,   Js   Americana,  and  2  va- 
cancies.      In    tbc    Tblrty-elKhih     <  '..iigrea* 
lSOni.    the    Senate,    of  01    metubcre, 

I  uf  19   Hcmooint*  and  31)  Hcs 

,  hi  and  1  ho  floui  ■  ■'  1  HS  m.mbers, 
was  made  up  of  so  1  >•- r tin-  in 

?ln    1  In-    Thirty  11I11O1    1  '.mur- -  ■•■ 
IN 1*1;;  1,    lb.     Benatc,   of    ..-.: 

«U    OOmpOJM    of     I"    paXnoCTatl    und    42 

Ki'pulillcnut:   nod  tbc   Home,  of   191    im-m- 

HttM   mads   up   ..f    IB  Den  •   and 

I)    puhlli  am       la  lb«  I'm  1 1- 1  li  Cmigrens 

11.    Hi.     soiiii.-.   ..f   :.:i   iiii'ini.iTi.. 

mpoaed  uf  ll  Democrat*  n ml  42  lle- 

eulilli-ann :    and    (bi      llonsi  lucni- 

cra,  was  made  up  "<  ■>'■'  .  HJ 

lli-putillcaDB.  oud  1  vnenncy. 

Poretpn  polu-y.—la  speaking  of  the  atti- 
tude "f  (orwga  aatlona  toward  tnt  United 
ring   iiii-   war,    President   Lincoln 

said    In    IiIk    SitoiiiI    Annual       : 

tbul  t Ik-  commercial  and  la]  con- 
dition! nf  Dinar  nation!  wlib  whom  wc 
havi  nan  ■'■ :  1  Ion  1  bava  boon  disturbed  i»y 
iiii-  arnr,  and  adda;  'Wa  have  attempted 
dm  propngnndlni  and  acknowledge  no  revo- 
lution. Bin  we  bava  lefl  to  arerj  nation 
the  exciu  Ivi    ■'  1 1 1  it  li-- 1  and  nunasiiinajat  of 

lln  own  nllnlri.  iiur  -i  niggle  hn*  i.c-ii, 
Of  course,  contemplated  by   foreign  11. •  • 

with  reference  Is.  •  -..i  u«  own  merit    ttuin 

to    II-.  I       ml    ofnm    nxnggernt- 

facta  and  consequences  refilling  to  lAOM 
natlotui  themselves.  Nevertheless,  com- 
pin t(it  on  tin-  purl  of  ihl»  Oovcrom.ul. 
.ii-ii    If   It   were  Jimt,   won  iity    im 

■    ' 

m.-./i.-     D«M       The     nubile    debt     of     llm 
I'tilted   Btntea  during  the-  administration  of 

President    l.ltii'.iln    »i I    im    follow*:    July 

1,    IM'.I.  1824.178,- 

412  IS  :       180.1       fl.llli.77' 
$I,RI5,7B».370.57:    1805,    $2.i:.S0.047.S( 

Tariff. — To*    piln.'lpnl    tariff    changes    In 

President    Lincoln'!    administration    were 

made  by  the  net  of  Aug.  ;..  IHrtl.  'In  pro- 
Tide  |ni  -. . - 1 1 1 1 . -  fronj  Import  .  la  pay 
Interest  ou  ibe  public  debt,  and  for  other 

EIIKHMMa,"      Thl*    levied    n    illrr.-l    tax    on 
1. Hi    ItalM    iiiul     im  rlt.u-lea    and    pruvl.l.-d 

f.ir  won  Ik  believed  10  b«  the  Brai  Im 
tux  ever  levied  try  the  general  government 
nf   Hi.-    I  11I 1 1.1    States.      Thl*   Income   tax 
amounted  to  throe  par  com  par  annum  on 

nil  Income  In  exr I     ighl    hundred   dol- 

In m.  Tbo  act  of  Dec.  24.  18111,  lmpnae>d 
Increaaed  duties  on  tea,  codec,  and  sugar. 
11. 11  nf  July  M  \WSL  wiin  nn  net  "In 
creasing,  temporarily.  Ibe  duties  on  Im- 
port* and  for  oilier  purpose  a.  TbC  "'■I 
..r  Man -b  IS,  IRflS,  "to  modify  ..»l«tiii»- 
Inwa  Impoalni;  dntli."   mi    liuimrN,    nml    f.ir 

oth.-r  pnrpoiai,"  made  «iil-iu  Increaaaa    Do 

tie*  ware  further  lncroawd  be  the  101  >f 
Jim..  30,  lRt!4,  and  thill  of  March  3. 
1885, 

Alarm/.— In  hi*  lnauiciiral  Adilmw  (paeo 
3208),  Praaldanl   Uneoln  aoncbl  m  n»»uro 

in.,  people  nf  1I1..  Southern  atnte*  thnt 
they  had  not  him:  to  fear  from  a  Kepuhll- 
CM  admlnlairnilnn.  He  quni.-*  from  one 
of    hi*    former    «pi-erlii-*-    "I    have    no    por- 

p.iNe.  iiiriMtiv  ..r  iii.iii...iiv  iii  Intarfetra 
with  iii..  invt it  111 1.111  of  alavery  in  tna  atatcn 
0  In  ra  If  asbltfl,  I  ImIU-vi-  1  tinv,.  no  law- 
ful rluht  to  do  *o.  and  I  hnvi.  no  Inclina- 
tion to  do  «•-.."     li.-  ii'iiiN   lot   Coottlta- 

tlon  to  be  clear  on  the  que  n-n-n. 

derlac  fli«ltlve  alnve*  ami  state*  thnt 
the    alltereiu ■•■    nf    nplulon     real*    only     on 


tvhiiwe  authority  and  how  the  aarrendef 
•  h. ill  be  uiude.  He  Innlat*  upou  tn*  In- 
W|{flty    of    tho    I  1    DO   slate    bas 

iii-  po  adi    lawfully  and  tb-i ■ 

L'nlon  la  not  broken  br  suek  dectaratloa 
of  aeecMlon  nn   the  pnrt  of  any  one  elate. 

In     III  ;   lunge 

untry  lnio  civil  »«r.  be  **ld  ;  "Yonj 
ton  hare  no  conflict  without  b«ln«  your- 
selrea  the  agervMora.  Vou  bate  »o  oath 
rrxlati-red    la    Hi 

11  nt,  while  1  aball  have  tbc  most  sol- 
emn one  to  •preserve,  protect,  and  d<feo4 
It."  "     In   1 1  r   aiages  of   the    war. 

the  Tr-Klilenl  was  besought  by  both  great 
parties  In  the  country  on  the  one  band  to 
adopt     1  mil.  il     meaaui .  .  ijvery 

nmi      n    1  he   other   to   pursue   conser. 
paths.     It  wni  well  km.wn  that  he  eater- 
.1    11    deeproolod    hatred    of    donseslle 
aervltode !    but    »"  k-r  ..    n-rerene» 

(Or   1  he    Inw,  »■>  .  e»te4 

rights  and  Interests,  and  u>  desirous  1 
Mining  tbo  support  sud  eon&deaoe  of  la* 
people,  iih  »n  alii  fur  the  aolutlon  of  the 
great  problem,  thnt  he  followed  tbua  far 
a  moderate  course  bom  ecu  the  two  m 
Irviii. 

i'mua.-lpmlon. — In     Angast.      1881.     Con- 
gress passed  the  set  runflrK-atlng  the  rights 
of  sin  v.-  .. ..  nn*  In  alj 
tile  acts  agalnat  rhe   I  ol    ■ 
lowed    with    his    ord. ■■  olpote    Ike 

aluve*    In    Missouri.      Lincoln    ..i 
declamtlon    lo    be    modlflvil    10    eoofm 
Ibe  orders   of   Congtvoa  and   b> 
angered   the  uutl  slavery  advocate!  In  Mis- 

''.mi  and  llaplaaaed  tba  a eoajaamtura 

advlaera. 

On  March  8.    ISH2,  the  I'rest  I 
apei-lsl    ineunge    10    Congress    (page   . 
recommending  the  poaaag*  of  a  Join; 
lullon   bringing   ni.mii    tba   gradual   eman- 
cipation of  slaves  by  Mate*,   in   i.m 
which   the  atotes   ibonld   r.i-»lv»  p*.-. 
aid  fmm  the  BOvernincnl      I'migreaa  passed 
the  resolution,   hut   public   opinion   In   the 
»tat»a  km  not   rciidf   to  grasp  this  ci.-ins. 
in  April,   1  area  to  the 

Dlatrier  "f  folnu  .iM«t«on  to 

owners — a  measure  which  Lincoln  had 
years  before  earnestly   advocated. 

The    eventa    of     the     -.vnr     during     1801 
forced    upon    Lincoln    the   eonriu 

iclpstlon  was  the  only  means  at  hit 
command.  Aa  parly  111  Jnlr.  18*12,  be 
beiau  to  prepare  the  proclamation,  and 
■  hough  urged  by  il..|..i;aiIoM  to  take  lbs 
step,  li"  waited  until  li  n-ou'd  ' 
to  make  the  order  effective  and  eaallv  ooer 

.lifcnt 

Biiiil  :  "Mj    1..11.11 ml  10  kj>t»  ih' 

L'nlon,   and   not   either   10  aave 
alnvery.    If  1  could  save  tho  rnlou  wltbuut 
freeing  any  slave,  I  would  do  It :  If  I  r<oold 
save  It  tiy  frecli  ^-ould 

do  It  :  nnd  If  1  cmld  do  It  bv  freeing  some 
and  leaving  others  alone,  I  nould  also  do 
(Iiii!  "      Till  •    I.  ••  n!    Aulletaih  snrt 

his  retreat  Into  Maryland  seemed  to  tbe 
President   an   opportune   lime   to   burnt  Us 

fr.1el.1n1atl.1u  .if  .-imiuclpatioa,  .-»i«l  bis  pr»- 
Imlnnry    proelati  it  la- 

■ued  on   Bept.    23,    1*02    (page   "-• 

In    his    Second     Annual     Mesinge     (page 
Sa.lfii     1  be  Ti.  ildenl   rerommesMl 

ftlle      p:i--.u:e     ..f      :i 
□g      "compenaated      emnneli  n|.-.n ''        But 
rongresa  did  not  act  prnmpfly.  and  Jsn.  1. 
1883.    naw   the    Pnn-lamntlon   ..f    Kmsnclpa- 
I Inn    l«ned   (pagi  rhere   was  nrerb 

speculation  as  to  the  President's  nnnoeaa 
..(   nutl-alnvrry    .  «ont*  *«»- 

gi-alti.iM  1 111'  mil-  r  -.mi"  .-IrcwnMlaaee* 
be  might  withdraw  tbi*  proclanuilon.  But 
In  his  Fourth  Annual  Message   (page  3458) 


Encyckptdic  Index 


Lincoln 


he  repeated  bis  declaration  of  the  puflo— 
year:  "While  I  rrmila  la  m;  preaeot  poal- 
tloo  1  aball  not  attempt  to  retract  or  mod- 
ify the  emancipation  proclamation.  a*r 
shrill  I  return  to  slavery  any  per»oo  wl,o 
la  free  by  the  tcrm«  of  that  proclacaatloa 
or  by  any  of  toe  act«  of  Coaxreas,"  and 
h*  «dil«:  "If  the  people  should,  hy  what- 
ever mode  or  means,  make  Ic  an  Eieeartlra 
doty  to  rewwiave  aoch  persona.  anotWe. 
and  not  1.  sanal  be  their  Instrument  to 
perform  h."  H»  concludes  'he  mcaaagt 
with    tb*    t»ra»    paragraph:    ".a   statlcj;    a 


slnslc  condition 

aay  that  the  war  will 


ce  I 


m  (imply  to 
cenae  on  the  part  of 
in-  nsaent     wbenever    It    shall    bare 

censed    an    the    p«t1    of    lho»*    who   began 
It."    i"on»re»a  acted  promptly  on  Hie 
deat'a    «n*x«tlon    a  ad    on    Jna.    31.    1*03, 

K-d  and  proposed  to  ibe  states  the 
Irteentb  Smewdmeot  to  the  Constitution 
abolUblnf  alnvery.  and  tbla.  before  the 
end  of  the  year,  waa  ratified  by  twenty- 
seven  of  Ibe  tbirly-alx  atatea. 

Lincoln,  Abraham: 

Amnesty  proclamation  of,  3414. 
Discussed,  3390,  3455. 
Persona  entitled  to  benefits  of,  de- 
fined by  proclamation,  3419. 
Batend  "to.  3508. 

Annual     message*     of,     3245,     3327, 

l.  3444. 
A»aa»»ination  of.     See  Biography  of, 
Death  of.  po.il-  Military  Com- 
mission, etc, 
Biographical   sketch   of,    3204. 
Centennial    anmvi-rmry    of   birth    of, 

6 reclaimed    a    special    holiday    by 
oosevelt,  7344. 
Child    of.    death    of,   announced    by 

Cabinet,  3266. 
Oowtttntloul     amendment     relative 
to  gradual  emancipation   of  alarea 
recommended  by,  3337. 
Death  of  (ace  al«o  Military  commis- 
aion,  etc.,  pott.) — 
Action  of  Congress  on,  3497. 
Action   of   Senators   nnd    Represen- 
tative* in  Washington   on,  3490. 
Announcement    of,    to    Vice-Prosi- 

ii-i rl  Johnson,  3485, 
Announcement*  of,  34,15. 

■leoco   of   Boy   of   Tunis   on, 
3565. 
Bay  of  humiliation  and   mourning 
in  memory  of,  appointed,  3504. 
Order  regarding,  3.137. 
Postpone, i,  :1506V 
Funeral  announcement  and  official 

■rrangementa  for.  3493,  3533. 
Guard  of  honor,  3466. 
Honors  to  be  paid  memory  of,  3487. 
Orders   regarding,  M91 
Public  offices  to  be  closed  in  com- 

..oration    of,   3638. 
Bef erred  to,  3551. 
Report    of    George    H.    Sharpe    on 
asfaaaination     of,     referred     to, 
3792. 


Reward   offered   for  arrest  of   al- 
leged instigators  of  assassina- 
tion of,  3505. 
Dlstributioa  of.  referred  to,  3577. 
Persona   claiming,    directed    to    filo 

claims,    81 
Revoked    as    to    certain    persons, 
3551.  *^    ^ 

Scene  of,  opposite  3485. 
Emancipation     discussed     by.       (See 

Emancipation.) 
Emancipation  proclamation  of,  3353. 
Executive  ordcra  of,  3218,  3239,  3 

3360,  3375,  3431,  3474,  3483. 
Exequatur  issued  consul  of   Belgian) 

revoked    by,  3420, 
Pasting  nnd  prayer,  day  of,  set  apart 
by.  65,  3422. 

Referred    to,   3437. 
Finances    discussed    by,    3248,    3330, 

3350,  3384,  3447. 
Foreign    policy   discussed    by,   3848, 

3255,  3327,  3444. 
Babta*  et/rpiii— 
Authority  given  by,  to  suspend  writ 
Of,  J0,  3210, 

33O0,   3313,  3328. 
Referred   to,  . 
Suspension   of   writ   of,   by,   3299, 
3371,   3420. 
Revoked  as  to  certain  States  by 
President  Johnson,  3529,  3531. 
Inaugural  address  of — 
First,  3206. 
■■•..!     3477. 
Military    commission    to    try   persons 
implicated  in  assassination  of,  to 
be  appointed,  3532. 
Detail  for  court,  MM, 
Judge-advocate   appointed,    3534. 
Order  appointing  commission. 
Provost-marshal  appointed 
8enteneo  of,  approved,  3515. 

*I i"1    judge-advocato   appoii.ted, 

3534. 
Pardon  granted  deserters  from  Army 
by,  3364,   3479. 
Act  authorising,  3365. 
Pocket  veto  of,  3471. 
Portrait  of,  SMS, 

Powers  of  Federal  and  8tate  Govern- 
ments   discussed     by,    3206,    3- 
3269,  3274,  3286,  3335. 
Proclamations    of — 

Absenco     of    soldiers    from    duty, 

3304. 
Admission  of— 
Nevada.  3430. 

Wast  Virginia,  3368.  and  illustra- 
tion  opposite  3389. 
Agreement  with  Bernard  Kock  for 
emigration  of  negroes,   canceled, 
8868. 


Lincoln 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Amnesty,  3414. 
I'- r-unn   entitled  to   benefit*  of, 
3410. 
Annivrrsnry  of  birth   of  Wasbing- 

ton,   3209. 
Blockade  of  Southern   port*,   3215, 

saie,  348i. 

Removal    of,    3280.    3372,    3417, 
3431,  3482. 

Declaring  proclamation  of  Gen. 
Bra 

Discriminating  duties  on  vcsaols  of 
iragua  impended.  3416. 

Ei 
Notice  of,  M 

Exequatur  Iwued  consul  of  Bel- 
gium  revoked.   3420. 

Extraordinary  session  of — 
Congress,   3214, 
Senate,  3362,  3174. 

Fasting    and    prayer,    3237,    3S65, 

Mtf 

Government  to  be  reestablished  in 
Southern  Stntes,  3414,  3423. 

Habrtts  curpux,  writ  of,  insponded, 
1,   3420. 

Power  to  impend,  given,  3217. 

Liability  of  aliens  to  perform  mili- 
tary duty.   3369. 

pardon*    gTantod    deserters,    3364, 

Persons— 

Discou raging    enlistments,    3299. 

In  rebellion,  3214,  3294,  3299. 

Supplying    Indlani     with    muni- 
tions of  war,  3480. 
Privileges  of  other  porti  grunted — 

Newpi.n.    '.  t  , 

St.  Albans,   Vt.,  3473. 
8tnte«   in    insurrection,   3238,  3293, 

S86& 
Thanksgiving,     3200,     3371,     3373, 

8489. 
Treatment  of  American  vessels  in 

foreign  port*,  3 
Volunteers    enlled     fur.    '121 1,    3210, 
I,    8874,    UK,   3472. 
Seeesiion    discussed    by,   3200,    3221, 

Slavery    discussed    by,    3206,    3269, 

3335. 
Special  session  mowage  of.  MM 
State    of    the    Union    discussed    by, 

3245.  8255,  3334.  3389,  3452. 
Thnnk*giving  order  of,  3439. 
Thanksgiving   proclamation  of,  3200, 
3371,  3373,  3429.     (Sec  also  Fac- 
ing and  Prayer.) 
Order    regarding    day    appointed, 
8MB, 
Tributes  of  nations   to,  numbers  of 

copies   of.   referred   to.   4001. 
Veto   messages  of — 
Additional  1 1 1 . - ,  1 . . - « I  officers  of  vol- 
unteer service,  3289. 


tic. 


Circulating  bank  notes  in  I 

of  Columbia,  3288. 
Correction  of  clerical  errors 

ternnl-revenue    act,    reasons    for 
applying  pocket  veto  to,  3471. 
War  between  the  States  discussed  by, 
3221,  324.1,  3255.  3278,  3303,  3389, 
3452,  Mm 
Lincoln    Highway.      (So«    Transconti- 
nental Highways.) 

Lincoln  Memorial  DnlTcralty.—  Tiu  aal- 
;  t  wax  establish*!  by  General  O.  O 
Howard,  from  the  succesUoa  of  abrsbaa 
Ltncola  himself,  on  Keb,  10,  1H97.  Tbr 
Institution  U  located  at  Cumberland  Oar. 
T«an.,  and  exists   for  tbe  educatlna  of  tbe 

toutb    of    tlie    mountain    stuck    from    which 
locoln  himself  aprang. 

Lludesfame,  Toe,  claim  by  owners 

6934. 
Lindsay  *  Co.  vs.  Montana,  Feden1 
of  Labor  ot  tl— Lindsay  a  Co..  wholesale 
dealers  In  fruit*  and  vegetables,  had  been 
declared  "unfair"  by  tbe  Miners'  Data* 
and  t be  Trade*  Assembly.  This  artloa  wst 
>cd  by  tho  defendant,  the  Montana 
federation,  and  ■  circular  Issued  la  which 
"all  laboring  in .- ;i  mid  ttinwe  la  sympathy 
nltb  oi-a-ui  i    nre  requested  not  to 

pnlnuilrr  l.liidxay  &  Co."  The  compsay 
secured  an  Injunction  forbidding  Ibis  bay 
coll.    I. ui  ..'   the   Stat* 

■  l  lb*  injunction.  It  wu  iseoi  lki< 
the  plniriiirt  company'*  trade  bad  suffered 
us  s  result  of  the  boycott.  The  nmn*  ef 
iHV/coti  In  this  case  was  the  pubtlcslloa 
of  tbe  circular  as  quoted  a  bore.  Tbe 
court    held    that    such    publication    by    uo' 

n  or  by  an  association   ws«  per 
lernl.    being   nn   exercise  of   the   right   of 
fiee    speech    nnd    free    pre**. 

i  lo  the  boycott   as   "tbe 

f    combination.    In    refusing    to    hare 
biir.lnc*s    dealings    with    another,    of 
rcmot  •  Morales    conditions    » 

:.i.  ii.  i  no  ,i  Inimical  to  tbe  welfare  of  tat 
member*  of  tbe  combination,  or  soma  of 
ibem.    or    grunts    concession*     which 

ii 1    to    make    for   Hint    parpose,**     A 

conspiracy  mis  defined  as  "a  coxoMnatloa 
of  two  or  more  persons  by  sonar  concerted 
notion    to  ■     a     criminal    or    un 

lawful  purpose,  or  to  sccompllsh  a  pci 
not  In  Itself  criminal  or  unlawful,  by  erttnl 
mil  or  unlawful  mean*."  The  court  b*M 
thai  the  company  did  not  hare  a  property 
right  In  Hi-  trade  of  any  particular  per 
son:  hence  nuy  osc  person  may  right  ton? 
withdraw  hi*  patronsire.  The  conn  r»- 
tects  tin-  doctrine  thnt  *d  net  pcrfectrr 
lawful  wbi-ii  done  by  one  peraoa  b*rooK« 
criminal  when  done  by  two  or  snore  per 
son*  acting  In  concert,  and  thst  this  con 
■  ■  it. .t  action  HRiounts  to  s  conspiracy,    if 

iiii.tiinl  la  clotbed  wltb  s  right  sat 
ncitng  nloni'.   ha   docs  not   lo*»   »ii^»   right 

v    by   actio:  nee.  if 

ilio    il-fcndsnt*  did    not    Tlointe    mn 
right  of  the  plaintiff  In  wlthdro 
pat  ton*  itr.   they   en  n  not   be   eojolaed   frso 
Inulng    the   boyoMt   In   force,   a*  leaf 
n«  the  means  to  mnkc  It  effect  I  re  are  sot 
lllrc.nl. 

Linen  Industry.— Tb*  bleb  prion  of  luva 
nnd  of  the  flax  fiber  from  which  lit 
mnde  has  centered  uttentlon  oe  tbe  Beer* 
sltr  of  establlshlnc  a  real  linen  ladi.trj  Is 
thl*  country,  the  greatest  consumer  of  «*»e 
In  tin.  world.  There  «ntn  to  be  two  btf 
problem*  which  muit  bo  solved  I- 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Liquors 


_  Owe  to  to  Bnd  «<>roe  artlflclal 
method  of  preparing  tb*  flax  straw  tor  tfce 
>    iLu.  r.    I  In  ns    tli*"   flu   grower  of 

(bin  tack,  aod  i 

Aon;:  that    American-made   liocn 

I*  »»  good  M  any  other. 

only  country  In  which  tbc  production 

of   las    tlber    has    Increased    consistent!?     In 

ii,    thp    report    state*. 

In  th«  UDli<h  Islci  iod  In  France  tbc  pro- 

dactlon  linn  decreased  In  *plt*  of  all  effort* 

growing,     and     In 

Austria-Hungary.    Belgium.  sn.J 

lands  tho  industry  baa  not  been  able  to  bold 

. .-  r    American     production     baa 

never  been  of  Importance.     Thank-   to  liberal 

i  -ninnt  aid  and  to  ebtap  labor  the  Uus- 

alaaa  li»d  gradually  been  getting  a  uonopolj 

of  th*  boalneaa  up  to  tbc  time  tbc  »m 

Id  Hie  United  State*  flnv  iilaed 

nlmost  entirely  for  the  need,  whlcb  Is  uacd 
to  make  Hi*  well-known  linseed  oil  *o  uccca- 

i  i.  ii. .11  .,r  good  paint"  and 
ramlahe*.  Of  hiidc  3,000.000  acre*  of  flux 
raised  in  t  In   1015,  the  Dcpnrt 

■sent    of    Agriculture    estimate*    ttmt    only 
2.000  ocre«  were  devoted  to  flnx   for 
The  bulk  .  ■  tii     »traw  from  the  need  bearing 

and  used  fur  fertiliser,  it 
should  be  borne  In  uilml  bowi  ver.  tbat  IU 
growiug  for  **ed  and  flax  growing  for  fllier 

•  re  separate  and  dlatlnct  Induatrloa.  Some 
flax  I*  grown  for  both  iced  and  liber,  bul  a 
decision  mux  be  mad*  a*  to  whlcb  la  to  be 
the  more  Important  product.  Just  a>  the 
■beep  raiser  ran  ''ton  or 

•  oof  h  to  be  the  primary  considers :  I 
In   lOurope  the  farm-r  not  only  rain 

flax,  but  prepare*  the  Oder  for  il pinner 

•I'll,  prvpuriitluu  rsqnlrca  several  prncetaea. 
one  of  which,  known  a*  "retting."  require* 
considerable-  cheap  labor  and  much  time  and 
la  Is  addition  a  moat  disagreeable  proccsa 
for  the  workmen.  Toe  problem  In  tbf*  couo- 
Uy  l»  to  find  »om»  chemical  proces*  of  ret- 
ting that  ran  he  tarried  nut  at  a  factory  and 
the,*  allow  the  farmer  to  confine  hti  attett- 
tlie  agricultural  end  of  tbc  Industry. 
Thin  la  the  only  condition  on  whlcb  the 
American  farmer  will  take  to  growing  flux 
for  the  fiber.  Mr.  Clark  thinks.  Home  PTOf- 
li  already  bring  made  in  rbi-uilcal  rot- 
tine  and  at  least  two  concern*  are  now 
I. us  lug  flax  rtalka  from  the  grower*  for 
til  Chemical  processes  hove 
•  .-•  n  tried  txforc  without  much  • 
one  of  the  new  concern*  I*  now  selling  onem 

Sally  retted  liber  no   Europe  and   the  other 
mnklns  coarse.  linen*  for  uac  In  clothing 
and  for  cur  u  In*. 

■MB  If  n  Rood  al1-Am»rlran  linen  la  pro- 
duced In  this  country,   bowtear,   there  still 
remain*    tho    great    problem    of    finding    a 
market   for  It     That  means   that  time  and 
effort  will  be  required  to  persuade  tin 
siirorr  to  bay  th*  domestic  product   In 
..f    (he    Imported,      Many    people    Invariable 
choose  t'ic  Imtmrted  article  when   It   la  dls- 
I    alongside   of  domestic    iprodnct*.  al- 
lies* of  quality.      The  prealdent 
of    a    mill    now   making   dyed   and    bl. 
dress  linen*  from  American   flax  baa  found 
that,  small  as  Is  bla  product,  there  I*  dlffl- 
etilty  In  getting  the  Jobber*  and  department 
More*  to  handle  It.     The  ten  to  Ba- 

il   though  It  I*  apparently  of 
extellent    <|iiullly,    It    cannot    equal    the    old 
established  linen*  from  abroad.     There  will 
r  tlino  than  tho  present   to 
i  in-  domestic  product,  for  the  Im- 
ported article  I*  scarce  and  bleb  priced.    In 
in!    lime*  oar   import*   of   linen   good* 
rary  from  25  to  30  million  dollar*  and  the 
demand  had  been  ■teadlly   Increasing   up  to 
the  time  of  the  war. 


Th*  Bureau"*  report  la  entitled  "Develop- 
of     an     Am-rican     Linen     Industry." 
Special  A  cent*  Series   No.    US,  ■ 
obtained   for   the   non 

front     the     Superintendent     of     Document*. 
Washington.  D.  C  . 
iil.i    r.fliee  of   tbc   Uureau   of  Foreign  and 

ln.ini  StlC  Colom. 

It*    lu 
the  United   State*  engaged   In    tho 

Kind  linen  i 
|y  m  of  i  r  claim  to  i 

goods.  The  materials  used  eonalal  01  Manila 
and    New   Zealand    hemp.    Heaacqilln    (*t*al 

o  .hoi  C -i>Jl  Ifrom  Africa. 

the-  Bahama*.  Hawaii  and  Java, 
sumption  of  flnx  and  flax  tow  was  lc*i 

•  ilion  pounds  and  most  of  these  mate- 
ria la  were  mixed  with  cotton. 

Islquora— M*lt,    Vinous    and    Distilled. 
—The  uae  of  alcoholic  llqoora  bl  Dm  l'ult.d 
States  la  said  to  have  doubled  bctwe. 
year*    1880  and    MOO.      It   was  estimated 
that    the    per    capita    consumption    In     19U2 
was  10.48  callous.    The  total  ami 
for    th*    year    was    ll.;iDu.o98.27o\.      About 
one-fourth    of    the    population    are    said    to 
be   habitual  user*  of  Intoxicants.      A 
tutiuual    amendment    providing    for   nation- 
wide prohibition  of  the  sale  of  lh|iiot«  was 
defeated    In    the    sixty-third    Congress,   but 
many  states  have  general  and  local  laws  ou 
I  he  subject.     I  Se*  Prohibition.  I     Tb«  manu- 
f»cturc    e>t    liquors    Is    one    of    the    leading 
Industrie*    of    the    I'nlted    States,    on. 
main  financial   support  of  the   government. 
Jfatf    LUjuor*. — Early    New    England   col- 
on 1st*  encouraged  the  mknufartnr*  ■•(  malt 

it  i    for   tbc   broader   market   It   »'■ 

for    grain,    and    because    the    supply    of    a 

mild     beverage     promoted     temperance     and 

good   order    among    the    rltlzcu*,    wbo   pre- 

tils    ......11111    hut.  u    itronger 

sir  Ink  If  denied  ale  or  beer,  lu  17M  up- 
ward of  two  million  gallons  were  produced. 
Wlille,  prior  to  17PK,  It  does  not  appear 
that  legislation  adverse  to  the  brewing  In- 
dustry wa*  enacted,  yet  low*  favorable  to 
th«  cheaper  distribution  of  distilled  liquor* 
brought  tb**e  stronger  drinks  to  the  for* 
and  held  In  check  the  brewing  Industry. 
Effort*  were  made  In  drawing  up  the  early 
federal  revenue  law*  to  foster  malt  Honor 
making,  toll  tbeta  vara  auec**«full>  fol  .I. 
In  17H0  l*resldcnt  Madl-on  expressed  tho 
bop*  that  the  lui-wlng  Industry  would  strike 

A  .  p    r.ml     In     gfl  :  ,      ita.nl    In     III.-    union,    *M 

Thomaa  Jefferson  stated  that  "n..  nntl.ni 
Is  sober  where  the  dearncss  of  fermented 
drink,  substitutes  ardent  spirits  as  a  com- 
mon bercn 

In  1810  the  domestic  production  of  malt 
liquors  amounted  to  5.754.735  gallons. 
Thrre  were  120  brvwerle*  In  the  country, 
mrwt  of  tbem  producing  ale  aud  iiorler  ex- 
clusively. In  1847  the  Increasing  German 
Immigration   brought    to   America    not 

n  demand  ftw  (bait  favorite  beverage,  lager 

baci  but  also  a  practical  knowledge  of  Its 
manufacture.  Ib-fore  tho  Civil  war  th.- 
nse>  of  strong  drink  was  Increasing  at  an 
alnrmlng  rate.  The  revenue  tax  then  Im- 
pooed  raised  the  price  of  ardent  spirits  to 
ii  .mi.  r.  and  the  Rrewers'  Asaofla- 
i  ■  mi  ,v:ia  formed,  lo  1  purpose  of 

niillug  the  government  In  perfm  ting  the 
law  and  collecllng  the  tax.  as  well  a*  to 
;•  memberx  from  nnjuii  dl*- 
rrlinluatliin  Thl  pntrlotlnn  abown  br  the 
c.-nnan-Amerlcan*  during  tbo  war  between 
tin-  States  also  went  a  long  «i*y  toward 
silencing  criticism  of  them  and  tbelr  na- 
tional drink.  In  18'J3.  there  waa  produced 
li.O0fl.B23  barrel*  of  be*r.  Th*  amount 
•tcodlly  Increased  until  i'iimi,  when  the  pro- 
duction reached  80.U0.849  barrels. 


Liquors 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Win". — Am  early  an  1700  French  aettlera 
near    Knskaakla.     III.,    nude    wttu    ■■(    tho 
wild  grupec      During  tin-  .  i   .  i.  ,  nth 
nnil   iilin'1  ■nili  •  were 

mini.,    i  .    lolrndui »    lht>    leudvr    l-'.un 
Vine,  nnd  to  adapt  It  I  bi  t  Climate 

.    but    si:    i      - < : -   ■ '     i 'i 

iilllm  i  i 'i f  the  mo«t  »iicc«m- 

ful     rnl-T*     on*     MrholaJ     l.oiigworth.     of 
tia'l.   who   In    the   forties  and   fifties 
miiny     grnpea    nnd     pfMBeM    »n» 
wine. 

Tot    il.-i-ado  closing   with    1800  wltneawd 

tlir   Mill -1,111111,  ii-lal   win*    manufacture 

In  Ibo  L'Dltcd  Stale*.  The  expel -Irnvnla  of 
Mr  LoafWOHfe  In  Oblo  were  followed  by 
the  i|,-v,  |, ,imi.  Hi  of  *lno  manufacture  In 
lb.-  Iludaon  Hlvrr  Vatlev  mid  the  lake  dl«- 
of  weiteru  New  York  and  tin'  1-a.ke 
dUtrU't,  cumpiMng  i be  tbore  and  ad- 

I  1800  Call- 

fotnlo.  New  York  and  tibln  were  Ih«  1.  n<l- 
Ing  statea  In  wine  production.  In  Into  tie- 
wine  product   of  Mlasourl   exceeded   tbat  of 

ant   other  -.iiit,-.   iii.i   in    181 Kcv.'d"d   Hint 

u(    New    Y"ork.   but    not    that   of   I'allforula- 

i'iil..  I 'I    i"    a   minor   pt«ce. 

aud   California    turnl  i  •  ■  !    M  I    Ml    --"t     of 

Hi.  Bote!  i  ilm  d(  itia  produel  i  i"  iood. 
Attention   wai   directed   to  the  no««lullltlee 

of    Calif.. inln    n«    n    «lne    producing    atate 

by   publications   of   the   fctali  [cultural 

■    In  IRfiR.  and  b]    !'-■■     wtac  pluming 

»•    a    matter    ,.r    v. mini    i-nthii*ln«m. 

Ageoii  were  -.-lit  abroad   to  ,,1,-nl-i   ibo  boat 

log  of  Tin.".  ,>t  Kurone  and  Asia.     Rj- 

Irhat  the  noil   of  California 
■  adtpp-.l   to  the  flneat  varlellea  of  Euro- 
ponn  grnpea. 
Th-  ■   nana  of  loio  reports  the  existence 

10  wlner lei  In  II ..untrv.  whose  prod- 

ucta  were  ii ,i  9,840.    Tbi  - 

pi  ivi  '1    1.011    wage-corners   to   whom   were 
,608. 
WMftLf. — During    the   mrly   da,"    of    tho 
republic  dl>  tilling  was  chici  i-'il  by 

farmers,    win.    made    a    crude    whisky     for 
borne   consumption.      A    iinnll    k.-ttle  and  a 
w> .nil    placed   alongside    bit   log  euMn    ».-re 
,iil   ii    part  of  the  fin 
.,1,1   ,  ,|ii|.ini,  ii|    ii m  the  flail  to  thrnnh 
.    i  alow  I--'  I"  I  land,     I"  17M 

the  in-'   Internal   revenue  nix  wna  fan 

thi  rate  being  nine  cent*  a 
galkn.  Ii  was  t'Klliuated  that  about  three 
ui'llkm  gallon*  were  producM  Thl«  lex. 
.  kb:i  atrongly  rel-ted  bv 
the  farmem  of  W,  tern  Pennsylvania,  and 
iiv  to  call  DDOO  tin-  mlllila 
i..  paj  in. -iit.        i '--       fl  b  I  ky    Re- 

in 1813  there  was  no 
revenue  tax  on  whlskr,  tln-u  a  tax  uu  dla- 
tll'i  .  iii- -Hint,  d    for  n    tax   on    their 

produel  In  1810  Iba  Internal  revenue  tax 
woa  rcduerd  one-half,  and  abnlWhed  en- 
tirely In  181$.  It  was  not  again  levied 
uniii  I8A2  nb.  ii  Hie  exlgenrlea  of  •« 
quired  mors  Internal  revenue  Then  a  tax 
of  20  cents  a  gallon  wa»  levied,  and  ibis 
waa  Ihil.-e  lncren«ed  In  1M4,  until  on 
i  220  "f  Hint    ,v,-nr  the   tax   wa«  *2   tier 

gallon.    After  the  war  anccr- -iv,   n-iim  'i,m> 
made   In    the   tax.  but    It   baa   alu-nys 

I-  -  ii    I ,1    upon    n«   a    fruitful    •'•ni 

revcunc  for  t'n-  government  In  1**4  titer- 
wn«    produeed    about    OO.f.OO.OOO   gallon*   of 

atiiriii  unon  arhleh  tin-  twrammanl  eollact- 
ed  a   rctraac  of  J4.-l.000.000. 

Rprlltleil  whUky  In  tin.  rroOa  blub  wine 
after  |i  bai  been  pi  aw  through  a  layer  oj 
rhnrcoal  to  remove  the  fii'el  oil  and  other 
Imouiitlei.  A  redl»tlllltig  appntntim  bn 
Invented  for  thl-  purpot*  Ifter  ciiiiillla- 
tlon  a  unall  amount  of  Kcntuckv  Hotirbon. 
or  rve  from  Penn-vlranln  nr  Maryland  la 
added  to  give  a  d.  -I'.-d   tlnvor. 

Cenaua  Ogurea  publlabcd  In  1910  place  tba 


number  of  dlttlllerlea  Baking  wbkrky. 
luaiid).  rum,  gin  and  aleobol  at  013  baring 
a   yearly    output    ,,r  more.      T»« 

rommlMloner  of  Internal  Kercnae.  bow- 
ever,  found  1.202  by  counting  tba  aaaaller 
•  «t»lil I. tit.,,  ni  .  iiii.i  tnoac  n-bleb  are  eagaerd 
primarily  lu  other  immufarlure.  b«t  ■ 
report  dUtllled  knlrlts  aa  a  by-peodiKL  Tbe 
viilii-  nf  the  iiii.ilu.-t).  u  p'ared  by  tbe  cvn- 
■ua  at  $304,000,412,  BUI  tlili  figure  Inctudra 
the  revenue  tax  to  be  colkcuxl  when  taken 
nut  nf  bond. 

niMlllers  of  grain  or  molantea  »u 

'ancc  with  gowrnmeot  regulatlotw. 
provide  «rar*hou»e*  for  their  produrb>. 
The»c  ar>>  known  a«  bonded  *rartbnu-*>. 
nnd  arc  In  charge  of  bonded  odlcera  of  the 

Kvernment.  All  irplrlta  produeed  from  na> 
Mca  or  grain  mum.  before  ahlpaarat.  be 
placed  In  warchouaea  for  rword.  even 
th'-.tigh  they  be  alcohol,  cologne  apli, 
other  clatxea  that  do  Dot  require  agetet 
nr-  Immediately  marketable.  All 
whlaklea  that  renulre  ageing  are  allowed 
by  the  goTornm.-n'.  W  remain  In  boodVd 
warebouaea  for  a  maximum  period  of 
year*    and    no    tax   la   collected 

Sooda  arc  withdrawn.     There  l«  iboai 
90,000    in-      i- 'l    In    ili-    in.tii.'ri.   end   tb- 
h mount  nf  ii-.i  imid  In  IHtm  waa  * 

■  ■  I •- 1  r- 1. ii  i  .!    inane    ti.-tso   emptoywa 
(See  also  Dlatlllad  Splrlta.) 

Usbon,  Portng-al,   International   Poatal 
Coogrets  at,  diacusaed,  4038. 

Lit*t Atuie  ihonld  be  aided,  59,  60,  61. 
Litigation,  measures  to  prevent  delay 

nnd  unneeeaaary  coat  or,  769J. 
Ltttlo  ft  Brown,  contract  with,  for  pro- 
posed   edition    of    treaties,    ete.,    re- 
ferred   to,   2273. 
Ltttle  Belt,  The.     (See  President,  The.) 
Little     Osage     Indiana.      (See  Indian 

Triboa.) 
Little  Rbody.-  -A  nickname  for  Rhode  1» 

<|.  v.).     (See  alio  States.) 
Little  Bock,  Arlt.,  road  from  Cantoi- 

mvnt  Gibaon  to,  referred  to,  932. 
Llve-Oak  Timber,  quantity  of.  in  Unit- 
ed States,  referred  to,  1097. 
Lizzie  Major,  The  arrest  of,  by  Spaa- 

ish  frigate,  discussed,  39S6. 
Lizzie  Thompson,  The,  claim  arising  oit 

of  capture  of,  3353. 
Loans  (see  also  Bonds;  Debt,  Public): 
Authority  for  making,  recommended, 

2866. 
Contracted  with— 
Amsterdam,    120. 
Antwerp,  120. 

Bank  of  United  State*.   l::i 
Holland,  73,  78,  OS,   133,  167,  169. 
Diacnascd  by  President — 
Adams,  John,  243. 
Adams,  J.  O.,  S70.  924. 
Johnson,  3264,  8282 
M.-Kinlev,  6238. 

•  son,  SIS,  523,  549. 
Monroe.  636.  647,  675,  809,  824. 
Poll  102. 

Tyler,  1934,  1960,  2061. 
Washington,  98,  167. 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Loewe 


Extraordinary    session    of    Congress 
ced    by    President   McKialcy 
to  obviate,  if   possible,   the  neces- 
sity of,  6244. 
Inability   of  Government  to  obtain, 

ussed,  2081. 
Made   for   defense  of  State*  during 
War  of  1812,  809. 

•  ssary    for    prosecution    of    war 
with  lias  2402, 

Obviating   the   •seeeaVity   of,  by  con- 
vention of  Congress  in  special  sea- 
aion,   0241. 
Time  of  payment  of,  ahould  bo  ex- 
tended. 1034. 
rrod  to,   I960. 
To   M  -urmmI.  3264,  3282. 

War-revenue  net  of  1S98,  authorizing, 
6314. 
Loans  and  Sinking  Fund,  Commissioner 
Of,  office  of,  should  bo  abolished,  1382. 
Lobby.— In    political    uuer.    in*   persona 

who  frequent   the  bulla  of  Congress  or  state 
legislator,  ike  lobbies  and  com- 

rolttec  rooms,  for  tln>  purpose  of  meetlxut 
legislators  and  pi  r-iuidlng  them  to  support 
measures  desired  by  the  principal!  employ- 
log  Uic  lobbyists.  Their  means  of  pcrsua- 
slnn  are  usually  mere  arguments  and  appeals, 
but.  lo  Isolated  Instance*,  money  or 
valuable  considerations  are  utilised.  So  bin*; 
aa  tie  lobby  confine*  Itself  to  leeltlmnto 
arguments.  It  Is  not  properly  objections  M», 
hot  Is  a  means  of  carrying  out  lbs  American 
right  of  petition. 
Lobos  Wands: 

Controversy    regarding,    referred    to. 
L'limi 

8o\'  of   Peru  over,  aclcnowl- 

edged",  2*03. 
Local    Government.— Sometimes     « | 

and  self-government.  The  regulation 
and  administration  of  the  local  affairs  of  a 
city  or  district  by  tbc  people  of  It.  ns 
•ui«heit  from  snob  regulntlou  and  ad- 
m  nlsirstlon  by  authority  ,.f  Hie  *tnte  of 
nation  at  large.  The  state  was  an  institu- 
tion of  tbe  Roman  Empire,  but  the  Ten- 
tribes    or    nations    developed    a    local 

government    of   their   own,    and   cave  ths 

name  "town"  to  language  and  tbe  Idea  of 
"■township"  to  constitutional  law.  As  to 
whether  the  first  English  colonists  In 
America  derived  the  subdivision  of  the 
v  known  In  England  ns  town  or  town' 
■hip  from  the  mother  country  there  was  no 
question  until  rr-.ntly,  when  respectable 
authority  was  adduced  'or  the  statement 
that  the  I'lrmoiith  nnd  Massachusetts  Bay 
ooion  I  its.  especially  tbo  former,  who  cam* 
directly  from  Holland,  borrowed  their  local 

Sivernment  system  and  several  other  Instl- 
Itlnna  of  high  vn'ue  from  the  Dutch  Re- 
public  Certain  It  Is.  nevertheless,  that 
when  the  flrst  settlements  were  made  In 
this  country  England  had  well -developed 
forms  of  local  government  whvb  served 
as  a  pattera.  bevond  doubt,  for  tbe  James- 
town Colony,  Vs..  »nd  for  some  other 
«  ss  well.  The  colony  was  sub- 
divided Into  counties.  Its  In  some 
rases  into  hundreds,  and  the  hu-drfds  Into 
psrlshe*  or  townships.  At  the  tlms  o(  IDS 
/•tlon  tb*  parish  of  England  had 
generally  superseded  the  township.  In  the 
Southern  colonies,  where  tbf  i>t;intntlon  sys- 
tem prevailed  and  tbe  people  were  scattered 
over  a  large   area,   the  colonists,  on   their 


separation     from     England,     retained     tbo 
county  system  as  bcu.g  best  suited  io  tbe'r 
population.      In  tbe  New  Knglai.- 
where   population   waa   more   compact,    tbe 
township   goiernmcnl   was  rets.;- 
two  distinct  types  of  local  (overamenl 
vailed  In  th 
sisti'tn    In    New    Bn(l 

•ji'rra  In  the  South  In  i lie  middle  colonies 
a  system  of  local  government  waa  Instltut..] 
which  I    the    county    and    tumisiiip 

sjiL.m.  Tbla  is  now  geuerslly  In  use  In 
the   Western  Slates. 

Local  Oflices,  elimination  of,  from  poli- 
tics, 7608. 
Local  Option.— A   principle  of  low  estab- 
lished  In   some    of   tat    PolMd    States   by 
which  th*  determloa'  whether  or 

not  any  licenses  to  sell  intoxicating  liquors 
•hall   be  granted  Is  lubmlttcu  to  a  vote  of 

tne    {>t.jpic    n(    u    town    oi    other    minor 

K.il  community  If  the  profile  t,f  any 
ullt>  decide  hi"  ii  [irohihttlon,  U  becomes 
a  psUI  of  Hie  state  law  for  that  coram 
Local  option  by  states  was  suggested  as  a 
solution  of  the  slavery  question,  u:.d  the 
"-Nebraska  Isw  contained  a  provision 
to  this  effect 

LOCO-FOCOS-— 'I  I-  f.-iellon    of    Ho- 

Democratic  party  in  Re*  York  In  1833- 
1837.  The  Equal  lights  faction  was  op- 
posed to  th»  granting  nf  bank  charters  and 
to  favorites  of  the  (lorern- 
meat,  and  tbe  Tammany  men  supported  the 
Administration.  At  a  meeting  held  In 
Tammany   Hull,   Naw   I'M*,   ">i    SB,   1889, 

the    regular    Tammany    Dei rats    tried   to 

gain  control,  but  finding  themselves  out- 
numbered they  turned  out  the  lights  and 
left  the  ball  i  i si  Rights  men  pro- 
duced candles  nrd  lighted  tbetn  by  the  aid 
of  "loco-foeo"  matches  and  continued  the 
meeting  The  word,  nt  first  Ul  id  In  ■!•■ 
rlslon  of  tbla  faction,  sn  1st 
by  the  Democratic  porty  ns  an  emblem  of 
prompt  It  mix  In  an  emergency,  and  It  waa 
■polled  to  the  party  sometimes  In 
derision    by    their    up: 

Loewe  vs.  Lawlor  et  *].-I.oewa  ft  Co.. 

hat  manufacturers,  of  lianbury.  C 
brought  suit  against  the  I'nlled  natters 
of  North  America  to  r»ntrilo  lb*  hitler 
from  prosecuting  n  boycoit  against  tbe 
plaintiff's  bats.  The  maiiufiicinri  r»  bad 
declared  an  open  shop  nod  discarded  tbe 
use  of  tbe  union  label,  whereupon  their 
Hatters'  fnlnn. 

Induced   the   In i • .  >iiitt«  a   hoj t 

throughout   the    united    States,     Th 

(i  Court  of  the  United  States,  over- 
ruling two  lower  courts,  unanimously  found 
In    favor  of  the    plaintiff  compnnr. 

The  contention  was  that  the  boycott,  so 
called,  cnnstltrted  a  combination  In  re- 
straint of  tmde.  and  was,  therefore,  a 
vlolnrlon  of  tbe  Sherman  An'l-Tmst  I.nw 
of  1800.  The  decision  wis  based  M 
1  of  that  act.  which  declares  "every  con- 
tract combination  In  Hie  form  nf  a  tn-st  or 
otherwise,  or  conspiracy.  In  res'nlnt  of 
trade"  to  be  Illegal,  and  flies  punishment 
for  violation  nt  not  more  than  (S.AOO  fln»- 
or  Imprisonment  for  one  vear.  or  both:  and 
on  Sec.  2.  which  forbids  monopolv  nnd 
fixes  ulmllltir  punishments:  and  See.  7. 
which  provides  that  nnv  person  who  Is  In- 

!l u  bis  hinlnen  through  anv  got  top 
iiliten  i.y  this  law  may  suo  to  recover 
thrr-efold    damn 

The  court  he'd  'lint  the  Unite  nrihui 
boycott  was  n  "eoroblnnrlon  In  restraint 
nf  t  r-i.l.-  among,  tha  sevaml  8fa,e»M  In  that 
It  obstructed  the  free  flow  of  commerce 
and    restricted   the   right   of   the   plalutlfl 


Loewe 


Messages  and  I'aptrs  of  Ihe  lJres\dents 


to  engage  In   business,   by   irjlng  lo  eonv 

Baa    lo  do    builucsi   only    lo    tbe    way 
le  union  Imposed.      At  tbe  plaintiff  com- 
pany  mil  »bf»  to  show  Ioim  ogi:rcgnting 
180.000,   si    tbc    result    of   lbs   boycott,     It 
was   authorised   to   mc   for   t2s0.ihKi. 
■    6.  Iftlit.  Hi"  Supremo  Conn  foi 

thin     tli lonflrmed    lbs   derision   of   the 

lower  courts,  granting  damages  to  Loewe 
&    Co  -.(«K>.    to    be    pa  lil    by      the 

1    Hatters. 

Log-Cabln  and  Hard  Older  Campaign. 

— A  rauiialgn  slogan  used  by  the  Whirs  dor- 
Ins  tb«  candidacy  Of  William  Henry  Harri- 
son for  President  In  1S40. — originated  by 
the  fact  ttat  a  pnrt  of  nil  bouss  ■  I 
lnilly  ■  log-cahln.  ind  that  bo  aerved  elder 
1,1  hie  DM  Id  ,j  wine..  Tbli  cam- 
palirn  Is  sometimes  referred  to  as  "Tin'  il.inl 
Cider  Campaign." 

Log  Eolllng.— A  term  used  with  referenco 
to  legislative  bodies  where  incisure*  be- 
come law*  a*  tbe  result  of  trading  vote*. 
That  Is.  where  two  or  more  members  dcalre 
a  measure  In  wbleb  no  on*  elso  Is  Interested, 
each  support*  all  the  measures  proposed  by 
the  other  or  others  In  order  to  obtain 
dent  »otea  for  his  own.  A  noted  exsmple  of 
"log  r«il lint;"  I"  found  In  our  early  history  : 
Hamilton     wanted    hU    financing    plan     ap- 

11  In  Congress,  but  cared  leo  about  the 
ncatlon  of  the  Capitol ".  Jefferson  wanted  tha 
Capitol  located  on  the  Potomac,  but  cared 
lesa  about  the  Onnnclnz  plan.  Kach  of 
them  threw  his  support  to  the  other,  and 
each  was  socce«*rul 

Logan  Forest  Reserve,  proclaimed,  6329. 

London,  England: 

Kxliiliitioii    in,    work*    illustrative    Of, 

referred    to,   2761. 
Industrial  exhibition  to  be  hold  In,  in 
1862.  discussed,  3233.  3254. 

Clrcolars,  etc.,  regarding.  3281. 

Vessels   to   inm-porl    American   ex- 
hibit* recommended,  3262. 
Internntlonn.1  Fisheries  Exhibition  to 

be  held   in.  MM. 
Tntcrnntional    Inventions    Exhibition 

to  be  held  in.  4827. 
International    Penitentiary  Congress 

at,    ' 
8moke  Abatement  Exhibit  nt,  11195. 

Lone  Star  State.— a  nickname  for  Texas 
(ij.  t.i.  (Sag  also  States.) 
Lookout  Mountain  (Tenn.),  Battle  of. 
—Tbe  arrival  of  tho  two  corps  under  Ilooksr 
and  the  army  of  Sherman  at  Chattanooga 
Increased  tho  strength  of  Grant's  command 

tn    " hli   critical   time  I,ong- 

slroet,  with  10.000  men.  was  dotacbod  from 
tbe  Confedorato  army  and  sent  to  bealace 
Born  id"  in  Kimii  in..,  learlnj  Brad  «.  1 1 ii 
only  about  5.000  men  to  holoVtb*  position. 
Not.  M,  1*83,  to  cover  Sherman's  ctomIoc 
tho  Tennassoa  Hirer  and  socurlng  a  posliUei. 
Honker,  with  10,000  men,  made  an  allaelt 
on  the  western' slope  of  Lookout  Mountain. 
During  a  h.-avy  mist  bo  praised  up  the 
mountain  >ldo  and  attacked  iln  pixitloa  la 
front  soil  rear,  eapturlng  about  1.000  pris- 
oners. The  (V.nfederntes  retired  from  the 
mountain  to  Missionary  Ridge. 

Loose  Constructionist.— The  Individual  or 
political  party  eonstrolaa  the  Constitution 
liberally  and  flexibly :  the  Federalists  and 
the    Whigs    and    the    modern    Republicans 


adrocatcd  loose  or  broad  contraction  of  I 
CoustltutloD.     (See  Strict  CoaatnxUoaUt > 
Lopei   Expedition,   pardon  and   release 

of  members  of,  bj  Spain,  2678. 
Lord    Nelson.    The,    claim    of    James 
Crook*  against  the  United  States  for 
ure  of,  4975,  5062. 
Lorimer  Case.— The  right  et  winiaa  Lort- 
nor.    Hi  publican,  of  Chicago,    to  bold   bis 
seat  In  tbe  United  States  Seaate.  to  which 
be  hud    oeen  elected   by    a   roubles'. 
is    Id     It. 
lure  wax  challenged  Jan.  ft.  1 : ■ :  i 
i.  I'tlvllege*  and  Eleetloas 
reported   that   the   cbsrgca   were   not   abs- 
tained.     BsnatOI    H.-..-.I.V.-  "f  the  rommlt- 
niade    a    minority    report    contending 
that   If  only  one  ran-    of   hrllwry   were  -esv- 
II    Invalidated  the  whole  elrril -n. 
uiiony   Is  ovcrn  helming."    He  d> 
clured.    "not    only    that    fn 
I  he  ki  nenil  iis.-inhly  wen  I  tbrt 

thr«e  of    i heir    fellow    members   paid    them 
their   money.      But   theae  semi    w. 
all  of  tiin  tainted  rotes  (  Tiutrtd 

i-iliin,      lie-  I'-ilmooy  shows  that  st 
lenst    threo   additional    eorrapt    rotee    sreee 
After  a  long  debate  the   I 

lost.   Marc:  a*  se- 

Hon  of  ;  in-  Senate  In  affirming  tbe  le 
Of    I. "rimer's  election  was  y  <>S< 

clal  protest  god  :  private  crtt|el»i» 

from   all   parts   of  the   country.     Tl. 
nola  State  Scunte  then  mad*  an  InvcMlgi 
tlon    and    found    that    Lorimer    *nu 

have    i d    sleeted    bad    I-    not    bees   for 

hriiii-ry    and   corruption.      Senator   L 

lelte,    of   Wisconsin,    reopened    (hi  ease  la 

tbe    United    Rial 

and   ntiiither    Irr.-e'-Mgitlon   was  carried  oa, 

both    In    Washington    and     > 

Lorimer   was   expelled    fmnj   tbo   Senate  la 

:>rlng  of  l»ir 
Lottery.— The  I  crces   trie* 

to  raise  mens*  liy  lottery  In  ITT".  As  early 
as  WIS  the  Virginia  Company  waa  author- 
lied  by  Its  charter  to  Imid  lotteries  for  thr 
benefit  of  li»  .-  ..heroes       In  the 

eighteenth  century  lotteries  were  exti 
popular    m    America.      Legislature*    an  thee 
lied   tbcm    for   build'  ties,    acatoel* 

and  all  sorts  of  public  •-eta     ran 

m  i vine  been  destroyed 
by  lire  In  lTttl.  was  rebuilt  by  lottery. 
The  Louisiana  Stat*  Lottery  was  the  last 
aiithorlxrd  Institution  of  tbe  kind  Is  tb< 
United  States.  Popular  opinion  baa  under 
gone  a  ehsnge  regarding  lotteries.  Thes 
were  forbidden  In  1R00  by  act  of  Congress 
to  use  the  malls  This  act  resulted  la 
closing  tbo  Louisiana  Lottery. 
Lottery. — Continental  Congress  reeoa» 
mendatlons  regarding-.  5479,  5515. 
Passage  of  act  regarding,  discussed, 

,V..'iI. 

Louisa,  The,  proceedings  of  coort  re- 
garding, 894. 
Louisiana.— One  of  the  southern  gr> 
states:  nickname.  'The  Pelican  state" : 
motto.  "Union.  Justice  and  Conndeac*.'' 
It  extendi  from  the  Oulf  of  Mexico  nonl- 
ward  to   tho  thli  .rallel  of  aortk 

Ids  and    from    Ihe  eighty-ninth    to  the 
r-fourto    ne 
Is  bounded  on  the  north  by   Arkansas  and 
Mlsalatlppl.     on     the    east     by     -. 

rated  t.y  ihe  Mississippi  Blver)  sad 
the  Oulf  of  Mexico,  on  tbe  sooth  by  tie 
<:nif  ,if  Mexico,  ind  na  Um  sn  rl  by  Tr»» 
(separated   In  part  by   tbe   8abloe   Blren. 


~ 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Louisiana 


The  area  of  tbt  State  Is  48.546  square 
miles.  Louisiana  la  tht  leadline  sugar  stair 
of  tbo  Union,  beaide*  which  are  raporud 
cotton,    rice,    and    com. 

'•ouldann  was  explored  br  De  Soto  In 
IM1.  by  Marquette  In  1073,  and  by  I-s 
Hall*  In  1682.  II  waa  settled  by  the 
Knock  under  Ibcmile  and  IllenTllIc  about 
1T0O,  waa  ceded  be  Prance  to  Baals  In 
ITU,  ret  receded  to  France  In  180V 
purchased    by    tl'  -States    In    1803. 

and  waa  made  the  Territory  of  New  Or- 
m  1S04.  The  portion  east  of  the 
Mississippi  Uleer  ■  »»  annexed  In  1810. 
The  State  was  admitted  to  the  Dnlon  In 
1812.  Jan.  26.  1801.  it  seceded  and  Joined 
the  Southern  Onfederacy.  It  waa  read- 
mitted by  act  of  Cor-xress  June  25.  186*. 
See  also  Louisiana   I>urrha*e.i 

si  si  1st  ir«  of  sericulture  collected  for  the 
list  Federal  census  place  the  number  .,f 
f.irrns  In  the  Stnte  at  120.540.  comprlslna 
10.430.451  acres,  valued,  with  stock  and 
its.  lit  $301,220,988.  The  aver 
sje  ralne  of  farm  land  per  acre  wns  $17  H, 
as  compared  with  $17.74  In  1900.  The. 
Tain*  of  domestic  animal*,  poultry,  etc, 
waa  Ita.CI'lMM,  Including  804.7W5  cattle, 
sained  at  $11,005,354  :  181.280  horses.  111.. 
7*9,006:  131.554  mule*,  115.024.002; 
KM  »«lii-.  $8,824,040;  178.287  sheep. 
n;.  The  yield  and  value  of  Oeld 
crops  for  1911  1*  siren  as  follow*.  Corn, 
i  -"(-DO©  acre*.  83.800.000  bushels,  $23.- 
310.000;  oats.  40.000  acres.  S4<i 
•la,  $540,000;   rice.  371.200  acre*.    11.093.- 

•  •hi    im.|,..|..    10.2:17 'hki;    potato!  •.    v-    

1.518.000   bnshels.    •■ 
21.000  acres,  31,000  tons.  $372,000:  toboc 
"ii  acres.  225,000  pounds,  W9.T50.  and 
"Kl   bale*  of   col' 

The  mineral  production  of  the  Stnte  In 
1910  waa  tslued  at  $10,119,903.  of  which 
petroleum  represented  $3,574,009.  nearly 
double  that  of  the  preceding  year,  and  the 

J  redaction  of  petroleum  for  1011   wn«  near 
0.000,000    barrel*,    exceeding    the   product 

110   »]    '   million  barrel*.     New  oil 

well*  are  frequently  being  opened. 

The  Industrie*  of  the  State  which  give 
•nplnyiiirut  10  Hie  greatest  nnmber  of  per- 
son* are  those  connected  with  the  lumber 
ami  timber  products.  These  Industrie 
ploy  40.072  persons,  and  represent  sn  In- 
rrsttnent  of  $112,838,000.  The  business  In 
which  the  moat  capital  I*  Inrested,  bow- 
.  ■oufaclure  and  rcOnemcut  of 
sugar  and   roola.ie..  01n11crt.il 

with  cotton  seed  oil  and  cake  bnvc  » 1 .1.086,- 
000  Inteated  ;  the  rice  Industry.  *  I 

1    paper.   $.'... ":vj. There 

■re  80.503  person*  engaged  In  huh  -iry,  and 
ii„-  total  capital  Invested  In  19tH>  wss 
».".'I.m>'-  '»"'.  Mi'  ealo*  of  BdIbdm  nrpd 
nets  was  $223,949,000,  of  which  $H0 
turn  was  ill  1!  i-v  tnonufacture.  Tne  popu- 
0  In    1910  was  1,650.388. 

Louisiana  (tea  also  Confederate  States; 

Now  Orleans): 

Accession   of,  to  United  Rtatcs,  dis- 

caned  and  referred  to.  346,  348, 

350,    609,    853,    920,    957,    3255, 

Effect  of,  dtscuaoed,  8878. 
Appropriation  for,  382. 
Authority  to  grant  or  dispose  of  lands 

of  8pain  in,  referred  to,  051. 
Boundaries  of,  872,  377,  WO. 
Branch    mint    in,   referred    to,    1383, 

1495. 
Cession   of,    to    France,   referred   to, 

331. 


Colonel-commandant       of,       commis- 
sioned. 304. 
Commission  to,  Instruction  of  Presi- 
dent Hayes  to,  0341. 
Constitution  of,  referred  to.  3831. 
•■on    of,    into    subordinate    dis- 
trict*. 363. 
Elections  in,  and  complications  grow- 
out  of,  discussed.  4101,  4166, 
4250,  4259. 
Federal  interference  In,  discussed, 

Proclamations  regarding,  4177, 
4230. 

ton    i".  Idler  of  John   Sherman 
and    otlicra    regarding    cauvusa    of 
rote  of,  referred  to,  4367. 
Franco,  cession  of,  referred  to,  331, 

338. 
Fourteenth    amendment    to    Constitu- 
tion   n.!i  1837. 
Proclaimed,  3850. 
Government  of — 

Assumed   by   Governor    Claiborne, 

355. 
Letter  regarding,  transmitted,  355. 
Referred  to,  352,  358. 
Governor  Of,  letter  from,  330. 
Indians   inhabiting,   referred   to,  386. 
Lands  granted  to,  in  aid  of  railroads, 

referred  to,  3580. 
Lands    In — 

Fraudulent  practices  of  monopoliz- 
ing;, 850. 
Proclamation    regarding    sale    of, 

Looa 

Treaty  regarding  security  of  tttitt 
to,  discussed,  929. 

Laws  of,  referred  to,  352,  353,  400. 

Load  mines  in,  359. 

Memorial  from  purchases  of  land  la, 
li  120. 

Mini  Jit  Mow  Orleans  seized  by  au- 
thorities of,   referred    to,    81 

Possession  of,  commissioners  appoint- 
ed  to  receive,  355. 

Private  land  claims  in,  recommenda- 
tions regarding,  MM, 

Proclamations  against  niil.nwfnl  com- 
binations in,  4161,  4100,  4177. 

Pro\  isional  court   established   in.   or- 

der  regarding,  3323. 
Restoration  of,  into  Union,  discussed, 

3123,  8  1 
Spain,    transfer    of,    to    the    United 

States  disagreeable  to,  370. 
rt    of,   referred    to,    382. 
Title    to.   objections    to   validity   of, 

withdrawn,  358. 
Transfer    of.    to   United   States   di»- 

rcenblo    to  Spain,  370. 
Unlawful   combinations  in,  discussed 

and    proclamations    against,    4101, 

4160,  4177,  4230,  4250,   : 


Louisiana 


Messages  and  Papers  of  ike  Presidents 


Louisiana,  Dlatrlct  of.— Thnt  part  of  the 
l-oulelaiin    Purchase    wblcb    li  not    Included 

I preeeut  State  of  Louisiana.      It    was 

erected  IDlo  a  district  end  the  capital   was 
established  at  St.   Louis  In    1604.      I' 
II   was  riven  n  separate  government   B 
Territory  or  Louisiana,     in   1813  ttic  name 
of  tho  Territory  no*  changed  to  Missouri. 

Louisiana  Lottery  Co.  discussed,  5515. 
Louisiana,   Province  of.      (800   Louis. 

inna.) 
Louisiana  Purchase— A  name  spptlad   te 
lli«  territory   went  of  the  Mississippi   Blver 
purchased   from   France   In    1803.     it    was 
tii»  noti  Important  mic  of  territory  ever 

In    fntor    of    tin-    Ti.ll.id    Btfllca. 
./••rfniou   dcslird  i.ltlon 

ii'iiu*  In  order  to  upturn   co 

.if     I  l|i-     llR.lltil     Of     tOS     MltftlfcHlppk     111..)     ulTm-ll 

to  guarantee   to   N'apoleoa   lbs   terrKoi 
I  In-   west   i.f    lot  UlianfB.      Napo- 

leon,   being    at    that    time    at    war    wall 
'    lliitnln  and  gioiuly  10  need  of  funds, 
and   being 

land  >.  for  mors  ten  Itoi  j   li 

United  .nacotcd  to  Hie  transfer  of 

the  so  rn  I  led  province  of   Louisiana    to   the 
1  nil   d  sum  or  f  13,000,000. 

rii.'    territory    Inui    acquired   embraced   all 


tin"    pi  ite   of   Louisiana   lying    wcit 

of  Ibe  Mississippi  River,  together  filili   New 

llll.llli*      in.il       ll.. •      I..IJ.H-.  Ill       ili.lrl.l        t-asl. 


■ prising    MliHisslppl    nnil   .*. 1 1 . i ■ 

Hi.-  eti 1 11 7  lint  pmallel:  Arkansas.  Mis- 
souri. Ions,  a  pon f   1. 1. .I...  mi. I 

nil    ..1    ih»    Dnkntus.    most    i.f    liniuuis, 

nil  of  Nebraska  and   Iml  no   Territory,    part 

of    Colorado,    most    of    WTooilrg,    aid    the 

.-  ..r  Montana.     In   1004,  tba  Louisiana 

purchase  llxpostllon  nn»  bi'ld  "t  si,  l.ouls. 

Mo.,  to  commemorot*  tbc  acquisition  of  tbis 
Important 

Louisiana  Purchase: 

.1  and  i.  f.Tr.'.l  to,  8401  3-ts, 
860,  689,  868,  '.>:■:>.  !>:.7, 
Effects  of,  discusaril,  B8T8. 
Louisiana  Purchase  Exposition  was  hold 
ni   st.   1. 1. iii«.  Mo.  between  April  90 
lire.   1,    null,    to   celebrate    the   centennial 
of    Hi  1:1    Purrlie  10        n    was    the 

lull    ever    held,    nml     the 
third    nf   In  kind   lu    America:    lis   ground! 
d    1,240    acres,    of    which    ZM>    acres 

wen-   roofed  oeer.    The   total   smooot    ex. 

pcndcil  Dpon  the  KxpoHlti'in  by  the  1.  too 
•  lllon  Company,  rho  various  states,   foreign 

iiiiiciits,       and       it iii'i'MloriarlcB. 

■mounted   to   1 t   «  1 1  ..'.no  000 :   while  tho 

total   receipts  came   hi   ni... iii    .*•-•: no 

end  the  Imposition  cloeed  f from  debt    In 

p. .lot  ..r  .11.  ilium*  It  fell  below  the  I  "oris 
1     ;  "Mi   with   Its  .'i0.00O.O0il  en 

11  ii"d  the  World's  I'nlr  at  Chicago 
.,  ih  27  r.Ofi.000  cPtrBncee,  ne  Its  nltendnnce 
only    lol l\7'i"i.0OO, 

Louisiana  Purchase  Exposition: 

Opened  liv  prneliiinntion  of  President 

Roosevelt,  0680. 
Relations   of   I'nifcd    State*   flovern- 

went    to.    6075,    0681,    0T»,    8782. 

6736,   6740,  6771,   6798,   6825,  6857, 

086! .  6866,  8866,  0988, 

Louisiana   VS.    JlHH*il.— An   Important    S'n- 

Ei.  11.      ■    . -.rt    ensn  defining    ill.-    Il"l.ll|iv   of 
(ate    olIleerM,      .Ii.im..|    he LI    bonds    i-m I 

under  an  net  of  the  |/>uUlnna  Imtislatnre 
of  1874  nml  the  C'.intllotloii  .1  .  iiiiiiilinent 
ndnpt'.i  in  Hiii  rent  Re  demanded  pay- 
went   of   these   bonds   In   1880.      Psyment 


whs  refused  solely  00  the  ground  of  efcedl 
nice  to  the  Louisiana  Him  iuaace 

of  the  u»w  constitution 
lo7»,  and  the  law  of  I*WO.  carrying  o*t 
provisions  contained  In  this  new  coeutlls- 
tlon.  This  act.  In  the  language  and  aplrti 
•  ■<  i  he  ordinance,  recited  That  00 u pons  d 
consolidated  bonds  falling;  due  In  Jaasiry. 
IHsO.  were  remitted.  Suit  was  broofM 
against  officers  u 

Court    •■(    the   State   decided    for    the   de- 

fiinl.nu.    mid   lis  decision   was  sfflrm-d   bt 

i.x    Siijirvruc    Court    on  trn- 

not    be  awarded 

.;  ,,i  ..nicere  obeying  the  ■njfeeie jewii 

•r  thi 

").    not   h.  I'l    In    trust    by  tbe  oUori 

1  in  in.-  capacity  of  her  ecrvaala. 
■The  nolltlcul  power  of  tbe  Slate."  MM 
Chief  Justice  Wsltr  la  ih.  nf  to* 

Court,  'in  hoi  be  ousted  of  Its  juristic- 
li.. 11  mill  the  judiciary  set  In  Its  place." 
indenting  opinions  were  rendered  by  Jus- 
tices Kleld  and    Harlan. 

Louisville  and  Portland  Canal  Oo„  act 
for  subscription  of  stock  in,  reasons 
for  applying  pocket  veto  to,  1071. 
Louisville,  Ky„  Southern  Exposition  it, 
discussed,  4773. 
Board    on    behalf    of    Executive,   De- 
itrnatcd,  4819. 
Instruction;   to,   181 
Lower    Brul6    Indians.      (See     Indita 
Tribes.) 

Loyal  Legion,  Military  Order  of.-tst 

Military  Order  of  tho  Loyal  l-egloo  of  toe 
United     States    was    organised    by     otBctn 


nnd    cx-omeers    0*    the    army,    nary    aid 
Hie    corps   of   tho    United   States,   vao 
took    part    In    lb  ;  -.-.  1  Mm 


berehlp  descends  to  the  eldest  direct  nu> 
l.n.'Ml    descendant,    necordlug    to    th. 
of  primogeniture.     Th  ".    cosamaad- 

erlca  each  repn"»."iitiiiK  a  elate,  and  see 
1  ii.iuandvry  representing  the  District  «f 
I'niumbla.  The  total  membership  of  th» 
Loyal  Legion  la  B.8S0. 

Loyalists.— Those    of    the    American   «aV 
1  who  opposed  the  Revolutionary  W«f 
and  lu  aomc  Instance*  took  op  arnsa  egamst 
thili  ien  In  tbe  etruggte  foe  lse> 

pendenee,  They  were  also  called  Tori* 
Ae  early  as  10HS  parties  favorable  to  U» 
Crown  were  ox.iiii*  mi  Inlueace  In  <ll 
tbe  colonies  As  tbe  revolutionary  n»»f 
1.0  nt  grew  tbclr  opposition  to  It  Increases. 
In  no  colony  was  there  an  orerwhelaru 
dealre  f"i  in.l.  |.  11. 1,  ii.  --,!  in  some  toe 
rates  of  revolution  were  la  tbe  miser 

Many  of  the  moat  respected  and 
eminent  men  of  the  middle  colonies  were 
loyal  to  th»  Crown.  Murine  the  progwes 
of  the  war  they  were  treated  with  greet 
h.iriluieas.     Thslr  property   eras  eonr. 

1  roved     they  suffered  eoclsl  ostracises, 
nnd  some  were  tarred  a-d  feath 
latlve  assemblies  banished   them  from  w«N 
of    the   colonies      When    the    Itrltleb    treets 
withdrew    st    the    close    of    the    km 

■  found  life  In  tbc  states  .1 
e-d  thomsnda  retired  to  Canada,  Neva 
Ri-otla,  New  Rriinswick,  the  Itahanus.  a»d 
oth»r  West  Indies.  In  the  treaty  of  neice 
In  l'S.'l  tbc  I'-iU'ih  ssked  to  bare  profit's* 
made  for  reompensotlng  the  dlipuesiwl 
l.iiMiltsti,  but  nil  thev  reeelved  wbi  s 
promise  to  •uilun't  the  metier  to  tbe  sUslei 
snd    tbey   refused    relief 

Lubeck: 
Minister    of,     received     by    TJnivd 
States,  949. 


Encytlopcdie  Index 


Lumber 


with,  088,  9»1,  2686,  6294. 
I*  of,  discriminating  duties  on, 
suspended  by  proclamation,  642. 
Lubeck.  Treaty  with.     (8eo  Hansentio 

Republics.  I 
Lueltett  and  Tyler  (assignee*  of  VS. 
Ham  T.  Cheatham),  act  for  relief  at, 
vetoed  and   reasons  assigned,    i 
Ludlow'fl  Code.— Named  for  Governor  Roj- 
er  Ludlow,  and  being  a  tot  of  law*  (or  the 
rck-ulncion  of  the  Now  Haven  Colony. 
Lumber.   Lath   and   8hingles.—  (Prom   a 
d     v  tha.  Census  Bureau.  August 
111  '      A  preliminary*  statement  of  tin' 
II    of  lumber,   lath   » ml   shinties  h 
rt    Stale*   during    the    calendar   years 
1012.   mil  and  1910.      Proi 
Id  eo-npor.ttlon  mill   the  Kore«r   Service  of 
the  Department   of  Agriculture. 

r«   mllla  contributing 
i«    total*  were   ZD.CiU   In   101".:    2t 
in    mil.    sad    :n.D34    In    lOlO:   uhtln   th* 
,1    nrodnrtlnn   in   i lio«.-  rears  was.  In 
M    tell    board   mra»urr.   3D.lSlt.414,  37.003,- 
207  and  40.nl mm;,    re* llrelj       The  Ha- 
il iiul     of    prsel  rally 
ercry   oomtnor.-ini    null  In  operation   ilurlnc 
or  any  part  of  this  period.     Ab 

li  .1    rut     Was    slightly    le»» 

i    1010,   th«   s»»ra«a  yield  per  mill 

was  0,3  per  cent  greater  thnn  lu  that  year, 
while    the   total   piodm  lion    nvri     lull    was 
i   feel  !....•  i . l   BMion,  or  nearly 
i;   pat   ■  ■  M 

eT»Tirno»  or  tbs  ttmsaa  ihdcttst  roa  101 1  mow: 

Tola! 

S.»  Mill*. 

Lcsapnc 

In,],  p 

Inn 

Hm-****.*. "'Sow 

PsrsMrl  ncK»l  to  UMOufMture. .  651  AS* 

I'Mprirluniad  firm  BMBboa *7<47l 

■•!  rmi^io'm rt->  1 14 

W  «■•  rsmm  I  iibhp  number)  JJtS,0OD 

Primary  horwpoww  2,Aai.7SO 

U,taS4»400 

Hcrriosi HI  0 

IftaVI 
»'yn  SOI  ' 

M*tm»l-  4lMI70lHiO 

vjub  of  produc.  UmjmM 

\»lu«i  siM',1  liy  uunuftrture  (valm  of  pro- 
duct* lew  cort  of  m*twial»)  .  MO^M.iXIO 

Wast-    In     Hi.'    lettetaX    Industry    In    the 

United    Bl  it      amounts   to    10   to  20   per 

rent  of  the  timber  rut.  or  nbniit  a  lilili.,ii 
ami  a  half  enUc  feet  of  wood  annually. 
Kiwmlll  waste  alao  amounts  to  aereral  bfl- 
I1..11  cubit  feet  of  wood,  although  nut  all  of 
it  Is  absolute  wnite. 

It  was   the  pmdl    i   waste  of  American 

it    resource*    that    led    tin-    Bateau    of 

ifn  and  Domestic  C irrce  to  i>inn  a 

ii u'.-i,  the  methods  of  ■  1 1 1 1 ixtnc 

.  e  waste  products  of  the  lumber  Industry, 

ben   in   tin'    Dotted   st.iti-.    and    in    tiioso 

Ktirnpcnn  countries  that  bare  made  the 
most  dl'tlmt  progress  In  this  line.  In 
i,  i  ml  mora  thlrkly  tattled  countries 
nf  Hie  old  world  neewwlty  led  to  a  eirefal 
ntlli?  itlon  of  the  foreau  many  years  before 

Hi.,    tnrded    *>■    aerlun  ll    rill*. 

country        and     in    these    older    i tries 

many  methods  have  been  worked  out  that 
should  he  ■if  rales  In  this  muntry  now  tbnt 
the  old  1 1  rni-  t.  ii  -  r.-f  .1 1  nut  hods  have  beta 
brought  Into  disrepute. 


The  annual   production   of  wood  pulp  In 

■  I      State*      I*      'allied      at     orcr 

SHO.oiti.uw.      Sulphite  pulp  i  •■  con- 

sldrrsbly   latere  possible   utlllia- 

tlon   nf   tin.  sulphite  waste   liquor   for    Un. 

ry  of  sulphur  or  other  pn 
utilisation.  This  would  n  mlt  In  a  lower- 
log  of  the  eo«t  of  sulphite  pulp.  The  manu- 
facture of  k-ratt  pulp  Is  also  becoming  well 
esu.bll.hcd.  and  Is  bringing  about  the 
utilisation  of  cheaper  wood. 

i       ninmifacture  of  alcohol  from  sawdust 
hn*  hardly   pn*»e,i   i  lental   stage. 

altlmugli  uchnh-al  men  are  optimistic  as  to 
tin-   ultimate  success  of  the  process.     0ns  of 
the  most  Interesting  poxslhllltli 
use  of  hydrolyxed  sawdust  sa  a  carbohydrate 

cattle   I I.      The   manufacture   of   plastic* 

(men  n-riiid  In  Ktlll  envrlopi  il 
like    the    miinufo  onml    flour,     baa 

apparently  Iwon  ■!.•..  loped  to  a  much  greater 
extent   In   Buroj ii  countries. 

Claims  ami  eontnrrenl*. 
in.  ni.    nre    the   disturbing    feature   of    the 
otherwise    satisfactory    lumber    trndc    the 
j;  ''ted  si  ii  doing  ivltb  Arf-ntliin, 

tirueuny,    and    Brasll,  I    report  on 

Lumber  Markets  o(  the  llsst  Coast  of 
Smith    America"    i     Bed    b)     the    Huii-sii    of 
Foreign  and  Domsetle  Commerce,  of  ti 
partmeot    of    Commerce.      These    di 

arlae  principally  lu  connection  n.th  ship 
menti  of  southrrn  yellnw  pine  which  make* 
up    the  bulk  nf  the  hirolier  suld   t"  thi 

ol   south   America.     This   (real 
in.  t    Import*    annually    50.".    minimi    board 
feet  of  lumber,   nf   whl.-h     .  ,    i. ,  t 

nre    yellow    pine    from    the    trnltml    States. 
I  hi     i.-ial   lumber  consumpii 
I'niiitrlei  Is  "S.'i   mllll. >n   hoard  feet. 

\ri:entlna   and    Uruguay,    althmiei,    n i . ,,, t 
7. mm  mil.:   distant  (rum  the  United  Bl 

Hi  virtually  an  addition  b  OBI 
domestic  wood-confiiimlng  field,  so  -imlinr 
are    market  condition*.      Kor  mi'ie   than    10 

Bfl  per  cent  of  nil   lumlw-r 
iimiiii.    In    the    two    countrlen    hai 

from    the   forests   of   North    .\ lea    and 

nearly    DO    per    cent    of   the    Imports),    ex- 

nther  Sou tl 
lea.   Is  credited    to   the   United  States 
ami   Canada. 

In     1014     the     Imports    of    lumber 
Argentina     nnmunted    to    2 1 1  •  s  ."■  I  feet, 

■  mule  up  ns  followa:  Yellow  pine,    i"l  !00, 

■  ion     feet:    vpr \    3S,(100, feet;    white 

nine.      "0.410.000      feet:      Ifpanlah      cedar, 

feel  ;  Booth  American  hard*, 

■      '  '■•">   fuel  :   oak     2.44S  0O0   b 

l«»    fir.    :i,M(Ki,000    fci  feet  ■ 

Parana  plna,  l>  siiii.im'm.i  feet:  wuliiut. 
mi  feet  ;  mahogany,  1 1  000  f..  i  In 
other  words.  It  I  neci  ir.>  to  buy  abrood 
moat  of  the  softwoods  so  nwi-iurv  In 
nearly    crety     rominiinltv.      Yellow    pine    Ii 

erne/ally   appreciated    and    oouca   al- 
moat    entirely    from    our    ■omhern    p 

Spruce  Is  Imported  principally  from  Cannda, 
nltliniigh     ImportMiit     •Mwnent*     are    made 
from    Boston.       Until     I'll     there    was    no 
ipetltlon    "lib    North    American 
but     between     that    year    ««■: 
ik  ..f  the  w.ir  Austrian  apm 
an    Important    factor.     Onr  «0  tier   rem    ,.f 
white  pine  come*  Itrnn  On 
but    I.   ►hipped    inn-lh       ■    mi    Ib.ston. 

Bhlpmenti  from  Boston  bare  bete   r 

for  so  mail.  i   i   ument*  from 

I  n.iiglaa 
Bf,   uf  course.  Is  Imported  from  on 
coaet,      ho   for   ns   price    !<    concerned,    it 
rom  petes      on      about      equal      terms      ulth 
•outhern  yellow  pin, 

'"   Brasll  nation  Is  rather 

complicated,  wrttee  Mr.  sin a,    The  »lr. 

■•in    rereen    are    anmeasarcd    and    oontaln 

initiiil  Tarletle.  nf  tall  tr.i«  of  fairly  larce 


Lumber 


diameter.     Yet  Braxll  U  Importing  00  all- 
lion  fret  ol  pine  lumWt  against  ■  dor. 
production   of   I  r«t.     Onetblrd 

of   tbo  domestic  plac   lumber  producitun  l» 

■■■d.      As   In    Argentina    «nrt    i 

yellow    pin.-     !: jt    southern    Stairs    In 

■I    lumber  imported,   but   :■ 
Or  from  Sweden   hM«  supplanted   tbo   North 
Aim Mean  spruce,  whlcli  uot  many  year*  ago 

.   a   market   In    Brail!   primarily   »»   » 
tuiMtitiiti'   foi    Kuropean  pine  and  tlr.     On 

til.'  nil.. I.'    conditions   are   uot   thought   t'J   bo 

« injudicial  Co  tbc  Mir  of  Amorli 
ut    tbrv    should    be    carefully    studied    .nut 
watched  lr  i  '  ■  1»  to  Increase 

Us  share  In  Kraal  I'a  lumber  trail. . 

There    l«   a    gr.*it    deal    of    complaint    In 
Kraall  rm  1 1  I  'tnrnts.    re- 

.. portion  of 
run*      in    thickness  Uila  overrun   trill   vary 
from  a  quarter  to  three-quarters  of  an  Inch. 

and    In    leagU      »    II     Indite.      The 

Importrr  l»  not  oldhrcd  to  pay  the 
exporter  for  Ibis  orcrrun.  but  It  l»  a  source 
of    *il  .    soou-tlroc 

amounting  to  a*  much  aa  f  100  on  a 
ratgo.     Till*   result"   from   n   Braatllan   law 
that  not  ouis    provides   for  the  usual 
on  pari-   ••!   cargo   uot   Invoiced,   but   ; 
:.    imr    . . j 1 1 . 1    :..    the    ..mi. .nut    cf    Hint    duty. 
With    ii".   i.i.-iii    Ufa   'i"i!       It  dorm   not 
require   much  of  an  overrun  on  a  million- 
foot  cargo  for  the  penalty  to  run  up  to  a 
considerable   sum.      Broken,   cii... 

In     tiratllluii     lumber 

unted   to  take  Immediate  steps 

'■■signers  of  the   burden  of 

mneccasary  expense.      The   grudlug   of 

our     yellow      pirn-     fit     also     unsatisfactory. 

biirerux  l"  in.    .1.'  Janeiro  claim  thut 

i.    .  iiinp.  II.  d    Bl    '•!.•  •  mivlu 

lulu  lives    iii    tin-    United 

to    in I     lumber    Ik  I  I"' 

•mall  deali  thU  ■  sptnac  and 

•  rue  dealer  should  not  burs  to. 

Lumber  State.  — Alternative  nlcknamo  for 

H'llnc.      I  See   Pine  Tree  Htate.i 

Lundjr'e  Lau*    (Canada).  Battle   of.— 

After  hi.  defeat  in   I  in! wa  In  1814  Oen. 

Riall  reih-ed  by  way  of  guccnaton  toward 
ii...  band  of  l.akr  nniarlo.  He  m  soon  re- 
ed, and  returned  lo  attack  the  ' 
Icaua  under  flros.ii.  wbo  had  pursued  him 
»«  for  aa  gurenstou.  Hearing  of  the  British 
reenforcemenu.     Brawn     retreated    to     the 

•  hippem  River,  and  on  July  ±4.  ISM.  en- 

..  I.  il    ...i    II...    .... "Mi    I  nnU.    v.  MP      I"-    bad 

defeated    Klall    on    the    5th-      On    the    25th 

•  ..I.  Suit,  with  about  1.2D0  men,  stout  fm- 
ward    to    reconnolter   and   came    upon    the 

ii  arm>.  t.r.oo  strong,  near  Maitara 
Palls,  on  I.undy'a  Lane,  a  road  lending  fnta 

ilia  to  the  end  of  Lake  ilnlarln.  S....n 
thi  .iiiir-  American  force  was  engaged,  the 
boitle    laatlng    from   sunset    HII    iui.lnij.-iit. 

The  Amrrlcnn   forces  uiiml> il 

men.  During  the  engagement  Hen.  Scott 
and  LleQt.-Col  Miller  distinguished  them- 
aelrra  for  daring  and  efficiency.     The  Fl 

•  ere  finally  driven  back  and  forced  to 
abandon  their  artillery,  ammunition,  and 
b*««*Be.  Moth  armies  claim.  .1  lbs  Urtory, 
though  both  left  the  field  The  Amerlenn 
loss  was  171  killed,  r>TI  wounded,  anil  11<I 
misting— s  total  of  80'."  out  of  an  army  of 
-•Mm  I  he  lirltlsh  lost  Si  killed  8M 
wounded.  103  missing,  and  s'J  prison, 
total  of  R7S  out  of  an  nrmr  or  I  .'.iw> 

erala  Brown  and  Henri  were  among  the 
wounded.      (See    lllu.trnti..ii    ..pp 

Lflneburg,  convention  with,  for  acquir- 

log  and   inhoritinu  property,   28H, 
Luquillo  Forest  Roserre,  8778. 
Lusltanla,  itnldM  of,  8062. 


Messages  and  I'apcrs  of  the  Presidents 


Lutber  vs.  Borden.  -In  1S«1  a  portion  of 
the  people  of  Rhode  Island  framed  a  new 
government  and  elected  Thomas  W.  Dorr 
gorci  «itioo  to  (be  charter  gov- 

ut.  I  See  Dun'a  Iteoelllon.l  Gor- 
•rnor  King  declared  Ibc  Slate  under  t»ir 
rini  I".  i, ml  Luther**  house  waa  tes.ro  bed. 
he    bring  in     t be    armed    cos 

■.piracy  against  the  established  govcrnini-ut. 
l.ulb<  r     pleudetl     the    cum 
the    new    k  The    circuit    court 

Judgment    ngnitiBt    hlru.    and    the    Su 

!l     nrt    of     the    United     Stales     af 
.i    imj.      Ii   waa  d»- 
mnrtlal     law    ssspected 
persons     might     legally      be     (objected     lo 
.t   by  State   authority,   and 
i', ;n    the  question   of  the  roosiltutinnallty 
p.verumetit  win  oue  with  whkn 
Congress    rather    than    the    courts    should 

SB, 

Luxemburg. — The  territory  of  the  Oraad 
liu.-hy  Of  Luxemburg  Ilea  between  *:' 
...  18'  N.  l.-iiliu,!.'  and  Ii-  *&'*•  8V  t 
longitnde,  with  u  total  area  of  2.34)6  square 
i  -.r.is  :■  i  <i  aqimre  miles i.  It  Is 
bounded  on  the  west  by  tbn  Luxeeaburg 
i nee  of  Belgium,  on  the  north  sud  east 


by  ih*  Khlne  Province  or  I'm-. in.  sad  oa 
the  south  by  the  Uermaa  Uetcbalaod  ol 
Lorraine    ami    the    French     Departnaeai    of 


lenaa.    The  area  la  about  1.000  aqnar* 

i-liuelnol  features  —  The  northern  dl 
ore  crossed  In  all  directions  by  oulrauaera 
of  the  Belgiun  Ardeunea.  and  In  the  aout) 
are  bills  tvlil.h  :  .in  ol 

me;  bui  there  are  extensive  valle;* 
mill  plaint  In  the  north,  and  the  souther* 
districts  are  mnluly  low  lands  lit  the  basaa 
of  Ills'  Moselle,  which  fc.l 
eaatein  boutidary.  The  only  eonskleraWe 
rivers  of  Luxemburg  are  the  Moselle  atri 
Its  tributary,   the 

lltitoru—  In  18.11  the  territory  know*  M 
Luxemburg  waa  divided  at  tii-  i  '■•.tifereors 
■  ■f  London  Into  the  present  Grand  Daehy 
and    the    Belgian    Province    >A    I 

.  ,..!     '     ..„, 

vraa    ruled    by    the    Kings    of   tbc     Nether 

Innda.     At   the  death  of   King  Wlllb. 

i  in    ..peratlnn  of  the  Salic    law    transferred 

i   ut.    to  .vlolobo*.  Duke  of 
sun,  who  was  succeeded  by  his  son  Wllllsas. 
llv  nn  amendment  of  the  coottlttitlivnal  las 
of  IBIS,  the  succession  was  secured  t. 
daughter  of  the  Grand   Iruke   tVllllniu. 

'.."'      The  government   la  t" 
a     cuuatliutlonnl    monarchy,     the    territory 

Pes 
r    Km-.. no    by    the   Tresitr    of    LoawM) 
I  Mar  U.  1S0TI.    The  Grand  Duchy  f omasa 
part  of  the  Oermnnle  Couf 

otiy    of  AtiBlrta,    from    IVI.'-lSitrl. 
and    the    Impregnable    fortress    of    I.uietv 
■vns    garrisoned    by    Prnasian    troMjss. 
Itv  Ihe  Treaty  of  I»nd»n  the  garrison  wm 
drawn    and    the    fortress    dlsmsnii-.l 
rii..  population  according  to  the  cec 
1910  wna  2'.0,«O|.     Pi 
al    IllghneM    Marie   Adelaide.   Grand 
ess   of  Luxemburg,   horn    Jone    l  i 
•   .  . .  .I.  .1  Ii.t  faihar  i  ih.-  Orand    . 

ll.iiin    Ken.    2d.    H>i:  her   major- 

ity and    nasiininl   the  government    Jnni 

There  la  a  Council  of  State  IBtaats 
rat)  of  fifteen  members  and  a  Chamber  of 
Deputies  of  flfly-threr  members;   elected  br 

vote  of  the  Cantons  for  six  years. 
one-balf  renewable  every  three  year*.  All 
mala  Inhabitants  of  twenty  r.ve  years,  w*.i 
pnv  ten  franc*  In  direct  taxes,  are  voters 
and   eligible   for  elect 

riwre    me    courts    In    each    Cnnion     sad 
In. Tier  ('nnrtaat  Luxemburg  ond  Dl 
with     a     Supreme     Court     st     the     t'spllal 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Lynn 


There  Is  a  gendarmerie  of  about  180  men, 
and  a  volunteer  force  of  250  men  for  the 
preservation  of  order. 

Education  and  Religion. — Education  la 
compulsory  and  free,  and  Is  widespread, 
the  expenditure  In  1012  being  2.310,340 
franca.  Almost  all  the  Inhabitants  are 
Koman  Catholics,  there  being  only  4,000 
Protestants  and  1,300  Jews.  The  Bishop 
of  Luxemburg  Is  appointed  bj  the  See  of 
Itome. 

/'induce. — The  aTerage  annnal  expendi- 
ture for  Ave  rears  was  13.408,255  francs 
and  the  average  revenue  lb. 345.083  francs. 
The  Interest-bearing  public  debt  amounts 
to  12.0O0.0u0  franca,  and  there  Is  a  float- 
ing debt.  Incurred  In  the  construction  of 
railways  and  public  works,  of  19,335,674 
francs.  The  franc,  the  unit  of  value.  Is 
the  same  as  the  French  franc,  and  Is 
equivalent  to  $0.10,3  United  Slates  money. 

Production  and  Industry. — The  country  Is 
rich  In  Iron  ore,  the  output  In  1B12  being 
2.252.229  metric  tons.  In  sddltlon  to  the 
Iron  industry  there  are  tanneries,  weaving 
and  glove  factories,  paper  mills,  breweries 
snd  distilleries,  and  sugar  refineries. 

There    were   526   kilometers   of   railway 


open  In  1912,  the  system  being  connected 
with  the  BelgUu,  French,  and  German 
lines,  which  converge  at  the  capital. 

Luxemburg,  fugitive  criminals,  conven- 
tion with,  for  surrender  of,  4782. 
Luxemburg,  Treaty  With  (see  Extra- 
dition Treaties.) 
Lynch  Law. — The  practice  of  punishing 
alleged  offenders,  generally  without  trial, 
by  unauthorised  persons  and  without  due 
process  of  law.  Lynch  law,  It  Is  said, 
takes  Its  nsme  from  Chsrles  Lynch,  a  Vir- 
ginia planter  and  Quaker,  and  his  associ- 
ates, who  during  Revolutionary  days  seised 
Iirltlah  sympsthlters  snd  banged  them  by 
the  thumbs  till  they  shouted  "Liberty  for- 
ever." 

Lynch  ings  discussed  and  indemnities 
voluntarily  provided,  recommended, 
5767,  6248,  6277,  6371,  6430,  6459, 
6461,  7029. 

Lynn,  Mass.,  act  for  erection  of  post- 
office  building  at,  vetoed,  6150. 


Mabina 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Mabina,  caw  of  Ilia  oath  of  allegiance 
to  United  State*,  0733. 

McOall.  E.  ft  Co.,  agent*  to  receive  in- 
stallments from  )'.  ru,  2687. 

McCulloch  tb.  Mainland.— A  cn»c  brought 

I'ifiir.      llic    Supreme    I'oliM     .if    I  li.-     Unltad 

Stale*  la    IMP.   Id    whi.ii    tbl    Htm    of   ■ 

8Utc    to    Interfere    with    the    exceullim    nf 

ill   lnw»   vviin  deuled.      McCulloch    wn« 

lei  of  the  Baltimore  branch  of  the 
Hunk  of  the  United  (State*,  wtali  M  bail  been 
i ii.oi  pi.r.i  i<-il  liy  :iti  mi  ..f  i  . inj :r--«»  In  1810 
nud  iiini  headquarters  In  Piiiiu.icitihiu. 
The  fiction  brought  by  tbc  Sim-  •  *! 
I. in, I  ngnlnxt  M.-i  nil. "li  wim  one  "f  debt, 
he,  It  wiih  nvern-'l.  h.ivlni-  refused  l" 
ply   with   an   net  of   the   Miry  In  ml    enteral 

nhly  "f  inik  which  Imposed  n  tax 
upon  all  bonk*  or  branches  <<l  banka  doing 
tinalncaa  In  Mnrylnnd  and  not  cbarlen 
Hi.  State  Irglaluturc.  The  court  of  appeal* 
..r  Maryland  decided  again*!  tb*  pijimiff. 
The  Bupreme  Court   rcvcrncd    (IiIm  •!•  ■' 

ItcJarlDj  thnt  the  *ct  ondsr  which  tbc  bank 
wai  chartered  waa  conathiittonal,  nnd  that 
therefi.ri-  the  act  of  I  be  Marylnnd  legUin- 
mre  of  1818  wu  contrary  la  tbc  Conrtlto- 

ii. m  of  i be  United  Sim*-*,  nnd  therefore 
...i,i.  beeiinni  Sine,  have  m>  power,  by 
tnxntlon  or  othcrwlno.  ti>  Impede  or  eon- 
trol  lb.-  operation*  of  constitutional  lnwa 
enacted  by  C'onnrvM  to  carry  Into  rxecu 
HOD  any  of  the  power*  of  tb*  Federal 
Government. 
McKlnley,    William.— March    4,    1897- 

Sept.  14,  1901. 
Twenty-eighth  Admlnlat ration— Republican. 
<k:u*t  ant,   1991  il'OJ.) 
Tlce-rrett'lent— tiarrei  a.  UobarL 
oVorw/ury  ni  .^iii  b 

John  Sherman. 
William  It.  Day. 
J. •  tin  liny. 
Secretaiy  of  Ihe  Treatury — 

1..M111111  j.  tjage. 

Secretary  of  War — 
Runel  A.  Alger. 
Kllhu    Root 

A  tinmen  General— 

Joseph    Mi  Ki  una. 

J . .  h  i. 
I'oitmaatcr  (Jciifral — 

Jamea  A.  Gary. 

i  hi  nltb, 

Secretary  at  the  \avy — 

John  li    Long. 
Secretary  of  "if  Interior — 

Cornelius    N.    Bllaa. 

Kthan   A.   EtitChi 
Secretary  of  Agriculture— 

Jamea  Wllaoo. 
MeKlnley  woa  elected  by   the   Republican 

party  ni    the  •leettoni   of   1808  and   1000. 

At  the  Republican  Niitlomil  I'anveutlon  at 
St.  IaiuI>,  June  10,  18110,  he  wan  iinmliinied 
mi  ill.-  lir- i  ballot)  overwhelmingly  defeat- 
ing Reed  nnd  Quay,  hla  cloaeat    rlva 

Platform. — The  platform  on  Hil 
eanvi-d  much  dlicuaalon  over  the  money 
plank,  and  goBStOf  Teller's  reaoluilon  oeek- 
Ing  to  commit  the  parly  to  an  endorsement 
of  gold  and  tBvtr,  with  free  colnngc  on  a 
i.iikIh  nf  in  to  I,  «iK  d»f*Bt*d.  The  pint- 
form  *•  adopted  ecvercly  arraigned  the  Dem- 
ocratic niluilril  .irQtlun  :  blamed  It  for  the 
period  of  financial  dcpreaalon  through  which 
Hh  country  had  Ju«t  pai«ed  :  confirmed  the 
party'*  allegiance  lo  tb*  doctrine  of  pro- 
li  :  advoented  a  continuance  and  re- 
vival of  reciprocity  !  favored  the  restoration 

of  dl«erlmlnn'iiur  ilniii'      *1 1  unreaer 

for  nmmd  money.  onnoscd  the  debasing  of 
currency    by    free    coinage ;    pledged   ample 


platform    confined   to    Prohibition,    and  tbc 
ISioad  (laugera,"  who  wautixl  fre*  cobajtx 


provlalona  for  vctorana:  urged   tb*  control 

o(   ihe   iiani-laihuitan  canal  psr- 

rluiM'  of  Hi..  Dan  tab  Wi  K  u.die»;  cos- 
.li  linn 

«d  the  Monti  i    l>  slots- 

tlon  of  pence  to,  and  the  securing  of  ba- 
il, p.'iuii-ii'  '■  t  ii  iiii.M,  by  the  I'niicd  si 

Instated     up.in     rltrl'l 
nilg.-allou 

COrnsi    '  unit' .mi.  :    lynching;    recommended 

a    Ilnnrd   of    Arbitration    to    adjodleat*  W- 

cwi.ii   labor  and  capital:   urged  frse-homr- 

,    lnwa   it  lion  favored  tor  ri 

ii  of  atnti'l 1  1      the  remaining 

torlea,  and  prop,  i  ti-cognltlon  of  Alaika . 
>.i  iiipaililfid  nlth  !• -i»|h  ramr  ;  and  reeog 
olted  the  rlgbta  of  women. 

OjiporiiiOo.— -Tin-       I.- in.  --i-.tt !■-       Nttlooal 

ni  in  at  i 'hi  cage.  Jaly  7.  18BC.  nxml. 
n* ted  William  J.  llryan  on  tb*  Bfib  Vat 
lot,  over    Blond   ami    Paul  i 

Elea  party,  or  l  n   «i 

i.   IxjiiH  nn  July  2S.    lMKi.    Bgrecd  lo  «>- 
port  ltryan,  and  ncmlnated  Wataoh  a 
rrvald.-nt.      Tb*    -Vut'.nnal    Sliver    parly,    at 

ihe  >*im-  pia.-e  »n.it  ii agreed  to  au 

ltryan  for  l'renldent  and  nominated  8c»»ll 
r  ii  Vic*  President.  The  aound-moncy  Oen» 
■  rata  In  cnnvcullnn  at  Indlanapull*.  «*i 
>-  in  2,  1890  nominated  Oeoeral  Joni 
I'olmcr  ond  Oeneral  Simon  B.  Backner  •• 
th.lr  candidate*.  The  National  I'foblblile* 
patty  waa  xpllt  over  th»  money  auralko 
Into    "Nnr:  a,      wbo    wanted    t*« 

to    I 

»  ho 

and  oili.r  national  laaoe*  Incorporated.  In 
Narrow  ilaogern  nominated  Joshua  UeTertng 
nnd  Hah-  Jobnaon  oa  candidate*.  TV 
II road  Ganger*  nominated  Iter,  t'barle*  C 
Hon  I  ley  nnd  Jan,  '  he  8*- 

elnllut   I^bor  Party,  at   New  York,  c:. 
•t.     I  MM1,    r.  .in ,rn'.  ,|     i  nai  :,  -     11      Matcbetl 
and  Matthew  Mngulre  a*  their  candid  - 
rofc-  The  popular  rote  gave   MeK 
T. 111. 007:  Brynn,  ,'J  .  Palme: 

Int.     1  -  J. •'•»:•:     Reatlry,     1 
and    Mat   i  The    electoral  tote 

gnve  MeKlnley  271.  Llryan  170 
(accoKD    term — u.iitrn    4,     ItlOl-aai  . 

■'    . 
Twenty-ninth    Administration— Repsblkaa. 

rice  I  Tbeodore   Boo» 

Srcre-liuv  of  Mate— 

John  liny   leontlnued). 
Bteretary  of  tht    I 

I.  vii.  .-in    .i  nilnocdl. 

Lealle  M.  rtbaw. 
gtCTttary  of  War— 

Kllhn  li. ."i  ii-ontlnned). 

William  II.  T*f(. 
Affoi  «.  "  '       ■    nl— 

Philander   C.   Knox. 

Wlllll'iii    11     M  l 
P0*fma>r<  ■  Oi  *<  -of— 

ihnrle-.  B    Smith    (continued). 

llinry   C.    IVyne. 

ICiiImtI    .1 
Secretary  of  llic  Saiy — 

Jiihn   II.    Long   (coatlBlatd). 

William   II     Moody. 

Paul    Morton. 
tarn  of  the  Interior — 

r    A    llllcl       i.    i     "tinned). 
.v.  cretary  of  Aoii< ""n 

J»" 
gtcretary  of  Commerre  a»d  Lobar. — 

Urorge  It   forti 

Victor  II.  kUteaB 

The    IteTitlhllrail    Nnth.nnl    re.Tirel.il." 

nt    phlliiil.-lnhin   In    June.    1900.    nomiotud 

»/'.  no*.— The  Deaw 

crntlc  National  Convention,  at  Kanaa*  Clr/. 
Mo.,    nomlu*:*d    William    J.    Bryan,     la* 


People's  party,  or  Fnaloelsts.  it  Sioux  Fan*. 
S.  D.  endorsed  Brians  tuilUiij ,  anile 
tU«  •  Mlddle-of-(b*-ttoad-  Aatl-K»sfc.nln  fae- 
ilon  of  (be  l^opae'a  jparty.  at  Cincinnati. 
nominated  Wkartaa  Barker.  Th*  Problbl- 
tiooiit*.    at   Chkac*.   aotataaicd   J« 

Wooller.  Tbe  Socialist  l-at-or  rarer,  to 
X.*»  York  City  noaalaatrd  Joseph  K.  Mai- 
lourr.  Tli*  Social  Dtattntk  party,  at  In- 
dUiiaw.n-      niHBlaati'l 

(Jailed  CkrUilao  pony,  at  ltock  Island.  III.. 
nominal,  il    .xii»a    <-.    gaalki  Silver 

Republican  Convention,  at  Kau*a«  City,  en- 
dorsed Bryan.     Tot  National  party,  la  New 
ooaoloaicd   Donalaon  Cu&itj  of 
Louisiana,    not  be  decllocd  ih«  nomination. 
Vote  -Tbe  popular  vole  ra»-  McKinley. 
MX;  Bryan.  0.35S.1.-. 
014:    Uarkcr     J0..TI3:    lh-l»,    87.814;    Mal- 
loney.    .19. -170.      The   electoral    rot*    flood : 

102:  Bryan.  115. 
Parlv  ASUIatl—.— Froai  bl»  yoalh  Will- 
iam McKinley  waa  aa  ardent  K.  publican. 
After  bl»  rtturn  from  ihe  war,  h-  «u  ad- 
mitted 10  Ibe  bar.  and  settled  la  canton. 
cole,  then  an  opposition  county,  where  bl< 
political  ability  bad  abundant  scope  and 
whera  he  q-jlckiy  attained  contlderabte  po- 
litical prominence.  In  18B7.  he  rare-red  ne- 
gro suffrage,  a  meat  unpopular  tnclc  In  bli 
neighborhood:  In  187*.  at  Ike  height  of  Ik* 
greenback  cnuc.  be  spoke  for  aouad  money 
and  tk*  reeumpitoa  of  <perle  paysaent.     In 

n  1878,  ke  oppoaed  Ihe  Wood 
Tarrn  Hill :  In  1870  and  iSSn.  b*  opposed 
the    repeal    of    th*    Federal    election    laws : 

61882.  ha  adroeated  th*  protective  policy 
Coogreae  and  tha  tarlrf  commlulon :  In 
1884.  he  oppoaed  th.  rariff  Bill ; 

34,  bo  aupported  Blaine  for  the  Presi- 
dent i  .  In  iwfl,  be  favored  arbitration  be- 
tween  labor  and   capital  -.   lo   !-•>•■ 

SI  a  btllllnnc  eampalrn  against  the 
whlrh  waa  supposed  to  embody 
Cleveland's  polity  and  Idea*  on  the  tariff ; 
hie  final  addresa  In  Congrcaa  on  Dili  bill 
kaa  bees  characterised  aa  "the  moat  i  '  > 
llr*  and  eloquent  tariff  spei-rb  erer  beard 
In  Congress."  This  apeech  aerred  aa  n 
book  of  lb*  campaign,  no  April  10.  1880, 
.  Introduced  ihe  tariff  hill 
abac*    known    bi  m-hlrh    became 

•  law  on  Oct.  «.  1*90.  Defeated  for  Con- 
area*  In  180O.  he  waa  «>--!cd  Corcrsor  of 
Ohio.      Ilia   Inauiraration   » 

Vlace   ahortlr   before   ibe  commencement    of 
b*   Presidential   campaign. 
Pu'  I  public    dehl     of    tho 

.:  State*  for  the  year*  to  Which  Prcal- 
dent  McKinley  wn«  el  ct.il  t..  serve  atood 
aa  follow.  •  J»lr   1.   1*07.  S08*«n«.O8rll4  : 

1808,  »i,e27,os5.*02  i»:  iino.  » 1.155.320,- 

235.19:  1900.  SI. 107.711.257.80 :  1001, 
II  .im,;.^  .I10.S7;  1002.  »On0,4.-.7.24I.O4; 
1003.  8025,011.637.31  :  1004,  J067.231.- 
773.75. 

Tariff. — to  hit  Inaugural  Addrva*  (pace 
•3381  President  McKln-ey  took  tip  the  tariff 
(juration.  Ho  aald  :  "Nothing  itm  ever  made 
plainer  at  a  general  election  than  that  iho 
controlling  principle  In  the  raising  of  rye. 
enuea  from  dtttlea  on  Import*  la  realoua 
care  for  American  Interests  and  American 
labor.  The  people  bar*  declared  that  auch 
Icctltatloo  ahonld  be  bad  aa  will  (Ire  ample 

Srotretlon  and  encouragement  to  the  In- 
aatrja  and  di-relonmeot  of  onr  country. 
...  To  tbla  policy  we  are  all.  of  wtiaterer 
party.  Srmly  bound  by  the  rolce  of  Iho  peo- 
pit- — a  power  vaatly  more  potential  than 
expre««lon  of  acv  political  rlatform."  Fur- 
ther, be  aara  :  "To  the  r»r!»!on  of  Ihe  tariff 
eepeelal  at'entlnn  ahonld  he  aleen  to  the 
reenacrtnent  and  cTtcn-Inn  of  Ibe  reclproe- 
it v  prlnrlnle  of  Ihe  law  of  1890,  under 
which  ao  invat  a  •llmttlna  waa  e-lren  lo  our 
foreign  trade  In  new  and  adriaiafeona  mar- 


McKinley 

keta  for  the  aurplua  of  onr  acrlenltnral  and 
aaauiafactu.  ..'       m    bla    tonuci 

at.  ike  apeclal  e-raaloa  (pace  i>2Wl  b*  aaHl: 
-Tta  aVKeaalty  of  the  paaaaca  of  a  urlS 
law  wblcb  shall  provide  ample  rer»sue. 
a*cd  not  be  farther  urged.  Tbe  ImperailTe 
demand  of  Ibe  hour  la  the  prompt  eetact- 
aaent  of  a»ch  a  imaiui. -.'■  Id  bla  Third 
Annual  MeaaaK-  (pane  'H .»i  Ibe  1'realdeat 
I  recomaaend  ikat  th*  Coneirea*  at  Ita 
i  hi  r.ou-  .•  it    tatan  il  rvrMroi 

taxes  Impoaed  lo  meet  Ibe  expessei  of  the 
war  with  Spsln  In  Ihe  mm  of  thirty  minions 
of  dollars.  Tbla  reduction  should  be  se- 
cured ty  tbe  remission  of  Ibese  lazea  which 
eiriertewe*  has  shown  to  be  tbe  moat  bnr- 
■ieasomc  to  tbo  Industries  of  lb*  people." 
In  his  Second  Inaugural  Addm*  I  pare 
Hie  I'ri-aldciit  ssld;  "Now  I  hare  th* 
satisfaction  to  announce  that  the  Congress 
just  cinwd  hat  rcdu-.d  laiatlon  In  tbe  sum 
of  su.ooo.ooa- 

JForrloa  Poliey.-ln  bis  Flrat  laaunral 
Addresa  (oag-  4J241)  l'realdent  McKinley 
'■!•  d  up  the  foreign  policy  of  his  ad- 
mlrl<iraik«  In  three  worda  :  "We  want  do 
wars  of  conquest  :  w*  mnat  aroM  the  temp- 
tailon  of  territorial  aggreatlon.  War  should 
Bearer  be  entered  upon  nntii  gran  agaacy 
of  peace  ha*  failed :  peace  I*  preferable  to 
war  in  almost  cvcit  contingency  Arbitra- 
tion la  the  true  method  of  settlement  of 
•  tlonal  as  well  aa  local  or  Individ- 
ual differences."  In  a  aw-lal  meseage 
to  rongresa  (page  6277  >  tbe  1'resldent  an. 
»  Ihe  destruction  of  Ihe  hauleahlp 
i/oiac  In  Havana  wat-rs  and  tbe  conclusion 
of    the  court  of  Inquiry.      Ills  special    roe* 

•apt  (page  0381)  Mil  airta  tbe  rcrolailon 

lo  Cuba  and  It*  effecls  upon  the  i 
States.  In  It  be  »ay» :  "The  leane  la  now 
with  rongreaa.  It  Is  a  solemn  reapoi' 
llr.  1  have  eilinn.Meil  every  elTort  to  relieve 
lha  Intolerable  condition  of  affairs  which  la 
at  our  doors.  I'tepnred  lo  execute  ererv 
obligation  Imposed  upon  me  by  the  Onatl- 
ratlon  and  ihe  law,  I  nwntt  nmr  *>tlen  ' 
11/  act  of  rongr.M,  April  25.  ll>08.  a  itate 
of  wnr  waa  declared  to  exist  between  Ihe 
I'nltcd  t5tates  of  America  and  the  Kingdom 
of   Spain.  Mi-Kinley'a    proclama- 

tion of  nar  fpape  <1474)  followed  on  April 
The  Vrc-ldent  dlacuaai-d  Itir  fu- 
lore  relatione  which  abmilil  eit.t  hi-tween 
tin-  lnltfd  States  and  Cuba  In  his  Second 
loans"  -*  (imge  C4II7).      As  lo  Ibe 

la  Ihe  Philippines,  th*  Preildent 
"Our  countrymen  should  not  lie  deceived  We 
arm  not  staging  war  aralnat  the  Philippine 
i-  A  portion  of  them  are  making  war 
agaJnat  tho  I'nltcd  8tat»*.  ...  We  will 
not  leave  the  deatlny  of  the  Inral  millions 
In  the  Irlanda  to  the  dlaloval  thousand*  who 
are.  lo  rebellion  against  the  I'nlted  8latet." 
rn-il  Hm-iet—  In  his  Inanrural  Address 
(pare  02411  the  President  aald:  "Reforms 
to  tbe  civil  aerrlee  must  go  on :  but  the 
ebaagea  should  be  real  and  genuine,  not 
r*.-runelory.  or  prompted  by  a  leal  In  be- 
half  of  any  party  simply  because  It  hnppeni 
lo  bo  In  power."  Among  the  reform*  In- 
atlt'Jted.  tbe  Preeldcnt  lays  especial  atreaa 
upon  dismissals,  and  aay* ;  "...  a  distinct 
advance  hat  been  mad*  In  giving  a  hearing 
dtnmlaa-nl*  onon  alt  eaaea  where  In- 
competency la  charged  or  demand  made  for 
moral  of  officials  In  any  of  the  De- 
partment*." In  hi*  Fourth  Annual  Mu- 
rage (pag*  8455)  tho  Preildent  reenmmenda 
til*  extension  of  auch  parti  el  the  rivll 
Service  regulations  aa  may  be  practicable  to 
the  Philippines. 

McKinley,  WOlIarn: 
Advancement    am!    proprew    of    tho 
United  Statea  diacuaaod  by,  6618. 


LncycloftdK  lndtx 


McKinley 


X 


H 

Com 
68 


ieolture,  Department  of,  discussed 

»y,  6340,  6390. 
Alaska,    discussed    by,    6269,    6370, 

WOO,  6429. 

Contract  Law,  6348,  6433. 
American  Republics,  Bureau  of,  dis- 
cussed by,  6338,  6349,  6381,  643G. 
Annual  Menage*  of,  6231,  6307,  6336, 

6416. 
Arbitration.  discussed  by,  6242,  6267, 

6380,  6l 

discussed  by,  6320,  6341,  6385, 

6449. 
Autonomous    government    for    Cuba, 

discussed  by,  6261,  0284,  6308. 
Boring  8ca  Fishorios  discassed,  6266, 

6336,  tan 

Biographical  sketch  of,  6234. 
Blockade  of  Cubau  ports  discussed. 

88M,  BUS, 
Buffalo,  Pan-American  Exposition  at, 

discussed  by,  6382,  6436. 
Censu*  discussed  by,  b345,  6389,  64S4. 
China,   Boxer   uprising   in,   discussed 

•117. 
Civil    Sorvica,    discussed    by,    6241, 
6274,  6405,  6455. 

merce,  discussed  by,  6241,  6338. 
6359,  6381,  6436,  6460. 
Cuban  luiiuioelSotl  and  policv  of  th« 
,1  States   regarding,  <ii«cu*sed 
by    6248,  6280,  6307. 
Death   of— 

Action  of  Congress  on,  6635. 
Announcement    of,    to    Vieo-Preai- 
dent  and  reply  to.  6624. 
The  asMxxi nation,  6622. 
To  Representatives  abroad,  6624. 
To   the   Army,  6625. 
To  the  Navy.  6627. 
To  the  Treasury,  6629. 
Certificate  of  the  coroner,  6630. 
House  Committee  named,  6635. 
News  at  the  White  House,  6623. 
Official  order  of  observances.  6630. 
Official  order  of  the  Army,  6636. 
Order  of  procession,  6632. 
Orders  to  the  Armv,  6629. 
To  the  Ouard  of  Honor,  6633. 
To  the  Nary,  6634. 
Proclamation  of,  6639. 
Dewey  appointed  acting  rear  admiral 
by,  6568. 

utlve  order*  of,  6568. 
Extraordinary  session  of  Congress  by 

proclamation  of,  6470. 

Finances    discussed    by,    6236,    6242, 

6244,  6252,  6330,  6357,  6437.  6465. 

Fiva  civilised  tribes,  discussed,  6346. 

Foraijrn  policy,  discussed,  6241,  6248, 

6280,  6296,  6307. 
Germany,  relations  with,  6330,  6869, 

6429. 
Hawaiian  Islands,  affairs  in,  discussed 
by,  6399,  6453. 


Cable     communication     with,     dis- 
cussed by,  6354,  (i  i 
Questions  with  Japan,  discussed  by, 

6264,   6333. 
Transfer  of,  to  the  United  States, 
discussed   by,   6264,  6332. 
Hobart,  Garret  P.,  death  of,  6356. 
Immigration,     discussed      by,      6240. 
Inauguration   of,   sec  illustration   op- 
posite 6455. 
Italy,  lynching  of  subjects  of,  made 

by,  6371,  6430.  6409.  6461. 
Japan,  commercial  relations  with,  dis- 
cussed  by,   6373,   6431. 
Questions  with,  .11  ■  ■;.  ••    d  by,  6264, 
6333. 
Kansas      Paritle       Railway,      claims 

against,  discussed  by,  6273,  6342. 
Labor,   hours  of,  discussed   by,  6348, 

6433. 
Lands,    Public,    set    apart   as    public 
reservation   by   proclamation  of, 
647  :  42,  6487,  6 102,  6405, 

6497,  6409,  6500,  6.-.04,  ■• 

3,  6636,  6541,  6546,  6549, 
6351.  6561,  6366. 
Opened  for  settlement  by  procla- 
mation of,  6-186,  6506,  6525,  6547, 
6339. 
BtTOBM    derived    from,    discussed 
by,  6346,  6452. 
Loans,  discussed  by,  6238,  6.':  I  l. 
Lrnehinm,  discussed   bv 

6371,  6404.  6430,  6458    B 
Manila,    Cable    Communication   with, 

ditrusaed  by,  6348,  6373,  6449. 
Marshall  l>ay.  referred  to.  6436. 
Mexico,    trentv    with,    discussed    by. 

Modification   of   tariff  laws.  6239. 
Monetary   Commission.  dlaOUatd  by, 

0889, 

iito  Indian  Strip,  6365,  6433. 
N«'  td  bv.  6203,  6313,  6344, 

6387.  6440,  64.M. 

VmshIi   for,   construction  of.  6268, 
6344. 
Nicaragua    Canal,    discussed,     6265, 

6326,  6366,  6-133. 
Nicaragua,   relations   with,    discussed 
by,  6264. 

Revolutions  in,  discussed  by,  6432. 
Ocean  Cables  with  PhUlpplnaa,  6348. 
Oxam*    River    bridge    claims,    6329, 

6427. 
Pacific  railway  claims,  discussed  by, 

6273,  6343,  6389. 
Pan-American  Exposition  at  Buffalo, 
.1. -ensued  by,  8)81  6436. 

Last  speech  of.  6618. 
Paris,   France,    Universal   Exposition 

at,  discussed  by,  6247,  6267,  6275, 

6303,  8889.  63fis,  6411,  0416.  6427, 

6455,   6457,  6461. 
Patent     Office,     discussed     by,    634  3, 

6388,  6453. 


McKinley 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Peace  Commission,  Hpnuish-Atnerlean, 
discussed  by,  0321,  6322. 
At  Tin  ,>d  by,  6383, 

g 

1'.  nmylvania,  riots  at  Latimer,  68' 

6363. 
Pensions,    discussed    by,   6345,    6388, 

M8ft 
Peru,  affairs   in,   discussed  by,   633*. 

MM 
Philippine  Islands,  affair-  m.  8441, 
Government     fur.    diaonMod,    6391, 

6395,  0441. 
Thanks    ieu-|.-rc>l     to    commanders 

and  men  by,  6310,  t 
Victory  of  squadron  over  Spanish 
l! lit  in  bay  of  Manila,  discussed 
by,  6287,  6315. 
Porco,   etc,    for    suggestions    from 
commanders  regarding,  requested 
by,   0302,  0580. 
Portrait  of,  6233. 
Postal    8ervice,    discussed    by,    6344,  * 

0386,  6451. 
Proclamationa  of — 
Blockade    of    Cuban    port*,    6472, 

64S1. 
Cessation    of    Tariff,    Puerto    Rico, 

0564. 
Copyright — 

Costa  RIcb,  6818. 
Netherlands,   6522. 
Existence  of  War — Spain,  6-174. 
,      Extraordinary   session   of — 
Congress,  0470. 
Senate,  0544 
Harrison,  Hrnjumln,  death  of,  6545. 
Hawaiian  Cable   Concession,  6493, 
Lauds,   Public- 
Set  aparl  aa  public  reservation, 
6475,    04.7,    64S2,    6487,    6492, 
6405,    6407,    6499,    6500,    6504, 
6505,    6516,    0510,    6523,    6536, 
0541,   6546,    6549,    6551,    6581, 
6560. 
Opened       to       settlement,       6486, 
0506,  0525,  6547,  6553. 
Louisiana      Purchase      Exposition, 
6567. 
Germany.  6538. 
Italy,   0888. 
Revocation   of   suspension   of    port 
duos — 
Tobago,  6502. 
Trinidad,  6503. 
Shermnn,  John,  denth  of,  6543. 
Southern    IMe    Indians,    Colorado, 

6506. 
Suspension     of    hostilities,     Spain, 

6187. 
Suspension  of  tonnage  dues — 
Mexico,  6471.  0406. 
Denmnrk,    6485. 
Thanksgiving,     6470,     6401,     8518, 
r;r,M. 


Treatment   to  be   accorded   foreign 

vessels,  6474. 
Volunteers  called  for,  0173,  6477. 
Puerto    Rico,    Legislation    for,   sag 
gost<rd   by,  6402,   0-147. 
Relief  for,  discussed   by,  6403. 
Reeonoentrados,     6256,     8283,     6284, 

6285,  6308. 
Red   Cross,   America*    National,  a>* 
furnished  Cubans  by,  discussed  br, 
6284,  0308. 
Samoan   Islands,   Affairs   of,  and  p*4- 
0f  the  United 
ing,  aiscuaaed  bv,  6330,  6375,  6428, 
8488, 
Spanish-American  War,  discussed  by, 

6295,  6297,  6298,  6302, 
Trusts,  discussed  by,  6240,  « 
v.  to  messages  of — 

Navajo,   i 
Water    Boundary  <ion,    dis- 

cussed by,  6334,  6374,  6432. 
McKinley  Tariff  Act.  discussed.  8391, 

5626. 
McLane,  The.    (Sec  Cedar  Keys,  Fit.) 
McLeod    Caw.— In    1840    Alexander   Me 
Lco.1,  a  Canadian  sojoartdag  la  New  Tm*. 

boasted  of  having  token  port  Is  the  sttt- 
tire  of  the  slenaier  Carotinr  during  a  r* 
bi-lllou  In  Camilla  a  few  years    iireihrtHj. 

He     wus     nriVNled    311.1     ludletrd     f.»r     1IIII.-SM 

in  Locaport    N,   v.  h  miniacrf 

dcnwnd.-d  his  release  on  the  ground  tMi 
Mi-I.eij.l   hnd  aet«U   DB  >  and   tbtl 

the   New   York  State  courts  Mil   no  Juris- 
illeil.m   In   a   ease   tbai   lay   oeljr    b»t*«rs 
mvots  nf  Gre  it    Mrltsln  so* 
the   United    Bl  it-  a. 

ment   admitted    the  Justice  of    the   Bi 
couteni     ii      inn     li-l'J    thai  -iul4 

only  tie  released  by  opera tlua  of  the  *»». 
The  Attorney  O  ncraf  Instituted  ***•« 
• . ••  ii  held  last 
there  wns  no  ground  for  r»le»Mi>»  hint 
McLeod  flnnlly  proved  ou  alibi  In  l»eto»e». 
1841,  and  was  ocqultK.I. 

"Macedonian. "—A  British  pin  beat  Ma- 
tured by  the  gun  boat  7Ae  Called  Stla  la 
the  Wor  of  1S12. 

Macedonian.  The,  181  :i064. 

Award  of  arbiter  referred,  3381. 

Capture  of,   506. 

Claims  for,  adjusted,  2116. 

Second   claim   discussed.   2193. 
Payment  of,  3445. 
Machine  TooU,  should  he   defined  be- 
fore being  put  on  free  list,  8131. 
Mackinaw,  Mich.: 

Extension    of    civil     authority    over, 
recommended.  190. 

Lands   ceded   for   post   of,   discusses, 
428 

Proclamation   granting   privileges  s4 
other  ports  to,   2859. 

Reduction  of,  discussed,  534. 
Macon  Bill  No.  2.— A  bill  Introduced  Is 
Congress  by  Nathaniel  Macon  aod  psas-4 
In  Msy,  1810,  to  relieve  American  coaawrt* 
from  the  depredations  of  English  ss4 
Frsncb  cruisers  and  privateers.     It  prerlesJ 


that  commerce  should   be  free  and  carried 
oo  under  sanrtlon  of  the  Berlin  azii    ' 
decrees  of  r'rsnce  and  the  orders  la  couac.l 
or    England,    tut    that    K    cither    nf    tluso 
ontlor.il    should    withdraw    from 
rentlore    commeree    should    be    prohibited 
with  ibo  nation  which  retained  them. 
Madagascar: 

Affair*    of,    report    on,    referred    to, 
6399,  5400. 

Imprisonment  of  American  citizen  in, 
by  French  authorities,  6060,  6098. 

Treaty  with,  3780,  4653. 
Roferrod  to,  4757. 
Madeira  River,  Brazil,  exploration  of, 

referred  to,  4449.     (8co  also  Brazil, 

Physical  Features.) 

Madison,  James.— 1809-1817. 

(roar  Trnsx,  1800-1  SI  3.) 
Sixth   Administration— Kernon.  n.-- 1:. -pub- 
lican. 
VtetfrrtMent— George  Clinton. 
Secretary  oJ  Mai*— 
Kuiicrt  Btnlib. 
Jmiici  Monroe. 
Becreiaty  at  fi>e  Treasury— 

Albert  cnllatln  (con tinned l. 
lecrrfiirv  of    II  m — 
William   Hustle. 
John  Armslroug. 
StPeturii  at  the  \acjf — 
lMul   Hamilton. 
William  Jones. 
Attorney- C/encroJ— 

•   A.   Kodncy    (continued). 

wuii. mi  Plnkney, 

J'0»fiM««ff  >-'.'rni  id — 

tildeon    Onager    (continued). 
S'omlnallon.— Mndlsnn  wui  fleeted  by  the 

rii'iniK-i.iii ■•  Ki'pubik'uus  in  )mi»  and  1812. 

tin     In     ■  ;■  i 
Jmiici  Mn-IUon  mid  James  Mm 
llenlhil    candidates    lo    lui 
Hut    the   Congressional    Itcpubllenn    i 
by  on  aim.'  eh.         M.nli- 

.  -r    I're*Ideut   nud   George   Clinton    for 
dent.       Hon  roe     In  d     ill  my    srp. 
porters,  but   reconciled   them   to  the  • 
of  Mndl»on  by   the  t-uggettlon   th  it   Monroe 
should    mo  on.     'I  lie   Fciiernllala 

no  enncra  ami  mmlc  nn  farms!  notnl- 
tuition:   but    tlicy  accepted   C.   C.   I*lni 

and  Itttftis  King.  The  election  woe  held 
Nov.  6,  1S08.  and  seventeen  States  took 
port  In  it. 

Vote  —  The  eleclornl  rote,  counted  lv'' 
B,  181)11.  gate  M.i dbtoi 
ten  lis  votes,  against  47  ceeb  for  Hinck- 
ley nod  Klo  i  The  New  I  rdcrnl- 
Mis  by  a  determined  effort,  redeemed  some 
Of    I  bell     leei    Kinte*.      'I  hi                  at    New 

North  Cai.. Hum.  and   Mat 
divided. 

(sbc'omd  tm m.  1  Sir:  isr 

Seventh    Administration— De (ratio-no- 

in  iii 

riee-JVeslifeiif — IClbrldge  Gerry. 

gctrfjarp  ef  Staff— 

James    Monroe    (continued), 
Seere/nrjy  of  Hie   rreoswiy/— 

Albert  li-llntln   (com  I 

a.  W.  f pliell. 

J.  Dallas, 
fleerr '.:    n  at   "  or — 

John  Armstrong   (rent  lured 

Junes  Monroe  (acting  i. 

rd. 

8ttrrt/inr  at  the  Snru — 

Wlilliim  Jones  (mn'tnued). 
B.   W.  Crownlnshlehl. 

19 


itClomriz-Oeneral — 

wiiihim  1'iuLnej  (continued). 

Kli-li.inl     ll 

roift"o»ici  •'..'"'  i  ui— 

Uldeon  Ura  tiger   (continued;. 
Itetnru  J.  Meigs. 

St'  .-'I/— \omlnalion.— In       the 

elactloB  dlson   wa«   nominated 

by  the  ltrpubllean  Congressional  enucus. 
nt    Which   Neve   V..:l.   State  era*  "lirv 

Ijr  member     The  other  New  lOri 

ni.'tniiers  formed  a  faction  which  nominated 
li.Wln  CllBten.     The  l-'cdora  lists,  nt  n  emi- 

cur   held    in    New    I'ork    City,    nen-.d    to 

support    DeWItt  Clinton   for   ['resident  and 
.  for  \  I.  .-I'M  ■  id.  hi 
—The     fcdernl     election     was     held 
Nov.  3.  181::,  nnd  the  electoral  vole,  which 
inn  eoi  1  IS,  1  Bin,  k-:i\ 

128,  BBnltiKt  8u  for  Clinton;  and  Gerry  131. 
ng.iltut  Sfl  for  Ingorsoll.     Eighteen  Jltotee 
look  part,   for  I,oul*lnna  was  admitted  In 
ISIJ.      Mi 
Tote,  nnd  It  woe  en  it  0  to  5. 

I'art'i     IfflftaflOfl  — la    the    early   conilruc- 

if   the   i ...  v..  nim.nl.    Modlton   was   a 

t.ronounced    fedcrallM.      He  played   a  most 
itiportant   pari    in   carrying  the  Conetlta- 

Ih rough    |hi  ly,    de- 

S]»lte  the  •  i  ..iiposlilon  of  i'eh 

leaders  as   IMtriek    Henry    and    I.ee.     His 
In    tin-    I':  Congress   In- 

cluded t.uirr  resolntloni,  creation  of  ex- 
ecatlee  deptirtiuonts,  nnd  the  propomi  i  f 
amenibnenta  to  ibe  ronstltutlon.     lie  did 

Hill     nn;|i'iil      ll.iinlltioi   -     rliiiiii-l.il     m.'.i;''i.l 

and  It  was  not  long  before  bo  liee.nne  one 
of     Ibe     lender*    of     Ibo     i  dlean 

parti       ';'  i"  ' '  il '■■   did   in-  oppose   > I  i 
sumption   of   state  debta   nnd   the   lastlcu* 

t  leu    of   n    tnlioiial    h  nil;.      While   be    »-_•  in  - 

natblctd    with    tbe    Preneh    BeTOlatloDlett 

lie  did  not  go  so   far  In  this  direction  ns 
•ihi  .lefferiou.     il-  led  i in-  debatee  in  op- 
■•  \\  nn  Great  Britain, 
In    l  708   he  drew  up  i 

he   Vlmlnln    Aawmlily   dcnouuciug   the 

nnd   itedlll 4c;a, 

foh  .  (.-jioii    uf    r'nnyre*. — The 

Btcvel  is    I  i.mi'.i-IM  1)    wns   mnile 

i  p  of  a    Sennie  ef   ".t    ineniheis,  of    win  in 

la  were  Cedernllsia  nnd  24  Demoerata    out] 

llir   Hon       ol    in    ii  nihers.  or  nii.nii  -to 

l. 'I.ralliti    nud    ti3    Ueiuoernts.       In 

iln-  Twelfth  Cousrrsa  (1811  ■  Ben. 

nte.    of    SQ    iin-uilii'iK      \v:ih    ninili-    i  p    of    0 

r,  .ii'i-  ill. ii  ami  ...i   i  ■  i  he  il. .r-.'. 

oC  ill  members,  was  mode  np  ■•(  80  I  ed- 
:  ii. I    105   1  I"   lbs  'III lr- 

b    Consma    1 1813  i  S13)    the    Bi 

of  34  members,  vns  urlde  nn  of  O  Ped- 
is nnd  27  Demoerata.  and  the  nottse, 

..r  lS'j  iiu'iiilu  r«.  nn«  made  DP  or  r;  I'.d- 
ernllnts  and  113  I>enioernM.      In  Hie    I 

mgreas  (1H15-1H17i  the  Bo e,  of 

6   mi  n    •!..   no  of   l^   l"  il.  :.ii 

,.i  ibe  n«i 

183  members,  w:n  mnde  lip  of  CI  federal- 
ists ami  I3S  Domocrau. 

Foretgn  Policy.— In  his  First  Inaugural 
'.■Mi Mi. i  in  out  lines  hit  foreign  pol- 
icy  (p  ,:  .     131)       To  .ii.  1 1  ii   peace  sail 

friendly  Intercourse  with  all  nations  having 

di  positions ;     to     maintain 

strict    neutrality    toward    belligerent    no. 

r    in    all    !■.<-•  -.    amicable 

den  nnd  reasonable  aecommodntlon 
of  differences  to  a  decision  of  tbctn  by  nn 
:  to  exclude  forelcu  lu- 
ll Ignej  and  forrun  pari lnll . Irs.  io  degrad- 
ing to  all  oouniilis  a=d  f-o  baiu-ful  to  free 
ones;  to  foster  a  eplril  "f  Imbuiendenee 
too  Jn«t  to  Invrnle  the  rights  of  others,  too 
1  to  surrender  OUT  n«  n,  Too  liberal  to 
I  idulge  unworthy  preliidlei  i  ■.  nnd 

ioki  elernted  eoi  to  look  iIhwh  upon  theni 
In  others;  to  bold  the  union  of  the  states 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Madison 


■a  lha  basis  of  their  peace  and  hopplnrsa. 

-  ,..'     •  nil.. i  I*. 

(•ealed   ami    Ibe    Doulotei ■••  mi 

laud  la  IWli.    TUI»    i  ffectoal  aud 

■  aa    rrprali-d    Id     ISIii.    bin     »..»    levlvrd 

a;aln»«  Great  Brliu.ii  In    1SII       ■;:■.!   Urll 
B    conceded    Ibe    rights    of    neutrals,    but 
Slused    to   acrommodate    the    lniprcs.mcui 
sallura,  to  iho  aallafactlon  of  tin  Lulled 
Slate*. 

■M  fc'nuload.—  Daring  1811.  hnull- 
Hii.    began   oa   laud   and   sea.      By    ;> 


n   of   June    ll».    1812,    Mail 
«1"7>    declared    wsr   ngjlDst   <in.il    llrl 
aud    ibla   followed   closely   npou  bla  special 


«1"7>  declared  wsr  ugjlDst  <in.il  llrh 
i ml  ibla  followed  closely  npou  bla  api 
uie.sage   of   .inn-    I,    IBIS  n,  In 

which  be  renewed  lb*  a,-i»  pi  hostility 
and  offense,  of  which  Orem  llrllulo  hud 
hool  ibe  several  inrs- 
war  la  all-. 


guilty.  Thriiiiiih.iiit  ibe  several  tnra- 
aagra  the  progress  of  the  war  la  daaBUMXl. 
It    la   (cnera.li)>    conceded    that    (he   eoadtu  ' 


of  Iba  war  wn  fcct.lu  on  Ibe  iinrt  D 
So  fur  aa  Madison  I 
occtlon  allb  11  Is  concerm.1  n  mny  he 
remembered  Ibnt  be  was  csfcntlally 
M  MM)  and  iluii  ibe  war.  ao  Important 
In  (he  annnlt  of  the  country  ami  la  the 
life  history  of  tbose  who  bore  thcmselree 
a.illmiily  Id  defense  of  Ibolr  couutry.  be- 
Incldent  Id  Madison's  Ilfr-. 
Kvenlful  aa  bla  ndmlnlal ration  was.  Ilia 
part    which    be    coatrlbiited    wa*   all.: 

wlih    hh.   prci'UilDcnllr  t.nlllaat 

record  before  be  I In  >t   1 1 ■ . •  iilrheal  office. 

PaihMe    Debt.— The     [nihil--     debt     i.f     the 
nil    States   during  Ibe    Madl-m    ulniln 

lairallon    -i I    •■   fnlluwu.   Jan.    1. 

*r.3.iT3.-ji7.r.n    ihii   »is  n"r.,r.s7.76:  isia, 

iiri.-Jlili.T.iT.lHi  ;   IK  I. "I     S.V..!»       s'.'T.St:  18U, 
24!   lSlo.  IUO.S33.flflO.17. ;  181*. 
*127  i hi;.  |i  -  ie. 

Tariff.— July  1,   IM2,  there  waa  ps«>.  d  a 
tariff  act    for   Imposing   ■'mMltlnnnl   dntlea 

upon    all    goods,    ware*,    ami    n  Inimllse. 

Imported  from  any  foreign  port  or  plans, 
and  for  other  purposca."  By  Ibla  net.  the 
dntlea  were  Increased  100  per  cent.,  tin]  nn 
addltlnoal   tai  of    1"  waa  Urled 

on   nil    goods   Imported    In    foreign    eesaels. 
duly  waa  liiinoxd  on   the 

hi    V     J-.'     ■■' 

the   aame    year   Ibe    rtnty   waa   Imposed   on 
Imported   anil     i   bounty    anaa   grsnied   on 
•  d    flab   eiported.    and   certain    vessels 
roployi  l   in   iln    flsberles  wen 
allowance*.      In    hi.    Seventh    Ad 
aage    (page    BB2)     Mndlsnn    brlnga    up    the 

!iiieat|..n  i.f  tariff  f.T  protecllon :  "In  ail- 
nallnr  the  dutlea  on  lmpon«  u>  the  ah 
eel  of  revenue,  Ibe  Influence  of  the   tariff 

on    mamifsctnrvs    r.  ill    nee. rlly    present 

|.     f  fot    consideration.      However  wise  the 
.    may  be  which  leave*  to  the  «--irorlty 
and   Im.-i.-t    ..f  Individual*   the   application 
of   their  Industry   nnd    re».n  .o  are 

In    tbla    aa    In    other    cases    rj  eptlona    lo 
the    ccnrral    rale.       Bealdea    the    eoDdlttnn 
which  the  thenrr  II -df  ImallM  Of  s   i 
roeal    adoption   by    other   natlnna.    .-• 
.  in  ..   t>aehea   that   ao   many  d' 
mnat    concur   In    Introdiiclui:  nnd    mat-irlng 
manufacturing;    eatahli-lin  •   lnlly 

.,'  the  re  complicated  klnda.  Hint  r. 

ire    will    remain     long    wlthont     them,    nl- 

•  I gb    fiinVlentty  adeaticed    and    In    aome 

••ullorir  fltted  for  carrying 

on     ni'li    aiteivaa.  ' 

..  I,.,,,, — in   hl«  Second    Annual  Mi  oage 

(page      47iii      Prealdenl      Uadlaon     anya: 

ng   the   commercial    nbuaea  wt III    eoBB- 

mlited    irodCf  ""'    American  flag,  ami   ■*•*■ 

:i    force  mr    former  r»fer»nei.    to  that 

enhject.   It  appcnr«    that    American  <*||^^H 

are  luatnimental  In  rarTTlDg  on  a  (raffle  In 

eualared   Afrlcana.  equally   In  Tlolatlon  of 

the   lawa    of   humanity    and   In   deflau.  I    of 

th">»e    of    (heir    own    cotinlry.       The    aame 

Juat   and    twMToUto!    Dotlrca    which    pro 


dnced  i  Id  force  agnlnal  thin 

criminal   condui 

L'ongrrat  lu  dvflaiug  further  uie.ioa  of  (a»p- 
prraalug  lue  atll." 

(,'•1  (  (b* 

d    Slalea    In    (he    year    IMu    r.  . 
follow*:  Area.  l.IH)U,77o  annnrv  iiilln;  pop- 
ulation,   7.. 

tulle.    3.d2 :    gold    coined,    f 
eolood,    (.tilts.  I J » :     money     la     .h    -imiou. 

{' 
i;    reaacla    bull  lotaa; 

reaacU  In  fnrel.  i  toua;  ire«. 

hi  rwaaiarlM  u.i.K,  4*«  IT.'>  looa;  peat- 
afBoaa,  2..10". 

Madison.  J»meg: 

Annual   moeaniroa   of,    r\   407,    470, 
a9l»,  E  59, 

raphical  akctch  of,  45". 
Chantio  of  po»<ic<ainn  of  Flofidn  from 
Bpaln  to  other  foreign  jmw 
i   to,  473. 
Commiaaionor      to     a»i  BdaUJ 

qa<iwtlon  with  Qcorgia, 
Coafercnce     with    Senate    rc«nr<iin«j 
Executive      nomi  nation*,     Qc 
l>y. 
Conatittitional  am,  ndiuent 

iutornal     iinprovernutiU     suggcated 
I     .  553. 
Ucath   of— 

Announced,    144D. 

..f  Preaidait  Jack- 
»on  iiikI  Mm.  Madiaon  on,  11 
Executive     niiiiiiiitioin,     confer. 
'vitli     Senate    regarding,    declined 

l>Ti  M 

Financca  diaruaacd  by.  4S3,  401,  472. 

':..•(,-.,  Mil.  503. 
Foreign  policy  diacu5.acd  by,  452,  473. 
Inaugural  aildroag  of — 

IHnt,  451. 

Second,   .109. 
lut-'Ttial    Htiprovententa  diacaaaed   by, 

560. 
Oath   of   office,   notiflea    Congress    of 

time  nn. I  plMt  of  taking,  4,'.l. 
Pardon  granted  deserters  from  Army 
by.  407.  4P1I.  528. 
•rait  of,  440. 
Powers  of  Federal  and  Stale  (lovern- 
a  discussed  br,  474.   475,  S40, 
5«0. 

'itmations  of — 
Commercial    relationa    with    Great 
BrlUin— 
Renewed,  457, 
Revoked,  4C8. 
Ktisteneo   of  war  between    United 

8t»tea  and  Great  Britain,   197. 
Extraordinary  acaaion  of — 
■«•.    47.: 
ub  ,   '71 
Land  bounties  to  Canadian   vnlnn-. 

Military    <x tool i t ion    •gtilksl    Spaa- 

i*h  dominions,  540. 
Pardons  grmBbfd 

Doaawtors,  497,  499,  52S. 


Madison 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the 


Persons     carrying     on     lawless 
trade,  543. 
Possession  of  West  Florida.  465. 
Preparation  for  defense  of  coun- 
try against  British  forces,  530. 
Thanksgiving,  498,  017,  S43,  34*. 
Treaty  of  peaeo  with  Great  Brit- 
ain, 545. 
Unlawful     possession     of     public 

lands,  557. 
Vessels   of    United    States    not    to 
interfere    with    foreign    tosscIs, 
628. 
Secretory    of    State,    320. 
Special  session  messages  of,  453,  511. 
State  of  the  Union  discussed  by,  524, 

552.  558. 
Tariff  discussed  by,  470,  522. 
Thanksgiving   proclamation*  of,    498, 

517,  543,  545. 
Treaty  of  peace  with  Great  Britain, 

proclamation  of,  regarding,  MA 
Veto   messages   of — 

Endowing    <  lmn  h    In    Mississippi, 

476. 
Incorporating      bank      of      United 

States,  640. 
Incorporating      church      in      Alex- 
andria, Va.,  474. 
Internal    improvements,    669. 
Natiir:'  1  t  ■:.  t  i.ii.  508. 
Trials  in  district  courts,  496. 
War  with— 

Algiers  should  bo  declared  by  Con- 
gress. 539. 
Groat  Britain  discussed.    (8eo  War 
of  1812.) 
Writings   of,   on    Constitutional   Con- 
ven'  red   to,  147!). 

Correspondence   regarding  publica- 
tion of,  1481. 
Madison  Papers,  reasons  for  apt  A 
pocket  veto  to  resolution  to  distrib- 
ute,   1745. 
Madrid,  capital  of  Spain,  exposition  at, 
to   celebrate   four   hundredth    anni- 
versary  of   discovery   of  America, 
5622. 
Report  of  United  Btotea  commission- 
ers to.  transmitted,  5988. 
Mails.. — A  Sicilian  MeXtl  order  which  alms 
to   substitute   Us   own    authority   for   that 
legally    constituted    by    the   State.       It    llrst 
became  prominent  la  1S0O.    Ii  depend*  upon 
community  of  sentiment  rather  tbsn   thor- 
ough organization  for  Its  strength,  and   Itn 
txirs  are  bound   nelUier   to  seek    ndicis 
at   law   nor  giro   evidence   In   conrt      Ths 
boycott  and  blacl:mall  am  the  usual  means 
of  oftYnsa,  but  vlolene*  Is  eftcn  resorted  to. 
Members  of    tbe   soclery  emigrating   to    lh» 
Tnlted  Stntos  bnvo  established   branches  In 
New    York,    New    Orleans    and    elsewhere. 
On  tho  night  of  Oct.   13.   1890.   David   C. 
Hennessy.    eblef  of  notice  of   New   Orleans, 
was  »■»««•:  re  his  own  bona**  bv 

members  of  tho  Mann  to  whose  band  be  bad 
tra'f^  a  nnmher  of  crimes.  Tho  officer  |t> 
telved  Mr  wnnnd*.  Fleven  Italians  were 
arrested  charged  with  the  murder.     By  the 


l*ih  of  tbo  following  March  several  of  tt>» 

tirlsonnis  bsd  been  acquitted,  and.  dtepalr- 
ng  of  convii-iing  anr  of  them,  aa  accosot 
of  their  dlsiegoid  of  out-,  a  nrc*  of  ea 
need  clilxens,  beaded  by  a  lawyer  usatd 
lIBJksrson,  broke  into  tbe  Jail  and  pat  M 
the  eleven  pilaoncra.  Including  toes* 
who  bad  been  acquitted.  In  eonsequeoee  •< 
the  delay  In  bringing  to  justice  the  penc- 
il store  of  this  deed  tbe  Italian  Oorrra- 
ment  made  a  protest  against  this  rloisika 
el  me  lights  of  Italian  ettlscn*.  sad  tht 
I  nltrd  States  arranged  the  asttcr  ssslenUr 
by  paying  an  Indemnity  Co  the  famJIUs  e* 
■  be  murdered  Italians. 

Magazine. — in  military  parlsno*.  a  pise*, 
for  storing  powder,  shells  and  other  war 
munitions. 

Magazines.    (See   Arsenals  and   Mags- 

tines.) 
Maglclenne,  Tne,  appropriation  to  par 

claims   of  owners  of,   recommended 

3580. 
M.-.ha  Indians.  (See  Indian  Tribes.) 
Mall  Matter.— Man  matter  Is  divided  rate 
four  classrs.  ss  follows:  Pint  Oats- 
Postal  cards  and  private  resiling  cards,  on* 
cent  each :  leiten  sod  otter  scaled  mstt*r 
two  cents  each  ounce  or  fraction  of  ounr*. 
"Prop"  letters  not  Involving  delivery  maj 
be  nailed  for  one  eeot  each.  Letters  nsj 
be  mailed  also  to  Great  lirltaln  for  two 
centa  each,  and  at  tho  same  rate  to  Ger- 
many, provided  that  tbe  direct 
rpueo  to  the  latter  country.  Reeood 
Claat— Newspapers  and  periodical*.  Wh*» 
mailed  by  the  publisher  In  bulk,  on*  wnt 
I"  r  pound.  Singly,  one  cent  tnt\  for  fom 
ounces  or  fraction  thereof.  Delivery  In  tht 
county  in  which  »c*ond-cU<8  matter  Is  pah 
ll.ih.ed  Is  free.  Third  Class — C- 
of  it  printed  matter,  and  may  be  mailed  at 
tc  rate  of  one  cut  for  each  two  ouocei 
or  froetlon  thereof.  Pourt*.  riaas — a; 
cr  mailable  matter,  incradlnt;  parcel  seat 
(q.  v.).  Mali  carried  for  th«-  Govertaust 
Is  free,  as  la  mall  vent  under  the  rrsst 
cf  a  member  of  Congress,  (gee  I'ost-utBc 
Department 

M*a  Matter.    (8ee  Postal  Servi. 
Mall  Routes  (sec  also  Star  Routes;  Cua 

bcrland   Bond): 
Appropriation    for,    P26. 
Discussed  by  President  — 

Adams,  J.  Q.,  873,  877,  985. 

Arthur,  4639. 

Buchanan,  2992. 

Fillmore,  2625,  867a 

Harrison,  Benj,,  5633,  6756. 

Hayes,  4574. 

Madison,  552. 

Monroe.  587,  784,  825. 

Polk,  2355,  2503. 

Van  Burcn,  1610,  1719,  17_rr 

Washington,  68.  75,  99. 
Little   Sock  to  Cantonment  Gibees. 
Ark.,  932. 

Befcrrod  to,  60. 
Wnshington,  D.  C,  to  Now  Orlessf, 

La.,  surveyed  by  Isaac  Briggs.  3W. 
Wheeling,  W.  Vs.,  to  point  on  Missis 

sippl  River,  652,  683. 
Znncv-ille.  Ohio,  to  s**t  of  goven- 

ment  of  Missouri,  99S. 


I 


Encyclopedic 


Malay 


M»U   8«rT{ce.        (See   Poaul  Service; 

Railwny  Mail  Service.) 
Mall  Steamers.     (Soo  Postal  8crvice.) 
Malik,  Foreign,  transmission  of,  through 

United  States,  referred  to,  2175.  (See 

alio  Postal  Service.) 

Maine. — One  of  the  New  Knglnnd  ■: 
nickname,  "Tho  rise  Tree  State":  mono, 
•"Dlrlgo"  ("I  direct").  Tbe  moat  north- 
easterly unto  of  toe  Union.  It  extend* 
-"•'  north  and  from 
long.  BO*  M'  to  ;i-  7'  wen.  It  U  bound 
ed  on  lb*  noftU  of  Quebec, 

on  the  cast  by  New  llmnnwlck,  on  tbe 
southeast  and  south  by  Ibe  Atlantic,  nnd 
«.ii  lb*  treat  by  New  Ifnmpsbiiv  nii.1  (Jno- 
bec.  The  area  of  tbe  State  I*  33,040  •■|u«r* 
ml  lei. 

Uctlletncnts  were  mad*  1  >y  Ilie  French 
under  l>u  Monti  In  lout  nnd  by  Hi"  l-:ng- 
II. Ii  In  10U7.  Tbe  lirnt  permanent  settle 
until  tlum  from  1023.  Muliin  »»«  a  part 
of  Hi-  province  of  Muacichuscti •  ll.iy  In 
I'-'l  ii-  a  separate  Mate  In   1820. 

The  W 

tied  Ihe  longstanding  ,ii-.[hic«  regarding  It* 
■luitbe astern   boundary- 

The  products  of  Maine  nrc  chiefly  tho*" 
derlv-  t  IB,   In  tiling  nod 

Jnarryiiik-      The    cno»t    fertile   portion,    lha 
roostook    Valley.    Is  srvll   adapted    for    the 
giowing  of  fruits  and  vegetables. 

Statistic*  of  nirrl  nit nn-  cnll.-ctcd  f.rr  the 
list  Federal  census  place  tbe  number  "f 
farm*  la  Ihe  Blate  at  00,010.  comprising 
:  b  stock  and  Im- 
provement*, at  Ji'.m.'.-;  1,008.  Tbe  average 
value  of  fnrtn  land  advanced  from  nhmit 
18  an  acre  In  MOO  to  f  1*  an  acre  In  1010, 
Tbe  value  f  d -un  >ilc  nuluiila,  poultry, 
•U  |23.lnT>SD,  Inch  ding  250.523 
Cnltle.  mined  at  $7.7X4  384  :  101.6741  horses. 
fl4.381.TriO:  S.'.H  mulct.  $72,440:  87  1  U 
swine.  $04)1,004:  200.430  sheep.  $S13.»70. 
Tbe  yield  and  mine  of  Held  crops  for  1011 
l«  glien  ns  follows:  Corn,  ivoOO  acre*. 
702.UOO  liiishel*.  f 713.000:  wheal.  3.00C 
seres,   OS.'"-  .    $i;:>.(KM>:   oats.   135.- 

000   acr««,    a  108.000    bushels, 
is  into    acres.    21,24i 

els.    $1il.3.'>." 0;     bar,     1.400,000     acres. 

000  tous.  $23,170,000. 

la     Ihe     value     of  Maine    ha* 

ranked  Orst  In  Iho  fulled  State*  during 
the  l»«t  three  years,  and  in  1013  nee-' 
10  Ihe  failed  States  Geological  Harvey  Iti 
output  shooed  aa  increase  of  more  than 
100  per  .-.•lit.  l«itb  la  quantity  and  value. 
over  that  of  tb*  preceding  year.  Toe 
principal  mineral  product  of  tbe  state,  how- 
ever, Is  granite,  la  which  Male*  rnnki 
third,  being  exceeded  only  by  Vermont  and 
Massachusetts.  More  thsn  hslf  the  granit- 
oid rrled  I*  used  In  buildings  and  monu- 
ment*, but  considerable  quantities  are  omit 
Into  navlng  blocks  and  cirblng.  and  •  small 
quantity— rhletly  an«le  -it  crushed  and 
screened  for  road  making,  concrete,  and 
railroad  ballast.  The  total  value  of 
■lone    prod  101.1    was    fl.702.0TO. 

against   $1,810  r.HO  in    1911  iiniliv 

si    II produced    In    1013    was    valued    at 

1000.004  Maine  Is  n'«n  OS*  of  1 1 1  ■  •  lend- 
ing slates  In  Ihe  nroduetlon  of  slate,  tli- 
nu'ntii  of  which  In  1013  was  vn'it-  •!  M 
fl?T0n*..  The  riredurllon  of  feldspar  In 
JO'3  was  3R.24R  short  tins,  vntned  nt  »347.- 
400.  Other  ce.nimc-.-lal  mineral*  produced 
In  Maine  In  l»'l  wer»  r-ln»r*l  wsrera.  sand 
and  card,  and  a  email  quantity  of  gem 
material. 

The   vslintlon    of  property   In   1010   wit* 

!42R252  4G5.    end     the    nsseased    »nx    will 
2.143.150.  at  tb*  rate  of  ore  mills.     Tb* 


Rtate  treasurer  reported  receipt*  for  tbe 
Oscsil  year  as  $4,U4U,36t),  and  expenditure* 
of    $3,1*10.457.    net  nil   balance,   $1.1..,  I;.'. 

■1  b<  I  '    Mean     railway 

and  383  mile*  of  electric  line  In  the  Stote. 
The  population    wus    742,371    In    ll>10. 

The  number  of  manufacturing  establish- 
ments In  Maine  having  an  annual  output 
valued  at  $.*oo  or  more  at  the  beginning  of 
1015  was  3,3TB.  Tbe  amount  of  capital  In- 
vested mas  $233,744,000,  giving  employment 
to  JM1.7S8  persons,  using  material  valued  at 
$117,055,000.  and  turning  out  Qnlsbed  good* 
worm  $2ihi. 371.000.  Silarles  and  wagca 
paid  amounted  to  $10,525,000. 

Main*: 

Claim*  of,  presented,  1498,  1687. 
Controversy  with  Now  Brunswick  re- 
ferred to,  1805. 
Depredation*  in,  committed  by  law- 
less men  from  British  province*. 
1733. 
Correspondence      regarding,     1738, 
1784,  1785,  1791. 
Northeastern    boundary    correspond- 
ence regarding.        (Boo  Northeast- 
ern Boundary.) 
Usurpation    of    jurisdiction    within, 
by  New  Brunswick,  990. 
Maine,    The.— One    of    tbe    second-elan 
baitlcshlp*    of    the    I'nltrd    State*    Navy. 
This  vrsnel  wt*  sent  to  llaiana.  ("una.  In 
Jsminry,  1808.  on  a  peaceful  mission.    Sb* 
was  received  by  tbo  Spanish  forts  and  naval 
vessels    in    the    harbor   with    the   curtesies 
usually  extended  to  visiting  war  ships  of  a 
iwcr.     Iter  ancboragc  was  iclectrd 
by  the  Spanish  authorities.     i)n  the  night  of 
lets.  IB,  1808.  the  Wain*  ws*  destroyed  by 
a  submarine  mine   (0277).     It  was  believed 
that   Hie   Spaniards,  who  at  the  time  wer* 
very  much  Inrensrd  nt  ihe  loiereit  Ameri- 
can* were  taking  In  tbe  Cuban  insurrection, 
had    maliciously    destroyed    the    vessel   and 
crew.      Two    officers    and    258    sailors    and 
marines   lost    their   live*   by    Ibe  explosion 
i.      An    Invcidgatlon    failed    to    p:ace 
the   responsibility   for   tb*  catastrophe,   and 
Spain  :  i      ■     I  to  send  a  mc*>sg*  of  rear** 
nt  what  she  c:\ii  Idcnt.       Tbe  blow- 

ing up  of  the  JMInc  was  among  tbe  causes 
of  Iho  war  with  Snaln.  begun  bom  *fter- 
wnrda.  A  new  battteahlp  ha*  tinea  bees 
ndcled  to  the  h-itv  bearing  Ibe  nnme  M-'inr. 
i*'r  Illustration*  opposite  60-15,  5700. 
.-.77.-..  > 

Maine.  The,  detraction  of.  In  Havana 
Harbor,  Cuba,  6277,  6290,  0308. 
Finding*   of    court   of    inquiry,   dis- 
cussed, 6277,  6290. 
Number  of  live*  lost  In,  report  on, 

KM 
Proposition   of  Spain   to  Investigate 

PIMM  of ,  referred  to,  6290. 
Removal   of  wreck  of.  appropriation 
for,  rccommondod,  7630. 
Makah  Indiana.     (See  Indian  Tribes.) 
Malay  Archipelago.— Tbo  largest  and  mo*t 
lont     Island     group     or    congeries    of 
pro-ns  In  the  world,  stretching  from  bit.  23* 
nnnb   to  12*    south   nnd    from   long,   93'  to 
105*  en  it.      It   Is   bounded  on  tbo  norrh  by 
Hie    Chlnn    Sen     on   Ihe  *n»t  by  tb*  Pacific 
Ocean,  nnd  on  tbe  soo'h  nnd  west  by  Austra- 
lia   nnd    Iho    Indian   Ocean.      Th«   prlticlnsl 
Erovps    ar*    the     Honda     !«l»nd«.     Including 
unoitra,     Java,    Ball.    Sumbasra.    Flore*. 


Malay 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


ilwnod,     Tiumr.     and     several    smaller 

..■in.  •    in  •  iir   inn 

and   the   Snlsyer    lalomlv    nnrih  of   I- lore*; 

•us    and   other*  ta*t   of   Celebes. 

i  rude  ar»  Java,  Biion- 

trs,  Borneo,  nod  trie  Molucca*.    The  Dutch 

us   is  considered   a  part  of 

the    Muln<  i h-    Philippine* 

taken  by  the  United  Stntes  from  Spain 

Britain  Is   In  possession  of 

Singapore,     Penang,    Malacca,    ami    l-alnian 

Native  rnjns  rule  moit  of  tbe  Islands.     The 

hiding     Sumatra. 

Borneo,  Java,  .-i  ml  tbi   l         ■        nmprls*  th* 

greater  ami   richer  portion  of   ll rehlDtl- 

imvlug    rights  of    suxcrolnty    orcr    tbe 
SCIlT*    prl 

Malefactor*  of  Great  Wealth.— A  phraso 

u»e.l   by    IT  .lii-.it    i; ..'ii     i7i::.m.   and 

afterwards   popular   In   political   dim  n 

as  denoting  men  of  rich**  who   .1.  Bad   tin. 

law. 

Malefactors  of  Wealth  and  Position,  at- 
iitu.le  of  Roosevelt  administration 
toward,  7137. 
Pri"  'nnst  by  the  Department 

of  Justice,  7085. 
Malfeasance.- < "Hi  inl  conduct  of  a  fraud- 
Bt  nr  w.lfullv  Illegal  character. 

Malvern    Hill    (Va.).    Buttle    of.    The 

la«t  .if  ii...  Seven  Hots'  Rattle-  before  Meh- 
BJOnd       mi    tin'   morning  of  Juljr    I.    1HH 

Second.  Third,  and  Bfith  corps  of  MePlel- 
Una  army,  under  command  of  Krves. 
Franklin.  Miimi.  loan,  ami  Porter, 

were  united  on  Malvern  HIM,  a  plateau  near 
tbe  James  River.  Tbe  approaches  to  the 
position  wore  commanded  by  about  70  Runt, 
a. -vein:    ..f    lli-ln 

•   attack,   under   1>.    ll.    Hill   mid 
Macnider,  wa«  made  about   '■'   r   H  .   nn<l  It 

lliiii.il  urn  II  '.i  P     U 

.  d.     During  tbe  night   Hct'lcllan  i   m 
i    !  i-     r.  tr<  ill    lo    Man  odlnc 

itas.) 
Manassas   (Va.).   or  Bull  Ban,  Second 

Battle  of.-  nu  I  he  im.riiliiK  of  Aug.  30, 
18091.  the  day  after  t>  rrtoe. 

the  conflict  between  the  fore.-*  ninl-r  1'ope 
mi. I  tl...  ,   and  r  Jack  on  was  i   Bi 

.    luitltiic    lie. ii    rcenfoi  .1    ti Ik 

■i  ..f  the  Pederal  army  *'iih 
Hi.-  Intention  •  .'  turning;  Pope's  tinnk  am)  so- 
il ..ii  iii»  road  '.i  Centi 

Ti    ["one's  rear,      ll."  1 1  ■  ■  r . .  -  ■-  r   nifhilnK  of   Ihe 
day  took  plson  about  .'■  0'eloc*    n  lb"  after- 
ii. i. >ii   -.ii    th"   irr.uiiiil    where    in- 
Bull   hum   bad   i".  I.   fnnght    July   '.'•     II  111 
itv  night  Hi-  loft   wins  of  th"  Dillon  army 
n  driven  back  ai.i.ut  half  ■  mil",   the 

■  .    fnr        I'i.iii      being   il.'f.'lll-  d 

ii.Bi.-d   to  IVntervllle      Federal   I"--    "' i 

ir, i  onfedc                  00.  (Bee    also 

i;r..'..  i. hi   i  V»  I,  Battli  ..f  i 
Manassas,  vi  : 

Army  BUtBOMIVaM  nl.  8087. 

Encampment  at,  6774. 
Manaaaas    (Va.).  Battle  of.     (Sop  Bull 

Run  i  7a 
Msndan  Indians.    (Sea  foiNu  Tribes.) 

Maneuvering.  In  war  parlance,  the  or- 
derly movement  of  military  or  navnl  force* 
for  the  (oanUltlOB  of  tactloal  ndvnntngo 
over  the  enemy.  ''•'<  > 

Manila  Harbor  (Philippine  Islands). 
Battle     of.-i'rior     to      the 

of  the  war  with  Spain  "i"  A»lnlle  Snunilr'.n 
..f   the    Pnlted    State*   had    I"'""    lying    for 

i   weeks  at  Hongkong,  under  th« 
mand  of  Commodore  (now  Admiral)  Ocorgo 


En-  mi. .Ill  v,      ll -Mil      i'4 
our-                        .Hit:  been  civs.   lie. 
failrm 

i"  ■  apiui.  .  Heel  th.-n 

asavmbUd  at  Manila,  capital  of    th.-  l'hlllp- 
I-.   a    8paul>h    |ki,...«1..o   on*   tl* 
southi  n.     At  daybreak  May 

•>\  the  American  •■'.snila 

Hay   and  In  i»l  dV- 

atrucllon  of  the  Spanish  fleet,  oonalallag  of 
10   aarshlpa   and   a    tinn-: 

Hi.-  n.in.    station  sod  f.v-' 

...  In  n   few  hour*.  •>*«  an 
ialn'«  nai-  the  linn 

Nor    was  tliN   n: 
the  American  commander  complete  control 

K   t«y   of  Manila,   altb    the  abl  i 
lake  Hi.-      I  :    a   life  wi 

..ii  ti..    \ui".  ...in  strips.     The  woondrd  anra- 
The  BfanJah  k>«*  »i>  n: 
Aug 
IB,  after  a  brief  awiiuli    upon  Hi      w. 
Manila   by    I 

rltt.    In    which    th*    «.|uadr..n    aasUinl     IB* 
1* -t    "  "ii"    '.r    Hi"   war    wu  r-t    Ifi 

rtnrtlng  tiln  tag  In  tbe  imp&ndlll.nia1 

surrender  of  the  city. 

Manila,    Philippine    Islands    (*cc    als* 
Philippine  lalai 
Cabl  ■  •■•o*»- 

It,  6+19. 
Expedition*    to,    urnler    command    of 

Gen.   aforrltt,  8318. 
Oen.   Oti*  directed   to  avoid  conflict 

i    insurgent*,   >'■' 
Victory  of — 

American    squadron    over    S| 

fleet  in  bay  of,  discussed,  6S9", 
631.'.. 
Commander  of   American  squad- 
ron- 
Appointed  acting  rear  admiral, 

6297,    6568. 
Sword  to  bo  presented  to,  ami 

medals  to  men  on 
Thank*    of    Conjn  _e.l 

men  tinder.  <!2»8. 
Recommended.  621'  7. 
Reply  d 

Thank*  of  President  tendered, 
8868. 
Referred  to,   ' 
Commander  of  the  Hugh  UrCai- 
<o<h      n      i   .  ojjnition     of     acr 
vires  of,  recomm-'ii.lod,  6.105. 
American  anuadron  and  land  force* 
at,  dlscwJawd,  6319. 
Thank*    of    President    tendered 
commanders  and  moo,  6579. 
Mann  Law.     (See  White  Slaw 
Manor.— In    BngUeb    law    a    freetmld    e*- 
tate  h.  •  i,o  tt 

■  ntiiiid  to  maintain  a  tenure  i-etween  bias 
"•'f  ■•"  ••    tenants,   whewby   a 

of  feudal   relation  I*  Y  \  rasa  Ibem 

It   rvwmhlc  tbe   f»i.lal  • 
held  In  Seofand  t.v  ill  r,  0f  ilr)4 

Manor*   of  the    rnellah    type   were   grant*! 
In     Hi"     I  nl'.-.l     Rtaf.     In     .e vera |     of     Ike 
<  olonle*  ..ii   rucb  t.-rm«   that   prorwrtv 
'-aiile.l   right   of   lurl  il 
riroprletnr  of  Marvlnnd   ordi 
grant    of    2,000    ocre.    abotild    be     mad*    S 

maoor. 


Encyclopedic  index 


Manufactures 


Manual  of  Partlam«ntary  Practie*.— Tha 

mnnual  prepared  by  Thomaa  Jefferson  after 
bo  sraa  elected  Vic*  I'rnldcnt   la  17l>8  wai 

Iba   flra(   sorb   In   this  countu.    ami    II   nllll 
iml.1v   the   premier   i»'«IOon  s»  a  sum 
deliberative  bodies,  aud  la  usually  referred 
tu  aa  tbo  Jefferauo  alumni. 
Manufactory  Bank.    (Soo  Bunk,  Manu- 

/:ntory.) 
Manufacturer*,  AsaoclatlOD.  of.-ln  order 

iiibat  tbo  cuciohcUuk  mixed 

uud   offset    the   gruoliiK    lendom 

imiilu-  opinion  and   ital     Iq  lalatnr  -   u,  ac 

ic*    in    the   demand*    "f  lulinr   nun.    nn 

iiimirr  hoi.  i  employers,  tlic  Na 

iluonl    Association    ol  [acturora    vro« 

i      A   platform  of   i. mi   principle*  foi 

Hip   ajnlila r    mil ra    in    il.-.i I ln>.-    with 

lb*  labor  ijui  il  Ion   •■  ■  led.  »»  rol- 

I     Kail    dcallnc   Is   tbe   fundamental    and 
principle  on   »iiu-b  relation!  hitneen 
ihould  it-. t. 

1 
Inrvrn  I.  ■■■  it  upp  if  I  i 

boi  itll    it  la  utinltcraldr   oppoaed 

10  Iimi.  .in  •.  blackllata  imJ  oihoi  I  ihu  il  acta 
nf    111!  •  r  (-       :.• .     wltb    ilin  pcnuiuil    Ml" 

;  I"! 

In  uld    he    i 
■  ■r  In  any  amy  discriminated   .i«ili»t 
'"    in   ol  iiii-iuniT»blp  or  Don-mi-iiii'>'i 

D        llj      :.. rjrnllltullull,     inn I 

should   lie   Ilm  rlmlmillug    igjiln  •  '   or  lu 

icrferen-  ••  Willi 

ruber  of  ■  labor  onpanlaAUon  hr  members 

..f  ►mil  oriiiinlaulloua. 

4.  \\  mi  due  n  card  to  ooai  i  id 

il     w\  hi  m .    and    II    I 

rich!  of  the  i  mpli 
pfoi  »*■*«  flt. 

;.  Kruploj  l         mploy 

ilii-lr  wmk  in  m|,i.-  mi   ii   gi     loul    ■ '  i 

i   h.nil    mlirl.  n  Doe  OF  .Ski     I 
larl    nf    l:i.|l\  lilmil.    in-    iif,-ilil.-.:il|..ii-    mil 

i  [y   partlci  in  -inh   contract*. 
il.  EsmplOTera    nail    In     nnniohrstcd    ntnl 

uuhainpurvd   in    ibi     mi avmonl    "l   Ibeli 

liimlnaaja    In    iii  '  rininiii.-    tna    amouol     >ot] 

■  I '  1 1  •  1 1 1  ■•    -if    Ir   |T  KlUCt.    nml    III    Mi.'    U 

any  mcthoda  or  systems  of  puy    which  ar* 
Juat  and  equitable. 

T,     III     I  In'     lull  r,  .1     -.f     --■■>!  I        m 

•  of  tbe  cotintrj  W 

■j  i-'i    ii|ihii    iba   opportunities   of   an) 

peraon   in   lanra   anj    l  lilco   i i 

»n*  may  be  mi] i. 

8.  The  NatloDnl   AaaMChtfofl  ol  Uanufar 

turari  dlaopprovi  •  abaol ir  of  itrik- 

lockout*    mid   favors    o lull  il 

in    nf    nil    d'fTereuecs    betw pin 

nod    employee*     'iy    any    nmlcaMc    uii'tlmd 
thai     v.in  in*    right*    of     imth 

part  lea. 

iiipioypcaj  bare  the  rluhl  in  cool 

rlli ■  i 

il  i  riu  I   ih.it   .  ..in  iln  •  n 

I  ha  I   • loymenl    ib i   i"    denied   la  men 

tinf  parties,  i"  i in-  '''in' iii  r 

iii.-  .  .hi -'tin t linn. i   rlajnta   "f   iba   American 
'Vnrkniau.  la  uealii.i   public  poll*] 
violation  <>f  th.  I'nn-iili  i  Th  •  ii--' 

I'lntlon  declare"*  Its  unalterable  nntnj;otil«m 
lo  Iba  cloacil  (hop  and  Inalala  thai  tin 

..r  mi  Induatry   be  •  i I   again*!   American 

'•   of  their    membership    or 
son-membership  in  any  labor  oriraulimllon. 
10     n..     \ai   mnl     '■ 

"i  ■    pledge*  Itm'lf   '..    ippo' J  and 

nil    l.'i-l-l,ill..n    mi  .    •    nil    I  lie    fore- 

going ili'ii  irnii'iii  ■ 

Manufactures.— Th''  follon 

ii   siiimnnrv   hsfiwd   'ir   tin'   I 

.1  ; 


'.iixmhmot  «iUli]i4imrntt  **:'.rt" 

faraoa>,ani>c<  u"»   ........  J 

lt..i»i<iursaDil  flrm  maaUn    ... 

Salaried  mtVijin  0MJI7 

Wait  rarniti  latnaro  ainnlmr  rmploreO 
during  Urn  J,MWS7 

Vi  ^-.   .«.,.    .    I.v  ii Il  ■; 

rtbroary 7.141,1m 

M««l> 7.M1.7U 

Ami  7317^20 

M»y  71' 

*u* 7.I00^» 

July ...  7f"- 

SSota"  }$ 

Xovsiabsr.  ■■  mm 

DKambar  .            «.M0aM 
Friirauy  boraPFowar. 

' 

Swtca. 

Bahltal..  1J»7.»I7  0M 

,  »aiM  l.»7').M2/Wa 

\alwoliiroiliitU  ..  J4J4<UU/»0 

Value  adilr.1  by  uaanfartof*  (value  «f 
producubaarartofmaVrUbi 0.S7I.JH  fUM 

In    tin    fnlliiwlng  tabic  the  ».'V.tii1    I 
Irlea  nr^  nrraniteil  in  tin-  ordar  "f  the  nine 
Of    lli.'lr  iniliuil 

M.M  i  ICTI  UBNI    Ivi.l  MiiIBS. 


.V. «... 

N.,iii|..r 

Valua 

a 

Pndiida. 

or  Win. 
Karnm. 

hlaurlitsrinc  and  paf4rina    . . . 
1 nil'-  lad  mulnne  iliops 

mm 

Vi l.in  I 

Iimtcr  »n.1  timi'i 

If.n  ualiurl.  >l"'l  aiiri. 

ix;, 

.".•.!.:  1 

. 

■ 

fSMI^JCaal 

HwU  anil  .hue.. 

lowu; 

5Mjrj77jOOO 
i'DjOOO 

n.atint*daiMlfeJ 

ni»,r:'j 

oumwo 

pjbaj  .. 

Iftn.iio 

4l6,«0i^/a>l 

<"«  abo|» 

4oSjMljaoo 

Rmaa  anil  baksrisj 

100,210 

■ 

,  »..nirn  . 

Coppar.  ameltint  and  rafuaag 

17»,Vm,iH»i 

l*iunr».  m.ll 

MJS7D 

Uiibar 

n  ni 

«: 

Suasr  mil  tnnla«am,  nol 

li«  i«*i 

am 

2mj4o,ooo 

hiilter.  ciirwc  End  milk. 

..,,,.,. 

f.57«0 

71,711 

Qua 

mm 

M0Jn},aM 

aiuwrfloo 

..-  ."..I 

■■ an 

',.i  :n 

m  i.  i.ooo 

:i«iiuono 

nil  P. Kb 
Copter,  tin  and  »h»i  ir.-.n 
.ii"  and 

I"|'..«IJj00O 

■ml  rafioine  .  . 

1 

rnni 

lOOMt.lMI 

1  orriwi>  and  wmn*. 

„ 

Pan  nine  and  pnw rrinc 

KVMR 

1(7  Inl.tOO 

liram  and  brociaf 

nil.  eotaoaaaad, 

mffmfioo 

'» 

■:;.-r, 

HI 

IJI.7H.OtO 

I'iuiiI  and  larne*. 

It  140 

Car*.  >n«m  nulnxul 

12I.7JO.OOO 

ik 

me  mvrk 

..-!# 

All  olhrr  induatriaa. 

IAM.027 

|.-.r.i  i.i.i.i-.i 

'  I'lriea.  total 

Mit.Ma 

fcll.i.'i.'ll-  MIUI 

^ 


Manufactures     Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


One  of  the  Important  duties  of  the  fed- 
eral ctiirn.  !•  to  take  account  of  the  Dumber 
onil  extent  of  the  m*nul*>  luring  establish- 
ment* of  i  rj  and  report  on  the 
.irraons  engaged  In  the  various 
value  of  nnlsied  product* 
and  tbr  rata  '  raw  material  lii   Ui« 

EroeeM  of  manufacture,  aa  In  tho  preceding 
ibles. 

Manufactures: 
Capital— 

Invented  in,  discussed,  5741. 

Should  bo  applied  to  internal,  443. 
Depression    in,   mentioned, 
Encourngement  of.  recommundeii. 

60,  193,  197,  318,  454,  469,  4S0,  538, 

630,   979. 
Increase  of,  676,  760,  979,  1108,  3991. 
Prosperous  condition  of.  MM. 
Referred   to,  95,   175,  361,  456,  667, 

979. 
Statistic*  of,  icf erred  to,  3066,  3067. 
"Man  Without  a  Country.  The."— Th* 

tlUo  of  a  story  written  In  1SC3  by  Kdword 
Everett    Hale,    which    I  as   been   widely   read 
and  has  made  a  strong  patriotic  appeal. 
Maps  of  United  States,  joint  resolution 
providing    for    printing    of,    vetoed, 

Marauder. —  One    who    plunder*:    la    the 

plural    especially    applied    t"    n    group    of 

soldlera    organised    for    Illicit    foraging    or 

stcallug- 

Marulehead.  Tho,  mentioned,  6317,  6766, 

6768,  0*69. 
Mnrbury  vi.  Madison. —  The  flrst  Impor- 
tnnt  cu«c  srberels  me  Supreme  Court  set 
n»ld«-  an  net  of  Congress  becnuae  of  BOO- 
run  with  the  Constitution.  Willi  mi  atar- 
bury  and  otbeis  lind  been  appointed  lus. 
ice    In    the    '  f    Co- 

Inmbla  by  President  John  Adam*,  v.lth  th» 
r..n»ent  of  the  Scnnte.     Before   their   .-.>m- 

h-.nl  were  Issued  Adams  was  sueeeeejed 
by  Thomn*  Jeffer-on  nnd  Jam's  Madison 
wo*  appointed  Seerelnrr  of  Sinir.     Falling 

-fee  his  eommlaalnn.   Morhurr  n 
the    Bnnrema   Court    to  Usee  a   ranndnuiiia 
in    Madison    commanding   him    to    bjartt 
The  court  decided  that  Mnrbury  "as  legally 

led  i"  hli  enmmliwlnn.  tint  that  the 
court  bad  no  constitutional  authority  to 
Issuo    n    mandamus    In    Itiefa    n    n*>,    thus 

rlna;  uneonstltntlonnl  n  portion  «f  the 
judiciary  act  of  17R0,  which  purported  to 
$-rant  auch  antborltr. 

Marietta,  Ths,  Toyage  .nd  arrival  of. 
from  San  Pranclaco  discussed,  6316. 
Marina    Conference,    International,   at 
Washington  discussed  and  recommen- 
dations regarding,  6180,  6370,   5468, 
5493,  S498,  6543. 
Marine  Corps.— The  Cnlted  States  Marine 
Corps  Is  an  Independent  branch  of  the  mili- 
tary service  of   tbe  United  States,   serving 
generally  under  the  direction  of  tbe  Secre- 
tary of   the  Nary.    Th*  corps  may  be    de- 
tached by  order  of  the  President  for  aerrlca 
with    the   army,   and   on    various   occasion* 
parts  of  the  corns  hSTe  so  served. 

Marine*    srrved    on    shore    and    on    board 
Teasels  of  tbe  nary  throughout  tbe  Bevolu- 


llonary  war,  two  battalions  bating  bees 
authorised  liy  the  Continental  longr*** 
Nor.  10,  1770.  but  the  present  orgsnliatt— 
dales  from  Ju .y  11.  17uK.  when  an  *c<  ♦€ 
Cougit-as  was  approved  for  cstibUiblng  and 
oijauLnng  a  uiailur  culpa  lo  constat  of  un< 
major,  t-mr  cap, aim.  sixteen  first  lleuten- 
iDn.    twelve  sec  nants.    forty  eight 

sergeants,    foitj  uals,    thirty-two 

drama  and  fifes  and  "2W  private*. 

The  following  duties  are  assigned  to  tbe 
marine  corps:  To  garrison  tbe  different 
navy  yaul>  and  naval  stations,  both  wltMa 
sad  beyond  the  eoutlnental  limits  of  the 
fnit.d  Slate*.  To  famish  the  irst  lbs* 
of    the   tool  I  naval    ba»e*   and 

naval  station*  beyond  the  comment*!  Haiti 
of  the  I'nli.d  States.     To  man  *och  nival 
■■■*,  and   to  aid  In  manning.  If  aeras- 
ssry,  Mich  other  defences  as  may  be  erected 

for  the  defence  of  naval  Iswi  and  tlrll 
stations  tk-yond  tbe  continental  Hall 
tbe  Vailed  states.  To  garrison  the  Isibsslaa 
Cnnnl  Zone.  Panama.  To  furnish  such  gar- 
risons and  nary  forces  for  dotlas 
beyond  the  *ea»  as  may  be  neev*»ary  la 
time  of  peace  To  serve  on  board  all  ha' tie 
shins  bdiI  armored  cialsera  of  the  n»vy. 
and  such  other  i»sa»la  as  may  be  directed. 
In  .Vtachments  of  not  lesa  than  8  per  cent 
of  the  strength  of  the  enlisted  men  of  IB* 
navy  on  said  vessels.  In  eaae  of  dUttarb- 
-Ign  countries  marine*  are  land- 
ed to  protect  American  Interests. 

The  marine  eorpa  garrison*  th*  follow- 
ing  place*  r 

.Nsinl  Proving  flround,  Indian  H«*d.  Md. 
Anierirnn    tergal  I 

Aim  rlc-nn    1 

_  Marine  Barracks,  Washington,  D.  C.  asd 

San    Diego. 

Rlt:  n  inthrop,   Md. 

'""hgrieatoa, 

Mnre  Island.  Cal. :  Near  Tori,  X.  I  ; 
Norfolk,      Vs.:      Phllsdelpbla,      Pa  :     IMgrt 

i,   N.    U  : 
Ington,  H.  C 

— Mare  Island,  Cal..  sad 
Port    Koynl.  8.  C 

sal    Sfeffoxi  — Corltc.    I>nlllpf>lsn»    Is- 
lands :  r.uim.   Marians   I*: 
mo,  en  wall :  Key  West, 

Philippine  Islands. 
.Voenl  .leuJrms- — Annapolis.   M 

Mass.;    L*s 

Al n  New   York.   N.    V. :   Norfolk. 

Vs. :  Washington.  r>.  i*. 

A'o'nl  rrom*. — Philadelphia,  Pa. 

fit  air  Office—  New  y--: ,  N.  Y..  San  Fra* 
clieo.  Cat.,  and  Philadelphia,   Pa. 

"C«. — Doxer.  N.  J. :  r**et 
Mimin.  Pa.  J  Illlngham.  Mas*. ;  Ion*  IiUad, 
N .   Y  i'«  Creek. 

.it     Prisons. — Civile.     Philippine     Is- 
Island.  Chi.  :  Portamouth.  N.  1! 

Also  38  Teasels  of  lb*  D  B.   Navy. 

Commissioned  officers  arc  annotated  froo 
graduates  of  the  Naval  Wadcmr.  froo 
worth  v  tion-cnmmlsslooed  officers,  and  frorj 
civil  life.  Applicants  mast  be  twenty -one 
years  of  age  and  not  OTtr  twenty  seres, 
and    miiKt    pan    sn.-ii    mental,    moral    aoJ 

Shyslcal  examinations  as  are  prescribed  b» 
tie  preild.  nt. 
Tbe  term  of  enlistment  la  the  starts* 
corps  1*  four  years.  Applicant*  most  at 
nlnetefo  year*  of  age  and  sot  over  thirty- 
five,  able-bodied  and  of  good  cbaraet?r. 
Minors  must  have  consent  of  parents  or 
guardian.  Apprentice*  to  learn  th*  drum 
and  trumpet  are  enlisted  between  tbe  *get 
of  fifteen  snd  seventeen,  with  consent  of 
psrenta  or  guardian,  to  serve  daring  tes- 
norlty.  All  recruits.  *ft»r  acceptance.  *r» 
sent  for  three  month*  to  a  recruit  dipot  Is* 


incyclopedic  Index 


Marriages 


Initructloo.      Permanent    tmrloo   corps   ro- 
trulilug  matluus  a*  follow*: 

Atlanta.  G».,   29H    Marietta    Rtrect. 

Baltimore,  Mil.,  ail  L'.  S.  Custom  llouso 
Bulldin*. 

too,  Mass,  22  Tretnont  Row. 

Buffalo.  N.  T..   215   Federal    l.iilldlwr. 

Slcsgo,    III-   U2S  Soul  .  -ircet. 

i<-inn»tl.  Ohio.  28  Pickering  Building. 
Cleveland.   Ohio.   Ktdcrul    Butldll 

Knrcr,  Colo..  1005  Larimer  Street, 
troll.  Mich  .  22  Monroe   ai 
Houston.   Tex..    915    1'rslrle   Avenue 
Kansas  City,  Mo.,  1321  Mnln  S 
lx.ul  1H  West  .IefTer».,n  Sir.  i  I. 

Mcmpbli.  Tcon„  200  Soui  reel. 

N«w  Orleans.  La_   u.Ti  '£   (Jravler  Street 
New     rorfc    N.     V..    M     K.    Twenty- third 

N'.iv.t. 

Philadelphia.  P«..  ISO  Smith   K.th   1 
I'ltt.uurgh,    P*..    Smlthflcld    mid    W'.ior 

Streets. 

Portland,  Ore,  Third  nnd  Alder  Streets. 
Richmond,    V*.,    postofllce    Rillld 
Suit   1,-ikc  Oil  ■■'■-.    Main    Street 

San  Francisco.  r«l..  SO  Annie  Street. 

lie.    Wn«h..    101    Flr»t   Ave.,   s... 
si    brats,  Mn  .    |32  seventh  Street 
St.  Paul.   Minn..  47  Boltlmorc  Building. 
The    authorized     strength    of    the    corn* 

S  September  I.  1010)  wa«  S40  officer*  and  0.- 
21  <nii«t.d  men.  an  follow*:     major 

Ilt-ncrsI  rommaodnut,  eleven  colonel*,  twelve 
Irutenant-colonrl*.  twenty  eight  majnn.  M7 
captains,  ninety-seven  flrni  lieutenants, 
ninety  second  lieutenant*,  twelve  sergeant 
major*,  seventy-nine  ijnnrterinrnier  **r- 
,,ue  drtUB  major.  114  flr*t  scrcennts, 
eighty  «ls  gunnery  sergeant*.  4HO  "entrants. 
807  corporal*.  124  dntmmcr*.  124  trumpet- 
era.  on*  leader  of  th«  band,  one  second 
lender  of  the  band,  thirty  flral-elaM  nnnl- 
clsn*.  thirty  second  elm*  musicians  and  7.- 
842  prltalM  ilie  r.niiuinndnnt  1*  Major- 
General  George  Burnett. 

Marino  Corps: 

Anointment  In,  referred  to,  1965. 
Compensation  to  officer*  of,  referred 

to.  906.  1097. 
Expenditure*   of,   2670. 

Appropriation     for,    recommended, 
Ml:,. 

Nominations  for,  referred   to,  2580, 

1230. 
Plan  for  peace  establishment  of,  764. 
Bank    and    position    in,    discussed, 

3235 
Recommendation  for,  2502. 
8hould  be  mi ■>:•  ■••!    "to  artillery  or 
infantry.  1023, 
Marino  Corps  Beserrs.    (See  Naval  Bo- 

seTve.) 
Marine   Hospitals.      (8ee   also   Health 
Service.) 
Construction  of.  referred  to,  2747. 
I   ,tienU  treated  l>v,  during  1885,  4931. 
Plan  for,  referred  to,  1613. 
Provision  for,   recommended,  324. 
8ervice  discussed,  4931,  5877. 
8ites  for,  referred  to,  17:'0,  1885. 
Appropriation    for,    recommended, 
1053. 
Marino  Insurance.— F.lRhte*n   marlno  In- 
surance  companies    reporting    to    tbe    New 
Totk   State   Insurance   Department   had   on 
January     1,     1912.     sssets    or    »3l."4il.239. 
net  surplus   ot  I14.274.B70   and  prsmlums 


received  113,740. 122.  tomes  paid  $3,430,268, 
risks  silws  HO.il0rJv373.0D8. 

Marine,  Secretary  of.— Up  to  1781  the 
Boa  id  of  Admiralty  bad  supervision  of  all 
narsl  affairs,  Feb.  7  of  that  yrir  tbe  Con- 
tinental Congress  created  the  office  of  Sec- 
retary of  Marine,  wboic  duties  coi respond- 
ed with  tlioic  of  the  present  Secretary  of 
the    Navy.       Befoi  'I    of    Hint    year. 

however,  th.'  duties  ■!  the  effloa  srere  ti«n»- 
feiicd   to  Uic  Ticasury  Department. 

Marino  Signals,  international  confer- 
ence at  Washington  for  adoption  of 
system  of,  etc.,  5468. 

Marines: 

Arrest  of,  in   Mexico.  7934. 
Funeral  of,  in  Brooklyn  Navy  Yard, 

Mariposa  Big  Tree  Grove,  presented  to 
Nation  by  California,  7013. 

Maritime  Canal  Company,  referred  to, 
5023,  6185,  6326. 

Maritime  Law,  declaration  concerning 
referred  to,  2017  '2945. 

Maritime  Policy,  adoption  of,  by  Unit- 
ed States  recommended  0M0, 

Maritime  Blunts.  •  nee  with 

foreign   powers,   regarding,    referred 

to,  7 

Maritime  War,  rights  of  neutrals  and 
l,.  Uigerents  in   ■!  21. 

Uniform  action  of  the  powers  regard- 
ing, 866. 
Markets  and  Rural  Organization  Serv- 
ice. Agriculture  Department— a   brooch 

office  of  the  Department  of   SCrt 
voted    to   th*  study   of  the  many    problems 
of   rural  orgsnlistlon.   Including  studies  of 
mark  dlstribotloi    farm    products 

en, i   betterlag  country  life.     It  I*  n,,i 
ersllv  appreciated,  said  Secretary    llouaton. 
in  his  report  r„r  1015,  M  what  extent  msr- 
.■   ir,iiii,i,-«  have  their  origin   In  Irrcgu- 
liirtty  of  production  or  lack  of  a  ntoble  and 
bolanccd  agriculture.     In  year*  when  a  de- 
tsIIs,    the    yield    fr„m 
an     acreage    normnlly    sufficient    to    supply 
consuming*    reQulremsnts    I*    Inaufflcl  d 
I,:-,  i    the   demand,   sad   hL-h   prices   ' 
IIIk'Ii   prices  also  may  result  from   reduced 
acn-nge    causer1    by    low    prices   at    planting 
tlni„.     High  (iriees  one  year  ttlmolate  lienvy 
planting  the  n^tt.    The  solution  «<  erii»  of 

this  sort  is  the  problem  which  confronts 
tl„-   Market*   and    Rural   Oreanlmtl,, 

[ea.     i •  i     ii-„  mi  .ititi   i  ,it  the  »»n  I 

supply  s'lpper*  BDd  dlHtrlliutnrs  of  pertuh. 
able  products  wit',  accurate  Information  eon- 
cernlDt  tho  qusntltie*  arrlviuu  lu  the  Urice 
markets. 

Msumion  Case.— The  8ontb  Carolina  legis- 
lature In  1822  passed  a  law  providing  that 
any  fr»*  nejroe*  entering  th*  pons  of 
ihm  State  "ii  niiipi  eoetd  be  Imprisoned  un- 
til the  departure  of  the  vcucl*.  This  was 
dun,'    lii   iii  oe*  on   board  th* 

If  arm  ton.     The  i  irl   ",f  the 

Stnlet  In  1S23  decided    Hint   this   In" 

,ry    to   the   Constltntlon    nnd    Ineom- 
pnniile   with    th"    International    obllirjitlons 
of    Ibe    I'nlled    9 
SHU  rendered  a  similar  opinion  In  UH 

Marriages  of  American  citizens  abroad, 
recommendations  regarding,  4246, 
4301,  4300. 


■EmfaiM 


uages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Marriage,   Dlvorco  and  Polygamy,  dl*- 

Collfction  of  statistics  of  States   by 
I    r.Mtor   of  (.V-nsus,  recommended, 

no. 

MarsfliUalae.— Ttie  French  National  Ilymn. 
Composed  in  Strauburg  In  1702  by  a  young 
omcer,  flauds  Joseph  Itougel  de  Lisle.  It 
was  sunr  by  volunteer*  coming  from  th» 
city  of  Marseilles  wben  they  entered  I'arla 
during  the  French  Revolution,  and  later 
wn*  shouted  aloud  with  glee  at  (be  attuck 
upoo  the  Klnic'i  Palace.  Wrsi  called  the 
Hymn  of  the  Mnrtcllllan.*.  f  1 1 1 1 1-  soon 
was    shortened    to    tl  inlso.      The 

hymn  Is  decidedly  stirring  In  both  word) 
and  music,  and  la  distinctively  r.s.>iilillran 
In  Ita  Imp"! 

It  wa«  prohibited   ilurlnc   the   Inter    French 
empire  and  monareliy,  and  al«o  by  thi 
that  It  haa  received  recognition  »  the  offl- 
clal  hymn  of  the  Socialist  and  of  other  rcTo- 
luUonnry  movements. 

Marshal— <«'•     A  military  officer.     <b)   A 
civil  oDlcer  In  the  Jurisdiction  of  each  Cnltcd 
State*  rircult  and  lilstrlet  Court    'lb-  mnr- 
abal  I«  under  lbs  direct  control  of  tbi 
.■nil   or   Dlatrlcl   Conn    or 
Court,  according  to  the  jurisdiction  of  the 

DM*. 

Maxshala,  United  SUtee: 

Acta   making   appropriations   to   pay 
fees  of,  vetoed,  4403,  4407,  4648, 
4544. 
Appropriations    for    maintenance    of 
service    of,   recommended,    4474, 
4525. 
Necessity  for,  referred  to,  453,'i. 
Compenannnn     to,     discussed,     2GG6, 

2711,    1770,    4830,   4939,   CI03. 
Referred  to,  91. 
Martha's  Vineyard,  Mass.,  lamia  desig- 
nated    by     priii'lamatioii    for    light- 
bouses   on,    1 :..':  I. 
Martial — characteristic  of  wars:  warlike. 

Mtirtiul  1-nw.) 
Martial    Law.— A    system    of    government 
under    the    direction    Of    military    authority. 
It  l»  an  arbitrary   kind  "I  law,  procaedtai 
i)   from   Hi.'  mill  i   ami  hav. 

Ing  no  Immediate  constitutional  Of  tafia* 
latlvc  sanction.  It  U  only  Justified  by  m- 
eesalty  and  supersedes  all  elvll  guvcrnujcut. 

mi-  Uattbew  Bale  uid:  "Martial  law  la 
built  on  no  aettled  principle,  but  la  ar- 
bitrary, and,  In  truth,  no  law,  but  .mm- 
Indulged,  rather  than  allowed,  B» 
law."  Suspension  of  tin-  writ  Of  AaCiras 
corps*  la  essentially  a  declaration  of  mar- 
tial law     '  in  ihli  eaae,    -•"  -  |:l:i- ' 

•'the  nation  part*  with  a  portion  of  liberty 
an    IU   permanent   welfare,   and  in* 
pected  psrsun*  may   tbvn  be  arrested  with- 
out cause  assigned. 
Martin  ▼».  Hunter'a  Leasee.— In    1701 

M  In  brought  suit  of  ejectment  against 
the  defendant  In  the  district  court  of  Vir- 
ginia for  the  recovery  of  certain  lnntl*. 
The  court  decided  for  the  defendant.  The 
court  of  appeal*  of  Virginia  reversed  this 
decision,   and  tholi  Judgment   waa  revi 

by    the    '  I     srni.  i    mutch-       i  oorl     in 

1810.  The  court  of  appeals  of  Virginia 
refused  to  execute  thl»  Judgment,  declar- 
ing thai  the  "appellate  power  o*  the  -Su- 
preme Court  of  the  I'iiIumI  States  dCHM 
pot    extend   to   this  court   under   a   sound 


in    of    the 
United  States,"  and  that  the  "act  of  Con- 
gress to  that  effect   Is  not  In  purtm- 
said     Cimsl 

overn.  n  uid  thus  establlahsa 

Its  Jurisdiction  npo-j  such  points. 

Martinique,  Island  or.  Letter  Antilles; 
qtaara  miles;   popula- 
tion, 303,  781. 
Volcanic   eruption   on,    dctroyinj  St. 
Pierre,  formerly  populated"  by  ZAf 

ooo,  am, 

Tonnage  on  American  vessels  at,  re- 
fer: 
Mary  Lowell,  The,  ,  by  Span- 

Ish   authentic  I   to,  39S6. 

Mary,  The.  e*|  i  RcquMiratioa 

of.  by   N  Mi-  rlu  la,  IMS. 
Claims    arising  out   of,    1093. 
Maryland  ;:»4nal 

states  of   r  :  nickname,   "Old  Llns 

"I'Jtti     d  parels 

ti-uilne"     <"I>(eda     ore    men:     wore, 
women").      It    s  .    11*1 

Maryland    extends     from     lit.     37*    rVS'    t* 

mi*  4.V  nonb  and  from  loi  to  7»* 

33'  west,     li    i  -a  the  oortk  by 

ii  the  east  by  Delaware  and 

lie  -  ip       ••''     liaj         ■■■     III Ill  '.y.  -v,,     |,y    \  |f. 

{Inla  and  West   Virginia    tMpar. 
•otomacl,    and   oi  i    Vlr- 

•■'■  I two  pans 

ipcnfcc  Hoy.  and  bus  an  area  of  lSJttt 
*iiunr*>  miles. 

land  wis  first  settled  at  St.  SCaryi 
In  1034  as  a  proprietary  colony  of  tni 
t'nliert    family,    but    was  as    • 

royal  Tbl 

U  i     H   and    '•  •'  (OB      ne   ■    -  '  »lal  llsoed  n 
the  boundary  between  Maryland  and  lvuu 
[lis   about    1766. 
i  In-  Bunerles  of  Hie  State  are  Important, 
■  ill'  Kay  being  wide- 
ly famous.     Othi  shad 
leu-.,   percb,   and                                          lure  !• 
mi    huporiani    ImluKtry.   aboot  T»B    per  cent 
..f  tba  ir.-K  In-lng  In  fiirtus.  and  theae  neatly 
woikrd  by  their  owocts. 

Blatl'tlcs  of  ngrleulture  collected  for  to* 
la~t    I 

me  st    lU.v^ll  :  comprising 
HO    acres,     valued,     with     aloelt    «nl 
ats,     at     s  Naltrt 

white  f.inni  i  rm».  about 

one  eighth    of    tbo    farmers    belnc    usgross. 
The    tuiiie    ,,f    ilumestlc    aulmnla.    pou 
.i..      ..-. 
cattle,      vnlucil      at 
horses,   lli... 
,-,M  ; 

sheep,   SI. I  U. 'oir..     iiic  yl  id  and  valoe  of 
field    crojps    for    1011    Is   clviu    us    f- 

-  -  i-     i: "     bnshrts. 

-37S.- 

|  IiukIii  I  .    on i  .  -i.:..   "i  seres, 

1.24'.', 

acres.  4O0.i"'n   l.u  !..  I*.  $340,000;  potatosa, 

89.000  ncr.-s.  t. ;.•,:,. hu-.li  -,  is*: 

hay.  '270.000  acres.  100.000  tons.  »«,4&8.00O; 

tobacco,  20.000  acp  -    i:>.  110,000  poanda. 

The    tnlni-rnl    prodm  !c   fcf 

cere  valned  nt  |ir.,440.">J7,  of  wait* 

"■•-  10.824    fit 

Iron.     The  coal   buslni  »s  of  tl  o    ' 

flted  Indirectly  from  the  six  months'  strlsr 

of    mine    workers    In  lie   western 

.  snd  as  a  result  1.103.8H4  tons  more 

were  mined  thsn  during  the  previous  year, 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Massachusetts 


giving     employment     to    5,880     nun.     who 
-rc-rage  of  270  day*. 
Ipfl   of    ih»    State    lrr»«urcr   for 
the  8sc*l  ye*r  ended  Sept.  SO.    1*11.   wore 
,W8,    aad    •lUliurwei' 

debt    w»* 
Imm  of  1411.000  durtu* 
Ihe  i  • 

There  lire    1.4*>  roll-*  of  .team  railway 
and  .'.:i>  kjIIm  -f  electric  popu- 

lation   la    1010    wan     i .-:•:•  .340. 

To*   numlKT   nr    manufacturing   --: 
meats  Ik  Maryland  fc»»iin{  no  annusl 
pill  \/i!  i., I  ,il   ■  /it  the  begin 

of  101.1  was  4.7WI        n.      amount  o(   .ipltal 
Invalid    »  'ii ploy- 

.    pcrnno*.    using    material 
valued    nt  "•".    and    turning    out 

nuMn-d      goods      wort-'i      $.177  Tilt. i         Sal 

l-ald  aggregate  |71  v'.'Ii.immi. 

Till"    report     ■liowrcl 

t-r  .if  *»P  '    '•  i""  l. 

n.i.   lo   1000,    Inn  an  Increase   In 
■mount   of   capital   Invested.     Thu  number 
of  employees  also  Increased. 

Maryland  (««  alio  Baltimore): 

Act  of  general  assembly  of,  relating 

to  Cnesspesk*  and  Delaware  Canal 

870. 

Census  of.  referred  to,  381. 

Cession    of   Government    interest    in 

Chesapeake   and    Ohio    Canal    to, 

r      considered,    1776. 
Claim  of,  against  TTnitoil  States  for 
expenditures  during   War  of   1812, 
m. 
Combination*,  unlawful  in.  diacua»»d 
and    proclamations    against,   4401), 
MS 
Conatitutional   ameadraeoU   received 
f  r  i  m  governor,  83. 
t    of    Colombia,    portion    of, 
ceded   to   Congrem  by,  OS. 
Referred    to.    86. 
Legislature  of,  arr*«t   and   dispersion 
of  member*  of,  would  not  be  jos- 
tiflable.  3218. 
Loan  of,  to  Washing!  ■•  pay- 

ment   of,    guaranteed    by     I 
State*.  321. 
Ratification  of  amendment  to  Federal 
Constitution    bv,    referred    to,    63, 

Unlawful   combination*  in,  di*cu»»ed, 
and    proclamations    against,    4400, 
1424, 
Maryland  in  LtbaTia,-A  neero  eolooy  to 

the  eastward  of  rape    l'alma».    In    wbat    la 
■ow  the  Republic  of  Liberia.   Africa,  found- 
ed by  the  Mary  Unit  State  Colonisation  So- 
ciety   In    1834.       Kxpcdttloua    -.m    to 
f.ivla   In    1831    and    If 

;:u**iworm,  a  ellli-n  of  Mouruvl*. 
waa  cboien   the  flr«t  1834.     lo 

I8BT  It  became  part  of  Liberia. 

Maaon  and  Slldell,  Confederate  enroys 
I..  On  nt  Britain  nnd  Prance,  removal 
of,  from  British  steamer  Trent,  3262, 
3263,  3264.  3267,  3268. 

Maaon  and  Dixon's  Lint.—  The  booaaar* 

In.     lit  ween    Pennsylvania    and    Maryland 

ti  it    .in.  i.). nr    aitn    iii.    parallel  of  3ft* 

43'.    btflunlui:   at    the.   Delaware    Hirer  and 


Ins   -H    nille*   to   the   westward,   and 
waa  lulil  out  by  two  en  inatlie- 

nmtlilam   and  a»lronoiii<>r».    C'hm 
and   Jetcmlali    Iiixou,    ni...nt    1T00        Lord 
Baltimore    and    \Mllinm    Ivnn    having    dla- 

i   ihe  boundary  between   Hi.  h 
(rant*,   lb.-  n    to    London    for 

adJudU-ail.io    and  ic    milt 

were  ordered   to  lure   the   Una   ran       To* 

•urreyora    marl"  with    indary 

ma  of  Pena 
and   on    Ihe  other  tuo»c  of 
The    linn  became    famona  In    later   day*   aa 
marking  In  part  lb*  boundary  between  froo 
and  .lave  male*.      Doting   tbr  d! 

•  i  ..n   Hi-   Ml . >.,iim  John 

[ibrase,  which  con'rlrnitcd  to  Ha  more  popu- 
ii  r  use  aa  «u«h  dividing  line. 

Masonic,  The,  confiscation  of.  attempt- 
ed by  Spain,  dlsooasad,  4626,  -; 
Indemnity  for,  awarded,  ftltV 

Massachusetts.  -^».-  of  th*  UHitasa  origi- 
nal   state*    of   the    tlnl 
Old    llay    Slate";    motto,    "Ens*    petit 

cidaui  sab  Nbertat*  quletem"   ("With  the 

■word  ate  aeeka  quiet  peace  under  liberty"), 
it    wan  named    I  lumens  In- 

diana, who  occupied  the  eastern  pan  at  lbs 
territory.     The  name  nii-iun  "Al   the  (irost 
III  IN."       M»«««cliiiMetts    extend*    from    1st. 
II      l(T   to   «-'   58'   north  and 
80°    5*r   to  7S°    82*    *nt.      II    l»    bounded 

'."IV    llitnp. 
•hire,    on  the  eaat  by   the    AtU 

-.nuih  by  ihe   a  .in.   Nhode 

i.  and  on  the  west  by 

New  York,  and  ha*  an  are*  of  8,2(1(1  ao,uar» 

■Issanchuirtt*  rhnrPnd   the   llr*l   DOUafS 
erica.     H   baa  produced  more  •■;  ■ 
literary   men   than  any  other  state   In  th* 
I'nlou.       It     la    the    leading     alat*     In 

oaniifa'-iiiri'  of  I In  ami   Khnea  and  cotton 

and  woolen  good*.  it  wo*  visited  by 
Uoirnold   In    1002   and   aattled  at    riyiiionth 

of  ieltletn.nl  .if  the  llrl'lr-h  I'olutile*  In 
America.      Later  settlements  wei 

••..;ii  ,\ 
union  nf  Hi. 
Plymouth.  New  Haven,  and  the  Co:.- 
rut  Colonic*  cxl.'-d  from  l.UJ  to  1084  fOf 
defennlv.  purpose*,  V!.T>--i'lin-ilt«  look  no 
Important  pnrt  In  tin-  Ii  r.-iuilonary  War 
ana  the  orgnnlintlna  of  lb--  ■:..!  innieul.  It 
bii»  the  m-i>iu>  ol  hi  In    178*- 

Stotlillcs  of  »grlciiltiir«  collected  for  Ihe 
l*»t    Fi-di  nil    .-.  ..  mi'i'I"  r    ..f 

farms   In   the  Stale  at   30,017. 

..nil    xi... k    and 
"K,    in    1220.474.020.     The   aver- 
age volne  of  land  j>er  acre  wiih  S.111.00.  *k 
•  i.tiipon  .1    •  .    In    1000.      "I'lie  vnlue 

..f  . i. .in...  ii..  onlmali  poultry,  etc.,  w»*  120,- 
T  I  I  3150,  Ineln-llng  2."i1,tl«  .-nllle,  valued  at 
»0.348,07d:   04.2H3   honwu.  $8.«7I 

$l>7s,089; 

I-.     Ilili.sDS.       Th*    yield    and 

rain*   ..'    fleW    .top*   for    llHI    l«    glren    n* 

fi-llnwa:  corn.  47.000  seres.  2.008,000  liunh- 

el*.    $1.7111, ii 

n 
li"-)ul».     {40,0(10;    potatiii-K.     2-*>,00O 

v. •;-■:.  Him    I,.,-.:     i        .«-.-.  ,j. i  •     ii.iv.     ;,m.. 

.,, .    t0. 

i,    3,000  »cr««.   0. -in. nun    i nilt.    II,. 

848.000.     Th*  mineral  product"  ,,(  n,..   Mate 

110    were   *il,ii77.370.      r)f    ihli.    MOBS, 
of   which    Mntaacbnsett*  la  one  of  thi 
est    producer*,    was    valued    at    *ft,n.10,?94. 
I  h      lotnl  State  ut  the 

end  of  tho  fiscal  year  coding  Nov.  SO,  1010, 


Massachusetts    Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


was  181.077,452.      The  net   receipt*  during 

(lie  rwr  itnionutcd  to  Sll.UttJ  ::  ' ..,   noil   the 

Mi  in. ••    were    S13.4S1.1U7;    cosh    li»l- 

flxlii'rlK*  of  the  Stat*  for 
1005  produced  J 

j  In  ■  ever  taken  la 

ii    In    Mil. 
hiii  Id  1905.     It  sbo<  ilue  of 

mod*    told    i.''    ii"-    <«tnbllsbnirnt»    of    the 
i  ill. 383,  Of  which    »t'«".7,- 
.■■Uti'tl   to    llostnn.      lu   1007 
tli.i.    were    IM    national  bank*  In  the  Stale. 
of   wbl  ■    ■••   In    Boston  :    I 

bunk".   139    o-opcra  It*  bank*  and   10  tniKt 
Tbc    population    la    1U10    wn* 
.i  .':«:ii.  mi. 

'i  In-    number  of   manufacturing  estntili<h- 
Its    h    '  Ins    

ll     v:il I     II     >..IM  ..|"   mnri     lit    t llf 

Din*  of   1016  in   lv. "i:'..     Tb*   unoi 

Capital     Invested     W»s  '    000,     gll   Ing 

•  "m.i nt    to 

tcrl.il    valued   nt    III!!!  nil   turning 

■  ■d.    worth  f  I .tM  I. .'173.000. 

".1     wW*s      imlil  amounted     to 
SV.'S.tr.-t.OOO. 

Massachusetts  (mm  nl«o  Ronton;  Lynn): 

Claims  <■•(,  for  services  randored  hv 

militin  in   War  of  1812,  discussed, 

Constitution  of  United  Bbatea,  ratifi- 
cation  of  certain   article*   tf,  »rl- 
SMC-  of,  166. 
Governor  of — 
Ref.-tre.)  Id,  63. 

•a]  of,  to  fnrnl  b  tnlliUa  for 

defense  of  frontier,    'ii| 

Prisoner*    in,   provision    for,    rccom- 
ino&ded,  183. 
Massachusetts  Biy  Company.— A  colonls- 

lug  company   eUait.rod  In    England,    March 

19>.  1028,  by  John  Uumphrey,  John  ICndlcott, 

and  other*.  The  company  grew  oat  of  the 
Dorchi  r  Company,  and  was 
tin.  r.'-nii  'it  Imperiled  political  and  reli- 
gion* right*  In  Kim.  'ml  uinl.-r  Cliarlei  I. 
The  patent  .1   a  grant  of   land  ex- 

tending from  the  Atlantic  to  Be  "Writcm 
i.  In  width  from  a  lln.-  miming  three 
mile*  north  ..r  Ibi  Mcrrlmac  lo  one  nuinlng 
three  miles  south  of  the  Charles.  Kndlcott 
I  a  colons  vs  lull  Settled  «t  Knlcm 
In  September,  I62&  Mnrch  4.  1029.  a  new 
charter  w»*  granted  to  the  governor  and 
company  of  MaMaclmxcit*  I:ay,  and  i 

of    Hi mpany   were   mieeecdcd    by 

Jobn  Wlntbrnp  as  governor,  with  a  denuty 
ami  eighteen  assistants.     In  1630  Wlt.thi.-p, 

•  t  Hi..  ln-ml  of  ii  large  body  of  settlers, 
trnnrfcrrcd  the  eomnony  headquarters  to 
America  and  fonnded  Boston.  Under  this 
cliari.r  ll*u»ehiis..|ti,  earrled  on  bar  gov- 
ernment for  Ofty-flrc  years. 

Massachusetts,  Tho,  appropriation  to 
owners  for  detention  of  the  Perth- 
thire  by,  recommended,  32-17. 

Massachusetts,  Tho  (battleship),  men- 
tioned, C3:il3. 

Massacre  of  Christiana.  (See  Arme- 
nians.) 
MaUnzas,  Cuba,  harbor  and  forts 
shelled  by  American  squadron,  6335. 
Mayflower  Com  pact— Before  the  landing 
Of  the  Pilgrim  Fathers  the  company  gath- 
ered In  the  catdti  of  the  1/ey/loicrr.  In 
Provtncetown   Uarbor,   Not.   11,   1020,   aad 


tbrre  bound  themselves  into  •  body 
and    pl-dgrd    themselves    to   abide   Individ- 
ually  and    collectively    by    the    lava    they 
should  make. 

Mayflower  Descendant*.— Organised  la 
tUo  City  of  Now  York.  Dec.  22.  18M.  by 
lineal  descendant*  of  the  Uuvfoott  r*l- 
grim*,  "to  preserve  tin  I.-  m-mory,  their 
.  tneii  history,  and  all  fatts  re- 
intliig  to  them,  their  ancestor*,  acrt 
posterity."  Brery  lineal  descendant 
eighteen  year*  of  age,   male  or   fecoa! 

Jiiy   passenger  of   the  voyage  of  the   *f«y- 
oieer      which      terminated      at      llytBoMh, 
Mas*..   December,    in-  ng  all  elgav 

It  in  raea- 
i.      Tin-   Inl  Isilon  fee  I*  SIO  and  tkt 
annual  due*  are  I 

In   In  ill    in    :  »t   I'lyasoiith.   Max* 

Societies  have  bten  organised  In  New  York, 

tlcnt.     Masaaebuiett*.     l*cnn*ylvacli. 

inihla.    t'rhfo.    X«« 

otn.  Maine,  Colorado,  and  Callforals. 
MaysvUlc,  Washington,  Paris  and  Lex- 
ington Turnpike  Eosd   Co.,  act   as- 
thori.iin({    subscription    of   stock    in, 
4,    HMO. 
Marzel  Letter.— A  private  letter  wrlttra 

a'   Thomas  JcCfcrron   to  an   Italian  named 
axzei  In  1790.  was  tram 

and  published  In  an  Ungllsh  paper, 
aroused  murh  anlmoHlty  against  Jrfferaea 
by  It*  supposed  allusion  to  «'»»blngton  aid 
oilier*  a*  ihosn  "Knmson*  In  the  Odd  a-d 
Solomons  in  the  council"  who  had  forced 
an  Anglican  monorcblral  aristocratic  par'/ 
In  America  whose  avowed  ob>rec  <r>i  "to 
draw  »wi-  na  the  aubatanrx,  aa  tbey  hid 
alieady  dona  tho  forms,  of  the  BrltUb 
Government." 
Meat     Packing     and     aaughtertng.— 

The  art  of  refrigeration  ba*  been  so  per- 
•  si«  that  fresh  meat  nay 
be  shipped  thousands  of  mile*  and  It*  nnal- 
Ity  *o  ptinerved  that  It  Is  even  more  d>«lr- 
able  and  palatahle  at  It*  destlaatl.m  ttaa 
nt  the  point  trhcre  »laught»red.  The  pre»- 
rnt  method*  of  caring  and  preserving  by 
►nuking,  r-ir,  differ  from  the 
■n  i.  in  methods  only  In  the  extent  eoi 
i.i-ti-m  adopted.  ITe*ervat1on  In  henaelV 
rally  teal,  d  ran*  or  Jar*  I*  a  comnarattverr 
■      rnl    ino  ■  loeed    Into    i 

States  In  1S73.     The  ntllltallon  of  tl. 

Erodtict*   of   slaughtering,    •tieh    as    htdei, 
nifM,   ho™*,   bonet    hair,  fata,  late"- 

blood,  etc.  has  broadened  the  scope  of  the 
business  and  added  from  |1  to  $2  per  brad 
to  the  value  of  anlmnl-. 

The  present  day  meat  nacklng  establlib- 
ment,  with  a  constant  demand,  arraaeel 
for  a  eooatant  supply  of  live  animals  »y 
maintaining  stock  yard*  wblcb  are  regs- 
larlv  fed  bv  accession  from  tb*  fanner  and 
herder.  Machinery,  too.  baa  employed  as 
Important  part  In  bringing  the  modtrs 
meat  psclclng  establishment  to  completion. 
In  the  un-to-dat*  plant  operations  are  eoz- 

tlni s.  lighted  at  Bight  by  electricity  and 

surrounded  always  bv  the  latest  sanitary 
precaution*  and   apnllanee*. 

The  rise  of  slaughtering  and  meat  pick- 
ing a*  a  distinct  Inde-fry  In  the  Cnltrd 
state*  date*  back  to  1818.  when  a  packer 
I*  recorded  as  conducting  business  In  Cts- 
clnnnlt.  Similar  onerstlons  srere  baigns  la 
Chicago  In  1823,  but  the  packing  st» 
of  the  latter  city  were  of  msall  sccooat 
until  1660.  though  It  Is  said  0.600  son 
wcro  oacVed  t*<ere  In  1884.  It  was  Bet  ea- 
rn lsr.i-na  tt.st  Cblcago  attalsed  pre-eo>- 
Inence  aa  a  peeking  centre. 


Mechanicsville 


During  the  w!n(*r  of  1832.13  there  were 
ecreial  packing  eatabllabmcnie  In  Cincin- 
nati, and  It  l.»  claimed  ilmt  Hu.ckio  boga 
were    alaiighlci.d    Ihrie    Hint    sen»on.      The 

of  the  Ohio  Volley  obi  Ipeoed  the  cott  of 
r»l«lng  stork,  and  the  demands  of  the  l"ast- 
eru  and  Boultwrn  mnikili  caused  lueiv*M>d 
production,  nartlcu  «rljr  of  hug-  I  ncln- 
natt's  prc-emlnenc*  In  t ti.-  rant  pocking  In- 
«lu-  ■  r y  wu  inmiiljliinl  up  lo  the  beginning" 
of  Hie  rivii  \\ru-,  nil,  i:  Chicago  took  tbe 
lend  It  b»»  since  m*lniolnn! 

<  iiu'lunnH'i  advantage  wax  due  to  IU 
■liuntlun  In  i hi<  cenir*  of  i  raiting 

region  and  to  Ita  superior  banking  facili- 
ties, for  Hie  pnrklnc  lndmtij 
Ibat  largo  tutu  bo  expended  In  ready  rash. 
It  wu  also  nereiuoiiy  often  to  employ  l»rg- 
gangs  of  laborer*  and  cooper i  m  abort  no- 
lira*  could  be  hud  nl  i  luelnnail. 
An  ample  -  'It  ">  always  r.sdlly 

obtainable      their       In      is  I*      i; 
twenty-six    nnoklnc    bonaci  inuntl. 

ami  In  I  I  , -two.     liming  tin-  ..  I 

1849-40  4 7 B.000  hog»  Wi 

About  20.<KHi  hogs  were  kllbd  In  Chicago 
lii    IS  •"     :    and  alnco  that  time  the  liualnca* 

baa    steadily    Increased       ' I 

Yarda  were  laid  out  on  SSO  terra  "f  land 
In  19118.  Tlila  men  hna  been  doubled  since, 
and  Hie  plant  la  HOW  worth  110.000,000. 
and  employ*  60,000  men.  The  nraounl  r 
raollal  Invested  wni  given  In  l'.uai  j>  $H7.- 
■  II.     within     the       .ii  twenty 

mile*   of   water    I  rough 

of  drainage  pipe*  nnd  ISO  miles  of  rollioad 
I  rack. 

l-'.lforti   to  shorten    tbo   overland   Journey 
of  live  ratlin,  ibtvp  and  bop  from  thi 
em  nnai  toq  raaic*  win  m  the 

place  of  alnughler  eauird  ihc  *•< 

of  taid«  and  naekliig  nouae*   furthel   acst. 

With    the    tfc»elo|im-nl     of    the    colli 
•rent  of  tbo   Mlulai'pnl    St    Lonli    look   In 

•  n  pa.-klug  and  alaoghtctlDg  centre. 
The  Importance  of  Kansas  city  ns  a  meat 

paeklni;  centra  iliw  from   IftTO.     The 
yard*  there  cover  about    2tK)  acre*.     Tbi  re 
(rera  only  thrrc  packing  hou-c*  In   Ibc  •  If 
In    1873.      other   ni.  ir  .outre*  are 

Uo.,  ami  Omaha, 

According  to  lb-.*  census  of  1010  ihero 
were  '.  ■  1 1 1 

fiark  ng  and  slnu':hietlug.     TIii    i 
tailed   nt    i:is"t.-'l!>.170,  emptorrd   108.710 

alarlc* 
and  wage*.     They  turn. 'I    -nt  flnl 
lo    the    vnluc   of   >1,::70.SUH.101.    of    which 
>1.'J02,S2T.7M    ri  pn  «i  nfed  il    mn- 

lerlal.       rhi  i  •  dlvldi  il    in!  -    Hi 

clanes — slaughtering  nnd  mint  parking. 
alaughteilng  not  Including  meat  DOcklBg, 
and  ih»  mnnufn'  I  age.     Tboi 

ga    rd    in  nun i-  iv  •    a    il    mi  nt 

pneklng  formed  40  per  o-nt  of  tbe  whole 
Dumber,   ami   imnloyed   more   thn'i   no   per 

•  f    III."    *ii  • 

pngag.d     i  i  iiy  In  alnuglilerlnc  fo 

thini   of   I  ha   whole   num  icr.   hot    ibpj 

ployed  imly  7  1'  per  penl     nf   the 

en       Tbe     ISO    cstabll  him  mi    m,:  :■•  'I    iii 

the    mantifn.-tiire    of    »an»age    renorted    21 

per  c.-nr.  of  the  e-n-.-r-'.nu.  i  «  nnd  eolililhul  d 

I.I  per  cent  of  Ibc  rain 

The  number  of  o-t-r  IMnn' ii'-.  a*,  n  whole 
Incii-aaed   JO   per    cent.    during    ll 

Ceara  preceding  the  i.i  -  r  c  n  ntrm- 
it  uf  if nT^-earnera  nnnv  Ih)                   d  .lur- 
ing Ihla  period,   and  the  rnii I 

Igerca'  i  .I   i  IS  .    nei    1 1  nt.     'i  be  tmalni 

well  rtMrlhnird  Ibrrmgl t  lb*  eoual 

ing  renorted  on  f'om  M  «tnl»n  and  I'ie  UN- 
trlri  of  Coluinbln.  Il'lonli  I«  by  fnr  the 
mn«t  tni'i'ii  Innt  -'ati-  In  I'M  Irnlllatrr.  Til" 
value  of  the  bualneaa  In  lhal  atal*  IscreaMw 
36  per  c«nL   In   tea  year*. 


There  were  slaughtered  for  food  in  n 
rale  nent*     lu      1H14.      7.140.042 

.   2.010.004    col.  1.800   ihaap 

ami  liiinl.s  uml  goaia  and  klda.  and  .14,441.- 
81-t    hou-H. 

Reports  made  to  the  Deportment  of 
meree    In    IBM    show    th*    followln|    valor* 
of  product  ■  .ir : 


rooorcts                  roctros  riLtm 
Fmb  M<al: 

Bcf                                    .I,H«.111,(I(I0  «4JI,»«,TH4 

l>4.0»»^»0  J0.2UV.44O 
Hutton  mj  lamb  slid  tost 

SBdaU      «9.?3!,»»0  :«,*7S.«»7 

pt.rk ..  umjawi    ««.m«.jm 

fiial  ami  all  other 
If ■  'h  it.,  at  ..  »0.»0«.701       20,576^45 

Core.1  M'ai: 
rk-<f.pi  Melaiifloihoeiirrd     01J71.7i3        USUMt 
fork,  pickled  an.  I .  . 

tuml  '/r.-M  '01711       3UI.lilYl.100 

ranr„.|aooJj..        . 

msaaaii 

tanned TljfW^tO  0,*41.M0 

Allolli.r  ...  I    '..lie.  MI  HMVM) 

tara,  oils  and  l«s: 

l*"l  1 .1 1-1.18SJ5T4      120.414jt»7 

Laol  compuunJj  sail  •ulsii- 

uina «on«74tw     n.nr.4C7 

«UlUr*s 
Oleonil    .      ..  l-,.Mi|.:.\5,  $  U.K6SU 

Otter  uili  MlaUBT  *.QO*,<m 

Tallo.  and  otei  alock 2011,614.13$  I  13.T»37i« 

Stearin.                  3""i     n 

irgarioi  o0*7*ll  8>I»AJ7 

All ottw  ruoluota,  vslua*.. ..  181016 ><74 

ToUlTslus II.UI.1U.434 

•  I  -..  ludaa  r*lu»  of  baked  beans.  OMfertlencry,  fertlllMn' 

fcrtUl.ir  luatuula.  «luc,  head  cheaar,  liUk.  and  akiaa.  bog 

•■«.  praoul  but  Iff.  pnnnn  saiiaam 

cwinp,  aorspt  .  sad  amouat  rcctiinl  for 

iIuaaiiKsun  sad  rcfri.aralu.n  for  allien. 

/.vcfiflon     of     •  ■■<■       v.lth     the 

if   Xortli   Dakota,  every   state  In 

I  n Ion   reported    ono  or    more  abattoir* 

tnenta  which 

■  rear,  IS4 

Incntcl    In    Ned    rorg,    152   lu  O 

llll 
N '■■/•■    Jemey.   40 
ench      In      Mjrylaml      and      Mmkui-Ii  : 
31    In   Missouri,    28   tnc'i   In    Iowa  ami    Ki-n 
lucky,   2tl  in   WUeonaii 

in  Milne  nnd  Vlrglnid.  in  .in  n  In 

ware  and    U  IS  each   lu   Tennea.ee 

nnd   Texn*.   17  lu  Michigan.   Hi  In  i  til  it  ido, 

14    i      i  la   Oregon   ami   run,    i  i    .  *cn   in 

I-  lurl.hi  uml  Y,  .i  ■  i mi.  ii. n    in  tagfa  lu  N.-lit.i-fcu 

uml   li  nl.   o   In   Ida   a,   -    la   Mon- 

tnnn.  i  il*b*aa  a  id  Wi.t  virginln, 

: 

Sew    llnuipslilrc.    4    taeb    in    i; 

ima.    uml 

td     ',     nu. .nl, 
2  In   -  linn,  nnd   1  . 

New    Mexico,    North    (.'AMllna, 
ninl    Wyoming. 

Meat  Products.  (See  Animal*  and  Ani- 
mal Product*.) 
McchanicsvUlo    (Vs.),    Battle   of.— One 

..r  iin-  Sera  Day*-  riai.ie.  \  i.iond. 

mi   June  2d     180  I     i  •      mo     ml  b 

on  lil»  l.ft,  .«,     |'.  HIM  eroding  lo  il"1  ninth 

•  id-  of  l be  Cblrkahoi  i..-i.ig  sup- 

I    by   Lollgati.     I    tnd    H     ll     Hill       Jar*. 

•on  loll  iifeder*lc  forcoa  Ister.      I  In- 

arrack   on   rltx-Jcrno    I'orter  at 

dna-n    ana    repuNed,   tin    the    I'.der*!  »ruiy 

nientlv  rurhed.     According  ro  I-Vdergl 

*.    I"*    Cor. r.  dorn t.-    lets*    w*a    I, sod. 

iii-  I  nlnn  :iui  This  b*irl*  I*  also  called  tb* 
battle  of  Hearer  Dam  Creek. 


Mecklenburg       MtuagU  arid  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Mecklenburg   Declaration.— a   Bcrlea    of 

to  hove  t.. 
liv     i  In-     ritlicii.'. 

K    f  ,    Mii.i    20,    ITT.",    d.-. -lacing   thrlr  lo«J.- 
.it    llriiale     fi.il..».  d    by    » 

WHi>Dd    KTl  BlI-.BIed    oo    toe 

r    foi    n    local   govern- 

■  .-• ,  .Intl..  II  .. 

Orel    publl  much 

dI*ct»*lon  at    to    their   gcuulnencMi. 

>1    phrau-i    alm.it   or   quite 
Identical     wltli     nnrtloua     .if     tin     il...  ■ 
adopted     at    lt>l 

Thoina«  JefT.r-ou  Immediately  di 
in. in  fraudulent  It  *»>  admitted 
the   origin" i  org    reeolutloni    wore 

.1  In  180O  and  that  tho»e  puuilabrd  In 

1SI9  -  .ducod  from  hy  a. 

ton  of  on*  of  Ihe  *ti  meet- 

ing.     Tbe     North    Carolina     IreMntore     In- 
vwtlgatcd   tin'   mattei    and   accui 

•    l*lt  runt    tin  in    In    ina.ln.- 
20    a  Tl 

divided    In    opinion.       Illldit'tli.    one    of    >  ha 

critical,    admit"    tlw    vnllJli>     ol    th 
IVc|bmiiI..ii.    I.nl      .ii    li  .l«    II 

•  ii  made  Mm  81.     Bancroft  contend*  ibat 
only  a  provlilonol  gov.-rniuent  win  formed. 

)ind    that   on    the   date   of    II 
■  no  dispute  na  to  the  fact  that  a   Govern- 
ment   wa*   oreanlr.eiL       In    North    Carolina. 

among   the  Brotch-Irlah    i i.l...    i 

llitir    doabl    thai    the    Mecklrnburirera    de 
clared  tlu-lr   Independence  00   Mny    -'•'.   1T7". 
IVilllain  A.  Crnhntu.  Secretary  "f  Ihe  Sin 
from    11.10   i..    IS.vj    'ii.i   i-nii.i .iluii-   .  I 
Whlgt    for  Id  rit    In    l.vvj.   m«   the 

•on  of  Jo«eph  <;raliain,  who  wn*  pivtent  at 
tin-    inivt]n<    in    Chariot  (•    which    .1- 
Indtrp""  Hied  to  the  fact 

MocklenborK-Schwerin: 

VcnaoU  of,  .i    erimlnBtlag  datiea  on, 
nipended  bj  nroolasutto&j  1365. 
Medal  of  Honor  Legion.— Coni|...--i    of 

otTlcer*     and     enllated    men    of    the     United 
State*     army     and     navy      who     luiv. 
awarded     medal*     of     lo. nor     r.o 
tlngulthed    rallnntrr    In    a.tl.<n    during    any 
war   In   which    tin-    Cnlted    BtatoJ  1m 
engaged       At    the   present    time  It    baa   440 
■in-h   iiu-mbcr*. 

Medal*,— Cougrcaa  hn«  from  tltM  10  linn- 
annrded  Gold  and  allver  mednla  for  dli 
llogulahed    >.i»l.'.i.   In    the   army   and   navy. 

Since  tin-  'I'H  war  i (  tbt  medal 

been     nwnrdi-d     for     heroic     tvacm-a     from 
dangera     at     aen         Pndor      reaolollon 

1ST*  mid  1882  several  hundred  medajle 
of  honor  have   been   awarded  by   tbe. 

.  tli.- Ti'ea«ury  for  life  «avlnr.    Ai a 

i"     recipient*  of  the  latter  have  been  eight 
women 

Th.-  following  I*  a  ll«t  of  MnoSI  wbo 
Im  f  bi  'i.  awarded  medal*  b  i  for 

dlxtlngulahed     aerrlco*     In     tM     army     aud 
navy : 

i;.ii  Ofxirgc  Washington,  (gold  medal  I  Cor 
the  in'ii  ira  ..r  iinnion. 

Brlg.-Oen.  Iloiatlo  Hate*,  (gold)  Defeat 
of    ntirgoyne. 

Ma)  .-<;  -ii  Snilioiij  Wayne,  (gold)  Storm- 
ing of  Stony    Point. 

1. 1, ■  or .-c. I.    He    riiury.    (allver)    Storming 

of  stony  Polo) 

Mnj.  John  .•iiewart.  (allverl  Storming 
nf  Si..ny   I'oliit. 

Ma).  Il.ury  Lee,  Ig..ldi  Surprlae  of 
Pauluf  Hook. 

John  Paulding,  (silver)  Capture  of 
Andre 

navld      Wllllama,      ("liven      capture      of 

And:-  . 


IgOJdl 


Wa.. .!!:*(    - 


Isaac    Van    Wart,    i 

At  .lie. 

Hrlg.-fJen.     Iluld     Morgan, 
toty  of  Cowpena. 

I.lem  ,11  .IS  A. 

(allvst)     Victory    of   I'mwti. 

Lieut   John   K.   Howard.    I  virion 

Mi.  i  Greene,   (gold 

tory   at    l.'utaw   Spring*. 

i >i.i  Jain  1-wnl  Jones,  (gold!  Captor* 
Of  the  Benipit  ITT'.i. 

i.  Tbomaa  Trnxiun.  (gold)  Aetna 
with   th*   Tcw««u' 

|-.dward   Preble,    (goldi    Tripoli. 

Capt.    l«aac    Hull,    (gold  i    capture  • 
Oaer-  ( 

Capt.  Jacob  Jonca.  (gold!   Capture  of  the 

Capt.    H  uur.    igoldi    Oaplor* 

na. 
!.     William     llaliibrldg*.     igoldi     Cap 

I.lcut.  I'dwaid  It.  MeCall.  (gold)  Cap 
tun-  of   the 

'    y,    (gold)    Victory  uo 

Lake   i 

Capt  Jiinea  Ijwrrnif.  (gold)  l.'aplur* 
Of   i lie  Pracoc*. 

Ioiio  igh.    I  gold  i    Vk- 
.u  Ijke  CbamplBln. 

'  ipi  :.,    igoldi    Victory  oo 

l.ak<.  Chin;. 

Lieut  siepben  Coa-In.  igoldi  Victory  urn 
Lake  Cbnmplaln. 

Capt.  I..«iw  Warrington.  (gold»  Capttu* 
of   the  I'n 

(g.jl<li 

'.  Ictory 
of  cblppewa 

tory  of  Chippewa 

Brli:  ((Xdd)     Victory 

Janice    Miller,    (gold!    Victory 
of    I  hlpDCV.  '  . 

Mel    '..n     Wit  (goldl    Vlctan 

of  Chippewa,   etc. 

MaJ. -tlea.  ICdmund  P.  (ialnea.  (gold)  Vlt- 
tory  of  I'.rlo. 

Alexander  llimmli,  (got-i 
tory  of  Plalt'i- 

mi. I  ion.  Andrew  Jaektoo,  (gold)  Vlt- 
tory  of  New  orlenn*. 

CharlM    Sn-iaart.     (goldl     Captere 
<.f  '   mno  anil  /. 

Cant     Jnnie*    lllddle.     Igoldi    Caplure   of 

M*i  lam     II.     Ilarrl^n.     (goldi 

Victory  of  the  ThAtnc*. 

flov.  Itaac  Sbclhy,  (gold)  Victory  of  Ihe 
Thninca, 

Col    >:  "    Croghao  (73  yra.  aft. -i 
-'.-ryhenaon.   IS  I  a 

Mnl.-C.en.  Zaehary  Taylor,  (gold)  Vl«(en 
on    III. i    Q      ad 

Maj.-a.-n.    7-aehBry   Taylor,    (gold!    Cap- 

tUI»   of 

lirltl-h.    I'reii.-h   and  Spanlib  omrere  anil 

crew*,    (gold   and  »llv.  K  Crew  ol 

tbe    r.   8.   Brlfof-war  f)om«r«   before    Vert 

MbJ.  i:.  ii.  Wlullehl  Scott,    (goldi    Mexican 

Campaign, 

Mb i  imry    Taylor.     (goM)    Vl^ 

tory  of  ltuena  Vkib. 

Capt.  Duncan  S,  Intmlian,  (gold)  Re- 
leaae  of  Martin  Koala. 

it  Frederick  n.  Rom  ■•(  -be  BritUh 
Navy.      I  cold  i      Humanlly—  yellow 

pauente  from  Jamaica  to  N  T.  oo 
Hi-   i  'oiao. 

MbJ.-Uch.    L'lyatoi  8.   Grant    '- 


irr 


torlea   of   Fort   Donelsnn.   Vlckaburg,   Chat- 

taBH*Cara 

Cornrilna  Vandertilli.  ((old)  Gift  of  «blp 

Capi*.  Crelghlon.  I-ow  and  stonffler. 
Igoldl     Heat'Uloe;    atKI    i'»«.  hi    the 

8.  &  «'i«   /Von.-i.r...  Juiv 

3ru*   W\    I'l.'.d.    (guldt    Laying   the   Al> 
f  CaM- 

(•verge   ivabodj.    (soldi    Promotion    of 

Uon. 
rapt.    Craudall    »m1  I  'land 

Ugbthonao  keeper  nod   crew,    (gold*    Saving 
ran    from    iha    if>  t<-    ■•<    t li •-    N-    \. 
and    m  l.m-.    Auk,    :;l,     1-72. 

Owm  F.  Hoblnann.  (gold.  Saving  Wll- 
t  in  in    If.    Seward    from   a.wia*!nntlnn    Apr. 

I'od.T  resolution*  of  July  II.  1  •.•.'-•.  ami 
March  S  1863,  v  imio  army  ni.-dula  of 
Iiivhk  were  provided 

nalcera   and   private*   for   gallantry   In   ar- 
lloa       All    llio    meinbcre    of    the    twenty. 

r  -  ■  -  i  ■    •!       I 

medals    fur    remaining    In    aerrlee    for    tb» 

I  urg   after  their  torma  bad 

i ><l. 

Naval    medal*    were    authorli-d    In    1811 

and    l  t.calowed  on  petty  office ra, 

>eaiuro    and    marine*    for    gallantry    la    ac- 

•i.. n       Two  hundrod  woro  Utiied. 

Medals,  Lifo  Saving,  government  grant 

of. 
Mediation  and  Conciliation,  Board  of. — 

>•  act  of  Congrea*  approved  July 
15,  1D13.J  The  pnrpOM  for  wblch  Ibe 
Hoard    of    Mediation    and    Conciliation    *«< 

i<    i le    by    n  •  ii. 

elllatlon  and  arlihrni 

.-  wage",   ho  iltlona 

of  employment  that  may  arlee  between  cont- 
iiimii    tarrlera    engaged    In    Interatate    trana- 

Krtatlon    nnil     Ih-lr    employ ngu-,  ,!     lii 
ilo   operation  or  train    tier 
In    any    eaa»    where    an    Interruption    of 
tramc  |.  Imminent  ami  fraught  with  ■ 
detriment  Co  the  public   Inlercat,  the   Hoard 
dial  Ion  and  Conciliation  may.  If  In  Ha 

Judgment  <urli  am., n  .cm  desirable,  proffer 
ta  •crvlec*  to  the  respective  partlca  to  the 
ivuray. 

never  n  OOOllUTtlly  concernlnc 
wage*,  houra  of  labor,  or  eondltluna  of  em- 

i     and 

yera,  Interrupting  or  threatening 

to  Inti  operation  of  trains   to    the 

iua    detriment      •! 
opon   lh"  I    the  Knar-) 

t't    Mediation     'a    required    to    DM    lii    beat 
I.)    in,  .llatlnn    and   eanetltatlon.    to 
il   no  agrocm-nt.      If  audi  • 
ta     In  Itig     about    an     amicable     adjustment 
Ihrougb    in.  ■! i.-. r I. ,ii   and   ,  uii-llla'loll    I 
•  in v,  I  avor*   to    I 

■rtlea  to  aubmlt  their  controversy  to 
arbitration    and, 

srr  arrangement*  for  audi  arMtra- 
Hon.  Tli"  i",nrd  l«  an  Independenl  olDco. 
Ml    ,, .inn, ted    with  any  department. 

Medical  Mosouni.  Army,  building  for, 
rrcommenuVil,    d".72,    4730,    I 

Modicino  and  Surgery,  Bare*a  of,  Navy 
Department.  (8m  Bureau  of  Modi- 
cino anil  rjurgtry.) 

Medicines,  Patent.— For  purpoacaof  vnlna- 

•'••ii    .mil     i ration    tb«    federal 

hiinau  c!a««lrle.  under  Ihla  h-ndlug  many 
patent  compound*  and  dn>ctrl"t-'  pr»parn- 
Tlie  patent  office  baa  a  ll«t  of  ayn- 
thetlral  I'henr.mla,  the  formula"  of  which 
are  protected  bjr  letter*  patent,  but  moat  of 
the  apcrial  remedlea  are  protected  only  In  the 


me 


ntr  of  their  dlatlnctrre  ua  value 

of    ini,  hi    medicine*   manufactured   In    the 
l.iii.l      Maine     aa     axcvrlalncd      In 

resents  the  wholesale  price.  Indicating  that 
the    public  -p.  ml.  about  $200,000,000  In  r<- 
tall  purchases.    The  rxnaua  or  1900  gn- 
value  of  the  annual  product  at  f  DO.*!  i 
ContparlMine.fi!>.    •    Ugun        howl   Ihe  iapld 
growth    of    the    business*    In  year*. 

Tie     coal    of    *  ml,  i ..  :    lulu    the 

•  of  patent  lordlclnea  la  smaller 
In  proportion  to  the  retail  price  (ban  that 
,r  pcrbap*  »:»•  other  bualneea,  The  pr<.nt< 
lo   the  man  rer,  ire  largely 

■i    i ■■     .  nla   allowed   deauera 

ol  . i ■  i ••■  •  rtl  ilng   upon  i>  hb  b  Ihe 
•    of    the    business    largely    dop 
Patent   medicine   menu 

tli-      larg—t     general      advi  i      the 

i ted   tiiot   lio.oii 
iiualli    for  periodical  advertising. 
The-  number  of  eitabll-inn, 
th.-    la  .',    employing    an 

J2J*5   nagew.,1 
"" I  ■-  •  "  Include  all  urn- 

for  •!».•  by  dmgglata  In  i-.,m|,,iundlog 
ii       {.     i„ 

ii«    or    order*.       Thi 
•lulil    rutrarta,    n 
.in,  i  other  li,iiil,l  prcpitnitlona  ;  pll 

••   :  iiiknl'.tda  and  derlvatlTi 

••••i In.-.  Ii  in.  rplilne.  quinine 

medlelnnl     preparn 
*uch    aa    aoetnnllld.    n  din     phenol 

phtliHl.-iii    •  i.  cluirln.  inothylanllcylate.  eti 
medicinal  metal  aalt»  ibrv.i 

and   Mo 
,  aa  acruma,   Tacrine*. 
■ 

'Tntnit    nnd    proprietary    medicine*"    are 
lion  of  a  patent, 
idemark.  or  i 
intr   t"  .i    -  ■     ■  patent   aud 

in'-i'i  lei  i-.     •■  n.i nda"    Inclndi 

■  inda  not   Int.  ncled   r 
is   r)re-extliigiil»hef  compoundt.   bouae- 
hold  ammonia,  In.-,  i  .<  rl 

■1>     ',,        |    and 
ogne.  toilet  water*,  face  potrdcra,  cold  cream, 

Iteporta  for  191 1  were  received  from  4,082 
ratnlill-iiui.nl-.  «U!i  prodacta  valued  at 
Il72.0fi8.ftet) 

Of  tl       l.i  llahment*  reported  f»r 

all  three  Imorlii  >  were 

located    In    New    '.,...     .:•:    ;„    [lllnol 

In   l'enn-yl  a   Ml* 

Ml    lu    Indiana. 

1.13   In   Michigan,   l  fj  In  Callfornl  i.   134   In 

New  Jersey,  and    107    lu    Minnesota,  and  the 

remaining     i  100    ratabllahment*    w>'r»    di* 

1'ing  34  *H tea.  rnn.-lng  from  00 

■    ta    I    In    Ail'.oiia.      The   atat. 

linn  ni-    v.  .1   ar* 

Idaho.   Nevada.   New  Meilco.  and  Wyoming. 

Tlrv  :i..m.-  The     iimnufae- 

e|.nr  itlona    In    11114    W.la 

mtahllahmenta    with 
i 
nt    1009   there    were   rcporl     I  lillah- 

mant*.  with  producta  rained  at   ■ 

number   of   eetabltahmenta 

thtia   amountnd    r-    16  1    r>.-r    cent,    and    In 

per  "'"I 

production    of    liquid    preparation*. 

ini,    a*    tincture*,    llnld    extrarta,    and    me. 

il  "Irupn,  reported  for  101  I  wa*  valued 

nt    *I3.OOO.402:   ami   of   pill*,   tablet*.    po*r- 

:  ......         I'h-    .      n 

hnw-. 

iiy  an  approximate  dlatrfhtitlon  nl 

Inability  of 
inufacturera    In   many  eaaea    to   make 
aeparat..   rep.  't-   for   certain   prod 

The  manufacture  of  alkalolda  nnd  th-lr 
derivative    In    1014    waa    reported    by    143 


Medicines 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


fitabUahoinnts,    villi     product*    valued     »t 
IMM.10'       N  Ml  hmcnts.    27 

were  loeoted  In  Now  Yor».  17  In  l'cnn-v|. 
vnala.  13  In  Illinois,  S  la  Ohio,  ami  7  In 
New  Jersey.  »ni)  lola|  ~0  w?rc  dis- 

tributed among  '-'7  «i  I 

Tiir    I'tiulucllon    of    aym  llclnal 

prerorntmns  to  the  salue.  or  tl.3S4.DOll  not 
reported  by  72  emabllahmenta,  of  wliKh  17 
were  located  iii  vw  York  unci  10  la  I'mnnyl- 
:.  ic  remaining-  45  Ixinit  distributed 
anions   -0  stntca. 

The  manufacture  nf  medicinal  mctn!«  «nd 
their  salta.  tsIupiI  nt  $732,307,  win  repoi  t.-.i 
by  47  e.tahlMiment..  ..f   which    111   were    lo 
In  N»w  Tor*  and   1 1 

I  being  distributed  amim,  II 
i  its 

The     manufacture     nf     serums,     rneclnes, 
toxins,  nod  oilier  hlnli^l.-rvi   p  M   I'"' 

ralae   of   $0,22"  ITS     I  i      reported 
establishment*,  ol  tneai.d   In 

Knn»as.    10  each    In    II lln- •  >  and 

•kn.   7   In   r  ii    In- 

diana. Iowa,  and   New  York,  r.  In 
3  each  In  Mlehlgni 

i  -nta    anil    Ki  nd    ' 

llfornln.    I>l«trlct    of    Columbia.    K . n 

II.  I      I   .    Ill:- 

Paltnt     and     ProprUtaiy    UnlMnr*    ami 
Compound*. — The  manufacture  nf  patent  and 

fruprletnry     medicine*     and     coihpminils     In 
014   was  i 

I'nleut  and   proprietary    modlclncs    t 
vallln    .if     |X     I '.,".  '.'..i     v.    i       in 

71         PHlllllll 

riiinii.  wblch  wer*  en  I  red  piimnrllv  In  i  a 
manufacture  ol 

"  five 
state*    In    this    branch    of    the    Induatl 
In*    New     York,     with    40fi 

lllllli. I.  II.'.   ;     |'.   I    :  |30   ; 

and   Missouri,    I    - 

tsry  compmiml-  to  the  value  of  ml     1 1  ::.".j 

I  irtnred  bj    i  (MH 
tt'O    lending     five    slut  i  .  1 1, 

with       -ii  llllii.. Ik     JIT ; 

i.  mi.,,  ss;  Mlwonrl,  7:;:  and  Uaau- 

me  of  these  estnbllsi  . 
niiii.  .1     iiuiii  »nd    com- 

pounds. 

Perfumcrv  and  Cotmetlci. — The  tnnnnfnc- 

I    perfuiuerj    and   co  I'll 

waa    reported    hj  wiib 

1 1   tl7.T18  3Q0      Tin 
lire*.  i"  the  pi. 

<>f    e-i.i 

their  principal   prod  a   tbe  othi  i  •  re 

1. 1  snel i   Ihl  •  linliittry. 

iiml   ei  •:.!  other   I'lll.'i   prcpar 

in     I'll  i.     by     nil    •"  i  ■■  Inrludlnit 

.ii  primarily  lu  the  mannfactur* 

Of  arnri'l  ■<■  '   pi"'  nnr    •  'n     an 

Sroprlctnry   medicine*  and   compounds,   was 

l  !  .     leading   live   Ktal".    ri'iinrlh. 
.    tulill-  him  nil    .-hi- •lil.-.l    in    this    In-ill. I,    of 

'.     v Npk      i  el'  ..     n  llh     17.".  : 

intni.n.  07 1  Pennsylvania.  Hi  Ohio.  34; 
and  Michigan,   28. 

Mediterranean  8ea: 

m.  ahoulil    In'    increased, 
333,  350,  820.  ■ 

Piracies  !n,  929. 
Trade   with.  75.  77.  T9. 
Vessels    sent    to,   for   protection    of 
commerce,  314.  347,  358,  631,  826, 
874,  928,   1008. 

Mediterranean   Squadron,    referred    to, 
1905,   1953. 


Ms<Hnrn  of  Exchange.     (See  also 

roney) I 
Augmentation  of,  diseursed,  643. 
Discussed  by  President— 

Buchanan,   2968. 

Grant,  3983,  4 198,  4239. 

Johnaon,  3769,  38*7. 

Madiaon,  5S0,  563. 

Monroe,  643, 

Tyler,   1897,   1935,   2119. 
Gold  and  silver — 

Hope   expressed   that   use   of, 
will   become  general.   13-83. 

To    take    place   of   bills   below  110 
recommended,   tU 
Paper  used  as,  discussed,  1897,  1935. 
Restoration    of    uniform    system 

recommonded, 
Mee  see-qna-gnilch  Indians.      (See  la- 

dian  Tribes-) 
Melbourne,   Australia: 

International   •■■xlnliitinn    at,    to  eels- 

I  r.i:  of      founding     of 

New   8ouIli    Walts.   51T«. 
International  Exhibition  of  Arts  and 

Industries  at,  discuued,  4511'. 

Melton.  Miss,  assailants  of.  In  Turkey, 
conviction   of,   discussed,   6962. 

Members  of  Congress.    (See  Congress.) 

Memorial  and  Remonstrance.  (See  Re- 
ligious Freedom.) 

Memphis    (Tenn.),    Capture    of. — After 

the  evacuation  of  t'orlnlh,  MU*.  by  (Wan- 
regard.  l'Virt  1'lllow.  fort*  miles  above  Mra- 
phis,  was  vMclcu.  ni  ibe  tnion  army  eonld 
lake  U  from  Ibe  rear,  The  Confederates 
Ihcrefi  ibe  gun  a,  burned   the  bar 

1     r  eonld  not  take 
and  In   their  gunboats  dropped  d'.ira 
ih.      Ir.-r  to  Memphis.     The  Confederate  •est 
Is.    moTinled    28    ST>n<- 
1  nmroodore  Montgomery.  Oa 
'    '      I'nmmodor*    I>«v|«,     srlih    i 

r i  gunboats  and  2  ram«,  nnn-ared  batare 

I  he     elf  i       nml      , . 

Mm  hnttle.    Afi.-r  one  bow  and  twenty 

line    Hi.-    ' 
was  defeated.     Col,    i 
the  rsms.  mn  the  only  person  tn]n< 
the    Federal    aide.      The    nnnaber    of    killed 
ard  wounded  on  the  r.mfcdi-rai,.  »ld-  |.  hi 
n.   but  waa  probably   between  "80  and 
inn. 

Momphls,  Term,  navy-yard  to  be  estab- 
lished  nt,   2202. 
Proposition    of   elty    authorities   ef, 
relative  to,  2829. 
Mercantile    Marines    of    Prsnre,    Ocr- 
maiir,   Great  Britain,  and  Italy,  re- 
ferred to,  4978. 
Merchant   Marine.— Tbe   British    navigi- 
il.m  nets,  beginning  in  1048,  prohibited  la- 

K rial  Ions  Into  Ibe  Colonies  except  In  Esc- 
b  or   colonial    bill  It   ships.      Tbousfc  atrl- 
oua'v  restricting  commerce,  these  acts  atrrtd 

to  atlm  date  the  •hi'-'imiidinit  interest. 

nei« i  ITSII  and  17P7  t*-e  reeNt»r«l  t«S> 

nnce  of  t'nlted  tstntea  commercM  "Mnn  l» 
cteaied  SS4   per  cent.      From   I«S7   to  1857 

the    tooaag*    Increased    froBs    810,000    t» 


35. 

: 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Meridian 


S.589.000.  and  la  1801  tTi«  aggregat-  ten- 
Dniit  if  American  rngWtrrrd  vessels  rvacued 
lie  Ugliest  point — o.o.'ill.MS,  Toll  nr»rly 
equaled  t-o  combined  tonnage  of  all  other 
nations  excvpilag  Or.it  liriuia,  which  alono 

wbi  slightly  la  cactus  or  it.     i'"r  rarloai 

a  sipping  fell  off  «(•-• 
Civil  War.  until  K  became  ijuitr  liiklgul.icnnt. 
During  recent  year*,  however,  a  revival  ha* 
tak«a  place,  mere  etpetlaily  la  tie  coast- 
wise trs.lc.  t  *  number  of  ve**cU  .  : 
rngarcd  la  It  being  20,701.  with  a  tonnug* 
of  S,3SI>.42n. 

For  man j  Tear*  no  country  of  Impon 
ot  »r  tban  tbe  l/nltrd  Scat**  baa  required 
tl  at  ship*  firing  t  c  nninuinl  tins  »"-*U  be 
of  domestic  construction,  nlt.iougli  prac- 
tl-nllj  every  country  I  a>  made  this  re- 
quirement In  t!ic  coaa  of  steamships  i 
lng  poitol  subventions.  England  ba«  (ranted 
registers     i  lnillt    Rjlpa,    In    otbrr 

hm  punned  the  freeililp  policy,  alnce 
about  1S50.  At  that  time.  It  la  interesting 
to  note,  wooden  sailing  vessels  wir. 
dominant  and  tbeae  royld  be  aecured  more 
cheaply  In  the  United  (State*.  wMch  bad 
larger  iiippllea  of  timber  and  naval  store* 
and  a  man  enVlent  shipbuilding  Industry. 
A*  a  result  of  this  free  ship  policy  t'e  mer- 
chant marlii.-  of  r.crland  received  largo 
i.'lvll  War.  when  more 
tl;nn  731X009  ton*  of  American  ■hipping  »c- 
enrrd  English  register*  to  avoid  captor*  or 
■ 

]  I  policy  of  granting  loaoa  to  ailpovra- 
er*  «(  low  Interest  or  without  Intercut  wn* 
begun.  It  U  liellevi'd.  by  Austria.  The  only 
inslon  i  n  loon  by  the  Brltiab  Gov- 

ut  »ni  that  mnde  to  t'e  Cunord 
Steamship  I.lne  under  th«  mall  and  ad- 
aalralt-  ;ir«<t  of  1903.    Under 

the    iteassblp    company    Sll'.CO-YJOO.    for 

ng  two  ateamerx  that  would  be  *u 
for  u«o  by  the  ndmlrnlty  ond  be  the  fastest 
afloat.  Ttil*  loan  brought  Into  being  t±o 
I.usitaala  and  Mauret-inln.  T  e  loin  "a» 
rado  nt  the  rate  of  2%  per  cent.  wblc"i  waa 
■boot  2  per  cent  lower  th.in  the  rote  nt 
t,  Ich  ili-  company  could  lave  borrowed  a 
•Imllor  amount  in  tie  open  market. 

I  -.'•mptlon  from  tatstlnn  Is  a  form  of  In- 
direct assistance  granted  by  only  Austria- 
Hungary  anil  by  a  few  of  our  own  State*. 
A  notable  law   In    New  to  exempt* 

from  all  taxation  fur  St  ite  and  local  pur. 
po-.ca  all  Americanown.il  %'.  ![■»  registered 
at  any  port  in  i  <  .-usaa  .1  In  th« 

■  I     .-■:  iti  Cor- 

K iratlons  owning  racb  ships  are  cximpt  until 
,  uui  all  tnintl..ii  upon 
•lock,  franchises,  ond  earnings  Ala- 
bama exempts  all  sblps  engaged  In  foreign 
commerce  from  taxation,  while  the  State 
of  Was!  I  niton  exempt*  nil  ships  built  or  In 
process  »f  cnintriirtiiin  In  the  coastwise  a* 
well  as   In  the  foreign  trado  of  the   United 

Tho  granting  of  postal  subventions  to 
steneisblp  line*  antedatea  the  bounty  or 
subsidy  system  and  la  In  more  general  use 
throughout  tso  world.     Great  Britain   waa 

Erobahly  the  drat  to  pay  vibrentlon*  of  this 
Ind.  the  first  controct  of  the  sort  being 
mad*  In  1ES9.  The  t.'ulted  State*  ond 
Franco  toon  followed  suit — t'e  i 
State*  la  1847  nnd  Trance  In  1851.  Car- 
many  did  not  adopt  fx  policy  until  1880, 
when  a  contract  with  the  North  ftrrmau 
Lloyd  waa  concluded.  The  purpose  of  mall 
■ubrentioo  contrncti  la  primarily  to  en- 
courage the  maintenance  of  fast  mall  terr- 
ier* on  regular  routes  and  schedules.  In 
many  lnstnncc*  a  motive  of  almost  equal 
weight  I*  fiat  of  maintaining  the  faateat 
possible  communication  between  the  w 
country   and   b.-r  colonies.      Incidentally   a 


third  object  la  commonly  achieved,  namely, 
that  of  piOTldlng  veosoa  suitable  lor  uux- 
iiUry  rr. users  and  transports  In  time  of 
war.  nud.  la  many  ca«*  a  fourti  object. 
namely,  tuat  of  fo>t*nug  Hi  s  lp- 

building  Industry  by  1eu.u1r.ng  t  -at  the  sub- 
vent:  be  paid  only  to  domcstlc- 
i.u.lt  s.iips.  YVUb  only  tao  Important  ex- 
ceptions, alt  Onnnclal  aid  extended  by  tin 
•1  Government  ba*  been  In  tii*  form 
of  pootal  aud  admiralty  subventions.  Tb« 
I'nited  Bute*  and  Germany,  whoa*  mcr- 
navles  rank  next  to  that  of  Great 
Lrltnln.  bavo  «.<tcnded  llnanclnl  aid  to  *..lp- 
plus  only  In   t  -e  (era  of  mall  subvention*. 

The  tyatem  of  paving  direct  general 
bin n tics  or  subsidies  ;■•  shipping  lines  may 
b«  said  to  hare  been  Instituted  by  Kroner. 
wMcli  entered  upon  tin*  policy  in  ISsl.  and 
I  aa  made  a  more  exteusive  use  of  bountlra 
lay  other  country,  although  at  a  wholo 
He  result*  have  not  been  satisfactory. 
Italy,  Aaatrta-Haagary,  Japan,  nod  Spain 
I  *ve  followed  the  French  plan,  with  Indif- 
ferent success  except  In  the  case  of  Japan. 
Unquestionably  the  merc'.aot  marine  of 
Japan  has  developed  more  rapidly  during 
lul  35  ye-ira  t  an  that  of  any  other 
nation,  although  this  development  Is  in  pnrt 
due  to  t'e  p'enomcnnl  development  of  Jap- 
anese Industrie*  In  recent  year*. 

Some  apvcCe  opportunities  tbnt  n«r  ex- 
Ut  for  AmcKcan  shipping  aro  aa  follows : 
The   west  const   of  South    America   In 

ntll  c*  (  cnul  (rum  Australia  and 
Wale*,  ftince  t'  e  construction  of  the  «01- 
clent  conloarrylng  railroads,  audi  a*  the 
Norfolk  and  Wenern.  the  Cheaapeake  and 
Ohio,  tbe  Vlnrlnlnn.  and  the  Carolina,  Cllnch- 
neld  and  Olilo,  Virginia  steam  coal  of 
lene  quality  ran  be  delivered  at  low  cost 
nt  t'e  Atlantic  arabonrd  port*  of  Norfolk. 
Newport  New*,  and  Charleston,  where  It 
can  be  delivered  to  re»*ei  quickly,  efficiently, 
and,  at  low  coat.  It  Is  believed  that  In 
13-ty  large  quantities  of  this  coal  enn  be 
■old  In  ad   iiru  at  lower  cost  than 

Australian  or  Welsh  coal.  If  this  prove* 
to  be  the  ease,  the  vessel*  c:rrylng  coal 
from  t'e  Vnliei!  States  can  return  with 
nitrates  from  Chile,  copper  from  American- 
owned  mine*  and  smelter*  In  chile  an.] 
tin  ore  from  American-owned  mine*  In  Bo- 
livia, and  Iron  ore  from  Amrri<nn-nwB*d 
cine*  In  C  He.  Tb»  deT*lopm*nt  of  coal 
exports  would  cause  reductions  In  return 
l<  (a  factor  whlcb  goes  for  toward 
nccountlng  for  th«  maritime  supremacy  of 
Great  Britain)  and  an  extension  of  Ameri- 
can  shipping. 

Merchant  Marino: 

Development  of,  hindered,  8010. 
Need  for,  dlscusMd  by  Taft,  7674. 
Merchant  Vessels : 
Claim*  resulting  from  deatruction  of 

rjaltes  StsMi  rstseb  by  Oossfedets 

ate  vcbjcIs,  yeferred  to,  S96i. 
Condition    of   American,   6653,    6654, 

7005. 
Dlaruwed,    6230.    62-11,    6338,    6359, 

63S1,  6436,  6460,  6653. 
Naval    force  for   protection    of,    in 

Mexican  porta,  etc.,  recommended, 

3100. 
Meridian  Conference,  International: 
At  Washington,  discussed,  4718,  4800, 

4827,  4S41,  5180. 
Invitation  of  Italian  Government  to 

attend,  5546. 


MerrimAC  Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Merrlmac,  The  (Con  fed*  rate  ram),  en- 
gagement of,  witb — 
Cumbrrtand,  .'..34S. 
:>313. 
Hampton  Rotdi  i  v,...,  BaUtii  "f, 
lii..ii.,ii.  .  oppO  ••  00,  3810. 

Mcrrlmac,  The.— Tola  vcas«i,  a  iwo- 
inuMoil   Iron  steamship  of  5.000   tons,   was 

DM  -I     llj     U  ■  li.    111.-    KpurjUb- 

Anicrli-mj    Wnr    a«    n  During    th» 

'i  of  May,  1MI8.  tbc  8piinl*h  8W: 
Admiral  iVrvcra   look  ICtuM  In  the  harbor 
,.f  ShuiImko.       M  Santiago  la  well 

.in    I hr   tin 
from  proper.     The  channel  !«<]• 

ing  from  tin-  hart  'i '-<mi  i«  at 

ill.'    narrow   anil    coiupaia- 
nanncl    wax 
well  coven  ■!  by   ••!  nnl  h  b«i  •■-  ■■      m 
ao  tliat   It    ttn«  deemed   nowlm-  on   the  port 

a  mi  :  l.-iiii  offleera  to  attempt  t«. 
tin-  harbor  with   war  American 

commander  derided  lo  attempt  to  block  the 
Channel,  and  r.>r  this  purpose  coucludcd  to 
•  ink   i|  no  ot  a   mi . ran    point      it 

follov-  ly    Hint    hii.-Ii   an   underiak- 

Ing  would  b  an  i>-  I  how 

who  vi  pi  the  annmi'-'l   1 1 

III-    i-lllll.ll.   I       Bllil     lll-ll     III     I!: 

-ink  li  and  Imnolng 

ashore  or  attempting  to  reach  p  Ilf.-liont. 

a   datani  Naval  in  tot  Richmond  P 

IIodiob    «ji 

He  the   hai  vmkliiic       I 

leer*    were    <a ll«-il     f"r     to    accompany    and 
him.      fifteen    bondrrd    iifflcera    and 
mi  n    i  ■  ml  i.'    ti  nd<Tlni(  sei 

iimi  begged  "mi  they  be  a.-  -  r - ' ■  ■'■ 

d,  whose  namei  ore  Daniel  Mon- 
rlili  r     mu-.i,  r  at -arm*     of     Ins 

rtt   ('Itaivttr,    ennncr'a   male   of 

lotiD  Murphy,  cockswain  ot 

III.-      lOM  ■»  .  I-.-  Ill         WOt'T       tei 

K      Phllllpo,     machinist,    anil     - 
•wain  ii    v.     DeVgnaa,  the  I  of  the 

Uerrlmae.     Itandoiph  Ctousan,  cockswain  of 

la  I  lag    Hi-   d.-la.i    "I    MM 

day  added  lo  Ipe  c paay,     On  the  mnming 

.,f  June    '-.    ISIIS,  at   about  half  paal    tin.-.- 
o'clock,    Hobaon    steered   straight    Into    tba 
channel    under    a    heavy    fit.-    from    rtpn 
BUtm     on     both     allies.       As     the 
rcai-hed  the  spot   tlmt  had  beea  picked   -"it 
for    bet    sinking    bo   gave  ordn  i   to  o 

tIii-  I ,,.,..?   tin  in  only  rxplodi  il 

Amid    the    Iremendott"    lire    fr>un      lie 
batteries,   the   Bring  of  8  electric   tnlm-i   In 

iln-  channel,  ami  torped ■  from  i«-- 

i«h  voaMla,  the  ■■-•! 1 1 •■  r  .»nk.  bar  maati  ami 

smokestack    showing   abort    Ihe    wi b- 

llna  bm  Dol   i king  [be  fnlrway.     At 

■ii.  bis  »,  Hi  down  the  Spaniard!  aonl  up 
■  cheer,  belletlna  they  bad  »nnk  some  lai-ice 
war  rcaacl.  Hobaon  nnd  hi*  men  held  on 
to  a  catamaran  h'-longlnc;  to  their  sunken 
»hlp  fur  about  nu  horn  Ju«l  after  »u 
a  steam  in  u  n.-ti  <nm,-  down  the  harbor  I'.  Ith 
Admiral  IVrvcra  "n  board.  Hobaon  and  lilt 
men  were  taken  on   board    tin-  In  II  ell 

■  iu»ly    treat- il    by    Ihelr   raptor*     and 

Fin-  •  A  In  prlaon.     They  were  all  exchanged 
ill v    (i. 
Tin     -Inking  .if  the  IfrrWitnic  wan  an   act 
,,r  h.  n.lin  gin,  ii  .  imii,  ni-.-.i  the  admiration 
i.f  the  world.     The   President,    in  n  message 
to  Congress,  speaking  of  tin-  Incident,  ••Id: 

"Thll  enterprise,   dcmnnillni;   ■         |uda> 

mi'iit.  iiml  hinvi-ry  amounting  to  berolenx, 
■n<  carried  Intu  onecpeaful  execution  In  Ihe 
face  of  a  per«l.iti-nt  tin-  from  Ihe  hoatlle 
fleet  »«  well  a*  from  Ihe  furiWcntlona  on 
Real  \iimirni  Kampeon 
•aid:     "1    cannot    my*e|f  too  earneni! 

Eroaa   my    appreciation    of    Ihe    ronducl    of 
Ir.  Hobaon  and  hU  gulluul  crew.     I  venture 


to  aay  rhai  a  more  brare  and  darlag 
baa    not   htm   done   «tnce   t'uablng  WeW 
the  Athtmortr"    uVMHJi.     The  I'mld-i 
ommended   that  a  rote  of  thanaa   l«-  glrea 
Hobaon    by    Oaun  -        He    and    hli   <r»« 

anbacquontly   promoted. 
Maxrlmac,  Tho  (irnltcd  B 

ainkin({    of,    in    8»Dtl*gO     V. 
Cubs,  by  Lieut  Kichmond  P.  Hob- 
aon. 6305,  6318. 
N.-is.-il  f.i.lit   PeWl  II    tO  be  made  en- 
for  attempting  to  rescue-  fare* 
of.  6308. 
Thanka  of  Coagreas  to  Lieut.  Tlobaop 
ami    promotion     of,    recommended 
6306. 
Merryman  Osse.— Mi rr>m«n.  •  ritirea  ot 

Maryland,  wa»  arrrated  at  hla  home  la  I  Ml 
by  order  of  an  officer  of  tin.  United 
Army,  and  charred  with  Irraaon.     He  wai 
Imprlaoni-d  In  Fi  ,ief  Jaailce 

Taney  granted  a  nrlt  i.f  habeas  eorpaa, 
which  the  officer  In  charge  of  Ihe  prlaoorr 
refui  b  it  tht 

vrlt.  Tbe 
case  w»a  Inken  before  tb»  Suprena*  Court, 
which    decided    that    i  to  *tt»pend 

the  writ  i.l  ran  not  Teet.-l  Id 

the   I'renldeaL    I'ongresa  alone   harlnr   laal 
l-rhlli-itc.  and  tbjt  n   uilllttry  uttWr  Ens  ae 
n>  arreat  a   pel  .--n   Ml    -  il 

i  nf  war.  ejerpt  In  aid  ol 
)adl<  lil  antborltr.  (See  alio  Habcaa  Corpta 
and  Mllllgau  Casa.) 

Mela  Verde  National  Park.  (See  Parki, 

National.) 
Meesagea  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents, 
resolution  authorizing  compilation  of, 
and  requesting  lion.  Juror - 
ardaon  to  t*l  •■  work  of 

preparing  the   same.    (See    I'r.  ' 
note  of  first  volume.) 
Messages.  Presidential.— A  written  eor* 
munlcallon   by   the    Prcaldaat   to    Coogrcaa 
A  i   Hi-  bctflnnlog  of  each  Kaaloa  aa  aarual 
touted,   goJag   intu   i 
atandlng   n«  a    Nation    and    ro<cai- 
mcndlag    "in  li    action    by    tbc    limine   sad 
as  may  be  deeentd  Decennary   to  tbe 

prog!C<S    <it  :Ctt«a 

nf  al-u  i      lal   o.r«-.igr«  are  sent  fcMD 

■  time  to  either  or  both  Honor*,  wk- 
mlttlng    triatlet    or    r. 
anawer  to  a  request  from  cither  bran. 
particular    Inform 

«-r      Imi  :l- lull. .ii. 

-:e«   are   aent    with   thi 
rblch   tin    ; 


be    >-t»'i-    nl«    r 

pointing    en  falls 

t '-t    tin-    i- ,,  r.«e  be 

ire    that    may    r<  man'' 

tlon.      Arilela    I  I 

Hon    -  thai     the     Pi    ib 

from  time  to  lime  sc i  -m  In- 

formation    >>f    lb"    state    of    the    fnl-n   and 
'     eonahli-i. 
ires    as    he  shall    Jud.  r   ind 

egpedlent."      Wi  vdin« 

r-ad     their    annual    taeasagea    to     Oungress. 
Jcli-mon   Inaugutnted   the 
lowed    by    hla    aiicc-nmra.    <if    setidlzig    snes. 
aagps    In   writing   lo  <"---ne  Taey 

n-,-r,-  carried  bj  the  prl-  of  tb» 

li  revived  ar  Ihe  deiar  of 
the  Senate  -.r  il. ,ii--.  »nd  whos»  prtaeare  Is 
formally    anuounctd    by    an 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Metals 


body,  whereupon  he  delivers   the  message 
to  the  clerks. 

President  Wilson  In  1913  revived  -the 
custom  of  Washington  and  Adams  of  orally 
addressing  Congress. 

Messages,  Presidential.  (See  Annual 
Messages;  Special  session  messages: 
Veto  messages,  under  the  several 
Presidents.) 

Metals  and  Mining — 

Metallic  Elements  and  Minimi. — Chemi- 
cally considered,  a  metal  Is  an  element 
which  has  the  power  to  replace  the  hydro- 
gen of  acids  and  form  salt ;  in 
other  words.  It  forms  a  base  by  com- 
bining with  a  hydroxy]  group  or  groups. 
It  Is  usually  hard,  heavy,  lustrous,  mal- 
leable, ductile,  tenacious,  and  a  good  con- 
ductor of  heat  and  electricity.  Only  six  or 
seven  metals  were  known  to  ancient  alchem- 
ists, whereas  under  the  modern  definition 
quoted  above  some  forty-five  elements  are 

Eroperly  called  metals.  No  sharp  line  can 
1  drawn  between  metals  and  non-metals, 
however,  since  some  of  the  elements  belong 
to  both  classes.  Though  weight  la  one  of 
the  most  common  properties  of  metals,  a 
few  such  as  milium,  sodium,  potassium, 
etc.,  are  lighter  than  water.  Metals  are 
distinguished  from  minerals  In  that  the  lat- 
ter are  either  the  uncomblned  elements 
In  a  native  state,  or  compounds  of  these 
elements  formed  In  accordance  with  chemi- 
cal laws,  and  have,  therefore,  a  definite 
chemical  composition  and  molecular  struc- 
ture. Rocks  are  commonly  referred  to  as 
minerals,  and  the  process  of  extraction 
from  the  earth,  mining. 

The  principal  metals  mined  in  the  United 
8tates  are.  in  the  order  of  their  Importance : 
Iron,  gold,  copper,  silver,  lead,  ferroman- 
ganese,  zinc,  aluminum,  quicksilver,  anti- 
mony, molybdenum,  tungsten,  ferromolyb- 
denam,  ferrotungsten,  platinum.  The  prin- 
cipal minerals  in  the  order  of  their  Im- 
portance arc :  Coal,  bituminous  and  cannel, 
clay  products,  coal  (anthracite),  petroleum, 
Iron    ore,    natural    gas,    cement    (Portland 

METALLIC 


NON-METALLIC 


PaoDccr 


Paortjcr 

Quantity 

Value 

Aluminum  (oonjumpt'nj.lbe. 

Antimonial  lead  (s) ■•  t. 

Antimony  (b) s.  t. 

Bauxite I.t. 

Chromic  iron  ore 1. 1. 

Copper,  value  at  New  York 
City'e) lbs. 

Cold(d) troyos. 

Iron/Ore  (e) Lt. 

JPig I.t. 

Lead  (refined),  value  at  New 
York  City  (c) at. 

Manganese  ore I.t. 

Manganiferous  ore  (r) ...  1. 1. 

Nickel,  value  at  New  York 
City(g) Ib». 

Platinum  and  allied  metals, 
valueatN.  Y.City.troyof. 

Quicksilver,  value  at  8.  Fran- 
ciico . . .  flasks  (76  lbs.,  net) 

fiilver troy  oa. 

Tin  (metallic  equivalent)  Iba. 

Titanium  ore  (rutile) s.  t. 

Tungsten  ore  (60%  concen- 
trates)  .....s.t. 

Uranium  and  vanadium  min- 
erals (h) i.t. 

Zinc,  value  at  St  Louis  icis.t . 

79,129,000 

16,667 

(b)2.705 

219.318 

Ml 

1,150.137,102 

255,524 
4,572.976 
39.714,280 
22,263,263 

612,794 
2,635 
98,265 

846.334 

6.324 

16.548 

72.455.100 

208.(100 

94 

990 

(h) 
343.418 

114.522.700 

1.672,167 

(b)576,501 

1.069,194 

8,718 

152.908,246 

9,360,245 

94,531,800 

(e)71. 906.079 

298,777,429 

39.997,932 
27,377 
218,497 

313,000 

280,885 

811,680 

40.067.700 

66,560 

11,280 

435.000 

(h)941,300 
35.028,636 

Total   value   of   metallic 
products 

1691,000.343 

Araenious  oxide at. 

Aabeotoi at 

Asphalt at. 

Barytes  (crude) at 

Borax  (crude) s.  L 

Bromine Iba 

Calcium  chloride a.  t 

Cement,  barrels  (380  lbs.  net) 

CUylProducts 

lRaw(e) at. 

Coal j Bituminous  fi)  . .  .s.  t. 
i  Penni  anthracite. .  1. 1. 

Cobalt  oxide lbs. 

Coke(e) at. 

Diatomaceoua  fmfuaoriil) 

earth  and  tripoli  

Emery s.  t. 

Feldspir at. 

Fluorspar s.t. 

Fullen- earth .....at. 

Garnet    for    abrasive    pur- 
poses  at. 

Gems  and  precious  stones 

Graphite/ Amorphous — s.  t. 

\CrystaDu».  ...lbs. 

Grindstones  and  pulpstonea 

Gypsum at 

Lime at 

I  ithium  minerals at, 

Magnesite  (crude) at 

Marls at. 

Mies/Scrap at. 

ISheet Iba. 

Millstones 

Natural  pigments 

(k) at. 

Zinc-lead  pigments 

<») at. 

Mineral  waters gab.  sold 

Natural  gas 

Oilstones,  etc 

Peat 

Petroleum,  .barrels  (42  gale.) 

Phosphate  rock I.t. 

Pumice s.  t 

Pyrite I.t 

Salt.. .  barrels  (280  Iba,  net) 

[Glass at. 

Ssndj  Moulding,  building, 
I     etc.,  and  gravel,  .s.  t. 

8and4mie-brick 

Silica  (quarts) at. 

Slate 

Stone 

Sulphur I.t. 

Sulphuric  acid  (60°  Baume) 

from  copper  and  sine  ernel  i- 

ers s.  t. 

Talc  and  eoepstone  (exclusive 

of  fibrous  talc) at 

Tslc,  fibrous s.t. 

Thorium  minerals  (monaaitc) 

and  sircon lbs. 

Total  value  of  non-metallic 

products 

Total    value    of   metallic 

products 

Unspecified,  metallic  and  non- 
metallic  (estimated) 

Grand  total 


Mineral 
Piints 


Quantity 


4,670 
1,247 

438.271 
51,647 
62,400 

676,991 

19,403 

87,257,852 

2.209.866 
422.703,970 
81,090,631 


34,556,914 


485 

135,419 
96.116 
40,981 

1,231 


1,728 
8.220,838 

'  2.476.468 

3.380,928 

<i> 

11,283 

(i,3.730 
666,933 


66,768 

10S.7V1 

64,388,466 


265,762,535 

2,734,043 

27,691 

336,662 

34,804,683 

1.619.649 

77,662,086 


183,401 
'  327.634 

760,638 

86,221 
86,075 


Value 


S      313.147 

18.966 

3,947,892 

163,718 

1,464,400 

203,094 

121.768 

80,533,203 

164,988,983 

(e)3,756.568 

493,309,244 

188.18UM 


<e)88,334.217 

382 .327 
2,428 
828,873 
570,041 
403.648 

145.810 
124,681 

88,750 
285.368 
889,344 

6,895,989 
13.247.076 

124.223 
(j) 
61,418 
278,640 

43,316 

473,038 

8.878,710 

4,892,328 

84.115,524 

167,948 

30»,o82 

214,125,215 

8,806,041 

68,172 

1,283,346 

10,271,388 

1,668,030 

22,278,989 

1,058.512 

360,602 

5,708,787 

77.412,282 

6,054,238 


5,190.293 

1.043,801 

821,286 


11,423386,681 

691,300.313 
550,000 


12,114.246.024 


(a)  From  both  foreign  and  domestic  sources.  1814: 
Domestic,  15,476  tons,  $1,462,051;  foreign,  1,192  tons. 
1110,116.  (b)  Antimony  contained  in  antimonial  lead  ana 
antimony  saved  in  copper  refining.  Value  of  former  in- 
cluded in  antimonial  lead  value,  and  value  of  latter  in 
"Unapecified."  (c)  Product  from  domestio  ores  only, 
(d)  Value,  820.671834625323  an  ounce,  (e)  Value  not  in- 
cluded in  total  value.  (0  Exclusive  of  those  ores  from  Lake 
Superior  district  running  so  low  in  manganese  as  to  be 
classed  with  iron  ore.  <g)  By-product  in  electrolytic  copper 
refining,    (h)  1913:    Consists  of  2,268  tons  or  uranium  on 


Metals 


Messages  and  Papers  of  tlie  Presidents 


and  natural).  Mlt  phosphate  rock,  calcium 

borate,     (01 

nb.Il*.  allien,  sand,  01 

'I  i.r  vholi  BUXflliei    of  mines  nnd  iiuniii.-* 
Id    ill-  Bute*.   Including;   Hi.- 

of    Alaska.    Ilauall 
nti   reported  by   Ibc  eooaua   * •  f    1010   to  !"■ 

10.      To    tUli    may    bo    add.  .1 
prtioleum  and  gas  wells,  n.i  tbe  oilier    »m- 

-para  to 
oil  and  gnu   well  Inlng      A* 

Ultra    n..-    always   some    of  nti 

non-producUv.-.  tli.-  following  lium  re'»t« 
only  to  those  In  operation  at  the  time   the 

'numeration    wna    made.      Th«    ■ Bl 

ra;iltal   employed   In    the   Industry    wni    *.'!.■ 

..Ml  .     Ibcrc    weir    1 
eozaged,    and     tlioy    received    $11 
for  their  servlen.     Tbe  value  uf  the  ■«>.•. 

GtO  lU'Oduet  wna  tt  - 
lb*  rolue  of  product*  with  sr.77.li" 
or   4G.fl    p.-r    cent,    of    thj    ti  l.il        KcXt    In 

ralat  cams  pctroleam  ana  m  a  »l  gas  wiiii 

15  per  cent,  uf  Hi.-  Whole  vu'u.-,  or  HS.Y- 
41 0.(1  s  ,. ml.  with  $13*.- 

81(1,087.  nearly    11    per  .-out.    of   Hi      wbolo 

■  mount.      Tin-    i.nlv    i«t ■■••■     i Iner    ..f    Inc 

mlaca    Hint    i  «ei  -  ,i-  .1    f  i Il  I    In 

»'««  Iron,  which  yielded  110n.D47.082      The 
precious    metal-,    n-d    structural    mi 
made  up  tin-  bsjl 

Meteorological    Observatory,  establish- 
ment   of,  nt   I'.rt    Mvr,    Va.,  recom- 
mended.  4702. 
MettaknhtU     Indiana.       (Boo     Indian 

Tribe*.) 
Mexican  Boundary  Commission.      (Sco 

Mexico.) 
Mexican  Cotton-boll  Weevil,  report  on, 

7079. 
Mexican  War. — Tfei  ItarJcM  War  grew  out 
of  ilia  annexation  of  Tcxaa  by  the   I 
BtatOS,        Mni.ti     2,      18'.lil,     Texas     weeded 
from  Mexico  and  declared  her  Indent  n  I 
w  la.  u  •.li,-  iiiuitiiHln.il  i.v  i  liv  ,i-  feal  -.f  Snnia 
Anna  in    ii.-  bailie  of  Mi  Jaclnlo,  April  21, 
1830      ill--  United  Stat,  i,  tag-land,  l-' ranee, 
aud    Belgium    rvi  ognlxi  *i    i  hi 
i.i,  in  ..  i ...    jo    r- 1  .  Texas 

wn»  annexed  to  the  rnit.il  Biatn     a  .ii<- 

Futo  oi  to   rii'-  bonndarj   Induced   rr.-ui.-m 
Oil   l'i  .-Hi.  i    lil  li    To  I 
In  Hie  disputed  torrltorj   OH  •  I ■  ■  -  left  hank  o( 
the   hid   Grande,      n.-i.-   (oner   pfatamnree) 
.  attacked  April  23,  1840,  by  Mexicans 
under    Arista,    ami    n    pew  Hon    of    bis    nnny 

whv  csntored      Taylor  sdvaaced   Into    lbs 

norih  of  Mexico,  Irarltii:  garrisons  nt  Corpui 
Cbrlsil  and  ni   l"..it   Brown,  opposite  Mmn- 
.    nnd   nfi-r   the  tinttles  of  Pnlo    Alio 
I  Mm  8.  184«»,  It.  mi.  ii  dc  in  I'slms  I  l 

Bnenn    Vista    (Feb     22  1847), 

•  nd  n  niinii  r  fights.  In  which    r  1 ..« 

Mexicans  were  defeated,  be  obtained  ''""- 
trol  of  all  northern  Mexico  Hen  Scott, 
landing  at  Vera  I'm?.,  ndvnncd  to  the  City 
of  Mexico,  il.-r.-ai Ink-  Smim  Anna  at  peri* 
Cordo  (April  17,  18.  1847).  Cnnlrerni 

fm-nntlti-l;  10  J  mni  of  nli.'m,  not  iaiblol,  and  4SJ 
lot  t  u'  .iim'i  nn  in  i  iioiclita  and  n-notuo  orta  «iili  in 
■r'.iil-vily  ai'i^iml  vjljr.    19M:    I.7.H  tnna  of  Ul 
T-ljctl  at  MH..100.  iii-l.nlilifi  the  - 
t'?3  C*UTK  "I  1  lii'lli' 

liW  .."I  rvnottte  nri  »i.h  an  or' 
•m-ntd  vdilo  of  lysljOOO.  h  "»n  o«l  nn.l 

and  »ntrr»oit«  ir.i.ir.1  rl>       i 
ranlv    Ijl    V-il-ia   in'h  !~l    iiii.It   "riwrwiKBl."    IX) 
Natural  pkm  '     f*"?1. 

Bienta:  8ulilirr.nl  bhu  bad,  ■ubttmed  iliile  leai,  I-»»<1 
rano  oiide,  aod  line  onida.    1. 1.,  loni  lou;  a.  (.,  abort  tuna. 


" 


ID.  20.  18*71.  ChnrobtiKO  (Aug.  KL  18*7.. 
del  Kay  (Sell*.  caua- 

luS  i lie  aurrender  of  the  enplial  aod  Ue 
■••i  ii. motion  of  Ibc  war  Kept  14. 
Inning  the**  opctalluus  In  Mexico  Oca 
KiAiny  nnd  l.lrm.  Kii-tunut  occop4»4  CaH- 
fmula  nnd  New  Mexico  with  Acaerlru 
troopi.    I'ndcr  Ibc  trcaiy  of  rwacc  alga^l  al 

Hidalgo  (2423).  M.-xl 
layiu.nl  by  III..  I  ulicd  Si» 
and  of  ii.li.iti-  .  inloit  which  amounted  to 
1  to  ibc  latter  the  territory 
now  comprlalng  Ncrada,  Utah,  moat  of 
■in,  n  laigc  part  of  New  Mexico.  pe»- 
tlona  of  Colorado  and  Wyoming,  and  all  of 
California  (2437). 

Mexican  War: 
American    blopd  ah«d    on    Araer: 

soil, 
American  force* — 
Gallantry  of,  referred  to,  2490, 
General  officer  to  lake  command  of, 
required,  2358. 
reaM  in,  recommended,  2353. 
Kind    of  money   paid    to,   inquired 

into,  2360. 
Movement    of,    referred    to,    2290, 
2,134. 
m  of,  to  United  8Ute*.  2440. 
-y  invaded  by  Mex- 
ican forces,  2292. 
Ample  cause  of  war  against  Mi 

n  si-rt.-l,  2329,  2383. 
Appropriation  by  Congress,   for  proa- 

■  Ing,  referred  ti 
Arm!  to,  2424. 

Battle  of— 
Buena   Vista,   2385. 
Cerro   Gordo,    2388. 
''Iiurubuaeo,  2380. 
City   of  Mexico.  2301. 
Coo  1388, 

Monterey.  8848. 
Palo 

Beraca    dc    la   Palma,    221>5,    2300, 
£848. 

385, 
Bounty  lands  for  soldiers  Jn,  reeom- 

mended,  2365. 

Charge  that   American  army  Invaded 

tory  of  Mexico   re! 

.  nased,    8287,    2  1800,    230*, 

S381,  '.'363,  2383,  2415,  2437,  2411. 

Executive    orders    concerning,    2213, 

2373. 
Exiitence   of,   proclaimed    by— 
i-o,  2292. 
United    States,    2320. 
Referred   to,  2384. 
Expenses   of  conducting.  2 
236.'.,  2 186,  2441, 
Loan  neeesearv  to  meet,  2347, 
Mexiro  should  be  held  rcapowlbt* 
for,  2348,  BU 
Forces  of  United  states  in,  249A 
Increase  of.  recommended.  2358. 
Gen.  Arista  In  command  of  Mcx-.taa 
forces,  229L 


Mexico 


Gen.  Scott  in  command  of  American 
'troop*.  2298. 
Assignment   of   command   to,   dit- 

coued,  2298. 
Correspondenco  with,  referred  to, 

ma 

Recall  of,  referred  to,   22D9,  2431. 

Gen.  Taylor  in  command  of  American 
troops,   2291. 
Assignment    of    command    to,    re- 
ferred to,  2299. 
Brevet  ratik  of  major-general  con- 
ferred upon,  referred  to,  2299. 
Referred  to,  2369,  241G,  241\  2419. 

General  officer  to  take  command  of 
American  forces  required,  2358. 

Government  established  in  Mexico 
by  American  army  officers  dis- 
cussed, 2356. 

Illustrations  of,  2105,  2121,  2153,  2392, 
8408,  2440,  245(5. 

Imposition  of  duties  as  war  mcasnro 
proposed,  2352,  2300. 

Increase  in  army  recommended  by 
President  Polk,  23 

In\  anion  threatened  by  Mexico  be- 
cause of  annexation  of  Texas,  2290, 
♦292. 

Litters  of  marqoe  and  reprisal 
against  Mexican  vessels  recom- 
mended, 2348. 

nil  jimvinlon  for  sustaining  mili- 
tary forces  recommended,  28 

Means  of  transmitting-  letters  to  and 
from  American  army  in  Mexico, 
2359. 

Measure  for  raising  additional  force 
recommended,   2H 

Mexican  general  considers  hostilities 
begun,   2291. 

Military     contribution     levied     upon 
"■0.      (See   Mexico.) 

Not  provoked  by  United  States,  2322. 

Operations  of  American  army  near 
Matamoros  referred  to,  2293. 

Peace   concluded,    2437. 

Pirate*  commissioned  by  Mexico, 
B46. 

Ports  of  Mexico  in  possession  of 
American  forces  ordered  to  bo 
opened,  2373,  2379. 

Proclamations  concerning,  2319,  2371, 
2477.  2839. 

Proclaimed   by- 
Mexico,  22fi2. 
United  States,  2320. 
Referred  to,  2384. 

Public  debt  of  United  States  in- 
creased  in  eonscquenco  of,  2441. 

Recognition  of,  by  Congress  recom- 
mended,  2293. 

Results  of,  respecting  military 
strength  of  United  States  dis- 
cussed,  2481. 

Success  of  American  troops  referred 
to,  2295,  2300,  2342,  2384,  2391. 


Suspension  of  hostilities  after  battles 
of   Contreras  and  Churubusco  re- 
ferred to,  2419. 
Termination  of,  2437. 
Threatening  aspect  of,  2113. 
Treaty   negotiations   discussed,   2308, 
2343,  2388,  2419,  S4  2"24, 

2329.      (See  also  California;   New 
Mexico.) 
Treaty  of  Peaco— 
Proclaimed.  2477. 
Transmitted,  2437. 
Volunteer  force  discussed,  2293, 2305. 
Increase   In,  recommended,  2399. 
Promptness  of,  in  rushing  to  the 

field,  2323. 
Report  regarding,  transmitted,  23C9. 
Mexico. — Mexico  occupies  tbe  southern 
portion  of  the  North  American  Continent, 
ami  extends  between  lff*-Ha  30'  N.  lati- 
tude nud  &T"-117*  W.  longitude.     The  lull. 

Ml  Stales  forma  a  norUiera  booodarj    while 

H*  territories   i b   G      eni  l.i   and   iirit- 

le.l»  1-loudiiros  In  the  south i  on  the  •««  It 
indrd  l«j-  (Be  Uolf  "i  Mexico  sod  (ha 
icno   Sea,    and   on   the   west   by   th* 

iMclUc  OCCUIIi 

Phytlfal  Fenturet — The  two  great  ranges 

■  Hi:  America,  the  Sierra  Nevada  and 
Iturkr  Mouiitulua,  arc  prolonged  from  the 
nortb    to   a   convergence   toward*   the   ttar- 

Isiliiini.  >.r  Trhuaotepee,  their 
course  being  parallel  with  the  west  and 
cost  coasts.  The  surface  of  Hie  Interior 
consist*  of  au  elevated  pluteau  between 
tbe  two  range*,  with  steep  slopes  both  to 
iIm-  Padflc  and  Atlantic  (Oalf  at  Mexico). 
In  the  west  Is  the  1'enlnsula  of  California, 
with  a  mountainous  suifaee.  separated  from 
the  mainland  by  the  C.ulf  of  California. 
TU*  ftierra  Nevada,  known  In  Mexico  a* 
Ihe  Slet-ro  Mad  re.  lennlunies  hi  a  trans- 
verse   sciles    of    i alcaide    prukx,    from    Co- 

■  ■a  tlie  went  s  do  to  Cltlaltcpets  on 
the  cost,  the  Intermediate  and  highest 
peaks  being  Ixrnrellnintl  (17,870  feet)  and 
Popocatepetl  (19.784  feet).  Tbe  low-l.  lug 
lands  of  the  coasts  form  the  TIsrTfl  Call- 
ent»,  or  tropical  regions  i  below  8.060  feet), 
the  higher  levels  form  the  Tlerra  Tcmplad*. 
or  temperate  region  (from  3,000  to  fi.iHK) 
feet),   and  ihe  anuimlt   of  the  nlatSflfl   with 

>i;i  Is  known  as  Tlerrn  l'rla,  or  cold 
regloo   (above  5,000  feet). 

The  onlr  considerable  rivers  are  tbo  Rio 
firnntlc  del  None,  which  forms  part  of 
the  northern  boundnrr,  and  la  nnvlgnhl* 
for  olinnt  seventy  miles  from  Its  month 
In  the  Gnlf  of  Mexico,  and  the  Rio  Grands 
de  Santiago,  which  runs  from  l.nke  Chn- 
paln  »o  the  Pacific.  The  remnlntng  streams 
are  governed  by  the  formntlon  of  tbe  land, 
and  run  In  monntnln  torrent*  between  deep- 
en! cnflons  or  "barrancas."  The  largest 
fr**h-wat*r  lakes  are  Chapnla.  some  fifty 
miles  In  length,  snd  Paticunro  and  Xocbt- 
mlleo.  In  tb*  northwest  are  salln*  lake* 
amid  bare  and  dry  regions. 

The  climate  of  Mexico  varies  eeeoMtnf 
to  the  altitude.  Yellow  fever  sometimes 
occur*  at  Merlda.  Yucatan. 

Jftaforj/.— Th*  earlleat  Invader*,  er  Tol- 
tec*,  gave  place  In  tbe  thirteenth  century 
to  tbe  Ast*cs.  who  were  conquered  In  th* 
sixteenth  century  by  Spanish  ndventorers 
under  Hernando  Corre>.  Rpnnlsh  nil*  wa* 
established  nt  Tenoehtlltond.  a  fourteenth 
century  Axtec  city  (now  Mexleo).  nnd 
Mexico  remained  a  Snonlsh  dominion  nntll 
Its  freedom  tea*  asserted  by  ■  revolution- 


Mexico 


Messages  and  Papers  of  tit 


nry    war.    1810    In    1S.T  IVum    183T    to 

1848   111*   province   of  Tex*!   gar*   Mia    to 

lilies    with 
natlng  In  ■   three  years'  war  am. 
of  tbe  disputed   territory  to  the   victorious 

.••rn   »'.al«*.      111    lM<i  a    Id-public    was 

S reclaimed.    Iit:i    lliirliul-     I 
aoporor  In    ItCM.      lie   KM   iooi 
anil  n   Republic  »n  again  established.      In 

. 
anil    In    18'H   an    Kcipir-    under    Kerdln.ini) 
MailmllUn  of  An-trlii   *»»  declared. 
IllO!  nation  oppo  Id      0 

rail  of  i In-  Kmplr*  and 
the    death    of    tin-    l.ni|>ri-ii     . 

■  -«■  K. ,. nl. Me.  iiniK-r  President  Juareg. 
who.     during     the    whole    of    these     three 
years,  hail  the  aval  of  the  It.  puhlli-ii. 
ernni'lll    In  Hie   iiurlh  -f   III-  country,   chiefly 

at  t'blbiialinii.      I    H»T«  Hi    the 

-if     four    year*.     1880  B4, 
•  ;. n-nil    Mini-.-      •  «■>    Prrsl- 

the  »•.  tower   tij«    In    Hie   hnn 

I     PorflfM     Mn*.     who     wna    elected 
President    for  lair*    terms    of 

reara.  In  lull  a  revolutionary  war 
led  to  the  resignation  of  Oeneral  LMag  and 
lbs  secession  of  President  Madero,  who 
*■■    dclio...  .mil    ■oib- 

P»ei|iieuilv    ■Inn.    while    under   eacorl    from 
rlson.     Oeneral   liu-rta  assumed  offlce-  na 
realil-iii    pi  tiding   an  el  -el  Ion,    but    III 
lug   waa   Insufficient    and   the   election    wna 
declared   to   be    fold.      Uovernor   Cnrrnnxa. 

of  Coat      I  idhei -■  i--  ■  hi 

la    administration,    ami    •■ 

oiber     state*,     nolabiv 

I.e.. in-.    Sun    Lula    PotoaL    Plosion.    !' 

Vera    Pnia  and    Eaeatrcaa.      Tin-    wnr    wiih 

carried  on  In    a    rood    Imrlini  ut"    nnil    cruel 

inniiii-i       Property  of  Americans  and  other 

l.      i  li  r -  :•  ■  -d.     Imprisoned, 

and  In  sever*  I  Instniiee*  actually  met  death 
xl    i  he    1m.  nil  -    <.f   one   or    lb  i|    the 

warring  factions      lirni 
rants  and  Villa   rnnin  Into  conn 
Of    I  In-    ii.irlh-rn    statu.       President     Wilson 
Increaaed   the   rcgulnr  troop"  at  the  '> 
posts    and   tent    tuvnl    >..•.!-    to    Hi-    ! 
ran  seaports  In  protect    the  lire*  and  prop- 
erty   of     Americans    nml     cltlieni    of    for- 
eign countries. 

On  the  S>lh  of  April.  1014.  a  paymaster 
of  the  V.  S-  H.  fiofpaln  landed  in  liurblde 
bridge.    Tsuiplcn,     with    a  jind 

boat 'a  ere- 

were  unarmed  nml  the  limit  carried,  both 
>t  bar  Imw  and  at  In  r  Item,  ih-  ting  of 
Hi-  I  i  n  were  arr. 

tint    Inter    relented,    and    nn    apology    wna 

but  .\.imir:il  M  ....  .1.  mn  ruled  t  lint 
tin-  Dag  of  Ho-  Inlt-.i  snit-i  be  indued 
Till-  «  ii-  refused  by 
llurria.  filing  tola  nml  a  number  .-f  sltnl. 
In  r  It,. nil.  preceding  It.  I're.ldcnt  Wilson. 
April  -'".    '-.'I  I. 

the    -. f    rlie    bind  forces    of 

a   the   fnllMI   rceog- 
nltlon    »l    -he    rlcli t »    and    dignity    of 

I      Si  ,te».       This     wan    gr. 
Vera   Crux   was  nccnpled    bj-  tbe   American 

In   Hi-  three  days   ,-f  ii 
enteen  sailors  end  ma-  killed  nnd 

flfry  w. hum led.     Th»  natal  occupation  xro* 

•   hj    i   i.i  rndc  ..f  lbs  regular  army 
under    tlen.    Kunstrm        !'•  f.  -■      :n  i-mpt  Ing 
,-in     ml-  ;ui—    logo    the    Interior, 
Srere    balled   i,t   nn    ..rr-r    of    modlAtlon    I.-- 
iT.-,ii  ii,,.   United  Slnt.t  nnd    Mvilrn 
t,r    Hie    diplomatic    ri-pre«.-ntntleea    of    Ar. 
gentlnn.    llr.ir.il    and    'Ml-       Tli.-se   met    In 
Xlncarn    Knlls.   t'nuadn.   In   May.      IRee    A. 
D.  C.  Arbitrator*.)     My  Jnos  12,   the  - 
alors   had   agreed    upon    n    plnn   for  a    pro- 

:il   government    for   Mexico    t n«l«t 

of  a  president  and  a  cabinet  of  four  lead- 


lag  Mexicans   who  should  bars   been  mo- 
tral  during  the  revolution.      Preside:, 
•on   demanded    that    tha   proed 

"I  b»«  conitltutlnnalbt.    h 
mediator!  refused  to  aanctlon   this.     Mean- 
while tha  military  operation*  of 

bad    brought    ib*m 
.   and    Carraor  I 
Invited  to    i  In    the   dellh.- 

pf    Hi.     Badlators.    oi  do    that   »« 

agree  to  nn  nrmlttlce.     Hl«  imtc 
resa   toward   JlMlm    i 

itawllng  wiib   Villi,  his   leadlag 

1 1,    caused    blm    to    refnae    anything 

Klmri  of  complete  aurrrml  -iplial 

-ace     protocols     wrre 

l    by   tbe  mediators  at    Niagara   Pal* 

n.   whereby   tbe  United  Slates  abaa- 

daeed    Its    claim   for    a    -ilute    to    the    Bag. 

and    w.ihe.1  the  question  of  a    war  lades- 

oUy    'rom    Mexico.    ■>    w.-'.i    MH 

damages   din-    .1  ,.    wllh    the 

iindlng    -i  takrn 

up  by   tbe  provuion 

At  ii  fed.  :  Inert* 

wn» 

-  populace  par- 

tlelpai-il    In    tin-   i,  Hug  and   ten  day*   l»|t 

'  lie  tieraua 
i-  lirrtilrn  at    Vera   Cm*  for  Jamalr*. 
after  appointing  Francisco  t'arbalal  as  pro- 
ilstomil   B«  '.;iy  ;2.    aa   are 

Kigned  by  Corlmjal  sod  Carrnnu. 
uiis*  and   Villa  refused  to   he  reroa- 
•   new  provisional  government,  on! 
threatened   to  protout 
linjal    retigurd    In    far.  I    of     i; 
i-rsnin  refusiil  i 

.d  tbat  IM 
>    Vera 
...piled    with    ami   t"»r- 
rimx*.     ,n    Xo*    3d.    I'-U.  - 

—    ranlul 
Mils  nnd  many  of  the  leading  g.  ... 
-lied  s  g<-. 

lies    arid    •■ 
oerleai 
I'ortanta  go-ren. 

Carranxa'a    entry    In 

narsbal 
if   tin-  •'.  n^tkuil.  imiun.      orrsDi*  agreed 
to   torn   orer    II- 
r    ,  .mtltutlonnllst    military    len-i. 

.  I  -II    to    I.     held    i-l»   .i,   Oct,    1   Bid 
Dec   31. 

nr.i   right  In  a  n 

I s-i".    -'"•      1014.      I  .nr-rt 

the  capital  of  Mexico  from   Mm 
• 

i  '  -  m  ni,  i   .,f  a  |*rly  of  Aoacrtcans  by 
Mexlenn    bat  ■    n.r    hum. 

lion  of   Mexican   lot,  - 

Hi     1P1H.       There    w-n-    bested    debate*    la 
-«g    and    s     telegram    ■  c    the 

"lent  of  f  ■  i 

to  Carranxa.      A>   I'arraam  this. 

the  affairs  was  left  in  Ma  hsndt.     About  the 
tli.  a  bac  '  i  with 

responsibility  for   the  flrln.  i    isitsv 

tunnel,  win  srre«ie,|  nt  Juarex.  Later  ta 
Hie  mouth  tbe  exevutlon  of  tw,.  Mexican* 
for   tin    murder  ,iiM 

Indtgn  ill.  n  and  led   t 
on   the  part   of   s' 

of   the  month,  tin-  "Invasion"  of   u 
•    rescue    pnrty    threntened     lutertutljaai 
complleatlona. 

ta  murders  ttere  lisd  been 
dt«sntlsfnctloti  In  <v.ngr»*«  over  the  Mexican 
•ltuatl.iii.  full  inf'.rmatl.in  from  tbe  Preed- 
d-nt  I  ir.o  of  affairs  wltb  M 

baring  been  demand*! 

"»t  'I  ■  irrosii 

of  the  Committee  on  .'  .tlons,  had 

announced  that  there  waa  i- 

nii    i. hi     in.    <•.    r.    wataon.   chnlrman  of 
the  Mine  and  8ui"lten  Opcntora'  Aasoclx- 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Icxico 


tloa  of  Chihuahua  and  grncrnl  irniw 

te»   Oulhulrlach  .      '■;  D|  .inj.    with 

A»cclcan«.  aod  ODi'  Cnnadlau.  while  en 
from    Chlbunliita    to    tbetr    mine*    nt 
halrlflcblc.    w-rp    tnken    nIT    the    train    forty 
mile*    wc.t    of    Chihuahua    City    by    band* 
commanded  by  Gee.  I<une*  and  Gen.  Ibryno. 
ax    under  . -I    lieneral 

-tripped  naked,  and  deliberate:* 
kUd  killed. 

It  win  atated  that  ttnf  taen  wcro  tnur- 
derrd    been  were    American*,    and 

Wlllfd    In    accordance    wlti 
general    policy    pahlldy    auaounc 
Iiy    V 

•  ii n. .nr.tcil  to  be  In  control  of  the  Corranxn 
force*. 

1 1  •  in  '  .    A.    Hultuca,   th»  only   member    Df 
Hi.'  uilr.lsB  party  to  e«ape.  brought  the  flr»t 
near*  of  tbe  murder*.     The  bodlea  *N 
. . . s .- 1 .  > I    i,-.. I    brought   to  El  Pa»o,  Tex. 

Tfe-  state*     government 

•■Jckly  through  Bee.   Lacing,  who,  Jan.  Ii". 
Ulagfapbed  a  demand  I  ranxa 

r    r     t    .      kXDn  illur,.     |iiir«ilit.     rttptlin  .     .  lot 
Ubmest  Of  the  bntul 

iim  time  See.  Lsnalng.  while  an- 
iflne  that  every  »tep  would  be  (■ 
.  that  the  perpetrator*  of  (be  .run.-  wevo 
nppret-ended  and!  piiolahed.  denied  puMI«hcd 
•tatruicnt.    t  tin  •    the    vYnt- on    parr)    tin  *   ri 

Mexico    wll  hi    "f    Hi.' 

lolt.d    State*    Oorercmeut.      II 

nartment  acre*  bad  re 

:•>  Americana  to  leave 
nod    renin  in    out    of    Mexico   on  account   of 

'in.   Jo**  Rodrtsura.  Geo  Almeida,   and 
Hals*  were  captured. 
Jan.    12.   by   Mnxlrao   Marque*,  room.' 

ii  ol   Hal  town  of  Madera,  anil  a 
•mail    force  of   American*  who  v. 

ly  nt   Madera.    Almeida  wa 
■ 
■■in I  I  ,■      ■,    i;.  ii 

i.      A  boat  40  of  Kodrtrtlcl'a  mm 
Mid  to  bare  l»-i  n  killed 

\uihataador    derignato 
■  de  facto  KoTeromeii'  o,  ».- 

[.anting.  Jan.   18,  thnt  inrrnnta 
had  lieen  dlapatched  to  « 
i  i    «ltb  order*    to    kill    or 

ivrned    In    the    .laying    of 

t    of   Indignation    la 
'■•■   killing  of   Amerlraaa  In 
labOax,   and   the   demand   made  Ii. 
for    armed    Int. 
for  the  proi 

nets;  President  n 
did  ti.  n  poliej  and  waa 

Htlll  of. i ,1    to  arm rd  lot   i 

At  I    "f    the    I'nlt-'d    State*    a 

i.in    mining  companl 
llielr  employee*  to  learc  tbe  eou 
i;.  "      ■   .1      ii   ...    under    dato    of   Jan.    It. 
pnbllali'-d   a  decree  empowering  any  cltlien 
;en.  Villa, 


■     and     Pablo     Lopex. 
Taabel. 


.    murderer*    of 
American*  nt  SaBl 

i   Itaca-Vallea,  a  Till*   ban 
tilt    leader,    wn .   put    to  deotb    In    public   at 
.in, U-.  i.   Jan,    is.  and  hi*   body  «■»• 
on  exhibition   upon   tin  ■  :  itfotm   i- 

driguej.    nnoiher 
\llin  .  hi.  ;i»ln. 

Man  ■•»,  an  alleged  bandit.  wn« 

•Treated    si    J  nam.    Jan.    17.    and    charged 
with    Living   been  primarily  rent' 
the  Dribs'  of  Cnmbr*  lanncl,  ..n  the  Mexican 
Nurthwe.tero  Kallr»nii,  la-tween  I'M***  Gran- 
de*  an  "lahun,  win 

one  Mnerli  ioi  ■  Kjard  a  train  lo»t  tbrtr  live* 
on  Pet-    I,  i 

It  wa*  alleged  thot  Oultlcrreg  waa  an  oO- 


band   led   by   Maximo   <~a»tlllo. 
who  waa  freed  Jan.    17  h)  i    I  na- 

iad utnllxtrd 
■>.  and  with  the  disintegra- 
tion   of    Villa'*    fore*    mml 
Carrama  official*  who  Invlt.  luarex. 

On  bit  arrival  he  wa<  arret.-.!  II 
•uproved  to  hare  robbed  B.  P,  Poller,  a 
raiubraan,  near  Villa  Aluriinila.  <iitlllo 
and  Je*u*  Han  Martin,  ulvo  arcuved  In  affi- 
davit* In  .  wlili  the  luiiuel  Bre, 
.'  for  New  orlean*.  Jan.  17,  to 
take  a  «hlp  for  Cuba. 

i  Aker>,  a  Texa*  ranchman,  «ra«  ' 
at    Son    I.orvnto,    near   Jul  II,    hi 

nlo  nnd  Kederl  ..  Imrnu    Mrxlc  in 
tie    thieve*.      The    men   win 

irex,    Jan.    19,      The    l.iillc*    wop 

I,  the  Mme  day.  f"i   Id 
dele«ii|..ii  from  Texan  *o  that  i  report  might 

"le  (.tn.-liilly  to   Wn«l  he  af- 

fair aronaed  aax 

Hon*  Were 

■     ;  tin,  111    of    SUIe 
■  hi      ''■•II".  t..r    ./ 

t    i     '  ■  '■■■    '  lean*  living 

a|on«  the  bordei  wen  atealbai  cuttle  lu 
Mexico  and  amuggllng  tbam  kcrwa  the  i„.i 
der.      Demand   waa   made   thnt   tin- 

atop   Americana   from  •tmiing  alaxl 
enn  cattle  and  pnntan  the  offandi 

The  ebatn  »m  Mid   to  I  w    the 

rromlnx  of  the  horder  nt  aercnil  place*  by 
Americana  to  recover  on  the  Mexican  »lde 
cattle  that  had  been  atolcTJ  "„  the  Texaa 
•Ide  and  driven  Into  Mexico. 

Two  Amerh-an  aoUIeri  ««tni  Ibe  Rio 
Orande,  at  Procre**o.  Tei  Jag  M  and 
wi.-  captured   by    Metlcana.      t'omrto 

ran   territory  In  an  attempt  t,.  n 

!*'IIpi>iI    to    !  iv,     i.  in    .trowned 
nfter  a  •klrmHh.      I'pon  a  protc--i 
ranxA,    the    I'lilteil    State.  i    that 

Hie    tfarac  lived  hod  been    placed 

under   arre*t    nwaltlnc    court   martial,      Kf- 
:    (larta,    Carranxaa    • 

aentatl  lb«  nsal  r,  ., f  the  two 

Ixoopcra  by  ("nrrntiia  aoldlera  and  their  r*- 
turu  to  Texav. 

Looting    anil    killing    ef    iitninVniUng    gltl- 

•nied  during  linn,   hv  nil   thr ,1 

'■lexlcan   Wet i rn   1. 1. nt    Wllaon'* 

re*pou*e   to   the    Kill    r»*oluiloii    «» 
MHlc  and  there  wen    | 

low  up  the  r.  a,  battleablp  Kmiurl-u 
In  Vera  Crux  harbor  and  charge"  wi  re  made 
Hint    '.  itlomil    llnri      t,r    t'oinpnny 

i., nl  tin n ii.-.  -i  tbo  V  H  >tnn  rebellion  oagln*t 
Oarranxa  In  1011] 

la  riilhuahua  tlty  and  Helhun  Parrnnr.a 
trot.!.  ena. 

In   Oxaca   7.ap*t*'a    =«n    put   to  death    a 

joint  for   baring  a* 

with  rebel-  i  pa«*cnx*r 

train  ne*r  <1ilhu«bua  <  'It r  :  | 

the    killing    of    "ten.    Gavlru,    Mi 
mam!   r  nt  Jn.int. 

At   the  requeat  ..f  the  Anurlran  fiovern- 

V'llla't  brother,  Hlpollto,  waa  nrroted 

i"     n "  in.  i    and    u--    in  ill    f..r   extradltloa 

At  i:i  Paw  In-  v.  ng  men 

to  »re.k  n  tr-.iln  In  TeXai  thnt  waa  carrying 

'*    to    tbo    relief    of    Agtm 

i     »ome    month,    l-fore.      The    rapltal 

wa*  itlll  MiiiTerliiK  from  the  tvpbua  eplil 

and    In    Tampleo    hundred*    wero    dyluj    of 

ptuullpox. 

ident  Wllaon  aent  to  the  Senate  bla 
I  "II    re«olutlon    rcjui  .ting 
tiro  to  report  on  lug  up  to 

altlon  by  ttie  1  Hitml  stnte.  ..(  the  Cv> 
ran/in  government.  It  w«»  In  the  form  Of 
n  letter  from  Sec.  I-an»lng,  mmmurljlng  the 
erenu  arblcb  preceded  reciwnltlon,  and  trana- 


Mexico 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


mining  *  swat  eolome  of  data.  Including 
■  list  of  nil  Amrnani  tilled  lu  Mexico 
■oil  along  the  liord.-r  during  six  j«n. 

Tb*   President  m   comply   with 

that  p»rt  of  tb*  Pell  revolution  sjking  tor 
diplomatic  mid  consular  report*  on  t . ■  •  1 1 « i ■  - n l 
conditions.  •■  "It  wna  not  compatible  wlt'l 
puUlc  lnter«»U  to  furnish  tbl»  correspond- 
ence, which  in  of  a  highly  cutilldi 
nature,  nnd  submitted  by  consular  otll<er» 
of  the  United  State*,  by  diplomatic  or  con- 
sular officers  of  of  er  government*  and  by 
other  persona  rcsldlni:   ut    li<  dec 

Mr.  I-analor  said  that  under  all  tbc  clr- 
cuioxuiicit,  tli.'  d  meat,  which 

st  the  time  of  recognition  mntrollcd  more 
than  75  per  cent,  of  Mexico's  territory,  was 
affording  "reasonable  adequate  pTOtMUOB  to 
Uvea  and  property  of  American  Cltl- 
icns." 

The  data  disclosed  thnt  TO  Americana 
wire  killed  In  Mexico  In  the  years  1014, 
ltMS  and  1D1G.  as  compared  with  47  In  the 
three    j  ear  ■■_-.     mill     thai     twniv 

clvlllai 

killed  on  American  soil  In  the  pa»l  three 
years  as  a  inull  of  Mexican  trinities. 

CBrranm  ofllclaU  Informed    [ha  Stale  De- 
partment  Kcb.    13,    thai   tltey   had   bcord   re- 
port*  of  a    plot   to   blow   up   the   battleship 
Kentucky    in    Vera    Cms    harbor    in    wniei 
I'nci.nl  Canada  w»'  nlleired   to   be   In 
the    object    being    lo    force    AnieiUan    I 
rentlon.     Th«    State    Department    regarded 
the  report  as  a  continuation  of  toe.  tire  the 
Consul     bad    l>cen    under    for    months    from 
Csrrnntn    officials     who    charged    Mm    with 
sntngoalsm  to  their  gaveranieol      When  Cbn- 
mil  Cnnada  wnn  home  on  a  leave  of  nl 
the    State    lupnrtment.    after    Invistlga ting 
various    itntementa  nhont    lilt  conduct,    sent 
him  back  to  his  post. 

Charges  wore  mfldi  Fetx  IS.  before  the  Pen- 
ate  Sirrh-ulturnl  committee  by  Levi  Mayer 
of  Chicago,  representative  of  the  American 
hankers  who  flnno 

Shot  the  Intenutlonnl  llarTestcr  Company 
ad  financed  the  Ortei-Argmedo  rovolatlon 
In  Tucatan  against  Carmnin  In  IIM A.  The 
chnnr*  was  made-  In  Connection  with  the 
committee's  investigation  Into  tb«  allejod 
monopoly  to  control  the  price  or  hemp. 

Mnv.r  bold  the  cOBUBlttr*  that  be  was 
prepared    to   produce  Invoices  to   show    thai 

en  of  *  drift  for  fiHo.ooo  bad  ba>«ti 
American  munition  factories  for  »rn»  and 
ammunition.       This    atntement     Walter      I. 
nal'ST,  representing  the  Hum.    i.i 
denied,  saying  that  Um  money  from  the  draft 
was  given  to  Yucatan  growers  for  sisal. 

It  was  thai  I  '.  that  tbc  Interna' 

Clonal  Harvester  Coinrmnv  tried  to  prevent 
loans    to    Yucatan    pi-inters    by     Amp 

nnd.  Iei>  .">.  r  nt  pnrt  of  a 
HSO.oiH)  Inter  of  credit  from  the  Harvester 
Company  was  spent  for  u  gunbuni  and  mu- 
Ditloni  for  the  revolution 

Border  it I  •  culminated  In  March,  In 

an  unprovo  ed  ntlnrk  on  n  r.  B>  borai 

by   Oon.    Villa    nnd    a    ban.!    of    de  perados. 

w  Ifi    (be  lien,    i  ■  <  t-i ..  i>  -ri 

tn  Into  Mexico  wbb  undertaken  by  the 
nlted  States  to  capture  the  rolders. 
At  «  :80  o'clock  en  t'e  morning  of  Mnrch 
0,  a  band  of  130(1  Mexicans  nnd'  r 
vllln.  crossed  the  border  nnd  attacked  the 
town  of  Columbus.  New  Mexico,  nnd  the 
camp  where  the  Thirteenth  tJ.  8,  Cavalry 
wns   stationed.      The   Mexican   raldi  r 

Cnst  tl«e  camp  without  being  discovered  and 
nil  looted  t'  I  p6*t  eltlee  nnd  several  f.  I  ■ 
net  fire  tn  nevera]  bouse*  and  s''nt  n  nnni- 
ber  of  rlvllliiiiN  troops   cot    Into 

After  two  hour.  IftotlfllT.  the  rnlilera 
withdrew  across   the   Mexican   border  lcav- 


lue   11   civilians  and   8  V.   B.   soldier*  dead 
us  well  aa  27  of  tbelr  own  nsc-n. 

r     s.   troops   pursued    villa   a  erase 
where   more    fighting   took 
In  which  bodjc  forty  Vlillstn*  were  all 

On    the    following    day    President    WltsM 
and  his  cabinet  decided  to  aend  a  punitive 
expedition  Into  Mexico. 
A  note  from  Gen.  Carranxa  was  presented 
«atc    Department      Mnrch     11.    "re- 
questing the  necemnry  permission  foe 
can  forces  to  croon  late   Am    rt.-.m    l'i 
In    pur.nlt    Of    tbOK    luiodlts.    Bjfkii 
due   reciprocity    in    regard  to   forces 

ac   Into    xlexlcso   tcrrl- 

I  the  rnld  effected  nt  Columtoi*  abesdd 

unfortunately  lie  icpetted  at  any  otter  corsU 

or  the  bordei  "     Cnrranx*  nlsi>  I.nuc.1  a  maol- 

12.  to  tbc  effect  tl-at  be  woiM 

foi  bid  tbc  pursuit  of  Villa  on   Mexican  soil 

■oeal  right  a1:  ool-i 
I.,    Mexico.      lYesIilent    Wilson.    March   13. 
agreed  to  Currants'*  terms. 

UtJOB.    reported   to  S1SB- 

ber  alx'Ul   GOOD, 
In  two  columns. 

Ing  wll  •  ottsed  the  bordsr 

ibus,    while    Co  i,    George   A. 

liodd,    bending    a    smaller    column,    crossed 

dUtaiue     west    of    CoJuaba*,    arar 

column       rearbed       Casas 
17,   having  penetrated  00 
miles  into  Mexico  In  two  <l 

n.    mmaton,    Mnrch    17.   asied 

Waatd 

to   >hlp    hi    -  nppll  tivc  expedi- 

tion over  Mexican  railroads. 
Aeroplanes   were  sunt    oat   to   s«oat  for 

The  detachment  that  he.' 
Cssns  Qrandta  on  the  road  • 
wsk    reported    to    be  advancing   was    oi 

mbdlvlslons  nperntlng  south  of  Ca*M 
Oranil'  .  nt     toward 

take     llnbrlcora.  u:llr»     sontb    of 

Cusas  Grandrs   and  somowl  at    to    tu. 

moved   a»  une 
outh  and  cast  ol 
nnd    there    separated,    one    •  In    a 

more     (Mtorly     dl  -mite 

•  Istytlve    miles    from    Casas    Gr-.ind. - 
the  other  south  toward  nfty  mile* 

'• i  i  ,i    i  ;  Dresden,  which  now  beeanir  the 

advanced  baae  of  the  expeditionary   I 

lien.    I'll .,-  t'-ll.  .    at    llco.    I 

Ing'n  roap 

pnrtment  I  n 

nlry    was  order  d    I"    M.il.e    to   protert   the 

one    hundred    mile    line    of   communication*. 

On  March   24.  two  col 

Ing'e  force  ted  120  tulles  aouth- 

ciist  of  Cam  Grande*. 

President  Wilson  appealed  to  the  cenatry 
M:i i eh  ZS,  tor  aid  In  thwarting  n  cocsplrsey 
which  in.  declared  hod  been  orgnulred  to 
plunec  the  rnlted  States  Into  w.ir  with 
Mexico.  In  a  formal  statement  Issued  at  the 
House  the  I'resldmt  charged  that  a 
campaign    of    falsehood    wn  -,rrtfd 

on    ihroiigh   t' of    tiis  eottBlry 

"for  i 

th<n    In    the    Interest    of    certain    American 

owners  of    ! 

President   Wll". n  nxrireswd  the  hope  that 
the   people    of   the    Cnlt.d    Ktnt.  i    w.n 

Ir  guard   a  -.tory 

n ■-'     from     the    bnrdi 

''"'   editors  of  newsoaner-    thnt    tbey  "nantif 

ml  nutheut  ry  re> 

villa    «'■>    cheeked 
Mexican   troops  but  escaped  March 

The  bondlt  and  to  the 

Madera  Valley,  which  runs  south  from  tan) 


Encyclopedic  Indt 


Mexico 


ilqnlpa  country  toward  Guerrero.  The 
American*  Were  290  mile*  below  tlie  border 
and  u  i  ii  Chihuahua  > 

Col.  Dodd'e  column  ill  shifted,  March 
"K.  from  f «  enxtcru  elope  or  the  Btin  i 
Ma.lt.  In  the  rxeiflc  elope  nod  began  lo 
operate  001  i  «  ns  a   base   In   Rinta. 

Catbcrlna  cnOsn,  |uc  "Seven  llllle"  district, 
end  Itahricors. 

March  20,  Gen.  Carrxnni  granted  the  re- 
■  ■■  it  "t  the  State  Department   !.ir 

!i  to  ux*  tlie  Mexican  Northwestern 
tallroad  In  carrying  out  t  ■  pursuit.  Gen. 
i  .i.    .  Ived    t!ic    new    rcijue.t    tli.it 

morning,  lit*  answer  was  la  Vvnsblugton 
before  Silk, 

lie  agreed  to  permit  the  use  of  Mexican 
railroads  for  tlie  transportation  of  supplies, 
but  refused  In  allow  sua  nl>  on  the  train*  and 

Suit  the  eopi  Ippi  •! 

dd  one  Amrrleen  to  another,  neither  of 
wbom  tbould  be  directly  connected  wltli  Ibe 
ejtnj. 

v,  It li     n    single    dissenting    rote    In     the 
■-,    end   noa.     la    Uu    Senate.    Concrete. 
Marcb    &&,    pnsecd    nu.l    ml    to    tlie    Whlto 
House    for    tin-    President')  •    tho 

nr.-.nt  deilclcncy  bill,  appropriating  *$.0U.- 
50J    tor    expeniw-e    In    connection    witti    Ibe 
army*  punitive  expedition 
the  t.  the  additional  2o.(Min  men 

to  bring  the  regular*  up  to  maximum 
III  -  ii  ^  Hi. 

Thr.  I     and    seventy-five     D 

ere l«  end    II  In    the    I 

f..r   tbs  I. III.  and  lleprrernl.i  i    I.  m 

il Socialist,  of  New  York.   voted  against 

It.     when      II  .tiro     Mann,     tin-     ml 

norltv  ked  for  a  mil  <nll  to  di 

slrate  that  there  wax  no  difference  of  npln- 
lon  a  Hi.'  qui  .Hon  of  national  defenxc  or 
i.i-  protection  of  the  trcopx. 

Villa    attacked    r  ■■    town    nf    OnerMTO, 

March  '.'7,  put  to  lleatb  IT2  men  In  tie  gar- 
rleon  end   I  urd   Inti  Dd 

Hi'.-    to   llll    I    em       Imnni!    t! ngngement 

Villa   was  shot  th  leg  but  r- 

Two  dare  later  be  w»»  surprised  ot  Otter- 
rrro.  In  an  atlaek  by  a  H 
of  Amerlenn  cavalry  under  Col  Dodd.  lie 
■  as  tadly  defented.  and  seriously  wounded, 
end  ii.  it  t"  tin-  mountain)  with  Colonel 
hodd's  men  in  bol  pursuit  mi-  chief  mili- 
tate commander.  General  KIlscu  Hernandez. 
nn»  killed  la 

The  attack  wae  a  surprise.  The  Villa 
troopi  were  driven  In  n  teo-mllc  running 
i  rhi    Into    ill"   mountain*    northwest    of   the 

id    .  her     i  hi  -.      ■  pai  itod    Into 
bands.       I.ir.v     immii.  r-     o(     Clrranxl  tn 
prisoner*  who  were  btlnit  Iield  for  execution 
wire   lllnrni.il    during    I    .    u;ht.      In    order 

to  reach  Ouerrero,  l>odd  mnreiied   iifty-five 

'i  n   .ii    hours,    and    carried    on 
fight  for  flee  bourn. 

General  Cnrrnnia.  Mnrch  1.  named  .lunn 
Ranchct  Atconn  .llunry 

end  Minister  rienlpotentlm  "I'll 

diplomatic  Jiirlvllcilei  H    Itrltaln, 

iiinec.    Switzerland.    Itnly.    Spain 
and   Portugal.      8«nor  AKCOtkl  rmerljr 

Srleate  secretary  to  the  late  President  Ma- 
H  i.    ami    for    many    years    was    a    hading 
Liberal  and  a  wrll  known  editor, 

An  attack  on  American  troop!  be  |  parly 

I  in   and    the    demand    that   the 

t'nlted  '.'my   be  withdrawn   tlirent- 

:•)  brtn  nl"iit  a  crlnlt  In  April,  which, 

■t.    w**    averted    by    n    eenfcrenro   mi 

the  borate  tut"  eon  representative*  of  botU 

I.i. 

After  the  debt  at  Guerrero.  Mnrch  Sft.  In 

w-hi.-'i  '..i 10  VHlletnx  srere  klllod,  all  traco 

of   Villa    «•    lort,    ami    t' '  I    II    Won   fre- 

i   that   he  »"   hema  d    In 
and  every  point  of  eeeapa  carefully  guarded 


ba  *ii>i'.'»efoUy  eluded  capture.     One  of  tho 

amaller    bands    Into    which    the    Villa    force 

scattered   wax   struck    by    Colonel    <  mo  on 

Mar-h  '.'ii.  and  Manuel  Ifoco,  the  leader,  was 

killed.     Iloco,  one  of  Villa"*  cUcf  lieutenants, 

wax  xx  Id  i  of  Bel 

Mexican  em  itltoe  ranch 

Mnrc'i   M,   lo    ■   hand  of  Vllllstas  on  tLelr 

l  from   Colusbua, 

Uuwtnf  Bade  ■•  i».-lllve  denial  April 

•    of   report*    thnt    American    troops   might 

be  eliJdnxn   from    Mexlm  ho.,!i.   Inn 

a*    the   Vllln   luind   bad    l-cn  scattered.      On 

the  other  hand.    It  wns  disclosed  that  MaJ. 

Ge>n.    Frederick    Pnnston,    commanding    the 

Mi  ilcnn   border  pntrol,  bod  that  day  rtcoro. 

I'd   t'>   Hie   War    I.'iMitment  that  soma 

' 

t  authority  of  t!e  Hay  emergency 

resolution  bo  xeot  to  tin-  border  ax  fast  as 

obtained   so    thai  Itt   be  utilised  10 

xlri'nKt:.enlng  the  border  force*. 

A    serloue    Mexican    crlxls    urn    rencbed 
April   in.  when   the  Cvraniq  «oven 

mediate  withdrawal 
American  punitive  expedition  from  M.-xko. 
note  was  n  sharp  challenge  to  tbc 
legality  of  the  •■xpedltb  •  and  erted  that 
the  American  troop*  were  lu  Mexico 
nut  warrant."'  that  tbey  were  sent  Into  Mex- 
o  .'.lmiiil  .iriiii'.ii  iiiiili-r  * 
"inl-  latlun"     and     without     tbo 

r-nm-nt  baring  "thoroughly 
•  tended"    the   rarraiua   GoTcrnment* 
proposal  of  Mar.-. i  iii  r.,r  a  redprccal  agree- 
ment  between    the    two    gorcrnm 
which  their  forect  Btlght  i-rosx  the  border  In 
lit  of  raldi  i- 

Tbi'      i  "ii  rr.ili.-  i       ";ni ii  ].-;>  t  !•  .n       told      th* 

■  I  Stntce  C".    I      i    Unit   "It   I 

time  to  treat  altb  tbn  Gorcrnmeiit  of  tho 
United  Stab  •  upon  the  sulijecl  ol  tbt  with- 
drawal of  lbs  forces  from  Mexican  ttmtOTy 
for  i  :u.  : 

"I'll  i      Vln-  Ai'i'Tli-an  expedition  wax  »ent 
.  t  Villa  without  wnrr.m  c  (b.re 

vol  no  previous  formal  or  deilnu.-  DDdex 
htiiiidlng. 

.1     Becanss)  the  sxpodltloo  was  not 

rul. nuns  Iti  oh)'  ■  ild  D   i  •!■>  *o,  lw- 

cause  'the  band  beaded  by  Villa  has  alr.-aily 

lieim 

r.     there     were     'sufficient 
Mr-xlcnn   troop*  to  pursue  Villa,'  " 

On  the  heels  of  tlin  notice  rame  the  dls- 
i  lean  troop- 
era,  under  Mnjir  Tompkloi,  who  entered 
I'arral  April  IL1.  lu  alleged  violation  of  "In- 
•tractions"  not  t..  occupy  towns,  were  at- 
tacked bv  a  force  of  Cirronxa  soldiers  and 
obliged   in   withdraw. 

hat  I'"  bad  entered  the 
town  on  the  Invitation  of  an  oflKer  of  tba 
I'arral  garrison.  Ho  stated  thnt  the  officer 
|m  bra  mllee  frotn  I'arral.  Intr 
if.  and  urged  him  t"  accept  the  hos- 
pitality or  the  military  and  civil  authorities 
and  to  dlicuta  n  cnuip  site. 

Major   TomnklM   wax    preparing   to   movo 
.-.hi   |o  the  designated  enmp  when   xnlill.-ix 
sad    civilian*    began    to    throw   atone- 
■boot  at  th.-  Amorleonx, 

Forty  of    th"    M.-xIran   soldier*,   Including 
one    Major,    besides    a    rivlllnn     were 
ley  the  retreating  Amorleonx.    The  Ail" 

|i  ...  onndi  d, 
including  Major  Tompkins.  Ills  wound  was 
sllgbt. 

Pea   Maker,   April    111.   dispatched   Ma  lor 

:.  n     riugh   I     Scott,  taff,   to  the 

border  ai  his  per  ivctomnke 

a  complete  report  on  the   military  problems 

i  <;..nernl   1   •-■  ton 

1'rcsldent    VTUlOB.    April    I*,    approved    a 

fr.- in.  n.I:.f Lin    iiixile  by  Major  Gen.  Fnns- 

ton   for  ■   redlx|KislUon  of   the  forces  com- 


Mexico 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


■    the    American    punitive    erpi. 

te    of    (hi.    r«l!>!'t"ltl»o    of    Hi* 
dtlon   to  re- 
pute   nuil     etrcugthi n     It  -II        I' 
!■[> t    that    1 1 1 ■  - 1 . ■    '.\        no   In! 

•  nt  to  withdraw  our  force*  from 
Mexican   MIL 
ii"'  «c"u  villa   rallowen  who  wtv  cap- 

d    efti  p    ii"    i in   i  •■     M.. 

ttlt  rouTlrt.vl   of   murder    Id    the    rlrnt   de- 
i   Urmliiii  prll   84,  unri  >i  11- 

fh*  ii.  nmi  hi.    viirli   _-i .  nr- 

I    fiiun    Hi-'    I'nlti-d    State* 

n  1 1  bonier 

•if  War  In  tin-  Cabinet  hi  iiencr.il  rartnnin. 
nml    kl  I  Infill    I..  .Lena* 

lire  expedition  Ii  Ic  facto 

.mm  in'.,    nttltmti      t-iuard    Uic    p 

Ipl f    X  III" 

It  wii»  announced  officially,  A|irll  ;.•.,  Hint 
onfcrcnci  i ..-t v. ...  ii  Major  Gen   Scott  and 

Hi       VI  ."llil       lit'        in'1.1       111        I  I     J      11, 

nml    w.tiilil    Mm!  in    Gen.    Ol"    £00 

,...i  Hi.-  border 

lira.  Cnrrnni.i.  In  on  official  atntcmen' 
rlarvd  in.   iiiul  fully  approved   tbe  plat 

Inn  lin,"     Hi"     ni"i  i  lOB  0       ni'l     ."i- 

auumvil  that  be   win  especially 
the  ojuurnnrfu  given    I. v   Qm,    Iloll  ami    the 
:i. .  in.  ni  thai  rjen,  8  oil  would  i  lU  OB 
i..  ii    iii.i'.  :•  n   In    iniiv*  fir»t. 

The  in   i  rttween  tbe  repp 

Utlvea    of    tin'    rutted    Sin-...    and     kl 

iVI.it-k     i. n     Hi,.    »;|,.rnii.i«i    of 

April  i"i   In   tin    ilezlc 'ii-|i.|ii»  lloimr  In 

:,   III.-  four  .'. 

ran    Amu    ■  ■  rt i . ei  -    i    ill    Mi  ilcan 

left   tbe  building      The  It  of 

th*.  conference  -am  -  noi  mad*  pa 

Another  rnl.l  Int..  r'.i.    1  ml, nl  Slut....  fotUs 

.  onfereni  .i   nt   tbe   border,   nml   u   now    at 

;    I'arr.mxa   for  the   Im- 

itlufrnwal    .if   the    United    state* 

from    Mexico   were   the   principal   de- 

;  mi.  m;      Dl     I  hi      b    Ol   May. 

Through   two  channel*   tin-   United   State* 
notified   OeO.   Carninra.    May   1.   that   It   did 
DOl  'h  .Ii.-  at  that  time  to  alien 
il.ni    ..r    wltlnlr.M  fore 

finin  Ueilco,     .'.  (Ion  of  l"r#»ldj>nl 

Wilton    Hoc.    Halter    no   advlacd    ' 
ni...,    with    < ; . ■  ii.    Kiiii-i..ii.    wna    conferring 
with    i.. n.   ubregon   on   Ihi    border,      After 

linker  unil  i  oun 
I'olk,  Sec.  I.iiiialiig  Inter  In  the  ilnj  Informed 
;ii...   Am. i.. ml...    the    Mexican    Amtmaaador 
inte,    In    ri**poniie    to    a     preealn 

8  i(0    Hi.,   [attar,   that    tin-   Amerlcaii 

oeernment    would    not    be    in    poaltJi 

•  On.  furrania*  formal  reqneat  f.ir 
the  -Aitliilrnwnl  of  tin-  in. i -tin  imtll  the  eon- 

elusion  of  the  ScottObrvgun  confer 

Iwrlng  these  conference-  desultory  fight- 
Ins  continued,  A  lull  tquadi  m  ni  ;so  men 
nf    tin.    llth    Cavalry 

ii  inn.  h  larger  (on (  Villa  baadlta  at  «>lo- 

Astilea  .inn.'  t  lin  American  cotnmsodef 
under  M«J  l!<.i--rt  I,.  Ilosrae  bad  been  pur- 
suing bandit*  under   li.m..  (Tin    Domtnuuei 

mnt  Julio  \ i  ■  for  -."..ill  day*  whan  they 

•  ■in ni.r.,i  ih..  men  camped  In  the  huddled 

hut*  of  OJo-A«ulr».  The  band,  wlilcli 
anu  th.-  largsel  remaining  sudor  ii"-  Villa 
atandnrd.    v. 

that  di  Temochlc,  April  22.  by   Col, 

i..'.r;:i.  A     I  "•  mum I 

The  Howie  milium,  contlatlng  of  »lx 
l>Icl   d  troopa  and  one  maehlni    gun  detach 

in.   iirinlt   the   luind  ..f    M. 

nintrj   i  ni..  ..i    ;i.  miles. 
i    without     r . ■  - 1 1 1 1 .-    either 
were 

killed.    Including   Gen.   Autoiiio    Angeles,   a 


relative  of  Flllpe  Angeles,   the   former  coo- 
Of    %"lll*.    and     a    nuinlwe    wosoded. 
MarrleaD    csmaltlr*.      More 
n  of  tbe  fugitive*  sere  i  .nndrd  up  if 
American*  after  tin  -ngagrment  and  pursuit 
of    Ih.  i|    i.iiioaot*   was   corn 

m  while,  farther  to  theeani. 
ran*.  r  Carranu  force*  •»/• 

ii. d  kiinv.li.  again  ralilrd  Texas,  Vlay 

I " 

r    t'ointy  In  tte 
HI.-    ll'iid  .  .     ami    taking  M 

■  ;i.  in 

Thr,  ri    KiMlerw    an»l    n     Uijrtr- 

old  b 

■ 
kldnappi  ,i   mil   ,.in  lad   ...  itb    Of    tlk 

,    ITII  ir   after   tbe   new*  rearaed 

■■•■paraOona    had    been    brgi 
nilequnte  action.      Mi  I 

'"■ '•  "d  that  In  all.  f"iir  tr 

airy  >bou!d  proor.-d  to  tbr  raided  aectloa  lo 
relof i  >i I  .  ,dv  oe  tavlr 

■  ay  to  the  acene  fruu   I'r  ,,.  an4 
other   [mini         •  nl.   K.-.-'leriric   Slliley,  of  tie 

llth  Cavalry,  w*a  placed  la  eli nrie. 

r.e  border  in  .  iiden. 

i.ut  h  i 

e«n   i.rd.r  from   r... piillm.    to  a* 
rlial  .  I'.irceai.-nta.  TSie 

••d   I- 

net I  -4mA 

■ 
Mexico  to  patml   the 

and    Ii  -«tfd 

that    ihr.  .■   ,  irnta    "f    t"-<i   regultr 

Infantr.i     l- 

iilaeed    iindcr    General  comnwad. 

American    rank.   Iiy   o'-nt    . 

',.    day   Ararrlesn  eoemda 
througl  mo    were     h  aKiia 

.'  American.,  i 
I    »-*rnlni: 
ut    i       ird.'il 

II.     Illl.l.-lr.lhle,        The     1 

can*  In  Mexico,   taken  ' 

■It     weeka    la-fore,    sliowe.1 
. .nmi  throuirhnut  I 
were  n.  fir   M 
mid    "  ■  .  fvw  remaining 

While     inlllt.irT     ee'iita    were     drrelopiug 
wilh 

dlera  In  .  an  abrupt  halt  May 

11.      No  agreement   wa*  algmrd.   tan    It  wa. 

I    that    the    net    n-xult    of    Uii 
•-  waa  iik  fiillnwa : 

inred   that 
the   Carranta    de  facto  GoTrrnn  • 
.[.„., I  thai   i 
In  tending  troop*  Into  .....  nmt  ag- 

.r  armed  Intervention. 

1 1    ulrec'in    had 
...  mi, i 

I    IMrral  resflnn 

bandit* 

Third — General  Ohregun  bad  given  ordrra 
tn  Oem  ,,j  rut 

indltl   who   i.ii.l.il  Glenn    Si.Mcg.  aaat 
Hoqullbu. 

Fourth— The    United    fitni-  ■.r» 

t.i  i.ui.iln  In  Mexi...  until  the  Carraar 
ernmeut  tlemuoatratrd  that  It  had  »■•■ 

i]     th.-    ..Itn, 
and    whets    the    I'nlteil    Htati-4    i.-.niuB-eot 
bad  n..  tr... 

Klfth  ileneral  Olirvgno  atw  gave  awnir 
atice*  Unit  the  ruin, mm  foreea  wmild  sot 
iiinve  ■  ii  i    thr-.in.-h    I'nli, 

D        .     .     , 

'"I"11"'      hi. I     « hi    nut    attack     An. 

IfOOBBi 


. 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Mexico 


Sixth — Every  effort  should  be  made  by 
Carranzlstas  to  free  the  Americana  whom 
the  Big  Bend  bandits  kidnapped. 

The  rescue  of  Jesse  Deemer  waa  effected. 
May  13,  by  Troop  A  and  B  of  Langhorne's 
8th  Cavalry  at  Santa  Fe  Del  Pino,  ninety 
mllea  south  of  the  Bio  Grande.  Fire  bandits 
were  killed  and  3  taken  prisoners  on  the 
15th  In  a  skirmish  in  the  neighborhood. 

Tbe  State  Department  May  18,  lsaned 
orders  to  American  consuls  and  vice-consuls 
at  Chihuahua,  Juarez,  Nogales,  Durango, 
Aguascallentes  and  Monterey  to  report  to 
F.I  I'aso  for  a  conference  with  Gen.  FunBton. 
Tbe  consuls  and  vice-consuls  Included  In  the 
order  were  Marlon  Letcher,  at  Chlhauban  ; 
Thomas  D.  Edwards,  at  Juarez:  Frederick 
Simplch,  at  Nogales ;  Homer  C.  Coen.  vice- 
consul  at  Durango;  Gaston  Schmuts,  at 
Aguascallentes  ;  and  Philip  C,  Hanna,  con- 
sul-general at  Monterey. 

After  the  conference,  one  of  the  consnla 
was  to  proceed  to  Washington  to  confer 
wltb  tbe  officials  of  the  State  Department- 
Official  figures  of  dead,  wounded  and  miss- 
ing, both  soldier  and  civilian,  that  marked 
the  progress  of  the  American  expedition  In 
Mexico  from  the  time  of  the  Columbus, 
N.  M.,  raid,  showed  the  following  total  cas- 
ualties to  May  20: 

Killed— United  States  soldiers,  30;  civil- 
ians,. 24;   Mexican   soldiers,    301. 

Wbunded — United  States  officers,  6 :  sol- 
diers, 76 ;  civilians,  71 ;  Mexican  soldiers, 
07. 

Candelarlo  Cervantes,  second  In  command 
to  Villa  among  tbe  Mexican  bandits,  was 
shot  and  killed  with  Jose  Bencomo,  an- 
other Vllllsta  chief,  near  Cruces.  May  28, 
by  United  States  troops.  One  American  sol- 
dier was  killed  and  two  were  wounded. 

The  Cnrranza  de  facto  government.  May 
81,  delivered  to  the  United  States  govern- 
ment a  new  and  sharp  note,  bristling  with 
what  amounted  to  charges  of  bad  faith 
against  President  Wilson  and  insisting  upon 
the  Immediate  withdrawal  of  the  American 
military  forces  from  Mexican  soil,  or  a  frank 
declaration  by  the  American  government  In 
explanation  of  its  purpose  in  retaining  them 
there  "Idle  and   Inactive." 

The  note  did  not  fix  any  time  limit  within 
which  the  American  forces  should  be  with- 
drawn, but  asserted  that  should  the  Ameri- 
can government  refuse  to  comply  with  these 
requirements  the  de  facto  government  might 
conclude  that  the  expedition  was  being 
maintained  on  Mexican  soil  for  occult  rea- 
sons and  as  a  precautionary  measure  la 
anticipation  of  a  clash  wltb  Mexico. 

The  Mexican  situation  became  Increasingly 
strained  during  June.  Several  border  raids 
followed  by  punitive  expeditions,  the  Mexi- 
can threat  of  attack  If  United  States  troops 
moved  south,  and  the  bnttle  at  Cnrrlzal  re- 
sulted In  mobilization  of  state  mllltla  and 
a  forcible  answer  to  Carranza's  manifesto 
of  May  22. 

On  June  11  Mexicans  raided  an  American 
ranch  near  Laredo,  Tex.,  with  the  result 
that  1600  American  regulars  were  drawn 
from  the  Englneera  Corps  of  the  Coast  Ar- 
tillery to  reinforce  the  border  defenses.  One 
of  the  bandits  It  was  said  wore  a  uniform 
bearing  the  Insignia  of  a  Carranza  lieu- 
tenant colonel. 

Mexicans  attacked  the  border  patrol  at 
San  Ignaclo  June  IB  with  the  result  that 
three  American  soldiers  were  killed  and 
six  wounded,  eight  Mexicans  were  reported 
killed,  a  number  wounded  and  several  cap- 
tured. A  third  punitive  expedition  followed 
the  bandits  Into  Mexico.  A  fourth  punitive 
chase  crossed  the  line  June  18  and  dispersed 
bandits  who  had  been  discovered  near  San 
Benito,  Tex.     Tbe  raids  resulted  In  Presi- 


dent Wilson's  summons  to  all  state  mllltla 
not  already  on  tbe  field  to  mobilise.  Six- 
teen warships  were  sent  to  watch  Mexican 
ports. 

General  Trevlno  on  June  15  advised  Gen- 
eral Pershing  that  any  movement  of  Ameri- 
can troops  in  Mexico  to  tbe  soutb,  east,  or 
west  would  be  considered  a  hostile  act  and 
a  signal  to  commence  warfare. 

On  June  20  the  President's  reply  to  Car- 
ranza's demand  of  May  22  for  tbe  with- 
drawal of  our  troops  was  Issued.  The  note 
refused  the  demand  and  declared  the  In- 
tention of  tbe  United  States  to  keep  troops 
in  Mexico  to  protect  our  citizens  In  that 
country  and  on  the  border  until  the  de  facto 
Government  showed  that  it  waa  willing  and 
able  to  protect  them. 

A  battle  took  place  June  21  at  Carrlial 
between  two  troops  of  American  cavalry 
and  seven  or  eight  hundred  of  the  Car- 
ranzlsta  forces.  Tbe  Americans,  eighty-four 
in  number,  were  overwhelmed  and  defeated ; 
thirteen  were  killed,  twenty-three  taken 
prisoners,  fifteen  reported  missing.  Respon- 
sibility for  the  attack  was  assumed  by  Car- 
ranza In  a  statement  sent  to  the  American 
government.  The  Government  replied  with 
a  sharp  note  June  24  demanding  the  re- 
lease of  prisoners  taken  in  the  encounter. 
The  prisoners  were  returned  June  28. 

Modesto  C.  Rolland.  former  Mexican  Con- 
sul General  in  New  York,  left  June  24.  for 
El  Pnso  to  confer  with  Dr.  Alt.  editor  of  a 
Mexico  City  weekly,  and  Luis  Manuel  Rotas, 
director  of  the  Blblloleca  Naclonal,  In  Mex- 
ico City,  representing  Mexico  and  David  8tarr 
Jordan,  Frank  P.  Walsh,  and  William  Jen- 
nings Bryan,  representing  the  United 
States.     Toe  commission  was  unofficial  and 

f'lanned  to  work  for  a  peaceful  understand- 
ing between  the  two  countries. 

Pablo  Lopez,  Villa's  chief  lieutenant  in 
tbe  Columbus  raid  was  shot  June  6  at  Chi- 
huahua City.  Four  Columbus  raiders  were 
hanged  at  Demlng  N.  M.,  on  June  0.  two  on 
June  30.  One  raider  was  sentenced  to  life 
Imprisonment. 

Anti-American  demonstrations  in  north- 
ern Mexico  throughout  June  indicated  a 
growing  restlessness  over  the  continued  pres- 
ence of  American  troops.  On  June  7  and  8 
mobs  attacked  the  American  consulate,  the 
Foreign  Club  and  American  residences  In 
Chihuahua  City.  The  consulate  wbb  burned. 
Three  mob  leaders  were  reported  killed  by 
an  American  In  defense  of  bis  bouse. 

Great  Britain  and  tbe  Latin  countries  of 
South  America  had  shown  concern  over  the 
Mexican  situation,  and  offered  friendly  aid 
to  prevent  armed  Intervention. 

Joint  Commission. — A  Joint  committee 
was  appointed  during  August  to  settle  the 
differences  between  the  United  States  and 
Mexico.  Toward  the  end  of  the  month 
13.000  National  Guardsmen  were  ordered 
home  from  the  border. 

It  was  officially  announced  at  tbe  Mexican 
Foreign  Office  August  3.  that  Lnla  Cabrera. 
Ignaclo  Bonlllas  and  Alberto  Pant  had  been 
selected  as  the  commissioners  to  negotiate 
with  the  United  States  commissioners  re- 
garding the  questions  at  Issue  between  Mex- 
ico and  the  united  States. 

Secretary  Lansing.  August  22d,  announced 
the  names  of  the  three  American  memlnrs 
of  the  commission.  They  were :  Franklin 
K.  Lane.  Secretnry  of  the  Interior:  George 
Gray,  of  Wilmington.  Del.,  former  mem- 
ber of  the  Federal  .Itidlclarv.  and  until  re- 
cently Judge  of  the  Third  Judicial  Circuit: 
Dr.  John  R.  Matt,  of  New  York,  who  has 
been  Genernl  Secretary  of  tha  World's  Stu- 
dent Christian  Federation  since  J  sub.  and 
Is  General  Secretary  of  the  international 
Committee  of  Young  Men's  Christian  Asso- 
ciations. 


Mexico  Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 

The    comrnlnlon    met    In    New    London,  while  export*  to  Mexico  increased  from 

OMu  ■•iiiI-.t    II    (u  li75«0ii  in    :  i  lb«  tU 

dotcrnilniiii:  loo  client  of  tlic  ci  lull,  but  (ell  to  J1S.J08.UW  la 

elurii  in  Uczfeo  i.y  Ifeq  do  tneta  government.  m.O. 

u  .  uinml«»loner»  slated  IMI  ■   .  ,  .-■ 

.  ,i.,i  v.ii  ACti  kxz>  rorrLJ.ios 

a  large  digrce  of  rrgnUrlty.  Carrnnia  being  Arm      n~_u*:_ 

In  control  of  tlic  entire  fc.ooo  wllra  of  tlio  8uteo  and  Terrltoriw     in  bnctati  ,XfS?.,"* 

line,  ami  of  «  Sa.MiWa        w" 

1n8  to  prlriitc  companl-  .The  ik-  rreo  A r»«  Calient- .  2.0W*         UMTS 

il  by  Cannula  benrlne  no  foreign  owned  c»mi>.  lOsOad 

property   were  11U0  QMOMOOd.  Cl.ug*..  g.,333         4JUI7 

eommbwlon  dealt  September  1H  wholly  <-t ,„h„u  ...      »,974         4QUU 

..11. Ktl.iiM    1.1.  .'it    l.y    tnxntloo    decree*  i\   I..  .  ■  1.1  .-•*         JI.7A11 

Oneral    I'lirrnnsa.  Colima. .  77.7*4 

in  wn«  derm.. I   10  Damn  ....      42.2U         OMIT 

•ti    Informnl    Interchange    of    view*    on    tlic  Cuirnjuato  10,048       1.07U7O 

I. meat  of  law  Hi   Mexico.  Oucrrero 24.0W         au-*H 

At    the   request   Of    the    Mexican    com  rule-  Hidalgo *'?Z?       .SULK 

.1'inrn.    the    dl»cii*«lon    8>pt*uil»-r    IS    w.i*  Jaliaco ^'t8?      '-SHS! 

renter*.!  «.n   the   problem    nf  bordi  Menco  ..    .        ».»••>         I    :■.:■> 

und  a  new  •'policy  of  equal  rlithL."     It  wn*  Jjichoaean...  .      —".WO         ','_"■  ''' 

explained  officially   iimt   Dm   Carman    tie*  Morelo.  ...       2.7*1         iiMi* 

la  to  put  Initli  Mnh-iiii  an.l  f.ir.l-.n  Int.  n-itx  !Su»vo  I-«n JJ'SZ?       .  SMS 

n[inii  !'•«  .nme  fouling,  m  Terence  p»x»e»      ?jffi       HSM2 

to  „,.,■  i  .i.i.  "rrtfi 

I  DO  attention  of  the  Mexican  commHalnn-  «u»f«Ur a  «.«9         MJU 

er.   wan  called   to   Instance*  In    which   mill-  Ban  Iju.  Pol**! 24.O0O         •"?** 

tary     njmmander*     had,     tbroii:  wnaloa.  ■      ;'■***         ■■-    ',: 

arltTi   Ihi   di  il  a  .'■■  %"£?*  InJnS 

...n*    hi...  r   I  iid  to  accept  pnp.  r  i.™*"'.'  '.VHs         tTriJS 

at  It.  par  value,  and  for  a   sin.  3>*W3ES H'35?         Kr.  - 

nacnlliin  of  thi-i.  In  dnllnr  with  V-    ",-*  -.ViiJ       <  !«S 

'I....'    mnttehi    fe    Mexican    commU.lonor*  Watmi...  .i.WJ       l,U»*l 

imlntnl  out  that  In  »->  vu»t  a  i-nuiittv  it  wiih  J  ucaUn i?'i?f         SI'S? 

inly    ln.noMll.lc    to    guard    a.-,.ln»t     all  ?"*'r,"„i    ,,,, .  *!!£[  2IS 

.  but  they  laid  rmpha.U  on   t"c    fact         -'  ',  *'' °,T?,-' ,     > '?£»         ,S% 

that   while  «uc<.  aStreiu.    decree*    bad   Iweu  *«^"'  "'•«"««  ••■■  ,.J2         ".    -^ 

l«ll,.  rdlnntc   mlllMry    ruillllllDdrra.  QulDUlia  lb.-.  ■"•0J; 

rln-     tuiilitiiiil      i;..v.  i  -nini'iit      hail     .-iin..l,i  ntly  _   .    ,  -^ ,  ,„      ,, «, -vi 

nrscd  moderation  ilium  the  stntr-  (  Total ,W,i*i     IMMS^n 

and  that  tbcT  had  no  record  of  b  .lnsle  In-  itafliram  -Tlicro   were    1H«««    mile*   ol 

In  whlc'i  any  of  th«e  extreme  penal-  r  Tb» 

tie»  tind  been  Inflicted.  -Mexlcnu  Central"   J 

MertJ    to   l':wnr!    t,,.p  comml»«lnn    la    In  wua  tuo  city  of  Mexh  h   paa»»»- 

endeavor  to  odjuat  border  proulcina  wer*  al-  Brr«    con    trnrel  (reiM    New 

In   Information   laid   ;  mem-  Jork,   Kjl|»,y   -me   N.illoonl       rla    teredo 

herm.      Unli  .  ,.lk„    f„lir    ,|„r,    to    N  e-l    there 

beano     nve-tlfrntlnit   Wat  wna  mid   to  be  a  |.  a    ,,,  ,|a    l^gle   l'a.o    ilulrraA- 

•iiri'eptllloiia    campnlEn     led    hv    Amcrlrana  tlorml  Itallwnyl. 

and  dealcnml  flt-.t   t..   l.rln-.-  Villa  ;•„,,  ,.«..*.— Tliero    wer«    2TI8 

raid  on  f  lilhiinbiia  Cltr.  di  ro  eet  nnat    odlce-.     In 

It  rxacgerated  In  the  offlc  nl  mllltnrr  report..  „.,,,,    ku.ooiXOOO    prtckela 

with  tho  object  of  Impcdlns  the  work  of  tbo  tuegrnpb  offlcea  (wltb  ten  wlreleaa  all- 
eomml«l..n      rbr    report..  ..ft.,  lno    „»«rnr.b    llaea  havtug   a    MUl 

battle.  wMch  wire  transmitted  by  Woatitni;-  leimtb  of  40  C8T  nil  Ira 

The     mere*  n  1 1  le      mar  I  tie     In 

mUalon.  contradicted  tie  oUUffltntl   ...    U<0  liii"  wnalated  of  fo^rtV™  u*  .looinVnT  <">R  • 

,,t    of    llrluT.en.    Omh.    Hell     Jr        It  7ST  to™a)  and  .lxteJ0":,in*g  vm^iV 

Ilirtiri   »ni   .*.    „       hJSIS-11?1.  V\U    l  °  1on"*'      In   JOOOlOiri  3.013  ve*!, 

?1.?.kS, L.  5i."S.  l',^cllne  '""V'   ,n.   lD?  "«  'on»l  entered  and  cleared   at   U. 

,V^.0fJ  .h-iH^lI    -?- MIL~- rlS'li  ^"i  I"1"*  on  ,hc  Tncinc.  and    Vent   Cm*.  Tntn- 

many  of  the  prlnoner*.  wl  o  were  freed  and  p|fI)    rroereao.  and   Pnerto 

taken  away  to  become  antl-CnrrnnxIxtn    iol-  Ailunilc   or  tiilf  of   Jl.nU-<i 

rtl.ro,  have  U^n  drifting  back  to  Ch.hn-hnu  A 'rV.c 're^nve  ' for     ,heUycar     10O»-l»in. 

...      w,  ..  m  -.  .  ...  before  the  outbreak  of  ibe 

1  •-  enmmerre  of  fe  Fnlted  State*  wlfi  tli.il.n 

-  In  the  ll.cnl  eenr  mill  wn»  the  lars-  fc;,,        ■,  ,„.    „  ,,,..•  j    .t 

Hll5^5iii,-,0.r'«D'  IM<Jo  V'  JTS!  ""'?"  *'    S'W-SSo  In    1010.   IbO  •   the 

•  ry.  •rcordlnt ;  to  flirnrc*  made  I  «  r<  I..-IM 

..  r    i.v    t '. ,.    f   ivh-n    trade  depart-  ,,,,:,,,„$,,:  -ney. 

incut  of  the  National  City  Dank.  p— ». 

The  allwr  Imnnrt*  from  Mexico  In   lii'd  linl-n    lipid     47" «.'■•>      O'hT   towaa   ex- 

were    npornxlninteh     Xin.tMlO  000  •    In    I'll-.,  eeeilhiir  I'mKKI  Inhnhllnnta  were':  iJundata- 

*1BSO?.000;    In    10KI.    f "  -...-.Tn  nun.    mid    In  Jnrn.    I'uebln,    Hi,    1..  I.    rotoM,    Monterey. 

i    i  I,   t'.'S, U7. 000.     The  cold    Import,   from  Merlrtn,    Won,    Vera    .  i<ealleOj'e«. 

^|e»lcn  were  In   I"-!"..  n    Httle  oyer   ifl.OOO..  Morelln.   <  liilnnliin.    Pnehucn,   O-ixar-x    Ort- 

00O-    In    )PI4.    II1.0O0O00:    In    :■!;:.    *L'0,-  »il»n.    'I 
oooooo.  and  In  mil.  «:m <kmi.ckki 

The  rvlaf  prowt'i  oeeurred  on   the  Import  anil   Irnpunfix 

•  nl..  The  rnlne  of  Imnnrt*  from  t'nt  .  v  ••  "*  tS'  VmltrA  Ft/rtf  —  es«  T-ln» 
ire  Into  t'-e  1'nlted  Btntea  Increased  from  of  nierehniidla*  Import.-. I  Info  M»<ir.»  from 
I2S.01H.000  lu  1000  to  Jti-.fJiaoOO  In  15110.  tbo   United   Slataa  for  tbe  year   1»13   w*j 


_ 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Mexico 


24.  and  stood*  to  the  relne  of  $77.- 
were    scut    thither— a    l>alnue#    Of 
.  J.41B  la  favor  of  Mexico. 
See    Illustrations    opposite    "920.     "038. 
7052. 
Mexico: 
Affaire  of.  referred    to,  3278,   3411, 

3725,  7S84,  7907,  7: 
Agent  sent  to,  reierr .-.1  to,  31H,  8205. 
American  otiMiis  in— 

Captured   by  army  of,  1944, 
Liberated,  2" 

fi jurisdiction  of,2180, 

2108.  3014.  3120. 
For  I*,  2115. 

Mut. I.  red,  3096,  3170. 
Outrages  on,  and  injuries  sustained 
by,  2207,  2287,  2323,  8883.  2194, 
2809,  3043,  3094,  4143,  4368. 
Property   of.    seised    or    destroyed 
by,  2323,  3044,  3090,  8120. 
American  flag  insulted  by,  2323,  8314. 
American   troops — 

Occupying  territory  of,  referri-,1  t... 

3007,  3GG0. 
Sent    to,    for    protection    of    citi- 

ini  Etna  ta  I  ■'■"■ 

Should   not  be  considered  as  en- 

eroneliment  rights  upon  of,  1457. 

Referred   to,   1040. 

To  be  ml   to,  for  proteettan  of 

citizens  of  United  BtBta  in,  re* 

ommcnrtntiou      regarding,      8007, 

3170,  7934. 

Transit  of,  through  territory  of,  in 

1861    ramrod  to,  3574. 
Ample  cause  of  wnr  against,  assert- 
(19,  2383,  7934. 
Apology  bv  commander  for  arrest  of 

United  States  sailors  in,  7984 
Arbitration      of     boundary     question 
with    Chaxnizal    not    satisfactory, 
7858. 
Arbitration     frith,     at     Tho     Ungue, 

6717,  6731. 
Armies   of,   in   Texas  defeated.   H^T. 
Armistice   between  United  States  and, 

referred  to,  2424. 
Arrest   of    United    States   sailors    at 

Tamplco, 
Austin-Topolovampo  Railroad  survey 
across   northern  States  of,  referred 
to,  447.'.. 
Austrian    troops    dispatched    to,    re- 
ferred to,  3588,  3589. 
Blockade   of    coast    of,    referred    to, 

1733. 
Blockade  of  ports  of,  by  France  and 
injurious  effect  of,  on  United  States 
discussed,  1705. 
Boundary    dirputo    with    Guatemala, 
402?;  4710,  4802. 
Arbitration  of,  submitted  to  United 
States  minister  to.  6066. 
Boundary  line  with  United  States — 
Adjustment  of,  ebief   obstacle  In 
settling  difficulties,  8306,  8308. 


Appropriation  for  expenses  of  com. 

mission  recommended,  2551,  27D9, 

4S02. 
Commission    engaged    in    marking, 

referred    to,    2651,    2065,    2709, 

ma.  28i3, 88 

Commissioners  appointed,  1318,2494. 

Con\  i  yarding,   4698,   4716, 

4760,    4841,    4951;   4957,    5397, 

5400,  56i.":. 

Mat  las  Romero's  noto  regarding, 

referred   to,  4957. 
Proposed,   4686. 

70,  4686,  4716, 
4918,  5368,  6751. 
International  boundary  commission 

discusso-l.  i8TO,  0000. 

Proclamation  regarding,  2920. 
Proposition  regarding,  submitted 
by  I  Ditto1  -States  commissioner 
unauthorized.  2419. 
Recommendation  that  Executive 
be  given  power  to  advance, 
money  tot  -  ttl  ment  of. 

2309,  2315,  23S8. 
Referred  to,  1215,  1588,  2693,  2900, 

57,  tM 
Settlement  of,  proclaimed,  2926. 
Treaty  regarding,  transmitted  and 
I,     1130.     1370,     1400, 
2332.  £7  13,  4086;  5622. 
Legislative  provision  for  execu- 
tion   of,    recommended,     1445, 
1457,  4825. 
Referred  to,  1245    4757. 
Water-Boundary  Commission  dis- 
cussed, 6334,  6374,  6432. 
Cession  of  California  and  New  Mex- 
ico to  United  States  by- 
Area  and  value  of,  discussed,  2449, 

2484. 
Discussed  and  recommendations  re- 
garding,  2306,  2309,   2344,  2350, 
2386,  2426,  2437,  2444,  8464, 
Treaty  for,  transmitted,  14 
Cession     of     territory     to     United 
States — 
Report  on,  transmitted,  1C88. 
Treaty  regarding.  2762. 
Charge  that'  American  army  invaded 

territory  of,  refuted,  2332. 
OM<  f  of, 'captured,  1487. 
Chinese     entering     United      States 

through,  discussod,  5632. 
Civil  authority  of,  In  Texas  expelled, 

1487.  ^ 

Civil  dissensions  in,  1245. 
Civil  government  established  in  por- 
tions of,  held  by  American  army 
discussed,  2356.  2444. 
Civil  war  in.     (See  Ware  in,  port.) 
Claims  of— 

Against  United  8tat«s,  2636.  2769. 
4244,  4358. 
Commission  to  nettle,  extension 
of  time  of,  recommended.  4244. 


Mexico 


EiKyclo{<cJic  Index 


Convention  regarding.  3836,3902. 
To  lands  in  Arizona  aud  New  Mex- 
ico   under    grant*,    5484,    5510, 

Claims    of    Benjamin    Weil    and    La 
Abra    BU<  Co,    against, 

■ 
Claims  of  (Jolted  stati'n  ignis 
Advance*,     made     toward 
BMBl  of,  17112, 

Award  of  comi  eferred  to, 

45-10,  5 1113.  5650. 
Commissioners    appointed    for    ad- 
IMS. 
Extension    of    time    for,    recom- 
DMBdtd,    »244. 

Bafamd  to.  1909,  8050,  232fi. 
Report  of.  referred  to,  ""•'.".  -J.':27 
j.ire   in,  Ml)  i  r,.| .    1192. 
Convention   inr   adjustment   of,   re- 
ferred   to,     1728,     1750,    1700, 
3010      1086,    •':  IT,    3S3G, 
1909.     109       lino.    411041    4103, 
..,   4607. 
Charter    of    umpire    rcferrc.i    tl 

Extension  of  tinio  for  exchange 
of  ratification  of,  «ugg>->i.'i 
1730,  425$. 

Correspond I   regarding, 

1731. 

Treaty  regarding,  l 

lll.li  militivN    to    lie    paid  under,    re 

f erred  to 

Protocol  rogarding,  3097. 

Reft  rrod  to, 
OomspandOBn  regarding,  referred 

to.   : 
Counsel   to    assist  commission    rec- 

OtllllH'li.li 

Discussed  bv    IT.  .,.|. nt— 

Buchanan  005,  1175, 

Grant,    4143,    4192,    4244,    4358, 
4379. 

Hayes,    4536. 

Jackson,   1246,  1497. 

r  i,   2812,  2869.  2947. 

Tolk.  2239.  2287,  2333,  2494. 

Taylor,  2 

Tyler.     .  :,    2050,    22«J7, 

2214. 

Van  Buron.    1694,   1613. 

Wilson.  7884. 
Distribution   of  award   of  OOBUBll 

•Ion    referred    to,   4988. 

•iitinii  submitted  for  ad- 
hutment  of,  1760. 

Referred    to.   2327. 
Opportunity  given  for  payment  of, 

1497. 
Payment  of,  2116.  4521,  5059. 

Demanded,   1594.  B0 

il     -'2n-,   2323.   4420,   47B2. 
I.'.  port  of  United  Bl  nt  re- 

ferred to,  4879-. 


Reprisals,    act   authorizing,    should 

lie  passed  If  not  paid,    i 
SU    IMward    Thornton,    uujj 

commission,  referred   to.   4359. 
Special   mi  ont  to  demand 

Mtlll    ' 
Colonization  of  negroes   in,  aetion  of 
i    .  •   .i    8t*l         fa      alii       Ot,    dts 
cussed,  6006,  6096. 
Commerce— 
In  p.  .ea»ures  for  protee- 

tion  of,  referred  to,  3-016. 

Of     I'll:  "list  ion* 

■gall  -mlian's    Gov- 

referred    to,    3584. 

Commercial  relation  * 

Treaty     regarding,      rccotnrn 

n  ferred  to,  3114.  ! 
3S.12,   3460,   | 

Slate,    i. 
of,  vtith  Mexican  auth. 
2998. 
Contraband   of   war,    correspondence 
regarding   exportation    of    ar 

Conl '  1*  twees 

suls    at    Acapulco    and    authorltlct 
of,  2605. 

on    vilh,  12,    2833. 

3097,  4790. 
opened,  32*1. 

rding  crossing   and    rocn 

and,  5200. 
Conventional  regulation  of  pa**:*- 
rii, >,,•-,.  laborers  aero*  r  of, 

to,    ,"."■<  4. 
rlflM      pi  *>} 

nroclanwi  ■ 
Crabb, .  x.  .-hi ion  of,  referred  to. 

Deprodattoni  •  individ- 

uals  of,   on    property  of  <  >i..ut«ieu 
Demon, 

,  cod 

..I. 

3107. 
Restoration  of,  17: 

irder*  on    frontier*   of. 
.  Iranda  River.) 

-is      I  Jill. i 

and     Mining    Co.,     ngi 
with,  referred 
l  Bl  ipean     triM. |'M     .  !     in,    re- 

(crri-.l    I... 
Expeditions'  agnin«t— 

Attempts  of  Santa  Annn  and 

tega    to   organize,   3858. 
Discus*..! 

tarnation,  against — 
Plllmi 

Referred  to,  $656. 
Pierce.  9804. 
Tavlor,  2545. 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Mexic6 


Referred  to,  2770. 
Export  of  arms  and  ammunition  to, 

7929,  8089,  8090. 
Free  Zone — 

Discussed,   4055,   4100,  4295,   4806, 

6334. 
Referred  to,  5195. 
French  troops  in,  referred  to,  3571. 
Contraband  articles  for  nse  of,  re- 
ferred  to,   3351. 
Evacuation  of,  by — 

Discussed  and  referred  to,  3582, 

3653,  3662,  3718. 
Indicated  and  Oen.  Orant  sent  to 
communicate  with  American 
minister,   3641. 
Qen.   Grant  relieved  and   Oen. 
Sherman  assigned,  3641. 
Negroes  used  by,  referred  to,  3355. 
Fugitive  criminals,  convention   with, 
for  surrender  of,  2602,  3264,  4867. 
Demands  made  under,  4791,  6333. 
Extension   of  time   for  ratification 

of,   recommended,   3274. 
Questions  arising  under,  discussed, 

5086,  6333. 
Report  of  Secretary  of  State  re- 
garding, 2690. 
Termination    of,    notice    of,   given 
by,   6334. 
Fur  trade  with,  persons  killed  while 

engaged  in,  1128. 
Government  established  in,  by  Amer- 
ican army  officers,  discussed,  2356, 
2444. 
Government  of,  overthrow   of,   3094, 

3175. 
Government  of,  Paredes,  referred  to, 

2341. 
Hostile  attitude   of,  toward  United 

States,  discussed,  2238. 
Hostile  Indians  in,  discussed,  3045. 
Hostile  interference  of  foreign  pow- 
ers with,  not  to  be  permitted  by 
United  States,  3043,  3177. 
Tluerta's      authority     in,     usurped, 

7907. 
Immigration   of   dissatisfied    citizens 
of  United  States  into.     (See  Immi- 
gration.) 
Imprisonment    of   American    citizens 
by  authorities  of,  2720,  2834,  2837, 
4376,  4672,  4678,  4692,  4696,  4852, 
4991,  5106. 
Indemnity  paid  to,  by  United  States, 
referred  to,  2636,  2677,  2679,  2705, 
2900,  2940. 
Independence  of,  first  recognized  by 

United  States,  2241,  2323. 
Indians  of  United  States  on  frontier 
of,    referred   to,   2580,   2630,   2664, 
2714. 
Incursions   of,  discussed,   2666,   2710, 

3045. 
Inhuman   treatment   of   captives   by, 
2207. 


Insurrection  in,  United  States  army 
and  navy  forces  mobilized  on  bor- 
ders of,  to  guard  American  inter- 
ests, 8038.  (8ee  also  Wars  in,  post.) 
Interference  of  citizens  of  United 
States  in  war  of,  with  Texas,  com- 
plained of,  2051. 
International   exhibition  to  be  held 

in,  4449. 
Intervention  of  foreign  powers  in  af- 
fairs of,  referred  to,  3260. 
Invasion  of,  by — 

Spain,  discussed,   1009. 
Squadron  under  command  of  Capt. 
Thomas  Jones,  discussed,  2080. 
Jurisdiction  claimed  by,  over  foreign- 
ers    committing     offenses     against 
Mexicans,  discussed,  5087. 
Kidnapping  of  American  child  in,  re- 
ferred to,  3572. 
La    Abra    Mining    Company,    award 

against,  6677. 
Language  used  by,  offensive  to  United 

8tates,  2206. 
Loan  of  United  States  to,  discussed, 

3264,  3282. 
Maximilian — 
Capture  and  execution  of,  referred 

to,  3725. 
Decree   of,   declaring  blockade   of 

ports  proclaimed  void,  3631. 
Decree    of,    reestablishing    slavery 

in,  referred  to,  3569. 
Organization  for  purpose  of  aveng- 
ing death  of,  referred  to,  3780. 
Military   contributions   to   be   levied 
upon,  2373,  2379. 
Amount  collected  referred  to,  2398, 

2501,   2528. 
Authority  for  collecting,  discussed, 

2420,  2522. 
Contribution  levied  discussed,  2374. 
Recommendations  regarding  collec- 
tion of,  2380,  2381. 
Referred  to,   2418. 
Military  posts   in,   establishment   of, 

recommended,  3045,  3099. 
Minister  of,  to  United  States,  2051, 
2480. 
Mission  of,  terminated,  1456. 
Passports  demanded  by,  2238. 
Received,  1595,  4718. 
Minister  of  United  States,  808,  1009, 
1537,  2219,  2241,  2480. 
Assemblage  of  ministers  in,  935. 

Postponed,  951. 
Correspondence   with,   referred   to, 

3723. 
Gen.   Grant    sent   to   communicate 
with,  3641. 
Referred  to,  3654. 
Relieved  and  duties  assigned  to 
Gen.  Sherman,  3641. 
Interference    of,    in    favor    of   the 

French,  referred  to,  3348.  3351. 
Passports  demanded  by,  2289,  2340. 


Mexico 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Recall  of,  requested,  1010. 

Bofusal  of  Government  of,  to  ro- 
ccivc,  2288,  2340. 

Rejection  of,  referred  to,  2281. 

Return   of,  £238. 
Mission  to,  dotation  of,  to  first  class 

recommended,  5547. 
Monarchy    in,    establishment   of,    re- 
ferred to,  3571. 
Mutiny  in  American  camp  at  Baena 

Vista,  2443. 
New  Mexico  and  California  ceded  to 

United   States  by.      (Heo   Com  son, 

Ufa,} 
Parodcn's  return  to,  referred  to,  2410. 
Peaceful    adjustment    of    difficulties 

with    United  States,    referred     to, 

2290,  2338. 
Pirates  commiasioned   by,  discussed, 

Big. 
Pledge  of  United  States  to,  against 

foreign   interference  with,  referred 

to,  907. 
Policy  of,  in  exempting  from  impost 

duties     territory     on     borders     of 

United    States,    referred    to,    4055, 

4100,  ■!::• 
Ports  of,  In  possession  of  American 

forces  ordered  to  bo  opened,  5108, 

5114. 
Postal  trenty  with,  3235,  3264,  5377. 

Ratification  of,  referred  to,  3274. 
President  of — 

Death  of,  referred  to,  4142. 

Demonstration  by  Congress  of 
United  States  of  Colombia  ia 
honor  of.  3575. 

Election  of.  discussed,  3004,  3175. 

Government  formed  by,  discussed, 
3095. 

Referred  to,  3175,  3577. 
Prisoners  of  war  taken  by  belliger- 
ents  in,   referred   to,  3720. 
Proclamation  revoking  prohibition  of 

shipment  of  arms  to,  7929. 
Property  of  American  citizens  scired 

or  destroyed  by,  2323,   3044,  3096, 

3120. 
Property  received  from  porta  of,  re- 
ferred   to,   2528. 
Protection   of — 

American  commerce  In  ports  of,  re- 
ferred to,  3016. 

United  States  over  portions  of,  roc- 
oznmended,  3045. 
Public  lands  acquired  from,  referred 

to,  2448. 
Railroad   and   telegraph  lines  across, 

granted   to   American   citizens  lor, 

referred  ta   :<ej66. 
Railroads  in,  referred  to,  4465,  4562. 

4627,  4918,  5547. 
Recognition   of   ao-calle.d   Empire    of, 

bv     United     States,    referred     to, 

3572. 


Recovery  of  debts— 

From  persons  absconding  into,  dis- 
cussed, 960. 
In,  duo  American  citizens,  993. 

Relations  with,  1070,  1446,  1496,  1634, 
1697,   1744,  ,   3411, 

4627,  4667,  4759,  5547,  131 

Revolution  in,  and  installation  of 
President   Diaz,   discussed.  4419. 

Revolution  in.     (8eo  Wars  in,  posf.) 

Salute  to  flag  of  United  States  de- 
manded by  Admiral  Mayo,  7935. 

Santa  Anna's  return  to,  referred  to, 
2415, 

Security  of  trado  with  Missouri,  dis- 
cussed, 1036. 

Should  be  held  responsible  for  ex- 
penses inenrred  by  United  States 
In   war  with,  234.H,  2373,  2386. 

Slavery  in,  so-called  decree  cone 
ing  roestahlishmcnt  of,  refer - 

Spanish  invasion  of,  discussed,  1009. 

Spocial  message  asking  authority  to 
use  land  and  naval  forces  to  main- 
tain dignity  of  United  States  ia, 
7934. 

Subjects  lynched  at  Yreka,  Cad.,  and 
indemnity  recommended,  V27  7,  6458. 

Supreme  power  of,  passes  into  hands 
of  military  leader,  2259,  2340.  _ 

Taxes  levied  upon  products  of,  for 
support  of  American  amir,  2418. 

Territory  of,  ceded  to  United  State*. 
(Seo  Cession,  ante.) 

Texas- 
Admission   and    annexation    of,   to 

United  States.     (See  Texas.) 
Correspondence  with  United  States 

regarding,  2014. 
War  with.    (See  Wan,  Foreign.) 
War  vtiili  I  .  regarding. 

(8ee  Mexican  War.) 

Threatens   to — 

.ro  war  against  United  State*. 

Renew  war  with  Texas,  discussed, 
2194.  2206. 
Trade    between    United    Stales    and 

Provinces  of, 
Tr  'ity  and  negotiations  with,  regard- 
ing route*  across   ixthmua  of  Te- 
lepeo.        (8eo       Toliuantepee, 
Isthmus  of.) 
Trenty   of   peace    with,    transmitted 

and  discussed,  £437. 
Negotiati.  >  ling,    dlseusxd, 

2306,  8343,  8385.  2i 
2424.   2529.     (So*  also 
ante.) 
Treaty    with,    transmitted    and    dls- 

niFM  nt— 

Arthur,    4686,    4741,    4742,   4743, 
48*  * 

Buchanan,  3109,  3177. 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Mexico 


Cleveland,  4913,  4984,  5088. 

Fillmore,  2602. 

Grant,  42HS,  4315. 

JackM.ii,  1069,  HIS,  1130,  140ft. 

Lincolu,  3264,  32S2. 

Pierce,  2762,  276ft,  2774,  2843. 

Polk,  2240,  238ft,  2423,  £424,  £426, 
2437,   2520. 

Taylor,  £545,  £551. 

Van  Buren,  1702. 

(See     also     Gadsden     Purchase; 
Guadalupo       Hidalgo;       Triit, 
N.  P.) 
Amendments   to,   proposed,  £762. 

Accepted,  2774. 
Amount   to   bo   paid   under,  2437, 
£774. 

Payment  made,  2000. 
Arbitration    treaty   with,   referred 

to,  1702. 
Cession    of    California    and    New 

Mexico  to  United  States  under. 

(Seo   Cession,   ante.) 
Correct  import  of  remarks  of  Pros- 

ldent   Pierce  regarding,  not  con- 
veyed, £769. 
Failure  of  commissioners  to   con- 
clude, 23S0. 
Instructions  to  minister  regarding, 

referred  to,  3113. 
Legislation  regarding,  recommend- 
ed. 50S0. 
Proclamation  regarding,  by  Presi- 
dent— 

Pierce.  2926. 

Polk,  S847T. 
Proposition  to  conclude,  by — 

Mexico,  referred  to,  2422. 

United  States.  2300.  2344. 
Declined,  2344,  2304. 
ratification  of,  reforred  to,  3274, 

By  Mexico,  2174. 
rat  i  illations     of,     exchanged     at 

QnorMuo,  2437. 
Recommended,  5080,  5308. 
Referred  to,  976.  1130.  1445,  2768, 

3100.  3177,  4743,  47.0?. 
Regarding  transit  way  across  Ixtb- 
-  of  Tehusntepcc.     (See  Te- 
hunntepec.  Isthmus  of.) 
Signed  at  Guadalupo   Hidalgo  by 
N.  P.  Tttat,  2423. 
Proclamation   regarding.   2477. 
Views    of    President    Polk    on, 
2423.  2424. 
Steps  tnken  to  negotiate,  referred 

to.  5678. 
Terminated,  4759,  5080. 
Terms  of — 

DIxeuFsed     by    President     Polk, 

2437,  2529. 
Proposod,   discussed,   2388.   23S9. 
Violated  by  Mexico.  2207,  2383. 

i  States  army  and  navy  forces 
mobilized  on  borders  of,  to  guard 


American  interests,  7658. 
United   btatcs  only  nation   insulted 

in,  7935. 
United  States  sailor  in  uniform  jailud 

at  Vera  Crux,  7938. 
Vessels  of— 

Captured  by  United  States  sloop  of 

war  restored  to,  1817. 
Law   granting   letters    of    marque 
and  reprisal  against,  recommend- 
ed, 2346. 
United  States  seized  or  Interfered 
with  by,  1684,  1685,  5123,  6502. 
War      waged      against,      by      Spain, 
France,  and  Great  Britain  referred 
to,  3264. 
War   with   Texas.      (Sco  Wars,   Por- 

eign.) 
War  with  United  States.    (See  Mexi- 
can War.) 
Wars  in,  1157,  2277,  2341,  265ft,  3043, 
3094,  3175,  4419. 
Information  regarding  naval  fore* 
of   United    States    participating 
in,  transmitted,   31  IS. 
Neutrality  of  United  States  between 
belligerent  factions  in,  discussed, 
3144,  3581,  8268. 
Weil,    Benjamin,    award    against, 
6677. 
.Zona  Libre— 

Discussed,  4055,  4100,  4295,  4S0«, 

Mil 
Referred  to,  5195. 
Mexico.  City  of.  Surrender  of.— After  a 
■cries  of  liilllluni  operation!  ibe  United 
Slates  Invaders  bad  overcome  three  limes 
ticlr  own  number  ad  were  la  possession 
of  the  capital  of  Mexico.  Before  daylight 
of  Soot.  14,  1817.  tlic  cliy  r.miull  bad 
waited  upon  i.i  ii  :  riii.  tbc  American  com- 
mander, nnd  demanded  terms  of  surrender. 
piled  tbat  ibe  cltjr  bad  coma  Into  bis 
power  tbe  nik-iit  before  and  Ibat  toe  terns 
accorded  would  be  Imposed  by  Ibe  American 
army.  At  7  o'clock  tbc  United  States  flu 
was  bolsied  on  tb«  ton  of  ibe  National 
Palace,  and  at  0  o'clock  «Jcn.  Scott  rode 
Inio  the  plara.  escorted  by  tbc  Sc.-r.nd 
t 'hi ted  States  Dragoons.     Soon  after  taking 

J."    -.ear.lnli      llf      Ibe      lIM      r.      '.I .  e      Y,  il  .     OPCBM 

upun  Die  American  soldiers  from  the  roofs 
nf  house,  from  windows,  and  scre*t  corners 
by  about  2.000  convletu  who  had  h»*n  llb- 
craicd  Ibe  nlKht  before  bv  (he  fleeing  Gov- 
nt.  Then*  were  joined  by  ■•  many 
soldiers,  who  bad  disbanded  themselves  and 
assumed  the  (tarb  of  eltlSSOa.  This  firing 
waa  kept  iip  In  a  de.uliory  way  for  24 
boors,  and  many  soldiers  were  killed  or 
wounded. 

Mexico.  City  of: 

Capture  of,  by  American  troops,  dis- 
cussed, 2301. 
Cemetery  at,  appropriation  for,  rec- 
ommended, 2683. 
Bcf erred   to,   4149. 
Mexico,    Treaties   with. — The    treaty   of 
peace.    rrlendshl«,    limits,    and    settlement. 
suown    as    the    Guadalupe    Hidalgo   Treaty, 
was  concluded  In  1S48.  snd  closed  the  Mex- 
ican War.    After  a  dcclsratlon  of  peace  to- 


M 


eoco 


of  the  Presidents 


imiD   tin-   two   nation*.  Ibt  Ircnty  p; 

mi-Hi    of    a   cuoimi-'  ion    i.. 
ll    paM    an»l 

■i    11  .     mill- 

lory  ooeujailort    « 

nWory.— TO*     Imiuxlary     line    lx-i 
th*  tn..  r.  mi).!!.  -  •■ .. 

but    modified    by     i Iip    Uadadcu    Treaty    of 

IBM.     Mexican*,    who    by    Ina    eluuyt*   of 

•  lury  cbotilil  pa»-   tram    III"   Jurl   ill. -in  n 

Of     >!• 

I«n»    .--f    I  I.  ■>«' 

*li>    i-a»"    mil    .    .  hi     Hi.-    I-  .iillU- 

ary    .-ll-  linli.n    III.     i     -lii  .1    Slnl         .-  .-I 

pay    to    Mexico    the    niiu   of   xi&.ivm.iiiiii   In 

(••Id 

>-    paid    tali  ■  -.  i.  .    Iiniii.-- 
t  ttfr  ratlnrailuii.  nml  lb«  r.-mauilnn 

J  I -j  ii.  >n  uoo  In   annua  i.i»  of  IS.- 
li  li      v.  .   Ii    ii.:.  I    .il    l    •        il.     ,,f 

>li   pi  niiiiini.     Tli li  il 

•  Kn-vii    lo  '    nil    claim 

and  to  become  due,   «o   tbni    Mexico  should 

-  .■    fruiii    all  -.f    an)    klu.l    In 

li.  I.i        Tl  -  ..I.  Ill- 

in.  in    mi    dlHi'hnriif-d    from    all 

I  nit- .1    Btatof    I'lilnt-n*    whleh    aroie    prior 

i.i    Hi"    >-1k<iI»r    "'    tli'"    l!  d    il1" 

■  ii"«  *c 1   i"   par   the   -niu..   In 

a  mm    not    to   i-xiccd   IViAO.OOO, 

1 1,,,  i.i.vii.-i.-.-  i.r   f- 

lac   any    point    i.  iiinn    ii 
«u    rc«or>    I     tq     6  "i    nnru.ni        Bu 
noi-MMi;    lo   tl.  .f    I'nlted   Mite* 

Hoops  nil!  pi  l--i 

to   evacuation,    ;..    in.    .-..1ml I    dni)     ff«« 

.'■ulli».  — I      i 
of  the  custom  hou-ic  In  Mexico,  .: 

ball   i T.-ni|.i    from   .-..mi.  ■  , 

dutiable.       Iilny.ni.>     arMnir    In     r.gnrd    lo 
matter   not  eover.-il    dearly,    by    ttiH    treaty 
an.  t.>  lip  ariaiiKi'd  ainli-oM- 
at     inch    oiiil.-ni.l.-     an 
ii..  -.,  in-     uiiuiiii.il   lo  nrliltrallon  of 
r  ..r  a  fii. -u.iiy  power.     Pi  - 
TI-1..11  was  made  for  tin-  poaalblc  oui  break 
of   nr   between    tlic    two   nail. 

mi./..;,  ii  Treaty.— The  treaty  of 
known  hh  tin.  •  in-!  ilnn  i'i  ...  .  irai 
i..   in.-   r  nlted   Btati  bb\   •■( 

Which  Nevada.  I"'nb.  ratlfnml*.  nn.l  pari* 
.if  Arlj-.uiii  Saw  Mexico  Colorado,  and  Wy- 
oming Iur  65,038 
wiiinrr     ranee,    ami                  :  ' -nc    claim* 

u»riilii»l     Hie     l"nii«l     Stat*«     for    damoiP'c 

• .;  liv   liulliin  depredation!  iniiouni  Ins  to 

ii  Bfte  ii  in  in-- ii-  and  lllloni 

•  ■t  dollar*.  In  return,  tin-  1'nltcd  Ktatea 
pald  ii on  "f  HO.000.000,  i-.iK"«.«"o  at 

1.000.. 
000  on   Ibe  eomplellon   of   lb*,      urvej 
nppoalilon  In  pai-u«--  on  the  plnnk  an 

Hi.    InllunOH  Of  Tebuau     [.ee,  ■■! 
m M.-h  Ibe  kr.-v.-riiin.  1. 1  i.r  M 

li»  support,  was  in  < rr.-r.  .1 1.-.  nliher  party 

irlvllrjr*  Of  •nriylnc  fulled  SI«(.-h  mull 
over  ihc  mini  wai  n-  orduil  wllbonl  llriblllty 
of  duty  charges  nn  mch  part"  -r  the  mall 
on  were  not  Intended  for  <latrlbufloo  • " 
i, ..I  . 

fdnlni'iiMi      i  I'lie      boundary 

convention  of  1*  led    for  the 

Itshmonl  of  nn  ItiLTiiallonal  !l>,undar.<' 

t.    l'..r   III."    r.;. hi.  In-.*  .if  -.11. -Il   tin. III! 

o»  iliould  be  deemed  necpsr- 
fine  Ibe  bouinl.ii. 1    between    flic    two 
II.-.-.      Tin-    power*   of    the    <-nmml««loii.    In* 
»ort   nf    motnimrati    lo    be    owed,    the 
uf.  and  the  expense*  of  the  comtnl 
Wit.'  all  clearly  ,!  the.  treaty.      Pen 

•  III.  -  -..r..  hi. 11  agreed  upon  for  destruction 
or  remoTal  of  auca  monumenln. 

Th.'  boundary  convention  of  1B8-I  «-»(ab- 
llntn-il  nml  in. ii  rlaarly  .l.-llned  the  twimiil- 
«ry  of  in.-  III.)  (irandc  and  the  Rio  Colo- 
rado than  did  th"  treaty  of  ls*»  and  the 
tr-nty  of   '-'  .in',  boundary   coaren. 

tioai  were  concluded  at  later  datet  to  ni.-nd 


lued  10  ibe  comnla-Uon  for  ibe 
..I    in.  ir  work,      liy   a    b-uundari 
.  f  1»»9  a  boundary  e-omnMaloa 
Ubllabcd  foi    Hi 
boundary  line  en  *Jb*  <-bane»« 

il    Hi.-   Kto    1. .jin]..    and    tb- 
1  irado      1  roi  tba  ail  aiir-. 

18  .1    i  1802,     -.■  1  itraOllloa  Treallen  . 
An    arbliraiiuu    euntvnik-n    waa    p|*o.O    Id 
i.     - 
Tin-  i|uoi<llon  an  to  1.I1.  Hot  Ibe  l  hainlial 
tract   at    ICI    l-axu   tn-iniia-x    t.,    tbo    i 
ntal-iM  .  1    MpiI  ..  wa»  •■ubiuU'.il    to  arlillra- 
1  Inn  lu  IMOL  Inn  tba 
factory.     <H.-e  pu-re  T« 

-  mil"  a   party   to    tin 

10     I"  lu-.-.-n     Ho-     I'ulli-d     SIUI--K    n: 

netvral     lepubli.  .  .  ulial 

America  fal  (be  arbitration  of  pe«-utilait 
i-lHlniM    and     th.;    pioi.-illun    of 

...  Iileb  «a«  »fin.<-d  la  lluetmH  All 
1910  and  proclaimed  in  WaahlOKten 
:::i     10 

Mtxieo.  Oulf  of: 

Ca-jftl    from   Atlantic   Ocean    to,   tlio- 

i-d,  9»5. 
Commerce     of     United     Statoa      di_ 
atrojed    by    pirates    in,    <1 . 

Naval  force  in,  referred  to,  2173. 
I  nut  ructions  to  commanders  of,  . 
(tend  to.  3065. 
Piracy,    forea    i-mployed   in,    tot 

prMrfea  of,  826. 
Survrv  of  coaat  of,  referred  to,  2810. 
VMM-la  of    'I.  BUtM — 

17. 
Vi-ited  by  Briti«li  offl*«ra  in,  SOtt. 
Miami    Indiana.      (See    Indian    Tribe*, 

and  Indian  Worn.) 
Miami.  Battle  of.     (ftaa  19«.) 
Michigamla     Indians.       (8o«      Indian 
Trii. 

MIclllgan.— One    of   the    wnli-ra    -troup  of 
Wcknama.    "Tba  Wolverine  State". 

mollo.     "SI     .|u..H.     penltiinlam     inurmni 

i-pl".."     r  If    you    a.-»k    a    de)lEblf-it 

look    about    you  "i.       It    i-onalau 

■2C„'w^.pon,n-t"'  "ilend    from   lal 

41°    «-    lo  4T*    Ml'  oortb 

DO"  30'  went.    The  m> 
in-nlii    In    IhiiiihIiiI    mi    Hie    «n«t    by    Lake 
Huron.     HI  ,.    .„,!     \,, 

i  '    ii.  li  lair  and  H 

i.  on  the  couth  by  Indiana  ao.l 
ami  on  th*  went  by  l-akr  Mlehlcnb.  is- 
upper  ...  i.n.-.iM  (aeparatrd  from  Ibe  coulk- 
ern  be  the  Strait  "t  3lM>-klnn w  i  II. 
twoeu  T.»k"  Siip.rl.ir  on  the  uortb  en! 
Huron  nml  Mlcblenn  and  the  Mtct* 
of  Wlcconcln  on  the  •outb  ami  weat,  aaa 
ha*  an  arm   ..r  TV 

l<  noted  for  lt«  crcat  mineral  wealth 
Itc   chief    linlimirlea    II 

i      ^nit.    imtiWr.    wool,    and    Iron,    ao4 
In    the   manufacture  of  furniture    It    la  ote 
of  th*  moil  prominent  at»t. 
Tli..    hiuiberliiK    Inituatry.    la   which    It    f,.i 
merly  led  th*  country,  baa  declined,   owlac 

1..  nil. ii-.-  if  -li.  r  ■...■  nllbousb  the  la 
iln-lrv     Ik    ►  I  ruble. 

Mean  in  flr»t  ceitled  br  the  Krenek 
at  Saul'  Btf  Mnrl..  In  146ft.  It  wa*  eed*4 
lo  Creiit  ItrllJi In  In  1  Trt.t.  wm  fonnallv  inr 
rendered  to  the  United  Btataoj  In  1796. 
f..i  noil  part   of  tli"   S 

nn.i  later  of  Indiana  Territory,  and  wm 
oinallruted  Mlcblenn  Territory  lo  IMS. 
Detroit  waa  taken  by  th*  Rrttiah   In  lolfc 


hot  wm  rtv-OTered  bj  the  1'nllcd  State* 
iu    IS!.'..       MlchUau    win    admitted    (c    lh» 

In     l>      .. 

8l»llhl|i«  df  agriculture  collected  tot  the 
Utt   Federal  ui-u»ua    u  tiuuiusr  of 

farm*  mi    i  i  i-iii.it 

I*  imi.'.M  ocrca.  rallied,  with  attics  and 
Improvement*,   ut   ll.n  in-   «.- 

crug»  value  "f  I 

tuIiiv    uf    i! iliiinln.    poultry,    etc.. 

win   $K!T  • 

tic.   valued  hi   SIh.'.imi  ;il-\  ;  ftlO.OCU  h- 

ST  1.31  -  itu.sj:.  ;    I  .'.;,.- 

wine.     |l».;:,r,  n,_- :     -JUU.4J0 
*■•.*.'•  I  -  yield 

an<]  value  of  Bclil  (Nn  for  It'll  Ik  given 
><   foHnwa:    corn.    1,090,000  ...770. 

l.li«hel«,  »:m  . '..n  mini  .    wh.nl,    1." 
I*  0  lui-bela,  *l«.,.,:n. 

u    "i  ■-.     i-  ' ,00 mhela,   *10, 

T.iJ.i""  lll.i'KMI   I.iik!,. 

1   ill  I  pot  ikio    acres, 

liuabcl*.    f  rj.ti24.VOO ;    bay.    2,- 
II  1 .00(1  00(1    lull-,    | 

TUr  mineral  pmducia  of  tba  State  ennalst 
largely  «f  copper  nod  lrou.  though  coal, 
Iikiioiii/      itono,      sand,      gravel,     eeruenl, 

■  liuuilltletl, 
I  h.  si. ii-  mnk«  wcuud  Iu  tlic  production 
of  Iron  ore.  In  1010  then  wen  mined 
IS.HuS.POtl  limit  i. .».,  lalurd  n t  »«l.."ty 

i  nice,   wholly  In    Hi.' 
ninl  t  lie  Miii.  inia. .    nod  (loit-'ltlc.  cxtrodlng 
'.•-      rich     mineral    Inlgi-K. 
'III.-    BUM    l"  "i f    the    Hir-e    largest    pro- 
ducers of  copper,    being  *urpn»»ed  oul 

output  lii   rin:> 

Ik.  lb*  large.!  In  (be 

bl»lorr    of    Hie    lndti*trr,    valued    at    HO.- 

2ST.456;  la    1010.  oat.-  (i    puiinda 

wm    product  .1     .in.l    in     1011    inert    wj.    a 

of     ahooi 
pound*  on  account   "f  the  lnw  price;  of  lb* 
nieia:  general    condlllon    of    the 

market. 

manufacturing  bualaeaa  !»  i frsed 

.    niih    lamtwr,   agricultural   prod 
metal*  and  mining. 

The    muni  ..urn. ••iiinik-    .  -l.il.lli.h- 

i  rulgan  having  uo  annnal  outpul 
valued   At   J.'.IK)  or  more  nt    the   In 

«»•   8.724  capital 

•  -I     was    Jiiili  in 
to    .::"  ill  I     p.i   mi-      ii   me    in.. i.  i 
at    SAP2.*0l.tMHI, 

good*    -..i  III).      S.l.iri--   and 

aw«  paid  aiu-muted    In  '"". 

Michigan: 

Admission  of.  into  I'tiioo — 


Apphi'tlt  n.ll     Im. 

II  In-Ill  in  regard  to, 
State  governim  i  by  inhab- 

limit,   of,   11 
Appropriation   for.   382. 
approval  of  bill  pro-riding  for  road 

1 1  sited  In.  explained,  1046. 
Boundary  of — 

Controversy   with   Ohio   regarding, 

1404,  1407. 
With   Wisconsin,  referred  to,  18*6. 
nor  of.   report    of.   379. 

"iliette  dis- 
in,   confirmation   of,   rcferTod 
to.   4869. 
Land*  In- 
Ceded  to  United  State*  by  Indiana, 

Promised  to  soldier*,  not  III  for  cul- 
tivation, recommendations  re- 
garding, ESS. 


Mileage 

Laws  of,  transmitted.  400,  OS 
ltecovery  of,  from   British  forces,  re- 
ferred to. 
Revenue    l>i:-  Dished   within 

the  State  of,  6586. 

■!  citizens  of,  527. 
Bnj  port  ofj 
Middle  Creek  (Ky.),  Battlo  of.- Jan.  n, 
1802,  i  i  I.  Jai        '■    ■ 

tt    Muddy  Creek,   Kjr-  and  advanced 
with    I  i   to  attack  Oen     Hum 

Marshal  I,    who    had 

.l.ti'.  M»rr*iill.    bring-   ad 

ITtKbTl    apiH-mi  h.    i  .. .i    up    i    i 

in     •  'ii  hi.    ni" 

Mill    «.,l     : 

battle  Laated  nil  ilni       Mar.luill  i 

Hi.    Held  in  ii..   evening  upon  the  arrival  ol 

'  I        r.-i  III...  J        I:     . 

Stores  to  n  |r   falling  Into  Federal 

bandi.      c-  ■•. 

■  on  ii"  Held  Toe 
l 'ohm  Iota  was  leas  than  80,  according  to 
Federal  accouota. 

Middle  States,  armed  neutrality  ii. 

Midnight  Appointments.— tmring  the  in<t 
day*  of  hla  presidential  lens  John  Attaint 

Elnjucd    nt    the    aiiei .  ■  *    .,r    J 
' 
..ml  appolnl 
Inatanrs   ol    n»i  d  ITer»nn   ami 

hi*    prlnclph  •        A". 

were   aliteen    etr.  uf    th. 

. 

i    hisl    before   mldnlrtil     if    March   .1, 
1801,   and    "'!■■  Idnlebt   spi 

•'Midnight  Bide  of  Paul  RavsT*."— The 
ride  b»  Paul  Revere  from  Boston  (■>  t 
ton.  In  1?:."..  I  ■  rail   the  '  Vllnrjte  M 
emerirenrT  mmortallxed   br    i 

fellow  In  bla  IfhinlyrH  Aids  of  Piul  Revert. 

Midway  Island,  rtforrod  to,  5187. 
Milan  Decres.— N"t-  "    '  to  and 

Jutland    bellif    then    st    wsr.    the    King   of 

I'.rliilt,  and  bla  piivr  com 
■  Jei  i 

etl   Kioie*  ami  any    Kuropsan  .-.1111111  i    QBdai 

■  11.    iu 
relallallon,    on     I  d     lliv, 

.  .    in    arfali  h    ii       leels     d 
astlonallKd."  whether  found  In  .•mtlnenial 

•  1  a*,  any  ■>• 
should  -ui  ■  ii  nv  a  HrlilKh  ■. 

or   thould   toueb   at  of  act  Mil  to  ->r   fmm 

alao 
l:.  rim    Drerei  ;    I'tnhargo;  Order*  in  1 

Milan  and  Berlin  Decrees: 

Disowned   and   referred   to  by  Presi- 
dent— 

rson,  401),  415.   430,  488. 

•HI,  416. 
Madison,   467,   474,   476,   BUS, 

Proclamation*    regarding,    Iwuei. 
JetTerMin  and  Madiaim.  i"T.  466. 
Milan,  Italy.     Beneficence  Congress  at, 

Mileaga.— Comped. .,:i.. 11   roi   tm  Hi 

penaea    st    s    certain    rale    pi  r    mil.- 

KIrat  Congress  panted  a  law  allowing  eaeb, 


Mileage 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


■ember  $0  for  every  twenty  milt*  traveled 
Id  going  io  *ud  (ima  cougreu.  In 
UjU  »»•  raised  to  »o,  null  Io  lhJQ  ml  It  eg. - 
was  limited  io  two  sessions.  Hallway  trans- 
portation hating  ehcaiiraed  ttavellng  ex- 
point*.  longrrs*  In  1MIU  reduced  fnc  mile- 
age lo  "M  teats  •  alio  each  way. 
Witt,  Th«.  claims  of  owners  of,  njrainst 

Portugal,  2453. 
Mmtartaxn.— Tbc  term  la  hard  to  define, 
but  may  be  eonaldcrcd  aa  ■  state  of  na- 
tional psychology  wLlc'j  exalt*  military 
Ideal*,  not  only  aborc.  bat  also  Instead  of 
clrl I  Ideals:  and  whlcb  Id  any  country 
!•»«!«  Its  hope*  for  tie  greatness  of  Coat 
country  upon  V"  development  ood  utiliza- 
tion of  Ha  inllltarr  force*.  A  ncrrtsary 
concomitant  of  militarism  Is  tlio  division 
of  tbc  sotlal  life  of  t-e  country  alone  the 

lltary  caale.     It  must  be  p 
out  tlint  the  mere  pretence  of  a  larjcc  army, 
or  of  a  si*if-u>  of  unlvirnl   military    tr»ln- 
lac    does    not    Imply    militiirl.uu,      France, 
red  one  of  the   most  demo- 
cratic   countries,    and    ona    peeiillarl* 
from  militarism,  ha»  bad  m 
training  and  (in  army  proportionately  almost 
as  large  na  the  army  of  Germany,  which  la 
Usually  considered  tn>"  grntteat  exponent   of 
the    Ideal    of    militarism    In    nn  - 
whereat  peaceful  Switzerland  has  tbc  Unr- 
est   army    In    Kurope    In    proportion    to    It* 
population,      Although    militarism    was    su- 
premo In  ancient  and  feudnl  times,  modern 
militarism  dates  from  the  N'apolronlc  Wars: 
and  the  pr- ■■■  nl  Oi  man  aystrm  l«  the  direct 
result  of  t'ic  orraninttoo  of  Marshal  Ton 
Monte,  assisted  by  Bismarck :  and  Is  excrn- 

tllfi«l  In  the  military  writing*  of  von  I'-erii- 
ardl  and  Tr»ttslie,  and  li  tho  pUtloeophy  of 
Ncincb*.     (Sea  Chauvinism.) 
Militarist — One  addicted  (o  militarism  (q. 

Military  Academy.— As  early  aa  1770  the 
Idea  of  a  National  Military  Academy  bad 
been  advanced.  A  commute*  of  tb«  Con- 
tinental Congress  era*  appointed  to  "pre- 
pare and  bring  In  a  plan  of  a  military 
academy  ot  the  army."  Washington  called 
the  attention  of  Congress  to  the  matter  la 
1703.  and  In  1790  recommended  the  Institu- 
tion of  a  military  academy  Ipnge  10-Ji. 
Match  10.  ISO;!.  Congress  patted  the  law 
founding  the  Academy.  On  Juu.-  2<X  1801, 
•rretary  of  War  directed  that  all  ca- 
dets of  tbc  corps  of  artillerists  should  re- 
port at  West  Point,  on  the  Hudson  River, 
for  Instruction,  and  on  Sept,  1,  1801.  the 
school  was  onrned.  with  four  army  officers 
and  one  civilian  as  administrators  and  In- 
•  ir'H-tor*.     (8o«  Illustration  opposite  1757.) 

The  general  commanding  the  nrmy  has 
under  the  War  Department,  super vision  of 
tbe  Academy.  Tbs  Immedlat*  government 
ri.n~liis  of  a  Superintendent,  commandant 
of  cadets,  and  seven  commissioned  profee- 
*or*.  The  act  ot  Congress  of  Juuo  «,  10OO. 
t.Mivlded  that  the  corps  of  cadets  shall  con- 
sist of  one  from  each  Congressional  dis- 
trict, one  from  each  Territory,  ona  from 
the  District  of  Columbia,  two  from  each 
state  at  large,  and  thirty  from  the  United 
States  at  large.  Tho  act  approved  Juna 
SS.  1002,  provided  that  the  number  of  ca- 
dets to  be  appointed  from  tho  United  States 
at  large  Is  not  at  any  on*  time  to  exceed 
forty.  An  additional  appointment  of  ono 
cadet  from  Puerto  Meo  was  authorized  by 
a   provision   In   the   act   of   March    .1,    lfnvf. 

fly  it  law  passed  April  17.  1016,  Kepre- 
arntntlvcs  msy  appoint  two  cadet*  Instead 
of  one.  Senators  four  Instead  of  two  and 
the  Fmldost  eighty,  Instead  at  forty. 


With  each  candidate  appointed  two  a! 
natiY.«  are  si>u  nsuied.  Toe  act  of  J 
11.   lb.e-.   hi  rl    that   tbe  number 

ckdets  at   la.Re  should  .1    i»o.  I 

tbls  number  bad  been  ln.:..n..tl  i..  t*r« 
by  an  set  of   Mai  1  b*   ox 

*re  appointed  by  ih<  i':.--ident.  iboac  t 
tho  i  niiui.  --■  i.in ;i i  llttncit  Iwlng;  reo 
mended  by  a  Congressman  from   i 

s  from   the  slates 
laigc    being  v    the    Svutl 

of    Hi.-   respect  I  re  states.     Tbosr    fi  .m 
l  ui.kI  Maies  at  laige  and  from  rbc  I 
or  Columbia   sre  appointed  directly  by   t 
President.     With  Hi.    -■•.     inlou 

'•oi  the  United  States  at  Ian 

fa.  inn   must    be   actual    resident*    of    t 
ongroatlonal  or  Territorial  dlstrlctH  or 
1    from  wbli 
appointed.      I.xoopt    In   eases  of 
vacancies  appoli  mat  be  made  tm 

year  In  advaaot  .,(  the  date  of  admissions 
Appointee*     to     lira    UUitary     a  rede: 
be  betwtvn  uid  twenty-1 

*'?.'"_   oC    M*     're*    '"""     aMl     limits 
ma)    render   them   unfit    tor    rniui 
io  iui.«  a  careful  exasa 
lion  In  ICngllsn   gtnuiiunr.    I  i 
Hon.    Kngl  ,     ihm 

quadrat).-     .  .|ii;iilon»,     plane     gen 

It*)    grcsgraphy    and     the    element* 
pii;*lcal  gcjgi ar-hy,  especially  tbc  gcogtsp 
Of  tl  i  d  States  bis 

the  outlines  of  gcnnal  history. 
The  Secretary  of  War  I*   authorlxrd 

Strralt  not   exceeding   four    i 
eslgnn  each  class,  by  I 

mmlnlon.  to  i  notion 

the    United    Stsi  .     Academy 

West    Point:    Provided.    That    the    Klllpl: 
nnderjcoliig     l.i.ini,  tioa    shall    r. 
same   pay.   allowances,  and   emolument* 
arc   antborliixl    by    law   for   cadets    at    . 
Military  Academy  annolntod  from   lb. 
ed   States,   to   be  same 

proprlnllont  j    And    provided    fuithrr     1 
aald     l-'lllplnos    undergoing     Instruction 
'Ion    shall    bo    eligible    only    to    • 
missions    In    the    Philippine    Rcvits.      8C:, 
for  eight  yean,  unlets  sooner  dlsrbatgcd. 
The  eenrae  of  Insiroetlon.  whleii  is  oq 
four  yrarK  and  Is  la 
ly     tnnibrmatiial     and     professional, 
principal  aoBjeeta  taught  are  mathemati 
1-ngllsh.    French,   drev  i-gulatloat 

of  all  arms  of  the  service,  natural   and  eg 
porlmental    iilnlnanphy,    chemistry,    cbcrolra 

thyslc*.     mineralogy      geology,     eli-ctrlclt 
Istory.    International,    constitatloaal.    aa, 
military  law,  Spanl.h.  civil  and  military  ea 
glneerltig,  art  and  science  of  war,  and  ord 
nance  and  gunnery.      About  one-fourth  o 
those   appointed    usna'ly    fall    to    pas*    tti 
prellmlnaiy     examinations,    and     hot 
over  one  half  of  tbc  remainder  are  final 
graduated.     The  dlsrlpjloe  Is   very    si 
even   more  to  than  In   tbe  army — and    tb< 

infnreemcnt  of  penalties  for  offences  I*  la 
exlblc     rather     than     severe.       Aradetnl. 
duties  begin  September  1  and  continue  u 
til  June  4.     I'xamlnatlosM  are  be'd  In  ea 
December  and  June,  and  cadet*  found  p. 
flcls-iit  In  studies  and  correct  In  conduct  a 

Rirn  the  particular  standing  In  their  ell 
which  their  merits  eatli'e  them,  wb 
tho**  cadets  deficient  in  either  conduct 
studies  are  discharged. 

Prom  about  the   middle  of   Jon*   to 
end  of  Augutt  cadets  Mt«  In  camo.  en 
only  In    military  duties  and   receiving 
Ural    military   Instruction.     Cadet*  are   . 
lowed  but  one  leave  of  absence  daring  t: 
four  years'  conrs*.  and   tbls  la  granted 
thn  exultation  of  the  Br»t  two  years.      '. 
pay   of  a  cadet   Is  «70lVuO  per  year,  a: 
with  proper  economy,   Is  sufficient    for 
support.     The   number   of  student*   at 


"icaderoy  Is  usually  about  Are  hundred  and 
■ny. 

ii  graduating  cad-ta  are  commissioned 

»»    second    tU'UlvtUDU    In    Hi  '    I   nllril    K.airs 

Army.  Tbc  whole  number  of  k  nduates 
from  1S03  to  l»ia.  Ineloslvc.  has  been  0.- 
205.  II  U  virtually  absolutely  necessary 
(01  ;v  person  necWItig  an  appoint" 
ply  to  his  Senator  of  Member  ot  Congress. 
i|iulntiai'Ot>  li)  Hi.-  l'i.  Ui.-ot  »rc  u»u- 
nlly  ie«lrlcied  to  sona  of  omevrs  of  IDS 
aimy  and  n»vy,  who.  by  reason  of  tie-it 
•  blf.Ing  residence,  duo  lo  tbc  necessities 
Of  ill"  sen  Ice.  8ml  li  MSI  to  Impossible  to 
obtain  on  »  i   otherwise.     The  8u- 

•  udent     1*      L'oloorl  Page 

Towaslry,  Coast  Artillery  Corps,  u.  8-  A., 
and  tbc  mlil.nry  aud  acadi-uilc  naff  con- 
•lata  of  130  person*. 

Military  Academy: 

Appropriation       /or,      recommended, 

955,  983. 
Bequest    of   Gcorgo    W.    Callum    for 
erection     of     momorial     hall     on 
grounds  of,  5074. 
CadoU  in — 

Enlistment  of,  time  of,  should   bo 

extended,  1607. 
Increase  in  corps  of,  recommended, 

32-19. 
Promotion  of,  referred  to,  2422. 
Referred  to,  621. 

■';.   767,    781,  872,  fl83,   1019, 
4248,  493-4,  5S79. 
•inlnrgcincnt  of,  necessary,  -133,  471, 

551. 
Establishment  of,  recommended,  1!'4, 

Il>7,   878. 
Expenditure*   of,    4934. 

!>.-    for    enlistment    of 
cadet*  Tn,  recommended,  H107. 
Government  of,  rules  for,  621. 

rorcnn  ut  hi,  raommonded,  4148. 
lilitary   education    in,    recommenda- 
tions regarding,  1389. 
Regulation*  for,  amended.  4713. 
Removal  of,  suggested,  433. 
Rules  for  government  of,  621. 
n  of,  In  1840,  1757. 
MUitary  Asylum.  (See  8oldiers'  Home.) 
Military  Code.    (Soo  Code.) 
Military   Commanders    (see  also  Mili- 
tary DUtrleta  and  Divisiona): 
Anonymous   letter  filed  with    corrc- 

Sjndenco  of,  return   of,  request- 
,  3909. 
Not  vested  with  authority  to  inter- 
fere with  contracts  between  Indi- 
viduals, order  regarding,  3548. 
Military  CommisslooB  to  Cuba,  Puerto 

Rico,  and  adjacent   islands,  6322. 
Military    Contributions    to    be    levied 
OS  Mexico.  2373,  2379. 
Referred  to,   2418. 
Military  Courts  and  Commissi  oris  (seo 
al«o    Lincoln,   Abraham;    Military 
Commission,  etc): 
Order- 
In  relation  to  trials  by,  3638. 


Sentences  of  imprisonment  remitted, 
1097. 
Military  Divisions  and  Departments: 

I  he  l.'e»t«m  Itivttion. — Embracing  De- 
par  (ujent  of  tbo  lCaac,  Department  of  tbe 
i.ulf.  and  tbe  1'anama  Canal  Zona:  bead* 
quarters.    Governors   l-laml.    N.    Y. 

Department  of  the  V.ait. — Kmbraclng  tha 
New  F.ngland  Statu.  New  York.  New  Jer- 
i.-y.  r.  nil  •.•  Ivanhs.  Delaware,  Maryland.  Dis- 
trict of  Columbia.  Virginia.  West  Virginia, 
Hblo,  rbe  Island  of  Porto  Klco  and  Islands 
and  keys  adjacent  thereto :  headquarters, 
Port    Tot  ten.     N.     Y.       Commander,     Urlg.- 

Oen.  t.  ii.  isms. 

Ucparlffirnt  of  the  Out/. — Etubrarlng  tha 
States  of  North  Carolina.  South  Carolina, 
Kentucky.  Tenncsaee,  Georgia,  Florida.  Ala- 
bama, Mississippi  and  the  Artillery  Dls- 
ot  New  Orleans  and  Galveston ; 
headquarters,    Atlanta.    Go.      Commander. 

\.    D.   Mills. 

Tot     Central    Division.— Embracing    De- 

Curiment  of  the  Lakes,    Department  of  tha 
IKxuui-1,    Department    of    Ti-xaa.    and    tho 
mil  Itn ry  tvnervallons  of  Fort  D.  A    Unsscll, 
Wy omlne ;   Fort   Leavenworth.   Kansas,    and 
BlMy,  Kansas;  headqunrtcts,  Chicago, 
Ml  ',     Brlg-Gcn.     R.    D.    Polls 

(temporary). 

Department     of     tho     Lain. — Kmbraclng 
the    Slate*  of  Michigan.    Indiana.    Illinois. 
Wlaroniln.    Minnesota,   and    North    Dakota; 
luartera,  St.  Paul,  Minn.    Commander, 
i;en    n    H 
£>r;iarlnirii*  of   the   Mltaourt. — Kmbraclng 
State*  of   Iowa.    Mlaaouil,   Kansas   (eg. 
■ .  p|     Hint    pari     Included     In     the    military 
itllona  of  Fort   Leavenworth  and   I'-ii 
Itllcyj.    Nebraska.   South    Dakota.    Wyoming 
p|    iliat    part   Included    In    the  Yellow- 
stone National  fork  and  Hie  military  rc«er- 
of  Fort  D.  A    Kuaaell),  and  Colorado: 
headquarters,     Omaha,     Neb.       Commander. 
Brig.  Qtn.  K.  A.  Smith. 

anrparlmenl  of  7V/o». — Embracing  tna 
Slates  of  Texan  iat   part  Included 

la  the  Artillery  District  of  Galveston). 
I.oiilnlana  (except  that  part  Included  In 
■  Hi-  Artillery  District  of  New  Orleans!.  Ar- 
kansas. Oklahoma,  and  New  Mexico:  bead- 
Siiarlrrs.  San  Antonio.  Tex.  Commander. 
Irjg  -Gen.  J-  W.  Duncan. 
The  Wettern  1)1-  lllon  —  Embracing  De- 
partment of  California.  Department  of  the 
Columbia,  and  Department  of  Hawaii: 
r»,  San  Praitclaco.  Cal.  Com- 
mander. Ma]. -Gen.  A.  Murray. 

Dcjiurliiienl  of  roKfomlo. — Kmbraclns 
the  States  of  California,  Nevada  I'lah  and 
Arizona ;  hesdnuarters.  Fort  Mlley,  Cal. 
Coinmandor.  Brlir.-Gen.  D.  H.  Brush. 

iiepiirfmrni  of  the  Columbia. — Kmbrae- 
Inc  the  Slates  of  Washington.  Oretoa, 
Idaho.  Montana,  so  much  of  Wyoming  as  Is 
Included  In  rha  Yellowatone  Notional  Park, 
and  Alaska  :  hcsd'iiinrtfrs,  Vancouver  Bar- 
racks, Wash.    Commander,  Urig.-Geo.  M.  P. 

V>cporlm«ii»  of  ITaicaU. — Embracing  tba 
nawnllnn  Islands  and  tbelr  dependencies: 
I  •:•  <i.,-::i  r t-rw  nt  Honolulu,  H.  T.  Com- 
mander,   llrlc-ilen.    M.   M.    Macomb. 

Philippine!  Dli  lilon—  Kmbraclng-  Dei>art- 
im-nt  of  I.uvon.  Department  of  ihe  Vlaayas, 
and  Department  of  Mindanao  ;  headquarters. 
Mnulla.  P.  I.  Commander,  Maj.-Gen.  1. 
Franklin   H-ll. 

Department  9f  Luron. — Kmbraclng  all 
that  porllua  of  the  Philippine  Archlpelaxo 
lying  north  of  a  line  passing  soulhrastward- 

Sr  tbrongh  the  West  I'asa  of  Apo.  or  Mln- 
oro  Strait,  the  twelfth  parallel  of  north 
latitude:  thence  cost  along  said  parallel 
to  longitude  124*  1C  east  of  Or-enwleb. 
bat  Including  tbe  Island  ot*  Palawan   aaai 


Military 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


adjaieot    •mall  laUndv    th  ■    Inland  of  M»- 
.    la  and  ihnnigb  S»n 

l     rilH, 
IV   I     i1. ...inlander.    Rrlk'.  <•>-■■.   » 

.■<:-  Embracing 
•  II     Ul.ll.il-     -if     III.'     rhlllj.plti"     Archipelago 
•  ■I    the    aoulbrrn    boilllriar' 
i    l.uaon    and    e.i 
lost  I:  Ii    ami 

■f  lb.-  ninth  parallel  of   latltu.. 

i '.Una,..  IMlnu-nn,  and 
ill  lalnoda  eaat  of  II  '   Sutlgao: 

li.n.li|.iou.T«.     lb. II. •,     r.     I.         i 

II  Ml.     O.     9 

■  it  of    '.'in    ii  i.ra-lng  all 

Manila   of    tin-     ' 

hcadouar- 
Zambaanga,   P    I.     commander,   llr tac  • 
■ 
Military  Districts  and  Divisions: 
AaalnanpnU    to,    3740.    J7.*A 
3755,  3851>,  3m 

88«4,  3SC0,  3880.  3973.  SOTS,  3fl76, 
4W: 
Orders   reuarditig,  re«cln.l.>il ,   r»H76, 

Oreal  ;H«0. 

Authority  for.  iY£crrv<l  to,  38-10. 
Diaaolutloi,  of,  4018.  404». 

Pint,  fourth  anil  fifth  diatrleta  di»- 
solved.  404*.  4049. 

:  .-  to  third  distrlet 

referred  to.  31 

n,  •  I ••.,  f..r  l>»rra.-l;»  and  quart,  ri 
iii    Military    Division  of    Potomac, 

Repnrta      nn.l  u  ndatlons     of 

commanders  of,  3094,  3B0O. 
Military    Drafts.     (Se*    Drafta.    Ml, 

tary.) 
Military   Education.  -Tbn   military   -iln- 

■  ai'.'-nal    ayMem    of   the    I'nlted    (Staff,    'i 

Military    a—Aamy    n(   West 

I'lUca  tiio  followliiK  I 

I    fait    A  rmv    Wnr    Cof'eye.    Washington. 

Ii.    ■'..  in   .if  a   |<n  -l.l-ul 

intlcd    from  officer*    of   lb« 

arni.r.       Tbl  "f    Instruction     la    for 

utic  year,  brcloiiiiii:  Baptambsr  1       A   limit. -1 

limber    of    officer!    Pol    baton    t If-    rank   of 

i.n   ai-i'oimi 
Dlclrncjr   and  fitnem.  ar«  detailed   annually 
f..r     In  v  I  rn  ■  I...I.         'I'll..     DUI  | ..f     It 

legs    1«    to    mii»    practical    application    of 

knowledge   nlr.ailv  atiiulred.   not  to    Impart 

n. .ii. 

II.  The     drmjl     Krrrfee     JTcnooN  The 

giotiii  of  achoo  !l»li.-d  at  Fort   I-enTvn- 

..f    ilif    Array 

School  "f  Ihe  l.loc  an  the  liaalc  ".lic.iil.  Ih.. 
Mi.,.,  rltall  .  olh-ge.  'Ii.'  Army  Signal  School. 
ii..-  AfniT  KWlil  I  nglm-.r  School,  ami  lhi> 
Army  rvlce     n-.il     CorrpNp.iii, 

School  for  Medical  officer*  aa  apcclnl  affili- 
ated a.-hoola,  art'  designated   it.-    . 
vl«-  School*,   and  are   under   ihe  direction 
of  a  Commandant   not  i.f  lower  grade   ihau 
it  a  BrlgndlcMlenurnl. 

ii..    pm  a  Hon  at  the  vrhoola. 

except   a«  otbci  - 

one  trrm  fi  mbcr  1   to  June   M  Of 

ii."  following  J 

I  :i  I  rmy  School  of  the  Lino.  The 
■ . r . j . - .  t  of  llila  •iliiinl  la  ih..  In«ir ".-linn  ..f 
aelectcd  oflesrt  from  tbn  (lac  ol  ill"  army 
In  ilia  lending  and  our.-  of  troopa  In  tunc 
nf  war  and  tln-lr  Iralnlnf  in  ttaia  "f  p»ae»- 
Tba    A«*!"taiit    I'nmuiandant    of    thf    Army 


■  'I 
il    of  tM    I 


ib»  Director  of  tb 


!; 


i  ■     ■  i'         ,UMia  an 

ma.' 
■  lea."       "dlallncnt>b'>t       c'»duaii-a."       au 
"C'adualra.-  reaucctlv.  Ii 

I  up    Armr    staff    College, 
ativrtkio  of  odlcara  ib'tall.-i!   aannally   froai 
ilir    blfbrat   (raduatpf   of    tbc    latrai    cj 

Ihr  .1  an)  of  tuai  itie  «•» 

i.'  I«  to  Impart  loan 
;..  offlcera  In   Ibc  diltlaa  of  the  r.n.ial  «ta1 
of  an  aimy  ;  lo  prvr,-.. 
War    IVII.'gT    and    lo    lari-<!l|rai..     mt'ltar 

II,"     rommaiidatil.     Analalnnt     4'oroaaaBt 
am,  Ki-.Titarr  .. '  ;..traotor«  of  tka 

School  of  the  t.lno  hold  corrotpoiMlInf  poal 
llona  In  th-  SialT  CoUvm. 

Mir   Army    ijl*-nnl   ScbooL    for    In 
tlon  of  oHwrt  of  toe  Rljp'  •  n   tb« 

Hiding   a»r.n.a,it,  utra 

Bceni  of  the  line.  <rbo  are  flnala 
nat.d    tberefor.     In     algnal  ,,.) 

make  rMeai.-b    aii.l  .  la    aubjecu 

Kllalnln«  t.,  the  win 
ic  achool  la  under  the  ceneral  dlreetloo 
the  Commandant  of  the  Arm 

4.  The   Army   Field   Engineer  School, 

I'll'  i>f    the    Kssl 

Corp*.  °ot  riCeealBf  kfl.  and  eoitluwr 
cera  of  the  National  Cuanl. 

5.  Tb»    Ai  Ice    and    Corra 

Sondenee   School    for    Medical   <  i 
r    Instruction 

and    of    II  ',id.       I"ar 

one    of    ihl«    aeti.xil    requlrea    ntleiidanee 

fur  a   ria.i 
|iart   two   for   a    i-ourn. 

nr»e   of    In   I  ■    right    «• 

MrM   1  of  each  year.      Bludaots 

•o    tallafacturllr    recti 
cerllncatea  of  prollclrncy. 

111.    J'h«  4nmy  Jfr</lco{  .*c*oof.  Waah! 
ton.    I>.  C,   for  tbe  la<tnictkin  of  airaf]- 
offlcera  of  the  armr,  candidates  for  |i.| 
mant     In    the    M.-.ll-al    1'i.rj.'.    and    r 
r  :  uf  the  Nail.inal  iluard.     Tbe  fa 
comUta  of  a  prealdent  and  Inatr., 

from   i>.-t.iiM'r   I   each  y»ar.     Uradaataa 
celve  diplomat 

■ 
Moomp    Virginia,     'rtie  obiect  of  tbla 
la  to  enlorg"  Ike  field  of  ln»lrii.-tl,Hi  of  the 
garrlxm  aehoola  for  Coaal    Ariilierr  nOcara 
by  advanced  rotirwa  of  atwdy  and  pra.-ilia 
training     In     tixhnlcal    dut, 
«|M-rlally    •■•lei  I,  . 

portant     |xi  I  Aitlllery 

alao  to  educate  and  train  aeb-rted  efllkat>4 
men   for    ttw  blirber  non-comnilaalonad   ata 

The  coura 
.,r  Inai  iiPtlon  for  offlcera  and  "nii.ted  ro 
are  each  coi  bool  rear,  fro 

Dpi  ■•  il'i-i    1       Special  ewu. 
In    iiiilllatlea  are  alao  prorldi 

r«   aho  an-  grnduntid  are  furnlabed 
with  -dl» 

tlngiilHbrd    cradualra."    '.r    "gradtiali<.  '    a 
cording   lo   iln-lr  itnndlrig. 

I'he     Kmalnttr     Hehovl.     W»«hlng|ea 
Itarra.'kv    D.    P.     Tlila  aehoi.l    U    uuder   Ike 

■  i«  oh 

'or  Ihe  an;  '  their  eon 

experlmenta   and    recommendation.).    » 
k-lve  lii-lriiclli.n   pertaining  1<.   the   clrll   . 
glne»rlng  work  of  the  arar.     The  oarae 
Inatructlon    la   one   year,    beglanlag   8apt« 
Del   1.     Dlplomaa  are  glren  lo  am  I 
.'  l.-ie    (he    eiiarae. 
VI.    7/ie     Vounfrd    Scrrf- •  fort 

Riley.   Knn»a«,    l>   under   Ihe  eonmand   of 
general  offleer,  who  alao  evtnmaada  lb*  pc 


I 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Military 


of  Fort  Riley.  The  object  of  Ibe  school  l» 
to  sir*  pearl  leal  Instruction  to  field  and 
company  officers  of  cavalry  end  *>«"l«l  ar- 
tillery, and  t«  farriers  and  li 
The  course*  for  Or  Id  officers  begin 
1  and  i*«iiImt  10;  ItM  eoora*  for  company 
officers  Is  from  Beplemii—-  go  '■>  June  HO, 
following :  and  fo 

Iwo  eours,"  rac.b-    Company 

officer*  who  are  gmitu 

VII.  The  Softool 
Ury,   Fort   Sill.   •■Ualnihio.  for  practical  In- 
structi.-n   la   field  artillery    firing,     ro 
of  instruction  am  prescribed       *    foi 
talus   and    lU-utrnaau :  It.   for  fi. 

■ 
officers,  and    I'     for  oflcjM    Ol    ih»»   mllltla. 
Offlctr*  and  enlisted  men  *lin  con 
tours*    satisfactorily    lecelve   certificates    of 

VIII  if  Uwkriri,.  fort  Mil, 

lnmift.   fur   Instruction   In  tmnll  arms  flrlnir. 

1 1     flurruon    "  mili- 

tary poit.   for   I  hi  era  "f 

ibe  army  and   tbv   National   linnrrl,   in   sub- 
Jweta    psrlalulng    to    ihclr    ordinary    di 
The    course    poeera    '  and    too 

annual    term*   five    BMDtbl 
veinlier    lit.     <  "crllnentcs    ol  icy    In 

each  subject  of  »iudy  art  given  to  those 
arho  pass  the  prescribed  namlnaiKiu 
thsrsln. 

Port  Keflools  for  fnafrnpfion  of  >■*- 
luteii  Urn  In  the  mruroon  branches  of  edu- 
.•atlon  and  military  pol>i 

XI.   ffeaooi*    for    Boken  ■.    at 

San  KranrUro.  California.  Washington.  I> 
<\.  and  Fori  mi.  v,  Kansas,  far  the  instrnu- 
Hon  of  selected  cnii-      '     ■  ■■ 

OScara   "f   t !■  ••   National   titinrd   si 
milled  to  ni"«r  of  tin  undi  r 

th«  Mllltla   law  of  January   21,    1908.   and 
regulation*  prescribed  by  the   War  I1 
roent.      Tie  ■  bo    nominated    bf    UM 

governor*  of   th.'lr   -tales       Those  admitted 

to   my  of  the   acl i 

money    coiutuiifatlone  for  i  nunr- 

tcre.  etc.  A  considerable  number  of  mllltln 
nfllcer*  enter  these  "el la,  notably  DM  gar- 
rison school*,  annually. 

Military    Education,    discussed,     6671, 

6721. 
Military  Encampment,  International,  to 
bo  held  at  Chicago  during  World  "a 
Fair  diacB.wi.-l.  5MB 
Foreign  jrueata  attending,  not  to  pay 
duties  on  baggage,  5164. 
Military      Establishment      (*••<•      nUo 
Army) : 
Proposition  of  f'/.nr  of  Russia  for  re- 
duction of,  rUaomni,  6335. 
Military  Expeditious,  (fiat  Expeditions 

sign  Powcra.) 
Military  Governors.     (8m  Provisional 

Governors- ) 
Military  Information,  Bureau  of: 
l>i„.u«....|.  6878, 
Reorganization  of.  5755. 
Military  Justice.  Bureau  of,  recommen- 

nrduufj  4370. 
Military  Order  of  Foreign  Wars.— to* 

Military  Order  of  Foreign  Warn  of  i  I  •  -  - 
I'nltad  Siotea  was  instituted  In  the  City 
.if  N,  w  Turk,  Dm,  27.  1S!H  by  veterans 
•  ml  descendants  of  veteran- 

Btc   for.-lgn    wars   whlrb   the    Coiled 
State*    hod    been    cngagi>d    in      le 
War     nf     th-     ll'inMiil'iii,      lb*     War    wllb 

Tripoli,  war  ol  1813,  tba  Menem  War, 


mi. I    the   War   wllb   Spain,    "to   pen' 
Hi-  u.imcs  n ud   memory  of  brave  an.;  ioyal 
men     who    took    pari     'ii       Itablh  'mis    ami 
iimluisliilns;    th-    prtoclplei  eern- 

In  Mid  wars,  and  "to  preurrc  reo- 
oids  and   docuni-  .i»t», 

mi. I    lo    rw|.  biaii  if  his- 

b  Since 

Stales  ba.»  fought  lin  i  ;n  war.     Uy 

au  «i  o  Ibe  constitution  all  Aroer- 

Ulcers  who  pnrtl.-lpate  in  Urn  war  wlili 
JSjmln.  or  any  foture  forelim  camrxlcti 
rveojji  .  G  .»ern- 

in  'war.'-  are  rendet.-d  eligible  tu 
membership  as    . 

M  mil.  r»  ai       ihIiIhiI     i  '   and 

an-  either  "reteraa  companions"  or  "bi 
lary    componlnn.."        i 

navy,     or 

i  Nli.d  8  la  tea  »hu  p«i- 
ind  la  nay  "f  toe  fmelaa  war*  ,.(  lb* 

J  i  he  Intter  are  dn 

i   :nni>,   lii   the  male  line  only,  of  com- 

.:y    in 
aay  of   ibe  kaM  war*       Co 
be   ealahiiih.il   in   each   ol   the   ■••»'.• 
slate  commandetles  now  <-xlkt  In  the  f 
-f     Si  I'l'tm-aylvanla.     I'niiu. 

Illinois      '  .iiif..inl».     Hi".,    .i         Mary- 

llll'B 

Rbods   liiiinl.   l.ouMnna.   Indiana.   \\ 
i.  until 

New   fores  |  DI  I   of  Co 

Tin-  Nn'lnnal  iv.mmond-ry  was  lnstliut.il 

March   11     1-'".    bj    il fflcori  -f  the  K«w 

l*i>nn»ylvanla  nnd  Connecticut  com- 
mnnderw-is.      Present    membereblp,    otci     l 

nnbsaa      There     are     Vie* 
tun  ml.  r..i ;  neral      lepreasDtlnc     each     »tale 
cornmnodery. 

Military  Park.  i.liamauga  and 

•  'hattunooga  National  Military  Park.) 
Military    Peace    EstaUUlunent.     (8.;« 

Army. ) 
MfUtary  Posts.    ISee  alao  Forta.) 

Diapoeitioa     oi     kbiuuiosedi     recom- 
men  I.-.I.    IBM,  -1569. 

Kftnl'lislinienl     of— 

Land  I  idiku  for,  43ft. 

nrled,     881,     I4T5,     1»H), 
BUI,  2190. 

LOh  for,  4669,  4670, 
4674,  4677,  4680,  4687. 
Military  Reservation*: 

A.i.iiti..n:ii  i  mi  fox  Port  Preble,  Mo., 

reeijllllllenill-l.     -1777. 

Indian  •eaool   at.   eataMiahment   of, 

recommended. 
Legislation  i<i  i  rorido  0m  ili*po»*l  of, 

ni.  ii.l.-il,     4060,     4690,     4737, 

Military  Schools  and  Colleges.— UcMrJco 
th.«  ir.it.il  Statea  MlllUcy  Academy  <<j.  v.) 

at     Wm(     1-olnt     Iben-    are     the     follinrina 

schools  and  collrfrs  making  up  a  system  of 

ry  education :     Tb*   War  Colleca,  for 

advanced  Instruction   in   the-  science  and  art 

of  war.  ai   Washington,  D.  c  .  the  Qaneral 

--  and  Staff  College,  si   Fort  Len».-n 

arortb.  Kansii*  •  Ibe  Artillery  School,  nt  Fori 

■-,  Vlrxlnta  ;    the  s.-h..ol  of  Sntitnartlii 

...    at    r.irt    Tot  »..  i  I       r... 

;- 1 1    of    Aiiidicallon.    ai    Wr  ill 

i    [>.i'.     1 1.  Applleatloi     i 

ll  v   ami    Fli  Id    Artillery.    II    Fort 
Ksiiksv    nod    the    Army    Medical    School,  at 
Washing-ton.    I>.    C. 


Military 


Ussages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Military  8torea,  provisions  for — 

Discussed,  418. 

Recommended,  317. 
Military  Training  in  the  Schools.— Mur- 
ine tL«  Civil  War.  the  passage  of  the  Mor- 
rell  Act  pr  Med  flcsnclal  old  from  the  <Jov- 
erament  to  colleges  with  compulsory  mill' 
ttry  drill  for  oil  students.  It  U  estimated 
tlint  liy  1011  over  ::iH>00  college  students 
were  receiving  such  military  training.  In 
nttpmpt  win  made  In 
Congress  to  establish  a  Ilur«aii  of  Military 
Education,  ami  In  prOTldt  for  the  r-tabllsh- 
in.nt  of  llolf'.'im  mllltnrr  clrllltnic  In  the 
public  schools  of  the  United  State*  Many 
•  tat.-*,   notably    Wyoming,   bar*   provisions 

for  voluntary  military  drill,  and  !:•'. f  r 

many  year*  has  had  such  drill  la  lt>  public 
high  school*.  The  existence  of  a  belief  In 
the  efficacy  and  the  benefits  of  mllltnry 
training    baa    led    tn    the    e»tab|ii''mpnt    of 

Erlvato  military  acboola  nil  over  tbo  United 
f*tp« 

In  10H.  howpypr.  the  movement  for  mili- 
tary training  In  the  public  acboola  was 
resurrected  by  tin-  outbreak  of  til*  (iwit 
Opinion  In  the  ewnntry 
an*  sharply  divided  on  tbo  Issue.  Mllltnrr 
men  were  almost  unanimous  In  their  op- 
proral  of  the  measure,  aa  were  moat  of  tho 
advocate*  of  what  came  to  bo  railed  '  Pre- 
psredncus"  (o.  v.)  }  but  the  movement  *«i 
Opposed  strongly  by  organisation*  of  tho 
working-classes  and  by  paelflabs  Co.  T.), 
whllp  rducatlonnl  and  physical  training  ex- 
perts dlffarad  I"  their  opinion*.  Many  of 
the  proposal*  for  military  training  In  tbo 
schools  were  mndelpd  after  the  Swiss  avs- 
trm  (n.  v.)  In  flermany.  the  school  etill- 
dren  are  green  physical  training  adapl 
to  military  purposm.  which,  howevpr.  la 
Itself  glvpd  outside  the  schools.  New  York 
state  rreated  much  Interest  by  pa*»lng  In 
lOlfl  a  low  for  nnlvorsnl  military  tmlnlng 
In  the  acboola.  Tbp  training  I*  under  the 
•upervlolon  of  a  Military  Training  Commis- 
sion of  Three,  appointed  by  the  Governor. 
The  law  spplli'H  to  boya  betveen  the  ageo 
of  IB  and  ll>.  except  those  netlvely  em- 
ployed:  and  prescribes  that  not  more  than 
three  hour*  a  week  during  tve  school  year 
may  be  devoted  to  this  purpose.  I  See  nlso 
Australian  System  of  Military  Training.) 
Military     Tribunals.      (See     Military 

Courta  and  Commissions.) 
Militia.— ntixen*  of  a  stat*  tttroBM    U 
aobllera    for    training   and    discipline,    but 
called    Into   active    service    only    in   emer- 
gencies,   aa  distinguished    ft the    regular 

soldiers,  who  ore  In  coustnnt  service-  Tho 
minion  nnpowera  Congress  "to  pro- 
rid*  for  calling  fortll  tl lllitU  !•  exe- 
cute the  luw*  of  the  Union  (oppress  In- 
surrection*, and  repel  Invasions."  lu  1702 
an  net  was  Batata  to  provide  for  the  na- 
tional defense  by  establishing  a  eulforro 
mllltla  throughout  the  United  8tOti 
th*  enrollment  of  every  free  nble  bodied 
•  mule  cltlaen  between  to*  age*  of 
eighteen  and  forty-five.  (See  Army.)  An 
act  of  Mnreh  2.  1807.  permitted  the  eo- 
rullim-tit    of    negroes. 

The  mllltln  was  called  out  by  Federal  SO- 
tborltle*  In  1TD4  to  quell  the  Whisky  lte- 
bellloa  In  w**iern  Peiinsylvunla.  during  the 
War  of  1812.  and  In  1801.  during  the  Civil 
War. 

The  law  of  Jan.  21,  1003.  provided  for 
the  better  equipment  of  Ibis  Bert  lee  nnd 
supplied  on  orgnnb-  eomieri  an   the 

National  Cunrd  and  the  ltcgulnr  Army,  the 
purpose  being  to  create  a  National  Volun- 
teer Keserve  that  could  be  called  upon 
whenever   nveded   by   the   general   Oovuru- 


ment.     Thl*  law  provldea  that  the  mllltla 
•ball  aaoslst  of  every  available  mule  clilaro 
In   i he  res-pi-rtlie  slates,  territories,  si 
I'l'tslet    of   Columbia,  -did   etery    available 

■if  foreign  birth  who  had  declared  his 
lutein !  mue  a  i-ltlts-o.  the  entire  ml- 

i   Into  two  classic* : 
i  1 1    i be  Orgunlied   Mllltln.  to  be  known  aa 
Ibe  National  Ouuiil  of  Ibe  State.     ' 
oi    DlttrlCt   of  Columbia,  or  by   aueb   other 

nation  ii<  in. iv  be  gWca  thein  by  Ibe 
In  us  of  the  respective  elates  or  territories: 
tad  (2)  the  remainder,  to  be  known  aa  the 

.    I'        M  III  t  I.I. 

The  orgunlsed   mllltla  of  those  state  and 
territorial    oigniilsiitlun*    that    have    In    tb« 

paM  or  shall  lu  ibe  tutor*:  participate  la 

the  annual  nnnro|  igrea* 

for   the  mlllifa.   ami   the  organisation,   ar- 
in.iiniii!.    uuil    discipline    of    the    organise,] 
i    is  tbp  aiime   ip.    Hint   prescribed  for 
tin-    regular    and    volUDteer    arii 

Thai   act  of  Jan.  21.    1003.    and    the  law* 
I    ii     thereto    r  ibe     use    of 

ii  iiinlxcd  mllltln  when  ih  by 

tbo  President  In  time  of  emergency  to  serv- 
ice In  the  United  Slates  and  to  a  period 
of  nine  month*.  The  act  approved  May 
27.  1008.  removes  these  two  reitrlctloas 
and  makes  the  organised  mllliln  of  the 
seiernl  states  available  for  service  during 
Mi.    period  of  commission  nf  the  ©fnV  . 

..in  of  the  men.  and  wltbla  or  with- 
out  the  boundarle*  of  the  United  States. 
Under    tlila    law.  It    will    not    be 

.  ry    in  go  through    I  In-    fin 
newly  enlisting  the  organised  mllltla   when 
i    forth    by    the    President.      Section    T 

of   ib t   of  Jan.   21,    1003,   a*   amended 

by  the  •'  i  of  Hay  17,  1008,  provldea  "that 

every  officer  and  enlisted  man  of  the  mllltla 
who    shall    bo    called    forth    In    the    manner 
beratabefor*.    prescribed   shutl    be    u>n*tered 
for    service    without    fun: 
The   call    of    the    President    will 

of      It-elf     .-ipenrnpli-.h      the      *r..:.-frr      of      tb* 

organised  mllltln  speclrlpii  In  his  call  from 
state  relations  to  Federal  relations,  list 
mllliln  so  culled  forth  becomes  at  once  s 
■  ■'.  the  Amiv  of  ibe  United  Slates,  and 
ih.'  President  becomes  Ita  Corurauii 
Chief :  It  Is  therefore  as  completely  ruder 
ihe  orilen  of  the  President  and  a*  corn- 
's to  time  and 
plaee.   as   the  regular  arms-. 

Among  other  Important  provision*  ol 
new   mill  tin   net   may   be  mentioned,   fixing 
the  organisation,  armament  and   discipline 
of  the  organise"  mllltln  ofter  Jan.  21,  1010. 
the   same   n*    that    of    the    Higulsr    Army: 

Crotldlng  that  the  organised  mllltla  shall 
e  coiled  In  time  of  emergency  Into  ttc 
service  of  the  United  States  In  advance  of 
anv  volunteer  force. 

Public   opnthy   in    regard   to   the    ml 

fsvo  way  during  t»'0  European  War  .  f  101  • 
T  to  a  geni  nd  Cat  all  male  rltl 

sens  lie  organised  and  trained  for  pnssjIMs 
military  service. 

The  noiiBP,  June  23,  sdopt*d  the  Hay 
resolution  authorising  the  President  to 
draft  National  <Junrd«men  Into  Federal  serr- 
lee.  The  Senate  military  eommi. 
ably  reported  the  mesRiire  on  the  24tb,  wlt'i 
an  ami'iiilmeiii  which  struck  out  t"e  House 
plan  for  supporting  Co  dependent  families 
of  memhers  of  the  guard,  and  substituted  a 
proposal  to  exclude  married  men  and  o 
with  dependents  relying  on  them  for  support. 
Tho  Senate  also  struck  our  the  clause 
which  expressed  the  opinion  of  Congress* 
that  on  emergency  existed,  and  which  was 
so  framed  as  to  place  responsibility  upon 
Ibe  Sennt»  and  House  nnd  directly  mi 
Ixed  f-c  President  to  draft  the  mllltla  or- 
ganisations Into  Federal  service. 

In   Its   amended    form   Ii    w»s   adopted   by 
the  Senate,  June  SO.    The  bill  waa  soot  to 


Militia 


a  conference  committee-.  Jane  27.  The  com- 
mittee deadlocked  for  several  days  over  tlio 
!ucstlon  of  paying  the  dependent  families  or 
bo  guardsmen,  but  finally  Jul/  1  ti.e  House 
gave  way. 

Assuming  that  all  male  cltlrcnii  IS  to  43 
years  of  age  are  available  fur  military  duly 
the  total  number  of  cltlicn  aolil 
nallng  Chine**.  Japanese  and  alien  white*, 
based  on   the  census  of  1010.  with    I 
cent,  added   for  r«eSnint..l  IncNUa  to  1918. 
tli*  following  table  rmuiillc.l  by  fie  Census 
Bonu  plaeta  gives  tin-  min»nrv  strength  "f 
the    United    State*    as    21.OT1.07C.    01 
among  the  state*  at  follows: 


mis 

>■■■  Ul  1 

ST.TS 

iroaasa 

'■ 

150,1(9 

N.,i  1,  rir.,1.,1 . 

401.817 

Niw  Hsmpdiirt 

tll,!.'l 

h-mib  r»K..:n..  . 

tfl  IN 

sssrtss? 

7(1.')  17 

1 0*61 

ra.131 

}'lurid> 
Kentucky 

sW.711 

I  at  atsl    i 

men 

4SI.SII 

New  York 
Nrw  Jerwt 

::.'.;/■  i 

414.4*4 

(17,011 

Mialaiw 

r.i.ui 

Peansylrams  . 

1JM3.2M 

Arlousss 

S'l  024 

Ohio... 

I  I0TJUI 

liuiiiaos 

su.m 

855.710 

IikIuuio 

pm.aki 

Msslm 

Ijnw.ito 

Tssat 

■• 

♦34.J1* 

maa 

nijei 

M-.i... 

■MM 

Bt,lfl 

Wyoming    ,    .    . 

KM 

Ion.. 

Ml-  UN 

tw,w 

Cownilo 

sio.u; 

7*1  .ISO 

No*  Mules  ,.. 

• 

North  EM  ui« 

HV'-O 

eo*u 

South  Dskoti. 

1UWS 

fish 

W.SM 

Nibras'u 

m  m 

N-rs-h 

KM 

Khm 

ITU  730 

Wsshiugtuo.       . 

ISQ.7I6 

HUM 

On-to'i 

1M,1« 

Mujbunl 

I79JIS 

KM 

Dirt.  Columbu. 

k  ue 

Vuginis 

Total  for  United 

Wist  Vintiuii 

III. 179 

Sut» 81.071.076 

The  Secretary  of  War  Issues  without 
cost  to  the  slates  or  territories  all  arms 
and  equipment  necessary  to  supply  all  of 
tho  organised  mlllilu.  The  Secretary  of 
u  also  authorised  to  provida  for  the 
preparation  of  the  organized  mllltla  for  the 
encampment  mimxuvcrs  and  Held  muaccu- 
IM  Of  Hi''  L'-giibir  army  In  which  the 
n.liltln  receives  lb*  aiune  pay.  subsistence 
ami  transportation  as  the  regular  army. 
t"|iou  tb*  requisition  of  the  Governor  of 
any  slat*  or  territory  liming  mllltla  or- 
ganised under  this  law.  the  Sccrelary  of 
war  may  assign  one  or  more  ofllcern  of 
tho  ri  .  ly   for  service  In   lbs   mllltla 

of   the   slate   or   territory.       Al.i 
mill.la.     Uuam  and  Samoa   bine  small  pro- 

I     f :i    0 :-'-i!    for    police    purposes. 

The  llilllpplue*   have  a  coustub 

f,.r     police     or     regular     mllltai 

l'ucr to  Hlco  baa  a   provisional  force  under 

the    command    of    a    I.leutenaut-L'oloncl    of 

Ibe  Lulled  Stairs  sUI 

rnngre**  annually  appropriate*  $?.0OO.. 
000  for  Ibe  snpport  of  tlH  unlltln.  appor- 
tioned among  the  vnrlous  state"  according 
to  the  airrii-vib  of  their  oi  In 

I00»,  |  ■'■:  •••'!  '  '-'■"•  wns  devnifil  to  tho  pro- 
motion of  rifle  practice,  nml  *1  477.4&T  for 
nrm«.  »«nt|imi-nt  ami  '>mp  purposes.  (See 
Army,  Training  Camps.) 

The  Thief  of  Con«t  Artillery  tin*  ln.ll- 
rnted  Ibnt  nboi  I  '-'".noo  of  the 
mllltla  will  be  required  for  Ins  const  nr'JI- 
hrr  reserve*  and  npprnxlmntery  tho  same 
in  uih.r  fol  coast  arllllery  snnporls.  Thesa 
troons    would    I"'    ri-oiil-'d    for    service    In 

tii.   ii Mats  rldnlty  nf  iIm  fortlflcaUon*, 

and  would  not  he  available  for  use  with 
the   mobile  nrmr    un'll  nil    nucitlon  of   sea 

fower  nlong  the  const  had  been  settled 
nvorsbly.  (Sec  also  Army:  War.  r>i>pnrt- 
mi'iit  of:  Arllllery;  Arms  and  Ammunition  ; 
Naval    slilltla.) 


The  Mllltla  law  of  Jnn.  21,  1003.  as 
amvudrd  btjr  ibe  id  oi  May  27.  luub.  piu- 
Tides:  "That  lbs  nilillln  shall  consist  of 
every 

spccilve  states  I  ■  die  bodied  male 

•  ■I  foreign  birth  who  b.is  a*clar*d  his  in- 
t.uiloii  in  become  u  I'ltixui.  who  Is  more 
tli.su  eighteen  nml  lc<s  lhan  forty-fire  years 
of  ago,  uuJ  shall  be  dl  mu  class** 

organised  mllltla,  to  be  known  M  the 

N«  Hi I    Onnrd    (Off    by    such  other    deslg- 

>ns  na  may  bo  given  tbrm  by  the  law* 
of  tiie  reapeetlve  itoiM  or  tarrltortea),  the 

remiiludcr  to  be  kuown  os  the  rvivue  mi- 
Mil  itl.i: 

Arming    and    equipping    of,    rccom- 

manitd,  ilt*,  4768,  «69. 
Artillery  tactics  for  use  of,  prepared, 

D27. 
Called  out  to  prevent  British  Invasion 

from  Canada,  1618. 
•  rivalry  tactics  for  use  of,  prepared, 

C27. 
Discharge  of,  directed,  455. 
Discussed  by  President — 

Adams,  J.  Q.,  S69,  95S,  995. 

Arthur,    476S. 

Cleveland,  5877.  5968,   6159. 

Jackson,  1166,   1.149.   UT4 

J<ffcrson,  317,  333,  373,  394. 

Lincoln,  3249. 

McKinley,  6385. 

Madlaon,  Ml,  463,  4*1,  479,  CM, 
.  361. 

Monroe,  758,  781. 

Polk,  2481. 

Tyler,  1902,  2121. 

Van  Buren,   J 

Washington,  57,  59,  78,  99,  132,  159, 
161,  1711,  196, 
Distribution      of     arms,      ordnance, 

etores,  etc,  to  District  of  Columbia 

and  Territories,  regulations  regard- 
ing, 6160,  0462. 
Encampment   of  National  Guard   in 

coast  works,  rccoinm.'iiiliV.,  5476, 
Encouragement    of    National    Guard, 

recommended,  C050. 
Guard,  National,  referred  to,  5470. 
Increase  in,  recommended,  429. 
Imlian  wars,  campaigns  of,  In.     (See 

J  mil  mi    Wars.) 
Insurrections  suppressed  by.     (See  lb 

legal  Combinations.) 
Laws  for,  revirion  of,  rocoi 

228,  230,  317,  504,  523,  869. 
Organisation,  arming,  and  disciplin 

ing,  4570. 
Plan  for,  submitted,  63. 
President  cannot  call  into  aervlco  ex- 
cept by  authority  of  Congress, 
8M0, 

Modification  in  laws  regarding,  re* 
ommcndnd,  2641. 
Refusal  of  governor*  of  Massachu- 
setts  and    Connecticut    to    furnish 

quotas  of,  501. 


Militia 


Messages  ami  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


Reorganization    of    military    system 
ana  National  Guard,  recommended, 

bvturn*  of,  338,   356,   366,   388,   400, 

485,  449,  455,  88*.  653,  687.  7T8,  781. 
Suppressing    Insurrection*  by.     (Sao 

Illegal  Combinations.) 
Volunteer    force   should   be   enlisted, 

429,  463,  479,  8122. 
Young   BUS    -h.nilj   become   member* 

of,  373. 
MDiUa,  Bureau,  War  Department. — By 

act   Of   Juno    3.    1016,    1 1  ■  •  •    M',i. Ion    .if    Mil). 

lary  Affair*,  which  had  been  a  subdivision 
of  the  War  Department  under  the  Clilef 
of  SUIT  (q,  t  ).  become  n  separate  dlV.Oou 
of  the  <3( -paritm-tit.   undei    I  niper- 

tUIhii  rreury   nf   War.     The    act 

of  .hii  .,]  to  fin. ill   the 

ffdcrallintlou  nf  the  National  Guard  up   to 

tutlonal  limitation*,  and   i 
of    the    art    shollshcd    the    National    MHIHa 
Hoard      Tlic  ael  provided  foe  the  nrcnntia- 
Hon,  arming,  and  disciplining  ■■<  the  Ration- 
al   Qoard.    "r«  ivrvtng    to    state*  •   •   •   the 
training   of   the    Militia   according    to   disci- 
'ongrcsa."      (See  Mill- 
tla:  Army;  War  Department.) 
Mill    Springs    (Ky.).  Battlo   of.-r.ri>- 
in   th..   wiut.  r   of    1861-62   tint   i 
q«hi  rai  i   iij  K  EoUli  offer,  wltn  ■  lore*  at 
ataml  8,000  men.  Intr.-n.-h.il  himself  l 
Bprtngs   on  toe  Cumberland  River  In  Wayne 
Jan    i  ..  ft  II. 

Thoraa*.  with  S.0O0  Inlon   troops,  sil 

lil ui.  Th"  Confederate*  set  out 
to  meet  Thomas,  and  09  Jan  10,  1603,  an 
engagement    took    plan-,    begun    by    th*    SuV 

ituard  of  both  armlca.  The  confeder- 
ate* were  drli  n  baek  to  iheli  ramp,  which 
thrj-  abandoned  during  tbe  alga 

..f  artillery.   IMS  wagon*.  1,000  homes 

■  ml  BOlse,  n»  well  n»  large  quantities  of 
Hiiniii  arms,  ammunition,  ana  II  Into 
th.-  hand*  of  the  Union  army.  Cro**lng  tbe 
Cumberland  Itlver.  the  retreating  army 
burned  itietr  boala  to  prevent  putstilt-  The 
loss  on  the  Conf'  ,|.  i  .  I  'I  In. 
l'uloulst*  lent  i'40.  Geo,  Zoiliiotler  was 
among  tba  Ceafedarat*  dead. 

Mill  Spring*.  Ky-,  battle  of,  di*cu»»t<d, 

8301. 
MHUgan  Caao.— A  United  sin  tea  Supreme 

cuse    Involving    tbe     right     of     tbe 

ni   to  auapend  tbe  right*  of  cltlicus 

under  naora*   rorpiu    proceeding*.      Oft.    ■", 

1804.   during   the  CItII    War.    Mllllgnn   wa« 

atr»»teii  by  ..i.h-i  el  0*n.   Beeey,  and  on 

Oct     -'1     win    brought     bet  niilary 

commission  convened   .■■    Indlnii-i| 
by  the  •an.-                      lie   itm  tried,   found 
guilty,    and    sentenced    t hanged    f-r 

fnrtlelpatlng    In    rebellious    schemes.       Hr 
In-  habtat  corpus  act  of  Congress  In   1HWS 

11*1*     were     I"     be     fn.-nl.lie,l     III     . -.i.-li      HI    Itl 

of   persons  suspected   of    violating   u:n 
law.        But      any     such     persons     nn 

against    whom    no   Indictment!    ahonld    ba 

found  by  tbe  clreuit  rl  or  dlalrlcl  court 

were  to  be  freed  on  petition  verified  by 
oath.  The  Mllllgau  Indictment  was  not 
found  by  the  elr. nil  or  district  - -.ml  II" 
objected  to    the    authority    of    tbe   mllltnry 

■  -i.    i  ana   ined  tot  ■  a  ril  of  Heat  at 

corpus  In  IDC  ilr.ulf  court.  'Hie  OSS*  eom- 
Ing  lieforr  tin-  .Supreme  Court  In  1SO0. 
It  wn>  decided.  Justice  Davis  rending  tbe 
oplnioo,  i tii t  the  writ  should  be  issued 
and  the  prisoner  discharged.  Tbe  court 
held   that   the  power  of  erecting  military 


Jurisdiction    la   a   Slate   not   Invaded    anil 
not   In   i. I. .1.1. ni   waa   Dot    tented   In    Cam- 

Sea  and  tbst  li 
»   particular  one;   that    the    prisoner,   a 
civilian,  was  exempt  from  tba  law*  or  war 
and   could  ny  a   Jory  ;  last 

the  writ  of  »ii6'ii«  rorpiu  could   not   tie  sus- 
pended  constltim  - -ib  Ibeprlrllege 

of    that     vmII     Ulik'lit    I.- 

and   Ji  'ync,    Swa]  Miller, 

while    concurring    In    tbe    Judgment,    naade 

state- 
slated    that    conspiracies    to    ni. 
were   •  .-time*  and   tbn 

was  uhllgi 

the    crisis.      (See    also    llabeas    Corpus ; 
Marryuun   Case.) 

Mlllikon'a  Bend  (La.),  Battle  of.    Dnr- 
lug  las)  oPtntaaas  Iwfi  >urs.  Grant 

bad   withdrawn   troops   from   all   rue  posts 

wltbln    bla    rearl.  :t!j*o    bis    army. 

rl   in    Milllkcna  lteii.1,  on   the   Missis- 

aitipl  lllver.  In  LouUinun.  was  toft  In  charg* 

Of  a  small  garil  June 

:     i  In-  place  was  attaekid  by   a   party 

ulslann  Confederate*  under  Oea,  Rrm 

m-i  -iiioch.  who  might  bare  been  •uocrcsful 

In  their  ai-miii    tml    f..r   [he  arrival   of  tbe 

,  iii'..-nl     i-;,.„ -.'..  ')lo».     Tt.. 

feikrst.  <   wen    repulsed      Tn«   l.-deral  bss* 

«»1  tin  killed  and  wounded 

Milwaukee  Wli.,  iiroelaination  granting 

privilcKes  of  otln 
BCintnl  L*uds.     (Sec  Land*.  Mineral.) 
Miners,  n.-t  for  protecUou  of.  in  1 

torlea,     discussed    and    recomrn. 

tiona  regarding,  SCtll 
Mines. — Submarine  mines  were  drat  need 
eitiin.lv.iy  by  (he  Confederate  force*  la  (be 
Clrt)  war.  00%  of  these  being  of  the  «*M 
acting  rnrlety.  Other  varMIc*  of  mine* 
are  fired  by  eleitrUlty  from  points  ca 
shore  or  on  ship*  wh*n  tbe  target  bas  ar- 
rlrcd  oeor  the  mine.  The  Hague  Conference 
of  IftOT  forbade  tbe  u*e  of  unan 
mines,    the    regm  t    s* 

remain  In  fares  fur  seven  year*  from  that 
date.  M'.n.  .  nre  often  rendered  useless  by 
"led  by  coanter-mlolng,  a  new 
set  of  mine*  being  exploded  in  their  eli 
•  nd  the  reverberation*  of  th*  explosion* 
discharging  the  originally. laid  mines.  An- 
other method  widely  used  In  i  urent  Etin* 
peon  War  conalaled  of  eweejilng  a  mine 
area    clear   -  netnes   of   il. -ir  nil.  n 

by  grappling  Iron*  or   wlm  net" 
between  two  or  more  veasela  drawing 
water.     I  Sec  Snbmartnoa.) 
Mines  (sec  aUo  Land*.  Mineral^: 

Bnrenu  of.   ad' al 

Copper,  referred  to.  764,  803. 

Gold,  discovered,  3451. 

In  BUck  Hills,  4806,  4366. 
iil'-.rnia,  2486, 
Lead,  referred  to,  359,  710,  711,   75», 
803,  892,  <x:\. 
Mines,  Bureau  of— Chapter   240  nf  id* 

acts  of  the  second  session  of  tbe  flls- 
greis  to  establish  In  Hie  Istpartn. 
Interior  a   Bureau   of  Mines  «. 
May    16,    1010.      The    act    provided    f..r  the 

esiahlisli ut  of  said  bureau  and  a  dir- 

"who    shall     be     tborougbl- 
tbe  dutlea  of   Mid   otD  .-.Kal   edo 

cation    sod    eaperlrnce,"     with    an    an 
aalnrj  Trauafi  i  ireau 

wo*  provided  for  the  Investigation*  of  t!>> 
analyxlng  and  testing  of  coal*,  lignite*  and 


" 


Minnesota 


other  mineral  fuel  substance*,  and  the  la- 
vcstigsttnn  »*  (■>  the  i..u  •<■  of  mine  ciplo- 
alon«.  from  the  United  State*  ecological 
Saner.  The  dutu-,  ...f  the  bureau  woro 
prescribed    ea    follows:    "It     ahull     bo    ths 

SI  c  anil  duty  of  aald  bureau  and  Ita 
Ik. -tor.  nndcr  the  direction  of  the  Secre- 
tary ■  .  rlor,  to  maka  diligent  In- 
vestigation nf  the  methods  of  mining,  es- 
pecially In  relation  to  the  safety  of  miner*, 
and  th*  appliance*  brat  adapted  to  prevent 

f  con- 
ttltloni  under  which  mining  operations  are 
carried  on.  the  treatment  of  ores  and  other 

mineral    auhstaocea.    Hi oalTsa 

and  electricity,  the  prevevir  Identa, 

trier  Inquiries  and  technologic  Invest!- 

Btlont   pertinent    lo   Mid    Industrial 
hi  time  to  llni 

•  work.  Investigations  and  Information 
I'd  aa   (ha   Secretary    of   sold   depart 
m»jr  direct,  with  I  he  reoomnicuiUtloii* 
of   sucl  (See  also    Interior.   De- 

partment of.) 

•cope  of  tb«  Bureau   was  hrondencd 
by  act  of  Congress  approved  Kvliruni 
Hi  1 3.      Included  In   tha  rwnt  oetlvli 
the  Bureau    havo  been   the  maintenance  of 
an   estenslvc  chief  e»  l  nation   In 

Pittsburgh.  Pa,  the  formation  of  first  aid 
nod  rescue  corps  In  most  of  the  mines  of 
the  country,  and  the  dispatch  of  a  troln 
carrying  an  elaborate  exhibit  of  first  aid 
Largest  mlnlnc  centers  of  the  country. 

Mtntatdr.— 1.  In  political  parlance,  a  ni-r.  • 
'ire   of    on  terri- 

tory of  another  government,  lwr  1n  rank 
than  ambassador.  Iffalsfrr  crfnordtaary — 
a  personal  representative  of  tbt  chief  execu- 
tive of  one  nation  lo  n  forelirn  country  with 
specific  dutlee  to  perform.  Uinitler  plenl. 
pnitnilarv — a  personal  representative  of  the 
executive  with  full  power  to  conclndo 
a  afwclflc  negnclMh-n  In  areordnnce  with 
tfca  minister's  own  judgment  (gee  Am- 
baMador  and  Consul.)  2.  In  foreign 
tries,  particular  •.  :  a  lirent  Ilrltnln.  the  tern* 
la   used   In  much    the   -nroe  sense  as  " 

In    the   Pn  Iblnet,  e.   «..   the 

let  of   Foreign    Affairs.   corresponding 
to  the  American  Sccrvbiry  of  SUM. 
Ministers   of  United   State*    (see  also 
ular   and    Diplomatic   Service; 
the  several  pffWUl  i : 
Assurances  of  respect  to,  256,  260. 
Assemblage  of.  in  Taeuluiya.  Mexico, 
for  eon.  tndlflg  treaties  at  Pnna- 

aml 
■  i    will    with    Mouth    American 
Republics,  035. 

•re*s      indefinitely      postponed, 

Instructions  to,  097. 
I'orre.i'oiui  n. .     between,    effect*    of 

;i    of,  385. 

Elevation    of,   missions    and    title   of 
nml-ahsador  conferrod,  5874,  ■ 

Interfered  with  by  French  command- 
er,  780. 

List  of— 

Charges  d'affaires,  secretaries,  and, 
trail  n  -v30. 

Money  appropriated  for,  rights  of,  re- 
garding, referred    to.  !>IL'. 

Mu-t  hare  assurance*  tlmt  they  will 
be  respected,  256,  269. 


Official  residences  for,  recommended, 

6072,  6155. 
Peace    between    (treat    Britain    and 
•J  States,  treaty  of,  received 
from,  537. 
Present* — 
From  foreign  State*  not  to  be  ae- 

cc].-  :  .::,«. 

Giv.  i  In    State    De- 

pan 
Previously  fjyn   to,  should  be  re 
EST, 
Salary  of,  disrinsr.i.    10  1953. 

mi  salary  of  eommii 
to   '  i  ■  i .  1 1 1 "  ■  1 1 .  i . ■  .:j ,  2658. 

8«nt  to  Congress  of  Nations. 

.-   Panama.   lM 
Ministers  to   United   Bute*.     (See   the 
several  powers.) 

Minnesota.— *>no  of   the   western  group  of 

states,     in  The     Uopber     ants'-; 

motto,     "L'slollc    du    uord'"     ("Th*     .V  no 

'.      It   extemls    from    1st     W 
*f"   '.'0'   north  .»»•    atK  to 

07°   5'   west,      ii  led   on   tha   north 

by    llrltl.b    America,    on    Hi 

lor    und    Wisconsin,    un    lb*    smith    bf 
lown.  and  on  th-    west  by  the  Dnkoto 

84,082    "i" 
' Mi  f  Industrie'  g 
log,  and  flour  and  grist  milling. 
products  of   this   latter    Industry    (hi 

■■■•  I    OUtpUl     III    II 

i  and  timber  products 
1st  a   rapidly  progressing    Induatri 
•ota  Is  one  ■■!  < 

states  of  the  l  a ii.    region   was  first 

explored  by  the  Preach  neai  th  rlo  ■< 
tlie  seventeenth  criituri,  tin 
ment  being  inndv  at  1'uluih  iU  KITS.  In 
itorr  cast  of  I be 
Mississippi  to  KiiiIiiuiI.  by  whom  It  was 
ceded    to    the    i  .,     17SS.       It 

formed    pun    el  lowest    Territory 

Organised  In  17fc7.  and  was  hip 

•|(lcb> 

Son.  suit  Wisconsin.     The  lands  west  of  the 
llsslssi[i[.i  form  part  of  ii> 
chnsc,  nnd  were  ii  i . .  ! ■•■  in  too 

Territories   "f   i  ■  Arkansas, 

Missouri,     and     loaa.       March  IMS 

Congress  passed  in  act   rre.itiug  Minnesota 
Territory.       In     1*51.    31.0 
Usnd  were  acquired  of  the   Uukotas  1. 
treaty  of  Trrm-ra*  <le  Hlotii.     May  1  I 

ill!      1 ..  •■:.  Ill 

Unties  of  agriculture  collected  f«r  ihs 
last    federal    ceil  the    nuuibi       of 

eomprlsloK 
S7.631.000  Med.  with  the  bulld- 
lngs  thereon,  at  >  i.  i  ud  the  Im- 

plements   un. I    machinery    used    In    funning 
an-    worth    $53,3«S.OOO  r    and 

value    of    Ibc    principal    domes' le     on 
was:    horv  lued    at    JKS 

OO0  .  mull  •    11  IMS),  >i.i'   II  ihsi 

"si.  137.1  •.'5.000;  other  cattle, 
>'  I  "  Efli  :su  ooo     ?  i 

000:   awtne.    l. ui>.\ nun.    jn  The 

•  t.  :■     nnd    '  "I""   of   tlrld   era  'I I    Is 

Siren  as  follows  .  74, 

io, 

000  acres.  00     liasbels.  f  I 

oats.    il.M8.000    acres,     r,7.2H,niHi    I 

I  188,000 

i  neres. 

B.H7 
OOO   .i  fOfl  IKK)  tons,    t9.S08  I 

n-sota    far  outranks    all    other   sUtes 
to  the  mining  of  Iron  ore,  and  during  lite 


Minnesota  Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


last    four    years    lino    contilbutod    bmb     la 

JUBDthy  n    .!  .   m   ly    men. 

•  ir  in-  lioa  ".i    i ■  i. . . 1 1 1 .  ■  ■  I  nud  ma.kcicd   In 
Hi"    I  Dli"d    Sii.n,  iccardlng    to  iln-    i 
Bliiu    Utologlcal  In     l'Ji:l    the 

l'ii"l     murk,  ml     Illrllua    of    Iron    •  • 

thl»  coiinny  ua«  .-.y,ina.0JW  long  ton*,  rai- 
ned at  »130,oo,y:.;.m.   ,.;  which    Minnesota 
ronn iiitit. <1      -«;.«:••-  ...:i      ion  .     valued      «t 
In   1013   Mi  -laced 

long  torn    •-'  Iron  ere,  t»  in  'i  si 

(101.806,01  T.      llr-rmiHp   of    lt>  gri  I 
n  Iron  on-t  nnd  of  lUelr  extend- 
ment-  Minn.  ninth  among  m  thi- 

amin   In    the    totnl    vnln-    of    1  I    mlm-rnl 
SICtlon.     The  vnlnc  of  Hie  iron  oi 
need    In    tb"   mate    iv|uv>. 
morr    than    ninety    per    cut    el    IDS     toltu 
OUtpnl       lb"  ihlef  sources  of  supply  ma  the 
MrMM   and   Vrimllloii   range*. 

■i  b*  report  of  lb,-  Slate 
t  tulaiirt  on  bund  Aug    1.  1010.  of  S  I 

[Its  during  the  v. at.   I 
and  ■  ■:■  n  b  balance 

II.  mil    ■•-  :  debt 

it  the  end  of  the  fiscal  rear  urn  M.,"ilS.Oft0. 

There  wen  In                     I  miles  -if 
rnllw.-ii    In  lb.-  Mm-  nnd  -V-8  miles  of  elec- 
tric line.     From  Mt    I'nul  ion  ralln-nvs  ladlain 
with   a   total   letigih   "'   80,001 leg.      The 

Or»at    Northern   owns   a    [h f     teamen 

which  run  between  l"iic<*t  Souud  nnd  tblnn. 
Japan  nnd  the  Philippine!.  The  pupula- 
Hon   of   the   •mil-   In    1010  wm  •_■  i>7.-.  701*. 

The  number  of  manufacturing  estsbllaV 
m-nlv    In   MUinp»iifn    liming  nil  annual 

rallied   nt   J.'.imi  or   in. .re    il   l> 
nlng   of    1015    wn*    8.074.      T'-e    amount    of 
capital    Invented    wan    s:i&-M:<l.0O0,    giving 
employment   to   11."  noti  per  ons,   using  ml- 

t.ilnl    v I    ,n         :i-  i-  in  ii  rnlng 

out  iin  -h  *i!i:i.rtr.i,ooo.   Sal- 

aries   nnd   wages   paid   amounted    to   $80.- 
601.000. 
Minnesota: 

Admission  of,  into  Union — 

Discussion  and  territory  outside  o-f, 

referred  to,  3121. 
Taking    of    census    in    accordance 
with  act  providing  for,  referred 
to,  3002. 
Constitution  of,  transmitted.  3000. 
Indian  massacres  in,  and  persona  son- 
tenced    to    bo    hanged,    diaei 
3345. 
Public  building  to  be  erected  in,  re- 
ferred to.  2682. 
Public  lands  In,  to  bo  surveyed,  2838. 
Minnesota  and  North-western  Railroad 
Co.,  suit  instituted  against,  in   name 
of  Uoitod  States  referred  to,  2s::". 
Mlnnetaree      Indiana.      (Sec      Indian 
Tribes.) 

Mint.— By  nn  act  of  Congress  passed  April 
2.  1T02.  the  first  United  Slates  mint  was 
established  at  rtiliinl,  l|>li  .i  The  Out 
machinery  and  Drat  metal  used  wore  Im- 
ported, and  copi"  were  coined  tbo 
following  year.  In  17H4  allvi-r  dollars  wcr« 
made,  and  the  succedlng  year  gold  eagles. 
In  1888  branch  mints  were  established  In 
Ntw  Orleans.  La.,  nt  Chorlotlc,  X.  C.  and 
at  Dauloticga,  Ca. :  In  1852.  nt  Son 
elii-o,  Cal.  |  la  1S04.  at  Dallas  C.ty.  Or«i?„ 
and  In  1HTD.  nt  Canon  -  The 
mints  at  ("hnrlnttc  and  I  w»r» 
suspended  In  1801.  tost  at  Dallas  In  1S73, 
that  at  Canon  City  la  1886.  and   that  at 


New  Orleans  from  18«0  to  1670.  Assay 
offlcea,  cuDsldcred  biauilni  uf  llio  nslDC  wan 
vtiablNhed  at   ,N»w    i  ><    l>env#r. 

.i.i 
•i.d    at    ocber    places    at    lnt<r    dates      The 
scut  establ  ib.d  ar»  aituatrd 
ot     Philadelphia.    S.iii    ft' ran  I     Ne» 

lirleana:  those  at  Carson  c.ty  and  Deorcr 
aie  eijulppiJ  aa  assay  offices,  and  do  coins 
uie  made  at  elthsr.  <8eo  also  CuntBij; 
Coinage  Laws.) 

Mint: 
Abuses  of,  discussed,  177. 
Artists  from  abroad  engaged  In. 
Branch   of— 
At    Columbus,   Ohio,    rcferr, 

4311. 
At    Now     Orleans,    statement    of, 

trai  '<3fo. 

At  New  York  recommended, 

Estni.  of,      recommended 

nnd   referred   to,  75,   1432,   4310, 
In    California    recommended,    24S6, 
57,  2621. 
Itcf erred  to,  2747. 
In    North    Onrolina,   Georgia,    and 
Louisiana,  referred  to,  1383,  1495. 
Buildings  and   ground*  at   Colombo*, 
Ohio,  offered  to  United  States  for, 
by  F.  Michel,  4311. 
Coinage  at,  referred  to.  2407. 

•imatlon  regarding,  239. 
Dofcctivo  coins  lodged  in,  160. 
Medals  made  in,  for  army  and  navy 

officers,  1845. 
Opening  of  more  mints,  with  author 
lty  to   coin   for  foreign   nations, 
recommended,  4201. 
At  New  York,  2352,  2407,  2500. 
In  California,  2486,  2557,  2621. 
In    North    Carolina,   Goorgla,   and 
Louisiana,  1383,  1405. 
Referred  to,  09,  141,  177. 
Sclxuro  of,  at  New  Orleans  by  au- 
thorities   of    Louisiana,    referred 
to,  3199. 
Mint,  Director  of,  report*  of,  transmit- 
ted, 303,  305. 
Minutemen. — At   a  ae«-lnn   of   tl 
clal   congress    of   Massachusetts,    Nov.   I*. 
1774,  ii   was  voted  to  cm  ill    I2.UO0  m 
men.  to  be  urgsnlud  »  m 

nnd  hold  ilieiimehra  ready  for  sen  Ice  at 
a  minutes  n 

Mlraflorea    Island,    San    Juan    Harbor, 

Tucrto  Rico,  referred  to,  6708. 
Miranda   Plot.— A   Joint   scheme    of    dtl- 
sena  of  the  Called  States  and  C.ivat  Britain 

i.v    through    the    agitation    of    on» 
Mlrnndn.   n   eltlaen   of  Cararas.   Venej-.ifis. 

■  faction  was  to  be  apread  among  104 
Spanish  and  Fr»nfh  jiroTlnre«.      [luring  tbt 

■ir.ri»  which  It  was  hoped  woaVd  e«. 
«ue  Oreat  llrltaln  wss  t«  obtain  the  West 
Indies  and  the  United  StatM.  Ftorlda  and 
Louisiana  east  of  tb*  Mississippi- 
Mirboha,  The: 
Capture  of,  by  the  Philadelphia  near 
Gibraltar  in  1803,  858. 


■ 


Incychfvdic  Index 


Mississippi 


Indemnification  to  captors  of,  and  of 
to*    J/i»*u»ii/u    for    the    Mblic    ac- 
commodation, recommcuiJcii,  354. 
Miscellaneous     Transportation.       (See 
Division  of  Miscellaneous  Transporta- 
tion.) 
Mhriemeinora.     (See  Crimes  and  Mis- 
demeanors.) 
Misfeasance.— The  use  of  official  pow<r  for 
a   wrongful  purpose.     The  net  may  not  be 
wrongful    for    a    private    Individual ;— the 
trim*   consists   of   the   use   or   Influence  of 
the  onVr    to    further  an   end   not   contem- 
plated by  the  offict. 

Misfeasance    of    Office.    (See    Misfea- 
sance.) 

Miahouda,  The.  Indemnification  to  cap- 
tors of,  recommended,  351. 
Misprision  of  Treason.— Concealment  on 
the  part  of  a  citizen  of  treasonable  m-t« 
known  to  hln,  or  nejl.rt  to  report  suc'i 
ptb  to  the  proper  ant'  nrl- 
Uea.    The  pi  l«t*  of  not  snore  than 

•  In  prison,  and  of  a  Sue  of  not  more 
ttan  (1.000.     (Sue  TTvason.) 
Mission    Commission,    recommendation 

of,  referred  to,  OCOL 
Mission  Indians.  (Sco  Indian  Tribes.) 
Missionaries,  American,  treatment  of, 
in  Turkey  discussed,  4027,  5090,  BtT*, 
5962,  6060,  61 47. 
Missionary  Bldgo,  or  Chattanooga 
(Team.),      Battls      of.-After      retiring 

from  lAOfeMt  Mountain.  Ilingg's  army  eon- 
reniiaifil  on  Missionary  Itldre.  acroM  the 
i  hstiannnga  Valley  and  •■mihraat  of  the 
city.  IHl  the  morning  of  Nov 
Sherman  suallcd  the  ronfiilernle  right 
■rlna  at  thf  fXtr  DM  north  i-ud  of  ihe  ildge. 
Ilmiki-r  advanced  from  l...,,k,,nr  M.iuutnln 
across  tin'  voih  v  sod  attacked  the  left.  The 
battle  raged  all  dsy.  but  the  Confederates 
held  the  po«lilo»  until  Intt  la  the 
noon,    when    the  IS    weakened    by 

wltlidiawals   to  support    Hi':    left    "'ill    right. 
It     was     thru     that     f.rnot.     ont'hltig    tho 
prog-rets   of    the    ughi    from   Oicliaid    ' 
ordered   forwaid    luc    Army     ■'    Hi 
innil  under  Thomas.    Wood  ■  ami  Sheridan s 
divisions   charged    tin 

The  brigades  of  llsivn  nud  Wlllleb  were  In 
advance.  Darkness  came  on.  wlnn  lbs  Conj 
ff-derstes  retreated.  1'uistilt  wai  stopped 
when  the  ridge  wss  won.  Tlie  Confederates 
loat  more  tbnn  O.oOO.  taclnd  ng  C.ono  pris- 
oners Forty  pieces  of  artillery  snd  ..OOO 
aland)  of  small  arm*  fell  Into  the  hands  of 
ihe  victors.  The  Federal  casualties  In  the 
Chsttsnoogs  rsmpslBti  between  Not.  21  sod 
Not  ;<i  vers  Toll  killed.  4.TSS  wounded,  and 
840  missing— a  total  of  5.524. 

Missions    Boundary  Dispute,    evidence 
presented    to  President  of  United 
States   as  arbitrator  bv   Argentine 
Republic  and  Brazil.  5867. 
Award  of,  discussed,  6058. 

Mississippi.— f>ne  of  the  southern  croup  Si 
■tatW I  nleknnme.  "The  Huron  State."  It 
Is  mimed  for  Ihe  river  if  that  name  and  ex. 
lenda   frnm   1st.    30*    iff  to  35'    noclb    snd 

from  top*.  88»  6'  to  81°  40'  wool      n  It 

led    on    »he    north    hr    Tennewee.    mi 

Hi*  en«i   hv   Alnhnmn.   on   the    tti   by   IDS 

Gulf  of  Mrslro  nnd  I^inlslnnn.  and  on  the 
west    by    Louisiana    sad    Arkansas    <teps- 


rated   by   the   Mississippi   River),  and   bus 

mi     ina    of   -tlXHUj   suiinre   mile*. 

The    region    w,is    Willed    by    De    Soto    In 

iii.i  a  sen  -  iiiii-mptr-t  t.y 

the    French    under    Iberville    nt    lllloil    In 
ihe  territory   was  ceded  bj   Francs 
.liiiln  In    I7ii:l.      r.irt  : 

lo    Ihe    fnll  Hi    17S-J  and    the    re- 

ler  was  ne<|ulred  la  1803.      The  Terri- 
tory  of   Mi  giiiilxeil    In 
ami   ndmltte-d    n*    n    State    lu    ]si7.      It    M 
O'tlcd    Jau.    0,     1801,    and    was 
I  .-.i.    11                                    lllte    ll-U   0    sen:  I 
Icul    cllniute    nnd   rich    sol 

ilstles  of  agriculture  collected  f"f  th* 

Inst    Pi  del '«  in  i    pltiei     I  he    a  n r    of 

farms  In    the  State  at   U74.3S-'.  corui>rl»lug 
,.'i03   acre.-  Itocli    and 

its,  nt    f4S8.SI4.034.     The 
use  v.iluc  of  Imid  per  acre  was  $13.09.  an 
Increase  from  $0.30  In   l'-iOO.      The  mine  of 
iloini    He    nuliuula,    poultry,   etc.,    wu*  $76.- 
M7.01 

in.  i.-   nte  3,07.1   miles  of  atenm    rnllvray 

0  miles  .if  electric  line     The  Miauls- 
Klver  uud  the  Oulf  Const  prurule  natu- 
ral fiiclllllc*  for  ii.mr.lt.     The  pupuUtlou  In 
:..-■-•  T .  I  1  I. 
The    number  of   insoufucturlng   esti.: 
mrnts  In   MUkh-alppI  having    n mil  out- 
put  valued  at   $.'.i»>   or   mure  nl 

nine   of    llil.'i   was    2JJ0D,       l   >a    n nc   of 

enpltal  Invested  snsa  $H 1, 000.000,  giving  em- 

■terUI 
'i  at  $41,340,000.  nnd  turning  oul     la 
goods    wot 
and    wages    puld    umouutevl    to    S^-J.OUS.UOO. 

Mississippi  (see  Confederate  I 

Aaron  burr  surrenders  to  officers  in 
Territory  of, 

Act  endowing  ehar-afa  in,  vetoed,  475. 

Act  to  authorize  special  term  of  cir- 
cuit court  of  United  States  in, 
to  bo  held  in  Scranton,  vetoed, 
4440. 

Clti«ns  of  Territory  of,  must  be  pro- 
tected, 372. 

Combinations,  unlawful  In,  proclama- 
tion against,  487$. 

Consolidation  of  Territory  of,  dis- 
cussed, 426. 

Elections  in,  and  complications  grow- 
ing out  of,  proclamation  regarding, 
4276. 

Fifteenth  amendment,  action  of,  on, 
referred  to,  -« 

Lands  granted  to,  in  aid  of  railroads 
referred  to,  3580. 

Lands  in  Territory  of,  claimed  by 
Great  Britain,  438. 

Laws  of  Territory  of,  referred  to, 
2!>2.  303. 

Legislative  council  for— 

Dissolved   by   governor   of,  445. 
Nomination  of,  445. 

Memorial  from,  regarding  alleged 
violation  of  treaty  by  United 
States   transmitted,   £003. 

Nomination  for  council  of,  445. 

OftVes  in,  President  Jackson  refuse* 
to  make  further  nominations  for, 
1 109. 

Provisional  governor  for,  appointed 
and  restoration  of,  into  Union  dis- 
cussed, 3512. 


Mississippi  Messages  and  Papers  of  ike  Pres. 


Reconstruction  of— 

elatiorta   regarding,   3965. 
Rtfemd  to,   l 

foi   robmlttlnj  •• 
oteri  pro  lain 
Referred   to.   S»83. 

•  I   towns  in.  referred  to,  69". 
'«  ful  i-iin  |  reclama- 

tion against,  4270. 
Mississippi    Bubble.    The    giginii.- 

OBOIlly    known    by    tbl* 
waa  projected  lu  France  by  the  cele- 
brated flnaucler,   John  Lav  urgb, 
I  .'.    i.nil   eoUapsed   iii    1T30.      It»  prl. 
'    lo  develop  the  resource! 

r.->.  ,>.,  i  of  Loulili  ■ 
ordering  or.  tbe  Mi-  -I    ippi,  ■  tract  at 
td  to  uboun.1  Id  the  pre. 

The  eompnny   »«»   ln^i jI"I    In 

i       f.  undpi    I  ho  I i 

pauy  of  Hi  .:  Marled  t.  un  n  <■[»!• 

■ 
air    exclusive    privilege    of 
ni    to    the    Jll»»u«ipiii.    fsrmlnj 
tnxes  and   e.  i  be   pro 

was  to    iTiTiiitig   ibm    tbnrei   were   eagerly 
bought,    «nd    when.    In    17111.    the   eoui 

i     lAt    pan    at    irmliiig    to   the 

i;«»1     Indie*.    Chum    mid    the    Smith 
mid  ml   [hi  ■  ii  of  tbl  l-'renrh   Ksst 

linliii  Company,  tbe  liiililnnt  vision  op 
ioj*  »H  irresistible 

illi»l,"    a*   It    was   now 

il  01 ditloml  .bares:  but 

*  rage  for  speculation  bad  seised  all  classes, 
ind  there  were  at   lei 

il  dih   -h-ir.-..  which  consequently  rove 

lo  an  inon u  premium     Law,  aadli 

general,    promlivd    an    nnuual    dividend    of 

v."*'  lim'.  par  shire,   which,  as  tbe  shares 

wen    paid    for    In    tbe    depreciated    i,ni,  n 

'.    amounted    to    an    aunual    leiurn    uf 

120    pel     ivnl        The    publlr    i  n'  in i \v 

r..«"  lo  nn  absolute  fretixy.  nnd  Law"!  houwe 
■nd  tbe  street  In  front  of  It  were  dally 
crowded  by  applicants  of  both  Milt  and 
of  nil  ranks,  who  were  runtent  to  wn 
hours  nnv.  for  doy»  together — In  order  to 
nl.iolii  !in  Intetvb-u  with  Hie  umderQ  Plutus. 
u  tills  com  ted  n  faotltloui  ipi- 
waa  given  t"  trade  In  I'nris.  toi 
value  of  manufactures  waa  Increased  four- 
fold, and  tbl  d.'i  did  tbl  aup- 

fly.     Tbl    population    la  snld   Co 
nereiied  by  bundi   d  thousands,   mnny 

Of     Whom     Were     Kind      to     lake     »h..|ter     In 

garrsts.     k  I     ambles      I'.m      tfil 

it     bad    mennwhlle    ciuaed    tbe    paper 

itlon  <>f  the  National  Bank  to  be  In- 

.1       ...      Hie  '       ■■  In  mo 

role  In  value,  and  many   wnry  apeeiilntora. 
foreseeing   a  erlili,    had  aecretly    com 
Hielr    paper    und    ah..  |  lid.    whlc-b 

they    irniiainiiied    i"    Rnfland    or    Belgium 
for  snfcly.     Tbe  Increasing  senrcilT  of  g..ld 
and    silver    becoming    felt,    n    general 
waa    nin.le    00    tbl    bank.     The    MlaalHlppI 
■t«ck  now  fell  considerably,  nnd  deiptti    all 

,-rc..rt-    -..i.tli 1  to  full  steadily  nnd  rapid 

|i        in     IT80    tbl    National    Bank    nnd    the 

ny  of  the  Indh-s  were  imnlgamalrd. 
I. ni.  though  Ihla  gave  nn  upwnrd  turn  to 
the  «li nt..  niMik.'i  Ir  failed  to  put  tbl  public 
credit  on  n  nound  bn«l»  The  .-rials  rmiie 
at    ln«t.      In   July.    1720,    the   b«nk   stopped 

{nymctit,    mid    Law    wna    e palled    to    flee 
In-   c.iuntry.      The   Trench  i    waa 

i<rv    nearly    overturned    nnd    aiil.-~i.t-i.il 
financial  distress  and  bankruptcy  followed 

Mississippi  River: 

Ad  to   remove,  obstructions  to  navi- 
gation in  moutb  of,  vetoed,  2919. 


::!2«. 
Breakwater  near  mout 

Bridge  over,  ot  Rock  Island,  111.,  and 

La  Crow*.  Win.,  4148. 
Channel  at  mouth  of,  to  be  deepened, 

,;i.:i. 
Condition  "f.  ii.  ,r  Vickabnrjf,  Mlsa., 

I  iS2. 
DalwBM  of,  provision  for,  recommend- 
ed, 8M. 
Ddtw    of,    surveys    of,    referred    to, 
MM, 
loratios  of  country-  west  of,  re- 
i  to.  2261. 
Oranti  to  James  B.  Eads  for  construe- 

l Of    |4M  ex  Is,  ord«t   regarding, 

4282. 
Ini|.r.v.  .rnenta    of,    recommendations 
regarding.  4871,  46 
Approprintion    for,   768,   934,   2lL'l. 
Tnu  '  iiutli    Pass  of,  dia- 

.  ,i-:-r,i,  una 

eci    of,   prviervation   of,   reeom- 
'  :it ions   rexardinp,   .16S2,    4682, 
4797. 

I  route  from  California  to,  recom- 
mend. 
Naviiration  on — 

Appropriation   for  improving,  934, 

Treaty  with  Spnln.  rejrardine;,  106, 

110,  104. 

Plan  fi.i  ..n  of  alluvial  haaln 

of,    -  o    inundation,     4257, 

4272. 

Railroad  from  Pacific  Ocean  to,  roo- 

omn 
Bwforrod  to,   1104,  1196. 

an   hi  rotation  to  removal  of 
•litions  to  navigation  In,  rea- 
sons for  applying  pocket   veto   to, 

8urvey  of — 

Appropriation  for,  768. 
Nenr    completion    of,    referred    to, 
077. 
Survey*  of  mouth  of.    " 
Mississippi  River  Commlaf-ion: 
Appropriation  for  n  of  lereog 

recommended  I 
Report  of,  dUcusaeil,  41 
MlMotiri.    <'r.e    .-r    the    rentral    •>■ 

of      atsten:      nlcknanvr.      "Balltoa 

motto.     "SiIut;     pcpull     tai 

lei      e*to"      ("tel      the     people'*      sifety 

be  the  supreme  law").     It  takes  Its  name 

from   the   Mbaaonrl   Klier,  wbleb  In  Him    la 

t.i    the    SU.niin    fnitilly.      Tbe    Stale    t»    lu- 

i    heiwi-en  lot.  3«»  ami 
mil  long    sn-   ;"  nnd  ii.V  u'  weii,     H   la 

led  on  the  n<-ub  by   Iowa,  on  th- 
in  Illinois,  K.-n  -  • 

ruled  .n  the  «HHh  hy 

Arltnnina.    and  on  tbe  we.' 
Territory,     Kanaaa.     nn.i 
rated  in  pun   l.y  the  Minourt  Hirer),  and 
baa     nn     area     of     00.120     squire     mile*. 


Encyclofxdic  Index 


■J :  ■  , . , »; 
Ml    BOB 


Blaucbterlac  »od  roeat-pneklag  arc  ibr  ma  i 
laportaat    Indus'  ■'•■  ■     the  n  ol 

tobacco  ranking  second. 

1 1,.-    territory    win    am    -ill"!    at    St. 

U*»eviei*  by  tht  Kreneb  Id  1755.  w»»  ceded 

to  la   17eiS.  r«d*d  buck  to  France  la 

iiml     wn>    p-i\04    by    Frnatfe    lo    the 

!l  State*  In  1S03.  fanning  p«rt  of  ibr 
.oalalnna  Mlaaoarl     Territory 

..rtned    In    IMS   and    admitted   lo  tbe 
L'ukio  aa  a  Scale  la  Iflzi. 

Siall'ili-a  of  iigrleollnro  ceillecirsj  for  Ibi' 

....    iiUr.  •  r    ..i 

In    tbe  Btnte  »i   377,244.   comprising 

■  •lib    stork    ana 

•  i'i|.   "■.  •  in.  ii 

i»li>e  of  '■    Hi  »". 

aa  Tncrmac  from  $-M.40  la  1900.     The  valor 
..f     i|. .1,11  .ii.-     mil  etc,     win 

■  :■'  ■!■'•-.      i 

■.83.864;    LOT.-  :>.-    h. 
:r*,5i»:  ?-i 
4.430.194     awlM,     »:n.n:'..  ;  t.jrig 

sultry.  30.097. 30S.   ral 
tll.STD.y7J.     The  yield  and  value  of 
1  be    principal     11  wa«: 

r.  Iiki.ooO  acre*.    192  n 

crea.    30,- 
hi  burtiel*  "0:   oat*.    1 

0 

1'.    2.505,fK" 
•«0  arm,   1.458.000 

- 1  ■»  ..••!  ...hi  :    inl 0,000  acre*.  4»- 

iiuada,  8670,1 
Mluourl  loa.1.  all  the  niber  *tat"<  B 
|,,.,lll|.  11. .11  Imil 

and   iloc    and    In  two 

relatively  uiiliiii.oriaul  nilinrnl,,  barytrs 
an. I    iil|...ll  ni.-nl    made 

public  by   rbi    1 

voy  In  cooperation  with  the  Mlsionrl  State 
Survey.  The  atate  alto  rank*  wrood  Id  the 
pr.sliieilon  of  mineral  palms.  The  mining 
and  (tarkctlng  of  lead  and  fine  ore*  la 
mrl  l»  nf  a  character  peiollar  10  the 
itatp.  In   Hint   tl  .  nr   rather 

|b*    concentrate*,    ate     marketed     11 
and  m  king  the  baila  of  production 

1.  Ol  Hi"  .-nnrvolratra. 
■  1  that  Ii  thf  ■-.mdlilnn  In  «M.-h  ibp  prod- 
:  »old-  In  moat  of  thn  metal  pro 
dnclng  «iair»,  bo«»t*r.  Ihc  only  method  of 
veloc  la  on  the  metals 
lli.-mc'lv.  •.  prln.lp.illy  became  of  Ibr  (on. 
pi.  t  :    II...  1. nn.  which  carry  two 

ih*  m»i*l«.  Hi.  ■  aratrd 

la  ibr  smelling  and  rellnlng  procem.  Th« 
I.  ...1  I    ami     of     Hi. 

■intra    ..r    I  S'a Hoy    carry    ao 

Utile  Mirer  ibat  II  la  disregarded  In  the  as- 
say aud  »ale  of  con-rent  rnl.\  and  the  lead 
in. .In, ...I   from  trade 

a*  "*ofl   ..  Ml        the  I  he  lead 

•  n. I  rln.  <..n.'.'iiirn|i-«  wild  In  1913  wa«  $31.- 

unlu-t      $21 
Itaaed    no  t'.ial 

f.f    lead   and    Ilor    In    Missouri    In 
913    aa.    valvd    ai    >C0.4M.A04.    against 
$34  -   ■  .1.         taa  I 

wns    llllli.-t    entirely     due    lo  out- 

|.ii  ..f  line  orr».  with  n  marked  decline  In 
price. 

Mi  inl    ||    iniT.'.rtance    anions    Ml*-. 
mineral    liidn-irl.  ■    ll     -h.-    mining    •■'    tOtt 

She  production  of  which   .Ieerva«ed  allelitlr. 
iborl     Ion"     vnlii.-d    «i    $•-- 
'  TV   In  *4.:il«   I  valued 

al  »7.»0e.::(iS.  In  101S- 

Tba      t.'iiori      of      the      Slat*      trraaurer 

.1  Mivlina  for  the  year  1010  -f  $10.- 

iinii.l    tan.    1.    1011. 

mil.    nlekel   and    t.nrytea    nr* 

^«    of 

■I      ill..  I  nii.-.i  Hi .!•••  1  a 

at  Sp 

Tbe  oumber  of  mnnufacturUiK  eatal 


menu    la    Ulaaonri   batlnx  an   annual   out- 

fill  vala*d  ot  th«  bcxlnnlDIC 

of  1915  *■«■  s.oHO.     The  nmouet  of  capital 
latented    N  < 

oa».     ualu, 

•I    at  $3S8,7I... I    inning    OUI    011- 

,.1    cooaa    Brorth    t  urlea 

ami   wage*   paid  amounted  lo  $13'.:  1  ...i..i 

>t.  [..in..  1  1  •.   Kiiii»iik   rii)    an 
eeuters   of   Irani. 

roadit    aud     1.129     mill  trie     llnea. 

Tn*  populallvo  In  1V10  waa  3.3W.;i3i. 

Mlsaotiri   (see  aUc  Mi: 

Ailmluion  of,  Into  Union,  proclaimed, 

Mfc 
Hank  of.     (hW  Hank  of  Mi«», 
Boundaries  of.  extended.   11 
Boundary  line  with  Town.  dilpUtg  rn- 

apectlng,  1 178,  1777,  1 

Iuillan  title*  to  Innda  in,  extiugiiialieil, 

7fl!>,  i 
Join  m  of,  on 

footing  with  other*  aa  to  hountie*. 

reaaona  for  81  to  to, 

Judicial  district*  of,  6733. 
Lend  minea  in,  711,  991. 
Mllit.ity   fur.  I   by   gov- 

ernor of,  for  suppression  of"  rebel- 
lion in,  :: 
Order  regarding,   3243. 
Railroads  in.  tO  I..-  made  available  for 
military  uaes  of  Gov.  man  at,  3317. 

of  trade  'villi    ,M. 
coaaed,   1036. 
Troop*   of,   order*   respecting   loapoe- 
lion  of  record*  of,  MM. 
Missouri.  The,  low  of,  br  nr»,  referred 
'122. 
Aid  rendered,  by   British   authoritie* 
at  Gibraltar.  1 
Missouri      Compromise.— An      agreement 
relative  to  the  .juration  ..1 
In  a  bill  poaaed  by  fongreaa  Mar.li  I,  I8S0 
(lid    In    Ibe    ad    admitting    MlMourl      I  <  !■ 

to  i'  m 

tug    the    aeailun    ..r    IS] «  10    ..f   » 
III  providing  for  the  admlaalon  . 
aa  a  «tnt...  Imt   prohllilllng  slavery   Ihi 

•rn    beramc    violent    aud    tbr**: 
»nd     *ft*r     long     au.l 

h rough  Hi- 
*rr»n«  .if   1 1 .  ■ !  1 1-  -.-  <lnr        l|.<prearnt*t|i. 
msder.    nf    New    York,    in     1 
propoaed  an   amendmi  Ing  nil  ehll 

rtren   liorn   nft-r  the  n.  of  tbe  atal* 

fre^      Tills  raa  modified  la  make  all 
children    born     •tare*    fee*    at     Iwenl 

in  11  with  rhl»  amend- 
in. mi.    1. nt    id.,    s.-nir..    i.fii-,.t    1..    concur, 
Next  year  the  I                        Hi-    II. .11.. 
In  Hi.-  -inn.    1  ..in      rii..  Senate  voted  '«  ad- 
mit   Main.                                 mi  I  was  ailn 
■a  a  *l»ve  state.      The   Hoi 
propotal.       Repreaentnii  ro     ma*     of    Mil 

1. Illll. - 

stnn  ..r  mi  ...mi  m.  a  (lave  *iai. 

that    In    fu: 

In    all    the    territory    forming    part    o<    Ibe 

Hi    ..t   :...     :n»".   the 

*oathern  hnundary  <>f  the  near  stale.     Tills 

■aa  agi.-.l  t...     .>n  11 

in.-  .  ompromlsr  w*a  abandoned    n briber  be- 


Missouri 


Messages  and  Papers  of  (he  Presidents 


for*  or  at  t*i«  pawnee  of  tlie   Konsss  Ne- 
,i    lil. I    l ti  ind   section* 

bsrc   I  I  'i       «  ben    mi-- I'"   con- 

atllntlon  wot  laid  before  Congress  II  wa« 
found  that  It  contained  clauses  exclodlng 
free  negroes  fnitn  Ibe  state.  The  lion*.* 
therefore  refused  to  admit  Missouri. 
eflV.-tisl  a  flintier  romnromlao  whereby  Mis- 
souri ajrrred  boi  to  aenrtvo  of  bis  rlghia 
any  cllticn  of  another  slate. 

Missouri   Compromise,   discussed,   2457, 

£49),  Ml 
Missouri  Klver.  exploration  of,  386,  300. 
Ml.isourla  Indians.  (See  Indian  Tribe*. ) 
Mobile,    Alabama;    population    (1900), 
33,469. 

Achievements    of   Fnlcral    forces    in 

harbor  of.  asd  orden  ntpwtlng 

celebration  of,  3430. 
Collection  district  of,  established,  357. 
Object   of,   misunderstood   by   Spain, 
3SS. 

Mobile  and  Dauphin  Island  Railroad 
and  Harbor  Co.,  act  regarding  grunt 
of  right  to,  to  construct  tr>  tie  be 
ImeJl  Cadai  Point  and  Dauphin  Is- 
land, returned,  57S4. 

Mobile  Bay  (Ala.).  Battle  of. -An*.  5. 

18G4,  Rcar-Admlial  rana;ut.   If, 
rlCRlni;  of  tin-  tlacrtilp  /lurttorrf.  passrd  tlie 
forti  anil  obstructions,   si    I  to 

Mobile   Day   and   captnrvfl    the   Con  fed 
ram   Tennessee.      Mobile    Bay    was  defended 
by    Tori     Haines      "ii     Hi"      .<     era    i  nd    of 
linupliln  Island.   I  .-.i.  on  the  weal- 

v  ol   Mobile   l"oU i  01 

channel,    and    Fort    rowcll,    situated    on     a 

■  mill!   I.v  And   wi'Nt  ->f   I 'iiiijdiin.      I  Baltics 

and  Morgan  commanded  the  mnln  ihnuti.1. 
taa  forme  uioiiuiius  21  k""«  ami  iln<  lat- 
ter 4b 

In  the   bay  were  Iho  Ironclad  mm  Trn- 
ncmre    niiil    Iho  (tablet.     .Morgan, 

and  Silma   undoi    tbc   couitnnnd  of   A-luiii  nl 
■  tr<   rrni  hulli  OB  IBS 
plan  of   the  Met  rtiituc.     Her  armament  con- 
sisted of  0  rifle*     9    plTi  I  I    I  G     iiehe* 

I and    4    «Ix  Iti.-li    hi  i  ml  true. 

Iloo  ind  d  '  iio  nf  nil  kind*  bad  been 
plar.'il   nimind  the  bavhor  ai  ncd  m-i 

were  Strang  across.  I  ha  channel  raiment's 
Beet  ronnlni.il  of  U  weiden  shins  and  4 
miiiiltor*  Oen.  Gordon  Hninjrer  hail  InniN-d 
4.000  redcrsl   lump-,  on  l.inuphln  Island.  In 

the  rear  of  Korr   (.allies,    I rperate   with 

the  fleet.  The  Heel  jrot  undei  was  early  In 
the  norotu  and  before  7  o'clntk  Ibe  en- 
racr-nient     became     general.       '11).'     monitor 

rli   flred   tin-   Ural    ■  ho  ' ly 

afterward  Mmck  a  torpedo  and  sunk,  with 
her    commander.    Capl.     Craven,    and    most 

cif  bar  crew,    within  mi  boot  the  other  »oa> 

wl«  had  tin»«i'il  t In-   forls  ami  net  lb*.   gUD" 

boata  and  ram  Inxldc  Hie  barter,     after  a 

•erere  contest  I!. 

10  o'elnek.      Farragut'a    Ioj 

and  drnwnrd    ill'  Of  whom   wenl    down   i  iTl 

board  the  TfrumerA)  nnd  170  wottml.<l       I  he 

Confcdnntc    loss    was    S    or    10    1. lll.-il    and 

wounded  nnd  170  Kiiii.tnl-i.il      nf  Ibe  Other 

,      I     II|I,<       T.    . 

caned  up  the  hav.  tbo  (taffies  was  disabled. 
and  the  8<lma  wn»  eaptnred  «it!i  boi    rii  w 

Of   00   offlerr.    nnd    Im-li 

The  niL-iit  after  the  bailie  Port  rnwrii 

«•»"  ahnndnned  nnd  blown  »".  esaxt  day 
Fort    fialnei  »m   - h^ll  il   In  »  „ 

and  " 
fee's  troopa  ereN  tinimfericd  to  the  r- 


Tort   Morcan.     A«C-   22  It  was  botnha-de4 
aid  tin   Hi'-   iifld   <i   «'i  i •  ml.  i.  .1.      Wlti   ilia 

lak^n     10» 

-nd    J .-»■:  I    men       «ii>ciatlon«    araln-t 

the  city   of   Mobile  were  begun   Marcb  M, 

Two   foiu   protected    Hw    eliy   after 

Hie  passage  arbor  had  b^en  nude. 

Anrll   I  theac  wen-  bmiiiin  rded.      Four  dart 

later  nnoihnr  bombardment  waa  I 

lowed  lo  Ibe   erealBi  by   an  a—anlt.     The 

eu'er  work*  were  carried   dnrlnc   the  nlrht 

nrd  prcnaratl-'-na  made  to  eomnlete  the  con- 

lis*      bul    a'    1    o'el-^lt    em    lha 

niiiniin;-  nf  April  0  the  gnrrlaon  aurresdered. 

Mobil*  Point,  Ala.,  fortifications  at,  n 

rmmended,  601. 
rred  to,  698. 
Mobllo  Eiror: 

Commrcr>  passlnp;  through,  obstrn 

i  '    ly  arbitrary  duties  and  vex 

liana  rraeareneaj  armed  resistance 

authorized,  37S. 
Modoc  Indians.     (See  Indian  Tribe*.) 
Modus  Vivendi.—  LlfrnllT.  n  node  of  llr- 
log.     The  term 

tlona  to  describe  a    tentative  underatandloc 
before  a  flnnl  treaty  la  coocladrd ;  for  ex- 
ample see  f.SSI. 
Mohawk.  The,   cariturn   of   the  TTHd/fre 

vrith  cargo  of  slaves,  by,  3124. 
Mohawk  Indians.    (Seo  Indian  Tribe*.) 
Mohican  Indiana.    (See  Indian  Tribes.) 
Mo-lnl-la-las      Indiana.      (See      Indian 

n.iicB.) 
Mo-lcl  Indian*.      (Sec  In.'.ian  Tribes.) 
Molino  del  Boy  (Mexico).  Battle  of.- 

IVboO     Ibe    forllBcatlonii    of    incur rt«    and 

C'burtibuseo    had    lieen    pimi<l.    tica.    Seott 

mi  bit   lii-adnuaitriH  nl   Tartihara.  the 

hlthoii  •  castle    i.si'ilnuklnj:  the  weatern  an- 

•    the    rn  •  •.    and    two 

and  nni  -half  mllei  dutont.     The  (list  formld- 

able    obstruction    »»'     I  I  •    del     Bey 

i    t  ae  Kin-'  •  MM").    Oen.  worth's  dl 

mil  men  »a^  d»tall.d  for  atiari 

nud  In  aupporilnx  forcincailona.  <  t' 

de  -Mala     TI  i  u.lillosa.  atron, 

Iv  f ,n  Hflcd  nnd  ably  defended,  tlie  Hex" 

,lii2  crery  fo"t  of  the  around 
stiaek  was  made  on  the  mornlru:  of  Sept. 
S  IS  17.  After  l«»  hours'  haul  OjhtlBjC  Ibe 
works  were  carried  and  Ibe  army  of  £an'a 
Anna.  14.000  alraosr.  drlren  back.  Tfee 
Merlean  Iom  wa«  2,200  killed  ami  wm 
lamnni  Ibe  former  lielnc  f;eaemls  Valdarrs 
and  lennl  and  more  tb»n  Son  prisoner*. 
Ineliidlne  52  commissioned  orHeera.  Tlia 
Am.-iltan  lo»«  «a«  11(1  tlnrhidlD*  A  offlcvrai 
kir.il  MO  (Including  4*  onVeral  wounded 
and  IS  n.l««ln*.  The  marailne  of  <"a«a  de 
ivintn  was  blown  up.  and  Worth  rcturtwd  to 
Tnrulinya. 

Monaco. — Monaco  Is  a  sorcrelrn  Prl.. 
lie  ou  the  const  of  the  Mediterranean,  nine 
I    east    of    Nice,    nnd    la   enclvnl    no 
three  sides  by  the  Alpes  Mnrlt'mcs  depart- 
ment   Of    I  ft    lOfrll    leogtb    !•    21 

nml    li«   width    i  ii  lea   '■> 
1  urn    yards,     the    tntnl    nrea     bolne 

a'ntttle    sere«.      The    l'rlnelr-«lltr     I 
Hie    towns    i.f    Monaco,    Coodaastne    an 
Mon'e    Oielo.    and    had    a    nnpnlatlna     (I 
long)  nf  10,121,  of  whom  0i5  were  natlv 
born     Mom  m<7     ri-'-ralUr^l,     a 

I  he  reuinlnder  foreigners.     Tberc  la  a  la 


•n Ion.  callmntcd  nt  CO.OOO, 
.  duy  visitors  exceeded  l.uUO.OOO  In 
The    kind    I*    divld.  1,300 

•miters,  of  whom  300  were  Monegasqoea. 
Toe  lotnl  estimated  value  of  lb*  la»d  <ex- 
etcdit  c  -itnle  of  It»e  Prince) 

»i.  227.000,00«>  francs  In  1813. 

ly  t»i  been  In 
the  possession  of  the  noblo  Geooeee  family 
of  urtmnldl  (now  Gojou  d>  Mullein 
mnldli  alac*  llie  Ifiitki  ccutaty  wl  '<  « 
abort  break  from  ITM  ISls.  lo  1SI4  Inde- 
pendence wits  ngnln  •  It  lb«  pro- 
tection of  Sardinia,  la  lt>lS  the  towns  of 
Meston*  anil  lloccabniun  were  annexed  to 
Sardinia,  and  In  im»  the  protrt-.l-u  waa 
transferred   to    r'rancc. 

trmmtnt.— The    Prince    wna    oa    abso- 
Inte  r»l*r  until  the  pi  of  I  Con- 

stitution lo  1911.  To*  Hiram-  is  borcdliary 
In    Hi.'    mill-    Dm    i  uid    afterwards   la    (be 

••    line)    of    the    reigning    acute    by 

Srlnvwenlti  re,     nnd    the    daughter    of    tbo 
\ppnr.  nl     ll  I  •    lie.  Ml.. 

Me  of  aDeeenlon  filling  other  I«*ue.  r  :--: 
Ilia  Setone  Hlgbnesa  Albert  HonorO 
CwirV".    Prlore    of    )l  at*   of    Va- 

mla.     Mnrn.nl*    dea     linos,     born 
IS.    194S;    succeeded    bit    father    Sept.    10. 
18S0. 

Ilr  the  Constitution  of  Jan.  8,  1011.  par- 
rcprescntnlloa     rod     complete 
elvll   l|iH-rt.v    were   »-»! 
Council  of  Stale  nnd  n  National 
twente-nne    members,    elected    by    lr,. 
role   he   four   irnrs. 

The  Commuoea  bav*  each  a  Municipal 
Cot-ncil  elected  by  voters  of  liotb  s»xe«. 
Order  l«  mnlntnlnM  by  n  local  police  force 
•f  ahnnt  150  men.  There  nre  no  tnxea 
mill  rent*  nre  high.  Hi  of  the  rim- 

ing Inlili-s  (to  which  null.,  .  I  the  hili.il.l- 
|inH  nre  nllnired  jirco««>  providing  tbo 
coat  of   ii mil ii-    works  Mini    |  i 

Teirit'  —  t'nol  a  I.      Monaco.        I'opulntlon, 
3.202.      1-a   fondamlne    (<12IS>    and   Monte 
Carlo    (.1.7011.     Th«  gnmlng  eats 
la  nt  the  Inst-iinmed.   Ibe  concessionaire   (a 
Joint    stork   cnni|i.ni'- i    I ■  -  •  I ; .  ■    i 
000    frnnca    (10.000.000   pnld    in    1801 

In     lOISl     f  ,r    the    ronr.  ■  ilnn.    and 

tribute     Inrreaatnc    hv     2:10.000 
every   ton    yours   in   .n    maximum   of 

||>'r  niin<-m  In   1037.     The  . 

•Ion  expires  in  IWT.     Al  ll  wbleb 

rni>ii  •  Hi-  rocky  aiimnilt  of  n  in-  adlmd, 
lac  IMIncc.  and  an  ticennogrnpblenl  Mo.- 
•mm.  l-'illt  by  the  Prince  to  accommodate 
a  collodion  mail. 

Monandry.— Uavinc  do  more  thao  oso  boa- 
ton  d. 
Monetary  Commission,  appointment  of, 

iTIhhiwiiT   6290. 
Monetary  Convention  of  Latin  Union, 

Bclfinn     declares     iu    adhesion    to, 

4057. 
Monetary  Union.  American.      (8- 

teraatlom]     Amor  I  Cta    Monetary 

Union 
Money,   Continental.     (Soo   Continental 

Mini. 

Money  'Order  System,   discussed.   085, 

Money  Orders.   (Bee  Division  of  Money 

Orders.) 
Money  Orders,  International,  discussed, 

Money,  Public.   TSee  Iccvcnue,  Public.) 
Monitor,    The.    (8m    Hampton    Itoadt. 
(▼«.),  Battle  of.) 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Monitor,    The,    engagement    with    the 

ifcrrfmoi*,  diKussed,  3313. 
Monmouth   (N.  J.),  Battle  of— a 

portaut  cvufllcl  of  the  Revolutionary  War. 
fought    during    the    af;oruoon    of    Jos 

N.  J.,  (lea.  Washington  In  command  of  tbe 
Americana  nud  Sir  Henry  Clinton  .••rumand 
lag  tin  mill  i.  ii   Phila- 

delphia for  New  York  with  ll.oyo  men  and  a 
large  supply  tioin.  Washington  pursued  him 
srllh  a  *  men       Aftar  some  ptrlliu 

|-a;r  Americans, 

ltd  by  Con  I    n.  second  In  command, 

retnatcd.  a  genera!  battle  ocourred.  The 
Ilrltlth    won;  d  I    dr»w    off 

cover    of    night,    bating    J  ■■•"      3">o    dosd 

US.  less 
lliar.    .  i  -  killed.     An  In 

relirl- 

mand  tries  I^c.  which  rc-iulted  In 

■  fl:.«l  dlamlaul.  !>>e  bad  on 
po'ed  brlBcIng  oo  lit*  battle,  but  vrb»o  his 
ailrlcc  was  retpccled  In  the  council  of  «r»r. 
a-kcl  right  to  lead  oil  Id 

Monocacy  (Md.),  Battle  of,— Ocu.  Ilnn 
l<r    •  -Ifiel    In    command   of 

the  Pcdcral  forcca  In  Ibe  8henandoah  Val- 
ley Is  Jui;  Ban,  Karly  was  de- 
tached from  l.c;'*  army  nt  ltli'hra'»nd  and 
».iit    to    reeaforec   Oen     Breckl 

uid.il    llir    Confiderate    forces    In    the 
v«l,o        ll  mi!   r    retired    westward    across 
Ibe    mountain*,    leaving   Wa.hlngton   unpro 
Lee  thereupon  reeoi  ir.  in- 

ng    bis    strength     in       >.    nod    or- 
dered him  t"   ili.-.:ii.ii   Waahloglon,   In 

of  compelling  <!rant   to  "-III 
of   the  Irn.  Klchmond   and   Peters- 

burg.    The  Hlllo  '..ii;l-.t.  »n 

'■'n«hfnglon.   will 
hi  ii  arrived  from   llampl  m 
Roadt.      July   <j    rUrly    reached    llng-i 
and  moved  a   strong  column   toward    I 

■i    On.    Uw    Wallace    ad- 
vanced from  with  a  force  of  0.000 
men.      lie  encountered   Parly  on    tin-  9th  at 
Monocacy.   Md..  and  for  elcht  hour«  r 
his  advance,   hut   wa«  finally  d-fcateil 
a  lo«a  of  DA  fclll.<l.  570  wounded,  an.'. 
ml  ■ine.      The    ionfoil*ratf  losa   waa  »tntwl 
i.  Parly  at  from  000  to  TOO,  Bwlud 
Ini  the  cavalry. 

Monopamlst. — 1.  A  person  who  has  imt 
one  wife.  (9ce  rl-nuor  and  Polygamy.) 
2.  A  person    opposed   to   mero    tlain   one 

■ 
Monopolies,    evils    of    tmatl    ml.    dla- 
:n!  recommendations  reff«H- 
5358,  5478,  617*5. 
Monroe,  James.— 1817-1825. 

R    TMM.     181  7-'. 

nighlh    Ailmlulitrallon— Democratic  Itepob- 

Thx-Prctidcn  t—  Daniel  D.  Tompkins. 
Secretin  y  »t  Sfele— 

■..mm*. 

Secrcliiru  o/  l*c  Ttcufary— 

Wllllum  11.  Crawford 
Bctrttarv  of  War — 

John   I'.  Calhoun. 
•  tarv  of  Iht  .\'a»A/— • 

r-hlcld    (continued). 

Sinl'  Ii     '1  Intm  i.-'.u. 
ittOlnfy  <:■ 

mtluued). 
WUH 
|>Offtna>ler.r;rneral— 
Hi  (i  III    J.    MctfS. 


_ 


Monroe 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


X  amino  Hon.— Jamn    Mooron    wn»   elected 
by  tt.  in  party  In  18l«  and 

In  111*  election  ■■<    1818   Monroe 

n<  nominee*  of  1 1 

I lie. n    ''"iiuri-Mloiiiil   oaucae.      Tbi 

erallns    supported    llurus    King    for    1 

•.sldeutlnl    candidate. 

i  ••(.•.—  The  election    ■  <■•  ■•*   p'»«   fP' 

.'l>!clornl  vote,  couuled   F«t>     12,    1817, 

tmr    Mon.  ind    King    ." 

>  otc»     for 
dent,    and    Howard,    22.        Ninon-en    ItmlM 

loot  1'iift  in  thi»  ofeciiou.  Indian*   for  to* 
Ural  Hiii".     King"*  voto  waa  received  from 
tbi   Sew    England   State*,   where  th" 
Ion  were  chosen  bjr  ttio  I.  Had 

Hi"    i I'll-    voted    ill* re.    It    In    n 

probabht  ihoy    would    hnve   expressed 

approval  of  tbe   courae  "f  Hi"  mlnilnUtrn- 

ii  tha  War  of    i  i    in"   l''''l 

ri.ill  |t|      OPl""   '  'I 

fatty  Affttlollvn  —In  the  Virginia  cont.-«t 
over  the  adoption  ■  I  i  institution,  Mon- 
roe Hood  lirildc  Henry  In  opposition,  and 
eooorui  il  [ii  ill"  [utlOr-iilliin  nnl 
adoption  of  certain  imendmcnta.  In  tbe 
...i.  a  i.r.iniln.-ni  A ti 1 1  IVdOl  al 
It!  and  n  ninal  determined  opponent  "f 
tbe  Waahiugtou  admlnlatri.ii. ii  «ii 
publication  of  Monroe'"  pamphlet.  "A  view 

of  iii"  du>  i  "i   Hi"   Executive."   In 

be   became    tbe    bero   of    the    .Si 

l»t»    mill    wui.    inndi     governor   of    Vlrglt.in 

.  i  t •  i -. •  i  mi-..'  i      En  i"  Mill    bj   bit    ■■■   at  p.  ip 

ulnrlty.    be    entne    In    rill    nln I 

nlt.-.l   aiatloii   to    which  a   politician  mlarht 

FoUtteat  ComplVrton  of  <'onqre'». — 111 
Fifteenth    Coogreaa    (18171810)     th- 
ate,    of   44    members,    win   made    up  of    10 
Pederalll  ti    ana    W     D.  mocraM  \    and    i  be 

House,  i.r  188  member*,   ■  up  of 

B7   r.ili-r»ll«t»  xml    v<\  Democrat*.     In  the 
Sixteenth  Congress  1 18HI-1-.-I  i   in* 
of  4>J    member*,    ni   made    nr>  "f    1"    I     ■' 
erallsts  and  30  Democrat*:  and  tlm  House. 
Of    1ST    in.  uili.. r».   mis    Mimic    up  "f  42   Fed- 

i   I  IS   n. iii-      I"  Hi"  •■■■ 

ii-.-iiili    Conk-re**    (18   ■ 

of  4s  iii"nil>cr».  wa»  made  up  of  7  Federal 

LI.    nml    4111  .     ■ ...  I    i  In-    IliiilM,    of 

18*  member*,  was  tun  da  np  ..r  89   Federal 

1st*  mil  1211  Den M.     In  the  ICIarbteentt 

Congress     I1N23  IS25I     Ibe  ..f    48 

member*,  win  made  up  of  4"  Democrat* 
iimi  i  wiilgs :  nml  ni"  Hooae  .if  219  mem- 
ber*.  wna  mii.Ie  up  of  72  l'eilernllsta  and 
141  Democrat*. 

(MCOtro    T«BM.     1821-182S.) 
Ninth    Administration— Democrat  Ii   It.  puMl. 
can. 
Tfot-Prtriilrnt — Daniel  D.  Tompkln*. 
Beerttartt  of  State — 

Jobs  Qolncj    Ailmns  (continued). 
'  i'U  of  the  Trfa*»'  | 
Wllllmii    !l     Cmwluro    ii.iiiilniied). 
Secretory  of   War — 

loon   C-   Cnlboiiu    (continued!. 
Beortlaru  of  the  .Vary — 

Smith   Thompson    (contln 
John  Roger*  (Prsaldcnl  of  NaT*  Com- 
n. in....  .-:.  p|,    I  Sept.   HI,  1K23). 

Siiiini"!    J.    Sniithnrd, 
Attornrv  llrtn  nil — 

Wllllnin  Wirt   (conllnned). 
r.i./j. .,)•;.  .  ....... .// 

Krtnrii  .1     Meigs   (i-iintliiiied). 
John  McLean. 

•SI  —In  Hi"  ■  '."II t  1S20, 

n.>  entidldnlcN  were  eliu-iMi  hy  i-nin-r.— 
■louul  eiiucu*.  as  there  wna  no  opposition 
in   Monro*  iimi   Tniiipklna. 

I  ./'<■.— The     election     w.i-  ?. 

The     eleetor.ll     vi.le.    Ill.-d     Fell.     14.     1821, 

giivc   Mouron  all  of  Ibe  votes   but  one        Ii 


I*   *nld    that    tbe   onpoalcr    vole    was    cant 

by     »     Kan     Hampshire     elector 

Qulni 

flight  have  th.-  glory  of  „ 

election.  .k    p.»rl    la 

this  election— Ml  .  Alabama. 

II    .mil  having   bucu  rvceutly 

lo   Mi"    I'nlon. 

IntetMOl     Impwutitnt: — On     tula    qoe*- 

'ic  n1tli.ul.-  of   Mnuroe   sti  the  HDJ* 

that  Hi.'. '"■  .I i   of  tbo  desirability 

r    oenulbutloaa    m>i 

a  na- 
lui..:    leu    iimi  'i-utlon    did    not 

right  of  making  I 

■  ItHOIl      .in       in.  lel.iii  III     I   .    II."     I  '..l.illlllU'.n. 

I 

lining     the    need    of     tbe     woek.     be 

Hi.     MM    making   aiipropriallnna   to 

the  Imnroveiiiiut    uf   the  Cumberland    road 

•■.".'. 

PiibM      DoM      He-    public    debt    of    the 

i   State*  daring  r  ii ■  - 

Monrvi.-    si 1     .i  Jim.     l 

1103.4 

1-J1,  |8».B«7,4. 
SOT.546.07' 
1S24.  »»0,2ttn,T77.7J  : 

Tariff.— The  net    «t   Aprl  "to 

Increase    Ibe    duties    on    evrtnli 

•  .to    Ibe    rolled 
lea  **  are  anaon- 
ri. eiured    frtiin   copper   or  In    wli 
Is    i he     article    or    gresi.si     value,     allrrr- 
plnlvd  .nil  mid  harness  furniture, 

.ni   flaaa,  tacka,  brad*,  springs,  and  brown 
..ml    white    Ilussla    *h.-«ilng.      Aanth<  r 
i. n  Hi.-  i.oiiie  day,   iner. ..  -...I  tbe  dailea  on 
Iron   in  bara  tod  bolt*,    iron  Id  pl«».  caat- 
lugs,    unlln.    nnil  -iireh 

llltles    im     r 

i '.  ills  rifili  Annual  M.    • 

fairly    pc-auiucd    Him    iin.1.  . 

S'lveli    to  il.'iii"*!  i 
•'ink-  In u  ie  »t  no  dltrUBl 

I     a     mntiufuetnrliig  w>    u 

raw  material*  In  aucb  va*l   nmount.  with  a 

■  -..  I ... .  It  x  to  augment   tbom    to  an  lud. 

;    rising    alil.lu   the 

in    far  exev. 
ii."   demand   for   borne   consumption. 
in    the    moat    unf 
obtained  alaraya  at  a  very  inoderate  ;. 

s«  'ni r   pi-.pl-    nre   In    Ibe    lie- 
"iiinle  nrts  and  lu  every  Impror.  in  ■„ 
eiilm.-.l   to  letaen   tin-  ileum nrl    f.« 

prl< f    ii 

•  lu  every  brnncb  of  domestic  ii 
try    may    and    »lll    I 

"I .:^«»nt    do- 

iii-s    lo    mi    .ii.i.i    in    meet    nay    demand 
which    nnder   a    fair   competition    may    ba 
made  opon  It."     In  bis  Klxth    Annual 
sni!.-  (page   .  80 
I  hm    .i.ir    iiHinufnctnre*.    though    depreavsl 

Mutely   after   the  peace,   have   >••• 
crably  Inci.  I    ar<    «Mll 

iiinl-e    ii -ourngement    given    thee 

the  tariff  of  1810"  and  by  *ubtenocnl  law*. 
SutUOed    I    am   .    .   .    that    there    are 
slruug   r.n 

and    relation*    wltb   Other    ntrle*    able* 

Impose  on  n*  Ibe  obligation  to  cherish  and 

sustain  our   mauufiK-liirex 

ever.    I    llki  ihe   interval    of 

every  pnrt  of  th"  llnlon.  even  of 

benefited    hy    nu fai  in  it 

tills     allhjecl      .1 Ill      •».     I.i 

great... i   caution  lllcnl  lumv. 

..r   in.,    iffe 

est  change."     A.  Lntiaal 

Mexange  (page7N«i   In  ,  t,i*  vlewa 

and  adds ;",..!  recommeaa)  a  review  of 


Monroe 


Messages  and  I'apcrs  of  the  fres 


the  torlff  for  the  p-nrposa  of  nffonllm- 
adilitlonal      protec'.lmi      to  Ucles 

ire  prepared1  > racture.  or 

which  in-'   "i. >f  i.  .umllnicljr  conn. 

111*   defend  ;»;ndMICC   Of   UlC   COUn- 

rortign    PeHeSV— >  The    foreign    policy     of 
tho  Monroe  nOi>> 
in. hi:,    under  the  anni" 

t n II.-.       Thin    Btlllmlr    towanl    foreign     In- 
terference   In    I  If    Western    Hi'iiiNpliciS    In 
Contained    In    two   purnirr.i-.'lin    In    [hi 
mill    Aiimnil    .>!• 

Concrcu   l 2,    18  '  ■<■«■ 

ere  cxpreesu 
In  a  in.-.*  ._■  i  la  1811  (page 

\.lnms.   ■   ni. 
.tiroe'a  Cabinet,  and    ivlth   whom  Mon- 
roe consulted,   la   at*"  villi   oriel- 

linlll.:  :ip|.II. 

Hi.,    policy   upholds   opposition   from 
the    rnii.. I     si  .1  arelfn    con- 

qocal  ..r   inj  pai  lea. 

_  inllng   the   r»lnilciu   of   the    Dulled 

''. !-■■  y» 

first    Ann 
rone,  hope  l»  entennli Dal   of   nd- 

hi-    illinium    •■!    :i    Just,    a    c 

I   fr'-n.l  ■■■   -,..ii.-i     we  niiv    I- 1.--   pre«i-rve 

amlenhle  relations,    with  nil  "f   lb*  power* 
..r   i:   rope  on   conditions  advantageous  and 

I  llle     10    Olir    I "I  rl   " 

Of     the 

I     Sintei    dnrlns     (he     n.li. 
nf    I'r.'-lil- nl     Mh  -n     by 

statistic*    for   Hi-    v.. .ir   1820,    hers    vlvca: 
Area,  so.      mile*:      pmnilni  Inn. 

i,i|;t>  in.    mile 

l.ii.il  ni'inMj  In  cln  nlallnn,  *'I7  IOO,0(iO 
porta,      $T4,4&0.000:      exports,      S'.^1 

Imlli.    M 
deep     -  iuu»:   vessels   la 

1. 1. '.hi.,    tuna:  poat-offlcea. 

In  lil.  Till  n  I  Annual  M'sasgo 
ijiiil-''  lilll)  ITi  -I  :,  i,i  Mi.nr.n-,  In  ili.cill)- 
Iiil-  the  mean*  taken  to  put  down  IM 
sinrs.  :   -'It   U  hoped   thai    the«e 

..I    i.t    Ilk.-   ncta 
by   other   national    will    loon    terminate   • 
-o    disgraceful    to    the    civilised 

I ;i.  rial    in    -  .ago    Ipoe*    BJC2) 

hires  Inken    (n.i 

enrgnca  of  alnver    be    lent   back  to  Africa 
nn.l  not    n-tiiliii'd  In  the  I'ultcd  State*. 

Monroe,  Jamas: 

Account*  and  claims  of,  discussed  by, 
MA 

IWcrr.^1  to,  889. 
Annual   messages    of,   5S0,   608,   623, 

642,  607,  754,  77(5,  817. 
Biographical  sketch   of,  Mat 
Constitutional  amendment  regard!  h.l\ 

internnl  improvements  recommend- 
ed by,  587,  759. 
Correspondence  and  manuscript*   of, 

unpublished,  purclioso  of,   referred 

to,   5071. 
Discretionary    power     of     President 

over    noiiili!  inovals,    and 

other  acts  dlscii 
Pinanei  i  by,  884,  013,  629, 

64r),  075,  750,  761.  780,  78S.  822. 
For  . 'listed  by,  573,  582, 

i.   VST,    639,   672,   CS5,   762,   787, 

m,   817,   829. 

.'tiral  address  of— 

First,  573. 

Second,  655. 


Internal  improvements  discussed  by, 

711,  713,  759. 
Minuter  to — 
France,  nomination  of,  US. 
Negotiate  treaty  with  .Spain,  nomi- 
nation of,  339. 
Settled  difference*  with  Great  Brit- 
ain, nomination  of,  399. 
Monroe  Doctrine.    (Seo  Monroe  Doe- 
trine.) 
Oath  of  office,  notifies  Congress  of, 

time  and  placo  of  taking,  fit 
Portrait  of,  671. 

Power   of   legislation   in   District   of 
Columbia    should    bo    taken 
Congress  and  rested  in  people,  616. 
Powers  of  Federal  and  State  Govern- 
ment* discussed  by,  587,  711,  713. 
Proclamations  of— 

Admission  of  Missouri,  664. 
Agreement  with  Great  Britain  for 

force  on  Orvnt  Lakes,  605. 
Discriminating     duties     suspended 
on  vessels  of— 

Bremen,  606. 

France,  752. 

Hamburg.  607. 

Lubeck,  642. 

Norway,  665. 

Oldenburg,  666. 
Extraordinary    session    of    Senate, 

856. 
Importation  of  plaster  of  Paris,  re- 
strictions on,  removed,  003,  605. 
Lands,  sale  of,  580. 

Pert  ■  opened1  to  •■  M*tb  of  On  it 

Britain,  753. 
Howard    for    murder    of    William 
8eaver,  663. 
Reduction  in  peace  establishment  dis- 
cussed by,  698. 
Bequest  of  House  for  documents  con- 
cerning publle  officers,  refused  by, 

l.'.'S. 

Secretary  of  State,  476. 
South   American  Provinces,  message 
of,  regarding  independence  of,  685. 
State    of   Union    discussed    by,  623, 

067,  776.  791,  817. 
Tariff  discussed  by,  675,   760,  784, 
Veto  message  of,  regarding  repair  of 
Cumberland  road,  711. 
Monroe  Doctrine.— After  the  overthrow  of 

Nap«'l I'  rnnce,  Russia.  Proas!*  and  Atss- 

trls  firmed  tbo  so-called  Holy  Alliance  In 
September,  1810,  for  the  suppression  of 
revolutions  within  each  other's  dominions 
for  perpetuating  peace.  The  Spanish 
colonies  In  America  baring  rexolted.  It  was 
rumored    'hat    this    al.iane*    cm 

subjugation,     although      the      I 
Mates  hod  s-';n<iwled»"d  tbelr  IndepTi.l 
George  Tanning.  Kncll-di  Secretary  of  l- 

Froposed  that  England  and  America  nnlta 
o  oppnta  such  interr^i'on.  O-i  consults- 
t'<*">  with  Je"er«nn.  Meil'»>n,  Join  Qiilnr? 
Adnms.  a"d  rallninn,  M.inr'...  to  It's  a*"-'"*! 
mciseee  to  diner.'.*  In  1J.-J3  (nag*  "«7>, 
embodied   the  conclusion*  of  these  dellbtr* 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Montana 


atteos  h>  what  bit  its**  beta  knows  as 
the  Monro*  Doctxlae. 

Referring  to  tb*  threatened  tni*rrtatl«B 
of  tha  power*.  tb«  message  declares 
owe  It.  therefore,  to  candor  and  to  tb* 
amicable  relatlc-ns  exist. lb  bttnn  th* 
TJnlted  Stat**  and  those  power*  to  declare 
that  w*  should  coct.dcr  any  attempt  on 
tbelr  part    -  tbelr  »y»:em   to   say 

portion  of  Hi  ■    I  as  dangerous  to 

our  peac«  and  safety.  With  the  existing 
colonies  or  dependencies  of  any  European 
power  we  bare  not  Interfered  and  t hall  not 
Interfere.  But  wltb  the  Government  wbo 
bare  declai  impendence,  and  aaaln- 

tniri'ii  It,  and  whose  Independence  we  hare, 
on  great  conalderatlon  and  on  Just  prin- 
ciple*, acknowledged,  wo  could  not  etrw  any 
Interposition  for  the  purpose  of 
tbein,  or  controlling  In  any  other  manner 
tbelr  destiny,  by  any  European  power  In 
any  other  light  than  as  tbv  nutnfeiratlnn 
of  an  unfriendly  dl«po*'.tlon  toward  tbe 
I'nlted  States."  The  promulgation  of  thla 
doctrine  la  accredited  to  Mr.  Monro*,  hut 
Jan.  ::  principle  waa  auhalantlally 

enunciated  by  Mr.  M ml  son.  In  a  message 
to  Congress  on  that  date  f(«ce  473),  while 
dlirtiMlnit  a  threat  of  Orent  Britain  to  lake 
rss'oo  of  a   portion  of  Florida   rlalmrd 


by  Spain,  b*  uaed  these  word* :  ~I  recom 
Band  to  fh»  conalderatlon  of  Congress  tbe 
-•»  of  a  declaration  iimt  tbe 
United  State*  could  not  ace.  without  aerloua 
Inquietude,  any  part  of  a  nclghlmriug  ter- 
ritory In  which  they  bare  hi  different  re- 
aped* to  deep  ard  ao  J  vat  •  concern  pass 
from  the  hand*  of  Spain  Into  those  of  nny 
other  foreign  power. 

The  practical  application  of  thla  doctrine 
(oca  bo  further  than   to  place   the   ' 
States  in  opposition  to  any  possible  attempt 
of   any    European    power   to    But. 
take  possession  In  whole  or  In  part  of  any 
American    country.     The  principle   Involved 
waa  clearly  *et  forth  by  Secretary  of  Stito 
K'-'hard  olwey   In   his  dispatch  of  July   20. 
1S0B.  on  tbe  Yenetuclnn   boundary  <1 
He  stated   tt.st   tlm  Monroe  Doctrlno  -"dots 
DO)    •'•tablltb   any  general   protectorate  by 
the     I'nlted     States     over     other     American 
states.      It   dors   not   relieve   any    American 
state  from  tie.  obligation*  s*  fixed  lis 
national    law,    a 

power    dlrcctlv     Intercated     from     ent. .■ 
■neb  eblkCBtJoni  or  from  Inflicting  merited 
puulshmeut  tor  the  breach  of  th«tn." 

Till*  Inter-relation  of  tha  Monro*  Doc- 
trine ha*  been  upheld  in  t:  oliatle 
manner  by  Preafdcnt  Roosevelt  In  m*' 
hi*  public  •pwelie*  and  bla  mcatages  to 
Congress  In  which  he  stales  that  any  srell- 
merited  punlihmcnt  InSlcted  by  a  European 
power  upon  an  American  atot*  does  not 
violate,  tbo  Monro*  Doctrine,  provided  that 
aii'-ti  puulihment  doe*  not  Involve  a"y  oc- 
cupation, th*r  permanent  or  temporary. 
of  American  territory. 

Monro*  Doctrine,  473,  787,  829. 

Armed  force  noce**ary  to  maintain, 
MM. 

A  guarantee  of  pence,  699*. 

Explained  by  Secretary  Root  to  Con- 
ference of  American  Bepnblici  at 
Rio  Janeiro,  7059. 

Facsimile,  opposite  791. 

Beaaserted  by  President- 
Buchanan,  3043,  3177. 
Cleveland,  6064.  60S7. 
Grant,  4015,  4034,  40S3. 


Polk.   M48,   MM,  MS& 
Roosevelt,  6661.  6666,  C096. 
Taft,  74  J  5. 
Tyler,    £065. 
Referred  to,  007. 

Territorial  ag;rre<>loa   by   U.  8.  not 
covered  by,  6093. 
Montana.— One   of   the    western  assjssj   •  I 
states:  nickname.  "Mount*::,  motto, 

"Ore.  j  plata"    (Gold  and  Silver"  I.     It  U 
Included      bet  wen      lat.      4.V      and      40* 
104*    and    116*    west.      It 
la  bounded  Di  i  by  British  America, 

on  tbe  east  by  th*  Onkotat.  on  the  »nutli  by 
Wyoming  nod  Idaho,  and  on  the  wo»t  by 
lita  ho,  and  has  an  area  of  140,097  square 
miles.     Cold,   tllrer  and  copper  are  ■ 

lulu.  I    nml    nook    railing    I*    an    Im- 
port i 

Montana    waa    Drat    entered    In    1743    by 
.     U  Verendry*  wbo  d 
ercd  the  llorky   Mountains,  but   no  ai 
wna  made  at  a  settlement.     Montana  formed 
part  of    the    Loulslaua    Purchase,    and    tbo 

Srcster    part     of    It     wan      n.-l  idee     in    the 
ebraska  Territory.     Montana  Territory  wn* 
i    In  ISO!  and  adiultted  oa  a  State 
••80. 
Statistics  of  agriculture  collected  for  tbe 
!*»t    Federal    <..|i»u»    place 
farm-  ItatC   at    M.214.    <<>ui|irialnc 

].'l.r.45.Gp:i  acres.  Taloed.  with  stock  and 
Improvements,   at  13'..  The  vnlue 

of  domestic  animal*,  poultry,  etc..  waa  MS,. 
•03.1»7.  ineiudh  rattle,  valued  at 

127.474.1 22:    315.038    horses.    827.1 1' 
4  I  74  mules,  $4  I  win*.  8958,. 

!8.0fin      Tb* 

find  rail f  lh*  principal  il.-id  crop* 
or    IS  ■  ore,  20.000 

acrea.    630.000    bushels.    (434.000;     wheat. 
.no  acrea,    I  l.ushels.    J" 

tunnels.  18.166.000      • ,-.   ' " 

butbela.     1183 ootntoes.     27.000 

1.000   bushel*.    I2.OT7.000:   hay. 
612.000  acres,   i  •    M-  - 

Th«>  mineral  producta  of  tbe  State  In  1910 
were  valued  *t  8S4.3S.S.117 :  of  this,  copper 
repr.  "  8 :    cold     $:i  T2fi 

leniL 

II47.-.20:  «lnc,  (I..140.004.    Tbe  Stat*  ranks 

second  In  Hon  of  copper,  being 

•urnastcd  onlr  by  Ar'tona.  and  second  only 

■h   In   tb«   production   of    «llver.     The 

••  In  101 1  (■  II  ilmiit  I 

■  u*  abort  ot  the  output  or 
to  tbe  policy  of  curtailment  of  the  com- 
panies of  th*  Knit.'  d' unlet.  The  largeat 
number  of  persona  employed  In  any  single 
manufacturing  Industry  In  th*  State  la 
8.1  OS.  engaged  |D  tbo  lumber  and  timber 
production.  The  total  number  of  parsons 
encaged  In  manufacture  In  tbe  State  In 
1010  waa  1.1004.  and  tha  capital  Invested 
was  I44.S38.000. 

Montana    has    vast    undeveloped    ar 
tural   ard   mineral   resources  end  good   op* 

¥Tiunitie*  are  open  to  prospective  settUr*. 
here  ire  within  the  Stat*  40.332.440  acre* 
of  land  unappropriated  and  unreserved, 
whlh  ran  be  obtained  under  lb 
l.nnd  I.awa  of  the  L'nltcd  8tate»  upon  ap- 
pllcitlon  to  tbe  land  office*  In  Rilling*. 
Rozeman,  fllaitrow.  Great  J'alla,  Itelr-na. 
iiell.    T-err  X  til  lea   Cltr.  or   Ml* 

aotila.      Moft    of    tbe   land    la    raluelesi   for 
agricultural  purponc*  without  Irrluntl. 
large  Irrlgn  ■  are  heinir  ■ 

carried  on  br  the  ilovemment  nnd  by  pri- 
tat«  enterprla*.  Under  the  federal  reclama- 
tion act  more  than  471.000  acrea  of  tba 
lands  of  tbe  State  bave  boon  Irrigated. 


Montana 


tessages  and  Papers  of  the  Pres. 


The    meat    Important   industries    of    the 
Stale  are  smelting  ami  r.  and 

three  of  the  Ore  eefnhllshmerii     arc  « 
by  oo*  company,   which  withholds  details. 
Including   these  there   were   In   11)05,   883 
establishments,   with  a   capital    of  «-:.2.589.- 


on hj.      In   October,    1813,    Montenegro  de- 
•  I   war  against    Turley    and    condoned 
vigorous   mmpiiitcu    In    inn    northwestern 


810.     employ  Ins     8.00".'     operntlves     whoa 
■    aggregated    (8,652.217.     and     who 
transformed  *s<M)Si),OfiO  worth  of  raw  ma- 


terial Into  copper  ingots,  lumber  and  build- 
ing  material,  flour,   beer,  and   cars,   to    the 

"d  3MX>  ml  id  rnllwaj 

75  mllea  c-f  elrelrlc  ntreet  or  elevated  rail- 
way.    The    length    of    the    telegraph     I « 

wae   Ojy>n    mllea.    and    of    telepb :..::*  I 

miles.  'Hip  population,  by  the  cestui  of 
1810,  wai  370.053. 

Montana: 

Act— 

BiwUaa  Territory  of,  into  n 

ing  dbtrtol    ata,  v,.t i.  MM. 

Granting  right  of  way  to  railroad* 
through   Indian  reservation 
vetoed,  5057. 
Admission  of,  into  Union,  proclaimed, 
5459, 
Discussed,  5485. 
Lands  in — 
Opened  to  settlement  by  proclama- 
tion. BTff. 

:ipart  as  ptbU«  rattrvattoa   bv 

proolami  Z2,  0287. 

Partial   organisation   of,  referred   to, 

3451. 
Unlawful  eombinntions  in,  proclama- 
against,  5932. 
Montauk  Point,  Lone  Island,  land*  ty- 
ing on,  referral  to,  139. 
Montenegro.—  Montenegro    la   situated    In 
tin-  northwest  of  the   Balkan   I'rnlusula,  be- 
tween *3'  o'«3«  3.V  N.     Int.  and   18'  SO'- 
20'   50'   E.   long.     The  kingdom 
on   the   northeast    by   S.-nln,    mi 
east  and  east  by  Albania,  and  on  the  north 
and   ivc-i   by   llosola  and   Ilcncgovlna   and 
Inn  Iinlmntlu.    The  area  of  the  coon- 
try  la  f..fi(m    quart  n 

Phvtfoa!  Fmiurrt.— 'i  ha  country  l«  *r»n- 

erally    in.e.intnln«u*.      The    '.'II. 

the  various  ranges  contain  fertile  and  well. 

watered    plains,   and    In   the   nortbwe»t    are 

rich,    fraagf     upUuds    uud     finely     wooded 

slopes. 

The  principal  rivers  aro  the  Kefs-Mo. 
rateha  and  the  'In  r  n  I  'I ,  a  TO«  Zela  la  re- 
markable  for  in  dlsappcarani  hi  ■  rubter- 
rancan  passage  beneath  a  mountain  range, 
and  lis  reappearance,  several  mile*  fui 
■  uuih    en    ■  Idi    of  ue- 

western  half  of  l.ake  Scutari   la  wlthlrj 
boundaries    of    Montenegro,    and    there    are 
many  small  lakes  In  the  noiiliein  mountains. 

UMorf  — Montenegro  wn»  n  previa I 

roe  oi,i  Berrlan   Empire,  which  enme   I 

i  ti.i    iftei     lbs    battle    nl     K ro    1 1388). 

since  wbleh  date  tie  ,  .mntry  has  always 
claimed  to  be  Independent  n  claim  which 
was  aucrrsts fully  defended  against  the  TarkJ 
for  nearly  -It  centuries'  In  I  S7R  'he 
Treaty    of    Herlln    recngnlied    the    Indi 

.nrliiullty.    and      - 
15  28.    1 1«  1  •  ■  osbtlna    (or 
Parliament  i     celebrated     UM     IJftUth    anni- 
versary of  the   a i-dnn   of    Mel 

proclaiming  the  couniri  a  kingdom.  The 
crown  l»  hereditary  In  the  tunle  line  of  the 
boas'   of    Petroi  I  'I    the  gov- 

ernmcnl   Is    that  of  a  constitutional   mon- 


Albaula.    in   con.  n    Servla.    Bid- 

Brla  and  Greece:  the  v-eond  war  of  1UU 
r  recent  Sit 

"«»'»l.     Illi     Mai.  sty     Nicholas    I. 

■ngro, 
born  Si  in     Si,   1M1.  ■ 

Aug     15   i 
•logic  chamber  legislature,  or  Skupsh 
Hon.  . 

u  -years,  and  12  offlcUl 
"ml  n  rw,  meets  annually  OB 

13). 

The  if  divided   Into   3  depert- 

idi  <    n    prefect,  and    M  dla- 

.nol.r  n   l.ip.  i. hi.      Karal  com- 

have  an   ele.  I'd   ms 

y.'f'inonvapAiy.-  of    ihe    rjopula. 

(ton     I  which     la  ■■■!    a 

Serbo-Croatian  brunch  of   i  it  Slavonic  rare 

wlih  Albanians  and  nomadic  gypsies  ! 

In  langwage 

II,     with    uil-.pi'd    wur 
Turkish  and   Italian. 

,4 twig.— All    slil 
l«.  .ii    tin-  at. a  .-f    18  ami  -    Mu- 

bauituailnu  subjects,  who  pay  a  One  la  Ilea 
nervine    In    tb» 
National    Mill  tta.    whu-h    i»nie«ses    a    per- 
manent staff  of   trained   officers.     The   war 
if  all    ranks,   and 

It     la     estimated      Ihai      1 well  srrntd 

troops  could  he  mobilized  within  forty -eight 
There   Is    na  cavalry   ••■wing    to   the 
iistiirv  of  ii 

Munition.— Primary  education  la  compul- 
sory  and   free,   and    then    an   about   130 
primary  schools   wit-, 
government  also  rapports  Itlnernnt  le. 
who  Inst rocl  the  peamnts  Id  agrl< 

nary   science,  etc.     There   is  no 
.iy. 
Fltianrt.— The   reveone   for   1812    eras  S.- 

k:..in.|i  and   lie    rxpcaalltur.-s.  4.1*7. - 

12H  '..  •  stated  la 

1B13    n'    I'.mi'MH"!    kronen.      The    unit    at 

la  the  Austrian  krone  1  crown)  equal  '• 

perper    III     M 

i  he  capital  Is  i 

The    axporti    Include    rattle,    cartrndlna. 
«beea«,.   raw   hid  -    and   wool,   the 

ami    arms    and    ammunition.      The   Impart 
dulle«  are   heavy. 

Monterey    (Mexico),    Battle    of. —  The 
Meii.  an  army   under  Arista,  driven  across) 

'•>  (Jrande.  In   Maisraoraa. 

Taylor  receiving  recti  i  desaaBded 

n  render  of  thst  rlty  uahlo 

to  bold  the  place,  abandoned  ll   nnd  n-trmt- 
ed    to    Monterey      iwi    miles    from    th 

...    and    70"    mllea    fi 

inc.     IK.     i  ■  lih     a 

.!"•  no  n     begon    the    long  march 
towan  on    Ins   aray    ti 

my'a   raplial,   having    Mtal 
for   supplies   at   Camargo.   at    th 
steam  navigation  et  Um  Rio  Qrands     Setit. 
Ill    the   Amerlean   are 
of    Monterey.    In    the    beaullful    rail 
Son    Juan,   almost   encircled    by    the   Sierra 
Modi..   Mountains,     'i  --pllal 

..r  thi    i1'.  1  the  ~.st 

of   the   latholle  bishop   of   tb_-  dloce 
was   strongly    fortified    and   garrlsoeo 
i min.    moatli    recutara,    umi>r  i;»o 

Ampudln.      The    attack    was    hegua    by    the 
Americans  on  Sept.  21  and  on  the  for 
morning    [he    bishop's    palam   was   ta^ 

:  lie        .it     m<     then 
Mexicans  ■tuimornlr  rrtreatlog  from  square 
to    i-iaare.      The    flehM-u;    eontlauial    .taring 
the  224  and  23d,  ami  oa  the  morning  of  the 


lofedic  index 


Mormon*; 


of  SepUsaber  an  armistice  was  agreed 

.lldU    .  ltr«t-l|.'t..l     Illr    plai* 

wan  allowed   to  retire  wiib   Ma  arm)'. 
Aaaerlran  loss  waa  illgbt. 
Monterey.  Mexico,  battle  of,  referred 

Btt 
Montgomery,  Ala.,  government  of  Con- 
rat*    State*    drat    located    at, 
SOS. 
Transferred  to  Biehmond,  Va..  3226. 
Montljo,  Tot,  Dvixure  and  detention  of, 
by     United     State*     of    Colombia, 

a», 

i  Lima  arising  out  of,  paid,  435$. 
Montreal   (Canada),  Capture  and  Loaa 
Of i    A  ft  Iff   the   taking  of  Tlcnnderoga  and 
t'tuwn  Point,  rilian  Allan    I  curler, 

looedlrt  Arnold,  and  r  leans  were 

aaxtona   to  Invade   Canada   and   secure  rhc 
radon  nf  the  Canadians  with  the  eolo- 
In  June     !  I'ontlncntal  CatV 

rno  gave  Oen.  Selmyler  dl.er.ilonary 
power  to  proceed  agah 

Get*.  Montgomery  with  3.000  men  down 
I.*le  Clian  id.    with   SOrt 

Brttlah,  «  on  tho  13th 

I    illlo 

Mootgoas.  .->■'«   hands       CaVleton 

n. 

had  been  en  d  by  war  of  the 

l«r«  rtvsn  ami  coop- 
erate with  Montgomery  before  Quebec.  Ttls 
ripvdltloo  to  the  latter  city  proved  dl»- 
a*tr*ua  Three  brigade!  of  Infantry,  be- 
■uri  anlii  uid  aiiimunltlon.  bav- 

ins arriTi-d  from  I  Tit-  mm.  ti,.-  Ainnrkana 
were  forced  to  retire  to  Ijike  Charaplaln. 
t9<ee  alao   '  BUI  I,   Buttle  of.  i 

Monument*.    (Boo  Statues  and   Kora- 

mci 
Morey  Lettor,  The.— A  letter  puMlabert  In 
1880  during  tbe  PlaaJduuUal  eampnlgn,  ad- 
dr.  •-..!  to  H,  U  Moray,  and  alleged  to  bavo 
teen  algcn]  bj  Jatue*  A.  QarfleM,  advocating 
tin'  ii-.'  .  f  i  op  lulior  In  the  United 

Hint's.    The  I'll-  r  wn«  a  crude  forgery,  and 
Morey  n  rJctltloua  name. 
Morgan's  Bald. — In  the  summer  of  1803 
Ibe   Confederal      OeneraT.  Daekner   was    In 
Kant  Tennessee,   near   the.  tiordem    o- 

ii  .-pailng   for  an    expedition  axalnnt 
Ji  ho   II    Morgan  was  sent 
aacad  with  8,400  cavalry  to  nm 
lie    enanMd  iibcrtand     Itlver,    and 

u  Juiced  by  about  l.ooo  Kentocki 

an«.  p«-".l   ii. ■  r   ii"    Ohio   Itlver  Into  Indi- 
ana.    The  advance  of  Itoseerana'a  army  pro- 
i'i  im  Joining  nim.     Morgan 
n    Indiana  toward  On- 
rlnuail.    burning    lirldc«a.    tearing    op    ralf 
ng  borne  go.  arson 

,     Im  -aroe  alarmed,  and  a  strong 
■   ail   soon    In    |>ur-  nit       oiliers 
were  advancing  upon   nla  tlnnk«    and  gun- 
boa  I  a  » I'- 
ll lui-kr.     Pa»»lng. 
aroand   ■ t  -  - r  at 

lluBlagloo's   I-' ni  July   19.     Aft.-r  n  ».-vrro 
with  varlmix  iimtalliii-  Federal 

li   Imil   hotly  purxm  •  !  him 
800  of  the  command  •urrenderr-d.  bm 
gun.   wltli   Hi-    n  imiliiil.  i,    proceeded   up  the 

•  '   Bellei  llli      ' i   M -  -  edi  .1  in 

erowlng  the   ri"  the  arrtral 

••f  the  gunboats.    Many  were  drowned  ni 
In  attempting    to   croaa,   and    Morgan,    with 
a'niiM     !!ikj    of    lil-    no  ".    I'U'  ".tl    farther 
up  the   rlii'i-   in    Sew   I  l<000.  where  he  »»« 
surrounded  and  forced  to  aurreoder.    In  hit 


raid  Morgan  traveled  about  350  miles 
through  Indiana  and  Ohio,  making  some- 
Haps  50  uill-'K  *  duy.     The  am 

crty    destroyed    acarcely    exceeded    »  . 
More  than  i'.'KKJ  of  bis  men   were  killed  or 
captured.      Morgan  and  aotno  of  bis  odleera 

I Im*  ami  •-i.i.nii.il    iii   the 

h h   he  and 
■  1       I  mm.-tllat.-ly    after    bla  escape   ha 

tilanned   another    raltl  Into   the    I-'nlon    Hii-k 
Imt    -..  A   and  Killed 

iv  i  nl. .n  iroopa  under  Geo.  UIHem.  near 
Urcenvlllc.  Tens. 

Mormon  Cburcb  (nee  also  Potrgni 
Commiwioncrs  nppolnted  un- 
to   (lolygamy,    etc,    re- 
ferred  to,  4678,  4731,  4771,  4801, 
4n::7,   4948. 
Manifesto   of   president   of,   nth  I 
ICoutofli  to  ri"'.-nn  frota  contract 
ing   marriages    forbidden    by    law* 
Of  the   Inn  I.  .-.-..-.:,  M03, 
Buit    instituted    by   Government    for 
dlafacorporaUoa  of,  dixnuMd,  537ft. 
Mormon  State. — A  nickname  for  Utah   iq. 
vi.       i See    alao    States)  ;    aometlmes    also 
nicknamed  Dewrt  State. 
Mormona.— A  ndlgloai  body  more  correctly 
n    nf    the   Church    of   Jr«ia   Christ    of 
day   Snlnii.      They   i Into   : 

advocacy  of  plural  marriage.  >■  a  principle 
of  their  religion.  The  ehiinb  »a»  founded 
br  J,-.,  nh  Smith  Iii  i:-..;n.  Ofl  what  la 
claimed  to  have  been  a  divine  revelatloo. 
The  Mormons  organised  In  tho  8tate  or 
.Vork.  and  mlgrm.-d  aureesalvaly  to  Onlo, 
Ml»i..url  and  Illinois,  These  removals  were 
caused  by  religious  and  polltlesl  dl(T«r«ne»w, 

"atlng   In   tl iinl.-r   ,.f    J..-  :-ii    I 

llvrum    Sin  Hi     iii,-    I'mnlii't    and    fall 
"f    Hi.-  <  i i.-r.  h.    nt    Cnrthnre.    Illlnola,   June 
^T.     1841.      In    July.     1st?,     tho     kkin 
ent.'t.d     Salt      I^kr     Valley,     when 
rounded  their  Mrat  n-ttletneru    in   UlO  Ito.ky 
inln    region.      It    waa    then     Mexican 
•OIL 

MlaiuidrrntandlngH  as  to  acta  and  motives 
■  I    many   dluVultle*   between    the    Mor- 
mona  and    federal    repre»entnthe»   MDI    to 
ii    them   and  atlinlniKter   I  In-    lawi       In 
h.    Mnriiiona  were  charged  with 
ii'tki-ihiin    ngnluat    the   (Jovei  iuih-im.    and    an 
•    waa  sent  to  auppreaa  [he   alleged   up- 
Wlille   there   had   been   trouble   be« 
1....11    lii.liviiln.iis    representing   both    sldea, 
no   rebellion  existed,  ami  i  Rtatel 

'•'mii-t    record*,    wblcb    Hie     Moriiniii- 
'n. -.-iispil    of    having    destroyed,    w.  ri-    found 
and  '■-  reported  by  Honorabla  Alfred 
Ciimmlng.    Ilrlghaui    Youiii 

■ -inr    of    Ctah.     Pendlnk-    H"     p 

..r  (be  dlffli  uI1  v.  'In-  r.-rrltorlal 
mllltla.  under  ordera  fr.no 

.opposed    the    eiitriinee    ,,f    Hie    (i nmenl 

ill    Lake  Vail- 
-  lal    lawa  bearing  upon  tho   Mormona 
und    their    Institution.,    were    em.- r-.l    i,,- 
Congren    In    1862,    188^    and    18    . 
laws  forbade  puiygamy   (marrying  of  plural 
ulvei)  and  unlawful  cohabitation  f living  In 

pun. 

iii" ii   by  heat  -nent  : 

th.-v    glao    duiiicnrpornted    the    church    and 

<nnfl».'ntcd     iti  Tb«     Mormona 

lha    laws  enacted    by 

forgre.n  agnlual   polygntnntia  practices,  the 

.  ni-ii  property  was  retui  n.-.i 

In    1HU8.    II.    II.    Roberta    waa    nominated 

. '-  morratlr    I'anj   In 

III,-     Nlnl..     of      Utab,     nnd     iv.n     eleeted,     but 

owing  to  a  charge  that  he  waa  aim  living 


Moununs 


Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


in  polygamy,  he  w*«  not  allowed  to  taka 
bis  Mat.      Id   l'-'0:i   lie. 

can,  wa«  elected  to  tho  Senate  and  an  agi- 
tation wa»  Immediately  *et  on  foot  to  un- 
wit  blrn,  on  the  (round  that,  being  an 
official  of  the  Mormon  Church,  be  coun- 
tenanced polygamy.  The  agitation  w*»  un- 
successful. It  wis  abown  lint  the  church, 
■Ince  the  Manifesto  of  1800,  officially  dle- 
rountcnanclng  the  further  practice  of 
polygamy,  had  not  aanctloncd  any  plural 
marriage*.  In  H'10.  the  Mormon  Church 
itinera  In  Its  possession. 

Willi      a      liieml.erelilp      • 

(Bee  llluatratlon  opposite  8033.) 
Mormons,  lawn  to  prevent  importation 

of,  rooommendod,  4947. 
Morning  Light,  The,  icizoro  of  tho  Jor- 

pvii  Lorcnzeit  by,  M7L 
Morocco. — Morocco,    tho    largest    of    tbo 
li.iriiiry    Stalea.    called    by    the    Moor*    SI 
Mngurlb  ol  Akaa,  "Tbo  Farthest  West"   <of 
thO   M  i.li  i  in  in.,.!  .  ii   World),   I«  Miuate  In    '•'• 

■  oil  of  ttu  Afi  lean  I'onllnvnt,  bi-i 
27'-ad'   x,    lai     and 

iiiihiili-d  In  tbla  area  are  the  Kingdoms  of 
Fci  and  Morocco,  to  the  north  of  the  At- 
las Mountains.  ami  other  district*  to  the 
•  Dor  I  hern  boundary  '.«  Bl 
Mi -iliti-rranran,  and  the  western  coast  la 
washed  by  the  Atlantic.  The  eastern  hound- 
■  i    \ :  .'by  treat* 

■  lib  Krance,  and  meets  the  southern  I Hil- 
ary at  tho  30th  parallel  of  north  latitude. 
t.in  the  remaining  snuthern  boundary  la 
Indeterminate  ami  Irii-guliir  to  Hie  south- 
mat)   win-re   It  di-sceoda   to  W    N.    I' 

Hn>  Atlautlc  coast,  an  approximate,  area  of 
914.000  square    tulles. 

I'hv  ir«», — Morocco  t»  traversed 

from   the   Atlantic   eoaat   In   the   MDtl 
t<>   the   Algerian    frontier   in   the  northeast 
by    five    par-nil. 'I     rang**,     known    generally 
as  the  Atlas  Mountain!,     Ilclwocn  the  rnrl- 
ous    range*    lie    wcil-wntcii-d    and    fertile 

Iilalne,    the  lower  r   the  northern 

lank*  of  the  mouulaln-   being  « 
while    the    southern   slopes    nre    exposed    to 
■  if    winds  of   the  desert  and  aro  ccu- 
erally  arid  and  desolate. 

Along    the    Mediterranean    const    the    Ttlf 

i  llns  overlook  ibe  sea  from  Mrlllla  to 

The    Ray   of  Tangier   eontalua    tbo 

beat  hnrhoi  i  i hr-rly 

point  of  Morocco  Is  the  penlnsulu 
which  ied   from   tho  continent   of 

t  nroni  ■    narrow  Strait  of  <iii.ialtar. 

The  Jcbel   '  promontory, 

ami  with  the  rocky  eminence  or  lilbrwllnr 
w*«   known    to  il  0--    The   I'lllar* 

,,r    riereulei     the    iri       ra   gateway   of    the 
ten  snean. 
The    climate    Is    generally    good    Ud    nn- 
doui.tedly  healthy,  especially  on   the  Atlan- 
tic   const,    the    ...ii n 1 1 >     being    -lel.ied    by 

tho  Atlei    Uotin  itai   ft the  hoi   winds 

■  ■'.  Hi.-  Hahara.  The  Medltet  0MI  Is 
drier  and  He,  but  not  unhealthy. 
wlille  He  iiialim  of  the  Interior  are  Intensely 
h„t. 

HMory.— from  the  end  of  the  eighth 
century  A.  I>  until  the  year  1012  Morocco 
waa  ruled  hi  a  despotic  Amir  ot  Ku'tan 
of  *B'l'.ii  ilinnsfl....  thnt  of  rilnll  baring 
reigned  alnce  10411.  The  Imperial  pmbrplla 
ignlvi  was  pns.rd  on 
by  nomination  nml  tho  rnlo  was  arbitrary 
and  unchecked  by  any  elvll  limit  - 
country  was  subject  to  Furonean  Int 
Hon  at  many  period*,  and  during  the  closing 

[ear*   of  the    nluel   en  lb    century    the  dcim- 
nant   power    In    ibe   country   was   Franco. 
Algerian  territory  formed  Ihe  eastern 
boundarj  lo-Freneb  Convention 

of    1U0I    Great   Urltnlu   had   recognised    tho 


Srcdomtnanco  of  French  right*,  bat  >a  ltOS 
ermany  exhibited  an  Interest  Id  Motue- 
can  affair*,  aad  at  the  Algeclras  Confer- 
ence In  January.  1900.  an  aui-mpt  waa  made 
by  tho  Fowora  to  define  the  vailon*  inter- 
est*, and  10  establish  order  In  the  country 
by  means  of  an  organlxed  police  force.  Be- 
tween 1000  and  lull  tbeto  we**  frcqweat 
conflict*  between  lope  and  Moroc- 

can tribesmen,  ami   in  tOoS  Internal  dissen- 
sion*   led    to    the   detent  and  deposition  ef" 
nltan  Abd  el   All*  IV.  by  Lis  brutber 

liaild.  who  etentuali) 

recognized  by  the  l"oirera  In  1IKI9,  In  1011 
a  German  gunboat  anchored  In  the  harbor 
of  Agadlr  on  the  Atlantic  coast,  and  after 

fi  Germany  abandoned 
his  port,  and  relinquished  nil  claims  to 
the  couuiry  under  a  r-ruueo  German  treaty. 
T.lii'h    m-curcd    rompenaailon    from   France 

It     :..' 

abdicated    nnd    accepted    a    pension    from 
.-,  and  was  eaccveded  by  bla  brother 

Mnillhl       \n 

Uoierwitieaf. — France  I*  the  paramount 
power  In  Morocco,  and  tbo  Government  of 
the  country  1*  ail 

"pro- 
ng power."     In  addition  to  Fiance,  the 
:.m...|..iii  •■(  Spain   baa  bad  rehatlcmi  with 
.    for    many    centuries       Ceula    has 
been  n   Spanish  possession   since  Ihe  close 
of  the  sixteenth  century,  and  forms  part  of 
the  administrative    province   of   <  silli.   and 
along   the  MinI- 
Itcrranean    (or   lllfi    eoSCb   while    tbe    ad- 

!.  and  Zaffarln  Island*  are 
Ipanlsh  possessions  The  Franco  Spanish 
trealy  of  No*.  2T.  1»I2.  rvgnlaie*  tbi 
tectornte  of  Spain  over  a  portion  of  Moroc- 
co, and  lays  down  tbe  boundaries.  Tangier 
(with  n  small  district  adjacnti  being  de- 
clared International  by  trenty  between  Great 
Britain,    France    and    Spain. 

actfvapn*).—  There  are  five  distinct  ra- 
cial clement*  In  the  ponu'atlon  'which  num- 
ber* between  four  million  and  five  million), 
of  which  ihree  are  native,  vis.:  Berber*. 
Arab*  and  Jew*,  tho  fourih  element  are 
Ncgroci  from  the  Sudan,  the  fifth  being 
vorlou*  colonies  of   Erropcnns  settled  nt  the 

Krt*.    Tbe  Berber*  are   tb*   aboriginal   In- 
bltantsoftli nn  alnou  Tbe 

Arabs  were  Introduced  In  the  eleventh  and 

tw"irth    centuries   A.    D..    nnd   Inhabit   the 

plains.      Many    of    the    Inlmhltnnt*    of    Ibe 

nn-    •■'.    mixed    Berlier-Arnh    ilescest. 

n*  Moors.  Tbe  Negroes  have  ben  Imported 
as    slaves    from    tbe    western    Sndan,    nod 

II, ere    Me    mull)     mulatto!  •. 

Will.  Hon  of  Ibe  Jew*,  who  num- 
ber      !:.  Ml,        II  ml        I. 

ropenns,  the  (.8.000  French  troopa  In  the 
French  xone,  the  pnpnlntlon  Is  entirely  Un- 
hnmnmdnn.      The    language  of  the  country 

la  Arable, 

Production  aad  Muitry.— rarta  of  tbt 
rulllvable  land  are  entirely  neglected  and 
the  area  tmder  crops  Is  cultivated  In  the 
most  primitive  manner.  Among  tbo  aiarl- 
rultiiral   products  sre  wheal  m«|*e. 

beans,  pea*,  birdseed,  linseed,  coriander, 
cummin,  fenugreek,  esparto  and  hemp.  ••< 
many  fruits.  prlnelnaUy  flgs.  almonds  pome- 

nnd  dntea. 
latter    growing    nl«r>    on    the    southern 
slopes  and   In   the  nlalns.     The 

Ol  horses,  rattle. 
•heap  and  go*'*,  while  tin-  poultry  aad  egg 
Inona'r*    |i   of    lnrrea<1ng   Imiortanee. 

Antlmonv.    Iron.    coal,    co r.    lead    and 

tin  (the  lo<it  thr-e  In  eon»ldernh'e  onantl- 
llee)  are  known  to  cxl»i.  and  gold  and  sil- 
ver a'e  ol«o  fonnd.  Rn'k  salt  and  brine 
are  exported  In  large  ntranttttea.  The  Iron 
mines  of  lb*  aim-  are  of  great  antiquity, 
but  have  long   been   abandoned. 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Mothers' 


Hi  leather  industry,  which  was  once 
•f  greet  importance,  la  g.-eatlr  reduced, 
end  >b»  nedve  manufactures  of  wooltus. 
sl.ks  sad  embroideries  suSsr  from  lh«  com 

Ktllloa  of  Inferior  but  ch.xprr  aitlclea  from 
irope.  Carpets  and  rwg*  are  mill  produced 
for  export  aod  ellppera  and  abswla  for  lb* 
boa»e   market    aod    (be    Levant. 

Ttao    articles    exported    arc:     Hide*     and 
.    wool.   ox»a,   etc,    slippers,   almond* 
barker,    olive   OIL    beans,    wheat,    fen' 
Unseed,    gums,  cuaamln,    coriander,   beeswax, 
raurt  aeed.  malic  and  ehu-k  pea*. 

Imports  are:  Cottooa,  sugar,  tea. 
machinery  and  hardware,  dour  and  semo- 
lina, candle*,  tobacco,  wlnci.  spirits,  beer, 
groceries  and  provisions,  olla,  vege- 
tables, woolen  goods,  aonp.  vcgctshlea  aud 
fruit  I  fresh  and  preferred),  coffee,  allk 
trawl,  allk   iniauufnci 

.nrliial  harlK.ru  are  Tetunn, 
Tangier,  Kl  Aralah.  Rabat.  Casablanca.  Ma- 
sagan.  Sam.  M.'licdU.  and  Mogador.  Capital, 
rex.      Population,  about   120,000 

Tin  Kr«n<b  hare  bolll  aome  narrow  gauge 
military    rellwaya    from    Caaab:anca    to   Ita- 
lia).  )o   Klnlirn  and  Mcqulnct.  and   to   Set- 
let,    while    tbe    Krenco  Spanish     treaty    pro- 
Tides  for  a  line  fiv.m  Tangier  to  Pes     Tel- 
egraphic   communication    la   established   bf 
submarine    calilca    from    Tangier   to    ' 
Tnrlfa    and    Oran.   as-)    there    are    wireless 
atallnna  at  Tnngl»r.  Rnhat.  Casablanca,  and 
Mogadon    Honda  hare  also  bora  constructed 
in  the  French  tone. 
Morocco: 
Al»:eclra*  convention  urged  upon  Con- 
gress, 7062. 
Consuls  of  United  States  in.  189. 

Presents  given  to.  (8eo  Consuls.) 
Differences  will.  DnStOd  8tntes,  com- 
munication from  Commodore  Mor- 
gan relative  to  adjustment  of,  re- 
ferred to,  £063. 
Emperor  of — 
Death  of,  169. 

Lion  and   horses  presented  to  tho 
United  States  by,  li 
Legation  of  United  States  In,  prem- 
ises for,  presented   by  Saltan  of, 
4823,  4923. 
Moors  in,  conference  regarding  pro- 
le-lion for,  4501. 
Relations  rrith,  2081. 
Treaty  regarding  exercise  of  right  of 

protection  in,  4G80. 
Treaty    with,    transmitted    and    dis- 
cussed, 90, 140.  174.  178.  181,  363, 
,  1484,  1409,  3582,  7062. 
Expiration   of  first  year  at  hand, 
1318. 
Vessels  of  United  Slates  seized  or  in- 
terfered with  by.  352. 
Morocco,   Treaties  with.— The  treatr  of 

peace  and  friendship  of  1787  was  super- 
scded  bx  that  of  183B.  It  provided  foe  neo- 
Irrlltjr  of  the  one  powi  r  if  ths  other  abould 
be  at  wnr  with  ii  Inlrd  nod  Ilia)  th< 
Jcots  of  tho  one  power  tnken  In  audi  wnr 
rise  Teasels  shonld  be  at  once  act  free 
nrid  their  effect"  restored  te  I  hem.  li- 
nmlnntlon  and  search  of  vessels  of  th- 
centrocilug  pnrilea  nrp  to  lie  conducted 
with  nil  poxxliiie  mm  nnd  freedom  from 
emtKirrn««nirnr.  Il"nmne  trea'rnent  .>f  ves- 
sels In  distress  nn.l  shipwrecked  crew*  la 
provided  for.  If  «  i«»l  of  nn  encnir  of 
one    of    lbs    contracting    powers    be    in    a 


port  of  the  other  power  st  the  aaroe  time 
tint  a  vessel  of  the  contracting  power 
lenrea  the  port,  tbe  Teasel  of  tbe  t'licior 
shall  be  detained  there  for  a  period  of 
twcutj.fonr  houra  after  the  departure  of 
iii.-  former, 

Freedom  of  commercial  Intercourse  la  ex- 
tended to  vosacla  nnd  ludUlduala  In  tbe 
dominions  of  the  two  nations.  Disputes 
are  lo  he  nettled  or  consular  officers,  Jus- 
tlco  Id  to  be  Impartially  dlapenaed  toward 
tbe  peoples  of  li.ith  nations  The  consul 
may  net  as  executor  of  estates.     The  rights. 

Sr  1«  lieges,   nnd   powers  of  conaula  are  de- 
ned  as  In  consular  conventions. 
The    treatr    of    1805    provided    for    the 
support  and  maintenance  of   the  lighthouse 
at    Cape  Spartel   br  the  United   Stale*  nnd 
such  power*  of  Kiirop*  ss  were  contracting 

Strtles.  The  light  bouse  was  built  br  tbe 
iillnn  of  Morocco,  who,  baring  no  navr 
or  merchant  marine,  gave  the  support  of 
Ukt  light  intn  the  hands  of  the  contracting 
powers  without  encroachment  or  loss  of 
rights  therein.  The  Sultan  agreed  to  fur- 
nish a  guard  for  the  defence  of  tbe  light, 
wlille  all  other  expenses  were  to  be  uora* 
by  tbe  powers. 

The  rnnrentloo  as  to  protection  of  1S80 
wns  entered  Into  with  tue  United  State* 
siid  several  of  the  powers  of  Kurope.  to 
establish  protection  on  a  uniform  bails  to 
the. representative*  of  the  scrcrsl  nations 
In    Morocco. 

Moros,  referred  to,  6690,  fl»2,  6720. 
MorTts,    The,   referred   to,   1030,   2116, 

2173,  2206. 
Mosqnlto  Indian  Strip,  Nicaragua: 
American  citizens  in- 
Murdered,  5960. 

Rights,  etc.,  of,  inquired  into,  5991. 
British   troops   landed   at   Blueficlds, 

referred  to,  5908. 
Claims  of  Great  Britain  upon  Nica- 
ragua respecting  treatment  of  citi- 
tens    in.    and    action    of    United 
States,  6066. 
Correspondence  regarding,  2569. 
Insurrection    in,    and    treatment    of 
American  citizens,  discussed,  5980, 
6365,  6433. 
Jurisdictional     questions    regarding, 
usaed,  6959,  6066. 

Mosquito  Indians.  (See  Indian  Tribe*. ) 
Mosnnitos,  Kingdom  of.  (Sco  Mosquito 

Indian  Strip.) 
Mother  of  President".— Alternative    nick- 
name,   for    Virginia.       <8ce    Old    Dominion 
Bute.) 

Mother  of  8Utes.— Alternative    nickname 
tnt  Virginia.     (See  Old  Dominion  State.) 
Mothers'   Pensions— In   connection   with 

conntrr-wlde  discussion  of  the  education 
nnd  best  development  of  the  child  hoi  come 
within  tbo  past  few  rears  mtmy  doflnlte 
steps  for  preserving  to  the  child  the  bene- 
llli  gnlned  only  from  proper  home  Infln. 
ences.  In  the  belief  (hot  separation  of 
rimther  .'mil   .Ml. t    iieeesjorllr    work"   I 

•■lit  ,if  the  child's  development  raonr 
stntes  hove  enacted  legislation  that  will  en- 
n'.le  mothers  ion  poor  to  mnlntnln  [bell 
children,   to  keep  them  nt  home  I  tint, 

K lacing  th»m  In  various  Inmltutlons.     Thin 
I   being  dono  through,  a  pension  or  allow- 
ance ayateiu.     Thirteen   State   Legislatures 


Mothers 


Metsagct  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


hare    panted    th«w>  •o-<rollc<l   "wldowa"    pi  D 
■Ion"  laws,  the  greater  pan  of  them  wl«b- 

:n     III.      I :.  . I      v.'ur.       A     D  llUM- 

ii;     munli 
>e  Drat  bill  Inirualii'  . ■'.  In  the 
1    il,  lelature   paaaod    the    lower 

Mound  Builders.— A    prehistoric  race   of 
an*  who  Inhabited  the  ralla*!  of  tha 
'.llaaitalppl    rivers.      They    am    M 
d    because    tti<   only    trarea   of    their 
evlalrnre    are    found    In    mi.nn.ls    of    earth 
farmed   in    regular  geometrical    ■lmiw» 
Klning    »•'  mid     bronze     ll 

ic 
•n  (Imply  placea  of  aepul- 
'•li.li-   others'    sjiow    unmlntakabla 

pron  i  iti    i im«    '  iilncl 

imly  *  few  general). >na  before  Ibr  discovery 
>.f  _\ iiiit i.  t  .•  be  Boto  found  mwa  of 
Southern  Indiana  who  hulll  inonnda  and 
possessed    olhi-r    chnrneterlatlcs    of    the    ej- 

lllirl     mee.       TlleV    t.eliihfi]    distinctly    tl 

inci  ii r i  rata  and  to  tot  "Hone 
mounda  range  from  '-'  or  3  feel  in  height 
to  lS'J  feet  inch  nml  188  feel  long 
latter  being  llio  ilimeiiilone  of  one  nt  Mari- 
etta, uhlo,  while  one  at  Urnve  Creek.  W. 
Va  .  measures  *0  feel  lii  height  nml  POO 
fret  In  tut  umrerenre. 

Mount  McGregor  Cottage.     (Set  illua- 

t r.irion  opposite  49:17. > 
Mount  BMuter  Forest  Beserve.  Wash., 

cbIhI.Ii-i t    of",    bv    proclamation, 

nog 

Mount  Balnier  National  Park.       (See 

l';irl:-.   National.) 
Mount  Vernon.— 'I'll-    rTaaMngton    ••«t*il« 

oilglunt.  il     In      1674     with      tlM     grant     by 

rl  I  ihingtnn    and 

Klcholaa    Spencer   of   0,000  I    land 

on    the    Vaat    bunk    of    lb*    1'ii'iiniac    Rlrer. 

nine  about  four  mile*  eolith  of  Jonea' 

i'. .mi    mi rlgtnal  louthveal  boandar/  of 

tin-  DIati  i.  i  ..r  •  ilumbla  I,  One-half  of 
tlila  estate  woa  Inherll  d  b]  t-.'.w.n..- 
ilnrton,  who,  in  17  1";.  built  hla  resi- 
dence there,  ami  iinni.-cl  Hie  plum  Mount 
Vernon.  In  honor  .if  the  Urltlah  adn 
a in. m  ho  liml  m  rv. ■il.  At  hl»  i 
In  1TJ1S,  title  t">  Hi.-  prnpert)  pnaaed  to  lil> 
half  brother,  tleorge  Washington. 

imring  iii«  reelaeoce  of  more  than  half 

a    century       n    the    eatate    (Scorge    Washing- 
i. .n    Increaai  .1    Ii  -    holding*    to    about 
acres,     which     he    divided     Into     live    main 
fncniH.    the    -uivny    ..f    which,    by    the    Gen- 
eral   hi  i  [he    Library 

of  Congren.  He  al«.i  lamed  hi-  attention 
10    Hi.      enlargement     of    lb  id     and 

idornmeai  "f  the  groanda,    Thi   plan 

ntlons    of    me    m.ui'lnn    home   aa    It 
today   wore   hi  work,  and 

the  ileum.  ■•  and  almple  beauty  »..  admir- 
ably  adjusted   to   hnrmoniie  with   the   land- 

lorroundlnga  proclaim  lt»  nmhite.t  a 
l    ta«tc   and   artistic   Judg- 
ment. 

Washington  described  hla  home  as  being 

all it   in  a   high,   h.-altbi    mn>  .   In   a 

Intl'ude  between  Ihc  rxtremea  of  lient  and 
cold:  un  one  of  the  finest  1 1  vera  of  tho 
world — n  river  well  slocked  with  varhma 
klnda  of  fish  nt  nil  season*  of  the  year. 
•It   u   nml..   1 1 1 ci ii  »nya  a  reei-nt 

wiii.t.  'thai  v.  inn  mi  Miniiii  Vernon  Wash- 
ington   himself    might    BOl    Inn.     been    pre 

what    lie   »■«■.      That   unique  bal 
of   power    that    dltfvr.-ulliit'.'a    htm    from    all 


other  men  of  all   tit  .t   hate  »i- 

l«i<d   but  ..aa   In    which    H 

had  Ita  growth  and  ultimate  matutlty.      la 

l|H      the      leu..      ,.|      hU     .:  fi»|      to 

niiinkliiit.    lie  el  imlng,    M      t    were,    wltb    bla 

lorbood.   who  may  tell  what   part   la 

the    nilctit.t  .e   Nim|illr- 

.-f   thla   eoantry 

•piling  in  hlk-li  thought,  aeated  a«  II  U  •* 
the  bluff  orerlnoklng  the  hr<Md  and  Uan- 
gull    rlrer  with  .-   and 

ll»    uiier-ilmni-i  ' 

In     hla    Will    Wash;  ithed     the 

entnte  I.,  hla  n.(ih.w.  Judge  liaabrod  With. 
..f     the     I'nlted 

"' t.       lj>t.r     It     |.»  *irod"a 

nephew,      John      Augustine      Washington, 
•on,  John  ros- 

ing    Into     |mium»-1..ii     through    Inhrrttanre. 

-e||         l||e  |    ,        |b* 

ipoaiUou  w«-  o.. 
hut   n   pan   of  the   proper!; 
manaton,  was  pu 

non  I.ailles'  Association.  I8i-r  MHIele  fal- 
lowing i      Several  all.  t   been 

inn. I.      '■•    l.n..      OODfrMI    |nitiha--       the    . 

ex  late    and    preserve    It    aa    a    n  ■ 

iin.ilul    park.      Rli  .-    niadk   by 

the  eatate  hna  b. 

and    e In  ■■    the  of    various 

nwn.TK  Many  hrautlful  ^uhurbaa  hoim« 
now  adorn  the  >|  he  National 

largely     toward 
Ita    al  'by    eonatroetlng    a     tin* 

autom  ilerard    epnn  with 

Washington    city,    wbl  .ted   lo   be 

i..MI|i|.|e.|       In       1914) 

Mount   Vernon    Ladles'    Association. 

A     n.ill.iii/il    '.rk-niilTBti.  |c    aplittt-d 

American   women   formed    '  anal 

maintain  aa  a  patriotic  shrine  the  ha 

George    Waahlnirton    al     M  nil  t     Vtrnoa     Va. 

Ann    Pamela    Ciinnlrurhani 
Carolina,    founded    the  aorl,  .u  anal 

became   Ita   flrat    llegent       Kdward    Ki 
of  Massachusetts,  through   hi«  leetnnn 
wrltlngn,     contributed      fTO.OOO.    and     «lth 
fundi    aggregntiu,.'  raln-d 

by   nopiiliir  Kiihwrlptlnn   KKJ  of   the  n. 

<■  r. i.   Inelodlng  ih-- 
Waahlngton.  were   purrhasitl  ami 
to  the  ladles'  aaisoelatli  I  Ih  u 

t-.e  ami   earn    "'"   'he   tan. 
area  of  the  e<tote.  ram  f..r   the  hoaiaa  anil 
peipelimt,      \Va.hllii-t..n'H     bleu     „f    .     ; 

inme      It   Ii   stated  that   K: 
.ana  visit    the   apot   .well  jn 
A   i  i  tie  aawoela'ion    la  held   an- 

nuallr    In    M   mil    Vernon,    presided  over  by 
Hi     I10IS      Ml«»    Harriet     t  ..i   tow 
romegya,  of  Delaware).      Thirty-two  Sta 
are  reprrnented  by  Vice  Hew 

Mountain  Meadow  (T/Uh)  Massacre. 

Kfforta  of    the    federal    Covernm.  I 

be  laws  against  polygamy  Incited  II 
Mormons  to  t.ltter  hatred  of  all  opposed 
their  religion      Ilrlghaui  Young  made  lb  reals 
of    turning    the    Indiana    looat   qpon    west- 
bound  luiinlgrania  uuleut  what  he  eon^i 

t.iimon.,-   right*  were  reapeeted.      r>iit. 
..   1801    al  s  aonthweal  of 

' ' 1 1  v .  n  body  of  obout  12"  mm-M  n  non  la. 
migrants  were  atlaek.il  br  Indians  and 
Mormona  nnder  ih-  leadership  ..f  John  n. 
I.e.    in. i   gf|   -   «   alege   of  four  d*y> 

•  d  to  surrendoi  inlae  of  pro- 

tection,  but  all   wen  I  except    IT 

.lill.livi)   ini.l.r  7   y,.ir.   H   Igt, 

Mountain  Mendo 


or 

loa 

i 

... 


to,  BUS, 


Massacre,   referred 


Emeytbfrdic  Index 


Mulligan 


MoonUin  8UU.-1  nickname  tor  Mon- 
tana <q.  t.).  ,see  also  States- > 
Moving  PletUWfc— Tale  rapidly  developed 
lodiutry  ivo.i.u  of  the  repr«*t»otal»on  upec 
■  «rw»  magnified  and  lUuaelaated.  of  a 
WW  ef  photograph*  la  aura  rapid  suc- 
cession that  tbe  Impfpuloa  of  on*  la  sot 
effaced  front  the  eye  until  It  la  .ucveeded 
tiy   another  view  of  the  nat  object   In  aa- 

position,     taken     at    aa     Interval    do 

longer  separated  from  Its  predecessor  than 

d  .ratio*   of   aa    impression    upon    the 

retina   of  tbe  rye.     Tbe  Illusion  of  motion 

la    cauaed   liy    tbe    fart    that    aa   BBprsasaon 

mad*    upon   the  ere  laaU  for  a  abort  tun* 

after  tbe  object  coming  It  has  disappeared. 

Thin  abort  tins*   la   known  aa  the  parted  of 

■I'.o.  asd  It-  duration  varies 

fn.ro  c-ar-trnth  to  one-nftieth  of  a  aecoad. 

1'lctarr*.    therefore,   to  convey   th*  llloaloa 

mutt   follow  each   other  on   the 

at  a  epeed  of  from  ten  to  nfty  per 
aecoad.  Actual  experts*  e»  baa  abown  that 
a  rat.'  of  .liteea  to  twenty  per  aecoad 
obviates  tbc  flicker  canard  by  a  slower  rate 
and  the  Indistinctness  due  to  greater  apeed. 
Early  forata  of  the  Ulnalon  wero  the 
atroboaeope  and  noctropr.  popular  toy*. 
wlnr.ln  a  eerie*  of  plctarea  were  vlesed 
through  allU  cut  la  dl«e»  or  cylinders  which 
were  canard  to  revolve  rapidly  between  the 
eye  and  the  picture*.  Three  toya  grew  out 
of    the   dbvcovrrlr*  of   M.    Plateau,    n 

■i.     of     Ghent.     Urtglnm.    In 
Kadward  Muvi>rldge.  In  IsTT.  n 
turn  of   running   burara,  aurlnglnc  animal* 
and  climbing  men   by   arttlng  a   number  of 
eamrraa  In  n  row  and  arranging  their  -hot- 
ter*  to  be   op.-u.Ml  and  closed  automatically 
passed    before    them.      The 
reaalta    of     Muybrldgr'a     .»  pertinents     were 
publbilied    In    folio    form   by    tbo    1'nlvemlty 
nnavlvunla.      The  discovery  of  Iniitau- 
tancoiu   photography    by    tbc    Oerman, 
lltlua   of  th*   dry    tllAt. 
e«*  In  1»"K.  nml  tlie  celluloid  roll  film,  drat 
aaril  by  Marry   In   Ifcss,  comblm  .1    tn 

i  ires  near  i  'inn.    Then 

and  ICvona.  which  took  ten  picture*  a  sec- 
i.ml  i:.h:-.:  |i:  ..in.  ,j  as-nalUtad  Illma  of 
celluloid  in  ISM  and  devised  the  aprockat 
wheel  to  carry  theni  acroaa  the  focal  plane 
i.f    th..    iniii.:.i    nml  ui     Intermit- 

Image*    bring    thm.    »uccra»lvely 
ted    through    an    object    Irna    upon    a 
distant   acrven.      The   Brotbcra    I.uuilere,  of 

a 005.    I:  In   l*aV>,  brought  out  a  ma- 
il.,    wlilcb     took     tbc    pictures     and    pro- 
tin  in  aa  wpIL     Some  Idea  cf  <! 
meut   of    tin-   Indiiatry  mar  bo  sained   from 
let    Hint  the  nr»t  patent   for    ■   motion 
..In.    wiiM   grant. -.1   Not.  3,    1807. 
and  by  r. ■'■    it.    1014,  Ibex*  w*r«  «?*. 
Hi.    rapid  growth  of  the  moving  p- 
business  In  im  bna  attracted 

to  it   many  md  Ingenious  persona 

niictlng  tho  acene*  and  perfecting  too 
machinery      fur     their     reproduction.       TIN 

tiroflu  of  tin-   Industry   Inn-   bean  «o  allur- 
nx  aa  to  lndncc  an  laTestnieat 

.-..:     In     1014.    at    aomc    932u.Uiiu.O(iO 
Tin    1.111I111        1 1    report™  to   barn  amounted 

at  ynr  to  9*00. If     I 

the  average  coat  of  producing  photo  pUiTa 
nml  iilt.-rliic  or  bulldlns  tbratree  for  them. 
It    wa.   .-Htlmatad    that   about 
out  probab]a   inreatcd  In   tbem  In   1011 
Owlas  to  tbc  novelty  and  awlft   growth 
.-  buklneaa  it  la  dlm.-uit   to  obtain  au- 
thentic Dirurra  of  the  attendance  or  pi 
ireragr    dally    attenilaiice    at    in 

flemre    tbona    In    New    for*.    Thlraro.   and 
hlladelnhla  in  101.'.  wa*  nttlmnt. 
than  ToU.OOO  lo  each  city,  and  In  the  coun- 


try at   laree  about    Ove   mlUlosi   peraoaa  a 
day.       In     101S     there     ware    tin 
adkalaaloiu.  .*-*,  not  In 

rludlau;  thoae  bowaea  which  had  1 
pictures  for  aauiK-Tllle. 

Moat  of  the  Dims  turned  out  by  photo 

Klay   protfoccra  are  fmrchaaed   from  a   few 
ir»e    manufacturer*.       8omc    of    the*,    dla 
tribute    their    work    o1  ,     et 

n.    and  other*    rel.*..     them    1 
Iota!   rxehaacee    la   duTemit    parta   ol 

>.  *o   a*  to  provide  for   their  almul 
tanruna   production,    tli 

alrable  to  tbelr  potnilarlty.  There  are  anaie 
forty  illlT.rerit  exebanffca.  haadllnc  ^^ 

:  twrnty-tlte  toanufaetarers.     In  1011 
the    dlatrlbutom    fur     ti.r>-e    of    tbe    larccst 
Bsanafacturera.  wbo  bandied  ?i  per  .-eat  of 
the  film*  laaord  ■r.-  repori 
a    boUueaa   of   ji  mihhi 

dauinsea  waa  brotufht  by  the  Iki>  mil 
hxebanse   acaln  ..nil  Vlim    Com 

pan;  and   It.  ►ul.-Minrlea  alletlae  that   the 
H    mm   Company    waa  oranoU.  1    1  . 
slier    defeodanu  a*   a    nimlni    |. 
exebance.   and   la  doln»  ao  rnterml   Into  a 
n.-r    to    moeopollae   and    control    tbc 
aale  and  dlatm-n.  u  ra 

rtowa  aute*  and  Urrltorlra  of  the  Ualteil 
XUtra. 

There  are  4.500  moTlnr  picture  honae*  In 
the    United    Kins  '    of    them    u»lni; 

mm*    ll  I  ■   .111    Hie    I    lilt.  .1    SI  il  ■>.      of 

tbe  90.U5U.OI10  total  Import  vain,  of  film. 
last  year  95.Be.'.,  from    th-   United 

au.ld.  11    popularity    of    thli    f'tm    Bf 
fttiiiiKernetit    soon    davelopod    ai>rloiu 
■acb   .r.   tin    portrayal   "t   ■ 

1    acta,    which    tended    to    drbnae    the 

.  tbroueli  poll.  1  and  i.rltatr 
ren«oralilp,    and    the    efforta    of    tb«    better 

I. Hie    ol    the    nlc 

waa  elevalMl.  and  It*  poaMblllBoa 

a*  mi  lii.lrutnrnt  ot  education  were  br.ni.lii 

our.      The  inirirr-.jriil  of    icrSoua   ilrj 

became   a   leading    featur.-    ot    tin-    hiialnrM. 
A    hit.r  pbn  ...   1-    tbc  |.ii..t.ie.ri|ililng  of  cur- 
:    nt  i>.  nt-.  such  aa  the  launching  or 
in.... m.-nt*  of  troop*,  atbletlc  coutrata,  mc- 
clunlcal  opera tlona,  eti 

Slany    Inrentor*    hnre    cnayrd    machine* 
f..r    connecting    moving    pk-int 
with  talking  mai-lilm-.,  and   though  «ome  of 
ilted.   th.-  r.oii-  . 
iiu*atl»factory     becauxe     perfect 
in   and    tb.  .  Ion   of    th 

•in.,    .if    Hi,,    voir,-    In     their    original 
iinnlltr  and  auftlelently  loud  to  he  hennl  In 

part  of  n  theatre,  ur*  dim. nit   1 
tain. 

Muck-RaJcor, — The  term  waa  flr«t  u«..l  t.. 
•  rilgriiu'ii    rroil  — ~    and 
came     Into  a    during    1'realdAl 

-  Ifa     ndmlnl*trntloo.     contcmpl 
ing   ri-form.i       ■■, 
wrltrri.  whi  upon  .llrring  up  fraud- 

ulent mid  queatlonablo  practice*  among  the 
liidiixtrliil    rnterprlaca    of    III..    rniitilrT.     not 
ao     much     to    accompllah     linprorrmtnta    aa 
DMral)   to  rake  up  tbo  unpleaaant 
MuUlgaa  Lottars.— a   booKkMpcr  by  the 

name  of  iluJIIgan,  In  the  ofDcr  of  Warren 
Ftaher  of  lloxton.  wTOta  artaJs  1-1;  r»  cal- 
nilnted  to  Implicate  .1  :nlne  In  Im- 

proper  tran  with    I1*her  In  con 

11  IB  «ith  the  Lltlh-  Itoek  and  I 
Railroad.  Tbeao  letter*  were  uaed  aa  a  baala 
for  attack*  on  Itlniue  in  the  nominating 
convention  of  187f.,  and  In  tbo  convmitlnti 
and  campaign  of  1HS4.  Blaine's  ii.mni 
and  corroborative  evidence  in  connection 
with  the  letters  fully  aatbiOcd  hi*  friend. 
of  hi*  innocence. 


MagWtimp.— A  eorrnptlon  of  tb«  Alcoa- 
quUn  Ir-dlsn  word  '  mugrjaomp.-  which 
signifies  ■  chief,  ruler,  or  a  person  of  Im- 
portance. After  lung  uae  to  local  DO 
lb*  word  came  Into  natlonol  I 
■'residential  campaign  of  1884.  Til*  news- 
papers applied  tie  term  to  lho*e  lUpubll- 
urn  wbo  refined  (o  aupport  Jauiea  C. 
Illaine,  the  regular  party  nominee,  and  It 
baa  alnc*  been  u»ed  to  designate  any  per  son 
of  Independent  polities  or  wbo  la  auppoacd 
to  bo  lacking  la  loyalty  to  bla  political 
party. 

Mole.  — A  a  emblem  of  lb*  Democratic  party. 
Mumfordville  (Ky.),  Battlo  of.— Here 
oo  Sept.  IT,  1SC2,  tb»  Confederate  army 
HDder  Ceo.  Bract  nliecsed  Iba  Frdrrali  un- 

Jar  Geo.   J     i  Tlie  poit  surrcn- 

i-red    to    the    Confederates,    the   Dumber    nf 
captured  being  About  4  004). 

Munich,  Barnria.— Third  International 
Exhibition  of  Kino  Art*  to  bo  held  at, 
5193. 
Muniment.—  A   placo   fortified   for   defen. 
aire  purpoaea. 

Munitions. — All  physical  objects.  ti»Mi-  from 
i'ij'i  i;iincrit.    lived  la    war,    therefore  powder, 
shell*  and  other  war  material*. 
Munitions  Board.— A    board    created    by 
nod  under  the  Council  of  National  Pefon»« 
to,,  t.i    to  control  no  fnr  an  possible  n-ider 
t">e  cxliting  Inw   t>'c  production  n-d  ni-.trl. 
button    of    munition*    Id    the   trolled    Rtntc* 
for  f-e  use   of  hnth    fat   country  aud   of 
ber  alllca  In  the  European  War. 
MunlUona  of  War.  (See  Arms  and  Am- 
munition.) 
Munn  TB.  Illinois.— One  of  the   "eleeator 
Idcd    by    the    Supreme   Court    of 
the     United    gtnlea.       In    lb. J     Menn    oud 
another  were  found  guilty  of  TlolntlnE  on 
srtlcls   of  ilia    Illinois   Mnitltntloa    : 
rnnl     to     itniln     warehouses,       Tin-, 
fnllrd  to  ink*  out   n   llccnae  nnd  glT* 
n ml  nrr»  cbririMtie  higher  rates  for  atornge 

than  the  lair  al, I.     The  oITcnuVr*  wer* 

fined,  and  tbc  siprcme  court  of  the  V  nte 
aftlraied    the  anion  of  the  crlmlnnl   eourL 
The  cnae  waa  then  appealed  t" 
Stntea  Supreme  Court.     Tbit  tmdy  affirmed 
lh»  luilpne  ■  ■   ground    Hint  the   act 

of  the  Illinois  legis'ature  waa  not  renug- 
nnnt  to  tbc  Cons'ltetlon  of  the  I 
Hints*,  ami  that  a  State  could  lawfully  de- 
termine bow  a  man  might  r*e  Ilia  own 
property  when  tbc  good  of  other  clllseaa 
waa   Involved. 

Munseo  Indians.  (Seo  Indlnn  Tribes.) 
Murfr*esboro  (Tens.),  Battlo  of,  fought 

Dec.  SI,    18<i2.    and   Jan     2,    IAKI    between 
force*   of    General    Itonciant  and    U*i 
Ur*SS'     (So*  Stono   Ulrcr    (Tena.).  Usui* 
•f.i 

Muscat:  seaport  on  Oulf  of  Oman: 
Present*  offered  President  Van  Buren 
by  Jtnaum  of,  declined,  1809. 
Offered    L'nltcd   States,  reconunoa* 
dations  regarding.    ISCi'.i,   21C!>. 
Treaty  with,  1ST*,  1467,  109s,  .',105. 
Musclo  Shoals,  Ala.,  mentionod,  6777. 
Museum,   National,    appropriation   for, 

recommended,  4*31,  4458. 
Musical   Instrument*.— (From   n    Report 

laaued  by  the.  Cenaua  Bureau,  August  1, 
1*13,)     The    establishments    «ogag«d    prl- 


Mugwump  Messages  and  Papers  of  the  Presidents 


marlly  In  the  rosnufsriqr*  of  piano*  I* 
turned  out  product*  to  tbc  vsioe  of 
StiA.30U.gT3.  or  74.1  per  cent,  of  tb*  total 
value  of  producta  of  the  Hire*  branch**  of 
the  Industry  combined.  The  Talii*  of  the 
t.i.nluin  reported  by  the  estabilahmeeta  eo- 
gnrci  chiefly  In  tb*  manufactory  of  orgsa* 
ilt.74S.CSSi  represented  S3  per  cent  of 
Hie  I  hi  ii  I  for  all  three  breeches:  ard  tk* 
value  of  tho  producta  reported  by  tb*  *s- 
tnhlishnicnt*  rtigngeil  chiefly  la  toe  tnas*r 
factuit  of  pa  no  ard  organ  part*  and  ma- 
teriola  rflb.474,010)  represented  2O.0  per 
cent  of  the  total  value  of  prvduct*  for  tb* 
three  branches. 

The  establishments  In  the  thre*  branch** 
of  the  Industry  combined  Ip.noo*.  omaa 
and  piano  and  organ  ports  and  tnnterlslsi 
gsve  employment  to  4I.SR2  persona,  «c 
••■>  were  wage-earner*,  and  pas* 
out  S2S.S13.7S4  In  salaries  and   wags*. 

Tli*   manufneture  of  piano*   and  orgasa 
has  had  an  uninterrupted  dov»lopm«et 

when  producta  to  tbe  value  of  »lt.- 
Bfli  ii«  Tr-r*  reported.  In  1000  the  t*1u* 
of  products  wna  more  than  *even  time*  as 
great.  Ssn.7S9.S44.  The  largest  Increase* 
or*  shown  for  tb*  decade  from  1899  to 
I00P,  when  the  number  of  persona  encaged 
In  the  Industry  Increased  So. 4  per  cent  and 
the  value  of  producta  1 18.3  per  cent.  Tb* 
largo    piano    asd    organ    faeiorlea    ai 

natively  recent  development.  In  ISO 
the  average  establishment  gave  employment 
to  only  twenty-fonr  wage-earners  ard  tb* 
avi-rncn    value    ol  >    wn»     t*'  • 

In  1000  the  average  nnrober  of  wage  earners 
w.s  s-venty-flvc  and  tho  value  of  producta 
1177. ino. 

Allhough  statistic*  are  shown  In  the 
bulletin  fur  a-venteen  Mate*  e-paratriy. 
more  than  two-third*  (Oil  per  renti  of  (be 
total  vnlno  of  product*  was  report 
New  JTOTk,  Illinois  *-d  Masincbnset's. 
New  York  reported  87.0  per  cent  of  tb* 
total  and   Illinois  21.4    per  ctat. 

There  baa  been  a  steady  Increase    In    the 
d    value    of    both    npt'rht    and 
grand  pianos  manufactured  alnce  l>  • 

In  ll'Oft,  of  the  total  number  of  reed  and 
k  reported.  1.0  per  cent  were  p'nc 
organs  but  of  tho  combined  value  St  1  per 
rant  «a*  contributed  by  pipe  organs  In 
the  number  of  reed  organs  there  was  a  de- 
crease daring  the  decade  1&OD-1OO0  of  390 
per  cent,  lor  pip*  organ*  tber*  waa  an 
e  of  117  per  ei  "i  I  i  ir.imber  and 
180.0  per  cent  In  value.  In  the  i 
fartiir*  of  rwd  organs,  Illinois  waa  lb* 
leading  state  In  1900. 

Other  musical  Instruments  made  In- 
rornets.  trombones,  tuba*  n*d  other 
bras*  Instrument*  for  band  and  orchestral 
us*,  cymbals,  druma,  xylophone*,  caataaeta, 
lers.  harps,  lyre*,  guitar*,  lotea. 
baijos.  mandolins,  ilther*.  violins,  vloloo. 
cellos,  flutes,  flageolets,  piccolos,  etc..  sad 
parte  of  auch  instrument* 

The    value  of  product*   for  this  brooch 
of    tb*    combined    mua.cal    loatrument    lu- 

Suatry  doe*  not  show  the  general  Increase 
rem  census  to  cer.sua  ao  noticeable  In  lb* 
ug  branchca.  Tb«  value  of  prod- 
acta  in  1900  was  7.3  per  cent  lea  tbsn 
In  mm.  and  4.1)  per  cent  less  tbsn  that  la 
18(il>.  During  the  flrat  half  of  tb*  de<-nd* 
With  1000  there  was  considerable 
decrease  In  the  number  of  establishment*, 
accompanied  by  smaller  decreases  In  the 
number  of  persona  employed,  capital  Invest- 
ed, wage*  pa  d  and  coat  of  materials,  and  aa 
Increase  In  th*  salaries,  mlscellsncou*  a» 
pensea.  vain*  of  producta.  and  value  added 
by  manufacture.  During  tb*  last  half  of 
th*  decade  tber*  was  a  decreas*  In  all  of 
tb*  Item*  except  tb*  number  of  establish- 


Encyclopedic  Index 


Mutiny 


nests,  number  of  salaried  employees,  ud 
salaries. 

The  establishment!  ssslgned  to  till  In- 
dustry were  engaged  chiefly  In  the  manu- 
facture of  phonographs  or  grsphophones  for 
either  disk  or  cylinder  records.  Including 
those  for  office  dictation ;  also  the  manu- 
facture of  records  blanks,  horns,  needles 
or  other  supplies  snd  materials  need  In  the 
Industry. 

Each  census  since  1809  has  shown  sn  In- 
cresse  In  the  manufacture  of  phonographs 
and  craphophonea,  but  by  far  the  greater 
development  occurred  during  the  Are-year 
period  1890-1004,  when  there  was  sn  In- 
crease of  2,525.  or  178.4  per  cent.  In  the 
number  of  persona  engaged  In  the  Industry, 
and  of  17,990,801,  or  855.7  per  cent,  In  the 
value  of  products-  In  1009,  10  of  the 
18  establishments  were  operated  by  corpora- 
tions New  Jeraey  la  by  far  the  leading 
state  In  the  Industry,  as  measured  by  ralue 
of  products,  followed  by  Connecticut  and 
New  York  In  the  order  named. 

Of  the  total  ralue  of  products  reported 
for  the  Industry  In  1909.  $11,725,996.  the 
nine  of  complete  Instruments  formed  15,- 
406.684,  or  46.1  per  cent,  snd  thst  of 
records  and  blanks  $5,007,104,  or  42.7  per 


cent      The   remainder,    1412,208,    or    11.2 

Cer  cent,  represented  for  the  moat  part 
orna,  needles,  matrices  and  other  supplies 
need  In  the  manufacture  or  operation  of 
the  Instruments. 

Muskogee  Indiana.  (See  Indian  Tribes.) 
Muster. — The  marshaling  of  troops  for  mili- 
tary duty.  Mutter-nut. — tbe  dismissal  of 
troopa  when  their  military  services  are  no 
longer  required. 

Muster-Day.— A  dsy  for  taking  the  census 
of  all  soldiers  and  military  bodies. 
Muster-Boll.  — A  roster  for  checking  up  or 
"calling  the  roll"  of  troops  to  determine  who 
are  present  for  parade  or  other  military 
duty. 

Mutineer.— One  who  Joins  to  a   plot  to 

thwart  military  or  naval  authority,  espe- 
cially at  sea. 

Mutiny. — Concerted  action  by  some  of  the 
members  of  a  nnval  crew  or  a  military  body, 
to  oppose  snd  to  overthrow  the  constituted 
authority  thereof. 


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